OSB BD DORA a Pn te ESR Tere RI rr rs SN PAL UTTE eke Ae PR Ma Pete ae OE MT MINE re PB IY Besley, © Se Seir g te kay een TO IRON aee SNe AIT 8 teed
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Reprinted from Ruovora, Vol. 45, March—-May, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY ———
CXLVII
Pt a
Poel —/o oO
i
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
i. C. Ogpren
Dares or Issun Pages 57-108 and Plates 746-748... gol ci 18 March, 1943 SAT ei a ee ee ..10 April, 1943
ROMO ROR E: oo ek eae ede oe a ees 1 May, 1943 © :
Rhodora Plate 746
Fruits or PotaMoGEtTon, X 5
YUS Var. TENIFOLIUS, figs. 1-3; P. ALPINUS var. SUBELLIPTICUS, figs. 4—6;
ig POLYGONIFOLIUS, figs. 7-9; peciteg ae gy 10-13; P. oe figs. 14-17;
P. noposus, figs. 18-21; P. xa ANS, figs. 29-25; P. Oake ANUS, figs. 26- 29:
. ILLINOENSIS, figs 30-- Sia og alanine figs. 36-38; eB PRAELONG us, figs.
39 and a r; Ri ICH: ARDSONII, figs. 41-46; P. PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES, 47-5
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 45, March—May, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CXLVII
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
EK. C. OGDEN
Dates oF IssuUE Pages 57-105 and Plates 746-748... .....-- 5... c cee eee ees 18 March, 1943 Pages TT re re ia: «hao ce ea ee 10 April, 1943 Pages in CA ee Ren pt a piet aha vi kw 3 8 1 May, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CXLVII
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
E. C. OapEn (Plates 746-748)
THE genus Potamogeton is of world-wide distribution. Be- cause it exhibits a great range of environmental variation, and specimens so often lack the fundamental diagnostic parts which might ally them with already known entities, the names that have been coined for its members are legion.
Although a number of monographic treatments have dealt with the North American species in whole or in part’, the broad- leaved groups have been poorly understood. The really usable treatment of the troublesome linear-leaved species by Fernald lent new hope to the idea that possibly the broad-leaved plants
1 Thomas Morong, The Naiadaceae of North America, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no, 2 (1893).
P. Ascherson and P. Graebner, = Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11, Potamogetonaceae goign by Graebner) (190
n Taylor, in N. Am. FI. ay, ‘pt. 1 (1909).
: 0. Ha hone: Critical Re setae on the Potamogetons, Kungl. Svenska Veten- skapsakad. Handl. 55: no. 5 (1916
Harold St. John, A Revision of ee North American Species of Potamogeton of the Section Coleophyl Ruopora, 18: 121-138 (1916).
ald, The Linear-leaved North American Species of Potamogeton, Section Axillares, “Mem, Amer. Acad, Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1 (1932). _As this work contains an
la
f th WOU Tit erely
be repetitive and is unnecessary here.
58 Rhodora [Marcu
might be resolved into something approaching an expression of their true relationships.
A fertile Potamogeton seldom causes great difficulty; but the great mass of sterile material, displaying a range of form un- known in the fertile plants, has made an understanding of the group difficult. To add to the confusion, the broad-leaved species, with their spikes buoyed up above the water, hybridize more or less freely, rendering it. difficult in many cases to de- termine the fundamental cause behind the abnormality. .
The following treatment is offered in the hope that the species here considered may be better understood; and that specimens may be properly identified, even though they lack many of the important diagnostic characters and exhibit forms that are far from typical.
DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS
Fruits. When mature fruits are present there is seldom any difficulty in referring the specimen to the proper species. Un- fortunately the presence of fruit is not the rule but the less common occurrence. Most distinctive are those of P. alpinus, with a smooth, hard, eggshell-like exocarp, tawny-olive in color; fruiting specimens can never be mistaken for any other species. Neither can the minute reddish orbicular fruits of P. polygoni- folius with their beaks practically obsolete, nor the massive fruits of P. praelongus be confused with those of any other North American broad-leaved species. The long-beaked fruits of P. crispus are especially characteristic. Extremely important diagnostic characters are the prominence of keels and the color of the exocarp. If one makes a longitudinal section with a razor-blade, the amount of curvature of the seed becomes ap- parent and is of some slight diagnostic value. More important in some cases, and surprisingly consistent, is the presence or absence of a cavity in the endocarp tissue that projects as a fold into the center of the fruit. This projection (endocarp loop) is solid in all the broad-leaved species except P. polygonifolius, gh praelongus and P. Richardsonii. This is an important char- acter in the separation of P. Richardsonii from P. perfoliatus, specimens of which often strongly resemble each other. Because the fruits are of great taxonomic importance, but difficult ade-
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 59
quately to describe, it has seemed desirable to illustrate them (see PLATE 746).
FLowers. It is now generally considered that Potamogeton has no true perianth. The sepal-like structures are thought to be outgrowths from the connectives of the stamens, and are called sepaloid connectives.! In the species here treated they are of little or no diagnostic value. Careful observations on the shape and hundreds of measurements on the width and length of claw have been made, from which it has become evident that even species which in most characters are strikingly different have sepaloid connectives which are surprisingly similar. The anthers, also, are of about the same shape and size in all the broad-leaved species, except that in P. polygonifolius they average somewhat smaller. Pollen-grains should be examined when hybridism is suspected. Fertile species have pollen-grains well formed and abundantly produced, whereas hybrids invari- ably have a large percentage aborted.
Spikes. While the flowering spikes are of little diagnostic value, differing chiefly in average size and in number and degree of crowding of the whorls of flowers, the diameter of the fruiting spikes can be used. This thickness is almost entirely dependent on the length of the fruits, but in many cases the fruit-measure- ments cannot be so easily obtained. While there are some dif- ferences as to length of the spikes of different species, these are mostly a direct correlation with the robustness of the species, and their diagnostic value is therefore secondary.
PrepuncLes. Characters of the peduncle can usually not be used for the determination of broad-leaved species without supporting characters from other parts of the plant, due to the great variation within the same species, but they are sometimes of useful supplementary value. Most species seldom have peduncles over 10 or 15 em. long, but in P. amplifolius they may run up to 30 em. and it can then be distinguished from P. pulcher or P. nodosus, which at times it may superficially resemble. Similarly, P. Richardsonii may have peduncles up to 25 cm. in length, in contrast to its nearest relative, P. perfoliatus, with peduncles less than 10 em. long. The longest peduncles are
t normal
1 Phylogenists are not agreed on perianth with the anthers sessile on con claws of the segments,
60 Rhodora [Marca
found on P. praelongus, where they are often more than 30 cm. and may attain a length of 60 cm. The three species mentioned as sometimes having long peduncles (P. amplifolius, P. prae- longus, and P. Richardsonii) may also have them short; but whether long or short, usually with a tendency to be clavate. This tendency for the peduncles to be thickened upward is also somewhat characteristic of the subsection Lucentes. Most of the species here treated have their peduncles rather uniform in thickness throughout their length. Another character of slight value is the thickness of a peduncle in comparison with the thickness of the stem at the internode directly below. This has — some supplementary value in the subsection Natantes, where P. natans has peduncles about the same thickness as the stem, while P. Oakesianus, with its slenderer stem, has less reduction in the thickness of its peduncles, and as a consequence has them thicker than the internode below. Lastly, there are some dif- ferences in their internal anatomy. These are, however, few and inconstant and not used in this treatment.
Stipuues. In all of the species here treated (with the excep- tion of P. crispus) the stipules are free from the leaves. They clasp the stem, but have their margins absolutely free and un- united. They are all obtuse, at least when young, but as there is often a tendency for them to be somewhat cucullate they may, at times, appear to be acutish. This is especially true of P. nodosus. All are more or less two-keeled (when mature) except in the subsections Crispi, Colorati, Praelongi, and Perfoliatt. The chief differences are in their length and coarseness, which are, for the most part, rather direct correlations with the robust- ness of the species. They furnish useful characters in the perfoliate-leaved species where one can usually recognize P. praelongus by its large white stipules, P. Richardsonii by its stipules reduced to strong white fibers, and P. perfoliatus with stipules delicate and inconspicuous.
Leaves. Certainly some of the most important diagnostic characters for the identification of the broad-leaved species of Potamogeton are to be found in the leaves, for too often all that are available are stems and either submersed or floating leaves, or both. At least three fourths of the specimens in the herbaria lack not only mature fruits but any part of an inflorescence.
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 61
The stipules often shrivel and decay, so that the few remnants (if any are left) are insufficient for diagnostic purposes. Rhi- zomes are seldom collected and when present are of but slight taxonomic value. Thus, unless one resorts to the internal anatomy of the stem, it is, in the great majority of cases, neces- sary to determine the specimens from the leaves. These may be either submersed or floating, or both, in all the subsections except Crispi, Praelongi, and Perfoliati, which have only submersed leaves. These three subsections always have sessile perfoliate- clasping leaves! with broad bases in contradistinction to the other subsections which have their submersed leaves petioled or at least narrow at base.
First considering the submersed leaves: their shape is of primary importance. When typically developed, P. perfoliatus can be recognized immediately by its short-ovate leaves; P. Richardson by having them ovate-lanceolate; P. praelongus with them oblong and cucullate at the apex; the members of the Lucentes by the sharp-pointed apices; P. natans and P. Oakesia- nus by their coarse and delicate, narrowly linear leaves, respec- tively; P. nodosus by its long-petioled lanceolate leaves gradually tapering at both ends; P. pulcher having distinctive lanceolate leaves abruptly tapering to a petioled base; P. amplifolius with its massive leaves conspicuously arcuate; and P. alpinus with obtuse apex and sessile base. Unfortunately, however, it is not always as simple as that. These leaves exhibit such a wide range of variation? from the typical and are often in such a poor state of preservation, if not entirely absent, that one must resort to other parts of the plant for diagnostic characters. The leaf-margin of P. crispus is finely but evidently toothed; in the other broad-leaved species the leaf-margins are strictly entire, except in the Nodosi, which have 1-celled denticles so extremely fugacious as to be found only in the youngest leaves; the Per- foliati, in which the 1-celled denticles are more persistent; and the Lucentes, with strongly developed denticles. None of the indigenous North American species with free stipules has a dentation visible to the unaided eye, consequently they should
1 The hybrid P. gramineus X seh ote var. bupleuroides may have perfoliate sub-
mersed leaves and also floating leav 2 See on under VARIATION.
62 Rhodora [Marcu
never be confused with P. crispus, a species naturalized from Europe, which has an evident serrulation.
Turning to the floating leaves, we find at first glance a dis- couraging similarity. With the exception of P. alpinus, which has delicate, lacunate floating leaves the blades of which taper without sharp distinction into the petiole, all seem to possess the common ovate-elliptic shape and have the same blunt mucro at the apex. When typically developed, however, we find some help in the bases of the blades. Their shape ranges from cordate in P. natans and P. pulcher to rounded in P. Oakesianus and P. amplifolius to cuneate in P. nodosus to tapering without sharp distinction into the petiole in P. alpinus. Yet, the range of variation is so great in any one species that the shape of the leaf- base must be used with caution. Even P. natans with its strongly cordate leaf-bases may under certain conditions have them narrowly cuneate.! The number of nerves is of primary import- ance in the case of P. amplifolius, which has them very numerous and close together. The size and shape of the stomates appear to be rather uniform, and while there is some variation as to the number in a given field, this appears to be influenced by factors which are ecological rather than genetic. Examination as to number and condition (whether functional or closed by cuticle) may be useful in determining whether the abnormality of some floating leaves is due to genetic or to ecological factors.
Stem. For a genus which varies so considerably due to ecological conditions, and which is so often found lacking parts that have the essential diagnostic characters, it is exceedingly fortunate that there are good characters in the anatomy of the stem. These were apparently first noticed and their importance realized by Raunkiaer? who used them in his studies on the Danish species and then extended his “anatomical investigations also to foreign species, intending to bring about a new and better basis for an eventual monograph of the genus Potamogeton.’” In 1907, Chrysler* elaborated further on the anatomy of the
! See discussion under P. na
2C. Rai pooanengh De danske iiiadiatatinialed Naturhistorie, Bind 1, Enkimbladede, p. -_ 10 (1895—
unkiae, Anatomical Potamogeton-Studies and Potamogeton fluitans, Bot.
mids, 28: 254 (1903). yb Bot. Gaz. 44: 161-188 (1907).
1943} Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 63
central cylinder, explaining the phylogenetic relationships of the various types. agstrém in his monograph! emphasized the taxonomic value of the anatomical characters, especially of the stem, laying great stress on the types of endodermi, of which he described six kinds, and on the arrangement of bundles in the stele of which he described and illustrated six patterns. Other characters used by him include: the development of mechanical tissue, the presence or absence of a cortical layer directly be- neath the epidermis and acting as a supporting layer to it (hypo- derma), and the length in proportion to width of the cells of the epidermis.
An examination of hundreds of stems has shown that a number of the characters have real diagnostic and phylogenetic value. These are discussed below.2 Although it has been suggested that the extent of mechanical tissue present is dependent on whether the plant grows in still or running water,? Raunkiaer* and Chrysler’ show that no such correlation can be drawn. Hagstrém, too, in his Critical Researches, repeatedly shows for many species that the habitat does not affect the essential char- acters of the stem-anatomy. An dquarium-plant of P. natans which I grew from a seed had its mechanical development not at all lessened.
A morphological character of some importance is the degree of branching of the stem. The members of the subsections Lucentes and Perfoliati are usually much branched; P. praelongus of the Praelongi and P. Oakesianus of the Natantes are commonly branched; P. natans of the Natantes and the members of the Nodosi, Amplifolii, Colorati and Alpini are rarely branched, and then usually only slightly so in the upper part of the plant late in the season. a
The rhizome appears to offer no important diagnostic char- acters, at least when dried. Some species tend to have dark- colored (usually reddish) spots on their rhizomes, while others are unspotted, but this is rather inconstant.
1J.O. Hagstriém, Crit. Res. Pov. (1916).
2 See EXPLANATION OF STEM-ANATOMY CHARACTERS USED IN THIS TREATMENT. . Schwendener, Das mechanische evinces in anatomischen Bau der Monocotylen, p. 122 (1874).
*C. Raunkiaer, Bot. Tids. 25: 275 (1903). + A Chrysler, Bot. Gaz. 44: 169 (1907).
64 Rhodora [Marcu
WintTeR Bups. With the exception of P. crispus, winter buds are so uncommon among the species here treated as to be of little or no diagnostic value. They have been so ably discussed by Professor Fernald! that further remarks are quite unnecessary.
VARIATION
It is well known that in vegetative characters any broad- leaved species of Potamogeton varies considerably. Those of the subsections Lucentes and Perfoliati have a wide range of varia- tion and all of the species here treated have a variability which is evident. Morong bewailed this characteristic of the group and felt that ‘“‘so protean are their forms, so eccentric their action, constantly changing under changed conditions of season and water’ that he must put forth his treatment “with great diffidence”’.2. Chamisso and Schlechtendal* had earlier reached the conclusion that, to use the translation of Emmeline Moore’, “Species of Potamogeton changing their habit seem often to pass into others, and feigning the habit of other species baffle re- search.” :
Certain of these differences in form are undoubtedly genetic, but for many the evidence that they are ecological is very strong. Numerous observations and experimental studies have shown that individual plants of certain of the broad-leaved species exhibit a variation that is almost unbelievably wide, not only including many named varieties but even simulating other species. Noteworthy among such experimental studies are those of Esenbeck,® whose great contribution from the standpoint of taxonomy was in demonstrating that leaf-shape varies greatly under varying conditions of nutrition and changes of water- level. In general, poor nutrition appeared to give the following sequence of events: the broad floating leaves become increasingly narrower, finally disappear and are replaced by the submerged type, which in turn may be reduced to phyllodia.
1M. L. Fernald, Mem. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1: 18 (1932).
2? Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 2 (1893).
3’ Chamisso and Schlechtendal, Linnaea, 2: 159 (1827).
‘Emmeline Moore, The e Potamogetons in Relation to Pond Culture, Bull. Bur. Fish. 33 (1913): 256 (1915
5’ Ernst Esenbeck, pales zur Biologie der Gattungen Potamogeton und Scirpus, Flora pent 151-211 (1914).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 65
Fryer’s experiments with the broad-leaved species which he grew in tubs caused him to prefer a very conservative treatment of the group.
Of outstanding importance in this connection is the work of the Pearsalls' who found that variation in size and shape of leaf was due to many factors, acting independently or together. Their results led them to the conclusion that a conservative treatment is the sane one.
While it is known that many of the variations are strictly ecological and one can in many cases name the contributing stimuli, it must be admitted that certain of these differences in form may be genetic. It is often difficult to distinguish from herbarium specimens alone which is the primary cause. When such variants appear to be mere forms or states, without separate geographic ranges, and especially when it is reasonable to suppose that the variations might be caused by ecological factors, it seems wise to refrain from giving them formal rank in our system of nomenclature. In the words of Fryer, ‘‘we should not confound temporary states with permanent varieties . . . In looking over an extensive series of dried specimens of any Potamogeton, it is easy to select very. distinct looking forms, and as easy to give varietal names to them; this is the method that has been followed by most of the writers on the genus, and I regret to say is still being followed, with the result of confusing rather than elucidating an already too difficult subject.’”
HyYBRIDISM
In dealing with broad-leaved species of Potamogeton, one is dealing with plants that are usually sterile, which are highly susceptible to ecological variation and which hybridize freely.
If one classifies all the fruiting specimens, then correlates with them all the sterile plants the vegetative parts of which show their relationships to the fruiting entities, one still has a great mass of material that fits nowhere. Any attempt to understand such material must determine for each specimen whether the variation is genetic or ecological or due to hybridism. Here the internal anatomy of the stem will prove of great assistance and
1W. H. Pearsall & W. H. Pearsall, Journ. Bot. 61: 1-7 (1923). 2 Alfred Fryer, Pot. Brit. Isles, p. 41 (1900).
66 Rhodora [Marcu
often will allow the specimen to be rather definitely placed. But many times the stem-anatomy shows an upset; this points toward hybridism, for the species based on fruiting specimens show a stem-anatomy that is remarkably uniform, and repeated observations have shown that ecological factors do not affect the anatomical characters of the stem; neither will minor genetic variations. But one cannot merely say “hybrid,” as an easy way out of a difficulty; one should name the parents, usually not an easy thing to do.
Whether experimental studies will produce data of value in this connection, I am not prepared to say. Hagstrém thought not, saying, ‘“‘The hybrids must be studied according as Nature produces them. Cultivation and experiments in hybridization may not lead to great results as to the solution of this intricate question.”! To this, Bennett retorts, ‘‘having seen the results of the late Alfred Fryer’s work in this direction, I consider cultivation is a very great help—anyhow it affords a negative to some of the proposed hybrids given.’”*
Very little seems to be known about the chromosome number of Potamogeton. Wiegand reported a haploid number of seven, or possibly eight, for P. foliosus. Wisniewska‘ states that the haploid number for P. perfoliatus is probably (‘‘wahrscheinlich”) twenty-four. The only other reported count is in Tischler,° where the haploid number for P. fluitans (P. nodosus?) is given as twenty-six, referring to Kuleszanka 1934, without citing any publication. Such data promise interesting results from counts on the species in this genus.
Cytological material (young pollen) of several species which I have examined shows that the chromosome number varies (at least four different numbers) in different species, although absolute counts could not be made.
In the present work, the hybrids are taken up at the end of the general treatment. Only those that strongly simulate the sub- sections here specially treated are discussed.
1J. O. Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 12 (1916).
4 Ewa Wisniewska, Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 8: 157 (1931). 8G. Tischler, Tab. Biol. Period. 5 & 6, Nachtrag no. 2, Teil no. 2, p. 99 (1935-36).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 67
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
In a study of this nature I have naturally found it convenient to accept the assistance and suggestions so kindly offered by many people. I am especially grateful to Prof. M. L. Fernald under whose guidance the study was conducted and who, by his clear knowledge of the difficulties involved, offered invaluable suggestions. Also to Mr. C. A. Weatherby for his helpful advice, especially concerning nomenclature, I am deeply thankful. Thanks are also due to the members of the Gray Herbarium staff who have so willingly helped with various details; to Prof. F. H. Steinmetz, of the University of Maine, who has taken a keen interest in the work and has assisted greatly in the collect- ing of material; to my wife, Edith B. Ogden, for assistance in many ways; and to the curators of the herbaria from which plants have been borrowed.
Herbarium material has been seen from the following sources: Gray Herbarium (G), New England Botanical Club (NE), New York Botanical Garden (NY), United States National Museum (US), Field Museum (F), Missouri Botanical Garden (M), Dudley Herbarium, Stanford University (8), Michigan State College (MSC), National Museum, Ottawa, Canada (C), University of Montreal (MT), Private herbarium of Marie- Victorin (V), University of Maine (ME), Portland [Maine] Society of Natural History (P), University of New Hampshire (NH), C. C. Deam (D), private herbarium, E. C. Ogden (0).
EXPLANATION OF STEM-ANATOMY CHARACTERS USED IN THIS TREATMENT
Five sets of characters are used, combinations of which should determine the species. These are: the arrangement of bundles in the stele, the type of thickening of the cells of the endodermis, the presence or absence of bundles in the interlacunar spaces of the cortex (interlacunar bundles), the presence or absence of bundles just underneath the epidermis (subepidermal bundles), and the presence or absence of a layer or layers of cells directly underneath the epidermis (pseudo-hypodermis). See PLATE 747,
One of the most important sets of characters is that of the
68 Rhodora [Marcu
arrangements of bundles in the stele. These fall into six types. The arrangement called the proto-type (because it appears to be the type from which the others are derived) is illustrated by PLATE 748, r1G. 1. Here the bundles are all free and un-united (each having one patch of phloem), four of them being median and with usually three to five on each side. When this arrange- ment is found, the specimen will belong to one of the subsections: Colorati, Amplifolii, Lucentes, or Praelongi. In the trio-type (Frias. 2 & 3) three of the median bundles have united to form a bundle ‘‘trio”’, giving only two median bundles, one of them with a patch of phloem on the outer face of the xylem canal and two patches of phloem on the inner face (Fic. 2), or by a further union having only one inner patch of phloem (ria. 3). The trio- type is always found in the subsections: Alpini, Nodosi, Natantes and Perfoliati. Members of the subsection Lucentes may also have the trio-type of stele. A further reduction in the number of bundles is brought about by the fusion of the lateral bundles and as this invariably results in an oblong-shaped stele it is called the oblong-type. The two median bundles may remain separate (ric. 4) and even the lateral bundles may at times be scarcely united but merely crowded together. The oblong-type with two median bundles is found in the subsection Lucentes, and is prevalent in hybrids having a member of the Lucentes as one of the parents. A fusion of the two median bundles is accompanied by the more or less complete fusion of the laterals on each side, resulting in a stele of an oblong (or elliptic) shape with but three bundles (ric. 5). This is the usual type in the subsections Crispi and Lucentes. The final reduction to the one- bundled-type (ric. 6) is not met with in the broad-leaved species, but is found in the hybrid P. Berchtoldi « perfoliatus var. bupleuroides.
The cells of the endodermis give an important set of diagnostic characters. Although several types can be recognized, these have been grouped in the present treatment into two principal types, according to the type of incrassation of the cell-walls. Cells which are thickened evenly or not at all are called O-cells; those which are much thickened on the inner and lateral faces but remain thin on the face next to the cortex are called U-cells. This latter type of endodermis is always found in the Natanies,
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 69
Lucentes, and Praelongi. All the others here treated have O-cells.
The bundles of the cortex give exceptionally good sets of char- acters. The cortex of a Potamogeton stem is highly lacunate. At the junctures of the walls separating these lacunae may, in some species, be found bundles composed of vascular tissue and fibers or merely of fibers alone. These are called interlacunar bundles and are well developed in the Natantes, Lucentes, Praelongi, and in P. amplifolius of the Amplifolii. The other subsections are devoid of them, or rarely have one or two weakly developed.
The cortical bundles found directly underneath the epidermis are called subepidermal bundles. They are seldom as strongly developed as the interlacunar bundles, yet they furnish a set of characters which is quite useful. The subepidermal bundles are present in the Colorati, Natantes, Praelongi, and usually in the Lucentes, but absent in the other subsections.
The last set of characters used is the presence or absence of a layer or layers of cells directly beneath and adjacent to the epidermis. This is called the pseudo-hypodermis. It is always present in the Crispi, Amplifolii, Praelongi, and Perfoliati, but is not present in the Alpini and Nodosi, whereas the Colorati, Natantes, and Lucentes may or may not have it.
A number of methods of preparing a section of stem for ana- tomical examination may be used. The following procedure has . been found to be simple and rapid and highly satisfactory. When a choice can be made as to the part of the stem to be sectioned it should be at about the middle of the second or third internode below the lowest peduncle. However, any portion of the stem, if not too close to a node, is usually quite satisfactory. The piece of stem is boiled in water for a few minutes to soften and expand the tissues, then dropped into cold water to reduce flabbiness. A clean transverse cut is made near one end with a sharp razor-blade and this end dipped into ordinary blue ink, or other stain, for a second or two. The stem is now rinsed briefly in cold water and rolled on a blotter to remove excess water. With the razor-blade a thin free-hand section is taken off at the stained end, a water-mount made (stained end up), and examined under a microscope. If the stem is badly flattened, it can be
70 Rhodora [Marcu
teased out with fine needles. A magnification of about 100 diameters is highly satisfactory, although much lower powers will enable one to determine most of the essential characters. Such mounts need not be thinner than that obtainable by free- hand sectioning, for enough light will come through the lacunae to illuminate the tissues.
The amount of time necessary for making an anatomical ex- amination of a stem need not be greater than that necessary for boiling and dissecting a flower.
A number of improvements can undoubtedly be made on this method, but mostly at the sacrifice of simplicity and speed. Potassium hydroxide solution is not recommended for swelling the tissues as it destroys the delicate cortex. A weak lactic acid solution will soften tissues quickly and swell them slightly with- out destroying the cortex, but for most specimens water is more satisfactory. If cold water does not stiffen the material suf- ficiently for proper sectioning, a few drops of concentrated ammonia in the water are helpful.
Ordinary blue fountain-pen ink is suggested as a stain because it is easily available and has proved very satisfactory. It acts quickly and as a differential stain: coloring the vascular tissue deep blue and the cortical and pith cells light blue; the mechanical tissue (sclerenchyma) usually remaining a bright yellow and the endodermis usually yellow or orange. The clearer results ob- tained by aniline dyes are not necessary for this work. <A two- solution differential stain is not recommended for speedy eX- . amination.
THE CLASSIFICATION OF NortTH AMERICAN PONDWEEDS
In order that the groups of Potamogeton here specially dis- cussed may be properly oriented, an outline (largely following Hagstrém and Fernald) of the relationships of North American species is here appended. The subsections treated in this paper are indicated by asterisks.
Subgenus CoLEoGETON (Reichenb.) Raunk. Section Connati Hagstr. Subsect. Fitrrormes Hagstr. (P. filiformis Pers., P. lati- folius (Robbins) Morong).
Rhodora
Plate 747
Subepidermal
Epidermis
Pseudohypodermis
TPP
asnttan
Trio-bundle
Lateral bundle
Interlacunor bundle
QR oP e'e, OP
Bas a Ne. Q ie la fi
<4
g enae. () ? so
xo
we’
Endodormis
bundle
axe ORR SOUS uP",
Locuno
PoTAMOGETON NATANS: CROSS-SECTION OF STEM, X 35
Plate 748
Rhodora
' cy | o ; “| § : ial 3 *) $ Sime Ay 2 5 = =) o 2 s z = 2 co a) us S a o a3 p oe ae se s= rs 3 oOo. Os =o zo 2 ac OE FR BE S a fey oe Qo a8 s= -_ = s§ . 4 5 Z = a 2 3 = a = z if] ° 3 » 3 x= ee & g 2 . = °o n = 3) 4 om © & ¢ ” ae H if 2 oe ° ae : 3: = 2 ea = = eS 3 2 cf a ws ew as —— “& > P= ~ c i) o $s o> sah mee Se a - am pe as - <= @Qe me bg Sed Fi oo 55 ree} £ a 3 bi = , a = ae . 4 5 =e ak £ <~ \s = Os OOS 5 a
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 71
Section Convo.uti Hagstr Subsect. VAGINATI Pata: (P. vaginatus Turez.). Subsect. Pectinati (Fries) Hagstr. (P. pectinatus L.). Subgenus EvpoTamMoGeton Raunk. Section Apnati Hagstr. ubsect. SerRuLATI Hagstr. (P. Robbinsii Oakes). Section Ax1LLARES Hagstr. *Subsect. Crispr Wallm. (P. crispus L.). Subsect. Monticou1 Hagstr. (P. confervoides Reichenb.). Subsect. CoMpREsSI eee) Panga 6 (P. zosteriformis Fern.). Subsect. OxypHyiui Hag (P. Porsildiorum Fern., per- haps also P. engieienta Fern. }. Subsect. Pusriu1 (Graebn.) ge Series PusILLI connaTI Hags ee Fo.uiosi Fern. (P. ‘foliosus Raf., P. fibrillosus
Subserie PANORMITANI Fern. ee ie socal strictifolius Ar. Benn., P. pusillus L. Series PusILLi CONVOLUTI Hagstr.
Subseries Acutt Hagstr. (P. gemmiparus Robbins, P. Hillit Morong; P. longiligulatus Fern., an atypical species, may belong in the Oxyphylli).
Subseries Oprust Hagstr. (P. Porteri Fern., P. obtusi- folius Mert. & Koch, P. clystocarpus Fern., P. Berchtoldi Fieber).
Subsect. Javanict Graebn. (P. Vaseyi Robbins, P. later- ).
alis Subsect. Hysripi (Graebn.) Hagstr., in part; 7 Series Eunysripi Hagstr. Spiri illus Picken, F.
wre Rati 2. capillaceus Poir., P. bicupu ulatus
Subsect. Nae ee (Hagstr.) Fern. (P. epihydrus Raf., . tennesseensis Fern *Subsect. ALPINI (Graebn.) Hagstr. (P. alpinus Balbis). — Be hess nc o (Graebn.) Hagstr. (P. polygonifolius Fr
ou *Subsect, keno Hagstr. (P. amplifolius Tuckerm., pulcher Tuckerm.). mduteees Novosti Hagstr. (P. nodosus Poir.). *Subsect. Natantes Graebn. (P. natans L., P. Oakesi- anus Robbins oe *Subsect. pine Graebn. (P. gramineus L., P. illino-
ensis Morong). *Subsect. PrRaAELONGI Hagstr. (P. praelongus Wulfen). : *Subsect. Perroiiati (Graebn.) Hagstr. (P. Richardsonii (Benn.) Rydb., P. perfoliatus L.).
72 Rhodora [Marcu
Kerry TO THE BROAD-LEAVED NortTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF PoTAMOGETON
1. Stem laterally compressed; leaves all submersed, margin, out thed; stipules slightly adnate to base of leaf; fruits with winter buds hard and horny; stele of che oblong-type pattern: endodermis of O-cells; interla- cunar bundles absent.! (subsect. yen hace ate eek capes 1. P. crispus. 1. Stem terete; leaf-margins entire or minutely denticulate; stipules completely free from leaf- ‘nee. fruits with bea not more than 1 mm. long; winter buds rare, not op Goal horny; stele with the pattern various in t of the rags Ben lice 9 endodermis of U-cells and yaa Gi Fis a 2. a ienabied: oxi petioled or tapering to . sessile base, scarcely clasping; floating leaves present or absent... . 3. Submersed leaves ae " chin aa leaves Gapaally absent) delicate, giranenter t, tapering without sharp distinc- son into the p atlole: fruits ‘— exocarp hard and mooth, t Saarascltve (oubmect: ALPINE se i058 ibaa: 2. P. alpinus. 3. Submersed le eaves sessile or tioled: floating leaves cori- aceous, opaque, cordate to cuneate at base, blade dis- tinct for Detidle: fruits with exocarp soft and porous, greenish, brownish, or reddish... .4. 4. se ergy connectives 1-2m plang soit spikes 5-7 mm. thick; mm
00 usually with a cavity; interlacunar bundles absent; subepidermal bundles present; eastern Newfoun land and Sable Island, Nova Scotia (subsect.
_OOORAT eee. ee a ae a P. polygonifolius. . Sepaloid eens mostly 1.2-3 mm. mide: ‘rating
keels vadiable,. beak evident, endocarp rere eceait interlacunar bundles absent or pap wr if geese cad
5. Submersed leaves broadly linear, "lanoéolate, or ovate, less than 30 tim = as long as broad, nerves 3.37: ‘stele with the pattern various in t if of the trio-type, then with but 1 patch = i itd on the i = face of the trio-bun 3 Na
6. Submersed leaves with 11-37 an rves, margin
strictly entire; floating leaves cordate to reeds
at base, nerves mostly more than 21; stele with the proto-type pattern; endodermis of
aegy (subsect. AMPLIFOLII)... .7.
Yq of the nerves more prominent than the rest as seen by transmitted light; eer often clavate; fruits cuneate at base, 3.5-4.5 (-5) mm. long; interlacunar bisachen present : 4. P. amplifolius. 7. Stem usually Sonmpacuonaly age ney Byron sub- mersed leaves not arcuate, 1-2.5 cm. wide;
' Anatomical characters refer to those of the stem. See p. 67 and keys on pages 75 and 77-85.
1943]
floating leaves cordate or rounded at base, mostly with less than 30 nerves, all nerves of Shoch equal prom ae as seen trans- mitted light; peduncles not conspicuously clavate; fruits rounded or lobed at base, of (-4) mm. long; interlacunar bundles
BARES sil a Whe bee ia), Keke ee
6. Submersed cain with 3-29 nerves, margins with
fugacious one-celled translucent denticles;
floating toe cuneele to rounded at ies — nerves mostly less than 21; stele with t
tern various in type; i if of the reckon ag tern, then endodermis of U-cells. . . .8.
8. Pam ecees hcg vee petioles 2-13 em. long,
apex ac 1 but not sharp-pointed nor mu-
dish, keels mostly muricate; endodermis of O-cells; interlacunar bundles absent (subsect.
ODOSI 8. Submersed leaves sessile or with petioles up to.
4 cm. long, apex acutish or ye age often. somewhat eee ronate; fru a -3.5
. long, usually greeni ish, rao arcely muricate; endodermis of U-cells; catartheweax
Stem usual] uch branched, .5-1 mm. in ameter; submersed leaves (—1.5) em wide, (5—) 7-12 (—30) times as long as wide, sessile, nerves tly 3-9; floating leaves
1.5-5 (-7) em. long, 1-2 (-3) cm. wide, petioles mostly longer than_ the ook laren tt, stipules .5-3 cm. long, .1- wide, keels faint; peduncles clavate or gone fruit- ing spikes 1-2.5 em. lon ng, .6-.8 cm. ‘thick;
paloid connectives mos y 1.2-1.6 mm wide; fruits 1.7-2.5 (-2.8) em. long, 1.6-2
2.3
d 1 lateral b — bundles only in the outer nterlacunar GOle <6. Fee HES es
9. Stem sealed or once branched, vib 1.5-5 mm.
in diameter; submersed leaves 1.5-4 cm wide, mostly times as one as wide, ;
stele with the pattern onlay in type;
interlactinar bundles in the outer interla-
sie — circle or sometimes So in the other GUMAY CIPCIOS oo es oe ok ca ws
5. Sabana g wiz sear linear, less than 3 mm
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 73
5. P. pulcher.
. P. gramineus.
. P. illinoensis.
74 Rhodora [Marcu
wide and more than 50 times as long as broad, nerves 1-5; stele of the trio-type pattern with 2 patches of ‘phloe m on the inner face of the trio- he ndle (subsect. NaTAN as . Stem .8-2 mm. in diameter; ‘ submersed leaves .8-2 mm. wide; floating leaf-blades 4-9 cm long, 2.5-6 cm. wide, usuall So eo at base, = petioles 1-2. 5 mm thick; stipules 4.5-11 m. long, strongly keeled; pedu uncles as thick as s the Sign 7 fa are picenagy ie mostly 1.8- erty s .9-1.2 cm. thick; matire leva mostly mm. lon e, keels ma + developed, re kn
strongly ——— wh mice than 1 interlacunar
circle; pseu 8 present; epidermal cells 1.5-3 (-4) tinesas long aa bro. ad gE Ei weld 7. P. natans.
10. Stem ge mm. in diameter; submersed leaves
.25-1 mm. wide; floating leaf-blades 1.5-5.5
em. lo tog 1-3 em. wide, roun or cuneate
at base, on petioles .2-1 mm. thick; sti —
1-5.5 cm. long, keels -gtocpa'sand onhy at base;
sides but not pitted, apex seed pointing
a little above bas basa end; gence with 2-3
lateral bundles on each sic 4% toy ew
bundles strongly developed oa t 1 interla-
cunar circle; pseu usually ab-
sent; epidermal cule 4-7 ie: as thee as broad
8. P. Oakesianus.
2. Leaves all submersed, cordate or img at — clasping Big Ae! 74 the circumference of the s
. Rhiz saree tpg: ted with rust ae aves Ceidditlile
gins entire 2 ‘gr ae aod persistent and conspicu-
m. vn pind i chan 3 mm wide, dorsal = l strongly developed; mbit ca th the proto-ty patte of U-cells; interlacunar boy su pidermal
ate, seldom ae 1-10 cm. long, apex not cucullate, margin with fugacious, translucent, one- celled denticles; suaies pry inconspicuous or disintegrated to fibers; cles 1-25 cm. long;
mm.
pe sect. Pu 12, — ovate-lanceolate to pore lanceolate, 3-10 ong, coarsely nerved; stipules coarse, disinte-
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 75
ating to persistent whitish fibers; peduncles often siaenta: 1.5-25 cm. long; fruiting spikes about 1 cm. rw any (2.5-) 2.7-3.2 (-3.5) mm. long, () yaks 6 (-3) mm. wide; seicsan doe with a vi 2. P. Richardsonii. 12. Leaves “onbiculat to ovate-lanceolate, the Pine ‘ipal nes m. long, delicat — nerved; s ——s Api a, piri ous; uncles never iavate e, long; rating — dhiuk .8cm penny fotite ro 3) 2.5- niga (1.7-) 2-2.1 (-2.3) mm.
O06 6 6 be ee 6 hoe eae eo 6 Oe a eee ee ee oe 8 Se
2. wide; vioubiien ME OS Se Oa 2a 13. P. perfoliatus.
Key To THE SPECIES mee ON THE ANATOMY OF THE STEM a Poe Nes bundles p ara . Interlacunar pension: sucntns Shel throughout... .3. “* Stele of the proto-type pattern... .4. . Endodermis of O-cells; subepidermal bundles absent 4. P. amplifolius. 4. Endodermis of U-cells; subepidermal bundles ee Vy 1. P. praelongus. 3. Stele of ai trio-type pattern, with the phloem on a i e of the trio-bundle appearing as 2 distinct patches; aides of U-cells; ee bundles ‘ SOE OS i bed ce Pee es ee ;
patches; epidermal cells 4—7 times as long as broad P. Oakesianus.
oT peat Yo pattern; epidermal cells 1-4 times ‘a 10. P. illinoensis.
oe ee 6) eee ee, 8 ee ee oe ee ee oe
5. a of the Obie pine hgh ey a
7. Stele with 1 (rarely with p real bundle and usually
with _ lateral bundle on each side; interlacunar bun-
me only in ea outer premio circle; stem .5—1 9. P. gramineus.
a Stele + with 2 ‘Garely with 1) central bundles and 2 or : n each side; interlacunar bundles in the outer sriteniaodiie circle and sometimes also in the — on tid circles; stem (1-) 1.5-2.5 : Win ti ibieIer: - oo a a ee 10. P. illinoensis.
i ggeroEy ws bundles sient endodermis of O-cells (rarely
Pe ie ie:
8. tel - tt stem laterally com- S ni ‘ae tis ape ee type pattern; y LP tiepus.
$e Oe See ae & eee 6 ee ee ae eek ee OO oe 8 6 Owe Oe, ee
8. Stele of the erode or proto-type pattern; stem terete... .9. ° 6 ee vial soa ales aan a aie one: S$. FP. oe aloher. 9. 10. § with the trio-type patte ere ti 1. Stele with the phloem on re inner face of the trio- —_ " appearing as 1 patch; pseudo-hypodermis ec bies
76 Rhodora [Marcu
11. eels — the phloem on the inner face of the tri appearing as 2 patches (rarely with pi a 12, Rucudaheooderinie Pree! IRONS ” pickae tool and 43. P. Pe 12. Pseudo-hypodermis absent.................5- nus.
SELECTIVE KEY TO THE SUBSECTIONS
The following key is offered as a practical one for determining the subsection to which a specimen belongs. It is based on characters available with sterile and otherwise incomplete specimens. It is selective in that the user may choose the order in which the characters may be applied. This is of decided advantage when certain parts of the specimen are absent or difficult to make out, for the other parts may be sufficient for determining the subsection.
The key is extremely easy to use. Any character may be selected which, if not sufficient to name the subsection, will lead to a number. This number will be found heading a column on one of the following pages. On this page another character is now selected and opposite it in the designated column may be found asymbol or new number. This is continued until a symbol | appears, which will designate the proper subsection. At any time the subsections that are still possibilities may be ascer- tained by reference to page 86. If a specimen traces to zero (0) it may be suspected that a character has been selected in- correctly or the specimen is a hybrid with parents in more than one subsection. The subsection Crispi is omitted from this key for it is represented only by the introduced species P. crispus, which can easily be distinguished from all our indigenous species of Potamogeton by its definitely toothed leaf-margins.
When the subsection is determined, reference to the portion of the general key, on pages 72 to 75, dealing with that subsection should give the name of the species.
The following symbols are used to designate the subsections: AL Alpini AM Amplifolii NA Natantes PR Praelongt CO Colorati NO Nodosi LU Lucentes PE Perfoliati
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
STEM STELE Jove hag 2 es ee, aun errr T
© 0 0 0 0g ee Wee ee oe ere oie. eS
Cee ie ee W ee ee 2: wy 6 e610 ee eee
OUI oi 0, 5 a Lanceolat
Meer. iN ea ‘Clas
(8 aS ee Pe ee ee ee ON 8 ee oe Fe Eee Ae ee i
Cee Sk We at ie Oe ae Gk cs ee oe Sue) fe ee oe |
2 ew eee Oe ee 8 ee 6 bee tre Fee wes eee ee ee Hae ee eee @¢ U6 6 6s 66.0 8) 6.6 2 8 eee OS 8 ee
STIPULES Intact and well developed..... sintegrated to fibers. ....... Delicate or fugacious......... FLOATING LEAVES BasE Condate; 22:25. (23 ee
63a See Oe ee Pee bale Se ee ee, eee
CO AM
Sie) 698 (08 6 6 ee eS oO ee
CO AM LU PR
$8 6b ee ee 6 Oe ee ee wee oe eee Wee 8 8
iM) DOA Ta Pe axes 29 eon RM UA LU FR. i. cate AL CO AM
AL IL PR AL CO AM NO LU PR PE... Bhi BOA ces eG As PEE DU TA is ie el kk DSS
a ee ee Roe Coe acre He eee oe
Bi A PMR Pe eee
BOA TAD TA) | oe a eet AM LU
a a a ae Oe Se ee Doe ee ee ee a a
i te a oh to Bak oe ow we ee eee bee oe ee
Ce
AL CO AM NO NA LU PR PE. AM NA PR PE
A BM PR PE init Bes
+6 Oe 8 ke eee 6 6 Fo ee
eek 6 6 ee eee ee ee eee Os Ol ee eee ewe
Bs OO A is i end OE Bai oe ies oes oe
78 Rhodora STEM 1 baer, Sane 4 Pro’ 18 18 36 43 nae EOS PN Oe See EE o-t “ia Pee et ae ee Binnie eee cx LU LU LU LU NDODERMIS CUO; 6.5 see sah Lt 41-54 78 WRI. y 53 3s seh 17 <4} 31. 71 LwrERLAcUsAn B ROG ic. Se ves 15 36 15 68 AOR eo es Cee ees 1? Core Hoey” ee) | Prciceaecde 2 B OM can Ve Pees li <4) 31 -7i BiG a ee eee ee 10 10° 25 10 SUBMERSED LEAVES “Orbicula ore aa et 66 66 66 66 PRN acka see eee 18 18 18 35 ion "PR Bae pegs 5 48 48 48 76 Soaked: 25.5620 es, Rise 8 oe Oblane. = Qe os ae 65 55 55 55 Fee oe aa eee eae 33 62 64 Base Cleaettat sis ee 46 46 46 74 Not es iis Geek eae SW ws. Rounded So Ae ae 20 46 20 74 Acutisn 3352-2 Se Se Be a nba geht a ep pete sy EOD 40 40 68 40 Mucroniie.. .. os cs 68 68 68 68 IOLE Pree 3 oe ee, 19 19 68 19 Adee. fo Rc ke. ey Ri ee ee Wel Gl sO EGS bse r 1 3.4 __Dentiuite jie lees vet ee 32 32 §&8 16 ice pu feces ay. SL oe Sz 2 =e Bh ie ea ee a NN Ge | ER | BP cs a a ke S 6 i316 Oe ee ke, 34 34 34 66 STIPULES Intact SPP any een ananean 22 Se Pe. oe a ae 14 34 14 66 Bb. OF Pe oe 24 24 24 54 FLOATING LEAVES Base Contates ook io cc ee 44 73 69 73 Round. of GU8Z 62 = c:. 7 ie 3 8 SONNE ck AL AL AL AL NERVES dD i a ee SS. 7s 77. 78 198 ae 39. 36 tides eee 38 68 38 68
53 NO 65 53 5 40 7 23
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
STEM 11 STELE Ws Cy, eet Pe 73 eee es, Gay Ske 51 peo <i a fg Gee NE 0 NDODERMIS et i eres Ba, 11 Bae es Ga ae grees CO Trenetaciaias B BONE B62 oi eS AM Ee © Gt ee are 1 east AN B OSOnL fe a CO Aneents? 28 662.754 Pa f SUBMERSED LEAVES “Onbicular MT DCN eet fy SEE 66 es ae ee 66 vi bec oie eee AL eee. 2. ee 11 Ln Oe Oss cs eS 79 MARE 88 2) US es NO ASE Cepia: 2 SES 74 Not clamping. < 0.0.46. PEX UNnMES 4305 ee 74 a eee See At arp-pointed........... 70 Macau es Hee ee AM IOLE pent Ak as oe a 45 AbSONG ei ae tes sal NGS, aE Riper cs Uaea 11 Dental el ae 63 RVES TS Gn a ee ee 51 1 a ee es 1l Pe oe eee 39 Be ee ee a ee 66 STIPULES Tnteet as oko. 2h mee 11 Fiber .c 3.925.433 66 Ded, of Pikes 54 FLOATING LEAVES Base Condlate. (5 Goo ee, 73 Round. or cun.. <...:).. 45 TRpmie:. Ak. AL NERVES 110. 2 ee 78 G+ Fe ae ee Scene « 29 ee ees a AM
12 13
43 36 58
LU
16 36 6:
Pe SF gre 2 41 18 62 LU LU
CO 73 iy are 3
31 36 CO 73
17 41 LU 68
14 67 60
AM 72 7 40 42 43 0. 3.0 NA NANO NA 0 69 40 4 3 69 38 68 62 68
LU 64
19 43 LU
45 71
68 45
71 40
0 AM AM PE 5 57
68
LU 75 19 46
68 AL
64 NA
77 NA
68
oS 6 oe 6 ee Oe Chee 6 ee
Ue Sok Ve Oy ia ae dee a ay ye ee ont et ea
ASCHUC 54. 2. oS SUBMERSED LEAVES
Linear. Se hae ee es
Caen sk ue weeks oa Notclasping 0 3c. 45. PEX
PETIOLE Pr
Coe EO Oe See eee Be ee
5 egw ee be Se ee ee ele
CXC OCHO oe eee Oo ee 6 ew
Rhodora [Marcu $1.28: 8f 24 26 236 87 38 30:
LU LU LU 67 68 68 AM68 73 PR 21 22 23 74 47 #50 51 52 78 60 LU LU LU 0 LU LU O LU O O
74 51 78 54 54 79 27 56 29 PE 62 LU 62 PR LU 62 O LU CO 6l
62 LU 62 67 68 38 AM68 AM 61 74 51 78 54 54 79 27 56 20 PE
62 LU 62 PR LU 62 0O LU CO 61 47 22 52 54 93 55 27 28 56 PE
PE PE 0 66 66 AM66 AM AM PE 66 68 AM 57
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 PE LU 63 64 N
50 51 52 78 60
25 85 27 28 20 Fa
58 32 64 34 35 68 39 40 70 57 AM 66 AM AM 57
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 60 PE NA 34 66 69 66 AM AM30 74 74 AL 24 54 79 54 79 79 57
NA 0 NA AMAM69 AMAM73 NA 62 64 33 AM6S 38 70 40 45 NA AL AL AL AL AL AL AL. AL AL
77° 7] 63 AL AL 77 78 78.78 Ne 50 52 23 79 55 26 56 28 29 NA 62 LU 62 AM68 38 AM68 AMNA
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
STEM 81): SF STELE Proto-type...../...5...0. 59 LU SO UGOS 5 ETS Ax 62 3 Oblong-type............ LU LU ENDODERMIS oe Je Ae ans 63 IM etek da on 3h) LU INTBRLACUNA B - Ace weeks 31: LU | ee pepe ok ye 63
Present ke a 31 LU Abseat bea hw leer LU 32 SUBMERSED LEAVES PE Be yt ile Se games OP oat cae 0 PE WACO SoS eG BEE 59 58 Oblong Lape separated: Belg 59 LU Lanoemiate : 2... ak 59 32 Oblane: or ello. SS, LU LU MEROOES Estes for es 62 64 ASE CMe 8 a oe PR PE Ag ne ae Na tee 62 64 Roendee A SS Gas 61 PE here Mere ‘ sigitibrs Get 5 cla a 32 a erat Gas Ameer ae S28 iewcohabe CE ey oe LU LU IOLE Preehs .5.5...6 3 tes LU 64 Abene.. . As KAS 31° 58 te etal RIG ARE 31.32 Dentist RPh bee oenaa LU 32 oe pray yw a re eee 62 32 Ball ais ee a LU 32 Ba Fe oa 59 32 A a ee eee PR PE STIPULES TOS SO ES Fes 31 32 Pile or a RRS 61 PE Del. of fuk... 26a. PR PE FLOATING LEAVES Basg Cordate: 3. iid NA 0 Rodnd. oF 6th). 6.440% 62 64 Tiger. 3. i ae NERVES IO oi es NA NO 1738 is a 62 64 _ 62 LU
O 6 © o's se 0 8 6 6 6 80 oe 2 6 8
81 383 34 365 LU 67 68 33 PE 58 LU 0 LU
NO 66 66 62 PR LU
36 37
36 67 68 AM = U NA 62 63 LU 0 LU 0 LU
AM AM AM 39 70 59 61 62 0 LU
36 37 38 AM 68 AM AM AM 39 70
59 61 62 0 LU 68 AM68 39 40
38 39 40
e
62 67 68 NO 66 66 62 PR LU 64 66 35
AM AM AM 66 68
AM 68 LU NA 62 PR. PR <0 68 69 38
PR 61 NA 9 0 AM
M 68 NA 57 PE 64
36 37 38 39 LU 0 LU 63
LU NA 62 63 68 AM
Bose £5 BS
>> ze>
33 34 NA 34 34
69 AM AM 38 7 0
ag NA NO NO 69 38 AM 68
NO ces ee ee Ohlaes-bype Poe cye oan ENDODERMIS
(oes 6 Oke Ce ek ee
O00 06s + 00.8 eo e 6 oo 8
Seanad oh. ae Muerotate. 4 6.55. 25 A
2 i ty a ee ee ge MeO
eee eee «6 eee we Olas wie Core eo er ese er sew ewes
206 6 68 e 6 8 Oe eee a ed
Rhodora
41 42 43 43
aad = de |
73 71 68 73
71 68
68 LU 43 68 62 0 42 NA 71 43 LU 68 LU 68 71 62
LU 43 U 68
43
2 LU U LU
AM 70 AM AM AM 57
44 45 46 73 73 PR NA NO 74 oe: 029
73 72
45 74 CO PR
AM PR 45 74
72 COP AM 70
69 73
4
AM AM AM PE
AM AM 57 0 O 75 73 45 46 AM AM AL
0 0 O 46 43 44 45 AL
44 NA NO 74 73 45 74
57
44 45 46
14 73 z 44 45 0 O AL
NA NO AL
hs
47 LU 47 3
74 LU
LU 59 74
LU AMNO 0 -LU
74 76
74 47 LU LU
LU 47
AL
45 AL 76 76 69 AM 0 LU LU
48
59 76
U LU AL 74
59
AL
[Marcu 49 0 LU
49 0 LU
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
Pea ats ep? ee fel ee Dee So a
0 6 68 Oe eb ace
ro ht eat Oe eh ge Pe ge ace a
os eet ee ee ee ms
Sharp-pointed........... Mucronate
ee eh a ee ee ee
00a wt Eh eee Hee ele eee
7 ee ew Sue ae eee ae
53 64 55 656 57
78 54 79 56 PE NAO. LU 0 PR
NA AM 68 AM PR 78 54 79 56 PE
NA 0 LU O PR 78 54 55 56 PE
> oo
76 55. 79 LU
on or
AL 55 5
NO AM 68 77 54 55
70 ~20—0 79 57
55 56 (57 NO PE LU NO PE
53 74 76 78 PE 78 54 55 56 PE
66 68 70 57 0 66 AM AM 57 i]
53 54 55 56 57 NA AM AM AM 57 AL 54 79 79 57
NA 66 AMAM 0 65 AM68 70 0 AL AL AL AL 0
53 AL AL 78 0 53 79 55 56 0 NA AM68 AM 0
AM AM PE M 5
58
58 58 PE
PE
0
LU
59
NA
84 : Rhodora [Marcu
STEM 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
STELE Prototypes. foie tee is PR LU 0 LU O AM67 68 AMAM PPA VOG 0. oa fe vs NA 62 63 64 65 PE 0O LU NA NO Oblanmtyne. 66... i O° LU 0°: LU 0: 0 0: DU -Oeg ENDODERMIS WN es a. Se 0 O 63 NO NO 66 AM AM AM _ 8 61 62 O LU NA O PR LU NA Nae opyadeties B ee oe Bee ea 38 61 62 0 LU NA AM67 68 69 AM We as eS 0 O 63 NO NO 66 AM AM AM 70 SUBEPIDERMAL B. - TOBEN G8 hes 62-61 0% bU NA PR LU NA 0 i eo a si 0 LU 63 64 NO es AM 68 AM 70 SUBMERSED LEAVES SHA Onbicular iat Mav ey 0 O PE 0 O 66 AMAMAM AM we Se se PR LU PE LU 0O 66 67 68 AMAM Obisas bed a PR LU 0 ae 0 fandeclate.. oe. PR LU 63 64 NO 66 67 70 Oblanc: or ell. 6... 20.32 0 LU 0 LU 0 AMAM68 AMAM RE ee ee NA 62 NO 64 65 0O ASE Clseningts 6s 86. Bs PRO PE 0 PE PR 0.0239 oe Wee re ee NA 62 NO 64 Pr AM AM 68 69 70 PEX Rownaed. 2 i ess 61 NA PE 0O NA PE PR O NA 0 Atte 6 ee. LU 63 64 NO66 AM68 AM/70 rece RP Sy Sore 0 LU NO 64 NO AMAM68 AM/70 Mueronate .; «#6. oi i 0 LU 0 LU 0 AMAM68 AMAM PETIOLE Pree 3 AS 0 LU NO 64 NO cg AM 68 AM 70 Absint 05 220 ee eS 61 62 PE LU NA 66 67 68 69 AM MarGIn PO) oes cal ee vs 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 Dentioniate: (645 3... LU 63 64 NOPE 0 LU 0O NO s WD ser hod oes dh NA 62 63 64 65 PE 0 LU NA NO Dre ose Gk. ay 0 LU 63 64 NO 66 AM68 AM/70 ee ee a LU 63 64 NO 66 67 68 AM70 oa te aes oie PR 0-PE 60 0 67 AM AM STIPULES lett kk 62 64 67 68 69 70 i Pie cd ee 61 NAPE 0 NA 66 67 AM69 AM Deb or fae... 5... PR 0 PE .0 0 66 67 AMAMAM FLOATING LEAVES Base Cordatm (64.524 ics... NANA 0 0 NAAMAMAM69 AM Round. or cun........... NA 62 NO 64 65 AMAM68 69 70 Teper... 55 i. m0 .0.0 0 4:86 4 NERVES fi ee NA NA NO NO 65 0 NA NO 11-88 cee NO 64 65 AM AM 68 69 70 Sa NA 62 0 LU NAAMAM68 69 AM
1943) Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
80 6 O20 6 elem 4 + ee 6 8
SUBMERSED LEAVES SHAPE
od
2
eeereeeee ee se eevee eees
OF 8 O10 9 Cb 8-8 Se eee eee eS
OO Ue ew 6 be ee bere ors
o 6 Orie 6.8 Sele eee ele SU ee
Eee 6 O10 OO ie! Come. 6
68 Se eee O we ee ee mee
ee
72 73 74 75 76 Ue 0 Fe ee
98 TOs. Fhe TB IO aT CO 73 0 PRLU 0 NA 0 74 AL 76 77 Pig G2 ©
O73 74 AL qt AL
C A 72 CO 0 PR LU NA
NA AM 0 PR LU NA 0 CO 73 74 AL AL AL 78
0. © 74°76
72 73 AL AL 76 77 NA 0 74 7 77 CO 73 74 AL 76 AL 0 AM 0 O LU O 0 AMO O LU
CO 73 O O LU NA AM74 75 76
72 73 74 7 NA AM PE PR 0 NA 0 AM 74
78
0 78 0
85
79
79 0
75 AL AL AL 79
0
O 72 73 0 72 73 O O LU NA NO AM a
AM
AL AL AL AL AL AL
0 AL AL AL 77 73 AL AL 76 77 NAAM 0 0O LU NA
78 78 0
79 AM
86 Rhodora [Marcu
The numbers used in the selective key and the subsections they represent are as follows:
1. AL CO AM NO NA LU PR PE 41. CO LU PR 2. AL CO AM NO LU PR PE 42. CO NA LU 3. AL AM NA LU PR PE 43. CO AM LU 4. AL CO AM NO LU PE 44. CO AM NA 5. AL CO AM NO NA LU 45. CO AM NO 6. AM NO LU PR PE 46. AL PR PE . CO AM NO NA LU 47. AL LU PE % AL NO. NA LU. PE 48. AL LU PR AL AM LU PR PE 49. AL NA PE 10. AL AM NO LU PE . AL NA LU ll. AL CO AM NO PE AL NO PE 12, AL CO AM NO LU AL NO LU 13. AM LU PR PE AL NO NA 4. AM NA PR PE AL AM PE 5. AM NA LU PR AL AM LU AM NO LU PE AL AM NO i. CO NA: LU PR PR Fe ,§ CO AM LU PR LU 2m . CO AM NO LU LU PR . AL NA PR PE . NA PE AL NA LU PE NA PR
> ay Frat ee) ee om ae) e 3] vA > a |
AL AM NA LU 66. AM PE AL AM NO PE 67. AM PR AL AM NO LU 68. AM LU AL CO AM NO 69. AM NA .) NA PR PE . AM NO NA LU PR CO LU NO LU PE CO NA NO NA LU CO AM AM PR PE AL PE AM LU PE 7 | ire AM LU PR 6. AL LU AM NA PR 7. AL NA AM NA LU 7g. AL NO . AM NO PE 9. AL AM 40. AM NO LU
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES 1. P. crispus Linnaeus
submersed, linear-oblong to linear-oblanceolate, principal ones 5-8 (-10) em. long, (.2—) .5-.8 (-1) em. wide, semi-clasping at base, broadly rounded at apex; nerves 3-7; lacunae of 1 or
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 87
rows along the midrib; margins finely and irregularly dentate. STIPULEs .5—1 cm. long, ‘slightly adnate at base, upper part fraying early, leaving the papery or shreddy bases. ‘PEDUNCLES sea about same thickness as greatest dines of stem, 2—5 (—7 long. Spikes in anthesis compact or moniliform, ‘of 3-5 whoite of flowers; in fruit 1-2 em. long, 1—-1.3 em. thick. Flowers sessile or on pedicels up to .4 mm. long; sepaloid connectives orbicular, (1.2- > 1.5-1.9 (—2.1) mm. wide, claws .3-.9 mm. fed anthers .7-1.1 (-1.3) mm. long. Fruits ovate, (2-) 2.5-3 (-3.6) mm. long (excluding beak), (1.6—) 2-2.5 (-2. 8) mm. wide; keels obtuse ut prominent, dorsal one strongly developed below and with a small projecting tooth near the base; beak etrogom straight or incurved, 2-3 mm. long; exocarp rather smooth, greenish or brownish; endocarp loop solid and near the base; Bh of seed pointing toward the basal end. WuinTer Buns hard and horny, 1-2 em. thick. P. crispus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 126 (1753); C. & S., Linnaea 2: 186 (1827) ; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 36 (1893); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: rast 11: 97 (1907); Taylor, N. Am. FI. 7: pt. 1: 21 (1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 58 (1916). onds and streams. South ern Quebec to Virginia, west to Missouri, also in California. Map 1. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia. The following are sapianeneee: QuEBEC: lle Sainte-Therése, St.-Jean Co., Victorin & Rolland 45189 and 49141. VERMONT: tributary of Lake Champlain, Charlotte, July 8-11, 1911, Dutton; Charlotte, Chittenden Co., July 7, ou ee N, mixed with P. peng nites MASSACHUSETTS: Arlington, Middlesex Co., Sep 1880, herb. C. E. Talon: ot Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Middlesex Co., Fernald & Weather- lantae Exsiccatae Grayanae 111; Cambridge Bot. Gar 1864, J. T. Rothrock; Sudbury R., Concord, Middlesex Co., Ogden 1502. Connecticut: Housatonic R., Derby, £. H. : ie 11502; Lake Zoar, Housatonic R.., Southbury, New Haven i. Eames 1 1485. New York: Lake Ontario, southwest a Chaumont, Jefferson Co., Fernald, Wiegand & Eames 1 4089; Pierrepont P., Woodville, Jefferson Co., rs ouse 10069; north end of Cossayuna L., Washington Co., Muenscher & Lindsey 2739; abandoned canal, Montezuma, Cayuga Ca, Eames & Wiegand 14535; pool at Eldridge L., Chemung Co., uppe per waters of the Susquehanna, Lucy 10814; erwisk Flats, Ithaca, Tompkins Co., Wiegand 11182; Old Ice Pond, Ithaca, R. Jones 7471; Float Bridge, Rochester, Bazter 5888; Lake Washington Park, Albany, Albany Co., June 14, 1910, S. H. Burnham. New JERSEY: tide eee Camden, May 5, 1866, C. F. Parker; Camden, June 1879, C, Martindale; Clifton, Nash 786; Cedar Brook, Plainfield, Nay 1879, Frank Tweedy. PENNSYLVANIA: Conestoga, near Lancaster, June 19, 1861, T. C. Porter; Tiaintn R., Huntingdon
88 Rhodora [Marcu
Co., Aug. 1864, 7. C. Porter; Lehigh R., Easton, July 11, 1868, T. C. Porter; Sharon, July 7, 1886, F. T. Aschman; outlet of pond on tributary to Pennypack Creek, Willow Grove, Montgomery Co., Adams & Tash 512. Drtaware: Wilmington, 1863, Wm. M. Canby; Wilmington, June 1879, A. Commons; Wooddale, June 24, 1879, A. Commons; Faulkland, New Castle Co., June 1879, A. Commons; Greenbank, Oct. 16, 1879, A. Commons. Mary anp: Spesutie Island, May 27, 1879, J. D. Smith; Cleft Island, Great Falls, McAtee 2953. District or COLUMBIA: Fish Ponds, Shull 15; Georgetown, VanEseltine & Moseley 201. West Virainia: Fish Hatchery, White Sulphur Springs, Green- brier Co., Berkley 1215. Virarnta: Fourmile Run, Chesapeake Bay Region, Shull 465; near Four-mile Run, near Alexandria, Blake 9472; 1 mile s. w. of Williamsburg, Grimes 3255; Dyke, Fairfax Co., Metcalf & Sperry 1631; Claremont Wharf, Surrey Co., Fernald & Long 7747. Ontario: Toronto, Scott 16439; pool above Niagara Falls, John Macoun 26830; Kingston, June 15, 1901, J. Fowler; Sault Sainte Marie, Algoma Co., Fassett 14746. MricuicaAn: Muskegon Lake, Muskegon State Park, 4% mi. w. of Muskegon, Muskegon Co., Hermann 8647; Kalamazoo R., Kalamazoo Co., Aug. 15, 1938, W. G. Erwin. Reported from Ottawa Co., and Van Buren Co. by’ Oosting.’ Inprana: Wolf L., June 7, 1913, E. D. Hull; east side of Wolf Lake, just w. of Whiting, Lake Co., Deam 56607. ILLINOIS: Wolf L., Chicago, June 10, 1911, EZ. E. Sherff; Stony Island, Chicago, Cook Co., Steyermark 4227; Lake Nippersink, accord- ing to Tehon, Torreya 29: 42 (1929), specimen not seen. MIN- nesoTA: Lake Minnetonka, Keck & Stilwill 428 and 430; Mis- sissippi R., Wabasha Co., Keck & Stevens 335; Mississipp! bottoms, below Winona, Aug. 6, 1931, H. J. Oosting. Missouri: Neosho, Metcalf 948; Blue Spring L. and Osage L., formed by Blue Springs, 2 mi. s. e. of Bourbon, Crawford Co., Steyermark 16313. Sours Daxota: Edmunds Co., July 1896, D. Griffiths (specimen in Herb. Brooklyn Bot. Gard., not seen; see Torreya 29: 43 (1929)). Wyomrina: Lakes Swastika and Irene, Medicine Bow mountains (specimens not seen; see Torreya 32: 5 (1932)). CaLirornia: cultivated at Pomona College, the plants brought from Santa Ana R., near Corona, ‘only known station in Cali- fornia,” San Bernardino Co., Parish 19248; pond in botany lath- house of Pomona College, planted by Johnston from Santa Ana R., Munz 2785. Ornaon: near Silvies, Aug. 19, 1901, Griffiths & Morris (specimen in Herb. Brooklyn Bot. Gard., not seen; see Torreya 29: 43 (1929)).
P. crispus is distinct from all other species of Potamogeton found in North America, and should never be confused with any 1 Henry J. Oosting, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci., Arts and Letters 15: 165 (1932).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 89
of them, for it is the only one with leaf-margins having a denta- tation evident to the unaided eye. Its fruits are distinctive in having long (2-3 mm.) beaks. Fruits are usually not produced when the plant grows in deep water, but in shallow, warm pools it fruits freely.. The winter-buds are especially distinctive, being large (1-2 cm. thick) and hard and horny. This species is not native to the Western Hemisphere but is introduced into North America where in some places it is growing profusely and acting as a weed. It evidently arrived here rather early for Pursh in 1814 reports it from ‘‘Canada to Virginia.’”! Bennett says, “The oldest dated American specimen I can find in England is in Mr. Cosmo Melvill’s herbarium, ‘Philadelphia, 1841-2, Gavin Watson & Kilvington.’ One from Delaware in the British Mu- seum Herbarium is probably older: it was collected by R. Egles- feld Griffith of Philadelphia . . . ’% In 1913, Hull’ reports it as being abundant and acting as a weed around Chicago in waters connected to Lake Michigan. He believed the arrival of the plant to that region to have been quite recent. Tehon* believes the westward spread of the species in North America to be due to migrating water birds and suggests that its introduction to North America may be due to the same agents.
2. P. aupinus Balbis (American varieties)
RuxIzoME about same thickness as stem, branching and creep- ing, pinkish, not spotted. Stem terete, 1-2 mm. in dia meter, simple below, rarely branched above, often pressing very flat: stele with the trio-type pattern, the phloem on the inner face of the trio-bundle usually appearing as two distinct patches; en- dodermis of O-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal bundles absent; pseudo-hypodermis absent. SuBMERSED LEAVES (ex- cluding transition-leaves) thin, delicate, translucent, oblong- linear to linear-lanceolate, 4. 5-18 cm. long, 1-2 cm. broad, usually with 7 prominent nerves, sometimes also having 2 to 6 less promi- nent or incomplete ones, sessile and slightly clasping, apex obtuse or rarely acutish but never sharp-pointed; margin entire; lacunae along the midrib of rectangular cells, 4-6 rows near the base, 2o0r3 Sg at the middle and 0-2 rows near the apex. FLOATING
in, translucent, often poorly developed or absent, blades ‘aipabal or oblanceolate to obovate or oblong-linear,
' Frederick Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. 120 (1814).
* Arthur Bennett, Journ. Bot. 39: 201 (1901).
*E. D. Hull, Ruopora 15: 171 (1913).
+L. R. Tehon, Torreya 29: 42—46 (1929).
90 Rhodora [Marcu
4—6.5 em. long, 1-2 cm. wid, corny tapering with no sharp distinction into a petiole 1-3 ¢ long, with (7—) 9-13 (15)
rominent nerves, outer pair ha ate te Ae cadet a short distance back from the obtuse apex; lacunae along midrib of elongate cells near base and of oval cells near the middle, entire blade more or less lacunate with rounded lacunae. Srrpu.Es of submersed leaves thin, membranous, oblong, obtuse, faintly 2-keeled with 3 lateral nerves on each side, which meet the keel-nerves back from the apex, (1.2-) 1.5-2.5 (-4) em. long, 2-8 mm. broad; those of the gocam rag and floating leaves similar but broader (up to 1 cm.) and with more nerves (15), some also between the more prominent keel-nerves. PEDUNCLES same thickness as the stem, 3-10 (-16) cm. long. Sprkes in anthesis more or less moniliform, especially at the bane with 5-9 whorls “4 fore” in fruit cylindric and crowded, 1.5-3.5 cm. long, . thick. FLowERs on short pedicels 5-1 mm. long; eer connec orbicular to reniform, blades 1. 1. mm. wide, claws .7—.8 mm long; anthers oblong, .6—1 mm. long. Fruits mostly obovate, (2.5-) 3-3.5 mm. long eaains beak), (1.7—) 2-2.4 mm. wide, lateral keels none or very low, dorsal keel thin, usually prominent and well developed upward, "beak lateral, short and curved to- ward the back; exocarp smooth, pitted when immature, tawny- — olive; endocarp with keels rounded, beak linear, 1-1.3 mm. long, curved toward the back, loop solid; apex of seed pointing toward basal end. Whole plant and especially the rachis of the spike usually suffused with re
Two varieties in North America:
Submersed leaves neta prised to linear-lanceolate, 7-25 ce long, usually more t oa 8 times as long as broad, tapering to ae obtuse or acutish a 2a. var. tenuifolius. itmaaredd leaves ublane to pega po 4-10 em. long, usually less than 8 times as long as broad, apex rounded an GAUTIOD MENTED CHOON 5s i sss i de ksi 2b. pe subellipticus.
Ci OBR OO OS 68 ee wk ee ea oe
2a. P. aupinus Balbis var. tenuifolius (Raf.), comb. nov.
P. tenuifolius Raf. Pgs Repos. hex. 3, 2: 409 fog re. ron Ruopora 33: 210 (1931). P. lucens sensu Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am
1: 101 (1803), in part, not L. (1753). P. microstachys *Wolfg. in Schultes & Schultes, Mant. 3: 360 (1827). P. rue
(1827). P. obrutus Wood, Cl.-Bk. ed. 2: 525 (1847). P. lucens var.? fluitans (Roth) Gray, Man. ed. 2: 435 (1856), as to syno- nyms P. rufescens Schrad. and P. obrutus Wood, not P. fluitans Roth. P. alpinus sensu Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2:19 (1893), in large part; sensu Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11:70 (1907), as to Am. plant in large part; sensu Taylor, N. Am. —
91
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
2
” ] °o &
» ul ‘a & aT) von NK s
=
RanGEs oF PoTAMOGETON
92 Rhodora [Marcu
Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909) in large part; sensu Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 141 (1916), as to Am. plant, in large part. P. alpinus proles heer © (Wolfg.) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 72 (1907). P. montanense Gandog., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 66: 304 (1920). P. microstachys var. typicus Fernald, Ruopora 32: 80 (1930). P. alpinus subsp. tenutfolius (Raf.) Hultén, Fl. Aleut. Is. 65 (1937) and Fl. Alaska and Yukon 98 (1941). P. rufescens sensu Am. authors, in large part, not Schrad.
Streams and cold ponds, southwestern Greenland, Labrador, and Hudson Bay to Alaska and the Aleutian Islands, south to Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, western Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, Colorado and California. Map 2. e fol- lowing, selected from many specimens, are representative: GREENLAND: Itivnera, 64° 22’ N., PS apne Fjord, Aug. 19, 1931, M. P. Porsild; ‘Qagssiarssuk, 60° 53’ N., Igaliko-Fjord, Aug. 5, 1925, A. E. re a bee Tpaliko” July 23, 1888, L. Kolderup Rosenvin ae LaBRADOR: Rama, A. St ecker 332; Seal L., n. Lab., Spreadborough 16429; Grand Falls of Hamilton Ry M. T. Doutt 3296. NEWFOUNDLAND: Little Quirpon, Quirpon Harbor, Wiegand & Hotchkiss 27337; Highlands Brook above pond, Crabbes, R. B. Kennedy 81; shores of Conception Bay, reid aon Fernald & Wiegan d 4473; Grand Falls, Valley of Exploits River, Fernald, Wiegand & Darlington 4474; Lookout Mountain, West Arm (South Arm of charts), Bonne Bay, Fernald, Long & Fogg 1207; Grand L., Bay of Islands, AG. Waghorne 6; St. Georges P., "between Bay St. George and Bay of Islands, Fernald & Wiegand 2443 (approaching var. subellipticus). QUEBEC: Nacaiiian, Saguenay Co., St. John 90083 & 90084; Lac Duguay, Newport, Gaspé Co., Proulx 58; Riv. Mistassin, (Michaux Herb., Paris Museum, as P. lucens, TYPE of P. tenuifolius Raf., as to plant on right) ; Lac William, Mégantic Co., Victorin 11162; shallow lagoon, head of Sargents Bay, Lake Memphremagog, Aug. 3, 1903, Churchill; Bolton Center, Sherbrooke Co., Pease 26709; La Sarre, Abitibi, Louis- Marie 313; lac tourbeux, Ville Montel, Abitibi Region, Victorin, | Rolland & Meilleur 43 780. Anticostt: Anticosti I., Victorin & Rolland 27630. New Brunswick: Junction of Restigouche and Matapedia Rivers, Rousseau 32332; Bass R., Nepisiquit, July 30, 1873, J. Fowler; St. John R., Connors, ’Pease 2907. Nova Scotia: Truro, Colchester Co., Bean & White 22963; Mahone Bay, Hamilton 64010. MAINE: White’s Brook, Seven Islands, T. 13, R. 14 & 15, valley of the St. John R., Aroostook Co., St. John & Nichols 21045; St. John R., Madawaska, Fernald 117; Piscataquis R., Dover, Aug. 27, 1894, Fernald; Mattagodus Stream, TT redwell School, Prctiting Penobscot Co., ‘Steinmetz $23; Haley Pond, Rangeley, Franklin Co., Sept. 1, 1894, K. Furbish; Pembroke, Washington Co., Fernald 1622; Sydney, Kennebe¢ |
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 93
Co., Fernald & Long 12388. New Hampsuire: Colebrook, Cods Co., Pease & Fernald 17024 (app. v. reel ENE Horse- shoe P., Northumberland, Coés Co., Pease 17270 (app. v. subel- lipticus) ; Cherry P., Jdleeion; ‘Coés Co., July 1829, J. W.
Robbins; bayou of the Connecticut R.., Hanover, July 12, 1910, E. tams (flaccid form). VER RMO ONT: Harve ey’s P., W. Barnet, Sept. 7, 1885, F. Blanchard; Windsor, Sept. 6, 1881, Geo. Leland; “fe ‘flumine Passumpsic,” A. Wood (original collec- tion of P. obrutus). MaAssacuusEtts: Richmond, Sept. 19, 1864,
Robbins. New York: Preble, Cortland Co., July 31, 1886, Dudley; Paradox L., Muenscher & Lindsey 2712; Black R.., Dexter, Jefferson Co., Fernald, Wiegand & Eames 14082; n. of R. R. bridge, Cayuga, Cayuga Co., Oct. 1886, W. R. Dudley (mixed with P. illinoensis in US); Oxford, seo 30, 1886, F. V.
Coville. PENNSYLVANIA: near Easton, Aug. 4, 1869, Thos. C: Porter. Ontario: Cross L. Portage, decaaeain Forest Roggio Krotkov 5142 (app. v. subellipticus); Current R., July 0, 1869, John Macoun; “Bruce Co., Peninsula,’ 1871, Joke Maw
Micuican: Isle Royale, W. S. Cooper, no. “954 in part”; Dead R., Marquette, C. F. Wheeler 26; 3 mi. n. e. of Watersmeet, Gogebic Co., Bessey B & D 2781; Beaver R., Petoskey, July 2, 1878, E. J. Hill; Alma, Aug. 11, 1893, C. A. Davis; Chatham, C.F. Wheeler 90. Wisconsin: White Sand L., Vilas Co. , Aug. 11, 1930, J. P. E. Morrison; Minocqua, Oneida Co., Fassett fap between McNaughton and Rhinelander on Wis Cheney 1501. Manrrosa: Churchill, Polunin 1976, 1977, _ 2062. Minnesota: Lake Kilpatrick, Cass Co., Aug. 1893, C. H. Bullard (app. v. subellipticus); n. end of Squaw L., Clear- water Co., Moyle 894 (app. v. subellipticus); SouTH DaKora: Boulder Creek, Boulder Canyon, Lawrence Co., Over 13817 (app. Vv. subellipticus). MAcKENZIE: Setidgi L., 68° 28’ N., 132°: 20° W., Aug. 21, A. BE. & R. T. Porsild; McTavish ey Great Bear L., 66° 23’ N., 117° 40’ W., A. E. & R. T. Porsild. Sas- KATCHEWAN: Cornwall Bay, te Athabasca, 59° 27’ 30” N., 108° 27’ 30” W., Raup 6618, 6621, & 6622. Archibald R., vicinity of Wolverine Ptiyki Athabasca, 59° 9’ N., 108° 25’ W., aup 6741. ALBERTA: Slave Lake Dist., Brinkman 4541; Ver- million Lakes, Banff, Macoun 4365. MONTANA: eect Lakes, Maguire 472; Swift Current Creek, Maguire 474; Trou Lake, Maguire & Piranian 5442; Rost L. , Big Fork, Whitford 258: Swift Current Creek, below Lake McDermott, Glacier Nat’l Park, Standley 16855; Swan R. at Elbow (Lindberg) L., Mission Range, Missoula Co., G. B. & R. “ Rossbach 16. Ipano: Kootenai Co., Sept. 1887, J. H. Sandberg. Wvyomtna: Shoshone Lake, Yellowstone Nat’l Park, Padberg. & Bessey 3724 (TYPE no. of P. montanense Gandog.) & 3725; Heart Lake Creek, Yellow- stone region, Sept. 3, 1878, C. Richardson (mixed with v. subel-
°
94 Rhodora [Marcu
lipticus in US). Cotorapo: Lake Eldora, Boulder Co., Clokey 3118; Georgetown, M. E. Jones 734; Walton Creek, Routt Co., July 1891, A. Eastwood; vicinity of Twin Lakes, July—Aug., 1902, C. Juday; Seven Lakes, F. E. & E. S. Clements 491; Grand Lake, Shear & Bessey 5328; Howe P. O., Larimer Co., Osterhout 2885; Tomichi R., Parlin, Gunnison Co., Aug. 20, 1901, Benj. H. Smith. Urvan: Clayton Peak, Wasatch Mts., Aug. 12-26, 1903, S. G. Stokes; Twin Lakes, Alta, Wasatch Mts., M. E. Jones 1297; Silver L. at Brighton, Big Cottonwood Canyon, Salt Lake Co., Maguire & Richards 13156; Bridger L., Uinta Mts., Summit Co., Rollins 2319; Brighton, M. E. Jones 6606. CALIFORNIA: North Fork of Kings R., Hall & Chandler 563, region of Kaweah Peaks, Funston’s Meadows, Tulare Co., Dudley 2201; Webber L., Sierra Co., Aug. 3, 1894, Dudley; Silver Valley, Alpine Co., Brewer 1978. OREGON: in a warm spring, Harney Valley, June 10, 1885, T. Howell (mixed with P. illinoensis). Wasuineron: Trout Creek, w. Klickitat Co., Suksdorf 2172; Falcon Valley, Mt. Adams, Sept. 1879, Suksdorf; Baker L., Whatcom Co., Muenscher 7657a & 7658. British Cotumstia: Kicking Horse L., Rocky Mts., Aug. 17, 1890, John Macoun 4162; Revelstoke, John Macoun 4163; Barkerville, McCabe 43; Nanaimo, Vancouver I., John Macoun
78321. AuasKa: Goldstream Cr. and Pedro Dome, 65° 0’ N., 147° 30’ W., A. E. & R. T. Porsild 114; Buckland R., 65° 55’ N., 161° 0’ W., A. E. & R. T. Porsild 1496; Afognak L., Afognak Island, Shelikof Strait off Alaska Pen., Aug. 1931, W. H. Rich; Kodiak Island, Trelease 2870 & 2871; Shumagin Islands, Saun- ders 2869; False Pass, Unimak Island, Aleutian Islands, Zyerdam 2141; Unalaska (type-locality of P. microstachys), Van Dyke 202, also Eyerdam 2360, and Hultén 7573; Seldovia, Piper) 4426; Kukak Bay, Alaska Pen., Coville & Kearney 1564; Olga Bay; Kodiak Island, Z. H. & H. B. Looff 1501.
2b. P. atpinus Balbis var. subellipticus (Fernald), comb. nov. P. microstachys var. subellipticus Fernald, Ruopora 32: (1930). _P. alpinus, sensu Morong Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2:19 (1893), in small part; sensu Graebn., in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 70 (1907), as to N. Am. plant in small part; sensu Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909), in small part; sensu 4 ue ye nts a Pot. 141 (1916), as to Am. plant in or part. . tenuifolius var. subellipti RA dv: B11 (198i). pticus Fernald, RHopo Shallow pools and slow streams, Newfoundland, south to southern Vermont and eastern New York, sparingly westward tO — Wyoming and Montana. Map. 3. The following are referr here: NEWFOUNDLAND: Salmonier R., 1931, Agnes Ayre; Flowet — Cove, Straits of Belle Isle, Fernald & Long 26221, also. Hotchkiss —
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 95
27338; Stephenville, region of Bay St. George, F yest Wiegand & _ Kittredge 2442; Port a Port, Mackenzie & Griscom 10047. EC: Ile & la Proie, Archipel_ de Mingan, Victorin ao Rolland 20462: Locked Camp, Riviére Cap Chat, Matane Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 44451; Maria, Bonaventure Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33315; between Baldé and the Baie des Chaleurs, Bonaventure R., "Bonaventure Co., Collins, Fernald & Pease 591 i Georgeville, "Pease 1919; Charlton Island, about 52° N., 79° 30’ W., James Bay, A. E. Porsild 4296; Lac Philippe, Ladysmith, Pontiae Co., Gauthier 2446. Anticosti: Riviére Sainte-Marie, Victorin & Rolland 25938; Riviére au Saumon, Victorin, Rolland & Louis-Marie 20467. MaAGpALEN ISLANDS: East Cape and East Point, Coffin Island, Fernald, Long & St. John 6766, (TYPE in Gray Herb. ); Ile de Havre-au-Ber, Victorin & Rolland 9928. New Brunswick: Eel R., Dalhousie, Svenson & Fassett 3028. Nova Scotia: Baddeck Bay, Victoria Co., Fernald & Long 19687. Matne: Houlton, Aroostook Co., 1881, K. Furbish, ee Fernald & Long nahh begin? Piscataquis Co., Sept. 5, 1894, Sept. 15, 1894 & Aug. 31, 1896, Fernald. VERMONT: Little Leech Pond, Averill, oe Co., Eggleston 1656; Willoughby, Orleans Co., Aug. 4& 11, 1881, E. Fazon; “Nigger” P., Westmore, Orleans Co., Eames & Godfrey 9334; West Burke, Redfield 8014; Evart’s P., Windsor, Aug. 27, 1933, Weatherby & Griscom. New York: Minerva Brook, east of Minerva, Essex Co., House 15182; Niagara Falls, Aug. 21, 1886, Morong; Para- dox L., Essex Co., Killip 12605 (mixed with P. pacts Sree in US). ONTARIO: Howdenvale, Watson 3144 & 3146; River Trent, John Macoun 4168; Batchawana Falls, Algoma Dist., Taylor et al. 294. MicnigAn: Eagle Harbor, Keweenaw Pen., 1863, Robbins; North Cliff, Keweenaw Co., Aug. 1, 1888, O. A. Farwell; west branch Ontonagon Ri. endaetoat| Li: Gogebic Co., Hotchkiss & Koehle r 4849. Wisconsin: Three Lakes, Oneida Co., Aug. 5, 1918, R. Hoffman; n. w. end of Big Arbor Vitae L., Vilas Co., Hotchkiss & so btig 4460. Minnesota: Lake il- patrick, Gass Co., Aug. 1893, C. A. Ballard; Gull L., Cass Co., Aug. 1893, A. P. prep ii SASKATCHEWAN: Archibald Re Meg of Wolverine Pt., L. Athabasca, about 59° 9’ N., 108° 5’ W., Raup 6742. Montana: Lake Josephine, Glacier Nat'l Park Maguire 478. Ipano: west end of Fernan L., Coeur d’ Alene, Rust 384. Wyomina: Heart Lake Creek, Yellowstone region (mixed with v. tenuifolius in US; sheet in G not mixed) ; e. fork of Big Sandy, Wind River Mts., ‘all 1878, C. Richardson. British Cotumsia: Austey Creek, Shuswap L., J. M. Macoun 4166.
In 1930, Fernald showed that the American and eastern Asiatic plant which had been passing as P. alpinus Balbis of
98 Rhodora [Marcu
even stranded along the shore, while many specimens of var. subellipticus show evidences of having developed in deep water.
3. P. POLYGONIFOLIUS Pourret
Ruizome buff or pinkish, often with arate ete about same thickness as stem. Stem simple, .7—-2 m n diameter; stele with the proto-type pattern; endodermis came: of O-cells; interlacunar bundles absent; subepidermal bundles present; pseudo-hypodermis 1 or 2 cells thick. SuBMERSED LEAVES (usually absent) with blades lanceolate, 3-10 cm. long, .5-1.5 cm. wide, aioe gradually at both ends, apex acutish but not sharp-pointed, petiole 1-3 cm. long; nerves 7-11, outer ones marginal; lacunae rather obscure, of 2—4 hdd each side of mid- rib; margin entire. FLOATING LEAVES coriaceous, ovate, apex tapering to an obtuse tip, base rounded or slightly cordate, peti- oles 1-15 cm. long, blades 3-8 (-9) em. long, 1-4 cm. wide, nerves (11—) 15-19 (—21), all of about equal prominence; lacunae none. StipuLes about 3 em. long, somewhat persistent, without keels or practically so. PEpuNCLES about same thickness as stem, 4-12 cm. long. Spikes with about 10 whorls, in fruit 2-3
cm. long, .5-.7 em. wide. FLOowers sessile or nearly so; sepalany =
connectives greenish, blades orbicular or elliptical, 1-2 m wide, claws .3-.7 mm. long; anthers .6—.8 mm. long. Fruits 4 obovate to orbicular, rounded at base, sides with a depression, — especially if immature, (1.6—) 2-2.5 mm. long, (1.2—) 1.5-2.1 mm. wide; beak minute or obsolete; keels absent or nearly so; exocarp reddish; endocarp loop often ‘with a large cavity; apex of see pointing toward the basal end or slightly above.
P. po soem foliue Pourr., Mém. Acad. Toulouse 3: 325 (1788); Benn., Bot. Gaz. 32: 58 (1901); Graebn. in Engler. Pflanzenr., — 4: fam. 11: 65 (1907); paige N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 21 (1909); sca Crit. Res. Pot. 175 5 (1916).
gt Arséne At Nov VA je pba Sable Tuand. 43° 59! N., Tow; St John 1121 & 1
ae polygonifolius ranges Bibi Europe, Algeria, Morocco, q Madeira and the Azores', but appears in the western hemisphere —
} The old world range of this species is taken from Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 178° -
os It is also given a widespread Asiatic range by Bennett, Bot. Gaz. 32: 59 1)
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 99
only in eastern Newfoundland, the island of St. Pierre close by, and Sable Island off Nova Scotia. It may be presumed that this species in America, now confined to areas that largely escaped the last continental glaciation, once had a much wider range.
This species has a strong tendency to produce floating leaves which often spring almost directly from the rhizome. Terres- trial forms are common and in such condition may survive in ponds that dry up for a part of the summer.!
4. P. ampuirouius Tuckerman
Ruwi1zoMeEs whitish or often with a reddish cast, 2-4 mm. in diameter, scales black, broadly obtuse. Stem terete, 1-3.5 mm. in diameter, simple or ‘forming short branches late in the season; stele with the proto-type pattern; endodermis of O-cells; inter- lacunar bundles present throughout; subepidermal bundles absent; pseudo-hypodermis 1 or 2 cells thick. SuBMERSED LEAVES (excluding transition leaves) of two more or less distinct types: those on the lower part of the stem lanceolate, dark green and usually badly decayed by the time the floating leaves appear, with 19-25 nerves: those of the upper part of the stem broadly lanceolate to ovate with margins much longer than midrib giving those leaves just below the floating ones a characteristic arcuate appearance, with 23-87 nerves; both types obtuse or acutish at apex, but never sharp-pointed, ‘and —— to sper 1-6 cm. ae blades 8-20 cm. long, 2.5-7.5 em. wide; margins entire; lacunae 3-6 rows each side of midrib. rome ee
with gradual transitions from the submersed ones, coriaceous, opaque, ovate to elliptical, apex rounded or bluntly mucronate base cuneate or rounded, aes 8-20 cm. long, bla 5-10 em. long, 2.5-5 cm. wide, with (21—) 29-41 (-51) Covel, about \4 of the nerves more nacre than the others, as seen by transmitted light; lacunae none. Srtrputes of the oa inne leaves somewhat persistent, fibrous, triangular, obtuse when young, becoming twistedly stringy with age, 3.5-11 cm. long, obscurely 2-keeled; those of the floating leaves similar, 5-12 (-18.5) em. long, with 2 fairly well marked keel-nerves and 30—40 fine nerves. PEDUNCLEs at base about same thickness as stem, but usually thicker at the middle or upper half, 4-30 cm. long. Sprkes with 9-16 whorls; in fruit 4-8 cm. long, 1—1.5 cm. thick. FLowers sessile or on very short pedicels up to 1 mm. long; sepaloid connectives usually with a — ari sometimes greenish, blades orbicular to elliptical, (1.2—) 1 3 (- —3.5) mm. wide, claws .4-.8 (-1) mm. long; anthers .8-1. 5 2) mm. long.
1 See Harold St. John, Sable Island, etc., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 36: no. 1: 59 (1921).
100 Rhodora [Marcu
Fruits obovate, rounded on the back, cuneate at base, sides flat, 3.5-4.5 (-5) mm. long (excluding beak), 2.5-3.3 (-3.7) mm. wide, beak often prominent, up to 1 mm. long; keels usually prominent but sometimes rounded or obscure, the dorsal one often strongly developed, especially at the middle; exocarp usually reddish or orange-brown if fully mature, otherwise greenish; endocarp with 3 prominent, acutish and often some- what muricate keels, beak linear, facial, about 1 mm. long, loop solid; apex of seed pointing .6-1.5 mm. above the basal end. Robust plants characterized by several large arcuate submersed leaves clustered just below the water surface, and floating leaves with numerous nerves.
P. amplifolius Tuckerm., Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 6: 225 (1848); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club. 3: no. 2: 16 (1893); Graebner in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 67 (1907); Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 18 (1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 163 (1916). P. lucens
var. ? fluitans (Roth) Gray, Man. ed. 2: 435 (1856), as to plants —
included in part, not P. fluitans Roth. ?P. amplifolius forma
amphibius Benn., Journ. Bot. 42: 70 (1904). ?P. amplifolius —
var. ovalifolius Morong ex Benn., Journ. Bot. 42: 70 (1904); ? Graebn., in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 68 (1907). ?P. amplifolius var. amphibius (Benn.) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr.
. fam. 11: 68 (1907). Spirillus amplifolius (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl., —
m. Mid. Nat. 3: 16 (1913). P. amplifolius forma homophyllus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 163 (1916).
Lakes and streams, usually in deep water. Newfoundland, south to Virginia and Tennessee, west to Missouri and Kansas, also in California, Oregon and Washington. Mar 5. The follow- ing, selected from many specimens, are representative: NEW- FOUNDLAND: Salmonier R., 1931, Ayre; Frenchman’s Cove, Bay of Islands, Mackenzie & Griscom 10045. QurBeEc: Lac Sainte-
Bap il
Anne, Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33517; New Richmond, Bona- .
venture Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33858; Lake Mem- phremagog, July 29, 1902, J. R. Churchill; Riviére-aux-Serpents,
ka, Victorin 20457, 21201 & 25815; East Templeton, John Macoun 85584; East Templeton near Hull, Malte 118267 & 118268. McGregor L., J. M. Macoun 86002; Lac Lepéche, Rolland 13044; Otter L., Pontiac Co., Gauthier 2422; Lac Donald- son, Buckingham, Rouleau 7231; Kondiaronk (Lac Creux); Victorin 16065. Nova Scotta: Mill Brook, Sheffield’s Mills, Kings Co., Aug. 24, 1902, Fernald; Young’s L., North Mt: Belle Isle, Annapolis Co., Fernald, Bartram, Long & Fassett 23139;
Lily L., Sandy Cove, Digby Co., Fernald & Long 19688; Little _
Meteghan L., Digby Co., Fernald & Long 23140; Sloane L.,
Pleasant Valley, Yarmouth Co., Fernald, et al. 19689. MaiNE: Saint Francis R., Aroostook Co., Aug. 13, 1902, Eggleston &
Fernald; St. John P., T. 6, R. 17, Somerset Co., St. John &
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 101
Nichols 2108; Eagle L. Del wig Co., Ogden 1704; E. Edding- ton, Penobscot Co. , Aug. 2 , 1897, Fernald; Harvey’s P., Levant, Penobscot Co., Ogden t ’ Marston 1698, Plantae Exsiccatae Grayanae 904; Loon L., Franklin Co., 1894, Furbish; Middle P., . Poland, Androscoggin Co., Sept. 1893, Furbish. New Ha AMP- SHIRE: Lime Pond, Columbia, Coés Co., Pease 13883; York P., Kilkenny, Coés Co., Pease 17185; Burns P., Whitefield, Coés Co., Pease 14585, also Moore 5036; Wolfboro, Carroll CoRR: A. Ware 38326; Squaw Cove, Squam e , Sandwi ch, Carroll Co. , July 21, 1923, Svenson; Dublin, Cheshire Co., Aug. 8, 1931, Eaton & Griscom; Johnson Creek, Madbury, Strafford Co., Hodgdon 2662. VERMONT: Little Leech P., Averill, Essex Co., ‘Eggleston 1655; Long Pond, Willoughby, Orleans Co., spi 26, 1896, Kennedy; Willoughby L., Aug. 31, 1917, E. J. Win low; Missisquoi Bay, Lake Champlain, Swanton, Franklin Co., Get 3 , 1909, A. E. Blewitt; Spectacle L., Rutland Co., July 21, 1907, EB. C. Kent; Big P., Rutland Co., Aug. 29, 1895, F.C. Kent; Chittenden, Aug. 18, 1895, Eggleston. Massacuuserts: Wenham , Wen- ham, Essex Co., July 18, 1895, J. H. Sears; Fresh P., Cambridge, Middlesex Co., many collectors: Concord R., Billerica, Middlesex Co. , Fernald & Abbe 2506; Sudbu ry R., Conco rd, Middlesex Co., Aug. 4, 1886, Morong, also Aug. 4, 1886, Deane, also Ogden & Wiggins 1729; Wood’s P. | Wellesley, Norfolk Co., Aug. 1, 1881, Morong; Middleboro, Plymouth Co., Aug. 12, 1 1901, J. Murdock: Quinsigamond P., Worcester, June 2 1864, Robbins; Great Brook, Southwick, Hampden Co., Seymour 249; Spectacle P;; Sandisfield, Berkshire Co., June 27, 1912, R. Hoffmann; mont, Standley & Killip 7648. Ruope Isuanp: Pawtuxet R., Cranston, eke nie Co., July 6, 1898, J. F. Collins; Apponaug " Kings ” TApponaug Pond is in the town of Wa rwick] Wankicue. yor Aug. 26, 1880, Morong. CoNNEcTICUT: Thompson, Windham Co., June 10, 1922, Eaton & Fassett; East Granby, Hartford Co., Weatherby D2409; Hamlins P., Plainville Hartford Co., Blewitt. 632; Quinnipaug P., Guilford, New ae
— or 1886, W. R. Dudley; Seldens Cove, Lyme, A ae, , Citi Bissell; Mudge P., Sharon, Weatherby & ree erson son Colebrook, Aug. 13, 18 50, J. W. Robbins; West Goshen,
Aug. 1892, L. M. Underwood; Twin Lakes Station, Salisbury, Litehfield Co., Aug. 20, 1935, Fernald & Ogden. New York: Mouth of Perch River, Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire 1600; Spencer Lake, Spencer, Tioga Co., Eames & Wiegand 11172; Pierrepont P., Woodville, House 8838, also Ogden & Bolan 1583; Indian L., Franklin Co., Muenscher & Maguire 719; Eagle L. Essex Co., Killip 12610; Bemus Point, Lake Chautauqua, Aug. 8, 1896, Churchill; Edick Creek near Sears P., Lewis Co., Hotch- kiss 2646; Rockl and L., July 17, 1892, Morong; Carpe nters r, Fabius, Onondaga Co., House 1329; Waldorf F., & Of Nor th
102, Rhodora [Marcu
Chatham, Columbia Co., House 21752; Pine P. (Gypsy L.), Putnam Co., Muenscher & Curtis 5423; Sodus Bay, Killip 12261; Lake Luzerne, Luzerne, Warren Co., Fogg 4934; Hudson R., Coveville, Saratoga Co., Muenscher & Lindsey 2723; North Harpersfield, Delaware Co., Topping 203; near Peekskill, West- chester Co., 1868, LeRoy. New Jrersry: Delaware R., Camden, Oct. 7, 1877, C. F. Parker; Pensauken, Camden Co., Adams & Trudell 378; Swartswood L., Sussex Co., Griseom & Mac- kenzie 10679; Cranberry L., Sussex Co., Mackenzie 2305; Sparta,
ussex Co., Sept. 13, 1887, N. L. Britton; Hackensac R., Bergen Co., July 25, 1861, C. F. Austin. PENNSYLVANIA: Mar- tin’s Creek, Northampton Co., Aug. 29, 1906, C. S. Williamson; Lehigh above Easton, June 15, 1869, Thos. C. Porter; Brandy- wine Creek, Icedale, Chester Co., Sept. 18, 1927, H. E. Stone. District oF Cotumsia: near Washington, Coville 129; Eastern Branch below Navy Yard, Sept. 1, 1900, EZ. S. Steele. MARYLAND:
Mouth of Mill Creek, Chesapeake Bay Region, G. H. Shull 97. 4
West Virainia: Minnehaha Springs, Pocahontas Co., July 31,
1930, W. V. U. Bot. Exped.; also E. E. Berkley 1887; Huttons- —
ville, Randolph Co., Moore 2488. Vriretnta: Four Mile Run, Shull 413 & 473; June 6, 1899, E. S. Steele; Dyke, Fairfax Co., Metcalf & Sperry 1621, 1634, & 1639; Hunting Creek, Dist. of
Columbia and vicinity, McAtee 2237 & 2279. Grorata: Lafay- — ette, Walker Co., Wilson 189. Ontario: Plevna, Aug. 19, 1902, — J. Fowler; Epilobium Bay, Bear Island, Watson 1178; Whitney —
L., 12 mi. n. of Temagami, Kane 1030; Bass Creek, Franks Bay, Lake Nipissing, Chitty 319; McGregor Bay, Manitoulin District,
Ogden & Bolan 1647; Gore Bay, Manitoulin Island, Pease & — Ogden 25032; Old Woman’s R., Bruce Pen., Krotkov 8629; Gull L.,
Addington Co., July 15, 1870, John Macoun; Belleville, Hastings
Co., July 1876, John Macoun; Lac Meach, Ottawa, Rolland 8697. : Micutean: Isle Royale, Cooper 93 & 215; Lake Manganese, Cop- — per Harbor, Keweenaw Co., Hermann 8233; Carp R., Porcupine
Mts., Aug. 16, 1923, H. T. Darlington; Crystal Falls, Iron Co.,
Metcalf 2242, 2250, 2254 & 2255; Michigamme L., Iron Co., — Metcalf 2209 & 2210; Whitefish L., Mackinac Co., Metcalf 2321; _ Chassell, Houghton Co., Pease & Ogden 25167; Black L., Che- — boygan Co., Aug. 3, 1935, Gleason; Little Manistee R., Manistee, — Aug. 8, 1882, Morong; Washtenaw Co., July 17, 1838, Houghton; — Mill-pond, Alma, Aug. 11, 1893, C. A. Davis; Kalamazoo R., — Allegan Co., Wight 97 & 109; Kimble L., Vicksburg, Kalamaz00 —
Co., July 5 & 28, F. W. Rapp; Sister Lakes, Van Buren Co.;
De Selm 24 (F, mixed with P. natans); Papaw L., Berrien C0. _ Dodge 172; Haslet, Yuncker 361. Onto: Geauga L., Portage Co. —
Webb 546; Phalanx, Trumbull Co., Webb 452; Cowles Creek
Marsh, Ashtabula Co., Aug. 15, 1894, Goodrich 209; East Harbor,
Ottawa Co., Aug. 10, 1898, E. L. Moseley; Put-in-Bay, Aug
Se a aera aman SR RN RE abel FERRIER sa Cn eR SE em A ROR eS em
23 STt
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 103
1898, A. J. Pieters. InpiaAnNa: Lake Maxinkuckee, Scovell & Clark 1223, also Clark 5 & 10, also Scovell 26 (US, mixed with P. natans) & 28, also Evermann 1223; 4.3 mi. south of Hayden, Jennings Co., Deam 48399; Loon L., Whitley Co., Deam 49399; Lake Manitou, Rochester, Fulton Co., Deam 56490; Wolf L., Whiting, Lake Co., Deam 56616; Wolf L., Lake Co., Aug. 18, 1920, D. C. Peattie; Hamilton L., Hamilton, Steuben Co., Deam 56683; Pine L., 2 mi. n. w. of La Porte, La Porte Co., Deam 52425. Kentucky: a specimen without locality data except ‘‘C. W. Short, M.D., Lexington, Kentucky.” aplee | TENNESSEE: Mill-Sharp Lane, Lost Creek, Union Co.,
1933, J. K. Underwood. ALABAMA: Larkin Fork of Peat oat RB: , Jackson Co., June 25, 1932, Harper. Wisconsin: Green Bay, June 29, 1890, Schuette; "Madison, July 30, 1889, Trelease; Lake Mendota, Madison, Dane Co., July 26, 1905, A. B. Stout; Lake Mendota, Aug. 20, 1912, R. H. Denniston; Hill ee Minocqua, Oneida Co., Fassett 5362: Deer L., Polk Co., Aug. 1892, Pei. Burglehaus; Pell L., Bloomfield Twp., Walworth Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4192; Kakagon Slough, Odanah, Sanborn Twp., Ash- land Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4353; Pewaukee L., Milwaukee Co., Aug. 1884, H. E. Hasse; near Lac Vieux Desert, Cheney 1785. Inutnors: Lake Villa, Lake Co., Gleason & Shobe 176; Wolf L., Chicago, Chase 1710; Chicago R., Cook Co., July 21, 1906, F. ¢. Gates; Englewood, June 15—July 22, 1880, herb. C. E. Faxon, also July 22, 1880, E. J. Hill; Dupage ss; Warrenville
at
Oosting 3275; Cedar L., Rice Co., Oct. 22, 1891, E. Douglas; Lake Koronis, Stearns Co., Kubichek 115b (US, mixed with P. natans) & 120; Centre City, Sandberg 658; Chisago L., Metcalf 1140 & 1160; Center City, Sandberg 656; Basswood is, Lake Co.; = Metcalf 151 1; Tait L., Kandiyohi Co., ’ Metcalf 2024: Leech L.,
Cass Co., Shunk & Mc anning 353: Mille Lacs L., Mille Lacs Co., “4 Keck & Stevens 332; Dudley L., Keck & Stilwill 377; L. Minne- tonka, Keck & Stibwill 433; ae Louis L., Stearns Co., Linsdale & Keck 5h: Map Wright Co., Linsdale & Keck 115; Lake Francis at Hiya, ‘Le ie Co., M ae 4 2261. Iowa: Clear is
May. 7, 1893, H. Buen (M, raid with P. pulche r); Ha-ha- tonka, Camden Co., Metcalf 929; Gravois Mills, Morgan Co., Metcalf 888, also Steyermark 28071; Brice, Laclede Co., Geo.
oore 81; Nian ngua R., near Bennett Spring ete Park, Dallas Co., Steyermark 13782: Eleven Point R., abot mi. n. e. of Peace Valley, Howell Co., Steyermark i448? eek’. Fork of Current R., 5 mi. s. e. of Arroll, Texas Co., paseo 14624; near Double Spring (Rainbow Spring ), 4 mi. n. e. of Dormis and
mi. s. e. of Dora, Ozark Co., Steyermark 15560. ARKANSAS:
104 Rhodora [Marcu
Paragould, Green Co., June 27, 1893, H. Eggert; Powers Creek, 2 mi. s. w. of Batesville, Coville 189. Norta Daxota: Antler Creek, Antler, Bergman 2484. Sours Daxora: Lake Hendricks, Brookings Co., Griffiths & Schlosser 4; Little Minn. R., Roberts Co., Over 15425 & 17142; Pickerel L., Day Co., Over 14459 & 17141. Nepraska: Lincoln, Webber 4; Greenwood, T. A. Williams 344; Antelope Creek, Cedar Co., Clements 2979. Kansas: Comanche Co,, A. S. Hitchcock 1000; Ellis, July 1876, S. Watson; Decatur Co., A. S. Hitchcock 1099; Spring P., Cottonwood Springs, Chase Co., Aug. 1870, E. Hall. Oxkta- HOMA: Sapulpa, Bush 1318; Cache, Comanche Co., Stevens 1364 US, mixed with P. nodosus). Montana: Fish L., Glacier Nat’l Park, Standley 18528. Ivano: Priest L., Piper 3684, also MacDougal 303; Alturus L., Evermann 493. Ca.irornta: Red L. above Soda Springs of the San Joaquin, Aug. 16, 1899, J. W. Congdon; Satcher L. near Devils’ Post Pile, Madera Co., Ferris 8845; Webber L., Sierra Co., Aug. 1894, Dudley. OREGON: Salem, E. Hall 487, 488 & 488a; Ten-mile L., near Lakeside, Coos Co., Peck 9026; Sauvies Island, Thomas Howell 1498. WasuIncTon: Olympic Mts. near the coast, Clallam Co., A. D. E. Elmer 2798; Pullman, Henderson 2474; 28 mi. south of Tacoma on the Mt. Rainier Rd., Pierce Co., Abrams 9241; Blakeley 9. San Juan Islands, S. M. & E. B. Zeller 1238; Lake
P. amplifolius is a robust plant of ponds and streams, usually preferring the deep, clear water. It grows vigorously in either acid or alkaline water.. The submersed leaves persist in acid oF neutral waters, but if lime is present, it precipitates on the leaves to such an extent that they are soon broken off. This precipitate forms on P. amplifolius even when such minute traces of lime are present that other species show no evidences of it.
Although for its typical development this species prefers the deeper water, whenever its rhizomes creep up onto the muddy ~ banks, terrestrial forms are produced. These are always sterile.
The variety ovalifolius that Bennett credits to Morong 18 presumably a state of P. amplifolius, but the meager description sounds suspiciously like P. pulcher. In view of the fact that — Bennett reports P. amplifolius from Arkansas and from Florida’, where it is not found, and P. pulcher from Maine? where it does —
1 Arthur Bennett, Journ. Bot. 42: 77 (1904). ?—_______—, Journ. Bot. 40: 146 (1902).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 105
not seem to be, it is possible that he had the identities of these plants reversed. His forma amphibius is based in part on re- marks of Morong', which definitely refer to P. pulcher. Graebner evidently copied Bennett’s names and descriptions without any inquiry as to upon what they were based. 1 Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr. Club. 3: no. 2: 17 (1893). (T'o be continued)
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO E. C. OGDEN (Continued from page 105) 5. P. putcHer Tuckerman Ruizome buff, often with dark red spots, .5-1 mm. in diam- eter. Stem simple, terete, 1-2.5 mm. in diameter, usually con-
120 Rhodora [APRIL
- spicuously ba awed: stele with the proto-type pattern; endodermis of O-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal bundles absent; pseudo-hy podermis 1 cell thick. StuBmMERsED LEAVES (excluding transition leaves) of two more or less distinct types, those of the lower part of the stem semi-opaque, oblong with rounded apices; those of the upper part of the stem translucent, lanceolate to lance-linear, not arcuate, apex acutish but not sharp-pointed, ate types tapering at base to short petioles (up to 1.5 em. long) or sometimes practically sessile; blades 8-14 (-18) em. long, 1-2.5 (—3.5) em. wide, nerves (9-) 1 11-21, outer ones marginal; margins entire; lacunae 4-8 rows each side of midrib. FLoatinGc LEAvEs coriaceous, ovate to rotund; apex gegen or bluntly mucronate; base cordate or rounded; petioles 4-18 iat blades 2-7 (-11) em. long, 1.5-4 (-8.5) cm. wide, with (19-) 2 —29 (-35) nerves, all of about equal prominence, as seen by Scenes light; lacunae none or very faint. STI- PULES of the submersed leaves decaying early, those of the floating seen persistent, narrowly triangular, obtuse when young, becoming acutish with age, 2-5 cm. long, 2-keeled. PrepUNCLEs of rather even thickness ‘throughout, 5-8 (—11) cm. long. Spikes with about 10 whorls, in fruit 2-3.5 em. long, . 1.1 em. thick. FLowers sessile or nearly so; sepaloid connec- tives usually with a tigers cast, blades sehiecltat to elliptical, (1.2-) 1.5-2.5 (-3) mm. wide, claws, .4-.8 mm. long; anthers — .8-1.4 mm. long. Gucie obliquely ovate, sande) or cuneate at — base, sides flat or slightly concave, (2. 7-) 3-3.5 (-4) mm. long, (2.3- -) 2 .6-3.2 (-3.4) mm. wide; beak often prominent, up to 8 mm. long; keels usually prominent, acutish, the dorsal one often strongly developed, and sometimes with a basal lobe projecting below the point of attachment; exocarp mostly light brown, sometimes olive-green; endocarp with 3 prominent, acutish an somewhat muricate keels, beak linear, facial, about 1 mm. long, — loop solid; apex of seed pointing 5-1.2 m m. above the basal end. Plants characterized by a ete aye spotted stem, with large cordate floating leaves and lanceolate submersed leaves which taper rather abruptly to - gt . P. pulcher Tuckerm., Am. Jou : 45: 38 (1843);
Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 9: “16 1808), aaa in Engler, —
Pflanzenr. 4: fam. a 67 (1907); Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1:21 — (1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 152 (1916). P. natans sensu Bigel., Fl. Bost. 41 (igi4), according to Tuckerm., Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 1: 45: 38 (1843). P. lucens var. ? fluitans (Roth) Gray, — Man. ed. 2: 435 (1856), as to plants included in part, not P. fluitans Roth. ?P. amplifolius forma amphibius Benn., Journ. — aa ee 70 (1904). ?P. amplifolius var. ovalifolius Morong ex |
, Journ. Bot. 42: 70 (1904); ?Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzent.
rs tara 11: 68 (1907). ?P. amplifolius var. amphibius (Benn.) -
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 121
Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 68 (1907). Spirillus pulcher Nieuwl., Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 16 Hers P. pulcher forma amphibius Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 153 (1916).
Shallow muddy ‘pools, peaty pond-holes and sluggish streams chiefly of the Coastal Plain and Mississippi embayment, southern Nova Scotia, southern New Hampshire, south to Georgia, Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri and Minnesota. Map 6 The following, selected from many specimens, are referred here. Nova Scorta: Sears L., New Tusket, Digby Co., Fernald & Long 23137; Rhodeniser L., e: of Ridacounters Lunenburg Co., Fernald & Long 23138. New Hampsurre: Contoocook R.., Jaffrey, Rand & Robinson 1013. MassACHUSETTS: Foster’s Pond, Andover, Essex Co., Pease 2011; Waushakum P., Ashland, Mid- dlesex Co., June 1879, July 1, 1881, eee 1882 & Aug. 7, 1882, Morong; Spot Ps Stoneham, ‘July 852, Robbins; Whitman FP. Weymouth, Norfolk Co., ppg Perry ’Sampson’s P., Carver, Plymouth Co., Fernald 750; Uncatena, Elizabeth Islands, Dukes Co., Fogg 2 997; L. Neeseponset, Dana, Worcester Co., Goodale, Markert & Piper 96988; Readville, Suffolk Co., June 16, 1878 & June 16, 1880, C. E. Faxon, also June 23, 1879, Morong; Natick, June 1, 1881 & Sept. 27, 1881, Morong; Nantucket, Nantucket Co., July 1887, Morong. RuopE ISLAND: ponds between Pilot Hill iak: Southeast Point, Block Island, Newport Co., Fernald, Hunnewell & Long 8443; Apponaug P., Apponaug, Aug. 26, 1880,
orong. CoN dae: Fairfield, E. H. Eames 8740 & 8746; Killingworth, Middlesex Co., Aug. 19, 1915, C. H. Bissell. New York: River Head, Wading R.., Long Island, May 25, 1878, E. S. Miller; Long Island, May 1890, nf a Tillinghast; Valley Stream, Queens Co. Roepe Island, July 1886, J. A. Bisky; Arden, Staten Island, Oct. 1886, A. Ho lick: Hockland L., July 17, 1872,
orong. Nex JERSEY: Molly Wheaton Run, e. of Greenwich, Cumberland Co., Fogg 2077; Elmer, Salem Co., Redfield 7996; Cape May Co urt House, Killip 30845; Atlantic City, oa, © 1868, C. F. Parker. Stage Ley ston Tullytown, Bucks , Ma ay 24, 1930, W. M. Ben DetawarkE: Record’s P., Lau ang Sussex Co. , Fogg 1840; Glendaniel (Hudson) P., 2 mi. s. of Lincoln, aay sex Co. , Fogg 4504; Indian R.., Millsboro, Sussex Co. 23, 1876 6, A. Commons; cedar swamp, New Castle Co. , Sept. 20, “1867, Commons; Cherry Island Marsh, below Edgmoor, Wilmington, July 27, 1896, Commons; Canterbury, July 1874, Wm. M. Canby. MaryLAND: Marshyhope Creek, Federalsburg, Caroline Co., Shreve 1622; Blackwater R., Dorchester Co., Shreve 1597; Willards, Wicomico Co., Aug. 12, 1910, J. J. Carter. VircINta: 4 miles n. w. of Waverly, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long 5977; brook entering Nowney Creek, Back Bay, Princess Anne Co. Fernald, Griscom & Long 4535; near Cornland, Norfolk Co., Fernald & Griscom 1296; pond near Luray Caverns, Luray,
122 Rhodora [APRIL
June 1, 1909, HZ. B. Bartram; near Elko, Grimes 4196; vicinity of Cape Henry, Killip 6896; Great Dismal Swamp, Kearney 1626; Washington Canal, Dismal Swamp, Boettcher 9; Dahlia, Greens- ville Co., Fernald & Long 8588. NortTu CAROLINA: Cape Fear R., Wilmington, herb. Hexamer & Maier 466; Hendersonville, Henderson Co., Biltmore Herb., 5980*. Groraia: near Huguenin, Sumter Co., Harper 1402; Brier Creek, Screven Co., Harper 2088. Fuoria: Miccosukee L., Sperry 509. Onto: Baumgart- ner’s L., Jackson Twp., Fra nklin Co., Aug. 16, 1929, H.
Flint. INDIANA: pond about 3 mi. n. w. of Grayville, Sullivan Co., Deam 25704; Pine Station, Lake Co., June 1884, E. J. Hill; Pine, Lake Co., June 21, 1897, A. M. Chase. KENTUCKY: Lexington, 1836, "C. W. Short; s. e. of Mammouth Cave, Edmon- son Co., Svenson 156. TENNESSEE: Goose P., Pelham, cma Co., Svenson 9108 & 10160. ALABAMA: Montgomery, es
loosa, Tuscaloosa Co., Svenson 9427. ILLINOIS: Mason "Coe
Aug. 1860 & Aug. 1861, HE. Hall; Athens, Menard Co., 1861, — E. Hall. Minnesota: Colby li; Taylors’ Falls, Metcalf 1291. Missourt: St. Louis, 1838, N. Riehl, also Aug. 1847, Geo. Engel- mann; Montier, June 8, 1890 0, Bush; north of Flatwoods, Ripley Co., Steyermark 14245; Little Black River, Pleasant Grove, Ripley oe Mackenzie 359; between Gladden & Timber, Dent
r & Steyerm ark 41417; Hogan, Iron Co., July 15, —
Pal
1898, C; eek Nettleton, Caldwell Co., May 7, 1893, H. Eggert (M, mixed with P. amplifolius; F, NY, US, not mixed). ARKAN- sas: Nettleton, Craighead Co., May 1893, agent; Greene Co., May 7, 1893, "Eggert; Judsonia, June 13, 1877, H. S. Reyne Lourstana: Calcasieu R., St: Martinville, Oct. vi 1893, B. Langlois (US). Oxuanoma: Page, Leflore Co., Blakley “ee also E. J. Palmer 33310. Texas: Lindale, April 23, 1901, Reverchon (M).
Tuckerman’s original description of P. pulcher is brief but leaves little doubt as to what plant he referred to this species. He was certainly in error however, when he stated that it has ‘“‘much larger seeds’”’ than P. praelongus. He was quite familiar with the P. praelongus of Fresh Pond, Cambridge, where it grew : abundantly and was collected there by Boott, Tuckerman, Robbins, Morong, and the Faxons. However, all of the Fresh Pond material of P. praelongus seen by me lacks mature fruits, and it may be that Tuckerman did not at that time realize how large the mature fruits of that species really are. His supple- — mentary description! is absolutely conclusive as to the plant he . was describing.
1 Edward Tuckerman, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 6: 224 (1848).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 123
The forma amphibius and var. ovalifolius which Bennett. re- ferred to P. amplifolius may possibly be P. pulcher. They have been discussed under P. amplifolius. Hagstrém’s forma am- phibius is the terrestrial state so common to P. pulcher.
6. P. Noposus Poiret
RuizoMeE white, suffused or spotted with rusty red. Stem simple, terete, often pressing very flat, 1-1.5 (-2) mm. in diam- eter; stele with the trio-type pattern, ‘with the phloem on the inner face of the trio-bundle appearing as one patch; endodermis of O-cells (rarely more thickened on the inner face and appear- ing as U-cells); Hanah ree! and eH ai org bundles absent; pacudodenederiin absen SUBMERSED LEAvEs thin, linear- lanceolate to broadly janes lhipadaly ‘9-20 em. tie 1-3.5 cm. wide, tapering gradually at base into a petiole 2-13 cm. long, tapering gradually to an acutish (but not sharp pointed) apex; nerves 7-15; lacunae of 2-5 rows along the midrib; margin of young blades with fugacious translucent denticles. FLOATING LEAVES coriaceous, with long petioles; blades lenticular to elliptical, cuneate or somewhat sounded at base, apex acutish bo rounded (sometimes with an obtuse wierd (3) 5-9 (-1l1) ¢ long, (1.5-) 2-4 (-4.5) em. wide; n s (9-) 13-21; tania rarely present. StTrpuLEs of pabulenid eaves brownish, often delicate and decaying early, linear, acute or obtuse, 3— “a ) em. long; those of the floating leaves similar but usually broader at base and more or less 2-keeled. ine deb ory usually thicker than the stem, 1.5-2.3 mm. in diameter, 3-15 cm. long. Young SPIKES compact but | becoming eas at anthesis, of 10-15 (—17) whorls of hpi at maturity usually not densely fruited, 3-6 (-7) em. long, 8-1 em. thick. FLOweErs sessile; sepaloid. con- nectives greenish or brownish, orbicular or elliptical, (1.4-) 1.6—-2.2 (to 2.6 on basal flowers) wide; 366 1—-1.4 mm. long. Fruits obovate, 3.5-4 (—4.3) mm. long, 2.5-3 mm. wide; keels prominent, the dorsal bag develieed, especially upward, the laterals often muricate; beak facial, short; exocarp of mature fruits brownish or reddish; ‘eedtoaes with keels strongly devel- oped, dorsal often .5 mm. wide, the laterals strongly muricate, beak linear, erect, up to 1 mm. long, loop solid; apex of seed pointing a little above the basal end.—A va ariable species char- acterized by floating leaves cuneate at base, narrowly lanceolate submersed leaves tapering gradually to each end, and reddish fruits with strongly developed, often muricate, eels.
nodosus Poiret in Lamarck, Ene. Meth. Bot., Suppl. 4: 535 (1816). Hagstr. Crit. Res. Pot. 183 (1916). P. ey C.& S., Linnaea 2: 226 (1827); Benn., Journ. Bot. 31: 297 (1893); Taylor, N. Am. Fi, 7: pt. 3:19 (1909). ae s eidoatibie Sieber
124 Rhodora [APRIL
ex C. & S., Linnaea 2: 224 (1827); Taylor, N. Am. FI. 17: pt. 1: 20 (1909). ?P. montanus Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 85 (1835). P. natans var. fluitans sensu Torr. Fl. N. Y. 2: 244 (1848). P. lonchites sensu Tuckerm., Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 7: 350 (1849), and subsequent Am. authors, not Tuckerm., ibid. ser. 2: 6: 226 (1848). P. lucens var. ? fluitans (Roth) Gray, Man. ed. 2: 435 (1856), in part. ?P. plantagineus var. jamaicensis Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. Ind. 506 (1861). ?P. mexicanus Benn., Journ. : 25: 289 (1887); ? Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 22 (1893); ? Raunk., Bot. Tidskr. 25: 266 (1903); ? Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 57 (1907); ? Taylor, N. Am. FI. 17: pt. 1: 18 (1909). P. lonchites var. novaeboracensis Morong, Mem. Torr. lub 3: no. 2: 20 (1893). P. americanus var. novaeboracensis (Morong) Benn., Journ. Bot. 31: 297 (1893). P. pennsylvanicus — var. portoricensis Graebn. in Urban, Symb. Antill. 4: 73 (1903), at least in part. P. Nuttallit var. portoricensis Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 56 (1907), at least in part. P. fluitans subsp. americanus (C. & S.) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 60 (1907). P. fluitans subsp. americanus proles novae- boracensis (Morong) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 1! 62 (1907). ?P. coloratus var. jamaicensis (Griseb.) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 69 (1907). ?P. insulanus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 154 (1916). P. rotundatus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 153 (1916). P. fluitans sensu Am. authors, ? not Roth, — Tent. Fl. Germ. 1: 72 (1788). Spirillus lonchites (Tuckerm.) Nieuwl., Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 16 (1913). i A widespread species of ponds and streams, generally in flowing water, southern Quebec and New Brunswick to southern British Columbia, south to Virginia, Tennessee, Louisiana, and California. Map7. Mexico and the West Indies, South America (rare), Eurasia, Africa. The following, selected from a large series, are representative: QueBEc: St. Lawrence River, 5t- Jean-Port-Joli, L’Islet Co., Svenson & Fassett 934; Saint-Lam- bert de Lauzon, Levis Co., Victorin, Rolland & Meilleur 43858; — Sainte-Rose, Laval Co., Victorin & Rolland 43565 & 49304, also — St. Cyr 3030; Longueuil, Chambly Co., Rolland 43359; Angers, — Ottawa R., Rolland 19269; Wakefield, John Macoun 62015 & 62016; Sainte-Sulpice, L’Assomption Co., Ricard & Boivin 342. — New Brunswick: St. John R., Lincoln, Sunbury Co., Fassett 2149. Maine: Houlton, Aroostook Co., Aug. 26, 1897, Fernald; Pushaw Stream, Old Town, Penobscot Co., Ogden, Steinmetz & Prince 1596, also Steinmetz 326. Androscoggin R., Gilead, OX ford Co., Oct. 1, 1897, Furbish; Sydney, Kennebec Co., Fernald — & Long 12389; St. George R. near Indian Garden, Warren, Knox — o., Aug. 15, 1913, Norton. New Hampsnire: Connecticut — R., vicinity of Hanover, Grafton Co., Aug. 17, 1876, H. G. Jesup; Cornish, Sept. 2, 1886, F. H. Knowlton. Vermont: Ferrisburg .
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 125
and Vergennes, a collectors; Lake Champlain, Orwell, Addi- son Co., Cushman 6007; Hydeville, Rutland Co., July 21, 1892, Eggleston; Winooski R. Barngton, Aug. 25 & 27, 1885, Morong. MASSACHUSETTS: Concord, Aug. 12, 1887, E. S. Hoar; Mystic P., Oct. 1, 1865, herb. Wm. Boott; Winchester, Sept. 1, 1880, Aug. 8 and ‘Aug. 29, 1881, Morong (the latter mixed with P. ee X epihydrus in Gray Herb.); Connecticut R., Springfield, Sept. 6, 1864, Robbins; Hanon P., Sheffield, Ber kshire Co. , Aug. 12, 1914, R R. Hoffmann; Pauls Bridge, Neponset KK. Readville, May 30, 1881, herb. LE. & C. E. Faxon; Egremont, Standley & Killip 7649. Connecticut: New Hartford, Driggs 40; Twin Lakes Sta- tion, Salisbury, Litchfield Co., Aug. '20, 1935, Fernald & Ogden; L Whitney, New Haven, Sept. 24, 1886, W. A. Setchell; Housatonic R., Stratford, 1845, Ro bbins; Housatonic R., New- town, Fairfield Co., A. E. Blewitt 3657. New Yorx: N. Beaver Creek, Haynes Hill, W. Fort Ann, Washington Co., Aug. 26, 1914, Burnham; Guildenland, Albany Co., House 21774 & 22044; Ellisburg, Jefferson Co., ’ House 19852 & 20002; Ithaca, Tompkins Co., R. Hitchcock 11167 & 11168; Lake Erie, Buffalo, Aug. 20 & 25, 1886, Morong; Niagara Rapids, E. Tuckerman (P. lonchites of Tuckerman’ s supplementary description, but not of original description); pool near White Creek, DeKalb Co., Phelps 1091; Grass R.., Canto on, Phelps 1665; Raquette ae above Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., Muenscher & Clausen 3751 & 8752; Float Bridge, Rochester, Baxter 5889; Chemung R., Chemung Co., Lucy 424 & 10816. New Jersey: Oldmans- Creek, 1.5 mi. n. n. e. of Eldridges Hill, Salem Co., Fogg 6794. PENNSYLVANIA: Harrisburg, Sept. 1893, John K. ‘Small; Penn’s Creek at the “Swinging Bridge,” Selinsgrove, Snyder Co., Moldenke 4208; Sellersville, 1868, C. D. Fretz; vicinity of Soe Ferry, York Co., Rose & Painter 8205; Chester Co., July 1858-1864, S. P. Sharples 303. DELAWARE: Shelpot Creek, Wilmington, June = 1879, A. Commons; Brandywine, Wilmingto on, — 17, 1896, Commons; White Clay Creek, Stanton, Sept. 4 1896, A, Conn mons. MARYLAND: Chicomuxen Creek, Tidestrom 7637; Mill Creek, Chesapeake Bay region, Shull 95; Cabin John, Montgomery Co., Painter 1189, also Dowell & Painter 5385; Chesapeake Canal above Cabin John, near Lock 13, Leonard & Killip 603; Spesutie Island, Harford Co., Moldenke 9396; Great Falls, House 617. District OF CoLuMBIA: Arlington Junction, Sept. 28, 1897, E. S. Steele; C. & O. Canal above Georgetown, Aug. 9, 1897, T. H. Kearney; Georgetown, Van Eseltine Moseley 202; Fish are Shull 39. West Virarnta: Cacapon ardy Co. , Aug. 13, 1930, W. V. U. Bot. Exped.; Tygart R., Boas Randolph Co., Millspaugh 457. VIRGINIA: Four-Mile Run, Chesapeake Bay region, Shull 474; near Leedstown, Trde- strom 7741; Potomac R., The Dyke, Tidestrom 7183; Dyke,
126 Rhodora [APRIL
Fairfax Co., Metcalf & Sperry 1622 & 1630 Hunting Creek, McAtee 2374. Ontario: Rideau R., at Billings Bridge, Ottawa, Malte 11 ie oe m Galetta, Carleton Co., Ogden & Bolan 1629 & - Chatham, Cain 935; Nation R. , Casselman, Aug. 21, 1884, ste Macoun, also Malte 118275; Nation R., Russel, Macoun 221 iss Maitland R., Goderich, Macoun 26839; Golden L., Renfrew Co., Macoun 221 7, Dunnville, John Ma- coun 26841; near Lake Muskoka, Aug. 29, 1899, D. LeRoy T op- ping; L’Original, Rouleau 304. Micuican: Kalamazoo R., Alle- gan Co., he 86, 87a, 87b, 87c, 88, 98 & 123; Grand Rapids, July 21, 1895, W. E. Mu liken; Vandercooks L., Jackson Co., July 21, 1898, ex herb. S. H & D. R. Camp; Pine L., Aug. 20, 1892, C.F. Wheeler; Gun H. Barry Co., July 1926, Oosting; Freemont L., Newaygo Co., July 9, 1926, Oosting; Black L., Ottawa Co. , Aug. 27, 1926, Oosting; Huron R., 31% mi. s. e. of Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co., Hermann 9383. Outo: Brady L., Portage Co., July 29, 1913, Red Webb; Put-in-Bay, Aug. 1898, ow, Pieters; Presque Isle Point, Sandusky Bay, Aug. 19 & 29, 189 5, E. L. Moseley; Buckeye Creek, Liberty Twp., Jackson Co.
Pontius & Bartle ey 18. InpIANA: Walnut Creek, 2 mi. n. e. Oba
Bainbridge, Putnam Co., E. J. Grimes 594; Aberdeen, Ohio Co., Deam 56783; Lake Maxinkuckee, Scovell 32; Tippecanoe Ruy mi. n. and 1 mi. e. of Winemac, Pulaski Co., Welch 2106; Calu- + met R., Clarke, Lansing 1059; n. of Spencer, Owen Co., Deam 38978; mouth of John’s Creek, Wells Co., July 2, 1905, ’ Deam.
KENTUCKY: 3 mi. s. of Richmond, Madison Co., Svenson 7216; =
eer R., June—July, Dr. Short; Ohio R.., Louisville, Sept. 16,
4, C. Mohr. TENNESSEE: n. fork of Holston R., near Kings-
port, Hawkins Co., Sharp & Underwood 33521; Reelfoot L., Lake
o., Demaree 7061 & 7182. ALABAMA: Mobile R. near Piute — Island, May 28 & July, 1884, Chas. Mohr; East L., near Birm- — ingham, Jefferson Co., Biltmore Herb. 5806. | WISCONSIN: between Duck Creek R. and Bars Channel, Green Bay, July 28, 1891, Schuette; Wisconsin R., near Newport, Delton, Sauk Co., — Aug. 26, 1906, A. B. Stout; Pickerel Slough, Prairie du Chien, — Crawford Co., Fassett 43650; Lake Mendota, Middleton, Dane — Co., Fassett t 3148; near Tomahawk, Cheney 1086. ILLINOIS: — Calumet L., Chicago, Chase 1420; Wolf L., Chicago, June 10, — 1911, Sherff: Du Page R., Naperville, June 22, 1895, L. M. Um — bach; Ogden Ditch, Summit, Hill 169, 1909; Lyons Twp. Cook Co., Hill 151, 1901; Fox R., Richland Co., Ridgway 3318; Lake Lawrence,’ Lawrence, Ridgway & Eaton 34265; Swan L., — near Grafton, Calhoun Co., Metcalf 1105; Oquawka, 1879, H. N. Patterson. Minnesota: Wabana L., Itasca Co., Metca alf 1471, also Kubichek 148 & 149; Borden L., Lic tsheons Twp. ., Crow = Wing Co., Hotchkiss & Jones 480 & 4109; Ft. Snelling, June — 1895, E. P. Sheldon, also Mearns 805; Minn. R. bottoms, Dakot? —
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 127
Ch PBI te ap
“9: é / ae as }
a = ~49 Zab, i ~e ayy 7s ae G
RANGES OF PoTAMOGETON
° ° . / “SS { = : —s bet 4 % 8 awe farJ ~ \ o/ ik + \ 7 ar, f \ / LS Boa? & {> » AP pe ~ 7 . \ / > . % / i | an Mie i ~ / }*~.. IPR A PRA
128 Rhodora [APRIL
Co., June 1895, EZ. P. Sheldon; Green L., Kandiyohi Co., Met- calf 2046; Mazaska L., Rice Co., Keck & Stilwill 401; Courtland, Nicollet Co.. July 1892, C. A. Ballard. Iowa: Fayette, July 1893, B. Fink; Estherville, Aug. 7, 1897, R. I. Cratty; Granite, Lyon Co., Aug. 4, 1896, B. Shimek; Des Moines R., July 1881, R. I. Cratty. Missouri: along Current R., near Doniphan, Rip- ley Co., Steyermark 9233, 14257 & 14259; Gasconade R.., s. e. of Hazel Green, Pulaski Co., Steyermark 25102 & 25103; n. w. of Waynesville, Pulaski Co., Steyermark 25249; Gasconade R., n. e. of Vienna, Maries Co., Steyermark 25603; Buffalo Creek, s. e. of Louisiana, Pike Co., Steyermark 25876; Sect. 6, w. of Lynchburg, Laclede Co., Steyermark 27148; Osage R., Mary’s Home, Miller Co., Steyermark 13083 & 13097; Iron Mountain L., Metcalf 842; Killarney L., East Arcadia, Metcalf 845; Ice P., Unionville, Metcalf 1071; Duck L., Platte Co., Metcalf 1024; Goose P., Springfield, Standley 9780; Gascondy. Emig 224; e. of Ashland,
oone Co., Drouet 3028; n. w. of Joplin, Jasper Co., Palmer 21526; Meramec, Sept. 2, 1886, Eggert; Meramec R., St. Louis Co., Sept. 12, 1886, Eggert; Atherton, Jackson Co., Bush 630; Sheffield, Jackson Co., Aug. 4, 1896, Mackenzie; White R., Forsythe, Taney Co., Trelease 817. ArxKansas: Big L., Horners- ville, Metcalf 636; Saline R., Ozment Bluff, Drew Co., Demaree 17893. Soutu Daxora: Sioux R., near Brookings, Sept. 1, 1893, T. A. Williams; Medicine Creek, near Canning, Aug. 16, 1892, T. A. Williams 1; s. of St. Pierre, Stanley Co., Over 17432. Nesraska: Niobrara R., southwest of Valentine, Tolstead 637; Middle Loup R., near Norway, Thomas Co., Rydberg 1421; Anselmo, July 6, 1889, Weber 6; Lake Manawa, near Omaha, Lawton 50. Kansas: Topeka, Aug. 1870, E. Hall. OKLAHOMA: near Cache, Comanche Co., Stevens 1864 (G, US, mixed with P. amplifolius, NY, not mixed); Sapulpa, Bush 1207. TExas: Comanche Spring, New Braunfels, Lindheimer 1234; Little Aguja Canyon, Jeff Davis Co., Moore & Steyermark 3077; Haley Ranch, Brewster, Cory 9198; Victoria, Lindheimer 393; Lake Polk, near Temple, Bell Co., Wolff 3290; Dallas, June 25, 1929, Mary R. Stephenson; Lubbock, Reed 3168; Nueces R., Uvalde, Uvalde Co., Palmer 33707; Houston, Harris Co., Palmer 11952; Syca more Creek, Fort Worth, Ruth 141. Montana: Great Falls, 2 S. Williams 285. Ipano: Payette, Henderson 4882. WyYoMING: Ft. Steele, Carbon Co., Goodding 539. Cotorapo: Lee’s L- Crandall 2530; Alamosa, Clements 305; Rio Grande, Alamosa Shear 3745; Owen’s L., Boulder, Daniels 683; Gunnison R» — Grand Junction, Mesa Co., Biltmore Herb. 5806%. Utau: Hills — Park, Salt Lake City, June 29, 1908, Mrs. J. Clemens; Hill — Creek, Uinta Basin, Uinta Co., Graham 9821; near Goshen’s fixed sand-dunes, Utah Co., Garrett 3958; Corinne, Wetmore 395. — Nevapa: Hot Creek, near Gold Creek, Elko Co., P. B. Kennedy —
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 129
4476; Glendale, Truckee valley, Washoe Co., P. B. Kennedy 8041; Sparks, near Reno, A. E. Hitchcock 444; North Fork, A. E. Hitchcock 1034; Wadsworth, Tidestrom 10655. New Mexico: Santa Fe, Fendler 837; San Jose, near Santa Fe, Arséne & Bene- dict 16636; Albuquerque, Oct. 13, 1894, C. L. Herrick. Arizona: Camp Verde, W. W. Jones 432; Lower Oak Creek, Fulton 9703; Granite Reef Dam, Maricopa Co., Peebles 14190; Pinal Creek, Toumey 496; Beaver Creek, M acDougal 548. CALIFORNIA: Pit R., at Lookout, Modoc Co., Aug. 24, 1899, M. S. Baker; Big R.., Mendocino Co. Hy McMurphy id: Russian th Oe Cloverdule! Mendocino Co., Heller 5824; Mormon Creek, Tuo- lumne Co., Williamson 309; Santa Cruz, M. E. Jones 2310; Visalia, Tulare Co. v5 Coville & Funston 1278; Bakersfield, Kern Co., Coville & Funston 1244; Laguna Lakes, ee Co., Street & Williams, 2689; Colton, San Bernardino Co., Parish 2106 & 2128; Deep Creek, San Bernardino Mts., jie Bernardino CO: d. C. Wheeler 1974. WASHINGTON: Okanog n R., Sereno Watson 898. British CotumsBia: Kamloops, ese 26, 1889, John Macoun 2970.
P. fluitans of European authors consists of two quite inde- pendent plants: one a fruiting plant with an endodermis of O-cells and no bundles in the cortex; this occurs in North Ameri- ca. The other is a sterile plant with an endodermis of U-cells and with numerous bundles in the cortex; this plant is thought to be a hybrid, P. lucens X P. natans. Roth’s original description,
P. foliis inferioribus longissimis, lanceolatis, acuminatis, membrana- ceis; superioribus ouali-lanceolatis, coriaceis: omnibus petiolatis. Habitat in fossis oe fundis lente fluentibus et in Hunte fluuio Du- catus Oldenburgensis would include both odes The fact that no fruits are described does not at all mean that Roth’s plant lacked them, for at that time vegetative characters were given prominence and the fruits often ignored. Of the thirteen species of Potamogeton described in Roth’s flora where fluitans is proposed as new, not one of them has any mention of fruit. Even if Roth’s specimens lacked fruit, it does not follow that they were the non-fruiting entity with bundles in the cortex. Bennett thought the name fluitans ought to be kept for the hybrid, saying, ‘‘We have no certain knowledge of any specimen of Roth’s species being preserved in any herbarium; but there are at Munich specimens in Schreber’s herbarium, named as such and gathered ‘In Seebach, 1775,’ and others, ‘In Seebach, 1782.’ It seems to me a reason-
130 Rhodora [APRIL
able inference that these specimens are from (or seen by) Roth;
the more so because there are other species in the same collection — actually received from Roth, and signed by him. They are the
plant we call fluitans in England (hybrid?)”!. Later he adds, “The following extract from Roth’s Catalecta Botanica (fase. 1, p. 31, 1797) will show that Schreber’s specimens in the Munich Herbarium are, as I supposed, the plant of Roth: Ai ‘Prope Erlangam etiam sued te Ill. Praes. de Schreber’ 2, To this Raunkiaer answers, ‘‘that because a herbarium contains plants actually from Roth it can not be necessary that other plants in the same herbarium should be from him. The speci- mens from the Munich herbarium mentioned have been exam- ined by me and that they belong to the barren form of P. fluitans is true enough but they can not in the least be considered original specimens.’? He then attempts to show that in the Bremen herbarium there is a specimen which has a good chance of being the original; and it is the plant with O-endodermis and lacking bundles in the cortex. He also states that in the “‘ Petersburg herbarium and examined by me . . . three specimens += may well be original specimens.”4 As these specimens also — proved to be the fertile plant he concludes that we should retain = the name P. fluitans for the fertile species which lacks strengthen- _ ing tissue in the cortex. Hagstrom agrees that “This proof
would be very strong, if those specimens examined also really — corresponded with the original description by Roth ‘foliis inferioribus longissimis’ . . . which they can scarcely be — said to do.”®> From Roth’s later and more detailed description’ — it does appear that he then was at least including the barren form _ with his P. fluitans. Also, it would seem,if Roth had in mind the — specimens in the Bremen and Petersburg herbaria when drawing — up his original description, that he would have mentioned them in his Catalecta Botanica, as he does mention the Schrebet q specimens. It thus appears that the evidence that P. fluitans — should be retained for the fruiting plant is not strong, and I am
Pel aged Bennett, Journ. Bot. 31: 296 Shes ——__—___—, Journ. Bot. 39: 198 (190
‘e. Raunkiaer, Bot. Tidskr. 25: 278 ian ——_—_—_——, Bot. Tidskr. 25: 278 (1$03). an ag Hagntrtien, Crit. Res. Pot. 184 (1916).
6 A. G. Roth, Tent. Fl. Germ. 2: 202 (1789).
1943) Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 131
inclined to agree with Hagstrém in treating it as a nomen con- fusum. Hagstrém takes up for this plant P. nodosus Poiret.
P. nodosus Poiret is based on a plant from the Canary Islands, collected by Broussonet. This specimen should be in the Paris Museum. A photograph of it was, some years ago, requested by the Gray Herbarium but not received. The original description agrees with the specimens here placed under that name, but is not conclusive. Until it can be shown that the Canary Island plant is not the wide-ranging species correlated with it, it is best to retain Poiret’s name, as taken up by Hagstrém, for the American plant.
The species in North America is a rather variable one. The floating leaves especially vary greatly in size. Morong’s var. novaeboracensis (of P. lonchites) covers the large-leaved form, which in America is less frequent than the narrow-leaved form. In Europe the broad-leaved plants are the more common. Which form is represented by the Broussonet specimen I am at present unable to say, but at any rate this size-variation appears not to be worth nomenclatorial distinction. The robustness of the plant does not correlate with other variations and the inter- mediate forms are the most common. Even the fruits of this species show a diversity in the prominence of the keels, but this, too, does not correlate with other differences, and sometimes a marked variation is found on an individual plant. When typi- cally developed, the keels are strongly prominent; their lack of development is probably mostly due to a rapid maturation—a ripening before the endocarp is fully formed. Unkeeled fruits invariably have aborted embryos.
From Missouri westward, this species tends to have smaller floating leaves of a more yellowish green than those typical of the east. Correlated with this is a smaller fruit with less strongly developed keels (P. rotundatus Hagstr.). However, the typical large green leaf is also common in the west, as well as all degrees of intermediate forms. Also, some specimens with small yellow- ish leaves may exhibit fruits as strongly keeled as those of the typical eastern plants.
In 1848, Tuckerman described as P. lonchites a plant with “stem . . much branched, . . . Submersed leaves
with 6-8 prominent nerves,” (making no mention of a
132 Rhodora [APRIL
petiole) and ‘‘floating leaves delicate, . . . always more or less tapering above and waved above, . . ._ stipules shortish . . .. Nutlets small ... . obscurely tricasii
ate.”’ He stated that it was “near to P. heterophyllus of authors, (P. gramineus, Fr., Koch.).’! The following year he remarked further on his P. lonchites and spoke of ‘‘a remarkable state of
this species . . . In this the stem is simple . . . an the . . leaves are either all coriaceous and floating, or only the haere submembranaceous, . . . the whole habit of
which accords, often strikingly with that of P. fluitans; but its strongly marked fruit at once refers it to the present species. The published description of the fruit of this species was from imma- ture nutlets. The following is taken from perfectly ripe ones The lateral keels are conspicuous when dry The exocarp being removed, the back appears acutely carina and a little alate, especially above.’? It is quite evident from 4 comparison of the two descriptions and an examination of speci- mens labeled ‘ P. lonchites’”” by Tuckerman that he was dealing with two separate and distinct species. Plants in the Gray Herbarium which, though not fruiting, otherwise fit his original description perfectly and are labelled ‘‘ Potamog. lonchites”’ in Tuckerman’s hand, have no close relationship to the plants associated with that name by Robbins, Morong and, following them, some other American authors, but are flowing-water forms of P. gramineus var. maximus. Tuckerman’s supplement ary description was based on P. nodosus, which he mistook to be a state of his P. lonchites, as a specimen in the Gray Herbarium clearly shows.
P. rotundatus was based by Hagstrém on four specimens: one each from Nebraska, California, New Mexico and Mexico. Although referring it to the subsection Amplifolii, he states: “I have scarcely met with a species corresponding so nearly t0 P. nodosus as regards the stem-anatomy as this. It differs by the smooth leaf margin, the long lower petioles, the prasinous leaf-colour, the ligules, the styles, and chiefly by the character- istic fruits.’’? In the Gray Herbarium are specimens from three — of the collections cited. All lack true submersed leaves. The —
' Edward Tuckerman, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 6: 226 (1848). * Edward Tuckerman, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 7: 351 (1849). * J. O. Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 154 (1916).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 133
Nebraska plant (Rydberg, no. 1421) has no fruit; the specimen from New Mexico (Fendler, year 1847) has fruit which is definite- ly keeled. The Mexican collection (Pringle, no. 1390) alone has the fruits as described by Hagstrém. That they lack keels is true enough, but that they are quite immature is also evident. Numerous specimens of P. nodosus show immature spikes the fruits of which vary greatly in the development of keels. As to the leaf-margin, the denticles on the submersed leaves of P. nodosus are so extremely fugacious that they are seldom found in any but the youngest leaves. Young leaves of plants approach- ing the appearance of P. rotundatus have denticles as freely as those of typical P. nodosus. The stipules (“‘ligules’’) of typical P. nodosus are often scarcely if at all keeled, so that the lack of keels on those of P. rotundatus is not sufficient for its separation. The species proposed by Hagstrém as P. insulanus is based on a single specimen from Puerto Rico: Sintensis, no. 2537; in the herbarium at Stockholm. Originally identified as P. pensyl- vanicus Willd. (P. epihydrus Raf.) by Bennett, this collection (at least the specimen in the Berlin herbarium) became, with Sintensis, no. 1025, the type material upon which P. Nuttalliz var. portoricensis Graebner was based. Hagstrém refers Sinten- sis, no. 1025 to P. nodosus, though saying, ‘dubious probably . . . whatI call P. insulanus.” The two sanabenis before me show clearly that neither has any affinity to P. epihy- drus (P. pensylvanicus or P. Nuttallii), as has already been point- ed out by Fernald.!. The number 1025 is rather definitely P. nodosus. The number 2537 in the Gray Herbarium is sterile and with small abnormally developed submersed leaves. It appears to be either an ecological form of P. nodosus or possibly a hybrid between P. nodosus and some member of the subsection Lucentes. Just what P. mexicanus Ar. Benn. is cannot be definitely determined. Bennett’s description agrees rather well with P.. nodosus, except: “Fruit 3/16 in. long by 1/4 in. broad.” How- ever, fruits seen by Morong were described by him as being “2 lines long, 114 lines wide,’? less than half as wide, so it can be concluded that Bennett’s ‘(1/4 in.” is in error. Graebner, who evidently found it convenient to compute his measurements from
1M. L. Fernald, Mem, Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1: 119 (1932). ? Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr, Club 3: no. 2: 23 (1893).
134 Rhodora [APRIL
Bennett’s description, gives “‘5 mm longi et 6 mm lati.’’! Speci- mens in the Gray Herbarium and cited by Graebner are sterile, but referable to P. nodosus. :
P. occidentalis, described by Chamisso and Schlechtendal and
credited to Sieber, appears, from the description and excellent
illustration of the fruit, to be typical P. nodosus.
Just what P. plantagineus var. jamaicensis Grisebach repre- sents is not determined. From the description and judging from the plants found in Jamaica, it appears to be P. nodosus. Further study is needed on the subsection Nodosi of Central America and the West Indies.
7. P. NaTANs Linnaeus
Ruizomes white with reddish spots when fresh, buff with dark red spots when dry (these spots often with lighter centers). SreM simple or rarely branched, terete, .8-2 mm. in diameter, with transverse ridges (these also on the rhizome and submersed
leaves); stele with the trio-type pattern, the phloem on the inner —
face of the trio bundle appearing as 2 distinct patches; endoder- mis well developed, of U-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal —
bundles present; pseudo-hypodermis 1 cell thick. SuBMERSED
LEAVES coriaceous, semi-terete, narrowly linear (excluding a transition leaves), no differentiation between blade and petiole,
tapering at the apex to an obtuse tip, 10-20 cm. long, .8-2 mm.
with about one-third of them prominent; lacunae none or ob-
?
scure. STiPULES of submersed leaves clasping the stem, whitish, — fibrous, persistent, linear to lanceolate, cucullate at apex in the
cia a aie
bud, splitting on maturity and becoming raggedly obtuse, OF
twisting and becoming acutish, 4.5-9 (-11) em. long, about
mm. wide at base, with 2 well-developed keels and many fine —
nerves; those of the floating leaves similar but usually broader (up to 12 mm. wide at base). Prpuncuxs as thick as or slightly thicker than the stem, 3-8 cm. long. Sprxxs in anthesis com- pact, with 8-14 whorls; in fruit 3-5 em. long, .9—1.2 em. thick.
FLOWERS sessile or nearly so; sepaloid connectives greenish, —
! P. Graebner, in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 57 (1907).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 135
what prominent if dried before fully mature; beak short and broad; exocarp sack-like, wrinkled, bright orange drying to buff (greenish when immature) ; endocarp more or less pitted on each side, and with 2 longitudinal sinuses on the back forming 3 rounded keels, beak linear, about 1 mm. long, loop solid; apex of seed pointing toward the basal end. Plants mostly with strongly developed cordate floating cathe and with the narrowly linear submersed leaves i
P. natans L., Sp. Pl. 1 126 (i759); Saree eae Torr. Club, 13: 145 (1886), Mem. Torr. Club 3 13 (1893); Graebn. in En gle ee Space 4: fam. 11: 42 (1907): reste N. Am. Fi. 17: pt. 1:16 (1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 191 (1916). P. natans var. Pat Hi sensu Am. authors; an Koch?
A common species of lakes and. streams, Newfoundland, south to Pennsylvania, west to California, and north to southern Alaska. Map 8. Eurasia. The following, selected from a large series of specimens are representative: NEWFOUNDLAND: Bishop Falls, Valley of Exploits R., Fernald, Wiegand & Darlington 4461; Highlands P., Crabbes, Kennedy 80; 4 miles northeast of Port a Port, Mackenzie & Griscom 10043. QuesBec: Mingan Islands, Saguenay Co., St. John 90081; Maria, Bonaventure Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 383316; marly pond, Grand R.., Gaspé Co., Collins, Fernald & Pease 52965; ed Pore-Epic, Saint-Fabien, Rousseau 30003; Black L., Megan e Co., Fernald & Jackson 11986; LacTremblant, Labelle Co., "Viclorin & sep ete 44070; Lake Memphremagog, Sargent’s Bay, Aug. R. Churchill; Ile Verte, Longueuil, Chambly om ‘Ralland 43363; McGregor L., John Macoun 855380; North Wakefield, J. M. Macoun 4358. MaAGDALEN ISLANDS: between E. Cape & E. Point, Coffin Island, Fernald, Long, & St. John 6763. Dance EDWARD IsLAND: east of Britain P., Kings Co., Fernald & St. John 10894. Nova Scorta: Pottle’s L., North Sydney, Cape Breton Co., Bissell & Linder, cit west. of Ingonish, Cape Breton Island, Nichols 749; Salm n R., Truro, Colchester Co., Bean & White 19675; Middleton, rppmoer tos Co., Fernald & Pease 19676; Wentworth i; Digby Co., Fernald & ’ Long 23130; St. John (Wilso on’s) L., Yarmouth Co., Fernald, Bartram & Long 23129; Charcoal, valley of the East R., St. John 1372. MAINE: Portage Li; Aroostook Co., 1881, Kate Furbish; Great Works Stream, Clifton, Penobscot ve Fernald 2756; Foxcroft, Pisca- taquis Co., Fernald 475; Bak “a T 7 R 17, Somerset Co. GSE John & Nichols 2106; Swan "P., Oxford Co., July: 1892, J. C. Parlin; Torrey P., — r Isle, Hanco k Co., "A. F. Hill '2560a; Stevens P., Liberty, Waldo Co., Seanibiieh 60; Black Duck P., Matinicus, Knox Co, July 13, 1919, C. A. B. Long; Sydney, Kennebec Co., Fer nald & Long 12881; n. of Perley P., Sebago, Cumberland Co., Fernald, Long & N orton 1 2382; Wells, York Co.
136 Rhodora [APRIL
July 1881, J. Blake. New Hampsuire: Cherry P., Jefferson, Coés Co., Pease 20073; Long (Stacy) P., Washington, Sullivan Co., Fernald & Svenson 745; Frost P., Jaffrey, Cheshire Co., B. L. Robinson 494; Derry, Rockingham Co., Aug. 3, 1926, C. F. Batchelder; West Lebanon, Sept. 7, 1891, G. G. Kennedy; Bellamy R., Madbury, Strafford Co., Hodgdon 2640. VERMONT: Pelot’s Bay, Lake Champlain, North Hero, Grand Isle Co., Aug. 2, 1899, Nellie Flynn; West Barnet, Caledonia Co., Aug. 20, 1884, F. Blanchard; Lowell L., Londonderry, Windham Co., L. A. Wheeler; Dead Creek, Ferrisburg, Aug. 15, 1881, EZ. Faxon. MassacuusetTts: Long P., Tewksbury, Middlesex Co., Aug. 24, 1865, herb. Boott, also L. B. Smith 632; Lower P., Wakefield, Middlesex Co., Collins 937; Plymouth, Plymouth Co., Aug. 26, 1913, S. N. F. Sanford; Eastham, Barnstable Co., Collins 3171; Sutton, Worcester Co., Anderson, Smith & Weatherby 1166; Robinson Creek, Pembroke, Fernald & Svenson, Gray Exsic. 409} Lake Buel, New Marlboro, Berkshire Co., July 20, 1920, J. RB. Churchill. Ruopr Isuanp: Providence, July 1866, G. Thurber. Connecticut: Twin Lakes, Salisbury, Litchfield Co., Hames & Godfrey 8679; Dog P., Goshen, Litchfield, Aug. 24, 1913, Bissell & Weatherby; Farmington R., Hartland, Hartford Co., Ogden & Bolan 1565; Long P., Thompson, Windham Co., Weatherby 4364; Mahoney Meadow, Franklin, New London Co., July 27, 1908, Rk. W. Woodward. New York: Pierrepont P., Woodville, — Jefferson Co., House 16979; Lake Canandaigua, Woodville, Aug. — 19, 1884, Morong; Spencer L., Spencer, Tioga Co., FE. Moore — 1488; Tioughneoga R., Riverside Park, Cortland Co., EF. L. — Palmer 37; Carpenters P., Fabius, Onondaga Co., House 1338; — Sodus Bay, Wayne Co., Killip 6204 & 12258. New JERSEY: — Black R., Chester, Morris Co., Mackenzie 4377; Swartswood L., — Sussex Co., Griscom & Mackenzie 10685. ONTARIO: Ko-Ko-Ko _ Heh L. Timagami, Cain 1045; Franks Bay, Lake Nipissing, —
1926, Oosting. Onto: Buckeye L., e. of Columbus, Morris A4li — Put-in-Bay, Aug. 1898, A. J. Pieters. InpIANA: Wolf L., Agnes
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 137
Chase 1459; Wolf L., Lake Co., Lansing 4274; Bear L., Noble Co., Deam 493891; Cheeseborough ie Flint, Steuben Co., Deam 49360: Lake Maxinkuckee, Evermann. 1032 (US ), also Scovell & Clark 1032 (271), under direction of Evermann (F), also Scovell 26 (US, mixed with P. amplifolius). Wisconsin: Elkhart L., Aug. oa 1887 and Aug. 4, 1892, F. H. Schuette; Pell L., Bloomfield Tw Walworth Co., H otchkiss & Koehler 4193; Lauderdale, Bebb 996 & 1008; Valley of the Wisconsin R., near Rainbow Rapids, Cheney 1420. Inurnots: Lake Villa, Lake Co., Gleason & Shobe 179; Grass L., Lake Co., Gates 1752.2; Cedar L., 50 mi. n. of Chicago, Roush 812; Ringwood, Geo. Vas asey. Minnesota: Lake Itasca, Clearwater Co., Grant & Oosting 3203; Cass L., Pammel 100; Minnesota R., Dakota Co., June 1895, E. P. Sheldon; doses Crab L., St. Louis Co., Sept. 3, 1919, Butters; Green L., City, Metcalf 12965; Swan L., Nicollet Co., "Metcalf 50; Schultz , Kandiyohi Co. , Metcalf 2113; Koronis L., Stearns Co., Metcalf 1388, also Kubichek 115b (US, mixed with P. amplifolius) : Little Pine L. , Aitkin Co., Over 17139; Lizzie L., Ottertail Co., Kubichek 190; Bear dss Freeborn Co., Shunk & Manni ing 83; German dis, Le Sueur Co., Shunk & Man ning 225; Lake Charlotte, Wright Co., Linsdale & Keck 127; Silver L., Mille Lacs Co., Aug. 1892, E. P. Sheldon. Iowa: Spirit is, Dickinson Co., July 31, 1896, B. Shimek, also July 29, 1897, R. T. Cratty; Round je Lake Tw wp., Clay Co., Hayden 823. Nort Daxora: Upsilon L., Turtle Mts., St. John, Rolette Co., Mabbott 459; Metigoshe L., Turtle Mts., Bottineau Co., Mete tcalf 544. NesBrRASKA: Hann ah’s L., Cherry Co., Smith & Pound 228; Hackberry L., Cherry Co., July 0, 1912, Pool & Folsom, also Tolstead 638; Niobrara Game Reserve, near Valentine, Tolstead 428; Swan ae Grant Co., Rydberg 1 652: Shafer L., Garden Co., Uhler & Martin 1660; South Cody L., Ray Thomson Bee. ALBERTA: n. of Lake Louise, Rocky Mts., Macoun 68425 (C). Montana: Lake McDowell, Glacier Nat'l Park, Maguire & Piranian 5439; Avalanche L., Glacier Nat'l Park, Standley 18500; Rost L., Big Fork, Whitfor d 254, also M acDougal 676; Whitefish L., ‘Aug. 24, 1892, R. S. Williams. Ipano: Lake Pend Oreille, near Hope, Sandberg, MacDougal & Heller 939; Lake Pend Oreille, Aug. 1891, J. B. Leiberg; valley of Lake Tesemini, Kootenai Co., Sandberg, MacDougal & Heller 697; Paradise Creek, Moscow, Henderson 271 7; Priest L., Piper 3765, also MacDougal 240; Potlatch R., Nez Perce Co., St. John et al. 9740; Warm L., 25 mi. n. e. of Cascade, Valley Co., Rollins & Chambers 2590; Fernan L., Coeur d’Alene, Rust $85. Wro- MING: Jackson’s Hole, Lincoln. Co., E. B. & Lois B. Payson 2251; Grand EDcaePnen ioe Nelson 4145. CoLorapo: Laramie r Co., Aug. 4, 1891, C. S. Crandall (NY); ahi Butte, lak 1891, Cal. Acad. Sci. Herb. (S). Uran Sereno Watson 1131 (G, see also next citation). av att Ruby
138 Rhodora [APRIL
L., Sereno Watson 1131 (G, NY, US, see also previous citation). New Mexico: Long L., Chusca Mts., San Juan Co., A. Wetmore 541 (US). Arizona: Marsh L., White Mts., Goldman 2458 (US); Walker L., San Francisco Mts., Knowlton 288 (US). CALIFOR- ntA: Fletcher Creek at Pease-Place, Devil’s Garden, Modoc Co., L. C. Wheeler 3973; near Lassen Buttes, Plumas Co., H. E. Brown 644; Upper Mud L., Coal Mine Ridge, San Mateo Co., R. S. Ferris 2043; Mather, Tuolumne Co., Keck 1188; Lakeside, Eldorado Co., June, July 1912, H. D. Geis; Lily L., near Fallen Leaf, Lake Tahoe ‘region, Eldorado Co., Wiggins 6757, 6777 &
Lamb 1259; Nooksack R., Lummin Indian Reservation, What-_ com Co., Muenscher 7643; Seattle, Piper 758. British CoLUM- BIA: Revelstoke, John Macoun 3019; Colquitz R., near Victoria, — John Macoun 88248; San Juan L., Dist. of Renfrew, Rosendahl — 790; Chilliwack Valley, J. M. Macoun 26814; Griffin L., Macoun — 2971 (C, mixed with P. epihydrus v. Nuttallii), also Macown 3020. — Auaska: Prince of Wales Island, Klawak L., Mr. & Mrs. E. P. Walker 994; Ketchikan, Cowles 1405; Dundas Bay, J. P. Ander- son 1344; Sitka, J. P. Anderson 21, also Evans 781. P. natans is a familiar species over all the northern half of the — United States. Because of its wide range and tendency to fruit — freely it is one of the primary foods for wild water-fowl. Although the American plant seldom attains the robustness so typical of the European plant, there seem to be no characters fundamental enough to separate the two, even as varieties: The fruit of the American plant has a weaker endocarp-beak — than that of the European, a fact noted for the American P- — alpinus, but. unlike the case of that plant, the drying of the — mesocarp of P. natans does not cause any appreciable difference — in the shape of the fruits on the two hemispheres. The endocarP loop is invariably solid in the American plant and sometimes — shows a cavity in European specimens. : P. natans, like the other broad-leaved species, responds : markedly to ecological conditions. Many of these forms have — been given names. In fact, some of the names on the labels fot _
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 139
the European plants make habitat-notes quite superfluous. When in quiet water, the floating leaf-blades become broad and definitely cordate; when in a current, the blades are narrower and rounded or cuneate at the base. Flowing water also causes an elongation of the internodes and a marked reduction in the production of inflorescences.
An aquarium plant of P. natans, which grew from a seed in my laboratory, showed an interesting sequence of development. The first shoot produced only the linear submersed leaves; the second shoot produced some broad leaves, which were much narrower than normal and narrowly cuneate at base; the third shoot produced the typical broad floating leaves which were cordate at base. Then a number of shoots were sent up at about the same time, the floating leaf-blades of which, however, re- verted to the narrow type with cuneate bases. Finally, the branching rhizome sent up numerous shoots, all of which pro- duced submersed leaves only, or a few leaves with slightly dilated tips. Thus from one seed were produced forma submersus Gliick, var. prolixus Koch, and var. vulgaris Koch & Ziz (var. typicus). The aquarium was not so constructed that var. ter- restris S. F. Gray might appear.
An interesting form of P. natans which grew in the tidal water of Robinson Creek, Pembroke, Massachusetts, has been observed on several occasions by Prof. Fernald, and as it appeared to re- main the same, was collected by Fernald and Svenson and dis- tributed from the Gray Herbarium. With its reduced floating leaf-blades, narrowly cuneate at base, on long petioles, and its production of winter buds (collected in October), this is obviously an ecological state. Mr. Weatherby kindly drove me to the locality, but so many changes, attendant on the building of a paved road and a new bridge, have so altered the locality as described by Prof. Fernald that no P. natans was found. In such a habitat, where the tidal water rises and lowers twice a day and perhaps at times becomes slightly brackish, no fresh- water species of Potamogeton can be expected to lead a normal life. That the floating leaves of this plant were submersed at times is evidenced by the non-functional and reduced number of stomates.
Fryer’s remarks on ‘some beautiful seedling forms of P.
140 Rhodora [APRIL
natans, with lanceolate, oval, and round floating leaves, sufficient to afford examples of several named ‘varieties’, but unfortunately all growing on one rootstock in the instance in which the ‘varieties’ were most marked!” are of interest here.
American plants labeled ‘var. prolixus’’ include juvenile and elongated forms of P. natans and elongated forms of P. Oakesia- nus. They are always sterile.
8. P. OaxestaNnus Robbins
Ruizomes whitish with red spots. Srem often branched, terete, .5-1 mm. in diameter; stele with the trio-type pattern, the phloem on the inner face of the trio-bundle appearing as 2 patches; endodermis well developed, of U-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal bundles present; pseudohypodermis absent or 1 cell thick. SuBMersepD Leaves delicate, narrowly linear, obtuse, 5-16 cm. long, (.25—) .3-1 mm. wide; nerves 3. FLOATING
EAVES coriaceous, with long petioles .2-1 mm. thick; blades ovate-elliptical to oblong-elliptical, rounded or tapering at base, — obtuse, (1.5-) 2-4 (-5.5) em. long, 1-2 (-3) cm. wide; nerves — (7—) 9-19 (-23), about one-third of them prominent; lacunae none or obscure. StrputEes of the submersed leaves clasping the stem, whitish, delicately fibrous, persistent but beconsay 4 shreddy, linear, acutish when dry, about 1-3 cm. long; those of _ the floating leaves larger, 2-4 (—5.5) em. long, linear or narrowly triangular, strongly fibrous, 2-keeled, at least at base. PEDUN-
cLEs thicker than the stem, .9-1.6 mm. in diameter, 2.5-6 cm. _
long. Sprkes with 3-8 whorls; in fruit 1-3.5 cm. long, .7-.9 cm. thick. FLowers sessile or nearly so; sepaloid connectives 1.3- _ 1.8 (-2.2) mm. wide; anthers about .8 mm. long. Fruits ob0- void, 2.5-3.5 (3.7) mm. long, (1.6) 2-2.4 mm. wide; lateral keels _ rounded, dorsal keel usually prominent and acutish; beak short — and broad; exocarp smooth or nearly so, greenish or rarely buff; endocarp with smooth sides, and with 2 rather deep sinuses 0D the back forming 3 obtuse keels, beak linear, about .8 mm. long, — loop solid; apex of seed pointing a little above the basal end. — Plants similar to P. natans but smaller.
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 141
Maine, south to New Jersey, west to central New York, and local in Michigan, Wisconsin, and western Ontario. Map 9 NEWFOUNDLAND: Quirpon Island, Straits of Belle Isle, ee Gilbert & Hotchkiss 27339; Grand Falls, Fernald, Wiegand & Darlington 4464 & 4465; Blomidon (BlowemedDown’: Mts.. Fernald & Wiegand 2436; Lookout Mt., Bonne Bay, Fernald, Long & Fogg 1208; McCleman’s P., Crabbes , R. B. Kennedy 543; Port aux Basques, Fernald, Long & Dunbar 26217. QUEBEC: Les Trois Lacs, Laurentides, Victorin, Rolland “a - — 33639; Riviére Noire, Portneuf Co., Rousseau 25814; Matamek R. Dist North Shore, Bowman 392. Antrcostt: Ellis Bare “M acoun 9008. MaGpAteEN Isuanps: Coffin Island, Fernald, Long St. John 6764 & 6765; Cap-de-l’Est, Ile de la Grande-Entrée, Victorin & Rolland 9922. Nw Brunswick: Lac Fox Creek, Westmorland Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 44749; Lily P., Southern Head, Grand Manan, Charlotte Co., Knowlton & Weatherby pint Nova Scorta: Taylor’s L. Bes ver Pictou Co., St. 1378; Clyde R.., Shelbourne Co., Prince & Atwood 1318 (s): Goose L. , Argyle, Yarmouth Co., Sey & White 19680; Petpe- wick, Musquodoboit Harbour, ’ Halifax Co., Rousseau 35293; Kiroiaed L., Hants Co., Fernald, Bartram & Long 23131; Lena St. Paul Island, Perry & Roscoe 38. Ma se Haley P Rangeley, Franklin Co., Sept. 1, 1894, Furbish; Gilead, Oxford Co., 1897, Furbish; Jordan gt Hancock Co., Sept. 10, 1898, E. Rand; "Hackmatack Swamp, Isle au Haut, Knox Co., A. Hill 1222; Southport, Lincoln Co., Fassett 18803; Perley P., Sebago, Cumberland Co., Fernald, Long & Norton 12384; Lily P., East Limington, Limington, York Co., Fernald, Long Norton 12383. New HAMPSHIRE: Connecticut ee Northumber- land, Coés Co., Pease 12171; Wheeler P., Shelbourne, Cods Co., Aug. 31, 1918 , De eane; Merrimack, Hillsboro Co., June 19, 1918, Batchelder; Stonehouse P., Barrington, Straff ord Co., Hodgdon 599. Vermont: Grout P., Stratton, Windham Co., Eggleston 2111; also Sept. 1, 1931, ae 2 Eaton. Massacuuserts: So.
Co., Seymour 1487; Nantucket, Nantucket Go.; 886, L. L. Dame; Uxbridge, Worcester Co., Aug. 28, 1851, Beicny in herb. . Bot. Gard., cotypes = F, G, NE) and. Aug. 18, 1870, Robbins, also June 5, 9, & 2 . 1876, Morong; Lake Chaubuna- gungamaug, Webster, Worcester Co. ., Ogden & Bolan 1562; Spectacle P., Gheendar! Berkshire Co., raed 29, 1912, R. Hoff- mann. Connecticut: Middlebury, New Haven Co., Sept. 14, 1901, arse: “Stafford, Aug. 1897, herb. E. L. Morris. New
142 Rhodora [APRIL
York: Quiver P., Fourth L., Fulton Chain, Adirondack Mts., Killip 12574 (US, mixed with P. epihydrus v. Nuttallii, G, not mixed); Brandy Brook Flow, Cranberry L., St. Lawrence Co., Muenscher & Maguire 1711; Big Moose L., Herkimer Co., Muenscher & Maguire 1716; Fall Creek, Tompkins Co., Dudley; Deep P., Wading R., Long Island, EZ. S. Miller; Rock P., Adiron- dacks, Aug. 5, 1884, Morong; McDonough, July 26, 1886, F. V. Coville. New Jersey: Pump Branch of Albertson Brook, Ancora, Camden Co., J. W. Adams 511; Magnolia L., Ocean View, Cape May Co., Sept. 29, 1921, H. B. Meredith; Estellville, Atlantic Co., July 4, 1883, C. A. Gross. Onrarto: Sand Pt., Algoma Dist., Lat. 47° 00’ N., Long. 84° 45’ W., Taylor et al. 29
Micuiaan: bog near Rock R., Alger Co., Fernald & Pease —
3066; Au Train, Alger Co., Pease & Ogden 25135; Crooked L., Clyde Twp., Allegan Co., Aug. 18, 1937, D. L. Allen; Crooked L. Marsh, Allegan Co., Aug. 4, 1938, W. G. Erwin; 4% mi. s. w. of
est L., Portage Twp., Kalamazoo ©o., Hanes 407. WISCONSIN: Potter’s Cranberry Farm, Cutler, Juneau Co., Sept. 23, 1932, J. H. Steenis (G); Valley of the Wisconsin R., near Grand Rapids, Cheney 3610 (NY).
P. Oakesianus has the general appearance of P. natans except |
that it is uniformly smaller in all its parts. There are funda- mental differences, however, chiefly in regard to the fruit. The
fruit, besides being smaller, lacks the puckered, buff epicarp of =
RE eae cars
P. natans and is, instead, stretched and smooth and usually —
green. The fruits also differ from those of P. natans by having 3
prominent keels. The other differences are mainly those corre
lated with size. While the submersed leaves of P. natans are
generally borne on the single main stem, those of P. Oakesianus :
are on branches.
9. P. GraminEevus Linnaeus (American varieties)
RuizomeE buff, often suffused or spotted with red, variable ine thickness. Stem much branched, terete .5-1 mm. in diametel; —
stele with the oblong-type pattern with but 1 central bundle —
(rarely with 2) and usually but 1 lateral bundle on each side; endodermis of U-cells strongly thickened on the inner and
lateral faces; interlacunar bundles strongly developed but only —
in the outer interlacunar circle; subepidermal bundles present — or absent; pseudo-hypodermis absent or 1 cell thick. SUB —
MERSED Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate or lance-elliptical (sometimes oblanceolate), 1-9 (-13) em. long, (.1-) .2-1 (-1.5 em. wide, tapering gradually to a sessile base; apex acute, usually sharp-pointed; nerves 3-9 (—11); lacunae of 1 or 2 rows along
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 143
midrib, mostly obscure; margins with fugacious 1-celled trans- lucent denticles. FLOATING LEAVES coriaceous, blades ovate to elliptical (rarely subrotund), 1.5—5 (—7) em. long, 1-2 (-3) cm. wide; apex obtuse or bluntly mucronate; base cuneate or rounded; petioles 2-10 (-15) cm. long, mostly longer than the blades; nerves 13-17 (—23); lacunae obscure. STIPULES persistent, ob- tuse and slightly cucullate at apex, those of the submersed leaves and branches .5-3 cm. long, 1-2 mm. wide at base, faintly 2-keeled, with 8 to 30 igs nerves, those of the floating Anon broader. PrpuNcLEs at base about same thickness as sometimes clavate, 2-10 (-30) ecm. long. Sprkes in aitheas usually rather compact, of 3-10. whorls of yt in fruit canta and crowded, 1—2.5 em. long, .6—.8 cm. sessile or on pedicels up to .56 mm. long; peace connectives orbicular to oval, blades (.7—) 1.2-1.6 (—2.3) mm. wide, claws .2-) .4~.8 (-1) mm. long; anthers oblong .6-1 (-—1.1) mm. long. Fruits mostly obovate, 1.7—2.5 (—2.8) mm. long foxaledlne beak), (1.4-) 1.6—2 (-2.3) mm. wide, keels usually strongly evident, but often obscured by the loose exocar p, beak facial, short and curved toward the back; exocarp usually loose, green or rately tawny; endocarp with keels low and obtuse, beak linear, be mm. long, loop solid; apex of seed pointing 3-7 m ' above the basal end. A v ariable species characterized by a pedal with many lateral pottipoltid branches bearing numerous small leaves. Among the many variants of P. gramineus, the following seem worthy of recognition
i Ber rate ae ieornias leaves narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate, (1—) 1.5-9 (-13) em. long, .2-1 (-1.5) cm. wide, eg times long as broad, or if more than 10 times, =) t less than 6 em. long, sides not parallel; actly (3- 2. Principal submersed leaves (1-) 1.5-4.5 (-6. c. cm. long, —-.6 (—.8) em ahecaes WOVEN He Oise aw as 2: Principal submersed leaves (3-) fe (-13) em. long, 6-1 (-1.5) em. wide; nerves 7-9 (-11).........-..-. 9b. var. maximus. i. Principal submersed leaves eer 1) 1.5- os 5 (-5.5) em. long, .1-.25 (—.3) em. wide, 10-20 (-30) times as long as broad, sides caaieiaatty set ni most of their eek tapering at apex to an acute tip; nerves 3...... 9c. var. myriophyllus.
te
. var. typicus.
9a. P. Gramrnevs L. var. typicus
P. gramineus L., Sp. Pl. 1: 127 (1753); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 34 (1907). P. Proteus see ten C. & S., cp end 2: 202 (1827). P. gramineus var. graminifolius Fries, Novit. Fl. Suecicae 36 (1828), and aethantiuiaind Am. authors. P. Piceschetiok sensu Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 23 (1893): Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909); not Schreb. P. heterophyllus forma gramini ifolius Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2:24 (1893). P. asebiben ie forma sdupsaduacthatts Morong,
144 Rhodora [APRIL Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 24 (1893), at least in part. P. gra-
mineus var. longipedunculatus Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4:
Fern., Gray’s Man., ed. 7: 74 (1908). Spirillus heterophyllus Nieuwl., Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 17 (1913). P. gramineus forma longipedunculatus House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 254: 53 (1924), at least in part. P. gramineus forma terrestris Carpenter, Fl.
t., 3rd_rev. ed.: 25 (1937). P. gramineus var. lacustris sensu Hultén, Fl. Alaska and Yukon, pt. 1: 100 (1940).
Lakes and streams, southern Greenland to Alaska, south to New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Nebraska, New Mexico, Arizona, and California. Map 10. Eurasia. Of the very numerous collections of this variety the following are the
most typical in the areas cited: GREENLAND: Igaliko, 1828, J. —
.
Vahl, also July 23, 1888, Rosenvinge 2990; Igaliko-Fjord, Qags- siarssuk, Aug. 5, 1925, A. E.
Rolland & Jacques 33714; New Richmond, Bonaventure Co. Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33855; Lake Temiscouata, Victorin
$26; Farm Point, Gatineau R., J. M. Macoun 80929; Ottawa R. at Gatineau Point, Malte 118257; Blue Sea L., Malte 118265;
Aug. 17, 1917, Victorin 4196. Macpatmn ISLANDS: Amherst Island, St. John 1758 (toward var. maximus). Nova Scotia:
e - New Hampsuire: Dead R Berlin, Coés C 22754; Lake Winnipisaukee near Melvin Village, Aug.
M. P. Porsild; Frederiksdal, —
ie Se Riglaeseos.
: i ;
G
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 145
M. A. Day. Vermont: Little Otter Creek, Lake Champlain, Ferrisburg, Aug. 7, 12, and 20, 1880, C. EF. Faxon; Queechee Gulf, July 29, 1890, G. G. Kennedy; Fairfield P., Fairfield, Franklin Co., Blake 3071. Massacuusrrts: Mystic L., July 4, 1852, Robbins; Fresh P., Cambridge, August 6, 1883, Morong; Sandy P., Lincoln, Sept. 15, 1868, herb. Wm. Boott; Natick, Aug. 14 and 17, 1883, Morong. Connecticut: Selden’s Cove, Lyme, Aug. 31, 1900, C. B. Graves; Pistapaug P., Durham, Weatherby 3389; several collections from Lake Saltonstall, E. Haven are typical P. gramineus, others from the same lake approach var. myrtophyllus, still others approach var. maximus or are perhaps P. gramineus X P. illinoensis. New York: Butterfield L., Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire 1690; Osgood P., Franklin Co., Muenscher & Maguire 778; Otsego L., Otsego Co., Muenscher & Curtis 4880; Bullhead P., Minerva, Essex Co., House 15193; Myers Pt., Ludlowville, Tompkins Co., Aug. 13, 1884, W. R. Dudley. New Jersey: Morris P., Sept. 13, 1887, N. L. Britton;
maximus; NY, not mixed); Swartzwood L., Sussex Co., Griscom
3
McAtee 3076. Ounto: Sandusky Bay, July 20, 1895 and Sept. 2, 1898, E. L. Moseley; Put-in-Bay, Aug. 1898, A. J. Pueters.
ee Oe I 28, 1897 and June 29, 1898, L. M. Umbach; Lake Maxinkuckee, Scovell 44, also Scovell & Clark 1221, also Evermann 1221. Wis- CONSIN: Pell L., Bloomfield Twp., Walworth Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4194; near State House, Trout Lake, Vilas Co., Fassett 9067 & 9069; Green Bay, Big Suamico, Aug. 28, 1891 and July 31, 1893, J. H. Schuette. Iniinots: Edgewater, June 7, 1890, L. N. Johnson; Rogers Park, June 7, 1890, herb. W. H. Dunham. ManiTospa: 4 mi. w. of Hamiota, Macoun & Herriot 76868; Killarney, Macoun 16441. Mrnnesota: Green L., Kandiyohi Co., Metcalf 2050; Itasca Park, De Soto L., Becker Co., Grant & Oosting 3272 & 3276; Snail L., Ramsey Co., Oosting 28166; Horn L., Anoka Co., Oosting 291 & 28100; Muskeg Bay, Lake of the Woods, Warroad, Roseau Co., Hotchkiss & Jones 417; Long L. near Ely, St. Louis Co., Hotchkiss & Jones 4083; Pleasant L.,
146 Rhodora [APRIL
Stearns Co., Linsdale & Keck 1; Dudley L., Rice Co., Keck & Stilwill 373 & 379; Birch L., Sherburne Co., Kubichek 101; Fish
L., Chisago Co., Kubichek 66; Borden L., Garrison Twp., Crow Wing Co., Hotchkiss & Jones 4112. Iowa: Armstrong, Emmet Co., Aug. 8, 1891, June 20, 1897, and Aug. 21, 1897, R. I. Cratty; Lost Island L., Freeman Twp., Clay Co., Hayden 821. NortT# Daxorta: King Slough, s. of Bismark, Metcalf 345; Doctor L., Drake, Mabbott 423; Spiritwood, Bergman 443; Leeds, Benson Co., Aug. 2, 1899, Aug. 21, 1899, and Aug. 16, 1915, J. Lunell. SoutH Dakota: South Bass P., Cottonwood L., Spink Co., Over 17138; eastern Day Co., Over 14466. NeprasKa: Pelican L., Thomson 153; Red Willow L., Thomson 361 & 365; Enders L., Thomson 16; Dewey L., Tolstead 615; Shafer L., Garden Co.,
Uhler & Martin 1656. Mackenzie: Mosquito Creek and Drift- —
wood R., Great Bear L., 66° 55’ N. 121° 20’ W., July 6-8, 1928, A. E. & R. T. Porsild; Edna Travers Bay, Great Bear L., 66 25’ N. 117° 40’ W., A. E. & R. T. Porsild. SaskaTCHEWAN: vicinity of William Pt., Lake Athabasca, 59° 7’ 30’” N. 109° 19
Oa:
W., Raup 6849; Little Buffalo L., J. M. Macoun 2975; s. of —
Battleford, Macoun 2981. ALBERTA: east end of Crow’s Nest
Pass, Rocky Mts., Macown 23180; Sand Pt., n. shore of Lake —
Athabasca, Raup & Abbe 4614. Monrana: Mud L., Bigfork, |
Flathead L., M. E. Jones 9293; Flathead L., Big Fork, Flathead —
0., G. B. & R. P. Rossbach 17; Whitefish L., Aug. 24, 1892, R. — S. Williams; Lower Two Medicine Lakes, Glacier Nat’l Park, — Maguire 484; Echo L., MacDougal 639. Ivano: Priest Ly | MacDougal 241; Lake Pend Oreille, Sperry & Martin 719, also — Henderson 4576; “Lake Pend Oreille, near Hope, Sandberg, —
MacDougal & Heller 955 & 1026. Wyomina: Shoshone Creek,
Yellowstone, Aug. 23, 1878, C. Richardson; Yellowstone Ly — Yellowstone Park, Tweedy 411; Leighs L., Jacksons Hole, Mer —
rill & Wilcox 902. Couorapo: Estes Park, Lorimer Co., Beé
2341; South Park, Wolf 961; near Boulder, Boulder Co., Tweedy — 4978. Uvan: Grassy L., Goodman Ranch, Bear R. valley,
Ranch, Lake Co., Coville 602. Wasnineron: Lake Washingtod: —
Mercer Island, King Co., Thomson 7589; Ozette L., Clallam er Af
Otis 1584; Blakeley Island, San Juan Islands, S. M. & E
Zeller 1237; Falcon Valley, Aug. 1, 1885, W. N. Suksdorf (toward
ae 4
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 147
Si 6 gt {24 og: -
faa } P. GRAMINEUS
RANGES OF PoTAMOGETON
148 Rhodora [APRIL
var. myriophyllus). British Cotumpia: Kamloops, Macoun 2974; Wellington, Vancouver Island, John Macoun 88254; Sproat L., Albernie, Vancouver Island, Carter 505. ALASKA: Yes Bay, Howell 1668; Fairbanks, L. J. Palmer 1866.
9b. P. GRAMINEUS L. var. MAxIMUS Morong ex Bennett
Var. maximus Morong ex acim? Journ. Bot. 19: 241 (1881). P. lonchites Tuckerm., Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2: 6: 226 (1848), not Tuckerm., ibid ser. 2: 7: 350 shoe and subsequent Am. authors. at gramineus var. maximus Morong, Bull. Torr. Club 13: 155 (1886), without description. P. heterophyllus forma maximus Morong, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 3: no. 2: 25 (1893). P. gramineus
var. maximus Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 88 (1907). a: heterophyllue in part, Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909). P. gramineus f. Wolfgangit sensu Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 209 (1916), as to American citations. P. gramineus f. jemtlandicus ee Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 209 (1916), as to American cita- io
Lakes and streams, often in flowing water, with the typical variety and having essentially the same range in North America. Mar 11. Among many collections, the following are the most representative from the areas cited: LaBrapor: 18 mi. .up
kaupi R., Lake Melville Dist., R. H. Wetmore 103096. NEWFOUNDLAND: Rushy P., cpuaiee R., Fernald, Wiegand, Bartram & Darlington 4477; Lewisport, Notre Dame Bay, Fer- nald, Wiegand & Darlington 4480. Quesec: Lac des Quinze (Baie Gilies), Temiscaming-Abitibi, Victorin 8194 & 8196; Roberval, July 16, 1892, Geo. G. Kennedy; Deschenes, near Hull, Malte 11 8263; Lac Saint-J. ean, Victorin 16064. ANTICOSTI: Riviére McKane, Victorin & Rolland 27095; Pointe de 1|’Est, Victorin & Rolland 27094. NEw BRUNSWICK: Titusville, Brit- tain 2987; near St. John R., Connors, Pease 2589. Nova Scotia: Salmon R. , Truro, Colchester Co., Bean & White 22962. MAINE: Aroostook Pe Ft. Fairfield, July 18, 1893, eden St. John R., Ft. Kent, Mackenzie 3613; Dead R., Somerset Co., Fernald & Strong 477: stream below Dwinall P:, Winn, Penobscot Co., Steinmetz 365; Stillwater R., Old Town, ’ Penobscot Co., Ogden & Steinmetz 1602; Orland R., Orland, Penobscot Co., Ogden & Marston 1694. New HAMPsnine: Connecticut R., Walpole, Fernald 436; Connecticut R., near Hanover, July 26 and Aug., 1876, H. G. Jesup (not typical). Vermont: Little Otter Creek, Lake Champlain, Aug. 7, 1880, herb. E. & C. E. Faxon (not typical). MASSACHUSETTS: Charles R., Dedham, July 14, 1879 and July 16, 1880, Morong, also Aug. 2, 1880, C. E. Faxon; Charles R., S. Natick, July 14, 1879 and Sept. 5, 1882, Morong; Charles R., Needham, Tuckerman; Ashland, July 9, 1879, herb. Morong. ‘ConNECcTICUT: Quinnipiac R. at Old Turnpike,
a Ne
SS
ee
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 149
Southington, Aug. 17, 1900 and Aug. 17, 1901, C. H. Bissell; Housatonic R., near Lake Zo oar, Southbury, E. H. Eames 11 745. New York: Saranac pe Adirondacks, July 31, 1884, Morong; French Creek, Clayton, Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire 1693; Hudson R., below Glen Falls, Warren Co., Muenscher & Lindsey 2769; Song L., Cortland Co., Muenscher & Curtis 4841; Buffalo, Clinton 6. New Jersey: Delaware R., Hunterdon Co., Sept. 19, 1885, T. C. Porter; Lake Hopatcong, C. F. Austin (C, mixed with P. gramineus var. typicu us). PENNSY Daeg Penn’s Creek at “‘Swinging Bridge,” Selinsgrove, Snyder Moldenke 4207. Ontario: Dog R., above Michipicoten, pee Macoun 97; Ottawa R., Rockliffe, John Macoun 85536; Ottawa R., Harrington 99086 & 99102; Templeton, Scott 16444. Mucuti- GAN: St. Clair R., near Port Huron, Dodge 155; Sault R., near Sault Sainte Marie, Aug. 11, 1910, J. R. Churchill (not typical). Onto: Sandusky Bay, Aug. 19 and Aug. 31, 1898, A (not typical, perhaps P. gramineus X P. illinoensis). rcs: SIN: Wisconsin R., near Lac Vieux Desert, Cheney 683; Green Bay near Big Suamico shore, Brown Co., Jul 1 gee ee Schuette (not typical, perhaps | gramineus ae ek illinoensis). Minnesota: Vermilion ol July 28, 1886, L. H. Bailey, also Arthur, Bailey & Holw y B46, B69 & B403; Garden Taina: Lake of the Woods, M. acMillan & Sheldon 1332; near mouth of Brule R., Cook Co., Rosendahl & Butters 4638. Iowa: Armstrong, Emmet Co., July 11 and Aug. 21, 1897, R. I. Cratty. Nort Dakota: Leeds, Benson Co., July 2, 1906, J. Lunell. Macken- zie: Edna Travers Bay, Great Bear L., Aug. 8, 1928, A. E. & R. T. Porsild. SasKaTCHEWAN: along Grand Trunk Pacific R. R., Yorkton, Macoun & Herriot 76869. AuBerta: Murdock Creek Dist.. Wood Buffalo Park, Raup 1546; L. Mamawi, Wood Buffalo Park, Raup 1548. Montana: Midvale, Umbach fas Ipano: Moose Creek, near Big Springs, Fremont Co., P. Rossbach 20. Wyomina: Obsidian Creek, Yellowstone Neti Park, Aven & Elias Nelson 6061. Couorapo: Trout L., near Lizard Head Pass, San Miguel Co., Maguire, Piranian & Rich- ards 12771. Uran: Salt Lake City, PP E. Jones 1304; Dry L., Cache Co., Maguire 138149. New Mexico: Chusca Mts., San Juan Co., Wetmore 549. Anizona: Crater L., San Francisco Mts., Aug. 1886, Lemmon Herbarium. CALIFORNIA: Lily L., near ’ Fallen Leaf, Lake Tahoe region, Eldorado Co., Wiggins 6775. Wasnincton: Tumwater Canyon, Wenatchee R., Sand- berg & Leiberg 524; Camas Land, Wenatchee Mts., Chelan Co., Thompson 11768. BritisH ConuMBIA: Shawnigan L., Vancouver inne: John Macoun 88258. Awuaska: Sitka, Evans 780; Selawik a J. Palmer 638 (US, mixed with P. Richardsonit).
150 Rhodora [APRIL
9c. P. GRAMINEUS L. var. MYRIOPHYLLUS Robbins
Var. myriophyllus Robbins in A. Gray, Man. ed. 5: 487 (1867). Fr, ee re forma myriophyllus Morong, Mem. Torr. Club : no. 2: 24 (1893). P. heterophyllus forma minimus Morong, Mane Torr. Giub 3: no. 2: 25 (1893). P. gramineus var. myrio- phyllus Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 87 (1907);
Graebn. i in a Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 89 (1907). 'P. hetero-
53 aged
Quiet water; local in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Montana. oe 12. Although many collections approach this variety, only the following are considered typical: NEW Hampsuire: Lake Winnepesaukee, 1876, W. F. Flint. Massa- CHUSETTS: Spot P., Stoneham, Aug. 20, 1865, herb. Wm. Boott, also July 27, 1876, Morong, also Aug. 13, 1880, herb. E. & C. E. Faxon; Spot e Wyoming, Aug. 13, 1880, herb. C. E. Faxon; Spot P., Melrose, Aug. 13, 1880, "Edwin Faxon; Winter P., Wihehestcr Middlesex Co., Fernald & Svenson Thh Wakefield, ee ba ble J. W. Chickering; Lake Pattaquatic, Ware, Aug. 25,1 E. L. Morris. Ruope Istanp: Apponaug P., Apponaug, Oct. vy "1865, Robbins (type in NY), also Aug. 1879, Sept. 29, 1879 and Aug. 26, 1880, Morong, also Aug. 26, 1880, "E. Faxon, also Aug. 26, 1880 herb. E. & C. BE. Faxon (“ Kingston” appears on the labels, which is an error, for the collection was made at Apponaug in the town of Warwick), also Aug. 24, 1881, E. Faxon, also Aug. 25, 1881, Morong; Gorton’s P. (Apponaug P. of early botanical collectors), Apponaug, town of Warwick, E. C. & E. B. Ogden 1765. New Yorx: Mud P., Pattens Mills, Warren Co., Aug. 25, 1918, S. H. Burnham; Friends L., Warren Co., M uenscher & Lindsey 2776. MIcHIGAN: Sister Lakes, Van Buren Co., De Selm 22. Inpiana: Dune Park, Peattie 2305. Wisconsin: Oneida Reservation, Sept. 8, 1881, ‘J. H. Schuette; Devils L., Sauk Co., Fass.tt t 14262. Minnesota: Lake Mora, Kanabec Co., July 1892, E. P. Sh: ldon; Milaca, Mille — Co., July 1892, E. P. She Idon. Montana: Bitterroot Ri; Missoula, Missoula Co., Barkley 1996
The extremely variable P. gramineus i aehick often approaches in appearance its near relative, P. illinoensis, is further compli- cated by the fact that it hybridizes with most (perhaps all) of the other broad-leaved species of the genus and even one (perhaps more) linear-leaved species. In North America three varieties can be recognized which, though distinct in their extreme de-
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 151
velopments, intergrade freely. The variety that appears to be identical with the one upon which the species is based (var. typicus) is by far the most common, and is rather widespread in both Europe and North America. Its much branched stem has usually an abundance of small elliptic-lanceolate submersed leaves which distinguish it from all other species of Potamogeton as well as from the other varieties of the same species.
The variety myriophyllus has a stem even more branched and the leaves still smaller but with parallel margins. This would seem to be but an ecological form were it not found in somewhat different habitats, according to data on labels. When I collected it in Apponaug Pond in 1938 it was exactly like the plants Robbins collected there in 1865.
The variety maximus is perhaps the most variable one. It differs from the other variants of the species in the larger size of the submersed leaves, less branching of the stem, and usually longer internodes. While for most collections this variety seems to be genetic, for many the condition appears to be ecological. It is oftentimes very difficult to distinguish it from hybrids having P. gramineus for one of the parents. It can usually be distinguished from P. gramineus X P. illinoensis, which appears ‘most like it, by the more flaccid stem and leaves of the variety.
Plants appearing like typical P. gramineus or var. maximus, except that the submersed leaves are oblanceolate or spatulate, with the apex rounded, mucronate, or cuspidate (often with many variations on the same plant) occur. These have been called P. gramineus var. spathulaeformis. The type material upon which this name is based is from the Mystic Lakes, Med- ford, Mass. and proves to be P. gramineus X P. illinoensis. Plants with submersed leaves somewhat similar but usually smaller and with floating leaves usually orbicular or very short- elliptic occur in Newfoundland, Quebec, New Brunswick, Ver- mont, New York, Ontario, Michigan, Minnesota and Iowa. While the usual stem-anatomy pattern is that of P. gramineus, occasionally O-cells are found in the endodermis, thus pointing toward a parent (or grandparent) with an endodermis of O-cells. The broad rounded apex of the submersed leaves and the nearly orbicular floating leaves point to an ancestor with broad rounded leaves. Some of these plants are P. gramineus X P. perfoliatus,
152 Rhodora [APRIL
others are P. gramineus X P. Richardsonii, in both cases prob- ably backcrossed with P. gramineus. At Moran, Mackinac Co., Michigan, in the shallow water at the northwest end of Brevort Lake, I found typical P. gramineus (Ogden & Bolan 1680) and obvious P. gramineus &X P. Richardsonii (Ogden & Bolan 1681, with Richardsonii-like submersed leaves and gramineus-like floating leaves) and clearly intermediate between the two a plant with oblanceolate submersed leaves (Ogden & Bolan 1681 in Gray Herbarium). See discussion of these hybrids on later pages. Not all oblanceolate-leaved plants are hybrids, however, for leaves of the typical variety or of the variety maximus which have been produced at the surface of the water may tend to form a transition to the floating type, which may narrow the lower half and produce a mucro at the apex; in such cases the lower leaves, if submersed, will have the normal shape. Then, too, submersed leaves often have a tendency for the edges of the lower part to curl under, giving the leaf a false oblanceolate shape which close examination will detect.
10. P. 1LLINOENSIS Morong
epidermal bundles present or absent; pseudo-hypodermis absent or 1 cell thick. Suspmursep Leaves thin, elliptic or oblong- elliptic (sometimes ovate-elliptic) to lanceolate or linear (by the further reduction of the blade to the midrib), often somewhat arcuate; blades 5-20 cm. long, (.2-) 1.5-4 (-4.5) cm. wide, sessile or tapering (except when reduced to midrib) into petioles up to 4 cm. long; apices acute, usually somewhat mucronate; nerves (7—) 9-17 (-19); lacunae of 2-5 rows along midrib and larger nerves; margin with fugacious 1-celled translucent denticles. FLoatinec Leaves (often absent) more or less coria- ceous, transition to submersed leaves usually gradual; blades elliptic, ovate-elliptic, or oblong-elliptic, 4-13 (-19) cm. long, 2-6.5 cm. wide; apices obtuse, ending in a blunt mucro; bases cuneate or rounded; petioles 2-9 cm. long, shorter than the blade; nerves 13-29; lacunae of 2 or 3 rows of cells along midrib, some-
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 153
IL
P. ILLINOENSIS
a - bY “yy a ~~ Aa eh ee ie ee y eye
aa aw
RANGES OF POTAMOGETON
154 Rhodora [APRIL
times obscure. SvrpuuEs persistent, divergent and conspicuous, obtuse, those of the submersed leaves (1—) 2.5-8 em. long, (.3- .2 cm. wide at base, prominently 2-keeled, with 15-35 finer nerves; those of the floating leaves broader. PEDUNCLES as thick as or thicker than the stem, 4-15 (-30) cm. long. Spikes in anthesis more or less compact, of 8-15 whorls of flowers; in fruit cylindric and crowded (2.5—) 3-6 (—7) cm. long, .8-1 cm. thic LOWERS sessile or on pedicels up to .5 mm. long; sepaloid connectives orbicular to oval (or reniform), blades (1.3—) 1.6-3 (-3.2) mm. wide, claws 1-1.5 mm. long; anthers oblong, .6-2 mm. isis Fruits obovate to lan or ovate (2.5—-) 2.7-3.5 (-3.6) mm. long (excluding beak), (2.1-) 2.2-3 mm. wide; sides flat; keels prominent and acute, the dorsal ad developed above and below, the laterals less Antari developed but often each with a projecting knob at the base; beak facial, short, erect or curved toward the back; aarp ‘eray-green to olive- 7 (rarely brownish) ; endocarp with keels low but prominent, r with dorsal keel thin and very weak, beak deltoid, very weak, neti .5 mm. long, loop solid; apex of seed pointing at about the middle of the opposite side (or between middle and _ base). A highly variable species in which the extremes appear distinct, but transitional specimens, which are not a exception but the rule, indicate that they are a confluent ser P. illinoensis Morong, Bot. Gaz. 5: 30. (1880); Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 27 (1893); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam a as (1907); Taylor, N. Am. FI. 17: pt. 1: 20 (1909); Hagstr., Res. Pot. 198 a et P. lucens ae Am. authors; not L., Sp. ‘pL 126 (1753). P. Zizii of Am. authors, in part; no t M. & K. in Roéhling, Deutschl. Fl. 1: 845 (1823) ; not Koch ex ety Enum. Plant. Germ. 1: 531 (1827). P. Proteus lucens C. & S., Linnaea 2: 197 (1827) . e Pi Saoige Zizii C. & §., Linnaea 2: 201 (1827), in part. var. conmecticutensts Robbins in A. Gray, Man. ed. 5: “488 (1867): Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 31 (1893). P. angustifolius var. connecticutensis Bennett, Journ. Bot. 39: 199 (1901). P. Zizii var. connecticutensis Morong ex Bennett, Journ. Bot. 39: 199 (1901); Graebn. in Engler, Pflan-
Bennett, Journ. Bot. 45: 374 (1907). ?P. Ziett var. porrectifolius Bennett in Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 83 (1907). ?P. Zizii var. gracilis Bennett in Graebn. Pflan- zenr. |. ce. (1907). Spirillus lucens Nieuwland, Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 17 (1913), as to plant, not as to source of name. seh Zizit Nieuwland, Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 17 (1913), in part illinoensis forma rosulatus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. ee 1916). P. illinoensis forma homophyllus Hagstr., Crit. Res
(1916). X P. pseudolucens Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. ‘00 (1916).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 155
ae Pas lideres Benn., Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 29: 58 (1924
Lakes and streams, southwestern Quebec to southern British Columbia, a to Florida, Texas and California, Map Mex., Centr. A , and W. I. the very numerous collections, the following are es most typical from the areas cited: QUEBEC: Gatineau R., Wakefield, Macoun 62021. Vermont: Lake Dun- more, Salisbury, Aug. 11 and 31, 1896 and Sept. 2, 1899, Ezra Brainerd; Lake Champlain, Sept. 1, 1880, C. £. Faxon; Lake Hortonia, Aug. 15, 1896, Ezra Brainerd; Barton ri 1829, herb. Robbins. MASSACHUSETTS: Fresh P., Cam bridge, many col- lectors; Wenham P., Essex Co., ae 2 fa 1867, J. W. Robbins; Leverett P., July 1874, dH. G. Jes Connecticut: Lake Saltonstall, E. Haven 1845, Robbins, ni 1850, Robbins (G, NY, type collection a lucens Vv. connecticutensis) ; Lake Kenosha,
anbury, H. H. Eames 11351; Housatonic R., Aug Robbins; Twin Lakes, Salisbury, Litchfield Co., Ogden é Bolan 1569. New York: Rockland L., July 17, 1892, Morong; Lake Cayuga, Cayuga, Aug. 20, 1884, Morong; Du ck L., Conquest, Cayuga Co., Hames, Ra ndolph & Wiegand 11175; bayou back of Renwint Park, Cayuga L., Ithaca, Tompkins Co., Hitchcock 11175a; n. of R. R. bri ridge, Cayuga, Cayuga Co., Oct. 1886 Wek. Dudley; Lake Oneida, July 28, 1880, Miss M. T. Hotch- kiss; Lake Cossayuna, Dobbin 11 12; Atuskatong Bay, Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire eee Ballston L., Saratoga rat Muenscher & Clausen 4232 & 42 233; Warde: i. Albany Co., : uenscher & Clausen iy Little York L., Preble, Cortland Co.,
. N. Jones 7465; Greens L., Greene Co., Muenscher & Curtis ries PENNSYLVANIA: pres 1876, E. A. "Rau (ME, “ Hanover, _ ” printed on the label). DELAWARE: Stanton, Sept. 4, 1896,
. Commons. VrireGinta: Four Mile Run, Alexandria, June 29, isos, I. Tidestrom; Dyke, Fairfax Co., Metcalf & Sperry _ Norra Carona: Orton L., Orton Plantation, 10 mi of Southport, Brunswick Co., Sept. 8, 1941, R. K. Gaitrey &, FLoripa: near the south New R. canal, beyond head of New R J. K. & G. K. Small 4437; near the Miami canal, J. K. & G. K. Small 4486; between Cutler and Longview Camp, Small & Carter 1007; Royal Palm Park, Dade Co., Moldenke 752; near Eustis, Lake Co., Oklawaha R., Nash 859 & 1 750, also Curtiss 6692; Caloosa R., Simpson 386; ’ Everglades, Miami R., Small & Carter 1118 (F, NY , US, type collection of P. lucens v. floridanus). Ontario: Golden Le Renfrew Co., July 28, 1899, L. M. Umbach; Pelee Island, Lake Erie, Macoun 3023; River Trent, Macoun 29965; Elziver, Hastings Co., Macoun 2996; Stokes Bay, Tober- mory, Bruce. Co., Krotkov 7027. Micuican: Whitefish L., Mackinac Co., Metcalf 2317; n. w. of St. Ignace, Mackinac Co., Pease & Ogden 24964; Lake Orion, Farwell 900; Houghton L.,
156 Rhodora [APRIL
Roscommon Co., June 1876, herb. C. F. Wheeler; — : Allegan Co., Wight 8; Papaw L., Berrien Co., C. K. Dodge 171;
, Whitley Co., Deam 49428; Tippecanoe Ls " Scovel 58; Take i teeces Scovell 54, also Evermann 1079 & 1222, also Clark 6; Lake Maxinkuckee, Culver, Marshall Co., Aug. 27, 1926, J. R. Churchill; Pine Station, Lake Co. , Aug. 8, 1876, E. J. Hill; Clarke, Umbach, also Lansing 1079; Atwood ii n. w. of Wolcottville, Lagrange Deam 553850; Lake Wawasee, Kosci- usko Co., Deam 56396 & 56401; Lake James, w. of Pokagon State Park, Beaches Co., Deam 56588 & 56539. WISCONSIN: Lake Wingra, Dane Co., June 20, 1892, L. A Cheney; White L., near Weyauwega, Waupaca Co., Hotchkiss & Martin 4432; Pickerel L., Nashville Twp., Forest Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4331; Big Muskego L., Muskego bees Waukesha Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4245; Wind L., Norw y Twp., Racine Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4226 & 4227; Pike hed Hartford Twp., Washington Co., Hotchkiss _ Koehler 4262; Shawano L. , Washington Twp., Shawano Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 43804; ’ Lake Noque Bay, Lake Twp., tives Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4826. I.ui- nots: Mississippi River Bottoms near Oquawka, July 23, 1873, Aug. and Sept. 1881, H. N. Patterson (vyPpE material); Pitts- burger L., Centerville, June 29, 1878, H. Eggert; Lake Villa, Sak 28, 1887, M. B. Waite. Manrtosa: Souris, July 7, 1883, J: acoun. Mrnnesota: Elk L., Itaska Park, Clearwater Co., Grant & Oosting 3184; Evans ee Kandiyohi Co., Metcalf 2377; Green . a ie ohi amie Metcalf 2039, 2048 & 2045; Lake
tcalf 1563; Ric i
calf 1427 & 1432; Koronis L., Stearns Co. , Metcalf 1379, 1883 & 1391, also Kubichek 110, 114, 115 & 121; Swan L., Nicollet Co., Metcalf 8; Martin L., Anoka Co., M etcalf 1829; Birch L., Sher- burne Co., Metcalf 1370; Horseshoe L., Chisago Co., Kubichek 71 & 72; Prior L., Scott Co., Oosting 2938; Lake Ida, Douglas Co., Uhler & Warren 858; Lake Julia, Sherburne Co., Keck & Stevens 280; Borden L., Garrison Twp., Crow Wing Co., Hotch- kiss & Jones 3s 4113; Center City, Aug. 1892, B. C. Taylor; Two Inlet L., Becker Co., sian & Manning 237. Iowa: Armstrong’s Grove, Emmet Co. , July 1882, R. I. Cratty (cotype collection of P. illinoensis) : : Pou duly 189 4, B. Fink 191; Fremont Co., Aug. 2, 1898, herb. T. J. & M. F. L. Fitzpatrick; Clear L.,
Cerro Gordo Co., July 11, 1896, B. Shimek. Mussourt: Fish L.,
Sibley, Jackson Co., Mackenzie 293; Gasconade R., between Falcon and Nebo, Laclede Co., Steyermark 13910; Current R., n. of Buffalo Creek, e. of Bennett, Ripley Co., Steyermark 14285; Phillips Spring, s. e. of Van Buren, Carter Co., Steyermark 21236;
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 157 Ae Creek, s. of French Mills, St. Francois Purchase Unit, 21087. N
SoutH Dakota: water Bs near Missouri R., Clay Co., Over 4008. NEBRASKA: Rat rien 538; Swan L. mS of Whitman, Grant Co., Rydberg 1 rie Shafer Ris Garden Co., ‘Uhler & Martin
Dewey L., Cherry oi Tolstead 614. Texas: Guadalupe R., Kerrville, Kerr Co., E. J. Palmer 12217; 16 mi. n. of Leakey Real Co., Cory 8502; San Antonio, Thurber 48; Montell Crete non Cory 9800; McKittrick Canyon, Guadalupe Mts., Cul- berson Co., Moore & Steyermark 3667 — typical). Wyomine: cur R., Elias Nelson 3386. Cou o: Tabequache Basin, Payson 1 v4: Cerro Summit, Pr ae of af ee Watershed, Baker 427. Uvan: Twelve Mile Cafion, Wasatch Mts., Tides- trom 517. New Mexico: Bah Augustine oo Organ Mts., Dona Ana Co., July 10, 1909, E. O. Wooton. CALIFORNIA: Marine Hospital, San Francisco, June 27,1892, 7. W. Blankinship; Mission Dolores, Bolander 274; near Sebastopol, Sonoma Co., Aug. 1900, M. S. Baker; Mountain L., San Francisco, Aug. 22, 1920, Alice Eastwood (not typical). OrEGoN: creeks, western Oregon, 1880, T. J. Howell; in a warm spring, Harney Valley, June 10, 1885, card Howell (F, mixed with P. alpinus v. tenuifolius, C, G, US, n xed). Wasurnaton: Lake Chelan,
ashington Forest fee aw Gorman 703; Headly ig ee Spokane Co., Sperry & Martin 731. Bririsn CoLu : Sum 1 Li. Chilliwack Valley, J. M. Macoun 26815 Ghats a Dehn type of X P. perplexus in C, isotypes in G, NY).
The highly complex species, P. illinoensis, has been variously treated by students of the genus. Morong! restricted the name to two collections of those known to him: Oquawka, II1., collected by H. N. Patterson, and Armstrong’s Grove, Iowa, collected by R. I. Cratty. Both plants are very robust and evidently grew in shallow, quiet, rich, muddy water. He complained that some botanists doubted the validity of P. illinoensis as a distinct species, but argued that it “. . . is evidently allied to lucens in habit, and with that species, P. angustifolius, P. spathulae- formis and P. heterophyllus, forms a very natural group, but it is clearly distinct from all of them in its vigorous growth, its abundant foliage, its ample floating and submerged leaves, and its large, strongly 3-keeled fruit.’’? Of these characters, the only One that can be considered of specific importance is that per-
1 Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, 3: no. 2: 27 (1893).
* Thomas Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 28 (1893).
158 Rhodora [APRIL
taining to the fruit, and examination shows that the fruits of the plants in this country called P. lucens or P. angustifolius are as strongly 3-keeled as those of P. illinoensis. Graebner’s treat- ment of this group is quite artificial. He followed Morong’s grouping rather closely but recognized numerous subspecies, varieties, subvarieties, and forms to account for the minor divergencies. The name P. illinoensis was, however, confined to the two original collections. Hagstrém evidently made a genuine attempt to understand the complex. Lack of sufficient material greatly handicapped him. He was misled by previous treat- ments into believing that P. lucens occurs in this country, but cited no specimens. Morong, who had realized that the plants he referred to P. lucens did not match any of the European forms of that species, treated them as var. connecticutensis. Hagstrom ignored this, except to question its being a variety of P. lucens, and does not even include it asasynonym. Some sterile speci- mens in North America resemble P. lucens of Europe but they lack the tendency for the lower leaves to have the blades reduced at the apex so that the midrib extends well beyond as a cusp. When mature fruits are obtained, the keels are seen to be promi- nent and acute (those of P. lucens are low and rounded) and the beak is more facial. Interestingly enough, specimens with ma- ture fruit do not have the compact, bushy habit of P. lucens and would not be confused with that species.
Hagstrém considered P. angustifolius (P. Zizii) to be the hy- brid P. gramineus X lucens, a belief held or suspected by many students of the genus. He cites specimens from North America but calls attention to the fact that “. . many Zizii-like North American plants are not at all this dbad. but of another origin, and great carefulness is necessary when considering these difficult forms.’ If P. lucens does not occur in this country, the hybrid P. gramineus X lucens must be absent also. It may be suspected that the hybrid P. gramineus X illinoensis is not un- common with us for it is known that each of these closely related species hybridizes with species of other subsections. Many inter- mediate forms occur, but it is usually difficult to determine which are the results of crossing and which are ecological variants of one or the other species.? . The plants of the subsection Lucentes
1J. O. Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. has (1916). 2 See discussion under Hysripis
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 159
fruit as freely as the average species of Potamogeton, and I think that nearly all of them must be considered to belong to one or the other of the two species.
The earliest specific name for the large-leaved plant is P. illinoensis Morong. This species has several variants, the recog- nition of which is made difficult in that ecological forms of one may simulate normal states of another. The Lucentes need to be studied cytologically and, until the hybrids having P. illino- ensis as a parent are better understood, a grouping of the variants into varieties would be merely an artificial one. In order not to delay this treatment further, P. illinoensis is treated in the broad sense, including its many variations.
11. P. praELONGUS Wulfen
RuizoMeE whitish, suffused or spotted with rusty red, as thick . as the stem or often much thicker. Stem simple or branched, whitish or olive-green, often zigzag, 1.5-4 mm. in diameter; stele with the proto-type pattern; endodermis of ‘Uecels inter- lacunar and subepidermal bundles present; pseu do-hypodermis 1-3 cells thick. Leaves all submersed, ovate-oblong, (5—-) 10-20 (—36) em. long, 1-3 em. Nags 13-25 nerves, 3-7 of them more prominent than the others, cordate or rounded at base and clasping 14 or % the siredietaneate of the stem; apex cucullate, splitting when pressed, or rounded; margin entire; lacunae of 2-4 rows of cells each side of the midrib. SrTrPUuLEs white, nerves moderately OAL, oblong to oblong-linear or ovate- lanceolate, rounded at apex, (3-) 5-10 cm. long, sliniieen baa
usually persistent and Bey agra PEDUNCLES varia in thickness, clavate, (5-) 15-60 cm. long. Berk with 6-12 whorls, not crowded at anthesis, sometimes moniliform; in fruit 3-5 cm. long, 1.1-1.4 em. thick. FLOWERS scanils or on ’ pedicels
up to 5mm. long; sepaloid connectives cpr blades orbicular or elliptical, (1.7—) 2-2.6 (-2.9) mm. wide, claws 1-2 mm. long; anthers 1-2 mm. long. Fruits obovate, aunied on the back, cuneate at base, (4-) 4.3-5 mm. long (excluding beak), 3.2—4 mm. wide; beak prominent, short and thick; dorsal keel acute and strongly developed, especially upward; lateral keels rounded or none; exocarp dark green; endocarp ‘with rounded lateral keels and a dorsal keel which is alate, thin and weak, beak linear, facial, about .8 mm. long, loop with a linear cavity; apex of seed pointing toward the basal end or slightly above. Plants om acterized by large ovate-oblong leaves, cucu ullate at the whitish stem, large phe stipules, and with long seth cles bearing large fruit
160 Rhodora [APRIL
P. praelongus Wulf., Arch. Bot. Roem. 3: 331 dae i Journ. Bot. 19: 241 (1881); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 0. 2: 32 (1893); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: a (4907); Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 22 (1909); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot 250 (1916). Spirillus praelongus Nieuwl., Am. Midl. Nat. 3: 17 oo
Deep, cold water, southern Labrador, Newfoundland, Gaspé Menon Prince Edward Island, New England, and New Jersey, west to California, and north to Alberta, Mackenzie and the Aleutian Islands. Map 14. Eurasia. Reported from Mexico. The following, from a large series of specimens, are representa- tive: LaBrapor: Trout P., Blanc Sablon R., Straits of Belle Isle _— on the Quebec side of the river), Fernald & Long 27347.
NDLAND: Cook Point, Pistolet Bay, Fernald, Gilbert & H otchkiss 27346; Tilt Cove, northern shores of Notre Dame Bay, no? Wiegand & Darlington 4482; Birchy Cove (Curling), Region of Humber Arm, Bay of Islands, Fernald, Wiegand & Kittredge 2441; Middle Birchy Ps eastern drainage area of the Humber R. system, Fernald & Wiegand 2444 (C, G, flaccid ppm Morley’s P., Humber Arm, Bay of Islands, Fernald,
Long & Fogg 1211; Junction P., Whitbourne, Avalon Peninsula, Fernald, Long & Dunbar 26223. QUEBEC: Lac Pleureuse, Gaspé Co., Fernald, Dodge = Smith 25428 & 25424; West Branch of Mont Louis R., Gaspé Co., Fernald, Dodge & Smith 25422; Lac Sainte-Anne, Camps. Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33518; New-Rich mond, Bonaventure Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 83838; Lac Pore-Epic, Saint-Fabien, Rimouski Co., Rousseau 30004. Prince Epwarp IsLaAnp: Dundee, oae Co., Fernald, Long & St. John 6767; French River, Queens Co., Fernald, Long & St. John 6768. New Brunswick: ‘Woodstock, Aug. 1884, Geo. U. Hay 4131. Nova Scotia: Earltown Lakes, Aug. 10, 1883, Mekay. 4129. Maine: Houlton, Aroostook Co., 1881, Furbish; 5th Lake Musquacook, Piscataquis Co., G. B. Rossbach 82; St. John P., Somerset Co., St. John & Nichols 2107; Pushaw L., Orono, Penobscot Co. , Aug. 1891, Furbish; Hammond P., pee den, Penobscot Co. , Ogden & Steinmetz 1604; Hermo Her- mon, Penobscot Co.. , Ogden, Babel & Kozicky 1880 doesid form); Pleasant Ps Stetson, Penobscot Co., E. C. & E. B. Ogden & F. H. Steinmetz 1882, Gray Exsic. no. 1105; Androscoggin R., Liver- more Falls, Androscoggin Co., 1894, Furbish; Torsey P., Kent’s Hill, Readfield, Kennebec Co., "1892, Furbish. New HampsHIre: Ladd Py Stewartstown, Pease 1 4012: Streeter’s P., Lisbon, June 18, 1887, ex herb. E. & C. E. Faxon; Round P., Connecticut Lakes, Kendall, Gouldsborough & Doolittle 17. pi coma Shel- burne P., June 28, 1878, Pringle; Harvey’s P., West Barnet, Sept. 7, 1885, F. Blanchard; Willoughby, Orleans Co., Aug. 31, 1904, A. Lorenz. MASSACHUSETTS: Chadwick’s P., Essex Co.,
:
'
F f I { f by ‘ i ; 4 y ft 7% é sh fs 4 $ 4 4 { i é o i
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 161
S. K. Harris 589; Pleasant L., Hamilton, Essex Co., Fernald & er 749; Fresh P., Cambridge, Middlesex Co., many collectors; Harmon P., New Marlboro, Berkshire Co., June 29, 1912, R. Hoffmann; Stockbridge Bowl, Stockbridge, Berkshire Co., Aug. 9, 1914, R. Hoffmann. Connecricur: Bantam L., Litchfield, Litchfield Co., July 25, 1883, Morong; Lake Saltonstall, Sept. 23, 1880, LE. & C. EB Faron; Twin Lakes, North Bra nford, New Haven Co., June 22, 1887, FE. B. Harger; Twin Lakes, Salisbury, Litchfield Co., Eames & Godfrey 8685. New York: Southeast Bay, Saratoga L., Saratoga Co., Muenscher & Lindsey 2819; Dexter L., St. Lawrence a. Muenscher & M aguire 829; Lake Placid, Essex Co., Muenscher, Manning & Maguire 141; Cayuga L., Tompkins Co., July 29, 1884, Dudley; Pierrepont P., inlet from Lake Ontario, Woodville, Jefferson Co., House 10070; Ballston L., Saratoga Co., Muenscher & Clausen 4205. New JERSEY: Swartswood L., Sussex Co., Griscom & Mackenzie 10681. Ontario: Lake Hannah, Nipigon R., July 21, 1884, John Ma- coun; Lake Scugog, Wm. Scott 16451, also Cain 972; Inner Long Point Bay, Lake Erie, Cain 1050; Almonte, July 6, 1898, J. owler. MricuiGcan: Isle Royale, Cooper 312; Lake Manganese, Copper Harbor, Keweenaw Co., Hermann 8234; Tahquamenon R., Luce Co., Metcalf 2291; Douglas L., Cheboygan Co., Ehlers 5383 & 1756, also June, July 1924, J. R. Swallen; Fremont L., Newago Co., July 7, 1926, Oosting; Crystal L., Montcalm Co., C. F. Wheeler 273; Pine L., vicinity of Agr’l Coll., C. F. Wheeler 10; Haslet, Yuncker 713; Vicksburg, Kalamazoo Co., July 5, 1937, F. W. Rapp; Clear L., Jackson Sip. Hermann 6281. Onto: Put- in-Bay, July 16, 1898, A. J. Pieters. Inp1tana: Bear L., Noble Co., Deam 49394; Wolf L., Agnes Chase 1466; Lake Maxinkuckee, Scovell 45 & 66; near Lake Maxinkuckee, Scovell & Clark 1321. Naber chit Green Bay, 1892, Schuette; Twin Lakes, Marquette Co., Uhler & Warren 1079; Big Muskego L., Muskego Twp., Wanksaa. Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4246; Wind L., Norway Twp. Racine Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4228; Rice gh Nashville Twp., Forest Co., Hotchkiss & Koehler 4340; valley ‘of the Wis- consin R., near Lac Vieux Desert, L. S. Cheney pag nee Bebb 1009. MINNESOTA: Burntside L., July 25, 1886, L. Bailey; Lake Itasca, Clearwater Co., Grant py Swan a Far ja & Jones 3928; Center City, Chisago Co., July 1892, B. C. Taylor; Lake Chisago, Metcalf 1229; James L., Kandiyohi Co. , Metcalf 2387; Geneva L., Freeborn Co., Shunk & Manning 80; ‘German Li LeSueur Co., ., Shunk & Manning 229; Leaf L., Becker Co., Shunk & Manning 368; Christine L. , Douglas Co., Shunk & Manning 410; Pelican L. , Wright Co., Linsdale & Keck 153, also Uhler & Warren 797 6: Child L., Cass Co., Metcalf 2371; Lake Johanna, Pope Co., Keck & Stilwill 455. Iowa: Clear L., Cerro Gordo Co., July 11, 1896, B. Shimek. Nortu
162 Rhodora [APRIL
Daxora: Roland Twp., Turtle Mts., Bottineau Co., M etcalf 522; Pelican L., Turtle Mts., Bottineau Co., Metcalf 546. NEBRASKA: Hackberry L., Cherry Co., July 18, 1912, Pool & Folsom; Dewey L., near Valentine, Tolstead 430; Enders L., Thomson 2. Mac- KENZIE: 2nd Eskimo L., 68° 10’ N., 132° 55’ W., Aug. 19, 1927, A. E. & R. T. Porsild. Auserta: Moose Lake district, Wood Buffalo Park, Rawp 1570 & 1571; Murdock Creek district, Wood Buffalo Park, Raup 1572. Montana: Lower Two Medicine Lakes, Maguire 485; Lower St. Mary’s L., Maguire 486. IDAHO: Henry L., Fremont Co., E. B. & L. B. Payson 2024; Gray’s L., Sperry & Martin 696. Wvyomina: Swastika L., Medicine Bow Mts., Albany Co., A. & R. A. Nelson 973, also R. J. Davis 378-W; Heart L., Yellowstone Nat’l Park, Clifford Richardson. CoLo-
Peak, July 1879, Mrs. R. M. Austin. OREGON: Wallowa L., Cusick 2484; Klamath marsh, Klamath Indian Reservation, Coville 1254. Wasutnaton: Wiser L., Whatcom Co., M uenscher 7647; Lake Leland, Jefferson Co., Otis 1767. British COLUMBIA:
efor uver I., John Macoun 41382a & 88257; Beaver L., near Victoria, John Macoun 88258 & 88259. ALASKA: Atka, Aleutian Islands, Eyerdam 948 & 1122.
P. praelongus is a beautiful species with large bright green ob- long leaves, and it often has extremely long peduncles terminated by huge spikes with massive fruit. It can scarcely be mistaken for any other species. Bennett! quotes remarks from Morong to the effect that this species fruits very late (Nov. to Dec.). How- ever, specimens in herbaria with fruit are mostly collected in July and August. Robinson and Fernald say, ‘Fruiting in June and July, withdrawing the stems to deep water to mature the fruit,’’? and this seems to be the case. More June collections of this plant are desirable. An extremely flaccid form (forma elegans Tiselius) was collected in Newfoundland by Fernald and Wiegand (Fern. & Wieg. 2444); one much like it grows in Hermon P., Maine (Ogden, Babel & Kozicky 1880).
12. P. RicHarpsonu (Bennett) Rydberg RuizoMe whitish, yellowish or pinkish, not spotted; scales blackish, rounded at apex. Srem often branched, unspotted, 1 Arthur Bennett, Journ. Bot. 19: 241 (1881). 2? Robinson & Fernald, Gray’s Man. ed. 7: 74 (1908).
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 163
1-2.5 mm. in diameter; stele with the trio-type pattern, the phloem on the inner face of the trio-bundle appearing as 2 patches; endodermis of O-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal bundles absent; - pseudo-hypodermis 1 cell thick, at least partly so. LEAVES all submersed, coarse, mostly ovate-lanceolate, often ovate at the lower part of the stem and Serm tg narrowly lanceolate above, (1.5-) 3-10 em. long, (.5-) 1-2 em. wide, nerves (7—) 17-29 (—33), all rather prominent, 3-7 Fr them more prominent than the others, cordate at base and clasping 4% or 34 the circumference of the stem; apex acutish but never sharp- pointed, sometimes rounded; margin with fugacious 1-celled translucent denticles, which are usually more or less appressed, lacunae of 2 or 3 rows of cells each side of the midrib. StrpuLEes whitish, coarsely nerved, ovate to lanceolate, obtuse when young, 1-2 cm. long, without keels, early disintegrating into whitish fibers. PrpuNcLES at base about same thickness as stem, often clavate, 1.5-25 cm. long. Sprkes with 6-12 whorls, not crowded at anthesis, sometimes moniliform; in fruit 1.5-4 cm. long, and about 1 cm. thick. FLowenrs sessile or on pedicels up to .5 (-1) mm. long; s pe connectives hag se blades orbicular or allinteal, (13 ) 14-2 (-2.3) mm. wide, claws usually 1-1.5 mm. long; anthers (38>) 1.1-1.3 vot 4) mm. long. Fruits obovate, rounded on the back and at the base, sides plump or with a shallow a ry, (2.5-) 2.7-3.2 (-3. 5) mm. long (excluding beak), (2-) 2 6 (-3) mm. wide; beak prom- inent, up to 1 mm. long; vscis saree or none, rarely acutish; exocarp usually gray-green or olive-green; endocarp with rounded keels, beak linear, facial, about .8 mm. long, loop with a cavity, or at least a weak area ; apex of seed pointing toward the basal end or slightly above. Plants characterized by numerous coarsely-nerved pee submersed leaves, with stipules per- sistent Bes whitish fiber gabe (Bai) Rydb., Bull. Torr. Club 32: 599 (1905). P. perfoliatus var. lanceolatus Robb. in Gray, Man. ed. 5: 488 (1867); not ees Sapre ¥: soolanie: var. Richardsonit enn., Journ. Bot. 27: 25 (1 889); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 33 (1893); Ga in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: Tb ‘ae - (1907). P. perfoliatus L. sensu Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: Sah in par ; sensu Hultén, Fl. Alaska & ‘Yukon 101. (1940).
Nini , Am. Mid. Nat. 3:17 (19 13). af petits ssp. Richard- sonii Hultén, Fl. Alaska & Yukon 102 (1940).
Deep water of lakes and rivers, Labrador, Quebec, northern Maine, Vermont and western Massachusetts, west to Utah an California, north to British om Mackenzie, Alaska and the Aleutian Islands. Mar 1
(To be continued)
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 171
THE BROAD-LEAVED SPECIES OF POTAMOGETON OF NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO
E. C. OapEN (Continued from page 163)
The following, selected from a very large series of specimens, are representative: LaBrapor: Grand Falls of Hamilton R., Doutt 3323. Quxrserc: Lake Mistassini, J. M. Macoun 3055; Lac au Saumon, Matane Co., Svenson & Fassett 38045; Roberval, July 16, 1892, Mantods Lac William, near St. Ferdinand, Louis- Me arte, Laporte & Dudemaine 501; Odanak, Yamaska Co., Adrien 1806; Longueuil, Chambly Co., Victorin 18462, also "Rolland 43354, 483855, 483856 & 48481; Isle-aux-Noix, Richelieu R., Victorin 8179. Maine: Beau Lac, valley of St. Francis R., Aug. 14, 1902, Eggleston & Fernald; Fish River Lake, Aroostook Co., Ogden 1717; Round P., Aroostook Co., Fellows 2007; Cross L., Aroostook Co., Fellows 4887. Vermont: Lake Champlain, Orwell, Addison Co., Cushman 6009; Big Otter Creek, Ferris- burgh, Aug. 12, 1887, Morong; Ferrisburg, Aug. 16, 1896, Eggles- ton; Swanton, Franklin Co., Blewitt 2137; mouth of Winooski R., Burlington, Chittenden Co., Aug. 30, 1903, N. F. Flynn, also Blake 2308; Rescue L., Ludlow, hates Co., July 12, 1906, Burnham. | MAassacHUsEtTs: Ponto 6 oL., Lan esboro, Berk- shire Co., Sept. 9, 1915, J. R. Churchill: ‘Mill’ R., New Marlboro, Berkshire Gai July 24, 1912, R. Hoffmann. New York: Muska- longe Bay, Lake Ontario, Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire 1782; Salmon R., Selkirk, Oswego Co., Fernald, Wiegand & Eames 1 4087; Rapids eg Niagara Falls, Aug. 21, 1886, Morong; Tioughnioga R., paoene Cortland Co., E. L. Palmer 60; Silver L., Perry, Wyo ming Co. oy. Burkholder & Muenscher 1 6424; Myers Point, Poa Tompkins Co., Jones & Hoffmann 7467; ee a July 15, 1879, and Aug. 28, 1884, Dudley, also Aug. 15, 1893, Hermann von Schrenk, also Muenscher & Bechtel 459; Bemus Point, Lake Chautauqua, Aug. 06, Ja. Churchill; Shushan, Dobbin 1072 & 1327. “sme thane of Brandywine Creek, Chester Co., no date, ex Herb. . M, Canby (F, on a sheet with P. perfoliatus var. Sntacaidie! per- 7 the label refers only to P. perf. v. bup.). ONTARIO: Spawn-
ing L., Temagami Forest Reserve, Cain 1051; Lake Nipissing, Chitty 306; Agawa R., Lake Superior, Pease 17983; Lake Hannah, Nipigon R., July 21, 1884, John Macoun; Mississippi R.., Galetta, Carleton Co., Ogden & Bolan 1631; Hay Bay, Tobermory, Bruce Co., Krotkov 7041; Golden L., Renfrew Co., Macoun 22176. MicHican: Ontonagon R., 1862, J. W. Robbins; Sault Ste. Marie, Aug. 6, 1881, E. J. Hill, also Aug. 25, 1882, Morong; Lake George, Homestead, Sugar Island, Chippewa Co., Hermann 7153 & 7224; Douglas L., Cheboygan Co., Gates 258; Lake Charlevoix,
172 Rhodora [May
Ironton, Charlevoix Co., Ogden & Bolan 1678; Thread P., Flint, Aug. 11, 1909, Sherff; Detroit R., Gillman 65; Black L., Ottawa Co., July 14, 1926, Oosting. Onto: Sandusky Bay, Sept. 2, 1898, E. L. Mosely; Painesville, Aug. 21, 1887, herb. W. C. Werner, also Biltmore Herbarium 688. INnp1ANA: Wolf L., Whiting, Lake Co., Deam 55274A; Hamilton L., Hamilton, Steuben Co., Deam 56686; Long L., Wolcottville, Lagrange Co., Aug. 20, 1930, Johnson & Myers; Culver Bay, Scovell & Clark 1057; Lake Maxinkuckee, Scovell 27a, also Evermann 1057. WISCONSIN: University Bay, Lake Mendota, Aug. 19, 1912, R. H. Denniston;
Pease & Bean 26389; Lake Itasca, Clearwater Co., Grant Oosting 3206; Lake Augusta, Arno Twp., Cottonwood Co.,
Co., Rydberg 1792; Enders L., Thomson 5: Crescent L Thomson 299; Shafer L., Garden Co., Uhler & Martin 1659; Lake Manawa,
ee eee ee ee eT eS ee ee
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 173
Omaha, Amy C. Lawton 53 (F, semi-narrow-leaved form). MAcKENzIE: Setidge L., Aug. 21, 1927, A. EF. & R. T. Porsild 8098; rea Bay, Aug. 15, 1928, A. E. & R.T. Porsild; Big Point, Aug. 24, 1928, A. E. & R. T. Porsild. SASKATCHEWAN: Yorkton, hana &: Herriot 76872; Eagle L., Macoun & Herriot 86871; Methye L., J. M. Macoun 4368; near mouth of McFarlane Ri; Lake Athabasca, Francis Harper 98; Cornwall Bay, Lake Athabasca, Rawp 6617. Atsperta: Bow River Valley, Steward- son Brown 694; near Banff, Macown 4383; Vermilion Lakes, Banff, John Macoun 4380, also Malte & Watson 960, also McCalla 2370; near Chipewyan, n. shore of Lake Athabasca, Laing 147; also Raup & Abbe 4666. Montana: Missoula Valley near Frenchtown, S. Watson 397; Flathead L., Polson, Flathead Lake Co., Muenscher 10218; Flat Top L., Maguire 488; Lower Two Medicine Lakes, Maguire 4965; Swift Current Ridge L. (Bath Tub), Maguire 490; Trout L., Glacier National Park, Maguire
805. Ipauo: Lake Pend Oreille near Hope, Sandberg, Mac- Dougal & Heller 956; Clarks Fork Valley below Weeksville, Lez- berg 1574; Blackfoot R., Trail Ranger Station, Bannock Co., Eggleston 9974; Henry La Fremont Co., E. B. & L. B. Payson 2023; Mud L., Sperry & Martin 671; ‘Snake R., St. Anthony, Merrill & Wilcox 868; Portneuf R., McCammon, Bannoch Co., Ray J. Davis 328-37; Alturus L., Hvermann 492. Wyomina: Goose Creek L., Aven Nelson 2276; Laramie R., Elias Nelson 87 & 3362; Lewis ify Yellowstone region, 1878, C. Richardson; N. Yellowstone L , Tweedy 413. COLORADO: vicinity of Twin Lakes, : July—Aug. 1902, C. Juday; Tomichi R., Parlin, Gunnison oN Aug. 20, sot. ’ Benjamin H. Smith; Kremmling, Grand C
Beetle 1462. Uran: Lehi, Aug. 1883, M. E. Jones; Fish L., Mw E. Jones 5788, also Rydberg & Carleton 7522. NEvADA: Truckee R., Sereno Watson 1135. Ca.tFornta: Pit R., at Lookout, Modoc
576; "Heather i. Mrs. R. M. Austin 1177; Truckee R., alt. 4000 ft., W. W. Bailey 1135. Orrcon: Des Chutes R.., Lupine, Crook Co., Peck 9619; Ten-Mile L., near Lakeside, Coos Co., Peck 9009; ’ Willamette R., Salem, Hall 489 & 490; Willamette R., June 1890, Drake & Dickson, also Henderson 1009; Straw- berry L., Blue Mts., Cusick 3620; U. S. R. S. Main Canal, Kla- math Falls, Rian Co., Applegate 3416; Laidlaw, Crook Co. s Kirk & Whited 3141. Wasuincton: Lake Washington, Mercer Island, King Co., J. W. Thompson 7594; Lake Whatcom, What- com Co., Muenscher 7658; Seattle, June 26, 1889, E. C. Smith on also Aug. 1892, C. V. Piper; Quiniault, Conard 318; Prosser,
ima Co., Cotton 809; Stevenson’s Ranch, Lake helan, Comma 677; Lake Sammamish, King Co., Otis 1678; also Aug.
174 Rhodora [May
1936, G. N. Jones. British CoLtumsia: Sicamous, John rt Mie 4127; Sumas L., Chilliwack Valley, J. M. Macoun 26817; Cowichan L., Vancouver Island, J. T. Howell 7679; Shuswap L., og Macoun 3049; Howser i; Shaw 771 & 777; Kamloops, John Macoun 3048. YUKON: Lewis R., Lat. 60°, Sept. 6, 1887, Dawson 3046. AwaskKaA: Unalaklet, A. E. & R. T. Porsild 1102; Votlik, June 10-14, 1926, A. E. & R. T. Porsild; Pastolik, July 16-20, 1926, A. E. d& R. T. Porsild; Holy Cross, July 5, 1926, A. E. & R. T. Porsild; False Pass, Unimak Island, Aleutian Islands, Eyerdam 2156; Fairbanks, L. J. Palmer 1862; Ankow R. Piper r 4430; Matanuska, J. P. Anderson 838 & 1622; Pyramid Creek, compet Jepson 238; Selawik L., L. J. Palmer 638 (US, mixed with P. gramineus var. maimus) 5 ta Ri;
Lake Iliamna, Gorman 233; Naknek L., Point 795, Katmai ;
Region, Alaska Pen., July 22, 1919, A. E. Miller; “Kotlik, Yukon R. delta A. E. & R. T. Porsild 847.
og Richirdsondt j is closely related to P. perfoliatus and is con- sidered by many to be merely a variety or state of that species. Often, on vegetative characters alone, the two species are difficult to distinguish, but with fruiting specimens there is never any question. The larger fruit, borne on clavate peduncles, and always with a cavity in the endocarp loop, is quite distinctive from that of P. perfoliatus. In the western part of its range, this plant exhibits the characteristic ovate-lanceolate leaves with the strong white stipule-fibers, and only in the region east of New York state do its leaves and stipules approach those of P. perfoliatus. As intermediate specimens are nearly always sterile and scarcely found except where the ranges of P. Richardsonit and P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides overlap, it is reasonable to suppose that they are hybrids of these two closely related plants.
In many respects P. Richardsonii is intermediate between P. praelongus and P. perfoliatus and Hagstrém suggested that it “has arisen by cooperation between these two species.’ It is however a fertile species (for a Potamogeton) and with its greatest development falling outside the range of P. perfoliatus it cert- tainly cannot be considered a recent hybrid. The anatomy ° its stem is exactly that of P. perfoliatus and strikingly different from that of P. praelongus. It would seem that if P. praelongus were involved in its origin it would retain some of the funda- mental anatomical characteristics of that species, especially the
1 J. O, Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 254 (1916).
175
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
\ rs aN = “ i 5 z ow . “le 2 \ *. ° NAN : Ge fa, “ip } 7) gi “NM OF ONO > ) > ; 9° AN y A = Ts eS “ Sy £ = ats OTe r fl \
RANGES OF PoTAMOGETON
Sat Sy ia STN i alk i a lala
176 Rhodora [May
cortical bundles and a tendency to the prototypic stele. It would seem more logical to suppose that P. praelongus evolved from a perfoliatus-like ancestor, with P. Richardsonii as an inter- mediate step, except that P. Richardsonii is confined to North America (reported from Scotland!), while both P. perfoliatus and P. praelongus have a much wider distribution. Also such a postulate would involve the development of a proto-type stelar pattern from a trio-type pattern. The fossil record is of little or no help here, for both P. perfoliatus and P. praelongus appear for the first time in the Amber flora (Upper Eocene or Lower Oligo- cene) of Denmark,? and P. Richardsonii is not distinguished from P. perfoliatus in fossil literature. In America, members of the perfoliate-leaved species are reported only from the Pleistocene, near Ottawa, Canada.*
A narrow-leaved form of P. Richardsonii is found in Big Stone Lake, between northern South Dakota and Minnesota. It was collected there by T. A. Williams in 1892 and in 1895 and by W. H. Over in 1922 (no. 14464). Another collection from the same lake (Over 3367) and collections from Sand Lake, South Dakota (Griffiths 6) and Lake Manawa, near Omaha, Nebraska (Lawton 53) appear to be nearly the same thing, and several other collections approach it. This form might be considered a variety were it not that typical P. Richardsonii frequently pro- duces narrow-leaved branches, especially in deep or moving water.
13. P. perrFoLiaTus Linnaeus Migs whitish or pinkish, not spotted. Srem terete, .4-2 . in diameter, often much bra nched; stele with the trio-type
pasion, the phloem on the inner lane of the trio-bundle usually appearing as 2 patches; endodermis of O-cells; interlacunar an subepidermal bundles absent: pseudo-hypodermis 1 cell thick, at least partly so. Leavers all submersed, delicate, orbicular to ovate-lanceolate, usually ovate, 1-6 (7) em. long, .5-3 em. wide, nerves 7-21, not ‘strongly developed, only 1—7 of them prominent, cordate at base and oe about 34 the circumference of the stem; apex rounded or at least broadly obtuse; margin with fugacious 1-celled peal eiens denticles which are usually di-
vergent, lacunae of 1-3 rows of cells each side of the midrib.
' Arthur Bennett, Journ. Bot. 19: 241 (1881).
? N. Hartz, Danmarks geologiske Untersogelse, 2: no. 20: 121 (1909).
' J. W. Dawson, Can. Nat: n. ser., 3: 72 (1868).
en athe ak ee ee
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 177
STIPULES delicate, membranous, translucent, often appressed to the stem and seemingly a part of it, fugacious, ovate-oblong, rounded at apex, .4—-2 cm. long, without keels. PEDUNCLES about same thickness as stem, 1-9 cm. long. SprKkes with 2-8 whorls, not crowded at anthesis, sometimes moniliform; in fruit 1-2 cm. long, and about .8 em. thick. FLowxErs sessile or on short pedicels up to .5 mm. long; apie connective greenish, a ae or elliptical, (1.2—) 1.4-1.9 (-2.3) mm. wide, claws .7-1.3 mm. long; anthers (.7—) .9-1.2 (-1.3) mm. long. Faas jue rounded on the back and at base, sides plump when nee, (2.3- ) 2.5-2.7 (-3) mm. long (excluding beak), (1.7-) 2 Te —2.3) mm. wide; beak usually prominent, up to .7 mm. Fits keels rounded or none; exocarp usually gray-green or pbuh endocarp with rounded keels, beak linear, facial, out .6 mm. long, loop solid; apex i seed pointing toward the basal end. Plants characterized by erous, ovate, perfoliate, submersed leaves, with delicate weakly-nerved focneece stipules. Two varieties differing only in size but strongly marked as to their extreme variation
Stem 1-2 mm. in diameter; leaves 1.5-3 cm. wide, 11-21 nerves,
5-7 of them conde nn MAE ss chcges ot bees Se aa 13a. var. typicus. Stem .4—1.5 mm. in diameter; leaves .5-2 em. wide, 7-17 nerves, 1-5 of heats prominent eta ts PRE A Sa ee eV 13b. var. bupleuroides.
13a. P. perrouiatus L. var. typicus tee Pas L. ie Pl. 1: 126 (1753); Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: 33 (1893), in small part; Graebn. in aaa Planseny ry eat 11: 92 (1907), in part; Taylor, m. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 22 (1909), in small part; Hagstr., oa ig oe Pot. 254 (916). P. perfoliatus var. ae cilis Am. auth., art; perhaps C. & S8., Linnaea 2: 190 (1827). Spirillus ectoheiins Nieuwl., Am. Mid.
13 Rivers and lakes, southern Labrador, Quebec, and New Brunswick. Map 16. Eurasia, northern rica, Australia. The following are referred here: LaBRapor: Blanc Sablon R., Straits of Belle Isle (also on the Quebec side of the river), Ferna d, Wiegand & Long 27348; Blane Sablon R., Straits of Belle Isle, Pernali & Wiaaail 2450. QUEBEC: Blane Sablon K., Brest, Saguenay Co., St. John 90087; Blane Sablon R., Blane ‘Sablon, Saguenay Co., Lewis 130397; Lac Pleureuse, Gaspé Co., Fernald, Dodge & Smith 25421; L’'lle Plate, Longueuil, near Montreal, Victorin 20454. New Brunswick: Kennebecasis R., Lakeside, Kings Co., Svenson & Fassett 933.
13b. P. perroutiatus L. var. BUPLEUROIDES (Fernald) Farwell
P. bupleuroides Fern., Ruoopora 10: 46 (1908); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 258 (1916). 2P. crispus sensu Darlington, F'. Cestr.
178 Rhodora [May
23 eet not L., BD. Ph, .22<126:(1753). s perfoliatus sensu Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 33 (1893), in great part; sensu Ceasbr: in ack Pflanzenr. “ fam. 11: 92 (1907), in ale sensu Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: 1: 22 (1909), in part. P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides foe. nes Mid. Nat. 8: 264 (1923). Brackish or fresh ponds and quiet rivers, Newfoundland to Florida, west to Ontario, Ohio, and Louisiana, common only in the northeastern part of its range. Map 17. Also Guatemala (Lake Atitlan, 1906, C. M. Barber) and probably elsewhere in Central America. The following are selected from a large series of specimens: NEWFOUNDLAND: Killigrew’s, Conception Bay, Avalon Peninsula, Fernald & Wiegand 4484; Holyrood, gle 3 Schrenk 207 (G, TYPE of P. bupleuroides, C, F, M, NY, US, sotypes); near Frenchman’s Cove, Bay of Islands, M Hehe & Csiseoh 10049; St. Georges, Fernald, Wiegand & Kittredge 2461; Highlands P. peer — 661; Topsail, Williamson 472. St. PIERRE ET Mique Mig uelon, Louis Arséne 40 & 48. QUEBEC: Percé, Victorin, teak Rolla nd & Rousseau 17286; Newport, Gaspé Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 44467; Dart- mouth R., Gaspé Co., Co llins, Fernald & Pease 5578; Saint- Augustin, ‘Portneuf Co., Victorin, Rolland & Jacques 33879; St. Lawrence R. , st. Vallier, Bellechasse Co. , Svenson & Fassett 3031; Ile Plate, St. Lawrence R., Longueuil, 'Victorin 8178 & — near Ottawa, Victorin 1 10104. MAGDALEN IsLaNps: Cap-aux- Meules, Ile de ’Etang-du-Nord, Victorin & Rolland P9924; Etang-du-Nord wharf, Grindstone Island, Fernald, Long & St. John 6771. Prince Epwarp ISLAND: Tignish John Macoun
Svenson & Fassett 932; Nipisiquit R., Bathurst, Gloucester Co., Blake 5483; St. John R., Westfield, Kings Co., Fernald 1610 & 1611; also ene 2148; ’ Bass i, Kingston, Aug. 13, 1874, J. Fow Nova Scotia: South Ingonish, Cape Breton Island, Nichols 694; Mira Bay, Cape Breton Island, Macoun 20756; Bevis Brook, Port Bevis, Victoria Co., Fernald & Long 19694; Salmon R.., Truro, Colchester Co., Bean & White 19696: Truro, cn rr Co. , Prince & Atwood 1405; Port ow Shelburne Co.,
ernald & Long 23143; Midway (Centreville) L., Centreville, Di gby Co., Graves & Linder 19693; Sable Island, St. John 1124. Maine: Mattawamkeag L., Island Falls, Aroostook Co., Sept. 7, 1897, Fernald; also Pease & Hopkins 22692; also Steinmetz 374; Pushaw P., Glenburn, Penobscot Co. , Ogden & Steinmetz 1544; Bradley, July 29, 1905, Ora Knight; Souadabscook Stream, Hampden, Penobscot Co., Fernald & Long 12392; Eagle L., Piscataquis Co., Ogden 1701; Indian P., St. Albans, Somerset
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 179
Co., E. C. & E. B. Ogden 2008; South Paris, Oxford Co., 1897, Furbish; Roque Bluffs, Washington Co., Aug. 6, 1932, Knowlton; Mt. Desert I., Hancock Co., many collectors; Winterport, Waldo Co., Rossbach 77; Thomaston, Knox Co., Aug. 15, 1913, FE. B. Chamberlain; also Aug. 14, 1915, A. H. Norton; Sheepscot R.., Alna, Lincoln Co., Fassett 456; Sydney, Kennebec Co., Fernald & Long 12391; Topsham, Merrymeeting Bay, Sagadahoc Co., Steinmetz 526; Scarboro, Cumberland Co., Fellows 4679; Old Orchard, York Co., Fernald 1612; also Chamberlain & Knowlton 571; also Parlin 1073; also Fellows 2966. New HAMPSHIRE: Connecticut R., Northumberland, Coés Co., Pease 12143; Mel- vin, Merrimack Co., Aug. 15, 1904, M. A. Day; also Sargent 29; Rye Beach, Rockingham Co., Aug. 24, 1886, Walter Deane; mith R., Danbury, Merrimac Co., Aug. 23, 1933, Charles Bullard; Rollinsford, Hodgdon 11. Vermont: Maidstone, Essex Co., Sanford 1225; Willoughby L., Aug. 31, 1917, E. J. Winslow; Missisquoi R., Swanton, Franklin Co., Blewitt 4319; Missisquoi R., Sheldon, Franklin Co., Blewitt 4320; Pelot’s Bay, Lake Champlain, Aug. 2, 1899, Nellie F. Flynn; also Carpenter 6069; Winooski R., Essex Junction, Chittenden Co., Blake 2212; Winooski R., Montpelier, Washington Co., Svenson & Fassett 3040. Massacnusertrs: Chadwick’s P., Haverill, Essex Co., Harris 540; Mystic P., Medford, Middlesex Co., many dates, Morong; Fresh P., Cambridge, Middlesex Co., many collectors; Wareham, Plymouth Co., Svenson & Smith 822; Mashpee, Barn- stable Co., Fogg 3606; Tashmoo L., Tisbury, Dukes Co., Marthas Vineyard, Seymour 1027; Marthas Vineyard, McAtee 1060; Wash- ing P., Nantucket Island, Bicknell 118; also Sept. 8, 1909, J. R. Churchill; Congamond P., Southwick, Hampden Co., Seymour 267; Horse P., Westfield, Hampden Co., Markert 76909; Housa- tonic R., Stockbridge, Berkshire Co., Aug. 20, 1902, R. Hoffmann. RuopeE Isuanp: Roger Williams Park L., Providence Co., July 23, 1908, 7. Hope; Little Compton, Newport Co., Sanford 10192; Wash P., Block Island, Newport Co., Fernald, Hunnewell Long 8445. Connecticut: Selden’s Cove, Lyme, New London Co., Sept. 6, 1911, EZ. B. Harger; Paton Brook, Southington, Hartford Co., Aug. 28, 1900, C. H. Bissell; Fenwick, Middlesex Co., Sept. 2, 1884, C. Wright; East Haven, New Haven Co., Blewitt 1677 & 1978; Pistapaug P., Wallingford, New Haven Co.,
0, L. M. Underwood; Schroon L., Warren Co., Muen- scher & Lindsey 2728; Round L., Saratoga Co., Muenscher & Clausen 4210; n. of Canoga Marshes, Cayuga L., Seneca Co., Eames & Wiegand 9102; Riverhead, Southampton, Suffolk Co., St. John 2542. New Jersry: Mantoloking, Ocean Co., Edwards
180 Rhodora {May
d- ). Nortn Carona: North Channel, Currituck Sound, Shull 456 (G, M, NY, US). Ftortpa: Apalachicola, no date, herb. Chapman (G, NY). Ontario: Almonte, July 7, 1898,
July 1884, C. Mohr (S, US). Lovtstana: Chifuncte Lighthouse, Lake Ponchartrain, Aug. 16, 1838, Riddell ( US).
P. perfoliatus exhibits such an amount of variation that one might suppose it to include many varieties, yet these variants grade so insensibly into each other that lines can searcely be drawn. Here, however, one*is justified in refusing to give the variants formal rank, for they are sometimes found coming from the same rhizome, or as branches of the same plant.
In America, two extremes appear to deserve varietal recogni- tion. One of these, a plant sparingly found in the cooler parts of northeastern North America, cannot be distinguished from P. perfoliatus of Europe. It approaches var. gracilis C. & S., which, being based entirely on variable foliage-characters, scarcely merits recognition as a genetic entity. Our plant is considered to be var. typicus. The few specimens from North America are all sterile. The other variety in North America is a smaller plant, with slender stem and delicate leaves having few prominent nerves. It is abundant from Newfoundland to New York and fruits freely. This latter plant has been separated from P. perfoliatus as P. bupleuroides. In its typical development in the brackish ponds of eastern Massachusetts, this plant differs so strikingly in size from the robust typical variety that, were it
FOE ee eee ee ee ew
Ye eee eee
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 181
not for the transitional forms so common in Maine, Quebec, and New York, it might well be regarded as a separate species.
In view of the fact that typical P. perfoliatus of Europe may have branches with foliage matching that of the variety bupleur- oides, and that in patches of the latter variety there may occa- sionally be found plants bearing robust leaves approaching those of the typical variety, it seems best to treat them both as variants of the same species. Any differences in the fruits of var. bupleur- oides and var. typicus of Europe are too slight and inconsistent to be used for distinguishing the varieties.
The remarks of Fryer as to the variability of P. perfoliatus in Europe are of importance here:
pic ssc perfoliatus has so considerable an amount of variation both in the shape and colour of the leaves that at first sight it seems easily separable ete distinct varieties, “but the examination of a good series, even of dried specimens, shows that the most extreme forms pass into one another so gradually that they are probably nothing more than states produced by local and often temporary conditions. An isolated plant growing in a newly dug clay pit afforded unusually good opportinuties for Families hei several years, and this plant changed so much in the
shape, colour, and even texture of the leaves, that I am further induced to think that all ae British forms are mere states, not true varieties. When
Mrs. Arber took a typical shoot of P. perfoliatus in July and kept it floating in a rain-water tub. “By October 1 most of the large perfoliate leaves had decayed and those on the new shoots were so much narrower and less perfoliate as to make it difficult to believe that they belonged to the same species.’
The work of the Pearsalls* with this species is very illuminating. Their ecological observations and experiments with plants of lakes and on those grown in tanks, led them to the conclusion that light intensity played a very great part in the shape of the leaf. However, leaf-shape was also influenced by other factors;
* Alfred Fryer, Pot. Brit. Isles 41 (1900).
ston ee Arber, hfe Plants 58 (1920). . H. Pearsall & W. H. Pearsall, Journ. Bot. 61: 2 (1923).
“182 Rhodora [May
the nature of the soil probably being the primary one. Plants on calcareous soil tended to have broader leaves than those of acid waters. In America var. bupleuwroides appears to vary ac- cording to the chemical nature of the water. Plants of brackish water invariably have small ovate leaves; those of neutral or acid waters tend to have their leaves larger and of a more elon- gate shape. HYBRIDS
As nearly all Potamogeton-hybrids lack fruit and as flowers among the broad-leaved species are of slight, if any, value in distinguishing entities, it is necessary to base one’s opinions as to the probable parents on the characters of the leaves and the anatomy of the stem. It is important that both parents be found in the general vicinity of the hybrid they are supposed to have produced, though there is some question if this needs to be so, for such a hybrid may reproduce vegetatively and persist for long periods of time, sometimes, perhaps, after a parent has ceased to exist in that vicinity. Although interspecific hybrids (except P. gramineus X illinoensis) seem not to form mature fruit, they often produce pollen, some of which appears to be viable. It is suspected that in this way they backcross with the parents, producing plants which strongly simulate a given species, but show evidences of influence from some other species. In some such cases one parent can be named with assurance, the other with less confidence. In many such cases it seems wisest to correlate the plant with the species to which it shows the strongest affinity, even though in some minor details it does not agree with the normal development of the species with which it is placed. Unless this be done, the number of hybrids might be so great as to make a treatment unwieldy. It may well be that hybrids backcrossing with the parents will eventually supplant one or both parents, which will then not be found in the immedi- ate vicinity of the hybrid. .
Hybrids should be considered, not as taxonomic units in them- selves, but as blends of two (or more) distinct entities. Most hybrids cannot be described, except by saying “intermediate between the parents.’ No attempt is made, except where quite obvious, to determine what variety of a species is the parent, nor is attempt made to designate which is the female and which the
RRR CO = RRNA Fo rere,
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 183
male parent. For many collections both parents could not be definitely determined. Most of these are, however, cited and in some cases discussed under the hybrid that is most probable, as determined from herbarium sheets. I hope that collectors who are acquainted with some of the cited localities will observe the plants in the field, for it is among the growing plants that hy- brids can be more easily recognized and their parents determined.
P. ALPINUS X NODOSUS
P. alpinus X nodosus (X P. subobtusus) a Crit. Res. Pot. 147 (1916). Not P. alpinus & ameri s (X P. recti- folius) Bennett, Journ. Bot. 40: 147 (1902): ei Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 132 (1907). Not P. alpinus X americanus (X P. Faxont) Robinson & Fernald in Gray, vin " 7:73 (1908). Not P. Faxoni Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3:n 22 (1893); nor Taylor, N. Am. i 17: pt. 1: 20 (1909). Not x p Faxoni Bennett, Journ. Bot. 46: 248 eae Not P. alpinus var. Fazxoni Stevens, Ill. Guide to FL. Pl. 96 (1910).
This hybrid is extremely difficult to recognize for seldom are both parents obvious and the stem-anatomy of the two is so similar that it is of little help except to exclude from the parent- age all species with dissimilar anatomy of the stem. Hagstrém cites but one specimen, which, then, is the type of X P. subob- tusus: ‘Nov. Ebor.’, E. Tuckerman Jr (hb. Upps.).”” Material in the Gray Herb. and New York Bot. Gard. Herb., which is probably isotypic, may well be this hybrid; both are mixed with typical P. alpinus var. tenuifolius. Other collections which may be this hybrid are: New York: in a canal or raceway at Niagara Falls, Aug. 21, 1886, Morong (G); Niagara R., Aug. 23, 1886, Coville (US); Normans Kill, Kenwood, C. H. Peck 2 (US).
P. ALPINUS X GRAMINEUS
?P. alpinus * gramineus (X P. nericius) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 145 (1916).
No American specimens can be cited that are undoubtedly this hybrid. However, plants growing in Mattagodus Stream, Prentiss, Penobscot Co., Marne, which I studied and collected (Ogden & Wright 2342) may possibly be this hybrid. It grew in close proximity to P. alpinus v. tenuifolius and P. gramineus. It is, however, more likely to be P. gramineus X P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides; the latter species was not found in the im-
184 Rhodora [May
mediate vicinity, but is plentiful in the region. Other collections that might belong here are: Churchill, Manrrosa, Polunin 2070 (C, G, this might be P. gramineus X some linear-leaved species. P. gramineus is quite obviously a parent, but there are no inter- lacunar bundles in the stem, and the reddish color suggests P. alpinus); Okanogan R., WasHincton, Sereno Watson 396 (G); Catfish L., Algonquin Park, Onrar1o, Macoun 22220 (C). Col- lections from QuEBEc: Hull Brook, Harrington 99100; Brigham’s Creek, Hull, John Macoun 85531; also Malte 118259, 118260, 118261 & 118262, may be this hybrid.
P. AMPLIFOLIUS X ILLINOENSIS ?P. amplifolius X illinoensis (X P. scoliophyllus) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 164 (1916); ?x P. scoliophyllus forma barensis bid.
Hagstr., ibid
Hagstr6ém cites a specimen from Bear Lake, Manistee, MIcHI- GAN, collected by Morong in 1882 as the type for x P. scoliophyl- lus, and on the supposition that a form might someday be foun differing from this, further named the Bear Lake plant: forma barensis. None of the collections of Morong from Bear Lake, Manistee, Mich. that I have seen appears to be this hybrid, though both P. amplifolius and P. illinoensis are represented.
agstrém reports this hybrid also from Cedar Lake, Ont. and Buckingham, Que., but cites no specimens. I have seen no specimen that I would refer here.
P. AMPLIFOLIUS X PRAELONGUS
Collections that may be this are: Wisconstn: Green Bay; sloughs between Halfway Slough and Bass Channel, June 29, 1890, J. H. Schuette (F); Green Bay, between Duck Creek Chan- nel and Bars Channel, nearer to the latter, July 17, 1890 (or 1899?), J. H. Schuette (F); Green Bay, June 23, 1891, J. H- Schuette (F). New York: very abundant, Southeast Bay, Saratoga L., Saratoga Co., Muenscher & Lindsay 2814b (G). ao Tinmouth P., Tinmouth, Aug. 5, 1907, G. G. Kennedy
P. AMPLIFOLIUS X RICHARDSONII A collection from the north end of Tupper L., Franklin Co-, New York, Muenscher & Clausen 3784 (G), may be this hybrid.
P. EPIHYDRUS Var. NvutTTALuu > PULCHER
Virainia: outlet of Lee’s Millpond, Isle of Wight Co., Fernald & Long 12230 (G).
1943] Odgen,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 185
P. NATANS X NODOSUS x P. perplexus ye X natans), Benn., Trans. & Proc. Bee we Edinburgh 29: 53 (1924).
Bennett considers a collection from: British CoLuMBIA: Sumas L., Chilliwack Valley, J. M. Macoun 26815 to be this hy- brid and makes it the type of & P. perplerus. It may be this, but from the three sheets in the National Museum of Canada (vyPE), the Gray Herbarium, and the New York Botanical Garden, it appears to me to be a typical P. illinoensis.
P. GRAMINEUS X NODOSUS
?X P. argutulus Hagstr., Bot. Not. 106 (1908); Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 220 (1916). 2x P. argutulus formseries nodosifolius Hagstr., Bot. Not. 106 (1908); ? Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 220
916).
The following may belong here: MAINE: a eens Bay, Topsham, Sagadahoc Co., Steinmetz se! (G, ME, O); Sunkhaze Stream, Milford, Penobsco t Co., Ogden & Steinmetz 1607 (Q).
EW HAMPSHIRE: Goonctese i. Corsiah Sept. 2, 1886, F. H. Knowlton (US). New York: Spencer : ee Spencer, Tioga Co., Thomas 1494 (G); east shore of Hudson R., above Coveville, Washington Co., M uenscher & Lindsey 2716 (O). DistTRICT OF COLUMBIA: in the vicinity of Washington, Aug. 5, 1879, L. F. Ward (US). West Virernta: Greenbrier R., Talcott, Summers Co., Morris 1343 (F, US, possibly P. illinoensis x nodosus).
P. ILLINOENSIS X NODOSUS
P. alpinus X pensylvanicus Benn., Journ. Bot. 28: 301 (1890). P. Faxoni Morong, Mem. Torr. Clu b3: no. 2: 22 LET in Engler, Pace 4: fam. 11:75 (1907); Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1:20 (1909). ? P. es X rufescens Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 22 (1893). ? P. alpinus X Claytonii, Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11:75 & 132 (1907). xX P. Faxon = P. americanus X pensylvanicus Benn., Journ. Bot. 46: 248 (1908). x champlainii = P. alpinus ce penayloanicus Benn., Journ. Bot. 46: 248 (1908). xX P. Faxoni = P. alpinus X americanus Robinson & Fernald, Gray Man. ad. 7: 73 (1908). Pp. alpinus var. Faxoni Stevens, Ill. ‘Guide to Fl. Pl. 96 (1910). P. illinoensis X nodosus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 200 (1916). P.lucens X nodosus Be P; subrufus) onto Crit. Res. Pot. 241 (1916).
e following are referred here: QueseEc: Ile Bizard, Adrien 1442 (G, MT). Vermont: Little Otter Creek, Ferrisburg, Aug. 10, 1880, C. E. Faxon (G, MSC, NE, NY, US, type of P. Faxoni in NY); ‘Aug. 20, 1880, C. E. Faxon (G, NE); Little Otter Creek, near Barnum’s Mill and Ferrisburg Station, Ferrisburg, Aug. 19,
186 Rhodora [May
1882, Edwin Faxon (G, NE, NY), Aug. 23, 1882, Edwin Faxon (F, G, NE, NY): Otter Creek, below Vergennes, Addison Co., Aug. 24, 1882, Edwin Faxon (NE); Otter Creek, Middlebury, Sept. 5, 1896, herb. Ezra Brainerd (G); Little Otter Creek, near Lake Champlain, Ferrisburg, Addison Co., Ogden & Bolan 1589% (G); Lewis Creek, Ferrisburg, Aug. 20, 1881, FE. & C. E. Faxon (G, US), Aug. 18, 1882, Edwin Faxon (F, G, NY, isotypes of X P. champlainii). New Yorx: Lake Champlain, Plattsburg, Aug. 19, 1885, Morong (C, G, NY); outlet of Lake Seneca, Geneva, Aug. 14, 1884, Morong (C, G, NY, cotype collection of x P. subrufus). Vrrernta: northeast part of Four-mile Run, Chesapeake Bay region, Shull 471 (G, NY, US). Mussourt: Cooley L., Clay Co., Metcalf 1055 (US). Texas: Cebelo Creek, near Boerne, Kendall Co., H. J. Palmer 12907 (G, NY, US, pos- sibly not this hybrid). Ipano: Altmas L., Evermann 490 (F;, possibly not this hybrid).
P. Noposus X RICHARDSONII
x P. rectifolius (americanus < alpinus) Benn., Journ. Bot. 40: 147 (1902); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 132 (1907); Robinson & Fernald, Gray Man. ed. 7: 73 (1908). P. americanus Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 19 (1909), in part. nodosus X Richardsonii Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 148 (1916).
Inurnors: Railroad ditch, Stoney Island, Chicago, Sept. 14, 1900, E. J. Hill 171.1900 (NY, isotype material of X P. recti- folius), Aug. 30, 1901, Hill 179.1901 (C, isotype material of X P. rectifolius), Sept. 6, 1902, Hill 191.1902 (G), also Agnes Chase 1477 (F) & 1994 (F). Orecon: Sauvie’s Island, Thomas Howell 1497 (US).
P. EPIHYDRUS X NODOSUS
? P. americanus X pensylvanicus Benn., Journ. Bot. 46: 250 (1908); not Benn., Journ. Bot. 46: 248 (1908). P. nodosus X Nuttallii (X P. subsessilis) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 190 (1916).
Bennett mentions “. . . specimens gathered in New York and eastern Massachusetts by the late Dr. Morong . . - e and Hagstrém cites what may be the same Massachusetts col- lection. From Hagstrém’s description and an examination of the specimens, it is obvious he refers to Morong’s collection from Winchester, Massacuuserts, Sept. 1, 1880 (NY), Aug. 8, 1881 (C, NY), Aug. 29, 1881 (G, 2 sheets, one mixed with P. nodosus) which is quite probably this hybrid.
P. GRAMINEUS X NATANS
? P. natans X gramineus (X P. sparganifolius) Hagstr., Crit- Res. Pot. 197 & 217 (1916). :
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 187
Hagstrém cites: Pine Plains, New York, Hoysradt. What may be the same collection appears to me to be P. gramineus.
P. GRAMINEUS X ILLINOENSIS
P. Proteus Zizii C. & §., Linnaea 2: 201 (1827), in part. P.
gramineus var. ? spathulaeformis Robbins in Gray, Man., ed. 5: 487 (1867); not sensu Fern., Ruopora 23: 190 (1921), nor Ruopora 35: 130 (1933). P. heterophyllus forma maximu Morong, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club 3: no. 2: 25 (1893), in sone P. spathulaeformis Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 26 (1893); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr., 4: fam. 11:91 (1907), as P. spathu- liformis. P. spathaeformis Tuckerm. in es opie in Gray's Man. ed. 5: 487 (1867), as a synonym; , Journ. Bot. 130 (1900). xX P. spathaeformis Fern., ES 8: 294 (1906) ; Robinson & Fern. in Gray, Man., ed. "1: 74 (1908). P. varians Fryer, Journ. Bot. "97: 308 (1889), as to American specimens. ? P. Zizit var. porrectifolius Benn. ex Graebn. in Engler, Pflan- zenr. 4: fam. 11: 83 (1907). ? P. Zizit var. gracilis Benn. ex. Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 838 (1907). ? P. gramineus X i (X P. spathuliformis) Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: day ne 136 (1907). P. angustifolius Taylor, N. Am. Fl. 17: pt. 1: 18 (1909), in part. Spirilus Zizii Nieuwland, Am. Mid. Nat. 3: 17 (1913), in part. P. illinoensis gs lucens (x P. pseudolucens) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 199 (1916). P. gra- mineus X illinoensis (X 'P. de minutus) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 209 (1916). P. gramineus X illinoensis X lucens (X P. pseudo- Ziziit) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 210 (1916). P. gramineus X lucens (X P. Zizii) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 210 (1916). xX P. Zizii forma pulcherrimus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 214 (1916). P. angustifolius of Am. auth., in part; not Bercht. & Presl, Rostlin 2: Alismac. 19 $ (1eaiy P. Zizii of Am. auth., in part; not M. &. K. in Rohling, Deutschl. Fl. 1: 845 (1823); nor Koch ex Roth, Enum. Plant. Germ. 1: 531 (1827).
Of the numerous collections, the following may be mentioned: Vermont: Lake Champlain, Alburgh, Aug. 22, 1885, Morong (NY, isotype of X P. Zizii forma i Sane Windmill Point Reef, Alburg, Grand Isle Co., Muenscher, Manning & Maguire 73 (F); Lake Bomoseen, Castleton, Oct. i, 1898, W. W.
type of P. gramineus var. cade eran. G, isotype); Meelis P., Medford, Oct. 8 & Sept. 24, 1865, some sheets without date, Robbins (G, MS SC, NY, cotype material of P. gramineus Var. spathulaeformis) ; also July 10, 1879 (G), wy, 25, 1879 (G, NY), Aug. 5, 1879 (NY), Aug, li, 1879 (F, NY), Sept. 1, 1879 (NY), Sept. 15, 1879 (F, NY), Aug. 5, 1881 (MSC, NY), July Septem- ber (C), all by Morong; also July 27, 1880, E. . E. Fax
188 Rhodora [May
(G, US); Fresh P., Cambridge, Sept. 5, 1853, Sept. 27 and Oct. 24, 1865, herb. Wm. Boott (G); also Sept. 21, 1867, Robbins (NY); also Aug. 1876 (F), July 25, 1879 (F, NY), Aug. 2, 1879 (US), July 13, 1880 (MSC) and Sept. 14, 1886 (NY), Morong; also Sept. 17, 1880, C. E. Faxon (G); Pleasant P., Wenham, Sept. 13, 1880, E. & C. E. Faxon (C, F, G, NY, US); also Sept. 9, 1881, Morong (NY); also E. C. & E. B. Ogden, 1762 (O). CONNECTI- cut: Lake Saltonstall, Sept. 22 & 23, 1880, EH. Faxon (G, US). New York: Cossayuna L., Washington Co., Muenscher & Lindsey 2786 (F, G); Perch L., Jefferson Co., Muenscher & Maguire 1684 (G); Lake Champlain, s. of Fort Ticonderoga,
ssex Co., Muenscher, Manning & Maguire 75 (F); Junius, near Geneva, Bazter 5399 (US); Phillips P., Junius, Seneca Co., Eames & MacDaniels 3463 (G); Pine Plains, L. H. Hoysradt (G). Ontario: McKay’s L., near Ottawa, Malte 118258 (G, V); cove above Grass Creek Island, 7 miles below Kingston, Frontenac Co., Pennell 16333 (NY). Mucuican: Crystal Falls, Iron Co., Metcalf 2253 (US) & 2256 (G, US); Pine L., Ingham Co., 1893, C. F. Wheeler (C, mixed with P. illinoensis); Cassidy L., near Chelsea, Washtenaw Co., Hermann 9294 (NY). INDIANA: Grassy Creek, near Tippecanoe L., Scovell 37 (US); bed of inlet to Gage L., Steuben Co., June 17, 1903, C. C. Deam (NY); e. side of Lake James and w. side of Pokagon State Park, Steuben Co., Deam 56587 (G); Fletcher L., near Fulton, Fulton Co., Deam 56524 (G); Lake Maxinkuckee, Evermann 544a (US). WiscoNn- stn: Green Bay near Suamico’s shore, July 11, 1886, J. H. Schuette (G); n. side of Puckaway L., Green Lake Co., Uhler & M cLaugh- lin 375 (F, G) & 1091 (US). Mrnnesorta: Green L., Chisago Co., July 1892, B. C. Taylor (NY); Pelican L., Koochiching:Co., Metcalf 1582 (G, US); Deep L., Cass Co., Metcalf 2373 (US); Snail L., Ramsey Co., Oosting 28164 (NY). Iowa: Armstrongs Grove, Aug. 1881, R. I. Cratty (NY). Nepraska: West Chain L., Thomson 73b (US); Dewey L., Tolstead 616 (G). IDAHO: Priest L., MacDougal 304 (C, NY); also Piper 3761 (G, NY, US); Pend Oreille L., Bonner Co., Muenscher 10208 (G, O) & 10212 ratU Eh gesean Montezuma Well, Jackson 52 (US); also Taylor
P. GRAMINEUS X RICHARDSONII
(1924).
_ The following appear to be this hybrid: OnTarto: Lake Nipis- sing, Chitty 265 (G). Micuican: St. Mary’s R., Sault Ste. Marie,
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 189
EK. J. Hill 133.1881 (C); northwest end of Brevort L., ree Mackinac Co., Ogden & Bolan 1681 (G, O); Detroit R, Oct. 4 1892, Farwell 4780 (G); also Aug. 25, 1892, Farwell (G); also Oct. 4, 1892, Farwell (NY). Iturnots: Wolf L., Chicago, Agnes Chase 1718 (F): also June 10, 1911, Earl E. Sherff (F). ALBERTA: Indian Graveyard, Peace R., Wood Buffalo Park, Rawp 1547 (C, NY). Conorapo: Carleton L., near Grand L., Shear & Bessey 53833 (NY). BritisH Coiumsra: Griffin Li; Macoun 4179 (C, G, isotypes of & P. subdentatus @ petiolatus) ; Sumas Sy M. Macoun 26816 (C, type of P. Hagstrémii, G, NY, isotypes).
P. GRAMINEUS X PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES
? eo abe sensu Morong, Mem. Torr. Club 3: no. 2: 34 (1893). mineus var. spathulaeformis sensu Fern., Ruopora 23: 190 “(1921) and Pee i 35: 131 (1933); not Robbins in Gray, Man. 5: 487 (1867). X P. nitens var. subgramineus f. restrictus Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 223 (1916). Xx P. subnitens Hagstr., i (1916).
The following are referred here: NEWFOUNDLAND: Highlands Brook above bridge, Crabbes, Kennedy 78 (G); Otter P., Brig Bay, Fernald, Wiegand, Long, Gilbert & Hotchkiss 27341 (F, probably backcrossed with P. gramineus) ; also 27342 (G, prob- ably backcrossed with P. gts eus). QuEBEC: Matane R., Matane, Matane Co., Aug. 5 1904, Forbes 156 (C, G, one sheet of this collection in G is rather typical Fr. perfoliatus var. bu- pleuroides); Riviére Ouest, Gaspé Co., Vzctorin, Rolland & Jacques 44459 (G, MT); Tle du ae Iles de Boucherville, St. Lawrence R., Victorin & Rolland 44738 (F, G); aor ae St. Lawrence R., Rousseau 20444 (G); also 20445 (G, US, V); Ile Plate, St. Lawrence R., Longueuil, Chambly Co., Viclrn 8176 (G); also stan (C, G); also © Rolland ‘wirie (C, F, G); Il Verte, St. Lawre ., Longueuil, Chambly Co., Rolland 13867 yee “ako 13368. an “also 43376 (G); also 43378 (G); also
2 (F, G); Lac Aylmer, Wolfe Co., Louis-Marie, Laporte & putea 301 (G). ANTICOSTI: Becscie R., Macoun 2983 (C); Salt Macoun 2986 (C). New Brunswick: St. John R., Ingleside, Westfield, Fernald 1609 (G); Hammond R., Hammond, Kings Co., Svenson & Fassett 3025 (G); Jacquet R.., ‘Restigouche Co., Svenson & Fassett 3030 (G); St. John R.., Lincoln, Sunbury Co, ; Fassett 2161 (G); gered, July 30, 1892, J. Fowler (US): Campbellton, Aug. 26, 1905, J. Fowler (US). Nova Scotia:
“plaster hole lake’? near Danes Cape Breton Island, Nichols 1037 (G); Shinimikas R., Northport, Cumberland Co., Fassett 2150 (G); Midway (Centreville) L., Centreville, Digby Co., Graves & Linder 19691 (G, perhaps ‘backcrossed with P. gra-~ mineus). Matne: St. John R., Madawaska, Aroostook Co., July 28, 1893, Fornell (G, NE, NY); Pushaw P., Oldtown, Aug. 21,
190 Rhodora [May
9, L. H. Harvey (US); Pushaw P., Glenburn, Penobscot Co., Deak Sie week % (G, 0); Pushaw P,, Hud son, Penobscot Co., Ogden & Steinmetz 2195 (ME, QO); Mattagodus Stream, Brontize, Penobscot Co., Stecnmetz a (G, ME, O, possibly P. alpinus X prawns); also Ogden & Wright 2342 (ME, O, possi-
ly P. alpinus X gramineus). New Rata eee Connecticut R. Walpole, Fernald 440 (G); mouth ‘of brook, Melvin, Sargent 31 (G). ont: Winooski R., Essex x Junction, Blake 2216 (US); Conileetiout R., Brattleboro, 1865, C. C. Frost (G). MassacHu- seTrs: Wenham P. , Sept. 13, 1880, Edwin Faxon (C, G, NY, US, see next citation) ; also Sept. 5, 1882, Edwin Fazon (G, NY, type collection of X P. subnitens; some of the Wenham Pond collec- ions appear to be this hybrid, probably backcrossed with perfoliatus var. bupleuroides; some cannot be distinguished from ecological forms of P. lana var. veaigiy hy CoNNECTI- cut: Taunton P., Newtown, E. H. Eames 11733 (G); Beardsley Fy Hp a E. H. ce 11741 (G, Sonate not this hybrid). New York: Hudson R., Mechanieville, Rensselaer Co., Muen- scher & Lindsey 2770 (G) & 2865 (G, O); Myers Pt., Cayu ga L., Aug. 13, 1884, herb. W. R. Dudley (NY); Old en ‘Conia near South Oxford, July 1, 1886, F. V. Coville (US); Chemung R. near Wellsburg, Lucy 1 0843 (F); Chenango R., Brisben, June 28, 1887, F. V. Coville (US); slow stream, 4% mi. s. of the Jefferson Co. line, on lg No z. n. W. ts Sandy Creek, Oswego Co., Ogden & Bolan 1578 (G, QO). w JERSEY: river-edge above Phillipsburg, Taly 23, 1886, T. o Poet (NY). PENNSYLVANIA: near Easton, Sept. 8, 1868, T. C. Porter (F). Vrrernta: Dyke, Fairfax Co., Metcalf & Sperry 1684 (US). Ontario: Almonte, oa at c 7, 1806, J. Fowler (F, G); Missinaibi R., J. M. Macoun
ais cross is between species of relatively unrelated subsections and the progeny are extremely variable and often very odd. As with most hybrids among the broad-leaved species of Potamogeton, no description can be given that is both inclusive and limiting. The hybrid must be distinguished as an intermediate between the two parents. It often appears with floating leaf-blades tapering gradually into the petiole and with clasping submersed leaves having sharp-pointed apices. Mature fruit is unknown in interspecific crosses, but may occasionally appear in back- crosses. The anatomy of the stem shows a blend between the two parents, presenting all the possible combinations with a trio- type or oblong-type of stele, O-cells or U-cells in the endodermis, and cortical bundles present or absent. Next to P. gramineus X illinoensis, this is probably the most frequent Potamogeton-
}
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 191
hybrid in North America. It is one of the easiest to recognize. The nearest approach to it is P. gramineus X Richardsonii which can usually be distinguished by its coarser stipules.
P. GRAMINEUS X P. sp.
P. angustifolius var. methyensis Benn., Journ. Bot. 29: 151 (1891). P. Zizii var. methyensis Benn. i n Macou n, Cat. Can. PI. 370 (1890); Graebn. in Engler, Phausent. 4: fain. 11: 83 (1907). ‘A yay oe Benn., Trans. & Proc. Bot. Soc. Edinburgh 29: 50 Methye L., near Methye Portage, meter noe July 18, 1888, J. M. Macou n 4178 (C, rypx of P. methyensis).
A number of collections are hybrids with Pr gramineus quite evidently one of the parents. Among these is the Methye Lake plant upon which P. methyensis is based. From the single sheet seen by me I cannot determine the other parent. P. illinoensis might seem a good guess, but it is not reported so far north. P. alpinus and P. Richardsonii abound in the region, but Iam unable to see marked influence of either of these species. Hagstrém may not have seen this collection; at least he mentions the name only in the index to his Critical Researches. He is, however, re- ferring to it (among others) when he says, “. . . but many Zizii-like North American plants are not at all this hybrid, but of another origin, and great carefulness is necessary when con- sidering these difficult forms.’”!
P, ILLINOENSIS X RICHARDSONII INDIANA: Bass L., Starke Co., Aug. 7, W. S. Blatchley (Deam).
P. ILLINOENSIS X PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES
? x P. subdentatus « sessilis Hagstr., Crit. ee Pot. 201 (1916); not X P. subdentatus @ petiolatus Hagstr. s
New York: Bie hg Bay, rae 12264 ic, U8); Onondaga L., Aug. 1, 1890, L. M. Underwood (NY). FLoripa: Apalachicola, herb. 1 aaa (G, NY, US);mouth of Choctawhachee R., June 18, 1880, C. Mohr (US). AuaBaMa: estuary of Mobile R., fely 22) 1884, C. Mohr (US).
Hagstrém cites a specimen from Queenston, ONTARIO (without mentioning collector’s name and date), which he considers to be P. illinoensis X perfoliatus. I have not seen this collection.
} Hagstrém, Crit. Res. Pot. 216 (1916).
192 Rhodora [May
The collection from Griffin L., Bririsa Cotumsta, which he also cites as having these parents, is P. gramineus X Richardsonii.
P. ILLINOENSIS X P. sp.
s a peculiar form of P. natans,’’ Morong, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 13: 145 (1886). P. tonsa Small, Fl. Se. U. § 37 and 1326 (1903); Benn., Journ. Bot. 45: 376 (1907); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 62 (1907). ? P. Tepperi Benn., oe Bot. 45: 373 ay oad in Engler, hein jones 4; fam.
2 (1907). : ently an immature f P natans, Taylor, N. Peg TL. 17: 28.1: 16 (1909). “prob- ably belonging to the group Amplifolii,” Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot 268 (1916).
Fioripa: Blackwater R., May A. H. Curtiss (NY, TYPE and isotype of P. Wontaaiien): ae June 22, 1886, Curtiss (NY).
Further collections and perhaps a study of the living plants will be needed to determine the exact nature of this plant. It is possible that it is a cross between P. illinoensis and a linear- leaved species. The stem-anatomy is: stele with the proto-type pattern, endodermis of U-cells, interlacunar bundles weakly developed and only in the outer interlacunar circle, subepidermal bundles absent or weakly developed, pseudo-hypodermis present or absent. Curtiss collected in the same river, and by the dates on the sheets presumably at the same time, fragmentary bits of P. foliosus Raf. var. macellus Fern. Other linear-leaved species of Potamogeton, subgenus Ewpotamogeton, found in the general region are: P. pusillus L. (P. panormitanus Biv.), P. Berchtoldt Fieber (P. pusillus of auth., not L.), P. diversifolius Raf., and P. capillaceus Poir. None of ‘thee linear-leaved species has inter- lacunar bundles and all have O-cells in the endodermis, so if one is a parent, the other parent must possess interlacunar bundles and a U-celled endodermis. The only broad-leaved species agreeing with this would be P. illinoensis. The stelar pattern of the plant in question leads me to consider P. pulcher as a possible parent, though it lacks interlacunar bundles and has an O-celled endodermis. In such case, the only linear-leaved species that can be considered to be the other parent is P. pectinatus, in the subgenus Coleogeton; it being the only linear-leaved species iD the region with interlacunar bundles and with U-cells in the endodermis. It is possible that the plant is a pronounced ec0-
1943] _Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 193
logical form of P. Oakesianus or P. natans, neither of which has been otherwise found within 600 miles of Florida.
P. PRAELONGUS X RIcHARDSONII
MicuiGcan: Saulte Ste. Marie, Aug. 4, 1881, #. J. Hill (US). Uraun: Fish L., Sevier Co., Tanner 5786 (F).
P. PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES X RICHARDSONII
It is reasonable to suppose that the two closely related species, P. Richardsonii and P. perfoliatus, would hybridize rather freely where their ranges overlap. Such appears to be the case, for these species remain quite recognizable (though exhibiting much ecological variation) throughout their separate ranges, but where these ranges overlap, all intergradations occur. One might consider the entities that bridge the narrow gap to be those from which the two species have evolved were it not that such plants are always sterile and often exhibit other evidences of hybridism. Such plants occur in Quebec, northern Maine, New Hampshire, and are especially abundant in New York. They occasionally occur elsewhere. Although the evidence is strongly in favor of numerous hybrids between P. Richardsonii and P. perfoliatus var. bupleuroides, it is practically impossible to be sure of this with individual collections, for ecological or other conditions of growth might cause a simulation of this in either of these closely related species. For this reason, no collections are cited.
P. BERCHTOLDI X PERFOLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES
non-stratified O-cells; interlacunar and subepidermal bundles absent, or with a few weakly developed subepidermal ones; pseudo-hypodermis 1 cell thick. Lzaves all submersed, delicate, oblong to oblong-linear, .5-4 cm. long, .2-.6 cm. wide; nerves 3-7; sessile and cuneate at base, semi-clasping; apex obtuse or acutish, but not sharp-pointed; margin entire (with 1-celled denticles on the Nantucket specimen) ; lacunae of 1 or 2 rows of cells each side of the midrib, commonly with a pair of glands at the base. StrPuEs delicate, more or less persistent, ovate-oblong, rounded at apex, .3-1.5 cm. long, without keels. PspuNcLES about same thickness as stem, sometimes slightly incrassate, 1-4 cm. long. SPrkes with 1-4 whorls, not crowded at anthesis; in flower .2-.5 |
194 Rhodora [May
m. long, .2-.3 em. thick. FLowers sessile; sepaloid connectives Seon, blades orbicular or elliptical, 1-1. 8 mm. wide, claws . 8 mm. long; anthers .7-1 mm. long. Mature Fruits unknown. Immature fruits obovate, about 9 mm. long (excluding beak) and .8 mm. wide; beak prominent, about .5 mm. long, curved toward the back; keels none; exocarp greenish; seed aborted, apex pointing toward basal end. Winter Bups abundantly produced late in the season, mostly near the rhizome, with leaves appressed to the shortened axis, or tightly appressed for about half their length and with the upper halves strongly divergent; basal glands prominent and forming adventitious roots.
P. mysticus Morong, Bot. Gaz. 5: 50 (1880); Mem. ea oo“ 3: no. 2: 34 (1893); Graebn. in Engler, Pflanzenr. 4: fam. 11: 95 (1907); Robinson & Fern. in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 75 p08), with suggestion that it is ‘(probably a hybrid” of P. bupleuroides (perfoliatus var. bupleuroides) and P. pusillus (Berchtoldi); Tay- lor, N. Am. FI. 17: pt. 1: 22 (1909), “apparently a depauperate form” of P. perfoliatus, and ‘‘may be a hybrid’; Britton in
t. & Brown, Ill. Fl. 1: 80 (1913) “apparently a depauperate form? of P. perfoliatus and “Perhaps a hybrid.” P. bupleuroides X pusillus (X P. mysticus) Hagstr., Crit. Res. Pot. 259 (1916).
In brackish water, Maine, Massachusetts, and Maryland. The following are referred here: MAINE : Dunston Marshes, Searboro, Sept. 20, 1920, A. H. Norton; Stuart Brook, West Scarboro, Scarboro, Cumberland Co., Steinmetz & Marston 539, Plantae Exsiccatae Grayanae 905; also Steinmetz 617; also Ogden, Rollins & Wiggins 1731; Lily P., Fortune Rocks, Biddeford, Sept. 3, 1899, G. G. Ken nedy. Massacnusetts: Mystic P., Aug. 13 and Sept. 3, 1865, Wm. Boott; Mystic P., Medford, on several dates in 1879, 1880, and 1881 by Morong and the Fazons; Miacomet P., Nantucket, ‘July 13, 1887, Morong. MaryYLAND: near Ocean City, H. L. Clark 6
This interesting hybrid was seiecth) first collected by Wm. Boott in Mystic Pond (now called Mystic Lakes) in 1865. In 1879 Morong found the plant still there, and in 1893 wrote, “Since I obtained this . . . in 1879, I have visited the locality for several years in succession, and, though I have always found the plant growing vigorously, yet it has shown no signs 0 prefecting [sic] fruit.”! In the summers of 1935, ’36 and ’37 I searched the Mystic Lakes carefully for it without success. The town of Medford extends only into the lower lake where P. per- foliatus var. bupleuroides now abounds. In this lower lake n°
1 Morong, Mem, Torr. Club, 3: no. 2: 35 (1893),
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 195
P. Berchtoldi was seen, but there is in the middle lake, now separated from the lower by a dam, a flourishing patch of P. Berchtoldi var. tenuissimus. This var. of P. Berchtoldi was found with the hybrid at Scarboro, Maine, and it appears safe to designate this variety as one of the parents of the Mystic Lakes and Scarboro plants. Whether it is this variety of P. Berchtoldi which is a parent of the other specimens cannot be said. A search at the Scarboro locality, where the plant thrives in abund- ance, failed to reveal any mature fruits, although flowering spikes were plentiful. One of the most striking characteristics of this plant in the latter part of the season is its abundance of winter buds. In its morphological characters as well as its stem- anatomy this hybrid is intermediate between the supposed parents. EXPLANATION OF PLATES Piate 746. FRuirs OF POTAMOGETON (all X 5) LPINUS Var. yar tae ee F1Gc. 1, Maine, Fernald 117; ria. 2, Newfound- iad ‘Kennedy sey a. 3, basa ee we 2172. er Sv area LLIPTICUS: FIG. 4, e, Sept. 5, 1894, Fernald; Fic. os Quebee, Fernald, Long & St. nine 6766 gue iy 6, New York, House
ne pec Fias. 7, 8, 9, Sitch gym ge Fernald & Wiegand 4467.
P. AMPLIFOLIUS: 10, Ohio, ’Goodric h 209; Fics. 11 & 12, New York, Muenscher & Magu e 723 (12 with mesocarp removed) ; FIG. 13, Ontario, Aug. 19, vlontns Fowler,
P. puLcuEr: Fic. 14, Rhode Island, Fernald, Long & Torrey 8444; Fic. 15, Mussachieetia, July 1887, Morong; Fics. 16, 17, Manachiiastis, June 16, ‘1878, C with pene remov:
P. Noposus: FIG. sot hig + sota, Hotchkiss & Jones 480; r1a. 19, Connecti- cut, 1845, Robbins; 20, ‘Wisconsin, July 28, 1891; Fie. 21, District of Columbia, Sept. 25, 1897, Stee
P. NATANS: FIG. 22, Ontario, ae & Bolan 1646; ria. 23, Minnesota, Grant & Oosting 3203; Fias. 24, 25, New York, Ogder & Bolan 1580 (25 with mesocarp removed).
P. Oakes SIANUS: FIG. 26, Massachusetts, Aug. 28, 1851, Robbins; Fia. 27,
uebec, Fernald, Long & St. John pete FIG. = Nova Scotia, Long ’& Linder
n
P. ILLINOENSIS: FIG. 30, Iowa, July 21, i883, F Cedi ria. 31, Illinois, Sept. 1881, Patterson (ryPE); Fics. 32, 33, Fl lorida, Curtiss 6692; ria. 34, Indiana, ge Sohn FIG. 35, New York, R. Hitche
MINEUs: FIG. 36, Was hington, J. W. Thom on 7589; Fic. 37, New- foundland, Fernald & Long 1210; Fria. 38, gvamend Pete if 2187. LONGUs: Fas. 39, 40, New Yo rk, Mue er & Maguire 1747
Aug. 21, 1886, Mororg; ria. 43, Quebec, Viclorin 18462; 1a. 44, Michigan, — Robbins; ric. 45, Washington, Aug. 1892, Piper; ric. 46, Montana, se oben
OLIATUS Var. BUPLEUROIDES: FIG. 47, Newfoundland, Robinson
P. Sechrenk "207 TYPE); FIG. 48, Maryland, Coville 118; Fic. 49, Nova Scotia, Graves & Pd ed Fig. 50, nabs , Fernald, ‘Long & "St. John 6771
Gaeaeigs removed).
196
Rhodora
[May
Puate 747. PoraMOGETON NATANS: CROSS-SECTION OF STEM, X 35.
Camera-lucida drawing fee contente not shown) by Francis T. Horne from
preparation by Edith B. Ogd
LATE 748. CAMERA-LUCIDA DRAWINGS Biren carga NOT SHOWN) FROM STEMS OF POTAMOGETON SHOWING Typ
Pia; 1, F; cab went x 40 (Ogd
S var. BUPLEUROID detach 1105); Fra. fe ? GRAMINE 1552); Fia. 5, P. cr OLDI bang TENUISSIMUS
US var. rid dei MINEUS Var. TYPICUS, X
den & aor 09) FIG. 2, P. PERFOLIA- X 75 (Steinmetz
526); Fic. 3, P. noposus, X 75 a eT gden & Steinmetz x 75 (Og =. & Bolan 1644); FIG. §
RFOLIATUS var. BUPLEUROIDES (XE
‘ a X PE mysticus), < 100 (Ogden, Rollins & Wiggins 1731).
List of NUMBERED EXSICCATAE
Abrams, L. R. 6094, 8677 natans, O241 a amplifolius.
Adams, J. W. 293 amplifolius, 511 Oakesianus.
Adams & Tash. 512 crisp
— & Trudell. 378° cane ius
drien, F. 1316 perfoliatus da idl A 1442 illinoensis x
1750 perfoliatus v
ardsonii), 1809 nodosus, 1975 per- foliatus v. i ge gis
er
Allen, J. A. 55. sg 149, 180, 181 gramineus
Anderson, J gramineus ap-
8 Ri oe 1344 natans,
1522 Richardsonii.
Anderson, R. M. 118276 Richard- sonii.
— & Fassett. 19349 ampli- olius
Anderson, Smith & Weatherby 1166 natans.
Ans Im, Bro. M. 18 natans, 20
gramineus v., 298 perfoliatus v
approaching v. ma na- ee 3416 icharie 4489 nata Asati. L. 38 pulcher, 40 perfolia- tus v. bupleuroides, 41 polygoni- i 43 perfoliatus v. bupleu- roi re & Benedict. 15429, 16636 no ‘Seiie & Holway B46, B69, B403 gramineus v. Maximus.
Austin, Mrs. R. M. 575, 1177 ichardsonii, 1672 natans. Bailey, L. H. 86 natans. Bai 1135 Richardsonii. 427 illinoensis. Ballard, C. A. 731 ot. D dete approaching v. Mahe Barkley, F. 783. ‘granineds 1996 gramineus v. myriophyllus, 1997 is” yar omy axter, S. 5382 praelongus, 5385 Riel chardsonii i, 5388 crispus, 5389 nodosus, 5391 illinoensis, 5392 us, 2395 natans, 5396 1 il- linoensis, 5399 gramineus illino- ensis, 5402 illinoensis, 5403 ampli- — & White. 19675 natans, 19696 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
gr X1 ’
22963 alpinus v. tenuifolius. Bebb, R. illinoensis, 995 na- tans, 1007 illinoensis (perhaps
gramineus _ illinoensis), 1
natans, 1009 praelongus, 1538 il- linoensi
Beetle, A. A. ‘aes Richardsonii, 2341 gramineu
Bell, R. 2968 amplifoius
Benson natans, 4013 gramineus
Bergman, H. F. 443 gramineus, 2484 ~~. E.
Berkle 1215 crispus, 1387 a Be . A. B & D2781 alpinus
v. de reds Bicknell, E. P. 91 gramineus, 92 illinoensis, 112 Oakesianus, 118 iatus v. bupleuroides, 122 raelongus. Biltmore Herbarium. 688 Rich- ardsonii, 4413a illinoensis, 58068
1943} Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 197 et pe 5980a pulcher, 8806b ain, 935 nodosus, 938 no gramineus, 940 Richardsonii, 941
Bissell, C. H. 633 natans ties tml 972 praelongus, 978
Bissell & Linder. 19678 natans, 19692 gramineus, 19695 perfoliatus vy. bupleuroides.
Blake, BS. F. 2212 a v. bu-
ardsoni i, 3071 gra mineus folitus ¥. ae, ait 9472 cris-
Biakiey; O. W. 1453 pulcher
Blewitt, A. E. 632 amplifolius, 1677 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 1977 gression’ ‘1978 nantomatn Vv bupleuroides, 2137 Richardsonii, 3651 rfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 36 ramineus, 3657 nodosus, 4319, 4320 perfoliatus v. bupleur- oides.
Bodin, J. E.
264 illinoensis. Boettcher, F. oe J. 9 pulcher.
oivin 294 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 670 ‘perfoliatus v. bu- paced 1344 alpinus v. tenui-
lius : ig v. subellipticus, 2139 inus y. tenu — 2446 Muinis v. subelli ine
Bolander 274 illinoensie
Bowman, 303 gramineus, 392 Oakesianus.
Breed, Jeffre , Loveless,
y, Je Philli ps, Stauffer & Stebbins 20
- 1783 gramineus, 1978 alpinus v. tenuifolius. Bridges, T. 359 natans. Brien, C. 306 nodosus. Brinkman 73 ichard- sonii, 2277, 2289, daca mtine 4541 alpinus y. tenuifo tain. 2987 avait v. maxi-
us wn, H.E. 644 natans. Brown, 8. 694 ape sau
Burgess. mage Boreas lder & Mu =a aches 16404 amplifolius, 16424, 16425 Richard- Burkholder & Tressler. 16888 Richardsonii. Burnham ; a egy — B.F. 389 pulcher, 112 ampli- folius 7 nodosus, 1318 en folius’ 6947 illinoensis. utler, B. T. 25 —— 255 Siete nieh atk 257, 296 g neu Butler, G. D. 142 Richardsonii.
illinoensis, 1030, 1031 amplifolius, 1048 gramineus v. bare per- haps gramineus 1045 “aint 1049 Richardt 1050 praelongus, 1051, 1052 Richard-
13 praelongus. 337 gramineus v., 505 gramineus.
E. B 2 nse folius, “B16 1 perfoliatis v. bupleu oides, na , 913 sericea
need Arar sis natans, 1033 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides
Chamberlain, GD. 1750, 1770
gramineus, 2011 alpinus v. tenui- folius, 3123 Biaburaeion v. be eo oides, 9 gramin 2240 p longus, 2276 saeitlohancs: Chamberlai Collins. 616 per- foliatus v. bupleuroides. Chamberlai Knowlton. 571 sie v. bupleuroides. Chamber. Morris. 11741 Oakesian has . cone: 1420 nodosus, 1421 Richardsontt; 1459 natans, 1466 praelongus, 1477 nodosus X Rich- ardsonii, 07 gramineus, 1710 amplifolius, 1713 gramineus X Richardsonii, 1994 nodosus X Richardsonii. Cheney, L. 8. 499 praelongus, 683
imus, 866 Rich-
ardsonii, 3610 Richaeoe 4921 illinoensis.
v. bupleuroides Richardson, 319 amplifolius, 328
: 2008 Richardsonii. Clark, H. L. 6 0 ade x per- foliatus v. bupleuroide Clark, H. W. 5 ampliolius, 6 il- linoensis, 10 ge ge Clements, F. 305 | 2627 nodosus, 3979 amplifolius. ements, F. E. & E. 8. 491 alpinus v. ten uifoliu Cléonique. 72351 aenlifotion:
198 Rhodora [May
Clinton, oi W. 5 gramineus v. maximu
Clokey, I. W. 3118 alpinus v. tenuifolius.
Collins, F. 8. 300 Oakesianus, 421 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 937
amon Fernald & Pease. 401314, 5200, 5200A, 5287 gramineus, 5295 natans, 5314 _AgSeenins 5510 gra- mineus Wiyid atus v. bu- leuroides, ge alpinus v. subel- oteus nus vy. subellip- ticus, 6125 eounicain
onard, H. 8. 182 natans, 318 Richardsonii
Cooper, 9 gramineus, 93 amplifo gramineus v., 215
ee 260 natans, 312 prae-
lon Score & Andrews. 14 gramineus. Copeland, E. B. 406 ise mineus approaching v. maximu Copelan 3482 osknsiinitis ap- cate v. myriophyllus.
Corbett & Williams. 11 Richard- sonii. Cory, V. L. 8502 illinoensis, 9198
aoa 20906, 23819 illinoensis, 243 2 nodosus, 24335, 27999 il- samen, 29711 nodosus.
v. bupleuroides, hes gra mineus, 1254 prae-
Coville & Applegate. 44 gramin- Coville & Funston. 1244, 1278
85 gramin- eus, 1564 alpinus v. tenuifolius. ph toma & Leiberg. 224, 228 na-
Conta. H.C. 1405 natans. Crandall, C.S. 2530 nodosus. Crickmay H. 5 Richardsonii.
gramineus, imus. Cusick, W. C. 2484 praelongus, 2597 natans, 3620 Richardsonii. Danie , F. 683 nodosus. n,H.T. 1311 illinoensis, 1323, 3 & D2401, B & D2692 Richardsonii.
6825 gramineus v.
Davis, R. :
378-W ——— . 38046 Rinhardsoes
illinoensis, 49205 linoensis, 49248 il Aegon 49 68
ens 49314 amplifolius, 493
gramineu illinoensis, 49347, 49355 _ illinoensis, 3 ns, 49363, 49369, 49372, 49389 illino- ensis, atans, 49394 prae- longus, 49395 illinoensis, 4939 sciptitolios, 49402, oe illinoen- i8s:. B26 amplifolius 52334 natans, 52341 illinoensis, 52385
55176 nodosus, 55313 am 55370, 55410 illinoensis, 56274 Richardsonii, 56 illinoensis, 56398 praelongus, 56401, 56441, 56448 illinoensis, 56490 amplifolius, 56498, 56501 illinoensis, 56502 amplifolius 56524 gramineus
illinoensis, “56534 dee if lig pl
gramineus X inoensis, 56538, 56539 Tiieeskis, 5 41 ans, 66545 illinoensis, 56546 natans, 5 » 965 oensis,
» 56686 linoensis, 56692, 56704, 56783 nodosus, 57139 praelongus, 57149 tans, 57195 illinoensis, 57259
s. an & Thomas. 3465 Richard-
elamare, M. 341 ae hime ap- roachin v. bupleuroide en °D. 7051, 7132, 17893 yedieea
Selm, A. W. 22 gramineus myriophyllus, 24 amplifolius suit natans,
Dobbin, nde 860 Richardsonii, 863
erfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 1072 schandooull, 1112 illinoensis, 11a amplifolius, 1207 nodosus, iittaceraia, 1327 Richardsonii, 1328, 1330 natan
Dodge, C. K. 4 Richardsonil, | 7 il-
Sona 8 grami — 115 natans,
Richardsonii, prasad 133 fig nsis ad Richardsonii, 146 Richardsonii, 147 gramineus,
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 199
153 gramineus v. maximus and Eggleston, W. W. 1 nodosus, 1655
gramineus Spprosceo v. maxi- amplifolius, 1656 Prats y. subel- mus, 154 aap gramineus X il- lipticus, 2111 Oakesianus, 9974 linoensis, TBS amineus v. maxi- ichardsonii.
mus, 156 n es 2 171 set tn Ehlers, J. H. 533, 1756, 7957 172 amplifolius, 4 pean neus, praelongus. Foes fG 1038 Richardsoni Elmer, A. D. E. 2798 oe incl
outt, M.T. 2145, 2258 Richard- Emig, 'W. H. 224 nodos sonii, 2490 praclongus 3296 alpinus Empain, Rousseau & "Wavean.
v. tenuifolius, 3323 Richardsonii. 50925 Richardsonii.
Dowell & Painter 5385 nodosus. Evans, W. H. 780 gramineus v.
riggs, osus. maximus, 781 natans.
Drouet, F. 3028 nodosus. Evermann, B. W. 490 perhaps il-
Drouet & Richards. 3309 gra- linoensis X nodosus, 492 Richard- mineu sonii, 493 amplifolius, 544a pemare
Grammoud, T. 250 nodosus, 272 gramineus X illinoensis, 1032 n illinoensis. ans, 1057 Richardsonii, 1079
Drushel, J. H. 6069 perfoliatus v. illinoensis, 1221 gramineus, 1222 bupleuroides. illinoensis, 1223 amplifolius.
Dubois, A. 660 perfoliatus v. bu- Eyerdam, W. J. 1122 praleongus, pleuroides. ae gramineus, 1316 gramineus X
Dudley, W. R. 18, 19 natans, 20 141 alpinus v. tenuifolius illinoensis, 2030 natans, 2201 al- 2136 Richardsonii, 2360 alpinus v. pinus v. tenuifolius, 2202 natans. tenuifolius.
Eames, A.J. 1498 ramineus, 1500 Farwell, O. ay 473 gramineus, 473a gramineus Sc sertoliat atus v. bu- gramineus Richardsonii, 505 pleuroides, 3460 nodosus 3467 natans, 514 apne v. subellipticus, crispus, 9099 gramin 900 illinoensis.
Eames, E.H. 8707 WMinceesia: 8746 Fassett, N. C. 8 gramineus v., 85, pulcher, elongus sp., 56 oliatus v. bupleuroides, 468
1351 illinoensis, 11485, 11502 amplifolius, 2148 perfoliatus v. bu- crispus, 11 neus XX per- pleuroides, 2150, 2151 gramineus foliatus v. bupleuroides, 11741 x v. bupleuroides, 2152 perhaps gramineus X liatus perfoliatus v. bupleuroides (thi v. bupleuroides, 11742 illinoensis, number also a linear-leaved species
11745 gramineus maximus, according to Fernald, . Am
11749, T1750 illinoensis, 11856 Acad. Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1: 62 &
crispus. 127), 3148, 4850 nodosus, 5343 al- Eames & Gershoy. 9101 Richard- pinus v. tenuifolius, 5362 ampli- ens folius, 7535 Richardsonii, 9014
Eames & Godfrey. 8685 praelong- praelongus, 9061 Richardsonii, ah ‘834 alpinus v. subellipticus. 9067, 9069 gramineus, 14262 gra- Eam & MacD aniels. 3463 gra- ineus, v. myriophyllus, 14746 ‘ pared x ieee rena 18731 illinoensis, 18803 ames, Randolph & Wiegand. akesi 11175 semana i 11181 Richard- Fassett & “Wilson. 4349 nodosus. sonii (perhaps perfoliatus v. bu- Fellows, D. W. 2006 gp pub pleuroides X Richardsonii). 2007 7 Richardson 2966, 4679 p Eames & Thomas. 3459 nodosus. foliat v. buple uroides, 43s Eames & Wiegand. 9100 Richard- Hichardsoni 5656 gramineus X sonii, 9102 perfoliatus v. bupleur- ie oides, 11162 natan ns, 11172 a mpli- Fendler, A. 132 amplifolius, 837,
ns xe a7
folius, 11173 oe 1117 839 nodosus Richardsonii (perhaps perfoliatus Fern ald, M. tL. 116 gramineus ap- upleuroides Rishardeonil), proaching ¥. maximus, 117 alpinus 14535 crispus. v. tenui ror 436 gramineus v. Eaton, A. A. 335 illinoensis. maximus, ramineus per- Edwards & Clausen. 1400 perfoli- een Vv. ae euroides, pase: na-
atus v. bupleuroides. tans, 477 gramineus v. maximus,
200 509 Oakesianus, 750 pulcher, 778 amineus x perfoli-
rnal natans, 23131 Oakesianus, aril eo v. nec pa rnald, Bartram ng & Fas- pins 23139 fe Pa Fernald, Bartram, Long St. John. 67 ~Oakesianus 6769 perfoliatus . Be
Fernald, Bis: "raven, Long & Linder. 19689 amplifolius
Fernald & Collins. 327 alpinus v. subellipticus, 965 alpinus v. tenui- folius.
ernald, Dodge & Smith. 25421
beens 25422, 25423, 25424 praelon
F ernald & Fogg. 505, 747 Oakesi-
Fer maaid. Gilbert & Hotchkiss. 27346 praelongus.
Fernald & Griscom. 4295 pulcher.
Fernald, Griscom & Long. 4535
toe er. rnald, Hunnewell & Lon ~~ 8443 pulcher, S445 perfoliatus v bupleuroides Fe rnald & Jackson. 11986 natans, 11987 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 11988 11989 Richardsonii
—— & Linder. 19682 Oakesi-
anu
F ernaid & Lon 1210 ae 5977 puller, *: 747 cri , 8440
844
alpinus v. eubelli jae 12388 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 12389 nodosus, 12391, 12392 perfoliatus v. bupleuro oides, aa pulcher, 15967 perfoliatus bupleuroides, 17805 Oakesianus, 17807 perfolia- tus v. bu nat roide - 19677 natans, 19687 subellipticus, 19688 aaiiyiinething "19690 gramine-
Rhodora
[May
bupleuroides,
, 27345 gramineus, 27347 gi nem
Fernald, Long & Dunbar. 26217 ove ate _— 18 polygonifolius,
26221 alpinus v. lipti ou 26222 soca gram x_ per foliatus v. bt Fear tats 26223 a. : Fernald, Long & Fogg. 1207 alpi-
nus v. ienuifolius 1208 Oakesianus, 1209 gramineus v. maximus, praelongus, “1212 perfoliatus v. bu- PY canst Fernald, to ong & Nort 12382 natans, 12383, 12384 F Oalcesianus Fe d, Lon g & St. Joh 6763 natans, 6765 A locke 67 alpinus v. subellipticus, 6767, 6768 praelongus, 6770, 6771 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides.
Fernald, Long & Torrey. 8444
pulcher. : ern & Pease. 3066 Oakesi- anus, 16957, 17056 gramineus, 19676 natans
- 10894 natans. m 25420 alpinus bas. subellipticus.
riguae a oe 477 gramineus
Fernald & ‘Svenson: 744 gramine- us v. myriophyllus, es natans, 748 Oakesianus, 749 praelongus, 1 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
Fe _— & White. 19680 Oakesi-
& Wiegand. 2435 natans, 2436 Oakesianus, 2443 alpinus 4a a approaching v. sube
2444 praelongus,
4478, 4479 gramineus, 4483, 4484 4485 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 14533 at Wiecas Fernald, Wiegand & Bartram. 4463 Cui vented & Fernald, Wiegand, Bartram Darlington 4477 gramineus V:
maximus. Fernald, Wiegand & Darlingto”-
1943]
4461, 4462 natans, 4464, 4465 ae 4474 alpinus v. bees
folius, 4475 ~ ear ot v. maximus, 476. gramineus, 4480 pets v. maxi per dese 4482
ngus.
Fernald, hide gros &
us V. pre pe 14084, 14085 cnc, mplifoli- us, 14087 Ri acuont = P4088 Richardsonii and oliatus v. bupleuroides, 14089 er “nies
ere Wiegand & Kittredge
7 gramineus, 24 foliatus v. oe ides
Fernald, ela and & poe 27348 perfoliat
Fernald, Wieser Long, Gilbert af ei chkiss. vides (probably backcrossed with gramineus) tris, Roxana S. 2043 natans,
Fiker, C. B. 1455 natans.
Fink, B. 191 illinoensis. Fitch, A. 7778 natans. Fletcher. 2969 amplifolius, 3025,
3028 natans, 3044 Richardsonii. g 710, 1840, 2077, 2997,
3505 pulcher, 3606 perfoliatus VY. bupleuroides, 3867 akesianus, 4504 pulcher, 4934 amplifolius, 4935 ad ig 6794 nodosus, 12254 crispus
Forbes, F. F. 156 eerie v. bupleuroides and gramineus
perfoliatus v. ay gee ide
oster, A. S. 866 natans, 1992
amplifolius Fredholm, A. 6183 illinoensis. Fulton, H. J. 970 s Garrett, A.O. 529 alpinus v. tenui-
folius approaching v. subellipticus, 3958 nodosus.
Gates, F.C. 258 oe 261 praelongus, 1752.2 n 0 a 10644 ‘libeoeseaks, 12217
Gauthier, R. 100 amplifolius, 135 rfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 242 amplifolius.
Gillman, H. 40 Ri gee oap hn (per- sp.), 65
o . ° 661 amplifolius, 562 ‘Biskaniaont.
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
201
Gleason, H. A. & H. A. ad 166 ye 302, 310 gramine
Gleason & Shobe. 176 seuplitetis: 179 natans Glendenning, R. 92616, 92617
gramineus, 92618 Richardsonii oldman, E. A
oodale, Mar ciet iper 76038, 76945, Ted natans, 76948, 951 Oakesianus, 76973 gramine- a 96988 :
rrioeeiats Piehs hematin x illinoensis). i 207 Richard-
a 33, 677 Richard- sonii, 703 illinoensis, 781 Richard-
am, E. H. 9821 nodosus.
3207 illinoensis, 3275 amplifolis, 3276 gramineus. Linder. 19681 Oakesi-
s v. bupleuroides (perhaps back-
crossed wit ineus), 19693
perfoliatus v. bupleuro oides. illinoensis
crime, D. ‘ 6 Richardsonii. oe & Schlosser. 4 ampli-
, E. J. 594 nodosus, 3255 10679 am-
P0685. i 10686 gram 486 natans, 487 (this num-
ii.
andler. 563 alpinus v.
tenuifolius. :
amilton. 64010 alpinus v. tenui- folius.
327 nodosus, 367,
Hanes, C. R. Sti, 397, 4 477 gramineus X sp., r
amineus x 757 eee re dru
497 illinoensis, §
sp., 517 illinoensis,
928 Oakesianus an
Nuttallii, oe 1988 n I.
er, 4 sae aoe = “maxi-
202
mus (perhaps ath <_ alpi- nus), 98, 141 Ri gt vl er, R. M. Seat (not typical), bie 2088 ty ulcher Harri , Ww. H. 2441 perfolia-
tus em pip barciies, 99085 gramin- eus, 0. gramineus v. are pil ees perfoliatus ve bupleu
oides, 99089 ardsonii,
Harris, S. K. 539 praelongus, 540 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides Harrison, A
m, A. e365 natans, 16 eam weg, T. 2016 nodosus (this
number also a linear-leaved s preg ernald, Mem. Am. . 1:66 &
oe ; 50 Richardsonii. U. 280° gramineus, 4131
n da. 751 Richardsonii,
752 nodosus, 804 Richardsonii, 806
nodosus, 807 illinoensis, 811 Rich-
mineus, 823 natans,
10 13 Richardsonii,
10114, 10115, 10116, 10117, 10123, dosus.
Haydon, W. 254n Heller, A. A. 939. nae 5824 osus.
FE =] es ja
-» ¥. 1007 natans, 1009 Richardsonii, 2473 illinoensis, 2474 amplifolius, 2475 eben, ae oe My 2ekeon
781 gramineus,
ermann, °F. J. § 6281 praelongus, 7153, 7224 Rich-
ardsonii, gramineus praelongus, 8286 gramineus, 8647 crispus, 9294 gramineus < illinoen- sis, 9383, 9728 n us
Herriot, W. 78019 78020
a »E.5. 46. 54 pulshan | 92. 1888 alpinus v. baliidenn 133.1881 ichardsonii, 159.1909 nodosus 162.1900 __ illinoensis, 171, 1900, 179.1901, 191.1902 nodosus x ichardsonii.
,
Rhodora
[May Hitchcock, A. E. 260 gramineus,
us.
1000, 1099 am- plifolius, 12358 natans, 15655 no- dosus.
Hitchcock, R. 11167, 11168 nodo- sus, 11175a illinoensis.
Ho on, A. R. 11 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 530 Batis 40 natans, 2647 perfoliatus v. bu- pleuroides, 2652 amplifolius.
Hodgdon & Heale 2977 natans.
Hodgdon, a es & Har-
oO
folius approa pening 3 v. subellipticus, 2646 hapa tone matte 31 fine ineus Melia gram
inus ‘“ “subelli ip
yee weit ii, 4033 il- eben 4058 H. Ehonianue, 4059
gramineus, 4060 praelongus, 4083 ramineus, 4109 nodosus, 4110 natans, 4112 gramineus, 4133 il- linoensis. : Hot schias & Koehler. 4179 il- linoensis, 4192 amplifolits, 4193 natans, gr s, 4222, 4223, 4226, 4227 illinoensis, 4228 elongus, 4245 i nsis, 4
307 gramineus, 4326, 4331 illino- ensis, 4340 praelongus, 4349 alpi- a v. subellipticus, 4353 a mpli-
olius.
Hotchkiss & Martin. 4432 illino- ensis, 4460 alpinus v. subellipticus. ouse, H. D nodosus, 138
a
15193 gramineus,
19852, 20002 nodosus, 21752 am-
plifolius, 21774, 22044 nodosus,
23174 gramineus. owe & _ Lang. 768 natans, 1040 gramin
Howell, I ‘T. 7679 Richardsonii-
chen danty 1498 lifolius, 1668 gram Huitén, EB. 7573 sane. ee " tenui- folius.
1943]
Hylan, D. R. hg natans. Innes & Moon. 1093 nodosus. T. 52 gramineus
Jepson, W.L. 147 alpinus v. tenui- folius’ 238 Sidisssen at
Jes i. gramineus ap- proaching v. myriophyllu llus
Jo H. N. 2719 ‘nodosus, D795 5 perfolatus Vv. cr at
Johnston, I. M. 600 ilicianate,
cee G. N. 3511 illi ecko eae — hi tenuifolius, 5227, 7851 gram
Jones, M. z.
1304 gramineus _ v.
Richardsonii, aelongus, 606 alpinus v. taniiitelin: 9293, 9295 gramineus, 9299 Richardsonii. Jones, 465 illinoensis, 7470, 7471 crispus. Jones, W. W. 432 nodosus. — & Hoffman. 7467 Richard-
J caval '& Tene 7 7462 illinoensis.
Kearn T 74 nodosus, 1626 pule nf
Keck, D.D. 1188 nata
Keck & Stevens 280. jllinoensis,
323 Richardson, 332 amplifolius, 335 eri
Keck & “Stilwill. 368 natans, 373 gramineus, 377 amplifolius, a gramineus, 401 nodosus, tans, 412 praelongus, 428, 43 crispus, 433 amplifolius, 454 gra- mineus, 465 praelongus, 458 Rich- ardsonii.
Kellogg & Harford. 949 illinoensis.
Kelsey & Jor 8 gramineus,
, oldsborough & Doo- 12 amplifolius, 17 prae-
gramineus, 111 perfoli- atus v. bupleuroides (perhaps per- cranes v. bupleuroides XX ar
Kennedy, Rac hel B. 78 gramineus x perfoliatus v. rig oaetion 80 a ae 81 alpinus tenuifolius,
5 gramineus, 478 a aiseyete-9
v. ’ bupleuroide es, 543 vores 551 — v. pe age
Keno oe © ‘itinobabla ( cathians ott ty illinoensis), 139 praelongus. illip, E. P. 931 amplifolius, 6203 Richardesall: 6204 natans, 6896
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
203
pulcher, 12258 natans, 12261 am- lifolius, 12264 illinoensis x _ per- oliatus v. bupleuroides, Richardsonii (perhaps x Richardsonii), mi
u = amplifolius, 1253 12574 Oakesianus and epihyd Nuttallii, 12605 alpinus v. subel- lipticus and aephitalias us, 12610 am- plifolius, 13379 Oakesianus, 30845 pulcher. Kimball, R. H. 70 Oakesianus. dle, E. M. vee 93572 gra- mineus, 93684 na Knowlton, F. O88 n Knowlton & Weatherby. * 6632 Oakesianus. Kreager, F.O. 441 amplifolius. Krotkov, P. V. 5142 alpinus v. tenuifolius approaching v. subel- lipticus and epihydrus v. Nuttallii, caer Syren 5145 gramineus 5147 natans, 5150 praelongus, 7027 eg ee 7033, 7034, 7035, 7036 gramineus, 7038 natans, 7041 Richardson, "9629 amplifolius,
Kubichek, W. F. 7 natans, 13 gra-
eus, 109 R 115 illinoensis, and natans, 120 amplifolius, 121,
1 nodosus, 172 gra ramineus, 173, 184 illinoensis, 190 natans, 192 gra- mineus, 196 illinoensis.
untze, Herbarium of Otto. 3105
perh geamineus x illinoensis. Laing, pS M. 147 Richardsonii. Lake, 614 gramineus.
Lansin Ei. ea illinoensis. “74 natans. C. 50 nodosus, 53 "Hichasdeonit Leiberg, J. a 751 gramineus, 1574 foc
nodosus, ‘63 pices v. bupleuroides. nard & Mannakee am- lifolius. Lewi
wis, H. . 180388 natan 130390, 130391, 130393 alpinus v.
204
tenuifolius, 130394, 130395, 130396 gramineus, 7 erfoliatus.
Lindheimer, F. 116, 311, 393 poker 513, 547 illinoensis, 1234
nodos ‘inedals & Keck. 1 gramineus, 54 amplifolius, 59 illinoensis, 115 = en oO ange 127 natans, 153 pra
Sean , G. A. E. 937 natans, 1012 19679 ae aoe or H. & H 1501
tan
ouis-Marie, 313 “alpinus Vv. air er 1255 nodosu
aporte & Dude- sry 1 as eg « x perfoli- atus v. bupleuroides, 302 gramin- u ichardsonii 1403 gra-
e ;
: pie oides X Richardsonii), 10843 gra- —— x perfoliatus v. bupleur.
Lun 150 I Mabbos, D.C. 1, 252, 317, 334, 350, 390 Richardesrti, 459 natans, Richardsonii. feos ot uk L. 977 nodosus, 1060 pe v. bupleuroides, 1707 inoensis, 2279, 2337 psa Ral ab n us, 3953 pus 74, neus, 3078 natans, 3082 olen 3201a, 3205 Oakesianus, 2409 illinoensis, 3420 gramineus McCabe, T. T = alpinus v. tenui- folius, 47 nata cCalla, W. C. "2370 rp mbna aniels, L.H. 3464 illinoensis. al, Me ae MS Sidaad. amineus ail SP gen v. atans, 241 gramin- eus, 302 Richardson 303 ampli- folius, 304 a us X illinoensis, 462 natans, 543 nodosus, 57 alpinus v. tenuiolus, 638 gramine- ing Vv. maximus, 639 natans, 805, 956
oa 3 illinoensis, 359 pulcher, 2305 acapliigitae 3613 gramineus v. maximus, 4377 na- tans
Rhodora
[May
sages & Griscom. 100435 na- 044 Oakesianus, 10045 am-
pifelius, 10047 alpinus v. subellip- ticus, 10048 cna 10048a gramineus approaching v. maxi- sate 10049 pertoliatis v. bupleur-
McLouth, C.D. 4 illinoensis. MacMillan & Sheldon. 488 gra- mineus, 571 ar oniaggaat 1332 gramineus v. maxim McMurphy, J. 192 cnodoeee:. 193 an
natans
Macoun 5 graminens 2979 gr. x perfoliatus v bupleuroides, 2980, 2984, 2 92 gramineus, 3020, 3021, 3022, 3026 natans, ichardsonii, 3047 Richardsonii (perhaps Richard- sonii 3049, 3052, 3054,
p.), 9, 3052, 3055, 3056 Richardsonii, 4162, 4165 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 4166 alpinus v. subellipticus, 4178" gramineus X p natans ae gramineus v. petra 4368, 381 Richard- sonii, 26814 se a 36815 illino- ensis (perhaps a hybrid), 26816 gramineus X Richardsonii, 26817 Richardsonii, 80929, 18 gra- 86002 am plifolius. Macoun, 9 pra longus, 14 illinoensia (this fa also a linear-leaved species accord- ing to Ferna em. Am. Acad. Arts & Sci. 17: pt. 1: 55 & 131), 94 alp inus v. tents. 95 Richard- mineus
achin aximus, 1730 am- plifotiur, 1733 der rryg yt approach- , 1740 Ri chardsonii
pleuroides, 2991 u : akesianus, 2995, 2996 illinoensis, 3019 tate. 3023 illinoensis, 3024, 3 natans, 30 erfoliatus V- bupleuroides, 3048 Richardsonii, 3053, 3057 Richardsonii, ’ 4130, 4132, 4132a praelongus, 4163; 41 65, 4167, 4167a alpinus v. te nui- folius, 4168, 4169 alpinus v. subel- lipticus, 4177 illinoensis, 4179 gt@ mineus < Richardsonii, 4180 ‘llino- ensis, 4357 natans, 4360 gramineus
1943] Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton 205
maximus >X_ nodosus, —- 118249 gore v. bupleuroides,
ee 4365 alpinus v. tenu 118250, 118251, 118252 Richard- folius, 4379, 4880, 4382 Richard sonii, 118257 gramineus, 118258 as ” 3006 ‘al inus v. tenuifolius, perhaps gramineus _illinoensis, 1644 aa 16458, 16459, 118259, 118260, 118261, 118262 16460, 16461 Ri chardsonii, 20748, perhaps alpinus gramineus, 20749 Oakesianus, 20751 alpinus v. 118263, 118264 gramineus v. maxi- subellipticus approaching v. tenui- u 826 oman 118266 folius, 20756 perfoliatus v. - gramin Vv. ximu 267, pleuroides, 22176 Richardsonii, 118268 eester Evy 118269, 118270 22177 nodosus, 22211, 22212 na- ee, 118273, 118274, 118275 tans, 22216, 2 gramineus,
22220 perhaps alpinus < gramine- Malte ir Watson. 960, 1276, 1818 us, 22221 amplifolius, 22227 per- sacra i
foliatus v. bupleuroides, 22228, Markert, W. C. 76909 perfoliatus
22229 amplifolius, 23173, 23175 v. puplearoies.
rte gate 23180 gramineus, Martin, A.C. 158 natans
26824, 26826 pence em 26830 Martindale, 1 12003 ampli-
crispus, 26832, 26833 Richardsonii, foliu
26834 amplifolius, 26839 nodosus, Mathias, Mildred E. 265 natans. natans, 26841, 62 O15, 62016 Maxon, William R. 4617 Richard-
nodosus, 62021 illinoensis, 62! sonii.
natans, 62023, 62024 gramineus, Mearns, E. A. 805 nodosus.
68425 natans, 68919, 78320, 78321 Merrill & Wilcox. 863 Richard-
alpinus v. tenuifoliu 8, 85530 na- sonii, 902 gramineus. tans, 85531 annie alpinus < Mertie, J.B. 66 yg ose gramineus, 85534 amplifotius, Metc | oe pein Bi 85535, 85536 gramineus v. max Richardsonii, 14 aelon imus, 85537 Richardsonii, 85550 natans, 193, 304, 329, 339 Michard. nodosus, 88248, 88249, 88250, sonii, : gramineus, 404 88251 natans, 88252 amplifolius, Richardson i, 423 gramineus, 432, 8825: i ximus, 451 Ri “wie Berd 471 gramineus, 88254, 88255 oe aia — 512 Richardsonii, 5 raelongus, gramineus approaching 542 Richardsonii, 544 natans, 546 us, 88257, 88258, $8259 pe nage See 547 Richardsonii, 636, longus. 819, 845 nodosus, 888, 9 Macoun & orageeate De es re snide, ~ crispus, 1018, 1024 anise 76869 ¢g nodosus, 10 inoensis X nodo- s, 76870, 7687 L 76872 Richard- one 1071, 1105 nodosus, 1139 na- snd. tans, — amplifolius, 1145 Rich- Maguire, B. 472 alpinus v. tenui- ardso 1147 praelongus, 1160
pra folius, alpinus v. subellipticus, am lifolius, 1162 gramineus, 1176 74 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 483, 484 Ric ardsonii, 1229 praelongus, barton 485, 486 praelongus, 1291 pulcher, 1295 natans, 1297,
488, 490, 491, 495, es 497 Rich- 1298, 1329, 1370 illinoensis, 1373 ardsonii, 13149 gramineus v. maxi- gramineus, " _illinoensis, , 16201 Richardeonii, 16220 1388 natans, 1390 Richardsonii, gramineus v. maximus, 1636 Rich- 1391 illinoensis, 1412 gramineus, gle ony, 1413 praelongus, 1415 gramineus aguire & Pir 5439 na- v., 1420, 1427 illinoensis, 1428 gra- tans, 5440 Biber new) 5442 alpi- mineus, 1432 illinoensis, 1463 Rich- nus v. ten uifoli ius. ardsonii, gramineus, 1470 il- aguire, ian = = linoensis, 1471 nodosus, 1472 gra- 12771 gramineus v. m mineus, 1511 amplifolius, 1520 aguire & Richards. 13136 alpi- gramineus, 1532 gramineus il- nus v. " tenaaitciiag linoensis, 1542, 1548, 1551, 1563, Maguire, Richards, Maguire & 1564 illinoensis, 1780, 1794, 1839, Hammond. 4367 illinoensis. 1908, 1937 Ric hardsonii, 1962 na-
Malte, M. O. 118247, 118248, tans, 1963, 1979, 1991 Richard-
206
sonii, 2014 illinoensis, 2024 ampli- folius, 2039 iRingeua, 2044 Rich- ardsonii, 2046 n sus, 2048 illino- ensis, 2049 natans, 2050 oe ineus, 2055 illinoensis, 2065 natans, 2076
illinoensis, 2093 praelongus, 2105 gramineus, 2107 i ensis, 2113 natans, hardsonii, 2132
gramineus, 2201 natans, 2209, 2210 amplifolius, 2211 natans, 2226 yee as 2 2242, 2250 ampli-
2321
2341 Sinnanaa, 2342 natans, 2345 illinoensis, 2352 nodosus, apelin a fea 2370 sm
2371 praelo eus vs 2 Ae et 5377, 2 79 {llinoensis, 2381, 2387 ce 2388, 2396 illinoensi
Metcalf & Sperry. 1603 perfolia-
tus v. bupleuroides, 1621 ampli-
4 gramineus Eee ros peer 1690 il wien
Michel. oliatus v. bu-
pewoids 1993 amplifolius. 29 amineus. Sotaks, i 457 nodosus.
Motte W.S. 294 amplifolius.
Mold 3 - 752 illinoensis, 4207 gramineus v. maximus, 4208, 9396 Ae 9397 ane i v. a oiags tos
Moo A. H. 89 natans, 945 ae 2488 amplifolius, 5022 gramineus, 5036 amplifo
Moore, E. 1488 natans.
+ ,G. 81 amplifolius
oore & Steyermark. 3667 il-
linoensis.
rris, E. L. A41 natans, _ nodos
perhaps saber 8 Hinoensi x nodosus). Mosier, Piety noensis. oyle, J. B Richardsonii, 894 alpinus v. vaalaiion 2052 illino- Hee amp ifolius. , W. C. 2739 crispus, 7632 ac, 7633, 7634, 7635 am-
Rhodora
[May
eee fo TY approach- llus, 7642 gramin-
eus, 7643, 76
longus, 7653, 7654,
Piette 7657a, 765
foliu , 10202 natans, 10204 Ri
gra illinoensis, 10209, 10210, 10211 gramineus, 10212 a ts ensis, 10216 gramineu ichardsonii, 17098 umennia 71 , 17106 gra-
By Ltd tichardsonii, 17545 illinoensis, 17550 gramineus, 17556 praelongus, 17671 natans, 17676
sus, 434 gramineus, 459 Richard-
cher & Burkholder. 16401 is, 16846 crispus, 16885
Richardsonii. Clausen. 3751, illinoensis,
SS CH ON &
Sparing) 3770 772 gramineus (perhap
eras x Richardsonii, 4161,
4164 amplifolius, 4167 opevfolintus v. bupleuroides, 4190 gramineus, 4205 tigen 7 4209 Richardsonit
(perhap: rfoliatus v. bupl oides x ichardsonii, 4210 ser foliat v. leuroides, 4232,
Muenscher & Curtis 4827, 4828
5 plifolite, ata le ge 4876 gra. Vv. oe 4877, ie raelongus, 49 perhaps gramineus X perfoliatus
& Lindsey. 2712 al- pinus v. tenuifolius, 27 7 ps
ineus a nodosus, 2 nodo- 23, 2724 ae lifolius,
atus v. bupleuroides, 2739 ones 2769 gramineus v. maximus, 7
1943]
gramineus >_perfoliatus v. bu- pleuroides, 2775 gramineus Vv. myri- oP on 2777 gr stig ice a
proac v. maxim 2780 gra- mineus approaching * myriophyl- lus, 2782 gramineus, 2785 gramin-
atus v. bu-
713, 715
perfo
Ipinus v. tenuifolius, 729 Richard-
esata ee Bae
608, 1609 perf
bupleuroides, 1618 crispus, 1676 illinoensis, 16 gramineus, 1680 ilinoensis, 1683 gramineus, 1684 gramineus illinoensis, _ 1689, 1690 gramineus, 1691 g mineus approaching v maximus, oe 1693 g santiees Vv. maximus, 1
approaching v. maximus, 1699 gra- m s, , 1701 illinoensis, 1703, 1705, 1706, 1709, 1710 na- tans, 1711, a ; 16.041 Oakesianus, 7, 1748 praelongus, 1751 illinoensis, 1753, 1754, 1756 praelongus, 1773, 1775, 1776, 1779, 1781, 1782 Richardsonii, este haps perfoliatus v. bupleuro Richardsonii, 1787 ichardaeall, 1806 em ensis.
Muensc
g & Maguire.
67, 71 Yamplifolius, 73, 75 gramineus illinoensis, 120 gramineus ap- mee v. sraeset 141 prae- 157 perhaps perfoliatus v.
ri bea bic x Richardsonii.
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
10] & . v. bupleuroides, — Ogden n.
207 Muenscher & Wiegand. 14538 perhaps gramineus X s unz, P. A. 2785 crispus, 10805 illinoensis. Murdoch, J. pleuroides, 939 amplifolius, Oakesianu Nash, G. v. "786 crispus, 859, 1750
524 perfoliatus v. bu- 2062
illin sis.
Nelson, A. 2276 oF perione, 2406 gramineus v., 4145 n
Nelson, A. S Vv. maximus, 6 atans eoubsarsa form, perhaps a hybrid), 6771 per- haps gramineus X illinoensis, 6807 Richardsonii.
fap ecole . & Ruth A. 973 prae- on,
Ne ; 87, 3362 Richardsonii, 3386 illinoensis.
Nelson, Cc
eel yk gr amineus
Ogden, na Cc. 914, O64 eel EN us, 1502 crispus, 1620 na- tan ns, 1701 perfoliatus v. bupleur- oides, 1702 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 1704 amplifolius, 1705 natans, 1716 gramineus, 1717 Richardsonii, 1718 natans, ee — v. tenuifolius,
akesi: Ogden & Babel. "2166 Oakesianus,
g =
2203 gramineus Ogden, Babe Chamberlain. 2242 alpinus v. tenuifolius. Ogden, Babel & Kozicky. 1880 praelongus.
e & Bolan Bors 1562 Oakesianus, 1565. 1568 rede bige o llmoensis, 1571 . foliatus v. bupleuroid - (perhaps
v. bupleuroides xX
n a lifolius, — 1584 1589
gramineus X 1537 = tus
& Marsto 432 go oli-
208 Rhodora [May
atus v. bupleuroides, 492 prae- orn 493 perfoliatus v. bupleur- oides, 1691 gramineus, 1692, 1693
Og ee Aa i 1762 gramineus X illinoensis, 1765 gra- Ss Vv. my phyll 5 8 per
ra
8, amplifolius, 2020
praelongus, 2032 perfoliatus v. bu-
pleuroides
ee Ogden & Babel. 2271 na-
ans, 2272 ee 2294 Rich-
haere 2308 gramineus
Ogden, naire de Stetnmnete: 1882 praelo
Ogden & Paine. 1505 A eas tration v. tp ug 1506 n
Ogden, Rollins & W Wiegins. 1731 Berchtoldi > _ perfoliatus v. a shu, 1732 patfotinges v. bu- pleuroi
Ogden & Steinmetz. 1543 gramineus v. maxim perfoliatus v. biplentoiden a 1544 yey gramineus ™X_ perfoliatus v. bu- pleuroides, 1545 gramineus, 1547 amplifolius, 1548 natans, 1549 — mineus, 1552 amineus v. i- mus, 1556 amplifolius, 1592 ‘prae- longus, 1593, 1602, 1603 gramineus Vv. maximus, 1604 -
cheese =F v. bupleu
1542 Hager at
Ogden, sige gh & Prince. 1596 nodosus, 1597 gramineus v. maxi-
m Ogden & Trask. 2073 Oakesianus. Ba 978 & Wiggins. 1729 ampli-
perfoliatus — v. bupleu ( Seige alpinus X grami ass, z inus v. tenuis, 2344 gramin 2 Vv. maxi Oosting, H. J. 391 gramineus, 302 pr aipreepe oe 2945 illin , 2971 Richardsonii, 28100 gra
n-
mineus, 28164 — illino- neus.
“ 553 Richardsonii. E.
Osterhout, G 2885 alpinus v. tenuifolius. , IT. C. 1565. natans, 1583
Richardsonii, 1584 gramineus, 1678 Richardsonii, 1 praelongus, 1768, 1769 amplifolius. ver, W. H. 3366, 3367 Richard- sonii, 4008 illinoensis, 4044 gra mineus, re alpinus v. tenui- oaching v. subellipticus, 13818 Roheniand, 14459 ampli-
1 171 re a 17141, mean 17432 nodosus. alm E. J. 11952 nodosus, 12217. illinoensis, 12907 perhaps rege x nodosus, 21526 n
i: — Tadehes 33707, 43586
Palmer, 5: L. 36, 37, 38 natans, 50 a ie
Palm oo J. 638 gramineus V.
dai Richardsonii, 1862
Richardeoati 1866 gramineus.
Palmer & Steyermark. 41417 pulcher.
Pammel, L. H. illinoensis. arish, S. B. 2106, 2128, 3350
4°]
100 natans, 776
n Parish, S. B. & W. F. 1435 natans. 1073 perfoliatus v-
ides. Parlin & Fernald. 924 natans. 174 illinoensis. Payson, E. B. & Lois B. 2023
ov aad ig 2024 =praelongus, 2251 na
Pease, A. ie 1919 alpinus v. subel- lipticus, 2011 pulcher, 2064 crispus, 2500 amineus fine — eus V- maximus, 2907 alpi v. tenui- folius, 3795 ak 4699A Oakesi- anus, 14 ramineus, 11982 Richardsonii, 12143 perfoliatus V
bupleuroides, 12171 Oakesianus, 138
amine amplifoli- us, 14012 praelongus, 14582 gra- —— 14585 amplifolius, 16591,
16943 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides,
1943]
17024 alpinus v. tenuifolius_ap-
i ng v. subellipticus, 17983 Richardsonii, 20073 natans, 22752, 227538, 227 gramineus,
25217 natans, 26709 alpinus v.
Polio ag. Bean. 26092 gramineus, mpli
Richardsonii, 26199 am folius, 2624 ichardsonii, 26304 gramineus, 26389 ardsonii
Pease & Edgerton. 27169 gramin-
eus. Pe wore & Fernald. 16958 amplifoli- 17024 alpinus v. tenuifolius ap- prosching v. subellipticus, 17047
at air ane perfoli-
as 24828 Richard- sonii, 2491 Seer: 24918 Richardsonii, 24964 _ illinoensis, — eg atans, 25013, 25031 Rich- ardsonii, 25032 amplifolius, 25135 Oakesiabus, 25167 amplifolius. Peattie C. 2385 “Richardsonii, 2305 gramineus v. myriophyllu Peck, C. H. perhaps ce te D4 nodosus, 3 se nsis. Peck, M. E. 6284 Richardsonii, 8514 natans, 900) ichardsonii, 9026 dmaptifolias 9619 Richard-
sonii.
Peebles, R. H. 14190 nodos
Pennell, F. W. 3351 oetitiation Vv. bupleuroides, 16220 Richardsonii,
Pepoon, 5
899 praelongus
erry & Roscoe. 38 Oakesianus. ay O. P. 1091 nodosus, 1092,
655 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 1883 nodosus.
Piete A. J. 3 Richardsonii, 6 pis 7 illinoensis. Piper, C. V 57 Richardsonii, 758
natans, 3684 amplifolius, 3761 gra- mineus - illinoensis, 3765 natans, 4426 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 4430 Rishardarats 4431 _— ap- proaching v. maxim
Polunin, N. 1976, 1977, 2062 “en nus v. tenuifolius, 2070 per
lpinus X gramineus. Pontious & Bartley. 18 nodosus. Porsi 4295 precines,. ap-
proaching v. maximus (perhaps
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
209
gramineus X sp.), 4296 alpinus v. subellipticus. Porsild, A. E. & R. T. v. tenuifolius, 847 Ri ere 943, 1102 Richardsonii, 1131 g mineus, 1496 alpinus v. tenuis hu i. gramineus, 29 aelongus, 3098 alpinus v. eabiie ea an Richardsonii, 3099, 5174 gramineus Vv. maximus. Atwood. 1318 Oakesi- Pa 1405 perfoliatus v. bupleur- oi ra & Hyland. 649 gramineus. Proulx, T. 58 pesca tenuifolius. Rand & Robinson. 1013 Sheil Randolph & Wiegand. 9094
1977, 1979 praelong- lifolius,
114 alpinus
. amplifolius, 2251, 2262 a 2267, 2273, 2299 amplifolius.
, E. A. 88 perfoliatus v. bu-
1545 perhaps alpinus ramineus Vv. i — * = on
m 1552, 1553, 1554, ‘1555,
1556, 155i, 1558, 1559, 1 60 Rich-
a 1570, aby 1572 peer 6352, 64 Ric
7002 ramineus
Raup Abbe. 4038 gramineus,
4313 eusven 4614 gramineus, 4 Richardso
Redfield, J. "H. 7996 pulcher, 8002 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 8014
inus v. subellipticus, 15341 per-
lst = bupleuroi sts
cena stony J. 1640. ee Sg ~2502 pulcher.
Ricard & Boivin. 342 nodosus.
Ricker, natans
Rider, Sadie L. 349 Richardsonii
Ridgway, R. 3318 nodosus.
Ridgway ana 3425 nodosus.
Riehl, N. 128 er.
Robinson B.L 494 natans.
© per- foliatus v. bupleuroides, 231 poly-
210 Rhodora [May
gonifolius, 232 sarees ae ap- proaching v. maximu
binson & Webb. 1087 perfoli- atus v. bupleuroides (perhaps hybrid).
Rolland-Germain. 6231 gramin- eus, 6233, 6235 gramineus v. maxi- mus, 6280 amplifolius, 8696 per
. foliatus v. bupleuroides, 8697, 13044
amplifolius, 1 chardsonii, 58 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 1
T alpinus x perfoliatus v. a pasa 43359 nodosus, 43360 er
aps gramineus 4 perfoliatus
Vv. ggeor eo nae 43382 gramineus iatus v. bupleuroides,
43481 | Richandeoidt R R. C. 2319 alpinus v.
b 51 us V., 55 natans 59 alpinus v. subelli icus, 60 1 natans, 61, 62, 63 ampli- folius, 7 if gramineus, 73
amineus v. maximus, 74 per- ne v. bupleuroides, 75 gra-
: a . “P ps le rfoliatus v. upleuroides, raelongus Ro b ) B. & 16 alpi-
nus v. tenuifolius, ss gramineus, 20
T 67 Richardsonii. 304 nodosus, 1185 per- foliatus v. bupleuroides.
M.F. 812 natans.
Oakesianus, 25817, 30003 nata ans, 30004 praelongus, 31207, 32297
boueian, 35812 perfoliatus v. bu Rugel, F, 613 illinoensis. Ru 384 alpinus v. subellip- re 385 natans. uth, A. 49, vi 141, 772 nodosus. Rydberg, P. A. 1421 ‘nodosus, 1440
y illinoensis, 1652 natans, 1792 Rich- ,
ardsonii, 1846 nodosus.
Rydberg & Bessey. 3724, 3725 alpinus v. tenuifolius.
Rydberg & Carlton. 7522 Rich- ardsonii.
St. Cyr, D. N. 2973 gramineus, 2994 amplifolius, 3030 nodosus, 3050 Richardsonii.
St. John, H. 1121, 1122 polygoni- folius, 1124 perfoliatus v. bupleur- oides, 1372, natans, 1373 iar anus, 1756 alpinus v. subellipticus, 1
bupleuroides, 11919 gramineus V. myriophyllus, 90081 natans, 90083, 90084 alpinus v. tenuifoliius, 90085 alpinus v. Oey petolet 90086 gra-
mineus, 9008 oliatus. St. John, English, Moore & Palmer
St. pea & Nichols. "D104 alpinus
636 rareatewnnens 656, 658 ae find Richardsonii, 4927 praelon
Seridbere ; é asap 524 gramin- eus V. ma
Sandberg, ‘Mastoural & Heller. 697, 939 natans, 955 gramineus, 956 Richardsonii, 1026 gramineus-
Sanford, S.N.F. 1225, 10192 per- foliatus v. bupleuroides
Sargent, H. 29 perfoliatus v. Saalee cies: 31 gramineus X per- foliatus v. bupleuroides, 33 per- foliatus v. bupleuroides.
ulz, Ellen D. 797 illinoensis. Scott, W. 16208 crispus, 16431 n dosus, 1 amplifolius, 16433,
16434 illinoensis, 16438, 16439 crispus, 16443 gramineus, 1 gramineus v. maximus,
16446, ~
1943]
16447 gramineus, 16448 a oa
16450 gramineus, 16451 praelon
16454, 16455, 16457 Richardson Scovel we T. 26 amplifolius and 4 Bishasdaehit, 28 ne li-
linear-leaved species oan to Fernald, Mem. Am. Acad. Sci: 17: pt. 1: 136), 54 Hissar: 66
1057 reg
ineus, 1 amplifolius, i321 praelong hee M. 100 = Seymou 249 amplifolius,
267, 1027 perfoliatus v. bupleur- oides, 1487, 1567, 1568 Oakesianus, 570 per oliatus. v. bupleuroides,
approaching
. M. 3 Richardsonii, 11 a 73, 100 natans, 101 Sh <a & ‘Dndecwoolds 33521 no-
us. Sharples, 8S. P. 303 nodosu Shaw, C. H. 771 Richardson 1206 natans and gram 745 piles 3804 uraclongur "4524 alpinus v. tenui- oO
us & Bessey. 5328 alpinus v.
tenuifolius, 5333 gramineus XX Richardsonii.
Shreve, F. 1597, 1622 pulcher. ull, G. H. 15 crispus, 39, 95 no-
—— perfoliatusv. v. bupleur- osus,
70 recon sonii, 80 pra gus, § S na Ri chnieceee 225 na
473 py er 474 nodo eee: Shunk & vasinnde ng.
us, 51 Shan nii, folius, 560 Richardsonii.
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
211
Simpson, J. H. 386 illinoensis. ie J. K. 7241, 8170 illinoensis. "& Carter. 1007, 1118 illino- is ll, J. K. & G. K. 4148, 4487, eh illinoensis. iley, F. J. 330 natans, 749 no- mith, E. F.. 87 praelongus.
Sones, G 307 nodosus Sperry, C. C. 509 pulcher. Sperry Martin. 671 Richard-
sonii, 696 praelongus, 718 Richard- sonii a gramineus, 731, 735 il-
linoens
Sieaadbor rough, W. 16429 alpi- nus v. tenuifolius, 20750 gramineus, 62662, — Richards onii.
Standley 7557 gramineus V., 9780 nN 16855, i alpinus y. tenuifolius, 18500 na , 18528 amplifoliue, 40488 ciate, 40649 dee ene
& or 7648 ampli-
bra 7649 nodos
Stecker, A. 332 apis v. tenui- —
tee J. H. 4741 alpinus v. tenuuifolius, 4781 eee mplifolius,
2
Pp bupleuroides, 527 per nin eus < nodosus, vont Berchtoldi x e
ardsoni i, 830 natans,
60 ramplifolis, 957 einen 1127 Oakesia
Steinmetz “& tet . 888 gramine-
us perfoliat bupleuroides,
889 sectelintur ag Na a etary 905
nodosus. .
teinmetz & Marston. 539 Be toldi X perfoliatus v. bupleuroides.
212 Rhodora [May Steinmetz & Ogden. 98 ampli- & Leslie. 280 amplifolius, 291
folius . . gramineus, 293 Richardsonii, 294 Stei & Quimb v- 581 gra- alpi ious ¥ papain 295, 296
anson. Ee natans, 31 nodosus, 55 gramineus. Stevens, G. W. 1364 amplifolius
rmark, ‘J. A. 1003 natans,
$297 ori crispus, 4327 pulcher, 4473
4609 illin noensis, 4639, 4688,
5410 nodosus
inoensis on dosus),
BALI, 9233 fe pa 11328, 11939
ees, 11946 amplifolius, 12031, 12428 open 3782
13869 amplifolius, 13910, 13938,
14226 awn it. 14245 _pulcher,
14257, 9 nodosus, 14985 -
ees 14487, 14624, 15560 am-
plifolius, 16: 13 pus, 21087, 21138, 21145 illinoensis, 21208 a plifolius, 21235 illinoensis, 2126
9 22 us, 22773,
22840, 22873, 23321, 23365 ampli- folius, 23494, 23543, 23546 ampli- folius, 24650 ‘nodos pia 103 nodosus, 25104, 25142 il- linoensis, 25249, 25250, 25317 no- dosus, 25365 illinoensis, 25367 no- osus, 2537 inoensis, 25425 nodosus, 25533 mnplifclitn 25534, ont 25876, 27148, 27634, 27657,
Street & Williams. 2689 nodosus.
728 nodosus, 2172 alpinus v. tenuifolius
Svenson, H. K. 156 pulcher, 7216 nodosus, 9108, — ae
Svens: Fas 932
5786 praelongus bie soi bod P. 78 gramineus x il- Pasice, ee Fitzpatrick, Losee
natan Oakesia gra- mi oan. 300 Ri chardsonit, te gra- mineus, 304 gramineus X ard-
sonii (proba bly backerossed with gramineus), 305 gra arp, B. C
Cc. 2181 sisi naaeiaie. horns Cc. C. aps gra- us X nodosus, 1499 gramine- on "3466 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides (perhaps perfoliatus v oides X Se 1
eictamecn Richardsonii. Thompson, 589 gramineus, 594 rdsonii, 8620 ampli-
7 c
folius, 942214 natans, 11768 gramin- eh Vv. sie “pase 14046g ramineus.
Richardson, 7 natans
mineus, 53 illinoensis, 69 gramine-
us, 73b gramineus > _ illinoensis,
142 Richardsonii, 145_ illinoensis, ichardsonii, ns, 253 ainionrn 99
Thurber, G. i co ; Tidestrom, I. 517, 1861 illinoens!s, 7171 nodosus, 7175 perfoliatus V.
bupleuroides, 7183 P7637, 7741, 10 Tolst 428 natans, 429
W. L. Richardsonii, 430 praelongus, 473 Richardsonii, 614 se nig 615 gramineus, 616 gramineus ™ il- linoensis, 637 nodosus, 638 natans,
us. Topping, D. L. 203 amplifolius. Toumey, J. W. sea nce s.
D; 867 gree isk 2870, 2871 alpinus v. tenul- lius
eedy, F
physio
. 46 illinoensis, 411 gr@ 413 Richardsonii, 4978
a 62, 373 cog caer 375, 1091 gramineus x illino
e mite. 1645 Richard- sonii, 1656 gramineus, 1659 Rich- ardsonii, 1660 natans, 1662 line: ensis gramineus (perhap gramineus > illinoensis).
Uhler arren. 793 natans 797: % ono 858 jllinoensis, 1079 praelon
1943]
Umbach, L. M. 31 gramineus, 433 Richardsonii, 457 gramineus v. eg a an ,» EB. C. 202 alpinus v. tenuifoliv,
aa & wenn 201 crisp-
202 Victo Mar 526 Ey 565 Test lint v. bupleur 1124 tries 1152, 1505 alain v. tenuifolius, 1537 ‘natans, 1539 gramineus, 3177 “paige cores . bu- chardsonii,
oides, 8177, 8178 perfoliatus y. bu- pleuroides, sohiardanati,
cus, 1116 ps sec per- foliatus v. bupleuroides, 11169 perhaps gramineus X _ perfoliatus
bu ides, s, 16056 $060, eoee” 16057 — amin- ie . natans, 16064
mi ae ximus 16065 am-
plifolius, 18460 alpinus v. tenui- olius, 18462 Richardsonii, 20451 2 gramineus v. maximus, 20454 perfoliatus, 20456 perfoliatus v. a 20457, 21201, 25815 amplifolius, 2 27897 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, sa gramineus, gramineus rfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 23005 Richardsonii (perhaps ——
Victorin & peieenoneen 9922 Oakesi-
v. sube 25810 gramineus, 25938 alpinus subellipticus, 25939, 27094, 27095 gramineus v. maximus, 27 630 alpi nus v. tenuifolius, 29088 peafolintas v. kag tebe 33178 Richard-
sonii (perha oliatus v. bu- pleuroides < Richardsonii), 33180 gramineus v. maximus, per-
foliatus v. arr ait 43565 no- dosus, 43576, 43796 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, to70 —— 44738 gramineus X_ perfoliatus v. bu-
Ogden,—The Broad-leaved Species of Potamogeton
213
pleuroides, 45184 ree ns 45189 crispus, 4 osus, 49141 crispus, 49148 Richardsonii, 49304 nodosus, 49366 amplifolius. Victo on olland, Brunel & Rous 17278 perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 17285 gramineus ap- sine v. een 17286 per siren v. bu es. Victorin, Rol aa “& Jacqu 33315 alpinus v._ subellipticus, ae ee 33393 perfoliatus ap- aching v. bupleuroides, 33477 vena Pi 351 amplifolius, 33518 praelongus, 33609 Richard-
sonii, 9 Oakesianus, 33 praelongus, 33854, ae natans, 33858 a mr 9 perfoli- atus v. bup oides, 33714, 33855 asic ig “441 praelongus, 44451 . subellipticus, 44452 gramineus, 44453 gramineus
Lee oliatus — v. bly backerossed with gra- mineus), 44454, 44458 - ear 44459 gramin eus x perfoliatus v. bupleuroides, 44460 natans, 44463 ramineus,
44468 alpinus subellipticus, 44749 Oakesianus. : Victorin, Rolland & Louis-Marie.
Frio alpinus v. subellipticus. torin, Rolland & Méeilleur. "2B 730 alpinus v. tenuifolius, 13858 2 grami
nodosus, 44382 gramineus v. ramineus X sp., 44728 aie, 45446 Richardsonii. rin, d, Michel & oe peta 43633 esianus Waghorne, A. C. 6 alpinus v. senuitalincs, 40 perfoliatus v. bu- pleuroides. Wahl, H. A. 174 a sh ae 204
perfoliatus, v. bupleuroides, 240 perfoliatus v. indedroides (perhaps perfoliatus v. bu “gg Pa — alker, Mr. & Mrs. E
atans. Ware, R.A. 2446 perfoliatus v. ed pleuroides, 3324 natans, 3326 a
plifo arnock, B. H. 1557 nodosus. Watso on, S. 396 perhaps alpinus X a patie 397 Rianlacst, 398 , 1131 natans, si alpinus v. rane Sa Se haps illinoensis secsisaean, 1134 gramineus, 1135 Richardsonii. Watson wT. R. 969 gramineus, 973
214
——. approaching v. s, 979 natans, 1006 amplifies,
ramineus, 36
Weatherby, C. A. D2409 ~— folius, 3389 gramineus, 4364 n tans
Weatherby & Anderson. 5901 amplifolius, 5904 natans.
Weatherby, C.A.& UnaF. 5625 gramineus stk haste Vv. maxi- mus, 6624 gra
Webb, R. J. 452, "546 amplifolius. Webber, H. J. 4 amplifolius, 5, 6 dosus. —
Welch, Winona H. 2106 nodosus.
A. 395 541 natans, fd bhp Vv. maximus, 550 gram
Wetmore, R. ‘#. 103096 gramine- axim
Richardsonii, 90 alpin
—_ 231 illinoensis, 973 Pelee soie Wheeler, L. C. 1974 nodosus, 3973 Whited, z 3141 ge tnegnniees Whitford, H. gr cape tiny
—o natans, 258 Spe v. tenui
Whitney, Elsie G. 4673a ampli- folius.
Rhodora
[May
Wiegand, K. M. 11182 crispus. Wiegand, Gilbert & Hotchkiss.
27339 Oakesianus.
11178 illinoensis,
Wiegand & Hotchkiss. 27337 alpi- y ore 27343 gramineus up bes
(probably gies eee with g mineu Wiegand & Pease. 27340 gramine- ight, W. F. 1 praelongus, 8 il- linoensis, 9 natans, 59 illinoensis,
tans, 6796 eo. 6797 Williams, S andosaas ‘804 Richardsonii $00 pocbarse i illi T. A. 1 nodosus, 344 amplifolius Williamson, C.8S. 418 Oakesianus, 455 chyeoeitolick: 472, 1026 per
foliatus v. bupleuroides. illiamson, W. T. 309 no-
189 amplifolius. alpinus v. tenuifolius,
. 8290 nodosus. Wood, F. F. 4 Richardsonii. Wright, C. 675 nodosus, 676 il- ong 1893 nodosus. . P. 542 illinoensis. amplifolius,
G. & E. C. 7011
E. B. 1237 gra- mineus, 1238 amplifolius.
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
iar gp na subg. Coleogeton, 71, 1 ect. Connati, O, sect. on-
A 69, 71, 72, 76; subsect. Amplifolii, 63, 68, 69, ei "72, 2, 76, 132; subsect.
73, 76, 133, 158,
: . 6 71, 74, 76; subsect. Pusilli, 71, ser. Pusilli connati, 71, va pots, 71, subser. Pano ormitani, 71, se Pusilli convoluti, subser. ‘Acuti, “1,
9-62, 69, 71, 72, 75, 95, 99, 104, 122, 123, 127, 128, 137, ise 9 Is.
ensis, 184; amplifolius X_ prae-
215
longus, 184; am plifoli ius X Rich- ardsonii
jamaicensis, 124; confervoides, 71; crispus, 60-62, 64.°71,:72, 75, 76, 86-88, 91, Aa deminutus, ‘187; diversifolius, ; epihydrus,
186; epihydrus, var. Nuttalii, 138, 142: epihydrus, var. Nuttalii
maximus, 153, he 196, pl. 748, var. mi inimus, 50, myrioph yllus, ior 145, 147, 150, 151, var. spat thulaeformi 151, 187, 189, forma pertoctvie 144,
var. typicus, 143, 149, 151, 196, pl. 748, forma Wolfgangii, 148; gramineus X illinoensis, 145, 149, 51,158, 1
1 1 87, 2 us X illinoensis x lucens, 187; grami- s X lucens, 158, 187 mineus
xX natans, 186; gramine us xX nodosus, 185; gramineus X_per-
216
foliatus, 151; gramineus X_ per- foliatus, var. bupleuroides, 61, 183,
peduncul — 143, forma maximus, pa 187, minimus, 1 0 myri tenbyilne 150, toreeaeeee 144; Hillii, 71; Ginseng 21, ta, 4, 93, 94, 150, 152-154, 156-159, sine 188, 191, 192, 195, ma homophyllus, 154, s; 154; illinoensis X
158, var. ke at 1
=) < ro = D =} = O. As] ss; ‘et < S —
var. ter-
7 ‘ ; panor- mitanus, 192; pectinatus, 71, 192;
INDEX
pennsylvanicus, var. portorioemaa Mf Lt
bupleuroides, 171, 1
178, 181, 182, 189, 190, 193-196, pls. 746, 748; ‘perfoliatus, var. bu- pleuroides xX Ri i 5 amen var. gracilis, 163, 177, 180, var. lanceolatus, 1 3, SSP.
oe polygonifolius, 58, 59, 12; 8, 195, p 746; Porsildior-
a —
1, 195, a 131-133; rufes- cens, 90, 92, § 90; x seolioph is barensis, ee
186; spathaeformis 187; * 8 spath- aeformis, spathulaeformis
siietitolias, a1; subdentatus @ ag 191, p petiolatus, 188, 189, 1 x su
gracilis, 154, 187, og? Var. ss ierentifoltad, 154, 187; Zizii, forma pulcherrimus, 187; zosteriformis, spirillus amp lifolius, 100; hetero- phyllus, 44; er 124; lucens, 154; perfoliat us, 177, va Richard- sonii, 163; pulcher, i21; Zizi, 154, 187
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 45, June-August, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM
I. Five common Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 221 ii... Netes on Danthoiiia. 3.5.0 oo tt ee 239 III. Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species........--. 246 IV. Why not Andropogon Gerardi?...........:..+:.. 255 7, Studies in North American Species of Scirpus... ... 279 VI. The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret.........: 296 VII. What is Angelica triquinata?..............+:-.+- 298 Vill. Notes on Mierschim 53.5 ee ee 317 By M. L. FERNALD Dates or Issuz Pages 221 to 258, plates 749 to 761... .--..- 6. +e. ee eee ee 29 May, 1943 Pages 279 to 303, plates 762 to 769. .-.------+ +--+ 225+-257 - July, 1943 :
- Deas ee 10 August, 1
OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CXLVI /
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 45, June—August, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CXLVIII
I. Five common Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 221
Hi. Notes of Peathonsa eo ee 239 III. Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species.......... 246 IV. .. Why not Andropogon Geraidit. oo 255
V. Studies in North American Species of Scirpus...... 279 VI. The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret.......... 296
Vit. What is Angetica triguinatal. ...........,.55.. 3. 298 Nill. : Notes on Hieracnii., ... - aa ee 317
By M. L. FERNALD
Dares or IssuB
Pages 221 to 258, plates 740 to 761. ~~... 5 +e eee ee ee. 29 May, 1943 Paces 279 to 303, pinta TOR 06 700s, tas ee tk: 6 July, 1943 Pages 317 to B26... 656s oes hee ce re as ee be eae 10 August, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—No. CXLVIII
M. L. FERNALD (Plates 749-769)!
During the studies necessary in a thorough revision of the flora of northeastern America and, especially, a checking with photo- graphs of the types of Linnaeus, Michaux and other authors of American species much new matter has accumulated. Some of the studies, with photographs by Dr. Bernice G. Schubert, are here presented.
I. FIVE COMMON RHIZOMATOUS SPECIES OF MUHLENBERGIA
(Plates 749-757)
In eastern North America five species of Muhlenbergia stand out as the most common representatives of the rhizomatous members of the genus, the plants passing, mostly erroneously, as M. mexicana (L.) Trin., M. sylvatica Torr., M. foliosa (R. & S.) Trin. and the two very distinct species included under M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. These five species have many technical differences (in glumes, lemmas, anthers, grains, internodes, nodes, sheaths, etc.) and habitally they are distinctive. The names currently applied to them, however, need most careful scrutiny for, when the types (all but one in Europe) are studied, it is apparent that those who have easily recognized the species involved have largely guessed at their names and, too often,
1The cost of pmanperly blocks has been met in part from an appropriation for original research from the Department of Biology, Harvard Universi
222 Rhodora [JUNE
have not consulted the original descriptions. Sixteen years ago I undertook a clarification of our species, at that time securing from friends in London, Paris and Berlin photographs of many of the types involved; and in 1930, while in Europe, I checked many points not shown in habit-photographs.
As a result of this study it was evident that we must adopt many unfamiliar names or change the significance of those now familiar but, disliking the upheaval necessitated, I have refrained from publication, with the hope that specialists on the Gramineae would take the responsibility of correcting the many errors. Having now reached a stage in my work when the facts can no longer be dodged, I am presenting in key-form the diagnostic characters of the five species. This will be followed by consider- ation of the names now in use and those which, it seems to me, must be taken up. In some instances, however, inability at present to consult many critical specimens abroad may result in slight future changes. In his Manual Hitchcock! adopts for
‘Tam lana g informed that Hitchcock strenuously and rightly objected to these es, which were forced into his book through the ruling of his Chief (see Ww
to upset when studied by scientists. If the time used in inventing ‘‘English” names for these plants had gone into study of their proper typification some of the upsets in ye sinc pages might be unnecessary. ‘‘C’est a rire!”’ pos the reference to dictatorship by some in power over young (sometimes eee pectoris have recently received copies of correspondence from a botanist formerly in siti ernment employ, in which the inventor of “‘English’’ names ruled that the y n should not publish a new plant in Ruopora because the type is not in the Nasi! Herbarium and because the author had followed the Internationa Rules of Plant Nomenclature, though in this case the dictator was overruled by higher officials. Probably no more severe blight upon scholarly aah gp vot taxonomy under federal dictatorship has existed. The inventor of ‘English’ names himself once made a wi effort in taxonomy, That he nes not ve is clear from his greatest nap hata with its delightfully naive key Leaves obova’ Leaves not i on one characters given — etc. Leaves not erie ecir marge
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 223
members of Muhlenbergia the stupid ‘English’ name ‘“‘Muhly”’ (“Marsh Muhly’’, ‘‘Wire-stem Muhly’’, ete.). There would be some propriety in dropping the h and then applying the word as an adjective to the current nomenclature of the misinterpreted five. In tabulating the characters I am numbering the species, the name in current use being bracketed. Beautifully clear il- lustrations of four of the plants will be found in Hitchcock’s Manual, figs. 768, 770, 774 and 776. I am greatly indebted to Mr. Jason Swallen for an opportunity to study fragments of the types of Agrostis mexicana L. and of A. foliosa R. & S. Photo- graphs made from them will be found in pLates 749, Frias. 1-3 and 751, FIG. 2).
a. a and stolons 2-6 mm. thick, with cucullate-arching vate scales; nodes of culm thick ‘and ever enlarged; oF
mm. long; — anthers 0.3-0.6 mm.
ranches soon a the me ants thus habit and topheavy, the p mptly uncovered internodes lustrous and glabrous ; leat-ehew = loose, r com- pressed, promptly opening to base; terminal panicle ex- serted, or with included base, at first lax and open, lan-
very rey pa both awned, membranaceous, green ; lemma ape Te ; grain easily Cronies
linear-cylindrc, 16-3 ih 0 os a as a ees l, (M. mexicana). . Culms erect or ascending, lower nodes not rooting, un- bra ee a0
from middia: node es, internodes largely covered | 2 sheaths, opaque and puberulent; leaf-sheaths tight, tere te, tardily
aly glumes ni rat (if "rarely awned, sub-
Rivet, with few simple ae ssed-ascending branches; leaf-blades sovaudien or sli re! spreading, firm; pani
rather stiff, the subse art amici sive spikelets imbri ases of the glom
ulate appressed-ascending branches and _ branchlets; glumes subequal, firm and herbaceous, usually green or
Leaves not with all ag iss aude given above. Leaves orbicular to te. Leaves or other Beer lem as described a! and so on, including the informative calls in proay cap ‘Leaves not as described It is no uaa that one who 60 little deeper than that into an exacting field did not fully understand its importance
224 Rhodora [JUNE
purplish; lemma firm, usually awnless (rarely awned) ; mature florets persistent; grain slenderly ellipsoid, 1.3-1.6 mm. long, tightly embraced by lemma and palea.
2. [M. foliosa]. Ascending to erect, with many ascending simple or forking branches from middle nodes; leaf-blades spreading, rather soft and pliant; panicles slender, loosely flowered, exuous, the longer branches mostly without crowded basal spikelets, the spikelets often long-pedicelled; umes very unequal, scarious or hyaline, usually whitish or silvery; lemma scarious, silvery, often long-awned;
mature florets promptly dropping; grain linear-cylin- ;
ic, 1.4-2.1 mm. long, easily remove 3. [M. sylvatica]. a. Rhizomes and stolons slender (2-4 mm. thick), greatly pro- longed and forking, with appressed lanceolate to narrowly
8b Owe eee hee
ty) , Culms mostly branching from middle nodes, the leaves and branches there approximate, the internodes lustrous and
3 .8 mm. long; grain tightly embraced, linear-cylindric, 1.8-2.2 mm. long; species of dry prairie, rocks and bluffs from Wisconsin to Saskat- chewan, and west to Oregon, south to Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and New Mexico; casual al ilroad tward
5
4. [M. racemosa].
True M. mexicana (Puates 751 and 752)
Muhlenbergia mexicana (L.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 189 (1824) rests upon Agrostis mexicana L. Mant. i. 31 (1767). Agrostis mexicana was raised by Linnaeus in the garden at Upsala from seeds sent him from Vienna by Jacquin and erroneously thought to have come from tropical America. By most recent authors it is considered to be species no. 1 of the preceding key: “the plants becoming topheavy and bushy”, to use Hitchcock's phrase, with abundant decumbent and rooting or ascending ofte? forking lustrous branches; the sheaths compressed and loose, promptly opening to the base; the branches bearing numerous partly included axillary panicles; the terminal panicles relatively
1943] _Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 225
soft and loose upon expanding, many of the spikelets long- pedicelled; the glumes very unequal and both awned; the easily removed grain linear-cylindric, etc. How different was the unusually full description by Linneaus of his Agrostis mexicana:
mexicana. 20. _AGROSTIS panicula lounanien ealycibus [glumis]
Hl. citar in n America calidiore. D. J —- a Culmi numero dales, laeues, er any Ramis indiuisis. nea,
inatae mata atropurpurea, ramosa. Stamina alba. Difficillime hoc Gramen determinatur. Altero anno floret. Facies Cinnae. H.U:
Passing for the moment the ‘‘panicula oblonga congesta’”’ or
“congesta coaceruatis’’, it should be clear that the ‘‘culmi j erectr”’ the “Ramis Snddiciane?” and the “Calyces [glumae] apice subulati, subaequales”’ do not belong to species no. 1, which has often decumbent or lopping culms with mostly forking and very abundant basal and median branches, the glumes very unequal and both slenderly awned. The ‘‘Aristae nullae’’ could belong to no. 1 or to no. 2. Linnaeus said nothing about the very nu- merous axillary panicles partly included in the subinflated sheaths of the branches which so generally characterize no. 1. His unusually full description is clearly not a good one for no. 1 and, in view of the almost universal recent error of so identifying it, the original comment of Linnaeus still has force: ‘‘Dzfficillime hoc Gramen determinatur’’. Linnaeus had two sheets of the type material, both clearly marked by him Agrostis mexicana. Beau- tiful photographs of the two sheets, sent to the Gray Herbarium in 1927 by the late Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, are before me. One is of a badly crumpled specimen, the other (our PLATE 751, Fria. 1) better prepared. They both show erect culms, with few simple erect branches, tight sheaths, terminal panicles, no definitely included axillary panicles, subequal awnless glumes (PLATE 751, FIG. 3) and awnless lemmas; and the broken-off culms are 5 dm. (20 inches) high. Linnaeus’s “‘culmi . . . pedales’ was too conservative. PiatTe 752, ric. 2 is from a portion of the panicle of the type, now preserved at the United States National Herbar-
226 Rhodora [JUNE
ium and most generously sent me for study by Mr. Swallen. The type specimens of Agrostis mexicana are of species no. 2, the plant passing as Muhlenbergia foliosa.
As he stated, Linnaeus received his seed from Jacquin and raised the plant at Upsala. Jacquin’s plant at Vienna was clearly described, and illustrated by a life-size colored plate, by the younger Jacquin in his Eclogae Plantarum Rariorum— Gram. Fase. ter. et quart., 44, t. 30 (1813). Jacquin filius departed little from Linnaeus, his fuller account including “Cutmi . . ._ bipedales, : erecti, . . .. teretes ik ; ramis axillaribus, secs, Meticlite: adpressis vaginis . . . apertis . . . Ftorssin paniculis suis nalibus culmi primarii et ramorum, ante et post anthesin coarc- tatis, . . . 3 famis Tamulisque ... .. erectis adpressis
Calyx . . . Glumae subaequales, lanceolatae, acu- vitae ; and his wonderful plate (our PLATE 752) showed a characteristic plant of our species no. 2, even to the slenderly ellipsoid grain. The material cultivated by the Jacquins at Vienna was, then, like that sent to and cultivated by Linnaeus at Upsala and described by him as Agrostis mexicana. When he transferred A. mexicana to Muhlenbergia, Trinius, Gram. Unifl. 189 (1824) held the diagnostic characters of the Linnean species “Panicula contracta densiuscula; Glumis lineari-lanceolatis acu- tissimis subaequalibus perianthio acutissimo vix brevioribus’’. There seems to be no way to avoid taking up for the plant erro- neously passing as M. foliosa the clearly described and typified M. mexicana (L.) Trin.
M. MEXICANA OF RECENT AuTHORS (PLaTEs 749 and 750)
When we consider the earlier available names for the plant recently but erroneously passing as Muhlenbergia mexicana, our species no. 1, the name seemingly available, if we accept current bibliographies, is M. lateriflora (Michx.) Trin. ex Kunth, Enum. i. 207 (1833) in synonymy of Cinna lateriflora Kunth, Rev. Gram. i. 67 (1829), both names based on Agrostis lateriflora Miehx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 53 (1803) from rock-cliffs of the Missis- sippi and shores in [southern] Illinois. Michaux’s description is not at all good for a plant with geniculate and bushy-branched stems, relatively large terminal panicles and long-awned glumes;
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 227
and the photograph of the type sent me by M. Cintract is very
inconclusive. The description was as follows:
LATERIFLORA. A. culmis erectis, nodosis: foliis linearibus, planis: panic- ulis lateralibus et terminalibus, pusillis, coarctatis, densifloris: glumae muticae et scaberulae. valvis acutissimis; interioribus majoribus, basi barbulatis
Hab. praesertim in praecipitibus saxosis fluminis Mississipi et ripariis Illinoensibus.
Authors immediately following Michaux seem not to have known
the plant, Beauvois shifting it without discussion to Vilfa, and
Kunth, likewise with no discussion, transferring it to Cinna. It
was not until Kunth’s Enumeratio that the plant, as Cinna
lateriflora (Michx.) Kunth, with ‘‘Muehlenbergia lateriflora
Trin.” as a synonym, was again accorded a diagnosis, that copied
directly from Michaux. Michaux’s erect culm, densely flowered
small panicles and muticous glumes are not satisfactory for the common plant known as M. mexicana. The photograph is of mere fragments: broken-off tips of a stiffly ascending plant with long internodes; leaf-blades erect, only 2-4 mm. broad and long- tapering; the linear-filiform panicles only 1.5-4 mm, thick, with spikelets only 2.5-3 mm. long. These fragments look like small bits picked from a plant of M. glabrifloraScribn. Only Michaux’s
“slumae . . . interioribus . . ._ basi barbulatis’” would
seem to separate it from that species of dry or baked soils, gravels
or rocky slopes, from southwestern Indiana (perhaps also Ohio) and Illinois to Texas. MM. glabriflora is reputed to have the lemma glabrous. It would not now be justifiable to reduce
M. glabriflora to M. lateriflora; when the florets can be actually
studied that may be inevitable. In fact, Steudel, Synop. PI.
Gram. 182 (1854), describing in detail the species he took to be
Cinna lateriflora (Michx.) Kunth, from Ohio — of Frank’s,
said “glumis . ye @mubesqualibus( <>. 6; valyulis-.
glabris.”’ It is, however, fairly clear that we Ms not scopeny take up M. lateriflora for the plant, no. 1, which has been passing as M. mexicana.
Another name, ignored or waved aside by recent American authors, needs consideration, for it is with little doubt the first name for species no. 1, the plant generally passing as Muhlen- bergia mexicana and so passing for more than a century, the confusion dating back to botanists of a full century ago, when
228 : Rhodora [JUNE
nos. 1 and 2 were completely mixed in our floras, Torrey, Fl. N. Y. ii. 437, 438 (1843), for instance, saying ‘“M. foliosa Trin. (Agrostis filiformis, Muhl. gram.) seems to be only a variety of this species’’, in which, unintentionally perhaps, he was correct, for, as I later show, the type of Agrostis filiformis is the form of true M. mexicana with awned lemmas. The species (M. mezi- cana sensu Torrey) with “Culm . . . much branched . . - often geniculate; sheaths compressed, loose . . . is some- imes troublesome in gardens’, the latter points applying to ecies no. 1. The neglected name to which I refer is Agrostis frondosa Poir. in Lam. Encye. Suppl. i. 252 (1790). The description, noting fleruous stems, very leafy and compressed branches, purplish nodes, loose sheaths and oblong and often pur- plish panicles suggesting those of A. mexicana, are all indicative of species no. 1. Here is Poiret’s account, he giving the name because of the leafiness of the plant: 46. Acrostis feuillé Agrostis frondosa. Agrostis culmo flexuoso, articulis ramosis, foliosis; panicults coarctats;
mexicana; les ramifications en forme d’épis oblongs, de couleur verte, uD peu purpurine; les fleurs petites, oblongues; les valves calicinales plus courtes que celles de la corolle, aigués, mucronées A leur sommet; celles de la corolle étroites, oblongues, aigués.
ette plante croit en Allemagne. (V. s. in herb. Desfont.)
Although it was supposed that Agrostis frondosa came from Germany, the name was completely disregarded in the great German floras of Gmelin, Koch and others of their period; nor does it have any recognition in the more modern and voluminous treatments by Ascherson & Graebner and by Hegi. The source, like that of so many species early reaching European collections, was evidently misunderstood, as was that of A. mezicana of Linnaeus, Jacquin and others. Nevertheless, the weedy tend- ency of species no. 1 evidently enabled it to reach Europe some- what after Poiret’s time. For instance, Lejeune & Courtols, Comp. Fl. Belg. i. 61 (1828) refer to A. ‘mexicana’ having bee? collected in Belgium, “‘e semine exotico orta’’; and Hegi, Il. Fi.
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 229
Mittel-Eur. vii. 154 (1931), refers to the recent occurrence in Germany of M. ‘“‘mexicana.’’ Whether these are true M. mexicana (‘foliosa’’) or the very different plant (our no. 1) which generally passes as M. mexicana I can not now determine.
But, returning to Agrostis frondosa Poir. Roemer & Schultes, Syst. 1. 373 (1817) made it an exact synonym of their newly defined A. foliosa, saying ‘‘certissime huc spectat’”’. Steudel, who certainly understood grasses, treated it unequivocally in his Nomenclator, ed. 2: 365 (1840) as identical with various plants now placed under Muhlenbergia (including M. foliosa, ete., but not M. mexicana, which Steudel retained in the true sense). Hooker filius & Jackson in Index Kewensis, placed it, also with- out question, in the all-inclusive M. mexicana of their period.
As already noted, Poiret’s “‘culmo flexuoso . . . de chacune de ces articulations il sort des rameux feuillés, comprimés, égale- ment flexueux . . . Les feuilles . . . nombreuses; leur gaine liche, . . . Les panicules . . . les ramifications
en forme d’épis oblongs” are reasonably good characterizations of our common so-called M. mexicana; no other species involved in the problem has lax and compressed sheaths. I am, therefore, subject to verification when the type can be studied, identifying M. mexicana of recent authors with AGrosTIs FRONDOSA Poiret.
The name Muhlenbergia foliosa (Roemer & Schultes) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 196 (1824) rests for typification upon Agrostis foliosa Roem. & Schultes, Syst. Veg. ii. 373 (1817). As currently treated M. foliosa is an erect plant with few erect branches; scabrous-puberulent internodes; firm ascending leaves; ‘‘panicles mostly exserted, often rather long-exserted, narrow, of numerous short appressed densely flowered somewhat aggregate branches’”’ (Hitchcock), the branches densely flowered to base; the spikelets subsessile or short-pedicelled; glumes subequal and subulate- tipped (only rarely definitely awned), firm and herbaceous; the usually awnless lemma of similar texture; the mature florets tardily dropping and tightly embracing the slenderly ellipsoid grain (1.3-1.6 mm. long), the plant, my no. 2, which I identify with M. mexicana in the strict sense. Roemer & Schultes evidently supposed that Poiret’s Agrostis frondosa was the plant in cultivation under the equivalent name, A. foliosa, and their glumes unequal, with hispid awns (“calycibus inaequalibus aris-
230 Rhodora [JUNE
tatis hispidis”) might well have been derived from A. frondosa; but their lemma and palea unequal, the former awned at tip and the culm much branched, erect (“corollis . . . inaequalibus valvulé majore apice aristata, culmo ramosissimo erecto’’) sug- gest M. sylvatica! Roemer & Schultes had two varieties: ‘ee paniculis viridibus” to which they assigned A. filiformis Willd. ; and “8. paniculis rubicundis” to which they assigned A. frondosa Poir. The latter has already been discussed.
The two subdivisions of their Agrostis foliosa were borrowed in part from Willdenow, who had described, also from cultivated plants, A. filiformis Willd. Hort. Bot. Berol. i. 95 (1809); but without including in it A. frondosa Poir.
% for) SP op) a, © th ‘ae | — ia)
=
S: S =, &
DR so) © Bae bee 3 = to] o _ ix}
Agrostis foliosa Hortulanorum. Habitat in America boreali. 2. D. ; Polypogone diversa calycibus corolla brevioribus. Habitu accedit ad A. mexicanam, sed calycibus, corollis, inflorescentia tenuiore, et florescentia serotina diversa. Varietas 8 robustior.
A photograph of Willdenow’s type of Agrostis filiformis, most kindly presented to me by Professor Diels, shows the slenderest extreme of Muhlenbergia mexicana, the plant usually passing a A. foliosa; but the awns at the tips of the lemmas show that it 1s the form known as A. foliosa, forma ambigua (Torr.) Wieg. The exact identity of the plants of Roemer & Schultes must await opportunity to study them. In the mean time, however, the very liberal fragments of what was taken as the type of Roemer & Schultes have been sent me from the National Herbarium at Washington for study. Portions of this material are reproduced as PLATE 749, Fics. 1, 2 and 3. They certainly belong to the species which has erroneously passed as M. mexicana; and since the name Agrostis foliosa Roemer & Schultes was nomenclaturally a substitute for A. frondosa Poir. and, therefore, illegitimate, it is fortunate that the Roemer & Schultes type belongs so un-
equivocally to the species which I take to be A. frondosa of Poiret.
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 231
M. sYLVATICA
MUHLENBERGIA SYLVATICA TORR. IS, APPARENTLY, CORRECTLY * ° ° . *
UNDERSTOOD! A. northeastern variety of it will be published on a succeeding page. ‘
M. raceMosa (PLatsEs 753 and 754)
Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP., on the other hand, has been quite misinterpreted. This misinterpretation arose through the fact that most specimens reaching the European herbaria and the plant best known to botanists of Cambridge, New York and Washington is the very different M. setosa (Spreng.) Trin., with erect, slender and usually simple culms with scabrous-puberulent internodes, typical of bogs, wet meadows and shores and doubt- less suggesting to the manufacturer of “English” names the pseu- donym ‘‘Marsh Muhly”, commented upon on p. 222. Agrostis racemosa Michx., basis of the very recent and by its authors not understood combination M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 67 (1888), ‘“Presumably based on Agrostis racemosa Michx.”’ (Hitchcock), is a wholly different species of the interior of the continent and almost unknown in herbaria prior to 1850. It was finally recognized as M. glomerata, var. ramosa Vasey, Descr.. Cat. Grasses U. S. 40 (1886) but Vasey did not see the really distinctive characters.
Muhlenbergia setosa (or glomerata) has the culms unbranched or with few erect basal branches; opaque and scabrous-puberulent internodes; leaf-sheath with rounded midrib and minute usually hidden ligule; conspicuous anthers 1-1.5 mm. long; oblong- cylindric grain easily freed and 1.2-1.5 mm. long; the species with transcontinental boreal range and intrusions southward, east and west, in paludal habitats. M. racemosa, on the other hand, is a plant of the dry interior, often ‘‘in the dryest of soil’, with culms usually stiffly branched at the middle nodes; the internodes lustrous and glabrous; the leaf-sheath keeled; the ligule prolonged; the anthers only 0.5-0.8 mm. long; the tightly embraced linear-cylindric grain 1.8-2.2 mm. long.
Michaux’s original description was too general to note any of the specific points, and his habitat, “in ripis sabulosis inundatis fluminis Mississipi” inconclusive. The photograph of the type before me shows, however, the high-branching culm and the
232 Rhodora [JUNE
characteristic stiffly glomerulate-spiciform panicles of M. glomer- ata, var. ramosa; and examination by me of the Michaux speci- mens in 1930 revealed the glabrous internodes and tiny anthers. The name Muhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) BSP. should be restricted to the plant of the interior later described as M. glomerata, var. ramosa.
M. setosa (PLatTEs 755-757)
Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 191, pl. 5, fig. 10 (1824) rests upon Polypogon glomeratus Willd. Enum. PI. 87 (1809), which was described in great detail, the simple diag- nosis and accompanying statements being
*2, POLYPOGON glomer
P. panicula pear ‘subspicata, ealycibus subulatis scabris, culmo
adscendente bas os
Agrostis festavaides ‘Mi ahlenbeng in litt.
Habitat in America boreali 2. D.
Since the plant was received from Muhlenberg, it presumably came from eastern Pennsylvania. The very long description following the diagnosis may be abbreviated.
“Folia rigidiuscula Ligula brevissima Vaginae foli- orum solutae. Pantouta glomerato-spicata obtusiuscula, ramis brevis- simis adpressis flexuosi eae Gye... 4 ristatus corolla lon- gior, nervo medio viridi, una cum arista scabro . . . Basis corollae pilis aliquot est instructa Habitu accedit quodammodo 4 Agrostidem mexicanam, sed recedit ab hoc genere calyce aristato, et est vera Polypogonis species.”
The type, for a photograph (our PLATE 756, FIG. 1) of which I am indebted to Professor Diels, consists of four plants of the characteristic species (MAP 1) growing in bogs and wet meadows from western Nova Scotia and southern Maine to southern Ontario and Michigan, south to southern New England, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, mountains to North Carolina, an Indiana. There is no question about the identity of M uhlen- bergia glomerata; but a second plant (map 2), also of simple habit or branched usually from the base, with puberulent internodes, large anthers and short grains, occurs farther north, from New- foundland to Alberta, south to Nova Scotia and Maine, northern Massachusetts, Connattioat: New York, central Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Wyoming, Nevada and Oregon. This is Daitylopiesene cinnoides Link, Hort. Berol. il.
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 233
Map 1 (upper), — Lipids of MUHLENBERGIA SETOSA; MAP 2 (lower), of M. SETOSA, var. CINNO
234 Rhodora JUNE
248 (1833), described in great detail from plants raised from seed from northwestern Canada sent by Dr. John Richardson. The genus Dactylogramma Link was based on this material, Link separating it from Cinna. From the very full description the following points are drawn: “Caulis erectus parum ramosus . . . Panicula tenuis glomerata. Valvae subaequales longissime oe quasi aristatae, ene longi- res. Valvu ongis adpressis ad margin ee sub repens, th pedes altus . . . inferne vilis brevis- imis pubescens gula brevis truncata. Panicula 2-4 poll.
fone: sar subdistantibus Seeeviaits superne approximatis, ramulis conglomeratis
The description is vivid; the photograph (our PLATE 757, FIG. 1) of Link’s type sent me by Professor Diels unequivocal.
The more northern Dactylogramma cinnoides differs in several characters from the relatively southern Muhlenbergia glomerata. In the latter the flowering culms bear 7-15 leaves, many of them often crowded and overlapping at the middle nodes; in the former there are 5-8 (rarely —10) more scattered leaves. In M. glomeraia the panicle, as correctly defined by Willdenow, has round-tipped spikes mostly crowded to form a subcontinuous lobulate-spiciform inflorescence; in D. cinnoides the spikes or branches, except the
upper, are more scattered or subdistant and less rounded at summit. In M. glomerata the inflorescence is often purplish, sometimes green; in D. cinnoides green, though sometimes purplish. The panicle of M. glomerata has a misty appearance, the awns and glumes not sharply visible. This comes from the copiously hispid keels and awns. In D. cinnoides the panicle has the glumes and awns more clearly visible, the keels and awns being merely scabrous with definitely shorter trichomes. These differences, with no appreciable difference in anthers and grains, seem to me varietal, rather than specific, and I am treating D. cinnoides as a northern geographic variety of the more southern plant.
Unfortunately, however, there is an earlier valid specific name for true Muhlenbergia glomerata (Willd.) Trin., which was based on Polypogon glomeratus Willd. (1809). This is Polypoge” setosus Spreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. 31 (1807). That it is specifically identical with the Muhlenberg material which formed the basis of Willdenow’s species is clear from the description; the photo
1943] | Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia 235
graph of Sprengel’s type (our pLATE 755, Fic. 1), for which I am also indebted to Professor Diels, is certainly of the plant of eastern Pennsylvania. Sprengel’s description was to the point:
9. PoLypocon seETosus, panicula spicaeformi, glumis acuminatis
aristatis scabris, foliis involutis rigidis.
ulmus teres, glaber, foliosus, pedalis. Folia glabra, vaginantia, involuta, rigida. Panicula terminalis, parumper ex ultimo folio emergens, fusca, densé spicaeformis, ramulis glomerstis contractis.
Gluma calycina valvulis acuminatis scabris aristatis, uniflora, corolla
paullo maior. Gluma corallina valvulis acuminatis muticis.
Pensylvania. Muhlen
In his De Graminibus Unifloris et Sesquifloris, 195 (1824), after properly transferring several species to Muhlenbergia, Trinius took a short cut and merely stated that certain species belonged to that genus: “Ad sectionem a (Muiihlenbergiam) pertinent: . . . Polypogon setosus Spreng.’’, but the combi- nation, ascribed to Trinius at this place and with the correct synonym, M. glomerata, was made in Index Kewensis. The species with culms simple or sparingly branched at base and with scabrous-puberulent internodes, large anthers and small grains is, then, M. serosa (Spreng.) Trin. ex Hook. f. & Jackson, Ind. Kew. ii. 209 (1894),
Summarizing this rather verbose but seemingly necessary dis- cussion, the five species of Muhlenbergia specially considered resolve themselves as follows (omitting M. sylvatica which, except for the designation of a variety, is unchanged). In order to clarify the complex questions I am reproducing photographs of types in so far as they are before me and sufficiently clear for reproduction. These I am supplementing by some of Dr. Bernice G. Schubert’s very clear enlargements of pertinent details.
MUHLENBERGIA frondosa (Poir.), comb. nov. Agrostis frondosa Poir. in Lam. Enecye. Suppl. i. 252 (1790). A. foliosa Schultes, Syst. ii. 373 (1817), substitute-name for A. frondosa. M. foliosa (Roem. & Schultes) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 196 ve ioe a re- cent auth. “ML mexicana sensu most recent auth., not (L.) T For cee characters see no. 1 in key. PLaTEs 749 and 750.
M. nposA, forma commutata (Scribn.), comb. nov. M. Bepeer ypeenanr (as subsp.) gee in Ruopora, ix. 18 (1907), at least as to TrPE, Fernald, 522 , designated by
Hitche. Man. 890 Ftcaide where Sedbnar’ 8 T tinal ““n. subsp is cited as ‘“‘var.’’ M. mexicana, var. ee (Scribn.) Fava in Rep. Mich. ata “Sei. xvii. 181 (1916). M. commutata
236 Rhodora [JUNE
(Seribn.) Bush in Am. Midl. Nat. vi. . tba M. mexicana, forma commutata gee Wiegand in Ruopora, xxvi. 1 (1924). M. mexicana (L.) Trin. Brae. Unifl. 189 (1824). Ageay
mexicana L. Mant. i. 31 (1767); Jacq. f. Eclog. Pl. Rar.-Gra Fase. ter. et quart. 44, t. 80 (1813). For other synonyms based on A. mexicana see _Hiteheoe k. M. foliosa sensu most recent auth., not (R. & S.) Trin. For diagnostic characters see no. 2 in a7 ’PLates 751 and ue
MEXICANA forma ambigua (Torr.), comb. nov. Agrost? fgorm acne een ap i. 95 (1809). Cinna filiformis (Willd.)
Enum. i. 70 (1821). Se ery lateriflora, var. filiformis cwiia) Torr. Fl. N. Mid. U.S. 86 (1823). M. ambigua Torr. in Nicollet, Rep. Miss. 164 (1843). M. mexicana fliformis (Willd.) Scribn. in Mem. oe rr. Bot. Cl. v. 36 (1894). M. foliosa ambigua (Torr.) Seribn. Ruopora ix. 20 (1907). M. ambigua, var. ere (W ilid.) Farwell in Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. xx. 168 (1919). M. foliosa, forma ambigua (Torr.) Wiegand in RHoDORA, xxvi. 1 (1924).
M. MEXICANA, aes se (S. Wats.), comb. nov. M. sylvatica, var. setig lumis 8. Wats. in King, Geol. Expl. 40th Paral. v. 378 (1871). M. foliosa sete aries (S. Wats.) Seribn. in RHopo- ix. 20 (1907). <p setiglumis (S. Wats.) Nels. & Macbr. in
t. Gaz. lxi. 30 (1916).
mir SYLVATICA Torr., var. robusta, var. nov., culmis rigidis arcte adscendentibus; foliis firmis ad 5-9 mm. latis; paniculis densioribus; ~ is late lanceolatis vel lanceolato-ovatis; lem- matibus 3-4 longis eo aristatis; a 0.5-0.7 m longis; ppiiseet a 1.9-2.1 mm. longis.—Open woods and thickets, central Maine to western ee York and eastern Pennsylvania. The following are characteristic. MAINE Austin Stream, Moscow, August 27, 1902, Collins & Chamberlain; Sydney, August 18, 1916, Fernald & Long, no. 12,597 (TYPE in Herb. Gray). New HAMPSHIRE: by Merrimac River below Bed- ford, August 27, 1931, Fernald & Griscom, no. 24995; Gis
Y
Batchelder. Vermont: Grand Isle, July 24, 1935, Knowlton. Massacuusetts: Needham, August’ 31, 1884, 'T. O. Fuller; Blue Hills Reservation, September 22, 1895, E. F. Williams; Hunting- ton, August 17, 1912, Robinson, no. 358. RuopEe ISLAND: Lincoln, October 2, 1910, E. F. Williams. Connecticut: Sprague, September is 1905, Woodward; Reynold’s Bridge, pune 4, 1910, Blewitt; Bridgeport, September 22, 1890, Eames. New York: Starbuckville, fc, ok 26, 1932, Muenscher & Lindsey, no. 2954; Genoa, August 21, 1918, Wiegand, no. 9185; Ithaca, September ‘5 191 16, Be ag *Metealt no. 5613; Butler, October 5, 1916, Metcalf & "Wright, no. 5614. PENNSYLVANIA: Wayne, October 15, 1910, Bartram, no. 1313.
1943] Fernald,—Rhizomatous Species of Muhlenbergia = 237
Typical Muhlenbergia sylvatica has relatively weak and loosely ascending culms; the leaves subflaccid, the larger ones 2-7 mm. wide; the panicle very loose; the glumes linear-lanceolate to linear-attenuate, the 2d about equaling to slightly exceeding the blade of the lemma, the latter 2.3-3 mm. long; the anthers 0.3-0.6 mm. long; the mature grain nearly or quite free, 1.4-1.8 mm. long. It is widely distributed, from southwestern Quebec to Minnesota, south to North Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas and northeastern Texas.
Var. robusta is stiffer and larger in all parts. Its leaves are firm and more ascending, the larger ones 5-9 mm. broad; the panicle fuller; glumes broadly lanceolate to lance-ovate, shorter than the blade of the lemma, the latter 3-4 mm. long; anthers 0.5-0.7 mm. long; grain more firmly embraced and 1.9—2.1 mm. long.
M. racemosa (Michx.) BSP. Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 67 (1888), by inference. Agrostis racemosa Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 53 (1803). Polypogon racemosus (Michx.) Nutt. Gen. i. 51 (1818). Cinna racemosa (Michx.) Kunth, Rév. Gram. i. 67 (1829). M. glom- — var. ramosa Vasey, Descr. Cat. Grasses U. 5. 40 (1885).
. racemosa, var. ramosa Vasey in Beal, Grasses N. Am. ii. 253 Cinees For diagnostic characters see no. 4 in key. PLaTEs 753 and 7 vi
M. seTosa (Spreng.) Trin. ex Hook. fil. & Jackson, Ind. Kew. ili. 209° pe 4). Polypogon setosus Spreng. Mant. Fl. Hal. 31 (1807). poe Willd. Enum. 87 (1809). Alopecurus glomeratus (Willd.) Poir. in Lam. Encyel. v. 495 (1817). Agrostis setosa (Spreng.) Muhl. Descr. Gram. 68 (1817). Trichochloa glomerata Trin. Fund. Agrost. 117 (1820). T. calycina Trin. 1. ec. (1820). M. glomerata (Willd.) Trin. Gram. Unifl. 191, pl. 5, fig. 10 (1824). M. calycina Trin. 1. c. 193 (1824). Podosaemum glomeratum (Willd.) Link, Hort. Berol. i. 84 (182 7). Cinna glomerata (Willd.) Link, l. ¢. ii. 237 (1833). For specific char- acters see no. 5 in key. —Typical M. setosa has the leaves of flowering culms 7-15, many of them often browded and over- lapping at the middle nodes; panicle purplish, fuscous or green, with all but the lowest of the densely flowered ellipsoid to rounded-obovoid branches closely crowded, the panicle thus appearing densely lobulate-spiciform; keel and awns of glumes copiously hispid, thus giving the inflorescence a ‘“‘misty”’ aspect.— Meadows, bogs and wet shores, western Nova Scotia and south- ern Maine to southern Ontario and Michigan, south to southern New England, northern New Jersey, Pennsylvania, mountains to North Carolina, and Indiana. PLaTEs 755 and 756; Map 1.
238 Rhodora [JUNE
Var. cinnoides (Link), comb. nov. Dactylogramma cinnoides Link, Enum. Hort. Berul. ii. 248 (1833). Bir ae from typical M. setosa in having fewer (5-8, rarely —-10) and usually more scattered leaves; phiidis usually green, ibe purple-tinged, usually more interrup ted, the cylindric to oblong-ovoid often iabenis lower oenehine often remote; glumes slightly broader, with merely scabrous keel and awn (the panicle, therefore, not appearing “misty’’).—Similar habitats, Newfoundland to Al- berta, south to Nova Scotia, northern Massachusetts, Connec- ticut, New York, central Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Wyoming, Nevada and Oregon. PuLate 757; MAP
Puate 749. MuUHLENBERGIA FRONDOSA (Poir.) on Fics. 1, 2 and 3, fragments from Type of Agrostis foliosa Roem. & Schultes, x 5, from Syn ions of type in Herb. U.S. Nat. Mus., kindness of Mr. Jas ae. Swallen; FIG. 4, two spikelets, x 4, from Bridgeport, Connecticut, Sse ae 7, 1898, Eames; FIG. 5, floret, x 10, fr prs Shirley, Massachusetts, October 4, 1914, J. Bt. as syn FIG. 4 grain, < +10, from last re men.
IUHLENBERGIA FRONDOSA (Poir.) Fern.: ric. 1, a character- istic. pacha Ee — Pes , from East Jaffrey, New Hampshire, jes nson, no. 3 characteristic glabrous internode, open and ¢ pressed shea aad: ak pores vga $ panicle, X 5, from Stratford, New Hampshire, Pease, no. 23, ee portio n of. rhizome, x 4, to eusiiintearctin: scales, from no. 28 f Puate 751. MuHLENB BERGIA aos aga A (L.) Trin.: Ftc. 1, type of AGROSTIS
e ‘ . 649; Fia. 3, floret a; 10, from St. Tiahert. oo: Victorin & Rollan d, no. ,968; Fic. 4, gr 10, from shore of re River, Sussex County, New Jersey, Siematec 15, 1917, E. B. Daten PLatTE 7 Aas UHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA (Michx.) BSP.: Fic. 1, TYPE (two piece) x? x Ko Michx from Herb. Michaux sd of Professor H ene FIG. 2, panicle, X 1, from Menard Connie Tikva, 1861, HE. Hall; F 3 _Panicle, from near Princeville, Peoria County, Illinois, V. H. Chase 940; ric. 4, spikelet, X 10, from Fort Snelling, Minnesota, M earns, no. 747: ; FIG. 5, floret, showing basal villi, x 10, from no. ; Fic. 6, grain, X 10, from near Oquawka, Illinois, Patterson. [UHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA (Michx.) BSP.: Fic. 1, a charac- teristic summit of a plant, x 1, from Fort Sn ailing. Signi bina M Le gs no. 747; FIG. oe _sumnit of Eisbrous and peers internode and csc mm of sheath, from La Wisconsin, 1861, T. J. Hale, ria. 3, portion of _ nicle, x 2? to show the small ake gm near setae Taig Peoria County; llinois, V “Ae Chase, no. 940. E MUHLENBERGIA sETOSA (Spreng.) Torr.: Fic. 1, TYPE of Polypogon setosus Di eae of abe species, X ca. 14, from Herb. Berol., re
fl &
r7,1 Church ngs 3 panic cle, X 1, sae northwest of Piel Valley, Bake t County, nnsylvania, Sie at r 15, 1923, Benner; n
LE: LR TT TLE i oepeepenenmmmmenmmnetiilineneenmenmmnsmenn tee
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Danthonia 239
2, 1883, Walter Deane; Fic. 6, group of Fs sassiyghal x 10, yas ieee Pond, West Roxbury, Massachu setts, C. &. FIG. 7, flor 10, showing few slender basal villi, from Mt. Bethel, Noctuinrkoe Co sake Big ennsylvania, October 4, 1908, Van Pelt; ria. 8, grain, x 10, from the last (Van Pelt) speci-
m Piate 756. MUHLENBERGIA seTosA (Spreng.) Trin.: Fic. 1, TYPE of
internode and node and base of sheath, x 5, from northwest of Pleasant Valley, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, September 15, rag '
LATE . MUHLENBERGIA SETOSA (Spreng. (ae NNOIDES (Link) Fern.: ric. 1, rypr of Dactylogramma cinnoides tisk, basis of the variety, x :
portion of panicle, to show elongate anthers (as black ‘lines), x 4, fto m Fort
‘ent, Maine, August 21, 1913, R. W. Wo pig ; FIG. oret, to show villi running high on lemma, X 10, ‘from no. 4531; Fig. 5, grain pA 10, m River Ste. Anne des Monts, Gaspé County, Quebec, pines 1905, Collins & Pani.
II. NOTES ON DANTHONIA
The two common species of Danthonia in eastern Canada, New England and New York are in general well defined, although the conventional differential characters of the lemma used by Hitchcock in Gray’s Manual, ed. 7, and by Nash in Britton & Brown’s Illustrated Flora are essentially valueless. As expressed by Hitchcock these are:
“Teeth of the lemma bers eg, Not Aree. oo ek 1. D. spicata. Teeth of the lemma aristat Flowers not over 5 mm, hee ck MUS Va Cosh lieon eine es 2. D. compressa.”
Under the specific treatments the lemmas of D. spicata are said to be ‘4-5 mm. long, sparsely clothed with stiff hairs, teeth triangular’’, while D. compressa has the “‘teeth of the lemma aristate, at least 2 mm. long.” In practice this character so frequently breaks that it has been abandoned by later authors, and in his Manual Hitchcock relies upon the contracted panicle and relatively short blades of D. spicata as contrasted with the more open panicle and longer leaves of D. compressa.
The best key I have seen is that of Wiegand & Eames in their Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin. For wholly typical D. spicata and D. compressa it is satisfactory; the difficulty is that so much material is not typical. In the series which everyone would accept as D. spicata in the broad sense, the lemma varies from 2-6.5 mm. long and its back may be densely pilose, sparingly pilose, strigose or quite glabrous, its teeth from broadly triangular to lance-attenuate and awnless or awned. Such variation is
240 Rhodora [JUNE
largely without apparent geographic limit, though two well defined geographic varieties, var. pinetorum Piper and var. longipila Scribn. & Merr., are strongly marked; the former boreal and transcontinental, with lemmas often so large as to be mistaken for those of D. intermedia Vasey; the latter with the shortest lemmas of the series and a definitely southern range. The sheaths and blades of any of the variations may be glabrous, sparingly pilose or even long-villous; and to the latter tendency, without checking the original account, has been erroneously applied the name var. longipila. If forms of the common north- ern plant with pubescent foliage are to be distinguished, they have an earlier name, evidently intended for them, in D. spicata, var. villosa Peck (1894).
My chief reason for now publishing this note is to direct atten- tion to a complex series of very large plants which in some ways stand between Danthonia spicata and D. compressa but which, in extreme development, have been mistaken for the south- eastern D. sericea Nutt. These are the coarse midsummer- or autumn-flowering plants with stout culms up to 1 m. high; long, stiff and mostly erect basal leaves; panicle as in D. spicata but with more numerous and larger spikelets; glumes up to 2.5 cm. long; and lemmas up to 6.5 mm. long; these and the long glumes often leading collectors to place New England specimens wit the more southern D. sericea. In this complex and mostly north- ern coarse series the culms may be terete to base, as in D. spicata, or the lower internodes may be trigonous or laterally compressed and with the narrower side broadly concave, as in D. compressa. The uppermost leaf may be short and remote from the long- exserted panicle, as in D. spicata, or (even from the same root) prolonged and reaching or overtopping the panicle as in D. compressa. The twisted base of the awn may be dark brown to purplish, as in D. spicata, or stramineous or pale, as in D. com- pressa. ‘The panicle is more like that of D. spicata but large and dense. Furthermore, whereas D. spicata (typical) flowers in New England from late May to early July and D. compressa in June and July, the coarse plant flowers chiefly from August to October. If culms with trigonous to compressed lower inter- nodes be selected they will belong to D. Alleni Austin (1872), while other culms (often in the same tussock), with the inter-
TT LTT,
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Danthonia 241
nodes terete, will be D. Faxoni Austin (1877). It might be assumed that D. Alleni (including D. Faxoni) is a series of hy- brids, with unusual hybrid vigor; but it is found to the northeast of the limit of D. compressa, while to the northwest it extends 450 miles north of the northwestern limit of the latter species. If sometimes a hybrid it is not always so.
In many of its stations Danthonia Alleni occurs in recent clear- ings or burns where the loose litter and often the ashes from fires stimulate all plants; in such cases it appears like overstimulated specimens, in which rankness of growth, multiplication of spikelets and enlargement of their parts are the result. In other cases the autumnal coarse culms and panicles suggest the second flowering in many species of Carex, where autumnal inflorescences are larger, fuller and often more crowded than the normal vernal ones. Again, the panicles of D. Alleni may be greatly distorted and with apparent signs of fungus- or insect-attack, with gnarled or crumpled branches, tendencies to fasciation, and sometimes the gathering of spikelets into glomerules. All in all, D. Alleni is a heteromorphic series well worth close obser- vation by those situated to watch it. That it is a true species is very improbable. It is presumably the result of very diverse conditions which have resulted in parallel developments; and, in view of the well known development within the leaf-sheaths of this genus of cleistogamous florets, it is not improbable that every alteration of D. spicata and D. compressa, whether by crossing through wind-pollination or stimulation in other ways, may be somewhat perpetuated through the cleistogenes. Simi- larly the very diverse lemmas of D. spicata, whether with awnless or awned teeth triangular or lanceolate, the backs pilose or glabrous, may thus be carried on in local colonies. The genus is an appropriate one for close study from many viewpoints.
I am distinguishing the two undoubted species and the wholly dubious Danthonia Alleni by the following characters.
0.4-1.5 mm. long; panicle-branches ascending to erec
242 Rhodora [Jone
dark brown to es strongly contrasting with the paler and straightish su Culms slender, 0. ru 5 mm. thick (dried) at base, 1-6 dm. , with terete internodes es; panicle remote from et leaf, ‘mostly with 213 spikelets; toegti glume 7-11 m long, if longer with faint or obscure lateral nerves; hale Ol i a ee ee 1. D, spicata. Culms stout, 1.5-2.5 mm. thick at saps mostly 0.5-1 m high, the lower internodes terete, or triangular and with one concave side; panicle either hah or closely sub- tended by uppe r le af, dense, u wee ith 9-20 spikelets; longer glume batine attenuate 1-2.5 em. long, promi- nently 3-7-ribbed; base of awn ‘tieht to dark brown... .2. D. Alleni. a. valne slightly geniculate at the nodes, the summit usually ing; some of the lower intern odes s trigonous a te and often with the narrower side broadly concave; leaves prolonged, one half as lo i culm; lower cauline leaves prolonged, 1.5—4 dm. long, the uppermost nearly reaching or overtopping the panicle; e
pressed in fruit; spiraling base of ect pale reatbont ae stra- Ci ekce AQ Peet ee eet eras OO AAS ee 3. D. compressa.
. D. spicata (L.) Beauv. consists af three fairly defined and ee less definite variations, as follow
a. Be art florets three fourths to quite as long as the eas parents with (1—) 2-13 (-15) sikeiets loan leaves t or involute; culms firm, 0.5-1. thick at bas
Glumes lance-attenuate, tapering from near base
cescent leaves strongly curving and twisting
a var. typica.
Glumes casigac ire again oe from near above with wi
[ries or er ane eee r. pinetorum. a. Colatan ‘of florets only one half to three fifths as lo Pies as the thin and hyaline domi or only faintly ribbed shanian: spike ached 3-7, ttered; culms delicate, 0.5-1 mm. thick a hen r taead leaves filiform- involute or Lesonies We, Outed 6 eS Var. longipila.
D. spicata (L.) Beauv., var. typica. Avena spicata L. Sp. Pi. 80 (1753). A. glumosa Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 72 (1803)- D. nee Seago Beauv. Ess. Agrost. 92, 153 and 160 (1812). D. spicata 02) Basa. oe ean & Schultes, Syst. ii. 690 (1817)- Mer athena spicata (L.) Raf. ex Hook. f. & Jacks. Ind. Kew. i.
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Danthonia 243
211 (1894) in synonymy. D. spicata, var. villosa Peck in N. Y. State Mus. Ann. Rep. xlvii. 168 (repr. 42) (1894), the form with villous blades. Pentameris spicata (L.) Nels. & Macbr. in Bot. Gaz. lvi. 470 (1913).—Dry to damp and peaty soils or in thin woodland, southern Quebec to Minnesota, south to Nova Scotia, New England, Long Island, northwestern Florida, Alabama,
Tennessee and ee May-ea Var. PINETORUM Piper, as D. pee de pinetorum Piper in Ery- thea, vii. 103 (1899), deaniibad 4 in detail, although its author did not appreciate the characters, saying of it‘ ‘scarcely more than a variety of that species [D. spicata], differing mainly in character of pubescence.” D. thermalis (as og Seribn . Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost. Cire. no. 30: 5 (1901). M rerathrepta pineto- rum (Piper) Piper, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xi. 122 (1906). M. 12
ex Fedde & Schust. in Just, Bot. a Biot Xxxvii. 128 (1911). Pentameris thermalis (as thermale) (Seribn.) Nels. & Macbr. I. ce. (19138). -D. that lc (Piper) Piper in Piper & Beattie, Fl. Nw. Coast, 46 (1915)—Dry to moist open soil, Newfoundland and Céte Nord, Quebec, to British Columbia, south to Nova Scotia, ew Brunswick, northern New England, Bruce Peninsula, Ontario, northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, Black Hills, South Dakota, New Mexico and Oregon.—Since this variety has not been heretofore recorded from east of northern Michigan a few characteristic eastern specimens of it may well be cited. NEWFOUNDLAND: Glenwood, Fernald & Wiegand, no. 4600; Grand Falls, Fernald, Wiegand, Bartram & Darlington, nos. 4601 and 4602 : St. John’s Island, Fernald et al. no. 27,466; Middle Arm, Bonne Bay, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 1300; North Arm, Bay ‘of Island, Long & Fogg, n no. 74; French (or Tweed) Island, Bay of Islands, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 76; Blomidon (‘ ‘Blow- me-down’’) Mountains, "Fernald & Wiegand, nos. 2591 and 2595; Mt. Musgrave to Humber Mouth, Fernald & Wiegand, no. 2590. QueBEc: Mingan, Si. oe no. 90,140; Anticosti Island, Victorin, or Victorin et al. no . 4077, 20, 536 and. 20,537, 20, 542, 20, 598, 24,344-24 "346, 27, 795, 27, 797, 27, 798, 28, 050, * 055 and 28, ‘060: Pereé, Fernald & ‘Collins, no. 870; River Ste. Anne des Monts Fernald & Collins, no. 413; Bic, Fernalds & Collins, no. 869: Riviére du Loup, Victorin, nos. 22 and 81; Montmorency Falls, Macoun, no. 69,231; Saint-Romuald, Louis-M arie, no. 20,541. NEw BRUNSWICK: Bass River, July 30, 1875, Fowler; Shediac Cape, F. T. Hubbard, no. 720. Nova Scorta: St. Paul Island, Perry & Roscoe, nos. 64-66; ee aaa oe Pease & Long, no. 19,953; Argyle, Long & Linder, no. 19,957; Abram River, Fernald, Bean & White, no. 19,956. Macie: at 4000-4500 ft., North Basin, Mt. Katahdin, July 14, 1900, Fernald; Township
244 Rhodora |\JUNE
ix, Range 17, Somerset County, St. John, no. 2134; Madison, August 21, 1894, Fernald. New HaAmpsHireE; near Half-way House, Thompson & Meserve Purchase, Pease, no. 12,817. VERMONT: Willoughly, July 11, 1896, July 18, 1898 and Septem- ber 14, 1898, G. G. Kennedy.
Var. LoncipiLa Scribn. & Merr. U. S. Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost. Cire. no. 30: 7 (1901)—Sandy or rocky woods and clearings, North Carolina and Alabama to New Mexico, north to Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Missouri and eastern Kansas. Late May-September, The following are characteris- tic. Connecticut: Woodbury, July 13, 1932, Eames. PENN- SYLVANIA: Philadelphia, 1862, C. EZ. Smith. Vircinra: eastern slope of Bull Run Mountain, Prince William County, Allard, no. 3850; south of Aldie, Fauquier County, Allard, no. 859; 4 miles northwest of Dixie Caverns, Roanoke County, Wood, no. 2609; Great Neck, Princess Anne County, Fernald, Griscom & Long, no. 4553; Claremont Wharf, Surry Co., Fernald & Long, no. 9829; Carey Bridge, Southampton County, Fernald & Long, no. 11,950; Cypress Bridge, Southampton County, Fernald & Long, no. 11,949. No Caroutna: Locust, Stanly County, Blom- quist, Correll & Garren, no. 7753; Highlands, Macon County, Biltmore Herb., no. 343°. Kenrucxy: Hawesville, Hancock County, E. J. Palmer, no. 17,804. AtaBama: Mobile, C. Mohr, as D. sericea. Muissourt: Indian Creek, Benton County, De- metrio, no. 87; Mansfield, Lansing, no. 3103. Kansas: Chero- kee County, Hitchcock, no. 905. OKLanoma: base of Rich Mt., near Page, Leflore County, Stevens, no. 2674. Texas: Dallas, Reverchon; Terrell, Kaufman County, May 4, 1904, F. J. Tyler. New Mexico: 1847, Fendler.
When they published var. longipila, from Arkansas, Scribner & Merrill laid stress on the “scattered ascending hairs”, on the leaf-blades, a character which appears in the other varieties of the species and which may be absent from much material of otherwise good var. longipila. The distinctive features of this southern extreme are the very slender culms, usually filiform- involute leaves, and the small florets in relatively short columns, characters brought out in the original description: “A slender form . . . with small, few-flowered panicles and smaller spikelets than in the species. Leaf blades very narrow, involute : Flowering glumes 2 to 2.5 mm. long, pilose.”
2. D. Auuent Austin in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. iii. 21 (1872)-
_ D. Faxoni Austin, |. ¢. vi. 190 (1877).—Open shores, rocky °F arid openings, clearings and burns, Magdalen Islands to Algoma District, Ontario, south to Nova Scotia, Maine, Massachusetts,
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Danthonia 245
Delaware, mountains of North Carolina, and Ohio. Late June— October.—The following, selected from twice as many specimens, are characteristic. QuEBEc: Baie St. Paul, Charlevoix County, Pease, no. 27,471. MaGpaLen IsLANDs: Grindstone, Fernald, Bartram, Long & St. John, no. 6870. Prince Epwarp ISLAND: Alberton, Fernald & St. John, no. 6869. Nova Scotia: Canso, Guysborough County, Rousseau, no. 35,452 bis; Bridgewater, Lunenburg ee aon al., no. 19,951. Marne: Houlton, Fernald & Long, no. - Orono, September 25, 1890, and September 1, 1893, Foca Peaked Mt., Clifton, "August 22, 1897, Fe rnald; Pleasant Pond, Somerset "Co ounty, August 18, 1902, Collins & Chamberlain; Chesterville, Kate Furbish; Oxford, July 12, 1914, Weatherby; Pleasant Mt., Denmark, Pease, no. 19,628; Cutler, August 19, 1902, Kate Furbish; Pembroke, Fernald, no. 1309; Somesville, 4 Desert I., September 22, 1892, Fernald; Southport, August 1894, Fernald; Bear Mt., Livermore, July 25, 1896, Kate Furbich: South Berwick, Parlin & Fernald, no. 034. New Hampsuire: Gorham, Pease, no. 17,337; Notch of the White Mts., August 27 and September 3, 1 877, C. E. Faxon, TYPE collection of D. Faxoni; Crawford Notch, Greenman, nos. 1276 and 1277; Crawford Notch, Hart Location, Pease, no. 11,727; base of Mt. Will ard, August 28, 1877, Faxon; North Woodstock, Woodstock, F ernald, no. 11 550; Plymouth, Fernald, no. 14, 995; Washington, Fernald & Svenson, no. 768; Nashua, Fernald & Svenson, no. 769; Pelham, 1895, F. W. Batchel- der. MASSACHUSETTS: Amesbury, 1897, TRS Eaton; Pepperell, August 30, 1886, C. W. Swan; Concord, September 8, 1858, Thoreau; Ashland, July 3, 1884, W. Deane; Savin Hill, Dor- chester, September 5, 1852, Wm. Boott; Plymouth, Fernald. no. an Brewster, Fernald, no. 17,948; Chatham, Fernald & Long, 8751: N antucket Island, Bicknell, no. 9854; Shrewsbury, Es W. Robbins, as D. sericea Nutt.; Whitcombe Summit, Berkshire County, H. D. House, no. 25,893. New York: Babylon, Long Island, T. F. Allen, isotyres of D. Alleni, also Svenson, no. 6800; Rockaway, Long ‘Tsland, September 20, 1869, W. H. Leggett: New Jersey: Manasquan, June 26, 1929, J. R. Churchill. PENNSYLVANIA: Chester Valley, 2 miles north of Devon, Chester County, October 24, 1921, H. B. Meredith. DELAWARE: “WM. M.C Y, WILMINGTON, DELAWARE”. NortaCaro.tna: Roan Mt., July, 1889, Scribner. ONTARIO: Cloche Peninsula, Manitoulin District, Fernald & Pease, no. 3103; cliffs by Lake Superior, ood cake Bay, Algoma District, Pease & Ogden, no. 24,989. OxI near Garrettsville, Portage County, June 19, 1910, "A. N. Rood. . D. compressa Austin in Peck, N. Y Y. State Mus. Ann. Rep. xxii, 54 (1869). D. spicata, var. compressa (Austin) Wood, Am. Bot. and Fl. pt. 4: 396 (1873). Merathrepta compressa (Austin) Heller, Muhlenbergia, v. 120 (1909). Pentameris compressa
246 Rhodora [JUNE
(Austin) Nels. & Macbr. in Bot. Gaz. lvi. 469 (1913).—Wood- lands and clearings, southern Quebec to Ohio, south to Nova Scotia, New England, Long Island, Virginia, and upland of North Carolina and Tennessee. June- ugust.
III. ERIANTHUS BREVIBARBIS AND OTHER SPECIES (Plates 758-761)
“ecin n Elana sp. ea (TaB. 758), culmis rigidis 0.75- 1.5 m. ad basin 3-6 m penne nodis 4-6 barbatis barbis dees foliis saute 4 1-6, vag is glabris, laminis scabris e basi valde angustat Oo eablaadeolnke Rapae ibus 2- nae mm. latis nerviis ee ikea she utrinque 3-5; lamina superiore valde reducta 4-12 cm. longa; panicula fai Gsolata densa 1-1.7 dm. uae a em. diamnetrs basi deinde exserta, racemis valde adpressis 2-5 cm. longis; spiculis sessilibus lanceolatis, glumis strigoso-hirtellis 6.5-8 mm. lon ngis, coma basilari 4-5 mm. longa; pedicellis strigoso-hirtellis; arista tereti <taarees 1.6—2 cm. longa.
—Delaware, eastern Maryland and eastern Virginia. DELAWARE: fencerow, x mile east of Ellendale, Sussex County, October 12,
1940, R. R. Tatnall, no. 4745. Maryuanp: roadside 5 miles north of Princess Anne, Somerset County, October 2, 1937, R. R. Tatnall, no. 3574. IRGINIA: peaty swale (cut-over cypress swamp), about 4 miles northwest of Homeville, Sussex County, September 20, 1937, Fernald & Long, no. 7301, as E. brevibarbis Michx. (TYPE in Herb. Gray); alluvial woods along Nottoway River, Green Church Bridge, northwest of Owen’s Store, Sussex County, October 14, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 13,884. All but the last distributed as 2. brevibarbis.
Var. Elliottianus, var. nov., planta major; oye ad 2 m. altis ad basin 6-10 mm. diametro; laminis 7-12 mm. latis; panicula laxiore majoreque 2-4.5 dm. longa 4.5-10 em. ainiiettor © racemis 4-8 em. longis—North Carolina to Florida. Type: thicket bordering pond near Live Oak, Florida, October 10, 1901, A. Curtiss, no. 6940, as E. alopecuroides, var. brevibarbis —The plant beautifully described as E. brevibarbis by Elliott, Sk. i. 39 (1816) and very crudely illustrated by him
Erianthus coarctatus and var. Elliottianus have passed, ever since Elliott, as E. brevibarbis Michx. Nash in North Am. Fl xvi’. 93 (1909) cites for E. brevibarbis the ‘““Typr LOCALITY: Tennessee” and then gives the range “Delaware to Florida, west of Louisiana”; while Hitchcock, Man. 723 (1935) says ‘Moist places, Coastal Plain, Delaware to Florida and Louisiana”, but on p. 854 cites the type as from “Tennessee and Carolina, Michaux.” Michaux, in originally describing it, Fl. Bor.-A™- i.
1943] Fernald,—Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species 247
55 (1803), said “H AB. in collibus Tennassée et Carolinae’”’. The discrepancy in Michaux’s statement (and his label) and the Coastal Plain range of the plant usually taken to be EZ. brevibarbis has often been noted; and when Hitchcock examined the Michaux TYPE he wrote:
Erianthus brevibarbis. Michx.
“In collibus desertis ab amnio Wabash ad Ostium Missouri 5 diebus distantibus’’. The specimen belongs to the species described i in Small’s Flora under thisname. The range as originally published is “in collibus Tennassée et Carolinae”’. The known range is from Delaware south- ward along the coast to Florida, and west to Louisiana. We do not snow of its occurrence in southern Illinois, as given on Michaux’s abel —Hitche. Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. xii. 151 (1908).
Michaux’s type, with the label as quoted by Hitchcock, is here reproduced X 1%, as PLATE 759, Fic. 1. That it is very unlike the Coastal Plain plant for which it has passed is evident. Its apparently mature and disintegrated panicle is hidden amongst the broad and prolonged leaves and enlargements of the spikelets, FIG. 2, X 1%, show them to be like those of the plant (PLATE 760) of Pulaski County, Arkansas, distributed by Dr. Delzie Demaree (by creek near old quarry, Pulaski Heights, Little Rock, Septem- ber 23, 1931, Demaree, no. 8228). Like that of the Michaux type the panicle (PLATE 760, FIG. 1, X 14) of Demaree’s no. 8228 is disintegrating. In equivalent latitudes of the Coastal Plain E. coarctatus sheds its fruit from mid-October into November. Since the Demaree plant is so like Michaux’s type from well up in the Mississippi Valley we may note that it has 10, instead of only 4-6 nodes; the leaf-blades broader (up to 1.5 em. wide) and with more numerous veins (the more prominent veins 6-8 each side of the midrib); the mature panicle partly included at base and greatly exceeded by the broad upper blade (2.3 dm. long); the glumes (PLATE 759, Fic. 3, X 6) with glabrous and lustrous surfaces (Michaux said “‘valvis acutissimis, nudis’’); the more abundant beard up to 6 mm. long; and the awn (PLATE 760, FIG. 3, X 3) only 8-10 mm. long, less than twice, instead of nearly thrice the length of the glumes.
The collection in Arkansas of a plant which closely matches the Michaux type and which is so different from the Erianthus “brevibarbis”’ of most authors supports Michaux in his statement on the label. Although the assertion (generally attributed to
248 Rhodora [JUNE
Richard who issued the work after the death of Michaux) in the original publication, that it came from hills of Tennessee and from Carolina does not coincide with the original label, there is now clear evidence that a plant like Michaux’s does occur in the Mississippi basin. It is not without significance that Hackel, the master of the Gramineae, doubted the identity of Michaux’s plant with that of Elliott. In his great work on the Andropo- goneae in DC. Mon. Phan. vi. 131 (1889), treating FE. brevibarbis, as E. saccharoides subsp. brevibarbis, he accurately described the newly recognized EF. coarctatus, var. Elliottianus, doubting if he had the Michaux species (transferred by Persoon to Saccharum),
his citations reading: “Er. brevibarbis Mich. . . . ?, certe Elliott, Sketch . . . et aliorum auctt. amer.; Sacch. brevi- barbis Pers. . . . ?” His doubt seems to have been justi-
fied; at least, E. coarctatus and E. brevibarbis seem quite as distinct as do most of our species in the genus. As to the range of the latter, it is yet to be worked out. The botanists of Indiana, Illinois, Tennessee and Missouri seem not to have noted it; and, although Demaree’s label bears the memorandum, ‘‘New to Ark.”, Hackel, 1. c. cited as E. brevibarbis Arkansas material at Berlin, received from Engelmann. Michaux’s label, giving the data, on dry hills 5 days distant from the River Wabash toward the mouth of the Missouri, means that he got it in southern Illinois, presumably between Jefferson County at the east and Randolph County at the west. On August 23, 1795, Michaux, with an Indian, and a horse to carry his baggage, left Vincennes on the Wabash, in Knox County, Indiana, and on the 28th spent the day drying out his water-soaked collections by a camp-fire, reaching Kaskaskia, in Randolph County, Illinois, on the 30th. From late August to October 2 he collected up and down the Mississippi, with Kaskaskia as a base, and then returned to the Ohio. Five days travel from Vincennes, allowing for the stops recorded in Michaux’s diary, means that he got Erianthus brevi- barbis in southwestern Illinois; and it is clear that his over- mature material was collected, at latest, in early October. The latter fact and the over-ripe material from Arkansas, collected on September 23, indicate that true E. brevibarbis, although little known, is a relatively early species to mature.
In habit and in dense panicle with appressed-ascending
EEE “ CS FF ae JF... eSslUmMEllmUlC(‘( QS! )U6UCUC
a a Ss
ae
1943] Fernald,—Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species 249
branches, typical Erianthus coarctatus strongly suggests E. strictus Baldwin; but the panicle of EF. strictus is more slender and elongate and its spikelets are naked at base or with the merest suggestion of a greatly abbreviated coma at the tips of some pedicels. Furthermore, in eastern Virginia FE. strictus is the earliest-flowering species of the genus, our 8 collections, from young anthesis to mature fruit ranging in date from July 20 to September 19, with a single one, from wet woods, secured on October 18; the Virginia collections of E. coarctatus, both im- mature, were made on September 20 and on October 14.
Michaux, who established the genus Erianthus, did not realize the complexity of the genus. He recognized but two species: his E. saccharoides, ‘“‘a Carolina ad Floridam”’, with ‘‘gluma villis involucrantibus multo breviore’’, identical with Anthoranthum giganteum Walt. (1788); and E. brevibarbis. FE. strictus, E. coarctatus and other species which he must have encountered and collected, were not worked out by him or, presumably, were confused with those of which types are preserved.
Related to Erianthus brevibarbis and E. coarctatus in having the terete awns projected forward (rather than flattened ones spirally twisted at base and with the straightish tip thrown some- what to one side) are two plants with thicker panicles and with coma exceeding the glumes: EH. saccharoides Michaux or Anthoz- anthum giganteum Walt. = E. giganteus (Walt.) F. T. Hubbard and sensu Hitchcock, but certainly not E. giganteus Muhl., to whom Hitchcock erroneously ascribes the species; and E. com- pactus Nash. Before considering the differences between these two it is necessary to consider the correct name for the plant which Hitchcock, Man., is calling FE. giganteus, for it is quite clear that his discussion (Man. p. 854) was based on confused ideas and inaccurate quotation of Muhlenberg’s Catalogue. Hitchcock’s paragraph is as follows:
(5) Erianthus giganteus (Walt.) Muhl., Cat. Pl.4. 1813. Based o Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt. Late Deser. Gram. 192. 1817) Mublen- berg uses the name for bo th E. saccharoides ents 1803] a alopecuroides [L. (Ell.)] (his herbarium specimen un nder this Tne rite both species), but the description = twisted) applies mg
o E. alopecuroides. Erianthus giganteus was published as new Hubbard (Rhodora 14: 166 (1912) based on gre tran Poa Walt.
250 Rhodora [JUNE
If, as Hitchcock definitely states, the name Erianthus giganteus Muhl. Cat. had been based on Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt., there was no need of a new combination by Hubbard; but Hubbard in 1912 was following the International Rules of that period and, as he clearly and correctly explained, HZ. giganteus Muhl. Cat. (1813) was Not based on Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt., but was a change of name by Muhlenberg of Andropogon alopecuroides L. Since by present-day rules Muhlenberg had no right to give the new specific name, instead of using the one assigned by Linnaeus, Muhlenberg’s quite new name, Erianthus giganteus, is illegiti- mate; but, by the “homonym rule’’, adopted in the International Rules since Hubbard wrote, there is no room for a second £. giganteus, based on Walter’s name, especially since Walter’s species is admittedly identical with E. saccharoides Michx. As to Hitchcock’s flat statement that Muhl. Cat. (1813) based the name E. giganteus upon Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt., the following reproductions of Muhlenberg’s text indicates that the statement could not have been verified. The first reproduction is from ed. 1 (1813), the second from ed. 2 (1818).
[
mest
] 26. ANTHOXANTHUM, SPRING GRASS, 2. giganteum
Walter v.erianthusS ®! ena, 27. ERIANTHUS, ERIANTHUS, semen I. 1. giganteus, 21 andropogon, \ gigantic, Car. Virg. alopec. L. , [2] 27 ae t SPRING GRASS semen 1. 2 giganteum, : : Walter. v. ucthast ———_ 28 ERIANTHUS ERIANTHUS semen I. 1 giganteus 2) : posed \ gigantic Car. Virg. a
It is perfectly clear that Muhlenberg was maintaining Walter’s Anthoxanthum giganteum under Anthoxanthum!, though with the rather vague intimation (‘‘v. [vel] erianthus”) that it was perhaps an Erianthus. He made no combination based directly upon it; but his Zrianthus, the next genus, consisted of two other species, 1. giganteus, a substitute-name for Andropogon alopec(uroides) L., and 2. E. brevibarbis Michx., already discussed. In his Cat.
1943] Fernald,—Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species 251
ed. 2: 4 (1818) Muhlenberg repeated (see quotation above) the treatment of ed. 1, merely making Andropogon alopecuroides more emphatically the nomenclatural basis of E. giganteus by using italics: “1 giganteus Andropogon alopec. L.”
There is no question, apparently, about the identity of Erian- thus alopecuroides (L.) Ell., which was based on Andropogon alopecuroides L. Sp. Pl. ii. 1045 (1753), the type being Clayton, no. 601 from Virginia. A. photograph of the type, X %, is reproduced as PLATE 761, Fic. 1, with an enlargement (FIG. 2) of spikelets, X 3, showing the characteristic flattened and twisted awn and the copious long coma. FErianthus giganteus Muhl. Cat. (1813), based directly upon it, has nothing to do with E. giganteus (Walt.) F. T. Hubbard; and the latter, a valid combi- nation when published, must give way to E. sACCHAROIDES Michx. As to the definition by Muhlenberg of a plant he subse- quently called Erianthus giganteus, that simply confirms his identification of it with Andropogon alopecuroides L., for he emphasized the twisted awn. I cannot follow the reasoning by which £. giganteus was taken up by Hitchcock in his Manual as E. giganteus ‘(Walt.) Muhl.’’ In 1908 he was apparently right when he wrote of Anthoxanthum giganteum Walt. ‘The specific name can not be taken up because there is an Hrianthus giganteus Muhl., based upon Andropogon alopecuroides L.’’—Hitche. in Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. xii®. 151 (1908).
Although Nash in N. Am. Fl. xvii'. 94 (1909) reduced to Erianthus saccharoides Michx. his own E. compactus Nash in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxii. 419 (1895) and although Hitchcock, Man. also reduces it to the ill-fated F. giganteus, it seems to me a very well defined variety. Typical £. saccharoides, as shown by a photograph of the type before me, has the excessively hairy panicle 2-6 dm. long, the long beard of the spikelet 2 or 3 times as long as the blades of the glumes. It occurs from Florida to Texas, north to southeastern Virginia. Typical E. compactus has the panicle only 1-2 dm. long and the beard from slightly longer than to barely twice the length of the blades of the glumes. It occurs from the Carolinas and Alabama northward to south- eastern New York, New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, northern Virginia and Kentucky, in the southern part of its range working back to the Appalachian
252 Rhodora [JUNE
Mountains. Throughout the region where it is beyond the range of E. saccharoides it is readily recognizable and quite distinct, but a large proportion of specimens before me from South Carolina show a mixture of the two trends (panicles up to 3.5 dm. long but with short coma, the blades of the glumes thus very evident in the panicle as contrasted with the hidden blades in typical E. saccharoides) while some specimens from Georgia lie between E. saccharoides and E. compactus; so that I am forced to consider E. compactus an essentially northern and inland variety rather than a true species:
E. saccHaropEs Michx., var. compactus (Nash), comb. nov. E. polepint Nash in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxii. 419 (1895).
It is, unhappily, necessary to discuss the type of Andropogon divaricatum L. Sp. Pl. i. 1045 (1753). This species has been made by Hitchcock and by Nash identical with A. alopecuroides L. 1. c. (1753) and in 1908 Hitchcock took it up, apparently because of priority on the page, to replace E. alopecuroides (L.) Ell. (1816), saying
Andropogon divaricatum L. Sp. Pl. 1045. 1753.
The type specimen is marked “2 divaricatum’’ and is from Gro-
novius. As pointed out ae » [> Bot. Gaz. 35: 215. 1903], this is the same as A. gs bir L., which is an Erianthus. It should be called Erian
which is based on Clay ton no. 600. This is Sorghas m linnaeanum (Hack.) Nash eae ore in Contrib. qi S. Nat. Herb. ‘ai. 125 (1908).
My faith in the acumen of Linnaeus is such that I do not expect to find him describing identical species twice on the same page; although such accidents did happen. The diagnosis in 1753 of Andropogon alopecuroides was “4. ANDROPOGON panicula laxa, aristis tortuosis’”. That was all except literary citations, which, since Linnaeus had a specimen (our PLATE 761, FIGS. and 2) matching the diagnosis, are wholly secondary. Similarly A. nutans L., type of Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash, had 4 “panicula nutante” and our familiar Andropogon virginicum was described “paniculae spicis conjugatis” &c. All these accounts (except of Andropogon nutans L.) are borne out by photographs of the types before me. Andropogon divaricatum did not have 4 panicle. Instead it was clearly defined: “2. ANDROPOGON spica oblonga, floribus lanatis remotis divaricatis: arista flexuos®
1943] Fernald,—Erianthus brevibarbis and other Species 253
nuda”; and the specimen in Linnaeus’s Herbarium (PLATE 761, Figs. 3 and 4) when he prepared his diagnosis, therefore the TyPE, coincides most accurately with the brief but clear account. What it is I do not know. It was misidentified by Linnaeus with a plant of Clayton’s from Virginia, “Lagurus humilior, panicula conica laxa nutante culmum terminante’’, a plant which Hitchcock says is the same as 3. A. nutans L. (Sorghastrum nutans). It would be most extraordinary if Linnaeus confused specimens of his nos. 2 and 3 and if Gronovius and Clayton before him treated as two different species from Virginia material of only one, A. nutans, while they did not recognize the conspicu- ously different Sorghastrum Elliottii (Mohr) Nash, which is fre- quent in eastern Virginia.
According to Hitchcock’s statement in 1908, ‘Linnaeus also cites a synonym from Gronovius which is based on Clayton no. 600. This is Sorghastrum linnaeanum (Hack.) Nash’’—Hitche. in Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. xii®. 125 (1908); and he subsequently (Man. 951) states that S. Linnaeanum (Hack.) Nash, going back to Sorghum nutans, subsp. Linnaeanum Hackel in Martius, FI. Bras. ii®. 276 (1883), was “misapplied” by Nash “to S. Elliottit (Mohr) Nash’. Most unfortunately, here, as in so many cases already discussed, error seems to have crept in. Clayton’s no. 600, basis of the Gronovian reference given by Linnaeus under Andropogon divaricatum, is beautifully preserved material, for a photograph of which (our PLATE 761, Fie. 5) I am indebted to Dr. Ramsbottom. It is, indeed, the best sort of Sorghastrum Linnaeanum, i. e. S. Elliottii; and my faith in the acuteness of Clayton, Gronovius and Linnaeus is justified. To be sure, Hitcheock reduced S. Linnaeanum to S. nutans (L.) Nash; but it seems improbable that he could have read Hackel’s original diagnosis:
Panicula laxa, 25 em. lg., nutans, oblonga, ramulis longioribus apice bispiculatis. Spiculae intense rufae, 6 mm. lg.; gluma prima ad medium parce pilosa, secunda glabra. a 23-25 mm. lg., columna subulam eNom OE 1. II. 1045 (non Mant. II); Ell. Sketch. i. aT
Sorghum nutans Chapm. l. ¢. America borealis: Florida, Georgia — Texas.
The clear description by Hackel is very close to Hitchcock’s
254 Rhodora [JUNE
account of Sorghastrum Elliottzi, with ‘“‘panicle loose, 15 to 30 em. long, nodding at apex, the filiform branchlets and_ pedicels flexuous . . . ; spikelets 6 to 7 mm. long, chestnut-brown at maturity, . . . first glume hirsute or glabresecnt on the back; awn 2.5-3.5 cm. long, twice-geniculate”’. This strongly contrasts with the account of the plant Hitchcock calls S. nutans,
with “panicle . . . yellowish, rather dense, contracted ooei a et maturity «....:; ewe 1-L5 .cm~ long, ones geniculate’.
Returning to the actual Andropogon divaricatum L., the simple fact remains that its Type does not have a panicle. The photograph of it, kindly sent me by Mr. 8. Savage (our PLATE 761, Fics. 3 and 4), shows the summit of a culm with an oblong spike, the spikelets lanate, remote and divergent, the flexuous awn naked (spica oblonga, floribus lanatis remotis divaricatis: arista flexuosa nuda—Linnaeus). That it is not Erianthus alopecuroides (our PLATE 761, Figs. 1 and 2) or any member of that genus is obvious. I have tried in vain to place it with anything Virginian or eastern American. The truncated pedicels of some of the spikelets suggest Andropogon, as does the spiraling awn; but no Andropogon which I know. It is not impossible that its source was far from Virginia. The photo- graph, poor as it is and showing the spikelets heavily impreg- nated with glue, may lead to its proper identification. It should be noted that the long-exserted peduncle is quite naked, with @ prolonged and divergent blade at base. All eastern American species of Andropogon which have to be considered have close sheaths with appressed-ascending tips extending nearly or quite to the inflorescence. It should further be noted that one spike- let (r1G. 4) bears 2 or 3 spiraling awns, suggestive of Danthomia, but not of that genus. It is hoped that those who know the grasses will clarify the identity.
As to the type of Andropogon nutans L. I have no satisfactory information. The panicle of the wide-ranging species with short awns and pale spikelets is not nodding (nutans); but there is no doubt that the plants of Elliott, basis of S. Elliottii, and of Chap- man were the latter very definite species. Since the identities of types throughout the group have been so discouragingly misunderstood, it is not at all improbable that the type of 4.
1943] Fernald,—Why not Andropogon Gerardi? 255
nutans, when critically compared, may lead to some alterations of our ideas. At least, it is probable that somewhere amongst the many names placed by Hitchcock in the reputed synonymy of his S. nutans others may be found earlier than Chrysopogon Elliottit Mohr (1897).
rom the situation in Erianthus and in Muhlenbergia (see pt. I) it is evident that the Types of our eastern North American grasses need much further and closer study.
Puiate 758. ERIANTHUS COARCTATUS Fern.: Fic. 1, TYPE, X %; F panicle, X 1; Fic. 3, summit of rachis of raceme, X 3; FIG. 4, spikelet, x 3. FIG. 5, spikelet, x 6.
PLATE a E. ap tletyemt Michx., kindness of Professor Humbert: FIG. 1, TYPE, X ‘er - 2, spikelets of TYPE, x 11%; Fic. 3, spikelet, x 6, from Demaree, no
Pate 760. E. secaora BARBIS Michx.: dicons 1, plant, X 1%, from Pulaski Cointity Arkansas, Demaree, no. 8228; 2, ‘summit of rachis of raceme,
x 3, wg: no. 8228: FIG. 3, spikelet, 3, rom no.
oor E761. Fig. 1, TYPE of ANDROPOGON ALOPECUROIDES L. and of Erta al ALOPECUROIDES (L.) EIl., X %, kindness of Dr. J. _— sagen gpa Fig. a; spikelets of same, 9 3, to show twisted awns. Frc. YPE of AND
N DIvaRIcaTuM L, and of ERIANTHUS DIVARICATUS (L.) ‘Hitche., va x,
a FIG. 4, summit of peg em x Fie. 5,
Clay 0. 600, pi pe of A. DIVARICATUM, i. ORGHASTRUM ELLIOTT (Mabe) N may oo %, ‘indies of Dr. pate fe
IV. WHY NOT ANDROPOGON GERARDI?
As early as 1700 the common plant of eastern North America, known either as Andropogon provincialis Lam. Encyel. i. 376 (1785) or as A. furcatus Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 919 (1806), was cultivated and perhaps escaped in Provence, in southern France. Tournefort, Inst. i. 521 (1700) had it as his Gramen dactylon, villosum, ramosum, altissimum, Gallo-Provinciale; but it was not until 1761 that the cultivated plant of Provence was beautifully described and illustrated by a figure as Andropogon spica digitatis, flosculis alternatim geminis, hermaphrodito aristato, sessili; masculo mutico, pedunculato by Gérard in his Flora Gallo- Provincialis, 106 (fig. 4) and 107 (1761), a plant which grew in southern Provence (Oritur in gallopr. australi. Perenne). Gérard’s description was so detailed and so lucid that it is here given in
Des. Radix numerosdé fibrarum oe implicatarum prole luxurians. Culmi tripedales & ultra, glabri, striati. Folia radicalia multa, lata, glabra, cespites constituentia; ca ant Sg quinque vel sex, admodixm vaginan- tia, inferne ad margines pilis raris vestita. Membrana ex apice vaginarum
256 Rhodora [JUNE
brevis, lacinulata, sub villosa. Spicae ex apice culmi ange an ; ; ini, basi villosi;
oy | bas) ax) = Q ~~ ba 1 >. & ao ser | a = =: Be! | i) = ~ = d — j= a 2. oe orf S er] fas) =) & 3 = ~ 8 = a ZF aw _—~ < ~~ ~. Qu = S
stigmata plumosa, purpurascentia; semen ovatum. Masculus pedicellatus, pedicello plumoso, anguloso; glumd calycind exterior, interiort paulo ongior, corollae glumae inaequales, muticae, calyce breviores. Filamenta ut in hermaphrodito, pistillum abortiens.
s. Variat calycibus glabris, & villosis.
In his Encyclopédie méthodique, i. 376 (August, 1785) La- marck published it as Andropogon provinciale from the Royal Garden at Paris, merely copying the diagnoses of Gérard and of Tournefort, and adding, in French, a brief interpretation, ending: “On trouve cette plante dans la Provence, & on la cultive au Jardin du Roi.” Seven years later the plant of Gérard received another binomial, A. Gerardi Vitman, Summa PI. vi. 16 (1792), Vitman copying Gérard’s diagnosis and citing both that and the illustration, the plant occurring “In Gallo provincia”. Then in 1806 the wide-ranging North American plant appeared as A. furcatus Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. Pl. iv. 919 (1806). That A. pro- vincialis Lam. is the same species as A. furcatus Muhl. there seems no doubt. Franchet in Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xxxi. 350- 352 (1884) gave a very detailed history of the plant in France and he concluded the study: ‘La plante figurée et décrite par Gérard et cultivée au Jardin du Roi dés 1763, plante qui est certainement le type de |’A. provincialis Lamk, comme en font foi les exemplaires desséchés 4 cette époque et qui se trouvent dans l’herbier du Museum, est une espéce américaine, nommée quarante-deux ans plus tard A. furcatus Muehl. in Willd. Sp. IV, 919 (1805 [1806]). L’A. provincialis doit done étre rayé de la flore francaise.” That it has, consequently, been “struck out from the French flora” is indicated by Rouy, Fl. Fr. xiv. 21 (1913), where he states in a note that “1’A. Provincialis Lamk . . . = A. furcatus Mihlenb. . . . qui n’a existé en France que naturalisée et cultivée.’’ Hackel, in his great and comprehensive monograph of the Andropogoneae in DC. Mon. Phan. vi. 441 (1889), had no doubt about the matter, definitely citing in the synonymy of A. provincialis both A. Gerardi and A. Surcatus.
1943] Fernald,—Why not Andropogon Gerardi? 257
As it proves, unfortunately, the name Andropogon provincialis Lam. (1785), the name used by Hackel, by Nash in N. Am. Fl and by many others, is clearly antedated by another A. pro- vincialis Retz. Obs. Bot. iii. 43 (1783), a low annual, with 15 or 16 fascicled spikes, unequal subulate glumes, etc., obviously not Lamarck’s species.! There is, however, little support for Hitch- cock’s doubt as to the identity of A. provincialis nor for his perplexity in settling which was earlier, Retz., 1. c. or Lam. 1. ¢. Hitcheock’s statement is as follows:
The name Andropogon provincialis Lam. (Eneycl. i. 376. 1783), was applied to this species by Hackel (in DC., Monogr. Phan. 6: 441. 1889) and others, but Lamarck’s species is uncertain. He states that he saw a plant i in the Paris Botanical Garden, but his description is taken
from Gerard (Fl. Gall. Prov. 107. pl. 4 1761) and does not well apply oO our species. Furthermore, A. praddes Retz. (Obs. Bot. 3: 43.
: term The part of Lamarck’s Foam containing page 376 appeared in August 1783.—Hitche. Man. 790 (1935) .? Hitchcock does not state why Gérard’s ‘‘description . does not well apply to our species.”” Franchet and Hackel, both accurate students of grasses, felt positive of the identity; and perusal of Gérard’s description side by side with Hitchcock’s (Man.) shows nothing specifically distinctive. Any one can readily make the comparison. He is likely to arrive at the con- clusion of Franchet, Hackel, Ascherson & Graebner, Rouy and others. As to Hitcheock’s inability ‘‘to determine which is the earlier [Retz. Obs. Bot. iii. or Lam. Encyel. i. 376], he was apparently relying on his own conclusion that ‘The part of Lamarck’s Encyclopedie containing page 376 appeared in August 1783”. It is too bad that the latter error in date confused the question for, as indicated by Sherborn and Woodward in Journ. Bot. xliv. 319 (1906), the part including p. 376 was published in August, 1785 (not 1783). 1 * Hacket (1889) placed it in Chloris. nference that the plant, formerly cultivated in France, is ‘‘not es’’ may have arisen form Hackel’s oiggteo it as subvar. genuinus, with ‘‘ecleamis . . pedicellatae basi fascicul pilorum manifesto 1,5 mm, longo barbatae”’ while his subvar. furcatus was “ut cieche: sed spiculae pedicel- It is a very exceptional plant of eastern North America which lacks the bearding at the base of the pedicelled spikelet or at the summit of the pedicel. The distinctive point stated by Hackel is of no impor- tance.
258 Rhodora [JUNE
Since Andropogon Gerardi Vitman (1792) is the same as A. provincialis Lam. (1785) and A. furcatus Muhl. (1806), that appears to be the proper name for our common species. The following are the most marked varieties:
ERARDI Vitman, var. paucipilus (Nash), comb. nov. A. paucipilus Nash in Britt. Man . 70 (1901). A. provincialis Lam., (93 perenne (Nash) Fern. "& Grisc. in RHopora, xxxvii. 147
A. GERARDI, var. chrysocomus (Nash), comb. nov. A. chryso- comus Nash, 1901). . provincialis, var. chrysocomus (Nash) Fern. & Goes l. c. (1935).
(To be continued)
V. STUDIES IN NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF SCIRPUS
(Plates 762-767)
Tuer AMERICAN REPRESENTATIVE OF SCIRPUS PUMILUS (PLATES 762—764).—One of the rarest or most localized sedges of North America is the tiny plant with solitary terminal spikelet, belong- ing in Scirpus, § Baeothryon and passing for nearly forty years in America as the Eurasian S. alpinus Schleicher (1828) and subse- quently as the identical S. pumilus Vahl (1806). First recorded as American by Britton in Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 75 (1892) as S. alpinus from the “‘Rocky Mountains’, Hall & Harbour, and from Moreley in the Canadian Rocky Mountains, the species next attracted attention from its discovery on Anticosti Island and the adjacent Mingan Islands of Saguenay County, Quebec, and was the subject of one of the interesting articles by Marie- Victorin, in Trans. Roy. Soc. Can., ser. 3, xxiii. pt. 2, sect. V. 25 (1929). Somewhat later, in Ruopora, xxxiii. 23, 24 (1931), I pointed out that the name S. pumilus Vahl antedates S. alpinus Schleicher and I then recorded additional stations in the Cana- dian Rocky Mountains; and more recently Beetle, in Am. Journ. Bot. xxviii. 421 (1941), has maintained S. pumilus as American: ‘‘Mountain meadows of Eurasia and North America’’, he citing American plants of Quebec (Anticosti and the Mingan Islands), Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Alberta and Colorado. The habitat, ‘‘mountain meadows”, while perhaps applying in the Rocky Mountains, is hardly appropriate for the Quebec area, with Anticosti rarely attaining a height of 175 m.' and the Mingan
1“Jes plus hautes plateaux cités par eux ne dépassent pas 150 et 175 metres’’— Despécher and Combes as quoted by Schmidt, Monographie de I'Ile d’Anticosti, 10
rent r of § Baeothryon, the flat-leaved woodland Scirpus pegareiny ican, ea cited 8 Beetle, ]. c. 174, from ‘‘Vermont: Willoughby, W. Boott in William Boott’s herbarium is incorporated in the Gray Herbarium. There . pes no Vermont material of S. planifolius from him, and Kennedy and others who inti- mately knew the Willoughby region did not know it there. Dole lists it only from
280 Rhodora (JULY
Islands still lower, while Saskatoon is well to the east of the mountains, in the flat Canadian prairie.
Ever since Britton’s identification of the Rocky Mountain plant with S. alpinus Schleicher or S. pumilus Vahl of central and southeastern Europe, eastward into Persia and central Asia, we have accepted the identification without question. The plants of Eurasia are at least two quite different species, or perhaps geographic varieties, while some of the Asiatic material, that of alpine regions (4305-5200 m.) of Tibet may be distinct. This Tibetan plant may well be Isolepis oligantha C. A. Meyer, Mém. des Sav. Etrang. Pétersb. i. 197, t. 1 (1831); but until some one who has more adequate nterial and who can study Meyer’s Siberian type can check it, the Tibetan plant may wait.
True Scirpus pumilus of the alpine regions of south-central and -eastern Europe, thence into Persia and Siberia (our PLATE 762) is subcespitose or quite densely cespitose (as shown by Reichenbach and others), with short stoloniferous offsets which promptly send up erect tufts of culms; the lowest scale of the spikelet often has the green midrib prolonged (rics. 3 and 4) as a green and blunt mucro; the anthers (Frias. 2 and 3) have the connective prolonged as a distinct subulus; the achenes (FIGS. 6-8) are rather slenderly ellipsoid-obovoid, 1.6-1.8 mm. long, 0.4-0.5 mm. broad, subequilaterally trigonous (rics. 6 and 9) and usually broadly rounded to truncate at the sessile base; while all but the lowermost scales of the spikelet have thin scarious margins.
Fully 2100 km. to the north, within the Arctic Circle, there is @ plant, occurring on Porsanger Fjord (south of Cape North) in northernmost Norway which is identified in current Scandinavian floras as Scirpus pumilus. This plant (pLaTE 763, FIGs. 1-3) is extensively creeping, with very elongate filiform rhizomes and with small and scattered tufts of culms. Its anthers (FIG. 2) and achenes (FIG. 4) are like those of S. pumilus, except that the achenes are longer (2-2.2 mm. long); but its scales are much
two Vermont stations, Mt. Philo (Addison County) and North Pownal (BenningtoD County). It has also been collected in Arlin vac
Willoughby, near the northeastern corner. It is probable Gus the Willoughby record
of S. planifolius arose from S. pauciflorus Lightf., now usually treated as Eleocharis
paucifiora (Lightf.) Link (var. —— Svenson) which abounds at Willoughby and was there collected by Wm. Boott
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 281
firmer and broader than in true S. pumilus and the latter have the margins hardly if at all scarious (Fic. 3). Furthermore the lowest scale (FIG. 2) is nearly like the others, without the green mucro strongly excurrent. Differing so markedly from typical S. pumilus, it was beautifully described as Trichophorum emergens Norman in Soc. Reg. Se. Norveg. v. 319—repr. as Spec. Loe. Nat. 79 (1868)—and as abundant on the sandy inundated shore in Porsangria. ‘‘Vaginae basilares culmi ut in Trichophoro caespitoso, a quo rhizomate repente, stolonifero, fasciculos pauci- culmeos immo culmos solitarios hue illue emittente, recedit. Sub accessu maris inundatur, sub recessu emergit”. So different is this Finmark plant of inundated tidal shores from the more cespitose one of the southern alpine areas that it should certainly be kept apart.! Even the original editors of Index Kewensis, who did not hesitate to reduce species they did not understand, were baffled by Trichophoruwm emergens, appending after the citation ‘‘(Quid?)—Norveg.”’
As stated and as shown in the plates, the anthers in the Eurasian Scirpus pumilus and S. emergens have prominently excurrent connectives and the achenes are subequilaterally trigonous, while in S. pumilus the lowest scale often has the mid- rib excurrent as a mucro; and the blunt scales of the arctic tidal- shore S. emergens are subcoriaceous and scarcely scarious- margined. When we turn to the North American plant (PLATE 764) which has passed as S. pumilus we find a habit midway between those of the two European species, the culms tufted, sometimes without but usually with slender and elongate rhizomes and scaly stolons. The American plant on superficial examination might easily be thought to stand somewhat inter- mediate between those of Eurasia. In our plant the scales of the spikelet are as thin as in S. pumilus but the lowest (Fics. 2 and 3) has the midrib included, not exserted; the anthers (Frias. 2 and 4) merely taper to tip, with the connective not exserted; and the achene (rics. 5-10) is plano-convex, broad and flat on the inner face, gently arching to merely umbonate on the back. The ripe achenes (rics. 5-7) are broadly ellipsoid-oblong, only 1.2- 1.5 mm. long but 0.8-1.2 mm. broad, and gradually rounded to
tScrrpus emergens (Norman), comb. nov. Trichophorum emergens Norman in Soc. Reg. Sc. Norveg. v. 319—repr. as Spec. Loc. Nat. 79 (1868). Pare 763, figs. 1-5.
282 Rhodora [JULY
base or sometimes substipitate. Differing in these minute but morphologically important characters from the Eurasian series, the North American plant is clearly an endemic species. Our fullest representation is the abundant series from Anticosti and the Mingan Islands, collected by Bros. Marie-Victorin and Rolland-Germain. I am greatly pleased to have this opportunity to associate with a plant of that area the name of a modest and self-effacing botanist who has done much in his earnest and discriminating way to bring to our knowledge the rarer plants of Quebec, Brother Rolland-Germain.
Scirpus (§ Baroturyon) Rollandii, sp. nov. (ras. 764). Planta habitu foliis culmisque ut in Scirpo pumilo sed valde stolonifera; culmis laxe cespitosis vel subsolitariis; spiculis ellipeoideo-ovoideis 3-4 mm. longis, subteretibus; squamis ovatis obtusis vel subacutis brunneis vel rufescentibus subcoria- ceis margine scariosis; antheris 1.5 mm. longis apice attenuatis; achaeniis nigrescentibus late oblongo-ellipticis, 1.2-1.5 mm. longis 0.8-1 atis, plano-convexis dorso leviter convexo vel um- bina aoe euate Archipel de Mingan: rivages calcaires, Ie Sainte-Geneviéve, 9 aotit, 1925, Victorin & Rolland, no. 20, 220: corniches caleaires du cété du large, Ile Sainte-Genevidve 22 juillet, 1926, Victorin & Rolland, no. 25,785 (rype in Herb. Gray.); rivages caleaires, Ile & Marteau, 23 uillet, 1926, Victorin & R Rolland, no. 25,940; parties élevées et découvertes surtout dans les sentiers de renard, Grande Ile & la Vache Marine, 19 juillet, 1926; Victorin & Rolland, no. 25,782; tundra calcaire
e Marine, 3 aoit, 1928, Victorin & Rolland, no. 28,374. Anti- costi: sur les platiéres argilo-calcaires au-dessus des gorges, Riviére Chicotte, 15 aofit, 1925, asia & Rolland, no. 25,783; sur les platiéres a plusieurs milles en aut des gorges, Riviere Chicotte, 24 juillet, 1927, Victorin & Rolland no. “OT, 517; sur les
au Fusil, 20 juillet, 1927, Victorin & Rolland, no. 27 ,018; sur les platiéres prés de la mer, 25 juillet, 1927, Ain hig & Rolland, no. 27,516; éboulis argilo-caleaire, le long de la mer, a l’est de la rividre, Riviére la Loutre, 6 aout, 1936, Victorin & Rolland, no.
Butters & Hotes no. 50. Cotor ADO: “Rocky Mt. Alpine Flora, Lat. 39°-41°’, 1862, Hall & Harbour, no. 583.
TE 762 shows details of Scrrpus pumiius Vahl: ric. 1, habit, X 1, fevan Pee, Semipalavitinsk, western Siberia, May 21, 1920, 0. Simonova &
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 283
T. Batueva; Fic. 2, spikelet, 10, from same collection; Fic. 3, spikelet, 10, from Mont Cenis, Savoie, July 27, 1855, Perrier; FIG. 4, spike let, X 10,
m Simonova & Batueva; FIG. 5, disintegrated spikelet, showing broad scarious margin of scale, 10, from Zermatt, July, 1882, Christ; Fic. 6, achene and its cross-section, after Schroeter, Pflanzenl. der Alpen, fig. 174 (1923); ria. 7, achene, X 10, from Mont Cenis, Perrier; ric. 8, achene, X 10, from Zermatt, Christ; ric. 9, looking down on summit of achene, x 10, from or. Chrtat
E 763, FIGS. 1-5. §. EMERGENS (Norman) Fernald: Fie. 1, habit,
fron Poreainke Fjord, Finmark, July 9, 1898, A. L.; Fic. 2, spikelet, x XO,
10 15 e
2 ay from Dahl; Fic. 5, looking down on tip of achene, X 10, from Dahl. 6, S. rufus (Huds.) Schrad.: achenes, < 10, from Skane, Sweden, July 14,
1928, rik Asplund. Fia. 7, S. rufus, var. neogaeus: achenes, x 10, from the
TY ie 764, S. Ro.tuanpi Fernald: ric. 1, habit, x 1, from the Ty
reas some ge de Mingan n, Quebec, Victorin & Rolland, no. gy a FIG. 6, achene, X 10, val Riviére Chicotte, Anticosti, Victorin & R no. 2, 317, FIG. 7, sehen x rea m Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, July 24, 1939, W. P.’Fras aser; FIG. 8. Joo ing down on tip of ‘achene in fig. 5, X 10;
similar Mads, x 10, of achene in fig. 6; fig. 10, similar view, x 10, of ietins
© Norta AMERICAN MEMBERS OF Scirpus, § LacusTRES Guan 765 and 766).—
Scirpus vALipus Vahl, var. creber, var. nov. (TAB. 765, FIG. 4-7), spiculis ovoideis 5-9 mm. longis; squamis costa margineque exceptis glabris lucidis achaenio maturo vix superantibus; antheris deinde opel wittbesd ee wage vs perianthio achaenium subaequante; achaentiis 1.7— . longis 1.3-1.5 mm. latis.— Newfoundland to British Columbia, south to Nova Scotia, New
ngland, Long Island, Georgia, Tennessee, Missouri, Oklahom ma, Texas, New Mexico, northern Mexico and California. TYPE
Forma ee f. nov. (TAB. 765, FIG. 8), spiculis
ee ee 9-15 mm. longis; achaeniis 2.3-2.8 mm. longis 1.4-1.8 mm. latis. —Seattered through the range of rae creber; the followeine are characteristic. Nova Scotta: Truro, Fernald
oy Ns no. 2720. MAINE: Lincolnville, G. B. Rossbach, no. AcHusETTS: York Pond, Canton, July 8, 1894, Reeacdae Eaathans F. S. Collins, no. 1293; Wakeby — Sandwich, Sectiehe 16, 1916, Harger & Woodward. Conn ticuT: East Windsor, August 21, 1904, Brssell. ° dpe se was of Toano, Janae City a y; R. . Menzel, no. MICHIGAN: New Buffalo, Lansing, no. 3281. Iowa: Lost is Township, Clay County, Ada Tinie: no. 9195. Norra Daxota: Mandan, F. P. Metcalf, no. 374. Nepraska: St. Paul, July 24, 1909, "2 M. Bates. Kansas: Joy rag Osborne County, July a1, 1894,
284 Rhodora [JULY Shear, no. 239 Ske in issih Gray.); Riley Co., June 21, 1895,
Norton. Texas: Dallas Co., July, 1877, Reverchon; El Paso ‘County, Cory, 83 1255. “ALBERTA: Aes (Mamawi) Creek, Wood Buffalo Park, Raup, 1980. Orxrcon: St. Paul, J. C
Nelson, no. 1692; Salem, Ny aap, no. 3307.
Scirpus validus (PLATE 765, Frias. 1-3) was described by Vahl, Enum. ii. 268 (1806), its ‘Habitat in Caribaeis’’, with a clear diagnosis and a remarkably complete description, he distinctly saying “‘squamis dorso villosis’”. It is the plant of eastern tropical America! which differs at once from the common plant of the United States and Canada in several points. Its inflores- cence (ric. 1) is usually stiffer than in the common North American plant, only exceptionally with arching and pendulous rays and pedicels, although the more northern plant may have the inflorescence as stiff as in S. acutus Muhl. Typical S. validus may, as originally described, have the scales of the spikelets villous or they may be glabrescent or even glabrous except for the keel and the fimbriate-ciliolate margin. In none of the tropical and subtropical American material do the achenes show beyond the scales; the scales strongly cover them and are nearly twice as long. The perianth consists of very delicate bristles remotely retrorse-setulose chiefly above the basal third and commonly overtopping the achene. The connective of the anther (rigs. 2 and 3) projects as a triangular-ovate sessile tip, though sometimes becoming elongate. North of tropical America true S. validus is frequent or common in Florida and there is material in the Gray Herbarium with the stereotyped and possibly too inclusive label ‘“‘Santee Canal, South Carolina, Ravenel”.
From genuine tropical and subtropical Scirpus validus our var. creber differs in its often more lax inflorescence (Frias. 4 and 5), the backs of the scales glabrous, the scales barely covering OF when they are ripe (F1a. 5) not wholly covering the achenes; the perianth (ric. 7) of usually coarser and rather shorter bristles which are copiously retrorse-setose; and the anther (F1G. 6) with the slender tip becoming prolonged. Some material from the southeastern states and some from Bermuda is so transitional
‘The citation by Beetle in Am. Journ. Bot. xxviii. 695 (1941) of Bermuda, Haiti. Porto Rico, Jamaica and Cuba as the “Easr Inpres” and his statement of broad range (p. 693), sR ae pcan North America, and bordering the a
with the only South American specimens cited coming from Uruguay Argentina, suggest need of more precise knowledge of geography.
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 285
that I am treating the common plant of the United States and Canada as a strong geographic variety, rather than as a species. In its prolonged and linear-cylindric spikelets up to 1.5 em. long var. creber, forma megastachyus (FIG. 8), when its inflorescence is contracted, might be mistaken for S. acutus. In fact, by the recently published key to epee of this section (‘‘Spikelets
S.
ovoid . . . S.validus’’; “Spikelets subcylindric acutus’’! and the accompanying descriptions (Septicalots 5-10 mm. long, . . . ovate’ for S. validus; ‘spikelets 0.7—2 cm.
long . Ovate-acute to cylindrical” for S. acutus) one aiid handily place most specimens under S. validus; nevertheless several specimens, including the type, of forma megastachyus were cited as good S. validus. Accompanying the elongation of spikelet the achene of forma megastachyus is enlarged, achenes from the form running considerably larger than in typical var. creber.
In connection with Scirpus validus, var. creber two names have to be considered, because they are cited by Beetle as synonyms under his all-inclusive S. validus. These are S. orgyalis Raf. Annals of Nature [not ‘‘ Amer. Nat.” as cited in the recent paper], 16 (1820) and S. lacustris, var. condensatus Peck, N. Y. State Mus. Rep. no. 53: 853 (1900). Rafinesque’s S. orgyalis of ‘creeks and rivers of New York and Pennsylvania’, had little of specific character in the brief description except ‘‘spikes lateral under the apex, glomerated, ovate, sub-sessile; scales ovate, mucronate, brown, arachnoidal”. What he had we do not know. He intended his name to apply to anything North Ameri- can of the lacustris group. The ‘‘glomerate . . . sub-sessile’’ spikes with ‘‘arachnoidal’’ scales could as well, if not better, apply to S. acutus Muhl. (1842) which occurs in New York and western Pennsylvania and which often has villous scales, while those of the S. validus of that region have the scales glabrous except for keel and margin.
Peck was not differentiating between the three species of § Lacustris which occur in New York State. His “‘S. lacustris condensatus n. var.’’ was described: ‘Heads of the panicles sessile or on very short pedicels, forming a dense cluster about 1 inch long and broad. Otherwise asin the common form. Lime
1 Beetle, 1. c. 692 (1941).
286 Rhodora (JULY
Lake. August. F. E. Fenno.’”’ According to House, N. Y. State Mus. Bull. no. 254: 147 (1924) the Fenno plant is S. heterochaetus, a species which usually has a lax and open panicle and which differs from S. validus in its very pale and solitary spikelets, its trigonous achene, etc. Even if S. lacustris condensatus were an unusual form of S. validus it would be quite ridiculous to take up the name, intended for a trivial form, for the transcontinental plant with open and loosely forking panicles. Extreme literalists might do so, but the intent of the original author was obvious; the rules of nomenclature were not intended to foster absurdity, if they do, it is time to change them.
S. Steinmetzii, sp. nov. (TAB. 766, Fic. 1-7). Planta statura habituque ut in Scirpo ee ‘spiculis ellipsoideo-ovoideis obtusis 5-7.5 mm. longis 4-5 mm. crassis fulvis; squamis scarioso-
membranaceis fulvis acuntnatie atabrie s, margine apiceque vile ints aristo Enel antheris apice triangulari-ovatis :
stream, Passadumkeag Stream, Passadumkeag, Penobscot County, Angus a 1007, #.. i. hd inmetz, no. 355 (TYPE in Herb. Gra yPE in Herb. Univ. of M aine), September 1, 1938, Blecseale ay 29, 1942, Maintnets & Gashweiler, speci- mens originally and tentatively placed with S. heterochaetus Chase; shallow water near shore of river, Passadumkeag River at Hathaway iat Passadumkeag, August 5, 1940, Ogden & Wright, no. 2345
Scirpus Saux. with which it is a great pleasure to asso- ciate the name of the leader of botanical exploration in Maine and discoverer of the plant, is like S. heterochaetus only in having 4 prolonged basal leaf and in its lax inflorescence with no tendency to the formation of glomerules. S. heterochaetus has slender pale green to whitish-brown lanceolate to slenderly ellipsoid acute or subacuminate spikelets 0.75-2.3 cm. long; its pale scales are firm to subcoriaceous and deeply emarginate at tip; its styles mostly 3-cleft, its achenes trigonous. It is a species of calcareous or alkaline waters; and it was beautifully illustrated by Mrs. Chase when she published it in Ruopora, vi. 70, t. 53, fig. d (1904). S. Steinmetzii, on the other hand, has the reddish to purple-brown plump-ovoid obtuse spikelets only 5-7.5 mm. long; the thin and almost scarious scales tapering to the aw?
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 287
(not deeply emarginate) and heavily villous-ciliate (rather than slightly or hardly so) at margin; the style is 2-cleft and the strongly flattened achene plano-convex, merely slightly convex on the back. It should, therefore, be confidently watched for in the extensive lake-strewn area which extends from the Penobscot across Hancock and Washington Counties, Maine, into south- western New Brunswick.
From Scirpus validus, var. creber the newly described S. Steinmetzii is distinguished by its non-glomerulate spikelets, the scales greatly overtopping the achenes (as in tropical S. validus), but with tapering (rather than broadly rounded and emarginate) tip, the anther-connective with a triangular sessile terminal ap- pendage, the bristles fewer and short or wanting, and the persist- ent old filaments very broad and ribbon-like.
In pLaTe 765, FIGs. 1-3 are of typical Scrrpus vatipus from Cordillera Septantsinnal, prov. Puerto Finke, Sabaneta, in Cafio Hondo, Civ. hiya Domingo, Hispaniola, Ekman, . 14, 549: ric. 1, inflorescence, <1 31G. 2,
spikelet, showing blunt anther, x ; FIG. 3, achene, showing elongate bristles and — eg age! x 10. Fies. 4-7 var. CREBER: FIG. 4, rego of TYPE,
rescence of TYPE of var. CREBER, forma MEGASTACHYUS,
In Pirate 766 Fies. 1-7 are of Scrrpus STEINMETZII, all from spat —_ series: fig. 1, 1 orescences, x 1; Fic. 2, axis of inflorescence, X 3; .3 and 4, spikelets, showing long scales and blunt anthers, X 5; Fies. 5 at 6, achenés, with single pe rianth-bristle and broad filaments, - 10; FIG. 7, achene viewed from above Uncking down on mw 20, Pie 8-10, S. HETERO- CHAETUs, from kirk, Oswego County, New York, Pest: Wiegan & Eames, no. 14,192: Fia. 8, et. < 5; FIG. 9, achene, X 10; Fic. 10, achene, viewed from above, X
Some AMERICAN SPECIES AND VARIETIES OF ScrRPUS (PLATES 763, figs. 6 and 7, and 767).—ScrrRPUS RUFUS Sag Schrad., var. neogaeus, var. nov. (TAB. 763, FIG. Eats achaen s fusiformi- lanseoinee 4.5-5.5 mm. longis 1-1. ‘7 mm. latis a vaide weenie rostratisque.—Saline to brackish, raiely fom marshes, Ne foundland and shores of Gulf of and lower River St. Lawrencé: Quebec, south to southwestern Nova Scotia and pong ide New Brunswick; salt marshes from Churchill t River, lat. 53°, Manitoba. Type: near Hospital Point. Grind- stone Tsland, Magdalen Islands, Saly 18, Fernald, Bartram, Long and St. John, no. 6968 (in Herb. Gra
In habit, foliage, spikes and spikelets we Avibsitin material of Scirpus rufus (Blysmus rufus (Huds.) Link) is quite like the plant of northern Europe and it shows the same diversity of
288 Rhodora (JULY
involucre, oftenest with it essentially obsolete or reduced to a short blade but occasionally with a long blade overtopping the compound spike. The European descriptions very generally define the achene as elliptic and of a yellow-gray color. There being no reason in European works for further detail the size is not often given. Holmberg, however, in his very detailed and unfortunately never completed Scandinaviens Flora, Hifte 2: 304 (1926) says ‘Not spolformigt [fusiform] elliptick . . 3 mm. ling, 1,5 mm. bred, gul-1. brungr&.”” The achenes of the European plant (PLATE 763, FIG. 6) range from 3-4.5 mm. long, with the rather definitely elliptic body usually about 3 mm. long and 1.5-2 mm. broad and opaque to barely sublustrous. The achene of the American plant is more definitely fusiform, 4.5-5.5 mm. long, lustrous and of slightly warmer color, the body only 1-1.7 mm. broad, the stipe and beak more prolonged than in the European plant. Fic. 6 shows achenes, X 5, of typical S. rufus from Skine, Sweden, July 14, 1928, Erik Asplund; Fie. 7, achenes, X 5, from the TyPE of var. neogaeus.
S. SUBTERMINALIS Torr., forma terrestris (Paine), comb. nov. Var. terrestris Paine, Cat. Pl. Oneida Co., 96 (1865).
S J ., var. Frernaupr (Bicknell) Beetle, forma agonus, culmis ad 1.5 m. altis et 1.3 em. crassis; foliis ad 15 mm. latis; spiculis 1.2-4 em. longis; achaeniis late vel subrotundo- obovatis ad basin sensim rotundatis plerumque 2.5-3.2 mm. latis plano-convexis vel lenticularibus dorso sensim rotundatis.—
brackish marsh, Sable Island, St. John, no. 1160; near brackish mouth of Salmon River, Truro, Fernald & Wiegand, nos. 424 and 4249; border of salt marsh, Jordan Falls, Shelburne County; September 4, 1921, Fernald & Long, no. 23,398 (ryprE in Gray Herb., distrib. as S. campestris, var. novae-angliae). NEW Brunswick: brackish marsh, Bathurst Bay, Bathurst, 8. F. Blake, no. 5457; marsh, Bay du Vin Island, Northumberland County, Blake, nos. 5706 and 5707; border of brackish pond,
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 289
Whale Cove, Grand Manan Island, C. A. & Una F. Weatherby, no. 5609. Marne: salt marsh toward Dennisville, Pembroke, Fernald, no. 1414; brackish shores, Pleasant River, Columbia Falls, Svenson & Fassett, no. 1005; muddy shore of Herrick’s Bay, Flye’s Point, Brooklin, A. F. Hill, no. 1345; fresh or slightly brackish border of salt marsh, South Thomaston, Bissell, Fernald & Chamberlain, no. 8933; wet rocky shore, Matinicus, July 19, 1919, C. A. E. Long; sandy salt marsh, Bristol, Z. B. Chamberlain, no. 695, Dinsmore & Chamberlain, no. 839; salt marsh, Bath, August 23, 1911, Bissell; Foster's Point, West Bath, 1892, Kate Furbish; salt marsh, Hardin ngs’, Brunswick , September 13, 1891, Kate Furbish, September 27, 1898, Chamberlain, no. 936; Kenne- bunkport, August 7, 1888, Kennedy; mouth of York River, York, Bicknell, 1156, Fernald & L ong, no. 12,845. NEw Hamp- SHIRE: ditch near border of salt marsh, Hampton Falls, August, , A. A. Eaton. MASSACHUSETTS: Manchester, H. D. Tho- reau; salt marsh, West Manchester, F. 7. Hubbard, no. 73; Somerville, 1882, C.E. Perkins; Watertown, July 17, 1880, C. E£. Perkins; salt marsh, Scituate, ‘September , 1901 W. P. Rich, September 13, 1914, C. H. Kno wlton; swale, West Barnstable, St. John & White, no. 941. Camsucnont: salt marsh, Milford,
. H. Eames, no. 39.
Scirpus maritimus, var. Fernaldi, forma agonus, is the eastern North American plant treated by Beetle in Am. Journ. Bot. xxix. 84, 85 (1942) as typical S. maritimus of Europe. It is quite like S. maritimus, var. Fernaldi (Bicknell) Beetle, 1. c. 85, except in having bifid styles and thin plano-convex to lenticular achenes. Throughout the range of var. Fernaldz, with trigonous achenes, and its forma agonus the two show the same range of variation in spikelets and habit, with a dense glomerule or more com- monly with well developed rays, with the latter terminated by single to several and glomerulate spikelets, with the spikelets short and ovoid as in the type of S. Fernaldi Bickn. or slender and lance-cylindric, running up to 4 em. or more long, as in the type of S. novae-angliae Britton. Both S. Fernaldi and S. novae- angliae were based upon specimens with trigonous achenes; and in that series as well as in the one with plano-convex or lenticular and relatively thin achenes there is no line of demarcation evident by which the plants with ovoid and lance-cylindric spikelets can be separated. S. novae-angliae was published as a species in 1898, S. Fernaldi in 1901. In the varietal rank they are of identical date, published in Ruopora, viii. 163 (1906) as S.
290 Rhodora [Jory
campestris, var. novae-angliae (Britton) Fern. and var. Fernaldi (Bicknell) Bartlett, but since the latter was transferred to S. maritimus as var. Fernaldi while Beetle considered S. novae- angliae to be a variety of S. robustus Pursh, S. robustus, var. novae-angliae (Britton) Beetle, 1. c. 87 (1942), they are again of even date. Under these cirenustances it seems less disturbing to maintain under S. maritimus the first of the two which was treated as a variety of that species.
It is not clear to me why Beetle places Scirpus novae-angliae under S. robustus. The latter species is a beautifully distinct one of tropical America, following the Atlantic coast northward to Massachusetts, the Pacific to California. Its plump ellipsoid- ovoid to thick-cylindric blunt or bluntish spikelets are rufescent or fulvous, the seales (especially the outer) with very prolonged awns. Its leaf-sheaths have very characteristic orifices, the strong ribs running up the summit to the semicircular or promi- nently convex dark scarious ligule. S. novae-angliae, on the other hand, like European S. maritimus and American S. Fernaldi, has the ligule V-shaped, with truncate or concave (rarely low- convex) summit and the nerves at the summit of the sheath are slender and relatively inconspicuous. The ovoid to lance- cylindric acute to acuminate spikelets are, as in S. maritimus, castaneous to fuscous or blackish, and the awns of the scales are relatively short.
From typical European Scirpus maritimus, our var. Fernaldi is distinguished merely on size, the leaves running higher on the culm, and upon a slight difference in shape of achene. Our plant is usually taller and coarser, with leaves mostly 6-15 mm. broad (as opposed to the “+ 4 (7)”—Hegi, of the European); the spikelets of ours are 1.2-4 em. long (‘‘bis 2 em. lang” in 4. maritimus—Hegi); and the achenes are generally more broadly obovate and more gradually rounded to the broad base, a8 OP- posed to the narrower-obovate achene of S. maritimus in which they taper more cuneately or even with a slight concave curve to the slender base.
I do not know how Beetle arrived at the conclusion that true (Eurasian) Scirpus maritimus has “Style normally 2-fid” (Beetle, 1. c. 87), for the consensus of statements of European taxonomists makes the 2-fid style very exceptional: ‘a t y pic us
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 291
Narben 3’’—Ascherson & Graebner; “Stigmates 3 tar? 2 ox )’—Rouy; phages 3, or rarely 2”—Babing- ton; “‘Style Sole?’ Heaton “Narben 3, seltener 2”—Hegi. Although true S. maritimus (with 3 he and trigonous achenes) is in Europe the common form, while the so-called var. digynus (Simonk.) Godr. is there called rare, with us typical var. Fernaldi (with trigonous achenes) and its forma agonus are about equally common. At least, in the area from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Connecticut, where the two somewhat alternate their colonies, the representation before me shows 51 sheets of typical var. Fernaldi (including S. novae-angliae) and 58 of forma agonus. Within this area the two are about equally common; from New York to Virginia the representation before me is all of typical var. Fernaldi.
S. paLuposus Nels., var. atlanticus, var. nov., a forma typica ‘esate foliis caulinis plerumque 2-4, sub medio gestis, vaginae venis apice tenuibus vix prominulis; spiculis brunneo-castaneis vel ee ee antheris plerumque 2-3.5 mm. longis, filamentis inclusis vel subexsertis; pchaene Aohahdd obuestia vel suborbicularibus rariter cuneatis olivaceis vel atro-brunneis.— Salt marshes and saline shores, Gulf of and lower River St. lave Quebec, to northern New Jersey; central and western New York. Typu: salt marsh, Bunbury, Prince Edward Island, Augeat 28, 1912, Fernald, Long & St. sie. no. 6982 (in Herb.
ray.).
Scirpus paludosus Nels. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxvi. 5 (1899), like the identical S. campestris Britton in Britt. & Brown, IIl. FI. i. 267, fig. 626 (1896), not Roth (1795), is the plant of western North America, extending eastward to Manitoba, Minnesota, Nebraska and Missouri. Var. atlanticus is the plant of the Atlantic coast, with an isolated and in some ways transitional area in the saline region of interior New York. True S. paludosus is a very pale green plant, with culms mostly 0.5-2 em. thick at base and 0.5-1.5 m. high; the cauline leaves mostly 3-5 (-6), with sheaths ascending well above the middle of the culm (but in starved colonies the culms lower and the leaves fewer and borne chiefly below the middle), their blades mostly 0.5-1.5 cm. broad, the veins near the orifice of the sheath prominent and usually thickened; spikelets whitish-brown to drab or pale brown; anthers 3.5-5 mm. long, standing well out of the spike-
292 Rhodora [JULY
lets on elongate filaments, the filaments, after falling of anthers, usually showing above the scales and twice to thrice the length of the achene; achene cuneate-obovate, rarely roundish, pale brown to olivaceous.
S. paludosus, var. atlanticus is not so pale; its culms are 1.5- 7.5 dm. high, 2-8 mm. thick at base; the cauline leaves are usually 2-4 and borne chiefly below the middle (though in exceptional plants, perhaps mixed with S. maritimus, var. Fernaldi, more numerous and running high on the culm), the blades 1.5-9 mm. broad, the veins near summit of sheath delicate and inconspicuous; spikelets chestnut-brown to blackish-fuscous; anthers 2-3.5 mm. long, mostly not exceeding scales, the old filaments rarely exserted and shorter than to about twice the length of the achene; the achene rounded-obovate to suborbicu- lar, only exceptionally cuneate, olivaceous to deep brown. In central and western New York the plant geographically some- what intermediate between true S. paludosus and var. atlanticus has the anthers up to 4 mm. long and the achene often cuneate at base. Along the coast of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and of the Atlantic occasional colonies seem like hybrids of S. paludosus, var. atlanticus and S. maritimus, var. Fernaldi.
True western Scirpus paludosus has an evident tendency to branching of the inflorescence; var. atlanticus not. Of the 186 inflorescences of S. paludosus before me 124 have simple or at least closely crowded glomerules, 62 (33%) have 1 or 2 (rarely 3 or 4) obvious elongate rays. Of 420 inflorescences of var. atlanticus only 20 (less than 4%) show a single (in 1 case 2) short ray. On the Atlantic coast the plant with fuscous spikelets frequently on definite or elongate rays is S. maritimus, vat. Fernaldi. Of the 210 inflorescences of it before me 172 (nearly 82%) have definite (sometimes forking) rays (26 with 1 ray, 77 with 2, 28 with 3, 20 with 4, 13 with 5, 13 with 6, 6 with 7, 5 with 8,1 with 11, 1 with 12 and 4 with 13).
Although Beetle in Am. Journ. Bot. xxix. 83 (1942) cites Scirpus paludosus as occurring in the“ East Inpies: Ekman 1325” (this citation placed between New Jersey and Minnesota), there is grave doubt about it. I have not seen no. 1325 and can, consequently, not check its identity; at least, it presumably came from the West Indies.
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 293
S. expansus, sp. nov. (Tas. 767, Fic. 1-3), planta habitu S. sylvatici; culmo 0.5-1.6 m. alto ad basin 0.6-1.5 em. crasso superne scabro; foliis 1-2.5 em. latis, vaginis coriaceis valde septato-nodulosis; involueri foliis 3 8, imis panicula superantibus; panicula 1-3 alta radiis adscendentibus vel divaricatis; pedicellis valde pips, spiculis 3-5 mm. longis, plerumque glomerulatis; squamis valde carinatis apice subulatis; antheris 1.3-1.6 ongis.—Spring-heads, borders of rills, springy meadows, swales, etc., southwestern Maine to southern Michi- gan, south to Georgia. The following, selected from a large series, are representative. Marne: South Poland, 1895, Kate Furbish; Typha swamp, bank, Presumpscot River, August 13, 1903, Collins & Chamberlain, no. 614 (TYPE in Herb. Gray.) ; springy spot, Great Chebeague Island, Fernald, no. 1401; swale at border of salt marsh, Ah Fernald & Long, no. 12 851; swamp, York Harbor, July 1901, F. T. Hubbard. New HAMPSHIRE: Hanover, ge “4878, Jesup; Ore Hill, Warren, July 26, 1910, E. F. Williams; shore of Johnson Creek, Madbu ury, Hodgdon, no. 2629. Vermont: Gulf Brook swamp, Townshend, September 10, 1912, L. A. Wheeler. MassacHusEtTts: south e of Horn Pond, Woburn , August 4, 1869, Wm. Boott; South Sud- bury, June 17, 1902, Rich, Fernald & Williams; Westfield, July 10, 1860, Wm. ’ Boott; brook in cold bog, Scomy ‘August 27, 1916, Churchill; brooksides, Uxbridge, June 23, 1876, Morong; shore of small pond, Granville, FOC; Ptarions no. 388; ew Salem, July 28, 1931, Goodale, Potshay & St. John; brookside, New Marlboro, August 30, 1902, Ralph Hoffmann. CONNECTICUT: West ane ane 13, 1901, H. J. Koehler; swamp, Southing-
ton, Bissell, - New Hartford, August 10, 1883, Chas. Wright; slong Side Brook, Waterbury, Blewitt, no. 456; open swamp, ford, HE. H. Eames, no. 4000. New York: wet
ditch, F en ome Washington County, Burnham, no. 46; along a cold stream, 4 miles south of Utica, Haberer, no. 1184; Water- ville, Oneida ‘County, August 18, 1917, House. New JERSEY: Rosenkraus Run, Sussex County, August 11, 1917, E. B. Bar- — PENNSYLVANIA: open rshy, springy swale, Lehigh Gap Station, Pretz, no. 13,253; masons ditch, 2 miles north of Sadsburyville, Chester County, June 29, 1924, H. E. Stone; Big Meadow Run, Farmington, Fayette County, June 4 4, 1931, Core. DELAWARE: along brooks, Centreville, ni : 1869, Commons. District oF COLUMBIA: Washington, 1881 (‘‘the most southern locality known”), Scribner. Virern1a: South Fork of Holston River, St. Clair’s Bottom, Smyth County, July 30, 1892, Small. Nortu CAROLINA: near Hickory, Catawba County, Heller, no. 274. Gxorata: in cool shaded brook at northern base of Stone Mountain, Harper, no. 205. MicHiGAN: swamp, Grand Rapids, July 20, 1900, Emma J. Cole.
294 Rhodora [Juny
Scirpus expansus is the plant which regularly passes in the eastern United States as S. sylvaticus L. of Eurasia. The resem- blance is merely superficial, for in most characters there are clear distinctions. S. sylvaticus has thinner leaves, with scarious sheaths, the summit of the inner band easily friable, the blades 6-14 mm. wide; in S. expansus the hard and thickish blades are 1—2.5 em. broad, the coriaceous sheaths strongly septate-nodu- lose (in S. sylvaticus only faintly, if at all, so), the summit of the inner band firmer. In S. sylvaticus the relatively slender culm is smooth to summit; in S. expansus the usually coarser culm is scabrous at summit (for 1-5 em.). In S. sylvaticus the longest smooth and thin leaf of the involucre is 0.7-2 dm. long, only rarely exceeding the panicle; in S. expansus it is firm and harshly scabrous beneath and 1.5-3 dm. long, often overtopping the panicle. In S. sylvaticus the mature panicle is lax, with loosely spreading to recurving longer rays, the panicle 1-2 dm. high; in S. expansus the longer rays (Fic. 4) are more stiffly ascending to divergent, only the short basal ones much recurving, and the panicle, when well developed, is 1.5-3 dm. high. In S. sylvaticus the spikelets (Frias. 4 and 5) are 3-4 mm. long and in glomerules of 2-5, the ultimate lateral pedicels often terminated by single spikelets; in S. expansus the principal glomerules have 3-12 (rarely to 40) spikelets 3-5 mm. long, only a rare ultimate pedicel with a solitary one. In S. sylvaticus the pedicels are minutely scabridulous; in S. expansus closely pilose. In S. sylvaticus the scales of the spikelet (ric. 5) are blunt or barely mucronate by the extension of the relatively weak midrib; in S. expansus they (FIG. 3) have subulate-acuminate tips, through the extension of the very prominent keel-like midrib. In S. sylvaticus the anthers a 5) are 0.7-1 mm. long; in S. expansus (ria. 3) 1.3-1.6 mm. ong.
Forma Bissellii (Fernald), comb. nov. S. sylvaticus, var. Bissellii Fernald in Ruoponra, ii. 21 (1905) ; S. microcarpus, var. Bissellii (Fern.) House in Bull. N. Y. State Mus. nos. 243-244: 18 (1923). S. sylvaticus, forma Bissellii (Fern.) Carpenter in Dole, Fl. Vt. ed. 3: 76 (1937).
: Forma globulosus, f. nov., glomerulis globosis 7-12 mm. diametro, spiculis 20-60 congestis valde imbricatis 3-4 mm. longis—Nrw York: Lyon’s Falls, Lewis County, August, 1882, J. V. Haberer (type in Herb. Gray.).
1943] Fernald,—North American Species of Scirpus 295
A very unusual extreme, the inflorescence, with large globose heads of very numerous spikelets superficially suggesting the most extreme Juncus canadensis J. Gay. Not to be confused with forma Bissellii. That has the large glomerules 1-2 cm. in diam- eter and composed of loosely divergent linear-cylindric spikelets 6-14 mm. long.
Since some botanists place Scirpus expansus under the western North American S. microcarpus Presl, it is well to point out that S. microcarpus has 2 stigmas and lenticular achenes; S. expansus 3 stigmas and trigonous achenes. In S. microcarpus the smooth or nearly smooth leaf-sheaths and the leaf-blades are thinner and smoother than in S. expansus, the involucre only slightly if at all exceeding the inflorescence; as contrasted with the heavier and septate-nodulose sheaths of S. expansus, the broader and firmer blades scabrous beneath and the usually longer involucres. In its thin and relatively narrow leaves with smooth or nearly smooth sheaths S. microcarpus is more like S. sylvaticus of Eura- sia. In the texture of its scales and the size of its panicle (0.8-2 dm., only exceptionally—3 dm. high) it is more like the latter, but the glomerules have many more and usually longer spikelets. Unless all members of the section are to be reduced to an all- inclusive S. sylvaticus, with several constant and geographically isolated subdivisions, some with 2 stigmas, others with 3, these fundamental characters of the pistil associated with other characters, the three North American members of the series, S. microcarpus Presl, S. rubrotinctus Fern. and S. expansus are well marked species.
n PLATE 767, FIGS. 1-3 are of Scrrpus ExPANsuS, from the Type: Fic. 1,
inflorescence, X 24; FIG. 2, portion of inflorescence, to show characteristic ascending branches with spikelets mostly glomerula te, xX 3; Fic. 3, » sit et with anthers, X 10. Fies. 4 and 5, 8S. syLvaTicus from Tassin,
Boulin: r1a. 4, small portion of inflorescence to show characteristic Roceed pier ea with intial spikelets often solitary, < 3; Fic. 5, spikelets with anthe 0.
RUBROTINCTUS heliny forma radiosus, f. nov., ores
me nos. 12,853 (TypPp in Herb. Grey) 12,854; ditch near arf, Camden, August 11, 1902, G. G. Kenn nedy. The counterpart in Scirpus rubrotinctus of S. expansus, forma Bissellit.
296 Rhodora [JULY
. ATROVIRENS Muhl., var. GeorGiaANus (Har per) Fern., forma peuaiar oases nov. , glomerulis dense confertis in capitulo : diametro aggregatis. TYPE: A a Veazie, fuine. Auguat 25, 1908, Fernald (in Herb. Gra S. ATROVIRENS uhl., var. GEORGIANUS wer rper) Fern., forma oe f. nov., spiculis anguste cylindricis ad . TYPE: wet shore of Housatonic River, Newtown, ieee oan August 17, 1928, E. H. Eames, no. 10,692 (in Herb. Gra S. POLYPHYLLUS s Vahl, forma macrostachys (Boeckl. Me ee nov. Var. macrostachys Boeckl. in Linnaea, xxxvi. 731 (1870).
VI. THE IDENTITY OF SCLERIA SETACEA OF POIRET
One of the most definite and easily recognized species of Scleria is the handsome and tall cespitose but lax plant with soft and almost wing-angled easily compressed culms up to 1 m. high; broad, lax leaves up to 8 mm: wide; long, drooping, filiform, lateral peduncles and loosely fastigiate terminal panicles up to 4 cm. long; the globose and reticulate achenes with spirally arranged pits and pubescent surfaces, the hypogynium with 3 broad erect lobes. This relatively tall species occurs from warm- temperate eastern South America, the West Indies and Florida to eastern Texas and Mexico, north in the Atlantic States to Long Island, and locally in the interior to Indiana.
This is the handsome plant beautifully described as S. laxa by Torrey in Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 376 (1836), Torrey’s appropriate name unfortunately preempted by the Australian S. lava R. Br. (1810). Somewhat earlier Muhlenberg had described the same plant from North Carolina as S. reticularis Muhl. Deser. Gram. 266 (1817), he mistaking it for S. reticularis Michx. (1803). This confusion was soon noted, however, and there resulted two names: S. Muhlenbergii Steud. Nom. ed. 2, ii. 543 (1841), based upon “‘S. laxa. Torr. (non R. Br.) S. niinlaris Mhlbrg. Pursh. (non Michz.)”; and, a little later, S. Torreyana Walp. Ann. iii. 696 (1852), based on S. lara Torr. Other but later names were given to the plant; S. Muhlenbergii Steud., however, being the earliest available one, we may in this note omit the others, especially since their exact identification is not now possible. For this tall plant with compressed-trigonous culms, broad and
CL LS LC CLG,
1943) Fernald,—The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret 297
flat leaves and terminal lax panicles up to 4 em. high Core, in his American Species of Scleria in Brittonia, ii. 79 (1936), takes up S. setacea Poir. in Lam. Encye. vii. 4 (1806); and others, as un- wittingly as myself, have trustingly followed him.
The photograph of the type of S. setacea Poir., however, thoroughly agrees with the original description:
8. Sciirie A feuilles sétacées. Scleria setacea.
Scleria culmo foliisque setaceis, glaberrimis; spicis axillaribus, minimis, longé pedunculatis; spiculis angustis, pedicellatis seu igre ibus re
es seta sont courtes, fibreuses, fasciculées: i n éléve des tiges nombreuse haute de huit a dix pouces & grin +easanrtlee, fines, bres triangulaires :
De Vorifice de chaque gaine, méme a partir de celles du bas, il sort un pédoncule droit, trés-fin, long d’un pouce & plus, terminé par deux, trois, & peine quatre épillets pedioellta, quelquefois un ou deux sessiles, petites, étroits, ovales-oblongs, aigues, d’un roux-clair, ee de petites ‘bractées courtes, sétacées, a peu prés de la longeur de iy pi
Cette plante croit dans |’Amérique; elle e été recuaillie par M. Ledru & Porto-Ricco (V. s. in herb. Lam.)
It is most difficult to imagine how Scleria Muhlenbergii could ever have been identified with S. setacea, described as having setaceous culms up to 10 inches high, setaceous leaves, small red spikes, ete., the photograph before me showing the terminal inflorescence to be compact and 6-8 mm. high. Search in West Indian Scleria shows nothing like it, S: Brittonii Core and S. georgiana Core both having elongate horizontal rhizomes and larger terminal inflorescences; but the slender and acuminate reddish spikelets and the dense non-rhizomatous base at once suggest Rhynchospora. Turning to that genus, the type of Scleria setacea Poir. is promptly matched, even to the short- peduncled inflorescences in the lower leaf-axils, by R. seTacra (Berg.) Boeckl., based upon Schoenus setaceus Bergius (1772). The fact that Poiret, in 1806, used the same specific name was merely coincidence; but the fact that his Sclerta setacea coincides with Schoenus setaceus, therefore with Rhynchospora setacea, removes that wholly misinterpreted name from the valid species of Scleria. The many North American, West Indian and South American specimens recently marked ‘‘Scleria setacea Poir.”’, should be changed to S. MUHLENBERGI Steud.
298 Rhodora |JULY
VII. WHAT IS ANGELICA TRIQUINATA? (Plates 768 and 769)
In his Flora Boreali-Americana, i. 167 (1803) Michaux de- scribed from ‘‘Canada”’ a single species of Angelica as
TRIQUINATA. A. petiolo tripartito; partitionibus
pinnato-quinquefoliolatis; foliolis in- ciso-dentatis; terminalium eon rhom- beo, sessili, lateralibus decursiv Obs. Glabra: pedunculo caelieee minutissima pube subcandicantibus. Hab. in Canada
Pursh (1814) took it up, literally copying Michaux’s diagnosis but giving the range ‘“‘In Canada and on the mountains of Virginia’, from which it is probable that Pursh was stretching the name to cover the later published Angelica Curtisii Buckl.; and others, Bigelow, Fl. Bost. (1814) for instance, accepted it for the common New England A. atropurpurea L.
In 1818 three different authors independently considered Angelica triquinata to be the plant of dry woods and thickets southward, with stem closely tomentulose above, with thick lanceolate to oblong regularly and closely serrate leaflets, the upper or bracteal leaves (subtending inflorescences) reduced to linear-cylindric or lanceolate tubular sheaths with tiny blades, the plant which Walter, Fl. Carol. 115 (1788) had well described as Ferula villosa, i. e. Angelica villosa (Walt.) BSP. Muhlenberg, Cat. ed. 2: 30 (1818), substituted for A. triquinata Michx. his
own A. hirsuta, saying without quibble ANGELICA
“1 hirsuta, triquinata, Mx.” and giving the single descriptive word, « downy”, Muhlenberg’s plant coming from “Pens. fl. Aug: N. Eb.” At best A. hirsuta Muhl. is a nomen subnudum; but since he used the name as a substitute! for A. triquinata Michx. (1803) it is illegitimate. Nuttall, also in 1818, took up A. triquinata, obviously for Ferula peste Walt. His description of the plant “Common around Philadelphia” was good, except for the phrase, “Leaves sharply and incisely serrate’, eV ridently borrowed from Michaux; and, obviously not understanding Michaux’s plant, he commented on the plant of ‘Canada to
‘In his Cat. ed. 1; 31 (1813) Muhlenberg had published the trinomial Angelic? _— triquinata as a “downy” plant of “Pens.” It was on ba 2nd edition (1818) e cited A. triquinata Michx. as a synonym of his A. h
1943] Fernald,—The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret 299
Carolina” as “‘Certainly a genuine species’. In the same year Sprengel, Species Umbelliferarum minus cognitae, 69, t. vi. fig. 12 (1818), based his Pastinaca triquinata upon Angelica triquinata Michx., “‘ Habitat in Canada et Virginia” (borrowed from Pursh), and gave a fine description and excellent illustration of Ferula villosa Walt., changing the ‘‘ Foliolis inciso-dentatis; terminalium impari rhombeo, sessili’’ ete. of Michaux (impossible for Ferula villosa) to “‘foliolis oblongis”’ of F. villosa, and noting the reduced upper blades and sheath-like petioles of the latter, ‘‘Superiora minus divisa vaginis petiolaribus insidentia’’.
Many authors followed these false leads and the name Angelica triquinata Michx. became general, as the first supposedly avail- able combination under Angelica (following the sensible, therefore abandoned, ‘“‘Kew Rule”) for Ferula villosa Walt.; not merely Nuttall and Sprengel so using it, but Elliott, Torrey, DeCandolle and others accepting the identification. When Sprengel took it up as the basis of Pastinaca triquinata (Michx.) Spreng. he did so in a work on Umbelliferae ‘“‘minus cognitae”, and his phrase very definitely described his understanding of Michaux’s plant. When he first studied Michaux’s herbarium Asa Gray saw the error, his memorandum reading ‘‘ Not the least what we call A. triquinata. DC. has confounded strangely if he ever saw Michx’s. plant . . . It is A. atropurpurea?—tho’ very poor specimen’’.
Gray’s guess is hardly better than that of his predecessors, for even his ‘‘tho’ very poor specimen” does not endow the Michaux plant with the characters of A. atropurpurea. In the latter the upper leaves, which subtend inflorescences, have large, inflated and round-tipped stipular sheaths extending quite to the summit of the obscure petiole, so that the 3 divisions of the leaf are essentially sessile, and the leaflets are not incised-dentate. Furthermore, the subspherical umbel has 20-46 rays. In 1903 I made a photograph of the Michaux Tyre at Paris. This (PLATE 768) shows, X %, the incised-dentate leaflets, the terminal unequally rhombic, the lateral decurrent, as described by Michaux. It also shows the stipular sheath narrow and tapering to the elongate and naked upper half of the petiole; and the axillary branch has one slender and tubular bladeless sheath and an immature umbel with only 7 ascending rays. I have been over, with Dr. Hugh M. Raup, all known eastern North
300 Rhodora [JULY
American Umbelliferae. Every one of them is quickly rejected as not Michaux’s plant, except the Alleghenian A. Curtisii Buckley, Am. Journ. Sci. xlv. 173 (1843) which follows the upland and the mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Buckley’s species gives a good match for A. triquinata, a more modern specimen from the Blue Ridge of Virginia (near Luray, alt. 3600 ft., Steele & Steele, no. 213), reproduced as PLATE 769, showing a portion of a plant, X 1%, with the tapering sheath (at base), the elongate petiole (near base), the incised leaflets, the terminal one rhombic, the lateral (upper) ones decurrent and the few- rayed umbel of the Michaux type. Buckley’s plant, from “High mountains of North Carolina” had “petioles large, long, and sheathed at the base; segments of the leaves 3-5, leaflets large and deeply laciniate”. It is evident that ‘‘Canada”’ of Michaux’s label and description was a clerical error for Carotina, Michaux having collected extensively in the Carolina mountains. It is clear, then, that the name Angelica Curtisii Buckley (1843) must give way to A. TRIQqUINATA Michx. (1803
Another reason for thus reviewing the interpretations of Angelica triquinata is the fact that the name A. villosa (Walt.) BSP. Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 22 (1888) is a later homonym, invali- dated by the fully described A. villosa Lagasca, Gen. et Sp. Pl. 12 (1816), a plant of Asturia. Since, furthermore, A. hirsuta Muhl. was an illegitimate substitute for A. triquinata Michx., the name hirsuta used very carelessly for a plant which is not hirsute but said to be “downy” (many a youth with downy face has anxiously waited for it to become hirsute), the name A. triquinata, long used for A. villosa, seemed to come into the running. That it cannot be taken up for A. villosa (Walt.) BSP. should be suffi- ciently clear.
Only one other name is sometimes cited as synonymous with Angelica villosa (Walt.) BSP. This is Cicuta venenosa Greenway in Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. iii. 235 (1793), incorrectly cited by Pursh as C. venenata in his synonymy of Ferula villosa. Green- way, not now a well known botanist, was ‘‘ Dr. James Greenway; of Dinwiddie-County, in Virginia.’ His account of the plant as an acute poison when eaten and his very detailed descriptio® are conclusive. It is unnecessary to quote the whole, but Dr. Greenway’s solicitude for the Philosophical Society, to whom he
1943] Fernald,—The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret 301
communicated his paper on February 19, 1790, is worth quoting: “T will here insert the description, as it stands in my catalogue, first, in botanical terms, for such as are lovers of that science, and then in language, as plainly English as the subject will admit, for the sake of those to whom those terms are less familiar.”
The detailed description, with ‘‘Caulis . . . quatuor pedes altus, teres, . . . superne tomentosus.—Folia _petiolata,
petiolis semi-amplexicaulibus, . . . triternata, bipinnata, ; foliolis sessilibus, oblongo-lanceolatis, serratis”, and the habitat and flowering season (in Dinwiddie County), ‘‘Locis campestribus et collibus apricis gaudet: mensibus Julii Augusti- que floret”, are wholly indicative of A. villosa. The latter should, therefore, be called:
ANGELICA venenosa page ay), | comb. nov. nr 7. Greenway in Trans. Am. Phil. c. ili. 335 (1793). Feru pe ie Walt. Fl. Carol. 115 ee A. triquinata sensu Nutt. Gen. i. 186 (1818) and later authors, not Michx. (1803). Pasti- naca triquinata Spreng. Spec. Umb. 69, t. vi. fig. 12 (1818) as to plant described and illustrated, not as to agen of epithet, . triquinata Michx. Archangelica hirsuta Torr. 1, N. Am 622 (1840) as to plant described, only in part joe source ‘of epithet, Angelica hirsuta Muhl. Cat. ed. 2: 30 (1 818), an ille- gitimate substitute (as treated by Muhlenberg) for the early A. triquinata os (1803). A. villosa (Walt.) BSP. Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 22 (1888) by inference only, not A. villosa Lagasca, Gen. et Sp. Pl. 12 (1816).
MEMORANDUM REGARDING JAMES GREENWAY.—I am indebted to Mr. J. M. Townsend of Petersburg, Virginia, for a reference to Castiglioni’s Reise durch die Vereinigten Staaten von Nord- Amerika in den Jahren 1785, 1786 and 1787. On p. 274 of this German translation we read:
‘‘Bine Meile von Petersburg liegt die Wohnung des Obristen Banister, der eine ausgedehnte Pflanzung besitzt. Er is ein Enkel des beriihmten John Banister, der seine Stelle als Professor der Botanik und Bibliothekar der Universitit Oxford niederlegte, und sich in diesem Thiele von Virginien niederliess, wo er mit grosser Miihe und seltenem Urtheil eine Menge der seltensten Pflanzen sammelte, und beschrieb. . . Am folgenden Tage stattete ich einen Besuch beym D. Greenway ab, der ein Eng- lander von Geburt, und ein Liebhaber der Botanik ist. Er hatte sich selbst mit den Grundsiitzen des Linneischen Systems be-
302 Rhodora [JULY
kannt gemacht, und wusste mehr als 600 Pflanzen zu nennen, unter denen einige ziemlich seltene und noch unbeschriebene waren.”
Mr. Townsend also most kindly transcribes for me extracts about Dr. James Greenway from the recently (1942) published Dinwiddie County “The Country of the Apamatica’’, compiled by the workers of the Writer’s Program of the Works Projects Administration. From this account (p. 77) I quote: ‘It was after he had established himself in Dinwiddie as a man of wealth and importance—somewhat Scottish as he was—that he turned his whole attention to natural history and botany. Some 40 volumes that deal with plants of Virginia and North Carolina flowed from his pen and won him honorary membership in several European societies and friendships with scholars the world over. Thomas Jefferson, that great patron of learning, frequently corresponded with Dr. Greenway and gave consistent encouragement to the botanical investigations of the Dinwiddie scientist.”’
I have hunted in vain, with the collaboration of Dr. Schubert, for the ‘‘40 volumes that deal with plants’. Pritzel (Thesaurus) did not know of them. Dryander, Cat. Bibl. Hist.-Nat. Banks, iii. 542 and 598 (1797) and the Royal Society Catalogue, iii. 5 (1869) could muster only the two short papers in vol. iii. of the American Philosophical Society’s Transactions (1793), the first on Cassia Chamaecrista as a soil-renovator, the second the account of Cicuta venenosa. If, contemporary with Thomas Walter (1788) and prior to Michaux (1803), Pursh (1814) and Elliott (1816 et seq.), there were two score volumes published, describing in such clear diagnoses as that of Cicuta venenosa 600 plants of Virginia and North Carolina, their discovery would be of utmost importance and extremely disconcerting.
Through the most helpful cooperation of Messrs. Jack Dalton of the Alderman Library at the University of Virginia and R. W. Church of the Virginia State Library the excitement among taxonomists over the ‘40 volumes that deal with plants of Virginia and North Carolina [which] flowed from his [Greenway’s] pen” is now abated. Under date of November 21, 1942, Mr. Dalton wrote: ‘‘The reference . . . puzzles us as much as it does you. I have examined our catalogues, the calendars of
1943] Fernald,—The Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret 303
Jefierson’s Correspondence, the bibliographies, English and American, available here, and Swem’s Index, and have not been able to find the slightest evidence of the existence of the forty volumes or the voluminous correspondence of Jefferson. Dr. Greenway’s name is not mentioned in our calendar of Jefferson’s correspondence”. Mr. Church, examining the notes made by the Virginia Writer’s Project in connection with their history of Dinwiddie County, found that the statement concerning the forty volumes was derived from the Memoirs of Lieutenant General Winfield Scott, vol. 1, pp. 3-6 of the edition of 1864. Here is the quotation as filed by the authors of the history of Dinwiddie County:
“His professional reputation brought him patients from a wide circumference, but, as he became rich, he gradually with- drew from the practice of medicine, and gave himself up to the culture of polite literature and natural history, particularly botany, and left a hortus siccus of some forty folio volumes in which all the more interesting plants, etc., of Virginia and North Carolina, were described in classical English and Latin.”
A hortus siccus being a collection of dried plants (an herbarium) it is evident that the presumably very accurate descriptions of oo which “flowed from his pen” did not reach publica-
‘ts publishing the genus Greenwaya Giseke, Praelect. Ord. Nat. Plant. 226 (1792), wrote: ‘‘in honorem Cl. . . GREEN- way, Med. Dris. in Virginia, cujus amicitiam & cum eo commer- cium debui epistolarum Cl. Drury, inter Entomologos celebri. Misit ille ab a. 1773-1775. plantas Virginicas siccatas, vivas a se collectas, ad 400. eo fine ad me, ut novam Floram Virginicam juncto labore concinnaremus, sed bello inter Anglos & colonias orto, conatus omnis profligatus est, ita ut nesciam num vivus adhue supersit nec-ne? = tamen labore utique de Botanica meritus est”’. (To be continued)
f Fi, anh
%
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 317
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CXLVIII
M. L. FERNALD (Continued from page 303) VIII. NOTES ON HIERACIUM
Hieracium Robinsonii (Zahn), stat. H. smolandicum, subsp. Robinsonii Zahn in Engler, Piasene. iv, 468 (1921).
Although Zahn placed with doubt the plant collected by Robinson & Schrenk in southeastern Newfoundland under the Scandinavian H. smolandicum Alma. it differs in so many strong characters that I think it wiser to consider it an endemic eastern American species. So far as I have yet found there is no evidence that any of the European members of the complex Section Vulgata are indigenous with us. We have a very diverse lot of introduced and weedy plants of the section. H. Robinsonii, however, is indigenous along chiefly slaty river-banks in New- foundland, eastern Quebec, Cape Breton, northern Maine and northern New Hampshire. From the Scandinavian H. smolandi- cum our native plant differs in its thick and firm leaves glabrous beneath or merely short-pilose along the midrib, the cauline leaves twice as many, mostly 4-10, and more gradually decreas- ing in size to the summit (in H. smolandicum the thin leaves copiously long-villous, the cauline 3-6 and confined chiefly to lower half of stem), and the phyllaries caudate-attenuate (in H. smolandicum blunt or merely acuminate).
It is at present quite impossible to identify with any certainty the diverse series of introductions belonging in the macro-species Hieracium vulgatum. In his inclusive H. vulgatum Zahn recog- nizes 144 so-called ‘‘subspecies” and many varieties, the sub- species sometimes grouped under such unilluminating heads as “a. Folia latiora’’ opposed to “b. Folia ore recone of A. Squamae dorso vel margine parcefloccosae’’ opposed to “b. Squamae efloccosae atrae nitentes’’, the latter series containing
“subspecies” with “Involucra . . . interdum parcefloc- cosa”? (subsp. no. 131) or ‘“‘squamis . . . parcefloccosis” (subsp. no. 132), the former series with “subspecies” with
“squamis . . . subefloccosis’. In other cases series of 20 or 30 “subspecies” are enumerated without even these hair-
318 Rhodora [AuGUsT
splitting differentiations. Surely, without a clearer under- standing of and a saner guide to the European variations of this heteromorphic group, it is better for the present to pass all the introduced plants of § Vulgata, with basal leaves narrowed to the petiole as H. vulgatum.
Returning to Hieracium Robinsonii, Zahn’s very full descrip- tion of the Robinson & Schrenk plant is accompanied by the fol- lowing synonymy: “An H. molle Pursh Fl. Am. sept. II, (1816) 503? H. vulgatum Gray Syn. Fl. N.-Am. I. 2 (1884) 429”. As to the plants of the Synoptical Flora designated by Gray (on p. 424, not 429) as H. vulgatum from “Labrador, Kohlmeister, &c. Canada, on shores of the Lower St. Lawrence (Macoun), there perhaps introduced”, they are of two very different species. The Labrador element is H. groenlandicum Arv.-Touv., which is native in outer Labrador, northern Newfoundland, and Anticosti, as well as Greenland, while the Macoun material seen by Gray was a sheet of Macoun’s (August, 1883) with two species, the data reading: ‘Shores of the St Lawrence from Point Levis to Anticosti. Locality. Point Levis (Large specimen), River de Brig, Anticosti’. The plant from Levis is the ubiquitous weedy species which abounds in the region of Quebec city, H. vulgatum Fries; the Anticosti specimen is good H. groenlandicum. As for H. molle sensu Pursh, not Jacquin, that was evidently H. groen- landicum also; incidentally the date of Pursh was 1814, not 1816 as given by Zahn.
The type and only specimen of H. Robinsonii seen by Zahn came from the southeastern side of Newfoundland, more than 550 miles southeast of the mouth of the St. Lawrence River". Nevertheless Zahn, with the Germanic inaccuracy regarding American geography to which we have become accustomed, concocted the citation: ‘Am unteren Lorenzstrom: Cataracts of Rocky River in Newfoundland”. The following are the sta- tions for H. Robinsonii (often distributed as H. vulgatum) repre sented in the Gray Herbarium and the Herbarium of the New England Botanical Club.
NEWFOUNDLAND: crevices of rocks, infrequent, South Arm River, Bolyeiea and Cataracts of Rocky River, Robinson &
1 Equivalent in distance to placing Berlin in England, on the western coast of
Norway, on the Gulf of Riga, on the Dneiper River or on the Mediterranean, OF equivalent in distance to placing Vienna on the Seine or in Belgium or on Sardinia.
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 319
Schrenk, no. 227 gibi ledges and gravel along Waterford River between Waterford "Bridge and St. John’s, Fernald & Wiegand, no. 6439. QurBrEc: Saguenay River, Roberval, July 18, 1892, G. . Kennedy; ledges along River Ste. ‘Anne des Monts, Gaspé Coun nty, August, 1905, Collins & Fernald; ee below Fraser Falls, Riviére du Loup, July 11 and 13, 1904, Collins & Fernald; rocks by Lower Fall, Riviére du Loup, A. S. Pease, no.
‘ge Ova Scotia: gravel in veces. Big Intervale, Cape Breton Island, Macoun, no. 16,699. MaIne: argillaceous ledges by Meduxnakeag River Monticello, Fernald & Long, no. 14,923; abundant in crevices of calcareous ledges and on cliffs by Mattawamkeag River, at foot of the Island, Sclaoal Falls, Sep- tember 8, 1897, Fernald; cliffs prec slate) along Piscataquis River, Sangerville, June 2 26, 1895, Fernald, no. 236; July 29, 1900, W. Ne Park; rocky soil about ledges, Carrabassett River, North Anson, July 4, 1885, J. F. Collins. New SHIRE: ledges, Gorge of Diamond River, Darancuth. College Grant, Coés County, Pease, no. 10,513.
It may be serviceable to others to have my key-characters separating the 4 species of § Vulgata which I can recognize in eastern America:
a. Stem truly scapiform or subscapiform, naked or with 1 or 2 cauline leaves borne near base; lowest leaves with rounded or: cordate pases 6 ee ee urorum L. (locally joke bil from Europe). a. Stem with 2-12 roaght ok maa to near inflorescence; low leaves Pape tioles. ...
peoleclnke eta with arched- or divergentascend ing branches and pedicels; etic few—30 or more. H. vulgatum Fries ‘Ai inchades = of Saretactions: b. Mw es and pedicels glandless or only very m ndular, copiously long-pilose or villous with mend pts rs; inflorescence strict, with 1-10(-20) bigs on erect
us. Larger (lower) leaves 1-5 cm. broad, membranaceous, villous-ciliate, their peti tioles and the a of sda
Mee copiously villous; heads (1-)4-20; phyllarie nt or acuminate: 6. VG ss H. groenla nace Arv.-Touv. Larger (lower) leaves 0.7-2 cm. broad, ¢ coriaceous, rg nace or nearly so, ad petioles and the midribs of low surfaces only s rsely pilose or glabrescent; nédle 1-5(-8); phy levee candate-atiens es kes H. Robinsonit.
The stations known to me for H. Robinsonii are given above. Those of H. groenlandicum (outside Greenland) are as follows: apor: Rama, A. Stecker, no. 347; open hillside, September
LAB pene lat. 56° 31’, ‘long. 61° 10’ , Bishop, no. 608. _NEWFOUND- LAND: thickets on slaty “hills back of Little Quirpon, Fernald &
320 Rhodora [AUGUST
Gilbert, no. 29,268; thicket by Big Brook, Straits of Belle Isle, Fernald & Long, no. 29,267. ANTICOSTI ISLAND, QUEBEC: ae ealeaire et barachois, Rividre au Saumon, Victorin et al., 21,303; sur les platidres élevées et séches, R. au Saumon, Victorin olla nd, no. 27,583; R. de Brig [ec ?], ‘Macoun, no. 18, in part; R. la Loutre, Victorin & Rolland, nos. 25,356—25, 358; a plusieurs milles en amont, R. Jupiter, Victorin & "Rolland, no. 25,360; sur ial platiéres sdches, R. du Brick, Sasonles & Rolland, no. 27, 57 9; sur la rocaille calcaire prés de l’embouchure, R. 4 la Patate, Victorin et al., no. 21,310; talus ee. R. Galiote, Victorin &
Ro land, no. 27,587; éboulis argilo-calcaires, R. Ferrée, Vic- torin & Rolla nd, no. 25, 355; sur les talus d’alluvion, R. Belle, Victorin & Rolland, no. 27, 591.
H. CANADENSE Michx., var. fasciculatum (Pursh), stat. nov. H. fasciculatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 504 (1814).
Var. fasciculatum is the common plant which passes in the Northern States and southern Canada as typical Hieracivwm canadense. It is, however, not the extreme of the species which Michaux had, from Lake Mistassini, and well described as H. canadense in his Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 86 (1803). Michaux clearly described, and the beautiful photograph before me of his TYPE shows, the northern extreme, mostly low, with few large and remote thin leaves and open paniculate-corymbose inflorescence of few long-peduncled heads with blackish involucre of oblong- lanceolate phyllaries. Typical H. canadense occurs from south- ern Labador to northern British Columbia, south to Newfound- land (where nearly ubiquitous), Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, northern Maine, northern New Hampshire, Ontario, northern Michigan, northeastern Iowa, Saskatchewan, Montana, Idaho and Oregon. It is the plant which in the West passes 48 H. columbianum Rydb. or H. canadense, var. columbianum (Rydb.) St. John. It was also described as H. macrophyllum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 504 (1814), Pursh noting the distinctive characters, “panicula divaricato-corymbosa, pedunculis elon- gatis nudis’’, which is quite similar to Michaux’s ‘‘corym paucifloro: pedunculis longis’’. Pursh also added the significant comment: “leaves the largest of the genus’’.
Var. fasciculatum is the common plant which occurs from southern Quebec to southern Ontario and Minnesota, south to Nova Scotia, New England, northern New Jersey, Pennsy lvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Iowa. It was described by Pursh
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 321
“caule erecto folioso . . . ramis paniculae divaricatis brevi- bus, pedicellis subfasciculatis pubescentibus’”. It was also de- scribed by Pursh (p. 503) from western New York and Canada as H. virgatum.
Torrey & Gray understood typical Hieracium canadense. and its var. fasciculatum but, without knowing Michaux’s type, they reversed the two, calling var. fasciculatum typical H. canadense and treating the northern typical H. canadense Si macrophyllum Pursh) as H. canadense, var. latifoliwm Torr. & . Am. ii 476 (1843). As I understand the species it falls ‘siti three well defined varieties as follows:
on arched-ascending peduncles mostly 2-10 cm. long n or divaricately corymbiform panicle... H. canaense (typical).
— 5 - S i] fe) s @ jag @® 2. . 5 @ ‘pe 2 5 s- a ES ) a oO D ge 3° oF
a. Involucres 5-10 mm. high; panicle more. or less fastigiate to umbelliform, with slender eee erect Motu peduncles; stem slender, 0.5-9 dm. high, its middle and upper internodes and the _Peduncles copiously villous- hirsute with hairs 1.5-3 m oe, eaves as in typical var. or the lower more tate CUMNG. 350s Si es Var. hirtirameum.
H. cANADENSE Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 86 (1803). H. macro- phyllum Pursh, Fl. Am. au ii. 504 (1814). H. canadense, var. latifolium Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 476 (1843). H. auratum sensu Fries, Epic. Gen. Hierac. 124 (1862) not sig Symb. Hist. Hierac. isl (1848). H. columbianum Rydb. i Bull. Torr. Bo ‘|. xxviii. 513 (1901). H. canadense nrereet potty as subsp. (Rydb. ) Piper in Piper & Beattie, Fl. Se. Wash. 351 (1914). H. canadense, var. macrophyllum (Pursh) Farwell in Rep. Mich. Aead. Sci. xx. 195 (1918). H. vege Maes phe dita i Les Zahn in Engler, et ereng : cana- : nse, ne gested va (Rydb .) St. John, Fl. Se. Wash. and Adj.
date, 459 (1937).—Range given ice
322 Rhodora [AucusT
Var. FascicuLaTtum (Pursh) Fernald, supra. H. fasciculatum Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 504 (1814). H. virgatum Pursh, 1. ¢. 503 (1814). H. Kalmii sensu Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2: 288 (1824) ; sensu Torr. Compend. 280 (1826); oie Spreng. Syst. iil. 646 feel not L. Sp. Pl. ii. 804 (1753).—Range ates vee ve.
ar. — AMEUM Fernald in Ruopora, xvii. 19 (1915).— Dace to dry ledges, shores, cliffs and clearings, Nowininaianl to Wiseorain: south t o New Brunswick, New England and northeastern Vecia weeny
As originally pointed out Var. hirtirameum is more inclined than other variations of the species to distortions due to aphids or fungi. Some altered individuals show secondary involucres only 2 mm. high.
As to Hieracium Kalmii, it was said by Linnaeus to have been collected in Pennsylvania by Kalm. The type, of which two different photographs are before me, looks like a meagre speci- men of H. canadense, var. fasciculatum, for which Bigelow, Torrey and Sprengl mistook it. Its involucre, however, is less imbricated, with the pe obtuse; and ara studying the specimen Gray wrote:, . . Scales of involucre narrowly Enea, . °°. ee sagie geriee ss OVERS. glabrous, not striate . . . Pappus a single series of foarte strongly denticulate-scabrous bristles . . . ; we are confi- dent that his plant is not of North American origin”.—Gray in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 479 (1843).
In describing Hieracium canadense Michaux compared it with the European H. sabaudum L., a species which superficially sug- gests typical H. canadense, but from which our native plant differs consistently in many characters. Since the European species is appearing locally as a weed with us it may here be abe”
American material. MASSACHUSETTS: vacant gras morial Drive near Cottage Farm Bridge, Cabcaes "October 6,
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 323
1928, S. F. Blake, no. 10,789, the plant now abundant and found elsewhere in Cambri idge: abundant in vacant lot off Pleasant Street, Brookline, September 29, 1913, F. F. Forbes
H. venosum L., var. plete (Michx.) acd in Mich. Acad. Sci. Rep. xx. 194 (1918). H. Gronovii, var. «. nudicaule Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 87 (1803).
In making this transfer Dr. Farwell did not clearly differen- tiate between true Hieracium venosum and the variety. From the start the two Linnean species, H. venosum L. Sp. PI. ii. 800 and H. Gronovii L. 1. e. 802 (1753), were hopelessly mixed. As noted by Gray in Torrey & Gray, Fl. N. Am. 478 (1843) and as is apparent from the Linnean diagnoses his description of H. venosum, drawn directly from Gronovius, calls for a thick- stemmed plant: “HIERACIUM foliis cuneiformibus _hirtis, scapo nudo crassissimo erecto’’; while the very detailed descrip- tion of H. Gronovii, ‘Folia radicalia obovata, obtusa, integerrima, tenuitate membranacea, supra pilis raris adspersa, subtus subvi- olacea. Caulis pedalis, filiformis, uno alterove folio lanceolato, paniculatus, panicula inaequali”, vividly describes the plant which Willdenow, Sp. PI. iii. 1570 (1804), Torrey & Gray and all later authors have called H. venosum. There is no type of H. venosum in the Linnean Herbarium but the citations by Linnaeus of the two Virginian plants, Hieractum . . . lapathi venis sanguineis inscriptis foliis of Plukenet and H. . . foliis punctis & venis sanguineis notatis of Banister, and the descriptive name H. venosum can mean only the plant we know under that name. Willdenow and after him Torrey & Gray so used the name and, in view of the sad mixup at the start, this seems the right interpretation. As to H. Gronovii, as badly mixed, Gray, who studied the specimens involved, selected the plant of Gronovius cited by Linnaeus to typify that confused name.
Hieracium venosum may have strictly rosulate leaves and a naked scape or 1-6 cauline leaves, the latter series of selected specimens being H. venosum, var. @. subcaulescens Torr. & Gray. Experience in the field shows that it has no definite range and that individuals with and without cauline leaves are frequently associated. Taxonomically it seems wholly unimportant. So, it seems to me, is var. Blombergit Zahn in Engler, Pflanzenr. iv™°. 1117 (1922). Its only character, the presence of abundant glands on the involucre, is altogether too evasive. Just where one
324 Rhodora [AuGcusT
stops in estimating whether the involucre may be ‘‘tenuiter sub- glandulosa” (Zahn’s characterization of typical H. venoswm) and “‘densissime glandulosa” I do not know. Var. Blombergii was based on a single collection from Massachusetts. Of the 105 specimens from that state before me 6 show no appreciable glands on the involucre, 89 have them obvious but possible to count (from 1 to 6 or 8 on a phyllary) and could be described by Zahn’s “tenuiter subglandulosa”’, and 10 specimens have enough glands to pass as “‘densissime glandulosa’’. I give up.
There seems to be, however, a very real geographic variation within Hieracium venosum. All material before me from New England (with the exception of a few sheets from Cape Cod, Martha’s Vineyard and Nantucket) to southern Ontario, south into Pennsylvania and Kentucky, has the upper surfaces of the later and abundant basal leaves quite glabrous, although the smaller basal ones may have setose upper surfaces. Much of the material from Georgia to New Jersey and a few specimens from southeastern Massachusetts have the upper surfaces remotely setose with thick-based hairs. Thus, of the relatively small but significant representation before me 14 sheets (including all from south of lat. 38°) from Virginia have setose upper surfaces, only 2 (both from north of lat. 38°30’) have them glabrous; 8 (all but 2 from the outer Piedmont or the Coastal Plain) from North Carolina have setose upper surfaces, 7 (all from the mountains) not; 3 from South Carolina setose, 0 glabrous; 5 from Georgia setose, 1 (from Pine Mt.) glabrous; and all from Missouri setose. The setose upper surface, as opposed to the esetose one, seems to mark a real geographic variation. In view of the fact that all our collections from the regions best known to Banister (and through him Plukenet) and to Clayton (and through him Grono- vius) have the setose upper surfaces (“foliis . . . hirtis— Gronovius; “Folia tenuitate membranacea, supra pilis raris ad- spersa”’—Linnaeus), I am treating the common plant of south- eastern Virginia as typical of the species as recognized by Will- denow and by Torrey & Gray and later authors.
Michaux did not even recognize Hieracium venosum. He lumped the two very different plants, one with elongate sub- cylindric inflorescences, thick green foliage and stoutish stems, the other with open corymbiform panicle, often purple-marked
1943] Fernald,—Notes on Hieracium 325
membranous foliage and slender stems as H. Gronovii. Under that inclusive name he had two varieties: Var. «. icici aes caule sri aes panicula <porrraala — 6. fols : caule parce folioso: panicula oblo HAB. 8. in vieina et Caro lin — a. in Canada et Pensy a ania,
The photograph of Michaux’s material which I took in 1903 shows the two plants: his H. Gronovit, «. nudicaule, the common northern extreme of H. venosum with leaves glabrous above. The label bears the annotation “ Etat de N. York et Pensylvanie”’ and the significant note: “calyce pedunculisq. hispidis’’, which places it perilously near “var. Blombergii’’!, so that the latter name must lapse with those who think the more glandular speci- mens worth sorting out. AH. Gronovii, var. foliosum Michx. is very characteristic H. Gronovii as now generally interpreted, the plant with 2-10 well developed and scattered cauline leaves. The occasional more leafy individuals, with 20-30 cauline leaves seem not worth separating, at least, they are not var. foliosum.
The highly plastic series of plants known as Hieracium mari- anum Willd. seems to be a group of more or less perpetuating hybrids with H. venosum as one parent, H. Gronovii often, or northward H. scabrum Michx., as the other. The resultant maze is very complex. It is our nearest approach to the baffling series of apomicts and mixed progeny with which the European students of Hieracium are familiar.
LQ
i
Plate
of AGROSTIS
LO.
Pa. > of £ ~ i, n_ Oo L v &, Te 2° pc
INDOSA M.
spikelets
VI UHLENBERGIA FR‘
!
OLIOSA, >»
Rhodorz Plate 750
i SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE .
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
JHLENBERGIA FROND¢ 1, characteristic decumbent branch, te characteristic gle abrous iiteniedes open — rep get sssed sheath and ps Rats ine Tu
/
panicle, X 5; FIG. 3, portion of rhizome,
l
iad
Plate
Rhodora
», B. G. Schubert.
Phot«
a] — a -, < *% = RQ. ™ =, nm 2X an a) = 2 ay wid >, T ~ . laxaal c? rm. CS &
MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA: FI
portion of panicle of type,
A OU;
Rhodora Plate 752
s
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
MUHLENBERGIA MEXICANA: FIG. 1, Jacquin’s plate of AGRosTIS MEXIC
FIG. * summit of ai eigat: = Sa as internode and node and base of 8 hes 5, from oem vchu setts; , floret, X 10, from Quebec; FIG.
from New Jerse
Mees < 10,
Rhodora Plate 753
oy ra OF ace necSa
. Mapes!
ae. SP aS MERA A fy oP / CAT pect? 82 Saw
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
‘
[UHLENBERGIA RACEMOSA: FIG. 1 (2 branches), type of Agrostis egestas x 4; enh x 1, from Illinois; Fra. 3, panicle, X 1, from Illinois; Fra. spikelet, x 40. “aes Minnesota; Fria. 5, floret, X 10, from Minnesota; Fie, 6, grain, < my ‘from Illinois
Rhodora Plate 754
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
aie Prey IA ARSON A: FIG. 1, characteristic summit of plant, X 1, ter Minnesot: a; FIG. 2, summit of glabrous ea lustrous internode and me and baseé a sheath, X 5, i m Wekecuceiis . 3, portion of panicle to show characteristic smi anthers, x 4, from Illinois.
Rhodora Plate 755
WF, Sue
ES me Cat aul we <= ad
oo —
oo — “ —
Photo. B. G. Schube
MUHLENBERGIA SETOSA: FIG. 1, type of PoLyP0G ON SETOS , FIG. coat
E from Massachusetts; FIG. 3, pars age < 1, from Poa ania: FIG. 4, Por
of rhizome © 4. from Nova Scotia; FIG , portion of panicle to show charac wets ic long anthers, * 4, from Massachusetts; FIG. 6, spikele ts, X 10, from M: assac hus a a, eaphGhci basal villi, * 10, from Pacis ylvania; FIG. 8, grain, < 10, from Pane.
sylv:
Rhodore Plate 756
¢
eee i » he tlenberyss ylemutate Pv
155K
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ae HLE ie RGIA SETOSA (M. GLOMERATA): FIG. 1, type of PoLyPOGON GLOMERATUS , 1G. 2, characteristic mee and pube rulent internode and node and ba se oO! inch, x 5, from Pennsylvani
Rhodora Plate 757
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
Moa SETOS ir. Sa (OID ype of DAcrYLOGRAMMA C NOIDES, X 2, sande 1 x 1; to Newfoundi me FIG. 3, portion of aol ie . show ogee anthers, x 1, fr rom Mai uine; FIG. 4, floret to show villi running high on
, grain, X 10, from Quebec.
lemma, X 10,
Rhodora Plate 758
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ERIANTHUS COARCTATUS: FIG 2<: rig. 2, panicle, X 1; ria. 3, summit
. 1, type, > of rachis of raceme, X 3; Fic. 4, spikelet, X 3; Fic. 5, spikelet, x 6.
~] o
Plate
Rhodora
~ ¢
’ we Sf 4 re]
Qiao Va.ba S/o detec t GF? a
eudual Oe iZe ee
Cs
B. G. Schubert.
Photo. ERIANTHUS BREVIBA sa FIG. 1, type, X 14; F1G. 2, spikelets of type, < 114; F1G. 3
spikelet, 6, from Arkans:
Rhodora
Plate 760
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
‘THUS BREVIBARBIS: FIG. 1, plant, X 14, from Arkansas; FIG. 2,
Ex ré anh of raceme, X 3; FIG. 3, spike Ag x 3.
summit of
Rhodora Plate 761
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
. so* ETA Tne Ff T : y ECU ES ike li ; FIG ?. ERIANTHUS ALOPECUROIDES: FIG. 1, type of ANDROPOGON ALOPECUROIDES, X 7/2; FIG. 4, tip of same, X 3. i — . . ea tae ~
ANDROPOGON DIVARICATUM: FIG. 3, type, X 36; FIG. 4, portion of same, X 2; FIG. 9, paratype, Clayton, no. 600, X /.
Rhodora
Plate 7624
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
US PUMILUS: FIG. 1, habit, X 1; Frias. 2-4, spikelet, < 4; FIG. 5, disin age
SCIRE acikelet : a ‘ital scarious margin oe seale, < 10; ric. . birt and its section, afte Schroet r; Fias. 7 and 8, achenes, < 10: Fic. 9, looking down “ 0,
summit of cekens. x 1
its cross-
yon
Rhodora Plate 76:
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RPUS EME INS: FIG. 1, topotype, 1; FIG. 2, spikelet, « 10, Fria. 3, disinte re spikelet, gee et ar scales, X 10; FIG. 4, ache ‘ne, X 10; Fig. 5, looking down "pon summit of achene, X 10.
~~
RUFUS: Fia. 6, : cena: K 10; S. RU pie var. NEOGAEUS: achenes, X
—
Rhodora Plate 764
Photo. B. G. Schubert
Scirpus RoLuanpi: Fic. 1, type, X 1; Frias. 2 and 3, epee a type, x 10; 0; é t, disintegr: ated spike Jet ras type, showin ng anthers, * 10; . 6-8, achenes ’ FIGs. 8-10, looking down upon summits of achenes, owing ens :no- cones outline, x 10.
Rhodora Plate 765
Photo. B. G. Schubert
Scirpus VALIDUs: FIG. 1, inflorescence, X 1; FiG. 2, spikelet, X 5; Fic. 3, achene and elongate bristles, X 10.
Var. CREBER: FIG. 4, inflorescence of type, X 1; Fic. 5, mature spikelets, showing protruding achenes, 5; FIG. 6, flowering spikelets, X 5; F1c. 7, achene and sub-
equal bristles, < 10. Var. CREBER, FORMA MEGASTACHYUS: FIG. 8, inflorescence of type, X 1.
Rhodora Plate 766
Scirpus STEINMETZII, all “2 from Sd : F1G. 1, inflorescences, X 1; FIG. 2, axis of inflorescence, X 3; FIGS. id 4, kelet < 5: Fias. 5 er 6, achenes, each with single bristle, * 10; FI«G. 7 achene fe we d from above, x
s.
HETEROCHAETUS: FIG. 8. spikelets FIG. 9. is oat é 10: ric. 10, achenes x 10.
vie wed Irom above,
Rhodora Plate 767
Photo. B. G. Schubert
2, portion
CIRPUS EXPANSUS, all figs. from re FIG. 1, inflorescence, xX %: FIG. é )
of infloresee ence, X 3: FIG. 3, spikelets, with ha x 10. § S. SYLVATICUS: FIG. 4, small portion of “eh st nce, < 3; FIG. 5, spikelets, with 1
anthers, X 10.
Rhodora Plate 768
CQugetior Treg Ja —~ ce in
en. * : i
Photo. M. L. Fernald.
Type of ANGELICA TRIQUINATA Michx., X 4.
cian “Aaa eli a NN
Rhodora Plate 769
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ANGELICA TRIQUINATA Michx: portion of plant, X 14, of A. Curtisii Buckley.
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Agrostis hepa 228, 230, 236;
iformis a., 230, B., 230; foliosa,
rian 22, as Sate 238, ~ 749,
30; ndosa,
298-230, "235, "238, pls. 749, 750; lateriflora, 226, 227, var. filiformis
240, “ 244 ; spicata ears m, 243, var ng ype 240, , 243, var , 242, var. villosa, 240,
243; p desc 243
6; mexicana, 223-226, 228, 236, Eleocharis pauciflora, var. Fernaldii,
238, pls. 751, "052; racemosa,
235, 237, 238, pl. 753; setosa, 337 Erianthus, 249, 250, 255; alopecuroi- es, 1
Alopecurus peepee us, 23 American Representative of Scirpus
pl. 7 pl. 761; furcatus, 255, 256, 258; Gerardi, 256, 258, Why’ not, ?, 255, var. chryso ocomus, 258, var. p ipilis, 258; nutans, 282-255; re Abeatigge md Bobet 255- mus, 258, subvar.
uinus 57, var. paucipilis, 258; spica Ferula villosa, 298-301 digitatis, etc., 255; virginicum, 25 Five common Rhizomatous Species
of Muhlenbergia, 221-239, pls. 749-757
a triquinata, 298; Gramen dactylon, villosum, ete., 255 rece 298-301, What Hod i; onary 2 sa
298-301; venenosa, 301;
— .’ Memorandum regarding
29 Jam Anthoxanthum, 250; giganteum, 249- + nem 304
Archangelica hirsuta, 3 ere 325, Notes on, 317-325 t
01 Avena glumosa, 242; spicata, 242 Blysmus rufus, 287
Carex, 241
’ Cassia Chamaecrista, 302
Cicuta venenata, 300; venenosa, 300—
Cinna, 227, 234; filiformis, 236; glomerata, 237; lateriflora. 226, os
Chloris, 2 “ brvtiogsa Elliottii, 255
Dactylogramma, 234; cinnoides, 282, 234, 239, pl. 757
Danthonia, 239, 254, Notes on, 239- = Alleni, 240-242, 244, 245;
mpressa, , 245; Faxoni, 24, co soil glumosa. 242: inter- , 240; rum, 243;
ar "340, 345. po ters 339-243, (327)
3 subsp. canadense, 321; macrophyl- lum, 320, ; marianum, 325; molle, 318; murorum, 319; Robin- sonii, 317-319; sabaudum, 322; scabrum, 325; smolandicum, 317, subsp. Robinsonii, 317; venosum,
var. nudicaule, , var. 8. subeau- lescens, 323; virgatum, 321, 322;
vulgatum, 317-319
328 INDEX
Identity of Scleria setacea of Poiret, e
Isolepis oligantha, 280
Juncus canadensis, 295
Marsh Muhly, -_ 223, 231 Memora — egarding James
301. Merathrepta compressa, 245; um, 243; route 242; showed 243, ¥ var. pinetor , 243 Muhlenbergia, 221, 223, 226, rosa
forma ambigua, glumis, 236; rds , 235, pls. 749, 750, forma commu ta,
glabrifolia, 227; glomerata, 231, ae a 237, 239, var. ramosa,
pl. 757; sylvatica, 221, 222, 224, 230, 231, 235, 237, var robusta, 236, 237, var. ber Sle
Muhly, 223, Marsh, 222, 223, 231; oom =
Muley
Notes ee ae 239-246; on Hiss eica 317-3
hes pti triquinata, 299, 30 eris compressa, 245. neha, “243; thermalis, 243 Podosaemum glomeratum, 237 Polypogon glomeratus, 232, 234, 237, 239, pil. 6; racemosus, fe setosus, 234, 235, 237, 238, pl. 758
Rhizomatous Species of Muhlen- ergia, Five Common, 221-239, pls. 7
Rhynchospora, 297; setacea, 297
Saccharum Soll Schoenus seta , 297 Scirpus § Bucothryon, 279; § Lacus- tres, 285 e North American Members of, "283, pls. 765, 766; acutus, 284, 285; alpinus, 279, _ . gt form , forma nh phalanthus, 296; beer 291, ar. Fernaldi, 290, va e
reckegs globulos 289, * et irs rte 286, 287, pl. +66; lacustris, var. condensatus, is condensatus, 285,
2 280; gone ita 279; polyphyllus, orma macro: s, 296, var.
G Baeothyron) ae 764; Prod ineaes onD95, form Bag mci 95; rufus, , aaa’ 288, var. neogaeus, 283, 287,
inm i pl. 766; ‘Studies in North Ameri- of, oe an
1 aI or) a a ° “3 B =~ me be A < ~ ws
laxa ; Mu bergii, 296, 297; a, 2005 Mi 296; Poiret, The Iden-
st co tea bo -© = 2, oO bs) =] Ae
Some American Species and Varie- ae of perpas, 287, ge 763, 767; rth America
INDEX 329
gp es es 253, subsp. Linnae- 253
Studies in North American Species of Scirpus, 279-296
Trichochloa calycina, 237; glomerata,
Trichophorum emergens, 281
Umbelliferae, 300 Vilfa, 2 What is Angelica triquinata?, 298—
30
Why not Andropogon Gerardi?, 255- 258
Wire-stem Muhly, 223
Reprinted from Ruovora, Vol. 45, October-December, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM : OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS
ie Saad
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 45, October-December, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CXLIX
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS
M. L. FERNALD
DaTEs or IssuE
eye ae = UU re oo ee sk ek 9 October, 1943 Pag tes 753-708 TET ee cme eer a 13 November, 1943 Paces 485-511 aa Put TOO ii ce ik 23 December, 1943
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CXLIX
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS M. L. Fernaup (Plates 770-806) Part I. Frev.p-Stupies or 1942 anp 1943
At the approach of spring in New England in 1942 my former student, Professor Ernst C. Abbe of the University of Minnesota, then spending a year in research at the Gray Herbarium, was persuaded without too much pressure to contribute the use of his new Ford and to join Mr. Bayard Long and me for a short period of botanizing in southeastern Virginia. The need to go at once to the region arose through the pressure for housing near Camp Lee, with the result that our former headquarters at Century House, south of Petersburg, had been wholly taken over by Army officers and our great stock of driers, ventilators, press- frames, tramping clothes, etc. had been temporarily stored in a shed. There was no place left near Petersburg for such unes- sential people as mere botanists and we would have to move.
Abbe and I drove from Cambridge, with spring still far in the offing, and on the afternoon of April 15th called in at Elkins Park for Long and, taking a thinly settled route (via Glen Burnie, LaPlata and Port Conway) out of Baltimore, reached Fredericksburg for the night. Starting from Fredericksburg on the morning of the 16th we decided to drive down the north side of the Rappahannock to the Port Conway-Port Royal bridge,
358 Rhodora [OcTroBER
thence to Petersburg. We might thus add something to the Checklist of Plants of the Washington-Baltimore Area, which covers the region south to the Rappahannock. About three miles southeast of Falmouth we were attracted by a brook cutting a ravine through the woods and by the conspicuous dis- play of such plants now in flower or fruit as Arabis laevigata, Stellaria pubera and Corydalis flavula. Parking just off the road at the eastern end of the bridge we stepped into a colony of Ranunculus abortivus var. indivisus Fernald in Ruopora, xl. 418, pl. 518 (1938), the extreme of the species characteristic of bottom- land woods of the Nottoway, ninety miles to the south; and when, a little farther on, we were puzzled by the Cerastiwm of the road- side-fill and found it to be the European C. brachypetalum Des- portes, which has been known in America only from roadsides of Southampton County, Virginia, we felt that we were promptly getting into stride. But we were obligated to reach Petersburg and to move our collecting equipment to new quarters. Our chief concern was not the Washington-Baltimore Flora.
In the autumn of 1941 we had found not very far down river from Port Royal a fine bank of naturalized trees and shrubs and we wanted to secure flowering material of Vinca major L., which abounds there. So we took a little time to drive out to the home of Mr. and Mrs. Snowden on the river-bluff northwest of Return. After a visit with our hosts we reéxamined the colony of natu- ralized species along the river! and among them, unnoted the autumn before, there were Ulmus procera Salisb., the English Elm, and the American Philadelphus inodorus L. Then we went to the woods northeast of Loretto where, the preceding October, Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. was fruiting?, hoping to get good flowering material. Luck was still with us, the shrubs being in the prime of flowering. Since the day was rapidly passing we then decided to drive from Tappahannock without stop to Petersburg. We did pretty well, stopping first for a few moments to look into a wet woodland glade where we found two species rare in southeastern Virginia, Viola cucullata and Sym- plocarpus foetidus; but when we came to the broad, green, wooded bottomland of the Pamunkey, slightly north of Old Church, we had to get out for just a peep. The usual plants of such habitats
1See Ruopora, xliv. 372 (1942). 2 KHopora, l. c.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 359
were there, Clematis crispa, Cardamine bulbosa, and a perplexing member of the Ranunculus hispidus-series, and with them Viola pensylvanica Michx.!, rare on the Coastal Plain. The great surprise, however, was acres and acres, as if native, of splendid flowering clumps? of the Old World Summer Snowflake, Leucojum aestivum L., as thoroughly at home as any squatter and making a display which we shall never forget.
While we were busily exploring this bottomland we heard excited voices of Negroes and the hurrying of feet on the road near by; and when we came up from the woods, a man, sauntering quietly along the road, waited for us to greet him and to explain our strange doings. The colored women had rushed excitedly to his filling-station to report three terrible monsters down on the bottomland across the river, one of them with an axe (my little hand-pick), one with a can of dynamite (vasculum), the third with a big pack on his back (Long’s field-press). The women had “runned and runned and runned”’ and were com- pletely out of breath and greatly frightened. Thus the three devotees of what Linnaeus called “our guileless science” were unconsciously starting the reputation which it became difficult to live down in succeeding days in Virginia. The proprietor of the gasoline-station told us of the vast extent of the bottomland- woods, of the fresh tidal flats near by and of his readiness to guide us about the region, and we promptly arranged to employ him and his motor-boat in midsummer and autumn, then little realizing that midsummers and autumns would pass before we should again see the Pamunkey
The roadside-fill (soft shoulder) near where we had parked the car was carpeted with two wanderers from Europe, Teesdalia nudicaulis (L.) R. Br. which we had only once found in the state (on a fill in Sussex County) and Holosteum umbellatum which we subsequently saw in other such habitats. The large number of Europeans suddenly appearing on these recently made soft shoulders (these, Cerastium brachypetalum, C. tetrandrum Curtis, and other European species) make one wonder about the source of seed sown on the soft shoulders of new roads in eastern Vir- ginia.
‘See Ruopora, xiiii, 500 soe (1941).
? See Ruovora, xliv. 390
360 Rhodora [OcroBER
Six or eight miles below Petersburg we found a place to sleep— in cabins where they were asking and getting $4.00 a night for each bed over the week-ends from families visiting loyal sons and brothers at Camp Lee, twelve miles away. There were no ‘ceilings’? on cabins. Only as a special concession were we taken in on a Friday night, for the cabins were being rented only Saturday and Sunday nights during the activity at Camp Lee. Finding next morning that the Petersburg region was no longer available as a home, we decided to try Waverly, twenty- five miles to the southeast, a village in the center of good bota- nizing ground and at the junction of good roads. We had for- merly enjoyed the hospitality there of Mrs. Carter and her daughter, Mrs. Fleetwood, in their large old house, and we decided to try there; but Mrs. Fleetwood, we promptly learned, was at Fort Eustis as hostess and the old house was occupied by the family of an Army officer, who was forced daily to make the trip to and from Camp Lee. Southeastern Virginia was in the hands of the Army. Happily, our friend, Mrs. Calvin Horn, who, with her husband, runs an automobile- and gasoline-station at Waverly, was able to suggest a new home and in the evening we were established in the roomy and comfortable house of Mr. and Mrs. James Thompson and our equipment was stacked and ready for use.
Promptly after breakfast on the 17th we started eastward to take a cross-road north to the James River. Only a few rods outside the village Abbe spied a fine colony of Iris verna in beautiful flower. It must be photographed. For three minutes he tested light and distance, with his camera pointing down to the innocent Iris, passing cars slowing down to watch the pro- ceedings. Then we went on to the James River, visiting then and two days later areas above Claremont, at Claremont Ferry and at Burwell’s Bay below Rushmere, and introducing Abbe to the complexities of the eastern Crabapples, now in bloom, and to such fine natives as Cardamine Douglassii and Sedum ternatum. On the weedy and turfy shore at Burwell’s Bay the little Stellaria media var. glaberrima G. Beck! made carpets with Ranunculus parviflorus and we here extended the range inland from the outer coast of the odorless, onion-like Nothoscordum bivalve.
1 See Ruopora, xlii. 451 (1940).
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 361
We were specially anxious to show Abbe the big white-flowered Erigeron scaturicola Fernald in Ruopora, xliii. 524 and 654, pl. 695 (1941), which grows in the deep and viscid, dripping wet lime-marl under the crest of the bluff west of Burwell’s Bay. We found typical FE. philadelphicus on the beach, then plants like small E. scaturicola but with pink, instead of white, rays be- gan to appear and finally, high up under the dipping crest, just where a magnificent mass of white-rayed E. scaturicola had formerly grown, there was an equally vigorous clump of plants with deep pink ligules. It was difficult to believe and I, natural- ly, wanted to get rooting specimens. These, after he had slipped back several times on the wet marl, Abbe dug and threw down. White-rayed FE. scaturicola was now pink! The dry material was stored in a pigeon-hole to await critical study and nine months later, when reéxamined, its rays were all white. The smaller and more typical E. philadelphicus has retained, as usual, the bright pink of its ligules. Again, ho-hum! £. scaturicola is, presumably, a physiological variant of EF. philadelphicus, induced by the concentrated calcium solution and cold water in which it grows. This is the view of Mr. Arthur Cronquist who is study- ing the genus. Whereas Aster is reputed to be hopelessly plastic and inconstant, Erigeron is usually well behaved. The “strong waters” along the bluffs of the James have there evidently “gone to the head’’s of one member of the relatively conserva- tive genus. It would be instructive to feed ordinary and typical E. philadelphicus for some years on refrigerated lime-water.
On the way back to Waverly on the following Monday, as we crossed Cypress Swamp north of Dendron, we stopped to collect typical Senecio aureus in the bottomland-woods and as we came back to the car there, at the upper border of the bottomland, we saw a row of plants combining in different degrees the habit and traits of S. aureus with those of the very definite and wholly different S. tomentosus which was flowering in the drier open areas. It was clear that S. aureus and S. tomentosus sometimes cross, and Long and I immediately remembered a single colony on a bottomland west of Claremont which we had hopefully identified with S. Crawfordii!. Was it possible that that, too, was a hybrid? As I shall later show, it is. We thus returned
See Ruopora, xliii, 521 and 657 (1941).
362 Rhodora [OcroBER
to Waverly at dark, after happy initial days but with some pretty baffling problems in mind and the first evening there we im- mediately met the greatest problem of all.
When we parked the car outside the café, I promptly went in and sat at a table, but I was soon puzzled because Long and Abbe did not come in. Finally Long appeared at the door and mysteriously beckoned. When I went out, wondering at his action, he met me with the query, ‘‘Have you got your creden- tials? We're pinched.” ‘Why?’ I asked. ‘Because Abbe took a photograph.” My credentials (an identification-letter from the President of Harvard University; a letter from the Secretary of the National Academy of Sciences emphasizing that as a member I was a scientific advisor to the federal govern- ment; a letter addressed to me as President of the Botanical Society of America; a newspaper-clipping with a picture of me as recipient of a medal, in part for the botanical explorations in Virginia; and a passport with portrait) and my statements re- garding the distinguished American forebears of both Long and Abbe promptly convinced the police that we were not, as sup- posed, German spies who had crossed the Atlantic and had sought out the small village of Waverly for destruction. In the morning when little Iris verna was being photographed a zealous Waverly citizen, unacquainted with any such interest as that, had tele- phoned to State Police headquarters in Richmond of the “furrin ey car (from Minnesota) with three “‘spies’’ who were photographing the Norfolk and Western railroad-tracks, the Texaco oil-tank and other vital landmarks of the community, for it did not occur to him that our backs were toward the unsightly railroad, with the small oil-tank farther in the background, that the camera was pointed exactly away from those significant objects at some- thing on the ground and that our small botanizing pick (see PLATE 770) was not the implement to use in ripping up the heavy steel rails of the Norfolk and Western. Telephone con- versation with the motor-registry in Minneapolis revealed that the car belonged to Professor Abbe, with the incriminating given name Ernst. Radio calls had gone all over southeastern Vir- ginia for all officers to halt our car; and all day long we had innocently driven on the Suffolk turnpike (U. S. Route 460), on the road from near Wakefield to Surry Courthouse (Route 31),
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 363
on the Richmond-Smithfield road (Route 10) or on the road from Claremont to Waverly and far beyond, across the state (Route 40). We did not know that we were reputed German spies and that the State Police were watching for us. When we got back to our new home Mrs. Thompson was, naturally, upset. Her husband, the village barber, had come home to noon dinner with the tale, much amplified in the barber-shop, of the terrible mess they had got into, “harboring German spies’; but my documents and the realization that Long and I had for several years known Mrs. Horn, Mrs. Carter and Mrs. Fleetwood, and had more than once been guests at the latters’ home, and had regularly stopped in Waverly for meals during several years of botanizing, cleared the atmosphere. Nevertheless, next day some ladies from the other end of the town came to Mrs. Thomp- son to commiserate. They “hadn’t slept a wink, expecting to be murdered in their beds”’, etc., etc. Thus our début at Waver- ly was even more horrifying than our appearance on the bottom- land of the Pamunkey, and half-jesting, half-serious questions through this trip and on Long’s and my June-July trip indicated that the first impression of us ‘‘furriners” was still in people’s minds. We had become used to being “‘damn Yankees’’; Long and I had once been arrested in Richmond as ‘‘German spies”’ (see Ruopora, xliii. 516); but it was a novel experience to be called ‘“‘furriners’’. The people of Waverly are typical Virgin- ians and, consequently, strongly for the “New Deal’. They avoided addressing any such obvious heretics as we as “ Pro- fessor’. Baldness having advanced on all of us, we, perhaps, did not fulfill their conception of “long-haired professors”’. Since I know of no published photograph of Iris verna in its native habitat the photograph which so upset the equilibrium of southeastern Virginia and which somewhat ‘cramped our style” is here presented, as they say in all criminal cases, as exhibit A (PLATE 770).
Desiring to secure in flower the remarkable variations of Acer floridanum (Chapm.) Pax near Grove Landing, below Williams- burg, which were discussed and illustrated in Ruopora, xliv. pp. 359, 360, 426-428 and plates 725-727 (1942), and hoping to make the field-acquaintance of Monotropsis odorata, one of the Williamsburg specialties, we went on Sunday to William and
364 Rhodora [OcroBER
Mary as the guests of my former student and Abbe’s friend of student days, Professor Albert L. Delisle, and in the afternoon we made a pretty thorough canvas of the Acer problem. That has already been reported upon, but when we came to a tree with the trunk more than 4 feet in diameter and with its great sheets of exfoliating whitish bark flapping like those of shagbark- hickory we could not help mourning our inability to get a photo- graph of it. The herbaceous plants of this rich forest were noted a year ago. To that list should be added Nothoscordum bivalve which the day before we had got on the opposite side of the James. After supper Delisle’s student, a keen searcher for and discoverer of rare plants, Mr. Kenneth Winfield, took us to his station for Monotropsis. It was necessary for him to show us the first clump of slightly too mature plants; after that we found more and more. This aromatic saprophyte really abound- ed. Its favorite habitat was in the leaf-mold in the shelter of fallen and decaying logs. We thought we had learned how to find it but later searches on similar slopes elsewhere were fruitless.
In April, 1926, Dr. Paul A. Warren collected in the Great Dismal Swamp a dwarf Trillium which I had misidentified as the extreme southern T. lanceolatum Boykin but which is not satis- factorily referable to that species. Its sessile flowers easily lead to T. lanceolatum but in other characters it is near T. pusillum Michx., a species with peduncled flowers. Dr. Warren and a party of students from William and Mary had walked in on the old path from Wallaceton to Lake Drummond. The path now being obliterated by dense growth and by tangles of briers following forest-fire, we went in search of the Trillium via the Feeder Ditch in Capt. Crockett’s motor-boat. The search was futile but the excursion delightful and when we came back from Lake Drummond to the Federal dam, the engineer, Mr. Cherry, asked what particular plant we were seeking. When I described it he promptly said: “I never saw it but once, on a hillside covered with beech-trees where it abounded when I was a boy”. His explicit directions took us back to the beech-slope described, near Deep Creek, now a picnic-ground, trampled and scraped and with no Trillium left. Most fortunately, however, Mrs. Laura H. Lippitt of Dinwiddie has a good station for the plant and the beautifully prepared specimens she has sent me and others
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 365
loaned me by Professor Smart of the University of Richmond enable me to describe and illustrate (PLATE 773, FIGs. 1 and 2) this endemic Virginian Trillium.
The season was too early for many novelties, though on suc- ceeding days we extended some local ranges and renewed our acquaintance with numerous vernal species, but nothing signif- icant enough for special note was collected.
Unfortunately, when we could next get away Long and I had to go without Abbe. We reached Waverly in the afternoon of June 28th and, beginning early on the 29th, we had all we could handle until obliged to leave on the morning of July 8th. Mr. Horn was able to supply a pick-up truck to transport our equip- ment and he found a very efficient driver and helper for us, Lennie Watts, son of a local police-officer, young, full of activity and interest and as effective a driver on back roads as our best drivers of other years. Only three of our old stations were specially revisited. We did not let ourselves be lured to the marl-blufis of the lower James or north of that river and we did ~~ get down to Greensville County or the pine barrens of
and soutl tern Nansemond. Gaso- line was becoming scarce and must be stretched to cover all mileage possible, but we had a careful driver and an efficient truck and Mr. Horn kept it up to full effectiveness.
Nearly west of Waverly we went as far as McKenney in Din- widdie County. In October of 1941 we had found just east of McKenney an area of low woods and clearings where typical Coastal Plain plants (Helianthus angustzfolius, Cirsium virgini- anum, and Solidago perlonga Fern.) extended well back into the Piedmont and mingled with eastern colonies of upland types such as Viburnum Rafinesquianum Schultes. There, too, were the second station north of northwestern Georgia of Gentiana cherokeensis (W. P. Lemmon) Fern. and the third station in the state for the characteristic species of prairies of the Interior (Indiana to Texas), Muhlenbergia brachyphylla Bush. Such a complex area demands exploration through the summer and autumn and on the Ist of July it was up to its October standard. Viburnum Rafinesquianum was more abundant than we remem- bered; the local Phlox carolina L., var. triflora (Michx.) Wherry shared a low clearing with Vicia caroliniana, Thalictrum re-
366 Rhodora [OcroBER
volutum, Scleria oligantha and other rather local species not seen in October. The ditch bordering the woods was the home of Polygala sanguinea (rare in southeastern Virginia) and Rhexia ventricosa Fern. & Griscom in RuHopora, xxxvii. 192, pl. 346 (1935), its range extended inland, and the Oenothera looked, as they so often do, a little strange. A couple of pieces were taken for checking. Next time we will get more, for it is Oe. tetragona Roth, var. riparia (Nutt.) Munz in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. Ixiv. 302 (1937), known to Munz only from its original region, Cape Fear River at Wilmington, North Carolina, and the Santee River region of South Carolina. We were hot and hungry. So, seeking a shaded spot, we sat down in a colony of the inland, continental Psoralea psoralioides (Walt.) Cory, var. eglandulosa (Ell.) F. L. Freeman in Rwopora, xxxix. 426 (1937), Miss Freeman’s statement of range being: ‘‘ Higher altitudes of the Southeastern States, in South Carolina and Georgia, ranging westward as far as Texas, thence northward to Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri and Kansas”. This Psoralea and the Oeno- thera were as fine a pair as Muhlenbergia brachyphylla and Gentiana cherokeensis, found here in October. Solidago perlonga we had always considered an autumnal species and it was still in good condition here the preceding October, but already preco- cious individuals were beginning to flower—the species has a flowering period of four months! Clematis ochroleuca was here very large, some plants branching at every axil and bearing 8 fruiting heads. Since the classification of the sub-§ Integrifoliae of Clematis, § Viorna has recently depended too much on incon- stant vegetative, rather than more stable fruiting characters, I have tried to find the latter in the eastern American species. My results, with pLates 776-782, will be found in Part II.
On the way back to Stony Creek we stopped at several inviting spots. Only one may here be noted. The unique and to most botanists very rare Carex Collinsii Nutt. (unique in having the teeth of the perigynium abruptly recurved as hooks, thus sug- gesting the very primitive subantarctic and Asiatic Uncinia which has the exserted rachilla abruptly hooked) inhabits cool spring-fed sphagnous carpets in wooded swamps. Since we first detected it in Virginia we had learned to expect it in such habi- tats. Consequently, when we saw such a deep carpet of sphag-
1943} Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 367
num in the woods east of Cherry Hill, we investigated. There was C. Collinsii, already over-ripe, and with it was true southern C. venusta Dewey at a new northern limit.
Three Creek, tributary to the Nottoway, has yielded us more localized specialties than any other small stream in southeastern Virginia. Wherever we have been on its bottomlands and wooded banks, from the fall-line north of Emporia nearly to its mouth, we have got something novel. The Arringdale Sheet of the Topographic Survey indicated good bottomlands at Arring- dale and, slightly farther up stream, near Adams Grove. So, having never tried them, we drove from Capron by the dirt road toward Arringdale. Closely watching the topographic Sheet, we sought the crossroad to the village which lends its name to that invaluable guide through the country. Nothing but dense thickets and woods could be found. Turning the car we drove back to definite landmarks. Finally, seeing a colored girl coming toward us we waited and, as she came up, asked: “Will you please tell us how to find Arringdale?” “Irene Dale?” she promptly replied. “I’ve never hearn of her. I know Irene Dunn up the road a ways but I never hearn of Irene Dale.” Arringdale has become extinct; its fame is perpetuated only on the contour-sheet!
It was a sweltering day and the thought of plunging through dense thicket in search of sinuous Three Creek was not inviting; SO we went on to Adams Grove. As we crouched in the shade of the small bridge there, to keep out of the blazing heat while we ate our lunch, we were able to note around us several exten- sions of range to the west, pretty closely approaching the fall- line: Sagittaria Weatherbiana Fern. in RHopora, xxxvii. 387, plates 385 and 386, fig. 1 (1935), Carex Bayardi Fern. in Ruopora, xliv. 71 (1942) and Micranthemum umbrosum (Walt.) Blake, for example; and as we lunched we were impressed with the somewhat “fluffy”? aspect of the meagre umbels of the Sium at the margin of the Creek. Its foliage, too, was unlike that of the common northern plant, and its slender and flexuous, terete stems were not like the strongly corrugated and usually coarser stems of the plant commonly known as S. suave Walt. or S. cicutaefolium. This was young flowering material of the species which we had previously collected in fruit on the bottomlands
368 Rhodora [OcroBER
of the Blackwater and of Fontaine Creek. They all belong to S. floridanum Small, known to Small only from a single valley in Florida. It sometimes pays to stop and eat lunch!
We saved up our allotted gasoline until we had enough to reach the region of Northwest River, flowing from the Great Dismal Swamp into Curratuck Sound. There is always some- thing different to be found on the marshes near Northwest or along adjacent North Landing River; it is important to visit them at all seasons. On the way, a little east of Magnolia, white flowers on the surface of one of the big ditches along the highway across the northern end of the Great Dismal Swamp attracted us, and we got out to collect our first material in the region of Cabomba caroliniana. As we approached Northwest we were surprised to see a striking and very “different”? Physostegia bordering Indian Creek. We were quite familiar, on the wooded bottomlands of the Blackwater and the Nottoway, farther in- land, with the delicate and thin-leaved P. denticulata, but this was a much coarser plant with larger corollas, heavy and sub- sessile (instead of membranous and long-petioled) leaves and other characters which quickly distinguish it. Unfortunately, the colony was densely enmeshed by Cuscuta but we cleaned off enough material to make a good type and in Part II I shall describe and illustrate it (PLATE 783) and attempt to clarify the genus in the ‘‘ Manual range”. Days at intervals of three weeks in a motor-boat along Indian Creek will sometime be very pro- ductive. So will days at similar intervals on little Blackwater River near by and, likewise, on Northwest River, both up stream and down to the Carolina line. Furthermore, North Landing River, with its broad savannah-marshes needs similar explora- tion. There is plenty to do; we have merely glimpsed the easily accessible margins of these areas. On the reed-marsh of North- west River the always superb orange- and red-flowered A sclepias lanceolata, var. paupercula (Michx.) Fern. was very handsome and one plant had bright, pale yellow corollas, a pretty color- form. I took the top, Long wistfully remarking, “We'll come again next year for mine”. When we are again able, after the “duration’’, to visit Northwest there may be more than a single yellow-flowered plant. Here’s hoping! And if we are there at the right season we may secure better material of the undescribed
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 369
Solidago which, when we found it in October of 1941, had been mowed off and was, therefore, not typical. The thicket border- ing the marsh is also the home of a new variety of the wide- ranging and variable Eupatorium rotundifolium. Whereas typical FE. rotundifolium has the leaves gently rounded to sub- truncate at base, this plant of Northwest River has the unusually large blades deeply cordate, with the bases clasping the densely white-tomentose stem. We afterward found it in a marshy thicket in Southampton County, and Godfrey got the same extreme variety only a few miles to the south, in Bertie County, North Carolina. It will be described and discussed in Part II. Another plant, a very bristly Stachys, on the reed-marsh of Northwest River, added to a large series of different members of the genus accumulated during several seasons in southeastern Virginia, has forced me finally to tackle the group. The results, with many illustrations (PLATES 787-794), will be given in Part IT.
July 4th, even with restricted gasoline, may be an unsafe day for cautious and virtuous drivers on trunk-routes. So, when Lennie asked if we might keep off the main roads on that day, to avoid drunken drivers, we remembered that there had been extensive lumbering operations in the pine barrens south of Zuni, with the consequent partial clearing of new lumber-roads and the opening to sunshine of formerly shaded areas. That was the place to go. Clearing and disturbing of the soil, while taking the older trees of Long-leaf Pine and many other trees, had certainly stimulated many species and brought others into view. Near one damp, new woodroad Amianthium Muscaetoxicum, at a new northern limit in this section of the state, and Calopogon pallidus Chapm., its limit of range extended 1034 miles to the north, stood up bravely in the mossy thicket where they had formerly been hidden, and some clearing-phases of Panicum and Tephrosia puzzled us. When the habitat has become more stable the Panicum may look less unfamiliar. The Fephrosia is the glabrescent extreme of 7. virginiana, which we had found in other pine barrens. It is evidently T. virginiana, var. glabra Nuttall, described in 1838 from Georgia. It seems to be a well defined variety. In the drier white sand Bulbostylis ciliatifolius (Ell.) Fern. had its northeastern limit also slightly extended.
370 Rhodora [OcTroBER
But the greatest display in the recently disturbed sand was of Euphorbia Ipecacuanhae. Under normal conditions this hope- lessly variable species flowers in early spring (late March into April) but here in the loosened sand it was still in flower and young fruit in early July. Against the suggested explanation that the similar but more upright HZ. marilandica Greene might be a hybrid of tall and erect E. corollata, flowering in Virginia from early June to autumn, and depressed and matted £. Ipecacuanhae the reply has always been that they cannot hybrid- ize because their flowering periods are so different. The loosened sands south of Zuni dispose of that argument.
At the Blackwater River, near the bridge west of Blackwater School, we established new northern limits for Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal and for Physalis monticola Mohr, and, crossing the river into Southampton County, we promptly parked the car, for the sandy flat along the river southeast of Unity was very alluring. Most of the plants were of species now known to us but always nice to collect, Paronychia riparia Chapm. and Vaccinium Elliottii Chapm. at new northeastern limits and some others equally good. The prize here, however, was a large colony of hundreds of uniform plants of a particularly dainty Ruellia which, since June of 1941, had worried us. In low, sandy woods at Round Gut on the Nottoway we had then found a colony of Ruellia, the mature stems only 2 or 3 inches high, with thin and blunt membranous leaves only 1.5-3 cm. long. The colony was struggling under a pile of brush and had no real chance. So we carefully cleared away the worst obstructions and nursed the colony along, finally to secure a few flowers. Now we have a real station and the plants from it will be the type when a study of Ruellia which I now have in progress is completed. Whether it can be finished in time to include in Part Il is very doubtful. It is a complex problem, made worse by past inattention to types and original descriptions, and many contradictory interpretations must be reconciled. But the sandy flat southeast of Unity has one member of the genus which we know from Virginia only in Southampton County.
Starting for home, we decided that we could save mileage and time by cutting over to Route 312, from Courtland to Smithfield,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 371
passing through Berlin! thence turning off at Ivor for Waverly. On the way we passed roads leading to various ponds which we should have liked to investigate and when we got north of Sedley a little landlocked pond, slightly off our route was too tempting. It was really a small Cephalanthus-hole, but in the thicket we promptly detected the new Eupatorium of Northwest River. There, also, was Drosera rotundifolia, the first we have seen on the Coastal Plain west of the Blackwater, and on a saturated log the very local Utricularia virgatula made a close carpet. Driving on to find a good turning-place we came upon Johnson’s Millpond. While Lennie was backing and turning the truck we went to the sandy shore. There was Oldenlandia Boscii (DC.) Chapman, its range extended 12 miles northward, but in a couple of days we stretched its northern limit more than 12 miles more; and with it Digitaria serotina (Walt.) Michx. at its second known station north of the Carolinas. Here too, was Panicum Wrighti- anum Scribn., a species subsequently found on most sandy pond-shores.
Lennie, noting that we had a weakness for pond-shores and marshes, asked next day if we had ever been to Harold’s Millpond. We had not, but since in the past most millponds had been fruitless, as artificially dammed branches, and several which we had sought had been abandoned and grown up to cypress- or gum-swamps, we had our doubts. However, we were willing to try. So on the 6th we started for Harold’s (on the contour- Sheet as Harris) Millpond, southeast of Waverly. It was a dammed-up cypress- and gum-swamp but it was better than most and will stand exploration by boat, for drifted ashore were Utricularia purpurea, which we had never met in our Virginia work, and U. inflata var. minor Chapm. which we had seen only twice. Thus encouraged we decided to try Brittle’s Millpond, west of Wakefield. We stuck to the old road, rather than return to the turnpike, and slightly before reaching Brittle’s Millpond we investigated a piece of spring-fed sphagnum-carpeted woods. Here the chief interest was centered on a Xyris, just coming into flower and not easily matched in the herbarium. It seems to have some distinctive characters but mature material is needed.
1 Berlin, Baden and Hanover were re of them named in our honor. They were
m Virginia maps long before we visited the state.
372 Rhodora [OcroBER
Brittle’s Millpond at once gave us Panicum Wrightianum and Oldenlandia Boscii, but the shore was not easy to follow and too much punched by the hoofs of grazing animals, so we proceeded southward to see what could be found. And the next pond was a true find.
Suddenly coming into view, Airfield Millpond gave us a real thrill. It had a broad white-sand beach, perhaps 50 feet wide up to the bushes, such a pond as occurs in southeastern North Carolina but such as we had never seen in Virginia. Here we settled down for the rest of the day, until driven out by a thunder- storm and downpour in the afternoon. The rarer pond-shore species of Panicum, such as P. spretum, were there, the now unmentionable Oldenlandia of course, and carpets of all sizes of Eleocharis microcarpa, some stranded, some deeply drowned, and so variable in size and in thinness or inflation of culms that we were fooled into imagining it several things. Paspalum dissectum gave us a new station, and Rhynchospora perplexa Britton lived up to its name. We kept taking it, for on different belts along the beach it looked very different. Dr. Cross (Shirley Gale) says it is all R. perplera, but she admits that the quite different species which abounds on one stretch of beach, where Drosera capillaris Poir. is exceptionally stout and fine, is R. filifolia, the first known between southeastern North Carolina and Cape May, New Jersey. We at last had found a pond with real sand-beach. Its shoreline is more than 4 miles around and we followed only one tenth of it. Rhynchospora filifolia occurred in but one patch a few rods across, the Drosera was more restrict- ed, and we saw only one lonely individual of Styrax americana. The remaining shore and visits at intervals up to October should yield great returns. Many species unknown north of the Carolinas delight in such a shore.
On our last day we, inevitably, sought more ponds. Pro- tracted drouth had lowered the water and now was the time to investigate. Driving to Windsor we took a road to Collosse, thence to Darden’s Pond. There is a swaley and muddy shore but we got nothing surprising. Next we tried Womble’s (on the contour-sheet Wade’s) Millpond, which is a drowned cypress- swamp. Sometime, with the aid of a boat, it may yield good things, for Utricularia inflata var. minor is there; so are great
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 373
carpets of U. biflora. Our greatest prize, however, was Carex decomposita, the rare species heretofore known in the state only in cypress-swamps of the lower James. We then moved on to Whitefield’s Millpond, southwest of Corinth, and we regretted that we had not found it in the early morning. This was our last day and twilight was approaching, and we had found another pond with a broad sandy beach. Most of the good things of the other ponds were there and we quickly found a colony of Hy- pericum denticulatum Walt., var. ovalifolium (Britt.) Blake, one of the most local plants of the state; then Viola lanceolata, var. vittata (Greene) Weath. & Grisc. and Proserpinaca intermedia Mackenzie, the latter the first from south of the James. At one point I shouted “Look, look!” and promptly got an echo. Long saw it too: a little subprostrate plant with filiform stem, lance- oblong leaves and deep blue glomerules, an Eryngium of the prostratum group, new to Virginia if not to science. Its immature fruits and its sepals do not well match those of the more southern and western FE. prostratum. This was the last plant collected and we promised ourselves that in three weeks we should get a real series in ripe fruit. Whitefield’s Pond is nearly four miles around. We saw one twentieth of the shore and each of the specialties collected was highly localized. Just as with Airfield and with Johnson’s the possibilities are great.
Before leaving Waverly we called on the Chairman of the local Rationing Board and were assured that, when we should return in three weeks, we would be granted the necessary gasoline for continuation of our work, gasoline for trucks used in scientific exploration, as he showed us in the regulations, being unrestricted. It would be necessary, however, to write a letter to the Board who would have to vote on the matter. The letter was promptly sent, with return addressed envelope and an air-mail stamp and I proceeded to make a directory of the more than 100 ponds in Tidewater Virginia, most of which we had never seen. By Visiting them all we should find a few as good as Whitefield’s, Airfield and the Cat Ponds in northern Isle of Wight. A re- newed letter to the local Rationing Board, then one to the State Board, then one from an officer of the federal Experiment Station brought no replies and a considerable collection of uncanceled air-mail stamps was being assembled. Perhaps we
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were not merely “damn Yankees’’. Could it be possible that we were still thought of as ‘‘German spies”? In Massachusetts I was assured that, if I would hire and take to Virginia a Massa- chusetts truck, I could have unlimited gasoline. It seemed, however, an unjustifiable waste of gasoline, as well as tires and time, to travel 1200 miles to and from Waverly in order there to purchase gasoline for 500 miles of local scientific research. We are called disloyal if we do not cheerfully accept all the local and contradictory rulings of OPA. Scientific research is what they choose to dictate and the investigators are those they select. If our work were in Florida or some other state we should not be thus penalized for being scientific investigators.
Professor Massey asked us to guide him to definite stations in Tidewater Virginia for the different species of Vitis, Rubus and other plants of economic importance and all arrangements were made for our joining forces at Waverly and exploring with his federal truck for the practically useful wild species, including those with edible roots, shoots and seeds and those which might furnish fiber and alcohol. We could also get mature material of the little Eryngium and other technically interesting plants. Everything was set for productive field-research when Massey, most unhappily, got himself seriously poisoned and hospitalized by digging and cleaning a lot of bulbs of Fly-poison, Amianthium Muscaetoxicum, for experimental study.
In the spring of 1942, Mr. John B. Lewis had sent me from the Seward Forest of the University of Virginia at Triplett in Brunswick County a most extraordinary sterile plant of an Asarum which seemed to combine traits of true Asarum, with superficial, elongate rhizomes, and § Heterotropa (the genus Hexastylis Raf.). This was accompanied by an invitation for Long and me to go to the Seward Forest to study it and other problems. Finally, in late August, he sent me from the same area Hypericum setosum L., one of the most local of Coastal Plain species in Virginia, and perfectly typical Cynoctonum ses- silifolium (Walt.) J. F. Gmel., the first evidence in the state of this distinctive species, to quote Small’s designation, of ‘*Pine- lands and wet places, Coastal Plain, Fla. to La.” We already knew that in the Seward Forest there is a small relict stand of Long-leaf Pine, 47 miles west of its concentrated area in south-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 375
eastern Virginia. Hypericum setosum and Cynoctonum sessili- folium, added to Pinus palustris, indicated a probable intrusion of Coastal Plain conditions farther back into the Piedmont of southeastern Brunswick County than the one at McKenney in Dinwiddle County, recorded in Ruopora, xliv. 373 (1942) and on a preceding page in this journal. I promptly wrote Mr. Lewis that, as soon as I could arrange for it, I would go to the Seward Forest. I still hoped (in vain) for at least the courtesy of a reply, pro or con, from the Ration Boards I had repeatedly written, since I knew of so many colleagues with all gasoline needed in various southern states for their scientific explorations.
Finally, on the morning of October 10th, I reached Emporia, to be met there by Mr. Lewis. I had written in advance, sug- gesting that, before proceeding to Triplett, we drive over to Sedley and have a look at Whitefield’s Millpond and collect mature material of the puzzling Eryngium and its various com- panions of October, some of which would certainly be novelties. It seemed, however, that Professor Alfred Akerman, the Director of Seward Forest, wished to see forest-conditions and experi- mental plantings in Greensville and southern Southampton and had most kindly proposed that we unite errands and spend a long day afield with the Forest truck on the 14th, when I could take a night train, at Emporia, north toward Boston. That plan was so superior to mine that there was no question about it; a few days later we could take the cream from the now abnormally broad sand-beaches of Whitefield’s, Airfield and Johnson’s Mill- ponds and Long would still more regret that he had been unable to join us.
Seward Forest is a wonderful experimental area for scientific study of forestry and, with very restricted income, Dr. Akerman and his loyal and underpaid associates are projecting and carrying on invaluable researches. It was a comfort to me to find that this wise and very practical experimenter in forest problems did not have the love of forest fires, as necessary to the stimulation and growth of valuable timber, which is sometimes urged. In fact, the adult trees of Long-leaf Pine, a species which some stu- dents claim to need fire if the seedlings are to succeed, have, without that stimulus, successfully planted seeds, and a number of vigorous columns of young trees are there thriving. Most
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happily Dr. Akerman did not have the prejudice against botanical research which so frequently blocks our work and, whenever possible, he joined in the local exploration and everywhere found special trees or local tree-species which became the subjects for stimulating discussion. The University of Virginia and the state have invaluable assets in the Seward Forest and in the great capacity and sound common sense of its Director.
Even on the crest, where Long-leaf Pine is successfully renew- ing itself as a little isolated colony, the rock is mantled by pebbles with rounded sides; and at lower levels the woods and fields are strewn with smoothed and rounded stones and pebbles. This is not what one finds in the ordinary fracturing and frost-heaving of igneous rock. It is most difficult to escape the idea that in this area the old stones and pebbles have been rounded under or by water. The creeks and branches are small and at the lowest levels. In view of the several typical or elsewhere exclusively Coastal Plain species of plants growing there one, who is not a geologist, inclines to the view that an arm of the Miocene Sea must here have intruded back into the Piedmont and that its waters rounded the granitic pebbles and that typical plants, now chiefly of the inner Coastal Plain, subsequently found there the soil-conditions which suit them. At any rate, Cynoctonum ses- silifolium thrives on a mossy and partially wooded flat; Hy- pericum setosum has recently been found by Mr. Lewis at a second station; Panicum aciculare of “Sandy woods and pine- lands, Coastal Plain” (Small) and P. lucidum of ‘sphagnum bogs, Coastal Plain” (Small) abound. In fact, the mingling of Coastal Plain with ordinary Piedmont and even Appalachian Upland plants is very striking. Panicum aciculare and the montane Danthonia compressa may be collected side-by-side in dry woods. Kuhnia eupatorioides, though found in rich woods on the Coastal Plain, is preeminently a plant of the Interior. Near it may be collected the striking Sorghastrum Elliottii (Mohr) Nash, here at a new inland limit.
A mile or two up Rattlesnake Creek, west of Triplett, there is a swampy pond-hole in the woods, locally known as the “bog ‘ Here the slightly retarded creek has spread over a flat and, after heavy rain, may become so flooded as to form a considerable pond. One might be in southern Southampton County. The
TE ee
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 377
pool and its margin support several Coastal Plain types, their known ranges here extended 15 to 30 miles inland: Paspalum fluitans (Ell.) Kunth (see Ruopora, xxxix. 382, pl. 474, figs. 6-10), Cyperus densicaespitosus Mattf. & Kiikenth., Commelina diffusa Burm. f. (see Ruopora, xlii. 434) and Hydrolea quadri- valuis. In dry woods otherwise typical Andropogon scoparius has glabrous, instead of densely villous sheaths, and part way up a wooded bluff the northern and upland Pyrola rotundifolia var. americana has a sterile colony, a plant one would look for in the mountains.
A little mossy swamp-hole, locally known as ‘Ram-hole” Swamp, because of the ram installed there for pumping water, is largely given over to retarding brambles, but in the mossy thicket there is an abundance of the always beautiful Lobelia glandulifera (Gray) Small (see Ruopora, xxxix. 345 and map 20 on p. 343), a species with three geographic centers, (1) from the inner Piedmont of North Carolina across the mountains into Tennessee, (2) several hundred miles to the south, the Coastal Plain of southwestern Georgia and adjacent Florida, and (3) the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia and northeastern North Carolina, inland to Amelia and eastern Brunswick Coun- ties. Here it might have been derived either from the south- west or the east; but the goldenrod growing with it may give a clue. Resembling the northern and upland calcicolous Solidago patula in having almost wing-angled square stems, it yet is very different. Its technical characters will be defined in Part II. I was delighted to make its acquaintance but somewhat annoyed for, having closed off three different times the treatment of Solidago, with 75 species and many cross-references by number for a revised Gray’s Manual, I was obliged to interpolate another and to shift the numbering. Nevertheless it is nice to have in Virginia so definite a species as S. salicina Ell. It is a fine Species of acid bogs of the Coastal Plain and outer Piedmont, described by Stephen Elliott from western Georgia.
One of the finest pieces of hardwood (beech, oak and hickory) in the Seward Forest is back of the old Chamblis place. Here are splendid trees and here Dr. Akerman is carrying on some very productive experiments in forest-reproduction. The soil is deep and, as in all undisturbed beech-oak-hickory forest, full of
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interesting upland plants. Panicum flexile, a characteristic in- land grass, follows the wood-road; and toward the base of one slope there is a bit of the flora of the Blue Ridge or the Alle- ghenies: Polygala Senega var. latifolia, Ligusticum canadense, and, most surprising of all, the montane Zizia trifoliata (Michx.) Fernald in Ruopora, xlii. 298 and pl. 623 (1940), better known as Z. Bebbii (Coult. & Rose) Britt.
In an old fallow field back of the Chamblis house there is a large colony, spread evidently by stolons, of a small Leguminous shrub which, Mr. Lewis assured me, never flowers and fruits. It proves to be Glycyrrhiza lepidota Nutt., var. glutinosa (Nutt.) S. Watson, a rare Licorice from the extreme western side of the United States. It is a large and rapidly increasing remnant of a colony presumably once cultivated. Having, as a boy, chewed licorice-root, I was happy to taste a forgotten nibble, but stu- dents now in the university had never even heard of it. One of them returned every few minutes, asking for “a little bit more”. I finally had the root firmly glued to the herbarium-sheet!
Hoping for a natural pond-shore, I pushed the inquiry, but the best they could suggest was Simms Millpond, southwest of Fitzhugh, where the dam had gone out some years ago. Pro- ceeding there, we were amazed to see the greatest area of Poke, Phytolacca americana (or decandra), probably anywhere in existence. The entire drained pond-bottom was a solid, dense thicket of it much higher than our heads. We broke our way into it, hoping for lingering colonies of something more interesting but to no avail. But economically and gastronomically the Poke is interesting and I was surprised to find that it was not being used. The young shoots, as soon as they sprout in early spring, are greatly appreciated as a wholesome and highly nutritious vegetable and are brought regularly to city-markets in many regions, as Charleston, South Carolina, Washington, Baltimore, Philadelphia, etc., as a market-vegetable. The top of the gigantic taproot has a circle of many buds. As soon as the leading shoots are cut others replace them. The leaves alone, from stems up to 3 feet high, are a valuable and delicious potherb, and nothing more tasty, nutritious and quickly cooked could be found than the new stems 2 or 3 feet high, easily rid of the tough rind. Phytolacca, only locally appreciated in parts of our country, Was
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 379
early carried to southern Europe, where it is cultivated for its new shoots. Simms Millpond is locally looked upon as a dead loss. The self-sown crop of tremendously vigorous Poke growing there could feed all Brunswick County for two months in the spring. Tops of the big roots, boxed in earth, frozen, and then placed in a cellar and watered, would supply a green vegetable all winter, and the new shoots from such a God-given truck- farm, sent to an appreciative market, might bring large financial return. The difficulty is to get conservative people to eat what they do not purchase at the corner-market.
Following weeks of unbroken drouth rain came very soon after I reached Seward Forest. It had come to stay and we came in with rain-coats dripping. In the morning of my last day there Dr. Akerman defied the storm and joined Lewis and me on a trip to the Meherrin River, a few miles to the north, above Western Bridge. I specially wanted to see the place because Lewis had collected in flower on the wooded river-bluff the southern Tiarella with stout rhizomes, no stolons and very slender racemes. I wanted to secure fruiting material. Trying to dodge the worst downpours, we started up-river in a forest of almost pure growth of Acer floridanum, but I very soon worked down to the bottom- land-thicket; for I was attracted by several species there. Boltonia caroliniana (Walt.) Fern. in Ruopora, xlii. 487, pl. 642 (1940) was abundant and very tall, though with pink, instead of white ligules, its range extended inland 15 miles or more, and the small-headed Heleniwm was certainly the same as that of the Coastal Plain farther east. We have accumulated so many collections of this Helenium from southeastern Virginia that, in desperation, I have tackled the genus. My conclusions will be found in Part II. Vernal and aestival species of this bottom- land were of course unrecognizable, but one leaning and sprawl- ing, very brittle Muhlenbergia at once arrested attention. I had just “done” Muhlenbergia for the Manual and had attempted to point out more fundamental characters than those commonly used. This one, associated with the common M. frondosa (Poir.) Fern. in Ruopora, xlv. 235, pl. 749 and 750 (1943), was none I had seen from the Atlantic slope. Study of its spikelets and comparison in the herbarium shows it to be another prairie Species (southwestern Indiana and Illinois to Texas), M. glabri-
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flora Scribn., isolated, like M. brachyphylla (see p. 365) in south- eastern Virginia. The lower Meherrin valley begins to compete for honors with the Nottoway. In fact, I now hesitate to make estimates of the relative interest of the isolated or localized floras of the Meherrin, the Nottoway, the Blackwater, and the smaller and sluggish rivers farther east. Each has its specialties. In the aggregate they are a remarkable and still largely unknown flora.
Below the bridge, the steep bluff gave us battered fruit of Tiarella. It is so unlike that of the northern 7. cordifolia, with which it had been placed, as a variety, that in Part II I shall discuss what seem to me its characters and identity. With it were other interesting species and, of course, spring and early summer would yield many more. As notable as any now recog- nizable were typical Amsonia Tabernaemontana, heretofore known in the state only from two stations on the Coastal Plain, and Scutellaria serrata, previously unknown in the southern counties east of the Blue Ridge—again the juxtaposition of montane and Coastal Plain specialties.
In the late afternoon, my packing being done, preliminary to a daylight start next morning, I consented to go with Lewis to a little Cephalanthus-pool in the woods, which he has dubbed Triplett Pond. Repeatedly, as we drove past it he had gently asked: “ Wouldn’t you like to look in there?” As regularly, I had declined the invitation. Cephalanthus- and Decodon-holes rarely yield much, but in this one he had caught small animals which belonged much farther south. I was glad to clear my conscience and to have a look before leaving Seward Forest. On the way, as we passed through dry pine woods, I was surprised to see most characteristic plants of Gnaphaliwm obtusifolium var. Helleri (Britt.) Blake, for this very definite variety (see RHODORA, xxxviii. 231, pl. 434, figs. 8 and 9), although originally described from Northwest in southeastern Norfolk County and abundant about Eastville on the Eastern Shore, had never been known inland. Here was an extension inland of 85 miles. The slight inland extension of var. micradenium Weath. was negligible and expected. Reaching the little pond-hole, I was amazed to see the coastal Gratiola virginiana var. aestuariorum Pennell (see Ruopora, xliv. 440, pl. 730, fig. 3). Surely this was no brackish,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 381
tidal shore. But I was diverted by the big clumps of a coarse pilose Panicum, which somehow looked familiar but which I could not immediately place; and no wonder, for it is P. longi- folium var. pubescens (Vasey) Fern. in Ruopora, xxxvi. 69 (1934), described by Vasey from Florida and never known north of that state. Lewis knew what he was about when he wanted me to “look in there’’; and again I had had rubbed in what we never learn, that in a country with the complex flora of south- eastern Virginia every natural spot, no matter how common- place in aspect, may harbor strongly isolated and local plants.
It was hard to leave the hospitality and stimulating compan- ionship of Dr. and Mrs. Akerman and Mr. and Mrs. Lewis, but next morning in driving rain Akerman, Lewis and I started in the truck for the sand-beaches of ponds in Southampton and Sussex Counties. The forester made his observations and we had a cheerful and interesting trip but, alas, it had rained without letup for five days. When we got to Sedley we were told that we could not get at Whitefield’s Pond from the south, for the road was completely under water and the dam itself flooded. That sounded pretty bad and when we reached Whitefield via Corinth, there was the overflowing pond extending back into the woods. The farmer living near by told us that in the forty years he had lived there the water had never been so low as it was until this five-day rain came on. We could have wept. Locating a spot where the little Eryngium should be, I walked in to shoulder-depth (I was already drenched by rain), ducked and grabbed. Nothing but floating Utricularia and debris came up. The Eryngium still evades us. Stopping in Emporia at the home of Lewis’s sister and her husband, Dr. and Mrs. George C. Faville (who were sufficiently venerable to have studied botany under the late Professor Charles E. Bessey (1845- 1915) in Iowa, but endowed with unlimited alertness and vi- vacity) and their daughter, Mrs. Wheeldon, I changed to dry clothes and was ready for the all-night ride to New York.
In April Lewis located flowers and young buds on the new Asarum and on the 23rd I reached Seward Forest. Restrictions on the use of gasoline had greatly tightened. Lewis had planned to drive to Emporia (18 miles away) for me but the mails had failed to deliver to him my post-card of a week before, saying
382 Rhodora [OcroBER
when I would arrive. Taxicabs were allowed to cover territory within 10 miles of Emporia and no farther. That distance, fortunately, got me to the Brunswick County line, where I trans- ferred to the taxi of a local farmer who relayed me to Triplett. My home was with one of the foresters and his family, Mr. and Mrs. Howard Nicholson and two delightful little daughters. The fallow fields were carpeted with the vernal weeds and I introduced the family, and especially the children, to the edible qualities, particularly as nibbles and salads, of young Henbit, _Lamium, and of Peppergrass, Lepidiwm virginicum.
The Asarum was locally abundant at the bases of wooded slopes along creeks and branches, great colonies with heart- shaped to slightly halberd-shaped, scattered, solitary firm leaves, but flowers were excessively scarce. In a patch with thousands of leaves there was often not a single bud nor flower; in another patch a few could be found but their peduncles were very fragile and it was difficult to secure a good specimen, showing the thread- like subterranean rhizomes and stolons, without breaking off the flower. Whiteoak Creek and Rattlesnake Creek, investigated at many places, yielded their specimens, and colonies with several young flower-buds were noted, that Lewis might later secure fruit. We here had a very distinct new species and it seemed evident that its rare flowering was a result of its occurrence along creeks and branches where it is often submerged and where its very efficient vegetative reproduction, by slender, subterranean stolons, suffices for its local spread. On the last day, one of the forest-crew having errands in Emporia, we went with him in the truck, in search of this new and very local plant outside Bruns- wick County. Since both Whiteoak Creek and Rattlesnake Creek are tributary to Fontaine (“ Fountain’) Creek, the obvious place to look was farther down the latter valley. At our first stop, at the bridge over Fontaine Creek near Barley in south- western Greensville County, Lewis promptly walked into it; but that seems to be about its eastern limit, not far from the entrance of Rattlesnake into Fontaine Creek. Other crossings of Fon- taine Creek did not yield it, although the stretch from the mouth of Rattlesnake Creek to Round Hill Church could not be ex- amined. At Round Hill Church the banks would be forbidding to it, acid sand with Kalmia latifolia forming a dense thicket and,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 383
where the white sand is loose and dry, supporting the most beautiful and extensive colony of Phlox nivalis I have ever seen. In Ruopora, xlii. 476 (1940) I took up for this plant the un- equivocal name, P. Hentzii Nutt. (1834) because in the place where he started the name P. nivalis Loddiges had given no adequate diagnosis. Subsequently, however, Dr. Wherry, in Ruopora, xliii. 71 (1941), showed that the name given by Lod- diges was validated by Sweet in 1827, when a proper diagnosis and fuller description were published. P. nivalis, then, has right of way.
The woods along Fontaine Creek lower down, in an area southwest of Dahlia, seemed so like those along Whiteoak and Rattlesnake Creeks that we hopefully went there. As Lewis agreed, it is just the right habitat but no Asarum could be found. Subsequently, by saving up his gasoline, Lewis trailed the new species to a small creek in Brunswick County which empties into Roanoke River. How extensively it occurs along Roanoke drainage can be determined only when more gasoline is available. At any rate, this remarkable new species will be described and illustrated (pLATES 774 and 775) in Part II.
Just below Emporia the Meherrin is bordered by a forest com- posed largely of a yellow-flowered Buckeye. In 1936 Long, Griscom and I had got a little of it in woods along Metcalf Branch, which enters the Meherrin a mile farther down; and in Ruopora, xxxix. 352 and 435 (1937) and xl. 441 (1938) I erro- neously recorded it as Aesculus discolor Pursh, a more western species. The freshly flowering material secured from the exten- sive forest of the tree shows it to be Ae. neglectus Lindl., var. pubescens Sargent. It was a novel experience to wander in such a forest on the inner edge of the Coastal Plain. Whereas at Triplett, only 18 miles to the west and with creeks at barely 100 feet greater elevation, spring was just emerging, here it was almost summer. Corydalis flavula, which we had known on the Coastal Plain of southeastern Virginia only along the James and its tributaries was scattering seed; the fruits of Nemophila micro- calyx and of Viola striata (also James River specialties) were ripe. Great carpets of Phacelia dubia had enough lingering flowers to be handsome and, surprise of surprises, here were thousands of plants, now passing out of bloom, of upland and inland Trillium
384 Rhodora [OcTroBER
sessile, the first member of its genus I had ever seen growing in southeastern Virginia. There was no time to linger. These and a few other species were tucked into a portfolio and I hurried to catch the night train northward, hoping that some “break” would soon get Long and me to this botanically unexplored and most distinctive area of the Meherrin at the inner margin of the Coastal Plain. At least, I could get another and longer visit there when, a few weeks later, I should return to Seward Forest to fol- low up Rubus, which there seems to be a series somewhat different from that of the Coastal Plain. When I regretfully said good-by to Lewis and with forty people boarded the north-bound train at Emporia, the now familiar announcement of the Conductor reached my ears, ‘No seats. Standing room only.’ On the platform of the car, however, there were two square feet of space, where someone had moved. Setting my suitcase on end and placing the portfolio of fresh specimens across it, I had a seat, such as it was, all the way to Washington, where the train decided to make over before proceeding to New York. Three hours wait in a milling throng outside the train-gate from 1 to 4 A. M. was finally relieved by announcement of a train to New York. Such, inevitably, is travel in war-time. There has been no opportunity for another trip, gasoline-rationing having still further tightened; but, in spite of varied and discouraging obstacles, something has been done to keep the flame of botanical exploration burning. The results, more briefly summarized in Part II, are not dis- creditable. Beginning the Virginia work with three days in the field in 1933, continuing with two to five trips a season for nine years and making but one brief trip, as a guest of the Seward Forest, in April of 1943, we are assembling much substantial data on the flora of the state. In the last report on this work’ the records of vascular plants new to Virginia, recorded in this series of papers, reached 751. When and if we are again able to renew the exploration the score of novelties to the state can begin the ninth century.
1 The Seventh Century of Additions to the Flora of Virginia, Ruopora, xliv. 341-405, 416-452, 457-478 and plates 717-744—Contrib. Gray Herb. no. CXLV (1942).
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 385
Part II. RANGE-EXTENSIONS, TECHNICAL NoTES AND REVISIONS
In Part II, as in previous papers of this series, the notes cover- ing extensions of range are assembled, even though the species has been discussed in the more discursive journal. Several species collected by others and detected in the Gray Herbarium during studies recently prosecuted, or some sent by others, are included if I can find no record of their occurrence in the state. A number of detailed and critical studies are also included since they have grown out of comparisons of our Virginia material or since they deal with genera occurring in the state. The many plates were prepared by Dr. Bernice G. Scuusert, to whose skill and patience I am under great obligation. The cost of engraver’s blocks has been covered from a grant for personal research from the DEPARTMENT oF BrioLogy of Harvard Uni- versity. As so frequently in the past, Mr. Lona has most generously aided in meeting the expense of publication.
As heretofore, plants thought to be previously unlisted from Virginia or only recently recorded in technical studies of groups are indicated, by an asterisk (*). In the enumerations the names of the collectors, when Fernald & Long, are generally omitted.
*POTAMOGETON EPIHYDRUS Raf., var. NuTraLum (Cham. & Schlecht.) Fern. XX P. PULCHER "Tuckerm. IsLE oF WIGHT
OUNTY: forming an extensive carpet, outlet of Lee’s "Millpond. no. 12,230. See Ogden in Ruopora, xlv. 184 (1943). The only
nown eer as of this hybrid. See also Ruopora, xliii. 508 and 519 (1941).
*DANTHONIA spicata (L.) Beauv., var. LoNGIPILA Scribn. & Merr. See Fernald in RHopora, xlv. 244 (1943), where several Virginia collections are cited.
D. compressa Aust. See Fernald, 1. c. A northern and up- land species occurring only locally in the southeastern counties:
uRRY County: rich calcareous wooded slopes along James River, Claremont Wharf, no. 9825. Brunswick CouNTY: oak- hickory-beech woods back of old Chamblis Place, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,458. 6. LENBERGIA GLABRIFLORA Scribn. Brunswick County: exsiccated bottomland woods above Western Bridge, Meherrin River, south of Edgerton, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,460. The
western Indiana and Illinois to eastern Texas). See p. 379. Digitaria sEROTINA (Walt.) Michx. To the single recorded
386 Rhodora [OcroBER
Virginia station add another, also in SourHAMPTON COUNTY — shore of Johnson’s Millpond, 144 miles north of Sedley, . 14,265. See p. 371.
Page pissectum L. To the few recorded stations add one in Sussex County: sandy shore, Airfield Millpond, south- west of Wakefield, no. 14,264. p
P. FLUITANS (EL.) K unth. See Ryopora, XXxix. 282, t. 474, figs. iis (19 7 Local range extended into BRUNSWICK Cou wampy pond-hole in woods, Rattlesnake Creek, west of Triplett, Pornalt ¢ Lewis, no. 14 462. See p. 377.
PANICUM FLEXILE (Gattinger) Scribn. BRUNSWICK County: clearing in oak-hickory-beech woods back of old Chamblis Place, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,471. ce by Hitchcock & Chase only from Alexandria County. See
378.
*P. LONGI aarp tt Torr., var. PUBESCENS (Vasey) hence * RHoporRA xxxvi. 69 (193 4). Brunswick County: sphagn knolls in woods he Triplett Pond, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fern eo ald & Lewis, no. 14,472. First from north of Florida. See p-
P. ACICULARE Desy. Local range extended inland to BruNs- wick County: dry border of oak-hickory-beech woods back of a Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis,
P. WrIGHTIANUM Scribn. Several additional stations on pond shores. Sussex County: Brittle’s Millpond, west of Wakefield, no. 14,267; Airfield Millpond, southwest of Wakefield, no. 14,268. SovrHampton County: Johnson’ s Millpond, 1% miles north of seit no. 14,266; Whitefield’s Millpond, southwest of Corinth,
70. Istr or WIGHT County: Darden’s Pond, southeast of Colo, no. 14,269. See pp. 371 and 372.
P. auBURNE Ashe. To the few recorded stations add one in ISLE OF Want County: dry sandy pine barrens, south of Zuni, no. 14,275.
P. SPHAEROCARPON Ell., var. inFLATUM (Scribn. & Sm.) Hitch- cock. In disturbed soil in wet woods along Assamoosick Swamp, northeast of Homeville, Sussex County, the stimulated plants reach a height of 1 m. with athe up to 1. '6 dm. long and 1.5 cm. broad, the panicles 1.5 dm. | and 1 dm. broad. The extreme height given by et a Cine for the species is 5.5 dm., with panicles up to 1 dm.
Muhl, Giveutentait County: open, gid pine woods, Colonial Beach, F. T. Hubbard, no. 413, a Be tee Not recorded from north of North Carolina. MUNDUM Fernald in Ruopora, xxxviii. a, t. 443, figs. 1-5
County: sphagnous pocket, upper border of treiti reed-marsh and swale along Northwest River near Northwest, no. 14,272.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 387
*SETARIA VERTICILLATA (L.) Beauv. RocksripGE County: along sidewalk, Lexington, August 23, 1924, J. R. Churchill._— Not indicated for Virginia on Hitchcock’s map 1567 (Man.).
THE COMMON NORTHERN BurGRass.—The common Burgrass of open sands, from New Hampshire to Oregon, south to North Carolina, Kentucky, Missouri, Kansas and New Mexico, is indigenous or spread from indigenous colonies through much of this range but, singularly enough, it has always passed under specific names which technically belong to other species. Long identified as Cenchrus echinatus L., it was forced to resign that name to the quite different tropical species. Similarly the name C. tribuloides L. soon proved to belong to the very coarse tropical and southern coastal species. Then C. carolinianus Walt. was despairingly grasped, but Walter’s type is unknown, our plant is doubtfully in his territory, and Mrs. Chase, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. xxii. 76 (1920), believes that C. carolinianus might have been C. incertus M. A. Curtis, which does grow in Walter’s country. In her monograph of the genus she merges our plant with the Mexican C. pauciflorus Benth. and, until Dr. I. M. Johnston, working upon his Mexican and southern Texan material, segregated it off from the great bulk of specimens from the northern and Rocky Mountain region of the United States, it so rested. Dr. Johnston, not wishing to get involved with the more northern and northeastern plant, called the matter to my attention. There is no doubt that C. pauciflorus is the Mexican (and sone) species, Bentham having described ‘it from Lower California: “culmis suberectis, . . .~“ “Folia plerumque an- gustiora [quam in C. echinata], spinis dorsalibus marginalibusque validis basi dilatatis’’.
Cenchrus pauciflorus, then, is the Mexican and Texan species with culms usually in erect or ascending tufts, the leaves 1.5-4 mm. broad, the summit of the sheath spreading as a chartaceous flange; spikes 1-5 em. long, 1-1.5 cm. thick; the stramineous involucres 8-12 mm. broad (from tip to tip of mature spines), the dorsal and lateral spines compressed and broad-based. The characteristic fruit, from the TyPx of C. cocsiesata is shown by Mrs. Chase, 1. ¢. fig. 17, p. 68.
Our plant, on the other hand, has more generally decumbent or rooting culms, up to 8 dm. long and strongly geniculate;
388 Rhodora [OcToBER
leaves 3-8 mm. broad, the enlarged sheaths constricted at sum- mit; spike 1.5-8 em. long and 1.3-2 cm. thick, the mature stramineous to bronze or purplish burs 1—1.5 cm. in diameter, with the coarse spines subulate-subterete. The bur is beautifully shown, as that of C. pauciflorus, in Chase, 1. c. 69, fig. 18, and this figure, instead of that of true C. pauciflorus, was copied in Hitcheock, Man. fig. 1594. As compared with that of real C. pauciflorus it is too large, with more numerous spines, the stronger ones more slender and without deltoid and flattened bases.
So far as I can find the only available name for the northern and transcontinental species is C. echinatus, forma longispinus Hackel, based upon Connecticut material collected by Harger and distributed by Kneucker (no. 426). As a diagnosis of a form of C. echinatus, in the loose sense, Hackel’s brief description was sufficient. Treated as a species the plant demands a fuller account. It is fortunate that Hackel has supplied the basonym and type. Even so, I take no comfort in having even my name intimately associated with a Cenchrus and the keen taxonomist who called it to my attention would not care to have the species named for him!
Crncurus longispinus (Hackel), stat. nov. C. echinatus, forma longispinus Hackel in Kneucker, Allg. Bot. Zeitschr. ix. 1 (1903). Pl i i
ad 8 dm. longis geniculatis basi ramosis; foliis 3-8 mm. latis, — distentis apice constrictis; spicis maturis 1.5-8 cm. longis 1.3—2 cm. crassis; involucris maturis stramineis vel aenels vel purpurascentibus hirsutis 1-1.5 em. diametro, spinulis majori- bus tereti-subulatis. Typr of C. echinatus, forma longispinus: Oxford, Connecticut, Z. B. Harger in Kneucker, Gram. Exsicc. Lief. XV. no. 426.
In southeastern Virginia, fortunately, Cenchrus longispinus is rare. Our only collections are the following. James CITY pda sandy field about 5 miles west of Toano, R. W. Menzel,
one OUTHAMPTON County: dry white sand of clearing in
and pine woods bordering Assamoosick Swamp, south o
Sebrell no. 10,941; grassy roadside about 7 miles south of Franklin, no. 7297 (misidentified as C. incertus).
ERIANTHUS COARCTATUS Fernald in Ruopora, xlv. 246, t. 758 (1943). Note that the plant of Sussex County previously reported as E. brevibarbis Michx. belongs here. FE. brevibarbis is a very different plant of the Mississippi Basin.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 389
viminea (no. 12,564) from Greensville County we had not yet got the flowers. The later collection (no. 13,883), made October 13, 1941, shows the plant to be var. variabilis, which is charac- terized by having delicate awns up to 9 mm. long. Blake’s plant, collected along the James River at City Point, near Hopewell in October, 1931 (Blake, no. 11,472) is of typical Z. viminea (i. e. Pollinia imberbis, var. Willdenowiana (Nees) Hackel), with awnless spikelets. Typical E. viminea occurs southward to Alabama: shaded bank of Tennessee River, north- east of Sheffield, Colbert Co., Oct. 7, 1934, Harper, no. 3275.
The earliest valid generic name for the genus is Eulalia Kunth, Rév. Gram. i. 160, t. 93 (1829), although Hackel, like most Old World botanists, has maintained Pollinia Trin. in Mém. Acad. Pétersb. ser. VI. ii. 304 (1833). In so doing they may have been misled by Index Kewensis, which lists just before Pollinia Trin. another Pollinia Spreng. Pugill. ii. 10 (1815), “farrago [mixture] = seq. &c.”’ The “&c” is correct, for Sprengel had 10 species, none of them considered by Hackel as belonging in Pollinia Trin.: 6 referred by Hackel directly to Andropogon; 1 to Oplismenus; 1 to Ischaemum; and 2 wholly doubtful “species inextricabiles’”’ (Hackel, 1. ¢. 565). Pollinia Trin. (1833), clearly antedated by Eulalia Kunth (1829), must lapse.
In looking up the origin of the generic name Eulalia the quickest method was to turn to the shelf of dictionaries and to see what Wittstein said in his Etymologisch-botanisches Hand- worterbuch. There it is: ‘Eulalia KNTH. (Gramineae). Zus. aus ev (schén, gut) und AeAte (Rede, Gericht, Ruf); ein schénes, guldgelbbliihendes Gras”. The type of the genus being £. aurea Kunth, that derivation is plausible. Had Wittstein taken the trouble to look up Kunth’s own explanation, however, he would have found a more pleasing and splendidly appropriate explanation of the name, for it is difficult to imagine more beauti- ful illustrations (all signed E. D.) than the 220 wonderful plates
390 Rhodora [OcroBER
by Eviauia Dewite which clarify Kunth’s remarkable volumes. That Kunth was fully appreciative of his artist is made clear by his own explanation: “Dixi hoc genus in honorem Eulaliae Delile, cujus perito elegantique penicillo icones hujus operis ut et quorumdam aliorum debet botanice”’.
*ANDROPOGON scopaRiIus Michx., var. GENuINUS Fern. & Grisc. in RHopora, xxxvii. 143, 144 (1935), forma calvescens, f. nov., vaginis gla bris. VrrGInia: dry woods along Rattlesnake eae apa of Triplett, Brunswick County, October 11, 1942,
Herb. Phil. Acad.); mois baondes 4 nd peaty pine barrens, south Se
1940, Fernald & ye no. 12,567. See p. 377.— Quite like typical Andropogon scoparius (= var. items Keamey) but wit the sheaths stabrous’ instead of se
SorGHASTRUM Exziottir (Mohr) Nash. Ketel range extended
inland to Brunswick County: a, woods along Rattlesnake ak ‘abel of Triplett, Fernald & gle no. 14,473. See p. 376.
OSTYLIS CILIATIFOLIUS (EIl.) Fern. New northeastern Persie IsLE or Wicut County: dry sandy pine site: south o :
on Coun open alluvial flat by Blackwater River, southeast of Unity, no. 14,284. Be p. 369.
CIRPUS a BTERMINALIS Torr. Princess ANNE COUNTY: shallow alee northwest eae of Salt Pond, June 28, 1922, L. F. & Fannie R. Randolph.
Although Britton, Ill. Fl., cites Scirpus subterminalis § as eX- tending south to South Carolina and Small, Man. 169, says “Miss.’”’, I have been unable to locate previous material from south of New Jersey and Pennsylvania. There is nothing in the Gray Herbarium nor in the Britton Herbarium from south of New Jersey and Pennsylvania, except the Salt Pond specimen; and the rather extensive collecting in eastern South Carolina and eastern North Carolina by Godfrey did not bring it to light. Beetle, however, in Am. Journ. Bot. xxx. 396 (1943) seems to have seen material from both South Carolina and Mississipp1.
Tue Speciric CHARACTERS OF Scirpus OLtNEYI—One of the most distinctive species of Scirpus, § Schoenoplectus, is the coarse, soft-stemmed S. Olneyi Gray (1845), which follows saline and brackish marshes from eastern South America up the Atlantic to southern New Hampshire and Nova Scotia, the Pacific to Washington. In many characters the plant is so
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 391
distinctive that amateurs who do not distinguish between some technical species usually recognize this one at a glance. It is, therefore, a bit startling to find in the Am. Journ. Bot. xxx. 397 (1943) Beetle merging it with and reducing it to S. chilensis Nees & Meyen (1843). Beetle’s detailed description of the inclusive species, as S. chilensis, clearly says “‘style 2-fid’’, which is correct for the tropical and North American S. Olneyi, and in his discussion he speaks of the original diagnosis of S. chilensis as “adequate to identify the plant’. He then quotes the diag- nosis of S. chilensis, including the original and easily corrobo- rated “‘stylo trifido”’; but he gives no explanation of how a plant of the warmer half of the Northern Hemisphere with “style 2-fid”’ is necessarily, or even probably, identical with a plant of temperate South America with “‘stylo trifido’”’. This distinction is constant, apparently. So are several others. The broadly wing-angled soft culm of S. Olney? is so very soft that in pressing it becomes flat and ribbonlike; in fresh condition, however, it has deep reéntrant angles which caused Asa Gray, in originally describing it, to give the following vivid description: ‘“‘distin- guished .by its remarkably 3-winged stem. The reéntering angles are so deep that the cross section presents the appearance of three rays, or plates with parallel sides, joined by a common center.’’ The collapsing of the culm under very slight pressure results from its hollow or fistulous character, the pith occurring as scattered remnants only. If S. Olneyi is identical with S. chilensis it is notable that the much more slender culms of the latter are firm and resistant, not flattened in drying, that they lack the extremely broad wing-angles and deep reéntrant con- cavities and that they are closely filled with pith.
In S. Olneyi the upper leaf-sheaths have a U- or V-shaped orifice and the brown tissue of the sheath-summit is readily friable; in S. chilensis the orifice is subtruncate or very shallowly concave and the tissue firmer. In S. chilensis the excurrent midribs of the scales project more prominently than in S. Olneyi. In S. chilensis, as already noted, there are 3 style-branches, in S. Olneyi 2. Although the achenes of the bipartite S. chilensis sensu Beetle are given absolute dimensions, ‘2.5 mm. long, 1.5 mm. broad’’, the few achenes of S. chilensis available, from Pennell, no. 12,923 and Osten, no. 22,029, are definitely more
392 Rhodora [OcroBER
slender than in S. Olneyi. These two numbers of S. chilensis have achenes narrowly obovate and three fifths to three fourths as broad as long: 2.6 K 1.8 mm., 2.4 X 1.8 mm., 2.3 K 1.5 mm On the other hand, ripe fruit from material of S. Olneyi from the general type-region, southern New Hampshire to Virginia, shows much more rounded or broadly obovate achenes four fifths as broad to essentially as broad as long: 2.2 *K 1.8 mm., 2.2 X 2 mm.; 2.4 X 2.2mm., 2 X 1.8mm., 2 X 1.6 mm., ete. Whether or not typical S. Olney? occurs in temperate South America I am not situated to determine. Barros & Osten described a S. Olneyi, forma australis from Uruguay in Anal. Mus. Hist. Nat. Montevid. ser. 2, iii. 204 (1931) and in vol. xxxviii. 159 and 161 (1935) Barros illustrated it and cited much material from Argentina but did not suggest that it includes S. chilensis. In fact, in the latter detailed study Barros definitely cited (p. 156) S. chilensis as identical with S. americanus Pers. I am content to keep up Scirpus Olney as a thoroughly distinct species.
In Virginia Scirpus Olneyi makes extensive colonies often 2 m. or more oe on the saline and brackish shores.
*S. vaLipus Vahl, var. cREBER Fern., forma MEGASTACMYUS Fernald in Raoneee xlv. 283, t. 765, fig. 8 (1943). James CITY
OUNTY: marsh of Chickehorniay River about 5 miles west of Toano, R. W. Menzel, no
_ BTUB ERCULATUS (Steud.) Ktze. Princess ANNE COUNTY:
shallow water, northwest branch of Salt Pond, June 29, 1922, L. F. & Fannie R. Randolph, no. 462.
Scirpus etuberculatus, one of the most localized of species, has a long-known station near Salisbury, Maryland, one or two in southeastern North Carolina, two in Georgia, one in Florida, two in Alabama, one in Mississippi, and one in Louisiana. The station of Mr. and Mrs. Randolph is apparently the first between southeastern North Carolina and satel gaeae
+8, rus Pursh, sien protrusus, f. nov., spiculis plus iniaee: ‘ceieda ad 3-5 em. lon ngis. — Von: brackish to fresh marsh along Back Bay 4 at eastern margin of Long Island, Princess Anne County, August 25, ty Fernald & Long, no. 10,973 (type in Herb. Gray., isotype in Herb. Phil. Acad.); border of salt marsh, Ragged Islan a northeast of 2 oleae Isle of Wight County, August 20, 1940, Fernald & Lon 12,587.—Differing from typical S. robustus (w: ith spikelets 1. 33 em. long) by its very prolonged spikelets.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 393
S. MARITIMUs L., var. FerNaup1 (Britton) Beetle. See Fern. in Ruopora, xlv. 289 (1943). S. novae-angliae Britton. Our only collections are from the James River or its tributary creeks.
URRY County: tidal marsh at mouth of Crouch Creek, east of Scotland, no. 8593, previously reported as S. novae-angliae. JAMES Crry County: tidal shore of Back River, opposite James- town Island, no. 10,972, distrib. as S. robustus Pursh.
*S. MARITIMUS, var. FERNALDI, forma aGoNus Fern. I. ¢. 288 (1943). New KEnt County: fresh tidal ae te Lacey Creek, west of Walker, no. 13,559.
HYNCHOSPORA FILIFOLIA Gray. Sussex County: upper ae of siliceous and page se shore, Airfield Millpond, southwest of Wakefield, 14,301. Fi rst station between i North Canola and ‘Cape May, New Jersey. See
"Cae DECOMPOSITA Muhl. iin oo Thor Bipesar stations add one in SourHampron Coun cypress swamp bordering Womble’s (or Wade’ a ‘Dilipenit nora of Baffle, no 14,305. See p. 373.
Bayarpi Fern. C. virginiana Fern., not Woods. Range extended northwestward in SOUTHAMPTON County: sandy al- luvial bottomlands of Three Creek, Adams Grove, no. 14,306.
ee p. 367.
C. venusta Dewey. To the few recorded stations add one in Dinwippie County: wet. spri ngy sphagnous woods east of Cherry Hill, no. 14,307. See p
C. Coutinstr Nutt. To ths a ‘recorded stations add one in Dinwippie County: wet springy sphagnous woods east of Cherry Hill, no. 14,311. See p. 366.
CoMMELINA DIFFUSA Burm. f. Local range extended inland to BruNswick County: swampy pond-hole in woods, Rattlesnake Creek, west of Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14, 478. See p. 377.
MIANTHIUM ve tag nivgelny (Walt.) Gray. Local range extended northward in IsLe or WiGHT CounTY: ag in damp sandy pine barrens south of Tei, no. 14,315. See p. 369.
NOTHOSCORDUM BIVALVE (L.) Britt. Range extended inland from Princess Anne and Northampton Counties: James City County: turf back of beach ra disturbed soil in woods and thickets back of sand-beach of James River, Martin’s Beach, southeast of Grove, Fernald, eae & Abbe, nos. 14,128 and 14,129.
SLE OF Wigut County: turf back of sand-beach of Burwell’s Bay, James River, below Rushmere (Fergusson’s Wha Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,127. See pp. 360, 364.
alge CANADENSE L., var. editorum,' var. nov. (TAB. 771,
5), & var, typico me foliis mediis ellipticis vel oblongis Hore vel greed s, vix attenuatis, latitudine 4-14 partem ' Editorum (of the uplands) from editum, upland or a height; not from editor!
394 Rhodora |OcroBER
longitudinis aequante; floribus rufescentibus; perianthii tubo elongato, tepalis supra medium sensim arcuatis; petalis (siccis) 0.8-1.3 cm. latis—Locally from the mountains an le- gheny Plateau of Pennsylvania to Kentucky and the mountains of Alabama. PENNSYLVANIA: Waddle, Center County, July 3, 1939, J. P. Be thickets along Conoquenessing Creek, Butler County, July 17, 1932, John Bright, no. 6789. Out 0: Columbus, 1837, Lesquereux? West VIRGINIA: els near aoe re River, Hampshire County, July 1, 1933, Hunnewell, no. 12,771. Vir- GINIA: open mountain-meadow at about 4000 feet alt., top of Butt Mountain and at about 3500 feet alt. near Little Stony Creek near “Cascade Road”, Giles County, July 24, 1943, A. sane no. 4617 (TYPE in Her b. Gray.); Jeon gi Virginia Hot Springs, Bath County, July 5, 1917, Panowal, & 4824; woods eb 2700 fee t alt., Shenandoah Mt., Rockin gham Saunt July 14, 1932, Hennes no. 12,481. KENTUCKY: swampy meadows, 2 miles south of London, Laurel County, July 4, 1939, McFarland, no. 3545; oak-chestnut mountain-summit forest, at 4000 feet alt., Black Mt., Harlan County, July 22, 1937, E. Lucy Braun, distrib. as L. canadense or L. michi anense. ALABAMA: rich woods on limestone, north slope of Monte Saho, Madison County, June 22,
32;.7T. 8. Van Al
Freshly collected material of Lilium canadense var. editorum reached me just as this Contribution was starting to the printer, Professor Massey sending it with a query as to its real identity. Typical northern Lilium canadense, described from Canada and occurring from the Gaspé Peninsula of Quebec to northeastern Ohio, south to Nova Scotia, New England, Pennsylvania and upland to western Virginia, has the lanceolate (narrowly to broadly) leaves of the median whorls attenuate to acute tips, the blades },—% as broad as long, the usually yellow flower (red only in the rare forma rubrum Britt.) with relatively short and thick tube, the tepals strongly arching (r1c. 1) from below or near the middle, the petals 1.2-2 em. broad. Occasional specimens have the leaves of var. editorum but the flower of typical L. canadense. Such a transitional series is represented by MacDaniels & Thomas, no. 3710 from Ithaca, New York. It is noteworthy, then, that Ithaca is near the northern border of the Allegheny Plateau as mapped by Fenneman.
The chief points of departure of var. editorwm are its relatively broad and only slightly if at all tapering leaves, its red flower with slender and elongate tube, so that the arching of the tepals
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 395
starts near or above the middle, and the narrow tepals, the petals in dried specimens being only 0.8-1.3 cm. broad. One collection before me, C. EH. Wood, Jr., no. 1365, from sedge-meadow, Little Meadows, northwest of Mountain Lake, Giles County, Virginia, has the leaves narrower than and as attenuate as in the most extreme northern plant, with flowers nearly of var. editorum.
A number of the above cited specimens were sent to the Gray Herbarium with indications of doubt as to the identity and usually with note of the red flower. The Bright material from Butler County was marked in the hand of a temporary assistant “Lilium michiganense’’, while the McFarland specimen was identified with doubt as L. canadense, and the old sheet from Columbus, Ohio, originally identified as L. canadense, bears modern annotations, first as L. superbum L., later as L. michi- ganense Farw. Until Professor Massey sent his material the question of an undescribed montane variety had not been con- sidered. The accumulated discontent with the identification of the plant lead to its more critical study.
When we know ripe fruit of Lilium canadense, var. editorum the seeds may show some further differences. The ripe fruit of typical northern L. canadense is well represented in the collec- tions before me, by 19 numbers in fully mature fruit, collected in eastern Canada and interior New England, north or inland from the coastwise northern limit of L. superbum and far east of the quite different inland L. michiganense Farw. The fully developed seeds of L. canadense vary from 7-11 mm. long, mostly 9-10 mm. It is hoped that mature fruit of the montane plant may soon be available.
The frequent misidentification of Lilium canadense, var. edi- torum as the eastern and southern L. superbum or as the midland L. michiganense reflects dissatisfaction with its being called simply the northeastern L. canadense but it also indicates lack of understanding of the morphological characters which separate L. michiganense and L. superbum from one another and both of them from L. canadense. ste inti by the Inte Elsie Lou TEN so Echeverria loaves from ~_ tburn Race hire, July 30, 1924, Walter Deane. Fras. 3-5, var 4. flower and median leaves from TYPE; FIG. 5, Bones & fren Butler Ouudee Paciayivssin: John Bright, no. 6789. All figs. ML.
396 Rhodora [OcroBER
TRILLIUM SESSILE L. GREENSVILLE County: rich woods along Meherrin River, below Emporia, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,530, very abundant. Our first record from the Coastal Plain. See p. 383.
Tue Dwarr TRILLIUM OF SOUTHEASTERN VIRGINIA (PLATES 772 and 773).—In southeastern Virginia the genus Trilliwm is so very local and scarce that in ten seasons of field-work I had never met any member of the genus there growing wild until Mr. Lewis and I came upon the extensive colony of 7’. sessile above noted. I had, however, reported in Ruopora, xlii. 445 (1940) the occurrence in the Great Dismal Swamp of a plant which I then misidentified as T. lanceolatum Boykin; Professor Smart had told me of the occurrence near the University of Richmond of a scarce plant thought to be 7’. pusillwm Michx., this discovered in May, 1931; and in the Gray Herbarium there is, under T. pusillum, a sheet of exactly similar material from near Powhatan Creek in James City County, discovered by Mrs. W. G. Guy and Dr. Stetson, also in early May, 1931, and sent to the Gray Her- barium by Professor Warren. Furthermore, Mr. Lewis told me of a station in Dinwiddie County which had been shown to Mrs. Laura H. Lippitt by the friend who had discovered it. From this station, rich loamy woods near a stream in company of Royal Fern, Sensitive Fern and Lady-fern and Medeola (a very frequent association), Mrs. Lippitt has sent me a beautiful series of freshly flowering specimens, with the note that the petals are white, turning pink and then dark purple.
Altogether, the dwarf Trillium has a considerable, though highly localized, occurrence in the southeastern counties of Virginia; and, in identifying the Meherrin River 7. sessile, it became quite apparent that the tiny plant is all of one distinctive species and that it is neither 7’. lanceolatum nor typical T. pusil- lum. The latter, T. pusillum Michx. (pLaTE 772), was described as having the leaves sessile, the flower peduncled and erect, the sepals scarcely longer than the petals, the petals pale flesh-color; and it came from pinelands of South Carolina. The Michaux material (our FIG. 1) well agrees with this description and the label gives the further information: ‘35 m. de Charlest. environ Gaillard road”. Just such a plant, rigs. 2 and 3, is known from eastern South Carolina. It has the flower long-peduncled, the
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 397
petals about equaling or even longer than the sepals, 1.8-2.5 cm. long and 4-9 mm. broad; the anthers sometimes 5-6 mm. long, definitely longer than the filaments, or in otherwise typical South Carolina plants only 3 mm. long and definitely shorter than the filaments. The plant of southeastern Virginia (PLATE 773, FIGs. 1 and 2) looks like T. pusillum, but its flowers are sessile or elevated on a peduncle up to only 5 mm. long. If the latter embarrassing individuals are excluded, it is one of the “‘sessile-flowered”’ species; if they are taken into account it is a species with peduncled (‘‘pediceled’’) flowers, a bit awkward in key-making. Its petals are mostly shorter than the sepals, 1.2-2 em. long and 3-5 mm. wide, the anthers 3-8 mm. long and only slightly if at all longer than the filaments.
In view of the inconstancy in length of anthers and the over- laps in other characters I am treating the plant of Virginia as a geographic variety of Trillium pusillum, rather than as a distinct species. The sessile flowers of most Virginia material were responsible for one collection being placed with 7. lanceolatum. That more southern species, however, has the sepals soon reflexed and the long and tapering petals (our PLATE 773, FIG. 3) with slender claw-like bases. The Maker plant is
TRILLIUM PUSILLUM Michx., var. virginianum, var. nov. (TAB. 773, Fic. 1 et 2), a var. typicum jenedit flore sessile vel subsessile ; petalis 1.2-2 cm. longis 3-5 mm. latis, antheris 3-8 mm. longis.— Southeastern Virernia: Henrico Count nty: damp woods north of Westwood Golf Course, May 8, 1931, R. F. Smart & Elmer C. Pritchard (Herb. Univ. of Richmond); woodland north of Uni- versity Road, Westwood, May 8, 1931, Mary E. Billings. JAMES Crry County: Long Hill Swam mp, Powhatan Creek on yay ville Road west of Williamsburg, discovered by Mrs. W. G. and Dr. Stetson, coll. May 3, 1931, by Paul A. Warren. Nonistx County: Great Dismal Swamp, west of Wallaceton, April 24, 1926, Paul A. Warren, no. 413. Dinwipp1r County: Tich loamy woods near stream, 5 miles east of tee Court House, May 9, 1943, Laura H. Lippitt (ryPE in Herb.
In view of the evident dimorphism as : rte of anthers in both typical Trillium pusillum and its var. virginianum, it is evident that too much weight has been placed upon the length of anthers in the group. See P. 364.
Pate 772 is of Tritium pusiLLuM Michx., X 1 1, Michaux’s TYPE, original photograph by Cintract; Fic. 2, plant from Pinopolia, South Canlinn’
398 Rhodora [OcroBer
April, 1897, Maria P. Ravenel; Fic. 3, plant from Pinopolis, May, 1895, E. Peyre Por cher. In PLATE 773, Figs. 1 — 2 stg from the stair apap x 1, of T. pusm- LUM, Var. VIRGINIANUM ; FIG mit o ANCEOLATUM Boykin, X 1, from Aspalaga, Florida, ‘April 11, 1902, Biltmore Het. no. 6085.
*NARCISSUS BIFLORUS Curtis. IsLE or WicHT County: rich calcareous wooded slopes by is Shes s Bay, James River, below Rushmere (Fergusson’s Wharf), Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,130 Originally spread from cultivation.
CALOPOGON PALLIDUS Chapm. Range extended northward in IsLe oF Wicut County: clearing in damp sandy pine barrens south of Zuni, no. 14,320.
*ULmus PROCERA Salisb. CaroLine County: steep wooded bluff by Rappahannock River, northwest of Return, Fernald, Long & fssiey no. 14, si See op
*ASAR m (§ HET monuoed! 1 ewisii, sp. nov. (TaB. 774 et ee elabrescens seule gracili subterraneo pallido valde mt (ad longo), urcato ra ius stoloniferis; oles lon
ee solitariis coriacei ae nusve macu lat s Maioidae vel deltoideo-ovatis vel subrenifonnibue obtusis, sini basalari rotundato, laminis maturis 2-8 cm. longis 2.5-8.5 cm. latis; flore
pedunculato subnutante, ealyed campanulato perien glabro griseo-brunneo, intus atropurpureo villoso, 2-3 em. longo 1.3-2 em. diametro, lobis vix patentibus. —Southea astern Brunswick County and southwestern Greensville County, Vrrainia: bottom- land-woods along Laces es Creek, west of Triplett, Bruns- wick Coun ty, Octobe er 1942, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,480; sandy loam in woods eae Whiteoak, ‘Creek: near Triplett, April 23, 1943, Fernald & Lewis, no. 531; mixed woods along Rattlesnake Creek, boli: Wri ht t’s Beds April 24, 1943, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,532 (rypx in Herb. Gray.); mixed woods along Rattle snake Creek north of Anku um, Brunswick County, May 24, 1948, Lewis, no. 3825; bottomland-woods along Fontaine Creek west of Barley, Greensville County, May 17, 1943, Lewis; along Pea Hill Creek about a mile north of Gas burg, Brunswick County, May 29, 1943, Lewis, no. 3826. See pp. 374, 381-383. In some ways combining the characters of our two eastern American sections of the genus. It has the deltoid to ovate or reniform, evergreen and often mottled leaves much as in A. arifolium Michx. or in A. Ruthii Ashe; while the extensively creeping and stoloniferous stems fork as freely as in A. canadense L., but they are subterranean, not superficial, much more slender, and bearing the scattered leaves singly along the axes and at the tips of the widely creeping stolons. Mr. Lewis had found only sterile plants, always in colonies on bottomlands or just above
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 399
the bottomland-levels of small creeks of southeastern Brunswick County, Virginia, which empty into Fontaine Creek and, even- tually, into Meherrin River. In October, 1942, I had the great pleasure of visiting the Seward Forest, as the guest of the Direc- tor, Professor Alfred Akerman and Mr. Lewis, and when they showed me the strange Asarum it was, as Mr. Lewis had written, characteristic of the thin bottomland-woods just above creek- margins and where, during high water, it is regularly overflowed. It is colonial, making extensive colonies, with the rather small deltoid to ovate long-petioled leaves scattered (one-at-a-time), never in tufts.
In late April of 1943 I again was a guest at the Seward Forest, for Mr. Lewis had written that he had discovered a few flower- buds on different colonies, the very young buds showing some weeks after A. canadense and A. virginicum had begun blooming. On April 23, Dr. Akerman, Mr. Lewis and I found a few fully expanded flowers and several very young buds, usually only one fertile plant amongst hundreds of sterile ones, along Whiteoak Creek, near Triplett, and next day about the same meagre pro- portion of buds and fully grown flowers at the bases of gentle Slopes to Rattlesnake Creek, these chiefly among fallen beech- leaves. And on April 26, when I had to be driven to Emporia to take the train back to Boston, we conceived the idea, since both Whiteoak and Rattlesnake Creeks empty into Fon- taine Creek, one of the choice habitats of Greensville County to the east, of trailing the new species down that valley into the Coastal Plain. The first crossing to the eastward in Greensville County reassured us, for along Fontaine Creek, not far from its receipt of Rattlesnake Creek, near Barley, Mr. Lewis promptly detected a colony. That was the last we saw. Later, however, Lewis trailed it to Pea Hill Creek, which empties into the Roanoke River, his station being 10 miles farther west than those near Triplett. We are, then, forced to consider the new species as a highly localized one of southern Brunswick County and south- western Greensville County.
Although as extensively creeping as Asarum canadense, its resemblance stops there. In foliage A. Lewisii is, as stated, related to A. arifolium and to A. Ruthii of Asarum, § Heterop- tropa (the genus Hezastylis Raf., Small and their followers),
400 Rhodora [OcroBER
while its large drab-brown to drab-purple, campanulate calyx is nearly as large as in A. Shuttleworthii J. Britten (southwestern Virginia, Tennessee and Alabama), but with the outline of that of A. virgintcum. In all these characteristic species of Asaruwm, § Heterotropa, the rhizome is stout and short, covered heavily with thick and very elongate roots and at summit forking into ascending crowns bearing tufted leaves. The new Asarum Lewisii, with which it is a great pleasure to associate the name of its discoverer, the perennially enthusiastic naturalist of the Seward Forest, Joun Barziuuar Lewis, is unique in the section in its prolonged, slender, horizontal, subterranean, cord-like whitish rhizomes with few slender roots, the axes and the stolons bearing only scattered leaves. With this very effective vegeta- tive reproduction and inhabiting bottoms where the plants are frequently submerged, A. Lewisizi seems to flower (and then very sparingly) only when the colonies, as in late April and May of 1943, remain unsubmerged during the normal flowering period.
No fruit seems to form and the fragile peduncle readily breaks, even when the flowers are only partly grown.
PARONYCHIA RIPARIA Chapm. Limit of range extended north- eastward in SourHaAmMpron County: dry sand of open alluvial sgl od Blackwater River, spntheneh of Unity, no. 14,324. See p. 3
> cde ein (L.) Wood. Local range extended eastward into IsLe or WiauHt County: rich wooded slope above bottom- land woods along Blackwater River, above Broadwater Bridge, north of Zuni, no. 14,325 HowosteuM UMBELLATUM L. Apparently spreading; new or sandy roadside-fills i in Essex and Hanover Countigs. Perhaps pare = ries seed bet on new soft shoulders. See p. 359. (L.) Cyrill., var. GLABERRIMA G. Bec See _Soomeestl ‘ii “451 (1904). Add a station in IsLE or WIGHT County: turfy waste ground — of sand-beach of Burwell’s Bay, James River, below Rushmere (Fergusson’s Wharf), Fenald
magn as hacer itisitet pes Desportes. Local range extended north to Starrorp County: Rartorigatith about 4 miles southeast of Paluonthe Fenalhe Long & Abbe, 14,144.
NYMPHAEA ODORAT er a forma rRUBRA Guillon. Sussex County: in water at alia. of Chappell’s Millpond (Honey Pond), west of eran no. 14,327, growing with the common white-flowered for
ABOMBA ciiereank Gray. NansemMonp County: ditch
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 401
along highway, northern border of Great Dismal Swamp, east f Magnolia, no. 14,328. Our first station in the Tidewater counties. See p 68.
AROROOLER. ABORTIVUS L., var. INDIVIsUS Fernald. aoa FORD County: disturbed soil at border of rich woods a
. Sarpous Crantz. Local range Bee into Sussex Country: siliceous me ae oni fallow field, Jarratt, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,151. In view of the dominance of this species in fields fh pastures about Franklin, likely to spread rapidly.
MORPHOLOGICAL DIFFERENTIATION OF CLEMATIS OCHROLEUCA AND ALLIES (PLATES 776-782)—The simple-leaved and erect species of Clematis, of which C. ochroleuca Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 260 (1789) was the first American one described, has had many treat- ments. So far as I can find there is no clear demonstration of the identity of the plant described by Aiton. It was cultivated in England and very briefly described, the name given on account of the color of the sepals. It is and has been assumed to be the most eastern of species, found chiefly in the Piedmont and inner Coastal Plain region from southeastern New York to south- eastern North Carolina and the mountains of northern Georgia. Until Aiton’s material is checked, with the real morphological distinctions in the group clearly in mind, the established interpre- tation should not be disturbed. It is evident, certainly, that the Plukenet plant from Banister cited by Aiton ‘‘flore unico ochroleuca”’ is the plant generally known as C. ochroleuca. Plukenet’s figure is characteristic.
My object in this note is to define on more stable and funda- mental lines than are relied upon in the two latest treatments, the eastern species of Clematis, § Viorna, sub-§ Integrifoliae. The latest treatment, that of Erickson in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. xxx. 13 and 35-39 (1943), keys our species in a manner quite reminiscent of the key of Wherry in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. xxi. 195 (1931). Wherry’s key was as follows:
ie — sparingly branched and small leaves » posed few;
head of fruit tending to be eee. about 6 cm. in diam- eter; achenes nearly symme
Under — of leaves Valeute to moderately pubescent;
ac nang Ta es deep, or exceptionally pale,
voll vated range chiefly at altitudes below 1000 feet, mostly i in PONG a te es CG. ochroleuca ovata
402 Rhodora [OcroBER
Under side of me moderately to densely pubescent; hairs of achene-appendages pale, or naapy i argh deep, yellow; range vchicdly at altitudes above 1000 feet, mostly | UPESA ET PRO or PA Ne ene crs aye meray area a ee pois io sericea Plant copiously cerca and small leaves relatively nu- eaves Head of fruit nearly. pears about 5 cm. in diameter; “orig airly symmetrical, their appendage-hairs PLUME ee oe Oe tun Ce mae he Me sie es C. viticaulis Head of fruit sagen about 4 cm. high and 6 em. broad; unsymmetrical, their appendage-hairs Oe Nl Pathe ae Gees vee cae es at os C. albicoma”
As above stated, the latest monographer of the section gives in his key no more fundamental distinctions than these and leans primarily on the evasive and contradictory degree of branching (note the contradiction in his ‘‘EE” and its subordinate “FF”’, below) and the still more evasive degree of coloring (note ‘‘ EE” with ‘achene-tails usually lighter in color” as contrasted with “FE” in which the color is “reddish-brown”, the first species under the “lighter . . color” being C. ochroleuca in which the tails (styles) may be “‘tawny’’. Here is Erickson’s state-
-ment of the “‘specific”’ differences:
“KE. Plant profusely bine ge leaves lanceolate, less than als glabrous; achene-tails reddish-
SG iweup ee ok ae esc eee aw Mig ig Sie ade b:« 13. C. viticaulis. EE. Plant I co branched; leaves ovate, at least some of them more than 6 cm. ‘long; sep: 3 pubescent; achene-tails
usually lighter in pet d F. Plants simple or few-branched, more or less pubes- achene-tails light yellowish-brown to ae rer eer ee COLT ere 11. C. ochroleuca. FF. View usually much branched, often white silky- pubescent throughout; achene-tails whitis - Saks WONOW fo eves he eRe es Seo ee es 2. C. albicoma.” Not having the field-familiarity of Dr. Wherry with C. albicoma and C. viticaulis, I have been forced to my interpretation of these two treatments thus handicapped. By following the above keys I arrive at very perplexing results, for the characters depended upon are such as vary with extreme plasticity; and, whereas Erickson says in his key that the leaves of C. viticaulis are “lanceolate” as opposed to “ovate” in C. ochroleuca and C. albicoma, his fuller account of C. viticaulis says “leaves lanceolate to narrowly ovate’’, the other two species being assigned leaves which may also be “narrowly ovate’’. As to the degree of branching so much relied upon in the two treatments, I, again, have been handicapped by not having
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 403
before me all the material their authors studied, except that in the Gray Herbarium, which was borrowed by Erickson. I have, however, had the great advantage of studying a large series of specimens from the Blue Ridge in Roanoke County, Virginia, most kindly sent me for study by Mr. Carrol E. Wood, Jr. Taking into consideration only the plants which are complete down to the lowest node (omitting obviously broken-off branches) I get the following results. NUMBER OF BRANCHES FROM Main AXIs
C. LEUCA, “plant sparingly branched” or “simple or few- branched” “a7 plants): branches 0 sn yeni l=1; 2=5; 3=4;
4=7;5 =6;6=7:7 =3:9=1, Average 3.2 bra
C. viricau.ts, ‘plant copiously” ~ He heanched (7 plants): ia aes ae 3=1-4=2: §=1;6=1;8 =]. Average oe branches.
‘ COMA, typical glabrescent plant, ‘“copiously ”’ ayers much hranehad's (19 specimens): branches 0 =4; 3=1; 4=2; 5= ae 8 =3. ye ne 4.5 beaten
C, MA, tomentos var., Bon copiously”’ or “usually much branched” (36 ’plants): prion O=4; 1=4; 2=5; 38; 4=6; 5=4;
3;7=1:8=1. Average 3.2 sede sh
With more than half of the compiete plants of the “simple or few-branched”’ C. ochroleuca (PLATE 776, FIG. 1) having 4-9 elongate axillary branches, while the “profusely” or ‘usually much branched”’ species show nearly half the plants with less than 4 branches, I am quite incapable of applying the character as a clear diagnostic one or even a worth-while tendency.
As to leaf-outline and size one also has to be pretty cautious. The sheet of Adams & Wherry, no. 2413, from the type-locality of Clematis viticaulis, defined in Erickson’s key as having “leaves lanceolate, less than 6 cm. long”’, shows blades 6.5 em. long by 3cm. broad. As already noted, such leaves are narrowly ovate, rather then “lanceolate”. Other topotypic specimens of C. viticaulis show primary leaves with the following dimensions: Killip, no. 32,484 (PLATE 778, Fic. 1), blades 7 em. long; Adams
Wherry, no. 2418, blades 7.8 em. long by 4 cm. broad; Wherry, June 11, 1930, blades 7 cm. long by 4.6 cm. broad, much more than “narrowly ovate”. As a key-character “leaves lanceolate, less than 6 cm. long” is not wholly satisfactory, especially since, likewise, so many specimens of C. albicoma in the most restricted sense have leaves scarcely different in shape and size, topotypes (from Kate’s Mountain) showing the largest leaves 6.2 cm. long
404 Rhodora [OcroBER
(Gilbert, no. 511), 6-6.5 em. (Marion S. Franklin, September 4, 1920, our PLATE 779, FIG. 1), 6.2 em. (Small, May 16, 1892), 7 em. (Hermann & Martin in Pl. Exsice. Gray., no. 951), 7 em. (Core, no. 2708), 5.8 em. (Addison Brown, July 22, 1892), while plants from near Deerfield, Augusta County, Virginia (Wherry, no. 2420), have the larger leaves only 4.5 cm. long. Here, again, those who hope for clarification find “a distinction without a difference’’.
In his key Erickson assigns Clematis viticaulis ‘‘sepals glabrous” as opposed to the pubescent sepals in the other plants. I hope they are glabrous; Steele, in describing the species, did not know them, and Wherry cited besides Steele’s collection only his own from the type-locality, collected June 11, 1930. As shown by the two flowers of Wherry’s plant in the Gray Herbarium, the sepals (PLATE 778, FIG. 2) are closely pilose. In fact, in his detailed description (p. 38) the “sepals glabrous” of Erickson’s key were allowed to be ‘‘slightly pubescent without’’. Those of Wherry’s topotype, however, are certainly less pubescent than in C. albicoma (PLATE 779, FIG. 4) or in C. ochroleuca (PLATE 776, FIG. 3).
As to the fruiting head, in Wherry’s treatment that of C. ochroleuca is ‘‘tending to be spherical, about 6 em. in diameter,” that of C. viticaulis ‘nearly spherical, about 5 cm. in diameter” and that of C. albicoma “spheroidal, about 4 cm. high and 6 cm. broad’”’. The abundant series of C. ochroleuca before me shows that the mature fruiting heads (PLATE 776, Fic. 4) range from 5-10 (average 7) cm. in diameter, with the long plumose styles loosely separated at the margin of the head, while in C. albicoma
the mature head (pLaTE 779, Fic. 1 and 780, Fic. 6) is compact, ©
with tightly recurving plumose styles, the heads 4-7 em. thick. The fruiting head of C. viticaulis (PLATE 778, Fics. 1 and 3) is as small as in C. albicoma but with fewer and loosely spreading plumes (much as in C. ochroleuca). I am not sufficiently a mathematician fully to appreciate the differences between “tend- ing to be spherical”, “nearly spherical” and ‘‘spheroidal”’. According to the Century Dictionary a spheroid is “A geometrical body approaching to a sphere, but not perfectly spherical’”’. Since in C. ochroleuca the fruiting head is ‘tending to be spheri- cal” and in C. viticaulis only “nearly spherical” while in C.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 405
albicoma it is “spheroidal” (i. e. “approaching to a sphere, but not perfectly spherical’’) this character is too erudite for me. Similarly, the exact shades of difference between ‘nearly symmetrical’’, “fairly symmetrical’? and “rather unsymmetri- cal”’ are difficult to visualize. Furthermore, the distinctions between ‘deep, or exceptionally pale, yellow”, ‘‘pale, or excep- tionally deep, yellow” are not wholly eitiidactoey: In charac- teristic Clematis ochroleuca, the easternmost plant, the mature plumes range from a deep, almost cinnamon-brown to whitish- yellow or pale buff, the range in color being comparable to that in the mature perianths of Eriophorum virginicum; and, although the plumes of C. albicoma are commonly whitish-gray or drab (on white paper they do not look ‘‘whitish”’), the series of its more pubescent and relatively eastern variety sent me for study by Mr. Wood shows some numbers with plumes as brown as in average C. ochroleuca. Exactly the same range of color occurs in other species of § Viorna. In C. Viorna L. Erickson rightly allows the ‘‘achene-tails . . light yellow or brownish”’. In some recently collected (therefext not faded) material before me (Godfrey, no. 5004 from Wake County, North Carolina) they are as pale as in extreme C. albicoma, while in other material (Godfrey & Tryon, no. 806 from Orangeburg County, South Carolina) they are as dark as in the most extreme C. ochroleuca or as in C. viticaulis. Color of hair, like the other characters used in recent keys, is not sufficiently stable to demonstrate that C. ochroleuca, C. viticaulis and C. albicoma are clear-cut species. There are, however, some characters of deeper significance, which seem to show that Clematis albicoma and C. viticaulis are really separable. In fact, Erickson recorded the most significant characters in his descriptions of the three but these points, which are the strongest ones, were omitted from his key in favor of superficial and wholly inconstant ones. I refer to the great elongation of the fruiting peduncles in C. ochroleuca (PLATES 776 and 777), as opposed to the relatively short peduncles of the others, and to the very different direction of the pubescence on carpels and achenes. These characters are constant in all the material I have seen, without regard to degree of pubescence of stem and leaf, size of leaf, amount of branching and paleness or deepness of color of the coma. To me they are the soundest
406 Rhodora [OcTroBER
differential characters, though not so easy to see without careful examination.
The white-silky or -tomentose plant (PLATE 780) concentrated on the Blue Ridge, of which Mr. Wood sends me a splendid series for study (largely as a loan) is evidently what Wherry had primarily in mind when he published the combination C. ochro- leuca, var. sericea (Michx.) Wherry. Since it is not C. sericea Michx. (PLATE 777) and since its more stable characters are those of C. albicoma, to which Wherry often referred specimens and with which essentially glabrous and mostly more western plant (pLATE 779) Erickson merges this white-pubescent one of the Blue Ridge, I am redefining the latter. As I understand the three species and the variety, I treat them as follows:
a. Carpels and achenes with appressed pubescence, that the summit pointing forward; lowest villi of the pasting style ascending or _proasting ssceniiing, fruiting head with styles loosel ara Stems either vomedlba or loosely heacatied: the branches
only exceptionally overtopping the main axis; larger leaves of primary stem 6-12 cm. long, silky-pilose to pebente ag appa flowers 2-3.5 cm one the cinereous backs of the als densely silky- — mature fruiting peduncle lengthening to 5-19 (av. 11+-) cm much overtopping the su ten ing Raves mature fruiting head 5-10 (av. 7) cm. in diameter, the plumose PUN, os eee RA ea dee es
C. ochroleuca.
main axis; os leaves of primary axis 5-7.8 cm. long, i s* e diameter, the brownish plumose styles 2-3 cm. long... .C. viticaulis. e-
consequently ign ag fruiting peduncles 3-9 cm. long; flowers 1.7-2. at ig central axis often or ceaadie
c Main axis 2-3 igh, the y ate loosely pilose but pecoming glabrescent; leaves at ae sparingly pilose ns eath, otherwise rous, soon quite elabrate, the ‘larger ones 4~7.5 on. long and 1.5-4.5 : hs RO Ss bik 5k Sis Galle Ch es 2 os wes ORAS be C. albicoma. hae axis 2-4.5 d m. high, the pres densely oe E sistently sik Aca eh ; leaves persistent] tomentose beneath, the vedi bed 6-10 cm. Sim pe 4-9 em. broad C. albicoma, var. coactilis.
ee
Since the descriptions, ranges and citation of specimens of
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 407
C. ochroleuca (our PLATE 776) and C. viticaulis (pLATE 778, Figs. 1-4) have been so well given by Erickson, it is here neces- sary only to define the restricted C. albicoma and its var. coactilis.
*CLEMATIS ALBICOMA Wherry, var. coactilis, var. nov. (TAB. 780), planta habitu C. albicomae typicae simillima plerumque
centrali 2-4.5 dm. alto densissime persistenterque _villoso- tomentoso; foliis dilatatis axis primarii 2-3-jugis ovatis majoribus deinde 7.5-10 cm. longis 5.5-9 cm. latis coriaceis subtus persis- tenter piloso-tomentosis; foliis ramorum elongatorum 2-4-jugis majoribus 6-10 cm. longis 4-6 em. latis; pedunculis crassis dense
villoso-tomentosis deinde 4-9 (av. 6.6) em. longis; sepalis anguste Ovatis 2.8 cm. longis 1.3 cm. latis dorso zie villoso-tomen- tosis; capitulo fructifero denso 4-6 (av. 4.8) em. diametro;
achaeniis oblique subehoinbsldet-obay atis plus minusve strigosis dorso apiceque divergenter villosis; stylo maturo valde arcuato- recurvato 3-5 cm. longo, albido- vel sordido-plumoso, villis inferioribus horizontaliter divergentibus superioribus plus minus- ve adscendentibus.—Mountains of western Viretnra: Roanoke County: hoe southwest-facing slope of Green Ridge, about 2.25 miles Bets nd of Hanging oe April, 1940, Carroll E. Woo
miles northeast of Hanging Rock, June "30, 1942, Wood, nos.
Tuly 13, 1942, Wood, nos. 3920 and 3936. J i pa eltet County: shale barren 1 mile northeast of Ironto, June 12, 1939, Wherry (distrib. as C. albicoma Mion ry or C. ochroleuca, var. sericea (Michx.) Wherry). Craig County: shale barren along Craig Creek, 0.5 mile nd estore “of Newcastle, August 13, 1937, Fogg, no. 13,2 255; barren along Broad Run, 3.5 miles south of New- castle, ‘June 12, 1939, Wherry (distrib. as C. albicoma).
The very full series assembled by Mr. Wood and identified by Dr. Wherry as Clematis ochroleuca Ait., var. sericea (Michx.) Wherry in Journ. Wash. Acad. xxi. 197 (1931) demonstrates to me very effectively the distinctness of C. albicoma, var. coactilis from C. ochroleuca Ait. and from typical C. albicoma Wherry (PLATE 779). C. ochroleuca (PLATES 776 and 777), occurring from southeastern New York to Georgia, is a relatively taller
408 Rhodora [OcroBER
plant (2-6 dm. tall), either simple or loosely branched, the branches only exceptionally overtopping the main axis, the inter- nodes more elongate; the young foliage silky-pilose beneath, the silkiness (PLATE 776, FIG. 2) either persistent or disappearing; the young stems pilose, the mature ones sparsely so to glabrate; the fruiting peduncles slender and elongate, 5-19 (av. 11+) cm. long and sparsely pilose to glabrate (PLATE 777, FIG. 2); the fruiting head (pLaTE 776, Fic. 4) 5-10 (av. 7) em. in diameter, with the long plumose styles loosely separated at the margin of the head, either yellowish-brown or drab; the achene (Frc. 5) strigose-sericeous to summit, the gradually arching style 46.5 em. long, with basal villi (r1a. 5) loosely ascending or spreading- ascending.
C. albicoma (PLATE 779) was not formally described by its author, who said that it was ‘‘C. ovata of current manuals, not Pursh’’, leaving the reader to figure out the characters except as stated in his key: C. ochroleuca (var. ovata (Pursh) Wherry) and C. ochroleuca, var. sericea (Michx.) Wherry defined: ‘ Plant sparingly branched and small leaves relatively few; head of fruit tending to be spherical, about 6 cm. in diameter; achenes nearly symmetrical’. Opposed to this is the call embracing C. viticaulis Steele and the new C. albicoma: “Plant copiously branched and small leaves relatively numerous; leaves glabrate”’, under which C. albicoma is defined “Head of fruit spheroidal, about 4 cm. high and 6 cm. broad; achenes rather unsymmetrical, their ap- pendage-hairs whitish”. Since typical C. ochroleuca may have 3 or 4 pairs of elongate branches (Staten Island material from T. F. Allen—ruate 776, FIG. 1—or from E. G. or N. L. Britton, Brooklyn specimens of John Carey, Washington material of L. F. Ward, and various specimens from eastern Virginia and North Carolina), the first differentiation, as already emphasized, is not clear; and as also noted, furthermore, the difference between heads ‘‘tending to be spherical’ and heads ‘“‘spheroidal’’ is not vivid. We are left with the achene of C. ochroleuca “nearly symmetrical”, that of C. albicoma “rather unsymmetrical”’. C. albicoma is typified as the plant of Kate’s Mountain, Green- brier County, West Virginia. Taking that as a starting point and the descriptions of “C. ovata of current manuals”’ the con- cept is somewhat clarified. It (pLaTE 779) is a usually low-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 409
branching plant with the main axis 2-3 dm. high, the lateral branches soon strongly overtopping it; stem loosely pilose (FIG. 2), becoming glabrescent; leaves at first sparingly pilose on veins beneath, otherwise glabrous, soon quite glabrate (FIG. 3); well-developed leaves of primary axis 1-3 pairs, the larger ones 5.5-7.5 (av. 6.25) em. long and 2.5-4.4 (av. 3.6) em. broad; elongate ascending branches with 3 or 4 pairs of well developed leaves, the larger blades 4-7 (av. 6) em. long and 1.5-4 (av. 3) cm. broad; fruiting peduncles sparsely short-pilose or glabrate, in fruit 3-8 em. long; sepals (ric. 4) lanceolate, 1.7—2.7 cm. long and 4-8 mm. broad; fruiting head (Fic. 1) depressed-globose, 4~7 cm. broad; achenes (ria. 5) divergently long-villous on back and at summit; the fruiting style about 4 em. long, horizontally villous at base, the whitish-gray villi more ascending toward the apex.
C. albicoma, typified by the plant of Kate’s Mountain, and the newly proposed var. coactilis (PLATE 780) are nearer to each other than either of them is to the more eastern C. ochroleuca (PLATES 776 and 777). I agree with Dr. Wherry that C. ovata Pursh, based upon a Catesby specimen from Virginia in the Sherard Herbarium at Oxford, is C. ochroleuca. A tracing of it made by me in 1903 shows the characteristics of the latter and it may be noted on PLATE 776 that in 1881 Asa Gray reached the same con- clusion. Judging from his very brief characterization C. ochro- leuca, var. sericea sensu Wherry, 1. c. 195 and 197 (1931), partly included C, albicoma, var. coactilis. He did not note the rather striking difference in the pubescence of the carpels and fruits of C. ochroleuca and of C. viticaulis, as contrasted with those of C. albicoma, here discussed and illustrated, nor the marked differ- ence in length of peduncle, size of fruiting head and compactness or looseness of the latter.
Clematis albicoma, var. coactilis is not C. sericea Michx. Fi. Bor.-Am. i. 319 (1803); and the combination C. ochroleuca sericea (Michx.) Wherry, 1. c. 197, resting upon Michaux’s name, nomenclaturally is the same as C. sericea. The tyre of C. sericea (at least the material preserved in Michaux’s herbarium) consists of two branches (PLATE 777) in young fruit. They both have the relatively sparse pubescence (rics. 2 and 3) and the very elongate and slender peduncles (11 em. long) of C. ochro-
410 Rhodora [OcroBER
leuca, also the characteristic appressed-ascending villosity (F1G. 4) of the fruiting style-base. In interpreting Michaux’s original account it must be borne in mind that he thought that his C. sericea was perhaps Aiton’s C. ochroleuca, that he was comparing it with the Eurasian C. integrifolia L. (pLaTE 778, Fia@s. 5-8) which has nearly glabrous or only minutely hirtellous stem (FI¢. 5), glabrous or promptly glabrate leaves (Fic. 6), elongate- lanceolate sepals up to 5 cm. long (ria. 7) and nearly or quite glabrous on the back, and loose fruiting head (Fra. 8) much like that of C. ochroleuca. With C. integrifolia before him Michaux described his American material as
SERICEA. ae caule erecto, pubentissimo: foliis simplicibus, ted junioribus calycibusque extus incano-sericeis: ulo terminali, solitario; flore cernuo. it
Ops. Affinis C. integrifoliae; flore conspicue oad Beg! de angustiore. Folia sessilia, opposita, pubescen HAB. in Virginia et in montanis Carolinae.
As contrasted with that of Clematis integrifolia the stem of C. ochroleuca is “pubentissimo’’, and the lower surfaces of the young leaves (PLATE 776, FIG. 2) and the outside of the calyx (FIG. 3) are sericeous. The calyx of C. ochroleuca is much shorter than in C. integrifolia, though the sepals are of about the same shape. In the montane C. albicoma, var. coactilis (PLATE 780, ric. 5) the sepals are much broader. The Michaux diagnosis and comparative note give a good characterization of the common C. ochroleuca of the Piedmont and inner Coastal Plain region from southeastern New York southward, a species Michaux would have had great difficulty in avoiding.
In 1875 Sereno Watson received from his relative, Dr. Louis Watson of Ellis, Kansas, a variable series of the most western representative of § Viorna, sub-§ Integrifoliae from Ellis. Some of the specimens, with heavily coriaceous subrotund to ovate or oblong, obtuse leaves, Watson associated with a poor old specimen without stated locality collected on Fremont’s 2nd Expedition; and from this series of 12 plants he described Clematis Fremontii Watson in Proc. Am. Acad. x. 339 (1875). The series shows simple or branching plants, varying from 1.4 to 4.5 and more dm. (judging from broken-off specimens up to 5.5 dm.) high. Some have heavy oblong leaves at most 5 em. long
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 411
and 2 cm. broad (PLATE 781, FIG. 3), others narrowly ovate ones (FIG. 2), while the broadest-leaved specimens show rounded- ovate and very heavy blades 1.4 X 1.15 dm. (Fig. 1). These form a consistent but highly variable series and are typical C. Fremontii. They all have coriaceous foliage strongly overlap- ping, short internodes and stout fruiting peduncles 0.5-4 em. long.
One of the Ellis specimens (PLATE 782, FIG. 1), however, not marked by Watson as his C. Fremontii, as were all the others, but later so labeled by Asa Gray, differs in its elongate internodes, relatively thin and elliptic-oblong to lance-ovate leaves and slender peduncle, in anthesis more than 5 cm. long. This speci- - men is intermediate between the most divergent material of var. Riehlit Erickson, 1. c. 40 (1943), a plant set off on just these characters and said by its author to have ‘‘ complete geographical isolation”. PLatE 782, ric. 1 shows the summit of the narrow- leaved plant from Ellis, Kansas (the specimen identified by Erickson as rypicaL C. Fremontii). Fic. 2 is a tip from Allen- ton', Missouri (coll. June 10, 1887, by G. W. Letterman) of var. Riehlii. Fic. 3 is a leaf and fruiting peduncle from another Letterman Collection, called by Erickson var. Riehliz because from eastern Missouri. In view of the figures given by Erickson of leaf-outlines from ‘‘ Mass collections” of C. Fremontii made in Ellis County, it is a pity that he did not get hold of the plant shown in our PLATE 782, ria. 1 or such plants as shown in PLATE 781, Frias. 2 and 3, also from Ellis. They would have materially changed the outlines. Var. Riehlii is, it should be evident, not always ‘completely isolated” from typical C. Fremontii. Dr. Louis Watson got it along with the other variations in Ellis County, Kansas. Whether it is more than an ecological variant of more sheltered or less arid habitats is doubtful. Otherwise it would not in Franklin County, Missouri, have such rounded- ovate leaves as that shown in PLATE 782, Fria. 3 (identified and cited as var. Riehlii) and in Ellis County, Kansas, sometimes so closely imitate the eastern plant with elongate leaves.
1 To those who know, what any good atlas will reveal, that St. Louis, Allenton and
citations accompanying the original description of var i COUNTY NOT DE- birsaieesi A OR DOUBTFUL: t. a ‘ ee eons ho cte ig ONE - a succeeding article, ‘but not in the one where the sta ment was published,
ieukale: 1 c. 64, it is revealed that the doubt was as to woe the cited specimens tiesregit were collected in St. Louis, Allenton and Eureka, not as to the county in which these towns are
412 Rhodora [OcroBER
PLATE 776 is of CLEMATIS OCHROLEUCA Ait.: FIG. 1, characteristic branching
plant, < 2s, from Staten Island, New York, May 23, 1884, T. F. Allen, with memorandum made a Gray of | its identity with C. ovata Pursh; Fria. 2, lower surface of leaf, * 10, from Staten Island, 18 } FIG. 3,
x
fruiting head, < 1, from Four Mile Run, Virginia, Pollard, no. 334; ria. 5, anhene and base of tail, < 5, from east of McKenney, Virginia, Fernald
ong, =
Pua E777, TYPE of a SERICEA Michx. = C. ocHroLeuca Ait cal ang, x 14: ria. 2, stem of plant at lett, x 214; ria. 3, is ih x aN, FiG. 4, tails of fruit, « 2 5, from plant at
, C. vITICAULIS Stecle: FIG. 1, topotype, X 1%, from pec no. 32,484; Fia. "2, back and margin of sep al, x 10, from topotype, a
achene and base of tail, x 5, icy topotype, Adams & Wherry, no. 2418.
Ias. 5-8, C. InTEGRIFOLIA L.: FIG. 5, stem, X 10, from Alkabek River, pits. southern Seal, M eve, io 766: FIG. 6, lower surface of lea 0, from no. 766; G. 7, flowe 1, from Hungary , F. Schultz, Herb. Norm. n 2501; Fic. 8, fruiting i. x ar fro dion . 2501.
Puate 779, C. ALBICOMA Wherry: Fic. 1, portion of topotype, x 1, fro Maison *S. Franklin, September 4, 1920; FIG. 2, stem, X 10, from eesteiery F, A. Gilbert, no. 511; ria. 3, lower surface of leaf, x 10, yn no. 511; Fie. 4, flower, < 1, from m topotype, Heller, no, 842; ria. 5, achene and base of tail,
PuaTeE 780, C. ‘AL BICOMA, var. COACTILIS Fernald, all (unless noted) fro
TYPE: FIG. 1, plant, X rs FIG. 2, bgp e, X 10; Fic. 3, hig! surface of let, <4 ‘Eta > summit of sepal, < 10; Fic. 5, flower, x 1, 0 * o. 127 tania head. aay "from Wood, no. 3497. mo. 7, ‘achene de base of tail,
PuaTe 781, C. ‘Fremonti §. Wats., all from original series from Ellis,
ansas: ee 1-3, leaves, X 1, from different individuals; ria. 4, achene and base of tail,
Pate 782, “C. FRremontnn S. Wats.: Fria. 1, leaf mang flower, < 1, from Ellis,
Kansas, Dr. Lou is Watson, vio labeled by Erickson as typical C. Fremontii; Fria. 2, leaf and ‘decade d flower, 1, of var. Riehlii Erickson, from Allenton, Missouri, June 10, 1 siete: Fic. 3, leaf and fruit, < 1, labeled by
Erickson as var. Riehliz, from Franklin County, Missouri, June, 1882, Letter-
ASIMINA PARVIFLORA (Michx.) Dunal. Northern soit of range extended well into IsLz or Wicnt County: sandy wooded slope by Blackwater River, west of Blackwater School, no. 14,331. Be: ee p. 370.
Co LIS FLAVULA (Raf.) DC. To the few recorded Coastal Plain vations add the following. Srarrorp County: rich woods along brook about 3 miles southeast of froma Pane. Long & Abbe, no. 14,157. GrrENsviLLE County woo along Meherrin, River, below Eiipois Fernald ‘€ edt no. 14,536. Seep
FUMARIA “orviersata L. To the few recorded stations add
ne in Essex County: weed in old field near War - ’s Wharf, northeast of Te aeviiis Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,15
ROTUNDIFOLIA L. Local range extended ri the west of ree Paskeae: River (former inland limit on Coastal Plain in SourHampron County: mossy thicket by Cephalanthus-pool
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 413
near Johnson’s Millpond, north of Sedley, nos. 14,332 and 14,333. See p. 371.
. CAPILLARIS Poir. To the several known stations add an exceptionally fine one in Sussex County: upper border of sandy eet of Airfield Millpond, southwest of Wakefield, no. 14,334.
ee p. 37 (To be continued)
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS M. L. FERNALD (Continued from page 413)
TIAREL (1937), Acad. Sci. Phil. no. 42: 3 (1940) Wherry, 1. c. 4 (1940). To the counties already re- (Amelia, Mecklenburg, Henry and James City) add the
following. Brprorp County: May 7, 1871, A. H. Curtiss.
446 Rhodora [NoVEMBER
Brunswick County: bluffs of Meherrin River, near Westward Mill, May - 1942, J. B. Lewis, no. 3410; rich wooded bluffs below Weste n Bridge, Meherrin River, south o gerton, October 12, 1949, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14 482. See pp. 379, 380. I get no satisfaction in trying to separate from Tvarella Wherryi, described from Tennessee, southwestern North Carolina and Alabama, the non-stoloniferous plant found from the Blue Ridge eastward to the Coastal Plain. According to Wherry, |. c., “T. Wherry? differs in flowering later, in the stems usually bearing one or more leaves, and in the acutish sepals rarely being over 2 mm. long and 0.75 mm. wide”’, whereas his 7. cordifolia, var. collina (type from Henry County, Virginia) has the “leaves similar to those of var. austrina . . . in tending to be longer than wide, and in having the marginal teeth broad with shallow sinus; flowers appearing in spring; flowering stems normally leafless; sepals oblong, obtuse, 2.5-3.5 by 1.5 mm.” Stoloniferous northern Tiarella cordifolia has the leaves so variable in outline that it is quite easy to find specimens from Maine, New Hampshire and other northern states and from Quebec, New Brunswick and Ontario with leaves inseparable in outline and toothing from those of southern plants cited as var. austrina Lakela or as var. collina. As defined by Wherry vars. austrina and collina have the leaves ‘tending to be longer than wide”, while 7. cordifolia var. typica has, according to him, the leaves ‘tending to be about as long as wide”. As already stated, in New England, where var. typica alone is supposed to grow, leaves positively longer than wide are common: 5.3 cm. long, 3.6 cm. wide; 6 em. long, 4.5 em. wide; 6.5 em. long, 5 cm. wide; 8 cm. long, 6 cm. wide; 9 cm. long, 7 cm. wide; 9.5 cm. long, 7 cm. wide; 10 em. long, 9 cm. wide; 10.3 em. long, 8.3 em. wide; 11 cm. long, 7.3 em. wide; 14 em. long, 11 em. wide. When, further- more, we find that many specimens of the nonstoloniferous var. collina “‘foliis var. austrina similis’? have leaves nearly or quite as broad as long (Amelia Co.: 8 em. long by 7.4 em. wide and 11 em. long by 9.6 em. wide; Brunswick Co: 7 em. long by 6.5 cm. wide, 6.5 em. long by 7 cm. wide, 7.3 em. long by 7.5 cm. wide, 10 em. long by 9.5 em. wide; Durham County, North Carolina: 9 em. long by 7.8 cm. wide or 9.5 em. long by 8.5 em. wide), it is evident that the difference in proportion is of less significance
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 447
than assumed. As for size, the maximum given in the original description of T. Wherryi is 14 em. long and 9 cm. wide; but plenty of New England specimens of T. cordifolia, var. typica have leaves 10-14 cm. long and 9-11 cm. broad, while in the nonstoloniferous Piedmont 7. cordifolia, var. collina full-grown leaves are essentially the same size; and surely the leaf of T. Wherryi was originally described as longer than wide, “folia laminis elongato-ovatis . . 7-14 em. longis 6-9 em. latis”’
and the type-sheet, as aowhi by the memorandum on Dr. Lakela’s photograph (her plate 1) of it, was originally taken by her to be merely a southern variety of 7. cordifolia.
As to the bract or bracts on the scape, I am unfortunate in not having before me the large series of Dr. Wherry’s material of T. Wherry, which is said to differ from his 7. cordifolia, var. collina in “having the stems usually bearing one or more leaves”. If, as appears from the original account of 7. Wherry?, that species is the nonstoloniferous plant of Tennessee and Alabama, it would seem that the considerable series of such plants from those states which has accumulated in the Gray Herbarium and at the New York Botanical Garden should be T. Wherry. The difficulty is, that in this series, including plants from Tuscaloosa County and other areas cited in the original description ‘“caules floriferi
. nudi vel 1-3 foliis parvis instructi’’, only 6 scapes show biases! leaves (in each case solitary), while 47 scapes are bract- less. From the station in Brunswick County, Virginia, of what should be naked-seaped T. cordifolia, var. collina, one of Mr. Lewis’s specimens has a well developed leaf on the scape, while a similar specimen from near Raleigh, North Carolina (Godfrey, no. 3424) shows bracted scapes. Incidentally, it is notable that Dr. Lakela’s illustration of the type of T. Wherryt shows only naked scapes.
Coming to the reputed difference between the sepals of Tiarella cordifolia (var. collina) and T. Wherryi: the former with ‘‘sepals obtuse, 2.5 to 3.5 by 1 to 1.5 mm.”’, the latter with “the acutish sepals rarely being over 2 mm. long and 0.75 mm. wide’’, it seems from the material assembled in the Gray Herbarium that too much stress has been given these points. Material from Tusca- loosa County, Alabama, has blunt sepals 3 mm. long and 1.3 mm. broad, while 7. Wherryi from Grundy County and from Marion
448 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
County, Tennessee, Svenson, nos. 7653 and 10,056 respectively, shows the sepals quite obtuse. Desiring a check on my own measurements, I asked, without telling him my results, the very accurate Dr. Robert C. Foster to measure under his binocular some selected specimens. His (and my) measurements give the following results, the specimens all being in late anthesis. 7’. Wherryi from Cumberland County, Tennessee, C. A. and Una F. Weatherby, no. 6249, sepals 2.3-2.6 mm. long; from Marion County, Alabama, E. J. Palmer, no. 38,997 (as Heuchera villosa), sepals 2.3-2.4 mm. long. T. cordifolia, var. typica from Wilton, New Hampshire, May 11, 1886, M. A. C. Livermore, sepals 2-2.2 mm. long; from Charlemont, Massachusetts, May 15, 1915, Churchill & Woodward, sepals 2.4-2.6 mm. long; from Becket, Massachusetts, Fernald, no. 15,172 (type of forma parviflora), sepals 1.8-2.2 mm. long. Since northern stoloniferous T. cordi- folia may have the sepals down to 1.8 mm. long, while southern nonstoloniferous 7. Wherryi may have them up to 3 mm. long and 1.3 mm. wide (as well as obtuse), I find myself unable to recognize a specific difference in the sepals.
Dr. Wherry finds that from his Piedmont and Coastal Plain Tiarella cordifolia, var. collina “The likewise non-stoloniferous T. wherryi differs in flowering later”, and it is a very striking fact that the type of T. Wherry in young anthesis was collected in Polk County, Tennessee, on June 12. The type-station is a ravine of Hiwassee Beach, between the Unaka Mountains and Beans Mountain, consequently relatively cool and backward. If the non-stoloniferous plants of Tennessee and Alabama are, as seems to be the case, 7. Wherryi, it becomes important to note the flowering period of other specimens. TENNESSEE: Sevier County (Gatlinburg, not far from the Great Smoky Mountains), April 27, Sharp, in flower; Knoxville, Knox County, May 29, Ruth, no. 341, fruit and lingering flowers; Cumberland County, May 12, Weatherby & Weatherby, no. 6249, fruit and last flowers; Grundy County, alt. 1500 ft., April 27, Svenson, no. 7653, flowers; Marion County, May 13, Svenson, no. 10,056, flowers; Cheatham County, April 24, 2. J. Palmer, no. 35,506, flowers. ALABAMA: Tuscaloosa County, April 19, Harper, no. 3490, flowers; Marion County, April 21, EZ. J. Palmer, no. 38,997, flowers. When we take the flowering material of the non-
«
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 449
stoloniferous plant from the Blue Ridge east to the Coastal Plain which has come to the Gray Herbarium we get the following score. Virainta: Amelia County, May 2, J. B. Lewis, no. 87, flowers; May 21 Lewis, no. 89, young fruit and lingering flowers; Brunswick County, May 4, Lewis, no. 3410, buds, flowers and young fruit; Henry County, May 6, Baldwin, no. 242, flowers. Nortu Caroutna: Durham County, April 12, Correll, no. 5049, flowers; May 4, Godfrey, no. 3809, young fruit with lingering flowers; Wake County, April 11, Godfrey, no. 3424, flowers; Mecklenburg County, April 26, C. H. Knowlton, buds and young flowers. From these facts it can only be surmised that Dr. Wherry’s series of later-flowering 7. Wherryi came from cooler habitats than much of the material collected by others.
Tiarella Wherryi was distinguished by Dr. Lakela by the “fructus carpellis 5-10 mm. longis . . . abrupte rotundatis ad rostellum angustum’’. Here is a real morphological character which seems to hold, and all the mature fruit of the Piedmont and Coastal Plain plant before me has the short and broad round-tipped valves. Northern and typical 7. cordifolia, on the other hand, has the fruit often more elongate, 6-12 mm. long, the relatively narrow valves more lance-oblong and gradually tapering to subacuminate at tip. The stoloniferous typical T. cordifolia, furthermore, has the lower fruiting pedicels 7-13 mm. long; the lower pedicels of the nonstoloniferous southern series are somewhat shorter (6-10 mm. long). In typical 7. cordzfolia the tip of the filament (after disarticulation of the anther) is relatively blunt; in the nonstoloniferous southern plant the fila- ment is more slenderly tapering at summit. ll in all, the short and round-tipped fruit and the slight differences in length of pedicels and in tip of filament mark a southern nonstoloniferous plant, 7. Wherryi, as distinguished from a more northern stolon- iferous one, 7. cordifolia. Differentiation of the nonstoloniferous plants from east of the Alleghenies from a similar plant, with inseparable technical characters but occurring west of the Alle- ghenies, seems artificial. It is reminiscent of the artificial Separation of like plants as two species, one occurring “east of the Continental Divide’’, the other west of it, or the too familiar key-characters, “eastern’’ versus “ western”’.
_ 450 Rhodora |NoVEMBER
*PHILADELPHUS INODORUS L. CAROLINE County: steep wooded bluff by Rappahannock River, northeast of Return, Sie Long & Fogg, no. 14,168, spread from cultivation. See p. 358.
uae VIRGINIANA L., var. Exodar: Nutt. Local range extended into Sournampton Count : dry woods near Johnson’s Millpond north of Sedley, nos. 14, 336 and 14,337, strongly sonttantine with Sd aaa H. virginiana growing with it.
Pyrus Lreconter Rehde . communis L. X pyrifolia (Burm.) Nakai). PRINCESS Aen County: large shrubs per- sisting in clearing about old house, Cedar Island, no. 12,361. Essex County: border of dry woods northeast of Loretto, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,169. SourHampron County: border of oat 1 mile south of Branchville, no. 10,277.—Identifi- cations kindly supplied by Professor Re hde er, who informs me that this hybrid was extensively introduced by Le Conte.
*MALUS ANGUSTIFOLIA (Ait. Michx., var. PUBERULA Rehder.
25 feet high, with trunk 6 inches in diameter. Identifications kindly supplied by Professor Rehder, who states that the only
material he had previously seen was from Louisiana and Mississippi.
Although I here enter Malus angustifolia as a species of Malus in deference to Professor Rehder who made the identifications, the so called GENERIC distinctions between the subgenera or sections of Pyrus sensu DeCandolle, Endlicher, Bentham «& Hooker, Focke, Engler & Prantl, Gray, Bailey and others are no different now than they were when those students of worldwide relationships treated them as all belonging in the single genus Pyrus. In Rehder’s Manual, ed. 2, the key to genera gives these distinctions:
Styles connate at base: fr. usually apple-shaped, without or few Ct INE oe ee oy a ee oe ee 26. Malus.
Much hangs on the shape of an apple, whether the depressed- globose of the old fashioned Russet or the elongate ovoid of @ Gilliflower. Similarly, although the obovoid form of most of our commonly cultivated pears is familiar, one has to look no farther than Hedrick’s Pears of New York to see beautiful life-sized plates of ovoid to globose pears: globose-ovoid, suggesting 4
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 451
Hubbardston apple, in Pyrus serotina; globose as a cherry in P. betulaefolia; depressed-globose, like a conventional apple, in “Gansel Seckel”’ and even more depressed in “Idaho”. In fact, of the Pears treated in Rehder’s Manual (‘‘fr. usually pear- shaped’’) 13 out of the 15 species have the fruit described as “globose” “globular” ‘subglobose” or “ovoid’’; while such a species as Malus Halliana is described in Rehder’s key as having “fr. pyriform’”’. The terms “apple-shaped” and “ pear-shaped”’ thus become a bit vague. Since, furthermore, two sections of Malus, as accepted by Rehder, have grit-cells, we get down to styles connate at base in Malus, free in Pyrus, and another character: “Ivs. . . folded or convolute in bud” in Malus, “involute in bud” in Pyrus. These, if absolutely constant, are much sounder characters than shape of fruit. I have not suf- ficient knowledge of the many species to be sure whether these characters are absolute. Many wise taxonomists of the past and the present have doubted their value as full generic differ- ences, when there is so much variation in other characters. It is often said that apples and pears do not hybridize; that that is a sure test. Therefore, since Sorbus and Aronia do hybridize, keep them apart as genera and set up a new genus, X Sorbaronia Rehder, for their hybrid offspring, just as the genus X Sorbopyrus has been set up for the hybrid of Pyrus communis and Sorbus aria. Neither the failure of some groups to cross nor the occur- rence of crosses between ordinarily quite distinct genera is the final test. So many proven cases of incompatability within genera have been noted that one can hardly argue that incom- patibility necessarily demonstrates distinctness of genera; and when such utterly unrelated genera as Cyperus and Rhynchospora have sometimes crossed, producing X Cyperus Weatherbianus Fern., we do not merge the two genera.
If Pyrus, Malus, Sorbus and Aronia are distinct genera are not Azalea and Therorhodion equally separable from Rhododendron; Polycodium and Cyanococcus from Vaccinium; Amygdalus and Cerasus from Prunus? These subgenera have quite as many and as sound morphological characters. I am inclined to follow DeCandolle, Endlicher, Bentham & Hooker, Focke, Engler & Prantl, Gray and Bailey until much stronger cases are presented for the generic segregation of Pyrus in its inclusive sense. Mor-
452 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
phologically its ee are no more discordant than those of Pinus and Querc
dere aes ible Cory, var. feta woe (Ell.) F. L. Freeman in Ruopora, xxxix. 426 (1937). DiIn- WIDDIE County: ie open ahead thickets and clearings just east of McKenney, no. e ,346. First from northeast of western South Carolina. See p.
*TEPHROSIA aE inn a @,) Pers., var. GLABRA Nutt. ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am 296 (1 838). HANOVER COUNTY: dry pine woods south of abland, no. 7460. IsLE or WIGHT
County: clearing in damp sandy age barrens, south of Zuni, ~ no. 14,345. finieieiuiton County: dry sa nd of pine barrens about 7 miles south of Franklin, “ibe. 7459 and 7461. See p. 369.
Tephrosia virginiana, var. glabra, originally described from Georgia, occurs also in pine barrens or on sand-ridges of South Carolina (Clarendon County, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1021) and in New Jersey. Whereas typical and wide-ranging T. virginiana has the internodes and leaf-rachises more or less villous, the villi either few or very numerous, the lower surfaces of the leaflets pilose to sericeous and the legume copiously long-villous, the internodes and rachises of var. glabra are at most closely short- hispid and often glabrate, the leaflets sparsely strigose to glabrous beneath and the legumes closely silky-strigose, not copiously villous. In eastern Virginia it seems to be the pine-barren extreme.
Recently some students have indicated the occurrence in the Atlantic States (New England and New York to South Carolina) of var. holosericea (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, 1. c., based on T’. holo- sericea Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Sci. Phila. vii. 105 (1834) and I find many specimens in the Gray Herbarium from these states marked over as var. holosericea. So far as I can see they are nearly if not quite typical 7. virginiana, the individuals with a few pin-point trichomes to be found on the upper surfaces of some leaflets. Nuttall’s plant was a more definite variation than this: ‘‘ whole plant sericeous, scarcely excepting the upper surface of the leaves. Hab. In the plains of Arkansas.’”—Nuttall. Torrey & Gray correctly defined it: ‘‘stem and raceme densely villous; leaflets very silky-pubescent on both sides”. If we keep to the original accounts and restrict var. holosericea to the plants with “‘leaflets very silky-pubescent on both sides” (i. e. above as well as be-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 453
neath) that variety assumes an inland range, from Michigan and Wisconsin to Texas, and we do not have to oversort the plants of the Atlantic States.
*GLYCYRRHIZA LEPIDOTA Nutt., var. GLuTINosA (Nutt.) S. Wats. Brunswick County: fallow oye yee of old Chamblis Place, Seward Forest, near Triplett, no 483. A large patch, spreading extensively by ions nase he rootstocks, doubtless originally cultivated. This is the western extreme w ith glutinous ats the stems covered with stout glands and viscid setae.
ee p
VICIA CAROLINIANA Walt. Local range extended northward to Dinwipprr County: low open pineland, thickets and clearings just east of McKenney, no.
PoLyGaLa SENEGA L., var. LATIFOLIA Torr. & Gray. Bruns- wick County: oak- hicko woods back of old Chamblis Place, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, ee 14,484; the first from the southeastern section of the state. 3 8.
P. sANGUINEA L. To the few and scattered Paks in south- eastern Virginia add a second one in DinwippiE County: low open pineland, thickets and clearings just east of McKenney, no. 14,355. See p. 36
*EUPHORBIA COROLLATA L., var. PANICULATA (EIl.) Boiss. Henrico County: open thicket, South Richmond, no. 12,711. Extension north from North Carolina.
CER FLORIDANUM (Chapm.) Pax. BruNswick County: very abundant in rich woods near Western Bridge, Meherrin River, south of Edgerton, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,487. See p. 379.
AESCULUS NEGLECTA Lindl., var. PUBESCENS Sargent. GREENSVILLE County: in great t abundance in rich woods along reaper River, below Emporia, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,537.
ee p. 383.
Previously misidentified from meagre shrubs farther down and to the north of the river as Ae. discolor Pursh, which should be dropped from the Virginia list.
HYPERICUM DENTICULATUM Walt., var. OVALIFOLIUM (Britt.) Blake. To the few and remote stations add one in SOUTHAMPTON County: moist sandy and peaty shore of Whitefield’s Millpond, southwest of Corinth, no. 14,366. See p. 373.
H. serosum L, ‘Range extended inland to BRUNSWICK County: wet level opening in flat woods, 114 miles southeast of Triplett, August 18, 1942, and swampy old field south of Seward Forest, Triplett, August 5, 1943, J. B. Lewis. See pp. 374-376.
IOLA CUCULLATA Ait. Very local on or near the Coastal Plain néelivadnt The following are our only stations. Kine
454 Rhodora [NovEMBER
AND QUEEN CouNTy: magnolia swamp about 2 miles northeast of St. Stephen's Church, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,203. Surry County: low woods, Cypress eee near Sexton, Perel Long & “Abbe, no. 14, 204: See p
. LANCEOLATA o the few stations end from the coast add one in ISLE oF Wate County: muddy and swaley shore, Darden’s Pond, southeast of Collosse, no. 14,367.
V. LANCEOLATA, Var. VITTATA (Greene) Weath. & Grise. saa the few recorded stations add o n SOUTHAMPTON CouUNTY: moist sandy and peaty shore of Whitefield? s Millpond, satire est of Corinth, no. 14,368. See p. 373.
. sTRIATA Ait. A second Coastal Plain station, this one GREENSVILLE County: rich woods along Meherrin River, bloat Emporia, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,538. 3
RHEXIA VENTRICOSA Fern. & Griscom Rang e extended in- land to Dinwippre County: ditch bordering er open pineland just east of McKenney, no. 14,369. See p. 366.
*OQENOTHERA TETRAGO na Ro th, var. i ton (Nutt.) Munz. DinwippiE£ County: low open pineland, thickets and clearings just east of Miseatieg: no. 14,370. First from north of Wilm- ington, North Carolina. See
PROSERPINACA INTERMEDIA geet To ne recorded Vir- ginia station (near Lee Hall) add one in Sournampron County moist sandy and peaty shore of Whiteficld’s Millpond, southw est of Corinth, no. 14,373. See p. 373.
*ERYNGIUM PROSTRATUM Nutt. SourHampron Cou moist sandy and peaty shore of Whitefield’ s Millpond, eas of Corinth, no. 14,375. First from north of South Carolina. Identification tentative, the young fruit showing characters not “ui matched in E. prostratum. Mature material is needed.
ee p. 373.
as seem (Michx.) Fern. (Z. Bebbii (C. & R.) Britt.). Brunswick Country: oak-hickory-beach woods back of old Chamblis Place, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,489. First from east of the mountains. See p. 378.
IUM FLORIDANUM Small. SourHampron County: eoade bottomland of Blackwater River, southeast of Ivor, no. 13,710, the arching or lopping stems left stranded after submergence and proliferating, the proliferous shoots producing simple leaves;
sandy alluvial bottomland of Three Creek, Adams Grove, no id 3376. GREENSVILLE County: wooded haltaitata of Fontaine Creek, southeast of Taylor’s ae plants up to 7 feet high, no. 11. ,384, distrib. as S. suave See p. 368.
Sium floridanum, not era when Blake made the com- parison, may be S. swave Walt. Whether it is a distinct species or a southern variety of the transcontinental northern as well as -
1943] Fernald,— Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 455
southern plant which now passes as S. suave (S. cicutaefolium) is not wholly clear. The common northern and wide-ranging plant, which we call S. swave, has (except in the submersed forma Carsonit (Durand) Fassett and in the wholly atypical estuarine forma fasciculatum Fassett) the erect or ascending stem strongly corrugated; S. floridanum has the usually slender and more flexuous stem terete, in drying only slightly ribbed. In S. suave the stem branches near the summit, usually above the middle; the corrugate-angulate branches are strongly ascending; and the principal cauline leaves (below the branching) are strongly as- cending, with 5-17 firm leaflets 4-15 cm. long. In S. floridanum the stem branches usually well below the middle, the terete branches are spreading-ascending to nearly horizontal; and the larger divergent to horizontally spreading leaves have 3-11 membranaceous leaflets 2-9 em. long. In S. suave the largest (leading) umbel of each plant is 4-11 em. broad, with angulate peduncle and 10-25 definitely angled (when dry) rays; in S. floridanum the more open fully developed umbels are 1-7 cm. broad, on filiform peduncles and with 7-15 filiform rays. In S. suave the angled pedicels of the umbellules are stiffly ascending; in S. floridanum the filiform pedicels are more curving or arching and prolonged. In flower and fruit the two are similar, but the petals of S. floridanum are narrower and the filaments and styles longer than in S. suave. As stated, when we have fuller material S. floridanum may prove to be a geographic variety, rather than a true species. The contrasts are here stated, that others may watch for this southern plant. As stated also, Walter could have had either as the basis of his S. suave.
Sium suave, forma Carsonii, the submersed and weak state of the wide-ranging transcontinental plant, has filmy foliage and small mostly infertile umbels. It might seem to some to include S. floridanum; but it is clearly demonstrated to be merely an ecological phase of S. suave (cicutaefolium). Its ascending petioles, its angulate-corrugated umbel-rays (when dry), its short and stiff pedicels, broadly rounded petals, short filaments and short style clearly show it to be S. suave.
PyROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA L., var. AMERICANA (Sweet) Fern. Brunswick County: wooded bluff along Rattlesnake Creek, west of Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,538, healthy colony,
456 Rhodora [NovEMBER
never flowering. Station at remarkably low altitude for southern Virginia. See p. 377
*VACCINIUM STAMINEUM L., var. INTERIUS (Ashe) Palmer & Steyermark (Polycodium interius Ashe). HaNover County: dry sterile woods near Polegreen, no. 13,417 (fruit blue with a bloom). JAmEs Crry County: woods north of Jamestown Road, about 1 mile from Willamsburg, J. T. Baldwin, Jr. no. 206.
Var. interius, as its name implies, is a characteristic shrub of the Interior. The material (except for these sheets from eastern Virginia) in the Gray Herbarium is from West Virginia, Ken- tucky, Missouri, Arkansas, northern Louisiana, Kansas and Oklahoma. It is of course questionable if it is a true geographic variety, the characters ordinarily used in this series (genus Polycodium) being very plastic or fickle. In eastern Virginia we get three of these: typical V. staminewm with the young branch- lets pilose, the mature leaves somewhat so on the lower surface or the lateral veins, a very common plant; var. interius with young branchlets pilose but the leaves glabrous except along the midrib beneath; and the common var. neglectum (Small) Deam, with young twigs and leaves both quite glabrous. V. caesiwm Greene, a low shrub (commonly only 2-5 dm. high) of sandhills and pine barrens closely approaches the state in North Carolina, and may be watched for with confidence. Its small and broad leaves (1.5-5 em. long) and the very large and rounded bracts (1-2 em. broad) greatly exceeding the subtended pedicels well mark it. The group is by no means properly understood, an the varieties (species of Greene, Ashe and Small) may prove to be minor forms without good geographic ranges.
*y;. — ek SourHampron Co ta : dry white sand
2) j=) be) ie] ie) ° = = co ° eh _ ct io] 2 oo ~ ae = “2 3 ee i} a
fae ys ANS Torr., var. CRINITUM Fern. Surry County: dry thicket 1 mile north of Surry Courthouse, no. 10,773, narrow- leaved extreme.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 457
Camp has renamed Vaccinium vacillans as originally and beautifully described by Torrey, Fl. N. Y. 1: 444 (1843). In its place he publishes the very appropriate V. Torreyanum Camp in Am. Midl. Nat. xxiii. 177 (1940) = ‘‘ Vaccinium vacillans Torrey, Fl. N. Y. 1: 444. 1843 (non exemp. in Mus. Brit.)” and to V. pallidum Ait. he refers ‘‘ Vaccinium vacillans Kalm, apud Torrey, Fl. N. Y. 1: 444. 1843 (typ. in Mus. Brit. est).”
Torrey, unfortunately, gave to the familiar shrub so clearly described from New York state an old herbarium-name, V. vacillans ‘“‘Kalm, mss. in Herb. Banks’’. The latter is worse than a nomen nudum. It had never been published even as a nomen and, surely, Torrey had not seen it in Banks’s herbarium, since he did not go abroad. At best he had hearsay knowledge of it. I am, therefore, unable to see that a mere herbarium- name, given by Kalm to something which Torrey had not seen and which, according to Camp’s note, he wholly misunderstood, takes precedence over the material from “the vicinity of New York” which Torrey so fully and accurately described. I retain the name V. vacillans as of Torrey. Had the name V. vacillans been accompanied by a description of Kalm’s material or had it been previously published, it would stand for that element. Since Torrey, who first took up the name, described only the New York element, which Kalm did not have, the name is typified by Torrey’s material, the only material described.
STYRAX AMERICANA Lam. To the relatively few stations in Virginia add one in Sussex County: upper border of sandy ae Airfield Millpond, southwest of Wakefield, no. 14,383.
SOT OceWae SESSILIFOLIUM (Walt.) J. F. Gmel. Bruns-
of Triplett, August 24, 1 Lewis. See pp. 374 and 376 PoLypREMUM PROCUMBENS It is so often stated that Polypremum is an annual (“‘much branched small annual”—
Gray, Man.; ‘ anger diffuse herb’’—Small, Man.) that the correct description of Gray, Synopt. Fl., sho uld be emphasized:
“much branched from an annual (sometimes almost ligneous) root.’’ In sandy clearings of Brunswick County the mature plants, late in the autu umn, send out vigorous and eecailel new : sal offshoots, much as in Lechea (see Fernald & Lewis, no.
AMSONIA TABERNAEMONTANA Walt. Local range extended to Brunswick County: rich wooded slope below Western Bridge,
458 Rhodora [NovVEMBER
Meherrin River, south of Edgerton, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,491. ee p. 380.
*ASCLEPIAS LANCEOLATA Walt., var. PAUPERCULA (Michx.) Fern., forma flaviflora, floribus flavi is. Norroik County: fresh reed-marsh and swale along Northwest River near Northwest, June 30, 1942, Fernald & Long, no. 14,390—a single plant asso- ciated with the rather svandant typical var. paupercula in which the hoods are deep orange to scarlet. Typr in Herb. Gray. See p. 368.
Hell, south of Petersburg, very scarce, no. 12,778. Sussex
OUNTY: open thickets and clearings near Nottoway River at Readjuster Bridge, south of Peanut, no. 12,438.
Acerates viridiflora is excessively variable in foliage but all the material before me from southern New England and southern New York southward to the Carolinas, with the exception of five numbers from eastern Pennsylvania (Phil. Acad.) and the two numbers above cited, has the blunt or abruptly short-tipped leaves elliptic, oblong, oval or oblong-obovate and is, I take it, true A. viridiflora. Rafinesque’s original description called for a ‘“‘lanceolated, obtuse’’ leaf, “leaves lanceolated, obtuse, hirsute, umbells axillar, bending down, corniculas, without appendices. I have found it in several parts of Maryland and Pennsylvania, mostly in fields.” In view of the oblong, elliptic or oblong- obovate outline of the obtuse leaves in the plant of Pennsylvania and Maryland, it is assumed that Rafinesque’s ‘“‘lanceolated”’ was used with poetic license.
In the representation in the Gray Herbarium there is no materi- al of this obtuse-leaved plant from the north-central states. It occurs in North Carolina (Small implies Florida), Louisiana, Texas and New Mexico, northward in the Mississippi drainage to Kentucky and Kansas. From southern Ontario to Manitoba and Wyoming the usual plant has lanceolate to narrowly ovate leaves tapering from near the base to acuminate or prolonged acute tips. This is var. lanceolata (Ives) Gray, occurring from southern Ontario, Manitoba and Wyoming southward to Louisi- ana, Texas and New Mexico, in the South mingling with the obtuse-leaved plant. I am quite unable to separate the two numbers from Virginia and some from southeastern Pennsylvania from characteristic var. lanceolata of the Interior. In the East
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 459
they look like mere leaf-variations of one plant. In view of the very different broad ranges of the two, however, I am making this note, especially with the hope that the plants will be care- fully checked elsewhere in the East.
PHLox nivauis Lodd. (P. Hentzii Nutt.) An ies station in GREENSVILLE County: dry sandy woods alon es Creek, Round Hill Church, Fernald & Lewis, ie
4,543. See p. 383
P. CAROLINA L., var. TRIFLORA (Michx.) Wherry. Another station in Dinwippre County: low open pineland, thickets and clearings just east of McKenney, no 14,398. See p. 365.
NEMOPHILA MICROCALYX (Nutt.) Fisch. & Mey. This vernal annual, characteristic along the James, is also in gg HE County: rich woods along Meherrin River, below Em Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,542, growing with the Seeds Phacelia dubia and very luxuriant (up to 4.5 dm. high). See p. 383.
HYDROLEA QUADRIVALVIS Walt. Range extended inland to BruNswick County: swampy pond-hole in woods, Rattlesnake Creek, west of Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,493. See p. 377.
YOSOTIS VERNA Nutt. Local range extended. James CITy County: rich woods and slopes by James River, Grove Landing, southeast of Grove, FERNALD, Lane & Adve: no. 14,227. Sussex County: fallow field alon Nottoway River at Readjuster Bridge, south of Peanut, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,228.
SCUTELLARIA SERRATA Andr. BRUNSWICK County: rich wooded slope near Western Bridge, Meherrin River, south of Edgerton, Feriola & Lewis, no. 14,494. See p. 380. Epling, in his American Species of Scutellaria, Univ. Cal. Pub. Bot. xx. no. 1, 85 (1942) cites no Virginia specimens from the southern counties east of the Blue Ridge.
*PHYSOSTEGIA aboriginorum, nov. (TAB. 783), planta robusta 10. dm. alta basi an surculoso; caule glabro a basin 0.8-1 cm. diametro; foliis firmis sessilibus vel imis late subpetiolatis choses obtusis vel subacutis undulato-sinuatis, primariis 8-11 em. longis 1.7—2.5 em. latis; inflorescentia panicu- lata, ramibus lateralibus prolongatis arcuato-adscendentibus; spicis subdensis 0.4-2 dm. longis, calycibus fructiferis imbricatis, rhachi puberula; calycibus bawtor campanulatis puberulis, tubo maturo 5-6 mm. longo, dentibus deltoideis; corollis purpureis 2-2.5 em. longis ean ampliato 8-10 mm. diametro; filamentis ad apicem villosis.—Norfolk County, VirGINIA: sw ale at margin of Indian Creek (whence the specific name), northeast of North- west, June 30, 1942, Fernald & Long, no. 14, at ad PE in Herb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. Phil. Pes See p.
Physostegia aboriginorum differs strikingly oe the more fre-
460 . Rhodora [NOVEMBER
quent species of southeastern Virginia (of the Blackwater and the Nottoway drainage-systems) in its broader-oblong, merely undulate-margined, firm sessile leaves, the lower ones narrowed merely to dilated bases, the upper ones but slightly reduced in size; the panicled spikes densely flowered, with imbricated pairs of fruiting calices; the corolla more ampliate; the filaments copiously pilose to summit. P. denticulata (Ait.) Britton (our PLATE 784, FIG. 1), common in the alluvium of the Nottoway or the Blackwater and their tributaries in Southampton, Isle of Wight and Nansemond Counties, has the leaves thin and mem- branaceous, the lower 4 to 6 pairs oblanceolate or oblong and on long slender petioles, the middle and upper ones sessile and long- attenuate at tip, the uppermost very small. Its usually solitary, slenderly elongate spike is very interrupted, the pairs of flowers and fruiting calices remote; the corolla more slender, the fila- ments glabrous or only sparsely pilose at tip.
From Physostegia leptophylla Small the Norfolk County plant differs in its much larger leaves in more scattered and more sessile pairs, with merely undulate margins, and in its more slender corolla, P. leptophylla having the many (up to 16) pairs of more prominently dentate leaves mostly narrowed to base and the greatly distended corolla with throat 1.5 em. broad at summit. From P. veroniciformis Small P. aboriginorum differs in much greater size, the leaves not fiddle-shaped, the calyx-lobes short and deltoid, instead of elongate and lanceolate, the corolla larger, and the long, as well as the short, filaments hairy.
This segregation of species of the Northwest River and its tributary, Great Dismal Swamp, and the North Landing River drainage, with small tributaries interlocking with those of the Northwest River, both emptying into the head of Currituck Sound, is very real. The Blackwater and Nottoway merge at the State Line to form the Chowan, which, a few miles farther south receives the Meherrin and then empties into Albemarle Sound. On the bottomlands or wooded slopes of the Black- water, Nottoway or Meherrin on the Coastal Plain of Virginia hundreds of species occur which we do not know from the bottoms, swamps and marshes of the more eastern drainage systems. Conversely the Northwest and North Landing drain- age (or that of Back Bay slightly to the east) have scores (many
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 461
more yet to be discovered) of plants which we do not know from the Blackwater, the Nottoway or the Meherrin drainage (Pinus serotina, Limnobium Spongia, Arundinaria gigantea, Andropogon virginicus var. glaucopsis, Scleria flaccida, Cladium jamaicense, Wisteria frutescens, Ilex vomitoria, I. coriacea, Stewartia Mala- chodendron, Ludwigia pilosa, L. alata, Asclepias lanceolata var. paupercula, Lobelia elongata, Eupatorium recurvans, E. cunet- folium, Aster Elliottii, ete.). Physostegia aboriginorum is the latest addition to this series.
I am using the name Physostegia denticulata in its traditional sense. Originally published as Dracocephalum denticulatum by Aiton, Hort. Kew. ii. 317 (1789) from Carolina material, its diagnosis was good, though very brief: “D. floribus spicatis remotis, foliis obovato-lanceolatis superne denticulatis”. Such a plant abounds, as stated, on the Coastal Plain bottomlands of the Blackwater and the Nottoway, thence south to Florida, represented in the Gray Herbarium by material from five counties of North Carolina: Hertford, on the Chowan River, and Perquimans, draining into Albemarle Sound; thence south to the region of Wilmington, and from Georgetown County, South Carolina. The general geographic source of Aiton’s material is unequivocal.
In Ruopora, xvii. 134 (1915) Blake, publishing the combina- tion Physostegia purpurea (Walt.) Blake, based on Prasium? purpureum Walt. Fl. Carol. 166 (1788), identified it with P. denticulatum. Walter’s diagnosis was as follows: ‘‘foliis oppositis sessilibus lanceolatis dentatis, floribus purpureis, spicis distichis terminalibus”; and the very sketchy sketch (our PLATE 785, FIG. 1) made by Blake of the type of Prasium? purpureum is difficult to match in any material usually placed in Physostegia denticulata. Blake’s description (mss. in Gray Herb.) of the Specimen says “leaves . . . 3mm. wide . . . Corolla would be just 2 em. long if straightened out . . . It agrees very well with Drummond 251, e. g. in Brit. Mus.” Now it so happens that Drummond’s no. 251 from New Orleans (our PLATE 785, FiGs. 2-5) has elongate-linear leaves very strongly Suggesting Blake’s sketch of the much crumpled Walter type, but it has finely sharp-serrate margins (ric. 5) and is a quite characteristic specimen of a wide-ranging species (our PLATE 785,
462 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Fics. 6 and 7) which occurs from Tennessee to Illinois and Arkansas, south to Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas, the plants variously misidentified as P. denticulata, P. virginiana (L.) Benth. (‘‘very slender form’’) and P. speciosa Sweet. YFurther- more, a habitally quite similar species, P. intermedia (Nutt.) Engelm. & Gray (our PLATE 784, Figs. 2 and 3), with slender and interrupted spike and with leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear but with flowers relatively small, extends eastward into Kentucky and Alabama. This small-flowered species has the leaves den- tate, as described by Walter for Prasium? purpureum, not acutely serrate as in Drummond, no. 251; but, so far as we know, neither of these sessile- and narrow-leaved species is east of the mountains. With no such plant as indicated by Blake’s sketch (PLATE 785, FIG. 1) now known in Walter’s territory, it is unsafe to assert with confidence just what his Prasiwm? purpureum is. Until Walter’s type can be rechecked with Drummond’s no. 251 (with linear, sharp-toothed leaves and slender, interrupted spikes) clearly in mind there must remain some doubt regarding its identity with Physostegia denticulata. Until his type can be reexamined and closely compared with a series including all known species of the Carolinas, as well as Drummond, no. 251 and Physostegia intermedia, it is safest to let the name rest, as it did until Blake took it up, as still of doubtful significance.
I am, therefore, at the risk of possibly publishing a species already inadequately described, Aisi
P. angustifolia, sp. nov. (TAB. 785, G. 2-7), planta erecta caule glabro 3-10 dm. alto; foliis pepe pee vel pallidis line- aribus vel anguste lanceolatis sessilibus numerosis (16-22 jugis),
imis Shas vel subacutis, mediis attenuatis valde angusteque adpresso-serratis 4-10 cm. longis 3-10 mm. latis, foliis supernis valde reductis; spicis solitariis vel paniculatis elongatis ad 3.5 longis floribus distantibus, rhachi puberulo; calycibus campanu- latis 6-10 mm. longis pru ruinoso-puberulis glandulosisque dentibus Recto hia ite corollis purpureis ie albescentibus 2.5-3 longis TENNESSEE: thickets along fence, Lavergne, Rutherford. County, August 12, 1922, Goeiin no. 242. MIs- SISSIPPI: roadside bank near Egypt, Chickasaw County, May 18, 33, C. A. & Una F. Weatherby, no. 6318, typE in Herb. Gray. Iturnors: Arlington Heights, Cook County, August 25, 1934, Benke, no. Sete prairie, South Chicago, en ere 15, 1910, ansing, no. 2803 3; Champaign, September 11, 1909, Pease, no. 12,403; Lasalle County, Huett; Sugar Crock Prairie, Richland
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 463
County, September 5, 1914, Robert Ridgway. ARKANSAS: moist roadside and ditch- bank, Hevetioale June 13, 1938, Fassett & s a ge no. 19,829; low ground, northwestern Arkansas, June,
arvey, no. 116. Lpweibea Covington, May and June, Hale; New Orleans, 1832, Drummond, 2 EXA Bejar a Austin, Avril, 1828, Berlandier, no. "166: Amelia, Jefferson County, October 5, 1934 , Cory, no. 11 108; Kerrville, Kerr County, June 25, 1894, H eller, no. 1906; 8 miles south of Bandera, Bandera County, June 5, 1933, Cory, no. 6607.
Most of the material (including many specimens not cited) has been distributed as Physostegia virginiana (L.) Benth., but that, as shown by a beautiful photograph of the type before me, is the common northeastern plant with relatively thin, lanceolate, often copiously and saliently serrate leaves mostly 1-2.5 cm. wide, the uppermost much reduced, the flowers in relatively short and crowded spikes (in fruit with imbricated calices and rarely 2 dm. long), the corolla 2-3 (in the type 2.4) em. long. It has also been called P. virginiana var. speciosa (Sweet) Gray, but that is a variation of P. virginiana with broader and often more prominently serrate leaves, the larger blades 2-4 cm. wide and less reduced in size toward the summit of the stem. Sweet’s original plate shows the corolla 2.5 em. long.
Relatively small plants of Physostegia virginiana from the lower Susquehanna in southeastern Pennsylvania have sometimes been called P. denticulata because their leaves have the marginal teeth few and short. Similar forms, with low stature, small leaves and reduction of teeth, abound about Lake Champlain and in the vicinity of Montreal on the St. Lawrence. Others from the Same regions and of similar proportions have well developed Sharp teeth. They seem to be a reduced state of P. virginiana, somewhat atypical but without constant enough characters to merit specific recognition. The designation of the individuals of this small extreme of tidal shores of the St. Lawrence as a dis- tinct species, P. granulosa Fassett in Ruopora, xli. 377 (1939), our PLATE 786, FIG@s. 1 and 2, because it is stoloniferous and be- cause its calyx is more glandular-puberulent than in some P. virginiana, overlooks the fact that carefully collected P. virgini- ana has stolons. Witness specimens of Fernald & Long, no. 14,465 from Hampden, Maine, of Fassett, no. 14,341 (our PLATE 786, Figs. 3 and 4) from Bingham, Maine (toward 50 miles up-
464 Rhodora [NovEMBER
river beyond the limit of tide and with leaves as small as and with fewer teeth than in isotypes of P. granulosa—in no. 14,341 some leaves with as few as 2-5 low teeth on each side, the type of P. granulosa described as with 4-8 but the isotypes in the Gray Herbarium showing 5~9 pairs of teeth), of the Faxons and others from Lake Champlain (PLATE 786, FIG. 5), of Eames from Trum- bull, Connecticut, or of any other botanist who takes pains carefully to collect the stolons. The small extreme with small leaves having few and low teeth and the pubescence of the calyx short and glandular is noteworthy but scarcely a good species. I am calling it
P. viRGINIANA (L.) Benth., var. granulosa (Fassett), stat. nov. P. granulosa Fassett in Roopora, xli. 377 (1939). PLATE 786.
On the St. Lawrence var. granulosa is on areas covered by high tide; the lower part, at least, of its range on the Susquehanna is tidal shore; on Lake Champlain, where the variety abounds, and on the middle and upper Kennebec it is in areas which have had no extensive tides since the Champlain Subsidence, at which time a fresh arm of the sea entered Lake Champlain and a tongue extended well up the Kennebec. Can it be that the variety originated on Lake Champlain and the upper Kennebec at that period?
E 783. Dh pinto ABORIGINORUM Fernald: Fic. 1, TYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, none X 2; Fic. 3, mature calices and rachis, PLaTE 7! : Oe ecine (Ait.) Britton: FIG. 1, characteristic plant,
2 76 f from Monroe Bridge, Nottoway River, Southampton County, Virginia, & Long, no. 13, 122. P. INTERMEDIA ages ) oom gelm. & mal bh FIG. >
FIG. 3, leaf-margin, X 2, from no. 5089
ATE . PHYSOSTEGIA: FIG L tracing of leaf of type of Pyare purpureum Walt., by Blake. PHYSOSTEGIA ANGUSTIFOLIA Fern.: . 2-5, Drum : i, x 5/9, said by Bake to match Walter's type of "Prasium? perceive (FIG. 1), which is sai Physostegia denticulata (see PL 784, Fic. 1); Fic. 5, leaf of no. 251, x 2; ly 6, TyPE of PHYsoSTEGIA ANGUSTI- FOLIA, x 5/12; ric. 7, portion of leaf, « 2.
PLATE . P. virGInrana (L .) Benth., var. GRANULOSA mer Fernald:
Figs. 1 (X 1%) and 2 (x 2), of isotype o of P. granulosa Fassett, from Cap Rouge, Quebec, Victorin, no ier Figs. 3 (X 4) and 4 (xX 2) from Kennebec Rive, Bi ngham, Maine, Fasselt, n . 14,341; ria. 5, X %, from Lake Cham- plain, South Has: Vermont, H ness no. 13,902.
Stacnys Cumnemanu Small. Surry County: rich alluvial woods and thickets back of sand-beach of James River, below Sunken Meadow Beach, no. 8446; thicket back of sand-beach of Cobham Bay, James River, northwest of Chippokes, no. 12,788.
194 nald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 465
Both numbers have been erroneously reported in previous records as Stachys Nuttallii Shuttlew. The latter species of western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee has the sides of the stem minutely glandular-puberulent, the sessile or subsessile leaves glabrous beneath, the glandular and short-pilose calyx with broadly deltoid teeth. Our plant, also of the mountains, thence westward to Illinois, is the S. Nuttallii sensu Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed.7. Its stems are glabrous on the sides, the membranous leaves slender-petioled and copiously hispid on the veins and veinlets beneath, the calyx glandular and minutely pilose, with narrow teeth long-subulate at tip. On the lower James it is as notable an isolation from the Appalachian Upland as if it were really S. Nuttallii.
*S. TENUIFOLIA Willd. Cuaries Crry County: alluvial woods along James River, Harrison Point, no. 9133. SouTu- AMPTON County; open sandy alluvial bank of Nottoway River, below Cypress Bridge, and wooded bottomland, Cypress Bridge, nos. 6370 and 8447. GreENsvILLE County: wooded alluvial bottomland of Meherrin River, near Haley’s Bridge, no. 9418. See PLATE and map 1.
Apparently typical Stachys tenuifolia is not definitely recorded as Virginian. In his Preliminary Revision of American Stachys in Fedde, Repert. Sp. Nov. Beih. Ixxx. 68 (1934), Epling gives the range ‘‘from Western New York and Southeastern Pennsyl- Vania westward to Michigan and Minnesota, and Southwestward through Tennessee and Alabama to Louisiana and Texas”. He could have extended it southeastward into Georgia; at least a characteristic specimen from northern Georgia, coll. Chas. Wright, correctly identified by Asa Gray and validated by Epling in 1931, is in the Gray Herbarium. True S. tenuifolia is, obvi- ously, chiefly a plant of the Interior; its occurrence on the bottom- lands of southeastern Virginia is another instance of a now familiar isolation, as is material from river-swamp of Santee River in Charleston County, South Carolina, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 728. Epling’s only suggestion that S. tenuifolia occurs in Virginia is his note that “Specimens collected . . . by Killip (no. 6286) near Great Falls, Virginia, show an apparent intermixture with S. hispida chiefly in hairiness of the calyces and the more subulate calyx teeth’. Such transitions to S. hispida are so frequent that I cannot feel that the two are distinct
466 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
species, but are rather well pronounced geographic varieties. The following number from southeastern Virginia combines too intimately the characters of typical S: tenuifolia and those of ypical S. hispida: SourHampron County: bushy swales and borders of swampy woods near Blackwater River, Cobb’s Wharf, no. 10,407. As I understand S. tenuifolia and S. hispida they are the two extremes of a rather polymorphous species, charac- terized by having the sides of the stem glabrous, the leaves with glabrous lower surfaces or with hispidity along the veins and veinlets but not on the intermediate tissue, and in the calyx being glabrous, or bristly only on the angles, its lance-attenuate teeth soon outwardly curving. As a polymorphous relatively southern species it is distinguished from the more northern (circumboreal) S. palustris L., in which the surfaces of the stem are pubescent, the leaves pilose to puberulent beneath, and the surfaces of the calyx pilose. My interpretation of S. tenuzfolia is shown in the following brief synopsis.
a. Bracts at base of ~ grt of spike not ciliate; calyx ——— throughou s glabrous on both faces, the ncipal ones w iti y heer ig petioles 0.5- "3 ¢ m. lon cat-Biades lanceolate to preserve bd nierohely ovate, one fifth to three fifths as broad as 8 long, the principal ones 4-10 em. long and 1. . broa ORR Oe ee ee - tenia, typical. Leat-blades paged oblong, about one sixth as bro as long; median ones 1—1.5 dm. long and 1. Aerie b Bhat OXUOUR eae oe mere ya et Var. perlonga. a. Bracts bristly-ciliate; calyx often bristly on the angles; lea on veins beneath, sessile, or the lower ones ral i me Donkey Tenaiy oblong to oon ovate, ae third to three fifths as broad as lon
‘t0 em. long, 0.8-2.4 em. broad, mostly strigose above... Var. hispida.
S. TeENvIFoLIA Willd. Sp. PI. iii. nd (1800). S. glabra Riddell, Suppl. Cat. Ohio Pl. 16 (1 et 6). aspera, var. glabra Gray, Syn. FI. Am. ii’. 387 (1878). 5 cincinnatensis Ktze. Rev. Gia: ii. 531 (1891).—Rich bottomlands, shores, low woods and meadows, New York to Minnesota, south to southeastern South Carolina, northern Georgia, Tennessee, northern Louisiana and eastern Texas. PLATE 787 and M
. perlonga, var. nov. (TAB. 788, ‘FIG. 1 et 2), var. typicae simillima; foliis anguste oblongis,. mediis 1-1.5 dm. longis 1.6-2 em. latis; spica flexuosa. VirGINIA: bottomland sco
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Range of (1) Sracnys TENUIFOLIA; (2) S. TENUIFOLIA, HYSSOPIFOLIA
8.
468 Rhodora [NovVEMBER
along Meherrin River northeast of Gaskins, Greensville County, June 13, 1941 (foliage), August 8, 1941 (flowers and young fruit), nos. 13, 128 and 13, a (TYPE in Herb. Gray.; IsoTyPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.). Map *Var. eta, var. nov. (TAB. 789), caule ad angulos retrorse setoso; foliis primariis late oblongis vel anguste ovatis . cm. latis supra glabris vel sparse strigosis subtus ad venas hispidis Met glabris—Low woods, rich shores and meadows, southern Quebec to Minnesota, south to eastern South Carolina, wreater North Carolina, Indiana and Illinois. The ieee oe ted from a large series, are characteristic. UEBEC: sur les rivages du Fleuve St.-Laurent, St.-Francois, lle d’ Sige’ Be: juillet 1935, Vietorin et al., no. 43 ,661; rivages Fl. St.-Laur Berthier en Bas, 3 aofit 1925, Rousseau, no. 21,610; Valleyfald, Co. Beauharnois, 6 septembre 1930, Victorin, Rolland, no. 33,953; rivage, Ile Plate, Longueuil, 28 aofit 1928, oe no. 28,272. Marne: East Livermore, July 5, 1909, Kate Furbish; by small pond, Portland, June 20, 1909, Fernald, no. 2158. New Hampsuire: bank of Connecticut River, Strat- ford, September 3, 1909, Pease, no. 17,705. VERMONT: ‘pebbly lake-shore, Highgate Springs, July 19, 1938, ed no. 26,746; sandy shore of Connecticut River, Norwich, July 1 , 3910, E. F. Williams ae in Herb. Gray.); sandy bank, Burlington, July > 1914, C. H. Knowlton; pebbly shore, Brattlebor 1894, Gro MASSACHUSETTS: Sudbury, July 19, 1886, W. Raion bank oF Neponset River between upper and lower falls, Milton, August 29, 1853, Wm. Boott; ea te Wellesley, July 11, 1896, Hunne- well; Middleboro, August nag J. Murdoch, jr.; edge of thicket, Northampton, Ju : 1932, Hunnewell, no. 12,496; bank of Connecticut River. Springfield, July 13, 1914, Luman Andrews. Connecticut: bank of Connecticut River, East Windsor, July 13, 1902, Bissell; South Meadow, Hartford, July 7, 1908, H. 8. Clark. New York: shores of Black Lake, Morris- town, August 15, 1914, Phsipe no. 814; Mohawk flats east of Utica, July 18, 190 00, Habere r, no. 709; Sylvan Beach, Oneida County, July 13 , 1916, House; bank of Hudson River, near Cedar Hill, south of Albany, July 17, 1910, Burnham; wet gravelly soil, Ulysses, July 1, 1913, #. L. Palmer, n o. 1039; moist thicket near Cold Spring, Alleghany State Park, ‘July 30 30, 1926, Alexander & ouse, no. 12,783. New Jersry: marsh, ’Rosenkraus Ferry, Delaware River, Sussex County, July 4, 1918, E. B. Bartram; wet ground, Kaign’s Point, Camden, June 21, 1922, Meredith; border of tidal marsh along Delaware River, north of Penns rove, August 9, 1935, Fogg, no. 9309. PENNSYLVANIA: Sellers- ville, July 18, 1923, Freie: ine County, July 2, 1923, S. S Dickey; Presque Isle, June. 29, 1922, Dickey. VirGINIA: swampy woods near Nottoway River at Readjuster Bridge, south of
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 469
Peanut, Sussex County, June 18, 1941, Remald & Long, no. 13,129; ‘along branch, south of Meherrin River, south of Western Bridge, Brunswick County, J. B. Lewis, nos. 2800 and 3538. SoutH Carona: Woodstock, 1833, Gibbes in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard. Ontario: Ottawa, August 8, 1894, J. Macoun, no. cen Wingham, July 24, 1894, Fk, Morton; Chippewa, July 5, 858, Wm. Boott. MurcHiGaN: near river, Flint, July 21, 1909, Sher Agricultural College, July 25, 1896, C. F. Wheeler. Pete Tro Geauga County, July 21, 1904, R. J. Webb, no. 716; Sautiusky: August 1, 1894, M oseley; Rocky River, near Cleveland, July 13, 1896, Greenman, no. 1403; bares July 19, 1885, Werner, no. 342; Sugar Grove, Fairfield Coun y, August 6, 1892, Werner, no. 43: ; hear Cincinnati, July 9, 1888, CoG, Lloyd. WISCONSIN: Fort Wing, July 10, 1897, Lé8: Cheney, no. ao ie ae Stony Island, Cook County, June 30, 1914 H. Smith, 5974; damp woods, Peoria, July, 1903, F.E. MeDonald: banks of Mississippi, near Oqu awka, July 18, 1872, Patterson. MINNE- SOTA: ane City, August 13, site W. H. Manning. Map 3.
ambigua sensu Robinson & Peruild. in Bae “Man. ed. 7: 701 (1908), not S. ambigua (Gray) Britton—Meadows, swamps, low woods and shores, southern New Hampshire, eastern Massa- chusetts and Rhode Island, eastern New York, south to eastern
ee 12, 1896, ver. St. Joh tae pond-shore, Walpole Hunnewell, no. Mb Middleboro, Richard Murdoch, no. 933; Taunton, ymour, no. 4187. RHODE ISLAND: Providence,
ew Jersey: along streamlet 1 mile northeast of Delanco, Burlington County, Long, no. 6354; fresh marshes along Wading River, New Gretna, Burlington County, Long, no. 10,574; rich bog along railroad, Cold Spring, Cape nie County, August 29, 1922, Fogg. PENNSYLV. Anta: Tinicum, Delaware County, August, 1873, Chas. Schaeffer; meadow near Red Clay Gieck:
470 Rhodora {NOVEMBER
Kennett Square, yeas County, June 28, 1924, Mary A. Williams. Mary : King’s Creek, J. A. Ho Imes, no. 98. VIRGINIA: wet Ri incoous thickets and ditches, Rosemont, Princess Anne County, Fernald & Long, no. 5017: fresh reed- marsh eer swale along Northwest River near Northwest, Norfolk County, F. & L., no. 14,005; alluvial woods, along Notto oway River at Readjuster Bridge, south of Peanut, Sussex County, F. & L., no. 12,459; bushy swales and borders of swampy woods near Blackwater River, Cobb’s Wharf, Southampton County, F.& no. 10,407 (transition to typical S. tenuifolia) ; alluvial woods by Fontaine Creek, west of Dahlia, Greensville Coun sr F. & L., no. 14,399; pea aty and argillaceous clearing about 4 miles southeast of Emporia, vr. & L., nos. 8445 and 8834; bottom- land woods along Me herrin River northeast of Gaskins, Greens- ville County, F. & L., no. 13,434. SourH CaRo.ina: wet ditch, thicket, 13 ‘thiles east of Walterboro, ee County, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2793; border of swamp, 12 miles north of Georgetown, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1067 . MIcHIGAN: near river, uffalo, Lansing, no. 3262. Inprana: low place in oe about 1 mile southeast of Woodland, St. hence County, no. 50,459; damp prairie, Roby, Lansing, n 2542; Feankfort, Photon 27, 1886, H.A. Young. Wisconsin: St. Cink Falls, — 190 og. F. Baker. I.t1nots: open field, South Chicago, H. Smith, no: 5684. PrLare 790 and map 4. See p.
Stachys hispida Pursh, typified by Epling by a Clayton speci- men from Virginia (presumably in the eastern section), is, ac- cording to the description and as indicated by Epling’s note on & sheet in the Gray Herbarium, this narrow-leaved extreme. Var. hispida has, so far as material before me shows, the broken range of many Coastal Plain types, great concentration in eastern Massachusetts and adjacent Rhode Island, absence from Con- necticut and much, if not all, of New York, reappearance farther south, and with an area centering on Lake Michigan and running into Wisconsin. In Massachusetts, New Jersey, eastern Penn- sylvania and eastern Virginia it tends to grow in more acid habitats than var. platyphylla, the latter preferring the sweeter and richer soils, as does typical S. tenuzfolia.
The confusion of Stachys hispida with S. aspera Michaux arose through unfamiliarity with the latter. A photograph of the Michaux type now before me shows it to be, as identified by Epling, the southern plant which Gray (1878) described from Georgia, Kentucky and Illinois as S. hyssopifolia Michx., var-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 471
ambigua. It was soon called S. ambigua (Gray) Britton (1894) but, on account of the earlier European S. ambigua Sm. (1810); the ndme was changed to S. Grayana House (1921). S. aspera, described from ‘in campestribus Carolinae”, is a plant of sands and prairies from northern Florida to eastern Missouri, north to southern New Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, Kentucky, Illinois and Iowa; also adventive as a field-weed in Somerset County, Maine. It is, as Gray considered it, very close to S. hyssopifolia Michx., having the firm and scarcely veiny leaves almost of the latter but mostly broader, their lowest lateral nerves prolonged very close to the margin of the blade. From glabrous S. hyssopifolia it is distinguished only by the stems more or less retrorse-hispid on the angles, leaves sometimes broader and more regularly depressed-serrate, upper bracts often broadly- lanceolate to ovate (instead of linear or narrowly lanceolate), calyx often minutely pilose (instead of quite glabrous) and fre- quently setose on the angles. Gray’s disposition of it, as S. hys- sopifolia, var. ambigua, seems wholly justified. In the Carolinas and northeastward there are altogether too many transitions to Support its separation as a species.
In his Revision Epling, 1. c. 65, 66, including with the narrow- leaved S. tenuifolia, var. hispida, as above defined (pLatE 790), the generally more inland var. platyphylla (pLATE 789) as a species, S. hispida, was “inclined to believe S. hispida to have been derived from S. ambigua, probably after intermixture with S. hyssopifolia”. He identified as S. ambigua Sm. Engl. Bot. xxx. pl. 2089 (1810) the very pilose and narrow-leaved extreme of S. palustris L. which I had described as S. palustris, var. homotricha Fernald in Ruopora, x. 85 (1918), which he also iden- tified with the similarly long-pilose S. velutina Schwein. (1824), not Willd. (1813) and S. arenicola Britton (1901). Just why S. ambigua sensu Epling (PLATE 793) is identified with S. ambigua Sm., the European plant (pLate 791), is not clear. He was advised of the error but did not wholly admit it, saying, p. 65, “Since the above was written I have had the privilege of dis- cussing this form with Prof. Géte Turesson who is of the opinion that I have mis-interpreted the European hybrid S. ambigua. This, according to him is a rare and sterile plant. Until I can review the whole matter I am accordingly at as [a]
472 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
loss. Suffice it to say that the form here described as S. ambigua is scarcely to be distinguished from plants commonly referred to that species of European botanists’
Now, Stachys palustris, var. hombieteke (PLATE 793), i. e. S. ambigua sensu Epling, is a stiff and normally simple-stemmed plant with the sides and angles of the stem and the rachis densely and retrorsely long-pilose or villous (F1a@s. 2 and 3), the lanceolate to lance-linear leaves sessile and heavily pubescent beneath (ric. 2), the calyx long-hirsute (Frias. 2-5), the outside of the corolla strongly pilose. It occurs from Maine and southern Quebec to Wisconsin, south to Connecticut, southern New York, Ohio and Illinois (map 5). S. ambigua Sm., on the other hand, is a generally recognized sterile hybrid of typical European S. palustris (the latter only naturalized in Newfoundland, eastern Canada, New England and New York) and the endemic European S. sylvatica L., a plant with long-petioled cordate-ovate leaves. As shown by Smith’s original plate and description and by many European specimens (our PLATE 791) it is a tall and loosely branched plant with the stem (F1G. 2) minutely strigose-pilose, the principal leaves definitely petioled, the divergent oblong- ovate blades minutely pilose beneath, the calyx short-pilose (ric. 3) and the corolla only finely pilose. If it is inseparable from the indigenous North American S. palustris, var. homo- tricha (PLATE 793), it is time to give up.
As to Epling’s belief that Stachys hispida in his sense, 7. e. both S. tenuifolia var. platyphylla (PLATE 789 and Map 3) and var. hispida (PLATE 790 and Map 4), was derived from his ‘S. ambi- gua”’ (taking it for the American plant cited by him, our PLATE 793, and S. hyssopifolia Michx. (PLATE 788, Fics. 3-5 and mapP 6)
one may be pardoned a gasp of surprise. S. palustris, var. homotricha (S. ambigua sensu Epling) is shown in pLaTE 793, S. tenuifolia, vars. hispida and platyphylla (S. hispida, inclusive, of Epling) in pLates 790 and 789. Together the latter have 4 wide continental dispersal (Maps 3 and 4), while S. palustris, var. homotricha is northern and within the northern range of the former. S. hyssopifolia (PLATE 788, Fics. 3-5), is primarily 4 plant of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but with the typical isolation at the head of Lake Michigan (map 6). It is strictly glabrous, with linear to narrowly oblong blunt to subacute, firm, pale,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 473
entire leaves, so firm that, when fresh, only the midrib shows beneath, but, by transmitted light its leaves show the lower lateral veins following forward within 0.3-1 mm. from the margin, and its subglobose nutlets (ria. 5) are only 1.5-1.8 mm. long. S. hispida and S. ambigua sensu Epling are both pubescent. Their leaves are from narrowly lanceolate to oblong-ovate and usually pubescent, veiny, with the lower pair of laterals following for- ward from 3-10 mm. within the copiously toothed margin, and their tips are acuminate; the nutlets (PLATE 792, Fic. 4) of S. palustris are ellipsoid-obovoid and 1.8-2.2 mm. long, those of S. tenuifolia, including S. hispida, similar and 2.1-2.7 mm. long (PLATE 788, Fic. 5). Just how, by crossing the narrow-, blunt- and firm-leaved, chiefly Coastal Plain S. hyssopifolia (PLATE 788, FIGS. 3-5) with the narrow-leaved continental and northern and by Epling misidentified S. “ambigua” (PLATE 793), with leaves 1-3 cm. wide, one gets the wide-ranging S. hispida sensu Epling (pLatEs 789 and 790), with no trace of the pubescence of S. “ambigua’”’ on stem, leaves and calyx and with leaves up to 6 cm. broad, is beyond my understanding. Is this modern phy- logeny?
Our VARIETIES OF STACHYS PALUSTRIS (PLATE 792-794)— During this study of Stachys it has been necessary to unravel our variations of S. palustris. This is a northern, circumboreal species with two pronounced subspecies, each with several geo- graphic varieties. Typical Eurasian S. palustris L. has the calyx (PLATE 792, Fic. 3) closely viscid-pilose with many gland-tipped hairs mixed with short glandless ones, the latter rarely more than 1 mm. long. It and three of the varieties recognized in Europe are naturalized about towns and settlements, often about ports, in various parts of Newfoundland, Quebec, eastern Ontario, the Maritime Provinces, New England and New York. The native North American plants differ in having the calyx long-hirsute as well as short-pilose, the shorter pubescence largely hidden by long whitish and glandless setiform trichomes mostly 1.5-3 mm. long. This is subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling, based on S. pilosa Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Phil. vii. 48 (1834). The native subsp. pilosa consists, in the Gray’s Manual range, of five rather well defined varieties. These I am distinguishing as follows.
474 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
a. Leaves ste e on very short and inconspicuous thick tioles.... b. Principal leaves oblong to ee or oval, blunt or merely subacute, three tenths to one half as broad as long, 3.5-12 cm. long, 1.5-5 cm. broad; chiefly western... Var. pilosa. b. Principal leaves sassy to broadly lanceolate or nar- oblong, acuminate, one seventh to one third as heaad as long, 2-13 cm. long, 0. 43. cm. eo chiefly eastern and northern.... c. Pubescence of sides of iia m many times shorter than that of ss or minute and with long hairs of
r. Angles of stem a h few or — heen: os sides mi-
cian tely spabeiraleihd to glabrous beneath; plant
of feat: Lakes revion. 3)... oe a ee Var. macrocalyz. c. Absence fa sides of stem very dense and lon
not readily dinktneiiahed from that of the an "5 Ba PE an ery eee ye ihe ec Var. homotricha.
a. sor bh slender-petioled, the petioles of the principal ones
1-1.4 em. long, the oblong or lance-ovate acuminate
i gi mostly 6-12 em. long and seg em oer angles stem iene relatively few or no long hairs....... Var. phanero poda
S. PALUSTRIS L., var. pilosa (Nutt. » sa. nov. S. pilosa Nutt. in Journ. Acad. Phil. vii. 48 (1834). Subsp. pilosa (Nutt.) Epling in Fedde, Repert. Beih. Ixxx. 63 (1934). S. scopulorum
9 ns
reene, Pittonia, iii. 342 (1901).—Shores, stream-margins, British Colombia to Arizona, to Ontario,
Wisconsin, pom Nebraska, and adventive along railroads an in wa astward to Ne gland (several eee |
preteens Var. NIPIGONENSIS Jennings in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. x. 459 (1920) Saar es grounds, Quebec to Alaska, south to western New England, New York, Ohio, Michigan, Illinois, Iowa, New Mexico and Arizona Var. MACROCALYX Jennings, 1. c.458 (1920).—Shores, Thunder Bay District, Ontario, to northern Wisconsin and northern die age tea MOTRICHA Fernald in Ruopora, x. 85 (1908). 8.
Willd. (1813). S. = erm Britt. Man. 792 (190 1). S. palus- tris, var. arenicola (Britt.) Farw. in Am. Mi “ aa xl. 82 (1928). S. Schweinitzii Rydb. in Brittonia, i. 95 (19 S. homotricha (Fern.) Rydb. 1. ¢. (1931). S. pustulosa Redo. l. c. (1931).—
1943] Iernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 475
Shores, meadows and fields, Maine and southern Quebec to Wi isconsin, south eo Connecticut, New York, Ohio and Illinois. PLATE 793, MAP 5
h ropoda, var. nov., Weatherby in — — 794) foliis petiole petiolis (foliorum principalium) 1- m. longis, laminis o longis vel lanceolato-ovatis 6-12 cm. atte nae em. latis; setis in angulis caulis ex comparatione paucis vel carentibus. Onto: Port hare Ottawa County, July ys 1894, Moseley. Wisconsin: Spooner, July 20, 1911, J. J. Dav Iowa: river- Ha. cay me 31, 1925, B.O. Wolden, tr 1118, TYPE, in
er
PLATE ig hginr: 1 and 2, 8. Ege: var. PERLONGA Fernald: Fic. 1
Long, no. pi ai ig and aga calyx, X 4, from south of Yorktown, Fernald, 0. 5016; Fic. 5, nutlet, X 10, from Sandwich, Massa- chusetts, rm es 23. 1929, niga nal. ;
PuiatE 789 UI . PLATYPHYLLA Fernald: ric. 1, TYPE, X_ 3;
x 10, from Alburg, bois ng July 16, 1939, C. H. Knowlton; ria. 3, lower
surface of leaf, < 10, and Fic. 4, rachis, bracts and calices, X 4, from same place as FIG. 2; FIG. 5. chive < 10, from Chaumont, New Yor k, Fernald, Wiegand & Eames, Rea 14,4 29,
LATE TENUIFOLIA, Var. HISPIDA (Pursh) Fernald: Fie. 1, plant, x 1%, from Rosemont, Prine e County, Virginia, a Long, no
x calices, X 4, from Sharon, Massachusetts, July 12, 1896, such plants from Sharon specially noted in Gray Herb., by Epling, as 7 Purs sh’s type ,. Puate 791. 8. ampicua Sm.: Fic. 1, summit of plant, X 4, from ‘Borgholm, Oland, Sweden, July 20, 1886, Areskug; Fie. 2, portion of stem, X 10, fro m
Piate 792. §. paLusTRIS L.: FIG. 1, portion of stem, X 10, fro m Bouillon,
X 10, and ria. 3, = whorls of flowers, X 4, from same collection; Fr. 4, nutlet, > 10, from ballast-filling, Vos Gaspé County, Quebec, Collins, Fernald & Pease (Pease, no. 506214).
Piate 793. S. PALUSTRIS, var. HOMOTRICHA Fernald (S. ambigua sensu Epling, not Sm.): ne. 1, plant of type, X 34; FIG. 2, lower bracts and calyx,
4, from TYPE; FIG. 3, stem and lower surface of leal base, < 10, from TYPE;
bad "4, narro elena sd extreme (S. arenicola Britton), x %, from Copper Harbor, Michigan, Farwell, no. 281); F1G. 5, two caiiaed, x 4, from no. 281.
Puate 794, §S. PALUSTRIS, var. PHA ee Weatherby: as ‘, TYPE, x 4; ain 2, stem, X 4; Fic. 3, calyx, X 1
PYCNANTHEMUM VERTICILLATUM (Michx.) Pers. A second Coastal Plain mei, this in NorrotK County: damp old clearings and thicke ts, eastern side of Great Dismal Swamp, north of Wallon nos. 13,736 and 14,007.
476 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
P. PYCNANTHEMOIDES (Leavenw.) Fern., var. VIRIDIFOLIUM Fern. A second Coastal Plain station, this in SouTHAMPTON County: border of dry woods northeast of Adams Grove, no. 14,398.
VERBENA OFFICINALIS L. To the relatively few stations add one in SourHamMpTton County: roadside bordering Womble’s (Wade’s) Millpond, north of Baffle, no. 14,395.
HYSALIS MONTICOLA C. Mohr. Range extended northeast- ward to Iste or Wicut County: sandy wooded slope by Black- water River, west of Blackwater School, no. 14,400, unusually large, up to 3.5 dm. high. See p. 370.
*LINARIA CANADENSIS (L.) Dumort., forma albina, f. nov., corollis albidis.—Virerinta: burned spot, white sand of dry pine barrens, south of Lee’s Mill, Isle of Wight County, April 21, 1942, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,230 (rypE in Herb. Gray.).
GRATIOLA VIRGINIANA L., var. AESTUARIORUM Pennell. Range extended inland to Brunswick County: open mud by Triplett Pond, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,497. See p. 380.
UrricuLaRIA PURPUREA Walt. Local range extended inland to Sussex County: Harold’s (or Harris) Millpond, southeast of Waverly, no. 14,408. See p. 371.
U. myriata Walt. Local range extended inland to Sussex County: back-water pool by Nottoway River at Readjuster Bridge, south of Peanut, Fernald, Long & Abbe, no. 14,231.
TA, var. MINOR Chapm. ‘To the very few recorded stations add the following. SouTHampron County: quiet pool in cypress swamp bordering Womble’s (Wade’s) Millpond, north of Baffle, no. 14,406. Sussex County: Harold’s (or Harris) Millpond, southeast of Waverly, no. 14,407. See pp. 371 and 372.
U. vircatuLa Barnhart. To the few recorded stations add one in SOUTHAMPTON County: on a decaying log in mossy margin of Cephalanthus-pool near Johnson’s Millpond, north of Sedley, no. 14,411. See p. 371.
OLDENLANDIA Boscit (DC.) Chapm. To the only two re- corded Virginia stations, in southern Southampton County, add the following. Sussex County: sandy-muddy shore, Brittle’s Millpond, west of Wakefield, no. 14,417; sandy beach, Airfield Millpond, southwest of Wakefield, no. 14,419. SouTHAMPTON County: sandy shore of Johnson’s Millpond, 114 miles north of Sedley, no. 14,416. Iste or Wieut Cov : muddy and swaley shore of Darden’s Pond, southeast of Collosse, no. 14,418. pp. 371 and 372. .
OBELIA SIPHILITICA L., forma laevicalyx, f. nov., foliis _glabris; caulibus vix pubescentibus; calycibus corollisque gla- ris.—Isle of Wight County, VirGrnia: seeping argillaceous and calcareous bluffs along Burwell’s Bay, James River, below Rush-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 477
mere (Fergusson’s Wharf), August 27 and 29, 1940, Fernald & Long, no. 12,834, October 10, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 14,030 (TYPE in Herb. Gray; 1soryPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.).
My attention was directed to this extremely smooth form by Dr. Wray M. Bowden of the Central Experimental Farm at Ottawa, Ontario. I had supplied Dr. Bowden with seeds from no. 14,030 and from some other species in the autumn of 1941. On October 14, 1942, I received from him a letter from which the following passages are extracted:
_ “Just a_note to ask if you could examine your specimen of Lobelia stphilitica L., Fernald and Long, no. 14,030 . . You sent seed from this last year and the plants have grown well. The row was quite uniform but not at all like any of the numerous collections of L. siphilitica which ave. The stems and leaves are glabrous. The upper leafy bracts in the flower-spike are much longer and pointed, and the calyx is not nearly as pubescent—in fact only the free ends of the lobes are pubescent. e W was quite uniform both in respect to these characters and to colour of corolla which was light blue. . . The corolla is quite glabrous also.”
The original specimens have the leaves, calyx and corolla quite glabrous, but the stem is remotely hispid. Other collec- tions from calcareous bluffs of the James are more pubescent. The plant below Rushmere seems to me best treated as a forma, typical L. siphilitica having the stem and one or both faces of the leaves variously pubescent, the calyx always more or less so and the tips of the corolla-lobes bearded. Among these more typical plants I find some with quite as prolonged bract-tips as in the Rushmere plant.
L. GLANDULIFERA (Gray) Small. Local range extended into Brunswick County: sphagnous thicket, ‘‘Ram Hole Swamp”, Pewee Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,500. See p. :
*EUPATORIUM ROTUNDIFOLIUM L., var. cordigerum, var. nov., planta robusta ad 1.3 m. alta caule densissime albido-piloso- tomentuloso; foliis mediis late ovatis subacutis sessilibus valde cordatis 5-8.5 cm. longis 4-7 cm. latis subaequaliter dentatis subtus dense pilosis.—VirGINIA: upper border of fresh reed- marsh and swale along Northwest River near Northwest, Norfolk County, June 30, 1942, Fernald & Long, no. 14,426 (ryPxH in Herb. Gray.; isotype in Herb. Phil. Acad.); mossy thicket by Cephalanthus-pool near Johnson’s Millpond, north of Sedley,
October 14, 1942, Fernald, no. 14,502. Nort C : side near Windsor, Bertie County, October 15, 1938, Godfrey, no. 7007. See pp. 369 and 371.
478 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Var. cordigerum is a very extreme variation in the polymorphic Eupatorium rotundifolium. In size of plant and of foliage it suggests the wide-ranging var. ovatum (Bigel.) Torr. (EL. pubescens Muhl.) but its dense pubescence is more like that of typical small-leaved FE. rotundifolium. In its strongly cordate, instead of gradually rounded, leaf-bases it is very striking, the cordate bases of the middle and upper leaves reaching nearly around the stem.
LIATRIS GRAMINIFOLIA Willd., var. Smauui (Britt.) Fern. & Grise. Local range extended into Sussex County: damp san pine and oak woods south of Stony Creek, no. 11,455.
BOLTONIA CAROLINIANA (Walt.) Fern. Range extended inland to Brunswick County: bottomland woods above Western Bridge, Meherrin River, south of Edgerton, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,512, rays pink. See p. 379
*ERIGERON strigosus Muhl., forma piscomprus (Robbins) Fern. NANSEMOND CounTY: open ground along highway, pg orde border of Great Dismal Swamp, east of Magnolia, no.
*SoLipaGo SALIcInA Ell. Brunswick County: open bog near Seward Forest Headquarters, September 14, 1940, J. B. Lewis; boggy thicket, ‘‘Ramhole” Swamp, Se ward Forest, Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,506.—Extension northward from Wake County, North Carolina; most specimens (from North and South Carolina and west to Texas) previously confused w ith the north- ern and upland calcicolous S. patula. See p
S. salicina is a very definite southern species of acid bogs of the inner Coastal Plain and outer Piedmont, at once distin- guished from S. patula by its narrower and more crenate leaves, the cauline ones 20-45 (in S. patula 12-23) and rapidly reduced in size, the more open panicle with more elongate and glabrescent branches floriferous at tip, the long-pedicelled heads borne strictly along the upper sides of the branches (in S. patula the shorter- pedicelled heads tending to be in short racemes subspirally borne along the white-pilose panicle-branches).
GNAPHALIUM SPATHULATUM A LATER Homonym (PLATE 799, the Typr, X 24).—It seems to have been overlooked that (na- phalium spathulatum Lam. Encyel. ii. 758 (1786) is antedated by G. spatulatum Burm. f. Fl. Cap. Prodr. 25 (1768) which was the binomial based directly on the well described Elychrysum foliis oblongis circa caulem auritis & tomentosis of Breyn, Prodr. 29, t-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 479
xvii. fig. 3 (1739), this being referred by Index Kewensis to Helichrysum crispum D. Don, not H. spatulatum Moench. The plant which generally passes as Gnaphalium spathulatum cannot, therefore, maintain that name. The exact identity of Lamarck’s type is yet to be worked out. The habit-photograph of it before me is good as such, but until the technical characters can be closely studied it would be unsafe to base a new name upon it. The group of annuals and biennials to which it belongs is most complex, a series of ruderal and campestrian plants of tropical and warm-temperate regions of which the characters reside in habit, shape and indument of leaves, indument of stem, indument of involucre, shape of phyllaries, etc. The plant usually passing as G. spathulatum is wide-spread in South America, and in North America from Florida to Texas, north to southeastern Pennsyl- vania and southern California. Superficially it strongly re- sembles G. platense Cabrera, Compuestas Bonaerenses, 167, fig. 45 (1941), but that species, as clearly illustrated by Cabrera, has the leaves and stems copiously glandular, the elongate pluri- cellular glands of the stem divergent, and the inner phyllaries slender-tipped. Cabrera refers G. spathulatum Lam. to G. ameri- canum Willd., but certainly the plant of our southern states is not the West Indian G. americanum, which is very near G. purpureum LL. Until the whole complex group can be most thoroughly studied, with intimate knowledge of the actual types and their technical characters, it would be quite unwise to rename the poorly understood G. spathulatum Lam. (originally a garden- plant). Iam, therefore, at the risk of publishing a name which eventually may have to be discarded, proposing a new name based upon an unequivocal type. GNAPHALIUM (§ GAMOCHAETA) peregrinum, sp. nov. (TAB. 795), bienne vel annuum; caulibus subsimplicibus vel plerumque ramosis 1-6 dm. altis pi Pasay var foliis caulinis anguste spa- thulato-obovatis vel late oblanceolatis apice rotundatis, imis 2-7 em. longis 0.8-2.5 em. latis, subtus villoso-lanatis supra deinde Vicidisioen iba: capitulis stramineis | pai atis glomerulis sub- distantibus ‘gene interruptam 1-2 em. crassam formantibus; involucris 3-4 altis basi valde enn phyllariis interiori- bus oblongis oa “epathulatis obtusis —Roadsides, fallow fields and waste places, Florida to Texas ‘and southern California, north, locally, to southeastern asiastiania: eastern South
480 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
America. Type: in burnt-over pine-scrub oak sandhills, north ag eo Pineville, Sales Parish, oe one July 30, 1938, DLS. & : B. rell, oo 9937 (in Herb. Gra
G. peered Pii ay ar. HELLERI (Britt) Blake. To the stations much farther east badd one in BRUNSWICK County: sandy pine woods, Seward Forest, near Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,514.
G. OBTUSIFOLIUM, var. MICRADENIUM Weath. Range extended inland to Brunswick County: dry woods near Rattlesnake Creek, west of Triplett, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,513. See p. 380.
(To be continued)
VIRGINIAN BOTANIZING UNDER RESTRICTIONS M. L. FERNALD (Continued from page 480)
Some VARIETIES AND Species or HELENIUM (PLATES 796- 799).—As a genus Helenium, in its present sense, was first called Helenia L. Hort. Cliff. 418 (1737). It consisted of a single species, Helenia foliis decurrentibus, based in part on the plant of Clifford’s garden (our PLATE 797, FIG. 1), in part upon many references to previously described plants of European gardens called Heleniastrum, Chrysanthemum or Aster, the latter not actually before Linnaeus. When the genus was taken up at the nomenclaturally critical date, 1753, and assigned a binomial it was as Helenium autumnale L. Sp. Pl. ii. 886 (1753). The cita- tions then given by Linnaeus indicate the two plants somewhat generally found at that time in European gardens, and, although in N. Am. Fl. xxxvi?, 127 (1915) Rydberg says that the type came from Canada, Linnaeus himself in 1753 was not so explicit, he then saying “Habitat in America septentrionali”’. In Hortus Cliffortianus he had said “in Florida & Canada”’.
The plant of Clifford’s garden (our PLATE 797, FIG. 1) had narrowly lanceolate and long-acuminate, nearly entire leaves, few long-peduncled heads, the mature disk 1.8+ cm. broad, the narrow ligules strongly narrowed at base, 2 cm. long and only 2.5-3.3 mm. broad at the sharply trifid apex. Except. that its
486 Rhodora [DECEMBER
leaves are rather more spreading and its branching looser, it closely matches the plant of tidal shores of the St. Lawrence (r1G. 2), there found from near Montreal to below Quebec, and extending westward through much of the St. Lawrence basin and far to the southwest. Rydberg’s inference was correct, appar- ently, that this plant originated in Canada. The second plant cultivated in Europe was the extreme which Linnaeus preserved in his own herbarium (presumably from the Upsala garden) and which, according to the late Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, was before him in preparing Species Plantarum, ed. 1. This (our PLATE 796, FIG. 1) is the coarser plant of our Northeast, with more elliptic and broader, toothed leaves, and large heads, with the mature disk of the leading head nearly 2.2 cm. broad, the flat and cuneate ligules 2.2-2.3 em. long and 8.3-11.7 mm. broad at the bluntly lobed summit. Just such a plant (Fic. 2), with ligules up to 2.5 em. long, occurs from western New England to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, upland to western North Carolina, Kentucky and Missouri. Helenium autumnale of 1753 consisted of both extremes and there is logic in interpreting either of them as the type. In a nomenclature beginning with 1753 (not 1737 and earlier), however, the plant in the Linnean Herbarium, the specimen Linnaeus definitely had before him in preparing Species Plantarum, is here selected. ‘It is the extreme of the species which most students of the past have treated as H. autumnale, as will later be noted.
Both of them being in European gardens, whence they were described by Ventenat in 1720, Miller, with no reference to Linnaeus, took his cues directly from Ventenat, not from the Linnean Herbarium. Miller called Heleniwm autumnale the narrow-leaved extreme, the “ Bastard Sun-flower with a longer and narrower leaf,” the Heleniastrum folio longiore & angustiore of Ventenat; and the plant with broader leaves and larger heads, the Heleniastrum folio breviore & latiore of Ventenat, Miller called He- lenium latifolium Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8 (1768), the ‘‘Bastard Sun- flower with a broader and shorter leaf’. Among botanists of the period, however, Miller was essentially alone in his interpretation. Lamarck, Smith, Schkuhr and other botanists, far more precise than the very impressionistic Miller, took the broad-leaved and large-headed plant (our PLATE 796) of the Linnean Herbarium as
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 487
true H. autumnale. Thus Lamarck described as a new species, H. canaliculatum Lam. in Journ. d’Hist. Nat. ii. 213, t. 35 (1793) the narrow-leaved plant of European gardens which Ventenat had called Heleniastrum folio longiore & angustiore and which Miller took up as H. autwmnale. Lamarck’s description and life-sized illustration (our PLATE 797, FIG. 3) indicated unbranched plants with solitary large heads with ligules 1.6 em. long and only 3-5 mm. broad at the sharply toothed summit: ‘‘Semi-flosculi 15-18, foeminei, distincti, patentes: ligulis concavo-canaliculatis, apice tridentatis”. Lamarck went on “L’Helenie canaliculée différe évidemment de l’Helenie d’automne (dict. vol. 3, pl. 81)
par son aspect, son port, et principalement par le canarias de ses demi-fleurons, qui ne sont point élargis, planes, et réfléchis comme dans ces [referring to both H. autumnale and H. quadridentatum] espéces’”’; and in summary he contrasted his H. canaliculatum “ semi-flosculis canaliculatis’’ and H. autumnale “semi-flosculis planis reflexis”’. Somewhat later Lamarck, IIl. iv. t. 688, fig. 1 (1797), illustrated his conception of H. autumnale, the plant of the Linnean Herbarium.
Helenium canaliculatum Lam. (portion of his illustration, shown in our PLATE 797, FIG. 3) was unquestionably the same as the plant (our pLaTE 797, FIG. 1) of the Clifford garden. Except for the more spreading leaves, a natural response to the ameliora- tions of cultivation, H. canaliculatum is the extreme (F1G. 2) of H. autumnale which characterizes the tidal shores of the St. Lawrence from above Montreal to below Quebec, thence west- ward to Minnesota and Iowa. That region was the source of many plants early carried to Europe and a very inexact and obviously conventionalized plate of it with similarly elongate leaves, too many heads for the wild plant, and tremendously multiplied but characteristic rays was described and illustrated as Aster luteus alatus by Cornut, Canadensium Plantarum, 62, 63 (1635). The life-sized head and reduced leaves from Cornut’s plate are here reproduced as PLATE 797, rias.4 and 5. It will be noted that its disk is 2 cm. broad, its ligules about 1.5 em. long and 4-5 mm. broad at the sharply toothed summit. It is obvi- ously of the same variety as the plant of the Clifford garden and as that of the Paris garden described and illustrated by Lamarck as his H. canaliculatum.
488 Rhodora [DECEMBER
When Sir James Edward Smith purchased and eventually established in London the herbarium of Linnaeus he intimately knew the collection and in his many articles in Rees’ Cyclopedia he clearly designated what he understood, from studying the collection and literature, as the types of many Linnean species. Thus, in Rees, Cycl. xvii. (1819), he took as H. autuwmnale the plant of the Linnean Herbarium with “ Leaves elliptic-lanceolate,
more or less deeply serrated. Flowers large’’, etc., wills for the oa of European gardens with ‘Leaves linear- lanceolate, entire’, etc., the H. autumnale sensu Miller, he pro- posed the new name H. longifolium Sm. In treating as typical Helenium autumnale the plant which Lamarck had already (1793) selected and which he soon (1797) illustrated I am not only following the very careful Lamarck and Smith but am trying to keep the concept which has prevailed among most botanists until Rydberg. Witness, besides the illustration by Lamarck and the treatment by Smith, the following illustrations of H. autwmnale: Schkuhr, Bot. Handb. ed. 2, t. 250a (1808); Barton, Fl. N. Am. i. t. 26 (1821); Raf. Med. FI. i. t. 47 (1828); Hook. in Bot. Mag. Ivii. t. 2999 (1830); Meehan, Fl. and Fern U. S. ii. t. 29 (1879); and so on to Britton & Brown, Ill. FI. iii. 450 (1898) and House, Wild Fl. N. Y. ii. t. 261 (1918). By so doing less violence is done well established and fully justified usage than by taking up for the plant of Linnaeus’s own herbarium, labeled by him H. autumnale, the name H. latifolium Mill., as is done by Rydberg in the N. Am. Fl. xxxiv?. 127 (1915). In there taking up as H. autumnale the H. longifolium Sm. Rydberg showed that he did not understand the latter. If he had understood it he would not have referred H. canaliculatum Lam. (clearly H. autumnale sensu Miller and H. longifolium Sm.) without question to the synonymy of H. latifolium; and if he had understood H. autumnale of Herb. L. and of Lamarck, Schkuhr, Smith, Barton et al. (1. latifolium Mill.) he would not have contented himself with “Jigules 10-15 mm. long”. In the type they are 2.3 cm. long.
Besides typical Helenium autumnale (H. latifolium Mill.) and the rather local var. canaliculatum (Lam.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 284 (1842), a combination not cited in the North American Flora, we have a wide-ranging southern extreme of the species (PLATE 798), the plant with small and narrow rays which was
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 489
described as a species, H. parviflorum Nutt. Although JH. parviflorum in most extreme variations is very different from true H. autumnale, their ranges overlap and it is most difficult to find any stable morphological character to keep them apart. The chief claim of H. parviflorum to recognition is its extension far south of the other varieties, a plant with the flowering and fruiting disk only 0.8-1.5 em. broad (as opposed to 1.6—2.3 cm. in true H. autumnale), the ligules 3-12 mm. long and only 3-7 mm. broad (as opposed to 1.6—-2.5 em. long and 7-12 mm. broad in true H. autumnale). For six days (a full week) I have boiled out disk-florets and ligules, seeking in the H. autumnale complex some stable characters of disk-corollas, pappus and achenes, and, although there is extreme diversity in the number, shape and length of the pales of the pappus, sometimes short, sometimes much longer and more slender, sometimes in several lengths, and while the disk-corollas may have very short or almost obsolete tubes, or the tubes may be prolonged and the throat more campanulate, I have been quite incapable of making these di- vergencies fall into clear geographic patterns or associate them- selves with other characters. After concentrated study for a week I get back to the decision of Torrey & Gray who wrote: “Some of our varieties are possibly species; but they accord in every thing but the pappus, which also presents every inter- mediate gradation. The var. @. [the western var. grandiflorum (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray] is the only state we have seen from Oregon, Saskatchewan, &c.: but a state with a nearly similar pappus is common in New York; while other specimens, otherwise undis- tinguishable, present a reduced and merely acute pappus’’.— Torr. & Gray, l. ec. (1842). Torrey & Gray had a score or so of specimens; the ten score of specimens from which I have boiled (to clarify and straighten) the florets have failed to bring any more clarification than they could get from their hand-full of material.
Excluding the plants from west of the “Manual range”’, the great bulk of inclusive Helenium autumnale seems to me to fall into three recognizable geographic varieties:
HELENIUM a eee us Sp. Pl. ii. om (1753) in part (as to plant of Herb. L. bea he identification of Linnaeus); Lam in Journ. d’Hist. Nat. ii. i AS (1798) and tll iv. t. 688, in 1 (1797);
490 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Schkuhr, Bot. Handb. ed. 2, t. 250a (1808); Smith in Rees, Cycl. xvii (1819); Barton, Fl. N. Am. i. t. 26 (182 1); Raf. Med. Fi. i. t. 47 Gee Hook. in Bot. Mag. Ivii. t. 2999 (1830); oe i Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 384 (1842); Meehan, Fl. and Ferns U t. 29 (1879): Britton & Brown Fl. ii. 450 (1898); cies Wild FL NW-Y i. t. 261 tee yab sue tae Mill. Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Helenium no. 2 (1768); Fl. xxxiv?. 127 (1915) as to plant, not as to aban oilatae a elenia autumnalis ill, Hort. Kew. 6 (1769). Heleniwm pullin Willd. Enum. jay se 60 (1813). H. altissimum Link ex Rydberg 1. c. 126 (1915).—Stem 0.5-1.5 m. high, wing-angled, simple or branching, corymbose-branched at summit; leaves elliptic, oblong or lance- olate, ese membranaceous, =e larger coarsely dentate ones 0.5-1. long a —5.5 em. broad; heads few-many, peduncled, in savtiinal eprviab: fully raewctoped disk 1.6—2.3 cm. broad; ligules flat, cuneate, deep yellow, soon reflexed, 1.6—2.5 cm. long, 7-12 mm. broad at the Ghani toothed or lobed ‘summit; pappus much shorter than to two thirds as long as disk-corolla.— Rich thickets, meadows and shores, western New England to Minnesota, south to New Jersey, western North Carolina, Ken- tucky and "Missouri, northward passing into var. canaliculatum, southward into var. ‘parviflo orum. A few fairly typical specimens are the following. Massacnusetts: Stockbridge, September 5, 1912, R. Hoffmann; Sheffield, September 30, 1919, Churchill.
— — ane .
no. 10,815; Sylvan Beach, Oneida Co., House, nos. 3843 and 8705; Dryden, MacDaniels & Eames, no. 1313. New Jersey: Fields- abe Long, no. 18, 221; southwest of Harrisonville, Long, no. 45, 269. PENNSYLVANIA: Washington Crossing, Bucks County, September 25, 1923, Meredith: Wissahickon Ravine, Philadelphia eee September 24, 1924, He enry A. Lang; Sayre, Barbour, no.
536. ONTARIO: teen eg Krotkov, 7908 (mixed with var. canaliculatum). Onto: Garrettsville, pres County, R. J. , no. 400. Itirors: Bloomington, August, 1886, B. L. Robinson. Our PLATE 796. Var. CANALICULATUM (Lam.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 284 citation H. autumnale L. Sp. Pl. ii. 886 (1753) in part, as to some
_ Am xiv’. 127 (19 15). H. ince Ait. Hort. Kew. iii. 227 (1789). H. canaliculatum Lam. in Journ. d’Hist. Nat. ii. 213, t. 35 (1793). Helenia decurrens Moench, Meth. 589 (1794), both as to descrip- tion and citation only of the Morison figure which is of most
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 491
characteristic H. canaliculatum, and obviously copied from Cor- nut. Helenium longifolium Sm. in Rees, Cyel. xvii, Heleniwm no. 2 (1819). ZH. phates pubescens (Ait.) Britton in Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. v. 339 (1894).—Stem relatively slender, 3.7-9 dm. high with 1-many heads; leaves linear to lanceolate, Moe or shallowly ddentiontite, firm, subrigid, the sea ones 3-
long and 3-18 mm. broad; mature disk 1 . broad, ligule strongly narrowed and ofte en convolute at s Hit —2 cm. lon
2-7 mm. broad at the shallowly and sharply to bluntly ached
and ec rst Some characteristic specimens are as follows: QuEBEC: Cap Pains Victorin, no. 28,177; St. Vallier, Svenson & Fassett, no. 3022; Berthier, Montmagny County, Fernald & Pease, no. 25,324; Longueuil, Victorin, no. 18,376; phe a
n-
074.
cord, September 9, 1934, R. J. Eaton (adventive, leaves more toothed than in most material). Nerw Yorx: Canton, or no. 1002; Springport, Hames & Wiegand, no. 11,007. Ont Tobermory, Krotkov, no. 7908 (mixed ery typical H. cadumuaiies: Birch Island, Lake "Huron, Macoun, no. 26,508 (distributed as H. huronense Britton, an ‘herbar arin ines ‘unfortunately pub- lished in syno nymy, therefore with no status, by Rydberg in N. Am. Fl. xxxiv?. 127 (1915)). Outo: Windham ee Portage County, R. J. Webb, no. 5554. Wisconsin: St. Cro x Falls
pete City , August 15, 1883, W. H. Manan Lowa:
1894, Fink. NeprasKa: Beaver ‘Creek, Holt es Fred Clements, no. 2858: South Fork of Dismal River, Rydbero, no. 1690. Mrs- SOURI: Dodson, Bush, no. 4148, dist rib. as H - montanum; Colum- bia, Boone Co. , Lisle Jeffrey, no. 261. Kansas: Chautauqua Co. Aitehchels no. 737. Texas: banks of ae about Fried- richsburg, Lindheimer, no. 477. Arizona: canon at Fort
' Passing westward, from Saskatchewan and North Dakota to eastern Washington,
For note on H. autumnale pubescens (Ait.) Britton see p. 492. It is probable that Aiton had the two Ghihe which were in general cultivation in Europe, not the western var. montanum to which Rydberg doubtfully refers var. pubescens.
‘ Farther west, in British Columbia, Washington and Oregon, becoming the large- ow =
Var. GRaNpvIFLORUM (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 384 (1842); Gray,
Fl. N. eS, i?, 349 (1884); independently published by Howell, Fl. Nw. Am en (1900). H. grandifiorum Nutt. 1. c. (1841)
492 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Huachuca, Lemmon, no. 2776. PiatTe 797.—Many specimens transitional to the preceding so the following, and on the Plains of the West to var. monta
Aiton, Hort. Kew. iti. 227 (1789), had a H. pubescens, de- scribed simply “H. foliis pubescentibus”. Torrey & Gray and, later, Gray treated it as synonymous with the inclusive H. autumnale, of which the typical variety is subglabrous, in both places wrongly citing the page as “287’’. In Mem. Torr. Bot. Cl. v. 339 (1894) we get the unexplained combination H. autum- nale pubescens Britton, based upon H. pubescens Ait. of page “287”. Had the author of the new trinomial looked up Aiton, instead of copying the error of Torrey & Gray and of Gray, he would have noted that H. pubescens was on p. 227. I have not seen Aiton’s type; neither had Britton. From the date (1789) it is probably var. canaliculatum.
*Var. parviflorum (Nutt.) stat. nov. H. parviflorum Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, vii. 384 (1841).—Leaves mem- branaceous or submembranaceous, elliptic, oblong, lanceolate or oblanceolate, coarsely toothed to subentire, the larger oe 0.5-1.5 dm. long and 0.7—3.5 em. broad; mature disk 0.8—-1.5 ¢ broad; ligules 3-12 mm. long and 3-7 mm. broad, often fiche late below. —Bottomlands, swamps and other low grounds, Florida to Arkansas, north to Connecticut, New York, Pennsyl- vania, Kentucky, Illinois and southeastern Iowa, thoroughly typical and isolated southward, passing sig oe into the two preceding northward. The fo lowin ng, from a very large series “i an e are characteristic. Gomnkancer: Bia ague, August oodward; Selden Cove, Lyme, August 29, 1901, Bissell: ‘Stratford, August 16, 1895, Eames. New York: old specimens without designated. locality, Torr. & are: Fl. New Jersey: east of Silverton, Ocean County, Fogg, no. 4901 (nar- rowest-leaved extreme); Mays Picea "August "28, 1910, W. Stone; Cold Spring, Fogg, no. 235; Treasure Island, ‘Hunterdon ounty, Long, no. 38,291. Palen Delaware County, 18et Canby, called by Gray H. parviflorum, with the later com- t “Passes for but ??”, the material _{relatively hineiente) alas by Rydbeeg as H. longifolium Sm., i. e. H. autumnale var. canaliculatum; Dillerville Svenp. “Lancaster eat, September 18, 1889, Heller. DeELAWARE: Bayville, Sussex County, Fogg, no. 11 27 1; north of Leipsic, Kent County, Fogg, no. 6230. West Vrirornta: Roland P ark, Cabell County, Gilbert, no. 546. Virernta: Hunting Creek, southwest of Alex- andria, G. H. Shull, no. 188; Bedford County, September, 1873, A. H. Curtiss; Jamestown Island, James City County, Ferna
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 493
Long, no. 11,204; Kittewan Creek, Weyanoke, Charles City County, Fernald & Long, no. 11,483; near Creeds, Princess Anne County, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 5139; Northwest, Norfolk County, Fernald & Long, no.
8: north of Burgaw, Pender County, Godfrey, no. 6537; near Sun- ford, Lee County, Godfrey, no. 6911; Winston-Salem, Godfrey, no. 6094; Sylva, Jackson County, September 18, 1897, E. E. Magee. Sour Carourna: near Georgetown, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 8240. Groraia: Macon, September 3, 1883, J. D. Smith; Warsaw, Long County, Eyles, no. 7655. Forma: St. Mark’s, Wakulla County, Nash, no. 2534; Apalachicola, Biltmore Herb., no. 515a. Kentucky: near Wasioto, Bell County, Kearney, no. 506. TrnnessEE: Knoxville, W. A. Anderson, no. 638; Town- send, September 26, 1936, Luther Burns. ALABAMA: without stated locality, Nuttall (possible type or isotype of H. parviflorum —bearing Nuttall’s asterisk and ent
Earle, no. 89. Mussissrprt: Taylorville, Tracy, no. 8529; Jack- son, September 6, 1885, J. D. Smith. Iniinois: Champaign, Pease, no. 12,389; Peoria, September, 1904, F. E. MacDonald. Owa: Keosauqua, Pammel & Reis, no. 465. Mussourt: Bakers-
In the plastic group with disk globose or globose-ovoid and usually brown or purplish, the receptacle ovoid and the ray- flowers sterile or neutral, Rydberg treats both Helenium nudi- florum Nutt. and H. polyphyllum Small as good species. Only by recognizing the smallest specimens with narrowest cauline Wings as the former, the largest ones with broadest wings as the latter, ignoring the large series of transitional specimens can one do so. The intermediate pile is altogether too large; but in our Southeast there are two extremes, native of low woods and Swamps and evidently local endemics, which seem to be really
494 Rhodora [DECEMBER
well defined species. In typical campestrian and aggressively weedy H. nudiflorum (including H. polyphyllum) the pales of the pappus are narrowly lanceolate to lance-ovate and 0.5-1.6 mm. long, the pales attenuate to narrow tips or scabrous awns, the firm and usually scabridulous cauline leaves linear to narrowly lanceolate or oblanceolate. In southeastern South Carolina, however, there is a plant of this series, occurring in low woods or in wooded bottomlands, with membranaceous and quite smooth cauline leaves lance- to elliptic-oblong, the pappus of blunt and awnless round or oval small pales. This I am calling dfreyi, sp. nov. (TaB. 799, Fic. 1 et 2), H. nudifloro habitu simillima; foliis caulinis membranaceis laevibus lanceolato-vel elliptico-oblongis; achaeniis glabris verrucosis, pappi paleis al- bidis suborbicularibus vel ovalibus muticis 0. 4-1. 4 mm. longis.— OUTH CAROLINA: creek-bottom through rich Caf anie wnicds, 4 a west of Georgetown, June 27, 1989, Godfrey & Tryon, no 124; cleared strip along logging railroad through floodplain- forest, Santee River, 3 miles northeast of Pineville, Berkeley county, July 14, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 586 (TYPE in Herb. ay
This localized species is named for Ropert KENNETH GODFREY whose extensive field-work is greatly clarifying our knowledge of Carolina plants.
Another relative of Helenitum nudiflorum is concentrated in the northern half of Florida. In this plant the relatively small heads are either rayless or with well developed ligules, but the ovate pappus-pales (1-1.6 mm. long) are rounded at tip and terminated by a very long, filiform and smoothish awn. This plant seems says of recognition as
W someone River’’); waste ground in Tampa, June 1, 1886, Curtiss, no.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 495
ATE 796 is of on cae AUTUMNA were MS. : F1@s. 1 and 2, portions of Bein in Linnean Herb., nal phot panne Er ough kindness of Mr. S. Savage; FIG. 2, summit of plant fron Garrettsville, Patan County, Ohio, R. J. Webb,
no. PLATE 797, H. AUTUMNALE, var. CANALICULATUM (Lam.) Torr. & Gray, X 1,
except Fic. 5: Fia. 1, portion of Helenia foliis decurrentibus, ete. of Hort tus Cliffortianus, courtesy of Dr. John Ramsbottom; F1a. 2, summit of plant from River nce, Lp toor sl Montmagny County, Quebec, Fernald &
Pease, no, 25,324; ria. 3, portion of original plate of H. canaliculatum Lam.; Pld ‘ oo 5, portions of Taateatioe of Aster soles alatus of Cornut, Canad. Piate 798, H. mp ich pe var, PARVIFLORUM Ny hes ) Fern., < 1: FIG portion of Typ or 1soryPE of H. parviflorum Nu 2, summit of plant oa isa, of South Guay. Nansemond County, "viata, Fernald & Long,
SENECIO AUREUS AND ITS GEOGRAPHIC VARIETIES AND ALLIES IN EASTERN Nortuo America (PLATES 800-806)—To one who from boyhood has known as Senecio aureus the common glabrous or promptly glabrate plant of peaty meadows, swales and swampy thickets of New England, New York and Pennsylvania, with suborbicular to round-ovate obtusely crenate radical leaves which are tufted from very slender and cord-like elongate rhizomes and basal offshoots, it is very disconcerting on every trip to tidewater Virginia to see as a dominating plant of calcareous woods and fertile bottomland, never in meadows and boggy places, a coarser plant with stout almost finger-like purple basal offshoots, very large heads and, when young, a copious long tomentum at the bases of the petioles, on the unexpanded leaf-surfaces and over the unexpanded corymb, and to be obliged to call it also S. aureus. So different is this southern plant of rich woods from the common plant of swamp and swale northward that it, again, comes as a surprise to find that it is true S. aureus L. Sp. PI. ii. 870 (1753). Linnaeus based the species primarily upon the Clayton collection, nos. 249 and 286, from Virginia, described by Gronovius, with a second reference to the Jacobaea virginiana of Morison and of Ray. The Clayton plant, which is the Type (our PLATE 800, FIG. 1) is very characteristic material of the woodland species of eastern Virginia, and phrases in the account by Gronovius but not quoted by Linnaeus are peculiarly significant to one who knows the southern plant, “leviter superne lanatis, radice parva atro-rubente”’, for the woodland plant of tidewater Virginia is
496 Rhodora | DECEMBER
very striking on account of the purple or dark red stiff rhizomes and basal offshoots and the lanate tomentum of the unexpanded corymb. ‘Madidis & umbrosis gaudet”’ of the Clayton account is also wholly satisfactory. So is the contradiction between the brief italicised diagnosis of Gronovius with “‘foliis crenatis’’ and the fuller account below ‘‘foliis infimis rotundis ad marginem serratis’’, for the type shows the margin serrate-dentate or with somewhat emarginate-truncate teeth as in some of the southern specimens, while the phrase “foliis crenatis’”’, taken over by Linnaeus, fits other specimens.
Since the common plant of the northeastern states differs in several characters from typical southern Senecio aureus, standing midway between it and var. gracilis (Pursh) Wood, and since the more northern membranous-leaved plant (of Newfoundland, Anticosti, Gaspé, northern New England, etc.) which has errone- ously passed as the Cordilleran S. pseudaureus Rydb., needs clarification, I am here summarizing my interpretaion of the varieties of S. aureus:
a. Radical leaves sana 5 with rounded or blunt teeth... .b.
b. Undivide eaves suborbicular to round-ovate roadly ion at summit, with a well fein Basal teaicole at flowering time 4-10 mm. thick,
deep red or purple; margins of basal sheaths of many petioles, surfaces of unexpanded leaves and unex-
)
tum; involucres 8-11 mm. high; disk-corollas 6-10
mm. long; achenes 3.54 1 mm. long.......... S. aureus (typical). Basal offshoots at flowering ise” 1-5 mm. thick,
bs glabrous or sparsely short-tomentose and glabrescent; involucres 5-8 (-9) mm. high; disk- m. long
ong an ad, often purplish beneath, the longer patitlne 0.5-3
dm. long; involucres 9mm. high.......... Var. intercursus. Stems repr io solitary, ‘2-6 dm. high; basal offshoots rarely = ink radical leaves mem- branaceous, 1-3. 1-2.8 cm. br yey
n both sides the “longer petioles 2-10 cm ge
lon, ne ian pe eT sa a eS " Var. gracilis. b. Undivided basal leaves oblong-oval, rounded to base or some of them are, subcordate, the abla blades _ - em. long and 1.5-4.3 em. b road, submembrana-
PRC eee upiety Clk vue oe Lure. ort Var. semicordatus.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 497
a. Radical leaves sharply ans Bhpa or dentate at least at base to cutely or subacutely lacerate, ovate or oval to rotund,
aocane cordate, acute to founded at tip, membranaceous.
Var. aquilonius.
S. aurEus L. Sp. Pl. ii. 870 (1753). Var. Ashez Greenm. in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. xvi. 406, pl. 35 (1929).—Rather stout; stiff basal offshoots purple, 3-15 cm. long; flowering stems 3-12 dm. high; radical leaves rounded- to oblong-ovate, becoming cori- aceous, in maturity up to 2.2 dm. long and 1.8 dm. broad.—Rich caleareous w oods and wooded bottomlands or in upland meadows, Florida to Arkansas, north to Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri. The following are characteristic. VIRGINIA: locality not stated, ‘““Madidis & umbrosis _ ool Clayton (ryPE, photo in Gray Herb., our PLATE 800, . 1); rocky bank of brook north of
ounty, Fernald & Gri scom, no. 451 ce ee ae Cypress Swamp, north of Dendron, Fernald, L g & Abbe, no. 14,243; rich alluvial woods, east of Cabin Point, ’ Rauie & Long, no. 7985; bottoms of rich calcareous wooded ravines west of Clare- mont, Fernald & Long, no. 12,893; sandy alluvial woods, bottom- land of Powell Creek, Garyville, Fernald & Long, no. 7984. Norru Carouina: wet, shady ground, Biltmore, Biltm. Herb. no. 889". Frorrpa: banks of Little River, Chapman. TENNESSEE: Maryville, Blount County, May 8, 1937, Godfrey; low wooded slope along Bean’s Creek, siege ‘County, Svenson, no. 10,018. Missourt: along James R., h of Springfield, Greene Co. September, 1934, Richard Seth, " Lisle Jeffrey; along Shoal Creek, southwest of Joplin, EZ. J. Palmer, no. 29,936. ARKANSAS: wet places, “N. W. Ar kansas’’, April, 1888, Harvey, no. 45. See p. 361. Phases 800, Fra. 1, and 801
Senecio aureus in southeastern Virginia definitely crosses with S. tomentosus Michaux. In April, 1942, Long, Abbe and I found (see p. 361) an extensive colony growing at the upper border of bottomland-woods of Cypress Swamp near Dendron, with typical S. aureus in the woods, typical S. tomentosus in the open. The intermediate plants, some with narrow and merely round- to tapering-based radical leaves suggesting those of S. tomentosus, others with them broader and subcordate, all more or less tomentulose and with tomentose to glabrescent petioles, has the involucres tomentose. It is clearly S. aureus X tomento- sus. Foliage-material, misidentified as S. Crawfordii Britton, from a wooded ravine west of Claremont, Fernald & Long, no.
498 Rhodora [DECEMBER
12,892, is very similar but smoother, and its stout and elongate horizontal rhizome keeps it out of S. Crawfordii (see p. 506). It was a single plant growing with typical S. aureus, with S. tomentosus abundant only a few rods away. That much is clear.
In Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. xiv. 406, pl. 35 (1929) Greenman described as S. aureus, var. Ashei a plant of western Virginia and adjacent northeastern Tennessee, there growing in moist meadows. Evidently having in mind as true S. aureus! the glabrescent plant of wide northern and continental range, the author of var. Ashet emphasized for the latter the distinctive characters of typical southern S. aureus: “‘foliis inferioribus longe petiolatis . . . crenato-serratis juventate atringe albo-floccoso-tomentosis supra denique plus minusve glabratis’’. Evidently puzzled by the presence of tomentum on the young and unexpanded basal leaves in his var. Ashe7z, just such pubes- cence as occurs on the youngest basal leaves of the plant of Clayton’s region (see PLATE 801, Fic. 3), and frequently on the involucre as well (see ric. 5), Greenman surmised that this plant of the mountain-region of western Virginia and eastern
Tennessee might be a hybrid of his S. aureus (presumably our var. intercursus) and the coastal plain S. tomentosus: “The origin of the plant isnot known . . . It may beahybrid. There are some indications that it may be a hybrid between Senecio aureus L. and Senecio tomentosus Michx. The former of these two species occurs in the valley of the South Fork of the Holston River, and the latter species is relatively common in eastern Virginia. While the habit of the new plant is like Senecio aureus, yet the prevailing outline of the leaves of the offshoots and those of the lower parts of the upright stem, as well as their texture and tomentose character, suggests Senecio tomentosus.”— Greenm. l. c. 405. The type of S. aureus var. Ashei was poorly collected, showing no rhizomes, but in outline of basal leaves and cauline leaves (so far as the mashed and crumpled leaves show) the foliage looks quite like that of the rypr of S. aureus and of the characteristic specimens above cited and illustrated (PLATES
1 Among the specimens taken by Dr. Greenman to Berlin for his preliminary studies cursus, from Rhode Island, bears the pencilled ot “This specimen of Thu rber’ s parla ts nds very well with ‘specimens of S. aureus L. in herb. Willdenow at
Berlin”. The Thurber like it sé ‘Berlin (if not now destroyed) are very insole from the Clayton type.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 499
800, Fic. 1 and 801). Although on the coastal plain true and characteristic S. aureus rarely crosses with S. tomentosus, pro- ducing a pretty mixed progeny, some plants with horizontal rhizomes and basal offshoots of S. aureus, others cespitose as in S. tomentosus, there is no reason to imagine that the cespitose, heavily and permanently tomentose S. tomentosus, with its narrow and noncordate radical leaves, its undivided or but shallowly toothed cauline leaves, its columnar and_ heavily hirtellous drab achenes (pLaTE 800, Fic. 3) with prominent rounded ridges—there is no reason to imagine that such a plant, restricted to sterile soils of the Coastal Plain and adjacent prov- inces, had anything to do with the origin of the continental and upland species of rich or calcareous areas, with horizontal elon- gate rhizomes and basal offshoots, oval to orbicular and deeply cordate glabrous or glabrescent radical leaves, glabrous and deeply pinnatisect cauline ones, and glabrous, slender brown to reddish achenes (Fic. 2) without very prominent ridges. The cited stations of S. aureus, var. Ashei are more than 200 miles west of the nearest stations known for S. tomentosus!
Senecio aureus, var. aurantiacus Farwell in Am. Midl. Nat. xii. 74 (1930) is described as having red stems and “traces of floccose tomentum present throughout the plant at the flowering time”. Its distinctive character, “Ligules . . . 3-4 lines ong . orange-red, reflexed” is one unknown to me. The deacriiiae otherwise does not make clear what var. aurant?- acus re be, in a region where ee variations occur.
Var. sale ea standing between the coarse, southern typical Senecio aureus and the smallest variety of the species, var.
500 Rhodora [DecEMBER
gracilis (Pursh) Wood, is the plant most generally passing as typical S. aureus.
*Var. INTERCURSUS I have seen from Virginia only from ROANOKE County: moist woods along Back Creek, south-south- east of Starkey Post Office, C. E. Wood, Jr., no. 3988. It is presumably of broader upland range.
Var. GRACILIS (Pursh) Wood, Class-Bk, 211 es independ- ently published as a new comb. by B ritton a Britt Ill. Fl. iii. 481 (1898). S. gracilis Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii. 529 (1814).—Meadows, swamps and bogs, iudiautetic to ‘North pice _ to Grodininn): south to North Carolina and Arkan
ve Sains (Mackenzie & Bush) Greenm. in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 129 (1916). S. semicordatus Mackenz. «& Bush in Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. Rep. xvi. 107 (1905). S. aureus x Balsamitae Greenm. in Ruopora, x. 69 (1908).—Calcareous
ern Ohio, Tllinois and Missouri. urEvs L., var. aquilonius, var. nov. (Tas. 803), planta valde hisolsntonk: rhizomatibus gracilibus valde horizontaliter- que elongatis (ad 3 dm . longis) ; foliis basilaribus membranaceis ovatis vel ovalibus vel ‘rotundis serratis vel acute vel subacute incisis ad basin valde cordatis; foliis caulinis membranaceis basi pinnatifidis—Newfoundland and Céte Nord and Anticosti Island, Quebec, to Algoma District, Ontario, south to Cape
vania, northern Ohio, northern Indiana and Winton Many specimens previously misidentified with the w en. ‘s. pseud- eda Rydb. ollowing, selected from a very large series, e characteristic. NEWFOUNDLAND: Atagrtae Grand Falls, Faly 3, 1911, Fonte & Wiegand, no. 6398; park-like openings in amp mossy woods on the Silurian hills ‘back of Birchy Cove (Curling), July 5, 1910, Fernald & Wiegand, no. 4174; spruce woods and thickets, slope of Lookout Mountain, Bonne Bay, ernald, Long & Fogg, n . 2145; brooksides and damp bushy ravines on the Piticetones ‘tableland, alt. 200-300 m., Table mentee Port A Port Bay, July 16 and 17, Fernald & St. John, 10, 872: damp gia in woods near Overfall Camp, Great Codkey River, July 7, 1939, Pease & Edgerton. Qursec: dans les bois claire prés de la riviére, Riviére "de Rénard, Anticosti, 5 aotit 1927, Victorin & Rolland, no. 27,645; dans les bois de Coniféres, R. Vaureal, Anticosti, 12 aoft 1927, Vuictorin & Rolland, nos. 27,640 and 27,641; mossy Arbor Vitae woods east
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 501
of Grande Coupe, Percé, August 6, 1907, Fernald & Collins, no. 1208; springy meadows in woods at 600 m. altitude, North Fork of Madeleine River, Gaspé County, July 31, 1923, Fernald, Dodge & Smith, n 0. 26 ,096; calcareous alpine meadows, alt. 1000— 1125 m., Tableton Mountain, August 7, 1906, Fernald & Collins, no. 260; coniferous forest, “Low’s Trail” from the Forks of the R. Ste. Anne des Monts to Table-topped roger, July 31 and August 14, 1906, Fernald & Collins, nos. 765, 7 6 (TYPE in Herb. Gray), 767: wet alluvial shores, between hatde and the Baie des Chaleurs, Bonaventure River, August 5-8, 1904, Collins, Fernald & Pease; gravel-beaches and bars between the Forks and Brulé Brook, Little Cascapedia River, July 29 and 30, 1904, Collins, Fernald '& Pease (Pease, no. 5022); ey: bank, Restigouche River, July 24-25, 1929, Rousseau & Bonin, no.
2,211. Nova Scotta: Barrasois Thi, Cape Breton, Nichols, no. 52 PRINCE Epwarp ISLAND: swampy Letts and Thuja woods, Tignish, Fernald, Long & St. John, no. 8245. Marne: wet thicket, Limestone, Tune 22, 1898, Fernald; Aree Opel A Presque Isle, July 12, 1902, Williams, Collins & Fernald; cedar- swamps and clearings, Blaine, June 23, 1898, Fernald 1 no. 2404;
Roque Blufts, July 23 to ; meadow near Half-moon Stream, Unity, June 16, 1935, G. a Rossbach, no. 926; wet ground, ae roo Clinton, July 8, rid
July 6, 1907, A. H. Moore, no. 3523, Pease, no. 10,316; wet place in woods, Hill, August 29, 1933, Chas. Bullard; rich woods, Durham, June 21, Nghe "Ho dgdon, no. 4034. New York: Oneida, May 15 , 1918, ouse. PENNSYLVANIA: Corry, May 7 1896, J. R. Churchill. (eggs black-ash swamp, Sault Ste. Marie, July 18, 1935, Taylor és ri no. 1687. Onto: Garretts- ville, Po ortage County, Webb, 202. MricHiGcan: tamarack Swamp, south of Ann Arbor, May 8, 1898, S. H. Burnham; Port Huron, May 18, 1896, C. K. Do dge. InpraNa: along a brook, Otis, May 20, 1911, Sherff. Wisconsin: Brown County, June ii, 1900, Schuette.
Senecio aureus, var. aquilonius is the northeastern plant which has recently been passing in my own work and that of others as S. pseudaureus Rydb. It certainly strongly suggests the plant of the Cordilleran region in the texture and toothing of its basal leaves and the tendency to laceration and enlargement of the lower cauline blades. S. pseudaureus, however, has a stout and relatively short rhizome which usually forks into a tuft of crowded ascending crowns; its basal leaves tend to be oblong-ovate as in
502 Rhodora [DECEMBER
S. aureus, var. semicordatus (Mackenz. & Bush) Greenm. and only slightly, if at all, more cordate, though sometimes broader, on thickish petioles 1-10 (rarely —23) em. long; its pale-flowered heads are on pedicels 1—5 (rarely —9) em. long. S. aureus, var. aquilonius stands off from it through its slender and horizontally creeping rhizome (up to 3 dm. long), with scattered ascending branches and tufts of leaves or flowering stems; it thus belongs with S. aureus var. intercursus and passes into it. Its basal leaves are ovate to oval or even orbicular, deeply cordate, on filiform petioles mostly 0.5-2.5 dm. long; and its deep yellow-flowered heads are on filiform pedicels mostly 3-12 cm. long.
S. eae var. AQUILONIUS, forma ecoronatus (Fernald) comb. n S. pseudaureus, forma ecoronatus Fernald in RHopoRA, xx. 595, (1928 y
. PAUPERCULUS Michx., forma inornatus, f. nov., nang basi- laribus panics angusto oblanceolatis laminis 1.5-2.3 cm. longis : m. latis; foliis caulinis valde reductis Bitoahes: es. em. lo tes ‘2-5 mm. lati tis; lets ed lineari-attenuatis; floribus discoideis, ligulis nullis. —Micn en ne pavement, Seul yee School, ae Coney | July 12 Eigen Pease & Ogden,
. 24,946 (TYPE oe Herb. Gray.). Awa : Mi ller House, on Ste ese Ticket 115 miles nh of Pigdenks elevation 2100 feet, July 12-18, 1940, Edith Scamman, no. 216 6.
Not to be confused with Senecio pauperculus, forma verecundus Fern. in Ruopora, xxx. 225 (1928), of Anticosti, a plant which has all the technical characters of S. gaspensis Greenm., to which it must be transferred.
S. PAUPERCULUs Michx., var. neoscoticus, var. nov. (TAB. 806), planta 1-4 dm. alta; foliis ‘basilaribus indivisis 1.5-6.5 cm. longis 1-2 em. latis; foliis caulinis imis plus sae aS pinnatifidis 3.5-6.5 em. longis 0.7-2 cm. latis; capitulis 2-25, longe pediogeb involucris 4-5 mm. altis basin versus persistenter tomentosis; achaeniis glabris 2 mm. longis—Nova Scorta: talus of gypsum cliffs, Five-mile River, Hants S Cae July 19, 1920, Pease & Long, no. 22,914 (type in Herb. Gray.), distrib, as var. Balsa- mitae (Muhl.) Fern.; common on gypsum, Antigon ish Harbour, July 11, 1941, A. E. Roland, no. 41,741, distrib. as var. Balsa-
1 Nore on THE TeRM PHYLLARY.—The term PHYLLARY, now largely used of involucral bract, is given by Jackson, Gloss. Bot. Terms, as coming from a Latin
have, naturally, made an ablative plural “ phyllaribus o & Hooker and other English phytographers had e term as son defined in the Century Dic- ry and as originally adopted in this count i aa from the New Lati
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 503
mitae; rock-faces and crevices of gypsum cliffs, Port Bevis, Victoria County, August 27, 1920, oo & Long, no. 22,915, also distrib. as var. Balsam mitae. QUEB Seige ee bank near Percé, Gaspé County, July 14, 1928, pines no. z
Var. neoscoticus is the only variation of the a Senecio pauperculus (PLATE 804) known to me from Nova Scotia. It superficially resembles var. Balsamitae (pLATE 805) in having well developed lower cauline leaves, but it is unlike any of the other varieties of the species in having densely and permanently tomentose involucres, in the Type the tomentum at the base of the involucre or, in some plants, extending to the tips of the phyllaries. The conventional and not too convincing distinction between S. plattensis Nutt. (1841) and S. pauperculus Michx. (1803) is the occurrence somewhere on the former (on stem, petioles, pedicels or involucre or on two or more of the areas at the same time) of more or less persistent tomentum, while S. pauperculus is glabrate or merely with flocculent tufts of tomen- tum. Furthermore, to quote Greenman, the former species has “achenes usually hispidulous along the angles, sometimes glabrous”. In S. pauperculus we get ‘“‘achenes glabrous or hirtellous along the angles’. That leaves mighty little which seems specific. Nevertheless, of many scores of mature collec- tions of S. plattensis which I have studied essentially all have hispidulous achenes. Of more than 200 members of the inclusive S. pauperculus examined all but 3 numbers have shown glabrous achenes. I am not ready to reduce S. plattensis, without field- acquaintance with it. But in its densely tomentose involucre S. pauperculus, var. neoscoticus might be looked upon as a con- necting link. In all other characters, however, it is good S. pauperculus.
A southeastern variety, Senecio pauperculus, var. praelongus (Greenm.) House, found from eastern Massachusetts to Michi- gan, south to Connecticut, Maryland and the upland of Virginia, is strikingly similar to and has often been mistaken for the ubi- quitous southern S. Smallii Britton. In New England, New York and Michigan it passes into S. pauperculus var. Balsamitae, while in the elongate cauline and basal leaves and the numerous heads it looks like S. Smallii. The latter, however, usually has copiously hispidulous achenes only 1.5-2.2 mm. long, the former glabrous achenes 2-2.5 mm. long. There seems to be a recog-
504 Rhodora [DECEMBER
nizable difference in the phyllaries. In S. pauperculus they are linear-attenuate, gradually tapering from the base; in S. Smallii they are more definitely linear-oblong, with parallel sides, and tapering only toward the summit. In typical S. pauperculus and its var. Balsamitae (Muhl.) Fern., furthermore, the more or less elongate rhizome is commonly prostrate, with decumbent
ranches. In S. Smallii the short rhizome has crowded erect crowns. The photograph of the Type of S. Balsamitae Muhl. ex Willd. sent me by Professor Diels is of the northern few-leaved plant. I am clinging to these characters for what they may be worth.
Far to the northeast there is a series of plants of this affinity, growing from western Newfoundland to Anticosti, thence to northern Maine, which differs from Senecio pauperculus in usually broader and heavier foliage, the basal leaves tending to be elliptic or oval but sometimes oblanceolate, the disk very broad. These are the two extremes which were described as S. gaspensis Greenm. in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 138 (1916) and as S. Balsamitae var. firmifolius Greemn. in Ruopora, vii. 244 (1905) or S. pauperculus var. firmifolius (Greenm.) Greenm. in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 166 (1916). In their extremes the two are very different, but some of the larger specimens cited by Greenman as var. firmifolius are inseparable from smaller ones determined or cited by him under S. gaspensis. Typical S. gaspensis differs still further from S. pauperculus in having the undivided basal leaves broader (1.5-4.5 em. broad, the basal leaves of S. pauperculus ranging from 0.5-2 cm. broad). Further- more, in both typical S. gaspensis and in S. pauperculus var. firmifolius the phyllaries are linear-oblong, with parallel (instead of gradually converging) sides, tapering only near the tip. This apparently fairly definite species also includes the discoid form of Anticosti which, before I had spent two weeks upon the group, I placed under S. pawperculus. As I understand the plants I should now treat them as follows.
S. GASPENSIS Greenman i in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 188 (1916).
.5-8 em. long and 1.5-4.5 em. bro ad; flowering stem very leafy; larger cauline leaves 5-12 em. fe 1-3 em. broad, eet pin-
1943} Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 505
swamps and calcareous cliffs, Anticosti Island and Gaspé Pen- insula, Quebec, to upper St. John Ri iver, Maine (where apparently crossing with S. pauperculus, var. Balsamit tae). orma verecundus (Fern.), comb. nov. S. pauperculus,
forma verecundus Fernald in Ruopora, xxx. 225 (1928).— Swamps, flats and calcareous talus, phir a Be Island.
With the recognition of Senecio gaspensis, the discoid form from Anticosti, of which I now have several numbers, finds its at there.
. firmifolius (Greenm.), comb. nov. S. Balsamitae, var.
nn. (1916).—Stiems 0.2-2 dm. high, stiffly erect, often much tufted; undivided basal blades 1-8 em. lon ng, 0.7—2.5 em. broad; flowering stem nearly naked except at base or with greatly reduced leaves 1-3.5 em. long and rarely 1 em. broad; pedicels 0.2-5 em. long; achenes 2.4-2.6 mm. long.—Dry calcareous rock, shingle and talus, western Newfoundland; Nits Nord (Betchouane), Anti- costi and Gaspé Peninsula, Quebe With Senecio pauperculus, S. siiaae S. gaspensis and, per- haps, S. plattensis showing possibly more recognizable characters than they have usually been accorded, there remains the local S. Crawfordii Britton. This local species has linear-attenuate phyllaries somewhat as in S. pauwperculus and its varieties, few large heads and the well developed basal leaves on very prolonged petioles, so that the typical lower blades are only one fifth to one third as long as the erect petioles. The elongation of petiole was probably induced by its often paludal habitat. A most signifi- cant character seems to have been overlooked. In S. pauper- culus and S. gaspensis there is a more or less elongate and creeping or decumbent rhizome, from which spring leafy tufts independent of the flowering stem (snatched or merely jerked-up specimens rarely show good rhizomes). In all the material of S. Crawfordii I have seen the rhizome is reduced to a short vertical or ascending crown which is praemorse and not creeping. When Mr. Long and I collected in Surry County, Virginia, a few leaf-specimens which we mistook for S. Crawfordii, we did not have the rhizome in mind. Our Surry County material (no. 12,892), reported under that name, has a strongly developed horizontal rhizome. It seems to belong with a series collected by Mr. Long, Dr. E. C. Abbe and me, also in Surry County (Fernald, Long & Abbe, no.
506 Rhodora [DECEMBER
14,245) which is an unquestioned hybrid of S. aureus L. and S. tomentosus Michx., the series occurring with the two parents and combining their characters.
Returning to Senecio Crawfordii, the short praemorse crown- like rhizome, the very long petioles and the other characters above noted clearly mark it. Although local, the species has a broader range than usually assigned it. I am quite incapable of separating from it the typr from Indiana of S. obovatus, var. umbratilis Greenm. in Ann. Mo. Bot. Gard. iii. 115 (1916). It has the short praemorse erect rhizome, the long-petioled elliptic- oblong basal leaves, the cauline leaves and the heads so nearly identical with isotypic material from Mr. Joseph Crawford him- self that the only difference I can see is that the type of S. obovatus var. umbratilis is in young anthesis, the Crawford ma- terial in fruit. Similarly the Tennessee material cited under S. obovatus var. umbratilis (S. M. Bain, no. 421) is so similar to characteristic S. Crawfordii from Camden County, New Jersey (Witmer Stone), Bristol, Pennsylvania (Fretz) and Suitland, Maryland (Blake, no. 9391), that it looks as if it were collected with any one of them. Material from open peaty pineland near Middlesex, Nash County, North Carolina, Godfrey & White, no. 7017, correctly identified as S. obovatus, var. umbratilis, is to me inseparable from the Stone, Fretz, Blake and Bain specimens of S. Crawfordii, a species which is evidently a southern one reach- ing a northeastern limit in eastern Pennsylvania and adjacent New Jersey.
Senecio obovatus Muhl. is a stoloniferous plant, with creeping rhizomes derived from the elongate stolons; its obovate to sub- rotund radical leaf-blades are decurrent into the relatively short and upwardly broadened petioles; its relatively short involucre with few phyllaries abruptly tapering from above the middle. It is very different from S. Crawfordii, which is a plant of low grounds (meadows and bogs), whereas S. obovatus thrives on calcareous rocky or rich wooded banks; it would be quite unhappy in an acid bog. Not all plants referred in the original account to S. obovatus var. umbratilis are S. Crawfordii, however. Many of them I have not seen, but Bush’s no. 1356 from woods, Fulton, Arkansas, is so like a specimen from Williams’s Bluff, Knoxville, Tennessee, of the reputedly endemic Knoxville specialty, S-
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 507
obovatus var. diversifolius Greenm. that I can find no difference. The latter very luxuriant series is rather closely approached by Overgrown individuals as far away from Knoxville as New England. It seems like overgrowth in unusually favorable rane
8. s Muhl., var. Elliottii (Torr. & Gray), stat. nov. S, Elliotts: 5 Set & Gray, Fl. N. Am. ii. 443 (1843).
Typical Senecio sao and its var. rotundus Britton are slender and glabrous or promptly glabrescent plants. From the mountains of eastern West Virginia to Alabama and northwestern Florida var. Elliottii stands off as a stout plant, with the stems, petioles, often the lower leaf-surfaces and the short pedicels at first arachnoid-tomentose. The radical leaves are more coria- ceous than in typical S. obovatus, the upwardly dilated petiole obsolete or very short. This is S. Elliottii as described by Torrey & Gray, with stem “floccose-woolly when quite young. Radical leaves . . . 2-3 inches in diameter, frequently coriaceous - . . the winged petiole . . . much shorter than the lamina”, ete. Torrey & Gray, noosa this plant of Georgia, Florida sink Alabama, supposed it to be the S. obovatus of Elliott, Sketch, ii. 329; but Elliott, describing the plant found on the Santee River, mares said “Stem . . . glabrous. Leaves
gla as ous,” ete. There is certainly doubt whether Elliott had the coarse and pubescent plant of the |
County, Pease, no. 26,587; Milton, Cabell County, Louis Williams, no. 309. SoutH Caro.tna: slo opes of Paris Mt., Greenville, Mackenzie, no. 2986. FiLoripa: calcareous woods, near Mariana, Jackson County, Harper, nos. 53 an ALABAMA: chalky ravine near Epes, Sumter County, H ae nos. 3001, 3005 and 3159.
*S. PLATTENSIS Nutt. S. pseudo-tomentosus Mackenz. & Bush in Trans. Acad. Sci. St. fouls: xii. 88, pl. xvii (1902).— Western Virginia: Frepericx County: limestone ledges, Cedar Creek, Hunnewell, no. 12,445. SHENANDOAH CovuNTY: limestone bar- rens, Strasbur urg, Hunnewell, no. 14,469; old field 1 mile north of Strasburg, Allard, no. 103, as S. tomentosus. RoaNoKE County: limestones or dolomites, either wooded or cleared, along Roanoke River, Dixie Caverns, C. E. Wo od, Jr., nos. 3387, 3392, 3670, 3687, 3689, 3693, 3694, 5786-5797; steep shaly slope, with lime- stone ledges, partly wooded, along Roanoke River south-south- west of Wabun, Wood, no. 510
508 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Although Greenman cites Senecio plattensis as extending east- ward only to southern Ontario, Michigan, Indiana, Missouri, Arkansas and Louisiana, it has several times been collected in Ohio; and on July 2, 1907, Messrs. W. W. Eggleston, R. W. Wood- ward and C. A. Weatherby collected very characteristic material of it on limestone cliffs at North Pownal, Vermont, in a general region (southwestern Bennington County) notable for the isola- tion of more western species, such as Carex Richardsonii R. Br. (see Fernald in Ruopora, xxxiv. 229) and Collinsia parviflora Dougl. (see Weatherby in Ruopora, xxxvii. 422). Very char- acteristic S. plattensis (including S. pseudo-tomentosus) was col- lected on limestone ledges in Frederick County, Virginia, in 1932 by Hunnewell and soon thereafter by himself and independently by Allard near Strasburg in Shenandoah County. These speci- mens are inseparable, so far as I can detect, from the Vermont plant and from much S. plattensis from Ontario, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois and Missouri, thence westward to the Dakotas, Nebraska, Kansas, etc. They come from more or less open or exposed habitats. Mr. Wood’s extensive series from along the Roanoke River is mostly from woods, bluffs and slopes. On the whole it is greener, thinner-leaved and with greater tend- ency to low forking of the inflorescence, but I am quite incapable of finding any morphological characters to separate it. It is smaller-headed than in some S. plattensis but not all, and its low-forking inflorescence and its excessive development of pin- natifid cauline leaves are readily matched in material from Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Arkansas, ete. It seems to be a shade-state rather than a definite variety. In fact the numbers from less shaded habitats have thicker leaves.
In PLATE 800, Fic. 1 shows the Type (from Clayton) of er AUREUS L.;
FIG. 2, an achene, x 10, from Great Neck, Princess Anne County, Virginia, Fernald & Griscom, no. 4517. Fig. 3, achene, x 10, of S. chemateeat from Buckroe, Virginia, B. L. Robinson, n 0.
PLATE . AUREUS: FIG. l, ead, < 1, from Great Neck, Princess Anne County, Virgi , iscom, no. 4517; 2, portion of mat basal leaf, x 1, from west of Claremont, Virginia, Long, no. 12,893;
1G. 3, unexpanded basal leaf, x 2, arysville, Prince George pois Virginia, Ferna no. i 4, portion of unexpanded corym), 2, from no. 7984; Fic. 5, involucre, X 5, fr oan. ore slope of Bull Run
Mountains, Fauquier Bounty. Virginig, Allard, n PLaTE 802, . AUREUS, var. INTERCURSUS, 9 poe ‘all figs. from TYPE: ye i, hee, < 1; Fie. 2, foliage, X 1; Fic. 3, corymb, X 1; FIG. 4, involucre,
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 509
E 803, S. AUREUS, var. AQUILONIUS, n. var., all rics. X si Brig TYPE: FIG. rs qt FIG. 2, basal leaves; FIG. 3, cauline leaves; FIG. 4, co PLaTE 804, S. PAUPERCULUS Michx.: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 34, original ‘photog by the author; ries. 2 and 3, panei peg tall plank 3c 1, from wet peat, Port aux Basques, Newfoahnils nd, Fernald, Long & Dunbar, oN 27,160; FIG. 4, basal tuft, x 1, from no. 27,160.
Fia. 1, paige ft Me plants of ‘ypesheet, Sa Ras esy of Professor Diels: FIGs. 2 and 3, seit a peg 1, from near ope, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, June 5, 1900, Heller; ria. 4, bas a batt, > ee raat same collec- we Gad 5, involucre, < 5, from same collectio
E 80 CULUS, var. NEOSCO tie n. var., all figs. oe TYPE: sca ve in 2, a ‘single plant, x 1; Fig. 3, involucre and pedicel, x 6
*CIRSIUM VIRGINIANUM (L.) Michx., forma bees (Small), are nov. Carduus revolutus Small, Fl. Se. U. 8.1 and 1341 (1903). Cir. —_ —— (Small) Petrak in Beihaft Bot. Centralbl. xxxv. Ab. 2:558 (1927). Sussex County: exsiccated argillaceous vrimand Ana 2 miles east of Stony Creek, no. 9223.
Most certainly Cirsium revolutum is not a distinct species. In all characters it is like C. virginianum except that its lower and median cauline leaves are broader and deeply pinnatifid. Typi- cal C. virginianum (as shown by a photograph of the type as well as by the original description) has the very numerous cauline leaves lance-acuminate, the lower and median ones only 0.5-1.5 cm. wide, entire or with remote, divergent, short, subulate prickles. This plant occurs in wet pineland or sphagnous or peaty bogs, swales and clearings, mostly on the Coastal Plain, from Florida to New Jersey. In forma revolutum, which has the Same broad range, from Florida to New Jersey, the lower and median cauline leaves are 1.5-4 em. broad and deeply See with lanceolate to narrowly triangular simple or forked o toothed long-pointed lobes, while the reduced upper leaves may be similar, though smaller, or quite like those of typical C. vir- ginianum. The two forms seem to occur in somewhat pure Stands so that all of a single station are more or less uniform. Forma revolutum is worthy that much recognition but surely it is not a distinct species.
Cirsium virginianum is generally supposed to extend westward to Texas, thence northward to southern Ohio, southern Indiana and southern Missouri. The plant of the Interior, however, is C. flaccidum Small, although its author missed some of its most important characters and restricted it to “Low pinelands, Coastal Plain, Fla. to N. C.,” while the plant of the Interior
510 Rhodora [DECEMBER
was left in C. virginianum. True C. virginianum has tuberous- thickened first year’s roots (a character rarely shown in the herbarium), C. flaccidum slender root-fibers; C. virginianum has very numerous (40-70 or more) firm or coriaceous cauline leaves, C. flaccidum few (10-20) thin and flexible ones. In C. virgini- anum the peduncle-like flowering branches have several bractei- form leaves, in C. flaccidum the peduncles are naked or with only 1 or 2 bracts; in C. virginianum the involucre is 1.5-3 em. high, in C. flaccidum only up to 2 em. high. C. virginianum, of savan- nahs, bogs and wet pinelands of the Coastal Plain from Florida to New Jersey, flowers from mid-August to October. C. flac- cidum of dry, acid woods, thickets and ravines, from Georgia (Small says North Carolina) and northern Florida to Texas, north to southern Ohio, southern Indiana and southern Missouri, flowers in May and June, sometimes in April.
The following taken from the Carolina and Virginia sheets in the Gray Herbarium of Cirsium virginianum, give, in corrobora- tion, the habitats and flowering dates: sphagnous bog, Sept. 13; boggy depression, Oct. 18; low woods, Oct. 15; open pine and oak woods, Sept. 18; clearing, Aug. 19 (first flowers); damp pine- land, Sept.; bog or savannah, Sept. 10; exsiccated argillaceous pineland, Aug. 24; pineland, Aug. 28 (first flowers); savannah, Oct. 13; pineland, Oct. 13 and Aug. 29 (first flowers); savannah, Sept. 1; sphagnous bog, Sept. 10; bog or savannah, Sept. 10 and 11. Average date September 15. All material in the Gray Herbarium of Cirsium flaccidum with sufficient data gives the following result: dry woods, Lookout Mountain, northern Georgia, June 4; woods near Chattanooga, Tennessee, May 23; dry woods, Talledega Co., Alabama, May 22; head of deep ravine, with Kalmia latifolia, Perry County, Indiana, June 4; upland woods, Polk County, Texas, May 23; dry bank, Houston, Texas, April 18. Average date May 23. Such data, associated with the different roots, many and firm or few and pliable leaves, bracted or nearly naked peduncles, etc., are decisive.!
1 Sir John Hill in 1765 separated the boreal genus Ozyria from Rumez. S80 mewhat later Sir James Edward Smith, obviously with his own views of the general soundness of Hill's work, wrote (the reference kindly given me by Dr. Blake): “Sir John Hill, it seems, first separated this plant from Rumez, and gave it the above re name. Sometimes, as Linnaeus says, a blind hen meets with a grain of corn.” . Eng Bot. ii. 189 (1828). Small had a good species but he did not know its best eur nor its range.
1943] Fernald,—Virginian Botanizing Under Restrictions 511
*HIERACIUM VENOSUM L., var. NUDICAULE (Michx.) Farwell. For discussion see Fernald in Ruopora, xlv. 323 (1943). The only Virginian material I have seen is from the slopes of Bull Run Mountains, Prince WiLuiAmM County, Allard, no. 647 and 3321. The plant of the Tidewater region is typical H. venosum.
INDEX New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Acer, 364; floridanum, 363, 379, 453 Acerates Pham 458, var. lanceo-
4 Allies in eastern North America, Senecio aureus and its Geographic le dani and, 495-509, pls. 800-
Amianthium Muscaetoxicum, 369, 374, 393 Amsonia bag Sanne corense. 380, 457
Amygdalus Fee incoming ° 380; scoparius, 377 alves
ndinaria gigantea, 4
Asarum, 374, 381-383, 309, § Hetero- tropa, 374, 399, 400; arifolium, 398, 399; ere 398, 399; Lewisii, 00, 775; ria 8 er vee Shuttleworth,
Acclepias fenkalade: var. paupercula, var. paupercula, f. flavifior ora, mes na parviflora, 370, 4
Asim
Antes, 361, 485; Thiceell, 461: luteus alatus, 487, 495, pl. 797
Azalea, 451
Bastard a emt er, 486 Beech, 3 Bokowin’, caroliniana, 379, 478 Buckeye, 38
Bulbostylis ciliatifolius, 369, 390 — ss, 387, The common northern,
ae caroliniana, 368, 400 gon pallidus, 369, 398 Cand amine bulbosa, 359; Douglassii,
Cartas revolutus, 509
Carex pn hee 367, side eager 366, 367, 393; decomposita, 373, 393; Richardsonii, 508; venusta, 367, 393; virginiana,
Cenchrus, ; carolinianus, ' echinatus , 387, 388, f. longispinus, 388; idinertiie, '387, 388; longispi-
us, 388; eo 387, 388;
tribaloides, 3 87
poems 371, 380
Cerastium, 358; bra chypetalum, 358, 350, "400; tetrandrum, 359
Cerasus,
Cherry, 451
Chrysanthemum, 485
Cirsium flaccidum, 509, 510; revo- lutum, 509; Mad dota 365, 509, 510, f. revo olut m, 509
coma, 402-409, 412, pl. 775, var.
coactilis, 406, "407, 409, 410, 412, 1. 780; crispa, 359; Fremontii,
410-412, pls. 781, 782, var. Riehlii,
411, 412, pl. 782; integrifolia, i 2 .
cea, 406, , 410, 412, i aT7, a aes 405; viticaulis, oF ge 412, pl. 778
Collinsia parvi
Commelina diffusa, 377, 393 Common northern Burgrass, The, 387 Corydalis flavula, 358, 383, 412 Crabapples, 3
Cuscuta, 368
Cyanococeus, 451
Cynoctonum sessilifolium, 374-376,
Cyperus, 451; densicaespitosus, 377; ~ Weatherbianus, 4
Danthonia compressa, 376, 385; spicata, var. longipila, 385 Decodon
Digitaria serotina, 371,
Dracoe tine phen 461
Drose 372; capillaris, 372, 413; rotundifolia, 3 _
Dwarf Southeastern
Virginia, “phe, 396, pls. 772, 773
Eleocharis eg riage ce
Elychrysum foliis ese etc., 478
Erigeron, 361; philadelphiews, 361; scaturicola, '361; strigosus, f. dis-
(513 )
514
Eriophorum virginicum, 405 Eryngium, 373-375, 381; prostratum,
Eulalia, 389; ea, 389; viminea, 389, var. variabilis,
; cuneifolium, 461; 478; Sos Sipe 61; . . cor- 7, 478, var. oneedy
—— corollata, 370, var. panic- ulat 453; pecacuanhae, 370; pean Bra
Fern, Royal, 396; Sensitive, 396 Fly-poison, 374 Fumaria officinalis, 412
Gentiana cherokeensis, 365, 366 Geographic Varieties eastern No merica, paca and its, 495-509, pls. 800—
Glycyrrhiza lepidota, var. glutinosa, 378, 453
79, Homonym, 478, pl. 795; Pic tum, 478 Goldenrod, BIL Gramineae, 38 Gratiola virginiana, var. aestuario-
80, 476
Hamamelis virginiana, 450, var. ether 450
rere ae autumnalis, 490; d
; foliis decurrentibus,
ae “485, “106, pl. 797
Heleniastrum 485; folio breviore, etc., 486; folio longiore, etc., 486,
Helenium, 379, 485, 490; Some Varie-
90, 492,
autu ale pubescens, “491, 92: : canaliculatum, 487, 488, 490, 491, 495, pl. 797; floridanu 494,
m, 495, pl. 799; Godfreyi, 494, 495,
INDEX
pl. 799; grandiflorum, 491; hu- ronense, 491; latifolium, 486, 488, 490; lo ngifolium, 488, 491, se
493, 494; pubescens, 490, 492; 490; quadridentatum,
Holieathas angustifolius, 365 a ata! sum crispum, 479; spatula-
Henbit 382
Heuchera villosa, 448
Hexastylis, 374, 399
Hickory, 377 ;
Hieracium ss 511, var. nudi- eaule, 511
Holosteum umbellatum, ‘si, 350
Hypericum denticulat folium, 373, 453; coi tat 374-376, 453
Ilex coriacea, 461; vomitoria, 461 Tris, we vern a, 360, 362, 363, pl. 770 Ischaem m, 38%
Jacobaea virginiana, 495
Kalmia latifolia, 382, 510 Kuhnia eupatorioides, 376
Lady-fern, 396
Lamium, 382 oahek 457 Lepidium virginicum, 382
Leucojum aestivum, 359 Liatris graminifolia, var. Smallii, 478 Licorice, Ligusticum canadense, 378 Lilium canadense, 394, 395, pl. 771, var. editorum, 93-30 5, pl. 771; canadense, f. ru 394; michi- ganense, 394, i cen, 395 Limnobium Spo Bia, Linaria sea s, f. albina, 476 Lobelia aioienta 461; : glandulifera, ee 477; siphilitica, 477, f. lae
Long-leaf Pine, 369, 374-376 Ludwigia alata, 461; pilosa, 461
Malus, 450, 451; i aa var. puberula, 450; Halliana, 451
Medeola, 396
Micranthemum umbrosum, 367
Monotropsis, 364; odorata, 363
Morphological Differentiation of Cle-
Sal ae es
fon
INDEX
matis ochroleuca and Allies, 401, pls. 776-782
Muhlenbergia, 379; brachyphylla, 365, 366, 380; frondosa, 379; gla- briflora, '379, 385
Myosotis verna, 459
Narcissus biflorus, 398 Nemophila microcalyx, 383, 459 Note on the Term Phyllary, 501 Nothoscordum bivalve, 360, 364, 393 Nymphaea odorata, f. rubra, 400 Oak, 377 Oenothera, 366; paria, 366, 4 Oldenlandia, 372; Boscii, 371, 372, 476 Oplismenus, 389
tetragona, var. ri-
Panicum, 369, 372, 381; aciculare, 376, 386; auburne, 386; ’ensifo lium, 386; flexile, 378, 386; longifolium, var. pubescens, ; ; lucidum, 376; mundum, 386; sphaerocarpon, var. inflatum 386; spretum, 372;
tenue, 386; Wrightianum, 371, 372,
eae canadensis, 400; riparia,
Pas spalum dissectum, 386, 372; flui- 7, 386
"482, 463, var. ; : 786, var.
Polygala sanguinea, 366, 453; Senega, var. latifolia, 378, 453
515
Polypremum, 457; procumbens, 457 Poncirus — ata, 358 Nut-
Prasium ?purpur Proserpinaea Giteieeia; 373, 454
us, 451 Soueala, 366; a eglandulosa, 366, 4 Pycnanthemum Ped anthemoides, eet " -wiidifolian, 476: verticilla-
var.
475 Pyle rotundifolia, var. americana,
55 Pyrus, 450, 451; betulaefolia, 451; 1;
communis, 451; communis X pyri- folia, 450; X Lecontei, 450; sero- tina
Quercus, 452
Ranunculus abortivus, var. indivisus 358, 401; hispidus, 359; carvitiiets, r
Rhododen Rivnchospera: 451; filifolia, 372, 393;
Rumex,
Sagittaria Weatherbiana, 367 Scleria flaccida, 461; oligantha, 366 —
f, 390, 392; robustus, 392, 393, 1 protru- sus, tl subt erminalis, 390; vali-
dus, Vv creber, f. megas astachyus,
392 Scutellaria serrata, 380, 459 atum, 360 Senecio aureus, 361, 495-500, 506,
500; aureus < tomen aureus, var. Ashei, 497-499 aquilonius, 497, 500-502, : ~ — var. aquilonius , f. ecoro- , 502, v: aurantiacus, ssi
por "gracilis 496, , 496, 498, 499, 502,
516 INDEX 508, pl. 802, var. semicordatus, 467, 470, 473, 475, pl. 787, 496, 500, 502; Balsamitae, 504, var. aspera, 469, var. ‘hispida, 466, a; ordii, 467, 469-472, 475, pl. 790, var.
firmifolius, 604, 361, 497, 498, 505, 506; Elliottii, 507; —— 502, 504, 505, v
firmifolius, 5, gaspensis, f.
r
lattensis, 503, 505, 507, 508;
pseu aureus, 4 f. ecorona-
pseudo-tomentosus, 507,
508; Secnlasneaties, 500; Sma li,
503-505; tomentosus, 361, 497- 506-508, pl. 800
oot Sium, 367; cieutaefolium, 367, 455;
floridanum, 368, 455; suave, 367, 454, 455, f. a onii, 455, € fasciculatum, bg
Sno e, Sum 359 Sdluines. 369, 377: ‘patula, 377, 478; perlonga, 365, 366; salicina, 377,
— Varieties and Species of Heleni- , 485-495, pls. 796-799
x ‘Eocbivoaia. 451
a: opyrus, oe ak
wa trum Elliottii, 376, 390
Spec = Characters of Scirpus Olneyi,
90 a 369, 473; ; ambigua, 467, 469, 471-473, 475, pl. 791;
92, var. arenicola, 474, var. tricha, 467, 471, 472, 474, 475, pl. 793, » 474, var.
474; Schweinitzii, 474; scopulorum, 474: sylvatica, 472; tenuifo lia, 465—
perlonga, 466, 467, 475, pl. 788, var. platyphylla, 466-468, 470- 472, 475, pl. 789; velutina, 471, 7A
Stellaria media, var. glaberrima, "360,
400; pubera, 358 Stewartia siege appt 461
Sun-flower, Bastard, 486 Symplocarpus foetidus, 358
a nudicaulis, 359 Tephrosi gape 452; visgislenk, 3 452, var. glabra, 3 var. oloations: 452 65
eastern Virginia, The Dw pls. 772, 773; Laeger 364, 396, 397, pl. virgini
397, 308, pl. 713; seats, 384, 396.
besa ah 358, 398
Uncin 6
Uitreulia, 381; biflora, ape Ss var. minor, 371, 476;
purpurea, 371, 476; vee. Bil;
476
Mig 451; caesium, 456; Elliot y aL, 456; pallidum , 487; sta- al eum 456, var. interius, 456, var. neglectum, 456; Torre x bivong 457; vacillans, "457, var. crinitum 3 vi um, 456
Vicia caroliniana, 365, 4
Vinea major, Viola eucullate 453; lanceolata, a
358, 454, var. vittata, 373, 4545 J hago 350: preety 383, 4 Vitis, Wisteria frutescens, 461 Xyris, 371
— Bebbii, 378, 454; trifoliata, 378, 54
0
I~ =
Plate
Rhodora
(cos pus Zoe ‘ONE ‘dd 908) VNUGA sry SULPVUIUTLIOUT A]Os|e} pues SNOLOTTR IAL
eS ee ee
‘aqdV °O “A “o1ud
Rhodor:
Plate 771
l
5,
3
IGs. <
EDITORUM: F
ur.
mid 2, ok, 2: Vi
« ‘
I
FIGS.
LILIUM CANADENSE:
Schubert.
¥
B. ¢
Photo.
Rhodora Plate 772
Tr Mess. pated lee
Ee er rer eee bie
go} wey a hawk
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
TRILLIUM PUSILLUM, X 1: Fic. 1, Michaux’s Type, after photo. by Cintract; FIGS. 2 and 3, modern specimens from ty pe-region, FIG. 2 with short anthers, FIG. 3 with long anthers
Rhodora Plate 773
& gy
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
gece PUSHLLM var, VIRGINIANUM, TYPE, X 1: FIG. 1 with long anthers, FIG. cs short anther ; bauer < 1: Fic. 3, summit of flowering plant
Rhodora Plate 774
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
Asarum Lewisu, from TyPr-series: Fic. 1, two plants, < 14; FIG. 2, expanded flower, 3
Rhodora Plate 775
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
Asarum Lewisir: Fics. 1 and 2, portions of two flowering plants of TypE-series, X 1
Rhodora Plate 776
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
LEMATIS OCHROLEUCA: FIG. 1, plant, < 24, from Staten Island, N. a3 identified Z i gta by Asa Gray with type of C. ovata Pursh; Fic, 2, lower leaf-surface, < 10; FIG flower, X 1; FIG. 4, fruiting head, 1; Fic. 5, achene and base of t ail, X r
Rhodora Plate 777
< ute
Photo. B. GQ. Schubert.
Type of CLEMATIS SERICEA Michx. = C. OCHROLEUCA Ait.: FIG. 1, two o ints, X 14; from photograph by Cintract; fig. 2 stem, X 214; FIG. 3, peduncle, x 2; Fa. 4, ti ails of fruit, x
ee |
Rhodora Plate 778
PS ee Se ee ne eee ae ee
Ne Se ee ee ee we rep ee See
POE NN a ee ee ee EEN oe
Photo. B, G. Schubert.
coe IS VITICAULIS: FIG. l, — ype, X /4; Fig, 2, back and ae of sepal,
x 18: . 3, fruiting head, x 1; FIG. 4, achene epi base of f tai
xo fora ‘RIFOLIA: FIG. ee of stem - 10; mi ete leakearthcs, x 10; fig. 7, flower, X 1; FIa. 8, fruiting head, x 1
Rhodore Plate 779
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
Ci ATIS ALBICOMA: F1G. 1, portion of mags ne, 1; 2, surface of stem, o. 10; FIG. € lowes leaf-surface, 10: Fic. 4, flower, X 1; Fie. 5, poate and base of tail,
Rhodora Plate 780
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
- FIG. 3, LEMATIS ALBICOMA, var. COACTILIS: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 3/7; FIG. 2, ang x ie lower le rr ore:. x 10; Fic. 4, summit of sepal, < 10; Fia. 5, flower, X 1 ; Fie. 6, tru wead, X 1; FIG. rd achene 4 base of tail, x 10
Rhodora Plate 781
| | \
Photo. B, G. Schubert. CLematis FREMONTII: FIGS. ais leaves, X 1, from TY pE-series from Ellis, Kansas; FIG. 4, achene and base of tail, 10
Rhodora Plate 78
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
CLEMATIS FREMONTU: Fic. 1, upper leaf and flower, 1, from Ellis, Kansas; FIG. enuded flower, < 1, of var. Riehlii from Alle nton, Missouri; FIG. 3, leaf and young at Franklin, Missouri, identified by its author as var. Riehlii
2, le af $ iv 1, fro
: oe eas
Rhodora Plate 783
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
PHYSOSTEGIA ABORIGINORUM, all figs. from TYPE: FIG. 1, plant, X 14; Fia. 2, flower, X 2; nG. 3. fruiting calices, x 5
Rhodora Plate 784
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
PHYSOSTEGIA DENTICULATA: FIG. 1, plant, P. INTERMEDIA: FIG. 2, plant, < ! Vy. ; FIG. "3; ts ees x 2
Rhodora Plate 785
NEW OD) LNs Dire wy
Photo, B. G. Schubert,
PRasrum? oe Walt.: rig. 1, leaf, X 1, from oe by S. F. Blake Pursogr TEGIA ANGUSTIFOLIA: FIG s. 2-4, Dr ummond, no. 251, X 5/9; Fia. 5, , leaf of 251, X 2; Fia. 6, sin of oki x 5/12: Fic. 7, portion of leaf, x 2, from TYPE
Rhodora Plate 786
a ee:
ls
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
i leaf PHYSOSTEGIA Agena pa var. GRANULOSA: FIG. 1, IsoTYPE, K 14; FIG. 2, portion of of ISOTYPE, 3 plants, x (2s from upper Peatiiihee Hivce Maine; FIG. 4, tea,
x 2, from the tee po , plant, 14, from Lake Champlain
Rhodora Plate 787
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS TENUIFOLIA: FIG, 1, plant, X 14; Fia. 2, surface of stem, X 10; FiG. 3, low er surface of leaf, < 10; FIG. 4 regu ste flower,
Rhodora Plate 788
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS TENUIFOLIA, var. PERLONGA: FIG. 1, IsoTyPE, X 24; FIG. 2, bracts and calices,
5p x . HYSSOPIFOLIA; FIG, 3, plant, 14; Fic. 4, bract and calyx, x 4; Fria. 5, nutlet, 10
a ee ee
Rhodora Plate 789
Pag Soe taahy fp
LERBARIUM O§ B
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS TENUIFOLIA, Var. PLATYPHYLLA: FIG. 1 x 2; Fie. 2, surface of eo. x Mi FIG. Ara lower po of leaf, < 10; FIG. 4, hie. bracts ace ‘calices, x 4; FIG. nutlet, x 1
Rhodora Plate 790
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS TENUIFOLIA, Var. HISPIDA: FIG. 1, plant, X ! 2, por wr of stem, X 10; FIG. 3, lower surface of leaf, « 10; Fra. 4, Re ke mn st
i
Rhodora Plate 791
ee ee Photo. B. G. Schubert,
. RT ACiCrS AMBIGUA: FIG, 1, summit of plant, x 14; FIG. 2, portion of stem, X 10; FIG. 3, alices, X 4
> , 706 Rhodora Plate 792
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
STACHYS PALUSTRIS: FIG.
1, portion of stem, X 10; Fic. 2, lower leaf-surface, 10; FIG. 3, bracts and flowers, x 4; FIG. 4 x 10
, nutlet
Rhodora Plate 793
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
S of TYPE-specimens, X FIG. 2, lower reeset and calyx, < 4, from TYPE; FIG. 3, stem and lower sirace, of leaf-base, X 10, from Typx; Fic. 4, narrow-leaved plant (S. arenicola Britt.), * 72;
- 5, calyx of his es «x 10
J ao . TACHYS PALUSTRIS, var, HOMOTRICHA. FIG. L, one
©
—
)4
Rhodora Plate
: : 7 .
a a eT es eee ee ee
0. +e Area
Photo. B. G, Schubert.
Vo;
STACHYS PALUSTRIS, var. PHANEROPODA, % figs. from Type: FIG. 1, plant X FIG. 2, surface of stem, X 4; FIG. 3, calyx, X 10
Rhodora Plate 79
fea |
ype L : es op ra pa feref renters Wun -
PLANTS OF LOUISIANA |
DS. and H.B.Correll
poate babies. ery
S8PUuo-Oah gard » north aa f Pineville:
Collected in coaperation hetween the Kotanical Muscam, ard Universi
Arnold Arboretum and the ity and the Department of Hotany, Duke University. _
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ay GNAPHALIUM PEREGRINUM, TYPE, X 7%
Rhodora
Plate 796
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
LENIUM AUTUMNALE: FIGS Linnean Society of London; Fria
. land 2, portions of rrpr, x 1, from photograph sent em e : : 3 : a ( . 3, flowering summit, x 1, of modern specimen from UI
Rhodors Plate 797
‘Om M7 7 M7 ? . QY Ti: WZ
ant,
WANG INT
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
HELENIUM AUTUN ACULATUM, all hii CS eee eee 8): Yee. 2 portion oF Flat of sents Cliffortianus courtesy 0 John Ramsbottom; Fic. 2, summit of wild specimen from Quebec; FIG. 3, portion of ceginal plate of H. canaliculatum; FIGS. 4 and 5, portions of Cornut pla
| | | | |
Rhodora Plate 798
Photo. B. G. Schubert,
—
HELENIUM AUTUMNALE, var. PARVIFLORUM, both figs. X 1: Fic. 1, portion of TYPE or IsoryPE of H. PARVIFLORUM Nutt.; rie. 2, summit of ae specimen from Virginia
Rhodora Plate 799
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
HELENIUM GopFREYI: FIG, 1, Type, X 14; Fic. 2, achene, X 10 H. FLORIDANUM: FIG. 3, portion of TyPE, X 1; Fic. 4, achene, X 10 H, NUDIFLORUM: FIG. 5, achene, X 10
Rhodora Plate 800
Tod Wig Q Ay sa plonecee Cormfles andane™ = : aa le > : 2
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ean SENECIO AUREUS: FIG. 1, ae of trPe, <1, ‘oe photograph sent from Linn Society of London; PIG. 2, achene, X 10, fro m Virgi
S. TOMENTOSUS: achene, 16, from Vinuinia
Se ae
Rhodora Plate 801
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
ENECIO AUREUS, details from modern specimens — Virginia: Fic. 1, rhizome and i
bs asal offshoot, x 1; FIG. 2, portion of full-grown gud eaf, FIG, 3, expanding ros basal leaves, showi ing archnoid pubescence, 2; Fic. 4, unexpanded heads, showing arachnoid pubescence, xX 2; Fira. 5, involucre, X 9
Rhodora Plate 802
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
7 SENECIO 4 var. INTERCURSUS, all figs. from TYPE: FIG. 1, rhizome and ag shoots, X 1; ey basal and lower cauline leaves, X 1, FIG. 3, involucre, X 95; FIG- inflorescence, XI
| Plate 803 Rhodora
Photo. B. G. Schubert
: ate rhizome SENECIO AUREUS, var. AQUILONTUS, all pit ge aol ace: opcelayr yg rescence and basal offshoot; Fra. 2, basal leaves; Fic. 3, cauline le¢
Rhodora
Plate 804
E> Cate e240 vas e | bem (ji Ay fe I pete it € : “ Zz
, ad cf Dau oe
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ECIO PAUPERCULUS: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 34, from photograph by M. L. Fernald; FIG d
oe tall plants, X 1, from ’Newfoundlan
Ss. 9H,
ii
Rhodora Plate 805
[Tae
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ENECIO PAUPERCULUS, var. BALSAMITAE! FIG. ype BatsaMATAE Muhl., x 1, kindness of ix res Ludwig Diels; ries. 2, 3 and 4 scot ‘of a modern specimen from type-region, ; Fic. 5, involucre, x 5, from latter specimen
Rhodora
Plate 806
x
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
0 PAUPERCULUS, var. NEOSCOTICUS, all figs. from TYPE: FIGS. 1 and 2, base,
SEN pa sit faa and inflorescence,
X 1; FIG. 3, involucre,
‘ — iia.
7
4 ; Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, January and February, 1944
ef
iq
rq
ie : CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM ae OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
OVERLOOKED SPECIES, TRANSFERS AND NOVELTIES IN THE FLORA OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
M. L. FERNALD
Dares or IssuE = Pages 1-21 and Plates 807-811. ./..........- fe aa Tne 22 January, 19 Pages 32-57 and Plates 812-816... . .. ere >= .12 February, 1944
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, January and February, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CL
OVERLOOKED SPECIES, TRANSFERS AND NOVELTIES IN THE FLORA OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA
M. L. FERNALD
Dates oF Issun is cay 100 Pages 1-21 ond Plates 807-Gl1 2. 66. Pages 32-57 and Plates 312-816 igh ee ee os 12 Sakeuary, 1944
SSSA E I ARs HH ATI EATS al SRE adhe a EL Sp IO ee ot
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CL
OVERLOOKED SPECIES, TRANSFERS AND NOVELTIES IN THE FLORA OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA —
M. L. FERNALD (Plates 807-816)
DuRING a restudy of the Liliaceae of the Gray’s Manual area I was soon confronted by the many species proposed by Rafin- esque in one of his relatively careful and trustworthy works, Autikon Botanikon (1840), a book so rare, until the offset of it issued by the Arnold Arboretum, that only casual names from it (and those picked up through other sources) were caught by the editors of Index Kewensis, Dr. Merrill is engaged on a bibliographic study of great extent, dealing with this and other neglected works of Rafinesque. It is, consequently, not appro- priate here to go into further detail than to note a few species in Autikon Botanikon which have immediately to be taken into account in my studies. Very soon I found Rafinesque referring to species of Bartram, and on checking Bartram’s Travels (1791) the same situation was found: only casual names of species by Bartram were entered in Index Kewensis, these picked up from the writings of others who had cited them. Accordingly, it was necessary to study Bartram’s Travels, with such limited knowl- edge of the flora of the southeastern United States as I have. The present Contribution, therefore, is made up partly of con- sideration of some of the species of Bartram, some in Rafinesque’s
2 Rhodora [JANUARY
Autikon Botanikon, some based on study of photographs of types of Linnaeus in the Liliaceae, and the usual miscellany which has accumulated in recent months. The items are ar- ranged in systematic sequence.
Panicum (sub-§ Cah cite Benneri, sp. nov. (TAB. 807), planta cespitosa 1.7-3.5 dm. alta; culmis firmis erectis basi 1-1.5 mm. diametro, siiteenitae ad 7.5 cm. longis pilosis pilis adscendentibus; nodis barbatis; foliis lanceolatis firmis valde adscendentibus glabris vel subtus sparsissime breviterque pilosis ae 5-6.5 cm. longis 5-8 mm, latis 36-42-nerviis basi villoso-
atis, vaginis subhorizontaliter hirsutis pilis 1-1.5 mm. longis ee bullatis, ligulis 2-3 mm. longis; paniculis primariis breviter exsertis ellipsoideo-ovoideis 2.5-6 cm. longis 1.5-4 cm. diametro, rhachi imo hirtello sparsissime villosoque, ramis patento-adscen- dentibus ramulis subsimplicibus, pedicellis 2-6 mm. longis glabris; spiculis pubescentibus ellipsoideis basi apiceque obtusis 2.2-2.6 mm. longis 1.2—1.4 mm. latis, gluma inferiore perbrevi deltoideo-rotundata subapiculata 0. 5-0.8 mm. longa, superiore lemmateque sterile aequilongis valde costatis fructus lucidos subaequantibus.—New Jersey: old field along Delaware River, about 114 miles east of Raven Rock, Hunterdon County, June 7, 1941, Walter yi Benner, no. 9635, TypE in Herb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.
By the treatments of Hitchcock and Chase, of Hitchcock’s Manual and my own manuscript-treatment Panicum Benneri, traced through the keys, comes directly to P. villosissimum EI. Its very stiff habit, glabrous or essentially glabrous, short firm leaves, the very short and broad first glume of the spikelet, short-peduncled panicle, only slight (instead of usually pro- nounced) development of branches at the time of primary anthesis, and the relatively short and strongly pustular-based pubescence of the sheaths at once distinguish it. In P. villosis- simum the culms are 2-7 dm. high and the leaf-blades of the vernal culms 6-11 cm. long, and 5-10 mm. wide, more or less pubescent on both faces; in P. Benneri the stiffly erect culms are 1.7-3.5 dm. high, the leaf-blades more lanceolate, 3.5-6.5 cm. long and 5-8 mm. wide, the upper surface hard and glabrous, the lower barely and minutely pilose, while the strongly pustular- based hairs of the sheaths of P. Benneri are shorter than the most often slender and more villous sheath-hairs of P. villosis- simum. As above noted, P. villosissimum, while the vernal or primary panicles are intact, usually has well developed axillary
SEN Ree
eT Bee eee Oe ee a i ES a eS a oe ee Sor ” pa . er
ris ie 4d ASRS a lak — "Se ne aes a a ed
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 3
branches; in P. Bennert only a few, and those very short, such branches are developed. In P. villosissimum the fully developed primary panicles are 4-10 cm. long and on peduncles 0.3-1.7 dm. long; in P. Benneri the primary panicles are 2.5-6 cm. long and on peduncles only 0.5—-4 em. long. The first glume of P. villosis- stmum is ovate, one fourth to two fifths as long as the spikelet; in P, Benneri broadly deltoid-rotund and one fifth to barely one fourth the length of the spikelet.
In its very short and broad first glume the spikelet of Panicum Benneri suggests some variations of the heteromorphic P. lanuginosum, such as var. fasciculatum (Torr.) Fern. (P. tennes- seense Ashe) or var. septentrionale Fern.; but its spikelets are ~ altogether too large and the panicle too simply branched. In P. lanuginosum and its varieties the secondary branches of the panicle are themselves branched (whence P. implicatum Scribn.).
The once-forked branching of the panicle of P. Benneri is similar to that of P. meridionale (with spikelets 1.3-1.6, instead of 2.2-2.6 mm. long). It also suggests the panicle of the relatively northern P. subvillosum Ashe, but that characteristic species has the leaf-sheaths mostly equaling or exceeding, instead of shorter than the internodes, and appressed-pilose, instead of divergently hirsute with pustular-based hairs. Furthermore the axis of the panicle of P. subvillosum is appressed-pilose to glabrate, in P. Benneri divergently hirtellous, with some horizontally spreading villi; the spikelets of P. subvillosum are 1.8-2 mm. long, 0.9 mm. broad, and the prolonged first glume is one third to half the length of the spikelet.
Panicum Benneri, with which it is a privilege to associate the name of the keen and always helpful student of his local flora, Water MackiInnett BENNER, its discoverer, seems to be a real species. Whether it is relatively northern, as its type- region suggests, we do not know. It is more likely so, and to be sought in northeastern Pennsylvania and southern New York, than an extension from farther south in New Jersey and Pennsyl- vania where the small army of keen explorers would long ago have found it. Mr. Benner has most generously defrayed the expense of PLATE 807.
In Piate 807, Frias. 1 and 2 are portions of f the Type of Panicum BENNERI,
hel yet cede and cauline sheath, X 3; Fic. 4, axis of panicle, < 10; 5, spikelet,
4 Rhodora [JANUARY
XYRIS ALBIFLORA Raf. Aut. Bot. 190 (1840). XX. torta pal- lescens C. Mohr, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. vi. (Pl. Life Al eal 428 (1901). X. pallescens (C. Mohr) Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 234 and 1328 (1903).
This distinctive iitetoweted species of northwestern Florida and Alabama is related to X. fleruosa Muhl. and X. fimbriata Ell. in having exserted and fimbriate sepal-tips. It was well characterized by Rafinesque, who recognized its affinity with the latter species:
1420, X. or Jurica? albiflora Raf. (X. cylindrica Baldw. mpt.) fol. strictis ensatis lato-planis striatis, scapis duplo longior teres anceps. suleatis, capitulis ellipt. subcyl. obt. bract. dilatatis mecca vel oe.
—Florida, disc. by Baldw. in 1815, not yet described, unless X. fimbri of Elliot be very badly so, and appears rather an akin sp. leaves sale seape bipedal. fl. white by a note of Baldwin, while all others are yellow.
X. FistuLosa Raf. 1. c. (1840), based upon X. juncea Baldw., not R. Br., is X. Batpwiniana Schultes, Mant. (1822). His X. rETuSA, |. c. 190 and X. sprratis, l. c., are apparently X. TORTA J. E. Sm.
LuzuLA ACUMINATA Raf. Aut. Bot. 193 (1840). L. saltuensis Fernald in Ruopora, v. 195 (1903). Juncoides pilosum (L.) page= var. saltuense (Fern.) Farwell in Mich. Acad. Sci. Re xx. 170 (1918). LL. carolinae S. Wats., var. saltuensis (Fern.) ae pe Ruopora, xl. 404 (1938).
Luzula saltwensis of woodland and thicket from Newfound- land to Saskatchewan, south into the Northern States and locally southward, was separated from the cespitose Eurasian L. pilosa (L.) Willd. because of its looser habit, with elongate more or less repent basal offsets, its paler and acuminate sepals and its more pointed capsules. Later (in 1938) I reduced it to varietal rank under the poorly typified L. carolinae S. Wats. in Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 302 (1879), the latter southeastern plant being larger and with more forking branches to the corymb. It now seems that Rafinesque was nearly 40 years ahead of Watson and more than 60 ahead of me. There can be no doubt that his L. acumi- nata was L. saltuensis. His definition of it was good:
1447, Luz. acuminata Raf. repens, gebra: fol. lanceol. acum. striatis nervosis _— corymbosis congestis paucifloris fuscatis, calic. acum.—
real America, perhaps J. pilosus Mg. often blended with last, leaves cg and shorter, 3 uncial, stem semipedal, corymb. not exceeding the eaves .
1
os eer erem siecle ene ener " " , = ss . ere is . ‘ ers i a i i P
Sn gt Od Ca eae eS Pe ee ee
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 5
The taking up of Luzula acuminata (1840) necessitates the following combination
L. acuminata Raf., var. carolinae (S. Wats.), comb.
L. carolinae S. Wats. in Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 302 (1879). Funco- ie i Juncodes) carolinae (S. Wats.) Ktze. Rev. Gen. ii. 724
LUZULA LABRADORICA Raf. I. c. (1840) was unquestionably L. PARVIFLORA (Ehrh.) Desv. (1808) or its var. melanocarpa (Michx.) Buchenau, which latter rests on Juncus melanocarpus Michx. (1803). Rafinesque’s name antedates L. labradorica Steud. Syn. Pl. Gram. ii. 291 (1855), which is perhaps identical with it.
Rafinesque proposed nine North American species of the pro- phyllate Junci. Nothing sufficiently distinctive was given in his descriptions for us to be certain what he had. His J. FLORIDANUS, I. c. 194, was from “South Florida” and Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. ii. 451 (1866) cited as J. Gerardi Loisel. (1810) material from ‘North Carolina, Curtis, and Florida, Ware (J. Floridanus, Raf. in Hb. Durand)”. This would seem to dispose of J. floridanus. It also gives the clue, that others of Rafinesque’s Junct may have been in Durand’s herbarium, now in Paris. Rafinesque’s J. FuscaTus, l. c. 194, from “Kentucky, Tennessee, &c”, with “fl. quite peculiar’, was earlier than J. fuscatus Turcz. ex Ledeb. (1853), the latter reduced by Buchenau to J. triglumis L. J. fuscatus Raf. is not clearly identified. So with his other names; they may rest undisturbed.
Tue IpenTITY oF YUCCA FILAMENTOSA (PLATES 808 and 809). —Yucca, always a baffling genus to work with from herbarium material, has one species, Y. filamentosa L., which is reputed to follow much of the Coastal Plain from Louisiana to Florida and northward to North Carolina, with a related plant, Y. concava Haw. or Y. filamentosa, subforma latifolia Engelm., on coastwise sands from Georgia to New Jersey. The tendency has been to follow the conclusions of Engelmann in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. iii. 17-54 (1873). In that study, treating Y. filamentosa as & complex species, some of the varieties native, others only in cultivation, Engelmann defined what he considered true ar;
lamentosa, his forma genuina, with two subforms: “a, angustz-
6 Rhodora [JANUARY
folia’”’, a plant with linear-lanceolate leaves gradually attenuate from the middle; and b, subforma latifolia, = Y. concava Haw., with broad and rigid lanceolate or spatulate leaves obtusely mucronate and cucullate at tip. He concluded that the brief diagnosis quoted by Linnaeus from Gronovius, ‘‘foliis lanceolatis acuminatis together with the Hab. Virginia, points to the narrow- leaved form of what I have described as the genuine plant, as the one he and Gronovius had in view. Of this and other forms numerous specimens and full notes have been obtained from Dr. Mellichamp, of South Carolina, on which the following descrip- tions are based.” Engelmann then went on to discuss the “narrow-leaved form” and the “broad-leaved variety’’, which in his Latin account were both subordinate to his ‘Forma genuina’”’. In 1880 Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. xviii. 227, 228 (1880), split Y. filamentosa into ten varieties, many of them cultivated only, with the broad natural range, ‘‘ Regiones littor- ales Americae borealis a Maryland ad Floridam’’, treating Y. concava Haworth as Y. filamentosa, “‘var. Y. concava’’ and not citing Y. filamentosa, forma genuina, subf. latifolia Engelm. under it. Subsequently, Trelease, Mo. Bot. Gard. 13th Ann. Rep. 46—49 (1902), accepting Engelmann’s and Baker’s divisions in the main, likewise made typical Y. filamentosa the plant with “Leaves 25-40 cm. wide, gradually acute, rather rigid Capsules rather narrowly cylindric’, this plant shown in a photograph (his pl. 8, fig. 1) with narrowly linear-lanceolate and long, attenuate leaves, while its capsule (his pl. 12, fig. 1) was shown as 4-5 em. long. This plant, taken by Engelmann, Baker, Trelease and subsequent authors as true Y. filamentosa, was assigned the range: ‘‘ West-central North Carolina to south- eastern South Carolina, Florida from Jacksonville to Tampa, and doubtless in the intervening country’. The plant with shorter, broader, more oblong-oblanceolate to spatulate and, in maturity, harshly scabrous heavy leaves, the Y. filamentosa, forma genuina, subf. latifolia Engelm., was taken up as var. concava (Haworth) Baker and a good portrait of a growing plant given (Trelease, pl. 10), showing the very characteristic and short, lanceolate, broad leaves, this very distinct plant given a range from South Carolina and Georgia to Maryland.
It remained for Small, Man. 303 (1933) to see stronger differ-
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 7
ences. Still adhering to the plant with ‘ Leaf-blades of a linear type, somewhat narrowed toward both ends, attenuate to the slender apical spine, flat’ as Y. filamentosa, with the range “Fla. to Miss., Tenn. and N. C.”’, this plant with “petals broadly ovate, 4-5 cm. long: capsule 5-6 cm. long’’, he correctly recog- nized another species, as Y. concava, with ‘‘ Leaf-blades spatulate, abruptly narrowed or rounded and concave at the base of the stout apical spine’’, the species occurring from ‘Ga. to Del.” and having “‘sepals and petals usually broader” than in the former and the capsule only 4—5 cm. long, the seeds rounder.
Ever since our first trip together to Virginia, Long and I have become very familiar there with the plant we have regularly called Yucca concava, following the treatment of Small. It occurs back of the outer beaches and among the dunes, and in sandy fields, roadsides and dry pineland back from the coast at least 80 miles (to the easternmost border of Dinwiddie County). Baker’s ‘‘Regiones littorales’’ tells only part of the story. Throughout all this region of eastern Virginia, thence northward, the plant is constant in foliage, flowers and fruit, the plant beautifully illustrated in Sims, Bot. Mag. xxiii. pl. 900 (1806) as Y. filamentosa, its habit shown by Trelease, 1. c. pl. 10. In this plant (our PLATE 808) the flowers are 5-7 cm. long, the petals 2-3 cm. broad and rounded to the short acumination, the fila- ments spiculate-papillate in irregular lines, the style in anthesis about 1 cm. long, the capsule thick-cylindrie to short-ovoid, inclined to be constricted at or near the middle and dumbbell- like, 1.5-4.5 em. long; the semiorbicular seeds 6-7 mm. long by 3-5.5 mm. broad.
In Yucca filamentosa sensu Engelmann, Baker, Trelease and others, including Small, who seems first to have recognized the best specific characters, the southern plant (our PLATE 809) with linear-lanceolate long-tapering leaves, the flowers are only 3-5 cm. long, the petals 1-2 em. broad and tapering to gradually acuminate tips, the filaments nearly pilose with elongate tri- chomes (especially at base), the style at flowering time nearly obsolete or up to only 5 mm. long, the more uniformly subterete capsule 4-6 em. long.
When Engelmann assumed, because he had material from South Carolina of the latter plant, that it must, therefore, be the
8 Rhodora [JANUARY
Virginian plant, “In littoribus arenosis fluminum crescit’’, of Clayton, which is the type of Yucca filamentosa L., he was at least naive. Not all plants of South Carolina and Virginia are identical. In exploring the southeastern counties of Virginia Mr. Long and I have often noticed that farmers frequently set young plants of their native Yucca along roadways and in sandy clearings. Our driver for some seasons, a farmer of keen intelli- gence, Leonard Birdsall, explained that they harvest the hard leaves as ‘‘SruKGrass’’, and after macerating them and softening the tissue, remove the strong threads for use in tying bunched vegetables. This plant, Y. concava, being the abundant and, so far as we know, the only native species of the genus in eastern Virginia, it is not surprising that the specimen preserved at the British Museum (photograph sent by Dr. Ramssorrom) should show the characteristic flowers (PLATE 808, FIG. 1)—the two smallish ones at the tips of branches—of typical Y. concava, nor that Clayton’s no. 720 (miscopied by Gronovius as 270), the TYPE of Y. filamentosa, should have been labeled by him: “ Yucca flore albo, foliorum marginibus fllamentosis. Silkgrass.”’
The type of Yucca filamentosa L. Sp. Pl. 319 (1753) being the relatively northern Y. concava, it is necessary to find the proper specific name for Y. filamentosa sensu Small, the Y. filamentosa, forma genuina, subf. angustifolia of Engelmann. Study of the bibliographies of Engelmann, Baker and Trelease yielding none, I venture to name the narrow- and smoother-leaved southern plant for the botanist who first saw its specific differences. It is a pleasure so to do; it is not always that I can follow him. I am ces ae
Yuc ana, sp. nov. Y. filamentosa sensu Small, Man. Se. Fl. 08 "Ghee not » Y. filamentosa, forma genuina, subf. angustifolia Engelm. i in Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci. iii. 51 (1873), not Y. angustifolia a (1814). Typ: sandy soil near J ae ville, eee May, A. H. Curtiss, no. 2950, in Herb. Gra
TE
Although Small states that the smaller-flowered and more southern Yucca Smalliana (Y. filamentosa sensu Small, not L.) has “‘panicle-branches glabrous’’, the material before me shows them merely glabrescent. At flowering time they are pruinose- pilose, only in fruit becoming glabrate. True northern Y. fila- mentosa has the panicle glabrous from the first. In its pubescent
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 9
panicle Y. Smalliana suggests the upland Y. flaccida Haw., of the Blue Ridge and adjacent uplands, which may have pubescent or glabrescent panicle; but, as I understand it, Y. flaccida has very pliable and thin leaves, very broad and abruptly short- acuminate petals (as shown in Lindl. Bot. Reg. xx. t. 1895 (1836) ), and the native specimens which seem to belong to. it have the style elongate and the broad and flat filaments coarsely ciliate. In Y. Smalliana (pu. 809) the flower is smaller, with much narrower and acuminate sepals and petals, the style obsolete or very short, and the filaments less flattened and finely pruinose-pilose.
PLaTE 808 is of Yucca FILAMENTOSA L.: Fig. 1, terminal flowers, x 1, fro the TYPE Pag photograph sent by Dr. John Ramsbottom) ; F1a. 2, aatetas leaves, X 14, from Old Town Neck, Northampton County, Virginia, F & Fogg, no. 5269; Fics. 3 and 4, flowers, X 1, from Cape Henry, Virginia,
Fernald, Griscom & Long, n o. 4707; Fia. 5, ee style and filaments, X 3, from no. 4707; FIG. 6, ripe poet pee from wd 4 of South Quay, Virginia,
ernald & Long, no, 10,585.
Piate 809, ae ig SMALLIANA Fernald: ric. 1, leaves and flowers, X 4, from TYPE; FIG. 2, basal rosette, greatly rediced, — lr photo. by
. H. Curtiss, 1887 FIG¢s. 3 and 4 , flowers, xX 1, fro Gc. 5, ovary, ai be and filaments, X 3, from TYPE; FIG. 6, capsule, x1, ya as Weel, A. H. Curt
Sreciric DIsTINCTIONS BETWEEN POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM AND P. CANALICULATUM.—More than a decade ago, while study- ing with me, Dr. W. A. Anderson, Jr. clearly worked out the proper nomenclature and the specific characters of our American species of Polygonatum and, although he published! his study of Trillium in Tennessee, he has, unfortunately, not stated in print his conclusions regarding Polygonatum. In the Manual range we have three indigenous species, P. pubescens (Willd.) Pursh, quickly distinguished by having superficial rhizomes, minutely pilose or hirtellous lower leaf-surfaces, lowest peduncle usually from the Ist or 2nd leaf-axil, perianth 7-13 mm. long, with stamens inserted high on the tube; and P. biflorum (Walt.) Ell. and P. canaliculatum (Muhl.) Pursh (P. commutatum (R. & 8.) Dietr. and P. giganteum Dietr.), formerly needlessly confused and, judging from recent identifications, not usually understood, two very different species with deep-seated rhizomes, glabrous lower leaf-surfaces, lowest peduncle usually from the 3d—5th leaf-axil, perianth 1-2 cm. long, stamens inserted near middle of
1 'W. A. Anderson, Notes on the Flora of Tennessee: the Genus Trillium. Rxopora, Xxxvi. 119-128 (1934).
10 Rhodora [JANUARY
the tube. Dr. Anderson, with the collaboration of Mr. C. A. Weatherby, found so many distinctive characters and in my own detailed study so many others become evident that it may be helpful to others to have these distinctions pointed out. The usual failure clearly to separate the two species, P. biflorum and P. canaliculatum, is reflected in many recent local floras. Thus Wiegand & Eames in their very helpful and usually keenly dis- criminating Flora of the Cayuga Lake Basin give two types of habitats for their inclusive P. biflorum: ‘Sandy or gravelly, rarely clayey, banks and thickets, in subneutral soil, on dry hill- sides and hilltops, or in alluvial calcareous soils on river banks’’. Several of the collections cited by them are represented in the Gray Herbarium. Those from ‘Sandy or gravelly
banks’’, ete. are characteristic P. biflorum: “dry ravine Banik between Renovick and McKinney’s’’, etc., these plants having the characteristic slender rhizome, slander stem only 6-7 dm. high, flat and relatively few-nerved, merely sessile leaves, lowest peduncle from the 3d leaf-axil and 1.2-2 em. long, with the 2 or 3 pedicels 0.5-1.4 cm. long, and slender perianth with lobes 3.5 mm. long. The material from “alluvial calcareous soils” is characteristic P. canaliculatum: “Valley of Inlet, Ithaca’, etc., the plants with rhizome more than 2 cm. thick, stout stem (1 em. thick) 2 m. high, with clasping-based corrugated and undulate-margined leaves with about 200 nerves, the flowering peduncles up to 9 cm. long, with 4~7 pedicels up to 2.5 cm. long, the thicker perianth with lobes 6 mm. long. Again, in that compendium of accurate local field-observation, Deam’s Flora of Indiana, the author, beautifully distinguishing the pubescent- leaved P. pubescens, with superficial rhizome, from the glabrous- leaved plants with deep-seated rhizomes, which he unwillingly treated as one species, P. biflorum, wrote: ‘‘My study of this species complex was made from 155 specimens which I have col- lected from all parts of the state. I am not satisfied with the treatment of this species but I am not able to find differences sufficient to separate them . . . I donot think them all the Same species . . . The genus has been monographed by three authors and my specimens have been seen by one of them but I cannot accept their treatment of this complex.” Such observations indicate the need of better statements of the char-
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America ll
acters, and the misidentifications in the herbaria (including our recent collections from Virginia as identified by a student of the group) also indicate such a need. Very briefly my conclusions cota POLYGONATUM BIFLORUM (Walt.) Ell. Rhizome 0.6-1.5 cm. thick; stem slender, 1.5-5 mm. thick pale: lowest leaf, 2-9 dm. high; leaves flat, sessile or nearly so, narrowly lanceolate to broadly ovate, the largest ones (of each plant) with 46-120 nerves and 5.5-15 cm. long by 1.2-6 cm. broad, the terminal small ones 20—66-nerved; te a 1-4 cm. long, 1-3 (-5)- flowered, the lowest usually borne from the 3d (l1st—5th) axil; pedicels ‘becoming 0.5-2 cm. long; perianth slenderly cylindric, 1-1.7 cm. long, its lobes 3-4 mm. long; filaments commonly papillate or granulose, slender; enlarged terminal joint of fruiting pedicel cupshaped or campanulate, with the rim flaring, 0.7-1.5 mm. long, often as broad; seeds 2.7-3.5 mm. long.—Dry to moist, sandy, loamy or rocky woods and thickets, Florida to Texas, north to Connecticut, New York, southern Ontario, southern Michigan, Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska.
. CANALICULATUM (Muhl.) Pursh. Rhizome 1.5-3 em. thick; stem stout, 0.5-1.3 em. thick at lowest leaves, 0.6-2 m. high; leaves more or less corrugated and with puckered margin (not drying flat), mostly narrowed to broad clasping or sheathing sub- petiolar bases, the larger ones with 110-220 nerves and 0.9-2.5 dm. long by 3.5-13 cm. broad, the smallest eager ones 58- 112-nerved; peduncles becoming 1.5-9 cm. long, 2—10-flowered, the lowest commonly sey from the 4th or 5th (era-Si axl perianth thick-cylindric, 1.7-2 cm. long, its lobes 5-6.5 m ong; filaments broad, smooth or merely granulose; i terminal joint of fruiting pedicel subcylindric to slenderly campanulate (except at flaring summit), 1-3 mm. long, usually longer than thick; seeds 3-4.5 mm. long.—Rich woods, alluvial thickets, river-silts and other calcareous habitats, Connecticut Valley of New Hampshire to southern Manitoba, south to South Carolina, Tennessee, Missouri and Oklahom
Many reputed species and varieties have been eet based upon shade of color, breadth of leaf, etc. These I am not here discussing. That is for a monographer who has studied them all. So far as I have seen they do not affect the fundamental specific characters of the species long ago defined. In fact, I have recently been challenged to point out any real characters distinguishing P. canaliculatum from P. biflorum. The above is my answer. What better characters could be found in the Liliaceae?
12 Rhodora [JANUARY
The position of the lowest peduncle, a splendid character pointed out by Deam, is certainly significant. I have noted its position in all specimens in the Gray Herbarium and that of the New England Botanical Club. The results follow.
P. pusescens: of 365 plants 100 (27+ per cent.) have the lowest peduncle from the 1st axil, 241 (66+ per cent.) from the 2nd, 20 from the 3rd and only 1 from the 4th.
P. BrrLorum: of 116 plants 3 have hee lowest peduncle from the Ist axil, 12 (10 per cent.) Ree the 2nd, 6 ee per cent.) from the 38rd, 28 (244 per cent.) from the 4th, and 5 rae ‘
P. CANA uM: of 41 ee 4 (10 per cent.) have the lowest bec Me from the 8rd axil, 17 (4 be per cent.) from the 4th, 13 (31+ De
A biologically ae ae because Dee from elong- ate leafy axillary branches, of Polygonatum biflorum is
P. BIFLORUM, forma ramosum (McGivney), comb. nov. commutatum, forma ramosum McGivney in Am. Midl. Nat. ix. 664, fig. (1925).
Tur INDIGENOUS ALLEGHENIAN CoNVALLARIA.—The native Lily-of-the-Valley, occurring in acid rocky or sandy woods, summits and upper ravines of the mountains from Virginia and eastern West Virginia to northern Georgia and eastern Tennessee, is much larger than the European Convallaria majalis L., the plant so generally cultivated and naturalized near settlements; and, as Professor Massey writes me, no one knowing its stations high on the mountains would think of calling it “of the Valley.” In the European species the scape is elongate, so that the flowers are borne opposite the middle or upper halves of the leaves; the leafy axis (to the base of the upper leaf) is, except in highly cultivated plants, 5-12 em. high, with the larger leaves 1-2 dm. long and 3-7.5 cm. broad, their veins and cross-partitions, as seen by transmitted light, relatively faint and pale; the longer bracts of the raceme are lanceolate, 4-10 mm. long, and much shorter than the pedicels; and the seeds are nearly globose. In the native eastern American species the scape and raceme are shorter than the leafy axis or barely reaching the lower half of the lowest leaf; the leafy axis is 1.5-2 dm. high, with the larger clear green (not glaucescent) leaves 1.5-3 dm. long and 4-12 cm. broad, strongly nerved, the dark nerves and cross-partitions sharply visible by transmitted light; the longest bracts of the
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 13
raceme are almost linear, 0.8—2 cm. long and nearly equaling to much exceeding the pedicels; and the seeds are compressed, either oblate or somewhat lenticular.
In recent years the Alleghenian native has been known as Convallaria majuscula Greene in Fedde, Rep. Nov. Spec. v. 46 (1908). Greene proposed two species, C. globosa, 1. c., a plant cultivated by the late Robert Ridgway who received it from a dealer as found in the mountains of North Carolina, and C. majuscula, ‘‘occasionally collected in the higher mountains of Virginia, from the Peaks of Otter northward; also in those of southeastern Pennsylvania. .. . it re totally from that [C. majalis] in its very large light-green leaves without trace of bloom, with excessively fibrous anatomy, insomuch that the surface of the leaf when growing looks to be plicate rather than plane and even. Both these American species when compared with C. bee dh flower much later, their folinge perishing at the end of summer.’”’ There are no evident specific characters separating the cultivated C. globosa and the indigenous plant of western Virginia, therefore the name C. majuscula has come into use.
There is, however, a cence sealable name for the native plant, which was well described 68 years before Greene’s publica- tion. This is Convallaria montana Raf. Aut. Bot. 66 (1840). Rafinesque’s account, quite as good as Greene’s, was as follows:
486, Conval, montana Raf. (pseudlo-majalis Bartr. in Rees cycl. Am. ed.) fol. binis sessilib. ovatobl. me scapo angul. fol. subeq. racemo 10-12
floris, bract. lanc. ad ped. fl. secundis—Unaka and Cherokis Mts. large’ plant, leaves 6 to 8 ciebee long, ats fl. mn of C. majalis. Bartram says the berries are blue and ovate. C. majalis has leaves petiolate
elliptic acute at both ends, raceme of 7-8 fl. feast shall length of pedicels.
Rafinesque had, also, a Convallaria parviflora, 1. c. with ‘“‘seapo filif. fol. brevior.” ete., from ‘Appalachian and Wasioto Mts.” Whether this was small-flowered C. montana or the introduced plant I do not feel certain, but the identity of C. montana and C. majuscula can hardly be questioned.
From Rafinesque’s reference to Bartram it would appear that the latter had still earlier given the correct name to our native Convallaria. In Rees Cycl. Am. ed. x. (1810 or later), after the original British treatment there occurs the following unsigned and bracketed note:
14 Rhodora [JANUARY
[To these we will add, from Bartram, C’. pseudo-majalis, mountain lilly of the valley. This charmin ing plant is indigenous to the mountainous parts of the. United States of America, particularly the country of the Cherokees, in the rich glades or shady vallies in their mountains, and in the like situations in Pennsylvania. It differs but little from C. majalis of pot only is larger every way, and the fruit blue and more oblong to
te
Here, of course, was where Rafinesque got his quotation from Bartram about the blue berries. In his Travels (1791) Bartram repeatedly noted Convallaria majalis from the upper slopes of the Cherokee country but I have been unable to find him giving in print a new name or noting the “blue” berries. Since C. montana (or C. majuscula) has, as I am assured by Professor Massey and others who are familiar with it in the wild, RED berries we can hardly accept C. pseudo-majalis as properly diagnosed. Bartram could quite as well have had Polygonatum! The synonymy of our native species is as follows:
CONVALLARIA MONTANA Raf. Aut. Bot. 66 (1840), excluding the synonym C. pseudo-majalis Bartr. ex Rees Cycl. Am (1810 or later) as too doubtful on account of the blue aie
°C. parviflora Raf. 1. c. (1840). C. globosa Greene in Fedde, Rep. Brae Spec. v. 46 (1908). C. majuscula Greene, 1. c. (1 908);
Fernald in RHopora, xxx. 184, Hen poses (1928) and xxxix. 347,
foot-note (1937).
TRILLIUM CATESBAEI AND T. NERVOSUM Ell. (PLATES 810 and 811).—Elliott, Sk. i. 429 (1817), described two new species, Trillium Catesbaei and T. nervosum. The first, which he took to be the same as the plant illustrated by Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carol. ete., i. t. 45, as Solanum triphyllon; flore hexapetalo, carneo (our PLATE 811, ric. 1) was described as follows
: CaTESBAEI. E.
GOP ge recurvato; petalis Peduncle recurved; petals lance- lan tis, calyce majoribus; foliis | olate, larger than the calyx; obovatis ovalibusque, acuminatis, leaves obovate and oval, acuminate, basi attenuatis. E.
Catesby, Carol. p. 45, t. 45.
T. cernuum, Miche. 1. p. 216?
Leaves 4-6 inches long, rather obovate, 3 inches wide, gre to the base and not abruptly acuminate at the summit. lanceolate, expanding, undulate, rose coloured. Leaves of the calyx Cae narrow.
[Then a paragraph of more or less pertinent observation, with the con- a ea his plant, coming from the same region as Catesby’s, must be i Pendelton county, South-Carolina; Mesrs. Baker & Perry.
a ee ae ae Fete he eas i eo ee ee sees iad
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 15
The second of these new species (our PLATE 810, FIG. 2) was
9. NERVOSUM. ,
T. pedunculo recurvato; petalis Peduncle recurved; petals oblong oblongo-lanceolatis, calyce majori- | lanceolate, larger than the calyx; bus; foliis lanceolatis ovatisque, | leaves lanceolate and ovate, acute utrinque acutis, membranaceis, | at each end, membranaceous, nervosis. E. nerved.
Plant 6-8 inches high. Leaves generally narrower than those of the 7. sessile, most commonly lanceolate, membranaceous, somewhat 3 nerved. Peduncles about an inch long. Petals rose coloured.
Grows in the upper and middle country of Georgia and Carolina. Athens; Mr. Green. The T. cernuum of Walter probably belongs to this: species.
Now, if anything is clear, it is that the plants which Elliott was describing differed strikingly as follows: 7. Catesbaei with “rather obovate’ leaves 3 inches broad, 7. nervosum with them lanceolate and ovate (‘‘most commonly lanceolate’’) tapering at both ends. ;
Most fortunately, Elliott’s Herbarium, which, in the past suffered serious destruction by insects, mould and the removal of specimens, still contains these two types in good condition. They were photographed in October, 1941, by Mr. and Mrs. Weatherby, their photographs (our PLATE 810) now in the Gray Herbarium. Although it is, as said, most fortunate that the types exist and closely agree with Elliott’s descriptions, it is most unfortunate that Elliott identified his plant with obovate- oval broad leaves with Catesby’s plate and, consequently, called this species 7’. Catesbaeit. The type of 7. Catesbaez has elongate, curving stigmas sessile at the summit of the ovary, while its petals are pretty broad to be called lanceolate. The type of the narrow- and tapering-leaved T'. nervosum has a definite style capping the ovary (PLATE 810, ric. 2). In other words, the type of 7. nervosum is identifiable with 7. stylosum Nutt. Now, if Catesby’s plate be examined it will be seen (our PLATE 811) that the leaves are those of 7. nervosum and that, in the Catesby drawing of the fruit (our ria. 2) there is a definite style. Elliott evidently ‘got the wires crossed” and identified the Catesby plate with the wrong plant; and Rendle, Journ. Bot. xxxix. 333 (1901), said “In the absence of the specimens which Elliott had before him, Catesby’s figure (which he cites) is the only authority for this species.”’ ‘He, therefore, . took up T. Catesbaei for the
16 Rhodora [JANUARY
narrow-leaved plant with definite style as impressionistically shown in Catesby’s plate (impressionistically, because Catesby had the sepals beautifully roseate and petaloid, just like the petals!) and a plant of the Carolina mountains with broadly rhombic leaves he described and illustrated as T. Rugelit Rendle in Journ. Bot. xxxix. 381, t. 426 B (1901). Rendle’s illustration shows broadly rhombic leaves 11.5 cm. wide; material from the same general region, Highlands, North Carolina, April, 1903, Harbison, has them less broadly tapering at base, tending to obovate and 6-9.5 cm. broad; Harper’s no. 1891 from Randolph County, Georgia, generally identified with 7. Rugeliz, has them in outline nearly as in the type of 7. Catesbaez and 9-12 cm. broad; and Harper’s no. 3492 from Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, has them definitely rhombic-obovate and 7.5 em. broad; while the type of 7. Catesbaez has them 9-10 cm. broad. All these, as I understand the plants, show the usual range of variation in the leaves and are all T. Carresparr Ell. (1817). They are also T. Rugelii Rendle (1901), for, since ‘‘the absence of the specimens which Elliott had before him”’ is now rectified by looking in Elliott’s Herbarium at Charleston, not in the British Museum, the identity of 7’. Catesbaei has become clarified.
Early Carolina botanists clearly recognized that T. nervosum Ell. (1817) was the same as T. stylosum Nutt. (1818) and many sheets from M. A. Curtis had both names (often bracketed) on their labels. They were right. The error occurred when T. nervosum was dropped (as by Small) and 7’. Catesbaez (following the gratuitous assumption of Rendle) was wrongly used in the sense of TJ’. stylosum.
In PLATE agai jo ~ ve bey TYPE of TRILLIUM CaTESBAE!I Elliott, 1, after bil: rg. 2, the we ae F. Weatherby. Fics. 2 and 3, T. NERYOSUM
FIG. 2, rd dle ih x 4, after a photograph by C. A. and Una Wenn: ; Fic. 3, detail of flower in central specimen of fig. 2, to show style,
gee 811, rics. 1 and 2, portions of Catesby’s plate of Solanum triphyllon; flore hexape etalo, carneo, Nat. Hist. Carol. i. t. 45: FIG. 1, flowering summit, X< 1; FIG. 2, fruit, showing style, X11. Fia. 3, leaf, x 1, of TYPE of SMILAX Bona- Nox L., var. EXAURICULATA Fernald.
TRILLIUM FLExIPES Raf. Aut. Bot. 133 (1840). 7. erectum, var. declinatum Gray, Man. ed. 5: 523 (1867). T. declinatum (Gray) Gleason in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxiii. 389 (1906), not Raf. Aut. Bot. 135 (1840). 7. Gleasoni Fernald in Ruopora, xxxiv. 21 (1932).
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 47
Hatiperdne s description of Trillium flexipes was unusually good, for him
968, Tril. A [i. e. his subgenus Anthopium, with peduncled flowers and sessile stigmas] fleripes Raf. caule sulcato, fol. sessil. obovatis acuminatis undul. 3nervis, pedunc. equante inc ato flexuoso, calix lanceol. acum. petalis albis eq. obl. acut. undul.—West Kentucky ret Tennessee, rare, pedal, leaves 3 inches long, 2 broad, flowers middle siz
The inclined peduncle about equaling (in early anthesis) the sessile, acuminate, obovate leaves, the acuminate, lanceolate sepals and the equal, oblong white petals are all good characters of Trillium Gleasoni. That it occurs in western Kentucky there can be no question. Witness Shacklette, no. 378 from Union County, Kentucky. Wiegand & Eames, in their study of the group, cited it from Tennessee in Ruopora, xxv. 190 (1923) as did Small (Man.); and it occurs in eastern Missouri. There is no reasonable doubt about 7. fleripes. The form with maroon or purple petals is
Forma Walpolei (Farw.), comb. nov. 7. cernuum, var. de- clinatum, forma Walpolei Farw. in Rey. Mich. Acad. Sci. xxi. 363 (1920).
T. pecLINATUM Raf. |. c. 135 (1840) and T. BALDUINIANUM Raf. 1. c. 185 (1840) are probably both forms of T. NeRVosum EII.
T. LANCIFOLIUM Raf. |. ¢. 132 (1840) can hardly be anything but 7. recurvatum, var.(?) lanceolatum (Boykin) S. Wats. in Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 273 (1879), based upon T. LANCEOLATUM Boykin in herb. in Wats. 1. c. 274 (1879). Watson treated T’. lanceolatum as a doubtful variety of the northern and wide- ranging 7. recurvatum Beck, but, as Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxiv. 171 and 174 (1897), showed, the two are well distinguished species. Small (Man.) gives the range of 7. lanceolatum as “W. Fla. to La., Tenn. and Ga.” and in Ruopora, xlv. plate 773, fig. 3 (1943), I showed, life-size, the summit of a characteristic plant, X 1, from northwestern Florida, the original specimen 11 inches high. If Rafinesque’s description be compared with this figure the identity of 7. lanceolatum Boykin (1879) and T. lanci- folium Raf. (1840) will be apparent:
962, Tril. S. [subgenus Sessilium] lancifolium Raf. caule elato, fol. sess
neeol. acutis trinervis patulis planis sepe maculatis, calicib. patulis vel reflexis, petalis erectis longior rubris unguic. lanceol. —Florida to Alabama and Apalachian Mts. stem often pedal leaves 3 inches, flowers uncial.
18 Rhodora [JANUARY
As to “flowers uncial.’’, the petals vary from 1.5-4.5 cm. long, the lower measurement being less than “uncial.
We do not know true Trillium lancifolium (T. lanceolatum) in the Gray’s Manual area, although Rendle, Journ. Bot. xxxix. 327 (1901), referred to “Specimens which I have seen from Kentucky (Short). The specimens which are in American herbaria, ac- companied by Short’s label with the print, “C. W. SHORT, M.D. KENTUCKY, 1840” fortunately bear, in his hand, the written memorandum, ‘‘From Dr. Boykin, Sha ”. In other words, they are isotypes of Boykin’s species.
T. cungeatum Raf. Aut. Bot. 133 (1840). 7. Hugeri Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 277 and 1328 (1903).
Trillium cuneatum was thus described:
964, Tril. S. [subgenus Sessilium] cwneatum Raf. caule elato, fol. ses- silib. ovatobl. acutis trinervis planis seman calicib. = ag obl. petalis cuneatis duplo longior acutis purpura: ns.—Unaka Mts. of Cherokis, pedal leaves 3 at flowers large akin't to i tlioas of Tr. maculatum, but leaves very differe
It is most difficult to believe that Rafinesque’s plant from the Cherokee country, with ovate-oblong acute green leaves, oblong sepals and cuneate purplish petals twice as long as the sepals is not the characteristic large-flowered 7. Hugeri (type from Tryon Mt., North Carolina), which abounds in the Appalachian region from northwestern Florida and Alabama northward to North Carolina and Kentucky. Rafinesque compared it with his earlier published 7. maculatum, ‘of the coastal plain and piedmont regions from the Carolinas to Alabama and Missis- sippi’”’, with, further, to quote Dr. W. A. Anderson in RHopora,
XXXV1. 122, 123 (1934), “leaves . . . lance-ovate, . strongly sngttled. mottling tending to form longitudinal he. sepals 2.5-5 cm. long. . . , lanceolate, acute; petals 3.5-6
em. long”. Anderson, identifying T. macuLtatum Raf. (1830) with T. Underwoodii Small (1897), said “Among the numerous species of Trillium described by Rafinesque, this one is unmis- takable’’.
By Small (Man.) his Coastal Plain Trillium Underwoodii (T. maculatum Raf.) is, in the key, separated from his montane T. Hugeri (T. cuneatum Raf.) by its narrower leaves (“‘bracts’’), in the former “much longer than wide, often twice as long”, in the
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 19
latter ‘‘nearly or quite as wide as long’. From the type-locality and the description 7. cuneatum well matches the more oblong- ovate-leaved extreme of the Appalachian 7. Hugeri, originally described by Small with “blades . . . bright green [Raf. said ‘concolor’] . . . , sepals oblong to oblong-lanceolate [Raf. said ‘obl.’], . . . petals oblong-lanceolate to spatulate, purple, somewhat longer than the sepals [Raf. said ‘cuneatis duplo longior . . . purpurascens’].”’
Rafinesque had no less than 34 so-called species and 67 so- called varieties! of Trillium. A few species, as noted above, were described with sufficient clarity to be recognizable. In these cases his names, when having priority, are automatically taken up. T. flexipes Raf. thus displaces T. Gleasoni Fernald, T. lancifolium Raf. throws out T. lanceolatum (Boykin) 8. Watson, T. cuneatum Raf. antedates T. Hugeri Small, and T. maculatum Raf. replaces 7. Underwoodii Small. Most of the others are too vague for recognition, others are definite renamings of already properly published species, often with mere undefined varietal names: for instance, 7. rotundifolium Raf., with a brief descrip- tion which is applicable to 7. erectum L., and “Var. 1. Flexicaule. 2. Rubricaule. 3. Maculatum. 4. Orbiculatum. 5. Pallidum. 6. Undulatum.’”’ These six varietal names are, of course, nomina nuda and have no status; their publication does not indicate a sound mentality or genius as a phytographer. Nevertheless, although (his p. xxi) acknowledging what any clear thinker quickly sees, that ‘ Rafinesque’s genius is debatable in the extreme’’, that “unbalanced . . he may have been” (his p. 166) and (his p. 263) that ae Dr. Faustus, dangerously experimenting, tempting the rack or devil-ridden madness, would certainly correspond in a crude way to Rafinesque’’, one of the few monographers of Trillium, Mr. Donald Culross Peattie, becomes ebullient over this erratic and “unbalanced” man, whom, nevertheless, he considers “one of the most prodigious and prophetic scientists of the century 1750 to 1850” (his p 261)—the century, to mention a few botanists only, of Haller, Linnaeus, Lamarck, Humboldt, Robert Brown, DeCandolle, Darwin, young Gray and his friend, young Joseph Hooker, and
1 Dr. Merrill Ce hy weenie a with 67 varieties in Trillium, set a score not achieved by the much advertised H 's 57 varieties”’.
20 Rhodora [JANUARY
countless others for whom no one has the “‘nerve”’ to apologize and who were respected by every one for sanity, clarity and sound scholarship. Peattie, over-enthusiasite about the “prophetic” nature of Rafinesque’s unbalanced work, wrote (Green Laurels, p. 266): ‘If the rules of priority were strictly and justly applied, Rafinesque would be found to have antedated a large part of the work . . . in botany of Gray and DeCandolle”’. Whew! Rafinesque himself might well have written such a sentence; his introverted brain (likewise that of Marcus Jones) frequently brought forth just such statements.
But, returning to Trilliwm. One of the few monographic studies of Trillium is that of Peattie, Trillium in North and South Carolina, in Journ. Elisha Mitchell Soc. xlii. 192-206 (1927) and, as an outgrowth of this, the treatment of the genus in Small’s Manual (1933). In the former treatment we read (p. 193): “Following Asa Gray, who eschewed anything from Rafinesque’s pen, Sereno Watson! . . . reduced to synonymy or varietal rank the greater part of Rafinesque’s . . . names of Tril- lium. It was not until Small showed the limited nature of T. sesstle L. and set off 7. Underwoodii and later T. Hugeri that our knowledge of the genus drifted out of the doldrums into which workers like Watson [whose great genius and just fame need no defense], with almost no field knowledge, had put us”. In view of Peattie’s evaluation of the work of Rafinesque it is, conse- quently, amazing that he so consistently ignored his 34 species and 67 varieties of Trillium, many of them described from the Carolinas or other Southern States, and that he failed to weleome the opportunity to displace T. Hugeri and T. Underwoodii of Small by Rafinesque’s names of 1840 and 1830 respectively.
1 Peattie seems to overlook the patent fact that both Asa Gray and his friend Alphonse DeCandolle (dim lights, one gathers, as compared with his hero) regularly took up Rafinesque’s genera and species when they were definite and had priority: Peltandra Raf., including P. undulata and P. alba Raf. ate Raf., with the species
. borealis Raf, ; Hesalecris Raf., with the species H. aphylla Raf.; Adlumia Raf., with the species A. rrhosa Raf.; and so on with scores pipet genera. This was far from
wing’ his work, When sound. It was not the fault of either DeCandolle or Gray that the great majority of Rafinesque’s genera and bed or were sO vague as to be undecipherable. Neither is it ono the ‘‘prejudice”’ imagined by Peattie that earlier specific names have been taken up in Rafinesque’s genera Peltandra, Hezalectris, Adlumia, Cladrastis, Nemopanthus, esochins. etc., nor that later monographers have discarded his genera Didiplis, Steironema, Ilysanthes,
founded statements have no place in real science; they belong in fi
| ? ]
. 4 F : e
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 21
If anyone has ‘‘eschewed anything from Rafinesque’’ it is the author of a recent monograph who has ignored all but 4 (scarcely 4 per cent) of Rafinesque’s published names in the genus—these all reduced by the admirer of that “‘prophet’’ to synonymy.
(To be continued)
32 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
OVERLOOKED SPECIES, TRANSFERS AND NOVELTIES IN THE FLORA OF EASTERN NORTH AMERICA M. L. FERNALD (Continued from page 21) Smitax Pseupo-Cuina L. Sp. Pl. 1031 eae S. tamntfolia Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 238 (1803). Puat Smilax Pseudo-China, named from eis e the Asiatic Smilax China L., the China radix of Bauhin, was included, along with S. lanceolata L., by Linnaeus in a section of the genus with unarmed terete stems. The treatment was as follows:
*Caule inermi tereti
13. SMILAX caule i inermi tereti, foliis inermibus: “ caulinis Jame Chi- poatbebe —- [corrected to rameis in ed. 2] ova Smilax fraiapelated Simlax] caule tereti inermi, foliis inermibus: caulinis cordatis, ramorum genet ie pedunculis longissimis. Gron. virg. 193. Smilax caule tereti in foliis cordato-ovatis acutis rate, petiolis bidentatis. "Hort. “Cl lif. 495. Gron. virg. 120. virginiana, spinis innocuis armata, latis canellae foliis, radice 0. f.6
Habitat in Vina Jasna
It is at once evident that, as usual, Linnaeus had no clear understanding of American species and that his citations covered different species. The phrase ‘‘Caule inermi’” of his major grouping of the primary diagnosis (of the plant he had actually before him in his own herbarium), of the quotations from Gro- novius and from Linnaeus’ Hortus Cliffortianus at once contrast with “‘spinis . . . armata’’ of the Plukenet reference and “Smilax aspera” of Sloane. Singularly enough, Alphonse De Candolle in his Smilacées in DC. Mon. Phan. i. 82 (1878), although saying ‘‘Linn. Sp. p. 1461 [ed. 2], excl. syn. post Gronov.”’, placed it, along with S. rotundifolia, S. glauca, etc. in the group with ‘Folia persistentia vel subpersistentia’’ and described it ‘‘aculeis in caule crebris; . . . limbis margine setaceo-ciliatis”. In other words the S. Pseudo-China, sensu A. DC. (and many followers), not L., is S. Bona-nox L., which was
Ses er 3 suai is ere teen reo! ren Speen ia " , “ Er: SER Fe ce ee Pe rag ey ae ere ae = EO TT TT eS eet Renee Ne! ROR Ree ese al ala
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 33
originally described ‘‘foliis ciliato-aculeatis.”” It, therefore, becomes necessary to determine what Linnaeus actually had in his own herbarium prior to 1753. Fortunately there is a char- acteristic sheet of foliage marked by Linnaeus ‘‘K. Pseudo- China’. This, undoubtedly collected by Kalm (“K’’) in New Jersey or Delaware, is characteristic S. tamnifolia Michx. FI. Bor.-Am. ii. 238 (1803). <A portion of the Linnean TyPE is re- produced as our Fic. 2. The first Gronovian reference given by Linnaeus is supported by a fruiting branch in the herbarium of Gronovius at the British Museum, badly crumpled and unsightly, also by a very beautiful flowering plant (our Fig. 1). These are likewise S. tamnifolia with very long peduncles. The third reference, to Hortus Cliffortianus, carries back to the Plukenet figure cited by Linnaeus, which is of some woody species, pre- sumably S. Walteri Pursh, since its foliage will do for that species and, in the place cited, Pluketet identified it with Virginian specimens with ip oe coccineis’; and the second Linnean reference to Gronovius is supported by a characteristic lateral sprig of flowering S. rotundifolia! The Smilax aspera of Sloane need not specially concern us, since it is so clear that the primary material, the plant which Linnaeus had in his own herbarium and the two Clayton (Gronovian) specimens with smooth stems are so definitely the true type and syntypes of S. Pseudo-China. The beautiful photograph sent from Paris of the type of S. tamnifolia Michx. is unequivocal. It is, consequently, worth noting that Michaux thought it might be the S. caule terett, folits inermibus: caulinis cordatis, ramorum lanceolatis, pedunculis longissimis of Gronovius (our FIG. 1). The point which Michaux did not note is, that this was the best syntype of S. Pseudo- China L. (1753).
Further showing the utter confusion of Linnaeus in interpreting North American species of Smilaz is the fact that, although he described in his section with Caule aculeato, tereti a new species as S. tamnoides L. Sp. Pl. 1030 (1753), the specimen in his own herbarium marked S. tamnoides is an unusually good piece of unarmed, herbaceous-stemmed S. Pseudo-China (S. tamnifolia Michx.) while the Catesby plate, from which the characters were obviously drawn, is of a prickly-stemmed, evergreen, high-climbing and broad- and eciliate-leaved extreme of an-
34 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
other species! In fact, the specimen preserved by Linnaeus as representing his S. tamnoides not only has the unarmed stem, the slightly panduriform leaves, the long peduncles and loosely globose inflorescence of S. Pseudo-China (S. tamnifolia Michx.). One of its inflorescences even shows with diagrammatic sharp- ness the elongate-clavate styles of that species.
In my conclusion that the plants selected are the real types of Smilax Pseudo-China I am quite in agreement with Dr. Pennell who, in 1916, wrote:
Smilax Pseudo China L. l. c. 1031. 1753. “Habitat in Virginia, ica.”” Species clearly aggregate, represented in the Linnean herbarium by Se age ens written up by Linnaeus as follows, according to a letter of B. D. Jackson: “three sheets pinned together; the first is ‘II K Pseudo China’, it is a barren branch, the leaves leathery; the second sheet is written’ up ‘II’ and seems quite the same plant as the former, but has one berry, the third sheet is of a West Indian species, coll. by Patrick Browne in Jamaica, probably S. celastroides.” From the wording of the Linnaean description none of these can be con sidered the type of S. Pseudo China, but this would be rather a a specimen of Gronovius, also studied by Linnaeus, now in the Grono- vian herbarium in the British Museum. The description of Linnaeus is word for word from Gronovius, except for the addition of the phase “racemis ovato-oblongis,” inappropriate for any Smilax what- ever. ‘Smilax caule tereti i inermi: fo =e ermibus, caulinis cordatis, ramorum lanceolatis unculis longissimis,’ > Gron novius, Fl. Virg. 156. 1742, citing Plavion’s Nos. B41 561 and 630, is represented in the herbarium by Nos. 561 and 630 (for No: 541 see above note under S. herbacea). These two numbers are identified by Dr. A. B. Rendle as both the same as No. 541, that is, as seemed Smilax herbacea L. For the verification of these two Linnae types I am indebted to Dr. B. Dayden Jackson, of the Taianean| Saeiaty of London, bs Dr. gah dle, of the British Museum.—Pennell in Bull. T Bot. Cl. xiii. 413, ‘414 (1916).
Unfortunately, Pennell did not himself see the specimens dis- cussed; had he done so he certainly would not have reduced Smilax Pseudo-China, correctly typified by him, to S. herbacea L. He depended upon identifications by the late Drs. B. Daydon Jackson and A. B. Rendle, neither of whom clearly understood the species involved. The plant generally passing as S. herbacea rarely if ever has any tendency to panduriform leaves. Its leaves, varying from oblong-ovate to cordate-subrotund, are glaucous and glabrous beneath, the flowers much larger than in S. Pseudo-China, with the styles rather broadly lingulate, the berries glaucous. Whether the type of S. herbacea, from Vir-
Ie ee 6 Ce 6) CO Eee! 86 «oe ee
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 35
ginia (Clayton), is of this species (S. pedunculata Muhl.) or S. pulverulenta Michx. can be determined only by actual (future) examination of the material. The two photographs of the specimens (one sheet in Herb. L., the other in the Gronovian Herbarium) are of identical plants. The foliage is young, but it looks green and lustrous beneath, as in S. pulverulenta Michx. Until the specimens can be actually studied we may retain the names S. herbacea and S. pulverulenta as currently used.
Although Pennell, 1. c. 414, placed Smilax inermis Walt. FI. Carol. 244 (1788), as well as S. Pseudo-China, in the synonymy of S. herbacea, rather than place them with S. tamnifolia, it now seems clear that Walter’s species was identical with S. Pseudo- China. Pennell said “‘Type, presumably from Berkeley County, South Carolina, not verified”. Walter’s diagnosis was perfectly good for S. Pseudo-China; Berkeley County is on the outer Coastal Plain and it is notable that Pennell’s only stations, in his early paper, for S. herbacea from Virginia (south of Fairfax Coun- ty) North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia were all from along the Blue Ridge or the Alleghenies, while he specially designated the area of S. tamnifolia as “Coastal Plain; Long Island to South Carolina’. In the Gray Herbarium, as in those studied by Pennell, there is no so-called S. herbacea from the Coastal Plain from south of Virginia. Walter’s S. inermis, “presumably from Berkeley County, South Carolina’, had the weak (“infirmo”) stem only 3 feet high (‘“tripedali”). The southernmost specimens in the Gray Herbarium of S. Pseudo- China are three from Berkeley County, South Carolina (Santee Canal, Ravenel; west of Chicora, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 868; Moncks Corners, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1411), one from Charles- ton County, South Carolina (north-northwest of McClellanville, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1112) and one from eastern Georgia (Savannah, Mrs. Say). Incidentally there are in the Gray Herbarium no specimens (not even from Wilmington) from North Carolina and Pennell saw none from that state. Is it really absent from or rare in the broad area between southern South Carolina and southeastern Virginia? This gap is frequent in the known ranges of many species.
NEMEXIS ELLIPTICA Raf. Aut. Bot. 131 (1840) with stem “6 to 12 inches high, leaves uncial’, the stem with quadrate, elliptic
36 Rhodora 3 [FEBRUARY
leaves acute at each end, from: Alabama, might have been Smilax Hugeri (Small) J. B. Norton in Pennell in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xliii. 420 (1915), based upon Nemexia Hugert Small (1903). Since the combination Smilax elliptica already exists for other species Rafinesque’s Nemezzs elliptica need not disturb us, but by those who maintain Nemexia as a genus it must be considered.
Another and quite clear synonym of Smilax Hugeri is S. herbacea sensu Walt. Fl. Carol. 243 (1788), not L. His “‘caule annuo inerme stricto suberecto 2—5 pedali, simplici, foliis verticil- latis ovatis . . . cirrhis obsoletis’’, etc. are unequivocal for a plant which is well known from southern and southeastern South Carolina and from Georgia.
Smitax Bona-nox L., var. exauriculata, var. nov. (TAB. 811, FIG. 3), foliis oblongo-lanceolatis subacuminatis basi cordatis nec panduriformibus, sgt fk setoso-ciliatis—VireiInta: Norfolk,
eed? Sa in Herb. pe 8
NA-NOX, Var. eodsvciilia (Beyrich), oe nov. S. hedsraefolse Beyrich ex Kunth, Enum. v. “ae (1850). S. Bona oo hederaefolia (Beyrich) A. DC. in DC. Mon. i. 77
As it extends northward into eastern Virginia (more locally northward) Smilax Bona-nox is nearly as variable as farther south. In this northeastern area of its broad dispersal it occurs in three (perhaps four) quite definite variations. Typical S. Bona-noz L. Sp. Pl. 1030 (1753) was, most exceptionally, not so much confused as most of Linnaeus’s North American species. Although he included a West Indian shrub of Bauhin, he gave the “Habitat in Carolina” and the species rests primarily on Smilax, foliis latis in margine spinosis, caroliniana, stipite quadrato, Pluk. Alm. 348, t. 111, fig. 3; the Linnean diagnosis drawn directly from Plukenet: ‘“SMILAX caule inermi [because Plukenet had merely a sterile tip] angulato, foliis ciliato-aculea- tis.” Typical S. Bona-noz, therefore, is the slender, straggling and rarely climbing, freely branched shrub with deltoid-ovate to slightly panduriform leaves usually mottled with white, the rounded basal lobes short and tapering into the upper part of the blade, the margins bristly-ciliate. Its northern limit seems to be in Wicomico County, Maryland (J. J. Carter in Herb. Phil. Acad.).
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 37
Linnaeus picked up another of Plukenet’s figures. This was S. Bona-nozx @. of L. Sp. 1. c. “Smilax caroliniana, stipite quadrato leni, foliis angustis asperis auriculatis ad basin angulosis. Pluk. alm. 348, t. 111. f. 3.””. Somewhat later this was taken up as a species: S. hastata Willd. Sp. iv?. 782 (1806), Willdenow empha- sizing the point shown by Plukenet, that the very narrow leaves are “margine ciliato-aculeatis”. This extreme with narrowly lanceolate bristly-ciliate blades with narrow divergent basal lobes occurs occasionally in the Carolinas and southward. The Virginia material is slightly transitional but may be ealled S. Bona-nox, var. hastata (Willd.) A. DC. in DC. Mon. i. 79 (1878).
The third variety with strongly bristly-ciliate leaves is the very extreme plant described above as var. evauriculata. The type material is an old sheet from Norfolk, collected probably by - Reed who got in the neighborhood of Norfolk several species otherwise and not recently known from Virginia. Var. exauricu- lata is very extreme in having elongate oblong-lanceolate, taper- ing, ciliate-margined leaves with nearly parallel sides and cordate (not hastate or subhastate) bases. It piques the curiosity! The Specimen was sent out as S. hastata, var. lanceolata Pursh. It can hardly be that, however. Pursh gave no new description; he was simply giving a name to the S. lanceolata Walt., perhaps not L.: ‘‘caule angulato spinoso; foliis longis angustis lanceolatis inermibus”. Var. exauriculata could not be described ‘“‘foliis inermibus’”’. I am tentatively placing with it a sheet from dry bank, Santee Canal, 5 miles west of Pineville, Berkeley County, South Carolina, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 630 (distrib. as S. glauca). Its leaves are chiefly oblong, rather than lanceolate.
The extreme of Smilax Bona-nox with “foliis inermibus”’ is a coarse and usually high-climbing shrub with ovate, deltoid or broadly panduriform leaves usually green above and with eciliate or very weakly and casually ciliate leaves on the fertile branches. Basal sprouts may have ciliate and mottled leaves but the foliage of the adult branches is rarely so. This often high-climbing vine has the leaves up to 8 (on sprouts to 12) cm. broad and in good development is very different from typical S. Bona-nox. It is var. hederaefolia, which rests on S. hederaefolia “Beyrich ined.” ex Kunth (1850), treated by Alphonse DeCandolle as S. Bona-noz, subsp. hederaefolia. Beyrich’s
38 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
original material was from shores of Savannah River, Georgia. To this citation DeCandolle added “ Virginia (Rigel ) Var. hederaefolia is the commonest extreme of the species. In southeastern Virginia it abounds on damp shores or in low woods, the typical form of the species preferring open and drier habitats. Var. hederaefolia reaches Delaware (A. Commons in Herb. Phil. Acad.) and is isolated on Nantucket Island in southeastern Massachusetts.
Smilax tamnoides L. Sp. Pl. 1030 (1753) was another species not understood by its author. His species rested upon two items: the first a specimen of the unarmed herbaceous plant which on the next page he described as S. Pseudo-China, the plant which has regularly passed as S. tamnifolia Michx. The second and sure basis of S. tamnoides was the description and plate of Smilax Bryoniae nigrae foliis, caule spinoso, baccis nigris of Catesby, Carol. i. 52, t. 52. Linnaeus took his brief diagnosis primarily from Catesby: ‘“SMILAX caule aculeato tereti’’ and the species was placed by him in the section *Caule aculeato, tereti. There can be no question that the type of S. tamnoides was the Catesby plate.
Catesby’s description was vivid:
This plant shoots forth co many pliant thorny stems; which, when at
full bigness, are as big as a walking cane, and jointed; and rises to the height usually of ey ok, climbing upon and spreading over the adja- cent Trees and shrubs. In Autumn it produces clusters of black
— berries, hanging pendant to a foot-stalk, above three inches long,” Cc.
The only possible competitor is S. Bona-noz, var. hederaefolia, but that has square or at least 4-angled stems (Catesby’s shrub terete), the leaves are strongly reticulate with prominent cross- veins (Catesby’s not), and the fruiting peduncles are 1-3 cm. long, merely ascending to divergent or rarely recurved (Catesby’s shrub with pendulous fruiting peduncles 5-6 cm. Jong, with pedicels much longer than in S. Bona-noxr). Catesby’s plate is a beautiful match for the terete-stemmed plant, with relatively thin though firm, and delicately veined often panduriform leaves, elongate, arching and finally drooping peduncles (up to 6.5 cm. long) and long pedicels, which occurs on the Coastal Plain from Florida to southeastern Virginia (perhaps farther north). This plant has been considered a variety of the wide-ranging, conti-
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 39
nental S. hispida, from which it differs in the development of some or many panduriform leaves. It has been designated in the Gray Herbarium by a critical student of the group as a southeastern variety of S. hispida, with an unpublished name indicative of its southern occurrence. In the Gray Herbarium there is no material of S. tamnoides, var. hispida! (S. hispida), the continental plant with leaves regularly ovate, from the Coastal Plain south of Virginia, where it extends from the interior down the calcareous valleys. All specimens from the Coastal Plain of Florida, Georgia and South Carolina have some or all of the leaves panduriform and are typical S. tamnoides. I have seen no such material from North Carolina.
Pursh, treating Smilax tamnoides as herbaceous (meaning S. tamnifolia Michx.) described as S. pandurata [he said us] Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 251 (1814), a species in his **Caule fruticosa; ramis teretibus. Pursh’s brief description could have applied only to typical S. tamnoides:
14. S. aculeata; foliis ovato-panduraeformibus acumi- panduratus. te ‘S-nervibus, pedunculo communi petiolo duplo
In sh wes New Jersey to Carolina. k. July. v.v. Leaves smooth and shining on both sides. Notre on SmMILAx LANCEOLATA.—S. lanceolata L. Sp. Pl. 1031 (1753) was published as follows, under *Caule inermi, tereti:
13. SMILAX caule inermi tereti, foliis inermibus lanceolatis.
Smilax, viticulis aspe s angustis laevibus nullis : auriculis pret ic ee ae 349 i 110. f. 4? Raj supp Habitat in Virginia Differt nostra a E Fiebaakand aculeorum absentia.
Linnaeus himself, according to the late Dr. B. Daydon Jack- son, had no material and my efforts to secure a photograph of the Hortus Cliffortianus and Gronovian plants have been unsuccess- ful. The Plukenet figure, cited by Linnaeus in Hortus Clifforti- anus without query, is available and it is significant that Linnaeus stated that S. lanceolata differed from Plukenet’s figure in lacking prickles. It should also be noted that S. lanceolata was from
'Smitax Tamnores L., var. hispida (Muhl.), stat. nov. S, hispida Muhl. ex Torr. Fl. N. Y. ii, 302 (1843).
40 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Virginia. During ten seasons in the field my companions and I have sought, in vain, for the familiar rather thin-leaved plant with 3 stigmas and dark red berries which regularly passes as S. lanceolata. This species occurs in our extreme Southern States, Florida to Texas, north into South Carolina and Arkansas. I have seen no specimens of it from north of South Carolina. Everywhere in southeastern Virginia the coriaceous-leaved, evergreen S. laurifolia L. occurs, varying tremendously, with leaves from elliptic-oblong to narrowly lanceolate, obtuse to acuminate, the blades anywhere from 0.6-2 dm. long and 1-7.5 em. wide. But it is always S. laurifolia, with intermittent tendrils, flowers expanding in autumn, black fruit ripening the second year, stigma and seed 1, etc. In its narrowest-leaved extreme, such as Fernald & Long, nos. 6778 and 13,919, its leaves are narrowly lanceolate and very close to those of the Plukenet figure. Of two sheets of one number retained at the Gray Her- barium, one has the branches as fiercely prickly as in Plukenet’s illustration, while the second has them prickleless, as described by Linnaeus. Furthermore, the Plukenet figure is quickly matched by vigorous, prickly, narrow-leaved vegetative sprouts. It is most difficult for one who knows southeastern Virginia to believe that the plant inadequately described by Linnaeus as S. lanceolata was anything but the narrowest-leaved S. laurifolia, the type of which, as shown by the photograph before me, was the broad-leaved phase of the species.
Of great importance in interpreting the confused ideas of Linnaeus is the fact, that in Species Plantarum, after citing the reference to his brief account in Hortus Cliffortianus (which was based wholly or in part on the Plukenet figure) he appended “Gron. virg. 120.” Now, if one looks in Gronovius he will find Smilax treated on pp. 120 and 193. On p. 120 two species have completed treatments, the third treatment was unfinished (as printed) and as an erratum was given on p. 193, “Ibidem linea penultima lege.”’ The first species on p. 120 had cordate-ovate leaves and was cited by Linnaeus under his S. Pseudo-China. Gronovius included under it “Smilax humilior, floribus dilute luteis, baccis rubris. Clayt. n. 82’, which is, of course, S. Walteri Ell. (photograph of the Clayton plant before me). The second species in Gronovius, on p. 120, had “caule angulato
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 41
aculeato, foliis dilatato-cordatis’ and included “Smilax late scandens Bryoniae nigrae foliis, caule spinoso . .' . baccis atro-purpureis. Clayt. n. 81”; i. e., with angulate stems, leaves of Bryony and purple-black barred: it was one of the variations of S. Bona-nox L., surely not the red-berried so-called “SS. lanceolata”. The third species, revised on p. 193, with the admonition to substitute for the account on p. 120, was
SMILAX caule spinoso tereti: folits ovato-oblongis, trinervits, inermibus.
Smilax laevis Lauri folio, baccis nigris. Catesb. Hist. Carol. Vol. oT: WS.
Smilax sempervirens Lauri folio crasso: floribus parvis herbaceis;
caule spinis rigidissimis armato; baccis nigricantibus. Clayt. n. 617.
Smilax laevis Lauri folio of Catesby was the best kind of S. laurifolia L.; in fact it was cited by Linnaeus in publishing that species. So too was the Smilax caule spinoso tereti (with his own changes to “‘caule aculeato tereti’’, etc.) of Gronovius, p. 193. These, in fact, were the only bases of S. laurifolia L. (1753). Surely, there is not much left to stand for S. lanceolata L. as a distinct species! One sometimes doubts the wisdom of starting our nomenclature of American plants with Linnaeus (1753). It is almost an exceptional North American species about which he was not hopelessly confused.
As pointed out by Morong, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxi. 434 (1894), Asa Gray, thinking of Smilaz lanceolata in the usually accepted but obviously erroneous sense, as the southern, thinnish-leaved plant with 3 stigmas and dark red 3-seeded berries, “examined in 1881 the specimens in the Herbaria of Enslen and Sherard upon which Pursh founded his species [S. ovata Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. i. 249 (1814)], and declares positively that they are Smilax lanceolata’. S. lanceolata sensu Gray, Morong, Small and others is, then, S. ovata Pursh, whose description was good except for ‘berries black”. In the herbarium they always lose their red color. Unfortunately, however, S. ovata Pursh (1814) is antedated by a different S. ovata Jaume St.-Hilaire (1800).
The first available name for Smilax ovata Pursh, not Jaume St.-Hilaire, seems to be S. SMaLLut Morong in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxi. 484 (1894). Morong described it from young flowering branches, with staminate flowers only, but a very full sheet of isotypic material before me is surely of the shrub erroneously passing as S. lanceolata. Small himself, in his Manual, reduces
42 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
to S. lanceolata sensu authors, not L., both S. Smalliz Morong and S. cinnamomifolia Small in Bull. Torr. Cl. xxv. 609 (1898), the latter described as having ‘‘bluish-black”’ berries. In his Manual, where he reduces S. cinnamomifolia, the berries are called ‘‘dull-red”. The type of S. cinnamomifolia, Heller, no. 4109, from Arkansas, was in ripe fruit. The isotype in the Gray Herbarium shows the crushed berries darkened, just as are the crushed and dried fruits of the admittedly red-berried shrub.
Until Smilax Smallii (S. lanceolata sensu most auth., not L.) is really collected in Virginia it may safely be excluded from the flora of the state.
Four or RAFINESQUE’S SPECIES OF SISYRINCHIUM.—In his Autikon Botanikon (Cent. V), 65 and 66 (1840) Rafinesque, with the unusual clarity which contrasted much of his work in this rare volume with the slipshod technique of most of his publica- tions, described four species of Sisyrinchium. Since these were overlooked by Bicknell in his detailed study of the genus and find no mention in current floras, it is desirable to note their probable identities. The original descriptions are copied below.
481, Sisyrincuium flecuosum Raf. caule dichot. flexuoso anceps, fol. brevis ensatis acutis vix nervosis, spathis lanc. diphylis ineq. fl. sube 3-4fl. capsulis ovoideis truncatis torulosis—Arkanzas and Texas, semi- pedal, leaves 1 or 2 inches, specimens in fruit o
482, Sisyr. tenuifolium Raf. caulib. cespitosis genicul. filif. 2ang. fol. tenuis ier? “BY mre lin. filif. sip a aoe subeq. lanceol.
483, S: Stee Raf. Scaposum, fol. lin. lanc. acutis vix nervosis, scapis "fol oe lato bialatis, spathis ineq. bivalvis lanc. 2—4floris equante, petalis retusis sos aya caps. obovatis—Florida, found by Baldwin, 4 to 6 inches high, annual leaves 2-4 inches, one line broad, flowers large white.
484, Sisyr. oh Raf. scaposum fol. lin. angustis striatis nervosis acutis, scapis fol. longior bialatis, alis striatis, spathis sepe coloratis 3valvis, 2int. brevis subeq. 1 ext. _longissima lane. plicata, 6-Sfloris. petalis retusis cuspid. capsulis globosis—Alab. Kentucky &c, 6 to 8 inches high, leaves 3 to 5, half line wide, alas size of S. anceps, snowy white, spathas more or less colored of re
Species no. 481, Sisyrinchium fleruosum Raf., not Spreng. (1825), is undoubtedly S. minus Engelm. & Gray in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. 263 (1845). The description might well have been based on the type of S. minus, and the description of S. minus in
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 43
Small’s Manual emphasizes the short leaves (2-7 cm. long) and the capsule “corrugated”. Rafinesque said ‘capsulis torulosis.”” Although S. flexrwosum Raf. was the earliest name for this southwestern species, it was antedated by S. fleruosum (L.) Spreng. 8S. mrnus stands.
Species no. 482, S. tenuifolium Raf., suffers the same fate. Rafinesque gave a good diagnosis of S. Langloisii Greene, Pit- tonia, iv. 32 (1899). Compare with Rafinesque’s diagnosis these phrases from Greene’s description of S. Langloisii: ‘ Densely
tufted and very slender . . . : leaves very narrowly linear, 2 to 4 inches long . : stems scarcely ancipital, rather subterete [Raf. said “filif. os ue . . peduncles each with a single _— fawdiduercd sntles, its bracts equal or nearly so . . . perianth large for so small a
plant, blue.” Characteristic plants of S. Langloisii closely match the account of S. tenutfolium. Rafinesque, however, was again out of luck, for there was an earlier S. tenuifolium Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd. (1809). S. Lanetorsi stands.
Species 483, S. floridanum Raf., is more puzzling, on account of its large “white” flowers, for, so far as I can make out, no ee white-flowered species occurs in Florida, unless possibly
S. albidum Raf. Atl. Journ. 17 (1832). The “scapis lato bialatis’’, their height and the leaves 1 line broad would do for S. albiiem. It may so rest for the present. S. floridanum Raf. (1840), however, invalidates the name S. floridanum Bickn. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxvi. 222 (1899), given to a very slender and pale plant first collected by Nash in high pineland of Lake County, Florida. Various coarser and darker-drying plants probably referable to S. arenicola Bickn. (incl. S. fibrosa Bickn.) have been wrongly distributed as S. floridanum, but an ISOTYPE (Nash, no. 13) and such material as Blanton, no. 6952 stand clearly apart. Since there is already a S. Nashii Bickn. his S. floridanum may appropriately be called
Sisyrincuium Bicknellianum, nom. S. floridanum Bickn. in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxvi. 222 (1899), not Raf. Aut. Bot. 66 (1840).
Rafinesque’s species no. 484, S. niveum from Alabama and Kentucky, can scarcely be anything but his already described S. albidum Raf. Atl. Journ. 17 (1832).
44 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
QuERCUS INCANA Bartram, Trav. 378 (1791). Q. cinerea Michx. FI. Bor.-Am. ii. 197 (1803).
I fully concur in the decision of Dr. Francis Harper in Bartonia, no. 22: 3 (1943), that Quercus incana is Q. cinerea. Bartram’s description was very brief: ‘‘Q. incana, foliis ovalibus integerri- mis subtus incanis.” Bartram. was describing the trees and shrubs of high gravelly ridges of the upper Ogeechee River in central-eastern Georgia: ‘“‘This day’s journey was for the most part over high gravelly ridges, and on the most elevated hills appeared emerging out of the earth, rocky cliffs of a dark reddish colour; their composition seemed to be a coarse, sandy, ferru- ginous concrete . . . The trees and shrubs common on these gravelly ridges are as follows, Diospyros, Quercus rubra [meaning falcata], Q. nigra, Q. tinctoria or great Black Oak, Q. alba, Q. lobata, post White Oak, Q. incana, . . . Pinus lutea, Pinus taeda, . . . Pinus palustris’, etc., a rather characteristic group of oxylophytic and more or less xerophytic species. These are the regular associates of Quercus cinerea, a characteristic species of dry sands and gravels, which, according to R. M. Harper, Phytog. Sk. Altamaha Grit Reg. of Ga. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xvii. pt. I. 249 (1906), “Ranges from the fall-line sand-hills [near Bartram’s station] almost to the coast”. Ordi- narily the leaves of Q. cinerea are oblong, but they vary to oval or elliptic in broader-leaved individuals (Small says, ‘blades elliptic, varying to lanceolate or oblanceolate . . . Sand- ridges, dry woods, and pinelands.’’)
Trelease, The American Oaks, Mem. Nat. Acad. Sci. xx. 113 (1924), guessed that Q. incana Bartr. is the Live Oak, Q. vir- giniana Mill., but Bartram was thoroughly familiar with Live Oak; in fact he mentioned it more often than any other species and would not suddenly, in describing the characteristic covering of the inland Sand Hills, proceed to describe it as a novelty. Quercus virginiana, the true Live Oak, so familiar to Bartram, is, from Virginia to Georgia, an evergreen tree primarily of the outermost Coastal Plain. Harper, op. cit., did not know it on the Altamaha Grit which, at its northern boundary, approaches Bartram’s station of Q. incana. The only representative of Q. virginiana in Harper’s area is Q. geminata Small, which Bartram would have included under Q. virginiana and which is
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 45
found only well to the south of Bartram’s area and in a different soil. So far as I can find, Q. cinerea is the only species of the “fall-line sand-hills’” which Bartram could have meant by Q. ineana.!
QUERCUS MARITIMA Bartr. Trav. 164 (1791). From the “endless wild desert, the upper stratum of the earth of which is a fine white sand, with small pebbles, and at some distance appears entirely covered with low trees and shrubs of various kinds, and of equal heighth’’, along St. John’s River north of Lake George, eastern Florida. From the description alone, “foliis obcuneiformibus obsolete trilobis minoribus”, I do not venture to guess its identity. Too many shrubby species of Florida are candidates. Bartram’s Q. maritima (1791), however, antedates Q. maritima (Michx.) Willd. (1805) and Raf. (1838). The last two were caught by Index Kewensis, the earliest of the series not.
SILENE scABRA Raf. Aut. Bot. 18 (1840), from “barrens of West Kentucky”, is very definitely 8S. recia Sims (1814). Rafinesque’s name, moreover, is invalidated by S. scabra Kit. (1814).
PRUNUS NEMORALIS Bartr. Trav. 408 (1791) should be added to the synonymy of Padus caroliniana Mill. Dict., no. 6 (1768) and of PrRuNUs CAROLINIANA (Mill.) Ait. Hort. Kew. ii. 163 (1789).
Bartram’s species, not entered in Index Kewensis, was from above Mobile, Alabama: “ Prunus nemoralis, floribus racemosis, foliis sempervirentibus, nitidis.”’
SEBASTIANIA fruticosa (Bartram), comb. nov. Stillingia fruti- cosa Bartr. Trav. 476 5 (1791), Stil. ligustrina Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. ii. 213 (1803). Sebastiania ligustrina (Michx.) Muell.-Arg. in DC. Prodr. xv.? 1165 (1866).
Index Kewensis cites Stillingia fruticosa as starting with Spreng. Syst. iii. 805 (1826), while Sprengel credited it to Mi- chaux (1803) who had no such name but described Stil. ligus-
1 terpreta’ incana Bartr. (1791) Ng one et caph eae Rageacdieniy pista pei ene ae See | Beng. 104 Jose oars and
Fl. Ind. iii. 642 (1832),. The Indian species should, apparently, be called Q. lanata Sm. in Rees Cycl. xxix. no. 27 (1819).
46 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
trina from “sylvarum umbrosis, ad ripas amnium Carolina et Georgia.” Bartram, however, describing the “very curious and beautiful flowering and sweet scented shrubs” northwest of Cape Fear, North Carolina (near Wilmington), enumerated many of them: “particularly Callicarpa, Aesculus pavia, . . . Sty- rax, Stewartia, . . . Stillingia fruticosa, foliis lanceolatis, utrinque glabris, fructu tricoceo”. Though brief, the diagnosis of this characteristic shrub of the Coastal Plain, northward to southeastern North Carolina, is sufficient. M. A. Curtis in his Catalogue of the Indigenous and Naturalized Plants of North Carolina (1867) cited Stil. ligustrina as occurring in the ‘‘ Low Dist.”’, 7. e. on the Coastal Plain, and Wood and McCarthy in their Wilmington Flora, covering the country drained by both the Northeast and the Northwest Cape Fear Rivers, also listed it. In both lists the species is recorded on the authority of Dr. J. F. McRee, who was born at Wilmington and later had a planta- tion some miles north of that city.
CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA L., var. subglobosa, var. nov. (TAB. 813, Fic. 1 et 2), foliorum venis subtus vix prominulis; sepalis ovatis 1 mm. longis; fructibus depressis subglobosis sulcatis; stigmatibus perbrevibus. —VIRGINIA: wooded swamp along Mill Creek, about 1 mile north of Skipper’s, October 14, 1938, Fernald & Long, no. 9600 (rypx in Herb. Gray.; 1isorype in Herb. Phil. Acad.).
Typical Cyrilla racemiflora has a characteristic conic-ellipsoid or -ovoid drupe definitely longer than broad, though in excep- tional specimens only slightly longer. In ripe material the drupes (Fic. 3) show a continuous rounded surface with little or no sign of furrowing and the styles and stigmas are rather prominent, the lanceolate to lance-ovate sepals are 1—-1.8 (usually 1.5) mm. long, their sharp tips evident beyond the half-diameter of the fruit. In typical C. racemiflora, furthermore, the mature foliage is usually prominently reticulate-veiny beneath. Var. subglobosa, the type in ripe fruit, collected in mid-October, has the reticulum of the lower, as well as the upper, leaf-surface rather faint; the sepals are the shortest in the species, 1 mm. long and ovate; and the depressed-subglobose drupes (Fras. 1 and 2), definitely as broad as or broader than high, so that the sepals are relatively hidden, are broadly rounded to an almost emarginate summit and with a deep longitudinal furrow running
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 47
from base to apex and marking the boundaries of the 2 carpels; the style and stigmas are the shortest in the species.
Although occasional specimens of the wide-ranging and more typical Cyrilla racemiflora approach in one character or another the shrub from near Skipper’s, the latter combines so many of these exceptional characters that I am designating it as a variety. Flowering material may show other differences.
In shape of drupe Var. subglobosa suggests the fruit described by Rafinesque for his Cyrilla polystachya Raf. Aut. Bot. 8 (1840), with ‘‘capsulis subglobosis”. That shrub of Louisiana and Florida was described, however, as having the “fol. imis . . . acutis . . . racemes 6 to 8 inches”. It is most probably a phase of the narrow-leaved and small-fruited C. parviflora Raf., 1. ¢., which differs in several characters from C. racemiflora.
In PLATE 818, Fics. 1 and 2 are of TyPE of CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA L., var SUBGLOBOSA: FIG. 1, portion of branch, X 1; Fic. 2, portion of fruiting raceme,
. Fig. 3 is a portion of a fruiting raceme of typical C, RACEMIFLORA, X 5, from .west of Winfield’s Mill, Dinwiddie County, Virginia, F & Long, no, .
AESCULUS SYLVATICA Bartr. Trav. 476 (1791). Ae. neglecta Lindl. Bot. Reg. xii. t. 1009 (1826); Sargent in Journ. Arn. Arb. v. 43 (1924),
The tree known as Aesculus neglecta is characteristic of wood- lands along streams in central and eastern North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. In the latter state it reaches the inner border of the Coastal Plain along the Meherrin River, below Emporia. From North Carolina Sargent cites specimens from the Piedmont eastward to the fall-line sand-hills or the inner margin of the Coastal Plain: Alamance, Orange, Durham and Wake Counties, on Cape Fear drainage or (the Wake County station) on the Neuse. According to Lindley’s original account and plate the flowers are cream-colored or pale-yellowish, “and beautifully veined with red; the lateral petals are also pinkish”. The red and pink coloring may sometimes be nearly absent but the non-glandular pedicels and calyx, which characterize the species, hold. Bartram, ascending “the North West of Cape Fear’ River, found “Aesculus sylvatica, floribus ex albo et carneo eleganter variegatis, caule arboreo”. What else could it have been than Ae. neglecta, with “flowers . . - beautifully
48 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
veined with red’’, the species characteristic of eastern North Carolina and adjacent Virginia, South Carolina and Georgia, which Sargent cites from definite stations on Cape Fear River? The name was not recorded in Index Kewensis.
Neither did Index Kewensis pick up Aesculus floridana Bar- tram, 1. c. 401 (1791) from northern Florida, described: ‘‘ Aesc. Florid. ramis divaricatis, thyrsis grandis, flosculis expansis incarnatis.”” What he had I do not know. He was definitely distinguishing it from Ae. Pavia which he enumerated in the same list. If the latter species is ever subdivided Bartram’s species must be taken into account.
VITIS CAMPESTRIS Bartram, Trav. 400 (1791), not Nutt. in Fenses’é s Cat. (1813) nor Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv’. 200 (1871). V. rotundifolia Michx. F]. Bor.-Am. ii. 231 (1803).
Vitis rotundifolia, the Muscadine, and its pale-fruited form, the Scuppernong, are among the most familiar and most prized wild grapes of the Southeastern States. When fully ripe the large grapes are intensely sweet and are harvested in great quantities for preserving. Unlike the great majority of our grapes, this species has few and simple tendrils, instead of many and forking ones. Consequently, although it may climb high when oppor- tunity presents, it is most often sprawling over bushes or reclin- ing on the sand or gravel, so that, in such habitats, its often too tempting and almost over-sweet berries are gathered by stooping. Thus, Elliott said: ‘‘This species of vine varies much in size, sometimes ascending the loftiest trees, more frequently humble” (Sk. ii. 687) and Darby said “sometimes not climbing’. As to the fruit, Mohr (Pl. Life Alab. 6: 3), pays it the compliment which he accords no other species of Alabama: “Important as a table and wine grape” and, after speaking of the ‘Berries large, plum-purple”’, he adds: “ Plants of spontaneous growth have been observed near Mobile bearing light amber-colored berries.”
Bartram’s party, crossing northern Florida en route to Mobile, where “ Our road now for several miles led us near the Alabama”’, eventually left “the Alabama bearing away Southerly, and enter[ed] a vast open forest which continued above seventy miles, East and West, without any considerable variation . During our progress over this vast high forest, we crossed eiten- sive open plains, the soil gravelly, producing a few trees and
YR EOL IE EP IY GG LT EN LI
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 49
shrubs or undergrowth, which were entangled with Grape vines (Vitis campestris) of a peculiar species [Vitis rotundifolia Michx. is so “peculiar”? in many characters that Small makes it a separate genus, Muscadina], the bunches (racemes) of fruit were very large, as were the grapes that composed them, though yet green and not fully grown, but when ripe are of various colours, and their juice sweet and rich. The Indians gather great quantities of them, which they prepare for keeping, by first sweating them on hurdles over a gentle fire, and afterwards dry them on their bunches in the sun and air. and store them up for provisions: these Grape vines do not climb into high trees, but creep along from one low shrub to another, extending their branches to a great. distance horizontally round about [Bailey, Gent. Herb. iii. 238, says of V. rotundifolia “climbing to 100 feet over bushes and trees’’], and it is very pleasing to behold the clusters pendant from the vines, almost touching the earth, indeed some of them lie upon the ground.” I have many times gathered from near the ground or from the surface of sand-hills or/dunes and eaten more than my fill of the “very large . . . grapes [Michaux described his V. rotundifolia baccis magnis”’], . . . their juice sweet and rich” of V rotundifolia. Not only did the Indians of northwestern Florida and of Alabama gather and dry the large and sweet grapes “and store them up for provisions.’’ Their successors in occupation of the region continue the custom, with obvious refinements. In his Nature’s Garden for Victory and Peace, revised (Bull. Tuskegee Inst. Alab. no. 42), the late Dr. George W. Carver, ignoring the other 5 (and sour-fruited) species of Vitis, concen- trated on the Muscadine, giving explicit directions for cleaning and preparing the fruits, after which ‘“‘They may be dried whole or made intoaleather . . . Imuchprefertheleather . . ofafine flavor . . . I wish every housewife would try this.” To those who intimately know the Muscadine and the Skupper- nong, their growth-habit and fruit there can be no serious ques- tion that V. campestris Bartr. (1791) is the same as V. rotundi- folia Michx. (1803). The change of name would have been made a half-century ago if Bartram’s species had not been ignored by the editors of Index tires!
AMMANNIA TERES Raf. Aut. Bot. 39 (1840). A. Koehnei Britton in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xviii. 71 (1891).
50 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Rafinesque certainly had the plant of fresh to brackish tidal shores of Virginia to Florida (once in the Hackensack marshes of New Jersey) which Britton described as Ammannia Koehnet.
Rafinesque’s description was good:
296, Am. teres Raf. caule teres vix ramoso fol. obl. obt. carnosis, caulinis basi cord. ad medio. angustatis, rameis cuneatis brevis, fl. sepe solit— Virg. ad Carol. pedal, leaves twice as broad as in last, broader at both ends.
This necessitates the new combination:
A. TERES, var. exauriculata (Fernald), comb. nov. A. Koehne
var. exauriculata Fernald in RHopoRA, xxxviii. 437, tab. 449, = 4 and 5 (1936).
The “last”, referred to above by Rafinesque, was his AMMAN- NIA MULTICAULIS, 1. c. (1840). This was evidently fRotala ramosior (L.) Koehne, with the virgate stems simple, ‘‘fol. linearib., acutis, fl. sepe vertic—Virginia, pedal, leaves uncial’, while no. 294, A. LINEARIFOLIA, cited as the same as A. ramosa of authors, but with “fol. linearib. obt. nonnulis basi dilatatis”’ was ROTALA RAMOSIOR, Var. INTERIOR Fern. & Grisc.
A. LONGIFOLIA Raf. 1. c. (1840) from its excellent description and the region, “Arkanzas and Louisiana,’”? was A. COCCINEA Rottb. (1773); and A. pirrusa Raf. 1. c. (1840) is apparently A. AURICULATA Willd. (1806).
None of these species of Rafinesque are recorded in Index Kewensis.
HERACLEUM MAXIMUM Bartr. Trav. 344 (1791). H. lanatum Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 166 (1803).
It is with real sadness that I seem forced to relinquish so long established and familiar a name as Heracleum lanatum Michx. But the species, which in the East extends south along the mountains to Georgia (Small), was detected by Bartram in the mountains of northwestern Georgia and briefly but passably described: “I observed growing in great abundance in these mountain meadows, Sanguisorba Canadensis and Heracleum maximum, the latter exhibiting a fine shew, being rendered con- spicuous even at a great distance, by its great height and spread, vast pinnatified leaves and expansive umbels of snow-white flowers.”” We are sorry to give up the long established name; we should have been familiar with Bartram’s earlier one had it been picked up, as were several names in the same book,! in
1 Such names as Anona pygmaea, ——- of Asimina pygmaea (Bartr.) Gray; Andromeda formosissima, Stewartia montana,
Se pa Se ene EE TERE Opa ae Cage PTS PEE eee Te NOT A PwORy Mw NRTA cee sie, Se Me Se eed ee ee ee Oe eee hen Ee a eee OMe Re ee ee a Ae ne mentee le oe
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America ol
Index Kewensis. Incidentally, the type of Heracleum lanatum consists of a portion of leaf of the Heracleum and a fruiting umbel of Pastinaca sativa!
THE PLANTS PASSING AS PHACELIA HIRSUTA (PLATES 814-816).
PuHace ia fallax, sp. nov. (Tas. 814), a P. hirsuta differt foliorum caulinorum lobis terminalibus cuneato-obovatis seg- mentis oblongo-obovatis; caulibus pedicellisque minutissime pilosis strigosisque; sepalis adscendentibus deinde tuberculato- ciliatis extus glabris vel glabratis intus glabris; seminibus big Nd lineato-rugosis.—Mountain-region, western Virginia
orgia. VrirGInta: Giles County, May, 1869, Canby. Cusine Stone Mountain, May, 1869, Canby, May 13, 1897, Biltmore Herb., no. 4263, May 3, 1899, Canby & Sargent, May 24, 1899, near summit, A. H. Curtiss, no. 6458 (TYPE si — Gray. i, April 16, 1932, thin soil on 'slope, E. J. Palm 39,909; slope of Pine Mountain, 1 mile north of Tathonta, on 8, 1934, Perry & Myers, no. 998.
Phacelia fallax has been mistaken for P. hirsuta Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 191 (1837), our PLATE 815, Fries. 1-3; and Brand in Engler, Pflanzenr. iv”. 65 (1913) gave under the name P. hirsuta a description of P. fallaz, based exclusively on the plant of Stone Mountain (the Biltmore and the Curtiss exsicca- tae), Brand specially emphasizing the tuberculate-based cilia of the sepals and the broad lobing of the leaves and saying: ‘‘ Von anderern Standorten nicht gesehen. Gray gibt die. Pflanze ferner an fir Missouri bis Osttexas.” The latter, the region from which Brand saw no material, is the real area of P. hirsuta Nutt. Nuttall’s species is definitely HrRsuTE; the TYPE or IsoTYPE (PLATE 815, Fic. 1) in the Gray Herbarium closely matches the original description of the species which came from “sylvan prairies” in Arkansas, in having the summit of the stem and the pedicels spreading-hirsute, the ‘pectinately-pinnatifid”’ leaves with linear segments, and the sepals during anthesis widely spreading. It is matched by a few collections from Arkansas, Oklahoma and eastern Texas; and Mr. Long sends me for checking a characteristic specimen, collected as an adventive, near Telford, Pennsylvania, June 14, 1901 by Dr. C.D. Frets. The contrasts between the two species are given below and in PLATES 814 and 815.
52 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
P. urrsuTA: principal cauline leaves deeply or poeeiely ya sor with linear to linear-lanceolate segments; summit of ste pe
spreading-hirsute as well as pilose; sepals during anthesis setlde ace to slightly reflexed, later ascending, their margins ciliate-hirsute with mostly slender-based hairs, the upper surfaces strigose. PLATE 815, FIGs.
P, FALLAX: principal cauline leaves with terminal cuneate-obovate lobe rarely cleft to the middle, the broader segments oblong to oblong- obovate; stem and pedicels minutely pilose, sometimes also strigose; sepals i in anthesis appressed-ascending, their margins when mature ciliate with tuberculate- or pustular-based hairs, their upper surfaces glabrous. PLATE 814.
The habitat of Phacelia fallax is rarely given on the labels before me. Such as indicate it say thin soil or mountain-slopes (in Georgia on granitic rock). Small, familiar with P. fallaz, rather than P. hirsuta, says ‘“‘Dry soil, rocks and open woods’; and McVaugh!, who, like Brand, defines as the western P. hirsuta Nutt. the plant of Stone Mountain and vicinity with hairs of the sepals ‘“‘often enlarged at base and terminating in raised pustules or teeth on the sepals,” cites it for Georgia as a secondary member of the flora of the granite flat-rocks. Its habitat in Giles County, Virginia, is not recorded but since MecVaugh’s map (his fig. 1) of granitic outcrops of the eastern United States, showing them to extend northward across Vir- ginia, indicates none of them in or very near Giles County, it is safe to say that there it was not found on granite. The localities in Georgia are, quite clearly, thin and subarid acid soil.
The locality for Phacelia fallax in Giles County, Virginia, cited by Gray, Syn. Fl. ii!. 164 (1878), by Brand, 1. c. (1913) and the basis for the inclusion of Virginia in the range of the composite P. hirsuta in Gray’s Manual and in Small’s Manual, if taken into account by MeVaugh, would have changed the tiny ellipse in northern Georgia (on his fig. 29) to an elongate tongue reaching western Virginia.
The habitats of true southwestern P. hirsuta (Arkansas, Okla- homa and Texas), on the other hand, are given as follows on the labels in the Gray Herbarium and in the Bebb Herbarium of the University of Oklahoma, the latter material kindly sent me for examination by Dr. Milton Hopkins, in addition to Nuttall’s “sylvan prairies”: wet prairie, Arkansas, Bush, no. 258; field,
1 aah The pg gt of the —_ Flat-Rocks of the Southeastern United States, Monogr. xiii., especially p. 158 and fig. 29 (map) on p. 163 (1943).
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 53
Ark., F. L. Harvey, no. 12; limestone, hillside, Ark., Damaree, no. 14830; wet places, Oklahoma, McClary, May, 1935; meadow soil, Okla., DeVztt and Clark, no. 50; prairies, Okla., Robert Bebb, no. 3856 and Demaree, no. 12,646; on slough, Okla., Richard F, Mason, no. 127; shaded bank of slough, Okla., R. F. Mason, April 14, 1937; creek-banks and open woods, Okla., Houghton as Stevens, no. 2137; dense shrubbery along small stream, Okla., E. L. Little, Jr., no. 128; wooded grassy glade in river-valley, Okla., Hopkins, no. 2943; wooded hills, Okla., Goodman, no. 2137; granite hills, Okla., P. B. Sears, no. 1317; dry sandstone ledges and boulders in oak-hickory forest, Okla., Hopkins and Cross, no. 1487; sandy soil, Okla., V. Johnson, no. 116; arid hillside, Okla., M. Fielder, April 20, 1927. The southwestern P. hirsuta, then, is evidently more calcicolous and less xerophytic than the southeastern P. fallax.
The Missouri dots for Phacelia hirsuta on McVaugh’s map (his fig. 29) were presumably based on material of P. gilioides A. Brand (our PLATE 815, Frias. 4-6). At least, all the Missouri specimens in the Gray Herbarium which were sent out as P. hirsuta are P. gilioides, a grayish or canescent plant with leaves cut into linear or linear-lanceolate segments, the stem and pedi- cels canescent-pilose without hirsute pubescence, the appressed calyx strigose, the corolla relatively small, its lobes undulate to dentate. It is P. eiz1o1pEs (misidentified as P. hirsuta) which Palmer & Steyermark assign in Missouri to “Rocky prairie, glades, ledges along bluffs, low rich woods, and alluvial ground along streams. Calciphile to circumneutral.”” The Oklahoma material in the Bebb Herbarium and the Gray Herbarium shows the following habitats: creek-bank, Stevens, no. 1377; prairies, Robert Bebb, nos. 3850 and 5090, Ezra Brainerd, April 12, 1908; prairies and wood-openings, Robert Bebb, no. 3884; woods, Mrs. W. L. Ducker, no. 39; shale, rocky mountain, April 6, 1941, H. Randel Griffith; rocky hills, Robert Bebb, no. 2720 and May, 1935, J. E. McClary; vacant lots and waste lands, Auval H. Brown, no. 18; cottonfield, April 19, 1927, R. E. Jeffs. Like P. hirsuta, it is also calcicolous and scarcely a xerophyte.
In Phacelia dubia! (PLATE 816) the sepals are unequal, the
‘ Although the combination Phacelia dubia (L.) Trel. is here credited to Trelease, it is done so under strong mental protest. The combination was published by Tre- lease in Branner & Coville, Ann, Rep. Geol. Surv. Arkansas for 1888, iv. 205 (1891)
54 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
outer ones usually broader and longer than the others. As the plant occurs through southeastern Virginia, the region best known to Clayton, thence northward into Pennsylvania, south- ward to southeastern North Carolina and west to the Blue Ridge and less frequently to Ohio, West Virginia and Tennessee its outer sepals are lanceolate to lance-oblong or -linear (Fies. 1 and 2), sometimes slightly spatulate, the inner ones from lanceolate to linear. In mature fruit the lower and middle calices of each raceme are 4.5—-7.5 mm. long and nearly to quite twice as long as the capsule; and the lower mature pedicels are 5-25 mm. long. About Nashville, Tennessee, and in Alleghany County, Virginia, there occurs an extreme (FIG. 4) of the species with the outer sepals ovate, the fruiting calyx only 4-5 mm. long, and the longer (lower) pedicels only 3-7 mm. long. Although small, it is not P. dubia, var. georgiana McVaugh, I. c. 158 (1943). That has narrow sepals and pinnate or deeply pinnatifid leaves, while the plant of Alleghany County and of the Nashville region has them shallowly lobed as in P. dubia, var. dubia McVaugh. I am calling the new plant
P. pusta (L.) Trel., var. interior, var. nov. (TAB. 816, FIG. 4), calycibus maturis 4-5 mm. longis; sepalis exterioribus ovatis; pedicellis imis maturis 3-7 mm. longis.—Western Virginia and north-central Tennessee. VIRGINIA: dry roadside, Covington, Alleghany County, May 12, 1916, H Seite no. 4080. TEN-
as follows: Phacelia ‘‘dubia (1..), (P. parviflora, Pursh); Harvey.’’ That was all. Disregarding the somewhat unusual punctuation and the ra that ‘Paueatia “qubia is own from so far wi nsa arvey’s material being P. hirsuta Nuttall
cite the basonym of P, dubia, ~~. was Polemonium dubium L. Sp. Pl. 163 (1753)—a photograph of the rypr before m The combination Phacelia dubia (L.) Small in
going good nature by which many slipshod combinations by Britton, Stern and Poggenberg, by Small (elsewhere) and by some in recent years, have been accepted as ‘‘validated”’ by the next author who correctly made them with proper bibliographic
the errors become doubled. I yndicder more than once eraser — as ee of taking up such combinations as validly pu ed,
d thousands of regularly used proccess ere of the ceo Siete were thus published. When we can again have International Congresses it may be a safeguard against such opportunist and inconsiderate ip stage to establish a dead-line after which no such combinations will be valid. If I am here I will work for such legisla- tion! Since the adoption of the more rane ai, rules of botanical nomencia- ture there is no excuse for slipshod bibliograph
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 55
NESSEE: gregarious in open shrubberies and pastures or in open grounds, Nashville, April, 1878, Gattinger (ryPE in Herb. ies ); barrens near Nashville, April, Gattinger as Curtiss, no. 2131
One of Gattinger’s specimens was called Phacelia puntic Buckley in Am. Journ. Sci. xlv. 172 (1843). Buckley’s species has generally been considered identical with P. dubia, but it -came from Alabama and had the “sepals linear-oblong, acute’, which certainly is not the case with var. interior. I have not seen Buckley’s type but his description of the Alabama plant, with the pinnatifid leaves with obovate and abruptly acuminate segments and with linear-oblong, acute sepals 2/3 the length of the corolla, might well have been drawn from Harper, no. 82, from Elmore County, which is one of the paratype-collections of P. dubia, var. georgiana McVaugh. Some specimens, like one from Nashville, April, 1884, Mzss Cushman, and Biltmore, North Carolina, Biltm. Herb. no. 786°, are transitional between var. dubia and var. interior.
In Phacelia dubia the seed (ria. 3) is rugose-reticulate, in P. fallax (pLATE 814, Fic. 4) transversely lineate-rugose.
Although McVaugh delimits his tabulation of plants occurring on granite flat-rock at the North Carolina-Virginia boundary,’ his maps of ranges often extend farther north. In view of the abundance of Phacelia dubia on the Coastal Plain of Virginia (in Henrico, Prince George, Sussex, Southampton and Greens- ville Counties, and presumably the type-locality of Clayton) and McVaugh’s correct reference to it on his p. 158 as “abundant in many parts of Virginia”, it is difficult to interpret his map of the range of P. dubia which shows only 3 or 4 stations in the state, these all on the granites of the northwestern section of the state. The inclusion of the many stations 100-135 miles to the southeast would make a somewhat different picture, as would the inclusion of Newbern at the mouth of ears co in oe
1 Near the fall-line in south t in connection with McVaugh’'s study of the flora of the granite te flat-rocks farther south. Cheilanthes lanosa, which ‘‘is approaching here the eastern edge of its range” e flat-
@ small outlying colony on a low granite hill at the outer edge of the Piedmont in Brunswick County,—see RHopora, xlv. 374-376 (1943).
56 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
County, North Carolina (specimen from M. A. Curtis) and of Wilmington at the mouth of Cape Fear River in southeastern North Carolina (see Wilmington Flora by Thos. F. Wood and Gerald McCarthy in Journ. Elisha Mitch. Sci. Soc. for 1885-86, p. 131, as P. parviflora Pursh).. In fact, M. A. Curtis, who intimately knew North Carolina, did not restrict P. dubia (or parviflora) to the 2 stations on the granitic belt of western North Carolina. By him it was not known from the mountains but was thought to be characteristic of the ‘‘Low Distr.’’, 7. e. the Coastal Plain (see M. A. Curtis, Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. N. Ci Pt. A. ents 42 (1867)).
PuaTeE 814 is of PHaceLia FALLAX, all figs. from the Typx: Fic. 1, portions of plant, 1; gee 2, young inflorescence, * o 3: FIG. 3, portion of mature calyx, xX 10; ria. 4, ‘seed, X 10.
In pLaTE 815, Frias. 1-3 are of PHACELIA HIRSUTA: FIG. 1, TYPE Or ISOTYPE, X 1; rig. 2, portion of eee, X 3, from northwestern Arkansas, F. L. Harvey, no cet = 3, seed, X 0, from Prescott, Arkansas, Bush, no. 258. Fias. : LIOIDES: FIG en Tian. < 1, from Joplin, Missouri, EB. J Palmer, no. 1879 A (as P. dubia) : FIG. 5, young inflorescence, < 3, from same no.; Fic. 6, seed, X 10, from near Muskogee, Oklahom a, Robt. Beb bb, no. 3850
FIG. ’
Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 10,015; ric. 3, seed, X 10, from no. 10,015.
Fic. 4, var. INTERIOR, portion of mature inflorescence, X 3, from TYPE. HYDROLEA UNIFLORA Raf. Aut. ee 34 (1840) must replace
H. affinis Gray, Man. ed. 5: 370 (18
Rafinesque got hold of material en axillary spines, which is not unusual, both this glabrous species of the Interior and Southwest and the pubescent H. quadrivalvis Walt. having spines or not, the character variable. Likewise, the glabrous species may have solitary or glomerulate flowers. Rafinesque’s descrip- tion is unequivocal:
273, Hydr. wie | Raf. caule flexuoso inerme glabro, fol. alt. lanceol. acutis subsessil. pedune. axil. unifl. bract. 2 obl. ineq. cal. lin. glabris— Louisiana on Red - Rives, sent me by Torrey as Hydr. 4valvis, but unlike the last, smooth, not spinose, leaves smaller, biuncial, flowers bluish white, anthers blue shaped like x, caps. bivalve
LycoPUs AMPLECTENS Raf. Aut. Bot. 115 (1840). L. euro-
aeus, Var. sessi ba Gray, Man. ed. 5: 345 (1867). L. sesszli- folius Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 285 (1870).
There can be no dake that Rafinesque had the plant known for three fourths of a century as Lycopus sessilifolius. His descrip- tion is beyond dispute, for he restricted the genus to species with acerose teeth:
eee ee ee
ee ey ee ee ee
a A ee a ee TN ee eee | ee
a ae a ee ee ae ee ee eee
1944] Fernald,—Flora of Eastern North America 57
834, Lyc. amplectens Raf. glaber, caulib. virgatis simpl. angulis obt. fol. arcte ‘sessil. subamplex. basi dilatatis oblongis acum. remote serratis,
beneath, this sp. differs from all by obtuse angles and leaves not attenuate at base.
Plate 807 Rhodora
Photo. B. G. Schubert,
ai 4 . YPE de ae vices 4 Abed $; 5C 10; all trom + ) ee Rieti ne ; 2, X 1; FIG. 3, X 3; Fias. 4 an PANICUM BENNERI: FIGS. 1 and “4 SS
Rhodora Plate 808
: and 4 YUCCA FILAMENTOSA: FIG. 1, floy x 1, from TYPE; FIG, 2, leaves, X 14; FIGS. 3 and 4, bee
Photo. B. G, Schubert. flowers, X 1; FIG. 5, ovary, style res Eishenits x 5; fig. 6, -apsules, X |
Rhodora Plate 809
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
cca Sy er eat ee pe 1, leaves and flowers, X 14, from TYPE; FIC 2, basal rosette, : greatly reduced; FIG and 4, flowers, < 1, from TY a. FIG. 5, Ovary, ay le and filaments, Xx 3; Fig. 6, capsu ule, aoe
Rhodora
Plate 810
Si hiun i. Tob. wh has mm
i ies Mt Cean:
btllin In AA Falmer Sup SF Hess Burnley
Photo B. G. Schubert.
TRILLIUM CaTESB AEI> FIG.
, X 1, after photograph by C. A. and Una F. Weather
rby LIUM NERVOSUM:? FIG. 2 aye -SHE ET, X 4, after photogrs ph by C. A.and Una F.W platter 3
4% FIG. 3, dete ul, to show style,
} Rhodora Plate 811
i F ' K ,
Photo, B. G, Schubert.
UM NERVOSUM: FIGs. 1 and 2, portions, X 1, of Catesby’s plate of Solanum | lr ih ition; Revi he cape talo carneo | ax BoNA-NOX, var. EXAURICULATA: FIG. 3, leaf, X 1, from TYPE
Rhodora Plate 812
-=TYPE SPECIMEN DEt ci7ey PM tactic at Giant Latte wok : ofa PRE Oa FA te oP or 7 raed ALD Le OW GPE 0 Come gle We 218 Teh:
M5 gf}
"Baigce a ra » teas: <
mets soca aps a8 fig ved
Photo, H. G. Fernald.
SmMivAx Psevupo-Caina: after photograph sent by Dr. John Ramsbottom; vgs 2, TYPE, after pT aa sea from Linnean Society of Linwiniis seth reduced; 1 leaf x 1
i {
Sane Nach nde ae eee ergs
I
thodora
Photo, B, G. Schubert.
CYRILLA RACEMIFLORA! FIG. 3,
TY
Var. SUBGLOBOSA: FIG. 1, portio PE
fruit, x 5 re n of fruiting branch, X 1; Fic.
Plate 813
2, fruit, & 5; both from
Rhodora Plate 814
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
Co PHACELIA — _ figs. from TYPE: FIG vier ie! of of apo sa - ie 2, young inflorescence, X 3; FIG. 3, portion of mature i ~ 10; 3. 4, seed,
# Rhodora mes
Je Photo. B. G. Schubert.
PHACELIA HIRSUTA: FIG. 1, TYPE or ISOTYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, portion of inflorescence, X 3; FIG. 3, seed,
P. GILIOIDES: FIG. 4, plant, X 1; Fic. 5, young inflorescence, X 3; Fic. 6, seed, XK 10
Rhodora Plate 816
Photo. B. G. Schubert,
PHACELIA DUBIA: FIG, 1, young inflorescence, X 3; F1G.2, portion of mature inflorescence, X 3; FIG. 3, seed,
Var. INTERIOR: FIG. 4, portion of mature inflorescence, X 3, from TYPE
INDEX New scientific names are eae in full-face type
Adlumia, 20; cirrhosa, 2
jaime floridana, 48; i 47; Pavi : sylvatica
Misgheman pomeany ie The Indige-
12
Ammannia a 50; Pr.
50; di 50; Koehne 0, var. peaiioiat ta, 50; Hate Ie 50; longifolia, Tat multica ulis, 50; ramo; - res Q, var exauriculata "60
Andromeda formoxissi 50
Anona pygmaea, 50
Asimina ie te, 50
Benner, Walter Mackinnett (dedica- tion of “ore to), Black Oak, 4
Callicarp
Chelanthes lanos, 55
China rad
Cladrastis, he
Clintonia, 20; borealis, 20
Convallaria globosa, 13, 14; majalis, 1. —14; majuscula, 13, 14; montana,
The Indigenous Alleghen
Cyrilla seers ve ioe 47; polys br he 47; racemiflora, 46, 47, pl. 813, v: subglobosa, 46, 47, pl. 813
Didiplis, 20
Diospyros, 44
Distinetions betw een Polygonatum ifl and P. canaliculatum, Specific, 9
Four of Rafinesque’s Species of Sisy- rinchium, 42
pecionn lanatum, 50, 51; maxi-
Hees, 20; aphylla, 20 Hydrolea affinis, 56; ‘quadrivalvis, 56; uniflora, 56
Identity of Yucca filamentosa, The, » pis. ’ Ilysanthes 20 Indisecans Alleghenian Convallaria, The, 12
June Fines ee at 5; pilosum, var. saltue
Juncus Tondae s, 5; fuscat — 5; Gerardi, 5; melanocarpus, 5 ; pilo- sus, 4; triglu
Jupica ; aptcm, 4
Liliaceae, 1,
Lily of the Valley, 12
Live Oak,
Luzula acuminata, 4, 5; var. caro-
linae, 5; carolinae, 4, 5; var. saltuensis, : ; iebradeeot, 5; parvi- elanocarpa, 5; pilo- sa, 4; saltue ria Lycopus eke ar 56, 57; aeus, var. sessilifolius’ 56; gra Folia, 56
Museadina, 49 Muscadine, 48, 49
Nemexia, 36; Hugeri, 36 Nemexis elliptica, 35, 36 Nemopanthus, 20
Note on Smilax lanceolata, 39
Osmorhiza, 20
Padus agg sone 4
Panicum Benn , 2, 3, pl. 807; im- var.
onale, 3; meridionale, subvillo- > ; tennesseense, 3; villosis-
Porrsoves sativa Peltandra, 20; hs 20; ales ea 20
Phacelia dubia, 53-56, 816; dubia, 54, 55; var. 2 rgiana, 54, 55; var. interior, 54-56, pl. 816; fallax, 61-53, 55, 56, pl. 814; gilioides, 53, 56, 815; hirsuta, 51-54, 56, pl. 815; Plants as, 51; parviflora, 54, 56; pusilla, 55
Pinus ee a, 44; palustris, 44, 55; — gens as Phacelia hirsuta, 51, pls. 814-816 Polemonium dubium, 54 Polygonatum, 9, ve ’piflorum, 9-12; and P. canaliculatum, Specific
ul INDEX
Distinctions between, 9; biflorum, —_ oe 2; canalicula- Specific Sages daa rere GB ote orum and, 9; comitutatata} Q;' forma ce a 12; giganteum, 9; pu- bescens, 2 Prunus caroliniana, 45; nemoralis, 45
Quercus alba, 44; cinerea, 44, 45; faleata, 44; geminata, 44; incana, 44, 45; lanata, hee lobata, 44; maritima 45; nigra, 44; rubra, 44; tinctoria, 44; Sniatin, 44
Bs eee s Species of Sisyrinchium, Fo
Rotala ramosior, 50, var. interior, 50
Sanguisorba canadensis, 50 Scupperno ng,
ee ruticosa, 45; ligustrina, Silene regia, 45; scabra, 45
Silk
gras Sisyrinchium, 42; Se ss areni-
cola, 43; Bicknellian 43; fibrosa, 43; cere rr} : florid , 42, 48; Four of -
m, 42, 43; penta 42, 43 Siniles, 33, 34, 36, 40, as 6 8d
Cc 811, hastata, 37, subsp. had-ecfolia, 36, Si; var. hederae- folia, 36-38; Bryoniae nigrae age 38; § Caule aculeato, tereti,
38, caule aculeato tereti, ca
pinoso ter : celastroides,
34; Chi ; cinnamonifolia, 42; a2, orf
hispida, , 36; inermis, 35; laevis Lauri folio, 41; lanceo- lata, 32, 37, 39-42; Note on, 39; laurifolia, 40, 41; ovata, 41; pan- durata, 39; edunculata, 35; Pseudo-China, 32-35, 38, 40, pl. 12; pulverulenta, 35, rotundi-
, 39; tamnoides, 33,
oa 39, var. hispida, 39; Walte , o3, 40 Solanum erosion: flore, ete. 14, 16, 811
— Distinctions between Poly- pe tum biflorum and P. canalicu- m, 9
a a, 50 Stilingi ee 45, "46: ligustrina, 5, 46 A si 46
Trillium, 9, 18-20; — 17; Catesba aei, 14-16, pl. ; Cates- baei and T. ae Bll, 14; pls.
1 5, var.
ac ee 17-19) maculatum, 18 ; nhervosu 14- pl, ; Trillium Catetbasi and, "14, 1. 810;
15, 20; stylo- sum, 15, 16; subg. Anthopium, 17; subg. veg 17, 18; Under- woodii, 18—
Vitis a 48, 49; rotundi- 49
folia White Oak, 44
Xyris albiflora, 4; Baldwiniana, 4; cylindrica, 4; fimbri ata, a gir osa, 4; flexuosa, 4; jun i pallescens, 4; ua. 4; sotiaiay 2 torta, 4; ar ens 4
Yucea angustifolia, 8; concava, 5-8; filamentosa, 5-9, pk 808; The Identity of, 5, pea 8, 809; forma genuina, 5, 6, vibto rma angusti- folia, 5, 6, 8, Subforma latifolia, 5,
var. concava, 6 . concava, 6; flaccida, 9; ore alba: etc., 8; Smalli iana, 8, 9, pl. 809
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, April—July, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CLI oa
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE 3 T INDIES
SHIRLEY GALE
i
Dates oF Issue
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, April—July, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
__ RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE WEST INDIES
' ‘
SHIRLEY GALE
: Bs: a a a Ss . a a Bey: a
Dates or IssuE
CONTRIBUTION FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CLI
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE WEST INDIES
SHIRLEY GALE! (Plates 818-835)
In 1806 Vahl? segregated the genus Rhynchospora from Schoenus as the latter had been defined in the inclusive sense of Linnaeus. Vahl’s brief diagnosis, with its emphasis upon the indurated, persistent style, was followed by descriptions of nineteen species. Of these original species nine are now recog- nized members of the Section Eurhynchospora. R. inexpansa, R. fascicularis, R. distans (R. fascicularis var. distans (Michx.) Chapm.), R. capitellata, R. sparsa (R. miliacea (Lam.) Gray) and R. ciliata (R. ciliaris (Michx.) Mohr) had been previously described under Schoenus by Michaux: R. glomerata and R. alba under Schoenus by Linnaeus; and R. glauca was only a new name given by Vahl to his own previously described Schoenus rugosus.> R. fusca (L.) Ait. f. was also included by Vahl as R. alba & fusca. Of these species R. alba has been selected to typify the genus.®
' Now Mrs, Chester E. Cres.
* Vahl, Eclog. Am. ii. 5 (1798). *M. L. Green, Standard-Species Nom. Conserv. no. 492 (1926), mimeographed.
90 Rhodora [APRIL
In 1816 Elliott published the first pages of his Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. Here he described three new species of Rhynchospora, R. plumosa, R. punctata, R. caduca, and, under Scirpus, a fourth, R. schoenoides (Ell.) Wood. He also made the new combination, R. rariflora, from Michaux’s Schoenus rariflorus.
Unfortunately nothing but confusion has resulted from Muhlenberg’s treatment of the genus. He attempted to rein- state Schoenus as inclusive of Cladium and Rhynchospora. Although several new species were listed in the first edition of his Catalogue! in 1813, they were not validated until the publi- cation of his Descriptio Uberior Graminum? four years later. The names of his new species S. ciliaris, S. capitatus, S. cymosus and S. setaceus were later homonyms under Schoenus, nor are they available for use under Rhynchospora. Finally, he frequent- ly neglected to give any indication of the authorship of his species.
Asa Gray’s’® early monograph of North American Rhyncho- spora is the first treatment of the genus to be done in the care- fully documented, modern style; and it forms the basis for all later work on the genus as it is represented in Canada and the United States. Gray was able to verify, by means of fragments from the Michaux Herbarium, all of the Michaux species. He had the use of John Torrey’s herbarium which contained among others, specimens collected by Elliott, Schweinitz, Ingalls and Curtis, as well as the herbarium of Baldwin. At the Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences he saw the Schweinitz herbarium and the Muhlenberg herbarium. Of the latter he remarks, “Specimens of many of these [Muhlenberg’s species], however, do not exist in his herbarium; and those which have a place are in such a state of confusion, (there being often three or four species with a single label) that little information is to be obtained by consulting it.”” Gray wisely chose to base his treatment on the details of the achene; and, to aid in correct identification, a plate figuring the achene of each species was prepared. The descriptions are original, detailed, and accurate, and are accom- panied by synonymy, the citation of specimens and careful dis-
1Thid. 5 (1813). 2 Ibid. 4 (1817). 4 Ann. Lyc. N, Y. iii. 191-220 (1835).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 91
cussions. The exigencies of the primary division into “nuts rugose”’ and ‘‘nuts not rugose” forced the separation of R. plumosa from the closely related R. oligantha; but, in good part, the related species were placed together. There was, however, no attempt to separate the thirty recognized species into formal groups.' R. Torreyana, R. microcarpa Baldw. ex Gray, R. Elliottii (renamed R. Grayii by Kunth), R. megalocarpa, R. Baldwini, R. oligantha, R. gracilenta, and R. cephalaniha were the additions to the Section Eurhynchospora. The correct com- bination R. miliacea was made from Lamarck’s Schoenus mili- aceus, and given preference over R. sparsa (Michx.) Vahl. How- ever, to Scirpus schoenoides of Elliott, Gray gave a new name, Rk. multiflora, rather than the correct combination which was later made by Wood. R. patula Gray was a nomen confusum since it was applied to sheets of R. microcarpa and R. caduca. Rk. dodecandra Baldw. ex Gray and R. pycnocarpa were synonyms of R. megalocarpa, as was R. semiplumosa of R. plumosa Ell. R. paniculata is true R. glomerata (L.) Vahl and the species to which the latter name was applied by Gray is R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl.
A year later in Torrey’s North American Cyperaceae*® Gray reworked his treatment of Rhynchospora, segregating R. oligan- tha, R. plumosa and its synonym, R. semiplumosa, as 1, ‘‘Erio- chaete”’ separated by the subglobose achene and plumose bristles; and 2, “True Rhynchosporae”’, including species with lenticular or compressed achenes. R. macrostachya and R. corniculata were transferred to the genus Ceratoschoenus. One new species, R. filifolia Gray, was described, and R. pycnocarpa was reduced to synonymy under R. megalocarpa.
In the year previous, Nees von Esenbeck‘ published his Synopsis Generum Cyperacearum. This was a much needed attempt to give the diagnostic characters of the Cyperaceae, and, in some cases, of the principal subgeneric divisions. He limited the genus Rhynchospora to species with ‘“spiculae polygamae. Stylus bifidus. Perigynium setosum, setis rigidis denticulatis.
' With the exception of a suggestion that R. corniculata and R, macrostachya might be referred eph us Nees.
? Class-Book of Bot. 744 (1861).
* Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. 362-372 (1836).
* Linnaea ix. 282 (1835).
92 Rhodora [APRIL
Caryopsis styli basi persistente discretaque latirostrata.” Although this definition is practically identical with that now applied to the Section Eurhynchospora, it was followed by a list of species many of which belonged to other sections.
Kunth’s Enumeratio, Volume ii, appeared. in 1837. The forty-four species of Rhynchospora were divided into the Capi- tatae, Longirostres and Communes. Of these only the Communes are considered in this paper; but it is important to notice that, as in Rhynchospora sensu Nees, the group Communes had the “Stylus bifidus’” and was, in part, a precursor of the Subgenus Diplostylis. Kunth’s treatment of the species consisted of a careful review rather than the addition of new species. His descriptions, like those of Gray, drew particular attention to the achenes. His special contribution is his elaborate synonymy, to which I am indebted for the clue to the identity of Schoenus cymosus Willd. In the Addenda and Corrigenda, he gave to R. Elliottii Gray its present name, R. Grayii, on account of the earlier R. Elliottii of Dietrich.
The treatment in Steudel’s Cyperaceae,! despite its inclusion of several new species, was less original than that of Kunth. Steudel’s main divisions were geographical. Under “I. Species Americae septentrionalis’” he placed Gray’s Eriochaete and. Rhynchosporae verae (latinizing the latter). Under ‘II. Species Americae australis” he had a vague key, emphasizing, in the primary divisions, plumose as contrasted with scabrous bristles; and, in the secondary divisions, the type of inflorescence. Many of Steudel’s descriptions were condensed latinizations of Gray’s descriptions, both from the Monograph and from the North American Cyperaceae. He even included a full description of R. pyenocarpa Gray, although he explained in a note that it had been reduced by its author to a synonym of R. megalocarpa. Of Steudel’s new species, R. longiseta, R. microseta and R. foliata are unknown to me. R. longiseta and R. microseta are referred by the Index Kewensis to the synonymy of R. caduca Elliott and R. ciliata Vahl (R. ciliaris (Michx.) Mohr) respectively. FR. ? monostachya Steud. is Eleocharis tuberculosa? and R. etuberculata is referred again by the Index Kewensis to Scirpus leptolepis.
1 Ibid. 139 (1855). venson, RHopora xxxix. 248 (1937).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 93
Steudel also gave to R. pallida Curtis another name, R. Curtisii, thinking that R. pallida Nees, which had not previously been validly published, took precedence.
Grisebach! in 1857 set up the Section EHurhynchospora to con- tain species with ‘‘Setae elongatae. Stylus bifidus”, and he typified it by R. glauca Vahl (R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale). This definition was later amplified in Part vi. of the Flora of the British West Indies? with the additional character “achaenium separated from the beak by a broad transverse joint.” Of the species listed by him, I am excluding R. cephalotes Vahl from the section on the basis of its indurated scales and coarse, peculiar habit. R. gracilis Vahl is of uncertain identity, but Grisebach was probably using it in the sense of R. globularis (Chapm.) Small, var. recognita Gale and R. rugosa (formerly R. glauca Vahl).
Grisebach’s chief contribution to the knowledge of this genus came with his work on the Wright collections from Cuba. R. pruinosa was described in Part II. of the Plantae Wrightianae’, but the bulk of the new species were published in the Catalogus Plantarum Cubensium.* Here were added to the Series Cernuae, previously represented only by R. pruinosa, 4 additional species hk. Lindeniana, R. scabrata, R. tenuifolia and R. cernua, although Grisebach mistakenly placed the last named species in a new section, Microchaeta. R. odorata Wright ex Griseb. was also included. R. penniseta, however, is R. plumosa Gray; R. deflexa is R. cubensis Rich., and R. setacea sensu Grisebach, non Vahl, is R. rariflora (Michx.) Ell. R. cephalotoides, also included by Grisebach in the Section Eurhynchospora, is closely related to R. cephalotes. I have excluded both of these species from this section. Known from the mainland, but new to Cuba, was R. miliacea.
The work begun by Grisebach was continued by Wright, working in collaboration with Francesco Sauvalle. The portion of the Flora Cubana' dealing with species of Eurhynchospora was published for the first time in 1871. Wright’s new species 2.
1 Goetting. iad vii. 272 (p. 124 of repr.) (1857). 64).
5 Anal. Acad. Ci. Habane. viii. 83 (1871).
94 Rhodora [APRIL
leptorhyncha and R. brachychaeta were carefully described; others, already treated by Grisebach or earlier authors, were merely listed with the number of the Wright collection. The authentic specimens are at the Gray Herbarium, as are also duplicates of Grisebach’s species, but special care has been necessary in their citation, for the sheets are badly scrambled; the same number has often been applied to specimens belonging to 2 or more species and the accompanying memoranda as to locality and habitat often cannot be oriented with certainty to one of possibly three specimens on a sheet.
In 1873 Otto Boeckeler published, under the title Die Cyper- aceen des Kéniglichen Herbarium zu Berlin, a treatment of the Tribe Rhynchosporeae. He described in all 136 species of Rhyn- chospora, several of which he derived from Dichromena as transfers. These were divided into two groups: A. Capzitatae, B. Corymbosae. The Eurhynchosporae appeared with species of other sections under the latter heading. In this treatment most of the new species were Brazilian, but Boeckeler’s descriptions of such North American species as R. alba, R. caduca, R. plumosa, etc. were original and among the best that have been written.
The designation Dichostyleae appeared in the summary of the genus by Bentham and Hooker.! It set off from the Haplo- styleae, with apically bilobed styles, those species in which the styles were deeply cleft, forming slender stigmatic branches equal in length to the undivided portion of the style.
Prior to 1892 Gray’s original treatment of species of the Coastal Plain had been augmented by scattered publications of other authors, notably Curtis, Carey, Boott, and more especially by Chapman’s Flora of the Southern States. In that year, however, Britton? published a list of North American Rhyncho- spora. This list covered the Mexican species, but excluded those from the West Indies. It gave little information outside of the few characters employed in a rudimentary key to the groups of species. Its principal emphasis was placed on the synonymy, which was frequently incorrect, and statements as to the range of the species. Britton had been supplied by Clarke with an abstract of the latter’s arrangement of the North American
1 he Pl. iii. 1060 (1883
ns. N. Y. Acad ee xi, 83-93-repr. 10-19 (1892).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 95
species, and the Hurhynchosporae, as well as some species of other sections, were placed under the “Subgenus Eurhynchospora Clarke.” R. alba var. macra Clarke, R. glomerata var. discutiens Clarke, and R. fuscoides Clarke were new; and were apparently taken from the abstract referred to in the introductory note. R. fuscoides was here without description but was validly pub- lished two years later in Clarke’s treatment of the Cyperaceae for Urban. R. glomerata var. minor (R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl) and R. axillaris var. microcephala (R. microcephala Britt. ex Small) were additions by Britton himself. R. compressa Chapm. was reduced to a variety under R. cymosa (R. globularis var. recognita Gale).
. B. Clarke wrote the treatment of the Cyperaceae for Urban’s Symbolae Antillanae, Volume II. With the fifty-five species of Rhynchospora appears the first key to species. Presumably it is, in part, a natural key, since series and sections are directly assigned to its main divisions. Its chief faults are those of brevity and too great a reliance on measurements. There is no - mention of a subgenus, or even of a section Eurhynchospora.
Species of that section, as it is here interpreted, occur under the heading of Series B. Diplostyleae, and are classified as Section 2, Plumosae, Section 3, Albae, Section 4, Fuscae, and Section 5, Glaucae. Section Plumosae includes, in addition to R. plumosa Gray, the totally different R. lwnata which has a curious horned tubercle. Section Albae, as defined, is synonymous with Series Glomeratae Small. It is represented only by R. alba from the mountains of Puerto Rico. Section Fuscae includes R. fuscoides (which is here supplied with a description), R. leptorhyncha, R. fascicularis, R. distans sensu Clarke (also R. fascicularis), R. gracilenta sensu Clarke (R. leptorhyncha), R. Lindeniana, and R. pallida sensu Clarke (R. brachychaeta). This section is defined as having setae antrorsely scabrous, nut smooth, not transversely wrinkled. Clarke must have overlooked the slightly rugulose surface in R. Lindeniana. R. brachychaeta (wrongly identified by Clarke as R. pallida) I have put with true R. pallida in the Series Chapmaniae. Section Glaucae is merely a name for a jumble of species having achenes with rugulose surfaces. Clarke placed a strong, and I think mistaken, emphasis on the impor- tance of the original spelling of Rhynchospora as “‘Rynchospora.”
96 Rhodora |APRIL
As a result of this he took up the first specific name to appear in combination with the original ‘‘Rynchospora.” If a specific name had always appeared with the spelling, ‘thynchospora,” he made a new combination under the old spelling. This ex- plains his recognition of R. sparsa Vahl in preference to the earlier combination R. miliacea (Lam.) Gray. It also explains why Vahl, Britton and Clarke are the only authorities cited after names of species long in good standing.
After the turn of the century, important treatments were included in the following: Small’s Flora, 1903; the revision of Gray’s Manual by Robinson & Fernald, 1908; and, later, Small’s Manual, 1933. Britton also published Rhynchospora of Cuba,’ another list which included new species and their descriptions.
SpEciFic CriTeR1A.—The species of Rhynchospora which come within the scope of this paper are perennials. The roors are of little aid in classification. They are usually fibrous and richly - branched or occasionally thickened and spongy with only a few short branchlets. The BAsEs are more often distinctive. In R. pallida they are usually cormous and covered with short, broad, imbricated scales—a condition occurring to a lesser degree in R. megalocarpa. In the Series Cernuae a short, densely fibrous caudex is developed, the fibres resulting from the fraying-out of the fibro-vascular strands in the lower portions of the old dried basal leaves. This character is one of several which are probably correlated with the intermittently exsiccated habitats of these species. The bases of R. cubensis and R. stenophylloidea are subligneous. A few species have stolons. Those of R. fusca are slender, whereas short, thick stolons bud out from the bases of R. pallida. R. megalocarpa, which populates the sand-hills of the southern Coastal Plain, also spreads by means of stolons. The commonest growth-habit, however, is a tuft; and several species, R. inexpansa among them, are reported as forming dense stools. An exception to the caespitose habit, as its name con- notes, is R. solitaria. _
The BASAL LEAVES are usually linear-elongate, from 1 to 7 mm. in width, or filiform. Commonly they are flat or somewhat canaliculate. The under surface is short-carinate, the keel be-
1 Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 185 (1916).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 97
coming more prominent toward the apex so that the tip of the leaf is sharply triquetrous. This character is present, but less obvious, in a few species with broad, short leaves, such as R. ciliaris and R. pruinosa, in which the leaf is abruptly narrowed
to an obtuse tip. Rarely the leaf-tips are rounded, as in R. plumosa. The angles of the tip, if not the entire margin of the
q leaf, are always more or less serrated. These microscopic teeth, __ apparently formed of pure silica, contribute in great part to the material worthlessness of the plants, for they render the leaves unfit for cattle-fodder. In R. ciliaris these serrations reach their maximum development as stiff, silvery cilia. Occasionally the leaves are involute, although this condition is difficult to determine from dried specimens. In R. pruinosa the leaves are not only canaliculate but also moderately revolute. However, the chief distinction of the leaves of this species lies in their peculiar upper surfaces. These are roughened and bear small =
white inclusions of lime which are responsible for the rimy or 4
silvery appearance emphasized by the specific name. In another
closely related species, R. scabrata, the upper surfaces of the leaves are definitely exasperate. The basal leaves vary from stiffly erect to flat and spreading to curling. The curling habit reaches its climax in the circinately coiled leaves of the tiny, depressed R. crispa. The CAULINE LEAVES are similar, in most cases, to those of the base. They decrease in size upward and are finally reduced to the setaceous or, less often, somewhat frondose bracts of the inflorescence. The typically closed sheaths are - definitive of the Cyperaceae as a whole.
The cuLMs are usually triquetrous and slender to robust, or filiform and subterete. The 2-several nodes each bear a leaf | which may or may not subtend a lateral cluster of spikelets. is The internodal surfaces are smooth or striate, and the culms - range from stiffly erect to procumbent. ve
The INFLORESCENCE varies in size from a ‘solitary terminal = fascicle, as in R. pallida, to a terminal decompound fasciculate | cyme which is accompanied by 4-8 smaller lateral cymes, as in R. miliacea. Throughout this paper I have applied the term “eyme”’ to the compound, flat-topped or concave clusters of spikelets which characterize in particular the Series Caducae. Compact bundles of mainly ascending spikelets are ‘fascicles’,
98 Rhodora [APRIL
whether they are numerous and approximate in the cyme or are solitary and distant in the axils of the cauline leaves. Fascicles may be globose, turbinate or corymbiform, depending upon their shape. Compact masses of spikelets oriented in all directions are heads, capituli or glomerules and may also be of primary or secondary degree. Unfortunately I have not been able to study flowering material of the genus, for from the dried specimens it is difficult to ascertain whether the so-called cymes are determinate, but to all appearances the main axis and the successive axes in turn are terminated by a spikelet.
The sPIKELETS are usually ovoid, but they may be subglobose, as in R. globularis, or fusiform as in R. capillacea. The lower 2 or 3 of the spirally imbricated scales are comparatively small and empty. The succeeding 1-10 subtend perfect florets, each of which may produce an achene. The terminal 1-2 scales subtend rudimentary florets or are empty. Occasionally the spikelet contains only a single floret.
The ScaLes are papery (not indurated), tightly, but more often loosely, imbricate, and persistent or caducous. They are commonly brownish and fairly constant in shade, most commonly castaneous or fuscous. In R. alba and several members of the Series Cernuae they are whitish; in R. pallida they have a reddish tinge. Those of R. leptorhyncha, on the other hand, are black- ened, as are frequently those of R. cephalantha var. typica. The general outline of the fertile scales is ovate, on the one hand, to narrowly lanceolate, and on the other to suborbicular. When tightly imbricate they are concave. The midrib frequently extends as a mucro which is often serrulate, and in R. ciliaris bears straggly reddish-brown cilia.
he STAMENS are variable in number, from 1-12, but are usually 3. In R. odorata the filaments are conspicuously mar- cescent.
The hypogynous BRISTLES are presumably the remnants of a perianth. They are borne at the base of the achene and are arranged in upper and lower series consisting of 3 bristles each. In R. alba, however, the bristles are from 10-12 and in R. macra from 18-20. The increase in number is probably due to chorisis; occasionally I have seen an achene of R. alba with 2-pronged, presumably imperfectly divided, bristles. The broad, straplike
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 99
bristles of the Glomeratae are unique, not only in their shape and size, but in their retrorse barbs. In other series the bristles are capillary, or flattened only at the base, and the barbs, or better the minute serrulations, are directed upwards. There are a few forms in the Series Glomeratae which, like the species of other series, have bristles with antrorse barbs or with barbs failing. This problem and its importance has been discussed under R. capttellata f. discutiens. The bristles in the Series Plumosae are, as indicated by the name of the series, characteristically plumose. Several species of other series, however, have a few silky hairs at the bases of the bristles. Occasionally the bristles fail to develop. This is true in particular of R. Chapmanii and R. nuda, and also of occasional achenes of R. perplexa.
The sTyLe has two stigmatic branches which are characteristic of the genus and which indicate the bicarpellary nature of the gynoecium.
The AcHENE is the most important single character in the determination of a specimen, for, almost without exception, that of every species is distinct. It is derived from the development of one of the paired ovules of the gynoecium at the expense of the other. The shape is commonly ovate, lenticular and bicon- vex; usually the achene is marginate. Those of species belonging to the Series Glomeratae are frequently slenderly prolonged toward the base, forming a gynophore. Other peculiarities of the achenes of this series are the heavy wire-like margins and the prominent central umbo or boss. The umbonate condition also appears in achenes of other series, e. g. Rk. Harperi of the Fuscae. More often the central area of the achene is picked out by a smooth, pale disc. This is particularly true of R. filifolia the white disp of which has a sheen like that of glass. The achenes of R. compressa suggested the specific name, for they are so flattened that they have a shrunken appearance as if they had dried while immature. Some other species with strongly compressed achenes are R. perplexa, R. schoenoides, and R. tenuifolia. Very few of the series have achenes with an absolutely plain smooth surface. Usually the surface is alveolate or cancellate. The alveoli may, as in the case of the Chapmaniae, be reduced to tiny pricks; or they may be shallow, superficial and isodiametric as in the Harveyae. ‘The most common modification of the alveoli is that
100 Rhodora [APRIL
in which they are more or less aligned across the achene with the transverse walls pulled up into ridges. This produces the rugulose to ridged effect which is common in the Series Rari- florae, Cernuae, Cubenses, Harveyae, Globulares, Caducae, and Glaucae. Although the surface is ridged the individual alveoli may remain distinct, as in R. caduca, or they may be crowded so as to appear only as fine glistening striae between the ridges, or, in R. tenuifolia, over the faces of broad corrugations themselves. Like the scales, the achenes are brownish, but they vary in degree from the pale, lustreless shade of R. nuda to the dark, gleaming black-mahogany of R. megalocarpa. The measurements of the achenes are very dependable, and have been made with the aid of a finely divided steel rule, to tenths of a millimeter. The largest achenes in this section of the genus are those of R. megalocarpa (2.8-3.4 mm. wide, 3-4 mm. long). Among the smallest. are those of R. Knieskernii, R. sulcata, and several species in the Cernuae the measurements of which do not exceed a millimeter in width and length.
Occasional trigonous achenes have — seen in the Series Plumosae and Glomeratae. Such anomalies are accompanied by tripartite styles. They probably represent the last traces of a tricarpellary condition.
The TUBERCLE, consisting of the indurated and persistent base of the style, is triangular and compressed. The achenes of the Harveyae which are, for the most part, tumid above, have conical tubercles. These are buttressed and slightly incrusted at the base by the narrowed summit of the achene. The tubercles in the Series Chapmaniae are extremely short, often apiculate. The tubercle of R. compressa is strongly depressed with a pro- jecting basal flange. The margins of the tubercles in the Series Fuscae are thickly setose, and those of other series may be less so, or bare.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.—This study has been made under the guidance of Professor M. L. Fernald, and for his advice and patience I am most sincerely grateful. I also wish to express My appreciation to the many friends who have so freely given both time and encouragement—in particular to Mr. Charles A. Weatherby and Miss Bernice Schubert of the Gray Herbarium,
ata
=a = - ong = ia £ a be
PPE CT te Ae WePE Rn Teme eee R
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 101
and to Dr. Chester E. Cross. I have been generously given the opportunity to study material from the herbaria of the following institutions to the curators of which I express my great obligation: Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia (P); California Academy of Sciences (CA); Catholic University of America (CU); Duke University (D); Gray Herbarium (G); Atkins Institution of the Arnold Arboretum (A); Louisiana State University (La);
Missouri Botanical Garden (Mo); New England Botanical Club
(NE); New York Botanical Garden (NY); St. Bernard College (StB); United States National Arboretum (USNA); United
States National Museum (US); University of North Carolina
(NC); University of Pennsylvania (Penn).
Ruy A Vahl. Seales spirally meine the lower 1 (rarely )—2 to ait scales vacant, the following 1— 10 subtending perfect florets, the upper 1-2 flo rets DE he or rudimentary: stamens 1-— 12, usually 1-3: hypogynous bristles 0-20, when present usually 6: style bilobed at the apex or with 2 long, slender, stigmatic branches: achene more or less oo crowned with a conspicuous tubercle consisting of the broad, persistent, indurated base, or even the greater part, of the stale. —
hiefly perennials with more or less triangular culms and axillary inflorescences. Species of tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, temperate North America and Eurasia. (Name taken from elyyeos, a snout and oxopd, a Ree from the beaked
_ achene.)—Enum. ii. 229 (1806); Gray, A Lye : Na Y. a 194
(1835); Kunth, Enum. ii. 287 (1837) ; Steud. Orn 139 (1855);
- Bentham & Hooker, Gen. PI. iii. 1058 (1883); Pax in Engler &
bees Pfizfam. ii. 2: 116 (1887); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant.
. 103 (1900); Pfeiffer in Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xxxviii. 89 (i 1935). tose L. C. Richard in Persoon, Synops. i. 60 (1805) in a note; nomen rejiciendum. Phaeocephalum Ehrh. Beitr. iv.
; 146 (1789), nomen illegitimum
Since this paper is limited to a consideration of the Section Eurhynchospora the generic definition given above is neither
_ Original nor complete; nor has any attempt been made to include
in the list of generic synonyms the numerous tropical genera of Nees, none of which come within the scope of this paper. — In 1935 the name Rhynchospora! was conserved over Triodon
__L.C. Richard, which threw into synonymy all previous com-
binations made by Farw in ee Triodon. House’ in 1920 at- ‘Int. Rules Bot. Nomencl. 90 (19:
* Rep. Mich, Acad. Sci. xv. 167 Shae § xix. 253 (1917).
‘Am. Midland Nat. vi, 201 (1920).
102 Rbodora [APRIL
tempted to set up the generic name Phaeocephalum Ehrh., but the name is excluded by the International Rules, under Art. 67 (3), as a unitary designation of species, not intended as a generic name.
However, at present the status of the generic name is once again challenged, for Pfeiffer! has brought up the problem of the inclusion of Pleurostachys Brongn.? and Dichromena Michx.’ within the genus. Whether Pfeiffer’s solution, which reduces both genera to the status of synonyms under Rhynchospora, is sound, I do not know. It is a problem for the student of the Rhynchosporeae as a whole. However, the name Dichromena has priority over Rhynchospora, and the inclusion of the two under one generic name would necessitate either the transfer of the species of Rhynchospora to Dichromena, following the precedent of Macbride*, or the conservation of the name Rhynchospora over Dichromena as proposed by Pfeiffer’, with the necessary combinations under Rhynchospora, many of which have already been made by that author.
Subgenus Disty iis Pax. Style deeply cleft; stigmatic branches linear, equal in length to the undivided portion of the style.— In Engler & Prantl, Pflafam. ii. 2: 117 (1887). Rhynchospora 3. Communes Kunth, Enum. ii. 295 (1837). Rhynchospora ii. Dichostyleae Besthann & Hooker, Gen. Pl. iii. 1060 (1883). Rhynchospora Series B. Di plostyleae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 104 (1900). ree Diplostylis Pfeiffer in Fedde, Rep. Spec. Noy. _XXXvVili. 91 (1935).
Section Eurny A Griseb. Seales thin and papery not indurate, often ‘oer ts imbricate: bristles 0 (rarely)-20, usually 6 and equal to or exceeding half the achene in height, if bristles consistently failing achenes smooth (e. g. R. Chapman, R. nuda): achenes commonly ovate in pablus, ienticdlar and gradually biconvex or umbonate, less often subglobose; surface smooth to strongly alveolate to striate and nde ed: tubercle discrete, triangular or conical, compressed. —Goetting. Abh. Vil. 272 (1857); Bentham & Hooker, Gen. Pl. iii. 1060 (1883); Pfeiffer in Fedde, nei Spec. Nov. xxxviii. 91 (1935). Rhyncho- spora Series B. Diplost yleae, Divisio 5. Eu-Rhynchospora. Clarke in Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 119 (1908). Rhynchospora ii. ee
enus pa Hea ag Clarke ex Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 85 (1892).
' Fedde, Rep. Spec. Noy. xxxviii. 88 (1935); xliii. 258 (1938).
? Brongniar ileglen ares Voy. Coq. Bot. 172 t. 31 (1829).
2 Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 3
‘ Field Mus. Pub. be iv. 166 (1929); viii. 113 (1930); xi. 5 (1981); xiii. 301 (1936).
’ Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xliii. 261 (1938).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 103
Key To SERIES IN SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA a. Bristles retrorsely barbed, or if barbs antrorse or failing, ristles robust, straplike, pale, exceeding the ache eries Glomeratae. a. Bristles payer barbed or failing, rarely smooth, then capil-
ge
ary b. Bristles welt developed and popes orp for at least 14
their length or reduced to six basal tufts... ... 2. age Plumosae. b. ivintlad upwardly arte ge Swit or without a few basal hairs, rarely smooth... .
c. Surface of Aerts Siecle or pricked by small dark pits achene chestnut-brown or dark hove (then lentiading and moderately biconvex), not ne
d, Surface of achene pricked by ree "dak pits 0 = if sur-
face smooth, bristles 1-3 and ailing; lateral fascicles rare, with exception of 13 in bracketed 6.5 2 Fee ho he Series Chapmaniae.
d. joan = Recarag =e ti bristles 6 and well devel- in R. cularis var. typica and R. debilis vie they are fe 5 to 6 and rudimentary ; sities pee present in well developed speci- é. nate aie usually less than 1 mm. wide, light brown, py yriform or nen ce ellipsoid with the | ‘maximum width near the apex............. Series Fuscae. e. Achenes vieodiid 1 mm. in width (with the excep- tion of that of R. Fernaldii which is minute and blackish), broadly ovate in outline, their maximum idth corresponding to their midpoint. vil eee) Fasciculares. ans
ee es ve Pi pa nee te spiciform
und cory with ‘yelatyely, ‘ie “often _straw-coloed spikelets; culms relatively short to depressed. .. .
g. Spikelets remote on phe ete pedicels; is corym- biform, spreading; 2 species only, both of the Coastal Plain, R. rariflora also in the a, Indies
Series Rariflorae.
q. oe approximate, if Vian peiclae one t di es limite es ; Indien os eae 7" Series Ceriuac.
erulose, corymbiform, congeste oose cyme; ; culms relatively t tall re ly dep oad. ie
h. Spikelets with 1 flor e solitary
sp its axis; ase longitu if shriveled; 2 species of the Greater yates
a 2 PEs 5.8 | 15 ® dB
4
Series Cubenses. h. age wok airy 2-several florets, one of which may be rudiment; achene not longitudinally eB ir rg many species of the Coastal Plain the West Indies... .i. i. Achene surmounted by a grayish, conical-apiculate tubercle with a subterete base which is mad buttressed and often slightly incrusted by the narrowed neck of the achene; surface of achene
104 Rhodora [APRIL
deeply alveolate and Tidged only i in hp hea
otherwise mahogany-brown, smoot with a honey eomb-pattem of shallow eadaatie CM ars Pie Pe et wae ie este eb 9. Series Harveyae.
t. Achene usually surmounted by a deltoid, com- essed tubercle which is often attenuate, if eonieal-diseoid mh te at the base not visibly buttre
j. Achene broadly eberrald or slenderly ellipsoid- eh abie Alam castaneous or catching the light minent, deeply etched alveoli,
Seaualty te ed....k.
k, Cymes stiff, erect or spreading; periee ar terminating in glomeruli whic y be dense or limited to 3-4 globose snikelots
10. Series Globulares.
k. Cymes usually flexuous, corymbi form, densely
asciculate ase for the stiff, open netlike ies of R. miliacea), occasionally glo- merulose in reduced phase of R. micro- rd MAR hie edie Week roe i ees eas 11. Series Caducae.
&
which are intercepted by transverse merce tions or vague rugulosities........... Series Glaucae.
Series 1. GLoMERATAE Small, emend. Plants of acid bogs of temperate North America and Eurasia with several species limited to the Coastal Plain; R. alba also in the mountains of
uerto Rico and (?) northeastern Brazil. Habit caespitose: leaves filiform to flattish and up to 5 mm. wide: culms capillary
cymose-fasciculate: spikelets 1—2-fruited: scales acute to mu- cronate, tightly or loosely imbricate: achene pyriform or with a conspicuous gynophore, smooth to granular or faintly rugulose, usually with a pale central disc; bristles 6, retrorsely barbellate, or if with barbs antrorse or failing the bristles robust, straplike a pale-—Rhynchospora, V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933), in part. Rhynchospora, Series B. Diplostyleae Sect. 3. Albae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 105 (1900).
Key To Species IN SERIES GLOMERATAE
a. Achenes with a ogre arg pale, wirelike margin, smooth, castaneous and unlined, usually lustrous, umbonate, with a ale disc and basally pr rolonged
b. — 1-fruited, the solitary ‘achene terminating the c. futovensdaee of 2-6 dense, globose ee (rarely subhemispherical and looser on poorly devel oped
ra © eR the crowded spikelets ing, to re
ff x
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 105
d. Achenes minute, 0.9-1.1 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6 mm. long
1. R. microcephala.
d. Achenes 1.1—-1.6 mm. wide, 1.8-2.5 mm. long....2. R. cephalantha. c. Inflorescence of 3-7 turbinate to loosely hemispherica sretaticed the loosely aggregated spikelets ascending to
WIGOING fo e6 2. os a hoe ace Ee R. chalarocephala.
b. Spikelets usually 2- or more-fruited, or if one-fruited es
e. Achene prominently umbonate, with a aie: aise a
pressed sides and raised wire-like margins; inflorescence
of usually several strict, fasciculate, rarely glomerulose, CVINCR i Sis ea a le a cet ee ere R. glomerata.
e. Achene gradually eis without a prominent umbo,
surface a uniform brown, margins narrow; inflorescence
of 2-6 compact, seeeaalneey lobed fascicles, less often CyMonelAsCIMURTO 23 iho. chances eee eens 5. &. capitcllata
a. Achenes inconspicuously marginate, finely granular to slightly
gulose, dark brown toward the margins from which short,
dark, broken lines run in between the roughenings toward a
more or less definite te pale, polished disc... .f.
q. g. Bristles 10-12; achenes 0.9-1.2 mm. wide, 1.6-1.8 mm long; spikelets several-fruited or, if 1-fruited, with terminal rudimentary floret; ac typically whitish 6. R. alba. g. Bristles 18-20; achenes 1.3-1.4 mm. wide, 2—2.1 mm. ong; spikelets 1-fruited, without a terminal sane
h. — chong with a ae slander ee R. capillacea. 1. R. MICROCEPHALA Britt. ex Small. Se leaves 1-3
m
cones globose, or less frequently looser, subhemispherical heads 1.1—-1.8 em. wide, on included aodnohe: spikelets slenderly lanceolate-attenuate, sessile, ascending to reflexed, typically forming a solid echinate ball, 1-fruited; the solitary fertile floret terminal with no trace of a sterile rudim ent: scales ovate to lanceolate, acute, chestnut to dark brown, tightly inrolled ; especially ‘at the apices: bristles 6, straplike, retrorsely barbellate; 3 their apices aren about the tubercle which they slightly exceed: achene 0.9-1.1 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6 mm. long; its body suborbicular, with a short but narrow and distinct gynophore; surface smooth, lustrous, brown, with a prominent light umbo and a raised wirelike margin: febcaile subulate-attenuate, 0.7- 1.1 mm. nigh; its base not wholly covering the summit of the achene. Piate 818, rigs. 3A and 3B; Map 4.—Fl. 195, 1327 (1903) and MG. 181 (1933); Fernald, RHODORA, Xxxvii. 404, pl.
106 Rhodora {APRIL
391, figs. 4 and 5 (1935); Fernald & Gale, Ruopora, xlii. 428, figs. 3 and 4 (1940). R. azillaris var. microcephala Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 89 (1892); Britton & Brown, IIl. FI. i. 279 (1896); Britton, Man. 185 (1901); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 201 (1908). R. axillaris sensu Britton in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2: i. 344 (1913), in part; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 195 (1916), not as to name- bringing syn. Schoenus axillaris Lamarck.—Wet peaty or sandy clearings, swamps and pond-margins of the Coastal Plain from New Jersey southward to the Florida Peninsula, thence west to Mississippi; also in western Cuba. Nrw JERSEY: east of Park- dale (2 miles), Atlantic Co., Aug. 17, 1905, Van Pelt (P); Mon- mouth Co., 1845, Knieskern (NY, Type of R. axillaris var. micro- cephala). DeLAWARE: Indian River, Millsboro, Sussex Co., Sept. 21, 1907, Brown (P). Wasuineton, District oF CoLum- BIA: Sept. 18, 1901, Steele (NY). Maryann: Salisbury, Wico- mico Co., Sept. 28, 1863, Commons (G, P). Virernia: sphagnous magnolia swamp at head of Garnett Creek, about 1 mile north- east of St. Stephen’s Church, King and Queen Co., Fernald & Long, no. 13275 (G); fresh to brackish swales along North Land- ing River, near Creed’s, Princess Anne Co., Fernald, Long «& Fogg, no. 4830 (G, P); wet peaty clearings in woods of Pinus serotina, south of Grassfield, Norfolk Co., Fernald & Long, no.
mile east of Balley, Wilson Co., Qosting, no. 1670 (CU, D);
Hartsville, Darlington Co., July 12, 1920, Norton (NC); sandy
drainage-ditch, 2 miles west of Salters, Williamsburg Co.,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 107
Godfrey & Tryon, no. 502 (D, G, NY); Sumter Co., Holdaway, no. 11 (D); boggy swale, 5 milés south of Columbia, Lexington Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1263 (G). Groreta: Cypress Pond, Bethesda Church, Effingham Co., Eyles, no. 6398 (CU); Chase Prairie, Okefenokee Swamp, Charlton Co., J. S. Harper, no. 731 ( FLoripa: South Jacksonville, Duval Co., Aug. 11, 1909, Lang (P); low pineland bordering Lake Geneva, near Keystone Heights, Clay Co., Feb. 24, 1925, O’Neill (CU); margin of pond along west boundary of Welaka, Putnam Co., June 26, 1940, Laessle (CU); in a low pineland, 7 miles north of Ft. Christmas, east of Orlando, Orange Co., O’ Neill, no. 7679 (CU; US, without number); wet ditch, Lake Jovita, Pasco Co., O’ Neill, no. 2609 (NY); flatwoods, 1 mile from Tiger Lake, Polk Co., McFarlin, no. 3466 (CU); ditch, Hardee Co., July 29, 1940, Schallert (G); margins of ponds in pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 864b (G, in part). ALABAMA: in a wet place, Perdue, Coffee Co., Blanion, no. 83 US). Mississippi: Petit Bois Island, Jackson Co., Tracy, no. iv .
17240 (NY).
2. R. CEPHALANTHA Gray. Caespitose: leaves 1-4.5 mm. broad, flat or tending to become inrolled on drying, serrulate on upper margins, erect; radical leaves equalling about 14 the culm; cauline leaves short: culms slender to stout, erect, obtusely trigonous, 0.4-1.1 m. tall: inflorescence 1-5 dm. long; glomerules densely subglobose to loosely hemispherical, 1-2.2 em. wide, terminal and solitary or accompanied by 1-4 smaller lateral glomerules on subincluded peduncles: bracts foliaceous and con- spicuous: spikelets ovoid, 4-6 mm. long, compact, sessile; the fertile floret consistently terminal and solitary with no trace of a succeeding rudimentary floret: scales castaneous to blackish, slightly mucronate, so tightly involute at their apices as to give an echinate appearance to the glomerule: bristles 6, robust, strap-like, with the margins and upper surfaces retrorsely barbed, stramineous to light brown, equalling to slightly exceed- ing the tubercle around which they converge: achene 1.1-1.6 mm. broad, 1.8-2.4 mm. long; its body suborbicular, usually with definite shoulders, lenticular and prominently umbonate, with a very slender gynophore; the sides depressed and rimmed by a raised wire-like margin; surface smooth, lustrous, castane- ous, paler over the umbo: tuberele compressed, subulate-attenu- ate, 1.4-2.4 mm. long. .
108 Rhodora [APRIL
Key To THE VARIETIES OF R, CEPHALANTHA Achenes 1.4—1.6 mm. — 2-2.5 mm. long; habit usually stiffly erect; culms often robus Glomerules subglobose o loosely hemispherical, 1-3 (rarel with the lowermost poorly formed) ; culms slender to ode a. var. typtica. Glomerules eee: eHepee, 4-7 in number, the lowest POUAOU; CUR BLOG rs eke ew CV ee var. pl ioccph:la, Achenes 1.1-1.2 mm. ute 1.8 mm. long; habit weakly greet; culms slender, attenuated in appearance............. var. attenuata.
Var. Typica Fernald & Gale. Leaves 1.5-2.5 (-3) mm. ears tending to become inrolled on drying: culms slender, 0.4—1 m. in ‘height: inflorescence 1—2.8 dm. long (rarely longer) com- prising about 4% the culm; glomerules subglobose to loosely hemispherical, 1.3-2.2 ¢ m. wide, terminal and solitary or accom- panied in the upper ale by 1-2 (rarely 3) smaller glomerules, then only the terminal glomerule subcompound to several-lobed: achene 1.4-1.6 mm. broad, 2-2.4 mm. long. PuaTe 818, FIGs 4A and 4B; Map 7. —Ruovora, xlii. 423 (1940). R. cephalantha
Ann. Lye, Ni Yodan 218, pl. 6, fig. 30 (1835) and Man. 533 (1848), in part var. pleiocep hala, as with later authors; Chapman, FI. So. U. 8. 528 (1860); Fernald, RHODORA, XXXVii. 403, pl. 391, figs. 2 and 3 (1935). R. axillaris Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xv. 104 (1888) and Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 89
name-bringing syn. . Schoenus axillaris Lam.; Britton “& Brown, Ill. Fl. i. 279, fig. 655 (1896); Britton, Man. 185 (1901); Small, Fl. 195 (1903) and Man. 181 (1933); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed, 7: 201, fig. 327 (1908). Phaeocephalum axillare House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Sphagnous bogs of southern New Jersey, southward on the Coastal Plain to Georgia, thence ee to eastern Louisiana. New Jersey: bog southeast along
Parkdale, Atlantic Co., Aug. 17, 1905, Van Pelt (P); Gray ?, 1 (NY, Types; accompanied by notes in Gray’s handwriting); ; al bog along Mullica River about 1.5 miles southeast of Atsion, Burlington Co., Fogg, no. 5662 (G). DELAWARE: ree along Queen Anne Railroad, near Ellendale, Sussex Co., Aug. 17, 1899, Commons (P). MARYLAND: open white gravel bog, Powder Mill Bogs, near Lewiston, Prince George Co., Blake, no. 10670 (CA). Vrirernta: argilla aceous and siliceous ggy depression southeast of Petersburg, at head of Poo Run, Prince George Co., Fernald & Long, no. 6090 0 (G, P); depression in Rebar ig woods west of Winfield’s Mill, Dinwiddie Co " F Long, no. 13902 (G); sphagnous argillaceous boggy peak just north of Wakefield, Sussex Co. , Fernald & Long, no. 7352 (G, P); sphagnous bog about 1 mile northwest of Dahlia, Greensville Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8993 (G, NY, P).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 109
Nortu CAROLINA: sphagnous bog at Method, Wake Co., God- frey, no. 4985 (CA, D, G); drainage-ditch at Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co., Godfrey, no. 4719 (G, NC); roadside-ditch between Beaufort and Atlantic, Carteret Co., Blomquist, no. 11300 (D). Groreta: cypress-pond, Bethesda Church, Effing- ham Co., Eyles, no. 6 U); edge of cypress-pond, near Smithville, Lee Co., Eyles, no. 1711 (CU). Lovistana: in low pine barrens, St. Tammany Parish, Sept. 14, 1892, Langlois (US). Forma antrorsa, f. nov. Setis antrorse hispidulis.—Occa- sional in range of the typical form. New Jersey: Hammonton, Atlantic Co., Aug. 4, 1907, Bartram (P); Parkdale, Camden Co., Sept. 18, 1916, Pennell, no. 9032 (NY); Quaker Bridge, Burling- ton Co., Sept. 3, 1867, Parker (G, in part the typical form; US); same locality, Aug. 18, 1866, Diffenbaugh (P); border of cranberry bog along Little Hauken Creek, north of Jenkins, Burlington Co., July 28, 1937, Long, no. 50858 (P); Symmes’ Place 3 miles bagch of i 1 j
Detaware: Ellendale, Sussex Co., Aug., US); same locality, July 9, 1908, Van Pelt (P); sandy swamps near Georgetown, Aug. 26, 1897, Commons (P). Nortu Caro.ina: savanna 5 miles east of Jacksonville, Onslow Co., Aug. 6, 1938, Godfrey, no. 5808 (G, type). SourH Caro.ina: drainage ditch, 3 miles north of McClellanville, Charleston Co., July 19, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 677 (G); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 12 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Aug. 2, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 752a (D, G, NY).
2b. Var. PLEIOCEPHALA Fernald & Gale. Leaves 2.5-4.5 mm.
Surry Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8994 (G, TYPE; NY and ig isoTyPES) ; dominant in flat sphagnous pinelands, Collier's Yard,
Co., Blomquist, no. 10872 (D, G); ditches near Wilmington, New Hanover Co., Biltmore Herb. no. 279a (G, NC, US); moist place
110 Rhodora [APRIL
in savanna, Southport, Brunswick Co., Aug. 13, 1930, Blomquist (D); pineland at Nakina, Columbus Co. , Godfrey, no. 6347 (G).
oUTH CAROLINA: sandy ‘drainage ditch, "2 miles west of Salters, Williamsburg Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 504 (D, G, NY, P): grass-sedge bog or savanna, 12 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1061 (G, NY, P); boggy ditch in pine barrens, 2 miles east of Megeetts, ‘Charleston Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 582 (G). Groreta: Waycross, Ware Co., Aug. 18, 1909, Lang (P); pine barrens, near Lem Griffin’s Camp, Okefenokee, Clinch Co., Eyles, no. 133 (CU); cypress head, Valdosta, Lowndes Co., May 27, 1940, Sargent (Sargent Herb.); wet meadow, Leslie, Sumter Co., Harper, no. 413 (G, NY, US). FLorrpa: swampy places in pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5016 me Ee swamp, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. as (CUl GEN, P, US); swamp, Okefenokee region, ’ Brevard Co., Fredholm, no. 5821 (G); bogs and shady swamps, Apalachicola, Franklin 'Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 279b (G, NY). ALABAMA: Miflin Creek, vicinity of Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 21, 1925, Wolf (StB); in a wet place, Perdue, Coffee Co., Blanton, no. 83 (CA); roar and swampy thickets, Mobile, Mobile Co., June, 1878, r (US). Mussissrept: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Pst "06 (NY); Wisdom, Harrison Co., Tracy, no. 3418 (G, NC, NY, US); open pine woods, 2 “idles west of Bay of St. Louis, Hancock Co., Correll & Correll, no. 9103 (D). Lousiana: pine flatwoods west of Covington, St. Tammany Parish, Brown, no. 6649 (La); open pineland north of Abita Springs, St. Tam-
many Parish, Pennell, no. 4137 (D, NY, P); low moist grassy soil of open prairie, 3 ‘miles east of Robert, Tangipahoa Parish, Correll & Correll, no. 9217 (D).
Forma controversa, f. nov. Satis antrorse hispidulis.—In- frequent in the range of the typical form. SourH CAROLINA: drainage ditch, 3 miles north of McClellanville, Charleston Co.,
odfrey & Tryon, no. 675 (G); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 12 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 752 (G, type; NY, 1sorypr); shallow peaty pond in pine barren, 9 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 759 (D, G).
ar. attenuata, var. nov. Foliis 1-3 mm. latis planis: culmis 6-8 dm. altis gracilibus attenuatis: inflorescentia 2.2-3 dm. alta, culmo duplo vel triplo breviore; glomerulis 3-5 laxe subglobosis vel subhemisphaericis, 1-1.8 cm. latis: spiculis 4-4.5 mm. longis castaneis: achaenio 1.1-1.2 mm. lato 1.8 mm. longo: tuberculo 1.4-1.8 mm. alto. Map 6.—Swamp-margins and moist pinelands of the Coastal Plain of the Carolinas (rare), Mississippi and Alabama. NortH Caroutna: Wilsons Mills, Johnston Co., Ashe (NC). Sours Ceiin flats across from paper mill,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 111
Hartsville, Darlington Co., July 5, 1909, Coker (NC). ALABAMA: in a wet place, Perdue, Coffee Co., Aug. 23, 1933, Blanton, no. 83 (G, TyPE; CU, US, ISOTYPES) ; about swamp, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 21, 1926, Wolf (StB); common in swamp, Sprin ng Hill, Mobile Co. , Aug. 6, 1897, Bush, no. 248 (NY, US); moist sandy eae Theodore, Mobile Co., Aug. 30, 1912, Pennell, no. 4423 (NY, Mobile, Mobile Co. _ July 20, 1897, Baker, no. 843 (NY). ioe Rac Ocean Springs, ‘Jackson Co., ‘Aug 21, 1889, Tracy, no. 124 (NY); same locality, July 18, 1891, earls (NY); same locality, Aug. 27, 1891, Seymour, no. 8 (CA, G, NC); Biloxi, Harrison Co. , July 31, 1900, Tracy, no. 6993 (G); same locality, July 25, 1892, Tracy, no. 1361 (G, US).
An examination of R. microcephala Britt. ex Small and R. cephalantha var. pleiocephala from the coastal areas of the Carolinas, Mississippi and Alabama has brought to light the existence of certain specimens, the achenes of which are smaller than those of the already known varieties of R. cephalantha, but larger than those of R. microcephala. At first sight these speci- mens appear as intermediate between the two species mentioned and suggest, as preferable, a restoration of Britton’s R. cephalan- tha var. microcephala. However, one would expect these southern plants, if truly intermediate, to present a series of achenes ranging in size from those of R. microcephala to those of R. cephalantha. Actually, however, the achenes of these specimens appear to be of a definite size larger than those of the former, smaller than those of the latter species. The glomerules of this southern variety are from 2-4, hemispherical and indistinguish- able from the occasionally smaller, looser, hemispherical glom- erules of R. cephalantha. I am, therefore, assigning it to R. cephalantha as var. attenuata, to be distinguished from var. typica and var. pleiocephala primarily by its smaller achene; secondarily by its attenuated appearance, consistently weak sting and restricted southern range.
R. CHALAROCEPHALA Fernald & Gale. Caespitose: leaves Fy (rarely) 2 mm. wide, flat, crowded, erect; upper margins often minutely serrulate; tips triquetrous: ‘culms subterete, slender to rarely stout, 1.8-8.3 dm. high: fascicles 3-7, remote, the majority 2-5 lobed; the terminal fascicle turbinate to loosely subhemi- spherical, 0.9-1. 8 em. in diameter; lateral fascicles consistently turbinate, on included peduncles: spikelets lanceolate in outline, loosely aggregated, ascending to divergent; the fertile floret solitary, abruptly terminating the axis of the spikelet: scales
112 Rhodora [APRIL
lanceolate, acute, tightly imbricate about the achene and tuber- cle: bristles 6, robust, strap-shaped, retrorsely barbellate, erect, equalling the tubercle to slightly exceeding it: achene obovoid, lenticular, 0.9-1 mm. wide, 1.4-1.7 mm. long, with more or less definite shoulders and a drawn-out excessively slender gyno- phore; surface smooth, shining, umbonate, with depressed sides and a raised wirelike margin: tubercle subulate-attenuate, com- pressed, 1-1.6 mm. long; its base much narrower than the apex of the achene. PLATE 818, rigs. 1A and 1B, Map 8.—Ruopora, xlii. 426, figs. 1 and 2 (1940)—Swamps, lake-borders and road- side ditches of the Coastal Plain from the New Jersey pine barrens to Florida. New Jersey: wet pine barrens, Sims Place, Burlington Co., Drushel & Svenson, no. 6860 (G); Parkdale, Camden Co., S. Brown, no. 56 (P); peaty and sphagnous pond- hole depression near Hardingville, Gloucester Co., Long, no. 47134 (P); moist pine barrens, Egg Harbor City, Atlantic Co., Mackenzie, no. 5558 (NY); Maurice River flats east of Vineland, Cumberland Co., Aug. 12, 1923, Bassett & Long (P); wet peaty pond-hole about 1 mile west of Bennett, Cape May Co., Long, no. 23488 (P). DrLAaware: moist soil, Lewes, Sussex Co., Aug. 15, 1895, Commons (P); burned swamp, standing water, near Maryland line, Beaven, no. 69 (D). Maryianp: marsh in abandoned mill pond near Sharptown, Wicomico Co., O’Neill, no. 7430 (CU, . VIRGINIA: sandy and peaty border of Cat Pond south of Benns Church, Isle of Wight Co., Fernald & Long, no. 7357 (G, TYPE; P, isoTyPE); deep peat and mud, southeastern shore of Lake Drummond, Great Dismal Swamp, west of Wallaceton. Norfolk Co., Fernald & Long, no. 13570 (G). Nortu Caro.ina: pineland, Sampson Co., Blomquist, no. 5657 (D); 4 miles north of Beaufort, Carteret Co., July 18, 1939, Engels (NC); savanna, 8 miles southwest of Jacksonville, Onslow Co., Godfrey, no. 6469 (G, NC); Pender Co., Hyams, no. 4979
. GLOMERATA (L.) Vahl. Caespitose: leaves flat, 2.5-5 mm. wide, linear-attenuate, carinate toward the apex with finely ser- rulate margins: culms triquetrous, smooth, ascending, 0.6-1.1
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 113
m. high, the upper 144-4 bearing the inflorescence, flexuous to arching: inflorescence composed of 3-6 narrow, flexuous, fascicu- late cymes or large loose glomerules: entire ovoid, 4.56.5 mm. long, subsessile, ascending to sprea 2-3-fruited (or if I- fruited the spikelet terminated by a ierile floret): scales acute to obtuse, loosely imbricated except when the spikelet is 1- fruited, originally apiculate but usually soon erose, castaneous to dark brown: bristles 6, straplike; the margins retrorsely and heavily echinate; the tips connivent about the apex of the tu- bercle: achene 1.4 mm. wide, 1.5-1.7 mm. long; its body sub- orbicular, with definite shoulders, basally prolonged; surface glossy with pronounced pale umbo and heavy wirelike margin: tubercle compressed-subulate, 1.3-1.8 mm. long.
a. Var. typica. Inflorescence composed of 4-6 narrow cymes, the small dense ultimate fascicles of which are borne on 3-4 slender approximate, ascending to arching branchlets which exceed one another so as to goal a continuous, wandlike effect: achene 1.2-1.4 mm. wide, 1.5-1.7 mm. long; gynophore of the achene thick and short: tubercle subulate, compressed; its base usually nearly apr iee! the summit of the achene. PLaTE 819, ras. 1A and 1B; Mar 2.—R. glomerata Vahl, Enum. ii. 234 (1806) ; Blake, RHODORA x 25, fig. 101918); Fernald, RHODORA Xxxvil. 401 (1935); Small, Mai. 180 (1933). Schoenus ile: Foes Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. i. 44 (1753). R. paniculata Gray, Ann. Lye. Ni ¥en: O11, pl. 6, fig. 21 (1835), non Presl (18 28). R. glomerata 6 robustior Kunth, pass il. ate a. ar fe: glomerata var.
(1920). Trion ‘glomerats [-a] Rael: Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. xv. 167 (1913).— Soa or sandy soil, New Jersey, Delaware
achians of the Gavslenaat southward; Sentinal in Tennessee and northern een fairly frequent along the drainage of the Arkansas, Red, and Sabine Rivers. The species is so definite that only rootanasaaie specimens from western Louisiana and eastern Texas, where var. typica might be confused with the smaller var. angusta, are here cited. LovursiaNa: stream-bottom 6 miles south of Franklinton, Washington Parish, Brown, no. 6643 (La); open pineland, 1-2 miles north of Abita Springs, St. Tammany Parish, Pennell, no. 4133 (P); banks of Stoke Creek, 4 miles southeast of Harrisonburg, Catahoula Parish, Brown, no. 7383 (La); low wet soil along ditch, 1 mile south of Derry,
114 Rhodora [APRIL Natchitoches Parish, Correll & Correll, no. 9988 (D); Sodus,
miles east of Ruston, Lincoln Parish, Brown, no. 60 La); margin of pond near Minden, Webster Parish, Brown, no. 5354 (La); meadow in pine hills near Mansfield, DeSoto Parish, Brown, no. 6093 (La); stream-bottom in long-leaf pine hills near Flatwoods, Rapides Parish, Brown, no. 6125 (La); in low prairies, Pointe aux Loups, Acadia Parish, Sept. 17, 1894, Langlozs (CU); mixed pine-hardwoods west of Sulfur, Calcasieu Parish, Brown, Nyland & Rogers, no. 8593 (La). Texas: swamps east of Mineola, Wood Co., Aug. 13, 1902, Reverchon (Mo); 10 miles northeast of Gilmer, ‘Upshur Co., Cory, no. 25659 (CU); swamps, Swan, Smith Co. , Aug. a 1902, Reverchon (Mo); sandy bogs, Grapeland, Houston Co., Palmer, no. 14436 (Mo, US); % mile east of Keechi, Leon Co. Cory, no. 25256 (CU); near Huntsville, Walker Co., duly, 1913, Young (Mo); = eae Polk Co., Palmer, no. 1 (Mo); Orange, Orange Co., 8, 1880, Letterman (Mo): Houston, Harris Co., July 20, 1919, e risher, no. 45 (US).
4b. Var. angusta, var. nov. Cymis 3-6, subglomeratis, re- motis: achaenio 1-1.1 mm. lato, 1.5-1.6 mm. longo, subgloboso, basi angusto, attenuato: tuberculo anguste subulato, basi quam achaenii apice valde angustiore, 1.3-1.8 mm. longo. —Low prairie, Arkansas (one collection), western Louisiana, aie eastern Texas. ARKANSAS: Grand Prairie, Pulaski Co., Har no. 7 (G) and same locality, July, Harvey in Redfield H erb., ie. 15190 (Mo). Lovistana: ditch in Holloway Prairie, Holloway, Rapides Parish, June 24, 1936, Brown, no. 6442 (La); common, low prairie, vicinity ‘of Lake Charles, Caleasieu Parish, Aug. 25, 1898, Mackenzie, no. 442 (Mo, NC, NY): Lake Charles, Caleasieu Parish, Aug. 7, 1897, Tracy (G, U S); 1839, ex herb. Torrey (G). Texas: 21 miles north of Deweyville, Newton Co., Oct. 4, 1934, Cory, no. 10866 (G); 2.6 miles east Bie Camp Jackson, ante Co., Sept. 13, 1936, Cory, no. 19711 (CU, G); Cypress City, Harris Co., pee no. 886 (G); brook banks, Hempstead, Waller Co., June 10,
1872, Hall, no. 718 (G, TyPr; Mo, US, ISoTYPEs).
R. glomerata var. angusta possesses in common with var. typica a several-flowered spikelet maturing 1-3 achenes and terminated by a rudimentary floret. Its habit, however, is generally more robust; the leaves are 3-5 mm. wide, and the ultimate fascicles are densely aggregated to glomerulose. It is, however, on a basis of the achene that the varietal distinction chiefly rests. That of R. glomerata var. typica is broadly ovoid with a short, thick gynophore. The achene of var. angusta, however, is, as the name implies, narrower, somewhat shorter,
— 73 im reeitt . rs ra eri x shine - aio a ai i ii basis nae a i c eee " sins ee i pe = i ee a i aa aT . bi as = eee wy eaee Lee pom if bill ae en aah tae oT ee > bi ror ee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 115
with a slender accentuated gynophore as in R. microcephala. Both varieties have in common the heavy wirelike margin, the prominent pale umbo and straplike retrorsely echinate setae.
The geographic range of the new variety impinges upon that of var. typica in Arkansas and Louisiana, but continues westward into eastern Texas.
5. R. CAPITELLATA (Michx.) Vahl. Caespitose: leaves 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, flat, short, smooth, slightly carinate, becoming minutely serrulate on the upper margins: culms erect, slender, obtusely triangular, smooth, 1.9—9.2 dm. tall: the terminal cyme composed of 1-several ultimate, turbinate (rarely globose) fascicles on short included branchlets; lateral fascicles 1-5 on subincluded peduncles: spikelets ovoid, 3.4-5 mm. long, sub- sessile, 2—5-fruited (rarely 1-fruited and then terminated by a sterile floret): scales obtuse to acute, short-mucronulate, casta- neous, swiftly caducous, often forced apart by the maturing achene: bristles 6, straplike, but weaker than those of R. glo- merata, with retrorse barbules dwindling toward the base; tips convergent around the tubercle which they fail to equal or but slightly exceed: achene pyriform, 0.9-1.2 mm. wide, 1.3-1.8 mm. long, lenticular, plump, without a prominent umbo, edged by a narrow wirelike margin; the brown surface at maturity entirely or nearly uniform in coloring, smooth, lustrous: tubercle com- pressed-subulate, pale, 0.9-1.6 mm. long; its base widening nearly to cover the summit of the achene. PLATE 819, FIGs.
and New England (excepting northernmost Maine and Upper Vermont), thence southward on the Coastal Plain to North
116 Rhodora [APRIL
Carolina; inland to the vicinity of the Great Lakes and along the Blue Ridge and Alleghanies from Maryland to Georgia; less common throughout western Tennessee and Missouri, with scattered stations in lower Georgia, northwestern Florida, Ala- bama, Mississippi, Arkansas, and eastern Texas; re-occurring in the coastal ranges of northern California and southern Oregon. The citation of specimens of this common, well-known species is limited to those from the extremities of its range. NEw Bruns- wick: ledges by Miramichi River, Northumberland Co., Fernald & Weatherby, no. 2408 (G); damp shores below Oakiok, York Co., Brittain, no. 11 (G). Marne: St. Francis, Aroostook Co., 1881, Furbish (NE). Carouina: 1794, Michaux Herb. (G, TYPE- PHOTO of Schoenus capitellatus). Grorara: low wet woods along small stream, near Thomasville, Thomas Co., Correll, no. 6484A (D); wet woods near Whigham, Decatur Co., Harper, no. 1185 (NY, US); in the canyon at Tallulah "Falls, Rabun Co., alt. 1600 ft., Aug. 3, 1893, Small (NY); densely ‘shaded sphagnum pockets i in aswamp, Sylvester, Worth Co., Svenson, no. 6928 (G). FLoripa: Quincy, Gadsden Co. (G, no collector designated but handwriting that of John C arey); ee near De Funiak Springs, Walton Co., Curtiss, no. 5926 (G, NC, NY). ALABAMA: moist sandy soil, DeSoto Falls, Jefferson Co. | Ruth, no. 127:(N Y}- ONTARIO: marshy places, Moon River, Muskoka, July 1882, Burgess (G); au bord dun petit lac, Timagami Park, Victorin, Germain & Meilleur, no. 45386 (G); Sandwich, Macoun, no. 25338 (G, NY, US). Kenrucxy: near Harlan Court House, Seg? on » Kearney, no. 24 (G); wet flats of Red River, Logan
Co. Me Short (P); wet flat on Ky. 98, Marshall Co., oar io. 3 (G). TENNESSEE: gravelly oak pea 6 miles east. of Crossville, Cumberland Co., Svenson, no. 4171 (G, P);
wet roadside depression, Jamestown, Fentress Co., Svenson, de 4104 (G); bog, South Indian Creek, Unicoi Co., Price, no.
oe ion ponds at Thompson’s, Williamson Co., Ruth, no. ee (N ; dry oak woods, Lawrenceburg, Lawrence Co., oa fe 4298 (G); along road in swamp, about 1.5 miles southeast of Hollow Rock Junction, Carroll Co., Svenson, no. 425 (G, US); ditches, Henderson, Chester Co. , Bain no. 245 (G). Mississippt: Saratoga, Simpson Co. , Tracy, no. 8616 (G, NY). WISCONSIN: damp sandy shore of Crooked Lake, Siren, Burnett Co., Fassett, no. 7457 (G, f. discutiens); moist meadow, Mar- quette, Green Lake Co., Hotchkiss & Martin, no. 4407 (US);
OKLAHOMA: wet open Deciea Antlers, Pushtamaha Co., Palmer, no. 9004 (CA, Mo, P). Trxas: Swan, Smith Co., Reverchon, no.
Pe ee TON eS ee ee pee eS eee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 117
2917 (Mo). Catirornia: near Trinity Center, Trinity Co., Howell, no. 12845 (CA, G); Pitkin Marsh, 5 miles north of Sebastopol, Sonoma Co., Howell, no. 12677 (CA, in part f. discutiens; G, entirely f. discutiens). OrnGon: sphagnum bog, Brookings, Curry Co., Peck, no. 8793 (NY).
In a recent paper Pfeiffer! appropriates the name R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl for the common tropical and subtropical species of the Western Hemisphere which has heretofore been known as R. glauca Vahl. Since the name-bringing synonym, Schoenus capitellatus Michx., has been generally listed by American botanists, following the precedent of Torrey and Gray, in the synonymy of a widely spread and common species of the Series Albae, it is necessary to review the available information con- cerning the authentic material of S. capitellatus in the Michaux Herbarium.
According to notes made by M. Gadaceau of the Paris Her- barium and quoted by Blake? in 1918, the Michaux Herbarium contains two sheets with the label, Schoenus capitellatus. On one of these are mounted specimens of R. Grayii Kunth (R. Elliettii Gray non Dietr.) and of the species mentioned above as belonging to the Series Albae. The Gray Herbarium has a photograph of this sheet, and the two specimens of R. Grayzi, designated as A and B, can be plainly seen, one on either side of
_ the centrally placed subcapitate plant with inflorescence labeled
The original label with the name, “Schoenus capitellatus” and the data “Hab. in Carolina”’ is affixed to the righthand side of the sheet and two slips of paper bearing Gray’s annotations “R. Elliottii Gray” and “R. glomerata” (the name wrongly applied by Gray and later botanists up to 1918 to the species here recognized as R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl) are mounted in the opposite corner. Of the second sheet M. Gadaceau writes, “T’autre offre quatre beaux echantillons du R. glauca Vahl.” He then continues with remarks on the various Michaux speci- mens from the Richard Herbarium. To this herbarium belongs a sheet of Schoenus capitellatus, as labeled by Michaux, which has been referred by A. Richard to R. glauca Vahl.
Pfeiffer apparently has not seen either the paper by Blake or the decisive specimens in the Michaux Herbarium; for neither are
1 Fedde, Rep. Spec. So xlix, 75 (1940). * RHoporA, xx. 26 (1918).
118 Rhodora [APRIL
mentioned in his article. He does state, however, that authors prior to Boeckeler (especially Kunth) were cognizant of the relationship of Schoenus capitellatus to R. glauca. This state- ment, although incorrect in so far as it includes Torrey and Gray, both of whom identified S. capitellatus with plant C mentioned above, does indicate the probable source of Pfeiffer’s synonymy. He is apparently only taking over the synonymy of R. glauca as given by the older European botanists and inter- preting it in the light of the present International Rules of Nomenclature. Such an explanation also accounts for Pfeiffer’s inclusion of the basonym, Schoenus fascicularis Michx., of another well-known American species, R. fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl, in the synonymy of R. capitellata; for it is so placed by Kunth!. Undoubtedly the treatment by the earlier European botanists of R. glauca as a synonym of R. capitellata was the result of the inclusion of the specimens which were later identified as R. glauca Vahl under the name of Schoenus capitellatus in the Michaux Herbarium. However, viewed in conjunction with the original description of S. capztellatus in Michaux’s Flora Boreali-Americana”, there can be within the mixture of R. Grayii Kunth, R. glauca Vahl (?) and plant C of the Series Albae only one possible correct application of the name Schoenus capitellatus; for Michaux states that the specimen under con- sideration has “Capitula breviter pedunculata, interdum gemi- nata: semen compresso-obovatum” and ‘setulae retrorsum muricatulae.”” The habitat he gives as Carolina. Of the three species mentioned above R. glauca is eliminated at once by its range; for it is unknown in the United States. Nor does it have retrorsely barbed bristles. It is possible that the specimens of R. Grayit had a part in the more generalized portions of Michaux’s descriptions, but that they could not have been of sole considera- tion is evidenced in the portions of the description quoted above. The peduncles of the axillary “capitula” of R. Grayii are ex- serted and attenuated, the achene is conspicuously swollen above, and, as in R. glauca, the bristles are upwardly hispidulous. Following the precedent established by Blake, I am, therefore, applying the name R. capitellata (Michx.) Vahl to the species
Bre ii. 297 (1837). Bor.-Am. i. 36 (1803).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 119
aforementioned as of the Series Albae which is typified by speci- men C of the sheets labeled Schoenus capitellatus in the Michaux Herbarium.
Forma controversa (Blake), comb. nov. Bristles geseany! serrulate.— Var. controversa Blake, Ruopora, xx. 28, fig. 3 (1918). R. glomerata fe minor f. controversa (Blake) Fernald, TinaDeeL xxxvil. 402 (1935). R. Smallii Britton ex Small, Fl. 1321, 1327 (1903) and Man. 182 (1933).—Occurs infrequently throughout the range of the typical R. capitellata, with the exception of the southern states.
Forma discutiens (Clarke), comb. nov. Bristles smooth.— ms glomerata var. discutiens Clarke ex Britton, Trans. N. Y.
Acad. Sci. xi. 89 (1892); Britton, Man. 185 (1901); Small, Fl. 195 (1903); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 201 (1 908). R. capitellata var. discutiens (Clarke) Blake, Ruopora, xx. 28, fig. 4 (1918). R. glomerata Meg minor f{. discutiens (Clarke) Fernald, Ruopora, xxxvii. 402 (1935).—Occurs sporadically throughout the range of ie “pied R. capitellata with the exception of the southern state
In 1933 Britton elevated the specimens of R. capitellata with antrorsely barbed bristles to specific rank under the name, R&. Smallii. However, the antrorsely barbed phase of R. cephalan- tha, which has been generally known since the publication of Asa Gray’s Monograph in 1835, has never received nomencla- torial recognition. Smooth-bristled specimens have been found in R. capitellata and R. capillacea, and have been generally treated as varieties. The first has its var. discutiens, made by Clarke in 1892 under R. glomerata, and transferred by Blake in 1918 to R. capitellata; the second, its var. leviseta E. J. Hill, 1876.
In 1935, with a view toward establishing uniformity in the treatment of these similar cases, Fernald discussed the signifi- cance of both the variation in direction, and the failure alto- gether, of barbing in the bristles. He points out that in R. capillacea the smooth-bristled state occurs sporadically through- out the wide range of that species. In R. capzitellata (glomerata var. minor), as in Eleocharis and Scirpus, plants from the same locality have retrorsely or antrorsely barbed or even smooth bristles. Consequently he concludes that the atypical specimens are most adequately and satisfactorily covered as forms. I am accepting R. capillacea, f. leviseta (Hill) Fernald and following his precedent as to category in making the new combinations for
120 Rhodora [APRIL
hte * BS }
? i 4 i H : I “ f r an = é N ~ Bd ry Lr ped <oL ie Mh iP amt oo ° la > A { AN ~ Rae Ae Sir Be se, | rh Pe ae | is L Baie e i Le f n \, z bad if rs z ey Oe oem on al : a Y/ > LYS i- eae H I mr Pande Peed x i| 3 sat? a cd ek ee ; he , mec NN +\4 Pee 1 ee Bae ees “Kage \! a v. “its mo , hae a git fa “Ss ~~ afer rs a ais 3
Range of 1, RHYNCHOSPORA CAPITELLATA; 2, R. GLOMERATA, var. TYPICA;
, R. GLOMERATA, var. ANGUSTA; 4, R. MIcROCEPHALA; 5, R. CEPHALANTHA, var. PLEIOCEPHALA; 6, R, CEPHALANTHA, Var. ATTENUATA; 7, R. CEPHALANTHA, ' var. TYPICA; 8, R. CHALAROCEPHALA; 9, R. ALBA
19441 Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 121
both f. discutiens and f. controversa under R. capitellata. R. cephalantha var. typica f. antrorsa and var. pleiocephala f. con- troversa bring into line the hitherto neglected phases of that species.
6. R. aupa (L.) Vahl. Caespitose, often densely so: leaves slenderly linear, 0.5-2.5 mm. wide, flat, becoming slightly carinate and then obscurely setaceous on keel and margins: culms slender, erect, ee 0.7-7 dm. high: fascicles 1-3, turbinate, 0.7— re vide; the smaller lateral fascicles exserted on slender, erect si ap spikelets ovoid, 3.5-5 mm. long, 2- (rarely) 2. flowered, often maturing 2 achenes, but if 1-fruited the spikelet terminated by an immature floret: fertile scales characteristi- cally whitish ‘be pale rufous, mucronate: bristles 10-12, stiffly connivent, obviously arranged i in 2:series on the elongated stipe, retrorsely "barbed, sparingly villous at the base, falling short of to exceeding the tubercle: achene pyriform, lenticular, biconvex, obscurely margined, with a prominent pale disc, irregularly lined, then generally darker toward the margins and faintly rugulose, 0.9-1.2 mm. wide, 1.6—-1.8 ee) mm. long: tubercle attenuate-subulate, compressed, 0.6-1. . long; the narrow base not equalling the breadth of Ao clan of the achene. PLatE 819, rigs. 4A and 4B; Map 9.—Enum. i. 236 (1806) ;
Cyp. i. no. 92 (1834) and Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 213, pl. 6, fig. 24 (1835) ; Boeckeler, ee XXXVil. 570 (1873); Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. i. 277, fig. 651 (1896), i in part k. macra (Clarke) Small; Clarke in Urban , Symb. Ant. ii. 124 (1900); Britton, Man. 185 (1901), R. macra (Britt,) ect - to specimens from Florida; Robinson & Fernald in Gray ed. 7: 200, fig. 323 (1908) ; Small, Fl. 194 (1903) and Reet 180 (1933); M. L. Green, List of Standard Species of Nom. Conserv. 9, no. 492 (1926), mimeo- graphed; Victorin, Fl. Laurent. 689, fig. 248 (1935); Fernald, Ruopora, xliv. 371 (1942). Schoenus albus Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1 44 (1753); Fl. Danica ii. 5, pl. 320 Sree Michaux, Fl. Bor. nes i. 34 (1803). R. alba var. macra sensu Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 201 ee non Disko R. luquillensis Brit- ton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. 1. 56 (1923); Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 103 (1928). Triodon albus Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. xix. 253 (1917). Phaeocephalum album House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920). Dichromena alba Macbride, Field Mus. Pub. Bot. iv. 166 (1929).—Common in open sphagnum bogs from Newfoundland to Maryland, = in Virginia, southward only in scattered mountain bogs of Wes Virginia, North Carolina and Puerto Rico; inland to the area at the Great Lakes and Saskatchewan (one collection), reappearing to the west in northern Idaho and along the Pacific coast from
122 Rhodora [APRIL
northern California to southern Alaska; also in northern Eurasia. The citation of specimens of this well known and clearly defined species is limited to those from the outlying portions of its range. QUEBEC: openings in marly Arbor Vitae swamp, mouth of Bona- venture River, Bonaventure Co., Collins, Fernald & Pease, no. 5819 (G); open peaty spots in larch swamp, Grindstone, Grind- stone Island, Fernald, Long, & St. John, no. 7015 (G, P); dans les tourbiéres, Isle 4 la Proie, Archipel de Mingan, V2ctorin, no. 20225 (G); Father Point, Williamson, no. 1090 (P); in peat bogs, St. Hubert, Chambly Co., July, 1910, Victorin (US); tourbiére flottante, 93 miles au nord de Mont-Laurier, route Mont-
aurier, Senneterre, Marie-Victorin, Rolland-Germain & Blain, no. 309 (G). DrLaware: New Castle, New Castle Co., Tatnall (G); swamps near Laurel, Sussex Co., Aug. 19, 1880, Commons (P). Maryuanp: 4 miles north of Salisbury, Wicomico Co., Shreve & Jones, no. 1278 (US); peat bog, Glenburnie, Anne Arundel Co., Aug. 19, 1905, Chrysler (G); Suitland Bog, Prince George Co., C. P. Smith, no. 3192 (CA); open white gravel bog, Powder Mill Bogs, near Lewiston, Prince George Co., Blake, no. 10671 (G); sphagnous bog, northwest of Mountain Lake Park and vicinity, Garrett Co., on the Alleghany Plateau, alt. 720 m., Steele, no. 77 (US). Vireinta: wooded swamp of North Landing River, west of Pungo Ferry, Princess Anne Co., Fernald & Long, no. 13899 (G). Wersr Viraginta: Aurora and vicinity, Preston Co., alt. about 3000 ft., Aug. 15-Sept., Steele & Steele (NY, US).
ORTH CAROLINA: roadside between Sparta and Roaring Gap, Alleghany Co., Blomquist, no. 5612 (D). SasKaTCHEWAN: bog, Dahlton, Aug. 9, 1936, Breitung (NY). Ipauo: Priest Lake, Bonner Co., Piper, no. 3756 (G, US); Minard’s Bay, Bonner Co., Priest Lake, alt. 660 m., MacDougal, no. 294 (NY). CALIFORNIA: Inglenook Swamp, Mendocino Co., Congdon, no. 67092 (G, US). Orecon: Hall, no. 568 (G); bog near Florence, Roosevelt High- way, Lane Co., Henderson, no. 13978 (P). WASHINGTON: in quaking sphagnum bog, Fazon Lake, Whatcom Co., Muenscher, no. 10145 (G); in floating bogs in Samish Lake, Whatcom Co., Suksdorf, no. 1014 (G, NY, US); bogs, rare, Seattle, King Co., Piper, no. 1121 (G, NY); in sphagnum bog, 28 miles south of
acoma on Mt. Rainier Road, Pierce Co., Abrams, no. 9232 (NY); Wreck Creek Prairie near Granville, Chehalis Co., Howell, no. 374 (NY, P, US); bog, edge of ditch, Onslow Station, N. P: -, 20 miles northwest of Hoquiam, Grays Harbor Co., Foster, no. 870 (US); bogs, Moclips, Grays Harbor Co., Cowles, no. 619 (G, Mo); in damp meadows of Baker Prairies, Grays Harbor Co., McGee, no. 556 (CA). British Cotumsta: Fort Rupert, Vancouver Island, 1904, Hunt (NY); Vancouver, Aug. 28, 1893, Macoun (US); meadows, boggy and rocky, of northwest part of Calvert Island, south of Kwatshua, McCabe, no. 3083
ia i i a a al diets i + a ten ene per aia ores ae
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 123
(G); muskegs in sphagnum in wet places, borders of ponds, Smyth Island, Bardswell Group, McCabe, no. 3184 (G). ALASKA: sphagnum bog, Wrangell, Walker & Walker, no. 728 (G); Sani- tarium, Anderson, no. 290 (US, immature); bog, Ketchikan, Cowles, no. 1408 (US); vicinity of Loring, summer, 1903, Cham- berlain (US, immature); in marshes near Yes Bay, Howell, no. 1683 (NY, US, immature); upland meadows, Back Bay, Gorman, no. 122 (NY, US, immature); marshy margin of lake, Prince of Wales Island, Walker & Walker, no. 904 (CU, G, NY, US). Puerto Rico: rocks, summit of El Yunque, alt. 1050 m., Gleason & Cook, no. X-86 (NY) and Britton & Bruner, no. 7626 (NY); Sierra Luquillo, Hioram, no. 364 (NY, Type of R. luquillensis; US, IsoTYPE).
Britton’s R. luquillensis from the eastern mountains of Puerto Rico is morphologically inseparable from phases of R. alba. In general appearance it closely resembles the short, thickly caespi- tose specimens of R. alba collected on the Newfoundland table- lands. Gleason & Cook, no. X-86 is especially similar to Fernald & Wiegand, no. 2753. Also the spikelets of the Puerto Rican material, like those of the continental R. alba, are 1—3-fruited and usually (if 1-fruited, invariably) terminated by a sterile floret; and the achenes are identical with those of A. alba in all particulars.
Pfeiffer! has published R. alba var. meridianus, based on speci- mens collected by Liitzelburg in northeastern Brazil. He states in the description that the bristles are 6-8, which seems to indicate that his plants vary, at least in this respect, from the typical. Unfortunately, I have not seen any of his material, for it would be interesting to compare it with the specimens from Puerto Rico.
and borders of rills on peaty slopes, Great Barachois (or Barasway Bay), District of Burgeo and La Poile, Sept. 11, 1926, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 119 (G); bare spots on peaty and gravelly slopes, French (or Tweed) Island, Bay of Islands, Sept. 2, 1926, Fernald, Long & Fogg, no. 118 (G, Type); wet bog-barrens, Trepassey, Avalon Peninsula, Aug. 16, 1924, Fernald, Long & Dunbar, no. 26344 (G); shallow pond-holes in tundra west of
1 Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xxxiii. 210 (1933).
124 Rhodora [APRIL
Rushy Pond, Valley of Exploits River, Aug. 28, 1911, Fernald &
Wiegand, no. 4718 (G); heath on diorite tableland, Lookout
Mt., Bonne Bay, alt. about 380 m., Aug. 26, 1910, Fernald & 5
Harry’s Brook, Aug. 9, 1929, R. B. Kennedy, no. 71072 (G); patches of damp peat with Utricularia, Middle Ridge, July 26, 1937, Moir, no. 41 (G). MrqurLon: maricages, tourbiére prés du pont de Miquelon, July 31, 1901, Arséne, no. 98 (G). QUEBEC: dans la grande tourbiére, Saint Charles de Bellechasse, Aug. 11, 1925, Rousseau, no. 20224 (G); Nah eee swamp, Natashquan, Saguenay Co., Sept. 4, 1915, St. John, no. 90201 (G). Nova Scotia: cg tibey pockets i in sandy plains, Middleton, Annap- olis Co., July 20, 1920, Bean & White, no. 20267 (G). PENNSYL- VANIA: ‘Vicinity ie lento: Lehigh Co., Pretz, no. 7793 (P); open (calcareous) marshy meadow, vicinity of Allentown, Lehigh o., Preiz, no. 10361 (P). Wisconsin: Oneida Reservation, July ricereere ee (G). British Cotumsta: Lulu Island, Aug. 11, BEA niger! (Clarke) Small. Caespitose: leaves 1.5-3.5 mm. wide, flat, ascending; upper margins serrulate: culms peal
smaller, on slender exserted peduncles: a ikalote ovoid, 4-5 mm
long, invariably 1-flowered, with the achene terminating the axis: seales mucronulate, rusty: bristles 18-20, obviously arranged in at least two series, connivent, exceeding the tubercle; the barbs of the distal portion retrorse, Abana their direction in the proximal half, and lengthened into a few hairs at the base: achene pyriform, lenticular, ra: 4 mm. wide, 2-2.1 mm. long; the base somewhat attenuate as in R, alba; the surface obscurely rugulose, pale over the umbonal region, irregularly lined, then generally darkened toward the margins: tubercle narrowly subulate, compressed, 1 mm. long; the base not verry the summit of the achene. PLate 820, ng 3A and 3B; Map 12.— pe 180 (1933). R. alba var. macra Clarke ex tae Than
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 125
Texas: sandy bogs, Grapeland, Houston Co., Palmer, no. 14404 (Mo) and no. 12844 (Mo); 2 miles south of Grap eland, Houston , Cory, no. 26080 (CU); Drummond, no. O81 (NY, ISOTYPE, srehateney This species, known only from Georgia, Florida, Mississippi and Texas,! was set off from R. alba Vahl by Clarke. He described it as having “clusters larger, sometimes 3 mm. broad, bristles more numerous 15-20.”’ In 1933 Small elevated R. alba var. macra Clarke to specific rank without adding anything of note to the original description. On examination, however, the spikelets of R. macra prove to differ from those of R. alba in several characters. In the former species each spikelet is invariably 1-flowered so that the single maturing achene terminates the axis. In R. alba, on the contrary, each spikelet.is 2- (more rarely) 3-flowered. Commonly two achenes mature, the upper- most of which may or may not terminate the axis, depending upon the presence or absence of a third almost invariably sterile floret. If the spikelet is 1-fruited, however, the achene is always succeeded by a sterile floret. It is the presence in R. macra of a consistently 1-flowered spikelet, coupled with its generally grosser habit, its increased number of bristles, and larger achene that leads me to agree with Small in thinking it to be a good species. 8. R. KNigskERNII Carey. Caespitose: leaves ap somone ceous to 1.8 mm. wide, involute when dry, smooth, serrulate on margins and keel: culm slender to filiform, jeraius 1.5-5 dm. high: terminal fascicle 0.4-1 em. wide; 2-3 lateral fascicles remote at intervals along the entire length of the culm, with peduncles included: spikelets ovoid, 2—2.8 mm. long, su sessile, 2-3-fruited, terminated by a sterile Hoxets ohne encucous, castaneous to dark brown; lower scales apiculate, upper on slightly so: bristles 6, stiffly erect, retrorsely ie, falling short of to pyhad exceeding the body of the achene: achene obovoid, 0.6—-0.8 mm. wide, 1.1-1.3 mm. long, lenticular, bicon- vex, nearly reads rugulose, a shining yellow-brown in the center, becoming fragmentarily lined, then generally darker toward the margins: plat deltoid-subulate, sme lea 0.4-0.6 mm. high. Pua ead ries. 2A and 2B; Am. Journ. Sci. Ser. 2: a 5 847); Gray, Man. hers 11848); Britton & Beswis Ill. Fl. i. O78, fig. 653 (1896); Britton, Man. 185 (1901); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 201, fig. 325 (1908). R. Grayana Knieskern ex Carey, Am. Journ. s of R. macra from New England are erroneous, being founded on specimens of R. prog exhibiting gigantism.
126 Rhodora [APRIL
Sci. Ser. 2: iv. 25 (1847), as synonym, non R. Gray nap ere ines petty Knieskernii (misspelled Kneiskernit) House,
and Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Moist places in pine barrens ‘of Nee epee and Delaware. New JersEY: Point Hollow, 1843, Knieskern (NY, TYPE, annotated by poe Nt pe woods, Sh ark River, Monmouth Co., Mackenzie, no. 8003 (NY, P); (0 n bog iron ore?) sandy bogs southeast of Bamber, Ocean Co., Aug. 25, 1909, Long (G, P); dominant on iron ore banks near Atsion, matey Co., Aug. 26, 1867, Parker, (G, P); moist humus, Parkdale, Camden Co., Pennell, no. 9030 (NY); pinelands, Egg Harbor City, Atlantic Co., Mackenzie, no. 8050 (NY). DeELa- WARE: swamps, Baltimore Hundred, Sussex Co., Sept. 10, 1875, Commons (P); swamp, near Gumboro, Sussex Co., Aug. 5, 1874, Commons (P).
First distributed under the herbarium-name, R. Grayana Knieskern, this rare little species of the New Jersey and Dela- ware pine barrens was later described and published by Carey in 1847 as R. Knieskernii, the change in name being made because of R. Grayii of Kunth, 1839. :
9. R. cAPILLACEA Torr. Caespitose: leaves filiform-setaceous, involute, at least on drying, becoming slightly carinate then serrulate on keel and margins: culms flexuous-erect, capillary, 0.9-4 dm. high: fascicles ovoid, erect with 1—-10-spikelets, 3-8 mm. wide; the single lateral fascicle remote on a subincluded peduncle: spikelets lanceolate to fusiform, 5-6 mm. long, erect, sessile or nearly so, 1—5-fruited: fertile scales eer RS to dark brown with the prominent midrib prolonged into a short mucro: bristles 6, erect to ascending, retrorsely G iallnte, falling short of to exceeding the tubercle: achene 0.8-1 mm. wide 2mm
rigs. 2A and 2B; 10. Mid. St. Py ae sae and Ann. Lye. N. Yi iii. 366 6 (1836); ney ae o bier: and Ann. | ye. N. Y. iii. 214, os a 835) ‘and
: Man
ed 7: 201, fig. 324 (1908). R. setacea crate MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Valley, 104 (1892), non Vahl. Schoenus setaceus Muhlenberg, Descrip. Gram. 6 (1817), non Vahl. Triodon capil- laceus [a] Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. xv. 167 (1913). Phaeo- recom capillaceum Farwell, Rep. Mich. Acad. Sci. xxi. 361 (1920).—Sporadic in marly bogs and on calcareous ledges from the western coast of Newioundland through southern Pennsyl-
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 127
vania; more common inland in the region of the Great Lakes (excepting Lake Superior), south through Ohio, with scattered stations in western Virginia, Tennessee, northern Iowa, northern North Dakota, and Saskatchewan, and a concentration in southeastern Missouri. Cited specimens of this clear-cut species are limited to those from the extremities of the range. NeEw- FOUNDLAND: in bogs, Bonne Bay, July 26, 1930, Jansson (G, f. leviseta); Harry’s Brook near Dump Pool, R. B. Kennedy, no. 920 (G, f. leviseta). QUEBEC: open spots, marly Arbor Vitae swamps, mouth of Bonaventure River, Bonaventure Co., Collins, Fernald & Pease, no.4774 (G). New Brunswick: crevices of wet calcareous ledges, Gorge of Aroostook River, Victoria Co., Robinson & Fernald in Pl. Exsic. Gray., no. 44 (CA, CU, G, NE, NY, P, US). Marne: calcareous ledges, Ft. Fairfield (above mouth of Aroostook River), Aroostook Co., July 11, 1893, Fernald (NE); ledgy river bank, Winslow, Kenne- bec Co., Fernald, no. 2785 (NE, f. leviseta). Vermont: 4th of July Slide, Mt. Willoughby, Orleans Co., Aug. 15, 1896, Faxon (NE, NY, US). Connecticut: border of pond, Salisbury, Aug. 28, 1910, Phelps (G, NE). New Yorx: Watertown, Jefferson Co., 1834, Gray (NY, cited by Gray). New Jersey: limestone sink, White Pond, Sussex Co., Mackenzie, no. 4766 (NY); marl beach, White Pond, Warren Co., Griscom, no. 12120 (G). PENN- SYLVANIA: one mile east of Johnsonville, Northampton Co., Sept. 2, 1907, Van Pelt (G, P); in limestone, Dillerville Swamp, Lancaster Co., July 16, 1901, Heller (G; US, no. 4839). Vir- GINIA: boggy meadow fed by springs in limestone area, vicinity of Watauga, Washington Co., Carr, no. 585 (Penn.) Onto: cedar swamp, Champaign Co., Werner, no. 170% (NY); rather abundant in bog, Cedar Swamp, vicinity of Tremont City, Clark Co., Leonard, no. 2090 (US); Paxton, Ross Co., Aug. 1933, Pontius & Bartley (US). TeNNeEssEE: dolomitic limestone, Cedar Creek, Campbell Co., Underwood, no. 163 (CU). Iowa: bog, Estherville, Emmet Co., Walden, no. 1113 (G); marshy zone around springs emerging from a knoll 5 miles east of Ruth- ven south of the viaduct over Highway 18, Highland, Palo Alto Co., A. Hayden, no. 742 (G, P); abundant, forming a zone around a hanging bog, southwest of Silver Lake, Silver Lake, Dickinson Co., A. Hayden, no. 10886 (P); marshy plain in a hanging bog, Logan, Clay Co., A. Hayden, no. 8040 (NY). Norra Dakota: Turtle Mts., Bottineau, Bottineau Co., alt. 2000 ft. July 25, 1896, Barber (US). SASKATCHEWAN: bog, rare, 4 miles southwest of Wallwort, Breitung, no. 13 ‘ :
Forma teviseta (KE. J. Hill) Fernald. Bristles smooth, other- wise identical with R. capillacea..—Ruopora, xxxvii. 252 (1935).
1 For discussion see treatment of R. capitellata f. discutiens.
128 Rhodora [APRIL
Var. leviseta E. J. Hill ex Gray, Am. Nat. x. 370 (1876); Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. 278 (1896); een erst 185 (1901); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 1 (1908). Phaeocephalum capillaceum var. levisetum Farwell een Mich. Acad. Sci. xxi. 361 (1920).—Occasional in the range of the typical form in Newfoundland, Maine and the area of the Great Lakes. With the exception of the type, representative specimens of f. leviseta have been cited with those of the typical form. InpIANA: wet pine barrens, Pine Station, head of Lake Michigan, July 28, 1875, Hill (G, Type of var. leviseta).
Asa Gray, in reporting var. leviseta for Hill, mentions another possible variety of R. capillacea, characterized by 12 setae and a short ‘stipe’? which had been collected in Herkimer County, New York by J. A. Paine, 1864. The sheet in the Gray Her- barium labeled Litchfield, Hidden Lake, Herkimer County, New York, John A. Paine, 1864, is mixed. The two specimens with achenes bearing as many as 12 bristles are poorly developed R. alba (L.) Vahl.
Series 2. PLumMosak (Clarke) Small, emend. Plants of damp or exsiccated pine barrens on the Coastal Plain, the West Indies and Central America. Caespitose: leaves filiform to 3 mm. wide: culms capillary to slender: inflorescence reduced to a few spike- ets or 1-2 spiciform or corymbiform fascicles: spikelets usually 1— (rarely 2-3)-fruited, pedicellate to sessile: scales castaneous to pale brown, tightly imbricated: bristles heavily plumose in at
Rhynchospora, Series B. Peden Sect. 2, Plumosae Clarke i in
rban, Symb. Ant. ii. 105 (1900), in part. Rhynchospora § Eriochaete Gray in Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 363 (1836); Steud. Cyp. 139 (1855).
Key TO Species IN SeRrES PLUMOSAE
Spikelets 1-5, remote on 1-2 gene branchlets, the lowermost of which is abruptly CVE ao ee 10. R. oligantha.
Fascicles ovoid he irre: eek rymbose; achene 1.4—1.7 mm
wide, 22.2 mm. long; leaves 3-3 mim. wide: 6.0, <<<. aah 'R. intermedia. Fenition spieitorn: achene 1.1-1.4 mm. aides 1.4-1.8 m
long; leaves filiform to 1 TU ee 19. R. plumosa.
10. R. origaAnTHA Gray. Densely caespitose: leaves filiform- setaceous, canaliculate, smooth, blunt-tipped, ascending: culms capillary, erect or often weak, leafless, 1.6-3.7 dm. tall: inflores- cence reduced to 1-2 elongate capillary branchlets, the one erect and with 1—2-spikelets, the other abruptly divergent, with 1-3-
a “ 3 q i 9 | 3 : ; E. 4
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 129
spikelets, subtended by a long filiform erect often circinately- tipped bract which appears as a continuation of the culm; rarely a single remote lateral spikelet present: spikelets ovate to lanceo- late in outline, with 2-4 florets, 1-3-fruited, pale cinnamon- brown, 4-7 mm. long; scales ovate, som metimes mucronulate, tightly imbricate: bristles 6, partially plumose, slightly shorter than the achene to exceeding the tubercle or reduced a pth achene broadly elliptic or ovate, subterete, 1. 2-2.6 mm. long, ener’ rugulose with faint longitudinal striae: tubercle conical, 0.3—-0.6 mm. in hei
10a. Var. typica. Bristles slightly shorter than the achene to exceeding the Gowtee the lower Leh covered by dense, reddish, silvery-tipped hairs; the upper portion upwardly his- pidulous: achene broadly elliptic, Taba. As mm. wide, 2.3-2.6 mm. long, occasionally having a trace of a bluish bloom over the castaneous to dark brown surface; the summit noticeably constricted under the wide basal flange of a conical-attenuate eee (0.4—0.6 mm. in height). sgeae 821, Frias. 2A ae 2B; Map 15.—R. oligantha Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii, 212. - ph 6 , fig. ya) (1885): Chapman, FI. So. U. s” ‘52 4 (1860), in ’ part ‘var. breviseta Gale: Gray, Man. ed. 6: 585 (1890); Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. i. 277, fig. 650 (1896); Britton, Man. 184 (1901), ee breviseta as to specimens from Florida; Small, Fl. 194 (1903) and Man. 180 hoe Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7:
ae bog near th Sussex on ene 15, 1895, RTE (G, P). Norra CAROLINA: Schweinitz oe nyPE); i —
clumps of wire grass, Sylvester, Worth oe Svenson, no. 7 G). Frorma: west Florida, Chapman (P). ALABAMA: about swamp, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 24, 1924, Wolf (StB); low sandy soil, Mobile, Mobile Co., May 1, 1940, Sargent (Sargent Herb.). Texas: swamps, Swan, Smith Co., Reverchon, no. 2919 (G, Mo, US); bogs, Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 715 (G, US); Drummond, no. 282 (G).
10b. Var. br eviseta, var. nov. Setis plerumque ad 6 cristas villorum argenteorum reductis; saepe 1-2 prolongatis apicem versus serrulatis achaenio duplo brevioribus: achaenio ovoideo 1.6 mm. lato 2 mm. longo, caeruleo-pruinoso; tuberculo breviter
130 Rhodora [APRIL
conico 0.3-0.4 mm. longo. PLATE 821, rig. 2C; Map 14.—R. oligantha sensu Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 207 (1926) and xxxii. 76 (1933); non Gray.—Low areas in pine barrens and savannas, Florida Peninsula, western Cuba, Jamaica and Hispaniola. FLortpa: damp pine barren, Duval Co., Fredholm, no. 5179 (G); moist pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co., June, Curtiss, no. 3165 (P, US); damp pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co., June 19, 1896, Curtiss, no. 5687 (G, TypE; NC, US, IsoTyPEs); near Jacksonville, Duval Co., May 26, 1893, mise pe: 4116 (US); low pine barrens, June, 1884, Curtiss (US); Winter Park, Orange Co., Apr. 1919, Francis (US); rather dry pine piece about 1144 miles south of Starke, Bradford Co., May 18, 1909, Harper, no. 39 (US); cut-over flatwoods, west of Lake Reedy, Frostproof, Polk Co., May 7, 1931, McFarlin, no. 5138 (CU); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., May, 1876, Garber (G). CuBA: in alg moist places (between Aleatrez Grande and Ale. Ch hico) at Laguna “ges Pinar del Rio, Nov. 18, 1923, Ekman, no. 18129 (NY, US); Laguna Restinga, between Palmarejo and Las Set Pinar del Rio, Nov., 1923, Ekman (NY). Hispaniona: savanna in Rhexia association, not rare, El Valle, Sabana de la Mar, prov. de
amana, Cordillera ee Santo Domingo, July 11, 1930, Ekman, no. 15652 (G, NY, US). Jamarca: in small patches amongst shrubs and | grasses, Hollis’s Savanna, Upper Clarendon, alt. 2400 ft., Jan. 12, 1915, Harris, no. 12249 (NY, US).
11. R. INTERMEDIA (Chap m.) Britt. Caespitose: leaves canaliculate, carinate, 2-3 mm. wide, margins mostly upwardly serrulate: culm s terete, erect, lancer 2.5-6.7 dm. tall: fascicles 1, rarely 2, congested, irregularly corymbiform or broadly ovate in outline, 0.9-2.2 em. wide; the lateral fascicle when present smaller and eres deve! ovoid, Sasa sessile, with 2
browned, 1.4—-1. mm. wide, 2-2.2 mm. long: tubercle conical- apiculate, depressed, 0.6 mm. P aye PLATE 820, rics. 4A and 4B; Map 13.—Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 87 (1892), non Bey- rich; Small Fl. 194, 1397 (1903) and Man. 180 (1933). R. plu- mosa var. intermedia Chapman, Fl. So. U. 8. 524 (1860). BR. pineticola Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 40 (1908). Phaeo- cephalum intermedium House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920). Dry sandy pine barrens, peninsula of Florida. FLortpa: Hiber- nia, Clay Co., March, 1869, Canby (NY); Gainesville, Alachua Co., March, 1876, Garbe r (NY): dry pine barrens, oy Inlet, Volusia Co., Vartan no. 3173 (CA, G, NC, NY US); Lake Butler, Orange Co., "Beckwith, no. 558 (US): Packie’ Lake
i PN ae eee ae Ne RE cere Neve es
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 131
Co., Nash, no. 2020 (G, NY, P, US); dry pine barrens, Eau rallie, Indian River, Brevard Co., Curtiss, no. 5703 (D, G, NY,
US); hammock near St. Cloud, Osceola Co., Small, DeWinkler & Mosier, no. 11166 (NY); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Britton & Wilson, no. 20 (NY); flatwoods, Lee Co., Hitchcock, no. 427 (G,
Y, US); Palma Sola, Manatee Co., Tracy, no. 6998 (G, NY, US); Miami, Dade Co., June, 1877, Garber (G, P, US); dry sandy ridges near coast, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 4481 (G, NY, US).
R. intermedia can be arbitrarily distinguished from R. plumosa on a basis of size. Its leaves are wider, the spikelets larger, and the achene 2—2.2 mm. long in contrast to 1.6—-1.8 mm. long for that of R. plumosa. There is a pronounced tendency also for the fascicles of R. intermedia to be irregularly globose rather than elongated-spiciform.
cylindric spike, occasionally 3 em. long, 1 cm. wide; a single remote lateral ‘spike’? may also occur on a slender exserted
i. 58 (1816); Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 203, pl. 6, fig. 10 (1835); Chapman, FI. So. U. 8. 524 (1 . Ant. ii. 123 (1900); Small, Fl. 194 (1903) and Man. 180 (1933); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 195 (1916). BR. semi-
pma : me 8S Man. 180 (1933). R. penniseta Grisebach, Cat. Fi. Cub. | (1866); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84
Plain from North Carolina south to the tip of Florida, and west to Texas; also in the western provinces of Cuba, the Isle of Pines
a
132 Rhodora [APRIL
Range of 10, Ruyncno MACRA; 13, R. INTERMEDIA:
CuapManil; 20, R. BRAcHYCHAETA; 21, R. soua; 22, R. souirarta; 23, R. upA; 24, R. rusca; 25, R. pueranrua; 26, R. Curtissi; 27, R. HARPERI; 28,
R. crinipes; 29, R. ruscorpeEs; 30, R. Leproruyncna; 31, KR. Gacert; 32, R.
JOVEROENSIS; 33, R. BaLpwinu: 34, R. FerNaupu; 35, R. FrLIFOLIA
TT ee ee re eee eee
Ee ee an nee ey eh Tee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 133
and Central America. NortH Carouina: dry savanna, 15 miles southeast of Greenville, Pitt Co., Blomquist, no. 11252 (D); savanna at Chocowinity, Beaufort Co., Godfrey, no. 5403 (G); sandy soil, marsh, Harker’s Island, Carteret Co., Randolph & Randolph, no. 843 (G); moist black soil, low ground, cen, Onslow Co., Randolph & Randolph, no. 946 (G); savanna at Burgow, Pender Co., Godfrey, no. 4736 (G, NC); sandy pine barrens, west of Leland, Brunswick Co., W tegand as Manning, no. 619 (G); dry sandy soil, Fayetteville, Cumbe Biltmore Herb., no. 243b (CU, G, P). Sours Yap peaty excavated area in savanna at side of road, 12 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 7: (CU, DB, oN ; 4 mile south of Manning, Clarendon Co., Stone, no. 713 (P); open white sandy, oak-pine woods, 1 mile east of Eutawville, Orangeburg Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 833 (G). EORGIA: in pinetis aridis, Geor. Car Elliott (G, TyPE-PHOTO); moist pine barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 893 (G, NY); low pine barrens southeast of Dublin, Laurens Co., Harper, no. 1372 (G, NY, US); areas rocks near Ohoopee River, Tattnall Co., Harper, no. 2156 (G, US); pine barren, 2 miles south of Savannah, Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 6087 (CU ); pine barrens a few miles east of Eulonia, McIntosh Co., Eyles, no. 6437 (CU); ir mney at. in piney woods, Billy Island, Charleton Co., Bradley, no. P); moist pine barrens, Coffee Co., Harper, no. 706 (NY, US): forming wiry clumps i in moist pine barrens south of Sylvester, Worth Co., Svenson, no. 6936 (CA, G); pine barren, north of Hahira, Cook Co. , Eyles, no. 3796 (CU); damp margin of cypress pond, about 1 mile north of Jakin, Early Co., Harper, no. 3629b (NY). Frioripa: dry oe e barrens near Jacksonvil e, Duval Co. is Curtiss, no. 4867 (G, NY, US); north of Macelenny, Baker Co., re no. 5864 (C U); ieee Clay Co., March, 1869, Canby P, US); Cypress-Ilex-Myrt. swamp, west of Lawtey y, Brad- ford Co., West & Arnold (CU); in a wet ditch in pineland, Gainesville, Alachua Co., O’ Neill, no. 621 (CU); moist flatwoods, Welaka, Putnam Co., June 29, 1939, Laessle, no. 17 (CU); low pine barren, Okeechobee Region, Brevard Co., Fredholm, no. 740 (G); in a low pineland, Aripeka, Pasco Co., Leonard, no. 1414 (CU); Tampa and vicinity, Hillsborough Co., May, 1897, Berg (NY); in dry sandy soil, about 5 miles north of Parrish, Manatee Co., Moldenke, no. 1052 (D, NY); Punta Gorda, De- Soto Co., Eaton, no. 1284 (G); in moist nog at at edge of ditch, Fort Myers, Lee Co., Moldenke, no. 675 (D, NY); Miami, Dade Co., Mar., 1877, Garber (G, P); in low pineland, Otter Creek, Leon Co., O’N eill, no. 725 (CU); Slgmagater Pe Franklin Co., Small, DeWinkler & Mosier, no. 11248 (NY); boggy ee: sandy meado ow, 7 miles west of Sneads, Jackson Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 678 (G); moist pine barrens, Argyle, Walton Co., BS hae: no. 6488 (G, NC, NY, US); small
134 Rhodora [APRIL
savanna near coastal highway, about 12 miles east of Pensacola, Santa Rosa Co., Harper, no. 3745 (G, NY). ALABAMA: Gates- wood, Tracy, no. 8617 (G, NY, US); Mobile, Mobile Co., Sulli- vant (G). Mississippi: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Skehan, no. 22617 (G); Biloxi, Harrison Co., Tracy, no. 4861 (G, US). LOUISIANA: open pineland, 1 mile north of Abita Springs, St.
ammany Parish, Pennell, no. 4154 (NY); New Orleans, 1834, Dr. Ingalls (NY, type of R. semiplumosa, very immature); wet prairies, Welsh, Jefferson Davis Parish, Palmer, no. 7669 (CA,
o, P, US); low prairies, vicinity of Lake Charles, Calsasieu Parish, Mackenzie, no. 444 (Mo, NC, NY). Texas: San An- tonio, Bexar Co., Sept. 20, 1891, Plank (NY); E. Tex., Wright (G). Cusa: in sandy pinelands close to the laguna, Laguna Santa Maria, Pinar del Rio, man, no. 17250 (G); moist places, Mateo Sanchez, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17941 (US); pine woods, Herradura, Pinar del Rio, Earle, no. 756 (NY, US); Vinales, Pinar del Rio, Leon, no. 18905 (CU); Pinales, Los Almacigos Pinar del Rio ? July 29, and high pinales, Vinales, Pinar del Rio, Mar. 1, Wright, no. 3398 (G; NY, US, same number without locality); savanna, San Pedro and vicinity, Isle of Pines, Britton & Wilson, no. 14296 (G, NY, US); vicinity of Sopopo, Buenos Aires, Trinidad Mt., Santa Clara, Smith, Hodgdon & Gonzalez, no. 3341 (CU, G, US
Series 3. Chapmaniae, ser. nov. Inflorescentia saepe ©¢ fasciculo solitario terminali composita: spiculis sterilibus fusi- formibus saepe numerosis: setis antrorse serrulatis achaenio
short, often apiculate.—Rhynchospora III. Pusillae Small, Man.
175 (1933), in part. Rhynchospora, Series B. Diplostyleae,
Divisio 4. Psilocarya, Sect. ii. Pauci-Nucigerae Clarke, Kew Bull. Add. Ser. viii. 119 (1908), in part. (To be continued)
Soe . pO EE ne ee ee ee eee ee
ee Se ee Oe ee ee ae
the wees (ated
Nene tins
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 159
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE WEST INDIES SHIRLEY GALE (Continued from page 134)
Ky TO SPECIES IN SERIES CHAPMANIAE
a. apres ¢ Pepe seigestc by tiny dark pits with the exception h oth region of the disc, o oe 2 the p shes are obscured, the 34 ‘bristles equalling the sath els. 2% b. Basal leaves 4-6 m: wide, obtusely tipped d, short, forming a foouthe: distal pont n of the midribs of at least the Circe floral scales conspicuously see settee ciliate : . RR. ciliaris. b. Basal leaves 4 5-3 me: wide, acute, elongate, erect; floral ; scales not ciliate... . Se ae se 3-4, ecuailing fh Giberele 2 ye ae 14. R. solitaria. 3 2-3, rudinentaty 6.4.) 95. 52 Se ea ees 15. R. sola. a. heres or aioe a0 ae S camneks striate as the result of e crowding of pape inconspicuous oblong alveoli; bristles absent or rudimentary. ... d. Fascicles 1-3, italy ovoid; tubercle triangular-subulate; scales acute a OrisuINte os or Sees SA ee ee 16. R. brachychaeta. d. Fascicles solita Ponies rm; tubercle triangular to tri- pega alate Scales with aristate tips at least 0.3 ¢. Bases typically bulbous, sheathed by short fibrous acute te scales; floral scales silvery to-redlieh. 3... 24. 17. R. pallida. é. Duonn ellowish-brown to chestnut. oh sf personne homogeneously pale, not lustrous, 1.2-1.3 m ide, ath m. long; (Sena exceeded by 1-2 ak Btall racte hicccas 4 0 CRG a he Ne ee ae 18. R. nuda. f. Achenes ale except for a conspicuous dark patch at the base and apex, glossy, 0.8-1 mm. wide, 1-1.2 mm. racy fascicles panel St by. long. setaceous bracts which are often somewhat circinate....19. R. Chapmanat.
13. R. crurarts (Michx.) Mohr. Coarsely tufted: — leaves short, suggesting a rosette, flat, 4-6 mm. wide, their m gins and narrow keels silvery-ciliate ; median and costal veins
chee a elliptic, strongly erp 2 L 5-1.6 mm. wi e, 1.8 mm. long; the surface pricked by minute pits and dark
160 Rhodora [May
brown except for the rege pale central disc: tubercle broadly deltoid, compressed, 0.4-0.6 mm. high, usually wrinkled an slightly encrusted by the ae of the achene. PLATE 822, rigs. 2A and 2B; Mar 17.—Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. vi. 408 (1901) ; Small, Man. 183 (1933). Schoenus ciliaris Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. B ei — R. ciliata Vahl, Enum. ii. 235 (1806): Gray, Ann. L Y. iii. 209, pl. 6, fig. 19! (1835); Chapman, Fi-Se.. UU. 8: mie! (1860); Small, FI. 196 (1903); Britton, Trans. cc ¢ CRG, et: XL. 90 (1 892). Rk. Rappiana Small, Man. 179, 1503 (1933). Phaeocephalum ciliatum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Boggy savannas and low pinelands of the Coastal Plain from North Carolina southward throughout the peninsula of Florida and west to eastern Louisiana. NortH CAROLINA: savanna at Newport, Carteret Co., Godfrey, no. 5772 (G); moist black soil, low ground, Dixon, Onslow Co. , Randolph & Randolph, no. 954 (G); pineland near Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co., Godfrey, no. 4699 (G); Supply Road, Southport, Brunswick Co., Blomquist, no. 5653 (D); pineland at Hallsboro, Columbus Co. Godfrey, no. 6252 (G, NC). SoutrH Caro ina: grass-sedge bog or savanna, 12 miles northwest of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 747 (D, G, NY, P); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 3 miles southwest of Manning, Clarendon Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 924 (G, NY); Sumter, Sumter Co., Bartram, no. 3288 (P). Grorgia: rather dry pine barrens, Coffee Co., Harper, no. 701 (G, US); intermediate pine barrens, Suwannee ake, Ware Co., J. S. Harper, no. 84 (D, P); rather dry pine barrens south of Empress, Brooks Co., Harper, no. 1630 (G, Fs ; dry soil, Valdosta, Lowndes Co., May 27, 1940, Sargent (Sargent Herb.): moist pine barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 887 (G, NY, US); pine barrens, Bethesda Church, Effingham Co., Eyles, no. 6106 (CU); in meadow, New England Camp, 8 miles north of Brunswick, Glynne Co., M oldenke, no. 5207 (NY); piney woods, Billy Island, Charleton Co., July 7, 1912, Bradley (P). FLORIDA: moist ~ barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 3146 (CU, D, G, P, US); Hibernia, Clay Co., March, 1869, Canby (G, US); left side Palatka Road ‘about 1 mile from florist’ s, Gainesville, Alachua Co., West & Arnold, no. 7 (CU); low pineland near swamp on ro ad betwee ae Piskan d and New Smyrna, Volusia Co., Sept. 11, 1926, Dr. Ball? (NY, type of R. Rappiana); ine Tomoko Creek, Volusia Co. , Michaux Herb. (G, TYPE-PHOTO of Schoenus ciliaris; NY, fragment from Michx. Herb.); low pineland, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. ' Figures 18 and 19 were apparently reversed in the printing. R. ciliata is fig. 19, not 18 as listed. * The type of R. Rappiana, although undoubtedly sent to Small by Rapp, year later, followed up by a collection made by Rapp himself, was actually eit . Ball as stated on the memorandum attached to the sheet.
RNa tO Oe ee S
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 161
534 (CU, G, NY, P, US); in sandy field about 3 miles west of Bithlo, Orange Co., Moldenke, no. 201 (D, NY); low pine barren, Okeechobee region, Brevard Co., Fredholm, no. 5177 (G, US); on the prairie, Kissimmee Park, Osceola Co., O’Neill, no. 6234 (CU); flatwood east of Loughman, Polk Co., McFarlin, no. 4282 (CU); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Oct., 1877, Garber (G, P); in water’s edge, near St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co., Deam, no. 2904 (G); Braidentown (? Bradenton), Manatee Co., Tracy, no. 7126 (G, NY, US); Istokpoga Prairie between Lake Istokpoga and Kissimmee River, Highlands Co., Small & DeWinkler, no. 9056 (NY); in a low pineland 11 miles east of Okeechobee City, Okeechobee Co., O’ Neill, no. 7678 (CU); Dade Co., Nov—Dee., 1903, Eaton (NY); wet pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 862a (G, NY, US). ALaBaMa: swamp, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 21, 1926, Wolf (StB); com-
1 h 295 (NC, NY
’
Small compared his species, R. Rappiana, with R. pallida Curtis, but did not mention any possible relationship with R. ciliaris. However, Small’s species has the short, blunt-tipped tuft of basal leaves with their silvery cilia, the ciliate bracts and scales, and the pitted, strongly lenticular achene of R. ciliaris. I cannot help but think that Small neglected to compare his material with the older species, as the two are unquestionably identical.
4. R. sonrraria Harper. Sparingly caespitose or solitary: leaves linear, erect, flat, 2.5-3 mm. wide, smooth with blunt tips: culms terete or nearly so, slender, erect, smooth, 5.2-6.4 dm. high: inflorescence a single turbinate to subhemispherical fascicle, 1.5 cm. wide: spikelets lanceolate to fusiform, 6-7 mm. long, acuminate, sessile, 1-flowered, split open by the maturing achene: scales chestnut, with an aristate tip 0.6-0.8 mm. long: stamens 2: bristles 3-4, extremely fragile, upwardly serrulate, equalling the tubercle: achene obovate, lenticular, 1.3 mm. wide, 1.4 mm. long; the surface, with the exception of a pale smooth disc, brown and pitted: tubercle triangular-apiculate, compressed, 0.6 mm. long. Prats 822, rigs 4A and 4B; Map 22.—Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxviii. 468 (1901); Small, Fl. 193 (1903) and Man. 182 (1933). Phaeocephalum solitare House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Southern Georgia. Gxroreta: moist pine bar-
162 Rhodora [May
rens, Tifton, Berrien Co., Harper, no. 668 (NY, TYPE; G, ISOTYPE) and no. 1677 (G, US)
At first glance R. solitaria appears very similar to R. pallida M. A. Curtis, but its details—the simple non-tuberous bases, blunt-tipped leaves, terete culm, chestnut spikelets, aristate scales, well developed bristles and pricked surface of the achene— indicate that it is clearly a distinct species which, so far as I am aware, is known only from collections made in the type-locality.
15. R. sola, sp. nov. Planta laxe caespitosa: foliis erectis valde involutis saltem siccatis 1.0-1.5 mm. latis; apicibu obtusis: culmis subteretibus, tenuibus, erectis, saepe flexilibus, 3.2—5.7 dm. altis; inflorescentia ex fascicu o uno parvo compacto turbinato vel hemisphaerico 0.8-1 em. lato constata; bracteis obscuris fasciculum non aapbrenkiius? spiculis lanceolatis, con- fertis, sessilibus 2-floris, monocarpis, 5 mm. longis: squamis mucronatis, dense imbricatis castaneis: setis 2-3, rudimentariis, antrorse serrulatis: achaenio valde lenticulari-obovoideo 1.1-1.2 mm. lato 1.2-1.6 mm. longo foveolato fusco; disco medio pallido: oe compresso-deltoideo. PLATE 820, rigs. 1A and 1B; Map 21.—R. fascicularis sensu C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. head “Gk Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and FL. Cub, 180 See m part; non (Michx.) Vahl. R. distans sensu Grisebach, Cat. Cub. 243 (1866), non (Michx.) Vahl.—Low pinelands of saute Cuba. Cusa: pinales, Hato Quemado, Pinar del Rio, Nov. 20, 1862?,! and San Juan-Guanes, Wright, no. 3397, sheet ‘labeled B (G, in part); Wright, no. 3397, ‘sheet labeled A (G, Type); Wright, no. 3399 sheet labeled A (NY, in part)’; Wright, no. 3397, in Herb. Canby, no. 396 (US, in part); ae savannas, Chirigota, Pinar del Rio, Oct. 26, 1863?,° Wright, no. 3399 (US, in part); Sabana de la Maguina, south of Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, November 28, 1940, Léon & Alain, no. 19422 (G).
With the exception of the Léon & Alain collection, no. 19422, Rk. sola is known only from specimens collected by Charles Wright and distributed as R. distans no. 3397 and R. deflexa Gris. no. 3399. I have seen 3 sheets of no. 3397; of the two located at the Gray Herbarium, one contains specimens of R. sola
exclusively ; this I am designating as the rypr. The other sheet —
is mixed, containing on the left a specimen of R. fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl, var. typica. Sheet no. 3397 from the Canby
t See Underwood, ae Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905). Underwood misread “Que- mado” as “Quenia
2 See footnote to ee no. 3399 under R. fascicularis (Michx ) Vahl. 3 See Underwood. Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 ( 1905)
ee ee ee ee See, ee ee ee ee
Pe Day he Ce
Se eS eee eT ae
«
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 163
Herbarium, now at the National Museum, is even more con- fusing. The specimen on the left is R. sola, that in the center, accompanied by two inflorescences, is R. fascicularis and that on the far right, R. Wrightiana Boeckl. A single sheet, no. 3399, from the Herbarium of the New York Botanie Garden contains a specimen of R. sola, located centrally and accompanied, right and left, by specimens of R. fascicularis to which the label R. deflexa pertains.
Although it is evident that the original distributor failed to distinguish between R. sola and R. fascicularis, these two species are not of the same series, and, once several important details have been observed, can be rather easily distinguished. As stated in the description, the leaves of R. sola end in a relatively abrupt blunt tip; and the slender culm bears, without exception, a single terminal fascicle which is subtended by inconspicuous bracts not exceeding the fascicle in height. The leaf-tips of R. fascicularis are triquetrous and attenuated; the culm usually bears one or more distant lateral fascicles, and the terminal fascicle is exceeded by a bract approximating twice the height of the fascicle. Occasionally young or reduced plants of R. fascicu- laris bear but a solitary terminal fascicle, but in all cases the spikelets remain divergent and ovoid in shape, not mainly ascending and ovate-lanceolate as those of R. sola.
Less obvious differences between the species are supplied by the details of the achenes. That of R. sola is obovoid, extremely lenticular, with a puncticulate surface, and accompanied by 2-3 rudimentary bristles. The achene of R. fascicularis, on the contrary, is subelliptie to suborbicular, markedly biconvex, with a smooth surface, and accompanied by six bristles varying in height from 14 the achene to exceeding the tubercle.
The natural affinities of R. sola lie, not with R. fascicularis, but with the very rare continental species, R. solitaria Harper, which is known only from its type-locality in Berrien County, Georgia. Although larger in all its parts than R. sola, this species also has obtusely tipped (but wider) leaves, a slender culm, and a single terminal fascicle. However, the lanceolate-acuminate to fusiform spikelets of R. solitaria, measuring 6-7 mm. long, are easily distinguished from the ovate-lanceolate (4-5 mm. long) spikelets of R. sola. The achenes again emphasize the close
164 Rhodora [May
relationship existing between the two species, for they are identi- cal in both shape and surface-sculpturing, differing only in size, color, and the relative development of bristles.
The name, R. sola, has been selected because this species is closely related to R. solitaria and shares its characteristic feature of bearing only one fascicle.
16. R. pRacHYCHAETA (by error appearing as brachychata) C. Wright. Caespitose: leaves filiform, promptly involute, ascend- ing, smooth except for the sparingly serrulate upper margins: culm terete or nearly so, filiform, wiry, flexuous, smooth, 3.5-5.2 dm. high: inflorescence of 1-3 remote fascicles, 0.61.2 em. wide, usually oblong in outline to approaching corymbiform: spikelets fusiform and sterile, or ovoid, acute and fertile, 1-flowered, 3 mm. long: scales acute to aristulate, drab-chestnut: bristles 1-2,
rudimentary: achene broadly obovoid, with a pale central disc, *
smooth or faintly cancellate, 0.9-1.1 mm. wide, 1.2 mm. long: tubercle subulate, 0.4 mm. long, with a broad base. PLATE 822, Figs. 1A and 1B; Map 20.—C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. i. Habana, viii. 85 (1871) and FI. Cub. 180 aie as “ brachy- hata” ; Br ritton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. xi. 90 (1892), in part. & pallida sensu Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 126 (1900), in part, non M. A. Curtis; sensu Kiikenthal, Fedde, Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 209 (1926), in part, non M. A. Curtis. R. Chapmanit sensu Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 194 Soe non M. A. Curtis. R. Blawneri Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. 56 (1923). Phaeocephalum brachychaetum House, Am. Sadland Nat. _vi. 201 (1920).—Fresh-water shallows of western Cuba, Dominican Republic and eastern Puerto Rico. CuBa: in occa- sionally flooded places in pinelands south of railroad, Herradura, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17737 (G); “en sabanas bajas y a arillas de lagunas, jurisdiccion de Pinar del Rio,’! Wright, no. 3 (G, type; NY, US, probable isotypes). H1spANIOLA: hard soil, shallow water, Laguna Ahoga-los-perros, Sabana Guabatico, prov. Santo Domingo, Llano Costero, Dominican Republic, Ekman, no. 13309 (US). Purrto Rico: Sierra Luguillo, Blauner, no. 247 (NY, type cf R. Blawneri Britton). In his list of North American Rhynchospora, published in 1892, Britton recognized R. brachychaeta C. Wright, attributing it to Sauvalle. However, that Britton’s conception of this species was at best uncertain is seen in his synonyms “R. gra- cillima Sauv.” and “R. fascicularis var. stenophylla Chapm. mss.” R. gracillima Wright in Sauvalle, I am recognizing under its 1 Wright in Sauvalle, Fl. Cub. 181 (1873).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 165
legitimate name, R. Wrightiana Boeckl.; R. fascicularis var. stenophylla was later authentically published by Chapman as R. stenophylla and has been maintained as such. Keeping this confusion of 3 species in mind, one is not surprised to find that Britton, in 1916, revised his earlier opinion, this time referring hk. brachychaeta to R. Chapmanti Curtis.
Superficially R. brachychaeta and R. Chapmanii have much in common. The former is readily distinguished, however, by its acute, not long-aristate, spikelets, and its inflorescence consis- ting of 1-3 remote narrowly elliptic fascicles in contrast to the single terminal corymbs of R. Chapmanit. Close observation by means of a lens enables one to distinguish the two species on a basis of their achenes as well. The achene of R. brachychaeta is obovate, dull, with a pale central disc, with a subulate tubercle and with rudimentary bristles. The achene of R. Chapmanii, on the contrary, is subelliptic, the dise so enlarged as to cover the entire surface with the exception of a small dark patch at the base and the apex. The surface is glossy, the tubercle del- toid-apiculate, and the bristles are lacking. Clarke, on the other hand, lists R. brachychaeta in the synonymy of R. pallida M. A. Curtis; but Blauner no. 247 bears Clark’s annotation “ Ryncho- spora divergens Curtis!”
In 1922, Britton, studying the same specimen, Blauner no. 247, realized that it was a good species wrongly annotated by Clarke; but, failing to see its connection with Wright’s R. brachychaeta, set it up as a new species, R. Blauneri.
The confusion of R. brachychaeta with R. pallida, initiated by Clarke, was furthered by Kiikenthal who, in 1926, assigned Wright, nos. 3782 and 3397 to the latter species. No. 3397 at the Gray Herbarium is a mixed sheet, containing on the left a specimen of R. fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl, and it suggests the possibility that the sheets seen by Kiikenthal are also mixed. However, even if this were so, it is quite improbable that the specimens of either sheet are R. pallida, since this species, un- mistakable in its larger achene, pale corymb and tuberous bases, has not been reported south of the Carolinas.
I have corrected the original spelling of this name, following the precedent of authors since Wright.
166 Rhodora [May
17. R. pauura M. A. Curtis. Caespitose with short stolons; base bulbous, sheathed by fibrous, acute, ovate scales: leaves long, narrowly linear, 1-3 mm. wide, erect, flat with the exception of the triquetrous tip; upper margins upwardly scabrous: culms acutely trigonous, slender, flexuous, 4.4-9.4 dm. tall, upper angles sparingly serrulate: inflorescence a single turbinate to hemispherical fascicle, 1.4-2.6 em. wide: spikelets ovoid-atten- uate, 4.5-5 mm. long, sessile, 1-flowered: scales forced apart by the developing achene, with aristate tips 0.3-0.4 mm. long, silvery, pale to reddish: stamens 2: bristles obsolete or 1-3 rudimentary stubs 0.2 mm. long: achene obovate to broadly elliptic in outline, strongly lenticular, the surface finely striate, the umbo light and the marginal regions chestnut-brown, 1.2—1.5 mm. wide, 1.4-1.8 mm. long: tubercle compressed, ‘deltoid- apiculate, 0.2-0.4 mm. high. PLare 821, ries. 4A an d 4B; ce 18.—Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2. vii. 409 (1849), non ape Steud Chapman, Fl. es U.S. 527 (1860); Gray, Man. ed. 5: 568 (1867):
: ‘ (1 ;
£. . 184 (1901); Small’ FI. 194 (1903) and Man. 179 (1933); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 200, fig. 322 (1908); Fernald, Ruopora, xlii. 378, map 14, and 381 (1940). R. Curtisii Steudel, Cyp. 141 (1855); Boeckeler, Linnaea, xxxvii. 564 (1873); non Britton ex “yee Phaeocephalum pallidum House, Am. Midlan Nat. vi. 202 (1920)—Open bogs and wet depressions, often in pineland, Long Island, New York, south through North Carolina. New York: pine-barren swamp, Central Islip, ee Co. Ferguson, no. 515 (G, NY). New Jersey: near P. R R. 1% Sure northwest of Allaire, Monmouth Co., Van Pelt & Brown, no. 4 (P); Lawrence Station, Mercer Co. , Aug. 6, 1885, Peters (P); poe ib in dense tufts, Tom’s River, ” Ocean Co., Parker (G);
Long, no. 4835 (Py; boggy meadow, Swain, Cape May Co., Aug. 8, 1925, Stone (G). DELAWARE: pine-barren bogs near Laurel, Sussex Co., Aug. 19, 1880, Commons (NY, P). MARYLAND: swamps, Eastern Shore, near Salisbury, Wicomico Co., Sept., Canby (US). Virernta: sphagnous savanna-like swale "east of herry Grove, south of South Quay, Nansemond Co., Fernald & Long, no. 10550 (CU, G, P, NY). Norra CaroLina: wet depression, pineland, beside railroad, 1 mile east of Bailey, Nash Co., Oosting, no. 1677 (CU); damp or peaty sandy soil, 3 miles west of Sims, Wilson Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. (G); savanna 8 miles Kidthwcat of Washington, Beaufort Co.,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 167
Godfrey, no. 4393 (G); wet soil, open pinelands, Newport, Car- teret tev} Randolph & Randolph, no. 925 (G); moist sandy soil,
Aug. 1879, "Hyams (ug), low cera near Wilmington, Nee Hanover Co., ere Herb., no. 4472 (NC).
18. a, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis filiformibus vel 1.5 mm. - latis, planis, saepissime laevibus, laxe ascendentibus: culmis subtriquetris gracilibus ascenden tibus, apicem versus flexilibus vel laxis, 3—4.3 dm. altis: fasciculo solitario, compacto subhemisphaerico vel turbinato, 0.5-1 em. lato: bracteis setaceis quam fasciculo paullo longioribus: spiculis fertilibus lanceo- ovoideis 4 mm. longis: spiculis sterilibus fusiformibus et numero- sis, confertis ascendentibus pn ba squamis dense imbricatis,
allidis; mucrone promi inente 0.4 mm. longo: setis nullis vel a 1: ‘ia antrorse polar achaenio obovoideo lenticulari leviter tiGhaedat 1.2-1.3 mm. lato 1.5 mm. longo, laevi pallido opaco: tuberculo ere arts sea eg apiculato 0.4 mm. alto. Puare 821, rics. 1A a AP 23.—Moist sand, Isle of Pines. CuBA: moist ar eri ao eine of Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Feb. 13, 1916, Britton, Britton & Wilson, no. _ 15809 (N Y, TYPE) and no. 14177 (NY)3 i in a wet palm grove of
Sess Wrightii, between Nueva Gerona and McKinley, Isle of Pines, Feb. 23, 1939, Leén, Victorin & Carabia, no. 18770 (CU); sandy savanna between Nueva Gerona and McKinley, Isle of Pines, Feb. 23, 1939, Leén, Victorin & Carabia, no. 18757 (CU, in part).
This West Indian species is known to me only from three specimens collected on the Isle of Pines. It is similar to R. Chapmanii M. A. Curtis both in the slender habit and details of the inflorescence—the numerous fusiform sterile spikelets, strongly awned scales, ovoid, lenticular, bristleless achenes. It differs from the latter in having stiffly erect, not circinate bracts and larger fertile spikelets which are not forced open by the growing achene and which are few in number so that the resultant fascicles are smaller and less corymbiform than those of R. Chapmanii.
R. nuda also differs from R. Chapmanii in details of the achene. That of the latter measures 0.8-1 mm. wide, 1-1.2 mm. long, is typically lustrous, pale, with dark brown patch at the base and apex. The achene of the Cuban species, on the other hand, is 1.2-1.3 mm. wide, 1.5 mm. long, with a uniformly pale dull surface.
168 Rhodora [May
The only close relative of R. nuda on the islands is R. brachy- chaeta Wright. However, the terminal fascicles of the latter, although similarly characterized by sterile fusiform spikelets, are occasionally accompanied by 1 or 2 smaller lateral fascicles. Moreover, the scales of R. brachychaeta are acute, or, at the most, aristulate, in contrast with the strongly aristate scales of R. nuda; and the achenes of the former are smaller (0.9-1.1 mm. wide, 1.2 mm. long), dark brown relieved by a large pale dise and usually accompanied by 1—2 rudimentary bristles.
The specific name has been chosen with reference to the almost complete failure of the bristles, an uncommon condition in the Section Hurhynchospora.
19. R. Cuapmanit M. A, Curtis. Densely caespitose: leaves capillary to 1 mm. wide, flat, becoming involute on drying; upper margins finely serrulate: culms obtusely trigonous, slender, wiry, erect, smooth, 3-5.1 dm. high: inflorescence a single terminal corymbiform fascicle, 0.5-1.7 em. wide, closely compacted, less often slightly exceeded by a smaller secondary fascicle: bracts several, filiform, exceeding the fascicles, erect or slightly circin- ate: fertile spikelets slenderly ovoid-aristate, mostly ascending, closely approximate, 1-flowered, split apart by the maturing . achene, 2.5-3 mm. long; sterile spikelets fusiform: scales with aristate tips 0.4-0.6 mm. long, pale chestnut-brown: stamens 1-2: bristles none: achene subelliptic in outline, strongly lenticular, 0.8-1 mm. wide, 1—-1.2 mm. long, pale except for the dark brown patch at base and apex; surface obscurely rugulose to smooth, glossy: tubercle deltoid-apiculate with a broad base, compressed, 0.2-0.3 mm. high. Puars 821, rigs. 3A and 3B; Map 19.—Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2. vii. 409 (1849); Chapman, Fl. So. U. 8S. 528 (1860); Small, Fl. 194 (1903) and Man. 179 (1933). R. conferta Chapman ex M. A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2. vii. 409 (1849), in syn. of R. Chapmanii. R. Grayana Chapman ex M. A. Curtis, Am. Journ. Sci. ser. 2. vii. 409 (1849), pub. in syn. of R. Chap- manit. Phaeocephalum Chapmanii House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Low, sandy pineland of the Coastal Plain of North Carolina to Florida and west to eastern Louisiana. NortH Caro.ina: wet sandy soil, waste ground, Beaufort, Carteret Co., Randolph & Randolph, no. 795 (G); savanna, 8
m quest, no. 5617 (D); pineland at Delway, Sampson Co., Godfrey, no. 6170 (D, G); low pineland at Dunn, Harnett Co., Godfrey,
i il
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 169
no. 6139 (D, G). Sourn Caro.ina: grass-sedge bog or savanna, 18 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey Tryon, no. 1609 (D, G, NY); damp ome levee, Santee Canal, Berkeley Co., Ravenel, no. 25 (G); grass-sedge bog or savanna 14 miles south of Monks Corner, Berkeley Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1432 (G, NY); pineland pool, 5 miles south of Hardeeville, Beaufort Co. , Lyles, no. 4378 (CU). Geroreta: moist pine barren near Monteith, Chatham Co., Kyles, no. 6455 SUE sandy borders of pine-barren stream, F ‘itzgerald, Ben Hill is Harper, De 1420 (G, NY, US); moist. pine barrens, Sweet- nite Creek, Clinch Co., Eyles, no. 244 (D). FLORIDA: moist pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5015 (G, NY, US); Toeai, St. John s Co., Palmer, no. 605 (G); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Oct., 1877, Garber (G, P): prairie, 18 miles east of Okeechobee City, St. Lucie Co., Small et al., no. 9300 (NY edge of dried-up pool in low pineland, vicinity of Eustis, fake Co., Nash, no. 1396 (NY); turfy, boggy, sandy meadow, 7 miles Ww est of Sneads, Jackson Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 589 (G); sloping moist pine barrens about 5 miles south of Bristol, Liberty Co., Harper, no. 47 (G, NY, P); flat pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co. , Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 20 la (G, NY, US); low open places, Lynn Haven, Bay Co., Oct. 12, 1921, Billington (US). ALaBama: low pi ineland about Miflin Creek, Elberta, Bald- win Co., July 9, 1926, Wolf (StB); sandy pineland, Theodore, Mobile Co. yy eels no. 4446 (NY). Mississippi: Ocean Springs, Jackson Ca. Seymour, no. 15 (CU, D, NY, US); Biloxi, Harrison Co., Tracy, no. 4888 (US). LOUISIANA: open ‘pineland, 1 mile north of Abita Springs, St. Tammany Parish, Pennell, no. 4167
”
Series 4. Fuscae (Clarke), stat. nov. et emend. Represented in the peat bogs of the northeast by the common R. fusca, also infrequent species in low places and ‘pond-margins of the Coastal Plain and Cuba. Habit solitary to caespitose: leaves filiform to
mm. wide: culms filiform to slender: inflorescence 2-4 turbinate to hemispherical fascicles: spikelets maturing several achenes: scales loosely imbricate, castaneous to fuscous: bristles upwardly serrulate, well developed: achenes ddd slenderly elliptic, often strongly biconvex, smooth to glossy (minutely granular in R. fuscoides): tubercle triangular, compressed, thickly setose.— Rhynchospora Series Sg Diplostyleae Sect. 4. Fuscae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 105 (1900), in part. enees V. Glomeratae Small, Maa: 175 (1933), in small part.
Key To Spectres IN SERIES FuscaE
a. Fascicles 1-3, turbinate or ovoid, the eg eee few — strongly ascending; leaves filiform to 1.5 mm. wi ial De b. Slenderly sealoedtctoiens fascicles exieeded by 2 ime bracts; bristles naked at their bases.........--------- 20. R. fusca.
170 Rhodora [May
b. Caespitose; bracts shorter than or barely one the fascicles; bristles sparsely hairy at their bases... . e a peel ovoid, homogeneously een: A PO SA ees pee Oe ee be ee rene 21. R. pleiantha. R. Curtissii.
De eee Ole Bie se Bee a he ee eee Se Oe 8 s-(8 eae) wi IF
peeing en 4-5 in number, with sant spikelets sat the leaves 2 mm. wide or wider and languidly Ea edie. eels d. Corymbs 2, rarely 3, the terminal internode strongly myohind © bracts fOleCOUR 68 ss eis ote ee 23. kk. Harperi d. Corymbs 2-5, the sna internode erect or flexuous; racts setaceous.... 6. oe borne on a pessicteht basal stipe which is 6 m n length and covered with a tangle of white haiti habit weak; leaves 2 mm. wide or wider; corymbs 4— 24. R&R. crinipes. e. Achene without a conspicuous basal stipe; stipe, if, present, ae hairy; habit wiry, erect; leaves filiform to mm e; corymbs ie 7. Surface of fF ashenas glassy, with ‘a white lustrous disc; Pome filiform, rarely 2 mm. wide; Coastal Plain, mand contrat Cuba; 2. oo. oi cess 25. R. filifolia. ‘. Sines of achene tending to become granular or some- what polished, cinnamon-brown with a paler central disc; leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide; range limited to Ww a 26.
R. fuscoides.
20. R. rusca (L.) Ait. f. Slenderly stoloniferous: leaves promptly involute, filiform to 1.5 mm. wide, ascending: culms slender, erect, terete, 0.8-4.6 dm. high: terminal fascicle often compounded of 2-3 closely approximated secondary fascicles, turbinate or ovoid, 0.3-2 em, wide, exceeded by the 1 or 2 long circinate or erect bracts: lateral fascicles 1-2, on exserted
spicuously serrul ate. PLATE 824 |. FIGS. 2A and 2B; Map 24.— Hort. Kew. ed. 2: i. 127 (1810); Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 215, pl. 6, fig. 26 (1835); Torrey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 366 (1836); Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl! i. 279, fig. 656 (1896); Britton, Man. 185 (1901); Shaye Fl. 1321 (1903) and Man. 181 (193 33): Robinson & Fernald ray, Man. ed. 7: 200, fig. 319 (1908); Victorin, Fl. Laurent.
089, fig. 248 (1935). Schoenus fuseus Linnaeus, Sp. 1. ed. 2: 1664 (1763). R. alba 6. fusca Vahl, Enum. ii. 236 (1806). Phacomephales fuscum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 171
—Peat bogs and sandy or peaty pond-shores, Newfoundland, eastern New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and southern portions of Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont; general over the other New England states; southward along the coast to Maryland; inland in central New York State with perm: stations on the shores of Lakes Superior, Michigan and Huron; also in Europe. The characters of R. fusca are sufficiently stne to make the citation of representative specimens unnecess 21. R. pleiantha (Kiik.), stat. nov. ice ae. leaves filiform to 1 mm. wide, flat, setaceous, ascending: culms obtusely trigo- nous, filiform to slender, erect, exceeding the radical leaves, 2.5-4 m. tall: terminal fascicle corymbiform, composed of not more than 15 spikelets; lateral fascicles 1- 2, smaller, on exserted erect peduncles: spikelets oblong-ovate, sessile, erect to spreading, approximately 6-flowered, 2-fruited, 6 mm. in length: fertile scales lanceolate-aristate, loosely imbricate, greatly exceeding the achene in length: bristles 6, variable, the tallest barely exceeding to twice the height of the tubercle, upwardly serrulate, with a few short white hairs at their bases: achene id lenticular, — convex, with depressed margins, 0.7-0.8 mm. , 1-1. long; surface smooth, dark shining brown at aneraiay Sith an indefinite paler disc: tubercle triangular, attenuate, flat, pale; margins sparingly serrulate ee smooth, 0.6—0.8 mm. long. PLATE 823, Frias. 4A and 4B; Map 25.—R. filifolia Torrey var. pleiantha Kikenthal, Fedde Rep. Nov. xxiii. 208 (1926). R. fusca sensu Harper, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxx. 324 (1903), non (L.) Ait. f.—Infrequent, shores of ponds and lakes in southeastern North Carolina, southwestern Georgia, central Florida, and western Cuba. Nort H CAROLINA: shore of Silver Lake near Wilmington, New Mokouer Co., July 5, a) Godfrey, no. 4846 (G); shallow pond near Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co., July 2, 1938,
31, 1894, Nash, no. 1321 (G, NY, 'P, US}. CuBA: on moist white sand on shore of the laguna, Laguna Santa Maria, Pinar del Rio, Aug. 22, 1923, Ekman, no. 17242a (NY, US, immature. This number cited by ‘Kiikenthal in original deseription of var. pleiantha) and no. 17242b (G. This number cited by Kiken- thal in original description of var. pleiantha.).
Specimens of R. pleiantha have generally been identified as either R. Curtissit Britt. ex Small or R. fusca (L.) Ait. f. The confusion with R. Curtissii obviously results from a similarity in habit, but the most superficial examination of the achenes enables one to separate these species. Those of R. pleiantha are
172 Rhodora [May
pyriform, dark brown, not exceeding 1 mm. in length; those of R. Curtissii, on the other hand, are narrowly ellipsoidal, 1.3-1.5 mm. long and light brown, with a pale conspicuous oval disc.
The confusion of R. pleiantha with R. fusca, however, is due to a likeness which extends to details, not only of the habit and spikelet, but to the achene as well. Nevertheless, specimens of R. plecantha can rather easily be separated from those of R. fusca, for the fascicles of the latter are exceeded by a long seta- ceous bract which is often circinate at its tip; whereas those of the southern species are subtended by a short stiff bract which is at the most only twice the height of its facsicle.
The specific distinction of the one from the other species rests, however, on the more technical differences of the achene. That of R. pleiantha is 0.7-0.8 mm. wide and 1 mm. long; in color it is a dark mahogany-brown, and the bristles are sparsely plumose at their bases. The achene of R. fusca, by contrast, is larger, 1-1.1 mm. wide and 1.2-1.3 mm. long, consistently light brown in color, with the bases of the bristles naked.
23. R. Curtissu Britt. ex Small. Caespitose: leaves filiform to 1 mm. wide, wiry, involute with the exception of the flattened tip 0.6-1.4 mm. long: culms filiform, loosely ascending, 1.5—3 dm. high: fascicles 1-2, turbinate, 4-8 mm. wide, composed of less than 10 spikelets; lateral fascicle borne on an included peduncle: spikelets ovoid-elliptic to fusiform, similar to those of R. fusca, 2-3-flowered, 2-3-fruited, strongly ascending, 4-6 mm. long: scales mucronulate, ovate-oblong, rather loose, castaneous: bristles 6, erect, delicate, tenuous, scarcely equalling to well exceeding the tubercle, antrorsely hispidulous, sparingly plumose at the base: achene narrowly ellipsoid, lenticular, smooth, often lustrous, light brown, with a pale elliptic disc, marginate, 0.6-0.7 mm. wide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long: tubercle deltoid, sometimes subu- late, compressed, with conspicuous upward serrulations, 0.8-1.2 mm. long. PLATE 823, rigs. 3A and 3B, Map 26.—FI. 195, 1327 (1903) and Man. 181 (1933). R. fusca sensu Fernald, Bot. Gaz. xxlv. 433 (1897), non (L.) Ait. f. Phaeocephalum Curtissii House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Low places, coastal counties of Northwestern Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. FLORIDA: moist roadside, Milton, Santa Rosa Co., Curtiss, no. 5929 (NY, TyPE; G, NC, US, tsorypss); moist pine barrens about 114 miles northeast of Milton, Santa Rosa Co., Harper, no. 46 (G, NY, US). ALABAMA: swamp, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 21, 1926, Wolf (StB, in part R. filifolia Gray in Torr.). Murssisstppr: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Tracy, no. 4891 (G, NC, NY, US).
i a
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 173
23. R. Harpreri Small. Solitary: radical leaves filiform, few, short; cauline leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide, long-attenuate, erect, canaliculate, smooth: culm obtusely trigonous, slender, 6—7.3 dm. tall; the terminal internode strongly arched: fascicles 1-2, rarely 3, corymbiform, 1.1-1.5 cm. wide, separated by the arching internode; occasionally a third fascicle distant and smaller: bracts foliaceous: spikelets ovoid, loosely ee 5-flowered, 4-fruited, 5-5.6 mm. long:. seales aristulate, margins free, cas- taneous: bristles 6, slender, upwardly hispidulous, falling ‘short of the tubercle: achene obovate to pyriform, strongly pee: brown, with a slightly paler disc, smooth, 1-1.1 mm. wide, 1.3- . long: tubercle subulate, pale, 0.6-0.9 mm. eae
margins thickly hispidulous. PLare 823, rigs. 1A and 1 27.—Man. 182, 1503 (1933). R&R. leptorhyncha sensu Small FI. 195 (1903), non R. leptorhyncha C. Wright. —Infrequent on borders of ponds and in low places in the pine barrens of on oastal Plain of Georgia, Florida, and Alabama. GroRG edge of pond, just north of Lu dowici, Long Co., Eyles, no. 6527 (CU); wet. pine barrens about 3 miles east of Hawkinsville, Pulaski Co., Harper, no. 1877 (NY, TypE; US, IsoTyPE); wet pine barrens, Sumter Co., Harper, no. 467 G, US). Froripa: Tampa, Hillsborough Co., May, 1876, Garber (NY, U US). Ata- BAMA: ae of pond, Elberta, Baldwin Co., July 15, 1926, Wolf (StB).
Prior to 1933, R. Harperi was identified as R. leptorhyncha Wright, the type-specimen of R. Harperi being originally so determined by Britton. However, the two species can be readily distinguished from one another. Of the two, R. leptorhyncha has the much stiffer habit, an inflorescence exceeded by a tall upright bract, and tightly involute floral scales. &. Harperi, on the contrary, has the culm arched to nodding, a short bract subtending the fascicle, and loose floral scales. Nor is there any close resemblance in the achenes. Those of R. leptorhyncha are of the fascicularis-type—large, dark, dull, and broadly ovate. The achenes of R. Harperi, on the other hand, are pyriform, light brown, resembling, but surpassing in size, those of R. fili- folia Gray.
24. R. ecrinipes, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 2 mm. latis planis lineari-elongatis, debilibus, apicem versus triquetris et sparse serrulatis: culmis gracilibus subtriquetris, 6.9-7.4 dm altis, laxe ascendentibus: fasciculis 4-5 compactis 1-2 cm. latis turbinatis lobatisque vel corymbosis; pedunculis fasciculorum lateralium subexsertis: bracteis setaceis parvis ornatis: spiculis lanceolatis 5 mm. longis confertis, ascendentibus vel patentibus
174 Rhodora [May
3-floris sed quarto terminali rudimentario, 2-carpis: squamis lanceolatis, aristulatis, laxe imbricatis, mox caducis chartaceis pallide castaneis: setis 6 rigide erectis, tuberculo approximate aequalibus: achaenio pyriformi 1.4 mm. longo 1 mm. lato, bicon- vexo laevi, marginem versus leviter depresso; umbone candido, conspicuo; stipa tereti persistente 6 mm. longa villis longis albis irregularibus ascendentibus vestita: tuberculo compresso-triang-
; m. alto, margine hispido-scabrato. PLATE 823, FIGs. 2A and 2B; Map 28.—Coastal Alabama. ALABAMA: dry places, roadsides (exsiccated), Mobile, Mobile Co., June, 1868, Mohr (US); ditches, border of ponds, Mobile, Mobile Co., June 18, 1868, Mohr (US, TyPE).
This species, represented by two specimens collected by Mohr in the vicinity of Mobile, Alabama, is closely related to R. filifolia Gray. It differs from the latter in its generally larger habit with wider leaves, coarser culms, and in its languid habit and looser, more numerous and more irregular fascicles. Both species have, however, the pyriform achene, with its glossy sur- face picked out by a prominent pale disc, the six stiffly erect bristles and the deltoid, compressed and marginally hispid tubercle. The signal character which distinguishes R. crinzpes from R. filifolia is the unique basal stipe of the former, which is 0.6 mm. long, remains attached to the achene, and is clothed with a tangle of white, ascending hairs.
3A and 3B; Map 35.—Gray in Torrey, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. 366 (1836); Chapman, FI. So. U. S. 527 (1860); Britton, Mem. Soc.
vi. 202 (1920).—Margins of ponds or damp pockets in pinelands on the Coastal Plain of New Jersey, south to Florida, and west
1944 | Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 175
to eastern Texas; also in central and eastern Cuba. New Jersey: aes and peaty, pond-hole ca. 1 mile west of Bennett, Cape May Co., Long, no. 13625 (G). DrLaware: Queen Anne Road, east of Ellendale, Sussex Co. , Aug. 17, 1899, Commons (P). VIRGINIA: upper border of siliceous and argillaceous shore, Airfield Mill- ere southwest of Wakefield, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long, no. 14301 (G). Nortx Carona: Mr. Curtis, in Gray’s handwriting (NY, TYPE); moist ee between Newport and New Bern Highway, no. 70, Craven Co., Blomquist, no. 11241 (D, G); moist sandy soil between "les ehead City and Newport, Highway no. 70, Carteret Co., Blomquist, no. 11238 (D, G); wet sand, 7 miles southwest of Mai De Brunswick Co., Godfrey & Shunk, no. 4117 (G, NC). SourH Carona: grass-sedge on or savanna, 12 m iles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co. Godfrey & Tryon, no. 749 (CU, D, G, NY, P); damp soils, Oct.., Ravenel (G). GrorGiA: margin of cy press pond, north of Douglas, Coffee Co., Harper, no. 1434 te US); pineland pool just east of the Clinch Co. line on U. 8. Route 84, Ware Co., Eyles, no. 6328 (CU). FLorima: moist pine barrens near Jackson- ville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 3153 (CU, G, P, US); margin of flatwoods pond, Welaka, Putnam Co., Laessle, no. 13 (CU); Indian Mound near Citrus Center, DeSoto Co., Small, no. 9918 (NY); cypress swamp, vicinity of Ft. Myers, Lee Co., Standley, no. 12865 (US); hammock north of Eagle Bay near Kissimmee River, Okeechobee Co., Smaill, no. 9188 (G); margins of ponds in pine barrens, ta NY Ue Franklin Co. , Chapman in Biltmore
Baldwin Co., Aug. | 24, 1926, Wolf (StB): i in woods, Spring Hill,
Tracy, no. 2926 (NY). epee a saat of PGapanven, $ Tammany Parish, Arséne, no. 11869 AO Foote low prairies, vicinity of Lake Charles, Caleasieu Parish, Mackenzie, no. 443 (Mo, NC). Texas: ponds, Hempstead, Waller as Hall, no. 717 (Mo, US). Cusa: in lagoon near El Paynes, between Guane and Remates near sea level, Pinar del Rio, Killip, no. 32373 (CU, US); Laguna Los Indios and vicinity, Pinar del Rio, Shafer, no. 10819 peer Herradura, Pinar del Rio, Baker & Abarca, no. 4195 (NY); s euler ivigeis, Isle of Pines, Britton, Britton & Sb itei no. 15018 (NY); in wet sand, ai of Laguna Yaiti, Mordazo, ‘Santa Clara, Ekman, no. 170 G); near lagoon, Asiento Viejo, Sabana de Manacas, Souk Hones Leoén, no. 9288 (N
26. iced be Clarke. Caespitose: leaves 1-1.5 mm. wide, involute o n drying, stiffly erect: culms obtusely triquetrous, slender, ee 4.7-7.8 dm. high: fascicles 2-4, the terminal one turbinate to hemispherical, barely if at all exceeded by the sub-
176 Rhodora [May
tending bract, 0.9-2 cm. wide; peduncles of the lateral fascicles included or nearly so: spikelets lanceolate in outline, closely ap- proximate, 3—6-flowered, 1—5-fruited, 3.5-5 mm. long: scales aristulate, loosely imbricate, somewhat caducous: bristles 6, approximating the height of the tubercle, stiffly erect, upwardly serrulate: achene pyriform, lenticular, conspicuously marginate, 0.7 wide, 1.2-1.38 m m. long: the surface tending to become granular, drab to Satelit polished cinnamon-brown, with a paler central disc: tubercle deltoid, subulate, compressed, with the margin thickly setose. PLATE 822, Figs. 5A and 5B; Map 29.—Clarke in Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 89 (1892), in part and excl. syn. R. fascicularis, var. distans Chapm
nomen nudum; Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 124 (1900), excl. syn. R. fascicularis, var. distans Chapm. and R. fusca b. Chapm.
first valid publication; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 195 (1916). R&R. filifolia sensu Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (187 e and Fl. Cub. 180 ea non eis in
Cusa: Wright, no. 3783 (G, NY, us ISOTYPES, this number cited by Clarke as type of R. fuscoides and by Boeckeler as type of R. distans var. microcarpa); wet grassy places, pinelands, at 12 km. of highway to La Coloma, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17807 (NY); swale in pinelands, Laguna Santa Maria, Pinar So Rio, Britton, Britton & Gager, no. 7137 (NY); border of lagoon, Laguna Santa Maria, Pinar del Rio, Britton, Britton & foe o. 17179 (NY, US); wet pine woods, Pinar del Rio, Sept., 18632! “Wright, (NY).
hk. fuscoides is closely related to R. filifolia Gray, a species of the Coastal Plain which also occurs in Cuba. R. fuscoides can be distinguished in the field, however, by its coarser, stiff un- bending habit, its lack of filiform basal leaves, its culms which frequently bear 4 fascicles, and its long spikelets. R. filifolia has a delicate habit, with the culms normally flexuous, the basal, and often the cauline leaves as well, filiform and arching, and the fascicles limited to 3. In R. fuscoides the terminal fascicle is subtended by a short bract which may slightly exceed the fas- cicle; in R. filifolia, however, the bract is prominent, undulant, and at least twice the height of the fascicle.
Under a lens the tiny achenes of R. filifolia, with their glassy surfaces picked out by the lustrous white discs, are unmistakable. Those of R. fuscoides are, by contrast, less pyriform in outline,
1 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 177
longer, with a dull and often granulose drab-brown surface, somewhat relieved by lighter discs.
Boeckeler in 1880 was the first to recognize that the specimens of Wright’s no. 3783! were not R. filifolia as labeled. He set them off, therefore, as var. microcarpa of R. distans (Michx.) Vahl but added, “. . . Torrey’s Pflanze wird durch eine andere schmachtige Form, Rh. gracilenta A. Gray, mit der typischen Form der R. distans genau verbunden.”’ However, so utterly different in all but the most superficial details are the Wright specimens from R. distans and R. gracilenta that it is difficult to imagine wherein lay Boeckeler’s basis for the sug- gested relationship.
By 1892 Clarke had evidently studied the Wright material and come to the decision that its status was that of a new species; for in that year Britton included in his list of North American Rhynchospora, R. fuscoides Clarke, based on Wright no. 3783. The description of the new species was not published, however, until 1900, when it appeared in Clarke’s treatment of the West Indian Cyperaceae for Urban’s Symbolae Antillanae ii. Clarke, in giving the synonymy of R. fuscoides, lists both R. distans var. microcarpa Boeckl. and R. fascicularis var. distans (Michx.) Chapm., probably taking his cue for the inclusion of the latter from Boeckeler’s original misalliance.
Series 5. Fasciculares, ser. nov. Inflorescentia fasciculata vel cymoso-fasciculata (R. Gageri excepta) rigida: squamis castaneis vel furvis: setis antrorse serrulatis rudimentariis vel bene evolutis: achaenio late ovato vel elliptico laevi castaneo vel fusco; saepe disco pallido.
Plants of usually moist areas in pineland and savannas of the Coastal Plain, West Indies and Central America. Habit caespi- tose: leaves filiform to 4 mm. wide: culms stout and erect to capillary, then occasionally procumbent: cymes usually fascicu- late, simple or compound (spiciform in R. Gageri), stiff: scales castaneous to blackened: bristles rudimentary to well lormed, antrorsely serrulate: achene broadly ovate to elliptic, smooth, castaneous to blackish-brown, often with a prominent pale disc, usually dull: tubercle triangular, compressed, often prolonged.— Rhynchospora V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933), in part.
1 One of the sheets of Wright’s no. 3783 at the New York Herbarium is mixed. The other species is R. leptorhyncha Wright in Sauvalle. According to C. B. Clarke (Urban, Symb. Ant. ij. 125 (1900) ). this is also true of a sheet of the same number the herbarium at Kew.
178 Rhodora [May
Rhynchospora Series B. Diplostyleae Sect. 4. Fuscae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 105 (1900), in part.
Key To SPECIES IN SERIES FASCICULARES
a. Terminal cyme ovoid, spiciform, or consisting of 2 corymbi- form fascicles aligned one above the er setaceous bracts long; species endemic to the West Indies... .b.
b. Terminal cyme composed of 2 se hepsisaiy corymbiform fascicles aligned one above the other; scales dark brown
to blackish; achenes 1.6-1.8 mm, wide, 1,6-1.8 mm. long
27. R. leptorhyncha.
b. Terminal cyme spiciform to ovoid, the division into fas-
cicles not distinct; scales castaneous; achenes 1.2-1.6 —1 ong.... c, Cymes spiciform; surface of achene polished ; bristles ring a ba sal tuft of long white hairs; tubercles BLAU MARINER 6.5 7 0. oA oa Oe ey re 28. R. Gageri. c. Cymes red cangeatod: surface of achene mostly dull; od onc basally hispidulous or with a few short incon- us hairs; tubercle deltoid................ R. joveroensis. a. Terminal sheet fasciculate, corym mbi form when well devel- rt a setaceous bracts short, slightly if at all exceeding the ; species continental, with a few also represented in the Wes t Indies... .d.
d. Bristles 12: nenene 2-2.0 mm. long. eo. i ek. 30. R. Baldwiniit. d. Bristles 6; achene 1.8 mm. long or less. ... e. Achene minute, 0.8 mm. wide, 0.9-1 m aay ig ea 31. R. Fernaldiit e. Achene exceeding 1 mm. in width and 1-2 mm. in length... .f.
lace with as prominent sink or beak-like pro- on ee g. Bristles ‘Gmaltte to falling short of the tubercles; tubercle broad-based, gradually tapering toward apex Me POUete eo 32. AR. gracilenta. g. gepren ately aren the achene; tubercle basally t abruptly contracted into a broad hin Chek BONS Ti ME Re Sage ee ee 33. R. Wrightiana. Ko, oe Tubercle deltoid to deltoid-subulate, not prolonged. . . .h. h. Bristles rudimen ay to exceeding the achene;
culms erect, often coarse................ 34. R. fascicularis. h. Bristles rudimentary culms filiform, loosely ascend- ati Uo prOeimabenGs ys Se, ok eS 35. R. debilis
_ Scales prominently aristate, dark brown, often blackened, tightly imbricate: stamens 4: bristles 8, upwardly hispidulous; the tips
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 179
connivent around and exceeding the tubercle, plumose at their bases: achene elliptic to suborbicular in outline, strongly bi- convex, 1.6-1.8 mm. wide, 1.6-1.8 mm. long; surface smooth, dull brown: tubercle deltoid-subulate, broad-based, nearly smooth to setose, usually pale, 1.4-1.8 mm. high. PLATE 824, rics. 1A and 1B; Map 30.—C. Wright in Sauvvalle Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and FI, SCab. 180 (1 873); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 124 (1900); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 195 (1916); Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 209 (1926); usually as “leptorrhyncha. ” R. leptorhyncha var. laevirostris Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 209 (1926). R. gracilenta sensu Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 126 (1900), non Gray. R. tetrandra C. Wright msc. ex Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 127 (1900), pub. in syn. of R. gracilenta sensu Clarke, non Gray. Phaeocephalum leptorhynchum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Near or in shallow water, western Cuba and the Isle of Pines. Cusa: Wright, no. 3784 (G, TYPE; NY, US, probable 1sorypsEs)!; Wright, no. 3787 (G. This sheet of the number listed by Wright for R. odorata is R. lepto- rhyncha); in ponds, pinales, jurisdiccion Pinar del Rio, Oct., 62 }
and Coloma at 11 geese eae no. “18252 NY, US. Cited by Kiikenthal with other Ekman numbers in ty pe-descrip- tion of R. leptorhyncha var. pace lave in pebbly pinelands, La Siguanea, Isla de Pinos, Ekman, no. 12187 (NY).
Specimens in the Wright oi without number but labeled R. tetrandra are undoubted R. leptorhyncha. The fact that Wright never published a species tetrandra suggests that he also realized this fact.
C. B. Clarke in Urban’s Symbolae Antillanae, ii. page 127, erroneously refers R. tetrandra to R. gracilenta Gray. On a basis of this misidentification, Britton‘, in his publication on Cuban Rhynchospora provisionally lists R. gracilenta, but states that the Wright material of R. tetrandra in the Herbarium of the New York Botanic Garden is R. leptorhyncha.
I am not keeping up Kiikenthal’s var. laevirostris. As the name indicates this variety is based on specimens, the achenes
1 No. 3784 is also listed by Wright under R. gracilis. There is one sheet of this no
? See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. ak "297 (1 (1905).
* Also one Gray Herbarium sheet, C. Wright, no. 3787, labeled R. odorata is R.
gente A m. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 196 (1916).
180 Rhodora [May
of which have a smooth, rather than setose, tubercle. However, even in the specimens of sheets cited by Kiikenthal, I find this character to be inconstant; for individual achenes from the same inflorescence vary considerably, some having nearly smooth, others rather densely setose tubercles.
28. R. Gacerti Britt. Densely caespitose with thick, often fibrous bases: leaves setaceous, canaliculate, firm, arched-ascend- ing, 1.8-3.3 dm. high: culms filiform, terete, ascending or some- what arched, varying within a tuft from 0.5-2.2 dm. in height: terminal cyme fasciculate, compact, ovoid, small (0.9-1.2 mm. long, 0.6—-1 cm. wide) rarely containing more than 15 spikelets, exceeded by a setaceous, recurving bract 0.4—1.3 dm. long which has the appearance of continuation of the culm: spikelets ovoid, crowded, 1-flowered with the achene terminating the axis, sessile, mostly ascending, closely approximate, 3-4 mm. long: scales aristulate, tightly imbricate, castaneous: stamens 3-4: bristles 6-8, delicate, upwardly serrulate, connivent around the tubercle which they fall short of to slightly exceed, bearing at their bases a few silky hairs which are 0.6 mm. in length: achene broadly ovoid, strongly biconvex, not umbonate, surface evenly browned, smooth, occasionally lustrous, 1.3-1.6 mm. wide, 1.4—-1.7 mm. long: tubercle subulate-attenuate, compressed, smooth or rarely slightly setulose at the base, whitish, 0.9-1.1 mm. long. PLATE 824, ries. 3A and 3B; Map 31.—Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. li. 196 (1916). R. longifrons var. @. reducta Kiikenthal, Fedde
ep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 209 (1926).—-Moist savannas, Isle of Pines; western and central Cuba. Cusa: in white sand of Sabana de los Indios, Isle of Pines, Leén, no. 17501 (G); Hacienda San Julian, south of Mendoza, Pinar del Rio, Leén & Roca, no. 6955 (NY); in moist places, Mateo Sanchez, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17939 (G, US. This number cited by Kikenthal as R. longifrons Kuk. var. reducta); Colpothrinax savanna, vicinity of Herradura, Pinar del Rio, Britton, Britton, Earle & Gager, no. 6618 (NY, TypE; US, 1soryprr); savannas at La Ciega, Coabilla, Camaguey, Acufa, no. 4396 (NY).
29. R. Joverornsis Britt. Densely caespitose with stiff quill-like bases: leaves 1-2 mm. wide, 3.9-6 dm. long, canalicu- late, stiffly ascending, with arched filiform tips; upper margins setiferous: culms terete, rigidly erect, 2.6-4.5 dm. tall: cymes congested-spiciform; the terminal one 0.5-1 em. wide, 2.5-4 em. long, exceeded by a setaceous recurving bract 1.8-2.5 dm. long; the lateral smaller, on an included peduncle: spikelets ovoid, 3.5-4 mm. long, extremely compact, sessile, 1-flowered, with the achene terminating the axis: scales aristulate, tightly involute, castaneous: stamens 3-4: bristles 6-8, delicate, upwardly serru-
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 181
late, connivent at their tips, approximating the tubercle in length: bases without prominent hairs: achene obovoid, lenticu-
wide, 1.4-1.5 mm. long: tubercle deltoid-compressed, with heavily ta margins, 0.6—-0.8 mm. long. PLarer 824, Frias. 4A and 4B; Pp 32.—Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 195 (1916). R. reieme ‘Kakenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 209 (1926). —Lake margins, western Pinar del Rio, Cuba. CuBA: wet sand, Laguna Jovero to Laguna del Bufeo, Pinar del Rio, Shafer, no. 10992 (NY, TtypE; G, US, isorypEs); Hacienda San Julian, south of Guane, Pinar del ‘Rio, Leon & Roca, no. 6935 (NY); shore . Laguna El Punto, Pinar ‘del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, 18263 (NY. One of several Ekman numbers cited by Kikenthal after type-description of R. longifrons); banks of south Lagoon, anta Maria, near San Luis, Pinar del Rio, Leén, no. 19627 (G). 30. ALDWINII Gray. Forming a coarse clump: radical leaves commonly short, flat becoming carinate, 3-4 mm. broad, tips acutely triquetrous due partially to development of the keel: upper margins and keel finely serrulate: culms triquetrous, erect, becoming flexuous, 0.5—1 m. high: terminal fascicle corymbiform, cm. wide, rarely accompanied by a small fascicle on a short stiff erect branchlet: lateral fascicles smaller, simple, exsertly pedunculate: spikelets ovoid, 1—3-flowered, 1—2-fruited, sessile, bursting, 5-5.5 mm. long: scales aristate, caducous, castaneous to dark brown: ppatles 12, slender, typically convergent, up-
subrotund, lenticular-compressed, emarginate, dark brown, with a pale disc, smooth to minutely pitted, dull, 1.8-2 mm. wide, 2—2.5 mm. long: tubercle deltoid-compressed, whitish, 0.8-1 mm. long. PuaTE 825, rics. 4A and 4B; Map 33.—Ann. Lyc.
iil. 210, pl. 6, fig. 18! (1835); Cha apman Fl. So. U. S. 526 (1860); Small, Fl, 196 (1903) and Man. 182 (1933). Phaeocephalum Baldwinii House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Peaty savannas and low pine barrens of the Coastal Plain from North Carolina southward through the peninsula of Florida and west to Mississippi. NorrH CaroLina: savanna near Jacksonville, Onslow Co. Wadia. ~ 5822 (G); savanna near Burgaw, Pender Co., Godfrey, no. 4737 (G, NC); long-leaf pine and wire grass savanna, Carolina Beach, ‘New Hanover Co., Godfrey, no. 4685 (G, NC). SourH CAROLINA: peaty excavated area in savanna at side of road, 12 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 8 (G, NY); in damp stiff soils, Santee Canal, "hosel (G). Geroreta: rather dry pine barrens between
1 Figures 19 and 18 were apparently reversed in the printing; R. Baldwinii is fig. 18, not 19 as listed.
182 Rhodora [May
Guyton and Springfield, Effingham Co., Harper, no. 934 (G, NY,
S); sandy bog, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 852 (NY); moist pine barren 2 miles west of Glennville, Tatnall Co., Eyles, no. 6435 (CU); Dr. Baldwin, fragment from Herb. Schweinitz (NY, TYPE). FLORIDA: moist pine lees near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 4868 (G, NY, US); Hastings, St. Johns Co., Tracy, no. 9286 (iS, NY) US): Tampa, Hillsborough Co., May, 1876, Garber (US); prairie, ve miles east of Okeechobee City, St.
ucie Co., Small et al., no. 3 (NY); wet places, Bear Creek,
Gadsden Co., June 1841, Hse (G, in part) ; wet pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore H erb., 256a (G, NY, US); pine barrens 8 miles west of Apalashiaets Gulf Co., Eyles, no. 5783 (CU); swamps, Walton Co., 1885, rou (NY ). AtaBaMa: low pine barrens, Mobile, Mobile Co.,
ne, 1870, Mohr (NY); Sartwell (G). Mussissrprr1: Biloxi, Fickich Co., Tracy, no. 4894 (NC, NY, US). Lovrstana: New Orleans, Drummond (G)
31. R. Fernaldii, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis basilaribus 1—1.5 mm. latis planis marginibus laevibus vel subtiliter serru- latis, apicem versus triquetris: culmis teretibus tenuibus rigide erectis 2.5-5.2 dm. longis: fasciculis 1-2 congestis corymbiformi- bus; lateralibus one pedunculatis; pedunculis erectis: spiculis ovoideis 2-2.5 m m. longis sessilibus confertis erectis vel patenti- bus 3—4-floris 2-3-carpis: squamis aristulatis laxe imbricatis fuscis: setis 6 antrorse hispidulis rigide erectis, achaenio fere
ry eepeatres achaenio lenticulari-obovoideo, biconvexo, parvo mm. lato 0.9-1 mm. longo) laevi furvo; disco leviter pallid- iore: tuberculo compresso-deltoideo, 0.2—0. 3 mm. alto. PLATE 825, Frias. 3A and 3B; Map 34.—Pine barrens of southern Georgia, northern Florida and coastal Alabama. GroraiA: rather dry sandy road in pine barrens near Camp Cornelia, Charlton Co., Aug. 8, 1902, Harper, no. 1487 (G, TypE; NY, ‘US, IsoTYPES) ; near Lem Griffin’s Camp, Okefenokee Swamp , Clinch Co., Oct. 1938, Eyles, no. 164 (CU); piney woods, Billy Island, Charlton Co. July 7, 1912, Bradley, no. 4 (P). FLORIDA: in a low pineland, 7 miles southwest of St. Augustine, St. Johns Co., Aug. 8, 1929, O'Neill (CU); Sanford, Orange Co., Aug. 23, 1899, Pieters, no. 301 (US); in low pinelands, Alva, Lee Co., Oct. 30, 1917, Francis, no. 41 (US); low pine barrens near the seashore, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Oct. 27, 1895, Mohr (US); pine barrens, Apalachi- cola, Franklin Co., July, 1870, Chapman (US); low pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore H erb., no. 9 (G, NY; US, in part) ; Chapman (P, no locality given), ALABAMA: Buckley, no. 35 (NY).
In habit, R. Fernaldii suggests a dwarfed state of R. fascicu- laris var. distans. The plant is tufted, the slender culm is stiffly
a ;
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 183
erect, and the small terminal fascicle is corymbiform and fre- quently accompanied by a lateral fascicle on a slender peduncle. However, among the members of this series the spikelets and achenes of this species are unique in their minuteness. The former measure only 2—2.5 mm. in length and the tiny blackish achene varies from 0.9-1 mm. in length. I suspect that this character was in part responsible for the long neglect of this species, for at first glance the inflorescence does suggest an un- developed state of var. distans. This species has been named in honor of Professor M. L. FERNALD.
32. R. GRACILENTA Gray. Caespitose: radical leaves filiform, about 10 mm. high, cauline leaves filiform to usually 1-2.5 mm. wide, flat; upper margins serrulate; tips triquetrous: culms terete, slender, erect to flexuous, 0.3—1 m. in height: terminal cyme a single fascicle, irregular in outline to corymbiform, with few spikelets, 0. 8-1. 2 cm. wide; or less often several fascicles on stiff branchlets: lateral fascicles 1-2 (rarely 3) on exserted peduncles: spikelets ovate, split open by the developing achenes, bearing 2-3 florets, the lowermost of which is often abortive, 1—2-fruited, sessile, 3-3.5 mm. long: scales aristate, castaneous: bristles 6, delicate, upw atdly serrulate, falling short of to slightly exceeding the tubercle: achene oval to suborbicular in outline, 1.1—1.7 m wide, 1.3-1.8 mm. long, compressed, umbonate, ‘smooth, dull dark brown at maturity, often with a conspicuous light disc: tubercle broad-based, with a long slender strap-like terminal extension, strongly compressed, 1-2.6 mm. long. Pxate 826, rics. 6A and 6B; Mar 36.—Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 216, pl. 6, fig. 27 (1835) ; Chapman, FI. "So. U8. ‘507 (1860); Britton & Brown, Il. Fl, i. 279, fig. 657 (1896); Britton, Man. 186 (1901); Small, Fl. 195 (1903) and Man. 182 rere Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 200, fig. a (19 08); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 196 (i9 16); Kikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxi. 208 (1926). R. gracilenta var. diversifolia Fernald, Ruo-
DORA, XXXVii. — ( coe R. fusca sensu Gray, Gram. et Cyp. i. no. 93 (1834 ), in part.1 R. Drummondiana Boeckeler, Fl. xli. 644 (1858). R. ieichomhe Fernald, Ruopora, xxxix. 389 (1937). Phaeocephalum gracilentum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Bogs and moist areas in swales, common along the Coastal Plain from New Jersey to southeastern Virginia; ap- parently more scattered southward in the Carolinas Hed Georgia;
0. 93 was apparently made up from a mixed collection. In the volume belonging to the. library of the New York Botanic Garden, no. 93 is R. gracilenta, as sta Gray in an appended correction; but in the volume seem, to the Gray Herbarium, no. 93 is R. fusca (L.) Ait. f., as stated on the original I
184 Rhodora [May
westward along the coast to eastern Louisiana; infrequent inland stations in the mountains of Virginia, North Carolina and Tennessee, and in central Arkansas and eastern Texas. The citation of the bulk of specimens from New Jersey and states south to Virginia has been omitted. Nrw Jersey: ‘pine barrens of N. J., Aug.—Sept.”’ in Gray’s handwriting (NY, Type). Vir- GINIA: cranberry-meadow in wet spots, Stuart’s Draft, Augusta Co., Carr, no. 303 (G). Norra Caro.ina: wet grassy pineland, 12 miles west of Swan Quarter, Hyde Co., Oosting, no. 22 : low pineland at Dunn, Harnett Co., Godfrey, no. 6140 (D, G); sphagnum swamp, vicinity of Black Mt., Buncombe Co., Standley & Bollman, no. 10464 (US); dry sandy soil near Supply, Brunswick Co., Blomquist, no. 11266 (D, G). SourH CAROLINA: grass-sedge bog or savanna, 12 miles north of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 60 (D, G, NY); grass- sedge bog or savanna, 1 mile west of Chicora, Berkeley Co., July 24, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon (G); Sumter, Sumter Co.,
. 3740 (P); Aiken, Aiken Co., July—Aug., 1866, Ravenel (G). Grorata: pine barren, Pooler Road near Ogeechee Canal and Little Ogeechee River, Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 6239 (CU); moist pine barrens, Rushing Pond, near Statesboro, Bullock Co., Eyles, no. 6185 (CU); moist meadow, Leslie, Sumter Co., Harper, no. 414 (G, NY, US). FiLoria: sphagnous swamps near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5072 (CA, NC, NY, US); Marianna, Jackson Co., Tracy, no. 4887 (US); wet pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 4478a (G, NY, US). Atapama: Lee Co., June 29, 1897, Earle & Baker (NY); in a wet place, Perdue, Coffee Co., Blanton, no. 84 (G, US). TENNESSEE: permanently moist meadow with ox-bows of Abrams Creek, west end of Cades Cove, Blount Co., Great Smoky National Park, alt. 1700 ft., Camp, no. 1993 (US); grassy borders of small pond south of Altamont, Grundy Co., Svenson, no. 9181 (G); bogs between Tracy City and Coalmont, Grundy Co., Svenson, no. 9568 (G). Muisstssrpp1: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Pollard, no. 1005 (G, NY, US); Biloxi, Harrison Co., Tracy, no. 7003 (G, NY); Bay of St. Louis, Hancock Co., Sept. 13, 1883, Langlois (G, NY). ArKANnsas: sandy bogs, Malvern, Hot Spring Co., Palmer, no. 8095 (CA, Mo, P, US). Louisiana: vicinity of Covington, St. Tammany Parish, Arséne, no. 11735 (Mo); dampish soil, 2 miles west of Hammond, Tangipahoa Parish, Trotter & Chilton, no. 153 (La); New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Drummond, no. 397 (G, 1soryrE of R. Drummondiana Boeckeler). Trxas: swamps, Swan, Smith Co., Reverchon, no. 2921 (Mo) and no. 2918 (Mo); ponds, Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 717 (G).
A study of specimens of R. gracilenta selected to represent its
——
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 185
entire range tends to minimize the significance of var. diversifolia Fernald. This variety was defined on a basis of its “stiffer habit, broadish cauline leaves, and longer spikelets, fruits and tuber- cles.”’ However, a stiffer habit and broader cauline leaves are not always accompanied by spikelets with larger achenes, and vice versa; nor would it be practical to re-define var. diversifolia solely upon the size of its achene, for the common occurrence of achenes of intermediate sizes would make the choice of defini- tive measurements purely arbitrary.
R. trichophylla Fernald was based on a peculiar colony in Sussex Co., Virginia. Identical in habit with the more robust specimens of FR. gracilenta, this material bears achenes dis- tinguished by bristles which barely equal the slightly prolonged deltoid tubercles. Typical achenes of R. gracilenta, on the other hand, have long bristles often exceeding the long strap-like tubercle. However, a close study of the material of R. gracilenta reveals that short bristles as well as the deltoid-attenuate tubercle of R. trichophylla fall within the range of achenial variability of the former species.
33. R. WricgutiaAna Boeckl. Densely tufted: leaves usually filiform to rarely 1.3 mm. wide, ascending to loosely spreading: culms filiform or very slender, wiry, stiffly erect to weakly ascend- ing, leafy, 1-4.6 dm. high: fascicles 1-2, rarely 3, with 1-few spikelets, not ue 1 cm. in width; lateral fascicles on subex- serted peduncles: bracts setaceous, several well exceeding the fascicle: spikelet ovoid, usually split, revealing the tubercle and upper portion of the achene, 1—2-flowered, with a rudimentary floret terminating the axis, Ma 2-fruited, sessile, 3-3.5 mm. long: scales mucronate, castaneous, caducous: bristles 6, variable in height but rarely exceeding the achene, upwardly serrulate: achene elliptic in outline, biconvex, 1.2- 1.3 mm. wide, 1.3—-1.5 mm. long, smooth, dark brown; a somewhat paler dise indistinct or lacking: tubercle triangular-compressed, 0.6-0.8 mm. long, the tip prolonged as a broad, blunt beak. PLaTE 825, FIGS. 5A and 5B; Map 37. —Flora, lxiv. 78 (1881); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916); Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 104 (1923); Small, Man: 183 (1933), excl. syn. R. brachychaeta Sauv. R. graci illiima C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 85 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 181 (1873). R. tenuis Baldwin ex Gray, Ann. pode ee yo. 217 (1835), publ. in syn. of R. distans var. $., non Link. R. distans var. 8. Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 217 (i835). i distans
186 Rhodora [May
ANA, Var. T
yrica; 53, R, LInDENIANA, var. BAHAMENSIS; 54, R. Grayu; 55, R. cunrxa; 56, R. cupensis; 57, R. STENOPHYLLOIDEA; 58, R, MEGALOCARPA, 59, R. Harveyi.
2
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 187
var. tenuis (Baldwin) Britton, Trans. N. Y. Aead. Sci. xi. (1892). R. brachychaeta sensu Small, Fl. bat (1903), non C. Wright in Sauvalle. &. pallida sensu Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. 11. 126 (1900), in part, non M. A. Curtis. R. distans (Michx.) Vahl var. y. gracillima (C. Wright) Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 208 (1926) and xxxii. 77 (198 3).— Wet sand or peat of ditches, swamps, ponds or pockets in pineland of the Coastal Plain from southern North Carolina south to the Florida Penin- sula and westward in coastal Alabama; also ponds of Cuba and mountains of Puerto Rico. Norra Carouina: wet sand, Fort Caswell, Brunswick Co., Godfrey & Shunk, no. 4140 (G, imma- ture). SourH CAROLINA: peaty pocket in pine barren, 5144 miles south of Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 201 (G, NY, P); peaty pocket in pine barren, 5 miles north- west of McClellanville, Charleston Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1120 (G, NY); gum-pond i in pine barren, 4 miles west of Bonneau, Berkeley Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1625 (G, NY); margin of barrow-pit near Savannah Rives Refuge, Jasper Co., Eyles, no. 6123 (CU). Groreta: drainage-ditch, Wilmington ‘Island, Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 4380 (D); pine barrens, Bethesda Church, Effingha am Co., Eyles, no. 6104 (CU); moist sandy place, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 897 (NY, US); margin of pine-barren pond about 2 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Pulaski Co., Harper, no. 1376 (G, NY); sandy — along railroad near Douglas, Coffee Co., Harper, no. 684 (NY, US). Fuioripa: moist pine buries heat a ri Nees, Duval Co. Curtiss, no. 4946 (G, NY, US) and 3152 (CU, D!, G, NY, P, U 8); low pineland, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 662 (G, NY, P, US) and no. 642 (G, NY, US); grassy swamp, Okeechobee ‘Region, Brevard Co., Fredholm, no. 5750 (G, NY, immature); prairie, ft ae east of Okeechobee City, St. ee Co., Small et al., no. 9304 (NY); wet place, Hardin Co., July 2 , 1940, Schallert (G, ae nes ALA- BAMA: Mobile, Mobile Rae ” July 16, 1897, Mohr (CU). CuBa: swampy place, pinelands at km. 12 of the highway 4 La Coloma, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17824 (NY); shore f Laguna de Junco, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17861 (G, US); “sobre tembladeras en medio de lagunas, en la Vuelta de Abajo”, Wright, no. 3781 (G, rrpg; NY, US, probable ide Bees Puerto Rico: plants of the Luquillo Mt., Wilson, 7 (NY); in monte Jimenes, S* de Luquillo, Sintenis, no. i381 (NY, US). This species was originally described by Wright in 1873 under the name of R. gracillima. Boeckeler, however, in 1881, noting
' One sheet of this number _ Duke University is R. fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl
~ var. distans (Michx.) Chapma:
2C. Wright in Sauvalle, FI. Gab. 181 (1873).
188 Rhodora [May
an earlier application of this name by Thwaites' in 1864 to a species from Ceylon, renamed the West Indian species R. Wrightiana, in honor of its collector. Subsequently its status was confused by C. B. Clarke who mistakenly placed R. Wrighti- ana in the synonymy of the Atlantic coastal species R. pallida M. A. Curtis. With R. brachychaeta it formed the basis for Clarke’s report of R. pallida from the West Indies. The plant which extends northward into southeastern Virginia and which ey fe passed as R. Wrightiana is R. debilis.
. R. rascrcunLaris (Michx.) Vahl. Caespitose, often coarse-
Ms so: eae leaves 1 (rarely less) to 4 mm. wide, curling to erect, oe: margins and keel finely serrulate: culms subterete and slender stout and obtusely 3-angled, stiffly erect, becoming flexuous,
0. 4 (rarely)—1.3 m. high: terminal fascicle simple or corymbosely compound, 1—5.5 cm. wide, the ultimate densely fasciculate clusters borne on stiff erect peduncles, lateral fascicles 1—3 or none, simple or less commonly compound, distant, exserted to subex- serted on short erect peduncles: bracts several, foliaceous to setaceous, exceeding the fascicles: spikelets lance-ovoid to ovoid, 3-4.5 mm. long, erect, sessile, 2—4-flowered, with a terminal rudimentary floret, 1-3-fru ited: scales ovate to lanceolate, prominently mucronate to aeistate, caducous, 3-4 mm. long: bristles 5—6, rudimentary and short to well developed and exceed- ing the achene, stifly erect, antrorsely serrulate: achene ovate to orbicular or elliptic, smooth, chestnut- to blackish-brown, evenly biconvex to oe with . without a pale disc, ob- scurely marginate, 1.1-1.5 mm. wide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long: tubercle ese but sagas deltoid to Hci eabnilate. 0.4-0.7 mm. 34a, Var. typica. Habit usually very robust: spikelets usually with a conspicuous recurved mucro: achene ovate to saianaare rarely elliptic, dark to blackish brown, umbonate, usually relieve by a prominent pale disc, 1.2-1. 5 mm. wide, 1.4-1.5 mm. long: tubercle variable but essentially deltoid to deltoid-subulate. PLatE 825, Frias. 1A and 1B; Map cer
Britton, Mem. Soe . Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916). Schoenus fascicularis Michaud , Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 37 (1803). R. ona var. 6. fascicularis Kikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxi . 208
1 Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyl. 435 (1864).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 189
(1926). Phaeocephalum fasciculare House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Roadside-ditches, peaty. savannas, low pine barrens and lake-margins, Princess Anne County in southeastern Virginia, and common southward on the Coastal Plain from North Carolina to the Peninsula of Florida; less frequent in the coastal states west to eastern Texas; also in western Cuba, amaica, Hispaniola, Puerto Rico and Central America. Vir- GINIA: wet peaty depressions in sandy pineland, The Desert, Cape Henry, Princess Anne Co., eee & Long, no. 3790 (G, P). Norra Caro.uina: New B ern, Craven Co., T. H. Kear rney Jr., no. 1974 ee Soi at sea-level, Carteret Co., Codkrey, no. 6408 (G, N Y); pineland, White Lake, Bladen Co., Godfrey, no. 5982 (D a): drainage-ditch at Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co., Godfrey, no. 4724 (G); savanna, 7 miles southwest of Wilmington, Brunswick Co., Godfrey. & Shunk, no. 4113 (G, NC). SourH Caro.ina: sandy drainage-ditch, 2 miles west of Salters, Williamsburg Co, Go dfrey & Tryon, no. 512 (CU, DG, SY, P); shallow peaty pond in pine barrens, 9 ee north of Fea each Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, n
758 (D, NY); drainage-ditch, 3 miles north of MeClellan. ville, Siicun Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 683 (G); grass- sedge bog or savanna, 3 miles southwest of Manning, Clarendon Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 940 (G, NY); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 1 mile west of Chicora, Berkeley Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 842 (G, NY); wet sand pockets, 5 miles north of Ridge- land, Jasper Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 599 (G). CaroLina, uin, Michaux Herb. (G, TyYPE-PHOTO.; NY, TYPE-FRAGMENT from Michx. Herb.). GroroGia: moist sandy roadside in pine barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 878 (G); Wilmington agri Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 4891 (CU); Wayne Co., Baldwi i green sphagnum swamp, 9 miles north of Darien on U.S. Rou te 17, MacIntosh Co., Hylan, no. 6439 (CU); pine woods, Kingsland, Camden Co., Small & D eWinkler, no. 9682 (NY); pineland-pool just east of the Clinch Co. line on U. §. Route 84, Ware Co., Eyles, no. 6327 (CU); hammock at edge of swamp on Billy’s Island, Okefenokee Swamp, pene Co., Eyles, no. 635644 CU}; m margin of pees en pond n r Downing, Coffee Co., Harper, no. 1440 (G, NY, US); moist ne barrens, Thomas Co., Harper, no. 1173 (G, U8). FLoripa: moist pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtis, no. 4945 (G); low pineland, Lake City, Columbia Co., O'Neil no. 7675 (CU); Hibernia, Clay Co., Mar., 1869, Canby (G US); ditch near Clyatt’s Station, Gainesville, Alachua Ce: me 13, 1940, Arnold (CU); wet flat- woods, Welaka, Putnam Co., Laessle, oun 15 (CU); dry sand, high pineland, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 641 (G, NY, US); near Sanford, Seminole Co., Aug. 1931, Rapp (NY): in a low pineland, Bithlo, Orange Co., O'Neill, no. 5268 (CU);
190 Rhodora [May
prairies near Lake Washington, coke ard Co., Small e he — no. 9741 (NY); Kissimmee, Osceola Co. . May 10, , Mearn
(US); ditch, Polk Co., July 27, “ner Schallert ne in as ditch, Lake Jovita, Pasco Co., Britton, no. 2609 (CU); near water, near St. Petersburg, Pinellas Co.,: Mre.-C 4. Deam, no. 2899 (G); pinelands near Fellsmere, Indian River Co., Small, no, 8868 (NY); Okeechobee Prairie north of Okeechobee City, Okeecho- bee Co., Small et al., no. 9238 (NY); Palma Sola, Manatee Co., Tracy, no. 6996 (G, NY, US); ditch, Sarasota Co., July 29, 1940, Schallert (G); pinelands, east of Punta Gorda, Charlotte Co., Small, Mosier & DeWinkler, no. 10928 (NY); around ponds, Myers, Lee Co., Hitchcock, no. 423 (G, NY, US): low pineland, 5 miles south of Stuart on east coast, Martin Co., O’ Neill, no. 5265 (CU); St. Vincent Island, Franklin Co., M cAtee, no. 1806 (US); low pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., "Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 4469 (G, NY, US); Lake Gentry, Santa Rosa Co., Howell, no. 1092 (US). Atasama: low pineland about Miflin Creek, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 25, 2 Wolf (StB); low swampy pine barrens, Mobile, Mobile C July, 1872, Mohr (US). Tetons Ocean Springs, ae Co., Pollard, no. 1016 (D, G, NY, US); Long Beach, Harrison Co., ’ Aug. 25, 1896, Joor (Mo): Cat Island, Hancock Co. , Lloyd & Tracy, no. 359 (NY). LOUISIANA: In pine wood clearings, Slidell, St. Tammany Parish, Oct. 5, 1891, Langlois (NY); near Indian Village, east of New Orleans, Orleans Parish, Killip, no. 13968 (US). Trxas: Jefferson Co., Tharp, no. 3055 (U S). CupBa: in savannas, towards Bibijaguas, Nueva Gerona, Isla de Pinos, Ekman, no. 12535 (G, US); dry ground, Laguna Jovero and vicinity, Pinar del Rio, Shafer, no. 10752 (G, NY); sabanas, El Sabalo, Finca Sabanalamar, Pinar del Rio, near sea level, Killip, no. 32260 (CU); palm barrens west of Guane, Pinar del Rio,
aguna Santa Maria, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17274 (US): sandy pine woods (damp) Pinar del Rio, Oct. 1863?! C. Wright, no. 3392? (NY); on edge of laguna, Herradura, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 11585 (G); low savannas, Chirigo ota, Pinar del Rio, Oct. 26, 1863? Wright, no. 339922 (US); low wood at 420 m., north slope of Loma Pelada de Buenavista, Cayajabos, Pinar del Rio, Leén, no. 13561 (NY). JaMArIca: summit of Bull Head, Chapelton to Bull Head, Middlesex, Underwood, no. 33646 (NY). Hispantoxa: laterite soil at Dutreuil, Corail, Western Group, Massif de la Hotte, Dept. du Sud, Haiti, c. alt. 250 m., Ekman,
1 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905). 2 The penciled number 3399 appears on 3 Wright sheets, the specimens of which are for the most part R. fascicularis. These are undoubtedly no part of the original ‘Cuba or. (Wr. 3399)"’ on which Grisebach based in part his description of R. deflera. ’ See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905).
1944) Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 191
no. 10741 (US); in savannas, El Valle, Sabana de la Mar, prov. de Samana, Cordillera Central, Dominican Republic, Ekman, no. 15667 (NY); forming colonies, in Sabana de Ponton, toward Cotul, Rinc6n, prov. de la Vega, ae del Cibao, Dominican Republic, Ekman, no. 14623 (G, US). Purrrto Rico: in sphag- num, western end of Laguna Tortuguero, Britton & Britton, no. 7872 (NY, US); wet white sand, vicinity of Vega Baja, Britton, Britton & Brown, no. 5788 (NY); moist sandy sojl, Santurce, Heller & Heller, no. 583 (NY, US).
. Var. DISTANS (Michx.) Chapm. Habit more slender than that of var. typica: spikelets mucronulate: achene elliptic in outline, gradually biconvex, not umbonate, chestnut to dark brown, without a well-defined central disc, 1.1-1.8 mm. wide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long: bristles 6, always exceeding the achene: tubercle compressed, triangular-subulate with a narrow base. PLATE 825, Frias. 2A and 2B; Map 40.—FI. So. U.S. 527 (1860). Schoenus distans Michaux, Fl. Bor. ea 1.36 (1803). R. vcore Vahl, Enum. ii. 235 (1806) ; Elliott, Sk. me fer Car eee Ga.
59 (1816): Gray, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iii. 216, 6, fig. 28 (1 835): Clarke in Urban, Symb. hat. ii. 125 (1900); Fal FL. oe (1903) and Man. 182 (1933): Britton, Fl. Bermuda 53, fig. 81 (1918); Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 103 (1923) ; Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 208 (1926). R. dommucensis A. H. Moore, List of Pl. Coll. in Bermuda, 1905: 6, pl. 1 and 2 (1906). Phaeocephalum distans House, Am. Mid- land Nat. vi. 202 (1920). Dichromena distans Macbride, Field Mus. Pub. Bot. xi. 5 (1931).—Moist. sandy or peaty pineland from southeastern Virginia southward along the Coastal Plain to the tip of Florida and west to Mississippi; also Bermuda. VirRGINIA: moist sandy and peaty pine barrens, south of Lee’s Mill, Isle of Wight Co., Fernald & Long, no. 12273 (G, P); wet peaty pine barrens, east of Cox Landing, south of ete Quay, Nansemond Co., Fernald & Long, no. 10551 (CU, G, NY, P) Nortu CAROLINA: savanna, Chocowinity, Beaufort Co. , Godfrey, no. 5417 (G); ee 5 miles west of Clinton, Sampson n Co., Godfrey, no. 4502 (D, G); moist boggy places, north side of White
ake, Bladen Co., Blomquist, no. 10863 (D); pineland fons
Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co. , Godfrey, no. 4708 (G, NC). Sourn CaRroLina : peaty pocket in pine apa 5 miles northwest of McClellanville, Charleston Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1122
(DG, PR, NY), Canora: Michaux G, TYPE-PHOTO; NY, TYPE-FRAGMENT from Michaux Herb.). Groreta: shady woods Leas Sry ies and Springfield, Effingham Co., Harper, no.
6 (G, NY, US); border of pond near Middleground Road, ie Co. , Eyles, no. 6228 (CU); moist sandy roadside in pine barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 878 (C, NY, US); margin of shallow ‘pond i in sandhills of Satilla River, Coffee Co., Harper, no.
192 Rhodora [May
1447 (G, NY, US); sphagnous bogs near Bugaboo Island, Okefenokee Swamp, Charlton Co., Harper, no. 1477 (G, N US); pine barren near Lem Griffin’s, Okefenokee Swamp, Clinch Co., Eyles, no. 6373 (CU). FLorIpA: damp shady woods near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5072¢e (G, NY); low moist ground, Welaka, Putnam Co., Laessle, no. 20 (CU); flatwoods, Lake Helen, Volusia Co., Apr. 29, 1911, Hood, (G): marsh, Bithlo, Orange Co., O’ Neill, no. 5117 (CU); “Bayhead” i in wet soil, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 802 (CU, G, NY, US); cypress swamp, northeast of Labelle, Lee Co., April 24, 1921, Small & DeWinkler (NY); eerie: east of Sebring, DeSoto Co., Small & DeWinkler, no. 9074 (NY); ancient sand dunes about Lake Jackson, Leon Co., Small Mosier & De-
inkler, no. 10874 (NY). ALABAMA: low pineland about Miflin Creek, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 25, 1926, Wolf (StB). BERMUDA: Pembroke “Marsh, Brown, Britton & Bisset, no. 2122 (NY); Devonshire Marsh, Brown & Britton, no. 170 (NY); Devonshire Marsh, A. H. Moore, no. 3004 (G, type of R. dom- mucensis A. H. Moore; NY, 1soryPe).
The variability of this species, both in habit and appearance of the achene, was undoubtedly responsible for its original sepsration by Michaux into two distinct species, Schoenus fas- cicularis and S. distans. In 1805, Vahl transferred both species to Rhynchospora; and later Gray, following established precedent, also recognized both R. fascicularis and R. distans. However, in 1860 Chapman reduced R. distans to varietal rank under R. fas- cicularis, and in the third edition of his Flora dismissed it as “R. distans Nutt. the form with longer bristles.’ In 1926, Kiikenthal, although apparently unfamiliar with the Flora of the Southern United States, reached a conclusion similar to that held by Chapman. The former, however, preferred to keep R. distans as the species and subordinated R. fascicularis as R. distans var. fascicularis. Obviously this was an unfortunate choice since, by International Rules, if the varietal rank is to be maintained the earlier decision of Chapman to preserve R. fas- cicularis and reduce R. distans must be followed.
Along the coastal plain from Virginia to Florida and west to Louisiana, R. fascicularis has been identified as a caespitose plant with a shock of coarse, often curling basal leaves 2-4 mm. wide, much shorter than the stiffly erect, subtriquetrous culms. The terminal cyme is nearly always irregularly compound, the spikelets 3-4.5 mm. long and composed of prominently aristate
a ee ee ee ee eee
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1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 1938
scales 3-4 mm. in length. The achene is usually ovate to orbicu- lar in outline, less frequently elliptic. Its surface is consistently smooth, blackish-brown, with a prominent pale disc. On smaller achenes, however, the disc may be indistinct or absent. Specimens from Virginia and Carolina have short rudimentary bristles not exceeding 144 the achene in height; but in Georgia and Florida occasional specimens occur in which the bristles may equal or exceed the achene.!
R. fascicularis in Cuba, Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico is usually represented by comparatively poorly developed speci- mens with reduced inflorescences. The achenes of these speci- mens are, however, both long- and short-bristled, and are indis- tinguishable from those of the mainland.
All specimens with long-bristled achenes were formerly as- signed to R. distans. According to previous definition, in addi- tion to the increased length of its bristles, R. distans was separable from &. fascicularis by its consistently more slender habit. However, typically robust specimens of R. fascicularis from Florida and Georgia bear achenes with the long bristles of R. distans; and, vice versa, many of the more slender plants of the West Indies have rudimentary bristles, indicating R. fascicularis. To discriminate between R. fascicularis and R. distans on the basis of bristle-length or comparative size is to set up an arbitrary distinction.
On the other hand, slender specimens from Virginia, Bermuda and Carolina south to the tip of Florida and west to Mississippi, bear achenes which are consistently long-bristled, smaller in size, characteristically elliptic in outline, with evenly browned surfaces, and narrow-based, triangular, subulate tubercles. To this category belong the fragments of S. distans from the Michaux Herbarium secured by Dr. Torrey and now in the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, so that the name, Rk. fascicularis var. distans (Michx.) Chapm. is properly applied to them. The coarse plants with strongly mucronate scales but dark ovate achenes and well developed bristles may be con-
' The original description of S. fascicularis was possibly based on a ‘ge Rages individual, for Michaux states ‘‘setulis semine laevi pain longioribus.’’ Asa Gra, however, reports that achenes from the Michaux type have ¢ short radixieantary bristles,
which is true of the fragment from the Michaux Herbarium now in the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden
194 Rhodora [May
sidered as possibly transitional between this variety and the di ate short-bristled, widely-spread R. fascicularis var. typica.
R. debilis, sp. nov. oo. foliis vel filiformibus debilibus ascendentibusque vel 1 mm. latis erectis planis; mar- ginibus apicem versus subtiliter serrulatis: culmis filiformibus rigidisque subteretibus, laxe ascendentibus vel procumbentibus, 2.5-4.4 dm. altis: fasciculis 1— (rare)2; fasciculo terminali con- gesto acim! parvo (0.5-1.1 em. lato) : spiculis late ovoideis 2.5-3.2 m Sear sessilibus, confertis, 2-floris, tertio rudi- mentario ree pis, saepe a achaenio maturante apertis: squamis slic "fissilibus, quam achaenio brevioribus, valde caducis, castaneis vel fuscis, costis pallidis; setis 5-6 quam achaenio duplo Secnoubad aut minus, antrorse serrulatis: achaenio late ovato vel orbiculari, lenticulari biconvexo 1.4-1.6 mm. lato 1.3-1.5 mm. longo laevi castaneo; disco pallidiore saepe obscuro; tuberculo compresso-deltoideo saepe apiculato 0.3-0.4 mm. alto ; basi lato. PLatr 826, rigs. 5A and 5B; Map 38.—? R. fascicularis var. trichoides Chapman, Fl. So. U. S. 527 (1860), non R. trichodes Clarke-—Damp sandy or peaty clearings of the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia south to northern Florida and west to Alabama, with an inland station in the Alleghanies of Aa a VIRGINIA: exsiccated argillaceous
Y, P); wet pineland south of. Petersburg, Prince George Co.,
Tul 13, 1938, Fernald & Long, no. 8602 (G, P); wet peaty clear- ing about 1 mile northeast of Burgess, Dinwiddie Co., Sept. 13, 1937, Fernald & Long, no. 7355 (G, P); sandy and peaty bor der of Cat Pond, south of Benns Church, Isle of Wight Co., June 15, 1938, Fernald & Long, no. 8118 (G, P, immature); damp sandy and peaty depressions back of the dunes, Rifle Range, south of Rudy Inlet, Princess Anne Co., July 30-31 and Aug. 4, 1934 Fernald & Long, no. 3797 (G, P): peaty and argillaceous clearing in pineland east of Courtland, Southampton Co., June 10, 1938, Fernald & Long, no. 8119 (CU, a. immature); depressions in argillaceous field north of Littleton, ‘Sussex ae July 22, 1936, Ferna Long, no. 6085 (G, TYPE: NY, US, ISOTYPES); argillaceous and sphagnous meadow Beat ‘of Taylor’ s Mill- He! Greensville Co., June 12, 1939, Fernald & Long, no. 10145 (G, P). Norra CAROLINA: Curtis (P, no locality given); damp open sand 5 miles west of Swanquarter, Hyde Co., June 22, 1927, Wiegand & Manning, no. 598 (G); moist rich soil, low eround along main highway gee Carteret Co., July 17, 1922, Ran- dolph & Randolph’ no. 8 (G). Sourn CAaRoLINa: cartroad through slg. 5 miles south of Andrews, George- town Co., Aug. 11, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1376 (D, G, NY);
PEE ey ee) aS See ae ae SSPE See ee nae ae Fee ae
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 195
ney Mag aoe cr 2 miles west of Salters, Williamsburg Co., July 14, 1939, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 513 (G, NY); damp soils, Aiken, Aiken Co., Aug., 1866, Ravenel (G). Grorata: roadside, 5 miles east of Statenville, Echols Co., Dec. 31, 1937, Eyles, no. 2682 (CU). Fiorina: Chapman (US, no. 61756). ALABAMA: wet situation, low woods, St. Bernard, Cullman Co., July 17, 1909, Wolf, no. 479 (StB); Mobile, Mobile Co., May, 1845, Sullivant (G); May, 1841, Buckley (G).
R. debilis, R. Wrightiana and the two varieties of R. fascicularis probably constitute the most difficult group of species within the Section Eurhynchospora. Both R. debilis and R. Wrightiana, for which R. debilis has been mistaken, are characterized by their wiry, filiform to slender culms which tend to become pro- cumbent. The basal leaves of R. Wrightiana are typically fili- form and sinuously ascending, often equalling the culm in height; rarely they are 1.3 mm. wide and stiff. The reverse is true of R. debilis. Its leaves are more often 1 mm. wide, flat, stiffly as- cending and shorter than the culms. Occasionally, however, they are filiform, and then indistinguishable from those of R. Wrighti- ana. Similarly the fascicles of both species may be identical in appearance but, whereas those of R. Wrightiana are often reduced to 1 or 2 spikelets, those of R. debilis are typically corymbose and congested. A comparison of the achenes gives the most certain means of discrimination. That of R. debilis is round-ovate to orbicular, slightly umbonate, normally pale in the center, with dark brown somewhat depressed sides and blunt margins. It is surmounted by a deltoid broad-based tubercle which may be apiculate. The 5-6 subtending bristles are rudi- mentary, uneven in length, and rarely equalling 44 the achene. The achene of R. Wrightiana, on the contrary, is elliptic to sub- orbicular in outline, evenly biconvex, not umbonate, homo- geneously brown or nearly so, and immarginate. The tubercle is basally deltoid but, unlike that of R. debilis, is apically pro- longed into a broad blunt’bill. The six bristles, although uneven in length, are well developed, often equalling the achene.
R. fascicularis is, by comparison with R. debilis and R. Wrighti- ana, a coarse, robust species. Of its two varieties only the weaker specimens of var. distans, with their narrow leaves, attenuated culms and reduced corymbs, might be confused with the more robust specimens of R. debilis or even R. Wrightiana. However,
196 Rhodora [May
the culms of normal specimens of var. distans are rarely, if ever, procumbent, the basal leaves are coarse, often spreading and curling, never filiform, with some of them at least 2 mm. wide, and in no case approximating the culm in height. The achene of R. distans most closely resembles that of R. Wrightiana. It is elliptic in outline, 1.1-1.3 mm. wide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, evenly browned, and surrounded by six well developed bristles which frequently exceed the achene in height. However, the tubercle is merely triangular-attenuate, without the broad bill-like exten- sion characteristic of R. Wrightiana. It is this difference in the character of the tubercle, coupled with the difference in habit, which leads one to believe that R. Wrightiana is a good species, and not merely a delicate state of R. fascicularis var. distans.
The filiform (rarely 1 mm. wide) leaves and culms, both of which are characteristically lax to procumbent, the small spike- lets with their round-ovate caducous scales, and its suborbicular achenes distinguish FR. debilis from the much coarser R. fascicu- laris var. typica. In habit it more nearly approaches R. fascicu- laris var. distans; but, unlike the latter, does not possess the broad radical leaves, the stiffly erect culms, and the bristles which in var. distans equal the elliptic achene and occasionally exceed the tubercle.
k. debilis has, however, been most commonly confused with R. Wrightiana Boeckl. The latter species, first collected in Cuba by Wright, has since been found on the Coastal Plain from Flori- da to North Carolina. Like R. debilis, it has a weak, lax habit coupled with strictly filiform leaves and culms. The fascicles of h. Wrightiana, however, contain even fewer spikelets than those of R. debilis, and rarely form the small corymbiform glomerules characteristic of the latter. The essential distinction appears upon a comparison of the achenes. The achene of R. Wrightiana is commonly elliptic, exceeded by the six bristles, and surmounted by a deltoid-attenuated tubercle 0.7-0:8 mm. high. That of R. debilis is suborbicular, accompanied by 5-6 abortive bristles which do not exceed Y the achene in height, and is topped by a short deltoid tubercle only 0.3-0.4 mm. high.
This entity was probably singled out by Chapman under the name f. fascicularis var. trichoides; but since Chapman’s types are obscure, and the name frichoides is not available for transfer
.
1944] Gale,— Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 197
to the species, being already preémpted by Clarke for a West Indian species, R. trichodes, it seems best to treat the plant as a new species, and to designate a type. I have selected as descrip- tive of the lax to procumbent habit the epithet, ‘‘debilis”” which is taken from a memorandum written in Chapman’s hand and attached to a sheet of this species in the Gray Herbarium.
(To be continued)
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1944] aale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 207
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE WEST INDIES
SHIRLEY GALE (Continued from page 197)
Series 6. Rariflorae, ser. nov. Foliis culmisque filiformibus erectis vel debilibus: cymis pluribus parvis patentibus: spiculis paucis remotis saepissime longe pedicellatis: setis antrorse ser- rulatis: achaenio ovoideo valde biconvexo castaneo vel pallido cancellato vel striato rugoso; rugis acutis.
xrowing in bogs and on pond-margins of the Coastal Plain— R. rariflora infrequent inland and also occurring in the West Indies and Central America. Habit caespitose: leaves and culms filiform, erect to reclining: inflorescence of several small, open cymes: spikelets few, remote, mostly long-pedicellate: bristles upwardly serrulate, fragile: achenes ovoid, strongly biconvex, abruptly ridged, cancellate to striate, castaneous or pale, with 2 small whitish tongues of spongy tissue pushed out on either side at the base: tubercle deltoid, compressed.—Rhyn- chospora V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933), in part. hyn- chospora, Series B. Diplostyleae, Sect. 4. Fuscae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 105 (1900), in part.
Key To SPECIES OF SERIES RARIFLORAE
Spikelet 2—4-flowered, the achene when solitary accompanied by a sterile floret; bristles shorter than the achene; tubercle ; 0.4-6.6 sm. Nigh. fo. or we a aes ae tas 36. &. rariflora.
36. R. rartrtora (Michx.) Ell. Densely tufted: leaves fili- form to 1 mm. wide, involute at least on drying, loosely erect; upper margins finely serrulate: culms filiform to very slender, wiry, flexuous to reclining, 2.4-5.6 dm. high: eymes 1-3, small, lax, open, with few spikelets, corymbiform, the capillary branch- lets ascending to spreading; spikelets broadly ovoid, rarely sterile, remote, long-pedicelled, 2—4-flowered, 1—3-fruited, 3-4 mm. long: scales round-ovate, obtuse, castaneous, often pushed apart at maturity: bristles 6, upwardly serrulate, unequal in length, the longest shorter than the achene: achene obovoid to rotund, strongly biconvex, 1.1—1.4 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long, castaneous, traversed by abrupt ridges, striate to oblong- cancellate between the ridges; two small whitish ascending tongues of spongy tissue pushed out on either side at the base: tubercle compressed, deltoid, 0.3-0.6 mm. high. Pare 828,
208 Rhodora [JuNu
rics. 4A and 4B; Map 49.—Sk. Bot. 8. Car. and Ga. i. 58 (1816) ; Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 197, pl. 6, fig. 3 (1835); Chapman, Fl. So. U. S. 524 (1860); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92 (1892); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 130 (1900); Small, Fl. 196 (1903) and Man. 183 (1933); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916); Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spee. Nov. xxxii. 78 (1933). Schoenus rariflorus Michaux, Fl. Bor.-Am. 1. 35 (1803); Muhlenberg, Descript. Gram. 10 (1817). &. setacea sensu Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 180 (1873); non Vahl. Phaeocephalum rariflorum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Open peaty depressions, bogs, or pond-margins of the Coastal Plain from New Jersey and southeastern Virginia south to the Florida Peninsula and west to Texas, with isolated inland stations in the mountains of Georgia, in central Tennessee and northern Texas; also in western Cuba, the Isle of Pines, Jamaica, the Dominican Republic, and Central America. NEw JeRSEY: clay-bottomed bog, Cold Spring, Cape May Co., Gershoy, no. 168 (G). VirGcinia: boggy swale, Otterburn, about 1 mile west of Amelia Court House, Amelia Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8986 (G, P); sphagnous bog about 1 mile northeast of Burgess, Dinwiddie Co., Fernald & Long, no. 7354 (G, P); argillaceous and siliceous boggy depressions about 3 miles southeast of Peters- burg, at head of Poo Run, Prince George Co., Fernald, Long & Smart, no. 5656 (G); wet peaty margin of pine woods about 3 miles southeast of Zuni, Isle of Wight Co., Fernald & Long, no. 6083 (G, P); damp peaty meadows behind dunes, Rifle Range, south of Rudy Inlet, Princess Anne Co., Smith & Hodgdon in Pi. Exsic. Gray. no. 624 (CU, G, NY, P, US); peaty openings bordering wooded swamp along Mill Creek, about 1 mile north of Skippers, Greensville Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8601 (G, P).
ORTH CAROLINA: open pine forest, used soil south of Bennett Memorial, west of Durham, Durham Co., Blomquist, no. 9803 (D); edge of swamp, 14 mile within west boundary of county, highway 264, Nash Co., Blomquist, no. 7686 (D); rich moist low soil near Chocowinity, Beaufort Co., Correll, no. 1589 (D);
no. 11 ouTH CarRoLINA: Aiken, Aiken Co., July, Ravenel (G); sunny banks near pond, Lotus Pond, Savannah River Refuge, Jasper Co., Eyles, no. 60 GEORGIA:
woods about 2 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson Co., Harper, no. 1345 (NY, US); low grounds near depot, Millen, Jenkins Co.,
Se Sg
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 209
Harper, no. 781 (G, NY, US); moist sandy roadside, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 879 (G, N ¥, US); pine barren, 13 miles north of Waycross, Ware Co., Eyles, no. 7027 (G); low wet edge o woods between Folkston and Mattox, Charlton Co., Correll, no. 5520a (D); moist pine barrens, near Huntington, Sumter Co., Harper, no. 13896 (G, NY, US); damp margin of cypress-pond about a mile north of Jakin, Karly Co., Harper, no. 3629 (P, US); Michaux Herb. (G, TypE-PHOTO; NY, TYPE-FRAGMENT from Michaux Herb.). FLorrma: moist pine barrens near Jackson- ville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 4870 (G, NY, US); Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 438 (CU, G, NY, US); in a wet ditch in low pineland at the crossroads east of Fivay, Paseo Co., O'Neill, no. 2613 (CA, CU, US); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Oct., 1877, Garber (G, P, US); in moist ditch along roadside, about 5 miles north of Parish, Manatee Co., Moldenke, no. 1053 (D, NY); cut-over flatwoods 5 miles east of Lake Rudy, vicinity of Polk Co., McFarlin, no. 5145 (CU); Istokpoga Prairie, between Lake Istokpoga and Kissimmee River, Okeechobee Co., Small & DeWinkler, no. 9058 (NY): Alapittah Flats, St. Lucie Slough to Lake Okeechobee, St. Lucie Co., Small &- ‘DeW inkler, no. 9513 (NY); low grassy pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 259a (NY, US). ALABAMA: Auburn, Lee Co., July 3, 1897, Earle & Baker (NY); boggy ser? slope near Jasmine (on M. an nd O. R. R.), Chilton Co., Apr.
1921, Harper (NY; US with collector’s no. 171); Mobile, Probile Co., May, 1845, Sullivant (G). TENNESSEE: swamps between
Spencer and Cagle, Van Buren Co., son, no. 9644 (G) Mississtppr: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Tracy, no. 4863 (NY, US); Biloxi, Harrison Co., Tracy, no. 489 NC, NY, US)
LovtstaNna: in low pine barrens near Mandeville, St. Tammany Parish, May 1, 1893, Langlois (G, Mo, US); in cut-over pines four miles west of Hamm ond, Tangipahoa Parish, Trotter & Chilton, no. 141 (La); New Orleans, Drummond, no. 414 (G); in low prairies, Pointe aux Loups, Acadia Parish, Sept. 17, 1894, Langlois (CU, US); wet prairies, Sulphur, Caleasieu Parish, Palmer, no. 7712 (CA, P, US). Texas: along road on dry sandy soil, West Orlando, Orange Co., Apr., 1936, Shee! (CU); bogs, Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 716 (G,
y NE; US); San Antonio, Bexar Co. | Sept. 20, 1891, Plank (NY); e. Texas, Wright (G); Hookley Co., Thurow (US). Cua: white sand, vicinity of Los Indios, Isle of Pines, Britton, Britton & Wilson, no. 14175 (NY); Isle of Pines, Taylor, no. 59 (G, Ny, US); Colpothrinax savanna, between Pinar del Rio
no. 3400 (G); Hacienda San Julian, south of Guane, Pinar el Rio, Leon & & Roca, no. 6937 (NY): eee places, Mateo
210 Rhodora [JUNE
Sanchez, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17935 (NY); common, moist places near rivulets in pinelands, Herra- dura, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 17719 (US). Jamatca: in the morass, Pedro Morass, Upper Clarendon, alt. 3000 ft., Harris, no. 11223 (NY, US). HIsPaNIoLa: slightly moist places, Pimen- tal, prov. Duarte, Valle del Cibao, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 13328 (G, US); in savanna, El Valle, Sabana de la Mar, prov. de Samana, Cordillera Central, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 15700 (NY, US 37. R. STENOPHYLLA Chapm. Tufted: leaves filiform, strongly involute, flexuous, ascending, upper margins minutely serrulate: culms filiform, wiry, flexuous, 3.1-9 dm. tall: cymes 1—2, small, weak, lax, corymbiform, bearing only 1-5 fertile spikelets on capillary ascending to divaricate branchlets: fertile spikelets eng to lanceolate in outline, usually 1-flowered, 1-fruited, 3-5 long, remote; sterile spikelets frequent, smaller, fusiform: scales lanceolate, pale, tightly imbricate: bristles 6, delicate, darker than the achene, with few antrorse serrulations, unequal in height, shorter than or exceeding the tubercle: achene obovoid, strongly biconvex, with surface transversely ridged, cancellate, pale, 1-1.3 mm. w ‘ide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long, with two small whitish ascending tongues of spongy tissue 0.4 mm. in height, pushed out on either side at the base: tubercle See aoa deltoid- pare ‘Gee 4 mm. long. Puarr 828, rics. 5A and 5B; Map 41.—F ie S. 525 (1860); Small Fl. 198 (1903) and Man. 186 eae Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92 (1892), excl. syn. R. tenuifolia Griseb. Mal-ecuent 3 in swamps or boggy ground, often in pine woods, Coastal Plain of the Carolinas, northwest Florida and Alabama. NortH CAROLINA: boggy ground ca. 3 miles north of Hampstead, Pender Co., Blake, no. 11906 (G, US). Sour Carouina: Aiken, Aiken. Co., July, 1866, Ravenel (G, NY). Fuoripa: Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapm man (NY); low grassy pine barrens, Apalachicola, F as Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 4479 (US); swamp nea Argyle, Walton Co., Curtiss, no. 5945 (G, NC, NY, US); fer rile pine woods, Walton Oo. Curtiss, no. 3174 Cu, ’P, US) 5, Warring- ton, Escambia Co., Trac y, no. 8613 (G, Y, US). ALABAMA: Great Bog, Mobile Co., July, 1889, Mohr “8; Bigelow (G). In contrast to R. rariflora (Michx.) Vahl, which it closely resembles, R. stenophylla has pale lanceolate scales with acute tips which, in the fertile spikelets, are closely imbricated about the solitary achene. A number of spikelets are characteristically erect, sterile, and fusiform. The scales of R. rariflora, on the other hand, are castaneous, broadly ovate, rounded or obtuse at the tip. Frequently the 2-several-flowered spikelet of the
pS or ae eee ees
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 211
latter matures 2-3 achenes which, during growth, cause the scales to separate. Unlike the condition in R. stenophylla, the spikelets of R. rarzflora are usually fertile and distant on wiry capillary pedicels.
Two sheets of R. stenophylla from Chapman’s Herbarium (both of which are now at the National Herbarium, no. 968501 and Biltmore Herbarium, no. 4479) have specimens the spikelets of which are comparatively numerous and more than 1-flowered. However, none of these spikelets have mature achenes, and, although they may have been merely immature when collected, there is also the possibility that a are pathological.
Series 7. Cernuae, ser. nov. Plantae valde caespitosae saepe veep basibus saepe densis abrillosegue foliis setaceis saepe
sis: setis antrorse serrulatis vel laevibus: achaenio parvo sub- tiliter ruguloso vel rugoso nitido et fusco vel castaneo ab valde corrugato et pallido.
Small plants (with exception of R, nipensis) growing in ex- siccated locations, such as rocky crevices of stream-beds and dry pine barrens, ‘mostly restricted to the Selb of nan
uba. Strongly. caespitose, often depressed: bases often dense, occasionally fibrillose, due to the fraying out and the persistence
of the fibro-vascular strands of the old cauline leaves: leaves
filiform, setaceous, often curling, or broad, flat and subcoriaceous with the upper surfaces exasperate or pruinose: cymes small, ovoid-capitate, spiciform or weakly corymbiform: spikelets : fruited: scales often pale, with obtuse apices, frequently short, leaving the upper portion of the achene and tubercle exposed: bristles 6, extremely fine, weakly ascending; antrorse serrulations sometimes imperceptible: achenes small, their surfaces finely rugulose, glossy dark brown to castaneous and rugose, or pee and heavily corrugate: tubercle compressed, deltoid.—Rhyncho- spora, Series B. Diplostyleae, Sect. 5. Glaucae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 106 (1900), in part.
Key To Species in Serres CERNUAE a. ee of 1-3 loosely genre cymes or a solitary
spreading; upper s vid ige pruinose..........-..+-. a pruinosa, b. Radheal I leaves capill if 1 mm. wide flat, attenuate, approximating the culm in length, ascending; upper surfaces smooth. .. .
212 Rhodora [JUNE
c. Inflorescence loosely ae spikelets erect to ascend- ing; leaves capillary... .
d. Plants Orne depressed tufts; bases hard, fibrous; leaves short, 0.6 dm. in he ight o r less, circinately ones reais 0.2-0.9 im. tall; achene obovate, 1
ele ca eS ee ek ne ee ne 39. RK. crispa. d. Plants rea erect tufts; bases not fibrous; aie ed
n he ight, sinuously ascending to erect; cule 2-3. 3 dm. high; achene slenderly er ser m. m. long PED A ne aia et ares «et 40. R. Shaferi.
.3-1.4 m ce. Inflorescence of 1-2 dense, ovoid capituli; spikelets erect, ivergent and reflexed, the lowermost nodding in cernua; sth filiform to 1 mm. wide... .e. e. Leaves 1 m phe ascending, attenuate, approxi- fated 3.5 Bai length, nearly equalling ‘to exceed-
to divaricate, occasionally reflexed; achene elliptic-
ovoid, 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, | Sian mm. long... 2. 41. R. nipensis. e. Leaves filiform, curling, short, 0.15-0.8 dm. in length,
less than V the height of the culm; capituli 1—
(rarely)2; spikelets erect to nodding on _ short
curved pedicels; achene obovoid, 0.8 mm. wide,
BAUME oe Sl fee Ag Cha eee ae 42. R. cernua. a. incre consisting of 2 terminal, small, spreading cyme eral cymes; or, if cymes are poorly developed, of ae Spe echicallate: bases of the caespitose tufts not ae f. Mature Eanes oe ‘bristles Pag the former flattened, corrugate and stipitate. ... g- Gre forming Geared sed tufts: (nl 1-1.5 dm. or eak; scales whitish; achen e 0.7 m wide, 1.2 m tong; bri stles shorter than the BHNENE (ee ew 43. R. depressa
g. Plants forming erect tufts, not genoa ed; culms 2.4—4.4 dm. enderly erect; “petllen light brown; achenes aii wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long; bristles exceed- : Sail oe 44. R. tenutfolra. f. Mature achenes and bristles castaneous to dark brown, e ormer strongly biconvex to plano-convex, ly t obscurely rugulose, not Pl a stipitate. cucu h. Radical leaves usually exasperate on the upper ony 5-2 mm. wide; the sho oad,
achene dark ply biconvex, with the bristles equally iatibited On Doth ides ss 45. R. scabrata. h. Radical leaves smooth-surfaced, 1 mm. wide, usually
R. Lindeniana.
38. R. pruinosa Griseb. Caespitose, often Ges basal leaves commonly short, 1.5 (rarely)—3 mm. wide, canaliculate, marginally revolute, with the ha Eee upper surface and the small white inclusions in many of the epidermal cells producing 4 silvery to rimy effect; culms triquetrous, slender, erect, 3
m. high, seldom bearing more than two short divaricate leaves: inflorescence of 1-2 (rarely 3) small glomerules which are oblong-
\
Sa at
—
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 213
ovate in outline, 3-6 mm. broad; the smaller axillary glomerule subexserted to exserted on a slender erect peduncle: the bract subtending the terminal glomerule occasionally setaceous and inconspicuous, but more often short and leafy: spikelets ovoid, 2—2.5 mm. long, compact, turgid, 1-fruited with the tubercle of the achene protuberant: scales suborbicular, tightly imbricate, pale: bristles 6, delicate and weakly ascending, upwardly serru- late: achene broadly obovoid, biconvex, 0.7—0.9 mm. wide, 1—1.4 mm. long, gleaming dark brown, with barely discernible rugu- losities: tubercle subulate-triangular, 0.4-0.6 mm. long. PLATE 826, rics. 3A and 3B; Map 42.—PI. Wright. pars 2: 535 (1862), preprint of Mem. Am. Acad. Sci. new ser. vill. 535 (1863): Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866); C. Wright i ~ Sad alle, Anal. Acad. Ci. "Habana, vill. 84 (1871) and FI. Cub. 9 (1873), excl. syn. FR. scabrata Griseb. : Clarke in Urban, ae Ant. ii. 132 (1900), exel. syn. R. scabrata Griseb. ; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 198 (1916), excl. syn. R. scabrata Griseb. —Damp woods or thickets often bordering brooks, mountains of eastern Cuba and northern Dominican Republic. CuBa: in woods, Gato Mts., Cobre Range of Sierra Maestra, alt. 1000 m. , Leon, Clement & Roca, no. 10424 (NY); in umbrosis, Loma Mensura, in cacum- ine montis, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, alt. 1000 m., Ekman, no. 9936 (NY): road to pinal, Mayari Abajo, Aug. 6, 1860," Wright, no. 1532 (G, type-number cited without jakalicy ‘by Grisebach); damp banks of stream in thickets, Sierra Nipe near Woodfred, Oriente, alt. 450-550 m., Shafer, no. 3488 (NY, US); Camp La Gloria south of Sierra Moa, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8084 and no. 8085 (NY); banks of rivulets, pe villam Monte Verde dictam, Jan—Jul., 1859, Wright, no. 1532 (G, NY; type-number cited without locality by Grisebach) and no. 729 (G); Wright, ne 3391
, US; also the number of the type-collection of R. scabrata). HISPANIOLA: rare, in forest, Loma Quita Espuela, prov. Duarte (formerly Pacificador), Cordillera Septentrional, Santo Domingo, alt. 800 m. Ekman, no. 12269 (NY).
39. R. crispa, sp. nov. Caespites parvos valde depressos formans; basibus saepe fibrillosis: foliis basilaribus brevibus cireinnatis: culmis filiformibus flexilibus ascendentibus 0.2-0.9 dm. altis, fasciculis 1-2 rare 3 parvis laxe spiciformibus; spiculis paucis; fasciculis axillaribus minoribus gracillime pedunculatis: bracteis et squamis imis setose prolongatis: setis 6, subtilissimis inaequalibus quam achaenio saepe longioribus fere laevibus: achaenio obovoideo biconvexo transverse ruguloso pallide cas- taneo 0.8 mm. lato, 1 mm. longo: tuberculo anne conico 0.6 mm. longo. PLATE 827, rics. 4A and 4B; Map 43.—Wet rocks of the mountain streams, Sierra Nipe, eastern Cuba. CuBA: in wet crevices of rock subject to overflow, Arroyo del Medio above : ‘See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 295 (1905).
214 Rhodora [JUNE
the falls, Oriente, Dec. 22, 1909, Shafer, no. 3266 (NY, TYPE); in pinetis (et carrascales) Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, July 24, 1914, Ekman, no. 2171 (NY); banks of upper Sojo River ~ 600 m. alt. Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, May, 1940, Carabia, no. 3731 (G); Pinal Mayari, 700 m. alt. Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, April 7, 1941, Leon & Victorin, no. 19906 (G, in part).
The Ekman sheet, no. 2171, in the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden bears the copied annotation “R. cernua Gris. det. Kiikenthal, 1926.’ Considering the evident similarity of R. crispa and R. cernua, it is not strange that Kiikenthal failed to distinguish the one from the other. Both form small depressed tufts of curling leaves (although the leaves of R. crispa are apparently more tightly and usually inwardly rolled), from which short, capillary, wiry culms arise. Both have characteristically pale spikelets and the stubby ovate achenes with an identical pattern of surface-elaboration. The cymes of R. crispa, however, are strictly elongate, and are composed of more or less distant and erect—never crowded and pendulous—spikelets. The long setose subtending bracts pass by gradations into the shorter, less strongly setose, basal scales of the spikelets proper. The upper scales of R. crispa appear to be acute with aristulate tips, although from the over-ripe condition of the only available specimens neither this fact, nor the degree of protuberance of the achene from the spikelet can be satisfactorily determined.
The small ovoid congested capituli of R. cernua, on the other hand, bear erect to pendulous spikelets, and are exceeded by only 1-2 setaceous bracts at the most, which are sharply differentiated from the poorly developed lower scales. The uppermost scales, beyond which the tubercle and the upper end of the achene protrude, are characteristically emarginate with a short central mucro.
Although the achene of R. crispa is of the same shape and size as that of R. cernua, it is. exceeded by several of the slender bristles and surmounted by an elongate flattened tubercle; whereas the achene of R. cernua is short-bristled, with a low conic tubercle.
Shafer’s sheet, no. 3266, which I am designating as the TYPE of R. crispa, was identified by Britton as R. Berterii Clarke (R. pusilla Griseb.); but the two species are so utterly different in all but their general size and the bleached appearance of their
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 215 spikelets that it is improbable that such a misidentification should reoccur. FR. pusilla is a lax little plant with flat, soft- textured, spreading leaves which are rarely filiform to 2 mm. wide—very different in appearance from the thick hard-based tufts of R. crispa with their strictly filiform subcoriaceous and inwardly coiling leaves. |
40. R. SHarert Britt. Forming dense, upright tufts: basal leaves capillary, wiry, attenuate, flexuous, ascending; cauline eaves few, attenuate, approximating the height of the culms: culms many, capillary, wiry, flexuous-ascending, 2—3.3 dm. high: cymes solitary, small, loosely spiciform, 3-4 mm. wide, each exceeded by an upright, setaceous bract: spikelets ovoid, sessile, erect or ascending, 1—2-fruited, 2.4-2.6 mm. long; the tubercle and 14—\% the achene exposed: scales broadly ovate, pale; the apex rounded, with the midrib slightly, or not at all projecting: bristles 6, not equalling the achene in height, upwardly serrulate: achene slenderly ovoid, lenticular, compressed, transversely rugu- lose, castaneous, 0.8 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long: tubercle conic- subulate, compressed, 0.5 mm. high. PLaTe 827, Frias. 2A and 2B; Mar 44.—Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916). R. lingulata Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spee. Nov. xxiii. 211 (1926).—
hin soil, rocks on banks of mountain streams, Sierra Nipe, eastern Cuba. Cua: thin soil near base of mountain, Loma Mensura, Oriente, alt. 680 m., Shafer, no. 3797 (NY, Type; US, ISOTYPE); on the edge of Arroyo Machete, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, Ekman, no. 15121 (NY, this number cited by Kiikenthal in type-description of R. lingulata); in carrascales-pinetis, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, Ekman, no. 2172 (NY, US; this number cited by Kiikenthal in type-description of R. lingulata); rocks, bank of stream, Arroyo del Medio above the falls, Sierra Nipe, Oriente, alt. 250-500 m., Shafer, no. 4477 (NY); carrascales at Rio Pedra, Sierra, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, alt. 200-300 m., Ekman, no. 19107 (G, US), and same locality, Ekman, no. 10010 (G, this number cited by Kiikenthal in type-description of R. lingulata).
41. R. nrpensis Britt. Densely caespitose with thick often heavily fibrous bases: roots coarse, sparingly branched, spongy: radical leaves 1 mm. wide or less, subcoriaceous, flexuous, ascending, approximating the culms in height; the tips flat and blunt, the margins finely serrulate: culms few, slender, erect, 3-3.5 dm. high, bearing 1-2 short, blunt-tipped leaves and ter- minated by a small ovoid dense capitulum of spikelets: bracts few, short, filiform, divergent: fertile spikelets ovoid, 1-fruited, sessile, ascending to divergent, 2.5 mm. long; the tubercle and upper portion of the achene protruding; sterile spikelets numer- ous, small, fusiform: fertile scales ovate, short, with rounded
216 Rhodora [JUNE
apices: bristles 6, extremely tenuous, loosely ascending, antrorsely serrulate: achene elliptic-ovoid, compressed, often slightly asym- metric, 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long; mutates dull pale brown, transversely rugulose, the rugulosities conspicuously striolate: tubercle seemingly confluent with the apex of the achene, conical-acuminate, 0.6 mm. long. PLarr 826, rias. 4A and 4B; Mar 45.—Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916), non Kikenthal, R. fibrillosa Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxill. 212 (1926).—Rocks bordering mountain streams of the Sierra Nipe, eastern Cuba. Cusa: rock ravine, dry but subject to overflow after heavy rain, Sierra Nipe, along ‘trail from Piedra Gorda to Woodfred, Oriente, alt. 400-500 m., Shafer, no. 3103 (NY, TYPE); ad ond sve fluvii Rio Piloto, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, Ekman, no. 3244 (NY, cited by Kiikenthal in type- description of R. fibrillosa); on rocks of the high cascades of Rio Piloto, Sierra Nipe, Oriente, ca. alt. 700 m., Ekman, no. 15173 (NY, cited by Kiikenthal in type-description of R. fibril- losa); in rock fissures, carrascales at Rio Piloto, Sierra de Nipe, ca. alt. 375 m., Ekman, no. aa (G, US; cited by Kiikenthal i in type-description of R. fibrillos 42. CERNUA Griseb. Depressed, the basal leaves forming dense curly tufts with more or less fibrous bases: leaves filiform, setaceous, wiry, sparingly serrulate, much shorter than the culms: culms filiform, erect, 1—2-leaved, 0.4-2.5 dm. high: inflorescence 1 (rarely 2) small, ovoid capituli 3-4 mm. wide; lateral capituli exserted on long filiform ascending peduncles: ‘spikelets ovate, mm. long, subsessile, erect to pendant, 1-fruited; the achene and tubercle protruding: scales obovate, notched at the apex, with the midrib slightly prolonged, stramineous to whitish: bristles 6, upwardly serrulate, height variable but falling short of the achene: achene obovoid, biconvex, transversely rugulose, Leieegion 0.8 mm. wide, 1 mm. long: tubercle a stubby cone 0.3-0.4 mm. high. PLaTE 826, Figs. 2A and 2B; Map 46,—Cat. Pl. Gib. 248 (1866); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 87 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 182 (1873); Clarke in Urban, By mb. Ant. ii. 133 (1900), excl. syn. R. brevirostris Griseb.; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 (1916).— Open places in pineland, mountains of eastern Cuba. CUBA: pinal near Baracoa, Oriente, June 15, 1861?,2 Wright, no. 3413 ¥, fragment. from Gray Herb. This number cited by Grisebach in type-description); 1860-64, Wright, no. 3365 (G. This number cited by Grisebach in type-description) ; forming small clumps in open places, Sierra Nipe near Woodfred, Oriente,
BS B. Clarke lists R. brevirostris in the synonymy of R. cernua, due to a misprint in Griseb. which gives the Wright pole no. of R. brerirostris as 3414 (instead of 3410), making it the same as coll. no. of R. ¢
2 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. os atm 295 (1905).
Se SEE ET ER er Te ee ee ee ee ST ee ON I ee ne ee
Pe nae oa Fae Pe Re Te Serer ee ee ee
Se ore
ee ee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 217
alt. 500-650 m. NYG no. 2995 (NY, in part); same locality,
pans no. 3048 '(N US); on bank of stream, Rene ae a Gloria, uth of Sierra Mek ’ Oriente, Shafer, no. 8218 (NY); baike of
Smal stream, Aserrio de Moa, Oriente, Leén, no. 20254 (G).
On a basis of his new species, R. cernua, Grisebach! drew up the section Microchaeta to contain those species which possessed tripartite styles. However, the specimens of R. cernua which I have examined have the typically bifid styles. Grisebach’s description was probably based upon an anomalous specimen with a tricarpellary gynoecium, a condition which occurs spo- ae throughout the Section Hurhynchospora.
R. depressa (Kiik.), stat. nov. Growing in depressed Gite leaves filiform, canaliculate and wiry, erect or somewhat arching with the apices rounded and sparingly serrulate: culms wiry-filiform, subterete or flattened, 1-1.5 dm. high, with 1-2 nodes towards their apices; cymes ix 2, strictly acelin the terminal cyme limited to 1-2 branchlets each of which bears either a pair of spikelets, the one subsessile, the other slenderly pedicellate, or a central sessile and two lateral pedicellate spike- lets; lateral cymes smaller, exsertly pedunculate, erect: bracts attenuate, setaceous, paralleling the culm, serrulate: spikelets 2.2m m. long, erect, approximate, sessile or slenderly pedicellate, 1 atk with the tubercle of the achene slightly protuberant: scales ovate, with the midrib extended slightly from a rounded, emarginate apex, papery, whitish, flecked with cinnamon toward the apex: bristles 6, shorter than the achene, with the fine up- ward serrulations somewhat prolonged and silvery toward cons bases: achene slenderly obovoid, lenticular, biconvex, 0.7 m wide, 1.2 mm. long, corrugate with fine | ongitudinal Oxi yellowish- brown: tubercle eed -based, pike-like, 0.4 mm. long, pale, scurfy. PiaTE 826, -lAa nd 1B; Map 48.—R. Lin-
UBA: ad marginem rivuli, Minas de Iberia (a Taco Bay), Oriente, Ekman, no. 3808 (NY, US. This number cited by Kiikenthal in type-description of R. Lindeniana var. depressa).
R. depressa was described by Kiikenthal in 1926 as a provi- sional variety of R. Lindeniana Griseb. Following the brief description the author stated that the specimens at hand were over-ripe and did not permit of a more reliable diagnosis. I have examined two sheets of the original collection, and, after careful comparison of these with specimens of R. Lindeniana,
'Cat. Pl. Cub. 248 (1866).
“
218 Rhodora [JUNE
believe that Kiikenthal’s variety is not conspecific with Grise- bach’s plant. The matted, depressed habit, emphasized by the name, and the dense wiry filiform leaves distinguish the former from both R. Lindeniana var. typica and var. bahamensis (Britt.) Gale.
Most fundamental, however, are the differences of inflores- cences and achenes. In R. depressa the cymes are of few spikelets, delicate, strictly ascending, and the scales are silvery white, flecked with cinnamon, emarginate, with short mucronulate tips. The cymes of R. Lindeniana, however, are congested, often irregularly corymbiform, and the scales, although often margin- ally bleached, are definitely castaneous to dark brown, with rounded or acute apices. The achene of R. Lindeniana is ovate to oblong-ovate in outline, plano-convex, indistinctly to finely rugulose, and a glossy dark brown at maturity. The base of the tubercle includes the summit of the achene. The achene of R. depressa, however, is obovate and so flattened as to be only slightly biconvex; its surface is banded by a few pale yellowish- brown corrugations. The narrow base of the tubercle of R. depressa does not include the summit of the achene, and extends to form a small pike-like projection.
The type-locality, Taco Bay, Oriente, tends to strengthen the argument for the specificity of R. depressa, for the high rate of endemism in this province is well-known.
44. R. renvurrouia Griseb. Tufted: basal leaves filiform to 1 mm. wide, short, often curling, triquetrous and sparingly serru- late at the tips: culms filiform, loosely ascending, leafy, 2.4-4.4 dm. high: cymes 2-3, 6 mm. wide or less; the filiform branches erect, approximate, with few spikelets; lateral cymes distant on subexserted peduncles, the lowermost not far from the base of the culm: spikelets lanceolate-acuminate in outline, 3.5-4.5 mm. long, 3-flowered, 1-fruited, erect on slender pedicels: scales slenderly ovate, acute, light brown, papery, loosely imbricate, promptly caducous: bristles 6, pale, extremely delicate, ascend- ing, heavily and upwardly serrulate, exceeding the tubercle: achene slenderly oblong-ovate, strongly flattened, broadly and heavily corrugate with fine longitudinal striae, pale, frequently dar brown in the narrow interstices between the corrugations, conspicuously stipitate, 0.7-0.9 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long: tubercle attenuate-subulate, pale, 0.7—0.9 mm. high. Pate 827, rigs. 1A and 1B; Map 47.—Cat. Pl. Cub. 244 (1866); non R. tenuifolia Benth. (1878); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci.
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 219
Habana, viii. 86 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 181 (1873). R. pee g sensu Boeckeler, Flora, lxiv. 78 (1881), non Torrey. R. phylla sensu Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92 (1802), in part, non Chapman; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 200 (1916), non Chapman. R. stenophylla sensu Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 130 (1900), exel. syn., non Chapman. R. stenophylla Chapm. var. albescens Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 211 (1926).—River-banks and moist open wood- lands of northwestern Cuba. UBA: in dense tufts, banks of rivulets San Marcos, jurisdiccion Bahia Honda, Pinar del Rio, Apr. 17, 1863?! Wright, no. 3393 (NY: US, without locality. This number cited ae eee in type-description.)?; 1865, Wright, no. 313 ane no. 315 (NY); in cuabales, Minas, Habana, Ekman, no. 1313 8 (NY); Con Hill, Campo Florido, Havana, Leén, no. 4733 (NY); in a clearing ‘of a wood, Loma de la Pita, San Miguel de Casanova, Havana, Leén, no. 11547 (NY); very sterile locality, in cuabales towards Canasi, Ceiba Mocha, Matan-
Ekman, no. 18597 (US); Guabal del Espinal south of San aca station, Matanzas, Leén & Roig, no. 4142 (NY).
Grisebach followed the original description of R. tenuifolia with the citation of the Wright numbers 3392 and 3393. The only sheet of number 3392 which I have seen is at the Gray Herbarium. On it are mounted three specimens; the central and largest one is R. setacea which Grisebach mentions as growing with R. tenuifolia. The other two specimens, which have fili- form leaves and culms, are R. Lindeniana, easily distinguished from R. tenuifolia by the finely rugulose rather than deeply rugose achene.
According to Grisebach, R. tenuzfolia occurs in both eastern and western Cuba. However, the specimens which I have seen come exclusively from the western half of the island, that is, if the memorandum on Wright’s no. 3393 in the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden can be taken to apply also to no. 3393 in the National Herbarium. However, the misidentified no. 3392 at the Gray Herbarium is from the vicinity of Baracoa, Oriente, suggesting the possibility that, if the sheet of no. 3392 which Grisebach saw was similarly mixed, the inclusion of eastern Cuba in the range of R. tenuifolia is erroneous.
R. tenuifolia Griseb. is the basis of the reports of R. stenophylla Chapm. from the West Indies. soee R. tenuifolia is very
‘See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii 297 (190
*The sheet bearing numbers 3393 and 3392 at pee Gray Herbarium consists of two specimens of R. Lindeniana Griseb. and one of R. setacea Vahl.
220 Rhodora [JUNE
like Chapman’s species in appearance, both having the caespitose habit, filiform leaves ‘and culms, and small, weakly corymbose cymes of pale pedicellate spikelets, the organization of the spikelets and the appearance of the achenes are strikingly dissimi- lar. The spikelet of PR. tenwzfolia is 3-flowered, the lowest floret not maturing and the upper remaining rudimentary. The soli- tary achene, during its growth, forces apart the rather loosely imbricated, promptly caducous seales. The achene itself is slenderly oblong-ovate in outline, strongly flattened, pale, and broadly and heavily corrugate with the cancelli reduced to very fine longitudinal striae. Frequently the narrow interstices between the corrugations are dark brown, the tubercle narrowly attenuate-subulate, and the bristles extremely delicate (as is true in general of the Series Cernuae) pale and heavily serrulate.
The spikelet of R. stenophylla, however, is usually 1-flowered (rarely 2-3). The solitary achene is tightly enclosed by the per- sistent scales. The achene, unlike that of R. tenuzfolia, is ovoid, prominently biconvex, and traversed by abrupt ridges between which occur the oblong cancelli. The surface is uniformly pale, except for two small tongues of whitish spongy tissue which occur, one on either side, at the base. The tubercle is triangular, and the bristles, which are heavier than those of R. tenwifolia, are only sparsely serrulate.
45. R.scaBrata Griseb. Caespitose: basal leaves tufted, 1.5-2 mm. wide, short, with obtuse to acute tips; margins serrulate; upper surfaces smooth to exasperate; cauline leaves few, short- bladed, ascending to divaricate: culms obscurely triquetrous, slender, flexuous, erect, 2.3-3.8 cm. high: cymes 2-4, corymbi- form, small (0.8-1 cm. wide), congested; more loosely organized cymes occurring on later-formed shorter culms; lateral cymes on included peduncles: spikelets ovoid, 3-3.5 mm. long: scales ovate to lanceolate, tightly imbricate, pale to castaneous, papery: bristles 6, extremely delicate, weakly ascending, upwardly serrulate, falling short of the tubercle: achene ovoid-ellipsoid, biconvex, gleaming dark brown, transversely rugulose, 0.9-1 mm. wide, 1.4 mm. long: tubercle attenuate-subulate, whitish, 0.9-1 mm. long.
45a. Var. typica. Basal leaves obtusely tipped, 1.5-2 mm. _ wide; upper surfaces exasperate: scales pale, concealing the tubercle. Puare 827, rics. 3A and 3B; Map 50.—R. scabrata Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866). R. Randii Britt. Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 198 (1916).—Moist, shaded spots, moun-
)
a a ee Smet ee ae ne eteeee emer’ na ‘ = TIS OM Re eae oe RL Te NN Ne Se, Le: ea eae ea ee ogee ee ene eA eee et Pay ae
ES a ee Sele ee in he ee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 221
tains of eastern Cuba. CuBa: pinal of Monte Libano, Oriente, Oct. 7, 1861," and pinal of Mayari, July 24, 1860,2 Wright, no. 3391 (G; NY, US, without locality, this typE-NUMBER cited without locality by Griseb.); shaded bank of small ye Sierra Nipe near Woodfred, Oriente, Schafer, no. 3077 (NY, e of R. Randi Britt.) ; Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, Carabia, no. S08 (G);
inal Mayari, East of ae Mensura, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, Leén & Victorin, no. 19934 (G); open pineland, La Casimba, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, 700) m. alt. Leén & Alain, no. 19241 (G).
Since the publication of Sauvalle’s Flora Cubana in 1871, R. scabrata has been considered synonymous with the earlier R. pruinosa Griseb. This confusion may have had its origin in an unfortunate mixture of both species within the type-materia! (Wright, no. 3391) of R. scabrata; for one of Wright’s specimens of this number, at the National Herbarium, is undoubted R. pruinosa, label and citations to the contrary notwithstanding. And possibly the perpetuation of the confusion may have been due to the superficial similarity existing between the two species. Both are caespitose, often depressed, with a tuft of coarse, flat, basal leaves which are subject to degrees of the same peculiar roughness, and from which arise the slender, triquetrous culms.
The similarity ends, however, with the inflorescence. The cyme of R. scabrata, although small, is spreading and corymbi- form, and the scales cover the tubercle or, in the case of var. laevifolia, the tubercle protrudes but does not extend beyond the lanceolate scales. The cyme of R. pruinosa, on the other hand, is glomerulate, ovoid-oblong in shape, and so congested as to simulate a small spike; while the characteristic suborbicular scales of the spikelet are exceeded by the wholly exposed tubercle. Then, too, the pronounced transverse rugulosities on the achene of R. scabrata are not at all like the fine almost indistinct sculp- turing on the achene of R. pruinosa.
Britton apparently followed previous opinion in reducing #. scabrata to the synonymy of R. pruinosa and, accordingly, the Wright sheet, no. 3391, at New York bears his annotation “ R. pruinosa.” However, for identical material, also collected in Oriente, Britton published the name R. Randii which, now that R. scabrata is given rightful recognition, becomes a synonym of that species.
1 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 296 (1905). ?See Underwood, loc. cit. 295
222 Rhodora [JUNE
45b. Var. laevifolia, var. nov. Foliis basilaribus acuminatis, 1.5 mm. latis, supra laevibus vel minute granularibus; squamis castaneis; tuberculis squamas superantibus. AP 51.—Moun- tains of eastern Cuba. Cusa: moist places, side of trail, Sierra Nipe, along trail Piedra Gorda to Woodfred, Oriente, Dec. 8, 1909, Shafer, no. 3098 (NY, TYPE).
The leaves of var. laevifolia and var. typica are short, approxi- mately 1.5 mm. wide, and basally tufted—identical except in one _ detail: whereas those of the latter have the peculiar exasperate upper surface, from which the specific name scabrata derives, those of the former are smooth or only minutely granular.
It is notable that the achenes of both var. laevifolia and var. typica, although inseparable, are, at best, very similar to those of R. Lindeniana. Possibly the one specimen by which var. laevifolia is typified is the result of hybridization between the two very closely related species.
46. R. Linpeniana Griseb. Densely caespitose: leaves lax, setaceous, 1 mm. wide or less, flat, marginally scabrous toward the often rounded apices; cauline leaves long-attenuate, erect: culms obtusely trigonous to subterete, slender to filiform, flexu- ously ascending, sometimes weak, 1.5 (depressed)—7 dm. tall: cymes 2-5, remote, with few spikelets; uppermost cyme small, congested, corymbiform, with many of the spikelets undeveloped and sterile; lowermost cyme not far from the base of the culm, loosely ascending; axillary bracts slender, equalling or exceeding the height of the cymes: spikelets ovoid to rotund, 2-3.2 mm. long, 1-3-flowered, 1-fruited; the tubercle protruding: lower scales mucronate; upper scales acute to obtuse, papery, castane- ous to ferruginous: bristles 6, extremely fragile, weakly ascend- ing, upwardly serrulate, assembled on the flat side of the achene: achene ovate to oblong-ovate in outline, plano-convex, 0.7—0.9 mm. wide, 1.1-1.4 mm. long; surface indistinctly rugulose, glossy, castaneous: tubercle triangular-acuminate or sometimes prolonged and subulate, compressed, whitish, 0.8-1 mm. high.
46a. Var. typica. Spikelets ovoid, 3-3.2 mm. long, with the tubercle protruding: scales castaneous, acute: achene ovate in outline, 0.7-0.9 mm. wide, 1.2 (rarely)-1.4 mm. long; tubercle prolonged, subulate, 0.8-1 mm. high. PLatTe 827, rics. 5A an 5B; Map 52.—R. Lindeniana Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 244 (1866); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 126 (1900), in part var. baha- mensis; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 196 (1916); Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 211 (1926).—Moist woodland in western and eastern Cuba. Cuba: low woods bordering manglares, Toscano, Pinar del Rio, July 29, 18637,
1 See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii. 297 (1905).
1944] rale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynehospora 223
Wright, no. 3393! (G, in pert 1843-44, Linden, no. 1945 (G, IsoTyPE; NY, drawing of no. 1945 from Mus. Bot. Berol. with data ‘‘ Mt. Lebanon sur les soaee endroits couverts alt. 600 f. v. 1844 leg. Linden’’)?; moist bank of trail, Sabanilla to Yamuri Arriba, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8428 (NY); Yamuri Arriba to Berme- jal, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8455 (NY, US); Camp la Gloria, south of Sierra Moa, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8086 Ne); Baracoa to Flori- da, he Shafer, no. 4328 (G, NY,
Var. bahamensis (Britt.), stat. nov. Similar to var. typica in habit, but the spikelets more nearly rotund, 2-2.4 mm. long, with tubercle and achene protruding: scales often ferru-. ginous, usually white-margined; the uppermost blunt: achene oblong-ovate in outline, 0.8 mm. wide, 1.1—1.2 mm. long: tubercle triangular-acuminate, 0.5-0.7 mm. long. PLATE 827, FIG. 5C; Mar 53.—R. bahamensis Britton, Torreya, xiii. 217 (1913); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 198 (1916); Britton & Millspaugh, Bahama Fl. 55 (1920); Britton & Wilson, Sei. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 105 (1923).—Open to shady brook- margins and damp slopes of the Bahamas, eastern and western Cuba, eastern Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. BAHAMAS: along path in coppice, Soldiers Road, New Providence, Britton & Brace, no. 588 (NY, tTyPE of R. bahamensis); vicinity of Blue Hills, “New Providence, Wilson, no, 8241 (NY, US); mudholes of mangrove swamp, Deep Creek Andros, Brace, no. 5195 (NY). Cusa: in cuabales, Loma de Cajalbana, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 12710 (G); dry open place, Loma Pelada de Buena Vista, Cayajabos, Pinar del Rio, alt. 400 m., Leén, no. 13797 (N Y): bushy savanna near Loma de la Pita, San Miguel de Casanora, Havana, Dec. 6, 1923, Leén (NY); in humidis, secus Rio Piedra, Sierra de Nipe, “Gusie Ekman, no. 1796 (G, NY). HISPANIOLA: very steep open mountainside, M. Bonpere, Gros-Marne, Massif du Nord, Haiti, Ekman, no. 4959 (G, NY, US). Purrro Rico: rocky slopes, Maricao to Monte Alegrillo, alt. 650-750 m., Britton, Stevens & Hess, no. 2552 (NY); Rio de Maricao, Hess, no. 559 (NY).
The specimens of R. Lindeniana which I have studied fall into two groups. That to which the Gray Herbarium isotype, Linden, no. 1945, belongs, I am designating as var. typica. The other group, var. bahamensis (Britt.), includes Britton’s species R. bahamensis.
Extremely diverse in habit, both varieties range from subde- pressed, filiform tufts to robust caespitose clumps. The spikelets
‘This is the type-number of R. tenuifolia C. Wright and as such was obviously misapplied to the specimens on this sheet. seg scopulosis montis Liban.” as cited by Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 126
224 Rhodora [JUNE
of var. typica, however, are ovoid, acute, 3-3.2 mm. long, and 1-fruited. The solitary achene is oblong-ovoid and slender, 1.2 (rarely)—1.4 mm. long, completely enclosed by the castaneous scales, although the tubercle may protrude.
The spikelets of var. bahamensis, by contrast, are nearly rotund, 2-2.4 mm. long, and often 2-fruited. Their scales are characteristically stubby and usually white-margined. Beyond them protrudes the upper portion of the ovoid achene which is 1.1—-1.2 mm. long.
Series 8. Cubenses, ser. nov. Spiculis ovoideis apicem versus tenuiter prolongatis pedicellatis; pedicellis longis, tenuibus, divaricatis vel reflexis: squamis dense imbricatis: achaenio fusco longitudinaliter irregulariter rugoso sive contracto et transverse laevissime ruguloso: tuberculo prolongato.
rowing on damp, usually shaded hillsides, endemic in the West Indies. Coarsely caespitose: bases hard: leaves 2-4 mm.
to reflexed, forming a globose network 2.5 em. wide; lateral cymes on included peduncles: spikelets basally ovoid with a prolonged, acute tip, borne on long, slender, divaricate to reflexed peduncles: scales tightly imbricate: achenes dark brown_ to black, longitudinally wrinkled as if shrunken, transversely but slightly rugulose: tubercle prolonged.—Rhynchospora, Series B. Diplostyleae, Sect. 5. Glaucae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. il. 106 (1900), in small part.
Key TO SPECIES IN SERIES CUBENSES
; ; 1.4-1.6 mm. long; bristles equalling to exceeding the tubercle; species limited to : Gat ek eC, Me wee Ae Gogoi e ox Seta Oke 7. BR. cubensis. Achene rhombic-elliptic in outline, conspicuously flattened, -1. . wide, 1.6-1.8 mm. long; bristles usually shorter : than the tubercle; species limited to Hispaniola. ...48. R. stenophylloidea.
47. R. cupensis A. Rich. Coarsely caespitose with hard bases: leaves 2-3 mm. wide, flat, attenuate, loosely ascending, with acutely triquetrous scabrous tips: culms 3-angled, slender, leafy, loosely ascending: cymes 2-4, compound or decompouna, the wiry filiform, stiffly divaricate to mainly reflexed branchlets forming a globose network, 2-5 em. wide; lateral panicles on _ included peduncles: bracts foliaceous: spikelets basally ovoid with a prolonged acute apex, often split open by the maturing achene,
1-fruited, 5-6 mm. long, solitary on slender divaricate to reflexed pedicels: lower fertile scale ovate-aristate, upper scale lanceolate- acuminate and tightly convolute about the prolonged tubercle,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 225
papery: bristles 6, extremely tenuous, irregularly ascending, upwardly serrulate, equalling to exceeding the tubercle: achene ovoid, swollen, 1.2-1.4 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6 mm. long, dark brown to black, longitudinally wrinkled as if shrunken, especially toward the apex, faintly rugulose from side to side: tubercle 1.1- 1.8 mm. long, whitish, encrusted at the base, abruptly narrowed, then stoutly prolonged to a blunt apex. PLarr 828, Frias. 1A and 1B; Mar 56.—FI. Cub. Fanerog. ii. 294 (1853); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 131 (1900), in part R. stenophylloidea (Kuk.) Gale; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 199 (1916), in part R. stenophylloidea (Kiik.) Gale. R. deflexa Grise- bach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anel. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 179 (1873).— Damp usually shaded hillsides of eastern and western Cuba. Cusa: in a low wood, north slope of Loma Pelada de Buenavista, Cayajabos, Pinar del Rio, alt. 420 m., Ledén, no. 13565 (NY); La Magdalena, Cayamos, Havana, Boker, no. 4644 (NY); Bafios de Casanova, Loma de la Pita, San Miguel de Casanova, Havana, Leon, no. 12480 (NY); Loma de la Coca, near Campo Florido, Havana, Leén, no. 2939 (NY); along brook, vicinity of Madruga, Havana, Britton, Britton & Shafer, no. 709 (NY); edge of creek- bank, dry open serpentine savannah, 10 kilometers west o Santa Clara, Santa Clara, Howard, no. 5089 (G, A); deep woods, limestone outcrop, Loma Ventana, Trinidad Mt., Santa Clara, Howard, no. 6533 (G, A); grassy shaded hillsides, Jucaral, Cien- fuegos Bay, Santa Clara, Britton & Wilson, no. 5742a (NY); not uncommon in wet shaded grassy lands, Cieneguita, southwest district of Cienfuegos, Santa Clara, Combs, no. 419 (G, NY); Monte Verde, Oriente, Aug. 28, 1859?! and Mayari-Abajo, Oriente, Wright, no. 3399 (G. This number cited without locality by Grisebach in type-description of R. deflexa); in tall clumps, gorge of the Rio Yamuri, Oriente, Shafer, no. 7809 (NY); dry, rocky hillsides, Sierra Nipe along trail Piedra Gorda to Woodfred, Oriente, Shafer, no. 3315 (NY); hills about Tabajo, base of El] Yunque, Oriente, Shafer, no. 8370 (NY); prope litus, prope Baracoa ad Navas, Oriente, Ekman, no. 3853 (NY).
Grisebach apparently described R. deflexa in ignorance of the already existing R. cubensis A. Rich. He cited as the type, Wright no. 3399. The Wright sheet of this number at the Gray Herbarium bears two specimens, both of which are R. deflexa Griseb. (R. cubensis A. Rich.) as labeled; but no 3399 at the National Herbarium, although similarly labeled, bears by some mischance several specimens of the utterly different R. fascicularis (Michx.) Vahl, var. typica.
See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot, Cl. xxxii, 294 (1905).
226 Rhodora [JUNE
48. R. stenophylloidea (Kiik.), stat. nov. In habit identical with &. cubensis, caespitose with hard bases: leaves 1.5-2.5 mm. wide, flat, long, slender, flexuous-ascending; the tips triquetrous with serrated angles: culms obtusely 3-angled, 0.3-1 m. high, lax, wiry, often extremely tenuous, with the upper of the long internodes filiform: cymes 2-3, compound to decompound, 1-3 em. wide, loosely globose, subtended by a foliaceous bract; the wiry filiform branchlets divaricate to reflexed; lateral panicles on subexserted peduncles: spikelet 4-5 mm. long, basally ovoid with a prolonged acute apex, 1-fruited, with no trace of a suc- ceeding rudimentary floret, solitary on slender divaricate to reflexed pedicels: lower fertile scale ovate-aristate; upper scale lance-acuminate and tightly convolute about the prolonged tubercle, papery: bristles 6, extremely fragile and tenuous, irregularly ascending, upwardly serrulate, variable in length, the tallest approximating the tubercle: achene rhombic-elliptic in outline, conspicuously flattened, longitudinally wrinkled as if shrunken, faintly rugulose from side to side, 1-1.2 mm. wide, 1.6-1.8 mm. long: tubercle slenderly conical or slightly com- pressed, somewhat sunken at the base, whitish, 1—-1.6 mm. long. PLATE 828, ric. 2A; Map 57.—R. cubensis A. Rich., var. steno- phylloidea Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxxii. 78 (1933) .— Mountainsides on northern coast of Hispaniola. HispANioLa: edge of the Estére, Le Borgue, Massif du Nord, Haiti, Sept. 18, 1925, Ekman, no. 4853 (G, US); in sylvestribus ad J yet Santo Domingo, alt. 150 m. , June 23, 1887, Eggers, no. 2600 (NY, US); mountainside, M. Bo onpere, Gros-Morn ne, Massif du Nord, Haiti, c. alt. 800 m. , Sept. 30, 1925, Ekman, no. 4958 (NY); in fruticetis ad Isabel de Torres, Apr. 23, 1887, Eggers, no. 1658
Kiikenthal described R. cubensis var. stenophylloidea of His- paniola thus: ‘‘Corymbi perparce spiculosi, nux oblonga (haud late ovalis sicut in forma typica) enervis (non longitudinaliter striata), setae hypogynae 3 breves nucem superantes (nec 6 cum nuce aequilongae).” He concluded with “ Vielleicht eine gute Art, aber das vorhandene Material reicht nicht aus, um diese Frage zur entscheiden.”’
According to this description Kiikenthal’s specimens differed from the material which I am designating as R. stenophylloidea with regard both to the bristles and the longitudinal wrinklings on the nut. It is possible, therefore, that Kiikenthal’s type, Ekman, no. 14873, which is not available at the present time, is @ different entity. But the fact that this specimen came, as it did, from Hispaniola, to which island my species is apparently
1944 Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 227
Rsond
limited, and had a “‘nux oblonga,” described above as rhombic- elliptic but which is in any case larger than that of the typical R. cubensis, makes me suspect that the two are conspecific. Possibly three of the six extremely fragile bristles may have broken off at their bases prior to the time of Kiikenthal’s exam- ination; for when this occurs it is nearly impossible to ascertain their place of previous attachment. Kiikenthal’s statement as to the comparative length of the bristles is inaccurate, for those of R. cubensis equal or even exceed the tubercle in length and are longer than the bristles of the new species. The achenes of the specimens I have examined are, in all cases, more or less longitudinally wrinkled as if shriveled. I cannot suggest why this feature should be absent on the achenes seen by Kiikenthal unless they were in this respect atypical.
Series 9. Harveyae, ser. nov. Culmis rigide erectis: cymis rigidis vel diffuse fasciculatis vel congestis ragga pe squamis pallidis vel castaneis: spiculis rity monocarpis: setis antrorse serrulatis: achaenio saepissime eta a tumido, infra compresso fusco leviter alveolato (ies lenticulari ruguso): tuberculo conico; basi haud discoideo sed saepe in achaenii apicem intruso
Often growin on white pera - the Coastal Plain from North Carolina to Florida and west to Texas; inland in the southern and irwshers states; vate in Cuba. Stoloniferous or caespitose: leaves 1.5-7 mm. wide, not filiform: culms sti erect: cymes stiff, diffusely { fasciculate or congested and eles late: scales pale or castaneous: spikelets turgid, 1-fruited: bristles iiiandig serrulate: achenes usually tumid above and compressed below, dark mahogany in color, lightly pitted or cancellate in a ones te mk: pattern, rarely lenticular and ridge With oblong alveoli: tubercle always grayish or whitish, conical, not projecting at the base but slightly rina — overgrown
y the summit of the achene.—Rhynchospor Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933), in part. Paka Series Diplostyleae, Divisio 5. Eu- rr ogen satinge Sect. iii. Fuscae
Key To Species IN Serres HARVEYAE
Spikelets 6-7 mm. long, remote, some if not all slenderly pedicel-
ate; achenes large, 2. cai mee wide, 3-4 mm. long. .49. i megalocarpa. Spikelets not exceeding 5.5 mm, n length, sessile in small c
pact glomerules; a eons not exicedtl ng 2.2 mm. in width a
2.4 mm. in len gth.
228 Rhodora [JUNE
Achene suborbicular to broadly ovate in outline, tumid above, ape ae sed below, the entire surface mahogany-brown at
Spikelets 4-5.5 mm. long; bristles caning 1% the achene - ie the tubercle; achene 1 2 mm. wide, 2—2.4
ep re link wg EOE ne ep es 50. R. Grayit. Spikelets 2 paca ve m. long; bristles equalling or shorter than 1% the achene; aed 1.3-1.6 mm. wide, 1.5-1.8 mm. long 51. R. Harvey.
Achene obovate, slenderly lenticular, not tumid, surface crossed by pale irregular transverse ridges.............. 52... R. culiza,
R. MEGALOcARPA Gray. Stoloniferous, the bases swollen and covered by short rusty imbricated scales: leaves rigid, sub- coriaceous, flat, 4-7 mm. wide, becoming conspicuously chan-
ices on slender tory lateral cymes on long exserted slender ascending peduncles: spikelets ovoid, plump 5 bursting, some if not all pedicellate and remote, mainly ascending, 1- flowered, 1-fruited, 6-7 mm. long: scales mucronulate, chestnut- rown: stamens 10-12: bristles 6-8, very tenuous and scarcely thickened at the base, brittle, upwardly hispidulous, falling short of to barely exceeding the achene: achene round-ovoid, turgid in the upper portion, compressed below, 2.8-3.4 mm. wide, 3-4 mm. long, emarginate, mahogany-brown.to blackish, glossy Bisentaiie where covered with a honey-combed surface-pattern of minute, extremely shallow pits: tubercle buttressed and some- what encrusted by the summit of the achene, conic-apiculate, grayish or often white, 0.7-1 mm. high. PLaTE 829, FIGs and 1B; Map 58.—Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 208, pl. 6, fig. 16 (1835); Torrey, "Ann . Lyc. N. Y. iii. 368 (1836) ; Chapman, Fl. So. U 526 (1860); ‘Bacek alas Linnaea, xxxvii. 606 (1873). AR. wie candra Baldwin ex Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 207, pl. 6, fig. 15 (1835); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 90 (1892); Small, Bl. 196 (1903) and Man. 183 (1933). R. pycnocarpa Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 208, pl. 6, fig. 17 (1835). eaten dode- candrum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 20).—Deep Ww ners sand-ridges of the Coastal Plain from North Carolina poclahage: becoming frequent on the Florida Peninsula; less soataien est to Mississippi and inland along the Mississippi River reais collecting). Nortu Carona: sand-ridge at Carolina Beach, New Hanover Co., Godfrey, no. 4675 (G, NC); Wilming- ton, New Hanover Co., Mr. Curtis (NY, type of R. pycnocarpa) ; near White Lake, Bladen Co., Oosting, no. 33080 (D); dry open sand-barrens, 14 miles southeast of Lumberton, Robeson Co.. Wiegand & Manning, no. 597 (G); sandy ee tasiok Oak Island
| Oe eS eee en
SN SS de “
_ im Biltmore Herb., uo
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 229
off Southport, Brunswick Co., Blomquist, no. 5613 (D). SourH CAROLINA: excavated area in coarse white sandy pine barren, 5 miles “ges of pave Williamsburg Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no: 676 (CU; DG, NY, P): rarer: very dry sand-hills along Fifteen Mile Creek, Emanue 1 Co., Harper, no. 977 (G, NY); common, sand- scrub, Floyd’s [sland, Okefinokee Swamp, Charlton Co., J. S. Harper, no. 700 (G); very dry white sand south of open pond, Decatur Co., Harper, no. 1216 (G, NY, US). FuLoripa: Fort George, Duval Co., Dr. Baldwin (NY, TYPE); Baldwin (NY, type of R. dodecandra, immature; anno- tated by Gray); dry sandy soil near Jacksonville, Duval Co. ‘ Curtiss, no. 83161 (CU, D, G, P, US); in a serub, 18 miles north of St. Augustine, St. Johns Co., O’ Neill, no. 7688 (CU); Palatka, Putnam Co., April, 1869, Canby (G, NY); ; Gainesville, Alachua Co., April 12, 1897, Crawford ( He dry er in scrub, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Na sh, no 2 (G, NX, US); Lake Butler, Orange Co., Beckwith, no. 556 (US); Ms pine barrens, Okeecho- bee Region, Brevard Co., Fredholm, no. 5734 (G, US); in a low pineland, Kissimmee, Osceola Co., O’Neill, no. 5121 (CU); scrub near Gadsen Hammock, vicinity of Winter Hav en, Polk Co., McFarlin, no. 4741 (CA); sand-barrens, Ballast Point, Tampa, Hillsborough Co., March 28, is Churchill (G); Dunedin, Pinellas Co., Tracy, no. 6995 (G, Y, US); scrub near Sebastian, Indian River Co. Small, DeWenklor & Mosier, no. 11120 (NY): ; in ascrub, 2 miles north of Ft. Pierce, St. Lucie Co., O'Neill, no. 7689 (CU); in a scrub, 8 miles east of Lake Placid, Highlands Co., O'Neill, no. 7687 (CU); sandy ridge beside stream in pineland, 6 miles east of Manatee, Manatee Co., Oosting, no. 170 (D); Indian Mound near Citrus Center, DeSoto Co., Small, no. 9914 (NY); flatwoods, Alva, Lee Co., Hitchcock, no. 417 (G, NY, DB): sterile pine woods, Lantana, Lake Worth, Palm Beach Co., Curtiss, no. 5389 (G, NY, US); in serub-land 9 miles north of Miami, Dade Cu., 0’ Weill, ‘no. 7691 (CA, CU); dry sand along the coast, ere Franklin Co., Chapman 60 (G, NY, US); Port St. Joe, Gulf Co., Eyles, no. 3723 (CU): i in a high ee Pensacola, Escambia Co., O'Neill, no. 6091 (CU, US). ALABAMA: Fort Morgan, Baldwin Co., Tracy, no. 7684 (G, NY, US). Mi£ssissrppi:. Avondale, Bolivar Co., Tracy, no. 4840 (G, NY); moist sandy soil west of bay, Biloxi, Harrison Co., Pennell, no. 4388 (NY, P); Cat Island, Hancock Co., Lloyd & Tracy, no. 361 (NY). R. dodecandra Baldwin, R. pycnocarpa and R. megalocarpa Were simultaneously described by Gray in 1835. The type- specimen of the first was admittedly immature; that of the
- second only somewhat so. A year later, in his revision of the
North American Rhynchospora for Dr. Torrey’s' North Ameri- ‘Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii, 368 (1836).
230 Rhodora [JUNE
can Cyperaceae, Gray placed R. pycnocarpa in the synonymy of R. megalocarpa with the remark: ‘‘ More perfect specimens com- municated by Mr. Curtis and Dr. Chapman have enabled us satisfactorily to ascertain that R. megalocarpa and R. pycno- carpas.. are different states of the seme species.”” He also added that: “It (R. megalocarpa) approaches R. dodecandra with which it also agrees in the prevalent number of its stamens.”’
Twenty-four years later Chapman, publishing his first edition of the Flora of Southern United States, reduced R. dodecandra to the status of a synonym under R. megalocarpa; and, in so doing, established a precedent for the use of the specific name, megalocarpa. However, in 1892, Britton!, in his list of North American Scirpus and Rhynchospora, gave preference to the specific name, dodecandra, and that name has recently come into general use. I have examined the types of R. pycnocarpa and R. dodecandra, as well as that of R. megalocarpa. With the mass of material now available for comparison, they are unquestionably referable to one species. Applying the rules of priority, the name R. megalocarpa, as selected by Chapman in 1860, must be rein- stated.
50. R. Graym Kunth. Coarsely tufted: leaves arching, flat, 2-4 mm. wide, smooth, becoming carinate; the upper margins and keel minutely serrulate; the midrib prominent: culms ob- scurely triquetrous, smooth, stifly erect, 0.4-7.5 dm. tall, with elongated internodes: the terminal cyme 1-1.5 cm. wide, com- pounded of 1-3 glomerules of few spikelets on short, erect to spreading peduncles; lateral cymes 1—4, consisting of a single small glomerule on an exserted peduncle: spikelets plumply ovoid, compact, 2-3-flowered, 1-fruited, 4-5.5 mm. long: scales mucronate, sandy to castaneous, tightly imbricate and entire at maturity: stamens 3— (rarely)6: bristles 6, upwardly hispidulous, ~ brittle, varying in length from equalling 14 the achene to exceed- ing the tubercle: achene suborbicular in outline, tumid toward ‘the summit, with a more or less compressed base, the surface honeycombed with minute shallow pits, mahogany-brown, 1.8-2.2 mm. wide, 2-2.4 mm. long: tubercle conic-apiculate, 0.4-0.6 mm. high, buttressed and partially encrusted by the narrowed apex of the achene. Piare 829, Frias. 3A and 3B; Map 54.—Enum. ii. 539 (1837); Chapman, Fl. So. U. S. 526 (1860); Small, Fl. 196 (1903) and Man. 183 (1933); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 197 ( 1916). R. distans Elliott, —
1 Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi, 90 (1892),
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 231
Sk. Bot. 8. Car. and Ga. i. 59 (1816), non Vahl. R. Elliottii Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 204, pl. 6, fig. 12 (1835), non Dietrich. Schoenus distans Muhlenberg, Descrip. Gram. 11 (1817). Schoenus fuscus Muhlenberg, Descrip. Gram. 6 (1817). Phaeo- cephalum Grayt House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920). Rare in Virginia (one collection); common southward on sandy pine- lands of the Coastal Plain from North Carolina to the tip of Florida and west to eastern Texas; also western Cuba. VIRGINIA: Norfolk, Norfolk Co., Read (P). Norru Caroxiina: Minnesat Beach, near Arapahoe, Pamlico Co., Oosting, no. 33208 (D); dry sandy soil near Wilmington, New Hanover Co., Biltmore Herb., no. 239g (CU); dry sandy pine woods, 2 miles southeast of Fair Bluff, Columbus Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 606 (G); pineland at Roseboro, Sampson Co., Godfrey, no. 5723 (G); sandhill, 12 miles north of Laurenburg, Scotland Co., Godfrey, no. 5044 (D, G); Southern Pines, Moore Co., May 18, 1895, Blankinship (G). SoutH CaroLina: swampy spots in sandy land along stream, sandhills north of Hartsville, Darlington Co., Mar. 20, 1921, Norton (NC); Florence, Florence Co., May 18, 1912, Bartram (P); Columbia, Richland Co., May 16, 1912, oe (P); 10 miles east of Paxville, Clarendon Co., Godfrey
? Yard, Charleston, Charleston Co., Robinson, no. 259 (G). GrorGia: about Augusta, Richmond Co., June 27-July 1, 1895, Small (NY); sandy pinelands at Magnolia Springs, Jenkins Co., Eyles, no. 6255 (CU); dry pine barrens near Graymont, Emanuel Co., Harper, no. 806 (G, NY, US); dry sand-hills along Big Lott’s Creek, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 916 (G, NY, US); sand-hill west of Altamaha River on State Route 38, west of
pine barren, just north of Ashim, Turner Co., Eyles, no. 5569 (CU). Fioripa: dry pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 4801 (G, NY, US); sand-hills, Welaka, Putnam Co.,
Ie Rhodora [JUNE
Dade Co., Moldenke, no. 607 (D, NY); near Tallahassee, Leon Co., summer, Berg (NY); dry pine barrens, Apalachicola, Frank- lin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 239a (G, in part; NY, US); DeFuniak, Walton Co., Tracy, no. 9010 (G, NY, US). ALABAMA: Tensaw, Baldwin Co., Tracy no. 8028 (G, NY, US); common in woods, Spring Hill, Mobile Co., Bush, no. 335 (NY, US). Musstssrppi: Biloxi. Harrison Co., Baker, no. 1129 (NY). Louisiana: Hale (G). Texas: Liberty, Liberty Co., Mar. 25, 1892, Plank (NY). Cusa: Laguna Los Indios and vicinity, Pinar del Rio, Shafer, no. 10820 (NY).
Gray in his monograph pointed out that Elliott’s R. distans, as described in the Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia, is not Schoenus distans Michx. on which it was nomen- claturally based. Accordingly Gray designated the former species R. Elliotizi in commemoration of its discoverer. He then placed in its synonymy two of Muhlenberg’s species, Schoenus distans and S. fuscus, with the explanation that, as the Muhlenberg Herbarium contains no specimen labeled S. distans, Muhlenberg probably derived his material from Elliott. 3S. fuscus Muhl., on the other hand, is represented in the herbarium by a specimen labeled “S. fuscus Elliott.” This, Gray states, is definitely P. Elliottii Gray. That Muhlenberg himself apparently suspected S. distans and S. fuscus to be conspecific (and incidentally that he also perpetuated Elliott’s mistaken reference to Michaux’s species) is evident from his suggestion, appended to the descrip- tion of S. fuscus: ‘An S. distans Michaux?”
The legitimate name, R. Grayii, came from Kunth who, in 1837, on the basis of the priority of Dietrich’s R. Elliotti 1833, renamed the species in honor of Asa Gray.
51. R. Harveyrt Wm. Boott. Caespitose: leaves flat, obscurely carinate, with upper margins finely serrulate, ascending to curly, 1.5-3 mm. wide: culms obtusely triquetrous, stiffly erect, smooth, 0.3-1.1 m. high: terminal cyme 0.8-2.2 em. wide, usually com- pounded of 1-4 small glomerules on stiff ascending to spreading peduncles; lateral glomerules 1-2, usually solitary on wiry erect peduncles: spikelets ovoid, turgid, castaneous, 2-flowered, 1- fruited, 2.5-3 mm. long: scales with midribs continuing into conspicuously recurved mucros: stamens 3: bristles 6, delicate, equalling to falling short of 14 the achene, upwardly hispidulous: achene broadly ovate to suborbicular in outline, tumid above, somewhat compressed below, 1.3-1.6 mm. wide, 1.5-1.8 mm. long, rich mahogany-brown when mature; the surface honey-
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 233
combed by small shallow isodiametric pits which may be ob- scured, appearing as faint rugulosities: tubercle squat, conic- apiculate, 0.4-0.5 mm. long, grayish, buttressed by the nar- rowed apex of the achene. PLatTEe 829, Fias. 2A and 2B; Map 59.—Bot. Gaz. ix. 85 (1884); Small, Man. 183 (1933). R. Earlei Britton ex Small, Fl. 197, 1328 (1903) and Man. 184 (1933); Fernald, Ruopora, xxxix, 338 (1937) and xl. 398 (1938). R. Plankii Britton ex Small, Fl. 196, 1328 (1903); Small, Man. 183 (1933), in syn. of R. Harveyi Wm. Boott. Phaeocephalum Plankit House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920). Phaeocephalum Karlet House, 1. e.—Low or frequently dry open areas in pine- lands of the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia to Florida and west to Texas; scattered inland stations in the coastal states, in western Tennessee, and on the lower drainage of both the Missouri and Arkansas Rivers, and on the Sabine River. Vir- GINIA: argillaceous and siliceous boggy depressions about 3 miles southeast of Petersburg, at head of Poo Run, Prince George Co., Fernald, Long & Smart, no. 5647 (G, NY, P); pinelands at western side of Wilcox Lake, Petersburg, Dinwiddie Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8596 (G, in part, P); very local, open pineland near Mason’s Siding, about 1 mile north of Henry, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long, no. 13274 (G); depression in dry open sandy pine and oak thickets near County Line, north of Emporia, Greensville Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8114 (G, ORTH CAROLINA: moist humus soil, open woodland 4 miles southeast of Wilson, Wilson Co., Randolph & Randolph, no. 723 (G); savanna, 1 mile east of Middlesex, Nash Co., Blomquist, no. 6358 (D); sandy soil, Cumberland Co., Biltmore Herb., no. 239f (CU); damp sand near brook, Pinehurst, Moore Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 595 (G); Winston-Salem, Forsyth Co., Denke in Botanical Science Series, no. 5003 (D). SourH Carouina: cart-road through pineland-clearing, 5 miles south of Andrews, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1371la (G, NY); pine barren, 2 miles west of Pineville, Berkeley Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 619 (G, NY, P). Grorata: Marshallville, Macon Co., Earle, no. 2977 (NY, type of R. Earle?) and same locality, no. 2976 (NY, annotated as isotype of R. Earlei); rather dry pine barrens near Cobb, Sumter Co., Harper, no. 2217 (G, NY, US). Forma: 1839, Torrey (G). ALABAMA: low pineland, Elberta, Baldwin Co., Aug. 13, 1926, Wolf (StB); Mobile, Mobile Co., May, 1845, Sullivant (G). TENNESSEE: dry hill, Henderson, Chester Co., Bain, no. 244 (G). Missourt: ferruginous sandstone glade south of Birdsong, St. Clair Co., Steyermark; no, 13416 (Mo). ARKANSAS: Benton Co., 1899, Plank, no. 29 (NY, type of R. Plankii); Grand_Prairie, eastern Arkansas, Harvey, no. 2 (G, TYPE). OKLAHOMA: Sapulpa, Bush, no. 656 (G, Mo, NY). Lovrstana: vicinity of Covington, St. Tammany Parish, Arséne, no. 11879 (US); along drain in
234 Rhodora [JUNE
Seymour Prairie, north of Bastrop, Morehouse Parish, Brown no. 6510 (La); Tong-leaf pine-hills, north of Po lock, Grant Parish, Brown, no. 6458 (La). Trxas: sandy woods, Mineola, Wood Co., Reverchon, no. 2278 (Mo, NY); damp sands, Will’s Point, Van Zandt Co., Reverchon, no. 2277 (Mo); Angelina Co., Tharp, no. 3056 (US); 144% miles northwest of White Ranch,
hambers Co., Cory, no. 22402 (CU, G); 2 miles northwest of Benchley, Robertson Co., Cory, no. 21682 (CU); moist sandy soil, Kurten, Brazos Co., Walece. no. 13486 (Mo); low prairie, Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 714 (Mo, NY, US); Alvin, Brazoria Co., Apr. 20, 1894, Plank (NY); in wet ditch in red sand on clay subsoil; in railroad right-of-way cut through oak woods just east of Elgin, Bastrop Co., Innes, no. 874 (G); % mile south of Kicaster School, Wilson Co., Parks, no. 18795 (G); Indianola, Calhoun Co., Ravenel, no. 139 (NY).
William Boott published R. Harveyi in the Botanical Gazette of June, 1884, and cited ‘‘Grand Prairie, E. Arkansas, F. L. Harvey, 1883.” At the Gray Herbarium are three Harvey collections of this species from this locality. One of these is dated July, 1884, so could not have been the original material seen by Boott. The two remaining specimens are not dated; one is unnamed. The other, however, is labeled R. Harveyi in Watson’s hand. This I take to be the -type, presuming the material collected by Harvey to have been sent to Watson and finally turned over to Boott for study.
The achene of R. Earlei Britton ex Small has a low conic tubercle which is uplifted by the narrowed summit of the mahog- any-brown achene. These characters, seen in conjunction with the general size of the achene, indicate at once the close relation- ship of this plant to R. Harvey’. Unfortunately R. Earlei was published in Small’s Manual, and thus appeared without a word of discussion. Nor does its position between R. Torreyana and R. Edisoniana (R. microcarpa Baldw. ex Gray) in the text of that work give an indication that its relationship with R. Harveyt was appreciated. In the key, R. Earlei is separated from the former by the following character: “achenes transversely wrinkled” as against ‘“achenes cancellate.”’ However, in R. Harveyi the shape of the alveoli, on which the degree of wrink- ling depends, is subject to considerable variation. Typically, the alveoli are shallow and isodiametrie without any accentua- tion of the transverse walls, but occasionally they are crowded
1944] xale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 235
into irregular transverse rows and take on narrowly oblong out- lines, the shorter horizontal walls of which are then accentuated and appear as fine ridges. More rarely the alveoli are nearly obliterated and the surface becomes as smooth and glossy as that of the achene of R. megalocarpa Gray. LEarle’s specimen from Marshallville, Georgia, was one with a finely ridged achene, and I presume that Britton, in recognizing it as a new species, was unacquainted with the amount of variation in the achenes of R. Harvey.
However, the decompound, somewhat lax cyme of R. Earlei does vary from the smaller, stiffly upright, capitate cyme of typical R. Harveyi. This larger, looser inflorescence appears to be the only possible basis for segregation. Further collections from Georgia and Florida will be necessary in order to determine whether or not plants which were the basis of R. Earle: should receive recognition as a variety of R. Harveyt.
52. R. culixa, sp. nov. ?Caespitosa: foliis basilaribus 2 mm. latis planis interdum brevibus et crispis; apicem versus leviter carinatis et subtiliter serrulatis; foliis caulinis brevibus: culmis triquetris gracilibus attenuatis crectis, cirea 3-foliatis; internodis ongis: glomerulo terminali circa 1 em. lato; glomerulo laterali minore pedunculato; pedunculo erecto: bracteis setaceis brevibus: spiculis late ovoideis tumidis 2-floris l-carpis 3 mm. longis dense aggregatis: squamis late ovatis, pallide castaneis dense imbricatis; apicibus fissilibus, mucronulatis: setis 6 antrorse serrulatis, achaenio duplo brevioribus aut minus; achaenio lenticulari-obovoideo biconvexo 1.2 mm. lato, 1.4 mm. longo, alveolato fusco; inter alveolas rugis transversis prominentibus pallidis: tuberculo breviter eonico, interdum apiculato, 0.3 mm. alto. PLaTE 828, rics. 3A and 3B; Map 55.—Rare in southern Georgia and northern Florida. GEorGIA: Irby, Tift Co., Aug. 28, 1890, Tracy, no. 1498 (US, TYPE). FLorrpa: Chapman
in part).
The two specimens which I have designated as R. culixa differ from those of R. Harveyi Wm. Boott and R. globularis (Chapm.) Small, var. recognita Gale in the attenuate appearance of their slender culms, in the abbreviated cauline leaves and the compact, unbranched, small, terminal glomerules. Specimens of R. Harveyi and R. globularis, var. recognita are, when well developed, robust, with stiffly erect culms, linear-attenuate cauline leaves and usually compound, stiffly branched ultimately glomerulate cymes.
236 Rhodora [JUNE
The achene of R. culixa combines characters of both R. Har- veyi and R. globularis, var. recognita. It has the unmistakable grayish, squat, conical tubercle of R. Harvey: but the achene, like that of R. globularis, var. recognita, is obovate, lenticular, biconvex, not swollen above, and the transverse walls of the prominent alveoli are accentuated as ridges. However, unlike the ridges on the achene of var. recognita, those of R. culixa are pale, broader, and developed at the expense of the alveoli which, in the central area, have been rounded and thrown out of the orderly parallel alignment so conspicuous in the achene of var. recognita.
Series 10. Globulares, ser. nov. Culmis rigide erectis vel rare tenuibus et laxe ascendentibus: cymis saepissime rigidis, glomerulosis vel fasciculatis; cymis lateralibus pluribus: spiculis turgidis, 1~3-carpis: squamis dense imbricatis: setis antrorse serrulatis saepe achaenio duplo brevioribus: achaenio late ovato vel suborbiculato ruguloso vel valde rugoso, cancellato vel striato, emarginat Oo.
Growing in low peaty areas, often in pineland, of the Coastal Plain; inland in the midwestern states; also in the West Indies and Central America. Habit often coarse: leaves never filiform, 1.5-5 mm. broad, often forming a coarse basal tuft: culms usually stiffly erect, rarely slender and loosely ascending: cymes glomer- ulate or fasciculate, usually stiff: lateral cymes several: spikelets turgid, 1—-3-fru ited: scales tightly imbricate: bristles upwardly serrulate, often poorly developed: achenes broadly ovate to suborbicular, rugulose to ridged (with the exception of R. globu- laris var. pinetorum), cancellate to striate, emarginate, com- pressed or swollen in the upper portion: tubercle wee basally conical.—Rhynchospora V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933), in part. Rhynchospora, Series B. Diplostyleae, Sect. S Glaucae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 106 (1900), in part.
Key To Species 1n Series GLOBULARES
a. ar wap nw flat or acon sunken; habit coarse; the basal leaves b. Tubercle with a subulate apex rising abruptly a a pro- nounced basal flange; achene dark reddish-brown. .53. R. compressa.
d. bd conten deltoid-apiculate, the base somewhat esha pores: s achene castaneous 54. a. eae icon somewhat plano-convex, castaneous; habit slender or divides the bas. idea 2h 4 mm. wide or less... .¢.
c. Bristles exceeding the achene i 8 height. ...
d. Achene 1.2-1.3 mm. wide EGE oa tone the trans- verse ridges numerous: tubercle depressed, discoid- 55.
R. punctata.
OU. oi es a Uh tee eos R. saxicola. d. Achene 0.8 mm. wide, 0.9 mm. long, the transverse ridges less than 6; tubercle Saab comicesmuent See es 56. R. sulcata.
a a a a al aA a
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 237
c. Bristles not exceeding 24 the achene.... é. ae imited to western Cuba; pertieh 0.8 mm. wide, MAT. FONG aces = rw Nee eee oa ge 7. R. Brittonii.
F3 a vansverse Bak widening, becoming lighter and ob- scuring the alveoli over the central portion of the eae scikeleth ascending, not more than 6 in mall ultimate fascicles... .2..0) 2. eos eae n se 58. R. obliterata. 2 Ticncas ridges pate adokiia r becoming light- colored, the alveoli not less aeenet over the orca area of the achene; spikelets ascending to diver and numerous in afennhte fascicles or glomerules 59. ar 4 globularis. 53. R. compressa Carey ex Chapman. Caespitose: basal leaves flat, smooth or with margins Snel serrulate, 4-5 mm wide, forming a coarse rigid tuft: culms obtusely trigonous, stiffly erect, leafy, 6.6-9.6 dm. high: cymes 2-4, 1.8-3 cm. wide, densely bracteate, consisting of several glomerules on slender erect to spreading branchlets; lateral cymes remote, exserted on slender erect peduncles: spikelets ovoid, with a slightly irregular contour, 2—3-flowered, 1—2-fruited, castaneous, 3.5-4 mm. long: scales papery; the lowest mucronulate, the others acute: bristles 6, upwardly serrulate, stiff, rarely equalling, never exceeding, the achene: achene obovate to nearly orbicular, 1.4-1.6 mm. wide, 1.4-1.7 mm. long, characteristically flattened, often centrally depressed; the dark reddish-brown surface cancellate and trans- versely ridged: tubercle compressed-subulate, 0 0.6-0.8 mm. high, abruptly rising from a conspicuous ee collar. PLaTE 830, Fics. LA and 1B; Mar 64.—FI. So. U. S. 525 (1860); Small, Fl. 197 (1903) and Man. 184 (1933); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 199, fig. 316 (1908). R. cymosa var. compressa toes tear Clarke ex Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 91 (1892). Phaeocephalum compressum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Low pinelands and swamps, southern Georgia, Florida and west to eastern Louisiana. Gworata: flat pine barrens east of Ocilla, Irwin Co., Harper, no. 1414 (G, NY, Us). FiLoripa: Carey (G); low pine ‘barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co. 1 So (Pp). Knalachieahe Franklin Co., Chapma ). ae ama: Wilcox Co., May, ie Buckley oe brackish
. Lovur Arséne, no. 11750 NY US). Old records from Missouri were based on misidentifications.
238 Rhodora [JUNE
54. R. puncrata, Ell. Caespitose, with a large clump of coarse basal leaves: leaves 5 mm. wide, carinate, becoming triquetrous at the tip, with setaceous margins: cauline leaves short, erect: culms stiffly erect, triquetrous, smooth, approxi- mately 7.6 dm. high: cymes 4, decompound, the stiff wiry ascending branchlets of varying lengths and terminating in small glomerules; terminal cymes 4 cm. wide; lateral cymes smaller, on long slender ascending peduncles: spikelets ovoid, 5 mm. long, approximately 4-flowered, 1—2-fruited: scales pale chestnut, frayed; the midribs of the lower scales free at their tips and slightly projecting: bristles 6, equalling 14 the tubercle in length, upwardly hispidulous, ascending: achene obovate to suborbicular in outline, extremely compressed, cancellate, with fine transverse rugulosities, pale chestnut, 1.8 mm. wide, 2.2 mm. long: tubercle deltoid-apiculate, compressed, pale, 0.9 mm. high. Puate 830, Frias. 2A and 2B; Map 65.—Sk. Bot. 8. Car. and Ga. i. 60 (1816); Gray, Ann. Lyc. N.Y. iii. 203, pl. 6, fig. 11 (1835); Chapman, Fl. So. U. S. 526 (1860); Small, Fl. 198 (1903)
about 1 mile southeast of Douglas, Coffee Co., Harper, no. 2200 (G, NY, US). Fuorma: St. Mary’s, Baldwin (NY); “St. Mary’s & Savan,”’ Baldwin (P).
55. R. saxicota Small. Caespitose: basal leaves forming a coarse curly tuft; cauline leaves 1.5-3 mm. wide, harsh, mostly erect, flat, becoming trigonous near the summit; margins finely serrulate: culms triquetrous, slender, erect, short, 2.6-3 dm. high: inflorescence of 2-4 cymes; the terminal one 1.3-2 cm wide, with a few slender erect branchlets bearing small clusters of sessile spikelets: bracts short, inconspicuous: scales tightly imbricate, castaneous; lowermost mucronate and usually split: spikelets ovoid, turgid, 3-flowered, 1-2-fruited, sessile, 3.5-4 mm. long: bristles 6, fragile, well exceeding the tubercle, upwardly serrulate: achene obovoid, compressed except for the slightly swollen region of the umbo, finely cancellate, ridged, castaneous, 1.2-1.3 mm. wide, 1.3-1.5 mm. long: tubercle depressed, conic- apiculate, with a discoid base, 0.2-0.3 mm. high. Pxiate 830, rics. 3A and 3B; Map 66.—Man. 185, 1503 (1933).—Granite outcrops in the Piedmont of Georgia. Groreia: boggy slope on south side of Little Stone Mt., DeKalb Co., Harper, no. 2308 (NY, type; US, 1soryre), and no. 2309 (NY); dry thickets on flat granite rocks, 1 mile east of Logansville, Walton Co., Pyron & McVaugh, no. 549 (US); shallow soil about granite outcrops, 9 miles southeast of Greensboro, Greene Co., McVaugh, no. 53828 (USNA); shallow soil about granite outcrops, 4 miles southeast of Sparta, Hancock Co., McVaugh, no. 5345a (USNA).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Kurhynchospora 239
a8 ca Mee
ts ee
oe
a <
Range of 60, Ruyncnospora cALIFoRrNIcA; 61, R. Mariscuius; 62, R. CACUMINICOLA; 63, R. RuGosA; 64, R. compressa; 65, R, puncrata; 66, R. saxicona; 67, R. Brrrront ; 68, R. opniTeRATA; 69, R. suLCATA; 10, te. GLOBULARIS, var, TYPICA; 71, R. GLOBULARIS, var. PINETORUM; 72, R. GLOBU- LARIS, var. RECOGNITA; 73, R. oporaTA; 74, R. mi~tacea; 75, R. INEXPANSA; 76, R. capuca
240 Rhodora [JUNE
The habit of R. saxicola has little to distinguish it from that of R. globularis (Chapm.) Small, var. typica. However, its spikelets are usually a millimeter longer and tend to be erect in clusters, rather than erect to divergent in glomerules or fascicles. The most obvious character by which to separate the achene of R. saxicola from that of R. globularis, var. typica is, as empha- sized in the key, the comparative length of the bristles. Those of R. saxicola are 6 in number, and, although extremely frail and apt to be broken off, do, when entire, exceed the achene and often the tubercle. Those of the former, however, rarely equal 1% the achene in height. The alveoli of R. saxicola also differ from the usually dull alveoli of R. globularis, for the former are so narrowly oblong as to appear merely as fine glistening striae running between the transverse wrinkles. The ‘‘depressed conic or disc-like tubercle’’, as described by Small, is not too dependable a character; for, although the average tubercle of R. globularis is short and conical, it may less frequently be depressed and even basally discoid.
R. saxicola is peculiar in being strictly limited, so far as is known, to margins of shallow ephemeral pools on the granite outcrops in the Piedmont of Georgia.
56. Re sulcata, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 1-2.5 mm. latis laxis planis; apicibus trigonis: culmis 3.6-6.5 dm. altis
turgidis 1-6-carpis 3 mm. longis: squamis fere orbicularibus castaneis deciduis: setis 6 fragilibus, achaenio aequalibus, antrorse et minute serrulatis: achaenio parvo (0.8 mm. lato 0.9 mm. longo) subgloboso nitido castaneo profunde transverse sulcato; sulcis valde longitudinaliterque striolatis: tuberculo compresso-deltoideo albescente 0.2 mm. alto. PLaTE 831, FIGS. 3A and 3B; Map 69.—Infrequent along streams, on pond- shores, and in low places of the Coastal Plain from Southern South Carolina to northern Florida. Sourn CaroLina: damp soils, Santee Canal, Berkeley Co., Sept., Ravenel (G); sedge-
1939, Eyles, no. 6465 (CU). Gxorata: pond near Luciene Bay, Effingham Co., July 25, 1939, Eyles, no. 6378 (G, TYPE; CU, ISOTYPE); sandy shore of Open Pond, Decatur Co., Aug. 12,
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 241
1901, Harper, no. 1204 (G, NY, US). Fiorrpa: Quincy, Gadsden
0., Chapman (NY, in part): Tologee Creek, in John Carey’s handwriting (G).
R. sulcata is closely related to both R. Brittonit Gale of Cuba and R. microcarpa Baldw. ex Gray of the southern United States and the Greater Antilles. The danger of confusion with R. Brittonvi is small due to the geographical separation of the two species, but the similarity in habit is so striking as to deserve a
short discussion. Both species have in common slender flexuous,
_culms which customarily bear small cymes at every node includ- ing the first. The lax branchlets in R. sulcata are, however, spreading to divergent so that, as a result, its panicles do not have the somewhat congested appearance of the inflorescence, with spikelets borne on the mainly ascending branchlets, of R. Brittonii. The achenes of R. Brittonzi are slightly larger than those of R. sulcata. Both are ridged, but those of the latter more abruptly so and with the concomitant grooves deeper. Lastly, the 5-6 bristles surrounding the achene of R. Brittonii are short, not exceeding 14 its height; whereas the achene of R. sulcata is surrounded by 6 bristles which equal it in height.
R. microcarpa, on the other hand, is found within the range of R. sulcata, and in its smaller attenuated specimens simulates the typical habit of the latter. In R. sulcata, however, as mentioned above, the second, if not the first, node of the culm bears the first lateral panicle, so that the inflorescence occupies 24-34 the length of the culm. In R. microcarpa the first, second, usually the third, and often the fourth nodes are barren, and the inflores- cence occupies only the upper 14, rarely 4% the culm. A com- parison of the sculpturing on the surface of the achenes of the two species is even more conclusive, for that of the new species is emphatically ridged, whereas that of R. microcarpa is typically pitted, with the transverse walls only rarely accentuated so as to produce a rugulose effect.
57. R. Brittonii, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 1 mm. latis aut minus, planis, apicem versus trigonis et minute serru- latis: culmis vel obtuse trigonis gracilibus vel filiformibus tereti- busque, flexilibus, 2.8-5 dm. altis: paniculo terminali decomposi- to, leviter congesto, 0.8-1 em. lato; ramulis ascendentibus vel divergentibus: paniculis lateralibus exsertis pedunculatis: “igunon rotunde ovoideis, turgidis, 3—5-floris, 2—4-carpis, 2-2.56 mm
aes MD i a Ni aaa
242 Rhodora [JUNE
longis: squamis fere orbiculatis dense imbricatis fuscis: setis 5-6 achaenio duplo brevioribus, antrorse et minutissime serru-
latis: achaenio subhemisphaerico, parvo (1 mm. lato, 1 mm. longo) inter rugas paucas profundas transversas hares tem oni striolato: tuberculo compresso-deltoideo, 0.2 mm. alto. PLATE
831, rias. 2A and 2B; Map 67.—Borders of lata Isle of Pines and western Cuba. CusBa: savanna, San Pedro and vicinity, Isle of Pines, Feb. 12—Mar. 22, 1916, Britton & Wilson, no. 14301 (NY, US); shore of Laguna de Junco, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Oct. 31, 1923, Ekman, no. 17862 (US); lagoon in savanna, vicinity of Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Mar. 8-15, 1911, icin no. 10023 (NY, Typx; US, 1soryPs); dryish sand, aguna ero and vicinity, Pinar del Rio, Dec. 12 --3O1t, Shater, ioe 1090 (NY); border of lagoon, vicinity of Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Sept. 5-12, 1910, Britton, Britton & Gager, no. 6946 (NY); Laguna de la Maguina, south of Pinar del (a City, Pinar del Rio, Nov. 28, 1940, Leén & Alain, no. 19410
This species has been named in honor of Dr. NATHANIEL Lorp Brirron. It is most closely related to R. sulcata Gale, and the discussion of the two species follows the description of the latter.
58. R. obliterata, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 1.5-2 mm. latis planis setaceis ascendentibus; marginibus sparse serratis: culmis trigonis gracilibus, 5.9—9. 2 dm. altis, apicem versus flexuosis: fasciculis 2-3 decompositis corymbiformibus 2-3 mm. latis; lateralibus compositis minoribus erectis peduncu- latis exsertis: spiculis ovoideis, 1—3-floris, 1-2-carpis, 3.5-4 mm.
ongis: squamis aristulatis, laxe imbricatis: setis 6, achaenio duplo brevioribus vel saepe rudimentariis, antrorse ’ serrulatis: rapist late feast lasicobovaiden biconvexo 1.2-1.3 mm. lato
1.2-1.3 mm. longo nitido castaneo; alveolis in medio a rugis validis pallidis regained obscuratis: tuberculo hones apicu- lato 0.3 mm. alto. Pare 830, rigs. 4A and 4B; Map 68.— Borders of ponds in pe ae and southeastern tae ARKAN- sas: borders of ponds, BE. Ark.! J 1884, Harvey, no. 12 (G). Texas: Cypress City, Harris Co., in 1877, Boll, no. 793 (Mo); pende: Rates, Waller Co., April 16, 1872, Hall, no. 709 (G, eae oe S, ISOTY YPES); prairie near Indianola, Calhoaa zoe 1869, Ravenel, no. 144 (NY, in part R. globularis ‘Ghaaesn ‘Saal var. recognita Gale).
The specimens of R. obliterata cited above were segregated from collections of R. globularis (Chapm.) Small, var. recognita Gale (R. cymosa). They differ in general from the latter species
‘ Located on the map as in the vicinity of Grand Prairie.
1944] Gale,— Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 243
both in their cauline leaves, which are narrower and setaceous, and in their lack of a coarse, curling tuft of basal leaves. The inflorescence of R. obliterata is loosely fasciculate. The numerous small clusters of spikelets, each borne on a flexuously ascending branchlet, are inconspicuously bracteate. The inflorescence of R. globularis var. recognita, on the other hand, has comparatively short, stiffly erect to divergent branchlets bearing tight ultimate corymbs or glomerules which are penetrated by short. stiff bracts. The lenticular achene of R. obliterata has a precise, broad-obovate outline. The transverse walls of the alveoli are aligned and pushed up into small ridges which, over the central portion of the achene, become conspicuously wider and paler, obscuring the alveoli. The achene of R. globularis var. recognita is by contrast irregularly obovate to suborbicular in outline, _ and tends to be more tumid above. Its small ridges are evenly continued across the face of the achene, and the alveoli of the central portion remain undiminished in size. The name of the new species derives from the characteristic blotting out of the central alveoli.
compressed below, cancellate, transversely ridged to rugulose, castaneous, 1-1. . wide, 1.2-1.6 mm. long: tubercle conical, with or without a compressed apex, 0.3-0.6 mm. high. Key to Varreries oF R, GLOBULARIS Achenes transversely ridged or rugulose, their cancelli oblong. Habit frequently depressed; branchlets of the cymes termina- ting in pias 4 i I : spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long; achenes 1-1.2 mm. wide, 1.2-1.
var. typica.
m. long, coarsely cancellate to striate, transversely ridged. .59b. _ var. recognita,
a0 es 6 Be eo a ace 0 eee be be bn ae we ee eee Le ae
244 Rhodora (JUNE
59a. Var. typica. Leaves 1.5-2 mm. wide: culms often short, but ranging from 1.4-6.8 dm. in height, slender, obtusely tri- gonous to subterete, often attenuate, wiry and flexuous: branch- lets of the cymes terminating in small knobby capituli of 3-8 spikelets: bracts inconspicuous: spikelets 2.5-3 mm. long, 1-2- fruited: bristles 5 (rarely 6), usually less than 14 the achene in height: achene finely cancellate, transversely ridged to rugulose, 1-1.2 mm. wide, 1.2-1.3 mm. long: tubercle short, conical. Puate 831, rics. 1A and 1B; Map 70.—R. globularis Small, Man. 184 (1933). R. cymosa var. globularis Chapman, FI. So. U. 8. 525 (1860); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 91 (1892); Small, Fl. 197 (1903); Fernald, Ruopora, xxxvii. 380, 405 (1935) and xxxix. 391, 480 (1937).—Sandy or peaty depressions from Delaware south along the Coastal Plain to the tip of Florida and west to eastern Texas; inland to the upper Sabine and the Red Rivers; also in swamps of the coastal ranges of northern Califor- nia. DELAWARE: swamps, Newport, New Castle Co., July 12, 1863, Commons (NY). Viratnra: ledges along Potomac River, Great Falls, Fairfax Co., Blake, no. 5277 (US); low woodroad north of Savedge, Surry Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8121 (G, P); sandy and peaty depression (exsiccated shallow pond) about 4 miles northwest of Homeville, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long, no. 6071 (G, P); wet argillaceous depressions south of Petersburg, Dinwiddie Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8120 (G, P); peaty and argillaceous clearing about 4 miles southeast of Emporia, Greens- ville Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8122 (G, P); near Northwest, Norfolk Co., Kearney, no. 1536 (US); sandy barrens, Rifle Range, south of Rudy Inlet, Princess Anne Co., Smith & H odgdon in Pl. Exsic. Gray., no. 625 (CU, G, NY, P, US). Nort Caro- LINA: argillaceous-siliceous clearing, 2 miles east of Conway, Northampton Co., June 14, 1939, Godfrey, (CU, D, G, P); open pine woods, acid soil, south of Bennett Memorial, Durham Co., Blomquist, no. 9799 (CU, D); damp thickety school yard, 7 miles east of Lumberton, Robeson Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 614 (G). Sourn Caroxina: sand pit, Combahee River, south of Hendersonville, Colleton Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 617 (G). Gxorera: Smithville, Lee Co., Earle, no. 2979 (NY); low grounds between Millen and Ogeechee River, Burke Co., Harper, no. 792 (G, US); rather dry sandy roadside in pine barrens, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 880 (G, NY, US); margins, Bouhin’s Pond, Chatham Co., Eyles, no. 6093 (CU); ditch along U.S. Route 17 south of Ways, Bryan Co., Eyles, no. 6286 (CU); dry open sink between Newton and Elmodel, Baker Co., Eyles, no. 7067 (Hermann Herb.). Fiorrpa: near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 4105 (US); Manavista, Manatee Co., Tracy, n0- 6991 (US); in moist sandy ditch along roadside, Rialto, Lee Co., Moldenke, no. 1011 (US); in hammocks and pine lands, Black
ia ; | 0 SLES ee er
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 245
Point, below Cutler, Dade Co., Small & Carter, no. 880 (NY); Chipola River swamp, Jackson Co., Curtiss, no. 3 (G); swampy thicket, Washington Co., Curtiss, no. 3149 (CU, P, US). Mis- SISSIPPI: Picayune, Pearl River o., May 24, 1940, Sargent satpent Herb.). LovistaNna: in grassy soil, ‘Covington, St. mmany Parish, July 17, 1884, Langlois (CU); low prairies,
jeaniaee Jefferson Davis Parish, ’ Palmer, no. 7624 (CA); infre- quent, low prairies, vicinity of Lake Charles, Caleasieu Parish, Mackenzie, no. 400 pe a EXAS: common in swamp, Big Sandy, Upshur Co., Reverchon, no. 2460 (Mo, NY); damp places, Dallas, Dallas Go, Reverchon, no. 3603 (G, US); wet sandy ground, Jacksonville, Cherokee Co., Palmer, no. 7905 (CA, Mo, P); springy places north of Palestine, Anderson Co., June 8, 1899,
Eggert (Mo); low prairie, Hempstead, Waller Co., ’ Hall, no. 71 12 (NY, US). Cauirornia: Pitkin Marsh, 5 miles north of Sebas- topol, Sonoma Co., Howell, no. 126 (G).
59b. Var. recognita, nom. nov. Leaves 2-4 mm. wide: culms 1.5 (rarely)—9.2 dm. in height, robust, trigonous and erect to attenuate, obscurely trigonous and flexuous: terminal capituli usually heavily crowded with spikelets: the pale bracts usually conspicuous: spikelets consistently larger than those of var. typica, 3-4 mm. long, 1-3-fruited: bristles 5-6, 44-14 height the achene in length: achene sootian ds cancellate to striate, trans- versely ridged, 1.2-1.5 mm. wide, 1.3-1.6 mm. long: tubercle
0.6 mm. high, conic to triangular with the apex compressed.
PLATE 831, rics. 4A and 4B; Map 72.—R. cymosa sensu Torrey, Fl. N. and Mid. St. no. 1: 56 (1823) and later authors to the present; Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 196, pl. 6, fig. 1 (1835); Tor- rey, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 364 (1836); ‘Gray, Man. 532 (184 8) . Chapman, FI. So. U. 8. 524 (1860); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Aca ‘ Sci. xi. 91 (1892), excl. syn. R. Harveyi Wm. Boott (R. Aes. q in error); Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. * 280, fig. 658 (1896); Clarke 7 in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 129 (1900), excl. es Britton, n. 4 186 (1901): Small, Fl. 197 (1903) and Man. 184 (1933); Robinson & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 199, fig. 315 (1908); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. i98 (1916); Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 104 (1923); non Elliott. R. gracilis sensu Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub, 243 (1866), in part; C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 179 (1873), i in part; non (Swartz) Vahl. R. Torrey- ana sensu Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866); C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 84 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 179 (1873); non Gray. Schoenus cymosus Muhlenberg, Cat. (1818), nomen nudum, and Descrip. Gram. 8 (1817); non Willde- now. Phaeoc ephalum cymosum ae se, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920). Dichromena cymosa Mcbride: Field Mus. Pub. Bot. xi. 5 (1931).—Low open places on the Coastal Plain from New
246 Rhodora [JUNE
Jersey to northern South Carolina and inland to the mountains of the Carolinas, Georgia and Alabama; westward through Tennessee, with a few stations on the southern shores of Lake Michigan and Lake Ontario; also in coastal ranges in northern California; distributed along the Mississippi southward on the lower drainage of its western tributaries, the Missouri, Arkansas, and Red Rivers; scattered in eastern Texas, Louisiana and the coastal counties ‘of Mississippi and Alabama; also on the penin- sula of Florida, the Greater Antilles, the island of Dominica and in Central America. The citation of representative specimens is omitted because this common and widely spread variety has been so well known under the misapplied name of “ R. cymosa Ell.” However, since the nomenclatural history of the plant has been So confused it seems best to designate a type, and that is cited below. Vrrcrnia: dry pinelands about 4 miles northwest of Waverly, Sussex Co., July 26, 1936, Fernald & Long, no. 6070 (G, TYPE; P, 1soTy PE).
In 1798 Willdenow published in his revision of the Cyperaceae for the Species Plantarum a new species, Schoenus cymosus. The abbreviation v. s. (vidi siceas)' appended to his description indicates that at that time a dried specimen of the same existed in his herbarium.
Forty-one years later Kunth relegated S. cymosus Willd. to the synonymy of Scirpus polyphyllus Vahl. In so doing he added to his citation of Willdenow’s Species Plantarum, i. page 265 the herbarium number 1247 of the Willdenow type.
Recently Kikenthal,? in his treatment of Schoenus as part of his projected monograph of the Rhynchosporoideae, lists Schoenus cymosus Willd. as equivalent to Rhynchospora cymosa Ell.
The original description of Willdenow does not mention either style or achene. Due to the present international situation, it is impossible to confirm or refute by an examination of these details in the type-specimen itself either the diagnosis of Kunth or the more commonly held opinion of Kiikenthal. However, not only was Kunth personally in a position to study the Willdenow type, but his citation of the not otherwise published herbarium number 1247 seems to indicate that he availed himself of this opportunity. Also, as will be indicated in the following paragraph, Kunth was well aware of the confusion surrounding Elliott’s application of the specific name a to Rhynchospora. Kiikenthal, on the
1 Willdenow, Sp. Pl. (1797).
* Fedde, Rep. Spec. a xliv. 187 (1938).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 247
contrary, gives no indication that he has as yet either personally examined the Willdenow type or studied in detail Elliott’s description of R. cymosa. I am, therefore, assuming S. cymosus Willd. to be correctly placed by Kunth in the synonymy of Scirpus polyphyllus.
In 1813 the name Schoenus cymosus appears again, this time in the list which constitutes Muhlenberg’s Catalogue. Muhlen- berg’s description of his new species, a necessity to the valid publication of every new species, did not follow until the publi- cation of his Descriptio Uberior Graminum, 1817. When the description appeared, however, it unquestionably applied S. cymosus Muhl. to the plant which now passes under the name of Rk. cymosa. Technically, since the Willdenow species and the Muhlenberg species are not identical, Muhlenberg’s name be- comes a later homonym of the earlier, and, as such, is illegitimate under Schoenus according to the International Rules.
In 1816, while the status of S. cymosus Muhl. was that of a nomen nudum, Elliott published the first pages of his Sketch of the Botany of South Carolina and Georgia. Here he described in detail a Rhynchospora cymosa which he supposed to be S. cymosus of Muhlenberg, but, in reality, Muhlenberg’s species was not validly published until a year later, when it was accom-
panied by its description. Elliott made, therefore, not a new
combination, but a new species. Consequently it is imperative to determine the identity of his specimen which is obviously the type of Rhynchospora cymosa.
Kunth in his Enumeratio Plantarum assigns R. cymosa Elliott to R. distans (Michx.) Vahl, basing his determination upon a specimen ‘a Beyrichio misso.”” Both Torrey and Gray had previously suspected that Elliott’s description did not ayply to the plant which they knew as R. cymosa and which they errone- ously attributed to Willdenow.
To come at the bottom of this confusion, Prof. M. L. F penile during the spring of 1938, kindly examined the Elliott tyre for me, and he states that, although immature, it is undoubtedly R. glomerata (Michx.) Vahl. The name R. cymosa, then, since it has no connection with S. cymosus Willd., properly dates from Elliott, belongs in the synonymy of R. glomerata, and cannot be rightfully used to designate any other entity.
ba] Gee ee, a eer
248 Rhodora [JUNE
This conclusion necessitates for the plant which was the basis of Muhlenberg’s S. cymosus and which has until the present passed as ?. cymosa, another name. Chapman in 1860 set apart and described the smaller R. cymosa, var. globularis. Small in 1933 raised this variety to specific rank. Since in my judgment no boundary exists which specifically delimits the larger from the smaller plant, I am accepting Chapman’s interpretation rather than that of Small. R. globularis, therefore, becomes the correct specific name. Var. typica is the small rlant originally set apart by Chapman as var. globularis, and to the plant for- merly treated as R. cymosa, I am giving the name R. globularis var. recognita.
After this discussion of R. cymosa was yut into final form, Professor Fernald received, through the kindness of Professor Diels, Director of the Botanical Museum at Berlin, a photo- graph of Schoenus cymosus, no. 1247, in the Willdenow Herbari- um. The specimen! was clearly a young state of Scirpus poly- phyllus, as stated in Kunth’s annotation on the right-hand side of the sheet. The specimen-cover bore in the left-hand corner the no. 1247, and on the right, in Willdenow’s hand, ‘‘Schoenus cymosus Sp. Pl. Habitat in America boreali.’”? This was accom- panied by a diagnosis of Schoenus umbellatus copied from Walter,’ in which the name S. umbellatus has been replaced by that of Scirpus polyphyllus.
_59c. Var. pinetorum (Small), stat. nov. Leaves 1.5-2 mm. wide: clums obtusely trigonous, slender, erect, becoming flexu- ous, 2.7-6.9 dm. in height: inflorescence 1-4 weak glomerulose cymes: bracts inconspicuous: spikelets nearly globose, 2-flowered, 1-fruited, compact, 2.5-3 mm. long: scales mucronulate or obtuse: bristles 6, not exceeding 24 the height of the achene: achene 1.4 mm. wide, 1.3~-1.4 mm. long; the pale flat surface covered with a dark nearly isodiametric reticulation: tubercle triangular, 0.4— 0.5 mm. high. Puatre 831, rig. 5A; Map 71.—R. pinetorum Britton & Small, in Small, Man. 183, 1503 (1933).—Moist areas in pinelands and savannas, the Peninsula of Florida, west along the coast to Louisiana; also in western Cuba and Jamaica. FLormA: moist pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co. Curtiss, no. 4871 (G); prairie near St. Johns River, Osceola Co., McFarlin, no. 4908 (CU); in a low pineland, Aripeka, Pasco Co., O'Neill, no. 2611 (CU, NY); Manavista, Manatee Co., Tracy,
' Now, with the complete herbarium at Berlin, presumably lost. 2 Walter, FI. Car. 70 (1788).
1944) Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 249
no. 6991 (G); pinelands west of Punta Gorda, DeSoto Co., Small, Mosier & DeWinkler, no. 10912 (NY, Type of R. pine- torum Britton & Small); in moist sandy ditch along seadiade: ‘ Rialto, Lee Co., Moldenke, no. 1011 (D, NY); glade, Cutter & Black Pt., Dade Co., Small & Carter, no. 885 (P); swampy thicket, Washington Co., May, Curtiss, no. 3149 (NY). Lovtst- awa: low prairies, Jennings, Jefferson Davis Parish, Palmer, no. (
Pinar del Rio and Caloma, Pinar del Rio, Britton, Britton & Cowell, no. 10084 (NY). JAMAICA! along rivulets at ’Moneague, 1850, Alexander (G).
R. pinetorum Small is superficially identical with the weaker state of R. globularis, var. recognita found in the western States and the Greater Antilles. It has the same attenuated appear- ance, the same weak cymes, turgid spikelets, inconspicuous bracts and nearly orbicular short scales. Even its achene is similar in shape, size and tubercle. Its only claim to specific rank depends upon the surface sculpturing of the achene. This con- sists of a brown nearly isodiametric reticulation over a flat, usually pale background. R. globularis and the var. recognita have, by contrast, an elongate reticulation with the shorter sides of the alveoli accentuated so as to form transverse ridges on the surface of the achene. A study of the whole globularis- complex in Florida and Cuba, however, reveals that in this region transitional stages between isodiametric and elongate pitting with a ridged surface occur. Such are the achenes from the collection of Tracy, no. 7001, from Florida, and of Curtiss, December, 1903, from the Isle of Pines. It seems best, therefore, to reduce Small’s entity to the status of a variety.
(To be continued)
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 255
RHYNCHOSPORA, SECTION EURHYNCHOSPORA, IN CANADA, THE UNITED STATES AND THE WEST INDIES
SHIRLEY GALE (Continued from page 249)
Series 11. Caducae, ser. nov. Cymis decompositis saepissime valde fasciculatis patentibus corymbiformibus: spiculis 1-10 (semper fere 4—5)-carpis: squamis laxe imbricatis: setis 1-6 antrorse serrulatis saepissime validis (R. perplera et R. micro- carpa exceptis): achaenio elliptico-obovato vel late obovato vel suborbiculari saepissime rugoso cancellato vel striato, obscure marginato.
Growing in damp depressions, swamps, pond-margins and shallow water of the pine barrens, savannas and open woodland of the Coastal Plain; infrequent inland; also in the West Indies. Caespitose: leaves 1 ‘(rarely)-7. 5 mm. wide: culms of well devel- oped specimens approximately 1 m. high, usually erect, becoming flexuous toward the summit, less often weakly ascending: cymes decompound, those of most species corymbiform, densely fasciculate, less often weakly spreading and with few spikelets or forming a globose net in R. miliacea: spikelets oe 1—mostly 4-5 (less often 6-10) achenes: scales loosely imbric bristles "udually well developed (1-3 and rudimentary in wt perplexa), antrorsely serrulate: achenes ellivinababnte to broad- ly obovate or suborbicular in outline, usually ridged, always cancellate or striate, obscurely marginate: t tubercle basally deltoid.— Rhynchospora V. Glomeratae Small, Man. 175 (1933), in part. ah faiier snk Series B. Diplo styleae, Sect. 5. Glaucae
Key To Species IN SERIES CADUCAE
a. Bristles equalling or exceeding the achene... .b.
b. Achene slenderly ellipsoid-obovoid, 2-2.2 mm. in length R. inexpansa. b. Achene bersasceaiied to broadly obovoid or subglobose, less
than 1.8 . in length.... c. Branchlets of the 6-9 cymes stiffly divaricate or reflexed, giving the ais nesta of a se web; achene pale se Fellow heowi yk Pia as a eee 1. R. miliacea. c. Ecanckiats of the 2-5 cymes ascending to spreading, if divaricate never stiffly so; achene castan pee & d, y anton broadly cheeate to eabbetiedlar = ee n above, comp ae 2 wide or wider, 1.4 mm. long or rang ee e. Achenes striate, castaneous, 1.4-1.6 mm. wide, i r= .7 mm, long, with a evi, groies terete stipe which is 0.3-0.4 mm. in length; stamens conspicu- ously anpeceeenk eat Cue eels beer reas 62. R. odorata
256 Rhodora : [JULY
e. Achenes Lard cancellate, 1.2-1.6 mm. wide, 1.4— m. long, with a short thick inconspicuous ent....63. FR. caduca. d. Achenes slenderly ronan or, if dante to suborbicu- ar in outline, small, gradually biconvex and not ee reey swollen “above, 0.8-1.2 mm. wide, 1-1.4
ong....
f. Cymes loose, spre eadin ng, the lax mango branchlets widely divergent; spikelets few... .
g. Bristles well exceeding the “wuberele; tubercle
deltoid-attenuate with setose margins........ 53, dt. mnecla. g. Bristles equalling the achene taherdis deltoid, hat decurrent, the eres bare : se decurrens.
ridges: bristles irregularly spreading... .66. R. schoenoides. h. ——— moderately biconvex, the alveoli subiso- diametric to broadly oblong, rugulose to only Slightly ridged; bristles amially aired erect and 6
closely connivent around the achene.. . R. microcarpa. a. Bristles shorter than the achene or failing... .7 ; z. Achene strongly flattened, prominently ced, aa ede Ne
j. Bristles 6, not exceeding the achene; transverse ridges of the achene approximately 12, closely spaced; tuber-
: cle decurrent; spi genes 4mm. long As FOE Bee 68. Rk. Torreyana.
j. Bristles none or 1-3 ru c pinks transverse ridges of the achene less than 8, wid ery separated. os ey 69. R. perplexa.
zt, Achene biconvex, slightly if at all ieee. the alveoli sub- isodiametric to broadly ODIONG ss ssh os ee ea e058 67. R. microcarpa. 60. R. 1nexpansa (Michx.) Vahl. Fg any often forming stools of several—15 culms: leaves flat, 2-3.5 mm. wide; margins finely serrulate; tips triquetrous: culms shelisel triangular, becoming slender, flexuous, 0.3-1.2 m. high: inflorescence 3-
strictly elongated decompound fasciculate cymes, 0.6-1 dm. in length, the filiform arching branches approximate; lateral cymes on exserted peduncles: spikelets fusiform, sessile or setae strongly ascending, 2—5-flowered, 1—4-fruited, 4.5-6 . long: scales castaneous, acute or aristulate, caducous: bristles 6, up- wardly hispidulous, capillary, erect, once again as high as the tubercle: achene slenderly Slipaotdoboveid, narrowing toward the base, extremely flattened, transversely ridged, castaneous, 0.8-1 mm. wide, 2-2.2 mm. long: tubercle ee, compressed, 0.9-1.2 mm. long, pale, with thickly setose margin LATE
Frias. 1A and 1B; Mar 75.—Enum. ii. 232 (1806): Elliott, Sk. Bot. S. Car. and Ga. i. 61 (1816); Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 200, pl. 6, fig. 6 (1835) and Man. ed. 2, 505 (1856) ; Pear aty Fl. So. U.S. 525 5 (1 ~~, ; Britton & Brown , Ll. FI. i. 280, fig. 660 (1896) ; Britton, Man. 186 (1901); Small, Fl. 198 (1903) and Man. 186 (1933); eatin & Fernald in Gray, Man. ed. 7: 200, fig. 318 (1908). Schoenus inexpansus abies FI. Bor. -Am, i. 35 (1803) ;
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 257
Muhlenberg, Descrip. Gram. 9 (1817). Phaeocephalum inex- pansum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920)——Common in low or exsiccated ground in open areas of pinelands on the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia to Georgia and west to eastern Texas; inland localities in northern Alabama, northwestern Arkansas and along the Red River. Citation of specimens of this unique and well known species is not considered necessary in this paper.
61. R. mrtracea (Lam.) Gray. Stoloniferous: leaves narrowly linear, 6-7.5 mm. wide, erect, flat, carinate; the keel and margins scabrous to smooth; tip triquetrous: culms 3-angled, leafy, slightly arching or more commonly stiffly erect, 0.9-1.4 m. high: cymes 6-9, decompound, the long wiry capillary branchlets stiffly divaricate or often reflexed, giving to the cyme a loose, web-like appearance, 0.7—1 dm. wide: lateral cymes on subex- serted peduncles: spikelets ovoid, turg id, 3-4 mm. long, distant on elongated slender pedicels, rag etl 3-10-fruited: scales aristulate, loosely imbricate, promptly caducous exposing a ‘‘spikelet’’ of naked achenes: bristles 6, fragile, spreading, up- wardly serrulate, exceeding the tubercle: achene broadly obovoid, biconvex, ae ridged to rugulose, longitudinally striate, pale, 0.9-1. mm. wide, 1-1.38 mm. long: tubercle depressed- conic, often ares 0.2-0.4 mm. long. Pair 833, FIGS. 2A
and OB: Map 74.—Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 198, pl. 6, fg. 4 pees Cheon Fl. So. U.S. 526 (1860); Grisebach, Cat. Pl. Cub. 243 (1866); C. Wright in Saye Anal. Acad. Ci. eae vill. 84 (1871) and FI. Cub. 1 179 (1873); Small, Fl. 198 (1903) and Man. 186 (1933); Britton, Mem. Soe. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 199 (1916); Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 211 (1926). Schoenus miliaceus Lamarck, Ill. Gen. i. 187 (1791). &. sparsa Vahl,
sparsus Michaux, Fl. Bor. EO o 35 Maa. Muhlenberg, Descrip. Gram. 7 (1817). Phaeocephalum miliaceum (mispelled mailaceum) House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Often standing in water of swamps of the Coastal Plain from south- eastern Virginia and North Carolina (rarely) southward to the Florida Peninsula, and west to Louisiana; also in the western provinces of Cuba and in eastern Hispaniola. Virainta: Read
, as ‘‘Schoenus sparsus”’), presumably from Norfolk Co. Nortu Carona: swamp at Newport, Carteret Co., Godfrey, no. 4412 (D, G); peaty grass-sedge savanna at Carolina Beach, New Hanover €o.. Godfrey, no. 4684 (G, NC); edge of swamp, Southport, Brunswick Co., Jan. 28, 1922, Bartram (G, P).
ouTH CAROLINA: swamp, 1% miles west of Andrews, George- town, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 541 (G, NY);
258 Rhodora [JuLy
wet places along Santee Canal, Berkeley Co., Ravenel (G). CAROLINA: in umbrosis Carolinae, Michaux Herb. (G, type- photo of Schoenus sparsus); east Carolina, D. Fraser in Herb. Leonard (G, TypE-pHoto of Schoenus miliaceus). GEORGIA: shaded pool of clear cold water, Leslie, Sumter Co., Harper, no. 1017 (G, NY, US); semi-calcareous swamp of small creek about Y mile east of Cedar Springs, Early Co., Harper, no. 3635 (G, P, US). FLoripA: swamps aes Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no dre (CU; DG, NY, PF, US); Devils Mill Hopper, lime-sink near Gainesville, Alachua Co., O’ Neill, no. 586 (US); rooting under water, Silver Springs, Marion Co., O’ Neill, no. 2606 (CU); damp places, Ormond, Volusia Co., Fuller (G); Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 1845 (G, NY, P, US); in mud of bog in open woods near Oviedo, Seminole Co., Correll, no. 6361 (CU, D, G); in moist woodland, south of Aripeka, Hernando Co. ra Moldenke, no. 1065 (D, NY): rooting under water in a spring, pasture hammock, Lake Jovita, Paseo Co., O'Neill, no. 1060 U, US); swamp, between Shingle and Bonnet Creek, Kissim- mee, Osceola Co., Mar. 13, 1938, Singletary (D); in a swamp, Polk City, Polk Co., O'Neill, no. 7682 (CU); sand-barren swamps, Tampa, Hillsborough Co., Apr. 11, 1923, Churchill (G); oe Okaloacoochee Slough, Big Cypress, Lee Co., Small, no. 8311 (NY); in everglades near Camp Long View, Dade Co., Small & Wilson, no. 1644 (NY); bogs and deep miry ‘places, Apalachicola, Franklin Co. , Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 231a (G, NY, US). ALABAMA: deep loa springy places, " eastern shore, Mobile Bay, Point Clear, Baldwin Co., June 10, 1879, Mohr (US). LovisiANA: abundant in cypress-tupelo swamp, Rone Ferry on Tickjaw River, Livingston Parish, Brown, no. 6573 (La); New Orleans, 1832, Drummond (G); sandy ditch near swamp in
Zapata, Santa Clara, Acufia, no. 4305 (NY); in coastal swamps, in a wood of Peralta Estate, "Batabano, Havana, Leén, no. 14195 Sher Wright, no. 3788 (G, US). Hispanroua: Macary in
tang Soe Marigot, Massif de la Selle, Haiti, Ekman, no. 5978 (NY, U;
2. Fes see ee C. Wright ex Griseb. With short stolons: leaves 3.5-6 mm. wide, arching, carinate, smooth, becoming triquetrous at the tip, with finely serrulate angles: culms stocky, becoming flexuous at the summit, 3-angled, smooth, 0.7—1.8 m. high: cymes 3-4, decompound, "densely fasciculate, 3-4 cm. wide, 3-7.5 cm. long; branchlets mainly arched-ascending: spikelets ovoid, 3-11-flowered, 1-7-fruited, 6-9 mm. long: scales acute-aristate, loosely imbricate, ferruginous, caducous:
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 259
Range of 77, RHyNCHOSPORA MIXTA; 78, R. DECURRENS; 79, R. SCHOENOIDES; 0, RR: TORREYANA; 81, R. PERPLEXA; 82, He MICROCARPA.
stamens conspicuously marcescent: bristles 6, irregularly ascend- ing to spreading, slenderly attenuate, usually well exceeding the tubercle, upwardly serrulate, 3.2-4.2 mm. long: achene orbicular in outline, strongly biconvex, transversely ridged and strongly marked by longitudinal striae, castaneous, 1.4-1.6 mm. wide, 14-4, A mm. long, with a conspicuous persistent stipe, 0. 3-0.4 mm. long: tubercle deltoid-compressed, somewhat peace usually dark with setose margins. PLaTe 833, Fries. 3A and
Map 73.—Cat. Pl. Cub. 242 (1866); C. Wri ght in Sauvalle Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 83 (1871) and FI. Cub. 179 (1873). R. stipitata Chapman Fi. So. U. S. ed. 2: 660 (1883); Hemsley, Rep. Sci. Res. Voy. Challenger, Bot. i. 76, pl. 10 (1885); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 129 (1900); Sinall Fl. 198 (1903) and Man. 186 (1933); Britton, FI. Bermuda, 53, fig. 82 (1918). Rk. Marisculus sensu Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 132 (1900), in part. &. Marisculus sensu Britton, Mem. Soe. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 200 (1916), in part, excl. syn. R. jubata Liebm. R. Maris- culus sensu Britton & Millspaugh, Bahama Fl. 56 (1920); non Lindl. et Nees in Mart. R. caduca sensu Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. pec. Nov. xxiii. 210 (1926) and xxxii. 77 (1933); non Ell. Phaeocephalum stipitatum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920). —Swamps of the Coastal Plain a North Carolina (one collection from Carteret Co.) to the Florida Peninsula, Bermuda, New Providence of the Bahamas and the Greater Antilles. Norra Caro.ina: sand banks near Beaufort, Carteret Co., Lewis, no. 76 (NY). Gerorara: Baldwin (P). Forma: low rich places near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 3141 (P); swamp near Mosquito Inlet, Volusia Co., Curtiss, no. 3174
260 Rhodora [JoLy
Guane, Pinar del Rio, Dec. 23, 1863?!, Wright, no. 3394 (G); in
Clara, Cuesta, no. 764 (NY); al norte de la Bahia de Cochinos, Santa Clara, Leén & Loustalot, no. 9506 (NY). Jamaica: marsh, 1 mile west of Black River, Cornwall, Britton, no. 1356 (NY); border of Great Morass, Negril and vicinity, Cornwall, Britton & Hollick, no. 2116 (NY). H1spanroua: coastal swamp at Carbarete, Tosua, prov. Puerto Plata, Cordillera Septen- trional, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 14535 (G, NY, US). PuERTo Rico: Point Congrejos, Stevenson, no. 1706 (NY, US).
63. R. capuca Ell. Spreading by means of short stolons, occasionally forming dense stools: leaves 4-7 mm. wide, flat, slightly carinate, mainly ascending; tips triquetrous, with minute- ly scabrous angles: culms robust, acutely 3-angled, erect, becom- ing flexuous at the summit, 0.7-1.2 m. high: cymes 3-5, decom- pound, strict, 0.5-1.2 dm. long, usually densely fasciculate and often arching, but attenuated specimens occurring with scattered spikelets on weak, spreading branchlets: spikelets ovoid, fas- ciculate and sessile or single and slenderly pedicellate, 3-6- flowered, 2-5-fruited, 4-4.5 mm. long: scales acute to aristulate, caducous, dark brown, loosely imbricate: bristles 6, brittle, well exceeding the tubercle, upwardly hispidulous: achene obovate to rotund in outline, strongly umbonate, 1.2-1.6 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6 mm. long; entire surface cancellate with the horizontal walls of the oblong alveoli contiguous, accentuated and forming horizontal ridges: tubercle deltoid, compressed and slightly
epressed, usually pale, setose, 0.6-0.8 mm. in height. PLATE
‘ See Underwood, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xxxii, 297 (1905).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 261
833, rics. 4A and 4B; nage 76. woe es . a and ie i.
(1816); melts Ann. Lye 6. fig. 5 (iss Chapman, FI. So. U. S sn (i860); Small Pi 197 Ane and Man. 185 Fess R. patula Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 201, pl. 6
fig. 8 (1835), for the most part. Phaeocephalum pn House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Frequent in meadows and marshes on the Coastal Plain from southeastern Virginia south to Florida and west to eastern Texas; known inland only from a few localities in the mountains of Georgia and Alabama and in northwestern Arkansas. Virainia: border of damp sandy pine woods east of Gloucester, Gloucester Co., Fernald & Long, no.
61
border of brackish to fresh marsh along Back Bay at eastern margin of Long Island, Princess Anne Co., Fernald & Long, no. 10555 (G); boggy swale by Northwest River, near Northwest, Norfolk k Co., Fernald, Griscom & Long, no. “4578 (G); swaley
t Beach), Southampton Co., Fernald & Long, no. 10148 (G, P); exsiccated argillaceous pineland, about 2 miles east of Stony Creek, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8999 (G, P). Norra Carouina: in bogey soil near Elizabeth City, Pasquotank Co., soley, no. 2110 (D); marsh at Sligo, Currituck Co., Godfrey, no. 283 (G dfrey, no. 5340
262 Rhodora [JULY
Johns Co., June 7, 1940, West & Arnold (CU); St. Vincent Island, Franklin Co., McAtee, no. 1820a (US); in low pineland, Lake City, Columbus Co., O'Neill, no. 7674 (CU); wet hammock, vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 139 (G); in edge of low woods near Mabel, Sumter Co., Curtiss, no. 6631 (G, P); swamps, Myers, Lee Co., Hitchcock, no. 422 (G); moist open ground, 1 mile west of Arcadia, DeSoto Co., Blomquist, no. 8958 (G, D); near Tallahassee, Leon Co., Berg (NY); Herb. Baldw. (NY, annotated as R. patula by Gray). ALAaBamMa: Auburn, Lee Co., Earle, no. 859 (NY); pine woods, Ball Play, Etowah Co., Mohr (US). Musstsstpr1: Saratoga Co., Tracy, no. 8464 (G). ARKAN- sas: Benton Co., Plank, no. 17 (NY). Lovistana: in prairies,
Rouge Parish, Trotter & Chilton, no. 42 (La); low prairies, Jen- nings, Jefferson Davis Parish, Palmer, no. 7625 (CA, Mo, P). Texas: Palestine, Anderson Co., Apr. 19, 1895, Plank (NY);
Chambers Co., Cory, no. 22404 (G); Cypress City, Harris Co., Boll, no. 884 (G); Caney Post Office, Brazoria Co., Bechdolt, no. 4 (G); banks, Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 711 (G, Mo); Burnet, Burnet Co., Sept. 14, 1892, Plank (NY); prairie near Indianola, Calhoun Co., Ravenel, no. 159 (NY); coastal prairie, Midfields, Matagorda Co., Tharp, no. 2139 (US).
64. R. mixta Britt. ex Small. Stoloniferous: leaves 3-4 mm. wide, flat, subcarinate, becoming triquetrous at the tip; margins minutely scabrous: culms triangular, slender, becoming filiform and arched toward the summit, approximately 1 m. in height: cymes 4-6, decompound, fasciculate, 2.5-5.5 cm. wide, often extremely lax and flexuous in appearance due to the attenuated pedicels which may be strongly divergent; axillary cymes on exserted peduncles: spikelets ovoid, 2 (rarely)—10-flowered, 1 (rarely)—10-fruited, 4-6 mm. in length, commonly distant: scales mucronulate or acute, loosely imbricate, characteristically caducous, castaneous: bristles 6-8, extremely slender, brittle, well exceeding the tubercle, upwardly hispidulous, 2.2-2.8 mm long: achene slightly compressed, otherwise slenderly obovoid, 0.8-0.9 mm. wide, 1.3-1.4 mm. long; surface pale and dull but covered with a brown isodiametric reticulation, the transverse walls of which are barely if at all elevated: tubercle deltoid- attenuate, 0.4-0.9 mm. long, compressed, with a conspicuously setose margin. PLATE 832, rics. 4A and 4B; Map 77.—F. 197, 1328 (1903) and Man. 186 (1933). R. prolifera Small, Fl. 198, 1328 (1903) and Man. 186 (1933). Phaeocephalum mixtum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920). Phaeocephalum proliferum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).—Swampy woodlands
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 263
of Coastal Plain from North Carolina to northern Florida and west to eastern Texas. Norra Carouina: Elizabeth City, Pasquotank Co., Kearney, no. 1993 (US): ditch, Beaufort Co., Blomquist, no. 5614 (D); stream-margin, Holden Beach, Bruns- wick Co., Blomquist, no. 5614 (P). Sours CAROLINA: wet swampy woodland, 12 miles north a Georgetown, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 111 (D , P). Grorata: moist shaded ar place in Ogeechee River swamp, Burke Co., Harper, no. 768 (G, NY, US); bank of Ocmulgee River, Hawkins- ville, aon Co. , Harper ssh 1385 (G, NY, US); Marshallville, acon Co., Earle, no. 3 (NY, TYpPe); rich woods i in south- eastern part of Sumter git Harper, no. 490 (N ae moist sandy places, Leslie, Sumter Co., Harper, no. 408 (N Y, type o Rk. prolifera Small; US, isotype) ; swamp of Chickasawhatchee Creek at Johnson Bridge Ne) Elmodel, Baker Co., Eyles, no. 7059 (Hermann Herb.). FLORIDA: wet sandy soil near Perry, Taylor Co., Palmer, no. 27285 (G); low ground, Marianna, Jackson Co., May 26, 1940, Sargent (Sargent Herb.); river swamps, Apalachicola, Franklin Co. ., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 4471 (G, NY, US); swamps, Walton Co., 1885, Curtiss (NY); swampy woods along Yellow River near Milligan, Santa Rosa Co., Curtiss, no. 6854 (G; US, in part). ALABAMA: palmetto sw ramp, vicinity of Auburn, Lee Co:, Pollard & Mazon, no. 42 (G, NY, US). Mrsstssterr: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Tracy, no. 114 (NY). Lovrstana: vicinity of Covington, St. Dee Parish, Arsene, no. 12307 (Ue) mixed a and pal-
Baton Rouge Parish, May 19, 1874, Joor (us Texas: in bed of brook in high mixed forest, 5 miles south of Nacogdoches on Lufkin Road, Nacogdoches Co., Lundell & Lundell, no. 9643 (CU); 1883, N Serle no. 28 (NY US); East Texas, Wright (G).
f. mixta has a culm which, in common with so many members of this series, varies in degree of flexuosity from upright, with a curving distal internode, to weak, attenuated and nearly pro- cumbent. Specimens of the latter extreme have open fascicles with long filiform divergent branchlets; those with the greatest stiffness, however, have flexuous but not open fascicles, the branchlets of which are often shorter, usually ascending, causing a closer approximation of the spikelets. As in the closely related fk. miliacea, the number of achenes in a spikelet is very variable. I consider that Small, in designating those specimens which have spikelets bearing from 8-10 achenes as R. prolifera, set up an artificial boundary which alone delimited that species from R. mixta of Britton.
264 Rhodora [JULY
R. DECURRENS Chapman. Caespitose: leaves flat, 3 m wide, smooth, soft, with 3- angled setaceous tips: culms obtuisely trigonous, smooth, slender, becoming flexuous, leafy, approxi- mately 0.8-1.1 m. high: cymes 4-5, decompoun d, loose, some- what okie. 2-5 em. wide, the filiform branchlets lax or drooping, bearing a few scattered or somewhat congested spike- lets; lateral cymes distant, on exserted peduncles: spikelets rotundly ovoid, 3 mm. long, 3—4-flowered, 2—3-fruited, scattered or somewhat congested on capillary pedicels: scales mucronulate or muticous, chestnut-brown, caducous: bristles 6, extremely tenuous, fragile, upwardly hispidulous, equalling the achene in height: ‘achene obovoid, slightly biconvex, bright chestnut, 0.9 mm. wide, 1.3 mm long; the surface pitted, tending to become transversely rugulose: tubercle deltoid, compressed, somewhat decurrent, not setose. PLatTEe 832, rigs. 1A and 1B; Mar 78.— Fl. So. U. 8. 525 (1860); Small, FI. 198 (1903) and Man 185 (1933). Phaeocephalum decurrens House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 201 (1920).—Swamps and marshy stream-banks, Columbus Co.,
orth Carolina (one collection) and Florida. Norra CAROLINA: edge of swamp, 1 mile east of Old Dock, Columbus Co., Blom- quist & Correll, no. 9444 (D). FiLorripa: in swamp, Callahan, Nassau Co., O'Neill, no. 6017 (CU); south branch, St. Mary’s River, summer, 1885, Curtiss (NY); marshy banks of streams, Dead ‘Lakes, Calhoun Co., Mohr. no. 68 (US) lakes and rivers, Wewahitchka, Calhoun Co., Chapman in Bilt-
mor ; . Heinen Rie damp thickets, bank of Chittahachee River,
onro , June 25, 1880, Mohr (US, in part); swamps, western Florida, fie 20, 1880, Mohr (NY).
R. decurrens is most closely related to R. mixta Britt. This is at once apparent in the habit which is indistinguishable from that of R. mixta, for the plant has the same lax and drooping aspect with the typical flat soft leaves, and the loose cymes with their spreading or drooping filiform branchlets. The distinction between the two species depends upon achenial characters. The six bristles surrounding the customarily pale chestnut achene of R. mixta exceed the deltoid-attenuate tubercle which is 0.4 (rarely)—0.9 mm. high and marginally setose. The achene of R. decurrens, however, while similar to that of R. mixta in pitting and general outline, is a brilliant chestnut, surrounded by six bristles in height not equalling the tubercle, which is short (not exceeding 3 mm. long), broadly deltoid, and without a trace of marginal setae.
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 265
66. R. scHorNnorpEs (Ell.) Wood. Coarsely caespitose: leaves 4.5-5 mm. wide, flat, toward the apex becoming carinate and finely serrulate along the margins, triquetrous at the apex: culms 3-angled, becoming slender and flexuous, 0.8-1.5 m. high: cymes 2-5, decompound, densely fasciculate, irregularly corym- biform, 2-6 em. wide; the branchlets approximate, arching, terminating in glomerulate clusters of spikelets; lateral panicles subexserted on slender peduncles: spikelets rotundly ovoid, turgid, 3-6-flowered, 2-—4-fruited, 2.5-3. . long: scales mucronulate, loose, caducous, dark brown: bristles 6, exceeding the tubercle, upwardly hispidulous, tharacteristically divergent: achene pyriform, extremely flattened, heavily striate between the few well-spaced transverse ridges, often pale to castaneous,
m. wide, 1.2—-1.3 mm. long: tubercle deltoid, sometimes apiculate, compressed, 0.3-0.4 mm. high. Pate 834, Frias. 2A and 2B; Map 79.—Class-Book of Bot. 744 (1861); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92 (1892); Small, Fl. 198 (1903) and Man. 185 (1933). Scirpus schoenoides Elliott, Sk. Bot. 8. Car. and Ga. i. 89 (1816). R. Elliottii Dietrich, Sp. Pl. ed. 6: ii. 69 (1833), non Gray; Chapman, FI. So. U. 8. 525 (1860). R. multiflora Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 200, pl. 6, fig. 7 (1835). Phaeocepha- lum schoenoides House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).— Roadside ditches and low ground in pine barrens and prairies of the Coastal Plain from North Carolina south to Georgia and west to eastern Texas. Norto Caro.ina: sandy grassy pine-
., Wiegan Manning, no. 627 (G); Leroy, Washington Co., Bequaert, no. 11521 (G); Drummond, no. 251
266 Rhodora [JuLy
(G). Muississiprr: Ocean Springs, Jackson Co., Pollard, no. 1124 (G, NY, US); Pass Christian, Harrrison Co., Dec. 18, 1919, Bartram (P). Lovisiana: stream-bottom south of Franklinton, Washington Parish, Brown, no. 6446 (La); vicinity of Covi ngton, St. Tammany Parish, Arsene, no. 11066 ; same locality, Arséne, no. 12220 (Mo, US); plentiful i in pools along road in pine flats 2 miles west of Hammond, angipahoa Parish, Hester, no. 808 (La); New Orleans, SDeiiacni in Herb. Hook., no. 367 Y); common in Dasara west of Crowley, Acadia Parish, Brown, no. 581 ; common in low prairies, vicinity of Lake- Charles, Caleasieu Parish, Mackenzie, no. 44 (Mo, NC). TrExas: grows in a pond 3 miles below Town Bluff, Tyler Co., Wright (G); 2.6 miles east of Camp Jackson, Hardin Co. , Cory, no. 19714 (CU); near Liberty, Liberty Co. . Bequaert, no. 11500 (G).
7. R. microcarpa Baldw. ex Gray. Caespitose or solitary: aces 1-3 mm. wide, rarely narrower, flat; upper margins ser- rated; tips 3-angled: culms obtusely triangular, leafy, ascending, becoming tenuous and flexuous above, 5-8 dm. high: cymes 1-4, decompound, fasciculate, often densely so, eamatly corymbi- form, 1-6 cm. wide; lateral fascicles short-pedunculate: bracts leafy: spikelets ovoid, sometimes rotundly so, 3-4-flowered, 2-3-fruited, congested, sessile, 2.5-3 mm. long: scales aristulate to acute, dark brown, more or less loose: bristles 6, varying in length from Y% the achene to equalling the tubercle, stiffly erect: achene obovoid, slightly biconvex, glistening bright brown, deeply alveolate, with the pits subisodiametric to broadly ob- long, only slightly ridged, 0.8-1.2 mm. wide, 1—1.2 mm. long:
. ie ye. N. Y. iti. 202, pl.
fig. : (1835); Chapman, Fl. So. U. 8. 525 (1860) ; Britton, ‘Trans.
. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 92 (1892); Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. il. sy boo: Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. i. 199 (1916); Small, Fl. 198 (1903) and Man. 185 (1933); Britton & Mills- paugh, Bahama Fl. 55 (1920); Kiikenthal, Medde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxiii. 210 sate in part. &. patula Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. iii. 201, pl. 6, fig. 8 (1835), in small part. R. Torreyana Gray, var. hack: Grisebach, Cat. PI. Cub. 243 (1866). &. gracilis sensu C. Wright in Sauvaile, Anal. Acad, Ci. Habana, vili. 84 (1871) and FL Cub. 179 9 (1873), in part; non (Swartz) Vahl. 2. involuta C. Wright in herb. ex Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 130 (1900). R. perplexa sensu Britton & Millspaugh, Bahama FI. 55 (1920), not as to type, R. perplera Britton ex Small. &. Edisoniana Small, Man. 184, 1503 (1933). Phaeoce- phalum microcarpum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (192 : Phaeocephalum patulum (misspelled palulum) House, Am. Mid-
nd Nat. vi. 202 (1920), in small part——Swamps and margins of North Canin one saleeaan: southern Georgia
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 267
and Florida westward along the coast to Louisiana; also on the Bahamas, and in the western provinces of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Nortu Carouina: Wilmington, Curtis (NY, cited by Gray in type-description). Grorara: in shallow pools along Aucilla Creek near Boston, Thomas Co., Harper, no. 1636 (G, NY, US). FLORIDA: swampy pine barrens near Jacksonville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5415 (G, NC, US); vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., Nash, no. 437 (G, NY, P, US); moist pine barrens, Merritt’s Island, Indian River, Brevard Co., Curtiss, no. 3149 (CU, G, NY, P, US); ‘‘wet weather pond” near Oakland, Orange Co., Curtiss, no. 6625 (G, NY, US); hammock, north of Eagle Bay near Kissimmee River, Osceola Co., Small, no. 9911 (CU); hammock, 12 miles east*of Okeechobee City, Saint Lucie Co., Small et al., no. 9292 (NY); everglades along the Palm Beach Canal, Palm Beach Co., Small, no. 8270 (G, NY); everglades along Tamiami Trail west of Miami, Dade Co., Small, no. 8835 (NY, type of R. Edisoniana); swamp, Big Pine Key, Monroe Co., Killip, no. 32075 (CU, G, NY); in everglades south of Tamiami Trail, Collier Co., Moldenke, no. 879 (D, ; in pineland, vicinity of Fort Myers, Lee Co., Standley, no. 227 (G, NY); Indian Mound near Citrus Center, DeSoto Co., Small, no. 9911 (NY); in a pine barren pond, north of Palma Sola Bay, Manatee Co., Simpson, no. 122 (G); swamp, Polk Co., Fredholm, no. 6229 (US); Tampa, Hillsborough Co., May, 1876, Garber US); in wet soil near Lake Butler, Pinellas Co., O'Neill, no. 2615 (CU); in a low pineland, Pasco, Pasco Co., O'Neill, no. 2616 (CU); margins of ponds in the pine barrens, Apalachicola, Franklin Co., Chapman in Biltmore Herb., no. 21la (G, US); open moist soil on St. Vincent’s Island, Franklin Co., Correll, no. 5604 (D). Mussissrppr: Horn Island, Jackson Co., Tracy, no. 2329 (NY); same locality, Tracy, no. 7682 (G); Ship Island, Harrison Co., June, 1886, Underwood Herb. (NY). Louisiana: in pine barrens, Mandeville, St. Tammany Parish, May, 1893, Langlois (Mo); west end of Grand Morais near New Iberia, Iberia Parish, Brown, no. 6383 (La). Banamas: edge of fresh- water marsh, Southwest Bay, New Providence, Britton & Brace, no. 510 (NY); grows in tufts 5 miles west of Fresh Creek settle- ment, in a pothole a few rods from shore of a salt creek, Andros, Wight, no. 241 (G); pineland swamps, Eight Mile Bay, Abaco, Brace, no. 1863 (NY); water holes, West End, Great Bahama, Brace, no. 3533 (NY, US); marsh, Glass Window to Harbor Island, Eleuthera, Britton & Millspaugh, no. 5395 (NY); water hole, Orange Creek and vicinity, Cat Island, Britton «& Mills- paugh, no. 5781 (NY); Hog Island, Wilson, no. 8429 (NY); water hole, Stopper Hill, Crooked Island, Brace, no. 4832 (NY). Cusa: edge of coastal swamps, La Coloma, Pinar del Rio, E kman, no. 17835 (NY); pineland ditch, Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del
268 Rhodora [JULY
Rio, Britton, Britton & Gager, no. 7250 (NY); in coastal swamps, Playa de Guanimar, Habana, Ekman, no. 18314 (G,
muddy soil, west coastal savanna, or aban no, Havana, Britton, Cowell & De La Torre, no. 138349 (NY, US); in shrubbery, Cienaga de Zapata, Santa Clara, Ekman, no. 18372 (US); Wright, no. 230 (NY, labeled by Gray ‘“R. Torreyana Gray var.” and annotated by Britton as “R. Torreyana var. microrhyncha A. Gray co- type’’); voes ae 3785 (G, NY, US). Purrro Rico: marsh,
The more stnisk re aap of R. aiivecenee eta be ioe ficially distinguished from specimens of R. schoenoides. The differences between the two species are in their achenes. That of R. microcarpa is surrounded by stiffly erect bristles which are shorter than the achene or equal to the tubercle in height. The achene itself is commonly biconvex, castaneous to dark brown, strongly and irregularly alveolate. The achenial bristles of R. schoenoides are usually divergent, exceeding the tubercle in height. Unlike the common condition in R. microcarpa, the achene is strongly flattened, and pale to castaneous. The alveoli are longitudinally sdtdneedeed and appear as nearly regular rows of striae between a few prominent transverse ridges.
On the continent, R. microcarpa occurs most commonly in Florida with a few collections from North Carolina, southern Georgia, and the coastal areas of Mississippi and Louisiana.
R. schoenoides, on the other hand, occurs on the Coastal Plain from North Carolina to eastern Texas exclusive of the Florida Peninsula.
68. R. TorreyaNna Gray. Caespitose: leaves slenderly linear, 2-3 | mm. wide, flat or involute on drying, ane a stiff basal
decompound, Becca tees corymbiform, 1-3.5 em. wide; the filiform branchlets somewhat pear spikelets bea 3-6- flowered, 1-5-fruited, pedicellate, Seek ascending, 4 on
1-1.2 mm. wide, 1.7 mm. long: tubercle deltoid, siete compressed, decurent, ssa 0.3 eng in height. Pate 834, FIGS. BA an 0.—Ann. a. 197, a 6, ae 2
Pe ene ee eet eS eS ee
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 269
ete ree & Brown, Ill. Fl. i. 280, fig. 659 (1896); Britton, 6 (1901); Small, Fl. 197 (190 eB Mr 184 (1933); Robinson & Fernald i in Gray, Man. ed. 7: , fig. 317 (1908); ‘Fernald, Roopora, xxxix. 327 (19387). R. arid sensu Gray, Gram. et Cyp. i. no. 96 (1834), in part! and exel. syn. Phaeoce- phalum Torreyanum House, Am. Midland Nat. vi. 202 (1920).— Sandy pond-margins and sandy and peaty depressions in pine- lands and savannas of the Coastal Plain from Cape Cod, Massa- chusetts, to Georgia. MassacHusrETts: damp sandy and peaty border of Israel Pond, Barnstable, Barnstable Co., Fernald, no. 8958 (G, NE, NY, P); Sconset, Nantucket Island, Nantucket Co., Bicknell, no. 1051 (NE, NY). Ruopr IsLtanp: sandy and gravelly shore of small double pond east of Long Pond, South Kingstown, Washington Co., Collins & Fernald, no. 11317 (G, NE). New York: damp meadow, Amityville, Suffolk Co., Ferguson, no. 7873 (G, NY). New JersEY: White Horse, Mercer Co., Stone, no. 6756 (P); Quaker Bridge, Burlington Co., Aug. 1833, Gray ee TYPE); wet sandy clearing in barrens along tracks of C. R. R. of New Jersey, 114 miles northeast of Atsion, Burlington Co., Hermann, no. 3556 (G); boggy swale near head- waters of Cooper Creek, Lindenwold, Camden Co., Long, no. 26371 (P); Egg Harbor, "Atlantic Co. , July 20, 1897, Lippincott (G); sandy clayey border of pond-hole, 114 miles n. n. e. of Olivet, Salem Co., Long, no. 47085 (P); moist pine barrens, Swain, Cape May Co., Mackenzie, no. 7193 (NY). DELAWARE: Felton, Kent Ge , Canby (G, P); wet een barrens near Laurel, Sussex Co. , Aug. 5, 1874, Commons (P). RYLAND: wet thickets along Snow Hill Road, 714% miles Sania of Salisbury, Wico- mico Co., Tatnall, no. 4371 (G); meadows, Ocean City, Worces- ter Co. , July, 1893, Canby (US). VIRGINIA: wet pineland south of Petersburg, Prince George Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8609 (G, P); argillaceous and sphagnous bog (Reams Bog) south of Burgess, Dinwiddie Co., Fernald & Long, no. 8998 (CU, G, P); sandy and peaty depression (exsiccated shallow pond) about 4 miles northwest of Homeville, Sussex Co., Fernald & Long, no. 6076 (G, P); damp clearing in woods along Wakefield Road northeast of Sebrell, Southampton Co., Fernald & Long, no. 10547 (G, NY, P); sphagnous bog about 1 mile northwest of Dahlia, Greensville Co. - ahalevon & Long, no. 8609 (G, Norra Carouina: dry savanna, 15 miles southeast of Green- ville, Pitt Co., Blomguist, no. 11229 (D); ov pine woodland at Nashville, Nash Co., Godfrey, no. 5155 (D, G); mossy floor of pine woodland, Raleigh, Wake Co., Godfrey, no. 4924 (G, NC);
' No. 96 was apparently made up from a mixed collection. In the volume belong- ing to the library of the New York Botanic Garden, no 96 is R. Torreyana, as stated
Gray in an appended correction; but in the volume at the Gray Herbarium, no. 96 is R. gracilenta Gray.
270 Rhodora [JuLy
wet open sand pits, 5 miles west of Swanquarter, Hyde Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 629 (G); savanna at Chocowinity, Beaufort Co., Godfrey, no. 5400 (G); pineland at Roseboro, Sampson Co., Godfrey, no. 5712 (G); edge of savanna, low ground, Big Savannah, west of Burgaw, Pender Co., Blomquist, no. 10067 (CU, D); Wilmington, New Hanover Co., Aug. 19, 1930, Blomquist (G); dry sandy soil, Fayetteville, Cumberland Co., Biltmore Herb., no. 5055b (US); damp open sand-pocket, 4 miles north of Hoffmann, Richmond Co., Wiegand & Manning, no. 630 (G). SourH CaroLina: low pine woods, common, Society Hill, Darlington Co., Curtis (G); Camden, Kershaw Co., House, no. 2681 (US); cart-road through pineland clearing, 5 miles south of Andrews, Georgetown Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1329 (G, NY); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 1 mile west of Chicora, Berkeley Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 851 (CU, D, G, NY, P); grass-sedge bog or savanna, 3 miles southwest of Man- ning, Clarendon Co., Godfrey & Tryon, no. 939 (G). GEORGIA: rather dry pine barrens near Pulaski, Bullock Co., Harper, no. 941 (G, NY, US); pine barren at Ways, Bryan Co., Eyles, no. 6419 (CU); moist pine barrens west of Ochmalkee, Montgomery Co., Harper, no. 1868 (G, NY, U
6 . PERPLEXA Britt. ex Small. Caespitose: leaves flat,
.3 mm. high. oaay ee and Man. 184 (1933); Fernald, Ruopora, xl. 399
in central Tennessee; also in western Cuba and southern Domini- can Republic. VirGINIA: exsiccated argillaceous pond-hole in Chure
woo: Fernald & Long, no. 8989 (G, P); wet peaty depression in pine- lands, 3-4 miles northwest of Waverly, Sussex Co., Fernald &
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 271
Long, no. 8115 (G, P); pond-hole in pine and oak woods near Three Creek, north of Emporia, Greensville Co., Fernald & Long, no. 9282 (G, P); in shallow water of flat pineland, Collier’s Yard, 214 miles south of oe Dinwiddie Co., Smith & Hodgdon in Pl. Exsic. Gray., no. 924 (CU, G, NY, P). Norrn CaROLINA: drained hast Bee ‘i nas east of Deleo, Columbus Co., Wiegand & Man no. 615 (G). SoutH CARo.LINa: common in savannas, ‘Bukiee Co., Aug. 4, 1884, J. D. Smith, (G, US); exsiceated pine-barren pond, 7 miles southeast from Columbia, Richland Co., Sept. 26, 1883, J. D. Smith (G, US). GEORGIA: swamp, Augusta, Richmond Co., Ruthbert, no. 343 (NY); gum-swamp along U. 8. Route 17, south of Ways, Bryan Co., Eyles, no. 6285 (CU); margin of pond, north of Ludowici, Long Co., Eyles, no. 6526 (CU); dry soil, Valdosta, Lowndes Co., May 27, 1940, Sargent (Sargent Herb. ); wet clay holes, 5 miles west of Tifton, Tift Co., Svenson, no. 7087 (G); shallow (now dry) spine-barren pond near Cobb, ‘Sumter Co., Harper, no. 1403 (G, NY, US); margin of pond in pine barrens, 7 miles north of Cordele, Dooly Co., Eyles, no. 2303 (CU). FLorIDA: Chapman, 2 (NY, TYPE); swam py places in pine barrens near Jackson- ville, Duval Co., Curtiss, no. 5178 (G, US); pinelands, Starke, Bradford Co., May, 1923, Wyman (N Y): prairies near Ft. Shackleford, Big Cypress, Lee Co., Small, Ho. Nig (NY); nite de Leon, Holmes Co., Curtiss, no. 6482 (G, Y, US). AaB pond, Elberta, Baldwin Co:, July 15, 1926, ey (StB); oe wet places, Mobile, Mobile Co., Mohr, no. 142 (US). MIssIssIPrt: Mississippi City, Harrison Co., Llo yd & Tracy, no. 379 (NY). TENNESSEE: wet open woods bordaaie a bog north of Man- chester, Coffee Co., Svenson, no. 9139 (CU, D, G, NY). Lovisi- ANA: in pine barrens near Mandeville, St. "Tammany Parish, May 1, 1893, Langlois (CU, Mo, P, US); Lake Charles, Caleasieu Parish, Tracy, no. 4882 (Mo, NY, US). TEXAS: in a pond three miles below Town Bluff, Tyler Co., Wright, no. 102 (G); ponds, Hempstead, Waller Co., Hall, no. 710 (G, type of R. microcarpa Baldw. ?var. achaeta Hall, nomen nudum; Mo, US, isotypes). Cusa: border of lagoon, vicinity of Pinar del Rio City, Pinar del Rio, Britton, Britton & Gager, no. 6962 (NY); banks of lagoon, El Punto, east km. 11 of road to La Coloma, south of Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 18262 (NY. This number cited by Kiikenthal as R. microcarpa A. Gray). Hispanroua: in the Rhexia belt, near Laguna de los Derramaderos, Sabana Guabatico, prov. Santo Domingo, Llana Costero, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 13320 (NY. Siac tip by Kiikenthal as R. microcarpa A. ray.).
The description above differs in two important details from the original description which appeared in Small’s Flora of the
272 Rhodora [JULY
Southeastern United States. The original reads: ‘‘perianth bristles 6” and “achenes biconvex.”’ In his Manual of the Southeastern Flora neither of these statements reoccur. I am inclined to believe that they were erroneously included in the original, probably due to a mixture in the material under study. The type-specimen is clearly R. perplexa as described above, the achene being extremely flat, not biconvex, and the bristles 1-3 and rudimentary.
Series 12. Glaucae (Clarke), stat nov. Growing in marshy areas, grassy slopes, and open woodland of the West Indies (represented by &. californica in the coast ranges of northern California) ; also in Central and South America and warmer parts of the Old World. Caespitose, rarely depressed: leaves 1.5-3 mm. wide: culms slender to stout, stiffly erect or becoming flexuous: cymes compound or decompound, fasciculate; the branchlets rigidly erect and spreading or flexuous: spikelets sessile, 1-3- fruited: scales loosely imbricated: bristles equalling the achene or exceeding the tubercle, antrorsely serrulate: achenes broadly or slenderly pyriform, a shining yellow-brown or light brown; the surface alveoli reduced to longitudinal striae which are inter- cepted by transverse corrugations or vague and blurred rugulosi- ties: tubercle deltoid, compressed, often attenuated.—Rhyncho- spora, Series B. Diplostyleae, Sect. 5. Glaucae Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 106 (1900), in part.
Key To Species 1n Serres GLAUCAE
Tubercle deltoid-attenuate, well exceeded by the bristles: achene with the transverse rugulosities and fine striae blurred to often
th.
ene 1.4 mm. wide, 2 mm. long; scales caducous: species
known only from the coast ranges of northern California.
: 70. R. californica.
Achene 1.2 mm. wide or less, 1.6 mm. long or less: scales per- t Indies.
Habit coarsely erect: culms 0.6-1.4 m. high: fasciculate 1.6 mm. long : Habit depressed: culms 0.3-1.2 dm. high: fasciculate cymes decompound, small and congested, 1-1.5 em. wide wit achene corrugate ie te Oo yatinwre is ca Fo eLAK ES OS ak 73. R. rugosa. californica, sp. nov. Planta caespitosa: foliis 2-3
m. latis planis, apice triquetris; marginibus superioribus minutissime dentatis: culmis fere 1 m. longis trigonis tenuibus
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 273
2 cm. lato aut minus; ultimis glomerulis in ramulis brevibus tenuibus rigidisque gestis; fasciculis lateralibus minoribus; pedunculis longis ascendentibus: spiculis late ovatis, floribus tribus sed cum flore quarto terminali abortivo, dicarpis 4 mm. longis: squamis aristulatis, valde caducis: setis 6-7, antrorse hispidulis tuberculo longioribus basi latioribus et sparse plumo- sis: achaenio obovato lenticulari biconvexo obscure cing it lucido pallido obscure ruguloso 1.4 mm. lato 2 mm. longo: tuberculo attenuato-deltoideo 1 mm. alto. PLaTE 834, Frias. 1A and 1B; Map 60.— Marsh in the foothills of the coastal ranges of northern California. CALIFORNIA: Pitkin Marsh, 5 miles north a Peers he Sonoma Co., July 26, 1936, J. T. Howell, no. 9 (G, TrpE; CA, ISOTYPE),
This fine new species was collected and sent to me for study by Mr. John Thomas Howell of the California Academy of Science. Its large pale achene rendered conspicuous by the caducous scales is unmistakable and unique among the species of the United States. The light yellowish surface with the faint blurred rugulosities recalls that of R. Marisculus Lindl. et Nees in Mart.; whereas the habit is slighter but not unlike that of R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale.
In all probability, if the status of specimens which have been collected in Central and South America as well as in the warmer areas of the Old World and which have been identified as R. glauca (R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale), be given a much needed revision the relationship of R. californica to the Series Glaucae could be more clearly defined.
71. R. Mariscutus Lindl. et Nees. Coarsely caespitose: leaves 2-3 em. wide, stiffly ascending with attenuated, rae tear ee tips: culms stoutly ascending, 3-angled, leafy, 0. aes
m. high: cymes fasciculate, 1-3, loosely decompound, wide, flexuous; axillary cymes on pet seorcth = Seabee spikelets lanceolate in outline, loosely organized, 1—4-flowered, 1—2-fruited, 5-6 mm. long: scales Siete aaetiinte: loosely overlapping, dark brown: bristles 6, upwardly serrulate, finely attenuated, irregularly ascending to spreading and contorted, well exceeding the tubercle in length: achene obovoid, sometimes slenderly so, biconvex with a depressed margin, light yellow- brown, 1-1. 2 mm. wide, 1.4-1.6 mm. long; the minute longi- tudinal striae and transverse rugulosities blurred: tubercle triangular-attenuate, compressed, 1.2-1.8 mm. long. Parte 835, Figs. 3A and 3B; Map 61.—Nees, Linnaea, ix. 297 (1835),
bd
nomen nudum; Kunth, ee ii. 303 (1837), cited as ‘Sp. mihi
274 Rhodora [JULY
nonnisi nomini notae.’’; Nees in Mart., Fl. Bras. ii. pars 1: 142 (1842), first valid publication; Boeckeler, Linnaea, xxxvii. 590 (1873); C. B. Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 132 (1900), excl. syn. R. odorata C. Wright and R. jubata Liebm.; Britton & Wil- son, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 105 (1923); Kiken- thal, Fedde Rep. Spec. Nov. xxxii. 77 (1933). R. tenwiseta Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Acad. Ci. Habana, viii. 83 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 179 (1873). R. borinquensis Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. xlii. 387 (1915); Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. 11. 200 (1916); Britton & Wilson, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 104 (1923). Dichromena Marisculus Macbride, Field Mus.
valle; : , isotypes); wet soil among rocks in stream, Arroya del Medio above the falls, Oriente, alt. 450-550 m., Shafer, no. 3231 (NY); damp woods near sphagnum, Sierra Nipe near Woodfred, Oriente, alt. 450-550 m., Shafer, no. 3453 (NY); in thickets on path from Woodfred to Piedra Gorda, Sierra de Nipe, Oriente, Ekman, no. 15247 (US); La Prenda, Oriente, Hioram & Manuel, no. 4671 (NY). Hispanroua: silt flats, moist ground, Sabana Nueva, Lomas de la Mediania, San Juan, prov. de Agua, Cordillera Central, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 13601 (G, NY, US); on tembladera, in a laguna, Cuenca, Santo Do- mingo, Llano Costero, Santo Domingo, Ekman, no. 10982 (US). Puerto Rico: open wet places in forest, Sierra de Naguabo, Rio Icaco and adjacent hills, alt. 465-720 m., Shafer, no. 3515 (NY, type of R. borinquensis Britt.).
R. jubata Liebm. was confused by C. Wright with his R. tenuiseta, and so continued on in the synonymy of R. Maris- culus by C. B. Clarke. I have examined a specimen of Liebman’s from 8. Antonio, Huatusco, which is the type-locality as given
in Mexicos Halvgraes,' and believe it to represent a distinct
species. It differs from R. Marisculus both in its pronounced lax, more tenuous habit, and in its achene, which is distinctly cencellate and rugulose, surrounded by six stiffly erect bristles that equal but do not exceed the tubercle in length. Proof of this opinion rests, however, on the examination of more Mexican material.
An examination of the New York collections of R. Marisculus leads me to believe that R. borinquensis Britt. owes its existence
1 Ibid. 67 (1850).
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 275
to Britton’s mistaken application of the name R. Marisculus Lindl. et Nees to specimens of R. odorata Wright.
72. R. cacuminicola, sp. nov. Planta humilis caespitosa: foliis 1-2 mm. latis subcoriaceis leviter carinatis; apicem versus serratis triquetris, basi confertis, culmo brevioribus: culmis obtuse triangularibus 0.3—1.2 dm. ‘altis: cyma terminali decom- posita; ramulis brevibus rigide erectis vel ascendentibus fasciculis terminalibus parvis confertis; fasciculo laterali approximato; pedunculo ascendenti: spiculis lanceolatis 4-4.5 mm. longis 2-3-floris 1—-2-carpis sessilibus congestis: squamis acutis vel fere aristulatis ferrugineis margine erosis: setis 6-7, quam tubercu- lum multo longioribus antrorse hispidulis: achaenio pyriformi 0.9 mm. lato 1.1 mm. longo lenticulari biconvexo marginato luteo-castaneo, obsolete ee. pune compresso-subulato, attenuato, 1-1.2 mm. long PuaTE 835, Fics. 2A and 2B; Map 62.—Mar shy areas in ‘Cordillera Conteal of the Dominican Recublic Dominican Repusuic: in pratis paludosis in valle nuevo, prope Constanza, a 2200 m., June, 1910, Tiirckherm, no. 3417 (NY, Type).
Von Tiirckheim’s specimen is accompanied by an annotation which implies that this species is only an alpine variety of R. glauca Vahl (R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale). That it is not a depressed form of R. rugosa, however, is attested by the achene which is smaller than that of the latter (0.9 mm. wide, 1-1.1 mm. long as opposed to 1.2-1.3 mm. wide, 1.5-1.7 mm. long), and only obscurely rugulose, with definite but short inconspicuous basal stipe. Also the tubercle of R. cacuminicola, unlike the short triangular tubercle of R. rugosa, is prolonged, with a subulate tip, and well exceeded by the bristles.
Despite the depressed habit, the reduced stiffened inflores- cence and its original reference by von Tiirckheim to R. rugosa, R. cacuminicola seems more closely allied to R. Marisculus; for in the surface sculpturing of the achene, the comparative length of the bristles and the shape of the tubercle, its achene is to that of the latter species a faithful although much smaller copy.
I have selected for this plant the epithet, cacuminicola, in order to signify its mountainous habitat, originally emphasized by von Tiirckheim.
73. R. rugosa (Vahl), comb. nov. Coarsely ay niga leaves 1.5-3 mm. wide, coarse, ascending to reflexed, ca inate, with trigonous serrated tips: culms eae i Poear erect, somewhat flexuous at the summit, leafy, 0.5-1.3 m. high:
276 Rhodora [Joy
fasciculate cymes 1-3, strict, with stiffly erect or somewhat spreading branchlets, 1-2 cm. hig h: spikelets acutely ovoid, 4.5— 5 mm. long, sessile or subscale: scales ovate-aristate, rather loosely imbricate, ferruginous: bristles 6, upwardly serrulate, ascending or often divergent, equal to or slightly exceeding the tubercle: achene broadly pyriform, 1.2-1.3 mm. wide, 1.5~-1.7 mm. long, lenticular, biconvex, with depressed margins, glisten- ing yellow-brown; the longitudinal surface-striae obscured or nearly obliterated by the transverse broad, flattened, often pale corrugations; the thick persistent stipe 0. 3 mm. long: tubercle triangular-subulate, compressed, smooth or somewhat setulose at the base, 0.6-0.8 mm. long. PLaTe 835, rias. 1A and 1B; Map 63.—Schoenus rugosus Vahl, Eclog. Am. ii. 5 (1798). R. glauca Vahl, Enum. ii. 233 (1806); Boeckeler, Linnaea, xxxvil. 585 (1873); Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xi. 91 (1892), excl. syn. R. pungens Liebm.; Clarke in Urban, Symb. Ant. ii. 128 (1900), excel. syn.; Britton, Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. ii. 199 See Britton & Wilso on, Sci. Surv. Porto Rico and Virgin Isl. v. 104 (1923); Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spee. Nov. xxiii. Behr (1926). R. glauca var. altior Kiikenthal, Fedde Rep. Spec. N xxxil. 77 (1933). R. gracilis pinks Grisebach, Fl. Brit. W. I. 37 74 (1864), in part, and Cat. Pl. Cub 3 (1866), i in sea C. Wright in Sauvalle, Anal. Aead. Ci. Fahoke, vili. 84 (1871) and Fl. Cub. 179 (1873); non (Swartz) Vahl. Dichvomena glauca Macbride, Field Mus. Pub. Bot. iv. 166 (1929).—Mostly on damp open grassy slopes of the Greater Antilles, and of the Island of Domin- ica; also in South and Central America and Lower Mexico. Cusa: banks of small streams, Loma Ratones, Rio San Sebas- tian, La Cumbre, ges of San Juan y Martinez, Pinar del Rio, Ekman, no. 18062 (NY US). Jamaica: along the trail, Mt. ry, Mazon, no. 852 (US); in the morass, Pedro Morass, Upper Checadine alt. 3000 1; Harris, no. 11169 (G, NY, US); on wet eres Peckham, Upper Clarendon, alt. 2000 ft., Harris, no. 810 (G, N' , US); amongst grasses in wet hillside pastures, Trov, alt. 2000 ft, Harris, no. 12590 (G, NY, US). HispaNioLa: eruptive ee Haut-Piton, Port-de-Paix, Massif du Nord, Haiti, alt. 800 m., Ekman, no. 4638 (G, NY, US); Petit Borgne to Mt. Casse, Haiti, alt. 200 ft., Nash, no. 558 (NY); grassy mountain trail to Citadel, vicinity of Dondon, Depart. du Nord, Haiti, alt. 400 m., Leonard, no. 8643 (US); grassy summit of mountain east of willage, vicinity of Marmelade, Depart. du Nord, tee alt. 800 m., Leonard, no. 8241a (US); pineland, gunas de Cenobi, Moncion, Monte Cristi, Cordillera Central, Santo Domingo, c. alt. 1100 m., Ekman, no. 12762 (NY, US). gr te Rico: in re Las Mesas, near Mayaguez, alt. 350 , Holm, no. 64 (CU), Aguada, Sintenis, no. 5742 (US); in euininia. Lares, Sintenis, no. 5901 (G, US): low ground bac
1944] Gale,—Rhynchospora, Section Eurhynchospora 277
of Catano, Heller, no. 6410 (CU, NY, US); road from Rio Piedras to Trugillo alto, Hioram, no. 806 (NY, US); Cidra, Feb. 28, 1928, Perkins (NY); on rock by falls in river, Rio Teaco and adjacent hills, Sierra de Nasal, Shafer, no. 3534 (NY, US). Dominica: common in cleared pasturelands on deep rich soils of Milton Estate, ca. alt. 530 m., Hodge & Hodge, no. 2608 (G).. Sourn AMERICA: America Meridionali,! Rohr in Vahl Herb, (G, TyPE- PHOTO).
The species, Schoenus rugosus, was published with full descrip- tion by Vahl in his Eclogae Americanae, ii. 5 (1798). However, when, in the Enumeratio Plantarum of 1806, he transferred the species to Rhynchospora, he unfortunately chose to give it a new name, and it appeared as R. glauca. The old name, Schoenus rugosus, was then given in synonymy, accompanied by the original description and citation, ‘‘ Habitat in America meridi- onali. von Rohr’’. Since the specific name, rugosa, is available for use under Rhynchospora, the new combination R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale takes precedence over R. glauca Vahl.
The range of this species has been generally given as warmer regions of both hemispheres. However, the specimens from the East Indies and adjacent continental lands which have been commonly identified as R. glauca, are not, I believe, conspecific with the authentic R. glauca Vahl (R. rugosa (Vahl) Gale) of the West Indies, Central and South America. Although these Asiatic plants are closely related to and have the same general aspect as R. rugosa—the coarse growth and strict, compound fascicles with mainly ascending, sessile spikelets in small ultimate clusters—their achenes are larger, more nearly orbicular rather than pyriform, and the surface of the achene is generally casta- neous, pitted, and finely ridged, without the prominent yellowish band-like corrugations which characterize the achenes of R. rugosa.
The Gray Herbarium isotype of Liebman’s? R. pungens, Mira- dor, July, bears the annotation R. glauca Vahl followed by Brit- ton’s initials. The specimen itself is fragmentary and the surface details of the mature achenes are obscured by what appears to be an unnatural whitish coating. However, careful examination seems to indicate that the achenes are normally cancellate to
1 Probably along the coast of sper or of French or Dutch Guiana. See La-
marck, Eneyel. Meth, Bot. viii, 754 (180 ? Mexicos Halvgraes, 65 (1850
278 Rhodora [JULY
nearly smooth, with only a suggestion of transverse rugosity. In addition, the tubercle is plainly spongy and tongue-shaped rather than strongly compressed and triangular-subulate. If these observations can be confirmed through better material, R. pungens, although closely related to R. glauca, will retain its specific status.
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Cephaloschoenus, 91 Ceratoschoenus, 91
Cladium, 90
Cyperaceae, 91, 92, 95, 97, 246
ca elisa 94; 102; alba, 121; , 245; distans, 191; gla auca, 276: "Miceiclen: @
Eleocharis, 119; tuberculosa, 92
ees 101, 102; album, 121, var. macrum, 124; axillare, 108, Baldwinii, 181; brachychae tum, ; caducum, 261; capillaceum,
8, dod um, 228; Earlei, 233; fasciculare, 189; fili- folium, 174; fuscum, 170; glomera-
“ , var. minus, 115; gracilen- tum, 183 yi, 231; inexpansum,
; intermedium, 1 Knie- skernii, 126; leptorhynchum, 179; microcarpum, 266; miliaceum, 257; mixtum, 262; fe hy 166; pa- tulum, 266; perplexum, 270;
Plankii, 233; * Seorereeh: 131; pro- liferum, 262; punctatum, 238; rariflorum, 08; schoenoides, 265; sed Ste stipitatum, 9; m, 269 Pleargiath ya. 2 Beal Sect. ii. Pauci-Nucigerae,
Rhynchospora, subg. Diplostylis, 92, 102; subg. Distylis, 102; subg. 1a 7
munes, 102; ii. Dichostvlewe 102; V. Glomeratae, 104, 169, 177, 207,
36, 255; I. Pusillae, 134; § Euriochaete, 128; sect. Eurhyn- Hg ink 89, 91 1-93, 95, 101, 102,
sp
4, > Eu-Rhynchospora, 102, Divi
Eu-Rhynchospora, Sect. ill. andl
227; ser. B. Diplostyleae, sect. 3.
104, 255; ser. Cernuae, 93, se 2 98, 100, 103, 211, 220; ser. Ghapm ae, 100, 103, , 159; ser Cubenses s, 100, 103 at se Fasciculares, 1(3, 177, 178; ser. ] 1
(
(
ser. Glomeratae, 95, 99, 100, 103° 104; ser. Harveyae, 99, 100, 104, 227: ser. Plumosae, 99, 100, 103, 128; ser. Rariflorae, 100, 103, 207; group Capitatae, 92, 94; group Communes, 92; group Corymbosae, 94; group Longiros ostres, 92; alba a,
170, f. laeviseta, 123, var. macra, 95, 121, 124, 125, var. —— 12: : axillaris, 1¢ i , var. cephala, 95, 1 06; bahaimensis, 23; i 178, 181, pl.
25: Berterii, re aoe” 164, 165; Pa us ie i brachy-
leptocarp ar. mino 5; yi aah a 91, 105, 107-109, 111, 119, 120, var. attenuata, 108, 110,
120, f. controversa, 110, 121 _ 98, 108, 111, 120, pl. 818,
2 oF
INDEX
f. antrorsa, 109, 121; cephalotes,
y 212, 214, 2 chalarocephala, 105, 111, 130, ay 18; Chapmanii, * 102, 132, 159, . 821; ciliaris,
00, oe 237, 239,
of oe nies, 215, pl. 827; seg 93, 96, 1 4-227 8 st
5, 236, reg tl pl. ope Sytem, 95,
; de l. 826; distans, 89, 95, 162, 177, Be 193, , 230, 232, 247, at r. B. fascicularis, 188, pected 192, var. y. gracillima, » var. microcarpa, 176, 177, var. tenuis, 187; di gens, 165;
phyla, hoides, 194, 196, var. typic 03, 162, 186, . ae, oes 196, oo 8 825; 103, 132, 178, 182,
ae 620; fibrillosa, 216; filifolia, 91,
4; fuscoides, 95, 132, 169, 170, 175-177, p « O22;
» Var. Po asia 239, ’ ’ 244, 245, 248, pl. 831; glomerata, 89, 91, 105, 112. 113, is, 116, 119,
247, var. angusta, 113, 114, i var. discutiens, Bs "1 9,
i dosed oy 115, var. minor, 95, f controversa, 119, diseutien, 119, paniculata,
113; B: robustior, 113, var. typica, 113-115, 120, pl. 819; agracilenta, 91, 95, 177- 179, 183-186, Oe
$26, var. diversifolia, rea gracillima, 164, 185, 187; o aailis 3, 179, 245, 266, 276; Gra ayana, 125, 126, 168; Grayii, 91, 92, 117, 118, 126, 186, 228, 230, 232, pl. 829; ‘1738, pl. 823;
824, en ar. evict "179; rh yee ona 93, 95, 2 2, 27 219, 222, 223, 5.156, 218 oe,
neler 223, 224, pl. 827,
269; microcarpa, 91, 104, 2 255, 256, 259, 266, 268, 271, pl. 832,
91, 93, 96, 97, 104, 239, 255, 257, 3; mixta, 256, 259, 262- , 2; ?monostachya, 92; multiflora, 91, 265; nipensis, 186, 211, 212, "O15, pl. 826; uda, 99, 7 , 132, 159, mT 168, pl
penniseta, 93, 131; 255, 256, 259, 266, 270, 272, pl. 832;
a ai
INDEX ill
pineticola, 130; pinetorum, 248, 249; Plankii, 233; pleiantha, 132, 170, 171, 172, pl. 823: plumosa, 90, 91, 93- 95, 97, 128, 131, 132,: pl. 820, var. intermedia, 130; : prolifera, 62, 263; pruinosa, 93, 97, 186, 211, 212, 221, pl. 826; punctata, 90, 236, 238, 330.) pl. 530; pungens, 276- 215; pyenocarpa, 91, 92, 228-230; ’ Randii, 220, 221; Rappiana, 160, 161; rari riflora, 90, 93, 103, 186, 207, 210, 211, pl. 828; rugosa, 93, 239, 272, 273, 276, 277, pl. 835; saxiools, 236, 238-240, pl. 830; scabrat ata, 9
0, var
a, 132, 159, 162. 20; solitaria, 96, 132, 134, 159, 161-164; sparsa, 89, 91, 96, 257; stenophylla, 165, 186, 207, 210, 211, 219, 220, var. albescens, 219; stenophylloidea, 96, 186, 224-226, pl. 828; stipitata, 259; sulcata, 100, 236, 239, 240-242,
1. 831; ithe, 93, 99, 100, 186,
268, 269, pl. 834, var., 268, v. microthyncha, 266, 268; ahader: 194, 196; tha phylla, 183, 185; Wrightiana, 163, 165, 178, 185-188, 195, 196, 825 Rhynchosporeae, 94, 102 Rhynchosporoideae, 246
Sire 89, 90, 246, sts 2 albus, 21; axillaris, 108; tatus, 90; caitlin 115-1195 ater 90,
90, ’ 245-248; donates 191-193, 231, 32; fascicularis, 118, 188, 192, 193;
sp
Scirpus, 90, 119; leptolepis, 92; poly- phyllus, 246-248; schoenoides, 91, 265
Triodon, 101: albus, 121, var. macer, 124; eapillaceus, 126; glomeratus, 1138
ae Rhodora
S.G del,
RuYNC ees CHALAROCEPHALA! FIG achene, « 20,
. 1A, portion of inflorescence, 2; Fic. 1B R. c APILLA ACEA: FIG. 2A, portion of ger gees ance, . 2; FIG er ac hene, x 20 R. MICROCEPHALA: FIG. £ 2 of i x 2: ria. 3B, a¢ rg ene, X 20. R. CEPHAL ANTHA var. TYPIC A: a 9, Shaina ot eoreatons; xX 2: 1B, achene, aD. x 20.
Plate 818
Plate Plate 819
S, G, del,
tHYNCHOSPORA GLOMERATA Var. TYPICA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG.
LB, achene, 20.
R. KNIeSKERNII: FIG. 2A, portion of rangers gsi X 2: FIG. 2B, achene, X 20. R. CAPITELLATA: FIG. 3A, inflorescence, X 2; 3B, ac he ane, X 20. R. ALBA: FIG. 4A, portion of nab strated x 2: pity 4B, achene, X 20.
Pl Rhodora Plate 820
Pe
S. G. del.
tHYNCHOSPORA SOLA! FIG, 1A, inflorescence, X 2: FIG. 1B, achene, * 20 t. PLUMOSA: FIG. 2A, inflorescence, X 2: FIG. $ .
R. MAcCRA: FIG. 3A, portion of inflorescence, < 2; FIG. 3B, ac shene, x 20. R. sivas i. FIG. 4A, inflorescence 2; FIG. x 20.
Rhodora Plate 821
‘
i) \ 3 Wye we wi TS w NAY ye
i hia Mu” iil big il ve
S. G. del,
RHYNCHOSPORA NUDA: FIG, LA. inflorescence. X 2; ric. 1B, achene. X 20. R. OLIGANTHA, var. TYPICA: FIG, 2A, inflorescence, 2; FIG. 2B, achene, X 20. )
R. OLIGANTHA. Var. BREVISETA: FIG, 2C. achene, & 20. R. CHAPMANTI: FIG. 3A, inflorescence, 2; FIG, 3B, achene., x 20 R. PALLIDA: FIG. 4A, inflorescence, x 2; FIG. 4B, achene, 20.
Rhodora Plate 822
S.G. del.
RHYNCHOSPORA BRACHYCHAETA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 1B, achene,
20
R. crurarts: ria. 2A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 2B, achene, X oe
R. FILIFOLIA: FIG. 3A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, x 20.
R. sourrarta: F1G. 4A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 4B, achene, X 20. ~ ” ee
R. Fuscorpss: Fa. 5A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 5B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate
S.G. del,
RuyYNCHOSPORA HarPERtI: FIG. 1A, inflorescence, aa 2: ric. 1B, achene, X 20. R. CRINIPES: FIG. 2A, portion of —— scence, X 2; r1G. 2B, achene, X 20.
R. Curtissi: ric. 3A, inflorescence, * 2; FIG. 3B, ac chene, en
R. PLEIANTHA: FIG. 4A, portion of indloncodente, x 2; PER, achene, X 20.
823
=
Rhodora Plate 824
S.G. del. > > 9) RHYNCHOSPORA LEPTORHY NCHA: FIG. 1A, coos ny . 1B, achene, X 20. R. rusca: Fig. 2A, portion of oie reste: X 2; Fic. 2B, “achene, X 20. R. GaGERI: FIG. 3A, inflorescence, X 2; 3B, ac rahene, 20.
R. JOVEROENSIS: FIG. 4A, portion of sot Selecta < 2: Fic. “4B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate 825
S.G. del. . ae Sé )- FIG. RHYNCHOSPORA FASCICULARIS, Var. TYPICA: FIG. 1 A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FI 1B, —— <x 20. mos R. FASCICULARIS, Var. DISTANS: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, < 2; FIG. 2B, achen
R. FERNALDI: FIG. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2: FIG. 3B, achene, X 20. R. Baupwintt: FIG. 4A, portion of inflorescence, . 2; FIG. ri schunes: x 20. Pa R. WRIGHTIANA: FIG, 5A. portion of inflorescence, « 2: 5B, achene, X 20.
Pla:
Plate 826
Rhodora
ngs NCHOSPORA DEPRESSA? FIG. 2 oe
. NIPENSIS: FIG. 4A, inflo rescence, . DEBILIS: FIG. 5A, inflorescence, X 2; GRACILENTA: FIG. 6A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG.
S.G. del.
ie 1B, achene, 20.
—_
1A, inflorescence, 2:
CERNUA: FIG, 2A, it orescence, X 2; FIG. 2B, ac ene x2
: FIG. 3A. portion of inflorescence, X 2 3B, achene, x 20. < 2: FIG. 4B, a x2 ys ria. 5B, achene, X 20. 6B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate 827
—
} i} yp OL
Ya A
Sis
‘i
= sks
S. G. del.
. : 9). ane RHYNCHOSPORA TENUIFOLIA: FIG, 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 1B, achene, x 20.
*
R. SHAFERI: FIG. 2A, inflorescence, X 2; F1c. 2B, ac x R
hene, 20. SCABR: orescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, 20. R. cRISPA: FIG. 4A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 4B, acher hene R. LINDENIANA, var. TYPICA: FIG. 5A, ‘portion of er vas Meat X 2; ria. 5B, achene,
: 2. LINDENIANA, var. BAHAMENSIS: FIG. 5C, achene, * 20.
Me Rhodora Plate 828
Ss. G. del,
RAYNCHOSPORA CUBENSIS: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, < 2; FIG, 1B, achene
| R. STENOPHYLLOIDEA:! FIG. 2A, achene, X 20. R. cuLrxa: rig. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, X 20.
R. RARIFLORA: FIG. 4A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 4B, achene, X 20. R. sreNopHYLLA: FIG. 5A, inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 5B, achene, X 20.
‘4 829 Rhodora Plate
© gt ta Vitti bie pe, 1‘ Oety hy Hi Ad y
‘i i,!
S, G, del.
RuHYNC HOSPORA MEGALOCARPA: FIG, 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 1B, achene, X 4 R. Harvevi: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, x fs _ 2B, achene, 20. R. Grayit: Fic. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 3B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate 830
S G. del.
‘HYNCHOSPORA COMPRESSA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 1B, achene, x 20.
)
R. puNcrATA: FIG, 2A. portion of inflorescence, 2; FIG. 2B, achene, X 20. > P . ‘eS 7 . . ~ . € ‘ . > » 4 =
R. Saxicoa: Fig. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, x 20. R. OBLITERATA: FIG, 4A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; ric. 4B, achene, 20.
Rhodora Plate 831
ri 2 @
SS232: oe Seces,
SS e=4
es
SS
<a SS
~
~'e
re aa SED ashauanis hs ii Re, *
WWwNwoU
RA GLOBULARIS, var. TYPICA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, * 2; FIG. 1B, cid sei R. Brrrroni: Fic. 2A, portion of -oneeN x: 2: 2B, achene, x 20. R. sutcata: Fic. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; vie. 3B, ache ne, X 20. 4B R. GLOBULARIS, var. RECOGNITA: FIG. “4A, portion of inflorescence, xX 2; Fie. 2 achene, X R, GLoBu LARIS, var. PINBTORUM: FIG, 5A, achene, X 20.
Rhodora
Plate 832
S. G. dei,
RHYNCHOSPORA DECURRENS: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; Fic. 1B, achene, X 20. R, MICROCARPA: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 2B, achene, X 20. R. PERPLEXA: FIG, 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; FIG. 3B, achene, < 20. R. Mixa: ria. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; Fic. 4B, achene, X 20
Rhodora Plate 833
!
y f
KS | JN \
rere baby
p< oa ESS) i AYU ail
S. G. del.
Pp
SPORA INEXPANSA: FIG. 1A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; Fic. 1B, achene,
AE. {. MILIACEA: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 2B, achene, X 20. R. ODORATA: FIG. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2: F1G. 3B. achene, X 20. R. cApucA: FIG. 4A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 4B, achene, X 20.
Rhodora Plate 834
S. G. del. RHYNCHOSPORA CALIFORNICA: FIG. LA, portion of inflorescence, a =: FIG. LB, achene, X 20.
R. SCHOENOIDEs: FIG. 2A, portion of inflorescence, 2; Frc. 2B, achene, io R. Torreyana: Fic, 3A. portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 3B, achene, X 20.
Plate 835
Rhodora
S. G. del.
RHYNCHOSPORA RUGOSA: FIG. 1A, inflorescence, X 2: FIG. 1B, achene, X 20. R. CACUMINICOLA: FIG. 2A, inflorescence, X 2; Fria. 2B, achene, X 20. 20 R. Mariscuuus: ric. 3A, portion of inflorescence, X 2; F1G. 3B, achene, K wv.
Reprinted from Ruovora, Vol. 46,
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HEI OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY |
OLD WORLD ALLIES
me ge Ya 2% ~ oe en, Ree ee eT Cana a Ry Sa eT SR re ae ra yo ser - oo F 4 wae ras nig iL ern a epee % LE ee ea ey OE $ m i. 2 x % acid i € 2 ip tite uy iu
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 46, October-December, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CLIT
AMERICAN THALICTRA AND THEIR OLD WORLD ALLIES
BERNARD BolrviIN
Dares or IssuE WOME ORT-O7 0 ee ee ee ek 11 October, 1944
Petes DOL4OR 6 Re ee ee es Paces Dey Rae ed eg a Te Fee LS came seg 9 Me 16 December, 1944
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CLII
AMERICAN THALICTRA AND THEIR OLD WORLD ALLIES
BERNARD BOIVIN
A WORLD-MONOGRAPH of this genus was published in 1885 by J. C. Lecoyer in the Bulletin de la Société Royale de Botanique de Belgique (24: 78-324. 1885) and reprinted under the title Monographie du genre Thalictrum. It contains a history of the genus from Dioscorides to 1885. This need not be repeated here; I will, however, sketch the highlights of the history of our knowledge of the American species.
History OF THE GENUS
Cornut described in 1637 a Thalictrum canadense, which, as will be shown later, was not an American species. Morrison in 1715 reported the first three species from the Eastern United States and Canada, but the names he proposed were not validated by later authors and it is not surely known what species he had. He also clearly described a European species, 7. alpinum L., which was to be first found in America on Newfoundland by Banks in 1766. Again, in 1739, Gronovius in his Flora Virginica proposed two American species and, in the first edition of the Species Plantarum, Linnaeus validated Cornut’s species under the name Thalictrum Cornuti and described T. alpinum, T. dioicum and T. purpurascens. Aiton in 1789 described from
338 Rhodora [OcToBER
cultivated specimens a Thalictrum rugosum, purportedly an American species, but Lecoyer (I. ¢. 311), who saw the type of it along with material cultivated in many botanical gardens, made it a synonym of Thalictrum glaucum Desf., a European species. About 1790, Muhlenberg wrote a Flora Lancastriensis which was never published but which contained descriptions of two new species, 7’. polygamum and another species, the first of which was validated in 1825. The manuscript of this flora is at the Gray Herbarium. Michaux (Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 322) described T’. laevi- gatum in 1803. De Candolle’s Systema in 1817 recognized eight species and four varieties for North America, one species for Mexico and four for South America. To these was added T. peltatum DC. in the Prodromus, vol. 1, published 7 years later.
From 1824 on there was to be no synoptical treatment of the South and Central American species of Thalictrum, though there was a large amount of work done upon the North American species. Hooker in 1829 accepted 4 species in his Flora Boreali- Americana, Torrey & Gray’s Flora of North America included 6 species and Sereno Watson listed thirteen species and three varieties in his Bibliographical Index (1878). The same year Lecoyer published a preliminary paper and seven years later in his world-monograph of the genus he attributed twelve species to North America, seven to Central America and three more to South America, in all twenty species and one variety for the Americas. A year later, in 1886, Trelease, working at the time at the Gray Herbarium, published a monograph of the North American Thalictra, recognizing twelve species and three va- rieties.
For the next 25 years the history of this genus was to be dominated by E. L. Greene, who described as new forty-five species and seven varieties of Thalictrum. He also left many unpublished names on herbarium sheets in various herbaria. By the time this was over, there existed such a confusion in the taxonomy of this genus that most local floras cautiously followed and still follow more or less the posthumously published treat- ment by Gray in his Synoptical Flora of North America in 1895, in which thirteen species and four varieties were accepted. J.N. Rose started in 1899 to monograph the Central American and Mexican Thalictra but only part of this work was carried through
Te ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 339
and published. By the end of 1942, about 165 specific names had been proposed to designate American’ Thalictra, 40 of them for species restricted to areas south of the United States-Mexican boundary.
VALUE OF DESCRIPTIVE CHARACTERS
HEIGHT OF THE PLANT. Quite variable in tall species, more constant in smaller ones. 7’. rhynchocarpum Dill. & Rich. of the southern Cameroon Mountains and Fernando Po Island may reach a height of 4 meters.
PuBEscENCE. Extremely useful characters are those based on pubescence; for no matter whether the plant is male or female, whether it is in flower or in fruit, accurate descriptions of the pubescence always apply and can easily be checked no matter how fragmentary the specimen may be. Many normally pubescent species do, however, occasionally present glabrous specimens and mature foliage often loses its pubescence, but the reduced leaves in the upper part of the inflorescence will retain it, at least up to the full maturity of the fruits. Hairs in this genus are either unicellular or multicellular. Furthermore, multi- cellular hairs may be uniseriate or multiseriate. Unicellular and uniseriate hairs are normally translucent. Capitate hairs are either unicellular or multicellular; all other types are multi- cellular. Capitate hairs are always very small so that a good binocular may be pretty useful to anybody attempting to identify a Thalictrum, but this type of hair usually exudes a fetid and sticky substance in vivo. Multiseriate hairs are usually opaque, often whitish and sometimes diversely colored. They may either be stiff, short and blunt or long (1 mm. or more), undulate and attenuate. Short blunt multicellular hairs always render the plant scabrous. In one species, 7’. inuncans nostrum, small hooked prickles are present all over the plant. In another, T. Standleyi Steyermark, the hairs are stellate, stipitate, and of a brownish color. This species is also the most fetid of all.
Thus there are six types of hair, all easily recognizable either by the naked eye, the hand-lens or the binocular, e. g.: capitate hairs, uniseriate flecuous hairs, short multiseriate hairs, long attenuate multiseriate hairs, small prickles and stellate hairs. Within the same species hairs of only one of those types are usually present, or none at all; rarely the same plant will have
340 Rhodora [OcroBER
hairs of two or three different types. Such a good character has usually been overlooked in the past, thus rendering absolutely impossible the exact interpretation of many a name.
Lear. An arbitrary distinction has been made between the leaves according to whether they are attached close to or at the base of the stem, whether they are scattered along the lower -unbranched half of the stem or whether they subtend a primary branch of the inflorescence. They are respectively termed folia radicalia, folia caulinaria and folia inflorescentiae.
LEAF-pIvIsion. Contrary to pubescence, the type and degree of division of the leaf is usually widely variable and was usually stressed by describers of new species. Only rarely does the leaf furnish any specific character, although each species, when well known, may usually be recognized by the contour of the leaflets. But these differences are not constant and not very easily put into words. In most cases leaves vary from 3- to 5-ternate; basal leaves are usually more divided than cauline leaves. Lower branches of the inflorescence are in many species subtended by 1-3-ternate leaves, sometimes by simple reduced ones. Only rarely will the secondary branches of the inflorescence, or even the pedicels, be subtended by leaves, as in 7. sparsi elk Turcez. and 7. Hultenii nostrum.
PETIOLE AND Petiotutes. Their length is extremely variable and of little taxonomic value. However, some species, e. g. 7. dioicum L., are characterized by having the lower branch of the inflorescence subtended by a long-petioled leaf. The base of the petiole is always more or less dilated. Even when the leaf is said to be sessile it is not truly sessile, for this dilated part of the petiole is always present between the stem and the leaf. Not uncommonly this base of the petiole surrounds the stem nearly completely.
STIPULES AND STIPELLULES. The dilated base of the petiole is sometimes so much enlarged that its margins may properly be termed stipules. Such stipules are not constantly present nor is their size or contour of any taxonomic value in most American species. Stipellules are always absent in some groups, while in many a species, e. g. 7. Fendleri Gray, their form and size are inconstant. Stipellules of the first degree are most common but those of the second or third or even the fourth degree may be
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 341
encountered. In most North American species stipellules are regularly lacking.
Root. Roots are commonly fibrous, but in a few species they tend to be more or less tuberous, e. g. T. texanum (Gray) Small, T. debile Buckley and T. pinnatum Watson. _ A few species, e. g. T. confine Fern., may have horizontal underground stolons which will at their end produce a stem the following year, for all species of Thalictrum are perennial. The general condition is a stem simply thickened at the base, and from that thickened base all the roots depart and there also is produced the bud for the stem of the following year.
INFLORESCENCE. The inflorescence is usually paniculate, sometimes subcorymbose, e. g. 7. polygamum Muhl. var. hebe- carpum Fern., or racemose, e. g. 7’. alpinum L. Except for the latter all Thalictra have a more or less branched inflorescence but are otherwise simple, there being only one inflorescence to a plant. An exception to this is 7. madrense Rose which has no definite inflorescence but is branched from the base, with solitary flowers or short panicles at the end of each branch. T. occidentale Gray var. palouense St. John sometimes has a simple raceme of mostly geminate peduncles. A few species are pauciflorous or uniflorous.
PEepUNCLES. In most species peduncles are quite variable but in a few they will present very constant characters. They are shortest in 7’. venulosum Trel., longest in § CrycineriA, arching in 7. alpinum L., or strongly recurved below the receptacle in T. sparsiflorum Turez., T. grandifolium Watson and others.
PERIANTH. In the subgenus Lecoyerium the perianth is typically of 4 sepals. These are usually small and fugacious, more or less oval in contour, and a few millimeters in length; they are of little taxonomic importance. However, in the § Heterogamia they are dimorphous, those of the pistillate flowers being much smaller and narrower than those of the staminate flowers. As to their color, they are usually greenish at first, then more or less purplish, and generally withered by the time they drop off.
Sex or Ptanrs anp Fiowers. All species of Thalictrum have perfect flowers except for those of the subgenus Lecoyeriwm in which the flowers may be dioecious, polygamous or perfect, according to the different sections of that subgenus.
342 : Rhodora {OcTroBER
Stamens. The color and shape of the filament also charac- terize the different sections. The exact color of the filament is unknown for many species from Mexico and southward. In some groups the filament is upwardly dilated or clavate, e. g. § Leucocoma and § Physocarpum. The length of the filament and the anther varies within definite limits for each species; thus it is helpful in identification. The anthers also have a definite shape, from linear to globose, and may be obtuse at the apex or with a more or less well developed acumen. ‘Anthers are usually yellow and give its mass color to the staminate inflorescence. In the § Leucocoma the filaments may be respon- sible for this mass effect. Asa rule anthers and sepals will com- pletely hide the ovaries, this being the source of many an errone- ous statement on herbarium labels to the effect that the plant is a staminate one when a dissection reveals only or mainly perfect flowers. This error has not infrequently crept into the literature, even in descriptions of new species. Anthers may also be purplish, e. g. 7. polycarpum 8. Watson, or whitish, e. g. T. clavatum DC., or even greenish, e. g. T. hypoglaucum Rydb. The length of the anther given in the following descriptions is always the length of the anther exclusive of the acumen and immediately after dehiscence, for mature anthers are slightly longer before dehiscence than after, and as they wither and twist, they become still shorter.
Ovary. At flowering time the ovary is generally too small to be characteristic but the stigma varies within definite limits for each species. As the ovary matures into the fruit the stigma usually undergoes a slight elongation, but very often drops off altogether. In quite a number of species there is no sharp demarcation between the style and the stigma. In such cases the length given for the stigma also includes the base of the style.
Fruit. Nearly all species are based mainly on characters drawn from the fruits, for in most species mature fruits vary but little, while, on the other hand, they vary from once species to another. Characteristic features are: shape; length and breadth; thickness; length of stipe; number and design of nerves and ridges; number, direction and pabeuterie = the fruits; thickness of the fruit-wall. ~
Nerves of the fruit when raised on sitelk’ often may not be
1944] - Boivin,x—American Thalictra and their Allies 343
set off ‘from the ridge itself, but they are usually conspicuous. Nerves are typically eight in number, one dorsal, one ventral, and three on each side. They usually branch off at the base and join at the summit of the fruit; they are then described as being simple. They may run straight from the base or arch over the central cavity or they may be simply curved, as in the case of the lateral nerves of a strongly flattened fruit. Nerves may also be sinuous, undulating, branching or anastomosed.
Renation BETWEEN. STaMINATE AND PIsTILLATE, FLOWERING AND FRUITING MATERIAL
This is a problem which is not yet thoroughly worked out and is far from being so. In many species this relation has been established on uncertain grounds, mainly on herbarium specimens bearing two or more fragments representing different phases of, presumably, the same species. Sometimes intermediate stages help indicate relation or an unusual specimen will bear both flowers and fruits. Of course, in this problem geographic dis- tribution is not altogether a negligible character. But many species are still known only in fruit or in flower and it is not impossible that the other stage has been collected and is passing under another name.
INTERPRETATION. OF DESCRIPTIONS
Most describers, when proposing new species of Thalictrum, have emphasized the division of the leaf, the contour, size and figure of the leaflets, the length of petioles and petiolules, all characters of little, if any, diagnostic value; while the type of pubescence, the length of style, filament and anther, the type of nervation and size of the fruit, were too often omitted. This unfortunate neglect renders many a description unintelligible unless one has access to the type-specimen. Consequently an effort was made to study all types that were available in America, for European herbaria are inaccessible for the time being. In so doing I was fortunate enough to have access to nearly all types of Thalictrum preserved in America. The United States Na- tional Herbarium had stored away a large number of its types but, except in two cases, isotypes were available. Photographs of some 10 types or syntypes along with numerous fragments
344 Rhodora [OcTroBER
and isotypes of species described in Europe have enabled me to understand a fairly large majority of these, while Lecoyer’s opinions and discussions greatly helped in interpreting the others. Unfortunately, a few names are still of dubious applica- tion and might, when the types are studied, antedate some of the names here accepted.
TERMINOLOGY OF TYPES
There is much variation as to the use and meaning of the terms applied to typical material. There follow the definitions of those terms needed and used in this paper to characterize such material.!
Type: an herbarium specimen upon which the description of a new plant is based. If more than one specimen was used, the type is the specimen designated as such by the describer or by a later student of the group.
SyntyPe: an herbarium specimen upon which the description of a new plant is based, when there are more than one, and no type has been selected.
PARATYPE: any specimen, other than the type and the iso- types, upon which the description of a new plant is based. Duplicates of PARATYPES may be termed PARAISOTYPES, but we have preferred to extend the meaning of PARATYPE to include such specimens in all cases when the homogeneity of the collec- tion was not under suspicion.
Isotype: a duplicate of a Typ, usually bearing the same collection-number.
The best discussions of type-nomenclature I have found in the literature are: D. L. Frizzell, Terminology of Types, Am. Mid. Nat. 14: 637-668. 1933, and C. X. Furtado, The Nomenclature of Types, Gardens’ Bull. Straits-Sett., 9: 285, 308, both with bibliography. Frizzell’s paper is written by a zoologist from 4 zoologist’s point of view; it is in the form of a lexicon, with 233 terms, 10 of which he more strongly recommends. The second paper, the author of which is a botanist, proposes and defines 22 terms and 21 compounds with the possibility of a great many more.
' Since this study was completed before the clarification of the subject by Blake in Ruopora, 45: 481, 1943, no changes have been made in the text.—Ebs.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 345
Such terms as LECTOTYPE, LOGOAPOTYPE, NEOTYPE, PROTO- MEROTYPE, and many others have been proposed to express an historical relation between the selection of the type and the date of publication of the new taxonomic group. When it comes to the studying of a species, it is irrelevant whether you work with & HOLOTYPE or a LEcToTyPE. No term expressing an historical relationship has been found necessary in this paper for the proper understanding and concise treatment of a taxonomic problem. Furtado also distinguishes between IsoTyPEs and HAPTOTYPES, according to whether they were, or were not, collected from the same plant and at the same time as the type-specimen. Truly this is a very pertinent distinction and in many cases these terms, no doubt, may be useful. But, unfortunately, the average herbarium duplicate bears little or no evidence which might help in making this very important distinction. I have thus felt compelled to use ISOTYPE in a more general sense.
Both Frizzell and Furtado recommend the use of HOLOTYPE for TyPE. This proposal is in accordance with the general use amongst the zoologists and would promote uniformity. But we have not departed in that respect from what seems to be at present the general use amongst botanists. To other terms such AS CLASTOTYPE, FOTOTYPE, and others, we have preferred the corresponding English expressions: FRAGMENT OF A TYPE, PHOTOGRAPH OF A TYPE, etc., for reasons of clarity and simplicity.
Keys
Characters in the artificial keys have been selected according to their usefulness, while those used in the general keys to sec- tions and species are either artificial or such as to place related species together. The numbering of species, however, is intended to follow natural relationships whenever possible.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I wish to thank many of the people at Harvard University who have been of great help, and especially so Dr. M. L. PeRNALp under whose direction this work was carried out and who also supplied photographs of type-specimens of three of the species described in Europe, and Mr. C. A. WeatHErsy and Dr. R. H. Wermore for their numerous and helpful suggestions. This
346 ‘Rhodora [OcroBEeR
research would not have been ‘possible without the help of the late Brother Marie-Victor1n and a fellowship from the Govern- ment of the Province of Quebec. The following institutions have offered facilities for studying the herbarium material pre- served in their collections: Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia (ANS); Brooklyn Botanical Garden (BG); Na- tional Herbarium of Canada (C); California Academy of Sciences (CA); Field Museum of Natural History (F) which also supplied eight photographs of types in European herbaria; Gray Her- barium (G); Missouri Botanical Garden (M); University of North Carolina (NC); New England Botanical Club (NE); ‘Notre-Dame University (N-ND for the Nieuwland Herbarium and G-ND for the Greene Herbarium); New York Botanical Garden (NY); University of California (UC), including the Clokey Herbarium on deposit at the University of California (C-UC); the United States National Herbarium (US). The letters between parentheses are the abbreviations used through- out this paper to designate each of these institutions.
THALICTRUM
Thalictrum L., Gen. Pl., ed. 5, p. 242, 1754. Physocarpum Bercht. & Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1: 14, 1823. nec Physacarpon Necker, Elem. 2: 164, 1790, nec Physocarpus Maxim. Acta Horti Petrop. 6: 219, 1879, nec Physocarpos Cambess. Ann. Sc. Nat. 1: 239 et 385, 1824, nee Physocarpa Raf. New Fl. Amer. 3: 73, 1836. Ruprechtia Opiz, Sez. Rost. Kve. 86, 1852, nec Ruprechtia C. A. Meyer, Mém. Acad. St-Péters. 6 sér. 4: 148, 1840, nec Ruprechtia. Reichb. Nom. 166, 1841. Leucocoma (Greene) Nieuwl. Amer. Mid]. Nat. 3: 254, 1914, nec Leuco- coma Rydb. Fl. Rock. Mts. 108, 1917. Sumnera Nieuw. Amer. Mid]. Nat. 3: 254, 1914. Plantae perennes, caule annuo herbaceo vel suffruticoso plus minusve sulecato, caudice perenni, vel interdum stoloniferae. Radices numerosae fibrosae, interdum tuberosae. Folia alterna, vel raro subopposita, vel opposita etiam, plerumque ternata et amplius composita. Floralia saepius desunt. JInflorescentia paniculata saepius racemosa vel subcorymbosa, nuda vel parum foliosa, ramis pedicellisque al- ternis vel subaggregatis. Petioli basi dilatati, saepius vel am- plexicaules vel subamplexicaules, plus minusve dilatati duarum modo stipularum vel nonnunquam etiam stipulati et. interdum stipellulati quoque. Flores numerosi, perfecti vel dioici vel polygami. Calyx sepalis hinc quatuor illine quinque nonnun- quam sex vel septem, fugax, viridis vel frequentius petaloideus.
iets deed nin a ene ee Oe |! Parke REPL STE
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 347
Corolla deest. Stamina libera plura vel numerosa, sepala fere semper per anthesim excedentia, numero variabili. Antherae adnatae comissura filamentis basilari nec articulatae. Ovaria
unilocularia soluta, numero in diversis diverso et variabili, semine solitari apicali inverso. Stylus ie stigma vel similiter elongatum vel triangulare yal punctatum ferens per
longitudinem fere totam. Carpella pauca vel numerosn, uni- seminata indehiscentia, sicca nervosa, plus minusve inflata,
nquam stipitata, frequenter costata. Species typica: Thalictrum foetidum L. ut imprimis Britton & Brown proposuer- unt in Ill. Fl. 2: 118. 1913.
The proposed standard species of the Linnaean generic names published in the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature, p. 142, 1935, suggested that 7’. aquilegifolium L. should be taken as a type-species; but, in view of the fact that the latter species has been many times separated from Thalictrum to form a separate monospecific genus, it seems preferable to adhere to the older proposal. And, after all, T. foetidwm L. is much more characteristic of the genus as a whole than is T. aquilegifolium L.
SUBDIVISIONS OF THE GENUS
Two genera, Anemonella and Trautvetteria have been separated from Thalictrum and are usually accepted as distinct genera. Many more generic segregations have been proposed at one time or other but are not here considered worth recognition. Those synonyms are listed under the subdivisions which were thus raised to a generic rank.
De Candolle in his Systema (vol. 1, 1817) proposed five sec- tions and four more subdivisions; Lecoyer (Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 111-113, 1885) was the first to recognize the fact that a natural classification of the genus sets the American species apart from the Eurasian ones but, unfortunately, the names he gave to his sections and subsections were not in Latin; Prantl (Nat. Pfl. 3, 2: 66) in 1888 proposed nine new subdivisions for the genus but he grouped the species in such a way that it is impossible to ascribe to each of his new names a definite position in the scheme actually adopted in this paper; E. L. Greene (Leaflets, 2: 49) in 1910 proposed the family Thalictraceae to include Thalictrum, Anemone, Coptis, Aquilegia and Anemonella; and in 1914 Nieuw- land proposed to recognize Sumnera and Leucocoma as distinct genera.
348 Rhodora [OcroBER
KEY TO THE SUBDIVISIONS OF THE GENUS
a. Owens —— — sub anthesim a ei, are persaepi Poe Se Gy es ea eyes Subgenus Thanicoon pea 8 b. Stigma ‘bialatum deltoideum ventrale sessile. Filam if a et saepius ad junctionem cum ce Maer paul ulum in a rassata. Carpella aang ra costata sessilia... . c. Carpella matura art a ee as Bectio HoMornauicrnox. é. Carpella miahira compremea 2 0) ee Sectio UINA b. Stigma haud sian nec eatin vel, si anguste alatum,
d. Filaments filiformia et saepius ad junctionem cum antheris paullulum incrassata. Stigma nonnumquam circinatum. arpella ata, nervis tamen valde rugosis, saepius breviter sapuate Sectio LErrostieMa. d. Filamenta staminum plus minusve clavata, ad junc- tionem cum antheris paullulum constricta, alba vel fescentia, raro purpurascentia; variant antherae globosae usque ad oblongo-lanceolatas; stigma nun- e.
é. nso inflatus vel Goa Aiea apterus. .. .f. ff —_ us costatus sessilis vel subsessilis nec compres- sed nervis singulis saepius in costas elevatis. fhaae OUR Gas o6 ck cis ks aes cas Sectio ERYTHRANDRA. 2 chico stipitatns plus minusve compressus nec tatus, nervis tamen rugosis. . . .g. g. sng "plus minusve compressus nervo dorsali
convexiore vel curvato modum ventralis; stigma ventrale oe Bias nome pedicelli recti; foha caulinaria saepius desunt........ Sect: o PHysocaRPUo.
g. Fructus valde pe a nervo ventrali pd charg folia eS is — et 3-5-ternata igma cylindraceum............ tio OMALOPHYSA. é vrata: ye pi ceatrtias stipite longissimo; WU WO a SS — io TRIPETRIUM. a. Flores dioici vel ee raro perfecti, stylus sub anthes sepala quaterna We i ss ek es Subge a is LmcovEnrow. h. Flores polygamo-monoie licet perfecti, stigma filiform elongatum, saepius cylin ee fe aap angu i tie. ” Sepala head dimorpha. .. . t. Ovaria pauca, solitaria, vel pacts licet raro 3-4. Pedi- celli longissimi tempore fructuum maturitatis. Flores : Pe a ieee sree ee sce sas ene Sectio CrNCINNERIA. i, Ovaria numerosa. Pedicelli ad 6 cm. longi. Flores polygamo-monoici, raro a Stigma, nisi in T. Johnstonvi, eylin —
j. Foliolae aud PONS: oo oS Sectio CAMPTOGASTRUM. .. -k. k. Ovaria 10 vel pauciora. Carpella matura compressa. .. ./. U vide nervo ventrali nullo modo gibboso . Subsectio SiImPLICIA i. Carpella nervo ven WIG ioe ces ais o GIBBOSA k. Ovaria 18-36. wae Meco anc ong ventre globoso. Stigma “baseaparae clavatum.......... Subsectio VENTURIANA. Je Foliolae pelt a AS NS ee ae ta Dem gee iar .-.M.
. Foli Speer petiolis prope marginem inse Subsectio SuBPELTATA. m. Foliolae ampliores petiolis circa tertias insertis. Subsectio EUPELTATA-
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 349
h. Flores — vel de cee Macon stigma breve plus sores bialat Sepala ge rpha, floris foeminei minora. . . .n n. Hamer piconet filiform ia, flores dioici, rarissime polygami. Poliola apice trilobata, lobis persaepius CrONAGS ro. ee ee Sect tio HETEROGAMIA... .0. o. Carpella recta ventre symmetrico, nervis crassiusculis, nec compressa nec curvata. Radices fibrosae vel tuberosae, nec orgs igs Plantae glabrae. ...p. p. Radices tuberosae. ... gq. Carpella nervis simplicibus nec sinuosis sed — 4 cies weedea ig ls de Subsectio DeBILIA.
C &@ nervis bee Priel ony eee Subsectio Sinvosa. p. ‘Radices bong es Petioluli articulati. Nervi car- i hau MAO kg ees a Subsectio Drorca.
0. peel cena curvata vel compressa. Plantae chor ee s, plus minusve stoloniferae. .. . ¢. spells ote crasso et firmo, sion Ls haud mpressa, costata, nervis haud distinctis : satin ee dorsali convexiore quam ventra Su bsecto INCURVATA. r, ae ee Slice minusve compressa, recta, vel bas minusve recurvata, vel valde Gidinewiad haves conspicuis, pariete nonnunquam mem- branaceo. .. .s. s. Carpella parum compressa, recta et nes Po stipitata, nervo ventrali convexiore QOPIREE SF is i oe on cee Su bsectio CLAVOCARPA. 8. oe subsessilia vel, si stipitata, stipite n rvato vel nervo ventral Genie eva quam Ee dota. vel valde comp my 12 t. Crassitudo carpelli denies latitudinis partem 1% vel attingit vel superat........... age CoMPRESSA. ig t. Crassitudo carpelli a dimidiis latitudinis ree @ Su ne LAMINARIA. n. Filamenta alba saepius plus minusve clavata, flores ol a oici. Foliola integra, vel, si apice trilobata fobys IIS acs ie Soils Vs Mie 8 cei eee Sectio Leucocoma.
The following treatment takes into account all species attri- buted to America, plus, when a subdivision of the group is not confined to America, a brief world-treatment of that subdivision. However, the § Genutna is not fully treated, for only two, or perhaps three, of its numerous members have been collected in America. To add a full treatment of this section to this paper would have transformed it into a world-monograph, a study not possible under the present conditions. Similarly § OMALoPHYSA is incompletely treated for lack of sufficient herbarium material.
Subgenus THaticrrum (DC.) Reich. Sect. Huthalictrum DC. Prod. 1: 12, 1824. Sect. Thalictrum DC. Syst. 1: 172, 1817. Subg. Thalictrum (DC.) Reich. Consp. Roe. Veg. 192, 1828. Plantae radicibus persaepius fibrosis, caule plus minusve foliosa, foliis stipellulatis vel estipellulatis. Inflorescentia ampla, saepius paniculata, raro subcorymbosa vel racemosa. Flores perfecti.
350 Rhodora [OcroBER
Sepala saepius 5in flore. Stigmata in eons a sepalis recedentia. Species typica Thalictrum foetidum ectio Homothalictrum. HH omothalictrum Fries, Sum. Veg. Sean. 27, 1846, nomen nudum. Sec t. Camptogastrum f. Flexuosa Prantl, Nat fl., 3: 2: 66, 1888. co Pileiuants filiformia nonnun- quam ‘Purpurascentia. Stigma bialatum deltoideum ventrale rpella matura costata sessilia nec compressa. Species typica soto T. minus L. sit.
As created by Fries, his genus Homothalictrum included only T. alpinum L.; and I was also at first under the impression that the simple raceme was a character sufficient by itself to set off this species from the rest of the genus. But this character must be considered rather as an extreme, especially if one compares this species with its nearest relatives, 7. Esquirolii Lévl. & Vant. and 7’. isopyroides Meyer. Amongst the species to be referred here besides T. minus L., there are: T. alpinum L., T. angusti- folium Jacq., T. Esquirolii H. Lévl. & Vant., T. flavum L., T. galioides Nestl., T. isopyroides Meyer, T. kemense Fries, T. punduanum Wall., T. rugosum Ait., T. simplex L., T. squarrosum Steph.
1. THaLicrRuM MINUs L,
To this species can be referred a specimen from the herbarium of John Ball and preserved in the Gray Herbarium. It was collected in Greenland by Giesecké, so says the label. C. L. Giesecké was a geologist who, between 1806 and 1813, made collections of plants on Greenland. His report was published in Brewster’s Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 10: 100-102, 1832, and the only Thalictrum listed is T. alpinum. Thus it is not at all improbable that the label was pasted to the wrong specimen. That label, however, reads: Thalictrum Greenland Giesecke.
T. R. Jones, reviewing the botanical literature on Greenland in the Man. Nat. Hist. Gr., p. 256, 18751, casts a doubt on the accuracy of Giesecké’s list. ‘His list’’, he writes, ‘ ‘compre- hends a large number of species, but he is manifestly wrong in regard to many of them. Some, which may possibly be per bers of the Greenland flora, have never been found since his day.”
Giesecké having spent eight years in Greenland studying the mineralogy of the country, it is not impossible that he might have chanced to botanize on peculiar spots where the local
1 See also Trans, Bot. Soc. Edin., 9, 2: 430-465, 1868.
| SSRI eet EN ee ee aR ae secs er re or eae ane eT
a ST ee ee HG Ere ze. lg BR in
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies
H I2e 1Sb
Deraits or Ftowers or Fruits or THaAticrrvum, all X 6
(For explanation see end of paper. Notealso that the “c’’ of “14c” has been omitted by error.) geological formations supported an endemic flora. Greenland is reputedly well known botanically, but as recently as 1937, Polunin reported seven new species from the Julianehaab sector alone and confirmed six doubtful previous reports. Although the flora of that ‘subcontinent’? shows more affinities with America than with Europe, the presence of T. minus sensu amplo can not be rejected a priori, for it is a species ranging over Eurasia and Africa from the Bering Straits to Ireland and from Arctic Norway to central Africa. For the time being it is, however, preferable to wait until some other field-botanist confirms Giesecké’s specimen by collecting the plant anew.
Lecoyer in 1885 recorded over 200 synonyms of 7. minus and no doubt many others have been coined since that time. In view of the types of these being all in Eurasian herbaria and also because that species is rather scantily represented in American
352 Rhodora [OcroBER
herbaria, it is preferable to leave to some other worker, who might have access to the types, the task of disentangling, 7f possible, the status of this species, for, as Prantl characterizes it, very accurately indeed, it is a P iornien buon’:
2. T. Hultenii sp. nov. Planta 35-70 em.1, omnino glabra nis in cauli. Radix ignotaest. Caulis arenoso-pr uinosus sub tempus florendi. Folia caulinaria 2-4-ternata, internodos subaequantia, superiora et intermedia in apice dilatationis petiolaris sessilia, inferiora plus minusve petiolata. Stipulae auriculatae, plus minusve laceratae. Stzpellulae desunt. Foliolae variabiles, saepius subquadratae, apice trilobatae, ca. 1.5 cm. long. Inflo- rescentia paniculata 5-10 cm. long., parum ramosa. Pedunculi in axilla saepe folii ternati, saepius folii simplicis, rarissime bracteae. Flores omnes perfecti, pauci in planta. Sepala paullulum cucul- lata, elliptica, ca. 3.0 mm. long., supera erosa, albicantia, plus minusve luteo-tincta. Stamina 8-15 in flore. Filamenta pallida flavescentia ca. 3.5 mm. Antherae oblongae vel oblongo-lanceo- latae, flavae, ca. 2.0 mm., mucrone brevi ca. 0.1 mm Ovaria 3-6 in flore, stigmate 0. 4-0.7 mm. Carpella matura ignota, fere matura sessilia ventre ovoideo vel subgloboso. Floret Julio et Augusto. AtasKa: Hultén 6753, Unalaska, July 20, 1932 (NY, TYPE); Van Dyke 38, Un alaska, Makushin Bay, moist grassy places on hillsides, July 16, 1905 (G); J. M. Macoun 115, Una- laska, July 25, 1891 (G, NY); Hall, Unalaska, Tliuliuk, Oct. 1, 1871 (G); Harrington, Unalaska, Iliuliuk, Oct. 12, 1871 (G); Evermann 120, Amakuak Island, Aug. 1, 1892 (F); Eyerdam 4
nalaska, Aug, 22, 1932 (NY): Kincaid, Unalaska, Sept. 1 1897 LUC); A E.& R. T. Porsild 641, Inana River, Hot Srna 64° 20’ W., recent clearings in the Nesp of recently cick tose July 8, 1926 (G). Fie.
This species has hitherto passed as either 7. ae Fries or T. majus L. or T. minus var. kemense (Fries) Trel. It differs mainly in the size of the fruit and by its contracted leafy inflor- escence. Dedicated to Ertc Huurén, the author of “Outline of the History of Arctic and Boreal Biota during the Quaternary Period’, a fundamental book on the phytogeography of the Arctie-boreal floras, and of detailed works on the floras of Kamtchatka, the Aleutian Islands and Alaska. The habitat of the last cited specimen suggests that the plant might have been somewhat overlooked on continental Alaska.
3. T. aLpinum L. Planta plus minusve stolonifera, erecta
1 Where not otherwise indica all measurements in descriptions apply to the height of the plant, or the moe of: the organs concerned.
ST AW RS aC I Sin | a a TAN alt ny any wicca Saag Sle UL daa Me aMia ae
1944} Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 353
rigida, omnino glabra (0.5)-1.5-(38. 0)}-decimetralis. Radices fibrosae. Folia bi-quadriternata, basilaria caulinarium deest vel raro solitarium, folia inferiora hanveneiias interdum lanceolata integra, raro trilobata, saepius desunt, superiora semper desunt. Foliolae flabellatae, coriaceae, inferne plus minusve glaucae, 1 cm. longae vel brevi lores, apice 3-7-lobatae, margine plus minusve revoluto, nervis rugosis, inferne rugosiori- bus. Inflorescentia nuda racemosa, e pedunculis alternis ante anthesim adpressis, postea recurvatis. Sepala 1.5-2.3 mm. longa, ovata vel elliptica. Stamina 8-15 in floribus singulis. Filamenta ca. 3.5 mm. filiformia, ante anthesim aliquo modo flavescentia, postea tamen purpurascentia. Antherae 1.2-2.3 mm. longae, oblongae vel lineares, apice acutae, etsi mucronatae breviter etiam, one flavescentes deinde ee oe
pedicellis singulis, reflexa vel et a, 2.8-3.5 cm. longa, sub- globosa vel oblanceolata basi saepius attenuata vel stipitata, apice rotundata, nervata, nervis ca. 12, rostro ad tergum valde eflexo. Floret a Junio ad Septembrem. The three following varieties seem to be worth recognition, although the characters of each are not absolutely spon
3a. T, ALPINUM var. typicum. T'. alpinum L., Sp. PIl., 1: 545, 1753. T. alpinum var. pallidum Norman, Arch. Math. aia, 8: 4, 1883. T. alpinum var. gaspense Greene, Ott. Nat. 23: 18, 1909. T. alpinum var. sour ables ne Greene, I. c. 1909. T. alpi- num var. nesioticum Greene, l. c. 19, 1909. T. alpinum var. pudi- cum Greene, |. c. 1909. Planta ‘stolonibus plus minusve elongatis horizontalibus, raro caespitosa. Radices paucae saepius sparsae. Foliolae supernae laete virides saepius valde lucidae nec glaucae. Ovaria saepius obovata vel subglobosa, sessilia vel subsessilia. Carpella matura stipite 0.5 mm. vel breviore vel deente.—GREEN- LAND: Vahl. f.(G); A. E. Porsild 257, south coast of Disko Island near Godhavn, 69° 14’, fertile slopes near the warm springs, July 27-28, 1937 (G); Seidenfaden & Ostenfeld 296, East — northern side of the head of Husk-ax Fiord, 73° 38’, Aug. 1 1929 (G); M. P. Porsild & R. T. Porsild, Vest-Gréal. ‘Ubekendt Eijland, Igdlorssuit, 71° 14’, 21 juli, 1929 (G); Eugenius, Groenl. occid., ca. Neria, 61° 33’, 26 ‘juli, 1935 (G). Lasrapor: Bell 874, Cape ‘Chudleigh (C): Fernald & Wiegand 2430, Blane eer limestone and calcareous sandstone terraces, Aug. 6, 1910 (G). NEWFOUNDLAND: Robinson & Schrenk 26, marsh near confluence of Exploits River and Badger Brook, Aug. 13, 1894 ear G, isotypes of T. alpinum var. microspermum) ; Fernald & Long
8,272, Quirpon Island, wet boggy tundra in dius Valley, Ke 7, 1925 (G); Fernald, Long & of 1708, Old Port au Choix,
354 Rhodora [OcroBER
turfy and peaty margins of dry gravelly limestone barrens, July 22, 1929 (G); Fernald & Wiegand 5443, Millerton Junction, dry bog, July 7, 1911 (G); Fernald, Long & Dunbar 26,690, Brig Bay, peaty and ‘turfy knolls or slopes on limestone barrens, Aug. 6 1924 (G). Qu&Berc: Victorin & Rolland 25,441, Minganie, tle Saint-Charles, prés de la tourbiére du lac Salé, 20 juillet, 1926 (G); Victorin & Rolland 21,156, Minganie, Grande Ile, talus humide sur le rivage, avec Anemone parviflora, 20 juillet, 1925 (G); Pursh, Anticosti (G); Macoun 3, Anticosti, valley of Jupiter River, Aug. 20, 1883 (C, type of T. alpinum var. nestoticum; G, isotype) ; Victorin, Rolland & Louis-Marie 21,156, Anticosti, riviére Vauréal, sur les talus humides le long de la riviére, 27 juillet, 1925 (G); Fernald, Gaspé Co., banks of the Grand River, damp ledges, June 30-July 3, 1904 (C, type of T. alpinum var. gaspense, G, isotype); Fernald & Collins 1046, Gaspé Co., Bona- venture Island, Bonaventure conglomerate (calcareous) sea- _ Aug. 7 & 8, 1905 (G); Pease & Smith 25,761, Matane Co.,
Juneau, eee alpine, June 30, 1 40 (C 7A: E & R. T. Porsild 789, Norton Sound, Pastolik, bor 22’ N., 163° W., coast and low swampy tundra, growing on the sides of large “niggerheads”’ , hot common, July 20, 1926 (G); J. P. Anderson 452, Juneau, July 4, 1917 (NY). SrBeria, PRIMORSK: Wright, Behring Straits, Arakamtchetchene Island, 1853-1856 (G, US); Tiling, Ajan (G). yaxutsK: Nilson, Balaganach, June 27, 1898 (US). TRANSBAICALIA: NV. & V. Ikonnikov-Galitzky 288, montes Kentei orientales and fontes fluvii Kerulen, July 18, 1928 (NY). YEN- ISSEISK: Kusnezow & Reverdatto 973, distr. Turuchansk, 1914 pr sesaaboay GY). Rear Krylov, Altai, Margalinsky prope Nishnij Uimon, June 11, 1901 (NY); Sehisciin, Chilikina € Sumnevicz, Altai, i in jugum Terk-Tynsky fluminis, Kostachta, July 4, 1931 (NY). TURKESTAN: Saposhon- kov, in jugo Tian-Schan, in alpinis, Ju ne 28, pie Modif: Russia, ARCHANGEL: Steffen 567, Vaygach Is., Aug. 16, 1926 (C). VoLe- pa: Soczava, montes uralenses inter 62° et 64°, ‘Tuly 20, 1928 (C). Nova ZEMBLA: Weber, 1891 (F); Tolmatschew 416, insula sep- tentrionalis, in decliviis siccis ad flumen Notschujew in vic. eho, ia Matotschkin, July 23, 1922 v. (G). SprrzBERGEN: King’s Bay, July 6-8, 1935 (G). Lavrpronra: Anderson
84, 1869. SweEvEN: Ortendal, Ostersund, Jmelland, 1890 (G); Asplund, Tornetriisk-omridet, Nuoljas nordsida, July 19, 1917 (F); Sjorgren, in alpe Areskutan, 1846 (G); Alm 6523, 'Torne
1 Abbreviated elsewhere throughout this paper as v. or g.
TE
pla cle ER i oe ie Ct DG EL tt apnea ea aha ae eee eta a NR cats Rie en Ate ess ante ace nai, ae ale
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 355
Lappmark, Jukkasjirvi s:n, in monte Kaisepakte, alt. ca. 750 m., Toy 18, 1926 (G): Tedenius, Herjedal bor. occid. a Malmagen, julio ( ). ORWAY: aylor, Ruostavand, Tromsé, July—Aug., 1907 (G); Fidtz, Opdal i Sér-Tréndelag, Kalvellafossen, Aug. 11, 1910 (G); Bocck, ee feed. Hid, Voss: Finnesleigen, i fjéra ved Vangevalnet, 46 m “si Faro Isuanps: Taylor, Videré Island, Videreite, "1903-19 6 (G); Hartz & ees insula Suderé, Kvalbéfjaed, Tay. 21, 1897 (G). take Jack, Perthshire, Ben Lin, July , 1922 (G) ; Clova, 1832 32 (CG). ENG- LAND, DURHAM: Edmondson 4691, upper Teesdale, Widdybank, wet places, June 27, 1909 (G). WESTMORELAND: Beanland, Tarn Craggs, Helvellyn, June 29, 1909 (G). YorRKSHIRE: Lees, alt. 1600 ft., June 1872 (F). ROSSSHIRE: Stables, moor behind Rosebough, growing with Si ge among cowfields, June 1, 1843 (G). Wats: Ball, North Wales, mountains near Llan- beris, May 30 & 31, 1859 (ry: Ball, North Wales, Carnarvon- shire, rocks on Snowdon, 1850 (G). IceLanpb: Seidenfaden 969, eastern Iceland, Seydisfjord, 65° 17° Lert heath, June 27, 1929 ( . Sérensen, Skagafjord, July i, 0 (G); Paulsen, SW- Iceland, Haon efjord, Hvanu, July 4, 1904 (G); ‘Scamman 1871, Lakjamot, a farm in the north on the road between Stadur and
2-19, 1938 (G); Taylor, N. Iceland, Sula mountains nw. of Akuseyvi, June 27, 1895 (G). Type, not seen, from Scandinavia, presumably preserved at the Linnaean Society of London. Fies. 3a, b and e
Var. pallidum Norman, is the early stage of the plant when the leaflets are strongly glaucous beneath. Type not seen.
Greene’s four varieties are rather descriptions of individuals than of taxonomic units. Types in the National Herbarium of Canada seen, except of var. pudicum for which Greene did not authenticate nor indicate any typical collection nor any definite distribution. The characters stressed by Greene to separate his varieties are mainly the following: height of the plant; average number of leaflets per leaf; curvature of the pedicels; number of carpels per flower; insertion of the carpel. All these characters exhibit such a degree of variation that the isotype of var. micro- spermum at the Gray Herbarium does not correspond to the description of the type as to the height of the plant (10 to 14 inches), the number of leaflets per leaf (13 to 23), as to form of leaflets (often broader than long and as often 4—5-lobed as 3- lobed), the description of veinlets (either prominent or not), curvature of pedicels (straight to strongly recurved), number of
356 Rhodora [OcTOBER
carpels (one or two per flower, the specimens being overmature and most of the fruits gone), and insertion of the carpels (defi- nitely short-stipitate). And so on.
The following year', Greene proposed seven new species, all based on material from the western United States. Plus the characters already discussed, he emphasized the following: leaflets shining or dull, pale or dark green; sex of the plant; size and form of the stamen; length of petiole; size and form of the leaflets. Of these seven species we can say the same as has already been said about the varieties. Two characters, however, prove to be rather constant and characteristic of the western American specimens. In most cases the leaves are of a pale green and always dull on the upper surface, the latter character being the most constant of the two. On the other hand, all the material from Gaspé Peninsula to Greenland and from Alaska has leaflets of a rather dark green color and definitely shining on the upper surface. A few, very few, intermediates were en- countered. Such an intermediate was Hall & Harbour 10, from ‘ Colorado, which happens to be the type-collection of Thalictrum scopulorum Greene. Some specimens from the Pyrénées are equally more or less shining on the upper surface of the leaflets.
4. T. atpinum var. hebetum, var. nov.—T. cheilanthoides Greene, Leaflets, 2: 89,1910. 7. duriusculum GREENE, l. c. 92, Ol. T elegantulum ‘GREENE, 1, -¢, 03, 1910. 7. leiophyllum GREENE, |. c. 90, 1910. T. monoense GREENE, l. c. 93, 1910. da scopulorum GREENE, l. c. 91, 1910. T. suspensum GREENE, L¢@,.: O02, 1910. —Planta parum stolonifera, raro caespitosa, stolonibus elongatis vel ascendentibus. Radices paucae aggre- gatae. Foliolae superne hebetae vel raro parum lucidae, saepius plus minusve glaucae, interdum viridulae. Ovaria obovata vel oblanceolata, sessilia vel subsessilia. Carpella agen stipite 0.5 mm., vel breviore vel deente——Wvyomine: EF. Nelson 648,
y Co., Fox. Park, on hummocks in bogs, th 8, 1907
1 Leaflets, 2: 89-93, 1910.
EE a lll hl llr SS lS lc Sel =
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 357
& E. S. Clements 319, Seven Lakes, alt. 3500 m., 4 julii, 1901 (G); Hermann 5544, Garfield Co., 134 miles sw. of Trappers’ Lake, trail to Flat Top, low moist meadow at edge of spruce woods, alt. 9500-10500 ft., July 31, 1933 (G); Clokey 3533,
affee Co., Grizzly Peak, moist meadow, alt. 10,500 ft., May 7, 1919 (G); Wolf & Rothrock 94, 1873 (G); Parry 75, from the head- waters of Clear Creek and the alpine ridges lying east of Middle Park, 1851 (G); Crandalle & Cowen 30, vicinity of Como, moist soil along stream, alt. 9775 ft., Aug. 3, 1895 (G); Osterhout, Laramie Co., North Park, July 25, 1898 (G); Baker, Earle & Tracy 637 {and not 437], above Durango, Hamor’s Lake, July 24, 1898 (G-ND, type of T. suspensum; G, photograph of the type; NY, US, isotypes; Brandegee 890, Sierra Sangre de Cristo, ae 1879 (UC)). Uran: Porter, Uinta Mountains, July 25, 1873 ANS
358 Rhodora [OcroBER
basses Alpes, Larche, Arvet Touvet, Guiguet, ep e du Var 4 Esteine, dans les prairies tourbeuses, 16 juin, 1875 (G); Alpes maritimes, Lac de Vens, 29 juin, 1898 (F); ae Alpes mari- “_ St. Etienne, Lac de Rabuons, gazons humides, alt. 2410
, 7 sept., 1919 (F). PYRENEES: "Rugel, Pyrénées-Orientales, val d’Eynes (G, NY); Suzzet, val d’Eynes, 11 juillet, 1890 (F); Trat 51a, Pyrénées Orientales, vallée de Carol, in pascuis editiori- bus prope Porta, 1 juillet, 1846 (NY); Bordére, Hautes-Pyrénées, pic du Campvieil, 1891 (F); Bordére, Hautes-Pyrénées, Tré- mouse, aotit 1864 (IF); Irat, Hautes-Pyrénées; Vignemale, ad nives, 3 sept., 1846 (F); Pyrénées, Port de Pinéde (F). Spatn: Bourgeau, Castanesa, Bassibes, aotit, 1847 (G).
5. T. ALPINUM var. STIPITATUM Yabe, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 17: 20, 19038. T. marginatum Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. 1: 51, 1839. | } ig aN we Royle, |. c. 1839, nec 7. microphyllum Anders.
c. Bot. Belg. 24: 292, 1885, nomen nudum, ex synonymis Thalictri minoris L. var. elati Lec. T. brackeifilum Bertol. Mem. oa oe Bolog. II, 3: 422, 1848. ? 7. acaule Cambess. ex Hacque- t, Voy. nd. 4, Botanique, 3, 1844. ? TJ. alpinum var. sei Ulbrich, Not. Bot. Gart. Mus. Ber. 10: 877, 1929. T. alpinum var. microphyllum Handel-Mazzetti, Symb. Sin. 7, 2: 311, 1931. T. nippono-alpinuwm Honda, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 53: 334, 1939.—Planta stolonifera et caespitosa, stolonibus paucis elongatis horizontalibus, pluribus ascendentibus. Radices num- erosae fasciculatae. Foliolae supernae saepius viridulae, non- nunquam paululum glaucae, interdum parum lucidae. Ovaria stipitata oblanceolata. Carpella matura stipite 0.5-2. : mm. ongo.—Nippon, HonbDo: Takemoto 591, Sinano, Aug. 9, 1923 (G). Cuina, szEcHWAN: Rock 17,865, northeast of Kula, Mount Siga, on alpine meadow, alt. 4600 m. , June, 1929 (F, N NY, US); Rock 16,253, west of Muli Gomba, Mount Mitzuga, high alpine screes, alt. 4780 m., June, 1928 (US); Rock 5554, Muli Kingdom, alt. 16, 000 ft., June, 1922 (US); Rock 16,405b, Kondaling, Rison- quemba, Mount Konka, on alpine meadow, alt. 4770 m., June- hug. ., 1928 (US). yunnan: Handel-Mazzetti 4696, ad austro- orient. pagi Dschungdien (Chungtien) in lateris occid. montis Piepun, regione alpina, in glarea mobili, substr. calceo, alt. 4300- 4650 m., 11 aug., 1914 (US); Rock 4951, Yangtze watershed, distr. of Likian ng, eastern slopes of Likiang Snow Range, on limestone gravel, alt. 16,500 ft., July 8, 1922 (US); Rock 9444, Yangtze watershed, eastern slope of Likiang Snow Range, alt. 14,000 ft., jay 1923 (US). Inp1a, stxxm: J. D. Hooker, regio alp. alt. 000 ped. (G). KumMaon: Strachey & Winterbottom 1, Barjikang vee, alt. 15,000 ft., (G). Garuwat: Strachey & Winterbottom 2, Bompras, alt. 14 500 ft. (G); Duthie 3795, above steeping ae 12, 000—13,000 ft., "Sept. 16, 1885 (US). punsaB: Koelz 7 Lahul, Khaksar, alpine meadow, alt. 15,000 ft., July 29, i936
| UF et a Se Oe
——— ee rr Fa a
1944] — Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 359
(NY); Koelz 116, Kulu, Chanduakani, ~~ Phos ae ft., _— (NY); Koelz 8610, Chamba, Kukti Pass, alt. ft., Jul y 3, 1936 (NY); Koelz 5039, Kangra, Rotang La, ee 12, 000 {t., "tin 30- July 1, 1933 (NY, US); Koelz 6851, Kangra, Lahul, oars Gongma, alt. 15,000 ft., Aug. 29-30 (US). KASHMIR: Thoms Kishtwar, regio ‘alpina, "alt. 11 ,000 ped. (G); Thomson, Ladakh regio alp. alt. 15-16,000 ped. (G, NY); Falconer 22 (G); R. Stewart 9776a, Sonamarg, alt. 12,000 ft., July 23, 1928 NY), B
R. Stewart 19,873, ae ee Burzi Bass, alt. ca. 14 ,000 ft., July 27, 1940 (N TY): 9,997, Deosai, near Mir Panzil Pass, alt. ca. 14 060 ti san 28, 1940 (N Y); R. R. Stewart 18,275, to Gadsai from Gangabal, alt. ca. 12, 000 ft., Aug. 11, 1939 (NY); T. T. Stewart 7814, Tulion, above. Pahlgam, bree - 13,000 ft., July 13, 14, 1925 (NY); Koelz, Rupshu,
among dry rocks along stream, alt. 15,000 ft., June 30, 1931 (NY, US). Fias. 5a and b.
No type material has been available of any of the taxonomic units concerned. Var. elatum Ulbrich was described from speci- mens having the flowers of T. alpinum L. but the vegetative characters of 7. Esquirolit Lévl. & Vant. The flowers of those two-species are not very different. One flowering specimen from the Burma-Thibet frontier, Ward 9804, can be referred here only doubtfully until the fruits are known.
6. T. rucosum Aiton, Hort. Kew. 2: 263, 1789. T. flavum L. & speciosum Reichard, ‘Syst. Pl. 2: 648, 1779. T. speciosum (Reichard) Poir. Eneye. Bot. 5: 315, 1804, nec TJ. speciosum Miller, Gard. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2, 1768. T. glaucum Desf. Tabl. de l’Ecole de Bot" 2: 146, 1815, nomen nudum. T. crenatum
ae DC. Syst. 1: 184. 1817. 7. glaucum Desf. ex DC. 1. ce. 1817. T. rugosum Ait. @ umbelliferum DC. 1. ec. 185, 1817. T. discolor Willd. ex Lec. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 367, 1885, nomen nudum. T. purpurascens L. var. rugosum (Ait.) Farwell, Pap. Mich. Ac. Sci. 26: 11, 1941.
T. rugosum Ait. was described from material cultivated in the Botanical Garden at Kew and was said to have been introduced from America. But Lecoyer, who has seen the type specimens, states that it is T. glaucum Desf. Apparently the Kew Gardens distributed seeds from the type-colony of T. rugosum Ait., for John Bartram cultivated it and so did Purdue University as late as 1924 and the Missouri Botanical Garden in 1902. Schweinitz got the plant from Bartram for his own harbarium and Muhlen- berg also had it as one of his four American species. There
360 Rhodora [OcToBER
seems to be no doubt that the plant was never native in America and that Aiton’s surmise was erroneous. A. P. De Candolle also saw the plant cultivated in a European garden under the name T. rugosum Ait. Apparently this plant was cultivated in America during the eighteenth century, at least in the United States, Mexico and Peru. A photograph of the type of 7’. densiflorum HBK. was lent to me by the Field Museum. It shows a plant in all points similar to 7. rugosum. The name 7’. rugosum Ait. antedates both T. glaucum Desf. and T. speciosum Poir. and must supersede them as the oldest name of the plant of southern Europe and northern Africa.
Sectio Genuina (DC.), stat. nov.—Sect. Thalictrum, subsect. Genuina DC., Syst. 1: 169 & 175, 1817. Species typica 7’. foetidum L. , typus generis, sit (p. 347).
Sectio Leptostigma, sect. nov. Stigmatibus Sea SEEN nec alatis. Species typica 7. saniculaeforme DC. s
Among other species belonging to this group are: 7. Dalzelli Hook., 7. Falconeri Lec., T. rotundifolium DC., T. rufum Lec., T. Rochebrunianum Franch., T. tuberosum L., T. virgatum Hook. f. & Thom. None of them grow wild in America.
Sectio Erythrandra, sect. nov. Filamenta antherarum apice clavata, alba vel rufescentia. Carpella sessilia vel breviter stipitata, costata, inflata. Stigma nunquam alatum nec sagit- tatum. Species typica T. petaloideum L. sit.
A section including 7. calabricum Spreng., T. Fortunei Moore, T. javanicum Blume, T. podolicum Lec., T. sachalinense Lec., T. thibeticum Franch. and others. This section is not represented in ne on
T. LEUCOSTEMON Koch & Bouch., Append. Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol 13, 1854.
This species, erroneously attributed to America, probably belongs here. According to Lecoyer there does not seem to exist any type for this species.
Sectio Paysocarpum DC.—Syst. 1: 171, 1817. Physocarpum Bercht. and Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1: 14, 1823, ut genus. Subg. a ook regs 8 Cons. Regn. vee 192, aN
ut genus. Clavata Small, Man. South. Fl. 524, 1933, divisio
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 361
ordo cujus indeterminatus. —Plantae saepius glabrae, foliis eatenaliniatee: caulinariis paucis nisi desunt, radicibus nonnun- quam tuberosis. Pubescentia, si adest, e pilis uniseriatis trans- lucidis. Inflorescentia corymbosa, nonnunquam pauciflora, raro elongata. lies perfecti. Sepala spathulata vel obovata interdum unguiculata. Filamenta alba, clavata ad apicem. Antherae athe sal pallido-luteae. Carpella matura pauca stipi- tata nervosa, plus minusve compressa, nec costata, nervis tamen saepius rugosis et fere simplicibus. Stigmata brevissima vel
dentia, marcescentia. Species typica 7. clavatum DC. sit
This subdivision of the genus was first created by De Candolle as a section and all five synonyms given were based on sect. Physocarpum DC. It included at first four species, three of which are now in other sections. Many subsequent authors have recognized this unit, always retaining 7. clavatum and dropping the other three species. This procedure is followed here, for the characters given by De Candolle clearly show that he regarded that species as typical of his newly proposed section.
As most of the types of species belonging to this section are not accessible, it has not been possible to give a complete synony- my except for the American species. Furthermore, the material 7 at hand is not quite abundant enough for a thorough treatment , : of this section. Since Lecoyer in his monograph treated only
three species of this group, it is thought desirable to give a key to the sixteen species I recognize, cite at least some collections of each species and give a full treatment of the American species ) only, leaving out of the picture all species for which there is no : herbarium material available to me. a. Folia caulinaria os 2-6, stipulis laceratis. Carpella
14 matura lignosa, ven re globoso, nervis obscuris. .. . 6. Stigma ovatum vel pd, contig semimillimetrale vel brevius
. T. baicalense. . b. Stigma recurvatum, circinatum etiam, millimetrale lineare. ia 9, T. baicalense, ~ megalostigma. / 4 a. Folia caulinaria 0-2, stipulis pesim ee matura pariete : =
ranaceo, nervis saep’ a c. Stigma lineare roiltenensaies Plant ae 15-40 em.. 10. 7. philippinense. a c. Stigma ovatum vel discoideum vel globosum semimilli-
. Foliola tae, basi in e, apice acutae olae saepius wi tegra p oe cole "
e. Foliolae —— orbiculares, - marginem totam tae 24. T. coreanum.
bt a Re era aes © gh eee ao Ole 8 be eee, ee ee
362 Rhodora [OcroBeR
f. Foliolae oblongo-lineares integrae, nisi we a SUA ine pal amtnieai pine cree ace. pcetr cates ead T. integrilobum. f. Foliolae dentatae. . . Folia caulinaria Pils opposita orbicularia simplicia. Radix stolonibus longis................ 11. T. filamentosum. g. Folia siege vel desunt, vel alternantia, vel 1-2 ternata sunt... .h. h, Foliolae eteshas Semele atl 7. Carpella ventre lanceolato. ... §: oo faleata. Foliclae iedatne sernet hy pe FO EA cone aca) ae ee . TT. declinatum. 4 Cucpaln parum asymetrica. Foliolae basi RS aE Se SY ghee mere te 14. T. acutifoliwm. i. Carpella ventre obovoideo vel rhomboideo 16. 7. unguiculatum. h. Plantae omnino glabrae... .k. k. Carpella matura vette faleato oblanceolato 5 mm. longo, nervo ventrali concavo. .12. T'. clavatum. k. os ae nervo ventrali convexo vel ere ea l. Carpella matura jonah Seg 7 a m a; inflorescentia sub- corymbosa he ‘longats, foliolis fere
ovatis 2-8 ¢ ongis..... arpella faatin ventre 3 ol sta 9 mm.; antherae ROR 55s ca hes eer 4. T. acutifolium
n, oe matura Mii 4.0-5.38 mm. ongo; — . 3 mm.; antherae
reer a te ke . Chiaonis. Planta 1-2 din. alta; eo ed) foliolae ina 4-5 mm..... 0. Polioiae ee orbiculares. Banks ca. Stigma discoideum i Carpella matura stipite ca. 3.5 ing - 17. T. Guegueni.
o. Foliolae rhomboideae, Stamina ca. 4 mm. Stigma elongatum insertum a styli ventrum. Carpella ee Be ae 3S mith ss 20. . Watanabei.
gma sessile hee ate ere sy 5. 7. microgynum. Dp. Canaie, nervo dorsali multo eeubec tad ventrali. tigma Psi sa insertum ad —) val styli brevis, Stamm entri a oo: oe
q- ina mm.; carpella matura 1.0— La ee ee 13° T- mirabile.
q. o semimetralis; stamina 5-6 mm.;
matura ventre 3-4
longo, 1 A-1.8 mm. lato....... 19. 7. tuberiferum.
T. BAICALENSE Turez. ex Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1: 7, 1841. T.
bizalens too Paes Soc. Imp. Figs Mose. 2: 85, 1838, ie gaa MUR: Korshinsky, Amur mediu us, 1891
( US): J Rorhaae Peeuaiiaa, 18 gate 1891 g. (G); Ririidasky,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 363
Khabarovka (na Amurye), 22 Maya, 1891 g. (G); Maak, ad fluvium Amur (G). Nippon, Honpo: Masamune, Nikko, July 3, 1926 (NY). Manpssurra: Schrenk 173, ad fluv. Amur, 1855 (G). Cura, KANsu: Ching 1003, vicinity of Choni, alt. 3100— 3300 m., Sept. 7-15, 1923 (US); Ching 360, Hsia Mo K’ou, near Lichen, alt. 2000 to 2300 m., July 7-8, 1923 (US); Rock 12,862, T’ao River basin, banks of T’ao river, opposite Choni, flowers greenish, alt. 8200 ft., July, 1925 (G). Fie. 8.
9. T. BAICALENSE Turez. var. megalostigma, var. nov.— Stigma lineare recurvatum, circinatum etiam, millimetrale.— CHINA, szECHWAN: Fang 3619, Kangtin Hsien, Tachienlu, in thickets, herb 3 ft., alt. 9000-9500 ft., Sept. 27, 1928 (G, TYPE; US, isotype); Wang 21,377, ascending to Fu-pien Hsien, road- side, thicket-floor, alt. 3400 m., June 19, 1930 (G), herb 3 ft. F
1G. 9.
10. T. paiuiprrnense C. B. Robinson, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 35: 65, 1908.—Puriprines, Luzon: R. S. Williams 957, prov. Benguet, Baguio, June 22, 1904 (NY, paratypes); idem 1137, June 22, 1904 (NY, vypex; G, 1soryrr); Merrill 7767, Benguet subprovince, May, 1911 (US). Fie. 10.
11. T. FILAMENTOSUM Maximovicz, Prim. Fl. Amur. 13, 1859. —SrBeriA, PRIMoRSK: Palczewsky, Vladivostok, Mt. Orlinoe Gnezdo (Eagle Nest), May 5, 1905 v. (NY); Saverkina 99, June (or July) 15, 1929 v. (NY); Topping 2060, Vladivostok and vicinity, May—Oct., 1919 (US). amur: Maximovicz (G, iso- type?); Komarov 725, vallis fluminis Sutar, 12 junii, 1895 v. (NY, US); Korshinsky, 1891 v. (US); Korshinsky, Bidzhanskii, 8 June, 1891 (G). Fia. 11.
12. T. cuavatum DC. Syst. 1: 171, 1817.—Physocarpum clavatum (DC.) Bercht. & Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1: 14, 1823. T. filipes Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 38, 1838. T. nudicaule Schweinitz ex Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 39, 1838. Sumnera clavata (DC.) Nieuwl. Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: 254, 1914.—Planta omnino glabra. Caulis luteolus glaber 1.5-7.0 dm. altus, per- saepius solitarius et semimetralis. Radices paucae fibrosae nigricantes, aliquantulum ad originem tuberosae. Folia cau- linaria biternata petiolata, saepius tamen desunt. Foliolae 1.0- 5.0 em. long., 0.8-6.0 cm. lat., forma variabiles, subalbicantes inferne. Inflorescentia subcorymbosa. Sepala spathulata alba, 2 . longa. Stamina 4-5 mm., Ca. 0. Filamen 3.5-4.5 mm., saepe crassiora quam antherae. Antherae ovoid-
pauciora per receptaculum, faleato-oblanceolata, 7-8 mm. long., stipite 2.2-3.0 mm., ventro 4-5 mm. long., nervo ventrali concavo. Stigma ca. 0.3 mm., di : ejusdem longitudinis. Floret ab Aprili ad Junium.— VIRGINIA:
364 Rhodora [OctroBER
Schweinitz, Patrick Co. (ANS, type of 7. nudicaule; NY, frag- ment). Nort Carouina: Radford & Stewart 1787, Wilkes Co., growing at spring in a shady bend of the road up Pores Knob Mt., north exposure, July 2, 1940 (NC); Magee, Lickstone Mt., June 10, 1897 (G); Curtiss 28, Roan Mt., moist rocky ravines, alt. 6100 ft., July (G, NY); Churchill, Polk Co., Melrose, May 19, 1899 (M); Churchill, Watauga Co., Blowing Rock, Glen-Bernie, water-fall, June 16, 1899 (M); Biltmore Herbarium 1015b, Bilt- more, wet places, May 6th and June 18th, 1897 (G, M, NC); M. A. Curtis, mountains of North Carolina (NY, type of T.
lipes). SoutnH Carona: Peattie, Greenville Co., Hogback Mts. (G); J. D. Smith, Caesar’s Head, wet rocks, Aug. 1, 1881 (G). Grorera: Underwood, Taccoa Falls, Apr. 20, 1891 (NY); Leeds 2011, Union Co., on branch of Helton Creek, 1 mile n. of Frogtown, dripping rocks, alt. 3850 ft., June 1, 1934 (ANS). TENNESSEE: Ruth, Thunder-Head Mt., border of streams, elev. 6663 ft., July, 1894 (M); Jennison & Sharp, Fentress Co., James- town, Buffalo Cave, wet sand, rock, cliffs, May 17, 1931 (US); Svenson 8901, Marion Co., Cumberland Plateau, about 5 miles se. of Sewanee, dripping sandstone rocks, alt. 1800 ft., June 22, 1938 (G); Svenson 10,158, Grundy Co., east of Tracy City, Deer Lick, in spray of waterfall, May 15, 1939 (ANS, G); Ruth 1799, near Wolf Creek, along a mountain brook, June, 1896 (NC, NY); Eggert, Franklin Co., no. of Sherwood, shady rocks, June 8, 1897 (M). Fries. 12, a-e.
The type is in the Paris Museum. It has not been studied, but the description is clear and Delessert’s plate (Icones Sel., 1: tab. 6, 1820), presumably drawn from the type, represents this species beyond any doubt.
13. T. declinatum, sp. nov. Planta semimetralis, in petiolis petiolulis foliolisque infernis pubescens. Radices fibrosae nigri- cantes, paululum ad originem incrassatae. Folia inferiora biternata, caulinaria desunt, inflorescentiae ternata. Foliolae ovatae asymetricae dentatae, basi cordatae, apice acutae, ca. em. long. et ca. 3 em. lat. Stamina ca. 3.5 mm. Filamenta ca. 3 mm., latitudinis antherarum. Antherae oblongae, 0.5-0.7 mm. Carpella matura falcata, ca. 7 mm. longa, stipite ca. 3 mm., ventre lanceolato ca. 3.5 mm. longo et 1.0 mm. lato, nervo ventrali fere recto vel parum concavo. Stigma ca. 0.3 mm., modo Thalictri clavati; stylus idem. Floret Junio et Julio— CHINA, KWEICHOW: T’siang 5662 pro parte, Tze-min-an. Tuyun, in dense shade, flower white, alt. 880 m., July 7, 1930 (NY, TYPE). Fia. 13, a and b.
14. T. acutifolium (Handel-Mazzetti), stat. nov.—T. clava- tum DC. var. acutifolium Hanp.-Mzt. Anz. Wiss. Wien, Math.-
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 365
nat. KI. 63: 8, 1926.—Plania 25-65 cm., glabra vel raro foliolis infernis pubescentibus. Radices nigricantes plus minusve tuber- osae. Folia basilaria 2-3-ternata, caulinaria saepius desunt, inflorescentiae 1—2-ternata. Foliolae dentatae saepius et ovatae et basi rotundae et apice acutae, ca. 5 cm. longae. Sepala obovata vel spathulata, ca. 2.0 mm. longa. Stamina 7-9 mm Filamenta multo latiora quam antheris. Antherae oblongo- lanceolatae ad oblongo-lineares 0.8-1.3 mm. Carpella matura ca. 5.5 mm. longa, stipite 2.0-2.2 mm., ventre lanceolato 3.0- 3.2 mm. longo et 0.6—0.8 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus 3 in utroque latere, nervo basin recto vel parum convexo. Floret Martio ad Junium.—CHin ee Dunn 2316, expedition to central Fokien, April to ees 1905 (G); Dunn 2456A, expedition to central Fokien, April ‘to June, 1905 (G); Chung 7761 (NY). HUNAN: Handel-Mazzeiti 11,178, prope urbem Wukang, in monte Yiin-schan, a eon schisto argilloso, fl. pall.-violac., alt. 600— 1300 m., June 7, 1918 la syntype); Wang-Te-Hui, March, 1919 (US). KWANGTUNG: Ko 652,821, Yu-yen, in field, June 8, 1933 de Tso 20,585 and 20, 651, Lok Chong, May, 1929 (NY). Fig. 14, a-c.
Thalictrum clavatum DC. evidently belongs to the same section as all these eastern Asiatic species but it is not especially closely related to any of them. As far as it is possible to judge, with only the original description at hand, the fruits of T. tenerum Huth might resemble those of 7’. clavatum more than those of any other species except T. mirabile Small.
15. T. microgynum Lecoyer in Hook. Ic. Pl. 18: 1766, 1888.— Cuina, HUPEH: Wilson 12, western Hupeh, April, 1900 (NY, US); Henry 3992, tp near Ichang, 1885-1888 (G, 1soTYPE). SZECHWAN: Faber 135 (NY); Farges 496, district de T chen-Kéou, alt. 1400 m., juin (NY). xwaneTuna: 7'so 20,651, Lokehong district, May 24, 1929 (NY). Fre. 15.
The plate acccompanying the original description is a very au representation of the fruiting stage of this species.
T. unguiculatum, sp. nov. Planta semimetralis. Folia beaten biternata. Folia caulinaria desunt. Folia inflores- centiae ternata. Petioli et petioluli pubescentes. Foliolae cor- datae acutae dentatae, nec lobatae, inferne pubescentes. In- florescentia paniculata. Sepala viridia, 3.0-4.5 mm. longa, conspicue trinervata, basi appt se lamina orbicularia. it ape matura viri mm. lo emery
longo et 0.8-1.0 mm. lato, nervis obscuris, stylo ca. 4 mm., stigmate ca. 0.2 mm. ad ventrum styli inserto. Floret vero-
366 Rhodora {OcroBER
similiter Junio.—Cuina, KWEIcHOW: T'stang 5662 pro_parte, Tze-min-an, Tuyun, in dense shade, alt. 880 m., July 7, 1930 (G, Type). Fig. 16, a and b. th ies Gueguenii, sp. nov. Planta gracillima, viridula, omnino glabra, 1.0-2.5 dm. Caulis tenuis. Folia basilaria biternata, inflorescentiae ternata. Caulinaria desunt. Foltolae fere orbiculares crenatae 1-2 cm. Flores pauci, saepius 3-5. Sepala alba spathulata ca. 2.5 mm. longa. Stamina ca. 5 mm. Filamenta insensibiliter clavata, fere latitudinis pees sans ag Antherae ellipticae, 0.4-0.8 mm arpella matura ayane nee ca. mm. longa, se ot ca. 3.5 mm., ventre lanceolato ca. 3.2 mm. longo, 0.6-0.8 mm. lato, stigmate sessili et discoideo. Floret Aprili ad Junium _—CHINA, KIANGSI: Gressit 1455, Hing San, ie border of Fukien, grassy rocky yt alt. 1300 m., June 23, 6 (G). HuNAN: Tsang 23,486, Yi Chang district, Ping T’ou Shan, Pai Mu village, silt, swamp, ‘fair ly common, Apr. 1-11, 1934 (G, Type; US, ISOTYPE); Tsang 23,392, Yi Chang district, P’ing T’ou Shan, Pai Mu village, steep slope, sandy soil, thicket, fairly common, flowers white and fragrant, March 21-29, 1934 (G, US). Fie. 17, a-c
Dedicated to EMILE Glee GufGuEN, a former teacher of mine, of Belgian origin, a self-effacing, conscientious hard worker. To him I owe a good deal of what training and information were inculeated into me while going through college; to him I also owe a deep and permanent interest in science.
18. T. mrraBILE Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 27: 277, 1900. Planta glabra gracilis 15-45 em. Radices nigricantes ad originem tuberosae. Caulis basus saepius valde incurvatus, quia planta illa sponte crescit in locis praecipitosis et lateraliter inseritur in fissuris murorum saxosorum. Sepala alba obovata vel spathu- lata, 1.5-2.5 mm. longa. Stamina 2-4 mm. longa. Filamenta crassiora quam antherae. Antherae globosae vel ovoideae,
mm. aria saepius 3. Stigma discoideum vel ellipti- cum, 0. 1-0.4 mm. longum, insertum ad ventrum styli. Carpella matura 5.5-7.5 mm. re stipite 2.5-3.0 mm., ventre obovato
vel semiobovato 2.5-4.0 mm. longo et 1.0-1.2 ‘am. lato to, nervis lateralibus 3 in sete etwe. nervo ventrali fere recto vel paululum convexo, isaac multo convexiore. Floret Maio,
(ANS); Smith, H Jae Town : Me n Co., Cowbell Hollow, east of Berea, July 7, 1937 (F, G , NY, US); Smith & H odgdon 3928, Wayne Co., Beaver Cr eek, ‘southwest of Monti-
cello, shady dripping. ledge, July 12-14, "1937 (ANS, G, US). Auapama: Mohr, Winston Co., dripping rocks of mts., May 1,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 367
1882 (US); Mohr, Winston Co., ad saxas madidas, in sylvis rea ome radicibus tuberosis, May 4, 1881 (F); M. ohr, Winston , Davidsons Creek, dripping rocks in the mountains, May 1, 1881 (US); R. M. Harper 3400, Franklin Co., Di smal Branch, under sandstone cliffs on damp sandy bank, June 17, 1935 (A NS, G, N-ND, NY, US); Earle 2212, Little Mountain, near Moulton, under sandstone bluff, June 25, 1899 (NY, Type and 1soryPeE). Ig. 18, a-e. lt is surprising that this plant has not been collected at inter- vening localities in Tennessee. Fruits and stamens of the Ken- tucky specimens tend to be larger, but all characters overlap to some extent.
19. T. TuBERIFERUM Maximovicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Se. St. Pét. 22: 227, 1877 [1876].—Nipron, HONDO: T'schonoski, prov. Senano, 1864 (G, syntype); Arimoto, Mt. Iwate, July 15, 1903 (G); Shimotsuke, Nikko, Aug. 8, 1910 (US); Enander, prov. Shimatsuke, in radicibus montis Nantai-San in ripa lacus Chutzanji, 14 km. procul a Nikko, Aug. 14, 1913 (G); [Watanabe?] Shinshu, Togakushi, June 10, 1894 (G, US); [Wat tanabe?}, Shinano, Togakushi-san, Aug. 18, 1893 (G): idem, Aug. 20, 1893 (US); Hogg (NY). Corea: Komarov, distr. Sam-su, fluvium Jalu, trajectus Shanjen, julio 7, 1897 v. (G). Manp- CHURIA: -Komaron, prov. Kirinensis, dist. Omoso, trajectus Sey irine julio 24, 1896 v. (NY); Mazximowiez, — estuarium ae oe 1860 (G, syntype); Jankowski, ad. fl. Sedemi (NY).
ge T. WaTANABEI Yatabe, Bot. Mag. Tokyo, 6: 307, 1892. ae HONDO: [Watanabe]?, Tosa prov., Nanokawa, July 1892 (US, ISOTYPE?) ; Mi garnet Tosa prov. Nanokawa,
i 11, 1893 (G). Fie. 20.
I have at hand a fairly large number of Japanese plants, the labels of which are all in the same fashion, style and handwriting, but there is no collector’s name on any of them. However, one of them, 7. acteaefolium Sieb. & Zucc. from Nanokawa, Tosa, has a second label which reads: “Plants of Japan, Coll. K. Watanabe, Purchased 1892”. I presume all these specimens were collected by K. Watanabe, hence I have cited them all as [Watanabe?]. If this assumption is right, there is an IsoTYPE of T. Watanabei Yatabe at the Smithsonian Institution and perhaps also at the Gray Herbarium, for the labels of those two specimens would read exactly alike were it not for the year, This simi- larity, enhanced by the fact that the two sheets resemble each
368 Rhodora |OcroBER
other as plants from the same collection usually do, and the fact that the original description and its accompanying plate could have been drawn from these specimens without being in any way different,—all this strongly suggests that both specimens are isotypes.
T. Hayatanum Koidz. seems to be closely related to T. Wata- nabei Yatabe, but I have not seen any material of the former.
21. T. Chiaonis, sp. nov. Planta glabra 20-40 em. Radices nigricantes variis modis tuberosae. Foliolae saepius ellipticae, crenatae vel dentatae. Inflorescentia corymbosa vel, si elongata, flores in ramis singulis corymbosae. Sepala obovata ca. 2.5 mm. longa. Stamina 3.0-3.5mm. Filamenta latitudinis antherarum vel latioria. Antherae oblongae vel oblongo-lanceolatae, 0.4—
mm. Stigma 0.3-0.6 mm., discoideum vel ellipticum, insertum ad ventrum styli brevissimi, vel ovarii apicalis. Car- pella matura 6-8 mm. longa, stipite 1-3 mm., ventre lanceolato 4 mm. long. et 0.8-1.5 mm. lat., nervis lateralibus 1-3 in utroque latere, nervo ventrali plus minusve convexo, dorsali convexiore. Floret Junio Julioque—Corera: Uno 23,694, Kan- rasan Saisyuto, Zenranando, alt. 1700 m., Aug. 13, 1938 (G). CHINA, ANHWEI: Ching 8593, Wang Shan, July 15, 1925 (US). KIANGSI: Chiao 18,719, Kuling, along rocky slope, alt. 3400 ft., July 27, 1928 (NY, rypx; US, isotype); Steward 2495, Lu Shan, rocky ridge, July 17, 1922 (NY, US). Fic. 21, a and b.
22. T. iInrEGRILOBUM Maximovicz, Bull. Acad. Imp. Se. St. Petersb. 32: 477, 1888, reeditum Mél. Biol. 12: 714, 1888.—
IPPON, YEZO: Miyabe, prov. Hidaka, Samani mountain path, June 19, 1884 (G).
23.
The status of this species is open to question and the material at hand is not satisfactory.
Sectio OmMaLopnysa Turcz. ex Fisch., Mey. & Lall., Index Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1: 40, 1835—Plantae pubescentes pilis brevibus capitatis. Flores perfecti, filamentis staminum parum apice dilatatis albis. Carpella stipitata valde compressa, cum matura, nervis rugosis attamen nunquam elevatis in costis.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 369
Rostrum deflexum ad tergum. Species typica: T. sparsiflorum Turez., ut patet e descriptione originali.
It seems likely that 7. Przewalskii Max. belongs here although we do not have any herbarium material which would permit checking this particular point.
25. T. SPARSIFLORUM Turez.—Planta elegans plus minusve pubescens, 30-180 (saepius 75) cm. alta. Pubescentia translucida et minutissima e pilis capitatis. Radices fibrosae. Folia 3-4- inert basilaria aetate florendi saepius desunt, caulinaria saepe
5 in plantis singulis, plus minusve petiolata, superioribus exceptis, ista vero cum foliis etiam inflorescentiae omnibus semper sessilia sunt. Stipulae auriculatae erosae. Stipellulae desunt. Foliolae inferne paululum pallidiores, superne glabrae, circuitu variabili, saepius tamen basi vel rotundae vel cordatae, apice vel crenatae vel trilobatae. Inflorescentia foliosissima. Flores albi. Sepala elliptica 3-4 mm. longa. Filamenta apice paullum incrassata saepius dimidium latitudinis antherarum. Antherae ovatae vel oblongae parum si vero mucronatae. Ovaria laminaria stipitata. Stigma 0.5-1.0 mm., una cum stylo 1.0-1.5 mm. Carpella matura valde compressa semi-obovata, nervis lateralibus non- nunquam ramosis nec tamen sinuosis. Rostrum deflexum ad tergum et paululum incurvatum. Floret junio julioque ali- quandiu augusto etiam.
The type is at Leningrad and was collected in Dahuria by Turezaninow. Not seen. The four following varieties seem to be worth recognition, although their characters overlap to some extent and notwithstanding an occasional intermediate specimen. The latter are never hard to classify, for each variety has a clear-cut geographic distribution and no two varieties occur in the same region.
25. T. SPARSIFLORUM malig var. typicum. T. Aaa. on Turezaninow ex Fisch., Mey. & Lall. Index Sem. Hort. Petrop 1: 40, 1825, . 7. sec eee ex Lec. Bull. Soc. Bot. Bele. 24: 317, 1885, nomen nudum pro synon., nec T. contortum L. Sp. Pl. 1: 547, 1753.—Pedunculi omnes ex axillis foliorum 1-3- ternatorum. Filamenta 4.5-6.0 mm. Antherae 0.8-1.0 mm Carpella matura glabra ca. 8 mm. longa stipite ca. 1.5 mm., ventre ca. 4.5 mm. longo et ca. 2.0 mm. lato, apice acuto, nervo dorsali concavo. = 6 eatin, YENISSEISK: Schipezinsky 75, distr. Krasnojarsk, ad fl. Kas., 18 junii 1927 (NY). AMUR: Kom arov 724, vallis anes prope stationem Liubavisky, 14 junii 1895 v.
). Fie. 25, a and b.
26. T. spARSIFLORUM Turcz., var. Richardsonii (Gray), stat. nov. T. clavatum sensu Hooker, Fl. Bor.-Amer. 1: 2, 1829, nec
370 Rhodora [OcroBER
sensu DC. Syst. 1: 171. 1817. TJ. Richardsonii Gray, Amer. Journ. Sci. 42: 17, 1842.—Pedunculi omnes ex axillis foliorum 1—3-ternatorum. Filamenta 3.0-4.5 mm. Antherae 0.5-1.0 mm. Carpella matura glabra 7.5-10.0 mm. longa, stipite 1.2-3.0 mm., ventre 4.5-6.0 mm. longo et (2.3)-2.5-(3.0) mm. lato, apice truncato, nervo dorsali recto vel parum convexo. —“CANADA”: Franklin Expedition (G, paratype of T. Richardsoniz). ALBERTA: Hitchcock 12,070, Athabasca Landing, July 28, 1914 (US); Brinkman 4169, Slave Lake Distr., ead River (Salteau), wettish spots in forest, June 6, 1929 (NY); Richardson, Slave Lake, Portage la Loche (G, fragment of rypx of T. Richardsonit); Raup, eastern edge of Caribou Mountain apes about 114° 9’ W., 58° 51’ N., muskeg along creek, July 12, 1930 (G). BritisH Cotumsia: Kay, Lake Ailoknajik, 1883 '(G); McCabe 7678, Omineca River, Germansen Landing, i in boggy ground i in alder, cottonwood and small spruce woods, flowers dull white, not red, July 4, 1940 (UC); Anderson 7566A, Hazelton, open woods, June 19, 1925 (N-ND). YUKON: Eastwood 224, Dawson, Bonanza. Creek, June 13, 1914 (G); Macoun 58,344, mouth of Bonanza Creek, Aug. 11, 1902 (F, NY); Williams, mouth of Klondike, July 9, 1899 (NY): Tarleton 64, Five Finger Rapids, July 5, 1899 (NY). Auasxa: Coville & Kearney 2345, aa ie aay 20, 1899 (G); yevie 128, Kodiak, 1910 (NY); Z. & H. B. Loo k, Olga Bay, wet places i in valleys, aly 5, 1938 ‘(N- ND, NY); e H. Loof 42, Kodiak, Alitak, June—July, 1937 (G); Eyerdam 19, Kodiak, Sitkalidak Isl., Port Hobron, July 27, 1931 (NY); Harrington ch Nagai I., San born .. 1901" 1872 (ANS, G, NY); Unalaska (NY); Kellogg 211, Unalaska, subalpine, 1867 (ANS, G); McKay, Nushagak, island ‘above tide- water, June 25, 1881 (ANS): Horne, Karluk, sparse but common in rich lower banks, July, 1901 (NY); Scamman 210, Fairbanks, Aug. 10-20, 1936 (G); Chapman 42, Anvik a end of island in Anvik River opposite mission, Aug. 15, "190 6 (G); Anderson 6654, Hope, wet woods, June 8, 1941 (G); Anderson 2 A 293, Boat Harbor, Lynn Canal, in grass near beach, Aug. 11, 1925 (G); Anderson 91 6, Matanuska, July 8, 1931 (G); Anderson 7079, Manly Hot Springs, July 5, 194 1 (G); Mexia 2185, McKinley National Park, hills west of Wonder Lake, in damp ‘hollow, alt. 800 m., Aug. 4, 1928 (ANS, G, NY); Scamman 1609, Curry, June 7 1940 (G); Martel 76, Fox Bay, stream-bank, Aug. 2, 1935 (G).
BERIA, PRIMORSK: Eyer dam, Kamtchatka australis, Savoiko, 29 julii, 1928 (G); idem, 31 julii 1928 (F); Tiling, Ajan (G).
T. Richardsonii Gray: fragment of type and a paratype at the Gray Herbarium. Hooker and Gray at first called this plant 7. clavatum DC. Having seen true 7. clavatum DC. during a trip in the Southern Appalachian upland, Gray proposed the name
1944} Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 371
Deraits oF FLOWERS oR Fruits oF THALICTRUM, all X 4. (For explanation see end of paper.)
372 Rhodora [OcroBER
T. Richardsonii for T. clavatum sensu Hooker. But later on, probably after receiving a specimen of the same species from Ajan, Gray, in Pl. Wright. 2: 8 (270), 1853, dropped T. Richard- sonit in favor of T'. sparsiflorum Turcz. Fia. 26.
27. T. SPARSIFLORUM Turcz., var. saximontanum, var. nov. T. utahense Greene ex Rydb., Fl. Rock. Mts., 289, 1918, nomen nudum ex synonymis.—Nonnunquam pauci pedunculorum ex axillis bractearum, ceteri ex axillis foliorum 1-3-ternatorum. Filamenta 3.5-4.5 mm. Antherae0.5-1.0mm. Carpella matura pubescentia 6.0-8.5 mm. longa, stipite (0.3)—-0.5-(1.0) mm., ventre 4.0-5.5 mm. longo et (2.2)—2.5-(3.2) mm. lato, summo truncato vel obtuso, nervo dorsali fere rele nervis lateralibus nonnunquam undulatis ic ramosis.—Montana: Rose 61, Carbon Co., near Red Lodge (CA). Ipano: Rogleston 138, 980, Custer Co., Challis Forest, Sey as Creek, Taylor’s ranch, ca. 1940 m. ‘ July 29, 30, 1917 (G); E & L. B. Payson 2109, Teton Co., hills southeast of Victor, en creek-banks, alt. 6200 ft., July 24, 1920 (CA, G); Macbride 593, Elmore Co., Trinity, creek- banks, alt. 4500 ft., Aug. 12, 1910 (G); ;M acbride & Payson wa Blaine Co., Camas Prairie, in shade of creek-bottom, alt. 5700 ft., June 29, 1916 (G); FE. B. & L. B. Payson 2018, Fremont Co., Henry Lake, creek-banks, alt. 6000 ft., July 14, 1920 (CA, Gy; Macbride & Payson 3283, Custer Co., ’ Bear Creek, wet creek- banks, alt. 6000 ft., July 18, 1916 (CA, G); Henderson 3372, Blaine Co., near Ketchum, July 23, 1895 (CA). Wromina: L. Williams 1671, Grand Teton National Park, Cascade Creek, moist bottoms, "alt. 7500 ft. , July 7, 1934 (CA): L. Williams 855, Grand Teton National Park, in timber, moist places, alt. 7000 An Sees 14, 1932 (CA, G); ‘A. & E. Nelson 6364, eer
, Lewis River, on the banks of the riv er, Aug. 8 9 (G, fs ‘of var. saximontanum = b:O. ER R. Williams 3186, Big Horn Co., Shell Creek, near the pe th of Ant telope Creek, sandy rocky creek-bottom, alt. 8500 ft., June 30, 1936 (G); A. Nelson 7970, Albany Co., Little “pathhem Middle Fork, in wet willow thickets, very common, Aug. 6, 1900 (G); Goodding 408, ee
oO 30
(G); Merrill & Wilcox 913, Lincoln Co., Leighs Lake, Jacksons Hole, damp soil, July 24, i901 (G); A. Nelson 1548, Cummins, alt. 8000 ft., July 30, 1895 (G); A. Nelson 1494, Cummins, July 29, 1895 (G). Cotorapo: Parry 76, from the headwaters of Clear Creek and the alpine ridges lying east of Middle Park, 1861 (G); Parry 9, Rocky Mountain Flora, 39°-41°, 1862 (US); Parry 76, 39°-41°, alpine and subalpine, 1862 (G); Hall &
Harbour 9, Becky Mts., ne 39°-41°, 1868 (G); Vasey 7, 9, Rocky Mts., Grand Lake , 40°-41°, 1868 (G, US); Zobel, Middle
,
St. Vrain fives July 12, 1939 (CA); Hapeman, Poudre Canyon,
PE LO er See) Se SRT Go en le ee ee ca . — ci
|
PTA SE ORS BTS RE Ls RINT I ACE Cl OLR ans iui ead Nie tie
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 373
alt. 7500 ft., Aug. 24, 1986 (CA); Walker 478, San Miguel Co., Norwood con Reece north slope by bite alt. 7000 ft., Aug. 17, 1912 (G); Crandall 33, near Georgetown, along stream, alt. 847.4 ft. baah: Taly 20, 1892 (G); Chueh Clear Creek Co., Brookvale, Yankee Creek, thicket, June 22, 1918 (G); Patterson, vicinity of Georgetown, Bard Creek near Empire, June 28—Aug. 7, 1875 (F). Uran: M. E. Jones 5731a, 5731b, Sevier Co., tog Lake, a alt. aan ft. _ Aug. 3, 1894 (US); idem 5789, Aug. 6-7 (N US); & L. B. Pa ayson 4970, Summit Co., Uintah Oh = Selatan: Fork of Bear River, in deep shade near stream-bank, alt. 8800 ft., July 15, 1926 (G); Goodman & Hitchcock 1482, Summit Co., Uintah Mts., E. Fork of Bear River, meadow, edge of small stream, alt. 8900 ft. , July 9-13, 1930 (G); Graham 10, 087, Uintah Co., between Paradise Park and Chepeta Lakes, lodge- pole-spruce. woods, along stream, alt. ” nk ft., See 20, 1935 (G). OREGON: Cusick 3357 a, Wallow p of North Catherine Creek, very rare, alt. sect 4500 ft, ‘ne 31, 1910 (G). Fie, 27.
SPARSIFLORUM Turez., var. nevadense, var. nov. Pedunculi nonnunquam pauci ex axillis bractearum, plurimi vel omnes ex axillis foliorum 1—3-ternatorum. Filamenta ca. 4mm Antherae 0.7-1.0 mm. Carpella matura pubescentia 7.5-8. 0 mm., stipite millimetri, ventre 4.5-6.0 mm. longo, 2.2-2.5 mm. lato, summo rotundo vel obtuso, nervo dorsali convexo vel summo convexo et basi concavo.—NEVADA, ESMERALDA: Duran 3354, ee Mountains, Trail Canyon, alt. 9800 ft., July 20, 1932 (CA, G, UC). Caxirornia: Lemmon, Webber Lake, Oct., 1890 (UC); Campbell, Kearsarge Pass, on east side, July 29, 1916 (CA); Michaele, Yosemite, Pohono ‘trail, July 19, 1922 (CA); Redfield, prope lacus Tahoe, in paludibus, Sept. 1, 1872 M). CALIFORNIA, LASSEN: Nutting & Baker, Pine Creek, July 12, 1894 (UC). sHasta: Eastwood 191 8, Lassen Butte region, Battle Creek meadows, Aug. 22-26, 1912 (G, M, UC); Austin, Big Spring, 4—6 ft. high, weak, supported by bushes, July 4, 1878 (G); Brown 6101, near Lassen Buttes, alt. 6000 ft., Aug. "1-15, 1897 (M); Austin, near Lassen Peak, Warner Valley, 1879 (G). BUTTE: Copeland, Jonesville, above Butte Creek House, alt. 1800 m., Aug. 26, 1930 (UC). sierra: Sonne, Little Truckee River, fls. July 10, 1892, fr. Aug. 7, 1892 (UC). NEVADA: Heller 7056, on the Truckee River, one mile above Truckee, July 30, 1903 (G, type; M, UC, isorypEs). PLACER: Sonne, road to Hot Springs, fl. June, 1896, fr. July, 1896 (NY). ELDO- RADO: Hillman, Lake Tahoe, Bijou, Sept. 15, 1894 (UC); Crum 3011, two miles southeast of Echo Lake, Echo Summit, alt. 7500, ft., subalpine zone, wet soil, shade, July 3, 1939 (UC). TUOLUMNE: Mason 680, Sierra Nevada Mts., Lyell Fork, Aug. 1, 1923 (UC). mariposa: Babcock 281 (1097), Yosemite Nat.
374 Rhodora [OcroBER
Park, Illilouette Canon, on first branch of Illilouette Creek, above the falls, growing in bogs, abundant here but apparently not wore in the middle Sierra Nevada, alt. 1955 m., June 28, 1912 (CA, G, M, UC). Mono: Wright, Mono Lake, July 1 18, 1917 (CA). ‘MADERA: Congdon, Upper San Joaquin, Aug. 1 1895 (UC). Fresno: Hall & eet ye 142, Pine Ridge, alt. 5300 ft., June 15-25, 1900 (UC). «nyo: Rose 35,462, Ibex Park, E. slope, meadows, alt. 10,300 ft., July 24, 1935 (CA); Peirson, Rock Creek Lake Basin, margin of lake on east side of canyon and at base of Transverse Ridge, alt. 10,700 ft., Aug. 5, 1940 (UC); Peitrson, Rock Creek Lake Basin, near Ruby Falls, in wet locations, alt. 10,900 ft., Aug. 19, 1933 (UC); Alexander & Kellogg 2581, Big Pine Creek, trail between 2nd and 3rd lakes, in rank vegetation near small creek, July 16, 1941 (UC); Hal- perin 579A, Rock Creek, alt. 10, 000 ft. July 31, 1932 (CA); Ferris 8866, Loch Leven Fork of Bishop Creek above North sore dry slopes in lodgepole pine forest, July 21, 1934 (UC). RE: Hopping 352, Kaweah River Basin, Round Meadow, Sept. 16, 1905 apt Hopping ae, Kaweah River Basin, Giant Forest, July 20, 1904 (UC); J. T. Howell 1 ‘f — Chagoopa Plateau, Sky Parlor Meadow, Aug. 1, 1942 (C A): J T. Howell, 15,700, East Lake, July 30, 1940 (CA); Cronquist 2132-A, Sequoia Nat. Park, 3 miles from Giant Forest, Crescent Meadow, alt. about 7000 ft., June 27, aoe (M). SAN ay L. Wheeler 1186, San Bernardino ., 5. Fork Santa Ana R. sunny stream-side, alt. 8400 ft. , Aug. oe 1932 (CA); — 2842, San Bernardino Mts., Bear Valley, alt. 6700 ft., Aug. 1 1, 1902 (G, M); Abrams & M cGregor 765, San Gorgonio Mt., Dollar Lake ‘Can- yon, alt. 9000-9500 ft. , July 12, 1908 (G): 8 . B. & W. F. Parish 1 eg San B. Mts., Bear Valley, Aug., 1882 @); Munz 12,676, B. Mts., South Fork of Santa Ana River, in meadow, a ut ls etc., foetid plant, alt. 8300 ft., Aug. 21, 1932 (M, UC); Munz 1 0, 617, San B. Mts., Bluff Lake Meadow, shade of willows, with foetid odor, alt. 7400 ft., July 5, 1926 (UC); Munz 6267, San B. M k. of Santa Ana, common in wet meadows, alt. 8000 ft. , Aug. 25, 1922 (UC); M. E. Jones, San B. Mts., Bear Valley, alt. 6600 ft. , July 19, 1900 (CA, UC); Johnston, San B. Mts., Bluff Lake, shaded margin of meadow, alt. 7500 ft., July 5, 1924 (G); J. T. Howell 2760, San B. Mts., Riverside Municipal Camp, Mill Creek Road, moist partially shaded stream-bank, 7300 ft., July 10, 1927 (Ca); Grant 1287a-6351, San Gorgonio Mt., July 24, 1904 (CA, U C); Anderson grade south of Bear Lake, a soil, alt. 7000 ft. , July 24, 1935 (C00). RIVERSIDE: sua toe 2259, San Jacinto Mt., in sylvis, alt. 6000 ft., julio, 1928
Se Annie Creek, idee shade, alt. 5000 ft., Jul 26, 1935 (CA, G, NY). Fic. 28. 2
a te etal tat a a ts eres ee ee) eS a ee ne Ke i mi 3 ant oy mae cy wot 7 i Ging amit on a ail ie ea - 7 ~
1944} Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 375
Sectio TripETRIUM DC. Syst. 1: 169, 1817. Tripetriuwm (DC.) Bercht. Eg Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1: 14, 1823. Subg. Tripetrium (DC.) Reich. Cons. Regn. Veg. 192, 1828. Ruprechtia Opiz, Sez. Rost. Kve. 86, 1852.—Filamenta staminum dilatata. Car- pella matura valde tri-quadrialata, longe stipitata, rostro ad ventrum deflexo. saeiite brevius. Species typica Thalictrum aquilegifolium L. sit
All names nipees for this group are clearly based on T. aquilegifolium L. De Candolle himself included two species in this section, and one of the two may be a synonym of T. aquilegi- folium L. This species was also proposed as a standard species for the genus Thalictrum, but there was an earlier and better proposal: 7’. foetidum L. (See p. 347 for discussion of this topic). This section is not represented in America.
aU. aK phi ok pp L., var. Sa yes Beck, f. Cornuti (L.), stat. no T. Cornuti L. , sp. PL, 1: 545, 1753. T. cana- dense Miller, Gardener * Diet. ed. 8 Pk ie confertum Moench, Hort. Marburgensis, 297, 1794. Leucocoma canadensis (Miller) Nieuwland, Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: a Atos ei gatas BS dca differt filamentis stamin albis. Typ herbarium * ra at the 1 British er aieired a Nenpat History. Fic. 29, a a
There is in hee no species corresponding to Cornut’s description, and the plant is not represented in the Linnaean Herbarium, Lecoyer, however, saw the specimens under that name in the herbaria of the Hortus Cliffortianus, of Vaillant, of Tournefort and of the Academy of St. Petersburg, and states that they all belong to 7. aquilegifolium L. Thus it seems that the plant cultivated by Cornut was later widely distributed in European botanical gardens and, although he left no herbarium specimens, we still have good material by which to interpret what he meant. But this has been strongly contested by many authors,
In 1635, when Cornut published his Thalictrum canadense, Canada had been explored from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the Great Lakes, a region where six species grow: 7. alpinum L., T. polygamum Muhl., T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., T. revolutum DC., T. confine Fern, and T. dioicum L.
If one reads Cornut’s description he will see that the height of the plant (bicubitalis) eliminated 7. alpinum L. The color of the stamens (mille alba filamenta ostendunt) eliminated T.
376 Rhodora [OcroBER
alpinum, T. confine and T. dioicum. The number of sepals per flower (singuli in quinque folia divisi) eliminated all but T. alpinum. The flowering time (julio mense singula filamenta dum deficiunt) eliminated T. polygamum, T. revolutum and T. dasycarpum. And the form of the fruit (triangularisque formae, extante quadam per singulos angulos epiphysi membranea) not only eliminated all six species but sufficed alone to characterize T. aquilegifolium L.
If we now turn to Cornut’s plate, the stipellules, which are very clearly represented indeed, eliminate all eastern North American species. But the habit and the flowers suggest 7’. polygamum. The habit and the flowers also suggest 7’. aquilegi- folium as well. It is true that the latter has perfect flowers and there is not a word about the ovaries in the text nor are they represented in the drawing. But anyone who has seen 7’. aqui- legifolium L. in bloom has not seen any ovary unless he suspected their presence and carefully dissected a flower. For the ovaries are few, filiform, very small and hidden in the middle of the flower amidst the bases of the stamens. If anyone sees the plant in bloom and comes back to it a week or two later to find no trace of the stamens but only already well developed fruits, he will certainly get the impression which Cornut seems to have intended the following words to convey: “julio mense singula filamenta dum deficiunt, in totidem semina degenerant’’.
De Candolle first seems to have realized this error and he proposed 7’. corynellum for the American plant hitherto called T. Cornuti L. In 1910, Greene! protested against dropping Linnaeus’ name to replace it by the very ambiguous one coined by Muhlenberg. He suggested that Cornut might have received his material through Dr. M. Sarrazin and, by mistake, described the flowers of T. polygamum but the fruits of T. aquilegifolium. This point of view was endorsed by Farwell? and others.
As pointed out above, not only the fruits, but also the flowers and the foliage of T. canadense Corn. differ from those of T. polygamum Muhl. And Dr. Sarrazin’s manuscript, a copy of which is preserved at Saint-Hyacinthe near Montréal, reads as follows:
1 Leaflets, 1: 51, 1910. 2 Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. 26: 10, 1941.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 377
178 Thalictrum Canadence, caule purpuras a diets florum stomiedlons albis I. RIL H. 271.
Il oro sur ne bords des riviéres, dans les prairies.
Cornut having written in 1635, this point needs no further dis- cussion. Indeed, Dr. Sarrazin lived from 1659 to 1734.
Greene also suggested that, Cornut’s plant having been described from cultivated material, it might be possible to find it in European botanical gardens. Well, what Linnaeus, Tourne- fort and Vaillant had and called 7. canadense Corn. was T. aquilegifolium L., but Bernard de Jussieu had in his herbarium both 7. aquilegifolium L. and T. polygamum Mubhl. labelled T. canadense Corn.
T. canadense Miller. The intention of Miller was certainly not to describe a new species, for he calls it 7. canadense Cornut. Only through the rules of nomenclature is this name attributed to Miller.
Thalictrum confertum Moench. Described from plants culti- vated in a botanical garden, no type being known to exist. Moench gives 7. Cornuti L. as a synonym and his description agrees perfectly well with 7. aquilegzfolium L. in bloom.
hus it seems probable that, through exchanges between botanical gardens, the stock of seeds which furnished T. Cornutt L. also furnished 7. canadense Miller and T. confertum Moench. At any rate, it seems to be the only sensible explanation.
In his herbarium, now at the Smithsonian Institution, Mohr had a small fragment of 7. aquilegifolium L. purportedly collected by Prof. Riddell in 1839 in Ohio and it was identified as Thalic- trum dioicum L., var. stipitatum T. & Gr. Undoubtedly it was from cultivated plants.
(To be continued)
AMERICAN THALICTRA AND THEIR OLD WORLD ALLIES BERNARD BolvIN (Continued from page 377)
Subgenus Lecoyerium, subg. nov. Inflorescentia paniculata, rarissime subcorymbosa. Flores dioici vel polygami vel monoici vel in paucis perfecti. Sepala 4—(6), superantur o tempore anthesis. Species typica Thalictrum dioicum
Sectio Cincinneria sect. nov. Sect. Camptogastrum, b. Fost
carpa Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, 2:66, 1888.—Plantae elatae; in speciebus nonnullis nitentes in proximis, ‘glabrae vel puberulentes circa nodos aetate florendi. Folia percomposita, inflorescentiae numerosa, folios subrotundis, apice plus minusve trilobatis vel grosse dentatis. Pedunculi longissimi et pendentes aetate fructuum maturandorum, brevissimi tamen aetate florendi. Flores oe carpellis 1-4, staminibus purpureis antheris mucronatis. Viridia (an semper?). Stigmata saepius truncata aetate relies pes maturandorum. Fructus plus minusve recurvatus vel fere rectus, plus minusve compressus vel, si sectus, rotundus, nervis rugosis, T’. impexo nostro excepto, stipitatus, nec costatus. Species typica Thalictrum cincinnatum nostru
Height attributed herewith ae the different species is based mainly on measurements of a few nearly complete individuals which have been folded until they fitted the Procrustean bed of an herbarium sheet. Collector’s observations were available only in the case of T. Mannii Hutchinson and on two herbarium Sheets, one of 7. innitens nostrum and one of JT. Steinbachii nostrum.
The underground system of all the species of this section is unknown. There seems to be no fixed flowering season for the African species, at least those from central Africa.
392 Rhodora {NOVEMBER
CLAVIS AD FLORENTIA a. Antherae il 8-0.9 mm., sepala 1.3-2.0 mm. longa, filamenta a b
b. Stigma A 15-3. Omm..... é. Filamenta ca. 1.5 mm., sepala 1.3-1.5 mm. longa....30. T. aduncum. é. Filamenta ca. 2.5 mm., sepala 1.5-2.0 mm. longa... .32. 7’. innitens. Bt UI oi tos cea wv eae ee ee rhynchocarpum. a. Antherae 1.2-3.0 mm., sepala 1.2-6.0 mm. longa... .d. d. Carpella singula raro gemina in floribus singulis. . . .e. e. Sepala 2.0-3.0 mm. longa... .f. Sy Witte. Oh RU oi sas i ee ia 37. T. Steyermarkii. f. Filamenta 3.0-4.5 mm..... g. Stylus una stigmate ca. { 5 mm., stamina 13-19 in POTTIUE DE. 0 es es ee te se = 33. T. Chapini. g. Stylus omit stigmate 2.0-4.0 mm., stamina 5-8 in SWANS COMMON <5 28 fo se ek bse ES . TT. impexum.
e. Sepala ca. 5.0 a MN ey ne eine fe cee ee 35. T. Stolzit. d. Carpella 2-4 in floribus singulis. .. .h h. Sep 3.5 mm. | ae
z. Stylus una stigmate 4-7 mm.... . Ge
4. Depere 20-30 mm. LONRA, 6c ok a 33. T. Chapinii.
] O03. i RS ei es 36. T. Steinbachit. 7. Stylus una hyp 8-13 mm.....
na cum stigmate ca. 13 mm....... 37. T. Steyermarkit.
k. Stylus ae stigmate 8-10 mm........ sb seas 38. TT. cincinnatum.
h. Sepala ee NR a ee es 39. T'. macrocarpum.
Criavis AD FRUCTUS FERENTIA et es PR is i er ay a 2d a 34. 7. impexum. a. Carpella stipitata....b. b. Carpella solitaria, rarissime gemina. .. . lla compressa, ad tergi medias valde recurvata..30. 7. aduncum. c. Venter carpelli —— si vero recurvatum.... a. Carpelia 3-4 mm. lata. . i... on. secs ee 37. T. Steyermarkii. d. Cavdis Leite lata... .. e. Venter carpelli palsesebetiat ad extremas parum
PROUT VA oS ee ee 31. T. rhynchocarpum. e. Ventrum carpelli lanceolatum vel ee f. Stylus una stigmate 3.5-4.5 mm.............. T. innitens i. ne una stigmate 5.0-6.0 mm............ 33 Chapini b. Carpella nunc ier nunc gemina, nunc ternata, in eadem planta... . ‘ g. Africanum, ca‘ TANOOOINE RG I. eee oe 33. T. Chapinn. g. Americana vel pyrenaicum, carpellis semiovatis vel ovatis....
h. Venter carpelli parum recurvatum 3-5 mm. lon 36. 7. Steinbachit. h. Venter carpelli 5.0-7.5 mm. longum, nervo dorsali con- _ exo ve el recto, tamen medias parum concavo. .. .t. 4. ae debiles ee pendentes, uisi os
lantae ela nflorescentia copiose ramosa. . . -J j. CRU CD Wi ies oe ai an Be xs 37. T. Steyermar de RODOD AUP NN ce ec ves s. - 38. T. pret i. Pedunculi rigidi imetrales
ascendentes. Plantae semi orescentia simplex vel fere simplex... .39. T. “‘macrocarpum.
T. Stolzii Ulbrich being known only from flowering material has been, consequently, omitted from the second key.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 393
As the fruit reaches maturity, the stigma is likely to break off somewhere along its length. The accompanying illustrations all represent such shortened stigmas, but unbroken ones are usually to be found on each herbarium sheet. Vegetative characters vary but little through the section, exception being made of 7. macrocarpum Gren.
30. T. aduncum, sp. nov. Planta metralis vel paululum altior. Folia bg foliali parvis. Pedunculi ca. 10 cm., fructubus maturis. Sepala 1.3-1.5 mm. longa. Stamin a 5-6.
Filamenta ca. 1.5 mm. Miike oblongae, 0.8-0.9 mm. nat ath apice obtusae, breviter acuminatae. Ovaria solitaria. Stylus una stigmate 1.5-2.0 mm., aetate maturandi 4.5-6.0 mm. Fructus 13.5-15.5 mm. longus, compressus, ad medias valde recurvatus, stipite 2.5-3.0 mm., ventre ca. 7.0 mm. longo, ca. 2.5 mm. lato, nervis sivaphediue —Conco: Humbert 7448, montagnes & |’ ouest du lac Kivu, forét 4 l’W de ae alt. 2000-2400 m., février-mars 1929 (G, TYPE). Fig. 3
31. T. RHyNcHOCARPUM Dill. & Rich., Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, 14: 262, 1841. T. lonpebanmiatens Hochst. & Steud. ex Steud. Nom. Bot. 2: 676, 1841 ut synonymon, nec Age rues ee dunculatum Sennen, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 73: 642, tT. chymocarpum Dill. ex Walp. Ann. Bot. Syst. 2: 5, 1861. gh Mannii Hutchinson ex Hubshinashs & Dalziel, Fl. W. Trop. Afr. 1: 66, 1927.—Planta sesquimetralis usque bimetralis (an metralis usque ad quadrimetralis?). Folia ca. 5-ternata, foliolis 0.3-2.0
diametro. Sepala 1.4-1.8 mm. longa. Stamina 5-10.
Antherae ia ca. 0.9 mm. Filamenta ca. 3.0 mm Stylus una stigmate 4.0-5.0 mm., aetate maturandi 4.5-5.5 mm. Carpella matura 15.5-18.0 mm. longa, parum recurvata in apice stipitis 2.5-5.0 mm. et ad apicem ventris oblanceolati nee com- pressi 8-10 mm. longi et 1.5-1.8 mm. lati, nervis simplicibus.— Nierrtia: according to Hutchinson, in the Pgs Mts. sig at Buea and Fernando Po (type locality of T. M ABY SINIA: Schimper 472, Berg Semajata, 7300 f. rey 14, ‘1862 (G): Schimper 1137, inter Endchedcap et Schoata, 1838-1842 (G); ipo 1183, Gerra, 7800 ft. (F). BELGIAN otilty Linder : 6, Mt. Ninagongo, 8000-9000 ft., Feb. 16, 1927 (G). Fic. 4 a— —d.
The type of this species from Abyssinia, is presumably pre- served at Paris and has not been seen, but the description is clear enough and, the species being the only one found in the mountains of Abyssinia, there is no doubt about its interpreta- tion. The illustration in A. Richard Tent. Fl. Abyss., tabula 2, confirms this interpretation. On the herbarium sheet of Schim-
394 Rhodora {NOVEMBER
per 1137, there is the following manuscript note: “Thalictrum rhynchocarpum. Ach. Rich. in Ann. sc. nat., Bot., XIV (1840) p. 262 (publ. le 24 Mars 1841)”.
Thalictrum longepedunculatum Hochst & Steud. was not given a new description when published, it was simply a new name for T. rhynchocarpum Dill. & Rich.
T. chymocarpum Dill. is probably an error of spelling or printing.
T. Mannii Hutchinson. Described from flowering specimens from Nigeria, a region from which I have not seen any Thalic- trum. The characters stressed by the describer seem to fall within the range of variation of 7. rhynchocarpum Dill. & Rich. The stamens and the fruit, however, are too briefly described to enable one to form a definite opinion about the status of this species. As described by Hutchinson, it is a plant 1 to 4 meters high. As far as records go, this is the tallest plant in the whole genus.
32. T. innitens, sp. nov. Planta ca. 1.5 metrorum. Folia usque ad septies ternata. Pedicelli ca. 10 em. aetate fructuum maturandorum. Sepala 1.5-2.0 mm. longa. Stamina 5-6. Antherae ovoideae breviter mucronatae, ca. 0.8 mm. Filamenta ca. 2.5mm. Ovaria solitaria, stigmate 2.0-3.0 mm. usque ad 4.5 mm. accedente cum carpella maturant. Fructus compressus rectus vel parum recurvatus 10-14 mm. longus, stipite 1.5-2.0 mm., = ovoideo-lanceolato 6.5-7.5 mm. longo, 2.0-2.4 mm.
lato arcuantibus simplicibus.—Nyassa: Buchanan 64,
1801 (i US); "Stolz. 148, Station Kyimbila, Bundali Gebirge, 1300- eter Seehshe, Nov. 25, 1907 (G, US). RHopeEsiA: Swynnerton 352, Chipete forest-patch, a climber common on forest outskirts, ‘alt. 3800 ft., 1906 (US). Transvaau: Drakens- berg. Pilgrim’s Rest (F 69 381). ORANGE: Cooper 1038, in woods,
862 (N ter Nata: Wylie (J. M. Wood’s no. 8128), ’Wahawag Mtn. alt. 6-7000 ped., March 22, 1901 (US). Caps: Murray 598, in densis sylvis “Kabousie”, alt. 3500 ft., flor. dec. (G, TYPE; F, isoTyPE). Fic. 32, a-d.
It is doubtful whether this plant really is a climber. The herbarium specimens show no evidence to that effect. The stem is hollow, thin and rather easily crushed and seems an inappro- priate support for a plant of this size. The large and abundantly branched inflorescence with its pendulous fruits is likely to become more or less entangled in the branches of adjoining shrubs, thus giving the plant the additional support needed.
ra
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 395
This undoubtedly holds true for most of the species of the § CINCINNERIA, especially the tallest ones.
33. T. Chapinii, sp. nov. Planta circa sesquimetralis. Folia yee ae quinquies ternata. Pedicelli 5-10 mm. Sep 2.0-3 onga. Stamina 13-19. Antherae oblongo-lanceo- latae 1. 4-9. i mm. , mucrone 0.2-0.7 mm. Filamenta 3.2-4.5 mm. Ovaria nunc singula nune gemina, nunc ternata. Stigma, aetate fructus maturandi, 5.0-6.0 mm. Carpella matura parum recurvata compressaque, 13.0-14.5 mm. longa, stpite 1.5 mm., ventre ca. 6.5 mm. longo, ca. 2.0 mm. lato, nervis arcuantibus simplicibusque. —Coneo: Chapin 386, ‘slope of Mt. Karisimbi, Kivu district, alt. 11,000 ft., rather common about Kabara, about same level, June 19, 1927 (NY, type); J. P. Chapin 518, Kivu district, mts. s. w. of Lemera, lower Ruzizi Valley, alt. 9600 ft., July i7, 1027 ANY}. Kenya: Mearns 1850 & 1414, western slopes of Mount Kenia, along the trail from West Kenia Forest Station to summit, in the “giant heath” zone, at about 3630 meters, Sept. 21- 27, 1909 (1350:US; 1414 NY, US); Mearns 1670 & 2820, western slopes of Mount Kenia, along the trail from West Kenia Forest Station to summit, bamboo ssn at about ge meters, Sept. 28—Oct. 7, 1909 (1670: F, US; 2320 US). Fia. 33, a-d.
Although flowering material of 7. Chapinii and T.. innitens is distinguished easily indeed, these species become more or less confluent as they mature their fruits.
34. T. impexum, sp. nov. Planta verosimiliter circa bi- metralis. "Palia gi usque ad sexies. Pedunculi 5-9 cm Sepala 2.0-2.4 mm. longa. Stamina 5-8 in floribus singulis.
Antherae chiniae-Rnaeantel: Ovaria singula rarius gemina, — 2.0-4.0 mm., aetate maturandi, 4.0-5.0 mm. longo, nd
"| bo fund
909 (595: Pi, 630: US, 630, 652, Type: US 630, 653 ISOTYPE). Fic. 3 a-d.
This species is pei for this section because of its nearly sessile fruit. When in flower it closely recsembles T. Chapinii which occupies about the same range at higher altitudes.
396 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
35. T. Strotzim Ulbrich, Notizbl. Berl. Gart. 10: 916, 1930. Herba perennis erecta ad 1.25-1.50 m. alta parce ramosa caule —§ mm. crasso, omnino glaberrimo fusco-violaceo. Folia caulina in vaginam fere 35 mm. longam 15-20 mm. latam dila- tato, usque ad laminae ramificationem + 12 cm. longo glaber- rimo; lamina 3-4-pinnata foliolis + 3 mm. petiolulatis circuitu orbicularibus vel reniformibus margine grosse crenatis crenis subapiculatis, 10-12 mm. longis, 10-15 mm. latis, glaberrimis, supra atroviridibus, subtus glaucescentibus, nervis reticulatis supra inconspicuis, subtus prominentibus. Inflorescentia satis parva decomposita contracta paniculata. Flores satis magni lilacei pedicello brevissimo, 2-4 mm. longo, glaberrimo instructi Leah basi bractea lineari-lanceolata + 4 mm. longa membra- , 0.5-1 mm. lata glaberrima lilacea munita; sepala ovalia vel "Tncecovedia + 5 mm. longa, + 3 mm. lata, obtusa, glaber- rima + quinquenervia. Stamina +8 mm. ‘longa filamentis filiformibus tenerrimis glaberrimis superne vix dilatatis sparsis (5-10), anthera linear-oblonga 1-1.5 mm. longa. Ovaria (plerumque in flore unicum, rarius 2) brevissime stipitata vel subsessilia glaberrima anguste lineari-lanceolata cum stylo + 5 mm. longa in stylum fere 3 mm. longum rectum sensim attenuata; stigma apice lateraliter decurrens fere 1 mm. longum. Fructus ignotus.—‘‘Ostafrika: Nyassa-Hochland Kyimbila im Bambus- se bei Bulongwa, ca. 2100 m ii. d. M. (blithend 17. September 913—Ap. Srouz n. 2175!).”’
“Die Art steht in der Fruchtbildung augenscheinlich Th. rhynchocarpum Dill. und Rich. nahe, das gleichfalls nur wenige bis 1 Fruchtblatt . . . hat aber einen sehr lockeren, sparrig ver- zweigten Bliitenstand und sehr kleine griine Bliiten. Th. Stolzii ist leicht kenntlich an den grossen rétlichen oder lila Bliiten in einem (im vorliegenden Material) dicht zusammengezogenen Bliitenstande. Leider liegen keine bis zur Fruchtreife ent- wickelten Pflanzen vor; es ist jedoch anzunehmen, dass sich der Bliitenstand spiter in vielleicht ahnlicher Weise wie bei Th. rhynchocarpum streckt.
“Es ist auffallig, dass unter dem sehr reichhaltigen Material, welches das Botanische Museum in Berlin-Dahlem aus dem trop- ischen Afrika erhielt, diese Art bisher nicht vertreten war; sic scheint demnach selten und bisher iibersehen zu sein.
‘“‘Anmerkung: Im gleichen Gebiete: Kyimbila, Mkinga, Mwak- alila, Bergwiese in 2000 m ii. d. M. sammelte Ap. Strouz (8. Januar 1914 n. 2421!) eine Pflanze, die wohl gleichfalls hierher zu stellen ist. Diese ist nur etwa 40 cm hoch, unverzweigt mit
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 397
kleinen Blaittern und meergriinen Blattchen mit meist dreilap- piger Spreite. Die Bliiten (es liegen nur Knospen vor) sind gleichfalls sehr gross und nach Angabe des Sammlers weiss, aussen rosa. Es handelt sich vermutlich nur um eine Lichtform von Th. Stolziz, doch ist das Material leider zu spiirlich, um eine sichere Bestimmung zu erméglichen.”’
The preceding text is a copy of the original description and comments.
No material has been seen which could be ascribed to this species; however the characters of the flowers contrast strongly with all other species of this section. Ulbrich’s description of the inflorescence of 7. Stolzii applies equally well to the flowering stage of any species of this group. Similarly his description of the inflorescence of 7. rhynchocarpum Dill. & Rich. characterizes all fruiting material belonging to the § Crncrnneria. The leaves are described as “pinnata,” but this we much doubt. If true indeed, there should be no trouble at all to recognize the species at any stage of its life-cycle. The fruits are not described and it is difficult to guess what they look like. The only material at hand from Nyassa (Stolz 148, 25 Dez., 1907), bears immature fruits strongly suggesting those of T. snnitons but they are some- what narrower. This latter specimen is cited under 7’. innitens.
36. T. Steinbachii, sp. nov. Planta ca. 3 m. alta. Pedicelli 5-10 cm. Sepala ca. 1.8 mm. longa, Ovaria nervosa pauca, 2-4 in flore. Stylus una stigmate 4-7 mm. Carpella matura recurvata semi-ovata, 6.0-8.5 mm. longa, stipite 1.5-2.0 mm., ventre 3.0-5.0 mm. longo, 1.5—-2.0 mm. lato, nervo dorsali concavo. Floret verosimiliter Decembri.—Botiv1a: Steinbach 869, Inca- chaca, Prov. Chapare, age Cochabamba, Feuchte Béschung, Meereshéhe 2200 m., Jan. 21, 1929 (G, Type and 1soTyPE; F,
Y, ANS, wont. Fig. 36, a-c
One specimen bears the following soak: ca 3 M. Ranksustande. This plant is probably no more of a climber than T’. innitens but, just as does the latter, probably gains additional support when its inflorescence gets entangled in the surrounding vegetation.
37. T. SreyeRMARKII Standley, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Bot. 22: 230, 1940. Planta 1.0-2.5 metrorum, glabra nisi in earpellis. Folia nonnunquam metralia, ad septies ternata, saepius con- spicue stipellulata. Pedicelli ca. 5 em. Sepala. aguiay ver ae purascentia ca. 3 mm. longa. Filamenta ca. 8 mm. oblongo-lanceolatae ca. 3 mm., acumine 0.2-0.6 mm. "Stele
398 Rhodora [NovVEMBER
una cum stigmate ca. 13mm. Carpella matura firma 9-12 mm. longa, cinerea, pubescentia. Pubescentza pilorum translucidorum rectorum densorum arachnoideorum. Si pubescentia tactu deleta est, carpella purpurascentia revelantur. Nervi fructuum in costis sublati, plus minusve ramosi et anastomosi, minute ad summas sinuosi et nonnunquam gibbosi, nervus ventralis con- vexior et semper gibbosus, dorsalis rectus esset nisi ad medias parum concavitas. Stipes fructus. ca. 1 mm., venter 5,.5—-6.5 mm. longus et 3.0—4.0 mm. latus, rostrum 2.5—-4.0 mm. directum, paries 0.3-0.5 mm. crassitudinalis. Verosimiliter floret No- vembri. GUATEMALA, SAN MARCOS: Steyermark 36,575, north- western slopes of Voledn Tajumulco, barrancos south and west of town of Tajumulco, moist slopes around seepage at base of barranco, herbaceous, 8 ft. tall, leaves blue-green above, grass- green beneath, follicles glaucous-green, alt. 2300-2500 m., Feb. 25, 1940 (F, typz, mounted on two sheets); Standley 68,465, above San Rafael Pie de la Cuesta, Barranco Eminencia, wet meadow, common, alt. 2100-2400 m., March 14-15, 1939 (F, paratype); Steyermark 36,483, near southeast portion of Volcan Tacand, between Canjula and La Unién Judrez, herb 5 ft. tall, leaves membranaceous, grass-green above, silvery-green beneath, Feb. 22, 1940 (F, paratypes) ; Steyermark 36,989, lower to middle slopes of Volcdn Tajumulco, between Todos Santos and Finca El Provenir, slopes around quebrada, alt. 1300-3000 m., March | 1, 1940 (F, paratype); Steyermark 36,191, between La Vega ridge along Rio Vega and northeast slopes of Voledn Tacand4, to 3 miles from Guatemala-Mexico boundary, in vicinity of San
ael, shaded banks of slopes bordering escarpment of stream, herb 5 ft. tall, alt. 2500-3000 m., Feb. 20, 1940 (F, paratype). QUEZALTENANGO: Standley 83,523, south of San Martin Chile Verde, region of Las Nubes, damp densely forested barranco, herb 2 m. tall, alt. about 2250 m., Jan. 16, 1941 (F); Standley 85,131, South of San Martin Chile Verde, region of Las Nubes, on white sand mountain side, damp thicket, herb 1.5 m. tall, alt. about 2250 m., Jan. 27, 1941 (F); Standley 85,680, between San Martin Chile Verde and Colombo, above Mujuli4, in damp dense mixed forest on white sand slopes, herb 1.5 m. tall, alt. about 1800 m., Feb. 1, 1941 ); Standley 83,652, south of San
: 0
Standley 85,140, south of San Martin Chile Verde, region of Nubes, ae thicket, herb 1 m. tall, Jan. 27, 1941 (F). Fie.
Planta verosimiliter ca. 3
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 399
ventre 5.0-7.5 mm. longo, 2.5-3.0 mm. lato, nervis parum ramosis et parum anastomosis nervo dorsali fere recto nisi esset ad medias parum concavus. Tempus florendi ignotum verosimiliter vernale.—Botivia: Steinbach 9231, Incachaca, Prov. Chapare, Dept. Cochabamba, Wald Meereshéhe 2300 m., Febr. 18, 1929 (G, TypE; ANS, F, NY, tsoryres). Fia. 38, a and b.
Judging from the herbarium fragments, this species is probably as high if not higher than 7’. Steinbachit or even than 7. rhyncho- carpum Dill. & Rich. (7. Mannii Hutchinson).
39. T. MAcRocaRPUM Grenier, Séances Publ. Acad. Sci. Besancon 117. 1838. T. majus Gren. Act. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, : 2, 1836, nec T. majus Crantz, Stirp. Austr. 2: 80, 1763, nec T. majus Jacq. Fl. Aust. 5: t. 420, 1788, nec 7. majus Tenore, Syll. Pl. Vase. Fl. Neap. 265, 1831, nee 7. majus Dunn, Ind. Sem. Hort. Panorm. 32, 1880. —Planta omnino glabra semimetralis. Folia inferiora 1-3 in planta, 4-ternata. Folia caulinaria desunt. Folia inflorescentiae inferioris 3-ternata foliolis 3-5-lobatis. Folia inflorescentiae superioris ovata integra. Stipulae et stipellulae desunt. Inflorescentia simplex vel, si ad basem ramosa, ramis bi-tri-floriferis foliumque solitarium ferentibus. Pedun- cult 5-10 em., aetate fructuum maturandorum. Flores lutei. Sepala elliptica 5-6 mm. longa. Antherae ca. 3 mm., acumine 1.0-1.5 mm. Ovaria 2-4 in flore. Stigma 8-9 mm., in primis rectum vel recurvatum, deinde incurvatum, alis ca. 0. '5 mm. lat. ied aoe matura valde compressa, stzpite 0.5-2.0 mm., ventre 8.5-10.0 mm. longo et 3-4 mm. lato, nervo dorsali fere recto vel parum convexo, ventrali multo quam dorsali convexiore, nervis lntdrafibus conspicue ramosis et anastomosis. Floret Julio et ugusto.— France: Cosson, Basses Pyrénées, prope Eaux- Bonnes, in monte, montagne de Gourzi, 7 augusti, 1847 (G); Forestier, prés les Eaux-Bonnes, pic d’Anis, 5 aofit, 1841 (G); Philippe, Basses Pyrénées, col de Tortes, aotit, “i (G). Fria. 39.
Sectio Camprocastrum Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, 2: 66, 1888. Radiz fibrosa. Folia saepe stipellulata. Follslae haud peltatae. Pedicelli sub fructum recurvatum. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi, raro perfecti omnes. Masculi nonnulli ad anthesim veniunt cum carpella perfectorum maturant. Antherae oblongae lanceolatae vel lineares, plus minusve acum- inatae. Filamenta purpurascentia nec clavata. Ovaria sessilia vel stipitata, saepius, si adsunt, 4-10 in floribus singulis. Steg- mata filiformia, nec alata. Carpella matura plus minusve com- pressa, nonnunquam stipitata, nervis plus minusve ramosis, saepe et anastomosantibus et pr eicta et gibbosis. Species typica Thalictrum gibbosum Lec. sit.
Some of the species are RE in the text as having all
400 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
flowers perfect, but this is a point still imperfectly known, for when the ovaries start enlarging the plant still goes on blooming but these later flowers are always staminate. This stage seems not to be represented for all species of this section. However, T. Venturii and T. inuncans are definitely known as always having perfect flowers.
The following key is based mainly on pubescence, notwith- standing the fact that the fruit has furnished the main characters on which to base each of the successive species. Only about one third of the herbarium specimens having mature fruits, and the flowers not being very much varied, it is not possible to build up a natural key which would be a satisfactory tool with which to identify herbarium material. Although this key is artificial it is still not possible to identify all flowering specimens, but it has been found that by comparing such flowering plants with only those species known to occur in the region of the plant to be named, it was usually possible to arrive at a satisfactory identifi- cation. This is why distribution-data have been given in the key. a. Ovaria 18-36 in flore. In Argentina.................. 71. TT. Venturi. a. Ovaria 0-10 in flore. ...b.
b. Pubescentia diversa, aliqui pilorum aciculariformes com-
ressi triangulares et pa ae recurvati. Staminum enta 15-17 mm. ta MU a ee cs o's 40. T. inuncans. b. Pili aciculariformes “ recurvati de ane Staminum fila- menta breviora. .. . ¢. — nana chet -< alta, foliis imis plurimis, folium
vel solitarium vel deest, folia inflorescen- tine vel 1-3, vel desunt. Foliolae parvae, 3-10 mm.
longae. In ‘Hidalgo Ree ey we he cas 50. 7. pachuense. ¢. hyn caulinaria plura.... d. Foliolae ~~ dentatae, acuminatae. Pubescentia
e pilis tis stipitatis. In Guatemala...... 51. 7. Standleyt. d. Foliolae apice trilobatae vel grosse dentatae, nec acu- bescentia vel e pilis abs vel
e. Foliolae inferne re a osr Bf 7 vie una cum stigma (-5) mm..... Filamenta 3-5 mm. Carodie aitiea 27-3. 5 mm. lon, : h, Filamenta 4-5 mm. Carpella matura ca. mm. longa, nervis simplicibus nec re ae a PO COR. os 41. T. Galeotti. h. ey rang ca. 3mm. Carpella matura abd mm. longa, nervis ramosis et anastom santibus, nervo ventrali gibboso. In Bonork T. parvifructum. 9. Brey 6-10 "aus Carpella matura 6-9
ae at ee sis iene hn, Seon
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 401
7, Antherae apice truncatae, vel acumine 0.1-0.2 mm. Carpella matura gi . In Gua- tamale. fe ee eee 52. T. Johnstonii. 7. Antherae acumine 0,5-1.0 matura non gibbosa. In Peruvi, Bolivia, e ueeareh 5 ee ct oan s 43. T. decipiens. A bg ba una stigmate (4—) 5-15 . Ca Lg matura nervo veuteadi nullo ee gib- k. Nervis lateralibus parum ramosis, nec sinu- osis, nec Peeper sina ager nce eo i Stylus una stigmate 4-10 m m. Carpella m ee ots 5 orth loneai In _,, Mexico ot Costa Rita: 2 sees. . 42. T. Hintonii. n.
nta nonnunquam glauca. mE Peruvia, Bolivia et Meg 43. T. decipiens. n. Carpella 3.0-3.2 mm. lata, = ger. sali basi concavo. Stigm ao - mH Planta cacti modo glau Pat cee: T. viridulum, is ide una stigmate 10-15 mm. In : Beri 7; "icscelnascsaut
ra 3 : Colombia et Ecuador.......... 70. T. podocarpum. o. Stipes ovarii 0-0.5 mm. gai matura 4.5-8.0 mm, longa
p. ne matura 6.5-8.0 mm. longa. In ‘amaulipas, Nuevo Lada et San Luis Potosi i Rian Sees (ewe Pee ee 47. T. Deamit. p. C ura 4.5-5.5 mm. longa... .¢. q. Folia pare eel conspicue_petiolata. by glauca. n ua, Durango, Nuevo Leén et San Luis Re Bee wg Poa 48. T. grandifolium. q. Folia caulinaria sessilia in apice dilata- —— Pegging de a nullo modo In Guerrero....... 49. 7. Hernandezii. j. Carpella mature ees ventral 'gibboes, nan — saepius gibbosis. Gibbositas patet non- eater sr gates saepius tamen in carpellis r. Sangale mia . Pies mm. lon semimetralis minor. ae 54. are parvifructum. r. GO matura 4.0-10.5 mm. longa... .8. lla matura mm. longa ;
ey :
402 Rhodora [NovEMBER
_u, Petioluli plus age hd ascendentes. Se
v, let matura 4-6 mm, longa, 8-2.0 m.
a ee 64. T. peninsulare. v. Carpella matura 4-8 mm. longa, 2-3
0.2-0.5 mm. ongus. In Ver Cruz, Hidalgo, ees Puebla, Morelos et Oaxaca......... 65. TT. gibbosum.
t. hay oe matura 7-8 mm. longa. w. Carpella matura saepius apice acuta, —8 mm. longa, 2-3 mm. lata, stipite 0.5-2.0 mm.
w. Carpella matura saepius apice obtuso, —7.5 mm, longa, ca. 3.3 mm. lata, oS 1.0-2.5 mm, Sepala 5-6.5
s. C lla hacer 9.0-10.5 mm. longa. ee lombia, Venezuela et Ecuador. . TT. podocarpum. e. sae inferne plus minusve pubescentes. . . .
mtia caulinaria e pilis opacis i Ghiitdadis acuminatis 1-4 millimetralibus. Foliolae in- ferne sparse dahane entes. In Oaxaca et WMO rs fae a ay a As 53. 7’. lanatum. x. Pubescentia caulinaria e ae millimetralibus vel brevioribus vel deest. . . . y. Pubescentia foliorum paginae inferioris e - omnibus capitatis... . z. Planta omnino pu hak carpellis ca. 6.5 mm. longis, 2.0-2.2 mm. ‘ae ps 45. '. panamense.
z. — lee super glabrae ae 3 fe hares. eis et rameales uniseriati et
Jonga. In eee Ce T. Pennellii.
6. C a glabra is * Vase Crus, ae Federal et Oaxaca........
T. Conzattit. 6. Epes tet woe, cs ens
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 403
«. Folia caulinaria conspicue _petiolata. Carpella matura 3.3-5.0 mm longa. In Tallse 0, Hidalgo et Maticankes . TT. pubigerum. e. Folia caulinaria. sessilia vel fere sessilia in apice dilatationis ae es Car- oe matura In xico, Michoacin et ot Puebla. 6 62. T. sessilifolium. y. Pubescentia e pilis omnibus crassiusculis acis coloratis, vel aliis crassiusculis er amg opacis obtusis. interdum acu- iieriey ot c. Carpets penta 7-3.0 mm. longa. Stylus una. sti te 3-5 mm. Planta semi- metralis Gel brevior. me Pindrancgs 55. T. parvifructum. ¢. Carpella matura 3.5-8.0 mm. longa... .7.
ruZ, go i Federal et Michoacin...... 56. “T. strigillosum. §. Carpella matura 7-8 mm. longa. In Bie toe a. Sa 4 oa oe T. Nelsonii. n. Foliolae inferne sparse pubescentes. .. . t. : oe _ mm. = Peruvia. . 66. 7. longistylum. . Stigma eee is Carpella ma matura. 5-6.5 mm. longa. n Peruvia....d. me Carpe matura stipite 0.5-1.0 kw pin gL Ote. Ue ep wears 58. 7’. lasiostylum. X. Canela matura stipite ca.2mm __ o. T. rutidocarpum. C. la Sato 7-8 mm. longa. . a Oagnea Se 69. 7. Nelsonit.
This section is restricted to the mountains of Mexico, Central America and South America. In general, the species are based on the different types of fruits, for the flowers offer but few specific characteristics. However, two species, 7. gibbosum Lec. and T. decipiens nostrum, show a high degree of variation in their fruits and they are pretty hard to characterize. A key to the flowering specimens would leave about 8 or 10 species, all glabrous, which could not be otherwise separated were it not for
the fact that their ranges do not overlap in general. The inter-
pretation of the different names already published is based on types or isotypes or syntypes or photographs of types or frag- ments of types. Only in two cases, 7. Hernandezii Tausch and T. lasiostylum Presl, was it necessary to form an opinion on the
original description only. Lecoyer did not have the opportunity of studying the types of those two species and considered them aS synonyms.
404 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Subsectio Simpricia, subsect. nov. Plantae glabrae, Thalictro inuncante nostro excepto. Ovaria 10 vel pauciora in flore. Carpella matura compressa nervis simplicibus vel parum ramosis anastomosantibus et reticulatis, nec gibbosis, raro sinuosis.
40. T. inuncans, sp. nov. ’Planta verosimiliter 1.5-2.0 m. alta. Pubescentia caulis ramorum petiolorum petiolulorumque densa e pilis aliis capitatis translucidis, aliis crassiusculis tri- angularibus compressis recurvatisque. Foliolae superne g abrae, inferne puberulentes pilis Seager translucidis vestitae. Flores perfecti (!) glabri. Sepala ovata ca. 5 mm. longa. Antherae nonnunquam faleatae ca. 4 mm., vel apice truncatae, vel ob- tusae cum acumine 0.1-0.2 mm. Filamenta mm., con- spicue purpurascentia. Stylus una cum stigmate 6-11 mm. Stigma paullo et regulariter a ap incrassatum. Fructus mihi ignotus. Floret Decembri—Botivia, Tarisa: Fiebrig 2440, Tecumilla bei Tarija, alt. 2000 m., Des. 20, 1903 (G, Type and ISOTYPE: US, isotypr). Fia. 40, a-c.
Although known only from one collection and at flowering time, this species should be easily recognized by its dense covering of very small recurved prickles, the only such case known to me in this genus. The filaments of the stamens are also longer than in any other species of Thalictrum. This species shows some relationship with T. Venturii, but its position is dubious. Both of these species have perfact flowers, obtuse or truncate anthers and somewhat clavate stigmas.
41. T. Gatzorri Lecoyer, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 121, 1885. Planta omnino glabra altitudinis ignotae, verosimiliter metralis vel brevior. Flores forsan omnes perfecti. Sepala 3 3.5-4 mm. longa. Antherae 1.2-2.0 mm., oblongo-lanceolatae, in apice truncatae, vel acumine 0.1 mm. Filamenta 4-5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 3-4 mm. Carpella matura subsessilia vel sessilia, ca. 3.5 mm. longa, ca. 1.5 mm. lata, nervis lateralibus parum ramosis nec undulatis nec gibbosis, nervo. dorsali fere recto, ventrali convexo. Tempus florendi ignotum.—MExIco, VERA CRUZ: Galeotti 4541, pic d’Orizaba, fl. blanches, alt. 10,000 p-, Juin-oct., 1842 (syntype at the Conservatoire Botanique ~ >i F, photograph of this syntype; G, syntype). Fie
Naturally, I have not seen the syntype in Switzerland, but I cannot find anything which matches either the photograph or the syntype at hand. The other syntype is no. 4570 from Xalapa by the same collector. Judging from Lecoyer’s drawing, which naturally was made from one of those syntypes, and the photo-
pe oy Ne See We ne RON RO a
) ea MEAL eer ee ore Cercnen nee ner nr en ena, eee
i i a Pa 1 = be a hie ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 405
graph at hand, the fruit resembles pretty much that of what we are calling 7’. Hernandezit Tausch, but it is much smaller. The anthers and stigmas also rank amongst the smallest in that section of the genus.
42. T. Hintonii, sp. nov. Planta omnino glabra 40-120 cm., radicibus fibrosis. Stipulae parum dilatatae. Foliolae fere orbiculares, basi cordatae, apice trilobatae, lobis rotundis mucronulatis, nonnunquam figura Hepaticae americanae, varia- biles tamen. Inflorescentia 1-3 dm. longa, plus minusve secunda, pedunculis vel rectis vel parum recurvatis. Flores non satis notae, sepalis tamen ca. 4.5 mm. longis, antheris ca. 5 mm., acuminibus ca. 1.0 mm. Carpella matura fere orbicularia vel semi-ovata, 4.5-5.5 mm. longa, stipite 0.1 mm., ventre ca. 4 mm. longo 2.0-3.2 mm. lato, nervis parum ramosis nec gibbosis, nervo dorsali recto vel vario modo convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Floret tempore mihi ignoto.—MExico, MExIco: Hinton 6743, Temascaltepec district, Acatitlin, in the water, Oct. 12, 1934 (US, type; F, G, M, NY, isotypes). GUATEMALA, QUEZALTENANGO: Standley 67,887, southwest of San Martin, Chile Verde, Cumbre de Tuilacdn, sandy Alnus forest, alt. about 2400 m., March 8, 1939 (F). Costa Rica: Standley 35,247, near the Finca del Voledin de Turrialba, southern slope of Volcan de Turrialba, wet thicket, herb 3-4 ft., alt. about 2000 to 2400 m., Feb. 22, 1924 (US). Fic. 42.
Dedicated to the late G. B. Hinton whose abundant and well prepared Mexican specimens form a large proportion of and are among the best of the material at hand.
43. T. decipiens, sp. nov. Planta omnino glabra, 4-15 dm., plus minusve glauca, radice forsan tuberosa et solitaria. Inflores- centia saepius foliosissima. Pedunculi sub fructum recurvati. Sepala 3-7 mm. longa, elliptica vel orbicularia. Flamenta 6-10 mm. Antherae 2.5-5.0 mm., acumine 0.5-1.0 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 4-8 mm. Carpella matura obovata vel semiobo- vata, 6-9 mm. longa, stipite 0.5-1.5, ventre 3.5-6.5 mm. longo, 2-3 mm. lato, nervis vel simplicibus vel ramosis anastomosanti- busque nec gibbosis, nervo dorsali fere recto vel plus minusve convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali, rostro nonnunquam recto saepius tamen ad tergum deflexo. In Peruvia floret a Novembri ad Januarium, in Bolivia Novembri et Decembri et in Argentina a Septembri ad Decembrem.—PERU: Soukup 140 (F); Ball, ex saxosis Andium, juxta pagum Chicla, 12—-13,000 p. 8. m., apr. 21-23, 1882 (NY). sunin: Killip & Smith 22,125, near Huancayo, open rocky hillside, herb to 5 ft., alt. 3300-3500 m., Apr. 26, 27, May, 25, 1929 (F, NY, US); Kalenborn 94, Vicinity of Oroya, among rocks, alt. 10-17,000 ft., 1918-1919
406 Rhodora [NovEMBER
(M, NY, US). uma: Killip & Smith 21,758, Rio Blanco, open Ailide, herb 2-4 ft., alt. 3000-3500 m., Apr. 15-17, 1929 (NY, US); idem 21,752, herb 1-2 ft. (F, NY, US). PAUCARTAMBO: Herrera 1047a, Hacienda Churu, alt. 3500 m., Jan., 1926 (US, typE; F, G, NY, 1sorypss). cuzco: Pennell 13 ,040, Quiquijana, grassy wayside, herb, alt. 3220 m., Apr. 23, 1925 (ANS, F); Soukup 40, Urubamba, entrada al valle Lares, Jan. 3, 1936 (F); Vargas 702, Hda Urco, alt. 2940 m., 1938 (F); Herrera 829, Sazaihuamén, hills, alt. 3200-3600 m., Dec., 1928 (F); Soukup 254, near Puno, alt. 4000 m., Jan., 1936 (F). Boxrtvra: Kuntze, alt. 3600 m., Apr. 1-4, 1892 (NY). COCHABAMBA: Steinbach 8799, valle de Cochabamba, alt. 2600 m., 27 Dez., 1928 (ANS). LA Paz: Buchtien 6289, Cotafia am Ilimani, an Wassergriiben, alt. 2500 m., Nov., 1911 (F, US); Bang 1314, vic. Sorata, 1892 (ANS, F, G, NY, US); Rusby 601, Sorata, alt. 10,000 ft., 1886 (ANS, G, M, Us). ARGENTINA, SALTA: Eyerdam & Beetle 22,631, 14 km. west of Manuela Pedraza, Tartagal river, moist sand, stream -bank, semi-shade, perennial herb 1-1.5 m., alt. 900 m., Oct. 26 , 1938 (G). [N. B. This specimen is the only one complete with underground system, a tuber about 3 inches long.| TUCUMAN: xe 930, dept. ee cave Buena, en una quebrada con agua, altura “ ‘la plant , flor amarilla, alt. 700 m., Sept. 24, 050 (F, M, US); Venturi 3996, dept. Chicli- gasta, ‘Estancia ‘Las Pavas, en los prados, flor ’ amarilla, alt. 1700 m., Die. 11, 1926 for 19257] (G, 08); Job 1425, Clavillo de Aconquija, flor verde, alt. 2800 m., 1937 (NY). CATAMARCA: Jérgensen 1304, El Candado, alt. 2700 m., Oct. 2, 1916 (G, M). cérDoBA: Hieronymus, am Ufer des Rio Primero bei Cérdoba, Nov. 17, 1877 (F, US); Kurtz 2707, Cérdoba, Rio I Cerro del Pueblo, Nov. 29-30, 1885 (NY); Job 429, La Falda, Cerro El] Charrito, alt. 950 m., Jan., 1936 (US); Kurtz 342, San Virente, ~ umbrosis humidis frequens, Oct. 11, 1884 (NY); ’ Burkart 7198,
a Reducién, Cérdoba, orilla de arroyos, hasta 2 m. de altura, Des. 27, 1935 (G, US). Fia. 43, a and b.
This species is railed heterogenous but the herbarium material, although abundant, is rather unsatisfactory; most collections at hand are either unicates or made up of duplicates collected at different dates and localities; of a hundred or so herbarium sheets, only one had the underground system and even so it was dam- aged. Further segregations might well be possible, although I attempted it many times unsuccessfully.
44. T. viridulum, sp. nov. Planta viridula omnino glabra nullo modo glauca. Folia caulinaria perfecte 5-ternata, petiolulis rectis. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi. Sepala viridula ca. 4 mm. longa. Antherae acumen 0.5-1.0 mm.
1944] © Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 407
Stylus una cum stigmate 8-10 mm. Carpella matura nullo modo gibbosa, ca. 7 mm. longo, stipite 0.7-1.0 mm., ventre 5.0-5.5 mm. longo, 3.0-3.2 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus plus minusve ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo dorsali basi parum concavo, apice fere recto, ventrali convexo, rostro ad ventrum deflexo. An floret Junio et Julio?—Pa ANAMA, CHIRIQUI: Sezbert 204, valley of the upper Rio Chiriqui Viejo, vicinity of Monte
irio, growing in rocky gorge, 1—1.5 m. tall, fls. green, styles and sa aee Dee ae alt. 1300-1900 m., June 27—July 13,
1935 (NY, typr; G, N-ND, tsorypss). Fig. 44.
45. T. ee Pintle Standley, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. Bot. 22: 19, 1940. Planta 6-12 dm., caule ramis petiolisque plus minusve glaucis, omnino pubescens. Pubescentia e pilis jon nc translucidis. Folia caulinaria 4-5-ternata. Stylu stigmate ca. 8 mm. Carpella matura sigmoidea nec gibbosa, fe. 6.5 mm. ae stipite ca. 1 mm. ventre ca. 4.5 mm. longo, 2.0— 2.2 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus simplicibus vel parum ramosis, nervo dorsali baso concavo, apicali convexo; ventrali convexiore quam ag rostro ad ventrum deflexo. An floret Junio?— PANAMA, CHIRIQU{: Davidson 791, Boquete, flowers oe 2 to 4 ft. baph alt. 4500 ft., June 26, 1938 (F, ryPE). Fia.
46. T. Macbrideanum, sp. nov. Planta elata omnino Cane ad 12 dm. attingens et verosimiliter arcuans. Caulis subteres. Folia inflorescentiae estipellulata 3—4-ternata. Injlorescentia ampla paniculata (an secunda?), ramis divaricantibus gerbe foliosis. Peduncult 2-3 cm. ad aetatem.florendi, 4-5 et parum curvati cum fructus permatuerunt, nee sub Biche hme oo reflexi. Flores perfecti cum staminibus 16-20 et pistillis 3-6. Sepala quatuor, late ovalia, 5.0-6.5 mm. longa. Stamina fila- mento 6-8 mm., antheris 2.5 mm. oblongo-lanceolatis, mucrone 0.3-1.2 mm. longo. Stylus una cum stigmate 12-15 mm. non- nunquam persistens. Carpella matura valde compressa, fere laminaria, semi-orbicularia, praca nec gibbosa, stipite ca. 2 mm., ventre ca:’4.5 mm. lon o, ca. 2.5 mm. lato, nervo ventrali semi-circular, dorsali subrecto, “lateralibus conspicuis rugosis curvatis nec ramosis nec sinuosis, rostro ad tergum deflexo. Floret Junio.—Prrvu: Macbride 4466, Tambo de Vaca, June 10— 24, 1923, in ee to 4 ft. high, pistils purple, anthers a alt. a about 13,000 ft. (G, Type: F, NY, US, isotypes). Fic.
The type specimen is made up of three fragments evidently homogeneous, one with mature fruits, the second with half-open flowers, the third one larger, with flowers in full bloom. For this unusually fine herbarium specimen, we are thankful to the collector, J. Francis Macsring, and it is a pleasure to dedicate to him this new species. The length of the usually persistent
408 Rhodora [NovEMBER
style sets this species apart from any other Thalictrum we know of. And before the stamens reach the length of the sepals, the style is already full grown.
47. T. Deamii, sp. nov. Planta omnino glabra. Sepala viridula ca. 25 mm. longa. Filamenta ca. 5 mm. Antherae ca. 4 mm., acumine ca.0.5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 8.5-10.5 mm. Carpella matura ovato-lanceolata, 6.5-8.0 mm. longa, stipite usque ad 0.8 mm., ventre 6-7 mm. longo, ca. 2.5 mm. lato, nervis rugosissimis valde anastomosantibus parum undulatis nec tamen gibbosis, nervo dorsali fere recto vel parum convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Tempus florendi ignotum.— Mexico, TAMAULIPAS: von Rozynski 558, Sierra near San Lucas, Jamauve, July, 1982 (F, US). Nurvo Lré6n: Kenoyer 120, Monterrey, field, Sept. 18, 1937 (F). San Luis PoTost: Pringle 5071, Las Canoas, June 23, 1891 (G, TyPK). Fic. 47.
Dedicated to a botanist whom we admire very much for his patient and painstaking work, namely his herbarium specimens and his publications on the flora of Indiana. His Flora of Indiana contains the best key that was ever published to separate three very litigious species: T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., T. polygamum Muhl. and T. revolutum DC.
48. T. GRANDIFOLIUM Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 267, 1888, nec T. grandifolium Rose, Contrib. U. §. Nat. Herb. 5: 143, 1897. T. grandiflorum Watson ex Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5: 188, 1899, nee T. grandiflorum Maxim., Act. Hort. Petrop. 11: 11, 1889, nec 7. grandiflorum Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5: 188, 1899 .-—Planta verosimiliter semimetralis ad senior aoe
parum jncurvatus, in apicem valde recurvatus. Flores omnes perfecti (?) vel plurimi pesioehs pauci masculi. Sepala 3-5 mm. longa. Filamenta 4.0-5.5mm. Antherae 3.5-5.0 mm., acumine 0.5-1.5 mm. "Sip lus una cum stigmate 5-10 mm. Carpella matura suhatinitets. apice acuto vel saepius rotundo vel etiam prope rostrum retuso, 4.5-5.0 mm. longa, ventre ca. 4 mm. longo, 2.5-3.2 mm. lato, nervis valde ramosis anastomosantibusque nervo dorsali aliquid convexo, ventrali convexiore quam do i. Floret a Junio per Julium ad ‘Augustum —MExIco, CHIHUAHUA: Pringle 1513, Sierra Madre, under cliffs, Oct. 17, 1887 (G, TYPE: ANS, CA sf, M, NY, UC, US, 1 SOTYPES): Nelson 6007, in the Sierra Madre, June 21-July 29 ."1899 (G, US); Hartman 761,
FLOWERS OR Fruits oF THALICTRUM, all X 4, except 51a and
4q Gn tae 3 (For explanation see e end of paper.)
410 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Pilares, Strawberry Valley, Sept. 22, 1891 (G); M. E. Jones, Soldier Canyon, alt. 6500 ft., Sept. 16, 1903 (CA, F, M, NY, UC, sie LeSueur 1323, Rio Negro, Aug. 29, 1937 (F): Townsend & arber 47, near Colonia Garcia, alt. 7500 Ft, June 23, 1899 (F, 6 M, NY, US). puranao: EH. Palmer 357, Durango and vicinity, Apr. to Nov., 1896 (F, G, M, NY, UC, US). NUEVO LEON: C. H. & M. T. Mueller 899, Cieneguillas to Puerto Santa Ana, about 15 miles SW of Galeana, commonly scattered Ay dense moist wood, flower straw with lavender stamens, June 2 1934 (F). san Luis Potosi: Pennell 17,910, Las Canoas, rocky limestone hill, flowers purplish, alt. 100-1200 m., Aug. 6-7, 1934 ae ee Fic. 48. T. Hernanpezu Tausch ex Presl, Rel. Haenk. 2: 69, 1835. T. rabicutane Aschen ex Lecoyer, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 306, 1885, nomen subnudum cum synonymis editum. Planta omnino glabra viridula nec glauca, metrum approximans. Flores polygamo-monoici, pauci masculi, alii perfecti. Sepala 3-4 mm. longa, nonnunquam viridula. Filamenta ca. 5 mm. Antherae 3-3.5 mm., acumine circa millimetrali. Stylus una cum stigmate 8.5-10.0 mm. Carpella matura glauca semiovata ca. 5 mm. longa, stipite 0. 2-0. 5 mm., ventre ca. 4.5 mm. longo, 3.3-3.6 mm. lato, nervis plus minusve ramosis anastomosantibus- que, nervo dorsali paululo convexo, ventrali conspicue convexiore quan dorsali. Floret Julio. —Mexico, GUERRERO: R. Q. sen , Taxco, rank-growing, in damp or ’ shady places, 1 meter 0 2 al tall, , July 18, 1936 (G); idem, 237 and 238, July 12, 1937 (G).
aa icc of this specific name is not quite certain. It might well apply to 7. gibbosum Lec. I have not seen the type, which is at Prague in the herbarium of the Museum. Lecoyer had not seen it either, but Dr. M. Willkomm studied it for him. The original description refers to a glabrous plant two feet high, from western Mexico, with ternate leaves, dioecious flowers and the nerves of the frail oblique and uneyen. There is no such Thalictrum amongst the thousands of specimens at hand. If the dioecious character is discarded, then it may be either 7’. gibbosum Lec. or the species just described above. Presumably Lecoyer had studied T. Hernandezii Tausch carefully enough to ascertain that it was not the same thing as his own T. gibbosum. Sensu Lecoyer, T. Hernandezii is what I am calling T. Nelsonii or T. strigillosum. I cannot agree with his interpretation, for Tausch very clearly says: “Caulis . . . una cum foliis flori- busque glaber’’.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 411
Subsectio Gibbosa, subsect. nov. Sect. Camptogastrum, d. Podocarpa PRANTL, Nat. P Pfl., 3, 2: 66, 1888. Plantae glabrae vel pubescentes. Ovaria 10° vel pauciora in flore matura compressa nervis ramosis anastomosantibusque saepius sinuosis et reticulatis, nervo ventrali, licet dorsali lateralibusque, gibbosis. Species typica Thalictrum gibbosum Lec. sit.
0. T. pPacHUENSE Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5: 188, 1899. Planta 20-50 cm., ‘radicibus fibrosis, nonnullis istorum parum in locis incrassatis. Caulis basis subterraneus directus aphyllus, ad transitionem saepius ramosus et foliis numerosis munitus. Caulis aerius nonnunquam aphyllus, frequentius tamen cum folio caulinari solitario et cum 1-8 foliis inflorescen- tiae. Pubescentia deest, nisi interdum inferne, si adest e pilis incrassatis brevibus coloratis et in fructubus e pilis capitatis minutissimis translucidis. Foliolae 1 em. longae vel minores. Inflorescentia reducta. Pedunculi, fructubus maturis, paululum incurvati et sub receptaculo maxime recurvati. Flores omnes perfecti purpurascentes. Sepala 3-4 mm. longa. Filamenta 5-6 mm. Antherae 2.5-4.0 mm., acumine 0.2-0.5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5-9 mm. Carpella aietne 4-5 mm. longa, oblique clavata, interdum parum gibbosa, stipite 0.5-1.5 mm., ventre 3.4-3.6 mm. longo, 1.6-2.0 mm. lato, nervis sey en ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo dorsali concavo. Flor Julio Augustoque.-—Mexico, HipaLeo: Pringle 6880, Sierra i Pachuca, open woods, alt. 9000 ft., July 16, 1898 (US, TYPE; AN _ US, 1soTyPEs); Pringle 9678, Sierra de Pachuca, alt. 9500 ft.., Aug. 22, 1902 (F, G, M, NY, US); Rose & Hay 5585, Sierra de Pachuca, 4 “is 21 & 22. 1901 (US). Type
in foliolis supernis. Pubescentia e ‘pilis saepius paces inter- dum translucidis, aliis uniseriatis aliis stellatis stipitatisque. Folia 2—4-ternata. Foliolae profunde cordatae, apice acumina- tae, saepius parum as symmetricae, raro trilobatae, per marginem totam dentatae, dentibus serratis apice rotundis mucronulatis, sinubus acutissimis. Pedunculi variis modis recurvati. Flores polygamo-monoici, alii perfecti, alii masc Sepala oblonga 6.0-7.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 7-8 mm. Antherae 4.0-4.5 mm., acumine 0.6-0.8 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 9-11 mm. Carpella matura viridia carnosa obovata 4.5-5.5 mm. longa, stipite 0.2-1.0 mm., ventre 4.0-4.5 mm. longo, 2. 5-3.0 mm. lato, nervis obscuris copiose anastomosantibus, nervo dorsali ad basem et superne paululum concavo, ad medias parum convexo, ven- trali valde convexo. Rostrum dorsale ad superas insertum et deflexum adtergum. Floret Februario et Martio.—GuaTEMALa, SAN MaRcos: Standley 86,335, Barranco Eminencia, road
412 Rhodora [NovEMBER
tween San Marcos and San Raphael Pie de la Cuesta, in upper pest of the barranco pee Finca La Lucha et Buena Vista,
wooded quebrada, herb 1 m. tall, rare, alt. 2500-2700 m., Feb. 6, 1941 (F); Steyermark 26 § 858, Rio Vega, near San Rafael and Guatemala-Mexico boundary, Voleén Tacanad, herb 5-8 ft. tall, leaves dull green above, grass-green beneath and rugose, sepals green, at bas e purplish, anthers pale yellow turning purplish, filaments light green, style purple, sepals erect, anthers expanding first, the pistils later, flowers olygamo-monoecious, stem-nodes purplish, alt. 2500-3000 m., Feb. 20, 1940 (F, TyPx); Steyermark 37,067, trail between Finca el Porvenir and San Sebastidn, Voledn Tajumulco, alt. 1300-1400 m., March 1, 1940 (F, paratype); Steyermark 36,821, between town of Tajumulco and Tecutla (9 miles south and west of Tajumulco), northwestern slopes of Voledn Tajumulco, shaded thickets along quebrada, near top of barranco, herb 5-8 ft. tall, leaves membranaceous, rich green above, gray beneath, alt. 1800-2500 m., Feb. 27, 1940 (F, paratype). QUEZALTENANGO: Standley 66 ‘346, mountains southeast of Palestina, damp dense forest, herb 5 ft., alt. about 2700 m., Feb. 22, 1939 (F, paratype); Standley 66, 338, mountains southeast of Palestina, damp dense forest, tall coarse herb, alt. about 2700 m., Feb. 22. 1939 (F, paratypes); Standley 8), aie mountains southeast of Palestina, on old road to San Jus Ostuncalco, damp sandy hillside forest, herb 1-2 m an common, alt. 2550-2850 m., Jan. 21, 1941 (F); ‘idem 84, 258 ‘: Standley 84,271, mountains southeast of Palestina a, on old r oad to San Juan Ostuncalco, damp sandy peng forest, herb 1- ‘L. 5 m. tall, Jan. 21, 1941 (F). Fig. 51, aa
52. T. JonNsToNt Standley & Steyermark, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. Bot. 22: 229, 1940. Planta omnino glabra, 6 dm. alta vel altior. Florum plurimi perfect pauci masculi. Sepala
.> mm. longa. Filamenta 7-10 m Antherae 1.2-3.5 mm., acumine 0-0.2 mm. Stylus una cum Calon anguste bialato
—4 mm. Carpella matura ignota, fere matura 6-7 mm. longa, stipite ca. 1 mm., nervis lateralibus valde reticulatis, nervo dorsali ——_ concavo, ventrali gibboso. Floret Majo et Junio. GUATE ALA, HUEHUETENANGO: C. & E. Seler 2935, Facaltenango, a1 juni 1896 (G, NY, US). ex quicus: Heyde Lux 2977, Nebaj, alt. 6000 p., maj. 1892 (G, NY, US). SAN MARCOS: Salas 368, “Culantro de monte’”’, San Cristobal Cucho, alt. 1920 m. , June, 1923 (US). CHIMALTENANGO: XS rs lan: ston 1 an Desconsuelo, June 20, 1940 (F, Type). Fie.
T. LANATUM Lecoyer, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 9A: 499, "1885. Plante omnino pubescens nisi per foliolas supernas et in floribus. Pubescentia e pilis 1-4 mm. flexuosis acicularibus opacis, densis- simis in caule. Carpellorum tamen pubescentia e pilis capitatis translucidis sparsis. Radix fibrosa. Flores polygamo-monoicl,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 413
oe perfecti, alii — Sepala 3. 2-4.5 mm. Filamenta 3.5- m. Antherae 2.5-4.0 mm., acumine 0.5-0.7 mm. Sarvs = Tabi, vet 3. 5-8. Omm. Carpella sic sessilia gibbosa
longa, ca. 1.8 mm. lata, nervis sinuosis selvalaieaae rare aes Fi fere recto vel Spit Floret Majo et Junio.— Mexico, PUEBLA: Purpus wee Cerro de Gentile, southwest Puebla, rocks, Aug., 1907 (UC). oaxaca: Purpus 27140, vicinity of San Luis Tultitlanapa, Las Naranjos, May, 1908 Gh, Ie , US); Galeotti 4575, Oaxaca (syntype in the
Paris Herbarium: F, pho wa i. this syntype) Conzatti
Gonzalez 1208, Huauchilla, alt. 2500 m., June 1 (G); Conzatti ot fs Acmmioe a de San Felipe, oe alt. 1700 m., junio 9 7 (F). Fie
oe pubescence is longer than in any other species of Thalic- trum. The fruits of 7. lanatum, T. parvifructum and T. Pennellii are the smallest in this section of the genus. Other syntypes are Galeotti 4548 pro parte, from Sola, and Andrieux 1834, from Mitla. Nothing of those two has been seen by me.
54. T. Pennellii, sp. nov. Planta verosimiliter submetralis, caule basi, foliolis superne et floribus exceptis, pubescens Pubescentia translucida minutissima e pilis capitatis per foliola- rum paginam inferiorem, alio translucida densa e pilis uniseriatis. Radices ignotae. Pedicelli directi centimetrales, attamen sub receptaculum recurvati. Carpella matura glabra, subsessilia refracta ovata, ca. 3 mm. longa, ca. 1.8 mm. lata, apice acuto- rostrata, nervis lateralibus ramosis et anastomosantibus, nervo dorsali convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali et saepius gibboso quidem. Tempus florendi ignotum, item flores.— Mexico, purRANGO: Pennell 18,505, El Salto, Aserraderos, rocky, andesitic, pineland canyon, alt. 2500-2530 m., Aug. 31, 1934 (ANS, Type). Fia. 54.
Dedicated to Dr. Francis W. PENNELL of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
55. T. parvifructum, sp. nov. Planta 3-5 dm., pubescens saepius per foliolas inferne, nunquam superne, interdum aliis locis. Pubescentia pilorum crassiusculorum opacorum colorato- rum nonnunquam cum pilis capitatis translucidis intermixtorum Flores polygamo-monoici. Sepala elliptica ca. 3 mm. longa. Filamenta ca. 3 mm. Antherae 2.5-3.0 mm., acumine 0.2-0.4 mm. Stylus una cum gthasiats: 3.0-5.5 mm. Carpella matura rostrata glabra obovata subsessilia 2.7-3.0 mm. longa, 1.6-1.8
mm. lata, nervis lateralibus ramosis undulatis anastomosanti- busque, nervo dorsali convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali et gibboso. Floret Julii mense—Mexico, sonora: Pennell
414 Rhodora [NovEMBER
19,556, ridge south of Arroyo Gochico, east of San Bernardo, base of cliff near summit, alt. 1050-1150 m., Aug. 5-9, 1935 (ANS, type); Gentry 1463, Rio Mayo, Bakachaka, upper ’Sono- rian, riparian, inconspicuous along the stream bank, a tolerant herb, July 5, 1985 (ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US). Fie
56. T. STRIGILLOSUM Hemsley, Diag. Pl. Nov. 1, nhs papillosum Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Herb. 5: 188, ig jalapense Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. “Herb, 8: 28, 1003. "eae nonnunquam omnino pubescens 2-10 dm. Pubescentia varia variabilisque semper tamen densa inferne in foliolis. Pubes- centia caulinaris, si adest, vel e pilis capitatis, vel e pilis milli- metralibus flexuosis acieularibus opacis, vel iisdem intermixtis. Pubescentia foliolarum superne e pilis capitatis cum adest, inferne e pilis crassiusculis ib eibues coloratis densissimis, non- nunquam pilis capitatis intermixtis. Pubescentia carpellorum vel deest vel e pilis capitatis translucidis. Radices fibrosae. Pedicelli parum incurvati, sub fructum valde recurvati. F lores plurimi perfecti pauci masculi. Sepala 3.0-6.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 4.5-6.0 mm. Antherae 2.5-4.0 mm., acumine 0.4-0.5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5-13 mm. ‘Carpella matura 3.5-4.5 mm. longa, stipite 0.3-1.0 mm., ventre 2.5-4.0 mm. longo, 1.6-2.2 mm. lato, nervis gibbosis reticulatis, nervo dorsali fere recto, vel parum convexo, saepius mwas co ssi hes Floret Majo, Junio, Julio et ‘Augu sto.—MEXICcO, COAHUIL Palmer, 9, Lerios, Feb. to Oct. 1880 (ANS, US); Gregg 404, near Pave San Antonio, Sept. 2, 1848 (M’ . SAN LUIS PorTost:
5361, Minas de San Rafael, May, 1911 (F, M, NY, UC).
steak ieee ‘Rose 2658, near Monte Escobede, ‘Aug. 27, 1897 (US, type of T. papillosum; G, US, isotypes). VERA CRUZ: Rose & Hay 5674, Mount Orizaba, July 25 and 26, 1901 (NY, US); Rose & Hay 6188, near Jalapa, Aug. 17, 1901 (US, type of T. jalapense; G, US, isotypes). HIDALGO: Coulte ter 652, Zimapan (G); Purpus, Ixmiquilpan, Sierra de la Mesa, July, 1905 (UC); Clokey 1855, Real del Monte, bank of stream, Oct. 1, 1910 (M,
C-UC); Pringle 6929, Sierra de Pachuca, alt. 9000 ft., July 28, 1898 (ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US). mextco and. DISTRITO FEDERAL: Rose, Painter & Rose 8440, Hacienda de la Encarna- cion, July 7, 1905 (G, NY, US); Rose & Painter 7185, neat Cima, Sept.’ 19, 1903'(G, NY, US); Pringle 6422, valley_of Mexico, Pedrigal (lava beds), 1-3 ft., alt. 7800 ft. ‘Aug. 1896 ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US); Schaffner 11, vallée de Oi ies 1870-1880 (G, NY); "Mexia 2685, Monte de Rio Frio, kilometer 49, road from Mexico City to Puebla, pine forest on slopes, 12 shade of thick pines, suffrutescent, spreading, up to 1 m., flowers yellowish, alt. 4000 m. , July 31, 1929 (F, M, NY, UC); Bourgeau 276, vallée de Mexico, juin, 1865-66 (G, US, syntypes of T- strigillosum). MicHoAcAN: Arséne 5677, vicinity of Morelia alt. 2800 m., 1910 (US).
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 415
The type of this species has not been selected. Other syn- types, not seen, are Andrieux 546 and Schaffner’s collection from Tacubaya. The types of the two species given as synonyms have not been seen either, but isotypes of both were available for study. Fie. 56.
Except as to the type of pubescence and the size of the fruit, there is not much difference between 7. strigilloswm Hemsl. and T. lanatum Lee. They have, however, different ranges.
. T. laeteviride, sp. nov. Planta 3-12 dm., omnino pubes- Stork ‘nisi in foliolis superne et in floribus. Pubescentia e pilis capitatis translucidis interdum tamen intermixtis in_foliolis infernis cum pilis opacis gist a capitatis. Radices fibrosae. Pedunculi parum incurv fructum valde recurvatum. Sepala viridula ca. 3 mm. ae Antherae 2-3 mm., acumine
.3-0.4 mm. Stylus una stigmate 6-10 mm. Carpella matura sessilia 5.0-5.5 mm. longa, 3.5-3.8 mm. lata, nervis ramosis et reticulatis, nervo dorsali convexo, ventrali gibboso convexiore quam dorsali, rostro ad frontem deflexo. Floret Julio et Augusto. —Mexico, coanvuiLa: Johnston & Muller 463, Sierra del Pino, Vicinity of La Noria, open valley with scrub oaks and scattered pines, shaded arroyo-banks, 1 1-4 ft. tall,, Aug. 20-26, 1940. (G, TYPE); Stanford, Retherford & Northeraft 387, lat. 25° 3’, long. 101° 18’, in arroyo on south slope of mountain, 24 kilo. northwest of Fraile, great variation of vegetation with many vines an
other types of more southerly on plant 18-24 inches tall,
alt. 2900 m., July 15, 1941 (G, M); R. M. Stewart 2291, north of La Noria, high central parts ‘of the caleareous Sierra del Pino, north of high eastern ridges, frequent on — sunny slopes, be- coming 8 dm. tall, Aug. 26, 1942 (G).
T. LASIOSTYLUM Presl, Rel. amis 3: "20, 1835. Planta 40-65 cm. glabra nisi in foliolis inferne. Pubescentia sparsa e€ pilis crassiusculis coloratis brevibus. Radix ignota. Flores verosimiliter polygamo-monoici. Stylus una cum stigmate 5.0- 6.5 ren . long. Carpella matura 5.0-6.5 mm. longa, atipile 0.5-1.0 mm., ventre 4-5 mm. longo, 3.0-3.5 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus alincns reticulatisque, nervo dorsali fere recto vel convexo, ventrali gibboso et convexiore quam dorsali. Tempus florendi mihi ignotum est—Prru, trma: Macbride & Featherstone 269, Matucana, perennial among large rocks on steep northern canyon slope, about 8000 ft., Apr. 12-May 3, 1922 (F, ae Pennell 14,388, Canta, open rocky slope, herb, alt. 2700-3200 m June 11-19, 1925 (ANS, F, G). Fie. 58.
Type, not seen, in the herbarium of the Botanical Garden at Prague. Lecoyer assumed this specimen to have been errone-
416 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
ously attributed to Peru, that it was a Mexican specimen of T. Hernandezii Tausch. Indeed he had no other collection of T. lasiostylum Pres] from Peru and both species are no doubt closely related. But as we have now two other collections it becomes clear that they are probably different enough to be kept specifi- cally segregated.
59. T. SUBPUBESCENS Rose, Contrib. U. 8S. Nat. Herb. 8: 28, 1903. Planta submetralis vel sesquimetralis per foliolas inferne pubescens, aliis locis nunc glabra tum pubescens. Pubescentia densa e pilis capitatis translucidis. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi. Sepala 3.8-4.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 5-6 mm. Antherae 2.8-3.5 mm., acumine 0.2-0.4 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 7-10 mm. Carpella matura 4-5 mm. long., 2.3-2.9 mm. lat., stpite 0.5 mm. vel breviore vel
eente, nervis lateralibus ramosis reticulatisque, nervo dorsali
fere recto vel parum convexo, ventrali gibboso convexiore quam
orsali. Floret Julio et Augusto.—Mextico, mexico: Pringle 1896, Sierra de las Cruces, ao Lecre 3-5 ft., alt. 10,000 ft., Aug. 14, 1896 (US, rypn; ANS, F, G, M, NY UC; US, ISOTYPES) ; Pringle ‘11 ,917, bluffs of barranca below Ozymba, alt. 8000 it., Sept. 24, 1904 ‘(F, G, US). Fie. 59.
Type not seen, but there is an abundance of isotypes at hand.
60. T. puBIGERUM Bentham, Pl. Hartw., 3: 285, 1857. T. tomentellum Robinson & Seaton, Proc. Am. Acad. 28: 103, 1893. Planta submetralis vel subbimetralis omnino pubescens. Pubes- centia e pilis uniseriatis translucidis densissimis. Radices fibrosae in locis paululum tuberosae. Folia caulinaria petiolis 2-8 cm.., dilatatione petiolari exclusa. Sepala 3.7-4.5 mm. longa. Fila-
t ? Antherae 2.0-3.5 mm., acumine 0.5-0.7 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5-7 mm. Carpella matura pubescentia, 3.5-5.0 mm. longa, 2.0-2.5 mm. lata, stipite 0-0.5 mm., nervis rugosis sinuosis reticulatisque, nervo dorsali parum convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Floret Majo, Junio et Julio. —Mexico: T. C. & E. M. Frye 2640, -actareae Desierto de los Liones, alt. 3000 m., May 20, 1939 (M C-UC); Plunkett 26,
esert of the Lions, along stream, Roh lL July 8, 1932 (F). JALISCO: eg 2 9679, slopes of ge hae of Guadalajara, alt. 5000 ft., July 16, 1902 (F, G, M, NY, US); Pringle 2479, hillsides near Guadalajara, June 29, 1889 (ANS, F, G, M, NY,
C, US); Rose & Painter 7360, near Guadalajara, Sept. 28, 1903 (US); Rose & H ough 4744, near eyo July 5 and 6 6, 1899 (G,
NY, UC, Ui HIDALGO: Pringle 7489, valley near Tula, June 24, 1897 (G). MIcHOACAN: Pringle 4143, low lands about Lake Patzcuaro, July 15, 1892 (G, type of T. tomentellum; ANS, F, M, NY, UC, US, isotypes). Fre. 60.
q a
1944] Boivin,j—American Thalictra and their Allies 417
The tyPx of 7. pubigerum Benth. is Hartweg 1591, ad fluviorum margines prope Lagos. It has not been seen.
61. T. Conzattii, sp. nov. Planta metralis omnino pubescens, nisi in carpellis. Pubescentia e pilis uniseriatis translucidis. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi. Sepala
8-3 } ta 3.5-4.0 mm. Antherae 2.0-3.3 mm., acumine 0.3-0.7 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5.0-6.0 mm. Carpella matura glabra 3.5-4.5 mm. longa, stzpite ca. 0.5 mm., ventre 2.9-3.5 mm. longo, 1.8-2.2 mm. lato, nervo ventrali gibboso, lateralibus gibbosioribus et reticulatis, dorsali paululum concavo, vel subrecto. Floret Julio et Augusto.—MeExico: VERA cruz: Bourgeau 2726, région d’Orizaba, 17 juillet, 1865— 1866 (G); G. L. Fisher 298, Orizaba, alt. 4500 m., Aug. 9, 1924 (F, M, US); Miuiller, Orizaba, 1855 (NY); Mohr, Huatusco, July, 1857 (US); Mohr, Orizaba, in pratis et graminosis, sylvaticis (ANS); Mohr, Orizaba, julio, 1857 (US); Mohr, Orizaba, in sylvis montanis ad saxas calcares, julio, 1856 (US). MExIco and DISTRITO FEDERAL: Hinton 4200, distr. Temascaltepec, Comunidad, alt. 2480 m., July 6, 1933 (M); Hinton 3851, Temas- caltepec, Comunidad, by the river, alt. 2480 m., Aug. 5, 1933 (G, NY); Langman 2509, 4 mile s. of Contadero, thickly wooded slopes, July 27, 1940 (ANS). oaxaca: Conzatti & Gonzalez 314, Etla, Canada de San Gabriel, alt. 3000 m., Aug. 8, 1897 (G, TYPE; US, 1soryez). Fic. 61. 2
62. T. sessilifolium, sp. nov. Planta metralis vel altior omnino pubescens. Pubescentia e pilis uniseriatis translucidis. Folia caulinaria sessilia vel fere sessilia in apice dilatationis petiolaris. Sepala 4.2-5.0 mm. Filamenta 6.0-7.5 mm. Antherae
m., acumine 1.0-1.2 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5-12 mm. Carpella matura pubescentia, 5-6 mm. longa, ca. 2.5 mm. lata, stipite 0-1 mm., nervis lateralibus valde reticulatis, nervo ven- trali gibboso, dorsali suberecto vel concavo. Floret Majo, Junio, Julio et Augusto.—Mexico, mexico: Harshberger 76, Salaza, Sierra de las Cruces, alt. 11,000 ft., Aug. 13, 1896 (M, TyPE; ANS, G, NY, US, 1sorypEs). MICHOACAN: Leavenworth 250, west of Tancitaro, on edge of arroyo, herb 5-7 ft., alt. 6660 ft., July 15, 1940 (F, M, NY). puxsia: Nicolas, rancho Posa- das, Hacienda Alamos, 1 aoft, 1909 (F, NY, US); Arséne & Nicolas 5168, prés Puebla, Hacienda Noria, sur l’Atoyae, alt. 2170 m., 20 mai, 1910 (G, M, NY). Fic. 62. |
63. T. refractum, sp. nov. Planta glabra metralis vel sesqui- metralis. Radices fibrosae. Rami petiolorum paululum in- curvati valde divarieati, saepius refracti. Flores polygami- monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi. Sepala 2.5-4.5 mm. Filamenta ca. 5 mm. Antherae 1.8-3.0 mm., acumine 0.5-1.0 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5-10 mm. Carpella matura
418 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
6.0-6.5 mm., sizpite 0.5-1.0 mm., ventre 4-5 mm. longo, 3.0-3.2 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus sinuosis reticulatisque, nervo dorsali parum concavo, ventrali gibboso valde convexo. Floret a mense Junii usque ad Octobris—CoLOMBIA, CUNDINAMARCA: Cuatrecasas 9664, Cordilleria Oriental, vertiente oriental, cerca de Machetd, hierba de 1 metro, calis verde blanquecino con venas violdceas, antheras amarillas, alt. 2200 m., June 29, 1940 (US, Fae : Pennell 2398, 2-3 m. sw. of Sibate, fl. ’purplish-green, alt. 2700-2800 m., Oct. 13-15, 1917 (G, NY, US). Fie. 63, a an
64. T. PENINSULARE (Brandegee) Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 28, 1903. 7’. vesiculosum Lec., var. peninsulare Brande- gee, Zoe, 4: 399, 1894. Planta omnino glabra submetralis. Radices fibrosae. Foliolae membranaceae discolores, saepius trilobatae, basi cuneatae raro rotundae. Flores polygamo- monoici. Sepala 2.5-3.5 mm. long. Filamenta 3-6 mm. An- therae 3.0-3.5 mm., acumine 0.5-0.8 mm. Ovarii stipes 0.5-1.0 mm, Stylus una cum stigmate 5-8 mm. Carpella matura gib- bosa 4-6 mm. longa, st7pite 1-3 mm., ventre 3-4 mm. longo, 1.8- 2.0 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus gibbosis ramosis anastomosanti- busque, nervo dorsali basi concavo, superne convexo, nervo ventrali convexo et gibboso. Floret Septembris mense. An etiam Augusti?—Mexico, BAJA CALIFORNIA: Brandegee, Saltillo, Sept. 17, 1893 (UC, rypr and tsotyrr); Brandegee, El Taste, Sept. 13, 1893 (G, NY, US, paratypes); Brandegee, Sierra de San Francisquito, Oct. 18, 1890 (UC); ees egee, Sierra de Laguna, Jan. 23, 1890 (UC); s 27,027, Laguna Mountains, The a 7 Sept. 22, 1930 (G, MM, NY, UC, ae
vel trimetralis, omnino glabra, plus minusve glauca. Radices fibrosae. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci
masculi. et 3-5 mm. Jigs Filamenta 3.5-6.0 mm. pal .
anastomosantibus, nervo dorsali “Sei concavo, superne convexo, nervo ventrali gibboso. Floret a Maji mense usque ad Novem-
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 419
bris.—MExXIco, MEXICO and DISTRITO FEDERAL: G. L. Fisher 394, Amecameca, July 24, 1924 (F, M, US); Hinton et al. 6412, dist- Temascaltepec, Crucero, 1.5 m. high, Aug. 28, 1934 (F, G, NY, US); Hinton 5283, dist. Temascaltepec, La Labor, oak woods, alt. 2100 m., Nov. 30, ra; (M); O. Kuntze 23,655, ’ Amecameca, alt. 8600 ft.. , Aug., 1904 (NY). MORELOS: G. L. Fisher 35, 229, Tepoztlan, alt. 7500 ft., July 14, 1935 (F, NY, US) ; Lyonnet 584, Huizilac, Aug. 1930 (G, M, NY, US); Rose & Painter 6966, near Cuernavaca, Sept. 10, 1903 (NY, US); R ose & Rose 11,121, near El Parque, Aug. 15, 1906 (US); Pringle 11,338, near Cuernavaca, Gautepec, limestone hills, alt. 4000 ft., Oct. 27, 1902 (G, US): Pringle 11,918, Cuernavaca, barranca bluffs, 4-6 't., alt. 5000 ft., July 20, 1904 (F, G, US); Pringle 13,771 Cuernavaca, wet places, 4-6 ft., alt. 5000 ft., July, 1906 (G, US); Pringle 651 1, wet barranca above Cuernavaca, 6-10 ft., alt. 6500 ft., Sept. 21, 1896 (US, type of T. stipitatum Rose; ANS, F, G, M, NY, UG, US, isotypes) ; Pringle 6392, near Cuernavaca, wet ’ shaded places, five to eight feet high, stem leaves four to six, alt. 5000 ft., July 28, 1896 (US, type of 7. grandifolium Rose and T. grandiflorum Rose; ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US, isotypes). peurBia: Amable & Arséne 2022, dist. Tepeaca, Acatzinco, alt. 2110 m., julio 1907 (US); Arséne 1446, prés Puebla, barranca de l’Alseseca, Hacienda de Batan, prés de Totimehuacan, alt. 2120 m., June 13, 1907 (G, US); Arséne 2258, dist. Tepeacan, La Barranquilla, alt. 2110 m., July, 1907 (M US): Pringle 9541, Amozoc, bluffs of wie alt. 7000 ft., Sept. 10, 1901 (US, type of T. obliquum; F, G, M isotypes). OAXACA: Galeotti 4549 pro parte, Juquila del Sur (Paris Museum, rypE of T. A Falta: F, photograph of the type) ; Pringle 5821, cuesta de San Juan del Estado, Aug. 20, 1894 (G); E. W. Nelson 1579, valley of Oaxaca, alt. 6500-7800 ft., Oct. 3, 1894 (US). Fia . 65.
The types of none of the species listed above have been seen. However, I have at hand a photograph of one of them, furnished by the Field Museum, and numerous isotypes of the others. The material listed under the name 7. gibbosum Lec., is fairly heterogeneous, but all attempts to segregate it along satisfactory lines have been unsuccessful.
66. T. LoncistyLuM HBK. ex DC. Syst. 1: 171, 1817. Planta 12 dm., glabra nisi per foliolas inferne. Pubescentia sparsa e pilis crassiusculis, brevibus, opacis. Caulis teres flexuosus nodis inflatis, sulcatus, validissimus tamen nec facile compressione pertritus. Sepala 3-5 mm. Filamenta 4-5 mm. Antherae 2.5-4.0 mm., acumine ca. 0.4 mm. Carpella stipitata gibbosa dorso_ basi concavo, parte apicali convexo. Stylus una cum stigmate 8-10 mm. Carpella matura ignota. Floret Aprili,
420 Rhodora [NovEMBER
Majo, et verosimiliter Martio—Prru: Dombey (Paris Museum, TYPE; F', isoTyPe and a photograph of the type). Lima: Mac- bride & Featherstone 409, Matucana, in shrubby thicket on western slope, 4 ft. high, bracts rose-green, anthers yellowish, alt. about 8000 ft., Apr. 12-May 2, 1922 (F, NY)
It is possible that the flowering material at hand might belong to some species already described from the fruiting stage, but the material is still too scanty to elucidate this point.
67. T. ruTrpocarPpuM DC. Syst. 1: 172, 1817. Planta 8-13 dm., glabra, foliolis inferne exceptis. Pubescentia sparsa e pilis crassiusculis brevibus opacis. Caulis sulcatus facillime pertritus. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi.
epala 4-5 mm. longa. Filamentaca.6mm. Antherae ca. 3 mm., acumine 0.3-0.4 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 3.5-6.5 mm. Carpella matura 5.5-6.0 mm. longa, stipite ca. 2 mm., ventre sub- rhomboideo ca. 4 mm. longo, ca. 2.8 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus paucis ramosis et anastomosantibus, nervo dorsali ad basem et superne concavo ad medias paululum convexo, ventrali gibboso et convexo. Floret Januario et Februario—PrErvu: Dombey (Paris
useum, TYPE; I’, photograph and fragment of type). APURIMAC: Stork & Horton 10,693, prov. Andahuaylas, Pincos, rainy-green shrubland, humus over sand, annual herb 1.3 m., monoecious, general color of fl. variable green to purple, fr.an immature follicle, alt. 2700 m., Feb. 19, 1939 (F). HuaNcavetica: Stork & Horton 10,268, prov. Tayacaja, Saleabamba, part shade, among shrubs, annual herb reaching 1 m., monoecious, stamens greenish yellow, sinter follicles partly mature, alt. 3250 m., Jan. 7, 1939 (F).
1G. 67.
ovata. Antherae 3.0-3.5 mm., acumine ca. 0.5 mm. Frlamenta ca. 7mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 7-10 mm. Ovarii stipes 0.5-1.5 mm. Carpella matura 7.0-7.5 mm. longa, stipite 1.0-2.5 mm., ventre 4.5-5.3 mm. longo, ca. 3.3 mm. lato, nervis laterali- bus ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo dorsali ad basem con- cavo ad medias et superne parum convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali et gibboso. Floret a mense Martii usque ad Julii. —KEcuapor: Spruce 5470, in Andibus, 1857-1859 (NY, syntype); Jameson (US); André 2100, San Juan, Quindio, 8 martii, 1876 (F, NY); Jameson 130, Quitensian Andes at 11,000 feet of eleva- tion, July, 1859 (NY). picnincna: Firmin 157, Cerra del Cinto, Ugshu-Cinto, Camino, alt. 3250 m., Jul. 28, 1927 (US); Jameson, Pichincha, alt. 11,000 feet of elevation (NY); Fzrmin 680, borde del camino de La Magdalena al Cinto, pl. algo frecu-
ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 421
ente en los matorrales, me 3100 m. [?], Oct. 25, 1928 (US).
BOLIVAR: Penland & Summers 589, Hacienda Talahua, 1 1 m. tall, alt. 330 m., May 1, 1939 (F. bea Panes and caXar: Hitchcock 21,674, between Cuenca and H a, moist shady ravine, alt.
2700-3000 m. , Sept. 11-13, 1903 (Ue), ee eee mers 1014, Tipococha, up to 1% meters, alt. 3200 m., July 11, 1939 (F, US). Perv, cuzco: Herrera 3070, Sceiake! ‘Valley, “Pinco”, 1931 (US). Fia. 68.
Other syntypes not seen are Mandon, Sorata; Jameson 212; Hieronymus, Sierra Chica, Rio primero; Goudot, Bogota; Jameson, Artisana. These syntypes might be heterogeneous for they in- clude a far greater range than the one we have accepted. There seems, however, to be some material of this species from Bolivia amongst Rusby 501-502, but we do not dare try to disentangle ge mixture.
T. Nelsonii, sp. nov. Planta elata omnino pubescens. Puhciecata: e pilis capitatis translucidis nisi in foliolis inferne ubi pili capitati cum pilis brevibus opacis truncatis intermixti sunt. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi -perfecti, pauci masculi. ee ca. 5 mm. longa. Filamenta ca. 8 mm. Antherae ca. 3
m., acumine ca. 0.5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 6-7 mm. Carpella matura conspicue gibbosa, 7-8 mm. longa, stipite 1.5—
2.0 mm., ventre ca. 6 mm. longo, ca. 3.5 mm. snes nervis laterali- bus gibbosis reticulatis, nervo dorsali ad basem concavo, ad medias et superne convexo, ventrali convexiore et gibboso. Floret a Junio usque ad Octobrem.—MeExico, oaxaca: Nelson 1788, near Rayes, alt. 6700—-10,000 ft., Oct. 20, 1894 (G, TYPE; US, ISOTYPE); Conzatti & Gomez 2424, dist. Cuycatlan, Cuyamec- alco, alt. 1800 m. , junio 23, 1909 (F, US).
. 'T. popocarrum HBK. ex DC. Syst. 1: 71, 1817. Physo- carpum dei m (DC.) Bercht. & Presl, O Priroz. Rostl. 1: 15, 1823. T'. cordifolium Willd. ex Lec. Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 262, 1885, nomen nudum ut synonymon. Planta circa sesqui- metralis omnino glabra. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi. Sepala ovata 4-7 mm. longa. Fila- menta 3- ntherae 3.0-4.5 mm., acumine 0.3-1.0 mm. Ovarii stipes 0. 5-1.5 mm. Carpella matura caesia valde _— pressa apice acuta 9.0-10.5 mm. longa, stipite 2.5-3.0 m ventre 6.0-6.5 mm. longo, 2.8-3.3 mm. lato, nervis latarabibas reticulatis nullo modo gibbosis, nervo dorsali ad basem concavo ad medias superneque vel fere recto vel parum convexo, ventrali convexo saepius gibboso. Floret Junio, Septembri, Decembri et aliis—VENEZUELA: Cardona 299, Tachfra, Péramo de Tamé, alt. 3100-3300 m., July, 1939 (US); Gehriger 180, Mucuru quebrada vel pueblo, en las orillas y vegas de un riachuelo, cerca
422 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
de la casas, planta de 1.50 m., n. v. Colanillota, alt. 2500 m., ages 18, 19380 (ANS, F, M, NY, US); Linden 362, hautes Andes ruxillo et de M erida, ‘depuis 4000 jusqu’a a 14, 500 pieds de
Pc 1842 (F). a ecaang Bonpland (Paris Museum, TYPE; F, photograph and a few leaflets from the type); Weddell 3808, prov. Tomina, dépt. Chuquisaca, déc., 1845-janv., 1846 Triana, Andes de Bogota, Quindio, vulgo “lutantillo” [?], alt. 2000-2700 m., 1851-1857 (NY); Pennell 10,332, dept. Caldas, Rio San Rafael below Cerro Tatama, clearing along stream, alt. 2400-2600 m., Sept. 7-11, 1922 (ANS, G, US); hb. Parseval- Grandmaison, Mt. Serrate ‘pres Bogota, 1861 (G); Pennell 6898, dept. of El Cauca, above Papayan, along stream, ee flowers greenish-white, alt. 1750-1800 m., June 19, 1922 (AN 8, G, US); Killip & Smith 16,017, dept. Santander, vicinity of Ps Vegas, thicket, coarse herb, sepals pee anthers yellow, alt. 2600-3000 m., Dec. 21-23, 1926 (G, NY, US). Ecuapor: Jameson 202, Quito (US). Fia. 70, a on b.
Subsectio Venturiana, subsect. nov. Flores perfecti ('). Antherae apice truncatae. Ovaria 18-36 in flore. Stigma paululum clavatum. Carpella matura globosa nervis sinuosis gibbosisque.
T. inuncans nostrum might, perhaps, just as well belong to this group, but until the fruits of that species are known, it is not possible to settle this question. Its ovary is perfectly smooth, a fact suggesting that the fruit may not be gibbose at all, but this relation does not always hold true.
71. T. Venturii, sp. nov. Planta omnino glabra, 5-9 deci- metrorum. Radices fibrosae paucae, parum tuberosae. Folia estipellulata, 3-4-ternata petiolulis arcuantibus, stipellis reduc- tis. Foliolae tenues. Inflorescentia foliosa, pauciflora, panicula- ta nec apice racemosa. Flores lutei perfecti (!), 6-12 in planta. Sepala ovalia, nec satis nota. Stamina 12-20 in flore. Fula- menta capillacea subrigida, 5.5-7.0 mm. Antherae luteae, ob- longo-lineares, apice squarrosae vel retusae, 2.0-2.5 mm. Pistilla numerosa 18-36 in flore, stipitata, inflata, stigmate 2. 5-6.0 mm., parum clavato, apice obtuso, aliquandiu persistente. Carpe matura numerosa ventre globoso 2.0-2.5 mm., nervis gibbosis et: sinuosis, nervo dorsali fere tam convexo quam ventrali. Floret Decembri.—ARGENTINA, SALTA: Venturi 10,026, dept. ee Alemania, bajo bosque’ alto, flor amarilla, Dic. 15, 1929 (G, trPE; M, NY, US, ISOTYPE). SEvCMEN: Venturi 7718, gers Burroyaco, Cerro del Campo, en el alisal, flor amarilla, Dec. 15, 1928 (F, G, US); Venturi 3995, fea j “dah Chicligasta, aaa. Las poy en los prados, flor amarilla, Dec. 11, ve
CATAMARCA: Jérgensen 130 ars), dept. Andal Candada (US). Fia. 7A. a-c. uns zal,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 423
Booties Pelteria sect. nov. Planta glabra, vel pubescens, non- unquam glauca vel lucida vel scabra, radicibus fibrosis. Folia +6 tarot: foliolis peltatis. Flores omnes perfecti vel poly- gamo-monoici, cum alii perfecti alii meres sunt. Pedunculi sub fructu reflexi. F%lamenta filiformia purpurascentia. Sepala ile Beer ise vel plus minusve purpurascentia. Stigmata in flore, decidua. Carpella matura compressa seunciuilatoealin: seg vel stipitata. Species typica Tha- lictrum peltatum DC. s
This section is eee to the mountaineous regions of Mexico and Central America. Other species with peltate leaflets also occur in Eastern Asia, but they belong to another subgenus.
In most sections of the genus, the vegetative characters are highly variable and furnish but few characters to distinguish species. Contrariwise, in this section a most satisfactory key can be drawn up entirely on vegetative characters. As for the flowers, they offer but few instances of good characters permit- ting separation of the species from one another. The fruits offer much better characters but they are deceptive in that the immature fruit may be larger, longer, more compressed, more recurved and less stipitate than the mature one.
Full many a species of this section has been described as polyga- mous or dioecious. With the help of a good binocular, thorough examination was undertaken of all the flowering material and it failed to reveal any pistillate or staminate plant. In many species all flowers are perfect, in others each plant bears both perfect and staminate flowers. Staminate flowers tend to bloom later than the perfect ones.
Subsectio Subpeltata, subsect. nov. Planta glabra vel pubescens vel scabra. Folia 3-6-ternata, petiolata. Foliolae prope marginem insertae 3-7-lobatae, vel grosse 3-7-dentatae. Flores omnes hermaphroditi, vel plurimi gee ok et pauci masculi in bate
a. Pauci pil 1 illimetrales vel longiores pilorum aie ares semimillim ngi rage
T. Lanxestert Standley, Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Pub. Bot. 18, as: 1937. Planta glabra nisi per foliolas, verosimiliter metralis. Pubescentia e pilis capitatis vel crassiusculis brevissi- mis. Radix fibrosa. Antherae ca. 2.5 mm., acumine 0.5-1.0
424 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
mm. Filamentum ca. 3.5mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 8-10 mm. Carpella matura compressa, glabra vel pubescentia, ca. 6 mm. longa, ventre 4.5-5.0 mm. longo, 2.2-2.5 mm. lato, stipite 0.5-1.0 mm., nervis lateralibus valde anastomosantibus nervo dorsali fere recto. Floret Junio.— Costa Rica: Brenes 14,506, prés San Ramon, pentes rocheuses du cerro de San Isidro, alt. 1300 m., 14 junio, 1901 (G, US); Solis 297, Icsasu, cerro de Molti, alt. 1800 m., Aug., 1935 (F, M); Tonduz 8951, La Verbena, Aug., 1894 (US); C. H. Lankester 337, salen rocky slopes, July, 1919 (F, Type and isotype). Fia. 72,
73. T. Torresii Standley & Boivin, sp. no os Planta metralis omnino ‘pubescens, nisi in ecarpellis cum pubescentia est e pili is capitatis. Folia caulinaria sessilia in apice dilatationis petio- laris. Sepala elliptica 2.5-3.0 mm. longa. Antherae ca. 3.5 mm., acumine millimetrali. Filamenta ca. 5.5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 5.0-7.5 mm. Carpella matura compressa sessilia ca.
.5 mm. longa, ca. 2.0 mm. lata, nervis fere simplicibus, nervo dorsali concavo.—Costa Rica: Torres 187, Santa Lucia, Paraiso, terreno pedregoso, altura planta 1 m., tiene en las hojas una sus- tancia pegajosa, 28 julio, 1927 (US, TYPE); iene 1632, asaiige, alt. 1700 m., July 1, 1937 (F). Fic. 73
74. T. GUATEMALENSE GC. DC. & re Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5: 88, 1899. T. peltatum, var. 8 hirsutum Loes., Bull. Herb. Boiss. 2° série, 3: 89, 1903. T. hondurense Standley ex Yuncker, Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. 17: 362, 1938. Planta omnino pubescens, plus minusve scabra, 8-12--(20) dm. Pubes- centia e pilis aliis capitatis crassiusculis truncatis aliis elongatis flexuosis. Radix fibrosa. Folia caulinaria saepius 4-ternata petiolo brevi, vel sessilia in apice dilatationis petiolaris. Pedicelli plus minusve recurvati. Sepala elliptica 3.0-3.5 mm. longa. Antherae 4-5 mm., acumine 0.5-1.0mm. Filamenta 3.5—4.0 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 6-9 mm. Fructus compressus 3.5-5.5 mm. longus, ventre 3.0-4.5 mm. longo, 1.5-2.0 mm. lato, stipite 0-0.5 mm., nervis parum ramosis reticulatisque, nervo ’ dorsali fere recto vel concavo. Floret Junio vel Julio vel Augusto.— Mexico, Mexico: Hinton et al. 4263, Temascaltepec, Tejupilco, llano, stalks 1 m., July 31, 1935 (M); Hinton 4530, Temascalte- pec, Laver in sears water, 2m. high, — 15, 1933 a: at
(G, M, NY, US); Leavenworth & Hoogstraal 1282, Tancitaro region, two miles south of Uruapan, rocky la ry hirsu almost prickly, very common, alt. 5577 ft. a 29, 941 (F, ee Y). cHrapas: Matuda 4889, near Siltepec, Honduras encinal, alt. 1500 m., July 9, 1941 (M); Purpus 6798, Cerro del
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 425
Boqueron, Sept., 1913 (UC); HE. W. Nelson 3236e, near San Cristobal, alt. 7000-8000 ft. , Sept. 18, 1895 (US). GUATEMALA: ayes, Las Vacas barranca, June 1860 (G, US). HUEHUETE- NANGO: C. & EL, Seler 3158, unter Gebiisch auf dem Coes von Zac-ulen bei Huehuetenango, 17 juni, 1896 (G, NY, US, iso- types of 7. peltatum var. 8 hirsutum); C. & E. Seler 2857, Checulé, auf den mit Busch u. Wald bewachsenen Steinfalzungen alter Bauten, 28 aug., 1896 (G, NY, US); Standley 81,212, Se emg west of Aguacatdn on the road to "Huehuetenango, oa herb 1 m. tall, alt. about 1950 m., Dec. 27, 1940 (F); Standen 81,566, near Puente de Xinax6, along road 13 km. west of geal tenango, pine-oak forest, herb 1 m. tall or less, commo out of flower, alt. about 1800 m., Dec. 30, 1940 (F): Standley 81 8. along Aguacatdn road east of Huehuetenango at km. 13-14, damp forested quebrada, common, alt. about 1950 m., "Jan. 2, 1941 (F); Standley 83,010, east of San Rafael Pitzal, near crossing of Rio San Juan Ixtén, — oak forest, herb 1 m. tall, common, alt. about 1730 m., Jan. 9, 1941 (F). Basa VERAPAZ: Cook & Doyle 254, Santa Rosa, May 28, 1904 (US); von Tiirckherm 1313, Santa Rosa, im Walde, alt. 5000 p., Juli, 1887 (F, G, US); von Tiirckheim 2307, ae ae Rosa und Patal, Wald, alt. 1600 m., Juli, 1908 (F, G, NY, US). zapaca: Steyermark 29,676, Sierra de las Minas, dialed Rio Hondo and Finca Alejandria, moist forested slopes, alt. 1700-2000 m., Oct. 11, 1939 (F); Steyermark 29,654, along trail between Rio Hondo and summit of mountain at Finca Alej tas Lyrae slopes, rocky places, alt. 1000-1500 m., Oct. 11, 9 (F). CHIMALTENANGO: Standley 57,897, along road from Silene to San Martin, ies thicket, common but past fruit, herb 3-4 ft., alt. 1500-1900 Nov. 25, 1938 (F); Standley oi, ot eode m, damp forest, heck 3 ft., alt. 1500-1900 m., Nov. 2 1938 (F); Standley 61,561, southeast of Patztiim, barranco de te Sierra, pine and oak orest, herb 3-4 ft., common, alt. about 2100 m., Dec. 31, 1938 (F); Standley 80, 039, southeast of Chimaltenango, along Rio Guaca- late, oak forest, common but past flowers, alt. about 1700 m., Dec. 14-23, 1940 (F). SACATEPEQUEZ: Gomez 794, Santiago, alt. 6500 p., 1891 (G, US, paratypes of T’. guatemalense) ; Stand 58,980, cuesta de la Canas, above Antigua, damp thicket, nd 4 ft., alt. about 1950 m., Dec. 6, 1938 (F); Standley 80,994, ‘along Rio ‘Guacalate, on road between Antegua and Chimaltenango, alt. about 1660 m., Dec. 23, 1940 (F). GuaTEMALA: Deam 6096, on top of mountain, growing among rocks, June 1, 1909 (G, US); Tonduz 657, eo de Se age dans les broussailles des collines, juin 1921 (G : US); Aguilar 249, 1939 (F). SANTA er Heyde & Lux sae Cenaguilla, alt. 4000 p., Sept., 1892 (G, M NY, US). savapa: Steyermark $2,641, Cerro Alcoba, just e east of Jalapa, oak woods, alt. 1300-1700 m., Dec. 2, 1939 (F);
426 Rhodora [NoVEMBER
Standley 76,810, 76,828, on hills northeast of Jalapa, rocky scrub- oak forest, herb 1 m. tall, alt. = se bt m., Nov. 10, 1940 (F). Honpuras, comayacua: Yu ncker, Dawson & House 5796, near Siguatepeque, on rocky hillside, otanes odut 4 ft. tall, more or less viscid and with pungent odor, roots a rich yellow color, June . 5p Pee 1936 (F, type; G, M, NY, US, isotypes of 7. hondurense).
IG a-d
The type of T. guatemalense C. DC. & Rose (Heyde 164) was stored away and could not be seen.
Subsectio Eupeltata subsect. nov. Planta glabra vel pubes- cens e pilis multiseriatis translucidis, vel crassiusculis opacis truncatis, nonnunquam glauca vel valde lucida. Foliolae ampliores rotundae vel obovatae, petiolis circa tertias insertis. Flores polygamo-monoici, plurimi perfecti, pauci masculi, nisi Thalictro Treleasit nostro cujus omnes perfecti sunt. Species typica Thalictrum peltatum DC. sit.
Whether the leaves are dull, shining or glaucous can not be relied upon as a specific character in this section, if we judge by what occurs in 7. Pringlei Wats. None of the other species has been collected at all stages throughout the year, but they are likely to follow a course of development parallel, if not similar, to that of 7. Pringlei.
a. boli om ra, petiolate, petiolo ba o modo scabra....b. ee ee a tato....c.
a Foliise ‘ieimbranaceae, marginem fere totam
, crenis ca. 20 i = folio Beet pie vets 75. TT. Treleasit. d. oxigen coriacose, ad apicem grosse dentatae vel 6s
oe rT. Prine, hou reticulatum.
b. F olia omnia, nisi inflorescentiae redu: sessilia in iat tationis 9 i Fo ie cu yi — 9 Be oliis caulinaribus et in inflores-
Bee orek se he eS hoe EE 79. T. Roseanum.
eee orci: Shep Os ye tise bees os 80. 7’. Arsenii g: pe carpella matura cae _ ge Ae ee ae > ee eee 81 jaliscanum. a. Planta scabra pubescens, nullo modo glauca... .h. : . a faciem eae § Sees Cee.
hia i A Xi act aie echoes ee . er nt eae PSPS ee as Cee i. SP ee Awe Parone BE 7 i pas si Ba oie a alia ‘i
ae
Seat Sey
goa tro rai nisi
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 427
75. T. Treleasii, sp. nov. Planta glabra circiter 6 dm. alta. Folia petiolata. Foliolae membranaceae per marginem fere totam crenatae, crenis 20 admodum. Sepalaca.4mm. Stam- ina 20-30 in floribus singulis. Filamenta 5-6 mm. Antherae 4.0-5.5 mm. Acumen antherae 0.5-0.7 mm. Ovaria 3-6 in flore: Stylus una cum stigmate 6-9 mm. Fructum auctor non cognoscit, consimilem Thalictro Pringlet er esse videtur. Floret Junio.—Mexico, Gurrrero: Langlassé 1061, Sierra Madre, alt. 1000 m., juin 16, 1899 (G, Kat US ISOTYPE). Fie. 75, a and b
Dedicated to Prof. W1LLIAM TRELEASE who in 1886 published a monographic paper on the genus as represented in America north of Mexico.
76. T. pettatum DC. Prod. 1: 11, 1824, nec sensu J. N. Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5: 186, 1899; nec T. peltatum Sessé & Moc., Fl. Mex. 134, 1894. Planta fere metralis, parum si vero glauca. Foliolae plus minusve coriaceae basi rotundae, ad apicem grosse dentatae vel crenatae, crenis vel ponrerne ® 3-10 in foliola. Sepala 3.3-4.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 5-7 m An- therae 1.9-4.0 mm., acumina 2.0-6.5 mm, subaequantes. 5 Onde 0-5 in flore, stylo una cum stigmate 8-13 mm. Carpella matura ignota, verosimiliter (ex immaturis) ca. 5.0 mm. longa, 2.0 mm lata, semi-obovata, parum si vero stipitata, ista Thalictri Pringlet Wats. approximantia. Floret Augusto.— Mexico, Mexico: Hin-
n 4547, distr. of Temascaltepec, Nanchititla, oak woods, Aug. 18, 1933 (M, US); Alaman, [probably near Mexico city], 1811 [or 1821?!] (vyPEi in Delessert Herbarium; F, photograph of same). MICHOACAN: Hinton 15,071, distr. Barroloso, Coaleoman, woods, alt. 13800 m., Aug. 7, 1939 (G). Fic. 76, a-c.
DeCandolle’s original description applies well to all species of subsect. Eupeltata. In 1899, J. N. Rose (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5: 186) with the help of C. De Candolle solved the problem by comparing specimens from five different species with the actual type. Since 7’. peltatum DC. had been collected but once until as late as 1933, it is not surprising that the name was applied to its closest related species, for which we are now pro- posing the name 7’. Roseanum. But as we now have a very good photograph at hand it becomes possible even to take measure- ments of the actual type, e. g.: sepal 3.3 mm., acumen 2.3 mm., anther 1.9 mm., filament 5.1 mm., stigma 10.5-13.0 mm., fruit 5.0 x 2.1 mm., ete.
1 Notes of the author.
428 Rhodora [NovEMBER
7. T. Prineper Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. 25: 141, 1890. Planta glabra, saepius sub florendi tempus caeca, deinde : saepius glauca cum fructus maturant, sub maturandi saepius lucida, posteaque lamina lucida exfoliatur, et planta pallida caeca revelatur. Radix fibrosa. Folia petiolata 2-4-ternata. Folli- olae margine vel integra vel sinuata vel crenata vel grosse dentata, dentibus vel crenis 0-7 in foliola. Sepala 3.0-4.5 mm. longa. “Stamina 30-50 in flore. Filamenta 3.0-3.5 mm. An- therae 3-4 mm., acumine 0.5-0.8 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate
9 mm. Carpella matura subsessilia semi-ovata, nervis sim- plicibus vel ramosis et anastomosantibus, nervo dorsali fere recto vel parum concavo. Floret Junio Julioque.—MExIco, nayariT: M. E. Jones 22,843, Tepic, Feb. 15, 1927 (F). MExico: M. E. Jones 85, La Palma. June 9, 1892 (UC, US); Sarton, Tolucea Mts., 1852 (US). micHoacan: Leavenworth & Hoog- straal 1823,Tancitaro region, Apatzingan, common in open pine forest above Acahuato, sometimes in pure stands, alt. 3500—4000 ft., Aug. 23, 1941 (F); Leavenworth 395, Tancitaro on the road from Tancitaro to Apatzingan, here 9/4, common on rocky
anks in Boo woods from 4000-6000 ft., alt. 5000 ft., July 30, 1940 (F, M, NY); Leavenworth & H oogstraal 989, Tancitaro, west of Santa Clara, erry bank near stream, open pine forest, alt.
ft., July 11, 1(F, M). JALIsco: Pringle 2478, slopes of the barranca near Gasielios June 29, 1889 (G, TYPE; ANS,
Guadalajara, in one a July "9, 1899 (US); Reke 4581, Guadalajara, Barranca Ibarra, alt. 1400 m., Nov., 1922 (US); Mexia 1412a, Sierra Madre Mtns., San Sebastian, trail to
ascota, damp ravine in open pine forest, prominent on forest Hoos, alt. 1425 m., Jan. 7, 1927 (F, G, M, NY, UC). Fig. 77, a
78. T. Private: Wats., var. RETICULATUM Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5: 188, 1899. Planta 35-40 cm., pubescens nisi in pagina superna foliolarum. Foliolae vel crenatae, vel repan- dae, vel integrae, per ambas paginas rugosae nervis conspicue reticulatis—Mexico, NAYARIT: Rose 1985, Territorio de Tepic, between Pedro Paulo and San Blascito, Aug. 6, 1897 (US, TYPE; G, 1soTyPE); Rose 1985a, Territorio de Tepic, ‘foothills between Pedro Paulo & San Blascito, Aug. 4, 1897 (US); Rose ile Territorio de Tepic, between Dolores & Santa Gertrudis, Aug. 7 1897 (US).
The type of this variety was stored away and hence it has not been seen. With better flowering material and fully mature fruits, this variety might prove specifically different from the typical form.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 429
74b () 75 yA\\) 75
: 76a 76b76c 77> 87 86 89a 89b89c Deratts oF FLowers or Fruits oF THatictrum, all X 4. (For explanation see end of paper.)
430 Rhodora [NovVEMBER
79. T. Roseanum, sp. nov. T. peltatum Sessé & Moc. FI. Mex., 2: 134, 1894 nec 7. peltatum DC. Prod. 1: 11, 1824. Planta glabra, saepius conspicue glauca, metralis vel altior. Folia biternata, sessilia in apice dilatationis stipularis. Foliolae majores orbiculares, ad apicem crenatae vel grosse dentatae. Sepala 5.0-5.5 mm. longa. Antherae 2.2-3.2 mm., acumine 1.0- mm. Filamenta 4-5 mm. Stylus una cum stigmate 6.5-9.0 mm. Carpella matura compressa 5.6-6.5 mm. longa, stipite 0.5-1.5 mm., ventro 4.2-4.5 mm. longo, 2.2—-2.6 mm. lato, nervis honnunquam parum ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo dorsali convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Floret Julio mense. An etiam Junioque?—Merxico, MORELOS: Pringle 7448, bluffs of barranca above Cuernavaca, alt. 6500 ft., Aug. 23, 1897 (G, typy; M, US, tsotypses); Pringle 8261, blufis of moun- tain canyon above Cuernavaca, alt. 6500 ft., Sept. 30, 1899 (ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US); Pringle 7205, bluffs of barranca rae Cuernavaca, alt. 6000 ft., Jul. 28, 1896 (G, US). Fia. 79,
a-d.
Dedicated to the late JoserpH Netson Rose who laid the foundations for our understanding of the Mexican species of Thalictrum.
T. peltatum Sessé & Moc. is a heterogeneous species as can be easily seen by what is preserved of it at the Field Museum. How- ever the description seems mainly based on 7. Roseanum. The fragments can not be identified with certainty.
prise d’eau, alt. 2000 m., 19 sept., 1909 (US); Arséne 5470 vicinity of Morelia, Rincon, alt. 2000 m., 14 aa 1910 (G, TrPE; M, NY, US, 1sorypxs); Kenoyer A-482, Morelia, Aug. 17, ah rant pe tig - (F ij Be ise 8, Morelia, talus, 8 a
» Arsene 13, Morelia, Rincd . 2000 m., 14 aodt 1909 (F). Fig. 80, a-c. oe 556i
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 431
Dedicated to Brother G. ArsiNE, an enthusiastic field-botan- ist. His Mexican collections are both abundant and well pre- served and form a high percentage of the herbarium material at hand for study.
81. T. satiscanum Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5: 187, 1899. Planta glabra saepius valde glaucescentia, sesquimetralis usque bimetralis. Folia 2-6-ternata. Fiololae orbiculares vel obovales, ad apicem crenatae vel grosse dentatae. Sepala 3
.5 mm. longa. Stamina ca. 30 in flore. Antherae 2.2-2.5 mm., acumine 1.2-1.7 mm. Carpella matura compressa, 5.5—7.5 mm. longa, ventre 5.0—-5.5 mm. longo, 2.0-2.5 mm. lato, stipite 0—-1.5 mm. longo, nervis ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo dorsali
convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali.—MrExiIco, MEXICO: Hinton 42 59, Temascaltepec, Telpintla, alt. 1840 m., July 28, 1933 (G, NY); Hinton et al. 6557, Temascaltepec, Rincon del Carmen, edge of oak woods, 1.5 m. high, Sept. 6, 1934 (G, NY,
US); Hinton 1078, Temascaltepec, Volcan, rolling prairie, 2 m. high, alt. 1410 m., July 18, 1932 (F); Hinton 6740, Temasealte- pec, Platanal, hill, 1.5 m. high, Oct. 11, 19384 (N Y). JALISCO: Rose & Hou gh 4786, near Tequila, July 5 and 6, 1899 (US); Goldsmith 28, pes of =e Colima, wooded hills, "alt. 5000 ft., July 13, 2 905 (G); Rose & Painter 7519, near Etzatlan, Oct. 2, 1903 (NY, US); Rose ‘& Painter 7648, near Chapala, Oct. 5, 1903 Lislh Diquet (NY): Mr. & Mrs. J. G. Lemmon 157, lake Chapala,
5 (F, G, UC). Fie. 81, a-c.
The type (Rose 2840) has not been seen but the original description is clear enough. One label states that the plant is 3.4 m. high. Such a height is not impossible, but the way the number presents itself suggests the possibility of an error.
82. T. currNnavacaNnuM Rose, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. 5: 187, 1899. Planta omnino scabra, 7-12 decimetrorum, nullo modo glauca. Folia 2-3-ternata, petiolate, dilatatione petiolari reducta. Foliolae orbiculares, per marginem fe fere totam crenatae. Stamina ca. 30 in flore. Antherae 2.5-5.0 mm., acumine 0. 07-1. 2 mm. Filamenta 4.0-5.5mm,. Stylus una cum stigmate 4-9 mm Carpella paaucbe compressa 3-5 mm. longa, 1.5-2.8 mm. lata,
stipite 0-0.5 mm., nervis simplicibus vel parum ramosis an mosantibusque, nervo sc vse recto vel paululum convexo. oret Junio et Julio—Merxico, MorELOS: Rose 6860, near
Cuernavaca, Sept. 8, 1903 NY, US); Pringle 7238, near Cuer- navaca, ea, rocky bluffs of barranca, alt. 5000 00 ft., July 26, 1896 ( F, G, M, sorypss); Pringle 6878, above Cuernavaca, lava fields, alt. 7000 ft., yt 27, 1898 (ANS, F, G, M, NY, UC, US, paratypes). Fie. 82, a-d
432 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
Type not seen, but there is an abundance of isotypes and paratypes at hand.
83. T. cumRNavacaNuM Rose, var. supraglabrescens, var. nov., Morton in litt. Foliolis supra glabris nec scabris.—MEx- ICO, GUERRERO: Rusby 153, Limon Mtn., alt. 4000 ft., July 28, 1910 (US, type and 1sotyPrE; NY, ISOTYPES) ; ; Lyonnet 304, Taxco, julio, 1929 (US); Kenoyer A-481, Taxco, July 20, 1938 (F).
Sectio Heterogamia, sect. nov. Sect. Thalictrum, 1. Hetero- gama DC., Syst., 1: 172, 1817. Plantae glabrae vel pubescentes. Pubescentia, cum adest, pilorum capitatorum translucidorum. Flores dioici. Sepala dimorpha, floris masculi majora saepius colorata, foeminei minora viridia vel raro purpurascentia. Fila- menta imprimis lutea deinde nonnunquam purpurascentia, nec clavata sed filiformia et sub antheris paullulum dilatata. Stigma plus minusve bialatum. Species typica Thalictrum dioicum Li, sit.
Group confined to Mexico, United States, Canada and the French Islands of St.-Pierre et Miquelon.
Subsectio Debilia, subsect. nov. Plantae glabrae, foliis ternatisectis, radicibus tuberosis fusiformibus haud stoloniferae. ° Caulis basis decumbens. Folia inferiora anges nisi reducta velis vaginis, intermedia plurima conferta, superiora pauca sparsa, inflorescentiae minora. Stipellulae’ desunt. Inflores- centia elongata pauciflora paniculata. Carpella matura subses- rs recta haud compressa, ventre symetrico pariete membrana-
eo, nervis simplicibus convexis nec sinuosis. Species typica Thalictrum debile Buckley sit.
a. Carpella matura ovoidea; stigma 0.5-1.0 mm. Planta ah radicibus ng pie Se ge es Oia Ok races 84. T. teranum.
a. sep oe -0 mm. Plantae decumbentes radicibus brun- 4 Patil matura elliptico-lanceolata, 0.7-1.2 mm. lata....85. T'. debile. b. Carpella matura ellipsoidea, 1.5-2.0 mm, lata..... 86. T. arkansanum.
84. T. rexanum (Gray) Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 446, 1903. T. debile Buckley, var. texanum Gray ex E. Hall, Pl. Tex. 3, 1873, nomen nudum; Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. 1: 18, 1895. Planta rigida 10-45 cm. Radices nigricantes, cum siccatae, haud
tae irregulares. Sepala floris maris 1.7-3.0 mm., oe 0.7-1.5 mm. longa. Filamenta ca. 1.5 mm. Antherae
2.0 mm. Stigma 0.5-1.0 mm. Carpella matura ovoidea, acpi 0.1-0.3 mm., ventre 2.7-3.7 mm. longo, 1.4-1.6 mm. lato, apice acuto, basi rotundo, nervis 6-8 in fructu. Verosimiliter floret Februario et Martio.—Texas: Wright 170, Fayette Co. Cumming’s Creek, May 10, 1849 (ANS, G); Hall, Houston, April, 1872 (F, paratype): Hall 3, Houston, moist prairies,
aba Sh =e CE ST tag ah eh a Ee ERs
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 433
March 28, 1872 (G, type; ANS, F, M, NY, US, 1sorypss). Fig. 84, a-f. DEBILE Buckley, Amer. Journ. Sci. 45: 175, 1848. Plania innitens, 10-40 cm. Radices brunneae, cum siccatae, costatae. Sepala floris maris obovata, ca. 1.7-2.0 mm., foeminei saepius nc nee ca. 1.00 mm. Filamenta ca. 2.0 mm oe therae 1.7—2.0 mm., acumine 0.1-0.3 mm. Stigmata 1.3-2. Om Carpella matura oblongo-lanceelata, stipite ca. 0.1 mm., i per ambas apices rotundo 3.0-3.7 mm. longo, 0.7—1.2 mm. lato, nervis 8-10 in fructu. Floret Aprili —GrorGIA: Chapman, conc 1882 (F, G, US); Chapman, Mts. of Georgia (M, US). wr Nieuw wland, Blount t Co., Warnock Peak, April 12, 1930 (N-ND); Buckley, Wilcox Co., woods, rich alluvial soil, ees April, 1840 (NY, US, paratypes) ; ; Buckley (ANS, G, paratypes): Buckley, April (M, eee uckley, Wilcox Co., near Allenton, rich woods, April, ps (M, TYPE); Buckley, April, 1841 (M, NY, paratypes). Pre. 8 86. T. arkansanum, sp. nov. Pianta erecta 20-40 cm. Radices brunneae nonnunquam, cum siccatae, costatae. Sepala floris maris ovata vel elliptica 2. a 0 mm. longa, foeminei ovata 1.0-1.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 2.0-3.0 mm. Antherae 1.8-2.3 mm., acumine 0.1-0.4 mm. Stigma (1.5)-2.3-3.0 mm. Car- pella matura sessilia ventro ellipsoideo 3.5-4.5 mm. longo, 1.5- 2.0 mm. lato, nervis 10-12 in fructu. Floret Aprili et Majo.— Arkansas: Canby, Sargent, Trelease & Bush, Fulton, rich woods, Apr. 18, 1901 (ANS); Bush 2445, Fulton, low ground, Apr. 26, 1905 (M, TYPE); E. J. Palmer ies Hempstead Co., Fulton’ upland open woods, Apr. 8, _ ie ig og E. J. Palmer 7161, Fulton, upland woods Apr. 5 : 5 (NY . US); > fe $4 Kellogg, Arkansas Post, March 14, 1909 aD: Bush 51 1, Fulton, common in low ground, Apr. 4, 1900 (G, M, US); Nuitall (ANS); Bush 2271, Toxetane:. in "rich woods, Apr. 8, 1905 (M). Fie. 86. Subsectio Sin sa, subsect. nov. Plantae glabrae, raro paululum pabendehien pilis capitatis. Radices tuberosae. 7a sparsa foliolis parvis. Stigma sagittatum. Carpe ella matura recta basi rotunda, apice acuta, nervis simplicibus sinuosissimis et crassiusculis, nec costata. Species typica Thalictrum pin- natum Wats. sit.
a. Folia ternata vel raro subpinnata.. .. - b. Caulis basis procumbens aphyllus, folia ternats... 65.05% 87. TT. pudicum. b. Caulis rigidus erectus, ce oa har eis vel subpinnata, licet folia ramorum ternata. . .. c. Caulis a basi ramosus, auntie iciiosiotlinin, foliis 2-ternatis . T. madrense. ce. Caulis foliis caulinariis eigen a vel subpinnatis, ramo- rum plurimis vel omnibus a ‘ id T. pinnatum, var. subternatum a. Folia pinnata, pinnis ternatis............-...++++5+> 8.22%. pinnatum.
434 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
87. T. pudicum Standley & Boivin, sp. nov. Plania glabra, 5-25 cm., ramosa, ramis foliosis. Caulis gracilis erectus nisi basis procumbens. Folia ternata et fere omnia sessilia. Infe- riora desunt vel stzpulae istorum adsunt, quae stipulae oppositae lanceolatae et 2-4 mm. longae sunt. Stipulae foliorum fere omnes auriculatae et erosae. Pedunculi 2.5-5.0 cm. Flores singulae in ramis singulis. Sepala floris maris viridia ovata ca.
of ¢ soil, open situation, less than 1 ft. high, alt. 6000 ft. re 19, 1941 (F, type; M, 1sotypr). Fia. 87.
88. T. MADRENSE Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 5: 188, 1899. Planta glabra ramosa rigida 20-30 cm., ramis foliosis. Ovaria tamen interdum puberula, pilis capitatis translucidis minutissimis. Folia ramorum 1—2-ternata cetera 2-(3)-ternata. Stipulae integrae. Pedunculi 1.5-3.0 cm. Flores in paniculis angustis caulem et ramos definientes. eA foeminei lanceo- lata 1-2 mm. longa. Stigma 1.0-1.5 mm. Carpella matura ventre 3-4 mm. — et 1.5-1.8 mm. lato. Planta mascula et tempus florendi ignota.—Merxico, puRANGO: Rose 3505, Sierra Madre, alt. 5200 ft., Aug. 15, 1897 (US, paratype). NAYARIT: Rose 2232, Territorio de Tepic, i in the Sierra Madre, near Santa Tec. Aug. 13, 1897 (US, typr; G, isoryrr). Fia. 88.
Type not seen.
89. T. prnnatum Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 23: 267, 1888. Planta erecta rigida glabra, 2-8 dm. alta. Radices tuberosae. Folia caulinaria pinnata, pinnis ternatis vel simplicibus raro pinnatis. Stipulae integrae. Foliolae parvae, basae cuneatae, apicales saepius trifidae. Sepala floris maris elliptica, 3.5-6.0 mm. longa, foeminei pee ars vel linearia 1-2 mm. longa. Filamenta 3-4 mm. Antherae 2.5-4.5 mm., acumine 0.3-0.7 mm. Stigma 0.6-1.5 mm. Carpella matura 3.5-5.0 mm. eta stipite 0.2-0.4 mm., ventre 2.5-3.0 mm. longo et 1.5-1.7 m lato, nervo dorsali asso al higacho ventrali 5 ices: Floret Junio Julioque—Mexico, curmvanva: LeSueur 1059, Culebra Mts., Aug. 18, 1936 F. "G): S. S. White 2255, 4 miles northwest Chihuahua, Majalea (Pilares), alt. 6800 ft. , Aug. il, 1939 (G); M. E. Jones, Sierra Madr = Mts., Soldier Canyon, alt. 6600 ft., Sept. 16, 1903 (CA, UC); T ownsend & Barber 134, in the Sierra Madres, n near Colonia Garcia, alt. 7500 ft., July 15, 1899 (F, G, M, NY, UC, US): ic ew 110, July 6 (F, M, NY, US); Shreve 9050, summit of Santa Clara Mts., in pine forest, alt. 7100 ft., Aug. 13, 1939 (G); Pringle 1568, Sierra Madre, alt. 7000-8000 ft., Oct., 1888 (UC); Pringle 1 887, base of the Sierra
EN RES TP ee ee ee TR ea ee ae ee RE TD eT ETT
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 435
Madre, pine pane, Sept. 20, 1887 (G, rypz; ANS, F, NY, US, ISOTYPES) ; Nelson 6087, in the Sierra _ Madre, June-July, 1899 (NY, US); ps 7997, 6 mi. w. of C.G in open pine forest, alt. 7100 ft. ee 25, 1937 (F); Ean sue, Sen Juanito, July 20, 1938 (F): Hartman r72, near canyon de St. lego, moist places on high mountains, “Culantrio”, Sept. 17, me (G, US). sonora: Pennell 19, 611, Cerro Saguarivo, east f San Bernardo, on rocks, alt. 1500-1600 m., Aug. 7-8, 1935 (ANS): Schott 3, Sierra del Najarito, June 28, 1855 (F). DURAN- Go: E. Palmer 381, Otinapa, July 25—Aug. 5, 1906 (F, G, M, NY, UC, US); Garcia 341 (US); Nelson 45641, r El Salto, alt. 8000-8700 ft., July 12, 1898 (US); Pennell 18, ‘324, El Salto, dry open pineland, herb, ‘alt. 2570-2600 m., Aug. 28, 19384 (ANS). Iq. 8 90. T. ye ATuUM Wats., var. subternatum var. A varietate typica differt folits caulinariis subternatis vel as ternatis foliolisque membranaceis. Plania humilior est, 1-4 dm. alta, et crescit iri locis humidosioribus. Floret Julii mense.— Mexico, CHIHUAHUA: Gentry 1526, Sierra Charuco, Rio Fuerte, transition, herb scattered along rocks in spring in meadow, July 25, 1935 (F, trypr; ANS, G, M, UC, US, 1soryPss); LeSueur 1211, Chuichupa, Aug., 1936 (G). DURANGO: Pennell 18,378, 7" Salto, edge of marsh, herb, alt. 2530-2540 m., Aug. 28, 1934 NS)
Subsectio Dioica (Prantl), stat. nov. Sect. Camptogastrum, KE. Dioica Prantl, Nat. Pfl. 3, 2: 66, 1888. Plantae glabrae. Radices fibrosae. Caulis erectus rigidus. Stipulae integrae. Stipellulae desunt. Petioli articulati in insertione. Carpella matura_ sessilia inflata, ventre’ symmetrico nec compresso, pariete firmo, nervis simplicibus et directis. Species typica: Thalictrum diotcum L. ut patet e Prantl.
This group is made up of only one very distinct and little variable species.
91. T. piorcum L., Sp. Pl. 1: 545, 1753. 7’. laevigatum Michx. Fl. Bor.-Am. 1: 322, 1803, 7. pauciflorum Rafinesque, Atl. Journ. 1: 151, 1832, nee T. pauciflorum Royle, Ill. Bot. Him. 52, 1839, nec T. ’ pauciflorum Schur, Verh. Sieb. Ver. Nat. 3: 84, 1852, nec 7’. pauciflorum Steph. ex Lec., Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 302, 1885. TT. — L., var. genuinum Lee., Bull. Soc. Bot.
Pian Greene, ‘Le. * 1908. r dioicum, L. var. ig ian ee Greene, |. ¢. 40, 1909. Leucocoma dioica (L.) Nieuwland, Amer. Midl. Nat. 3: 304, 1914.—Planta omnino glabra erecta rigida, 3-8 dm. Radices fibrosae. Folia supraternatisecta, basilaria
436 Rhodora [NOVEMBER
0-3 in planta, caulinaria 0-1, inflorescentiae plurima. Folium inferius inflorescentiae petiolo 3-8 cm. Sepala floris maris ovata vel elliptica 2.5-4.0 mm. longa, foeminei ovata vel obovata 1.8-2.2 mm. longa. Firlamenta lutea 3.5-5.5 mm. Antherae luteae oblongo-lanceolatae vel lineares 1.4-4.0 mm. longae, acumine 0-0.2 mm. Stigma 1.0-2.5 mm. Carpella matura 4-5 mm. longa, stipite 0.3-0.4 mm., ventre ovoideo vel ellipsoideo 3.4-4.3 mm. longo, 1.5-1.8 mm. lato. Nerv carpellorum maturorum parum a costis distincti, pariter arcuantes vel interdum nervus ventralis quam dorsali convexior. Floret Aprili, Majo, Junio, Julioque.-—“Canapa”: Kalm (Linnean Society Lond., TYPE ‘of T. dioicum; G, photograph). Unrrep STATES (without localization): Michaux, in Pensylvania et montibus Carolinae (Paris, National Museum, type of 7’. laevi- gatum; G, photograph). Saint-Prerre ET MIQUELON: Arséne 238, Saint-Pierre, sgh es de la ferme Maillard, lieux herbeux et ‘humides, 8 juillet, 1902 (NY); L. Arséne 263, Saint- Pierre, anse & Ravenel, lieux herbeux et humides, bois, 8 et 20 juillet, 1900 (G). Shae Peers, Montreal, Mt. Royal, May 11, 1941 (CA); C. H. Knowlton, ’ Missisquoi, Philipsburg, dry calcareous woods, 10-11, 1923 (G); Macoun & Malte 88,011, Hull, north end of Fai airy Lake, May 04 (C).
Fernald, Penobscot Co., Orono, rocky woods, May 19, 1890 (NE); C. A. E. Long 858, Knox Co., Rockland, rocky bank,
Rand ‘é Robinson 458, Cheshire Co., Troy, Gap Mt., becky _ woods, June 13, 1898 (G, NE). Vermont: C. H. Knowlion, —- Co. , Newbury, slaty woods, ned 17, 1932 (NE); E. E.
shire oe Mount pert dry open eer “May 30, 1919 (NE); @. Gilbert, Newton, Pine Grove, May 6, 1894(G). RHODE Istanp: Leland, Johnston Co., Snake Den, May 13, 1899 (NE);
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 437
a B. Simmons, Newport Co., Middletown (NE). Connecti- uT: Woodward, New London Co., Rachel’s Hut, rocky woods, Nii 27, 1905 (NE at. Spalding, Hartford Co., East proper eh May, 1920 (NE); Safford, New Haven Co., New Haven, East Rock, June 2, 1884. (US). New York: 0. P. Phelps 160 ee 461, Canton, woods, May 19, 1914 (G); Burnham, Washington Co., % mile east of Tripoli schoolhouse, rocky copse, May 13, 1914 (G); McVaugh 4107, Columbia Co., Ghent, moist rocky banks, May 1, 1986 (G); Raup 8105, Orange Co., Black Rock Forest, ravine of Canterbury Brook, May 18, 1937 (G); Eames & M et- calf 2301, Tompkins Co., Ithaca, gravelly soil, side of gully, May 7, 1904 (G); E. B. Ba rtram, Monroe Co., Rochester, moist woods, May 15, 1910 (G); Peck, ‘St. Lawrence Co., Rossie, June 10, 1909 (US). New JERsrEy: ‘Carey, Bergen, ravine, May 24, 1842 (G); Fogg 12,313, Somerset Co., Sourland Mts., about 4 m. n. w. of Blawenburg, July 7, 1937 (G); B. Long 39,9838, Hunter- don Co., Treasure Island, steep wooded meng along Delaware oe May 21, 1933 (G). PrNNsyYLvaAntia: Fogg 6502, enters Co. f Swa rthmore, wooded atten along creek, May 17, 1934 (G); Heller, rig ya see on the Conestoga near Binkley’s Bridge, in limestone, May 1901 (G); Galen 24, Lancaster Co., Apel May. 1885 (G); Wal 643, Elk Co., 3 mi. W. of serene ag roadside, June 2, 1940 (G); Fender 1500, Union Co., of Lewisburg, along West Branch of Susquehanna Riven pie 15, 1936 (G); E. B. Bartram, Chester Co., Frazer, April 23 & 30, 1910 (G); Fogg 14,478, Bradford Co., 1.5 mi. n.-nw. of Wyalusing, along Susquehanna River, wooded crest of cliffs, June 8, 1938 (G). District or Cotumsra: T. A. Williams, Rock Creek, May 1, 1898 (G). West Virarnia: Eggleston 4344, White Sulphur Springs, May 17-18, 1909, (G). Virernia: Small, Smyth Co. E. Marion, on Stalie’s Knob and Stalie’s
Hot Spri rings, woods , May 1 1916 (G): Ae Hd. Curtiss, Bedford Co., Apel 15, 1871 (G); ott 14,589, Giles Co., 214 mi. ne. of Mountain Lake Por , Salt Pond Mt., ‘alt. 3800 ft., June 22, 1938 ref Churchill, Rockbridge Co., Goshen, rocky woods, April 28,
5 (M). NortH CAROLINA: "Ashe, Mitchell Co., Frank re, May 11, 1893 (NC); Peattie 1667, Polk Co., Tryon, in cool mountain woods, April 20, 1922 (NC); Barksdale, Bat Cave Mountain, April 19, 1937 (NC). SoutH CAROLINA: House 2064, Oconee Co., Tamassee Falls, May 5, 1906 (M); House 1856, Oconee Co., Clemson College, near Seneca River, low woods, April 16, 1906 (M ). Groraia: Leeds 2012, Union Co., 1 mile n. of Fro ogtow n Gap on branch of Helton Creek, June 1, 1934 (ANS); Churchill, Lookout Mountain, near the line between Tennessee and Geo orgia, April 19, 1906 (G). Onrarro: J. Macoun 33,609, Niagara, May 9, 1901 (C, G); T. M. C. Taylor
438 Rhodora [NovEMBER
et al. 2277, Algoma District, Carp River, mixed woods, bottom- lands, July 15, 1935 (C); J. Macoun 72,515, near St. Thomas, woods, June 24, 1907 (C, type of 7. dioicum var. adiantinum) ; J. Macoun 83, 608, Lake Huron, Pt. Edward, June 12, 1901 (G, NY). Micuican: Greenman 3356, Sawyer Beach, Hemlock Dune, May 5, 1912 (G). Onto: Clavenger, Columbus, June, 1903 (US); Gleason, north of Columbus, rich wooded hillsides, May 13, Sto (G); Webb 496 & 497, Portage Co., Nelson Ledge, May 3, 1902 (G). Inprana: Deam 16,861, Noble Co., about 4 mi. northwest of Kendallville, in woods, June 6, 1915. (G). Kentucky: Demaree 11,252, ah ie Co., South Portsmouth, fertile river-hillsides, April 21 1935 (M); W. A. Anderson 407, Fayette Co. , Elklick, March 26, 1927 (G); "Blumer 238, Louisville, River Road, woods, ’ April 2, 1933 (G); W..A. Anderson 9, Hen- derson Co., Robard, April, 1923 (G). TENNESSEE: Ruth 888, Knoxville, "Tennessee River, bluffs, May 20, 1894 (G); Ruth, Knoxville, rocky woods, April, 1896 q M); Eyles 7718, Obion Co., near Walnut Log, bluff, April 25, 1941 (G). ALABAMA: Mohr, Huntsville, Mount Sano, i in sylvis umbrosis, May 8, 1881 (F); Mohr 66, near Huntsville, Mount Sano, upper districts, rich woods, May 1, 1881 (US); Harper 3840, Jackson Co., southeast of Scottsboro, ‘northwest slope of Sand "Mountain, among lime- stone rocks in woods, April 17, 1935 (G, NY, US). ILLINOIS: Pease 11,831, Champaign Co., Urbana, “moist bank near Crystal Lake, April ; 27, 1909 (G); Gleason §27, Urbana, hillside, April 28, 1899 (G). MINNESOTA: Pammel 204, Cass Lake, abundant in pine woods with Hard Maple and Basswood, July 28, 1925 (G); M. L. Grant 2703, Clearwater Co., Itase a Park, near campus, woods, sand, ie! 9, 1929 (Q); Sandberg 1148, Itaska Lake, along stream, July 6 ; 1 (US). Iowa: Pammel, Ames, College Park, May 28, 1927 (ANS); Fink, Fayette, prairies, 1894 (G); F ink,
o1 (US); Fink ee Fayette Co., May 15, 1894 (US). Muis- a Steyermark 11,569, Wayne Co., west of Grenville, along St. Francis River, July 9, 1936 (M); ‘Steyermark 11,220, Barry Co., south of Shell Knob, Smith Pond, wooded lime slopes, mg 26, 1936 (M); E. J. Palmer 35 ,966, Benton Co., Fredonia, rich woods along bluffs of Osage River, May a 1929 (G); E. J. Palmer 22,826, Stone Co., Sarr limestone bluffs of the James River, rich woods, May 27, 3 (M); Bush 753, Jackson Co., Courtney, May 2, 189 6 (M, US) i. Bush 98, Sheffield, common on rocky hill, May 12, 1898 (G,M US).
Specimens collected in July ‘a Saint-Pierre are in flower, while in Georgia and Alabama this species matures its fruits in May or June. No specimens were seen either from eastern Québec or from the Maritime Provinces. We do not know if there is any type in existence of 7. pauciflorum Raf.
Ge
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 439
Subsectio Incurvata subsect. nov. Plantae stoloniferae gla- . brae vel pubescentes. Pubescentia si adest e pilis capitatis minutis translucidis. Folia supraternatisecta. Injlorescentia aphylla vel, parum si foliosa foliis sessijibus, paniculata, apice acuta. Flores dioici, rarissime polygami. Sepala dimorpha, floris masculi majora. Filamenta colorata. Carpella matura subsessilia costata apice incurvata, nervo dorsali convexiore
m ventrali, pariete saepius incrassato. Nervi carpellorum costis parum distincti. Species typica Thalictrum venulosum Trel. sit. :
a. Carpella matura haud compressa... .b. ; f
b. Stigma (1.0-) 1.5-2.0 (-2.5) mm., venter carpelli maturi mm. longus, 1.8-2.4 mm. latus........... ---92, T, venulosum.
b. Stigma (2.0-) 2.5-4.0 (-5.0) mm., venter carpelli maturi
4-6 mm. longus... .c.
c. Venter carpelli maturi 2.5-2.7 mm. latus............ 93. 7’. confine. c. Venter carpelli maturi 2.0-2.3 mm. latus. T. confine, var. Greeneanum.
a, Carpella matura paullum compressa. . . 05. T. confine, var. columbianum.
92. T. venvuLosuM Trelease, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 302, 1886. TT. campestre Greene, Erythrea, 4: 123, 1896. T. Lunellii Greene, Midl. Nat. 1: 102, 1909. T. thyrsoideum Greene, Mid]. Nat. 1. c. 1909. TT. thyrsoideum sylvanum Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 2: 157, 1912. Leucocoma Lunellii (Greene) Lunell, 1. c. 4: 361, 1916. JL. thyrsoidea (Greene) Lunell, |. c. 361, 1916. L. thyrsoidea sylvana (Lunell) Lunell, 1. c. 361, 1916. Planta 20-75 em. Folza basilaria 1-2, caulinaria 1-3 in planta. Pedunculi fructuum 0.3-1.5 em., conspicue ascendentes vel ap- pressi, saepius gemini. Sepala floris masculi 3.5-4.0 mm. longa, foeminei ca.2mm. Filamenta 3-4 mm. Antherae (2.0)—2.5-3.
m., acumin . 0.1 mm. Stigma (1.0)-1.5-2.0-(2.5) mm. Carpella matura stipite 0-0.3 mm., ventre 3-4 mm. longo et 1.8-2.4 mm. lato. Floret Majo, Junio, Julioque-—NorTHWEST America: Franklin Expedition (G, tTrpn of T. venulosum); Richardson 207 (G, paratype). Quésec: D. Potter 380, James Bay, mouth of the Abitibi River, bank opposite Allen Island, June 30, 1929 (G); Roy, comté de Labelle, Bellerive, 9 juin 1935 (G). Onrarto: C. S. Williamson 2028 & 2032, vicinity of Fort
illiams, Kaministiqua, Aug. 2, 1912 (ANS); D. Potter 379,
SIN: Griscom, Sawyer Co., R. R. right of way north of Hayward, June 11, 1928 (G). Manrropa: E. L. Greene, near Carberry, prairies, 1890 (G-ND, type of 7. campestre; G, photo of type; NY, isotypes); Scamman 2892, Riding Mountain National Park, Clear Lake, alt. 2016 ft., Aug. 29-Sept. 2, 1941 (G); Macoun & Herriot 69,804, 6 mi. east of Forest, June 19, 1906 (G); Herriot
440 Rhodora [NovEMBER
69,803, Portage La Prairie, May 31, 1906 (G). MINNESOTA: Chandonnet, Ottertail Co., Ottertail Lake, prairies, June 8, 1910 (N-ND). Norta Dakota: Stevens 17 77, Cass Co. , Fargo, open places in woods, June 30, 1936 (G, F); ees ’ Benson Co., peninsula of Lake Ibsen, in woodlands, May 30, 1910 (NY, syn- type of T. thyrsoideum sylvanum); idem, May 28 (N-ND, syn- type of T. thyrsoideum sylvanum); idem, May 24 (F, NY, syn- types of T. thyrsoideum sylvanum) ; vere Ward Co., Mi not, along Mouse River, in timber, July 1, 1909 (G-ND 14394, type of 7. Lunellii; G, ‘photo of type; N-ND, isotype) ; Lunell 76, Benson Co., Lees, in dry soil on the prairies, June 10, 1909 (G-ND, type of T. thyrsoideum; G, photo of type; N-ND, NY,
isotypes). SoutH Dakota: i Pal mer 27,198, Lawrence Co., Boulder Canyon near Deadwo rocky ground along brook, June 12, 1929 (G); Hayward pea Teh 1840, 2060, 2200, 2304 & 2410, Black Hills, various localities, 1927 (F). SASKATCHE- WAN: Bourgeau, 1857-58 (G, paratype of T. venulosum); Macoun 2952, Crane Lake, June * tg (G); Macoun & H Aad 69,802, Tramping Lake, Aug. 4 6 (G); ‘J. Macoun 12,316, near Prince Albert, lat. 53°, ja 1896 (G). Auperta: J. Macoun 59,624, Burnt River, north of Peace River, open prairies, July 19, 1903 (G); Moodie 9386, Red Deer Valley, vicinity of Rosedale, low ground, alt. 2200-2500 ft., June 1, 1915 (F, G); Raup 2480, 2488, 2434, 2486a, 2439, 2440, fue & 2444, Wood Buffalo Park, various localities, 1928-29-30 (G). MOonrTANaA: B. J. Jones, Gallatin Co., Sedan, June ig 1901 (G); Flodman 485, Gallatin Co., East Gallatin Swamps, alt. 5000 ft. , July 24, 1896 (US). Wromine: Clifford Richardson, Alkali Co., Branch of Sandy R., 1878 (G, paratype of 7. venulosum); A. Nelson 7307, Albany Co., Chug Creek, on the open bottoms, June 29, 190 Ci Schubert, Albany Co., Bear Creek about 2 miles from Eagle Peak, and 4 miles from Laramie Peak, Aug. 22, 1899 (US) ; Forwood, Wind River, July 24, 1882 (G).
British CoLuMBIA: Raup & Abbe 3557, north bank of Peace — at ap oe Flats, dry bluffs, about 56° 8’ N., 120° 40’ W., alt.
-, June 12, 1933 (G); McCabe 674, Chezacut, very abun-
dent ne in dry si tes, Aug. 30, 1983 (UC); S. Brown 960 & 972, North Branch Saskatchewan, ‘Kootenay Plains, June 17, 1908 (G). Fig. 92, a-e
93. T. CONFINE Fernald, Ruopora, 2: 232, 1900. T. purpur- ascens L. sensu DC. Syst. 1: 174, 1817. T. purpurascens L., @ monoicum DC. Syst. 1: ae 1817. T. dioicum X pur purascens Trel., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 301. 1886. Planta 25- 120 em. Folium basilarium vel solitarium vel deest, caulinaria 1-5 in planta. Pedunculi fructuum AG a —1.5-2. 5-(3. 0) cm. ascendentes. Sepala floris maris 2.5— longa, foeminei 1.5-2.4mm. Filamenta 3.0-4.5-(5.5) er invA ntherae (2.0)-3.0-
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 441
4.0 mm., acumine ca. 0.4 mm. Stigma (2.0)—2.5-4.0-(5.0) mm. Carpella matura stipite 0.1-0.2 mm., ventre 4-6 mm. longo et 2. . lato, nervis nonnunquam ramosis ate im) Foret Junio vel Julio et interdum Augusto.—LaBRapor: Fowler, Lower East Main Coast, Aug. 20, 1892 (US). Gratis: D. Potter 382, James Bay , East’ Main, marshy river bank, July 11, 1929 (G); Williams - Fernald, Témiscouata Co., Riviére- du-Loup, rocky bank of the St. Lawrence, Aug. 2, 1902 (G); Rousseau 26,423, comté de Rimouski, pointe du Vieux-Bic, sur les schistes, 30 juin, 1927 (G); Fernald & Pease 25,074, Matane Co., Ste. Félicité, Sattaera July 17, ler (G): Victorin & Rolland 18,777, archipel de Mingan, fle au Mart rteau, sur les rivages calcaires, 15 juillet, 1924 (G); Victorin 4288, y Paring cap a |’Ours, Aug. 23, 1917 (G); Victorin 28,156, Boucherville, bordant le rivage de oo des files, avec Carex intermedia et Carex nutans, 1 sept., 8 (G); Victorin 3233, St.-Eustache, Aug., 1916 (G): Ou ca 7 Fassett 18,100, Gatineau Co., Hull, June 29, 1934 (C); C. H. Knowlton, Philipsburg, dry open woods, shale ledges, July 18, 1931 (G). New Brunswick: Chalmers hg Restigouche, Eel River, woods, July 29, 1876 (C, 2 release T. dioicum X purpurascens; G, sam e note); J M. acoun 21,136, along the St. John, above pr deere July 3 1899 (C, G); Williams, Collins & Fernald, Gorge of Aroostook River, Andover, talus from calcareous cliffs, July 17, 1902 (G); Pease & Edgerton 27, weet i ig Mangerville, alluvium by St. John R., June 29, 1939 (G 3G Hay, St. John, Aug., 1890 YG). MAINE: Fernald, ’ Aroostook Co., ees Fairfield, fruits from plant in river-thicket, ‘Sept. 19, 1900 (G, TYPE of T. ‘confine; e; C 69,609, ISOTYPE); Fernald 215, Fort Fairfield, abundant in alluvial thickets, fl. June 6, 1901, fr. July 16, 1902 (G, NE). VERMont: Eggleston 4869, Ferrisburg, Gardener’ s Island, July 17, 1909 (G); Flynn, Chittenden Co., Burlington Bay, rocky shore of Lake Champlain, Sept. 8, 1909 (G, NE); C. H. Knowlton, Franklin Co., Lake Champlain, Swanton, sandy shore, July 24, 1926 (NE); C. H. Knowlton, Grand Isle Co., Grand Isle, swampy woods near Lake, Faly 24, 1935 (NE). New York: House 1 10,323, Essex Co., Port Henry, rocky shore of Lake Champlain, July 12, 1924 (G, US). rman J. Macoun 2956, Ottawa, Rideau Hall, ao rneen Aug. 8, 1894 (C, paratype); D. ’Potter $81, James Bay, River, ‘north end of Saw Pit Island, marsh, July 1, 1929 (G): Pease & ji stty 23,557, Thunder Bay District, W. side of Jack Fish Bay, beside a brook, July 8, 1933 (C, G); Taylor, Losee & Bannan 905, Thunder Bay District, Sibley Tp., Talus Bay, gravelly beach, June 24, 1936 (C). Micuican: Fernald & Pease 3306, Schoolcraft Co., east of Manistique, glades and Openings in thicket bordering calcareous beach of Lake Michigan, July 9, 1934 (G). Manrropa: Bourgeau, Lake Winnipeg Valley,
442 Rhodora [NovEMBER
1857 (G); G. Gardner, nae Ba ae South Shore, 19 juin, 1932 (ANS). Minnesota: Lakela 1408 be 1428, a June 11 & 19, 1936 (ANS); idem, “ene 17, 1938 (G). Fria. a-f.
Thalictrum dioicum X purpurascens Trel. also sue 1 oe coriaceum (Britt.) Small. Trelease referred to those plants being “hybrids of 7. diotcum L. with T. purpurascens L. or polygamum Muhl.”” No specimen has been found marked by Trelease T. dioicum X polygamum. Oddly enough, one of these supposedly hybrid plants comes from a region where the only other Thalic- trum yet known to occur is T. polygamum.
94. T. CONFINE Fern. var. Greeneanum, var. nov. Planta 30-70 em. Folia basilaria 1-3, caulinaria 1-2 in planta. Fuila- menta 2.5-3.2 mm. Antherae 2.5-3.0 mm., acumine 0.3-0.7 mm. Stigma 2.0-3.0 mm. Carpella matura ventre 4.5-5.0 mm. longo et 2.0-2.3 mm. lato. Floret saepius Julio, interdum Junio.— Cotorapo: Parry, Middle Park, July, 1864 (G, paratype of T. venulosum); Vasey 10B, Middle’ Park, 1868 (G, paratype of T. tioned Baker 561, Gunnison, alt. 7680 ft., July 23, 1901 (G,
NY, US, ISOTYPES) ; idem 556 (G, US); "Hall & Harbour 8, lat. "39 O41? 1862 (F); Coulter, Weston’s Pass, alt. 11,000 ft., July 18, 1873 (US); Patterson, Middle Park, west end, damp plains, July 27, 1875 (F); B. H. Smith, Archuleta Co., Pagosa Springs, June 15, 1894 (ANS): Boi; Smith, Mineral Co., Wagon Wh Gap, July, 1882 (ANS). Urau: Pennell & ’ Shaeffer 22,522, Wasatch Co., head of Daniels Canyon, northeast of Hebert, below Daniels’ , rocky slope, alt. 7900-8000 ft., July 1-2, 1938 (ANS); Watson 9, ’ Wahsatch, Provo Canon, July 1869 (US).
E. L. Greene left two unpublished names on sheets of this variety.
95. T. CoNFINE Fern., var. columbianum (Rydb.), stat. nov. T’. fissum Greene, Pittonia, 4: 233, 1901. TT. columbianum Ryd- berg, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 39: 320, 1912. T. occidentale Gray, var. columbianum (Rydb.) St. John, Fl. South. Wash. & Adj. Id. 156, 1937. Planta 50-80 cm. Folia basilaria 0-1, catilinasin 1-3 in planta. Pedicelli 0.5-2.5 cm. aetate fructuum maturan- dorum. Filamenta 3-6 mm. Antherae 1.5-4.0 mm. Stigma 2.0-3.0 mm. Carpella matura ventre paullulum compresso, 3-6 mm. longa et 1.8-2.5 mm. lata. Floret Majo, Junio Julioque.— Ipano: Mulford, De Lamar, alt. 7000 ft., July 7, 1892 (G, para- type of T. columbianum). Onrxcon: Cusick 1187, 1886 (NY, paratype of T. columbianum); Cusick 1837, Mts OB Oregon, & form not common in the mountains, Jone: "July, 1886 (G, NY, paratypes of 7. columbianum); Henderson 9056, Harney Steins Mts., near Sheep Camp, moist bottoms in aspen woods,
OE AES EE SEC eS oF F
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 443
alt. 5500 ft., June 15, 1927 (CA); Henderson 9058, Harney Co., 15 miles above Bu urns, up Silvies River, moist sunny flats, June 13, 1927 (CA); Cusick, Stein’ s Mountains, at the head of Wild Horse Creek, July 14, 1898 (G-ND, type of T. fissum; G, photo- graphs of the type). Wasnincron: Elmer 599, Okanogan Co., Loomiston, Mount Chapaca, wide g ge in the meadow on the south slope, Aug., 1897 (NY, Type of 7. columbianum; BG, US, ISOTYPES); G. R. Vasey 155, 1399 (G, NY, US, paratypes of T. columbianum oH Henderson 2367, Yakima Co., June, 1892 (G); Piper 1467, Withman Co., Pullman, June 26, 1893 (G); Lyall, Pend d’ Oreille River, 1861 (G).
BRITISH CouuMBIA: Raup & Abbe 2642, vicinity of Hudson
eed south slopes of Peace River Valley, about 56° 1’ N., 121°
3’ W., June 21, 1932 (G); ; McCabe oer, —_ a north of oe moist hollow in open range, June 13, UC); McCabe 8232, one see: ag southeast of Here Ha nis yet ope forest edge, border of bog, in - 1940 (UC).
Subsectio Clavocarpa subsect nov. Plantae glabrae elatae rigidae. Species duae, alia teloitaes alia haud. Caulis saepius glauca. Folia, nisi inferiora, sessilia in apice dilatationis petiolaris. Inflorescentia paniculata copiosa. Sepala lanceolata. Stigma bialatum. eek orien os recta stipitata, nervis exsertis sublatis in costis obtusis, nervo ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Species typica Thalictrum pases ove (Britt.) Small sit.
Planta eeepc) a; anthers luteae vel viridulae; carpella —
ven PAIWRIE 5 ats eG ey ena cx eh eben T. Steeleanum. Plan a bad Molentierk: stamina imprimis lutea, deinde purpur- ascentia; carpella matura ventre ovoideo.............. 97. T. coriaceum.
96. T. Steeleanum, sp. nov. Planta ane stolonifera 1.0- 15 m. Foliolae majusculae, 2.5-7.0 cm. latae, interdum sub- quadratae. Sepala mascula 4-5 mm. longa, alate ovata ca. 2mm.longa. Filamenta saepius lutea, interdum purpurascentia 4.0-4.5 mm. Antherae saepius luteae, interdum viridulae, lineares, 3.2-4.5 mm., acumine 0.4-1.0 mm. — 2.0-2.8
er,
June 3, 1899 (ANS). MARYLAND: Steele, C. & O. Canal, pete! 5 OR 903 ve nee bank of Potomac above D.C., July 23, 1902 G, Y); , Potomac, near the Md. line, ‘Feeder "Dam Island, Suly 10, "1902 (N Y); ee idem, May 1 0 (G, NY); Steele, ‘bank of Potomac, above D Wa Cad 26, 1902 (G, NY); E. orris 1527 , Montgomery Co., Plummers Island, alluvial woods, May 18, 1902 (BG); Long ‘& ree 1292, Cecil Co.,
444 Rhodora [NovEMBER
north of Conowingo, woods, June 1, 1913 (G, TYPE); idem 1287 & 1289 (ANS); Hitchcock 12,902a, Great Falls, woods along canal, June 21, 1917 (G); Shriver, Cumberland, 1894 (NY). VuirGinia: Allard 2873, Fauquier Co., near Markham, woods at top of Rattlesnake Mountain, abundant and in full bloom, under- ground rhizomes a rich golden yellow, May 30, 1937 (G); #. L. Morris 2361, Falls Church, dark woods, May 1896 (BG); Camp 1174a & 1174b, Shenandoah National Park, south and southeast of Skyland, alt. about 3500 ft., May 25, 1986 (NY); Rawlinston 16, Madison Co., near Hoover’s Camp, June 22, 1934 (US); Wherry & Pennell 13,3844, Page Co., southeast of Luray, Stony Man Mountain, Aug. 24, 1927 (M). Fie. 96, a-d.
97. T. corraceum (Britt.) Small, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 4: 98, 1893. T. dioicum L., 8? stipitatum Torr. & Gray, FI. N. Amer. 1: 38, 1838. TT. dioicum L., var. stipitatum Lecoyer, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 142, 1885, pars. TT. diotcum L., var. cortaceum Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 25: 136, 1898. 7. caulophylloides Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 25: 136, 1898. Planta glabra, haud stolonifera, 65-100-(150) cm. Foliolae (1)-3-(7) cm. latae. Sepala floris masculi 3.5-4.0 mm. longa, foeminei fere lanceolata 1.5-2.0 mm. longa. Filamenta 4.5-5.0 mm. An- therae 2.0-3.5 mm., acumine ca. 0.4 mm. Stigma 1.5-2.5 mm. Carpella matura stipite 0.3-5.5 mm., ventre ovoideo 2.3-4.0 mm. longo et 1.3-2.0 mm. lato, nervis paululum sinuosis. Floret
unio, rarissime Majo vel Julio—Werst Vireinia: Brition, White Sulphur Springs, May 16, 1897 (NY). Vzireria: Small, Smyth Co., slope of White Rock Mountain, alt. 3500-4000 ft., June 21, 1892 (F, M); A. H. Curtiss, Bedford Co., 1871 (F, G, M); E. 8. & Mrs. Steele 146, near Luray, Stony Man Mountain and vicinity, alt. 3600 ft., Aug. 18, 1901 (G, M, NY, US); Steele, Augusta Co., vicinity of Augusta Springs, over meter high, alt. + 1200, Sept. 8, 1908 (M, US). Norra Carona: M. A. Curtis, Bald Mt. (G, type of T. dioicum @? stipitatum Torr. & Gray); Small & Heller 268, Watauga Co., Blowing Rock Moun- tain, alt. 4000 ft., July 29, 1891 (NY, Type of 7. dioicum, var. coriaceum; US, 1sorypr); Porter, Mtns., June 28, 1880 (ANS, NY, paratypes of var. coriaceum) ; Small & Heller, Blowing Rock Mountain, alt. 4000 ft., June 10-20, 1891 (F, NY, paratypes of var. coriaceum); Small & Heller, eastern slopes of Blowing Rock Mountain, July 7, 1891 (F, paratype of var. coriaceum); idem 491 (ANS, F, M, paratypes of var. coriaceum); Small & Heller, on the road between Blowing Rock and Shull’s Mill, June 16-17, 1891 (F, M, NY, paratypes of var. coriaceum); Small & Heller 491. Caldwell Co., summit of Stone Mountain, July 9, 1891 (ANS, US, paratypes of var. coriaceum); House 4346, Transyl- vania Co., Pisgah Ridge, alt. 4000-5000 ft., July 4, 1909 (US); Biltmore Herbarium 6043a, Buncombe Co., slopes of Cedar Cliff
ee
i al mI Meas Penge foe pits
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 445
Mountain, rich soil, May 24, 1898 (NY); Mohr, Grandfather Mountain, rich woods, uly 27, 1894 (US). GrorGIA AND Carouinas: Buckley, in mountibus Carolinae et Georgiae (M, paratype of 7. dioicum X purpurascens); Wright, N. Georgia, 1875 (G). Kentucky: Kearney 290, Harlan Co., Big Black Mountain, Aug., 1893 (G, NY). TENNESSEE: Svenson 8309, Sevier Co., Thom as Ridge, south of Indian Gap, Aug. 12, 1935 (BG): Ruth 1800, Blount Co., Cade Cove Mountain, mountain- sides, July, 1892 (NY, type of T. caulophylloides) ; Eggert, David- son Co., woods, July 13, 1897 (M, NY). Fie. 97. (To be continued)
AMERICAN THALICTRA AND THEIR OLD WORLD ALLIES
BERNARD BoIvin (Continued from page 446) Subsection woe alee subsect. nov. Planiae erectae rigidae. adix
orsalis apex convexior quam ventralis apex. Species typica Thalictrum occidentale Gray sit.
a. Crassitudo carpelli maturi dimidias latitudinis aequat. “lat nter ejusdem ovatus costatus, sesquies aye “ee u
tie bees ©) a Oe eee Oh oe ee ye Re Oe ee ee ee Ee ee ere, a OR OT
5. nervosa, ter vel pes pager quam la lata... Carpella matura divaricata stipitata, ventro lanceolate. orescentia ampla ad 50 cm. pyret et s 7% josa.... . - Stigma 3 S648 tii. 6 ox ined cs mm
aé ca. 3mm., acumine ca. 0.4mm. Stigma 3-4 mm. Carpella matura compressa et costata, valde Oa stipite 0.2-0.3 mm.,
454 Rhodora [DECEMBER
ventre ovato 4-5 mm. longo, 2.5-3.0 mm. lato et ca. 1.5 mm. crasso, nervis a costis parum distinctis. Nervus ventralis con- vexior quam dorsalis. Tempus florendi a lectoribus ignotum, verosimiliter tamen Junium.—SovuTH Aa ieest hades P. Carr 135, Deadwood, shady woods, July 31, 1913 (C ae eee SF ISOTYPE ES); Hayward 847 (in part), Black Hills, Weed Creek & Dark Canyon, ¥1927 (F); Hayward 1331, Black Hills, Spearfish Canyon, lower 7 miles above fish hatchery, 1927 (F); Hayward 1337, Black Hills, Deadwood, near Pinecrest Camp, 1 1927 (F). 99. 'T. OCCIDENTALE Gray. T.dioicum L., var. paper Lec.,
Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. 24: 142, 1885, pars, nec T. m, 6? stipitatum Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 1: 38, 1838. or “deen L., var. oxycarpum T: Bot. Wilkes Expe d. 17: 212, 1874.
Planta atin vel vibetviens. Pedunculi divaricati (1)-2-(5) em. Sepala floris masculi 3.5-5.0 mm. longa et foeminei 1.5-2. mm. longa. Filamenta (5)-6-7-(10) mm., purpurascentia. Antherae 2-4 mm. Carpella matura nervosa, vel nervo dorsali Sanaa et ventrali convexiore, vel dorsali basi concavo et apice con
The an of the fruit is highly variable in this species and transitional forms to other species occasionally occur. This also seems to hold true for the Incurvata and Laminaria. These intermediates seem to point toward the following series: T’. venulosum—T. confine—T. occidentale—T. Fendleri—T. poly- carpum in which each species is most closely related to the two adjoining ones. The two varieties given in synonymy cannot at present be related to any of the following three.
99. T. occIDENTALE Gray, var. typicu “as be apes Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 372, 1873. Planta 60-120 ¢ Inflorescentia 20-50 cm. longa, foliosa, foliis nonnullis saticlntie et triternatis. Ovaria ventro lanceolato, interdum ato. Stigma 3.04.5 mm. Carpella matura divaricata, stipite 0.4-1.2 mm., ventre lanceolato 6-10 mm. longo, 1.6-2.5 mm. lato. Floret Majo et Junio.— WasHINGTON AND OreEGoN: Hall, 1871 (G, tyre; F, tsorrpe); J. Howell, Cascades, June, 1879 (G);
J.& T. owell, near Cascades, in rich woods, May-June, 1880 (ANS, F, US); T. Howell, Cascades, May, 1882 (NY); Sukadorf
339, ‘Skamania Co ., near lower Cascades, May 30, 1886 (G); Epling 5533, Benton Co., Corvallis, May, 1922 (F); F. E. Lloyd,
orest Grove, low w grounds, June 1, 1894 (NY); Henderson 8, Sandy River, warm rich hillsides, May 21-June 12, 1883 (NY); Henderson 87 7, near Columbia River, ie creeks, moist rather open woods, May 27, 1924 (G). G.
100. T. occriDENTALE Gray, v. pitas var. nov. 80-125 cm. Hila ee Adlecwsivonceth Se pedie )-
Se ee ne TT.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 455
3-(5)em. Ovariaventrolanceolato. Stigma5-6mm. Carpella matura stipite ca. 0.5, caeteris ut praecedentis. Floret Junio.— British CotumBia: J. Macoun 77,395, Vancouver Island, Koksilah River, near Cowichau, July 30, 1908 (NY, TyPE; C, ISOTYPE); Newcombe 8, Pr. of Wales Isl., Karta Lake, 1901-02 (F); Newcombe 416, Victoria, June 4, 1896 (F); Lyall, Vancouver Island (NY); J. Macoun, Vancouver Island, Nanaimo, June 10, 1887 (US); Carter 157, Vancouver Island, Alberni, Roger Creek, creek-bottom, May, 1915 (G); Rosendahl 1988, Vancouver Island, Cameron River Valley, alt. 600 ft., June 28, 1907 (US); J. Macoun 22, Vancouver Island, borders of streams, July 10, 1887 (G); C. B. Wood, Vancouver’s Island, 1859 (G); J. Macoun 849, Sproat, woods, June 24, 1890 (C).
101. T. occipenTALE Gray, var. PALOUENSE St. John, Fi. South. Wash. & Adj. Id. 158, 1937. 7. heterophyllum Nutt. ex Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 372, 1873, ut synonymon dubium, nec 7’. heterophyllum Lej., Rev. Fl. Spa, 109, 1824, nec T. hetero- phyllum Schur ex Verh., Naturf. Ver. Bruenn, 15, 2: 20, 1877, nec T’. heterophyllum Turez. ex Ledeb., Fl. Ross. 1: 727, 1843. T. propinguum Greene, Fedde, Rep. Nov. Spec. 7: 254, 1909. T. rainierense St. John, Madrofio, 4: 114, fig. 1, 1937. Planta
aspen groves, alt. 6000 ft., July 14, 1920 (CA, G); Piper 1468, Latah Co., Cedar Mountains, July 7 (G); Macbride 420, Owyhee Co., Silver City, slopes along streams, alt. 7000 ft., July 18, 1910 (G). Wrommne: L. O. & R. P. Williams 3028, Big Horn Co., 10-15 miles east of Kane, west slopes of the mountains, alt. 8000 ft., June 19, 1936 (G); Goodding 1971, Carbon Co., Bridger
456 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Peak, moist timbered flats, Aug. 24, 1903 (G); L. 0. :& Bak, Williams 3639, Park Co., Beartooth Lake, in pine woods, alt. 9000 ft., July ‘21, 1937 (G): idem 3562, Crazy Woman Creek, July 14” (G); E. 'B. & L. B. Payson 2999, Sublette Co., Gros Ventre Mountains, mg sre northeast of Bondurant, yao slopes, Aug. 13, 1922 (F, G, US); Williams & Pierson 652, Teton Co., vicinity ‘of Hoback Canyon, spring-bank, alt. 7000 ft., eee 19, 1932 (CA, G). Nevapa: Nelson & Macbride 1936, Elko Co., Jarbridge, aspen copses, seo 7000 ft., July 6, 1912 (G, NY); Nelson & Macbride 2210, Elko Co., ‘ Mountain City, aspen copses, alt. 7000 ft., Aug. 14, 1912 (G, NY, US); Maguire & Plage one x nie along Ole Creek, woodlands, June 28, 1934 (G). . S. Rose 36,476, Wallowa Co., 1 mi. s. Wallowa a alt. 4600 ft., July 18, i936 (CA); Thompson 13,340, Baker
near Lornucopi ia, rocky slopes of Wallowa Mts., July 18, 1988 (ANS, NY); Henderson 5154 & 5658, E. Grant Co., Austin Ranch, 1925 (CA, G); Nuttall, Columbia Woods (ANS, G, NY) with Thalictrum heterophyllum i in Nuttall’s handwriting). WasH- INGTON: Piper 2022, Mt. Rainier, rich meadows, alt. 6500 ft., Aug. 1-15, 1895 (G, isotype of T. rainierense); Piper, Walla Walla Co., Blue Mts., along streams in woods, July 17, 1896 (G, ISOTYPE of oD: occidentale var. palouense) ; Thompson 6945, Okanogan Co., moist shaded slopes by road to Salmon Meadows, alt. 3500 ft. tome "35, 1931 (G); Thompson 77938, Chelan Co., Wenatchee Mts., below Stuart Pass, moist alder groves, alt. prea ons Sta 27-31, 1931 (ANS, G). British Cotumsia: J. M. M n 33,606, Tami i Hy Mt., Chilliwack Valley, alt. 5000 ft., July 3 30, 1901 (G- ND, type of T. She nquum); Heacock 53, Emerald Lake, nakng he Path, alt. 4400 ft., June 29, 1904 (G, Y, US, p a or 7. propingwum); Shaw 970, in the Big Bend district, wien 118° 20’ W., 51° N., alpine meadow, alt. meet July 24, 1905 (G, shee NioCabe $08, aa River Road, 17 north of Natal, edge of o of green spruce timber, Sept. 8, 1937 (UC); Raup é Abbe 3 3867, sige & Wicked R., near ye Peace, about 56° 4 N., 123° 39’ W., open woods, July 18, 32(G). Fie. 101, a-e
he type of T. viii Greene is not in the Herbarium of the Canaan Geological Survey as stated in the original descrip- tion; similarly with the types of T. tortuosum Greene, 7’. Mortont Greene and T. glaucodeum Greene. In his last letter to J. M. Macoun, Greene wrote:
April 28, 1915.
Another parcel of your Thalictrum went last night; only a small
parcel, Uf shanks on Whdck T hast cues sake esate TEmMains.
e588 ee ak ee
2 Ae Oe Rice
ae ee Ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 457
That “small parcel” apparently was never sent, for 66 of the numbers of the Herbarium of the Geological Survey which are — represented in the herbarium at Notre-Dame University, are all missing in the National Herbarium of Canada.
Subsectio Laminaria, subsect. nov. Plantae persaepius plus minusve stoloniferae. Carpella matura valde compressa vel laminaria, nervis rugosis, haud costata, vel, si costata, costis acutis. Crassitudo carpelli a dimidiis latitudinis ejus recedit. Species typica Thalictrum Fendleri Gray sit.
a, Carpella haud reflexa, ovata ad lanceolata, viridia vel brun- nea, plus minusve pubescentia vel interdum glabra, nervis lateralibus raro ramosis et sinuosis, nunquam minute sinu- osis, nec anastomosantibus, reticulatis. Planta nunquam pruinosa nec caesia nec glauca. Cauli tamen interdum urpurascens. .. .b. : b. Nervi laterales 3 conspicui. Planta pubescens. ...... 102. 7. Fendieri. b, Nervus lateralis solitarius vel, si ternatus, medius con- spicuor et multo crassior quam duo alii. Plantae saepius glabrae. .. .c. ¢. Carpella ventre ca. 2.5 mm. longo... .d. : Ste d. Nervi haud sinuosi T. Fendleri, var. Wrightit. d. Nervus ventralis, licet alii, valde sinuosi. : : 04. T. Fendleri, var. sinuosum.
ee ee '°
c. Carpella ventre ca. 5 mm. longo. 105. T. Fendleri, var. quadrinervatum. . pupae plura vel omnia reflexa, obovata vel semiobovata, plus minusve pruinosa glauca, nervis lateralibus saepius ramosis anastomosantibus reticulatis minute sinuosis. Planta glabra pruinosa et plus minusve glauca vel caesia. Ovaria ventre compresso orbiculari et nunquam rugoso. 106. ZZ. polycarpum.
Practically, 7’. polycarpum Wats. is always glabrous while 7. Fendleri Engelm. is always more or less pubescent, at least within the range of the former. Ovaries, fruits and under surface of upper leaves always show this character clearly. The fruits of
ese two species are endlessly variable. Some of these varia- tions are more frequent in one part of the range, but they are liable to be found anywhere throughout the range and none of them is clearly cut from the other variations. However, three variations of 7. Fendleri have a geographic range of their own and outnumber the intermediate forms.
102. T. Fenpiert E . ex Gray, Pl. Fendl. 5, 1849. T. Fendleri, var. ehicaineces Tel Piso. Bost Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 304, 1886. 7. platycarpum (Trel.) Greene, Pittonia, 1: 166, 1888, nec. T. platycarpum Hook. f. & Th., Fl. Ind. 1: 13, 1855. T. hesperium Greene, Pittonia, 2: 24, 1889. polycarpum
458 Rhodora [DECEMBER
ness var. Maceo (Greene) Jepson, Fl. W. Midd. Cal. 202, T.0 m Greene, Fedde, Rep. Sp. Nov. 7: 254, 1909. r ious Teabere Fl. "Rocky Mts., 290, 1918, nec T’. stipi- tatum Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. 8: 28, 1903. TT. Fendleri, var. hesperium (Greene) plates Fl. Calif. 1: 530, 1921. Planta pubescens, raro subglabra vel glabra etiam, nunquam pruinosa nec caesia nec glauca, caulis tamen interdum purpurascens, 60— 150 em. Radix plus minusve stolonifera. Sepala erosa, floris maris ovata vel elliptica 3-5 mm. longa, foeminei ovata vel rhomboidea vel late lanceolata (1.0)—1.5-(2.0) mm. longa. Filamenta 4.0-7.5 mm. lutea. Antherae oblongae vel lineares, luteae, 2.2-3.4 mm., acumine 0.1-0.8 mm. Stigma 1.5-4.0 mm. Ovaria dense viridia, ventro ovato ad lanceolato, saepius densis- sime pubescente. Carpella matura haud reflexa, ovata ad lanceolata, viridia vel brunnea, en minusve pubescentia vel ae glabra, stipite (0.1)-0. 5-(2 (2.0) mm., ventre 2.7-9.0 m longo, 1.8-4.5 mm. lato, nervis lateralibus raro ramosis et sinuo- sis, nunquam minute sinuosis, nec anastomosantibus, nec reticulatis, nervo ventrali hice quam dorsali. Floret ab Aprili ad Septembrem.—Texas: Ferris & Duncan 2569, Jeff Davis Co., Davis Mts., hewccai Peak, July 9-12, 1921 (CA, M); Havard. 138, Jeff Davis Co., Limpia Mts., July, 1883 (G); Moore & Steyermark 3566, Culbertson Co., Guadalupe Moun- tains, McKittrick pvnhee’ ’ shaded rocky woodland, alt. 2000 m., July 22, 1931 (G, M). Wyromine: Tweedy 4244, Carbon Co., forks Battle Creek, alt. 7200 ft., Aug. 15, 1901 (US, type of T. omissum; NY, i sotype); A. Nelson 766 0, "Alban ny Co., Tie City, in a canon, Jay 20, 1900 (G); Payson & Armstrong 3608, Lincoln Co. , Alpine, on the Snake River near the Idaho boundary, Wolf Creek, — groves, July 25, 1923 (G). Cotorapo: Hall & Harbour 8, lat. 39 °—41°, 1862 (BC, G, M); E. L. Greene 598, Golden City &e., 1871 (G, poate of . Fendleri var. platy- carpum); F. E. & S. 8. Clements 248, El Paso Co., Minnehaha, alt. 2600 m., 1 julii, Sap (NY, type of 7. pr noes G, toot peel Baker, Earle & Trac 343, Montezuma Co., W. La Plata Mts., Chicken Creek, scaerien, alt. 9000 ft., July 6, 1898 (G); "Rollins 1808, Las Animas Co., 26 —- northwest of Trinidad, 2 miles north of the Pe rgatore River, dry hillside, stems single, alt. 7500 ft., July 3, 1937 (G); romero Clear Creek Co., Brookvale, road Creek Canyon, June 17, 1918 (G); Hermann 5399, Garfield , Trapper’s Lake, n. shore, open spruce-fir grove, a alt. at ae ine 29, 1933 (G). Uran: M. E. Jones 1194, Salt Lake C Wahsatch Mts., Alta, alt. 10,000 ft., Aug. 5, 1879 (CA); Good. man & Hitchcock 1891, San Juan Co. , Abajo Mts., n. slope, ’ beside small stream, alt. 8500-11,000 ft. , July 1-2, 1930 (C A): E. B. & be BB. Payson 4883, iia Co., foothills of Uinta Mts., near Mill Creek, dry clay slope, alt. 8200 ft. , July 4, 1926 (G, US);
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 459
McKelvey 4204, Washington Co., Zion Natl. Park, Zion Cajon, alt. 4000-5000 ft., May 7, 1934 (G). Nevapa: Clokey 5462, Clark Co., Lee Cafion, gravelly flat, with Pinus scopulorum and Populus aurea, alt. 2670 m., Aug. 1, , G, UC); M. E. Jones, Humboldt Co., East Humboldt Mts., alt. 10,000 ft., Aug. 13, 1897 (UC); P. B. Kennedy 1923, Washoe Co., Hunter Creek, elev. 6000 ft., Aug. 2, 1912 (CA, G); Baker 1823, Ormsby Co., head of Fall Creek, alt. 2460 m., July 15, 1902 (G, NY). New Mexico: Standley 4257, Pecos River National Forest, Windsor Creek, alt. ca. 8600 ft., July 8, 1908 (G, M); Wright 1851 [Wright’s mss.: 151, Grant Co., hillsides of Coppermine Creek, 2-4 ft. tall, Aug. 4] (G, NY, US); Metcalfe 248, Socorro Co., Mogollon Mts., on Mogollon Creek, alt. ca. 8000 ft., July 17, 1903 (G, M, UC, C-UC); Wooton 228, Lincoln Co., White Mts., alt. 6300 ft., July 28, 1897 (M, UC); Fendler 13, 1847 [Fendler’s mss.: 13,
anta Fe, Creek-valley, shady places, margin of irrigation ditches at the foot of perpendic. rocks, 13th June-Ist July in flower, 19th July in fruit. Flowers dioecious] (G, TYPE and ISOTYPES of T. Fendleri; ANS, M, NY, 1soryrss); J. M. Bigelow 963, San Antonita, Camp B, mt. arroyos, Oct. 9, 1853 (G, NY, US, para- types of T. Fendleri var.? polycarpum). Arizona: Blumer 3309, Rincon a eames Spud Ranch, rocky places, alt. 2260 m., Aug.
M
US); Munz & Johnston 8696, San Bernardino Co., 1 mile south of Oak Glen, alt. 4500 ft., July 17, 1924 (G); Lemmon, San Bernardino Co., woods near Grayback, July, 1879 (G, paratype of T. Fendleri var. platycarpum); A. Gray, Santa Barbara, Feb.— ay, 1885 (G, paratype of 7. Fendleri var. platycarpum) ;
oulter (G, US, paratypes of T. Fendleri var.? polycarpum). OREGON: Cusick 2086a, Eastern Oregon, 1898 (G); Eastwood &
owell 1614, Lane Co., McKenzie Highway, near Blue River,
460 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Apr. 17, 1984 (CA); Constance, Lane Co., Eugene, Young’s Grove, Apr. 12, 1924 (G); Henderson 9057, Harney Co., Stein Mts., above Fish Lake, in aspen woods, alt. 6500 ft., July 20, 1927 (CA); M. E. Peck, 14,202, Stein Mts., above Alberson, along stream, alt. 7000 ft., July 4, 1925 (ANS). Mexico, BAJA CALIFORNIA: Orcutt, n. Lower Cal., Topo Cafion Mts., July 30, 1883 (F). Fre. 102, a-e.
Trelease did not authenticate every Thalictrum he saw at the Gray Herbarium where he prepared his monograph of the genus; only four herbarium sheets bear his identification. These are the specimens he cited as T. venulosum. On about half a dozen other sheets are to be found pockets containing a smaller pocket on which he briefly copied out the label of the specimen, probably in order to be able to replace those pockets where they belong after the drawings were made, for these pockets contain dissected fruits, presumably the very ones from which the illustrations of his monograph were drawn.
It seems that, at the Gray Herbarium, Dr. B. L. Robinson went over Trelease’s work, wrote the new species-covers needed and pasted all the revision labels as Trelease would have done, for all the names written by Robinson on sheets or covers in the genus Thalictrum are in perfect accordance with Trelease’s treat- ment of that genus. Nearly all of the Thalictra bearing a revision label in Robinson’s handwriting were collected prior to 1886. Very few indeed of the specimens collected after that date were revised by Robinson. The later specimens were obviously not accessible to Trelease for his monograph. Furthermore, a few specimens might have been collected prior to 1886, but mounted and revised by Robinson only later on. These can not be dis- tinguished from those Trelease had on hand in 1886, and they introduce some uncertainty as to the correspondence of Robin- son’s labels with Trelease’s opinions in the genus. However, in the absence of any better criterion, the revision of the former has been considered as representing the opinion of the latter, provided the specimens were collected prior to 1886 in a locality within the range given by Trelease in his monograph of that year.
There is no authenticated specimen of 7. Fendleri, var. platy- carpum Trel. except for one specimen from the Smithsonian Institution which bears the following note in Trelease’s hand- writing: “7. Fendleri v. platycaroum or nearly that’, but six
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 461
specimens at the Gray Herbarium bear a revision-label in Robinson’s handwriting, stating that these are J. Fendleri Englm., var. platycarpum Trel. All six are from California and were collected in or before 1885. In view of this variety having been published in 1886 with California given as its range, it seems likely that these labels represent Trelease’s opinion rather . than Robinson’s. The Tyrr was selected from among these six specimens. It bears in a pocket a fruit dissected by Trelease and this apparently is the very fruit from which he made the drawing he published to illustrate 7. Fendleri var. platycarpum in the paper where he published that variety. A drawing was made of this fruit (our fig. 102d) and one can not fail to note some similarity of pattern of this drawing to Trelease’s drawing. Such sinuose lateral nerves are rather exceptional in 7. Fendleri.
103. T. FenpLERI Engelm. var. WRIGHTII Sao Trel., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 304, 1886. T. i Gray, Pl Wright. 2: 7 (269). 1853. Planta saepius ga a omnibus partibus minor, haud stolonifera, (25)—50-(90) cm. Stigma ca.
mm. Carpella matura ovata ca. 2.5 mm. longa, nervis haud sinuosis, nervo dorsali convexo, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Nervus lateralis singulus, vel, si ternati, nervus medius conspicuor et multo crassior quam duobus aliis intocmneare Floret Au- gusto et interdum Julio vel Septembri.—Arizon . E. Jones, Santa Rita Mts., alt. 4500 ft., hte. 24, 1903 (CA A. UC); Darrow & Arnold, Santa Rita Mts., alt. 5500 ft., Aug. 23, 1936 (UC); Harrison & Kearney 8907, Santa Rita Mts., ae 20, 1932 (US). Mexico, CHIHUAHUA: Barlow, Sierra Madre ridge besos Rio
Ww f Min ca, dry rocky 7 ay herb, alt. 2900-2400 m., " Gaps, 16-17, 1934 “(ANS): LeSueur 1211, Chuchichupa, Aug, 1936 (F); Pringle 1131, ie Mts., alt. 7300 ft. Bree
fete oe ee ae Ss 3 oS Bo
_ NY, Sonora: Hartman 1 21, Los Pinitos, alt. 6100 f , Oct. 12, 1890 (G, NY, US); Wright 834, mountain ravine at sacita Cruz, Sept., 1851 (G, TrPE; ANS, G, M ky UC, 1sorypEs); Mearns 1605, summit of San Jose Mes Aug. 3 , 1893 (US); S. ’S. White 3081, e las Estacas, July 30, 1940 (G). sInALoa: Penne li
‘ along
on pineland, alt. 1800-1900 m., Aug. 29-30, 1935 (ANS);
Gentry 6266, Sierra Surotato, Ocurahui, Pine Forest area, steep
ft. ist shady canyon slope with mixed dominants, alt. 6000-7000 » Sept. 1-10, 1941 (ANS, M, NY). Fie. 103.
462 Rhodora [DECEMBER
The number 834 in the manuscript of Wright is an Artemisia. But it is known that Gray changed Wright’s collection-numbers. The manuscript of the latter enumerates three collections of Thalictrum:
178. Thalictrum, Cummings’ Creek, May 10, 1849. 151. eager rum, a of Coppermine Creek, 2-4 ft. tall, ug. 4, 1 639. Thatictrum, "Mowxtaia ravines at Santa Cruz, Sept. 23, 1851.5
At the Gray Herbarium there are three herbarium sheets of Wright’s collections. The labels read as follows (Gray’s hand- writing is in italics, the printed caption in roman):
First specimen:
=)
le, Texas, Mr. Charles Wright.
Second specimen:
No. 833 C. Wright, np N. Mex. 1851. Thalictrum Fendleri, E ngelm
Third specimen: No. 834 C. Wright, vip N. Mex. 1851. tit n.
Thalictrum Wri Santa Cruz, Sonora.
Comparing these with what Gray published in Pl. Wright. 2: 7 (269), 1853, it seems clear that these three specimens correspond respectively to Wright’s field numbers 178, 151, 639.
104. T. Fenpieri Engelm., var. sinuosum, var. nov. Planta similis praecedenti, fructubus tamen nervis sinuosis. Floret Augusti mense.—Merxico, cHrHuAHUA: Goldman 126, - Parral, alt. about 6500 ft., Sept. 20, 1898 (G, US). puRAN Pringle 18,701, Sandia Station, Oct. 12, 1905 (G, US); Pennell 18,448, north of Cueva, Metates, ravine at warcealh alt. 2600-
TYPES). SAN LUIS POTOSf: Scha er 26, ex sini“ San Potosf, in sylvis montibus San Miguelito, 1876 (G). Fic. 104.
to a manuscript at the Gray Herbarium Rema ts I. M., Field Notes of Foon Wright, 1940), this ri ae Se County, Texas *Eodem. Grant County, 3’ Eodem. exico
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 463
105. T. FenpLert Engelm., var. quadrinervatum, var. nov. Planta pubescens verosimiliter metrum superans. Stigma ca.
mm. Carpella matura ventro ca. 5 mm. longo et ca. 2.5 mm. lato, nervis rectis vel sinuosis, ventrali convexiore quam dorsali. Nervi laterales carpelli vel tres vel singulus in utroque latere. Si tres, intermedius quam duo alii multo conspicuor et crassior est. s ignoti—MEeExiIco, BAJA CALIFORNIA: Wiggins & Demaree 4941, Sierra San Pedro Martir, La Encantada, margins of meadow and adjacent slopes, alt. 2200 m., Sept. 20, 1930 (G, Type; F, NY, UC, , IsoTYPES). Fie. 105.
106. T. potycarpum (Torr.) Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. 14: 288, 1879, nec T. polycarpum Loret, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. 6: 16, 1859, ut nomen provisorium alternativumque editum. T. Fendleri Engelm., var.? polycarpum Torr., Pac. R. R. Rep. 4: 5 (61), 1857. 7. caesium Greene, Fl. Franc. 3: 309, 1892, nec T. caesium Blocki, Oest. Bot. Zeitschr. 37: 286, 1888. T. bernardinum Greene, Fedde, Rep. Nov. Sp. 7: 252, 1909. T. campylopodum Greene, 1. c. 253, 1909. 7. coreospermum Greene, l.c. 1909. 1. lentiginosum Greene, 1. c. 1909. T. papyraceum Greene, 1. c. 1909. 7. ametrum Greene, Muhlenbergia, 5: 129, 1909. 1. latiusculum Greene, 1. c. 130, 1909. 7. magarum Greene, 1. c. 1909. 7. mendocinum Greene, 1. c. 129, 1909. T. letocarpum Greene, 1. c. 130, 1909, sicut nomen provisorium et alternativum praecedenti editum, nec 7. leiocarpum Fries, Linnaea, 29: 731, 1857 sive 1858. TT. polycarpum Wats. var. caesium (Greene) Jepson, Fl. Calif. 1: 530, 1921. Planta stolonifera omnino glabra, saepissime cauli, ramis, ramulis, fructubusque pruinosis vel glaucis vel caesiis, 50-150 em. Se- pala floris maris elliptica 3-5 mm. longa, foeminei orbicularia vel ovata vel saepius late ovata 1.0-2.5 mm. longa. Filamenta 5-6
Antherae 2-4 mm., acumine 0.1-0.5 mm. Stigma 1.5-4.0
mm., filiforme. Carpella matura reflexa et valde compressa, hunquam costata, stipite (0.1)—0.2-(1.0) mm., ventre oborbicu- lari vel obovato-lanceolato vel saepius obovato 4-6-(8) mm. longo et (2.2)-3.5-(4.5) mm. lato, nervis lateralibus valde sinuo- Sis ramosis anastomosantibusque, nervo ventrali interdum gib- boso et semper quam dorsali convexiore. Floret Martio Aprili Majo et Junio.—CatrorNnia: Chesnut 33, Mendocino Co., Round Valley, alt. 440 m., May 20-June 20, 1898 (US, type of a of
464 Rhodora [DECEMBER
coreospermum); Alderson, San Diego Co., Witch Creek, April, 1894 (G-ND, type of 7. magarum; G, photo of type); Greene, Chico, June, 1889 (G-ND, type of 7. caesium; G, photograph of the type; UC, NY, isotypes); L. E. Smith 306, Shasta Co., Pitt River, May 28, 1913 (CA); Bidwell, Chico, Apr., 1879 (G); idem, May, 1878 (G); Mrs. R. M. Austin, Plumas Co., 1877 (G); G. BR Vasey, Sancelito, 1876 (G) [These last four specimens were authenticated by Watson]; J. M. Bigelow, Napa Valley, 1853- 1854 (G, type of T. Fendleri var.? polycarpum; NY, 1soTyPe). Orecon: J. Howell, Tualitin Plains, damp shady woods, along creek, July, 1877 (G); J. Howell, Sauvie’s Island, July 1877 (F, type of 7. papyraceum); T. Howell, along wooded streams, June 1881 (ANS, F, isotypes of T. campylopodum); J. C. Nelson 1118, Polk Co., W. Salem, woods near river, May 8, 1817 (G); Hast- wood & Howell 1487, Douglas Co., 4 miles n. of Oakland, Apr. 13, 1934 (CA); J. C. Nelson 2701, Marion Co., State School, low ground, June 21, 1919 (G); 7. Howell, Washington Co., by creeks, May, 1880 (F); idem, May, 1881 (ANS). Fie. 106, a-c.
The validity of 7. polycarpum Wats. against the earlier T. polycarpum Loret has been argued pro and con many times. First, Greene noticed that there were two species called 7’. poly- carpum and proposed the name 7. ametrum to supersede T. polycarpum Wats. See Muhlenbergia, 5: 129, 1909.
Second, L. C. Wheeler pointed out that T. polycarpum Loret, being a “nomen provisorium’”, was not validly published and thus could not invalidate a later homonym. Hence T. poly- carpum Wats. was the correct name for the plant discussed. See Ruovora, 40: 319, 1938. Third, Leon Croizat in Madroijio, 7: 1, 1943, in an article which I find much harder to follow through than Loret’s “stiff french”, contested the following points: 1, that it has not been made clear yet which of Loret’s names, 7’. polycarpum and T. multiflorum, is a “nomen provisorium”. that T. polycarpwm Loret was published as a synonym of T. multiflorum Loret, hence it is invalid (Amsterdam Code, Art. 40). 3, that T. polycarpum Loret is illegitimate, invalid, has been treated as a synonym on taxonomic grounds, and is an earlier homonym. ‘Thus, according to Article 61, it renders illegitimate T. polycarpum Wats.
To this one may answer: 1, that both T. multiflorum Loret and T. polycarpum Loret are “nomina provisoria”. If not, what 1s the meaning of “nomen provisorium”? There does not exist yet any officially published definition of that term, but in the
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 465
meantime we will take it in its common, everyday sense, hoping that it will not turn out that the 1935 International Congress had some esoteric meaning in mind. 2, that T. polycarpum Loret was not published as a synonym of T. multiflorum Loret, but as a “nomen alternativum”. As ruled by the 1935 Congress, when names are published as ‘‘nomina alternativa” that does not render them invalid, but they are invalid if published as ‘nomina provisoria”. Hence both T. polycarpum Loret and T. multi- florum Loret are not validly published. See Journ. Bot. 74: 75, 1936. 3, that Article 61 mentions 4 conditions as necessary, that a homonym might be invalidated by another homonym, namely, that a homonym must be “previously and validly pub- lished for a group of the same rank based on a different type [italics mine]’. 7. polycarpum Loret does not fulfill the second of those conditions. Hence it cannot render T. polycarpum Wats. illegitimate. Article 61 speaks of “illegitimate names” and of names “treated as synonyms on taxonomic ground” only to specify that those two qualities are of no effect in the solution of the problem.
4 and 5, Cronquist and Weatherby, in two different articles published on the same page, both pointed out that “nomina provisoria” have been ruled out as not being validly published, and that the other half of Article 61, cited by Croizat, explicitly states that an earlier homonym must have been validly published in order to invalidate a later homonym. Now, Croizat himself admits that 7. polycarpum Loret was not validly published, hence there is no reason why we should not keep T. polycarpum Wats. (Madrofio, 7: 83, 1943).
The type of T. Fendleri Engelm., var. ? polycarpum Torr., is evidently not at New York, but at the Gray Herbarium. The
of the original description suggests that Coulter’s plant should not be selected as a type. It is represented by two sheets, one at the Gray, the other at the National Herbarium, and both were originally labelled 7. dioicum L. in John Ball’s handwriting. The specimen at the Gray bears the following successive anno-
tations in Gray’s handwriting: >
Fendleri T. polycarpum Torr. = Fendleri var. ?. polycarpum
466 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Both specimens are densely pubescent individuals of T. Fendleri and they agree only in part with the original description of T. Fendleri, var. ? polycarpum Torr.
J. M. Bigelow’s collection from San Antonita, New Mexico, is represented at the Gray Herbarium, at the New York Botanical Garden and at the Smithsonian Institution. All three are good ordinary 7. Fendleri with a large, open and compound panicle and with pubescent fruits and leaflets. Although cited by Torrey, this collection does not agree at all with his description. The specimen at New York is labelled Thalictrum Fendleri Engelm. in Gray’s handwriting and so is the specimen at the Gray Herbarium, but to this one Gray himself added later fere var. Wrightii. The third specimen is labelled Thalictrum Fendleri Engelm. in Torrey’s handwriting. The New York sheet has the original label: Camp B, San Antonita, Octo. 9, 1853, 963 Thalictrum sp., mt arroyos, JMB.
At the Smithsonian Institution there is also a specimen of T. polycarpum which was first labelled Thalictrum dioicum L. ?, but Torrey changed it later to polycarpum. It was collected by E Samuels in Sonoma Co., California. Although authenticated and agreeing with the original description, this specimen was not cited.
J. M. Bigelow’s collection in Napa Valley is represented both at the Gray Herbarium and at the New York Botanical Garden. The New York specimen is identified Thalictrum Fendlert Engelm. in Torrey’s handwriting. It is an immature pistillate plant. The label of the specimen at the Gray Herbarium reads as follows:
carpum Napa Valley Calif. n. sp. Torr. Bigelow eal
Gray’s handwriting is indicated by italics, Torrey’s by bold- face characters. This latter specimen is made up of a staminate inflorescence and a complete pistillate specimen with immature fruits. This Bigelow collection is very clearly T. polycarpum (Torr.) Wats. and agrees perfectly well with the original descrip- tion of T. Fendleri Engelm. var.? polycarpum Torr. The speci- men to be selected as a TYPE is evidently J. M. Bigelow’s speci- men at the Gray Herbarium, from the Napa Valley collection.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 467
92a92b
Ze
iW 106c > 107b | = 107a 1076 Na \
i" Q |
aay." 108c 109a
0b
10la 10lc 102d Sa
Derams or Frowers or Fruits or THALICTRUM, all X 4; except 10le, X \, and 110e and 113a, these X 3.
(For explanation see end of paper.)
468 Rhodora [DECEMBER
rf It is the only specimen which is at the same time cited, authenti- cated and agreeing well with the original description. It is also the most complete specimen and a well preserved one. This problem had already been outlined by L. C. Wheeler in Ruopora, 40: 319, 1938, but no definite conclusion-was given.
When Watson published his 7’. polycarpum he gave T’. Fendlerz, var.? polycarpum as a synonym “in part”, without specifying which of Torrey’s specimens were included. But the description of Watson eliminates both Coulter’s and J. M. Bigelow’s New Mexican collections; only the Napa Valley specimen agrees with the description. Thus 7. polycarpum must be considered as a new status for 7’. Fendleri Engelm. var. ? polycarpum Torr. “ part including the type specimen” and there is no need to select a new type for T. polycarpum, but we must write 7. polycarpum (Torr.) Wats.
L. C. Wheeler has expressed a different opinion in RHopora, 40: 317, 1938. To him it is not clear what of Torrey’s variety Watson included in his species. He thus naturally comes to the conclusion that one must write 7’. polycarpum Wats. and must select the type of that species independently from the type of Torrey’s variety. To this we may say that Torrey’s variety included two different species but his and Watson’s descriptions agree well only with the Napa Valley collection. Watson had all three syntypes at hand and could easily settle that point.
Anyhow, there are at the Gray Herbarium 5 collections of T. polycarpum (Torr.) Watson authenticated by Watson himself. All agree well with the description, are within the range given, and were collected from 1876 to 1879. As a matter of fact, all 5 labels are entirely in Watson’s handwriting. If one should follow Wheeler’s opinion, one of those 5 specimens should be taken as the type. There is ample choice: one specimen is made up of 2 staminate inflorescences, another of a pistillate inflores- cence, a third one of two pistillate and one staminate inflores- cence, a fourth is the upper half of a plant with fully mature fruits, and the fifth one, the best specimen, a nearly complete plant with also fully mature fruits. The latter is the only spect- men cited by Watson. Its label reads as follows:
Thalictrum polycarpu (T. Fendlert, var. saree ey Torr.)
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 469
Damp shady woods along creeks, near Tualitin Plains, Oregon J. Howell, July 1877.
Oddly enough, Wheeler selected J. M. Bigelow’s Napa Valley collection as the type of T. polycarpum, the very type of T. Fendleri Engelm. var. ? polycarpum Torr. I see no reason to write T. polycarpum Wats. rather than T. polycarpum (Torr.) Wats., if the type of both units is the same specimen.
Sectio Leucocoma (Greene), stat. nov. Subg. or Sect. Leu- cocoma Greene, Leaflets, 2: 54 and 56, 1910, subaivisio on 3
. me coma Rydb. Fl. Rocky Mts. 108, 1917. Plantae haud stoloni- ferae, sed radicibus fibrosis et numerosis. Flores polygami, sexu variabiles modo mirabili. Sepala erosa maris majora. Fila-
menta alba in nonnullis clavata. Antherae fere ovoideae ad tins linearee: pallido-fuscae, apice truncatae vel acumine brevi. Stigma breve plus minusve bialatum. Carpella p ariete
This section is vophuestad from Labrador to British Columbia and also in Newfoundland, Saint-Pierre et Miquelon and in the United States except in Mississippi, California, Utah and Nevada.
A key to the species of the section is not a workable one if it takes into account the full variation of each species. With more than a thousand herbarium sheets at hand one finds that occasional specimens will agree with the species to which they belong but for one character. To take such specimens into ac- count would render the description so full of perhaps, sometimes, | rarely, or, even, that they would not be descriptions any more. The following keys and descriptions are built upon specimens which I consider typical.
CLAVIS AD FLORES MASCULOS FERENTIA
a. Pubescentia pilorum og hag vel rarissime deest; a therae 1.6-2.8 mm.; foliolae coriaceae et margine
minusve revolate.. 6s cis so a ea ts 107. TP, revolutum, * -s atia vel dest vl piioram uniseriato Soe & Antherne 0.5-1.4 mm.; filamenta apice dilatata sub an- eris co
eee ee
470 Rhodora [DECEMBER
c. F Cretia gt merit et pe 4 integrae 0.5-1.5 cm. longae. 1
brae. oe 3.0-5.0 mm..... d. d. tae oa prelate ees. 4s. 108. 7. macrostylum. Filamenta debilia. Planta reclinans........109. T. Fabeatundies, c. Foliolae fere omnes apice trilobatae 1.5-4.0 c m. longae. Plantae — pubescentes. Wilaneate 3.5-8.0 MM, . 2. e. e. Antherae ca. 1 mm BP pis gracillimi. Inflor centia cuibalate ilamenta 3.5-5.0 mm. .110. ks polygamum. e. puiberee ca. 1.2 mm.; unculi crassiusculi;
.0-8.0 mm.; gp omnia subco: 1 a. Berean ery fal hebecarpum. b. Antherae 1.5-3.2 mm.....
f. J ae 1.5-2.5 mm. Plantae pubescentes. .. .g. . Antherae 1.5-2.0 mm. Titonmentia | pice rotunda. ygamum, var. intermedium. g. Antherae 1.8-2.2 mm. Planta fate ata
ee et margine revoluto. amebicooas Peer Pes Se OLIN CORN US Eb de ees T. dasycarpum.
> Antheras 2.2-3.2 mm. Plantae ee ius ae 114. TT. dasycarpum, var. hypoglaucum.
CLAVIS AD FLORES FOEMINEAS FERENTIA a, Foliolae glabrae saepe integrae 0.5-1.5 em. longae. . . .b. —) 1.0 (-1.5)
b. Stigma (0.7- mm. Foliolae hee mits integrae saepius apice chip” cy has coriaceae...... 7. macrostylum b. Stigma 1 liolae fere omnes integrae, saepius ee bo a a ee Soe: ve T. subrotundum
. Inflorescentia panic ata apice acuta.... e. Foliolae coriaceae pubescentes. ee ata’ 2-3 mm
113. “|. dasycarpum.
e. Foliolae saepius membranaceae. —— .5-5.0 mm 114. T. dasycarpum, var. penance
d. Inflorescentia apice rotunda vel " subcorymbosa ape
f. Inflorescentia subcorymbosa, pedunculis cr. ante
Lit... ZT. aplninaen: vax hebecarpum. f. Inflorescentia paniculata................... 430, 2 emcee? 112. 7. polygamum, var. intermedium.
CLAVIS AD FRUCTUS FERENTIA
a. — —. — bi tiahen ‘Gaim nervis valde gw fa) rae et inte ti pee ve Res jena egies htnnen, IO T subrotundum.
‘ ng omnia SMe Lae Receptaculum ad basem capitis fructuum. .. .
c a apice aeuininata + incurvata nervis valde
sinuosis; stigma ca. 1.0 mm.; foliolae glabrae, inferne albicantes, ca. 1 cm. longae................ 108. 1’. macrostylum.
c. Stigma 2-3: mm. Plamtas de dense pubescentes et ase: Ch. 2db O08, JONG a oe 113. 7. dasycarpum.
b. Receptaculum ad centrum capitis fructuum. Carpella
se ee
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 471
d. Bybeeceate pilorum rigidorum capitatorum, rarissime dee Foliolae coriaceae margine valde revoluto 107. a revolutum. d, Pubescentia saepius adest pilorum ee et - seriatorum. Foliolae saepius membranaceae.... e. Inflorescentia subco. osa pedunculis paced eae Saas ventre saepius oblanceolato 111. T. polygamum, var. hebecarpum.
anuenios quam dors: . T. dasycarpum, var. hypoglaucum. 4; — carpelli ovatum vel obo vatum vel ellipsoi- deum vel lanceolatum, stipite 0.2-0.5 (-1.0) mm 110. . ?. Sac 112. T. polygamum, var. intermedi
107. T. REvoLuTum DC. Syst. 1: 173, 1817, nec T. revolutum ong Oestr. Bot. eae 23: 254, 1873. T. revolutum DC.,
Risiohen Willd. ex ee a Bull. Soe. Bot. le ve 253, 1885, . oh depts on ex Trel., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 3 , ex a dette ae Cornuti L., var. macrostylum Shuttly. j in Binal & Heller, Mem. Torr. Bot. Club, 3: 8, 1892, ut synonymon editum. T. Cornuti L., var. brevifolium Rugel in Small & Heller, 1. c. 9, 1892, nomen ut synonymon editum nec T. Cornuti L., var. brevifolium Shuttlw. in sae Syn. Fl. North Am. 1, part 1: 17, 1895. 7. amabile Greene, Am. Midl. Nat. 2: 294, 1912. 1. revolutum DC., f. glabra isicl Pennell, Bartonia, 12: 12, 1931. Planta circa metralis, fere semper pubescens per foliolas inferne, sepala, pedunculos et ovaria. Aliter semper glabra. Foliolae coriaceae margine valde revoluto, saepius obovatae, apice trilobatae, lobis saepius rotundis. Sepala ovata vel oblanceolata 3-4 mm. longa, floris foeminei 2.0-3.5 mm. onga. Filamenta debilia paululum apice incrassata, sub ee
oblongo-lanceolatae ad oblongo-lineares 1.7-2.8 mm., acumine 0.2-0.5 mm. Stigma 2.0-3.5 mm. alis saepius conspicuis et pilis
minutissimis, in nae saepius incurvatum. Carpella matura stipite 0.2-0.5 mm., ventre ellipsoideo_ad lanceolato. Recepta-
Julio.—Quesec: J. Macoun 72,578, our Co., Percé, Aug. 30, 1907 (C, G).. ‘ah aa caetoen: Fernald & Weat herby 16,807, Barnstable Co., Falmouth, roadsides in Aud north of Wood’s
Middlesex Co., Stoneham rocky woods, June 18, 1894 (NE); W. Boott, south end of Mystic
Pond, wood, daly, 1869 (G); Pease 3782, Essex Co., N. Andover, (NE Ru ODE ISLAND:
). J. F. Collins, Pevidanes. n. of Cat Swamp, June 26, 1892 (G);
472 Rhodora {[DEcEMBEK
Lownes & Collins, Washington Co., South Kingston, July 11, 1930 (NE); Fernald 9518, Providence Co. .. Lincoln, Wilbur Crossing, dry thicket, July 17, 1913 (NE). CoNnNecticuT: vee by 6779, Tolla nd Co. sy Somers, roadside thicket, June 22, 5 (NE); Bi issell §4, Hartford Co., Southington, dry rocky ok frequent, June 15, July 10, July 30, 1893 (NE); Wood- ward, Franklin, dry bank, June 24, 1911 (G). New Yorx: Muh- lenberg 795 (ANS): ; Eames, Randolph & beg dein 12, — Ontario o., Phelps-Waterloo townline, Sept. 6, 1919 (G); B urnham, Warren Co., Lake George village, Sept. 3, 1897 (G); Bi 25,018, Albany Co., so. of Kamer, sand plains, Aug. 24, 1937 (NY). New JERSEY: Austin, Closter, June 5-15 (G, ae of T. purpurascens var. ceriferum) ; Austin, ( Closter, 1866 (G, para- ype of 7. purpurascens var. ceriferum); A ustin, Ne. New J ersey, uplands (G, paratype of 7. purpurascens var. ceriferum) ; Austin, Palisades, 1858 (G, F); Austin, Closter, June, 1865 (F, paratype of T. purpurascens var. ceriferum). PENNSYLVANIA: Pennell 8956, Chester Co., Nottingham, serpentine barren, Sept. 14, 1916 (ANS, paratype of 7. revolutum, f. deviate Small, Perry Co., vicinity of Marysville, June 25, 1888 (F); Schweinitz, Bethlehem (ANS); Meredith, Bucks ond e 14 miles west of Union School House, open hedge-row, May 30, 1921 (G); Muhlen- berg 598 (Willdenow Herb., paratype of 7’. polygamum 2) DEL- AWARE: Commons, near Centreville, banks of streams, July 5, 1872 (ANS). Manryzann: J. D. bbe Garrett Co., Oakland, copses, borders of glades, July 13, 83 (G). DistTRIctT OF CoLuMBIA: Steele, Chain Bridge flats, ‘Tuly 4, 1904 (US); L. F. Ward, June 23, 1878 (F, NY). West Vircinia: Miilspaugh 336, 1890-1899 (F); Gilbert 482, Cabell Co., Pleasant Valley, open oak woods, July 8, 1936 (G, NY); Core, ‘Monongalia Co., near Halleck, July 1}; 1931 (G). Virani: Fernald & Long 11 835, Greensville Co., Emporia, bs deciduous wooded slope, May 11, 1940 (G); Small, Smyth Co., Walker Mountains, Shannon nae alt. 3 ft. , June 20, 1802, G (F, G, ese ee ap Rockbridge Co., Glasgow,
June 1, 1891 (M). TH Carouina: Small & Heller 264, on road between Blowing. Rock and Shull’s Mill, June 16-17, 1801 (ANS, F, M, NY, US); mine ees Polk Co., Tryon, open
sides, May 22, 1899 (M); Churchi Ul, Madison Co., Hot Springs, June 1, 1899 (M). Sours Caroxina: Saint Andrews, May, 1855 (G); B. E. Smith, Darlington Co., Lauther’s Lake, low a _ 3, 1940 ged House 2226, Oconee Co., Fort May 24 906 (BG, M , US). Gronera; — 2018, Lumpkin Co., Blo od M ock Gap, moist edge of exposed ’rock slide, June 2, 1934 (ANS): r Cutlber 516 & 551, Augusta, May 17, June 18, 1901 (NY); Pollard & Mazon 521, Dou ghe rty Co., vicinity of Albany, Aug. 13, 1900 (G, US); Churchill, Chickamauga Park, near Lookout Mountain, May 8, 1906 (G, M); Green, Macon
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 473
(ANS, labelled 7. Cornuti, var. brevifolium Rugel and paratype of T. macrostylum). Fiorina: Chapman (G, NY); Rugel, prope St. Marks, inter frutices (Magnolia-Chamaerops), jun. 1843 (NY, labelled 7. Cornutt var. macrostylum and paratyp 7: macrostylum). Ontario: J. Macoun 23,615, Amherstburg, July 31, 1901 (G). Onto: Wilkinson 228, Mansfield, waste places, June, Aug., 1895 (US, type of 7. amabile); Moseley, Erie Co., Perkins, July 8, 1895 (G); Lea, Hamilton Co., June 14, 1838 (ANS). Inprana: Peattie, Porter Co., Tremont, sandy field and along roads in the dunes, Sept. 4, 1920 (G). Kenrucxy: Smith & Hodgdon 3865, Monticello, Beaver Creek, rich wooded slopes, July 12-14, 1937 (G); Short, Lexington (ANS); McFarland James 5, Whitley Co., 3 miles west of Corbin, low swampy field near edge of ditch, July 25, 1941 (M). TEnNEssEE: Ruth 1808, Knoxville, groves and open woods, June, 1897 (NC, NY); Svenson 10,564, Cheatham Co., Pegram, dry shale, Aug. 22, 1940 (BG); Eggert, Dickson Co., near White Bluff, Aug. 19, 1897 (M). AvaBaMa: Eggert, De Kalb, Collinsville, June 29, 1897 (M). Inurnors: Gleason 9131, Champaign Co., Champaign, wet prairie along railway, July 3, 1940 (NY); Gleason, Urbana, wet woods, June 27, 1906 (G); Greenman 3688, vicinity of Chicago, June 15, 1911 (G). Mussourr: Standley 9802, Webster Co., vicinity of Rogersville, thin woods, Sept. 3, 1912 (US) ; Letterman, near Allenton, 1893 (ANS, M, US); Emig 268, Elmont, May 23, 1914 (M). Fie. 107, a-f.
The specimen from Percé is only tentatively identified as T. revolutum. It is from far out of range and in a very different floristic area.
The correct name for this species is still unsettled. Two nomina dubia antedate 7’. revolutum and when better understood might replace it: T. purpurascens L. and T. pubescens Pursh.
474 Rhodora [DECEMBER
(0.7)—1.0-(1.5) mm., alis obscuris. Carpella matura haud com- ae nec costata, ‘abrupte stipitata et apice incurvato, stipite a. 0.5 mm., ventro ca. 3 mm. longo et 1.5 mm. lato, nervis gins iin et no nnunquam sinuosis. Receptaculum ad_ bas capitis fructuum. Floret Junio, Julio et Augusto. bias pho Fernald & Long 9050, Henrico Co., west of Elko Station, sphag- nous springy swales bordering Whiteoak Swamp, Aug. 17, 1938 (G); idem 8711, July 23, 1938 (G, M); idem 8710 (G); Fernald, ong & Smart 5778, on headwaters of Blackwater River, abou 3 miles southeast of Petersburg, swampy woods, June 25, 1936 (G); L. F. & F. R. Randolph o boreae Anne Co., Pungo, open swampy land along West Neck Creek, June 29, 1922 (G). NortuH CAROLINA: whee & Holler, ia Co., n. of a swamp, June 25-26, 1891 (NY, Type and isotypes of T. m stylum; F, ISOTYPES) ; idem 428 (ANS, NY); Rugel, Swanane ie pratis vallis, Aug., 1841 (G, T. Cornutt var. brevifolium) ; Heller 1015, ape wha Co., near Hickory, June 23, 1893 (ANS, F, G, M, NY US); Biltmore Herbarium 1 024, Flat Rock, low grounds, June 6, 1905 (NY, US); Wiegand & Manning 1216, Martin Co., June 21, 1927 (); Godfrey 4384, Beaufort Co., ’ Washington, marsh, June 9, 1938 (G); Godfrey 4875, Hyde Co., ’ Swanquarter, June 9, 19 < (GQ); Godfrey 4449, Cartaret Co. , Newport, marsh, oe 10, 193 8 (G); Feri 4318, Pisgah Forest, "alt. 2500 ft., June 29, 1909 (US); Peattie 1317, Polk Co., The Sho als, low wet woods, Aug. 20, 1921 (F); Peattie 1313 & 1313 13A, Polk Co., east of Colum- bus, edge of a M. agnolia virginica swamp, Aug. 20, 1921 (NC). The two herbarium sheets on which Small and Heller picked up the two synonyms given in the original description belong to T. revolutum DC. 109. T. subrotundum, sp. nov. Planta omnino gishes,
Godfrey & Tryon 121, Georgetown Co., 4 miles west of i town, creek-bottom dustak rich lowland woods, June 27, 1939 (G, NY); Eggert, Aiken Co. , sandy swamps, Aug. 8, 1 1898 (M); Godfrey & Tryon 584, Berkeley Co., 3 miles southeast of Pine-
atatnndbeaneaenenemaneaantiie ini.
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 475
e of Muckalee Creek, Aug. 2, 1902 (NY, US). Fiorrpa: Berg, near Tallahassee (NY). AwtaBama: Earle, Lee Co., Camp Hill, June 23, 1897 (M, NC, NY); Harper 3525, Autauga Co., about 2 miles southeast of Booth, swamp of Bridge Creek, June 15, 1936 (ANS, BG, F, G, M, N-ND, NY, US). Fic. 108, a-d 110. T. pouygamum Muhl. ex Sprengel, Syst. Veg. 2: 671, 1825. T. polygamum Muhl. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 3: 172,
T. divergens Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. 2: 92, 1822. T. harsutum
b
Syst. 1: 174, 1817. T. altissimum Greene, Leaflets, 2: 58, 1910, nec 7’. altissimum Wender, Flora, 9: 358, 1826, nec T. altissimum Thomas ex De Massas, Ann. Sc. Nat. ser. 2, 9: 369, 1838.
Farwell, Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts & Lett. 26 (1940): 11, 1941. Planta statura variabili, saepius pubescens. Pubescentza pilorum uniseriatorum flexuosorum. Foliolae membranaceae variabiles (1.0)-2.5-(7.5) em. longae, obovatae vel oblongae, apice trilo- atae lobis integris. Inflorescentia paniculata, apice rotunda, pedunculis tenuibus. Filamenta rigida 3.5-5.0 mm., apice clavata et sub antheris constricta. Antherae saepius oblongae ca. 1.0 mm. long. Stigma 0.5-2.0 mm., alis obscuris et pilis crassiusculis. Carpella stipite 0.2-1.0 mm., ventre saeplus ovato vel obovato vel ellipsoideo, nervis raro parum sinuosis. Floret Junio, Julio et Augusto.—NewrounpLanp: Fernald, Long |
Fogg 269, Bay of Islands, southern slope of Lark Mountain,
476 Rhodora [DECEMBER
peaty and turfy subalpine sap gag ee 1, 1926 (G); Howe & Lang 1006, Bay St. George, Aug. 5-7, 1901 (G); H. Bishop 319, near Bonne hago Neddy Harbor, worded banks of stream, Aug. 28-30, 1928 (G). ‘“Canapa”: Kalm [?] (Linnaean Society Lond., veraty pe of T. dioicum; G, photograph). Saint-PIERRE et MrquEto : L.-Arséne 264, Cha apeau de Miquelon, 31 juil., 1901 (G); L. A fsing 239, Langlade, vallée de la Belle-Riviére, aotit, 1901 (G). QuEBEC: Victorin, Rolland, Brunel & Rousseau 17; 47, Percé, sur les corniches de conglomérat, 24 juil., 1923 (G); J. Macoun 66,630, 66,631 & 66,682, Cap a l’Aigle, Aug., 1905 (G); Senn 396, near Wakefield Lake, — July 24,
1938 (G). Prince Epwarp Istanp: J. Macoun 869, Tignish, July 25, 1888 — type of T. glaucodeum; G, rpliotoerenhe of ame); "J. Mac Mt. Stewart, July, 1888 (US); Fernald,
Bartram, Long & St. John 7498, Mt. St tewart, springy ditch by railroad, July 30, 1912 (G). New Brunswick: Rousseau & Bonin 32,047, junction of Restigouche and Matapedia Rivers, gravelly banks, hed oa 1929 (G); Chadbourne, King’s Co., Rothesay, July—-Aug 1883 (G); Fowler, Kent Co., Bass River (F). Nova Satta: tdi Macoun 19, 006, Cape Breton Island, Baddeck, thickets, July 28, 1898 (G-ND, type of 7. tortuosum; G, photographs of the same); ; Fernald & Long 23,8658, Yarmouth Co., Parr Lake, thicket at upper border of cobbly beach, Aug. 12, 1921 (G); Fernald & Long 23,852, Digby Co., Little Meteghan Lake, thicket, Aug. 9, 1921 (G); Perry, Wetmore, Hicks & Prince 10,140, Antigonish Co., Salt Springs, along brook, Sept. 11, 1925 (G). aero B. L. Ro binson, Rangeley Lakes, Middle Dam, Aug. 2, 1903 (G); Solar Penobscot Co., Orono, rocky bank, July 12, "1802 (G, NE); Fernald 8, Aroostook Co., St. Francis, low thickets, Aug. 15, 1893 (G). New Hampsuire: A. H. Moore 4082, Coos Co. , Colebrook, foot of Lombard Hill, east of Monad- nock phate shaded r oadside, July 20, 1907 (G); ; Batchelder, Cheshire Co., Biniatond, shore of Sandy Pond, Sept. 3, 1916
E). Ver RMONT: Day 11 , Bennington Co., Manchester, June rb July ocean (G, NE): Williams, Ripton, Bread Loaf Inn,
J . Massacuusetts: Churchill, Berkshire Co., heficld. low ground, July 19, 1920 (NE); Fern 18,470, me wich, Spring rg low thicket
a Ruope Isuanp: Fernald, Kent roe ., Warwick, ao! ae June 25, 1910 (G, NE): Ware & Fernald. d, Washin
esterly , boggy swale north of Babcock Pond, Aug. 31,
1919 (NE); below East Providence, sta . 1929 (NE). Con-
NEcTicUT: Bissell, Southington, July, 1897 (G-ND, fragment
from type of T. Bissellii; G, tay Saas of this fragment) ;
Meredith, Litchfield Co., Kent Falls, brookside, Aug. 2, 1927
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 477
(ANS); Wright, Meriden, July 21, 1879 (NE). New York: Lucy 227, Chemung Co., Elmira, July 2, 1896 (G-ND, fragments
Oswego, Mud Pond, swampy woods and _ thickets overlying Silurian sandstones, Aug. 23, 1922 (G). New Jersny: EL.
1930 (G); Greenman 368, Randolph Co., Big Run, Sept. 14, 1904 (F, G). Virernta: Fernald & Long 8267, Surry Co., James
Co., river banks, May 3, 1932 (G); Biltmore Herbarium, Madison Co., near Marshall, banks of Big Ivy Creek, Aug. 8, 1898 (G, M, Y, US). Gzorara: Ruth 10, Blue Ridge, swamps, July 10,
ensum; G, photographs of the type and of one isotype) ; idem, june 12, 1909 (G-ND, paratype of 7. perpensum). Outo: F. EB.
Leonard 87-11214, Elynia, July 14, 1887 (US). INDIANA:
=o
|! Rene, Floyd Co., New Albany, Aug. 23, 1923 (N-ND).
Kentucky: Smith & Hodgdon 3929, Wayne Co., southwest of
Monticello, Beaver Creek, shady ledge, July 12-14, 1937 (G); Smith & Hodgdon 3695, Rockcastle Co., between Berea and Mt.
478 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Vernon, slough, July 8, 1937 (G, NY); Short 2, alluvium of the Kentucky River (ANS); Lea 3, Kenton Co., Banklick Creek, 1834-44 (ANS). TreNnNeEsSEE: Kearney 602, Cocke Co., near Lemon’s Gap, Sept. 3, 1897 (G-ND, type of T. perelegans; M, NY, US, isotypes) ; idem 60214 & 603, Sept. 8 (M, NC, NY, US); Svenson 4050, Morgan Co., Rugby, mossy banks of stream, Aug. 19, 1930 (BG). Fig. 110, a-c.
Thalictrum polygamum Muhl. is antedated by two other validly published names and perhaps by four. Although we know that this name is not the right one for the species, it seems preferable to keep it until we make sure of the right name to take.
Gray gives 1813 (Cat. Plant. Amer. Sept., p. 54) in his Synop- tical Flora as the right date for the valid publication of T. poly- gamum Muhl. He considered the two words “smooth, polyga- mous” as a valid description. Actually these were not intended to be a description, but common names, that is ‘smooth meadow- rue, polygamous meadow-rue”, as stated at the beginning of the Muhlenberg’s Catalogue. The first valid publication is, then, Sprengel’s in 1825, later than 7. corynellum DC. 1817, T. diver- gens Link 1822, T. pubescens Pursh 1814, and T. purpurascens L. 1753.
111. T. poryeamum Muhl., var. HEBECARPUM Fern., RHODORA, 10: 49, 1908. T. leucocrinum Greene, Ott. Nat., 24: 29, 1910. T. zibellinum Greene, |. c. 30, 1910. 7. labradoricum Greene, 1. c. 53, 1910. TT’. terrae-novae Greene, 1. c. 52, 1910. T. cana- dense Miller, var. hebecarpum (Fern.) House, Bull. N. Y. State Mus. 254: 346, 1924. Planta robustior saepius pubescens et sesquimetralis. Inflorescentia ampla subcorymbosa, pedunculis crassiusculis et nonnunquam incurvatis. Filamenta saepius 5.0- 6.5 mm. conspicue clavata. Antherae ca. 1.2mm. Stigma 1.5- 3.5 mm. Carpella matura saepius oblanceolata. Floret Julio et Augusto.—Lasrapor: H. Bishop 318, Petty Harbor, 52° 25’ N., 55° 40’ W., sphagnous spruce woods, July 12, 1928 (G); Fernald & Wiegand 3438, Blanc Sablon, by brooks, Aug. 6, 1910 (G). NewrounpLanp: Robinson & Schrenk 187, St. John’s, Rennie’s River, rocky banks, Aug. 4, 1894 (US, type of Tr. terrae-novae; ANS, F, G, NY, isotypes); Fernald & Wiegand 3437, Port Saunders, gravelly shore, Aug. 6, 1910 (G); Fernald & Long 28,274, Bard Harbor Hill, meadow below limestone escarpment, Aug. 21, 1925 (G). Qursec: Williams & Fernald, Témiscouata Co., Riviére du Loup, gravelly thicket by the Saint Lawrence, Aug. 2, 1902 (G, typr of T. polygamum var. hebecarpum); Fernald, Bartram, Long & St. John 7492, Magdalen Islands, Grindstone Island, Grindstone, wet clearing, July 22, 1912 (G); _
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 479
Richardson 867, Lake Mistassini, wet meadows around springs and along rivulets, July 15, 1870 (C); Churchill, Terrebonne Co., Lac Tremblant, July 18, 1922 (G). Prince Epwarp Isuanp: J. Macoun, Mt. Stewart, Aug. 17, 1888 (G). New Brunswick: J. D. Smith, Campobello Island, July 17-Aug. 20, 1888 (US, type and isotype of 7. leucocrinum); F. T. Hubbard, Shediac Cape, rich meadow, with alder, July 21, 1914 (G); Fowler 2, St. Andrew’s, July 3, 1900 (G); Fernald & Long 13,641, Carleton Co., Woodstock, gravelly river-thickets and bushy terraces, July 14, 1916 (G). ova Scotia: J. Macoun 21,134, Sable Island, not uncommon on the old land, July 24 & Aug. 2, 1899 (G, isotype of T. zibellinum); Perry & Roscoe 217, St. Paul Island, between Petries Pond and White Spring, Aug. 3, 1929 (G); Long & Linder 21,256, Yarmouth Co., Tusket, peaty spruce and alder thickets bordering swales, July 15, 1920 (G). Marne: C. A. E. Long,
111, a an
This variety is not a well cut unit but a rather well marked extreme commoner than the typical in northern parts of the range of the species. The following variety exhibits a similar behavior but the relation between the staminate and the pistillate plants has not been made yet. A third variety is perhaps worth recognition in the southern Appalachian upland (T. altissimum Greene and T. perelegans Greene).
112. T. ponycamum Muhl., var. intermedium, var. nov. ? T. viride Greene, Leaflets, 2: 56, 1910. Planta metralis pu-
480 Rhodora (DECEMBER
bescens. Foliolae subcoriaceae et revolutae. Inflorescentia pa- niculata. Antherae 1.5-2.0 mm. Ruope Istanp: F. S. Collins 2854, Bristol, July 12, 1918 (NE). _ CONNECTICUT: Woodward,
The bos: of T. viride Greene has ait been seen by me.
113. T. pasycarpum Fischer & Lall. ex Fisch., Mey. & Lall. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 8: 72, 1842. T. Co rnuti L., var. @ hg Mey. & Lall. 1. c. 72, 1842. T. virginicum Drege. ex Lec.,
Bull. Soc. fe Belg. 24: 323, 1885, nomen ex synonymis. T. purpurascens L., var. dasycarpum (Fisch. & Lall.) Trel., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 301, 1886. T. vegetum Greene, Midl. Nat. 1: 103, 1909. T. albens ’Greene, Amer. Midl. N : 292, 1912. T. Moseleyi Greene, |. c. 294, 1912. T. Nortoni i Greene C.
, 1912.
Nieu wland, Amer. Midi. Nat. 3: 324. 1914. L. albens (Greene) Lunell, Amer. Midl. Nat. 4: 361, 1916. L. vegeta (Greene) Lunell, l. c. 1916. Planta metralis et ’ pubescens. Pubescentia ag 8 densa pilorum uniseriatorum et flexuosorum. Rami et folia plus minusve conferta. Foliolae coriaceae, margine revoluto, oblongae, apice trilobatae, lobis acutis. I nflorescentia paniculata ae acuta. Filamenta capillaria et sub antheris paululum dilatata nec constricta, ca. 4 mm. Antherae 1.5-2. = mm., oblongo-lines aria, acumine 0.1-0.4 mm. Stigma 2-3 m Re-
eptaculum ad basem cnapiie fructuum. Carpella. ‘tint stipite 0.1-0.3 mm., ventre saepius ovato, apice nonnunquam incurvato, nervis — sinuosis. Floret Junio Julioque.— Russia (cultivated): x horto botanico petropolitensi (US, presumably from type ae in the garden). NortH AMERICA: el Expedition te Ontario: C. F. ee 1 at
& Leslie 2280, Al goma District - tke adenehon birch association, July 35, 1935 (C)j Teor Losee & Bannan 904, Thunder Bay District, Marie Louise Creek, along —— Aug. 13, 1936 (C); W. S. 62, 298, Aine vanary, July 15, 904 (C). Micuican: W. F. Wight 118b, Alle egan Co., along Fes Rea R. at Allegan, Sept. 11, em (US, type, on two sheets, of T. Wights- anum); Barlow, M. ette Co. ., Turin, by flowing water, July 8, 1901 (G); Fernald & ibe 307 Houghton Co., southwest of Houghton, border of swamp, July 3, 1934 (G); 'L. H. Bailey,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 481
near Lansing, June 13, 1886 (G). Onto: Webb 491, Portage Co., Garrettsville, June 24, 1901 (G); Moseley, Erie Co., Oxford Tp.,
W. Edmonds, Vilas Co., Eagle River, 1926 (NY); Fassett &
Wilson 4301, Buffalo Co., Fountain City, sandy R. R. embank-
ment, Aug. 25, 1927 (G); Schuette, Brown Co., Dach’s Creek,
July 11, 1895 (G, NC). Ixxrots: Bebb, Fountaindale, 1867 ; G
5, 19 Pammel & Zimmerman 275, Feinback, June 23, 1925 (G); Ball 2, Ames, July 18, 1896 (G). Missouri: E. J. Palmer 18,991,
: r north-facing wooded bluff of Little River, July 5, 1933 (M ortH Daxora: Lunell, Ramsay Co., Devil’s Lake, in woods, July 16, 1902 (G-ND, type of T. vegetum; G, photographs) ; Lunell, Devil’s Lake, July 1, 1905 (G-ND, paratype get
Hayward 1694, Black Hills, Hot Springs, mixed prairie, 1927 (F). Nepraska: Tolstead 5138a, Valentine, along the banks of the Niobrara river, July 27, 1936 (G); F. Clements, St. James, June 24, 1893 (G, US); Rydberg 1413, on South Fork of Dismal River, in meadow, Aug. 14, 1893 (G). Kansas: J. B. Norton 4a, Riley Co., 1896 (US, type of T. Nortoni; G, M, eer White, Cowley Co., June, 1898 (M); Rydberg & Imler 44, a Co., between Olathe and Pleasanton, June 18, 1929 (NY). SaskatcHewan: Bourgeau, 1857-1858 (G); Herriot 69,8014, Yorkton, damp thickets, July 6, 1906 (G). Anperta: Herriot
Ipano: Leiberg 1576, Clarks Fork Valley, below Weeksville, alt.
482 Rhodora [DECEMBER
650 m., Aug. 23, 1895 (G). Wyomine: F. L. Bennett 827, Black Hills, Sand Creek Canyon, shady flood-plain, alt. 3800 ft., June 24, 1938 (CA); A. Nelson 8338, Laramie Co., Badger, thickets on ’ river-banks, July 1, 1901 (U 8). Cotorapo: Cowen 27 & 82, Fort Collins, river-bank, alt. 5000 ft., July 1, 1895 (G, US). New Mexico: Standley 13,541, Colfax Co. wf vicinity of Ute Park, meadow along creek, alt. 2200 to 2900 m., Aug. 22, 1916 (US); Arséne “e x 17 ,431, vicinity of Watrous, alt. 1950 m., Aug. oT, 6 (CA, US a: Vasey, Las Vegas, 1881 (US). ARIZONA: Haugh, havin, July 14 (US). Fie. 113, a and b. A study of the polygamo-dioeciousness of this species was pub- lished by J. H. Schaffner in the Ohio Journ. Sci. 20: 25, 1919.
T. pasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., var. hypoglaucum (Rydbers), stat. nov. 7. hypoglaucum Rydb. Brittonia, 1: 88, 1931. 1. macrostigma Torr. ex Trel., Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 23: 301, 1886, ut synonymon. T. amphibolum Greene, Fedde, Rep. Nov. Spec. 7: 255, 1909. 7. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall., a hypoglaucum Steyermark, RHopora, 40: 178, 1938. Planta saepius glabra. Foliolae saepius membranaceae. Filamenta 4-7 mm. Antherae 2.2-3.2 mm. Stigma 2.5-5.0 mm. Recep- taculum ad centrum capitis fructuum. Capella matura recta ventre lanceolato et nervo ventrali paullulum convexiore quam
orsali. Floret Majo et Junio. Mussourr: Standley 9298, Greene Co., creek-bottom, vicinity of Ash Grove, Aug. 24, 1912 (US); £. J. Palmer 36 ,684, Johnson Co., Columbus, thickets, limestone hills and low woods, June 21, 1930 (G); Bush 4, Independence, June 26, 1895 (NY); Steyermark 5 5938, Nodaway Co., Parnell, att open woods of Bunker Hill, June 20, 1938 (F). peop EP soln ech Fort Cobb and Fort Arbuckle, 68 (NY, U; stigma); Bush 2479, Miller Co., woods, kon 27, Joos a) : Fabiett 19,760, Hempstead Co., Hope; April se 1938 (G). Lovtstana: Hale, Alexandria, 1840 (NY, US, 7. acrostigma). Sours Daxota: T. A. Williams, Big Stone, Aug.
7. 1895 (US); Hayward 135, Spearfish Canyon, streamside, Aug. , 1926 (NY); Brenckle 41 -27, east of Malette, river-bottom, in oods, June 16, 1941 (G). NEBRASKA: Bates, Red Cloud, June iL 1906 (G); E.S. Bacon, Neligh, June 15, 1896 (G). KANsas: Hal, ees 1870 W); Kellerman, Manhattan, 1887 (M). OKta- “Pega Washin ngton Co., Copan, in moist
shady mt rear a2 13 (G); Merrill & ican 546, Platt National Park, June 3 1935 (F, US); G. W. Stevens 920, ‘Cadd ty) Co., Hinton, bottoms of Devil’s. Canyon, June 15, 1913 (G, US); J. Clements '11 ,083, Comanche Co., Fort Sill, June 2, 1916 (G). aoe Hall 2, Dallas, creek-banks, 1872 (NY, vyPE of T. hypo- ucum; F, G, M, US, ISOTYPES) ; Eggert, Mowie, woods, June
13, 1898 nn NY, paratypes of T. hypoglaucum) ; Lindheimer,
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 483
Houston, April, 1842 (G, US); Lewton 57, Victoria Co., Victoria, March 23, 1905 (US). Montana: Spragg 369, Square Butte, canyons, July 15, 1901 (G); Watson 7, near Frenchtown, Aug. 4, 1880 (G, US); M. E. Jones, Ravalli, Middle Temperate Life Zone,
: (CA, UC). Coxrorapo: Cowen 32, Fort Collins, river-bank, alt. 5000 ft., July 1, 1895 (G); Bethel, Platte, July 31, 1916 (US). Arizona: J. W. Lead 1511, White Mountains, meadows, July 30, 1935 (US); Rusby, Oak Creek,
1883 (ANS, F, G, NY, US). WasHINeTON: Kreager 377, Box - Canyon, Aug. 2, 1902 (US). Brivis Cotumsia: J. Macoun 10,059, Waterton Lake, thickets, July 27, 1895 (C); J. Macoun 860, Warm Springs, open places, July 5, 1890 (C). Fria. 114, a and b.
The carpel is not always perfectly closed in the genus Thalic- trum. Near the base of the style the ventral nerves are free for a short distance and not infrequently there is a transition in the tissue of the carpel between the two ventral nerves. This is more easily seen in nearly mature fruits of T. dasycarpum Fisch. & Lall. var. hypoglaucum.
SPECIES HAUD SATIS COGNITA
foliolis ambitu suborbicularibus, subquadratis v. rhomboideis, raro usque infra medium 3-sectis, plerumque antice trilobis v. tricrenatis, glabris; inflorescentiis 1-2-floris; sepalis 3.5 mm. ongis, albis, subtus violaceo-maculatis; antheris ovatis obtusis; acheniis sessilibus anguste lanceolatis, longitrorsum striatis, rostro uncato excepto cr. 3 mm. longis, 0.7 mm. latis. Caules debiles, verisimiliter plantis aliis incumbentes, inferne usque 1.5 mm., medio vix supra 0.5 mm. crassi, teretes v. obtusan- guli. Stipulae semiovatae, inferae usque 4 mm. longae, superiores sensim decrescentes, margine saepius dentatae, marcescentes.
feste nervosa. Flores primarii (terminales) 10-12 mm., secun- darii (ex axilla folii simplicis v. bracteiformis abeuntes) usque
em. longe pedicellati. Sepala non unguiculata, ovata v. ovalia, apice obtusa, 2 mm. lata. Stamina er. 10; filamenta 2
484 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Hab. in Haiti in Morne la Selle prope fontem Riviére Blanche de Jacmel 1800-1900 m. alt., m. Aug. flor. et fruct.: Christ n. 1848, 1848b.
Obs. Species hujus generis prima ex Antillis cognita, pecu- liaris, habitu foliorum Th. Fendleri Engelm. et Th. Wrighti Gray (ex. America sept.) in memoriam revocans, sed ab iis statura, inflorescentia, antheris, acheniis omnino diversa.
The preceding text is a copy of the original description. I have not seen any material of this species but it seems to differ from the continental species and probably belongs to the Debilia.
NOMINA DUBIA
T. purpurascens L., Sp. Pl., 1: 546, 1753. 7. dioicum L., var. « purpurascens ens (L.) Povanoling Fl. Can. 1: 5, 1862.
Of the type of this species in the herbarium of Linnaeus I have seen only the negative of a 35 mm. photograph. It is the upper half of a staminate plant collected in early bloom and looks pretty much like 7’. revolutum DC., but could be just as well 7’. polygamum Muhl.
T. puspescens Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 388, 1814. T. polygamum Muhl., var. ‘pubescens (Pursh) K. C. Davis, Minn. Bot. Stud. 2: 514, 1900.
The descriptions of Thalictra given by Pursh in his Flora are all more or less obscure to me and there are a few too many. I have seen five of Pursh’s collections from the B. S. Barton her- barium. But that did not elucidate the problem. I suspect the type to be in the Delessert Herbarium and to belong either to T. polygamum Muhl. or to 7. revolutum DC. .
T. CAROLINIANUM Bose and var. (ht tee She tha Syst. 1: 174, 1817, nee T. carolinianum Walter, Fl. Car., 157, 1788.
I have not seen any typical material of this aes and its variety, and Lecoyer, who has seen the type specimens in the Delessert herbaritim, considers them as synonyms of 7’. polyga- mum and T’. dasycarpum, but his account is not very pagan | De Candolle’s description i is not very clear, but as the name carolinianum Bose is already preoccupied by one of Walter’s s species, its correct interpretation is of little one ret
T. mecacarpum Torr. Cat. Pl. Fremont Exped. 87, 1845. nomen nudum. 7. megacarpum Torr. ex Rydberg, in Rocky
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 485
Mts. 290, 1918. TT. occidentale, var. megacarpum (Torr.) St. John, Fl. South. Wash. & adj. Idaho, 158, 1937.
The type of this species I have seen, but it greatly puzzles me. The foliage is typical of 7. occidentale Gray var. palouense St. John; its inflorescence is pretty much like that of T. confine Fern. var. columbianum (Rydb.) nostrum, and the fruit, although’ closer to certain forms of 7. Fendleri Engelm., also recalls that of T. occidentale Gray var. typicum. Such a specimen I consider as being either abnormal or of hybrid origin.
Other names have been discarded for various reason but none of them is likely to be entitled to supersede any of the names: adopted in this paper. The list of these names follows:
Sect. campronotum Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. 3, 2: 66, 1888.
ect. CAMPTONOTUM, ¢. PETALOIDEA Prantl, lc.
Sect. CAMPTOGASTRUM, C. PLATYCARPA Prantl, 1. ¢.
aa pasa pg DC. Syst. 1: 187, 1817, nomen provisorium.
T. Cornutt L., var. MONOSTYLA [author?], Bot. Zeit. 3: 218- 219, 1845, peitiegts nudum
T. PURPUREUM K. C. Davis, Minn. Bot. Studies, bt 1900, nomen ex synonymis Thalictri purpurascentis L., 7. pur- pureum Schang ex Pall., N. Nord. Beitr., 6: 42.
EXPLANATION OF FIGURES Fias 2—25 (p. 351), all X 4
Fig. 2. Taaticrrum Hvuirenu Boivin: — Everman : ALPINUM sees var. Typicum: a) sepal, Blaisdell. 800; b) stamen, » a a 1935; s) ovary, Pease & Smith 26, 761; @)! ) brac peduncle and fruit, Fidiz, Aug. 11, 1910. 5. TT. aALPINUM L., var. sT rraTum ‘Yabe: a) ovary, Rock 17 si; ) fruit, Takemoto 591. igs ie ee AICALENSE Turez.: fruit, Hsia 2310. 9. AICALENSE Turcz., var. ama Boivin: fruit, Fang. 3619, 10. ee crtyeracrnaee Cc. ot Robinson: a: fruit, OV illiams 1187. 11.
Aw coor tht yaa gg Akg Mazi cz, Amur. 12. T. cLAVA og ee a) uncle and sepal, M agee, Tgadortone’ one; .) peduncle and anther, id.; ¢) seed,
er, Cullowhee; d) section of fruit with — M oe ckstone; e) peduncle
fruit, id. id. Pca T. pecurnatom Boivin: Lam 0 Teint onde Mozset b) fruit,
Hand.-Mazz.) Boi andel-M 11,173; b) stamen, ks 3c) ae & Ko &2, S21. (The Mane “ ee tee aatted byerror.) 1 oe ener s fruit, Henry $982. 16, 'T. UNGUICULATUM Boivin: ayes fruit, id. — - yr ae Boivin: ‘a) Sepal, Teang. 28 $186; b) 0) ether Ps c) frui T. MIRABILE Small: sanen, Bath Hodgdon 39 6) fruit, gry £2 frit Earle 2212. Fig. 18cis esctiorally Mg x Tw i, ry. ntaber f oa. shoatil: Nan seen aie a , 1892. 21. T. Caraonts Boivin: a) stamen, res a0 18,71 719; ides = id, 23; T. Secoeat rte Lec.: fruit, Wilson 492. 25. T. + Var. CUM: a) stamen, Komarov 724; b) fruit, id.
486 Rhodora [DECEMBER
Fics. 26-43 (p. 371), all x 4
Fic. 26. T. sPARSIFLORUM Turcz., var. RICHARDSONII (Gray) Boivin: fruit, Kellog 211. 27. T. SPARSIFLORUM Turez., var. SAXOMONTANUM 36.
g fruit, Nelson 6864, 28. T. sPARSIFLORUM Turcz., var. NEVADENSE Boivin: fruit, Heller 7056. 29. T. "AQu UILEGIFOLIUM L,: a) section of fruit and seed, ae Chablais; b) peduncle and fruit, id. 30 D ivin: a) sepal, en, id.; c) ovary id.; d) peduncle and fruit, id. 31 guciceocasie D ich.: a) stamen, Linder 2116; b) sepal, id.; c) ovary, id.; d) peduncle and fruit, Schimper 472 . INNITENS Boivin: a) sepal, = on en, id.; c) ovary, id.; d) peduncle and fruit, Owan 598 T. Cuarini Boivin: a) sepal bar 6; b) stamen, id.; c) ovary, id.; d) peduncle and fruit, Mearns Le - IMPEXUM Boivin: a) sepal, Curtis 39; b) stamen, id.; c) Rak gh 8 : d) fru sig dyiey 630. 36. T. STEINBACHII Bovis a) sepal, Ste inbach 8. ‘apodiond .; ¢) fruit, id. 37. T. Sreyer-
MARKII Standley: a) ovary, hte 85 140; i fruit,id. 38. be paso ie Boivin: a) ovary, Steinbach 9231; b ruit id. 39. T. MACROCARPUM fruit, Cosson, Gourzy. 40. a INUNCANS Boivin: a) sepal, Fiebrig 2440; 'b) ovary, id.; c) stame n, id. . T. Gateorri Lec.: a) stamen, Galeottt 4541; ovary, id.: 3c) fruit, id. Fig. ‘41a and 41b 4 were drawn Pasa actual eee fig. 4le from a photograph of the type. 42. T. Hivronm Boivin:
inton 6743. 43. T. pecirrens Boivin: a) ovary, Herrera 1047a; b) fruit, ad
a 44-69 (p. 409) all x 4, except 5la and 68a, these 1/5
Fig . T. virmuLum Boivin: fruit, Seibert 204. 45. T. PANAMENSE Standiey: ‘fruit, Destin Vol 46, "Macs CBRIDEANUM Boivin: io sepal, Macbride 4466; fag pemgrre ng a A! __. id.; d) fruit, id. 47. DeaMIii
le 507.
Boivin: ae Pring GRANDIFOLIUM Wa f: nik Jones, Soldier Canyon Muamesi Tausch: fruit, Abbott 288. 50. T. PACHUENSE —= ge Beg 96 51, STaNDLEYI Steyermark: a)
leaflet, Sta tandley
Stand. & Stever.- ay ace ars | = Pang sb) stamen, Johnston 1643;
¢) nearly orga a T had seo fabled
E gee :
ovary, id.; d) peduncle and fruit, id. 65. T. crsnosum Lec.: — and fruit, pabonoe 6611. 67. T. aesroasesren DC.: fruit, Dombey, } Drawn from a photograph of the type. 68. T. vesicuLosum Lec.: fruit, Penland Saanies 1014. 69. T. Netsonn Boivin. a) ovary, Nelson ‘1788; '» fruit, id.
Fics. eae (p. 429), all x 4 Fic. 70. T. popocarrum HBK.: a) ovary, a & Smith 16,017; hey pecenee and fruit, id. 71, T. pa hs Boivin: a) peduncle and stam enturt 10,026; b) ovary, id.; ¢) fruit, id. 72. T. LANKESTERI Standley: )
ret ey & Boivin: a) sepal, Torres 187; b) stamen, id.; ¢) ovary, id.; d) fruit,id. 74. T.c MALEN DC. & ) sepal, — 7b) stamen, id.; c) o , id.; d) fruit, Hayes, Las V: 75. T, Tar Me > , Langlassé 1061; b) = ie T rarer DC
sepal e ; : -: eee anal nton 4547; b) stamen, Alaman, Mexico; c) ov: ton 4547. Fig. 76b wae drawn from the photograph of the type... 71. I. Sree gee nr Wate.:
1944] Boivin,—American Thalictra and their Allies 487
a) ape, Pringle on a — id.; c) ovary, i id.; d) fruit, Leavenworth & Hoogstraal 989. EANUM m Boivi n: a) a "Pringle 7205; b) stamen, id.; c) ovary, iaste This; a) fruit, Pringle 8261. 80. T. Arsenu Boivin: a)
sepal, Arséne, Jaripeo; b) stamen, ‘Arsen e 5470; c) fruit, id. 81. T. JaLisca-
num Rose: a) sepal, Hinton ton 4259; b) stamen, id.; c) fruit, Hinton 6557. 82.
. DEBILE ick: : fruit, ile Alabanik 86. . ARKANSANUM Boivin: fruit, Bush 2445. 87. T. pupicum Standle ey & Boivin: portion of stem with stipule and base of petiole, piety & H oogsiraal 1 1 an 88. T. MADRENSE Rose: fruit, Rose 2232. 89. T. prnnatum Wats.: 4 al of staminate flower, Townsend & Barber 134; b) sepal of pistillate flower, id a fruit, LeSueur 1059.
Fias. 92-114 (p. 467), all X 4; —— bos < 1/5, and 110c and 113a, t x
Fic. 92. T. vencLosum Trel.: a) sepal of ee pt rit — b) ovary, id.; c) sepal of staminate flower, Potter 0; d) stamen, Herriot 69,803; e) fruit, Scamman 2892. 93. T. connie Fern : a) se fg of pistillat
: wi
; age Joivin: a) sepal of pistillate gl Morris 1527; b) sepal of staminate flower, Steele, Feeder pale Island, July 10; c) stamen, Steele, Feeder Dam Island, May 10; d) fruit,
yo ibe 1292. 97. T. contaceum (Britt.) Small: ar aes Bedford Co.
Engelm.: a) peduncle and stamen, Metcalfe 248; b) section of fruit and seed
Munz 8696; ¢) fruit, id.; d) fruit, Parish 1483; e) fruit, Heller 11, 669. 103.
T. Fenpierr Engelm., var. WricuTu (Gray) Trel.: fruit, Wrig Wright 834. 104. elson
Fenpiert Engelm., var. QUADRINERVATUM spaah es fruit, Wiggins & Demaree 4941. : Sige adm (Torr.) Wats.: sepal of pistillate flower, aces 2 & Harford 3; b) stamen, Hansen 563; ne fruit, Smith 306. 107. T.
REVOLUTUM DC.: a) stamen, Pease 3782; b) sepal of s staminate flower, id.; ¢) sepal ey pistillate flower, Rich, Stoneham; d) ovary, id.; e) seed, Fern ald & Wea 16,807; {) frait, id. 108, T, MacrosryLum Small & Heller: a) sepal of pistillate flower, Small & Heller, Hickory; b) sepal of staminate flower, Small & He “ . tam &
Heller 1015. 109. T. susroruNDUM Boivin: a) ovary, b) stamen, id.; c) etal and fruit, id. 110. T. pouycamum Muhl.: a stamen, Burnham, pes ipoli; ye os Robinson, Rangeley Lakes; ¢) head of mature carpels, M uenscher & Clausen 4649. 111. T. POLYGAM
: Fern.: a) s og Tans fruit, Fernald & Long, 28,274. 112. T. roLYaaMoM Muhl., var. INTERMEDIUM ivin: stamen, Woodward, Franklin. 113. T. DASYCARPUM Fise a) head of mature carpels, Lunell. Lake Ibsen; b) stamen, Mos tak Oxfo 114, T, vere ae isch. & tak. . HYPOGLAUCUM om (Rydb,) Bi Boivin: a) ventral side of an immature fruit ae the fully expanded sti and the small hole in the = of the ovary near the base of the style, uous 920; b) stamen, Palmer 3.
es pie hi
i TEN iia NNNINRNSS —nikiicaiiiiiisiiaiin,. - ne
OC EE 7 hast,
INDEX New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Anemone, 347 onells, 347 Aquilegi: Raatanis, 162
Clavata, 360 >. ir alma 360 Coptis
Hepatica americana, 405 Homothalictrum, 350
Leucocoma, 346, 347, 469; albens, 480; canadensis, 375; dasycarpa, 480; dioica, 435; Lunellii, 439; cadre 439; thyrsoidea sylva-
, 439; vegeta,
Physocarpa, 346
Physocarpon, 346
Physoc Bocarpum, 346, 360; clavatum, um, 421
ei ay 346
Ruprechtia, 346, 375 Sumnera, 346, 347, 360; clavata, 363
Thalictraceae, 347 Thalictrum mabe. Lecoyerium, 341, g
. Physo- 348, 360, 361; sect. Thaletrun 349, l. Heterogama,
432; t. Tripetrium, 348, 375; pag Clavooarps, 349, 443; subsect. Compressa 349, 453; subsect. Debilia, 349 432, 484; subsect. Dioica, 349, 435; subsect. rays 348, 426, 42 7; subsect.
uina, 360; su t dibboos, 348, “411: subsect. poner 349,
subsect. 349, 454, 457; subsect. Simplicia, 34 ; osa, 349,
80; alpinum, 337, 341, ) 302, 353, 375, 376, var. elatum, ‘ 9, var. gaspense v
pallidum, 353, 355, var. pudicum 53, 355, var. stipitatum, 358, nary var. typicum : altiss mum, 475, 479; amabile, 471, 473: am hibolum
444, » 392, 395, 436 486; cheilanthoides, 7: Chiaonis, , 368, ;
chymoca rpum. cincin-
393, 394; ~ natum, 391, 392, 398, 486; clava-
tum, 342, 361-365, 369, 370, oie; ar. acutifoli - colum-
490
zattii, 402, 417, oat cordifolium, 421; coreanum, 361 3, coreo-
oxycarp a. p
cens, 484, ray idoitatend, 444, "454, var. stipitatum, 377, 444, 454; oss 4 ame um, 442; dioi-
purpur: 4 2,
445; divergens, 475, “ATR: doming- , 483; uriusculum m, 356, 357; elegantulm = 357; Esquirolii, ri, 360; Fe an
468, 469, beac, Henle gr 468, var. quadrinervatum ; 457, 463, 487, 457,
487, Pate * Wright at 457, 461, 466, 487; filamentosum, 362, 363, 85;
eottii
50; gibbosum, 399, 402, 403, ages 411, fs, 419, 486; glauc 47 ’ ; glau- cum, 338, { 359, 360; grandiflorum, 408, 418, 419; grandifolium, 341, a 408, — 419, 486; graveolens,
INDEX
486; hirsutum, 475; hondurense, 424, 426; Hultenii, 340, 352, 485; ypoglaue cum, 342, 482; ichang- 361, 85; impexum, 391, ” 392, 395, "486; integrilobum, 362, 368; innitens, 391, 392, 394, 395, 397, 486; inuncans, 339, 400, 2°, 486; isopyroides, 350; jalapense, 414; jaliscanum, 426, 431, 4 Aptarere ; John- stonii, 348, 401, 412, 486; kemense, -* eg aig Berea 478; lae 4 6; lae evigatum, 1
464; majus, 352,
393, 394, 399; marginatum, 358
megacarpum, : en i 6
“ee
485; monoense, 356, : 456, 475, 477; Moseleyi, Se ot
434, 487, var. su
INDEX 491
433, 435; platycarpum, 457; podo- carpum, 401, 402, 421, 486; podo-
polygamum, : 338, 442, 469-472; 475, 477, 478, 484, 0,
485; rainierense, 455,
AB6: yetractuns, 401, 417, 486; revolutum, 375, 376, 4 408, 469-471, 473, i Saag spl q. glabrum, 471, 72: ubglabrum, 471; Fhynehocarpu, 339, 392-394, 396, pl 486; Richardsonii, 370, Tae cin omen , 360; Rose-
, 430, 487; rotundi-
lorum, 356; sessilifolium, 4
417, 486; sis vireo 475; simplex, 350; sparsiflorum, 340, 341, = 372, var. nevadense,
rier 369, 485; specios'
359, 360; squarrosum, 350; Sta mr
leyi, 339, 400, 411, 486; Steelea- : Stei
sum,
subpubescens a6, 416, 48
ee rte 474, 487; suspen- tene:
a: o
utahense, 372; vegetum, 480, Venturii, 400, 404, 422, 486; ‘venu-
Wightianum, 480; Wri , 484; zibellinum, 478, 4
Trautvetteria, 34
Fy ; 5 :
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 47, January—March, 1945
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM 3 OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CLIII /
RUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
M. L. FERNALD
Dates or IssuE
poets 1-38 and Plates 839-850... ....----- sere i . Pages 47-63 and Plates 851-860. .......5-+-++ RC ee Y 3 Haesunald 1945 Pages 69-90 and Plates 861-875: .......--¢-+-200r terete 19 Mareh, 1945 pr! BOTA . Soy CEIY wc eer” Fa”
AUG 17 1945
wer ee ~ &
Reprinted from Ruopora, Vol. 47, January—March, 1945
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CLIII
RUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES
M. L. FERNALD
pases 1-88 and Plates 839-850... 0-00 --0s rr 11 January, 1945 mim, eae Pages 69-90 Late a ° 19 March, 1945
‘silliest. cunpiemiiaiiaiiiibas ii ae . EEE _——_ @—-_ — poets SU es se mes . eeenneiateineenaeenntee
OONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY—NO. CLIII
RUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES M. L. FERNALD (Plates 839-875)!
Aways a difficult genus to understand, Ruellia, as it occurs in the eastern United States, is quite as baffling as elsewhere. Field-experience for several seasons in eastern Virginia has demonstrated to Mr. Bayard Long and me that too often plants growing side-by-side will differ very strikingly in the degree of pubescence or its length on stem or calyx and that, to some ex- tent, the specimens from a single small colony have to be arbi- trarily sorted in order that those of a single number may be tolerably uniform. The accumulated collections have been al- lowed to wait, with the hope that some ambitious student would care to hunt for stable characters. Finally, however, the familiar “let Fernald do it” has prevailed and I have found it necessary to seek fundamental characters in the plants of the “Manual range”. In doing so it soon became evident that, since names originally given to plants of Georgia, Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky or Arkansas were being currently used for species growing only far from the type-localities, it would be necessary to consider all species occurring fro coast to Nebraska, Kansas and eastern Texas. Happily for me the polymorphic Mexican and Texan series centering about /.
luci defrayed through a gift from Mr. Bararp Lone.
m the Atlantic
Th i £ + 1 : tho pie
2 Rhodora [JANUARY
nudiflora does not extend into the area specially covered, and the relatively simple R. Drummondiana and R. Parryi are likewise excluded from the present study. I have been concerned only with the species which are definitely eastern or which extend eastward into the “‘ Manual range”’.
In studying these relatively few species it has become evident that much recent publication upon them has rather glibly passed by the need even to look up the original descriptions of the earlier recognized species. Thus, although R. humilis Nutt. was de- scribed from “rocks in the upland forests and prairies” of Arkansas, a plant with oblong-ovate and sessile leaves, the name has been transferred by Small and others to a species with rosu- late and chiefly spatulate leaves occurring, to quote Small, in “Sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Fla. to Miss. and Ga.”’; and the latter author says “Stem 1-3 cm. tall’ but correctly identifies as R. humilis, in his sense, specimens up to ten times that height! Again, R. hybrida Pursh came from Savannah, Georgia, but Small restricts it to ‘‘ Pinelands, Fla.”’. As striking a case as any is R. parviflora (Nees) Britton, given by Small the range ‘‘Sandy soil, ~oantes Plain and adj. provinces, Fla. to Tex., Ind. and
; the case striking because Dzpteracanthus caliontts. 7. nena Nees, basis of Britton’s binomial, came from far away from the Coastal Plain, “Ad Ky. fluvium, Julio (Short! in herb. Hook.)”’. Incidentally, Nees described it with petioles 3-6 inches long—‘coroll& vix pollicari, foliis paulo longiori — petiolo (3-6-pollicari).”” Such a description can hardly apply to a plant with petioles rarely 1.5 cm. long! Nevertheless the misbegotten name, R. parviflora (Nees) Britton, promptly came into vogue for almost anything, with either petioled or sessile leaves and no matter where it grew, until Blake revived KR. caroliniensis (Walt.) Steud., which was based in a roundabout way upon Walter’s clear description of a characteristic Carolina plant. When R. caroliniensis came to the front it replaced R. parviflora as a blanket-name for anything, just as, still earlier, the name R. strepens L. had covered almost every species in the United States.
The greatest complexity is in the two series of variations which together make up the northernmost or, at least, the most north- ern-ranging species, R. humilis and R. caroliniensis, for a number
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 3
of strictly southern species are relatively stable. The latter series of plants, relatively comforting to work with, includes R. pedunculata Torr., a clear-cut species radiating from the Ozarkian region southward into Louisiana and eastern Texas; two habitally similar but morphologically distinct new species, one of pine barrens of the Coastal Plain from’ South Carolina (possibly Virginia) to Louisiana, the other centering on the Blue Ridge and Alleghenies; another newly described species concentrated in southern Florida; R. ciliosa Pursh (as I interpret him), the characteristic rosulate-leaved plant of central Florida, north to South Carolina and west to Louisiana, the species treated errone- ously by Small as R. humilis Nutt.; the fleshy plant of sub- tropical Florida, R. succulenta Small; and the local and amazingly clear long-flowered and large-fruited R. noctiflora (Nees) Gray, occurring from eastern Georgia to northwestern Florida, thence to southern Louisiana. There is no trouble in separating these relatively stable species nor in promptly recognizing the conti- nental R. strepens.
The great difficulty is to find stable characters within the two polymorphous species, R. caroliniensis and R. humilis. The latter, characterized by somewhat uniform sessile or essentially sessile leaves, many flowering nodes and a strong tendency to bushy branching, is found through much of the prairie region, but in some of its variations it extends eastward to the Blue Ridge and in one variety even to northwestern Florida. In some areas the corolla may be only 2 cm. long, in others up to 8 cm. Whether the corolla is short or long the leaf-outlines present two parallel trends, on the one hand elliptic-oblong to oblong- lanceolate and (the larger ones) only 1—2.5 cm. broad, on the other hand ovate, oval-oblong or elliptic and 2-4 em. broad. Furthermore, the pubescence varies from a copious wide-spread- ing hirsuteness to glabrescence (the latter especially on the Cumberland Plateau). Search at long and baffling periods through eight months has failed to bring to light any stable characters. The series is certainly an unstable one. I have, as the best I can yet do, suggested its recognition as a number of more or less segregated geographic varieties with some minor forms.
Similarly with R. caroliniensis, trials of first one character,
4 Rhodora [JANUARY
then another, from June to February, have led to optimistic moments, these always followed by despair. At one time the reactions of the seeds in the diverse trends within the mass of material looked like a hopeful character. In Ruellia (at least in all of ours) the thin and discoid seeds are superficially very simi- lar. When soaked for a few seconds in water they give an im- mediate reaction. They promptly send out from the margin a continuous film of mucilage and the flat surfaces become covered with minute processes. When watched for a minute or two they broaden the marginal band of mucilage and the minute processes prolong as flexuous mucilage-spiracles, these visibly shooting out (as seen by a microscope) and often suggesting slender flames. Eventually (after many minutes) the whole surface is plush-like and the marginal band breaks up (on drying) into innumerable slender spiracles; and finally the spiracles somewhat collapse, fall together as domes and eventually subside. During a full week of soaking and watching the behavior of seeds, with thou- sands of objects to study, I had great hopes that the different species and varieties would yield in the behavior of moistened seeds something diagnostic. When, however, the whole series was comparéd I was forced to give up; the possibility that, in spite of its history and development, taxonomy, through Ruellia, was entering the field of experimental physiology, was dis- couragingly abandoned. I have, then, as the best I can do, treated the polymorphous Ruellia caroliniensis as a series of geographic varieties, some with pretty definite areas of develop- ment, others overlapping, and within these varieties, minor local forms in which the abundance, scarcity or length of pubescence strikingly differ.
In this unusually protracted study, in view of the small number of species involved, I have had not only the accumulated ma- terial of the Gray Herbarium but that of several of the larger herbaria and of a number of smaller ones, to the officers or owners of which I extend my cordial thanks for the use of their material. Throughout the work, both in bibliographic details and in making the plates I have had the unlimited and most valuable aid of Dr. Bernice G. Scnusert. Even if the keys and descriptions fail to convey my ideas of a still perplexing group her photo- graphs will make quite clear the chief diagnostic characters.
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 5
In the citations, specimens which are in the Gray Herbarium
are rarely designated as being there, then by G. The other
herbaria cited are as follows:
E. Lucy Braun (Braun) DuKe University (Duke) F. W. HunneweE .t (F. W. H.) Missourt BOTANICAL GARDEN (Mo) New York Botanica GARDEN (NY) University oF NorTH Carouina (NC) UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA (Pa)
PHILADELPHIA ACADEMY oF ScreNcEs (Phil)
Dr. P. O. SCHALLERT (Schallert)
Unitep States NATIONAL Arporretum (USN
Unitep. States NATIONAL Hersarium (US)
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC InstiTuTE (VPI)
As I understand these species they are as follows.
Key to RuUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UnitEepD STATES
a. Main iy terminating in a prolonged i leafy tip, “~ 1-few at leafy-bracted summits of bran ches or 0 getatene from the median or jeer ee or ibe pian inflorescence much b. rte chiefly iematodiienr: bracts of loose cyme linear r linear-lanceolate; garden-escape in the Gulf States. Oe R. Brittoniana. b. Leaves. Lereyeay oblong, elliptic wh ov peduncles y dilated bracts; indige c. Calyx-sogments — = iance-linear, flat tb the tip, mm psule glabrous; larger ees with Shades 718. em. ne and 3-9 cm . broad. .2.
ce ee
R, strepens.
road. over branching, t the branches simple or forking, 0 bo simple to but slightly branched; peduncles from axils 0
Ww ase slender Calyx, abel — ae pilose with slender tpped ubesce of Ozarkia ‘naa nol peruse popes rues 3. R. pedunculata. and partially ersed slender cystoliths Toker? and ee 28 oasta wakioul: plant of southeastern cere d, Stem sew or with say ascending branches; peduncles 1-flowered, ae or 2(-4) n + aime
Ba & 28
linear, 0. 71. thence to apex, minutely Rampant ont ae
eastern Piedm pilose-hirtellous ; Appalachian r SR Purehiond.
species ee eh a EY eet ee
6 Rhodora : [J ANUARY
a, Main axis with sessile or very short-peduncled momeruies: or owers in the axils of the upper (sometimes median and lower) leaves, or the terminal pairs 0 of leaves snreted and
é. segs ee gas flat, lanceolate, 2-4 mm .. wide, shorter than slightly exceeding ac att ‘flowers chie fly or wholly cleistogamous, with small closed corollas; wides anging erect simple or bat slightly’ ereet-branchin ecntinental WES feces as 2a.. R.. strepens, rae cleistantha. e. Calyx-segments narrowly gd with croloaged pup slender sailors st bristleform tips mostly overtopping the cap- ; flowers. rarely cleistogamous (except in nos. 5a. and 67. mostly showy and expanding.... 5 Plant arn dimorphic or hetersincrehic: the vernal (sometimes later) Pye ao rect and simple or slightly branched, poe 1-3 sho leat from axils of 1-3 ot leaves; later trailing or decumbent branches prolonged and bearing dense glomerules ; Of
anit eisbrons capsules; leaves elliptic, oblong, sie meitet olate or narrowly obovate, 1.5—5.5 cm. long, definitely short-petioled, firm, with one or bak joie often cee covered with slender Sher : ee
z Plant 1 sak strongly or not at all ina ag flowers all o nearly all with expanded corollas or, if most or all
broad; veins of leaves and usually the ae odes white-villous; species of spathenr Costal be ae agen ee she kek Cale ws a Aedes od diene we 7. &. ciliosa.
not ap
ret epee in no. a fhe wth only minutely tem fleshy, often hollow, streak wile simple or with strong] ascending branches; leaves fleshy,
ob
verglades region of southern Florida....8. R. succulenta. h. Stem fe fleshy, solid, firm, eubeteant to rarely ; leaves membranaceous to firm, - sat eshy, rarely cong el linear-lanceolate to broadly —— ob long, vee or ovate, pono ig
Dag H oF = a Bs. an Te c or omy eg af 2" bene) a 5 “Hl: Ss
); prim with 3-10 remote pairs of saw Sane selade to ce- or elliptic-oblong submembrana-
1945)
longis 0.5-2 em foliosis bus; bracteis bracteolisque lineari- vel anguste lanceolato-su ; calycis
subrigidis an hirtellis s supra
Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 7
ceous puberulent or ey hirtellous leaves
ng to apex; flowers 1—few from 1—4 upper
nodes; calyx 2.5-4. yak long, cinereous-
puberulent or minutely hispidulous; corolla c
m. R. noctiflora.
habit; gine narrowly oblong-lanceolate to broa dly Ov: , coriaceous, with blunt a ane isch tine, often anal to coarsely 0 ~ rs on well dev
glabrous, 1.2-1.5 cm - long; plant of Great
Aas ins, eastward to Blue Ridge and, an'/
western PIGndA, <5. 55 0.
1. tae. or ras least thé: nrinclial ones, tapering te
definite petioles (up to 2 gee long), spreading to
ascending; primary axis 4 flowering
nodes or, if more, with pais often undulate- entate.
Upper internodes para fi abbreviated, villou 5; Thisaaite, puberulen gla brescenti upper pairs of leaves approximate or crowded;
sho
R. humilis.
near :
ae the plant with senonos d villous upper eae ternodes, le say! paths ca. R. caroliniensis. Upper internodes ongate, ai nutely _pilose- p of leaves distant;
Se 8 6h 97s
becca u -above; capsules pi dhSecsery : oa. , Purshiana, forma claustroflora.
‘Rurtura BrirrontaAna Leonard, emended and validated. Steins early or 1 Validated RveLiia re hatc Leonard, caulibus subligneis adscendentibus 3-10 dm. altis, einde ram
sually several, subligneous, 3-10 dm. high, subterete, quite — glabrous, soon ‘branching, saboowriboscly
by the following Latin diagnosis:
eari-lanceolatis utrinque m.
. latis integris vel obscure undulatis; infl
pedunculis rigide adscendentibus quam foliis subtendentibus 1/3-1/2 breviori-
segmen
anguste Janceolatis attenuatis ad apicem © rsaaeigeinie elabris ve. Sees
libulif. xtus glabro ~s Slee supra 0.9-1.5 cm. lato,
limbo (expanso) 2.5-5 em. lato; capsulis lan
longis, retinaculis 14-24; seminibus sa bortiousaetiie 2-2.5 mm. diametro.
8 Rhodora [JANUARY
mm. long: corolla Panels ong; cylindric Sele 8-13 mm. ; the broadly erhinaibalifotin throat pli to but aan pilose without, 1.2-2 cm. long, 0.9-1.5 em. broad at
summit; limb (laid o pen) 2 5-5 em. bead, with sed rounded lobes; capsule lance-fusiform, pate 2-2.7 om. long; retinacula 14-24; seeds ore en 2-2.5 n diameter.—Journ. Wash. Sci. xxxi. 96, fig. 1 (1 041) 9 wana ctaknodil but accepted oe here validated as ‘ho type, Cryphiacanthus angustifolius Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 199 (1847) in part (the Galeotti specimen from Jalapa); not R. angustifolia Swartz, Prodr. Veg. Ind. Occ. 93 (1788). R. spectabilis Britton in Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vii. 192 (1893), without diagnosis, only as the Mexican plant was poles in his rhage He the type, Cryph. angustifolius Nees, 1. c. not as to Par cer ey cited; not R. spectabilis ese ne Gard. Dict. iii. 334 (1886). R. malaco <efiiea sensu Small, Man. Se. Fl. 1229 (1933), not Greenman in Proc. Am. Acad. xxxiv. 572 (1909).—Native of eastern Mexico; cultivated and spread we eben — meres cultivated ground, borders of ditches, fro orida. FLoripa: open places, Arcadia, 918, Small, ae O00 (NY) as R. patios: Glen St. Mary, June, 1923, C. R. Stevens (Mo); roadsides, Ft. Myers, Aug., W. M. Buswell (NY) as R. malacosperma. ad ps ee gees soil, Houma, Aug. 31, 1913, E. C. Wurzlow (Mo US) as R. spectabilis, hole 10, 1913, Wurzlow (NY), ‘dentified ‘ae Small as R. malacosp a, by Leonard as R. Tweediana Griseb. TEXAS: Sadaed fron: gente San Antonio, Sept. 20, 1901, Bush, no. 864 (Mo); orm poe near Polytechnic, Oct. 10, 1916, A. R. mb ere (US) as tabilis; Houston, July 10, 1934, Sok 11,330, as R. Pond na. SAN Luis Potosi: wet ledges hake tog “Micos, July 31, 1891, Pringle, no. 5043, as R. Tweediana; eeveig ie rocky sand near river, alt. 200 "feet, near Axtla, June 27, 1942, J. N. Weaver, no. 658, as R. Tweediana, corrected to R. Brittoniana. Vera Cruz: in the bed of the Colobozo near Tantoyuca, April, May, 1858, Ervendberg, no. 104, identified mY Asa Gray as Orvphsecoieas angustifolius, by Leonard as
1945) Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 9
Tweediana; along streams, Tenera, Zacuapan, Dec., 1912, Purpus, no. 6162, identified by Leonard as R. ediana; Barranca de Panoya, Sept., 1919, Purpus, no. 8409, identified by Leonard as R. Tweediana. GuaTEMALA: cultivated, vicinity of Quirigué4, Dept. Izabel, Standley, no. 24,307, as R. malacosperma, another number (72,225) cited by Leonard as R. Brittoniana in publishing that unclarified name. N. B. e Mexican material in the Gray Herbarium only here cited. PLATE 839.
So far as I can find the specific characters of Ruellia Brittoniana have never been clearly stated, except partially by Nees who, under the name Cryphiacanthus angustifolius, had two quite distinct but by him undifferentiated species, and partially by Small, who described and had before him R. Brittoniana but misidentified it as R. malacosperma. In fact, the entire history of the names and the recognition of specific lines in the two plants, inadequately treated by Nees in 1847 as a geographically bi-centric species, Cryph. angustifolius, is one of discreditably opportunist shiftings, without any evident attempt at clarifica- tion. The original treatment of the two confused species by Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 199 (1847) was
C. ancustiroiius, caulescens, foliis lanceolato-linearibus acutis integerrimis sessilibus glabris, pedunculo subbifloro folio breviore,
calycis laciniis subulatis scabris. 2| Ad Xalapa (Galeotti! in h.
ook.), Entre Rios (Tweedie!). Corolla pollicaris. Capsula 9 lin. longa, lanceolata, 16-20-sperma. (v. in h. )
The first separation of the Mexican (Xalapa or Jalapa, Galeotti) plant and the Argentinian (Tweedie) elements was in 1879 when Grisebach, in his Symbolae ad Floram argentinam, in die Abhand- lungen Kéniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gdtt- ingen, xxiv. 259 (1879), took out the Argentinian element, as Ruellia Tweediana Griseb. :
late v. ovato-lanceolata —E [i. e. Prov. Entrerios, as explained by
Grisebach on his p. 4, Nees having originally cited “Entre Rios”’].
In other words, Grisebach, concerned only with the flora of Argentina and not the Galeotti specimen from Xalapa (or Jalapa) in the state of Vera Cruz, Mexico, based his Ruellia Tweedia ea (without adequate description) on the Tweedie specimen cited by Nees. Since Grisebach did not use trinomials but regularly designated varieties as “‘var.’’ (see the synonym of R. geminiflora”
10 - Rhodora [JANUARY
Kunth given by him on the same page as ““R. geminiflora var. humilis Gr.”) it may reasonably be inferred that his typonym of R. Tweediana “Syn. Cryphiacanthus angustifolius Tweedianus Ns.” was intended to mean the Tweedie element of C. angusti- folius, Grisebach thus leaving out the Galeotti plant, which, by the very sensible but commonly ridiculed “doctrine of residues”’ remained as true C. angustifolius. If it be argued otherwise the result is somewhat the same, for there was already a Ruellia angustifolia Swartz (1788), so that R. T weediana is the first valid name under Ruellia. Hemsley, in his monumental Biologia Centrali-Americana (Botany), ii. 508 (1882), seems to have suspected that the Jalapa (Mexican) plant was not identical with the Argentinian element, for he entered
Ruellia tweediana, Griseb. Symb. ad Fl. Arg. p. 259? Cryphiacanthus angustifolius, Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. p. 199, saltem
pro parte
SourH Mexico, Jalapa (Galeotti). Hb. Kew.
The Argentine plant may be a different species.
But Hemsley did not note any specific differences. Neither have those who have rather easily and very carelessly rushed into print with substitute-names. Thus, when, in 1893, in an enumeration of plants of Paraguay, Britton substituted for Cryphiacanthus angustifolius Nees the name Ruellia spectabilis, ° he obviously intended the plant of temperate eastern South America, not the Mexican element, but Britton’s item was 0 hastily prepared that it is evident that he did not stop to gain a clear understanding of specific lines, nor had he gone carefully into the literature. His treatment was as follows:
Ruellia spectabilis, Britton.
Cryphiacanthus angustifolius, Nees in D.C. Prod., xi, 199, not
Ruellia angus{tlifolia, Sw.
Caballero (461). January.
This species has branching stems 10-12 em. high, linear, sessile leaves, and flowers larger than in no. 323 [Ruellia Morongii Britt., new name for Cryphiacanthus acaulis Nees, not R. acaulis R. Br.], otherwise much the same. Occurs on the railway track.
Since Cryphiacanthus angustifolius (in its inclusive sense) con- sists of erect, caulescent plants up to 1 m. high, with remote pairs of linear-lanceolate to broadly lanceolate leaves and glabrescent to only minutely glandular-hirtellous calyx about half the length of the capsule or shorter, while Cryphiacanthus
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 11
acaulis Nees, basis of Ruellia Morongii, is, as described by Nees and partly by Britton and as shown by all specimens, acaulescent, “Habitus Primulae” (Nees), with the basal rosulate leaves oblong-ovate, -obovate or subspatulate, and the calyces copi- ously villous-hirsute and equaling to exceeding the capsule, Britton’s characterization of the two as “much the same”’ indi- cates a rather offhand understanding of a few conspicuously different species. Dr. Britton also overlooked the fact that, in his well known Dictionary of Gardening, iii. 334 (1886), George Nicholson had published a R. spectabilis (Hook.) Nicholson, based on Dipteracanthus spectabilis Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4494 (1850), an Andean plant of a different section, with flowers ses- sile in the axils of ovate leaves, ete. Furthermore, Britton evidently overlooked R. Tweediana Griseb. (1879), the name he should have taken up for the Paraguayan as well as Argentinian Cryphiacanthus angustifolius. Had he looked up Grisebach’s Symbolae he would not, on the same page with his R. spectabilis, have published as new R. Tweedyt (Nees) T. Anderson in Herb. Kew., based on Blechum Tweedyi Nees, for, by the rules promul- gated and followed by Britton, the substantive-genitive personal names (such as Tweedyi) and the adjectival forms (such as Tweediana) could not both be used. By the International Rules, vigorously fought by Britton, his combination R. Tweedyi (Nees) T. Anderson ex Britton is rescued. Whether the type of R. Tweedyi is a Ruellia is much more doubtful. The genus Blechum is so very different from Ruellia that it would be sur- prising if Nees, who monographed both genera, did not know it. Incidentally, but of real importance, the original Blechum Tweedyi came from Panama. It would be very surprising, to say the least, if the same species (even if not a Blechum, a genus apparently unknown in Paraguay) were found also in Paraguay.
The next step in the tortuous history of the much abused typonym, Cryphiacanthus angustifolius Nees, was when Leonard, noting that Britton had slipped in publishing a second Ruellia spectabilis, gave, in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. xxxi. 96, fig. 1 (1941), another name:
ia brittoni . NOV. Fig. 1 joint, peukeee Soar DC. Prodr. 11: 199. 1847. I 788. Ruellia spectabilis Britton, Ann. New York Acad. 7: 192. 1893; not Nichols, 1886.
12 Rhoders [JANUARY
A single cultivated plant, from Guatemala, was cited and a very characteristic figure of the Mexican plant, with long- attenuate upper leaves inclined to overtop the subcorymbiform inflorescence, was given as fig. 1. Leonard gave no statement of characters nor any indication as to whether he was accepting Cryphiacanthus angustifolius in the original inclusive sense of Nees or whether he restricted it to the Mexican element left to stand for it when Grisebach withdrew the Argentinian element as Ruellia Tweediana. It is unfortunate, if he intended R. Brit- toniana (Britton having published only on the Paraguayan plant) to stand exclusively for the quite different North American species, that he did not give any word of clarification, for the North American species, at least in the Gray Herbarium and the Britton Herbarium, had been annotated by Leonard as R. Tweediana. Incidentally, had he looked up the first publication of R. spectabilis he would have found that its author was Nichol- son, not “Nichols”. Only by accepting the possible and perhaps probable interpretation that, by removing the Tweedie element from the mixed originals of Nees as R. Tweediana, Grisebach had, by the “doctrine of residues”’, left the Mexican element as true Cryph. angustifolius—only by this interpretation can we possibly save for the Mexican plant the inappropriate name R. Brittoniana, which may or may not have been intended for it. I am following this interpretation merely in order to avoid publishing still another name and thus further increasing the confusion. If the alternative reasoning were adopted the Mexican species (culti- vated and naturalized eastward to Florida) would require a new and clearly applied name, since none of the authors, from Grise- bach on, who have hastily proposed new names in this relatively simple pair of species, has recognized the elementary requirement of sound taxonomy, of accurately defining their species and ex- plaining what they meant.
I have stated above what I consider the specific characters of Ruellia Brittoniana as here validated, and in PLATE 839 its diag- nostic characters are shown. In pLaTE 840 I have shown some of the differential characters of R. Tweediana; and in the following paragraph I indicate some of its other claims to recognition as an endemic species of temperate eastern South America, the name R. Tweediana thus being validated:
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 13
R. Tweepiana Grisebach, caulibus glabris; foliis inferioribus lanceolatis vel lanceolato-ovatis , Supernis lanceolatis subacutis vel obtusis saeco ciliolatis, majoribus 5-12 cm. ionate in- tegris vel undulatis; inflorescentiis elongatis subthyrsoideis; calycibus glautiiloso hictallis segmentis lineari-subulatis a, atis ad apicem acutum hirtum; vbr 3-4 em. longis e valde pilosis, fauce supra 5-10 mm. lato; capsulis AE BeolAe fusiformibus 2—2.5 cm. longis abu 40.
Since Ruellia leiidoktien has been mnistalean by Small and his followers for R. malacosperma Greenm. it should be noted that the latter species differs in the following characters: young inter- nodes of stem and young leaves villous-hirsute, becoming glab- rate; leaves oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, often undulate-dentate, the primary ones slender-petioled, strigillose-lineolate; calyx lineolate, with lance-attenuate sharp-pointed segments becoming 1.5-2 em. long; corolla 3.5-5 em. long, essentially glabrous with- out; capsule 2.5-3 cm. long; seeds orbicular, broadly obovate or elliptic, 2.8-3.3 mm. long. The plant called R. malacosperma by Small (as represented in the Britton Herbarium) is not that species; all that I have seen of it belongs to the frequently cultivated R. Brittoniana.
2. R. strepENS L., as emended by L. in nk 1. Stems 1-few from a knotty rhizome, 0.2-1.1 m. high, simple or with few ascending branches, Signage shale. Enc pilose (often in
14 Rhodora [JANUARY
elxxii. (1791); Willd. Sp. iii. 363 (1800); Pursh, Fi. Am. Sept. ii. 420 (1814); LeConte in Ann. Lye. N. Y.i. 1 40 (1824) ; and later os Ayia Dip teracants strepens (L.) Nees in Linnaea, xvi. 292 (1842) and in DC. P rodr. xi. 121 (1847), including var. ae ahi Nees, 1. c. (1847), see Loghhgerry Haley l. ¢, (122 (1847) and var. strictus (Nees) Nees, 1. c. (1847), in ee D. strictus Nees in Linnaea, xvi. 293 (1842). R. biflora Balbis ex Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 122 (1847) in synonymy, nomen only. R. foliosa Schweinitz ex Nees |. c. in synonymy, nomen only. R. oblongifolia Kinn ex Neen. ]. c. in synonymy, nomen only. R. vincaeflora ex Nees, 1. c. in synonymy, nomen only.—Low woods, bottomlands, wooded swamps, etc., chiefly in basic or calcareous soils, South Carolina to eastern Texas, northeast and north to north-central New Jersey, southern Pennsylvania, central Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, southern Iowa and eastern Kansas. Fl. mid-M ay—July (rarely — —Octob er). The following, from a very much larger series, are characteristic. New JERsEyY: New Brunswick, ‘‘common”’ June, 1894, F. H. Blodgett (NY). PENN- sylvania: LANCASTER Co.: rich wooded hillside along Conestoga ie 1 mile south of Bausman, Louise F. A. Tanger, no. 3270 (Pa, Phil); banks of Conestoga, near Lancaster, 1838, W. W. raat (Phil), June 17, 1859, Porter: near Columbia, S. W. Knipe Phil); ‘fon an excursion to ‘Safe Harbor”, June 18, 1859, Joseph Crawford (Phil). CUMBERLAND Co.: creek-bankside, Camp ill Borough, H. L. Plasterer, as D. E. and Dorothy Wade, no. 1727 (Pa). FRANKLIN CO.: Mercersburg, June, 1844, Porter (Phil). DELAWARE: without statement of locality, 'N’ uttall (Phil). MARYLAND: CECIL co.: Bald Friar, July 4, 1907, EF. B. ates el hee MONTGOMERY CO.: banks of Potomac, June 6, 1881, J. D. Smith; nehere Falls, C. S. Williamson; High I Island, June 6, 1881, C. S. Sheldon (US). District oF CoLUMBIA: Potomac Flats, Chain Brides, June 13, 1897, Kearney (NY); Canal District, June 9, 1897, Steele (US). West VIRGINIA: JEFFERSON Co.: along Shenandoah River, near Charlestown, R. F. Martin, = 200 (USNA). caBELt co.: dry hillside, Huntington, Gilbert, 0. 123 (Mo, Pa). wayYNr - Buffalo Creek, Plymale, no. 445. poate ISLE OF WIGHT Co.: base of rich calcareous wooded slo opes by Burwell’s Bay, sae River, below Rushmere (Fergus- son’s Wharf), Fernald & Long, no. 13 463. PRINCE GEORGE CO.: swampy woods, bottomland of Powell’s Creek, Garysville, Fernald & Long, n nos. 8472 and 8854. cLARKE co.: Castleman Ferry, June 13, 1937, O. M. Freeman (USNA). FREDERICK CO.: low woods, Cedar Creek, Meadow Mills, Hunnewell, no. 13,712. SHENANDOAH CoO.: along stream, north of Short Mt., Allard, no. 5087. PAGE Co.: rats soe eastern foothills of Massanutten Mountain, W. H. Camp, no. 1386 (NY). ROANOKE co.: Roanoke River, south of Roaioks Small & Heller, no. 431 (Phil). MoNntT-
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 15
GOMERY Co.: limestone soil, edge of woodlands just north of Price’s Station, A. B. Massey, no. 5065. SourH CaRoLiNa: BERKELEY CO.: oes oe May, H. W. Ravenel rie co.: Aiken, Sept. 17, 1885, H. W. Ravenel. Grorata: withou stated locality: ‘of te Savannahs”, ie Conte Phi; “Mts. 2 Georgia’, Chapman (US). WALKER co.: dry round, Chicka- mauga Park, May 25, 1911, J. R. Churchill. euetinom from Polk County, Florida, Mrs. J. M. Milli gan (US) were presumably of ape ees Chapman canhadoe ‘Florida”’ in his stated range, but his “‘ R. strepens’’ was made up of several other species. There is no raietal from Florida in the Britton Herbarium, rich in specimens from that state.) OHIO: ATHENS CO.: Atl ens, J. P. Drushel, no. 6623 (Mo). LAWRENCE Co.: open woodlands, Coal Grove, "Biltmore Herb., no. 4500 (US). FRANKLIN CO.: Columbus, Sullivant MONTGOMERY co.: Dayton, July 7, 1879, L. V. Morgan (US). BUTLER CO.: moist woods, Oxford, June 30, 1910, Cuerhalts (Mo). HAMILTON co.: near Cincinnati, June 15, 18 879, C. G. Lloyd (NY, aay open woods on hillsides, Anderson’ s Ferry, June 14, 1905, Braun (Braun). (Specimens with the label “Plants of ee Gk Ohio’’, and marked as from Lucas County, bear the memorandum “Obtained from Mr. Burger of Toledo; never found it in northern Ohio”’.) INDIANA: WELLS. Co. : moist banks of Wabash River, June 21, 1905, Deam (US). MONTGOMERY CO.: Crawfordsville, June 23, 1892, Rose (US). MARION Co.: woods along White River, Scott McCoy, no. ee
viGo co.: Terre Haute, June 1, 1889, B. W. Evermann (US). BARTHOLOMEW Co.: creek-bottom north of Elizabethtown, Deam, no. 34,266. JEFFERSON co.: Hanover, 1874, Coulter (Phil). KENTUCKY: ScorT Co. : along Elkhorn Creek, Stamping Ground, J. W. Singer, no. 219 (US). FRANKLIN Co.: open woods, Farm- dale, June 16, 1879, H. R. Bassler Mars SPENCER CO.: near High Grove, E. L. Braun, no. 3259 (Braun). WARREN CO.:
Mo). oa a: 345, LYON me ; Kuttawa, Eggleston, no. 4524
TENNESSEE: KNOX CO.: woods, Knoxvi e, Ruth, no. 591 (Mo) and 721 (US), Pence no. “1, 301 (Phil). genta co.: Chickamauga Park, May 27, ae R. Churchill. DAVIDSON
co.: bluffs below Nashville, ienianes Herb., no. 4500¢ (US); Nashville, Eggleston, no. 4444: limestone cliff of Cumberland River, Nashville, thera: no. 11,411 (Phil). eee co.:
limestone bank, Erin, E. B. Harger, no. 7866. LAKE Co.: dense shade of sandy woods, Reelfoot poet < R. Sieolion, no. 2159 (US). ALABAMA: JACKSON co.: dry Stevenson, Biltmore
Herb., no. 4500 (US); Sand ioeniai ies Herb., no. 45004
16 Rhodora [JANUARY
(US). CLARKE co.: dry copses and hillsides, Thomasville, April 27, 1888, C. Mohr, as R. ciliosa, var. ambigua (US). Misstss1prt: LEE CO.: Tupelo, 1914, Henshaw (U SNA). OKTIBBEHA Co.: low
woods north of | Starkville, C. A. & Una F. Weatherby, no. 6309. ILLINOIS: KANKAKEE CO.: Kankakee, C. C. Crampton, no. 212 (US). PEORIA co.: rich rg Peoria July, 1903, F. EF. Mc- Donald. HANCOCK co.: Augusta, S. B. Mead. MACON CO.: 3 miles east of Decatur, lobey. ¢ ox 2486. PIKE Co.: Mississippi levees, East Hannibal, June 3, 1913 (Mo). RICHLAND Co.: Parkersburg, June 9, 1902, Robt. Ridgway (US). MARION co.: Salem, June, 1860, M.S. Bebb (P hil). sv. CLAIR co.: woods, St. Clair Co. , Sept. 20, 1878, Eggert; Cahokia, June 11, 1890, AS Hitchcock (Mo); East Carondelet, June 4, 1875, Eggert (Mo, US). JACKSON 0.: black rich soil, bottoms of Big ‘Muddy and Crab Orchard Creeks, John McCree, J¥.; D0. 775 (Mo.). Iowa:
904, J.
0). LINCOLN co.: rich soil, Winfield, June 7, 1916, John Davis, no. 1406 (Mo). Marton co.: Scipio Bluffs, north of Hanni- , John Davis, no. 1491 0). ST. LOUIS co.: Creve Coeur Lake, June 12, 1914, M. W. Lyon (Mo); Meramec Highlands, June 13, 1909, W.W. Ohlweiler (Mo); Allenton, G. W. Letterman, many collections (Mo); rich woods, Allenton, May 29, 1918, J. R. Churchill. serrerson co.: D eSoto, June, 1887, ok Hasse; hee Jo. Hi; ieee p no. 2005 (Mo). FRANKLIN CO.: Pacific, Greenman, no. 3895 (Mo). SHELBY co.: rich woods near pale Palmer & Steyermark, no. 40,908 (Mo). BUTLER CO.: w woods along Mud Creek, northwest ‘of Rombauer, Steyermark,
si 11,420 (Mo). Boone co.: Rock B Bridge, er 1926, H. Ricket fone PHELPS Co.: Jerome, June 1, rie 8 H. Kellogg, 4 (Mo). SALINE co.: Sweet Springs, Pde 20, 1886, Wm. 7, lai (Mo). GREENE co.: Springfield, June 11, 1887, J. 8%. Blankinship (Mo). stone co.: rich hillside woods, Galena, E. J. Palmer, no. 5774 ory US). pavigss co.: dry banks, Pattonsburg, Bush, no. 13,587. JOHNSON co.: rich woods and thickets, limestone bill Columbus, EZ. J. Palmer, oi
36,697 ( Mo). BARRY CO.: barrens, Shell Knob, Bush, 15,596 (Mo). Jackson co.: Independence, Bush, no. 39 (Pa), CASS CO.: bottoms, June 23, 1864, G. C. Broadhead (Mo). JASPER co.: woods, Webb City, Bush, no. 528 (Mo), H. J. Palmer, no. 528 (Mo). ARKANSAS: CRITTENDON CO.: bottomland, Hulbert, Demaree, no. 11,372.’ PHILLIPS co.: Crowleys Ridge, Helena,
le
Demaree, no. 19 ,240 (NY, Mo). putaski co.: Little Rock, H. E. Hasse (NY); swampy Arkansas bottoms, Little Rock Demaree, no. 17,321 (Mo). KANSAS: LEAVENWORTH Co.: woody
ravines, Fort Leavenworth, June, 1854, F. V. Hayden (Mo). WYANDOTTE Co.: low woods, May 30, 1897, K. K. Mackenzie
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 17
(NY). CHEROKEE Co.: woods along Shoal River, near Schimmer- oo Pk., no. 20,178, from Kansas State College (NY). RILEY : low woo ods, JB. Norton, no. 387; Manhattan, June, 1886,
Sagar dasa Se mouth of Illinois River, Goodman & Barkley, RE Co.: low woods, Poteau, E. J. Palmer, no. 3075 (Mo). nak co.: Sapulpa, June 2, 1924, Cie: Willkame KAY co.: woods, Tonkawa, G. W. Stevens, no. 1869. OKLAHOMA co.: wooded creek-bottom north of Edmond, Waterfall, no. 1975. POTTOWATTOMIE CO. : in small valley, St. Louis, Mortimer Faulkner, no. 106 (Mo). MurRRay co.: Davis, W. H. Ennig, no. 683 (Mo). Texas: without stated locality, Drummond, no. 259 (cited by Nees under his Dipteracanthus strepens, vars. strictus and peduncu- latus and under several other species and varieties!); Coombs Branch, Reverchon (Mo). DALLAS co.: woods, Dallas, May 6, ey Beverchon (Mo); moist woodlands, Dallas, Biltmore Herb, no. eee vicinity of Dallas, Mc ary R. Stephenson, nos. 91 Gk a (US). TARRANT CO.: rich woods near Trinity River, Lake Worth, Ruth, no. 318 (Pa, Phil, US). Frorr BEND Co.: Richmond, W. L. Bray, no. 118 (US). Puate 841; map 1. Forma CLEISTANTHA (Gray) 8S. McCoy. Flowers and abundant fruits borne in sessile or subsessile glomerules from the upper and often from most pat of the axils, es stem only occasionally branching: calyx-segments often more pubescent and much shorter than te but Tittle longer than eles ae relatively small, usually reduced to a slender closed tube em. long, pale ‘to creamy, but sometimes partially ede or even eee and terminal: capsules abundant, usually plumper and shorter than in typical form of ane) retinacula mostly 6 or 8: seeds suborbicular to elliptical, 3-4 mm. a Oe —Am. Bot. xlili. 24 (1937). Dipteracanthus paca tig Engelm. & Gray in Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. v. (Pl. a amigo , 49 (1845). Hygrophila illinoiensis Wood in Bull. Torr. Bot. Cl. v. 41 (1874). Var. cleistantha rok Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii. 327 «iszs). R. oc
EST VIRGINIA:, “OHIO co.: thickets near Wheeling Creek, east of Wheeling, July 22, 1909, Mac Elwee (Phil). VirGINIA: CHARLES
18 : Rhodora [JANUARY
city co.: alluvial woods along is ate Harrison Point, ' Fernald & Long, no. 9150. PRINCE GEORGE COo.: wooded swamp by James River, south of Indian Point, Fernald & Long, no.
. Riv Hunnewell, no. 17,872 (stems, deeply covered by freshet-silke subligneous, with strong branches, and shortened and firm leaves). ROCKBRIDGE co.: Natural Bridge, Sept. 14, 1907, E. B. Bartram (Phil). Onto: FRANKLIN co.: Gahanna, Oct. 19, 1903, O. E. Jennings. WARREN CO.: moist rich soil along Little Miami River, South Lebanon, H. B. Harger, no. 8010. INDIANA: GIBSON Co.: low woods bordering Eggwood Pond, Deam, no.
: SON CO.: woode hapin, Wherry & Pennell, no. 13, 673 (Phil). EDMONSON CO.: wooded alluvial flat of Green River, Mammoth Cave, #. L.
SEE: SHELBY Co.: Memphis, Oct. 20, 1850, Fendler. ALABAMA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Buckley (paratype of Dipteracanthus micranthus Engelm. & Gray). Ler co.: “N. W. of Lee Co.”, June 24, 1897, F. 8. cae (NY). ILLINOIS: CHAMPAIGN CO.: Urbana, Oct. 4, 1880, A. B. Seymour (Duke). wasasH co.: Mt. wo: 1874, J. Schneck: (isotypes of Hygrophila illinoiensis . HARDIN CO.: low woods, Elizabethtown, FE. J. Palmer, mete 17 5023 (Mo). Iowa: HENRY co.: Mt. Pleasant, Ec dhs Mills, no. 1854 (Mo). Missouri: ST. CHARLES CO.: Watson, Wm. Trelease, no. 453 (Mo). st. Louis co.: St. Louis, Sept. 1845, Engelmann (paratypes of Dipteracanthus micranthus). IRON CO moist shady ground, Iron Mountain, Sept. 1897, Colton Russell (Mo). MISssIssIPPI co.: rich swampy woods, Three States Timber Tract, southwest of Wolf Island, Steyermark, no. 8761 (Mo). OZARK Co.: thickets along creek, near Bakersfield, E. J. Palmer, no. 32,872 (Mo). TANEY Co.: woods, Swan, Bush, no. 697 (Mo). SULLIVAN CO.: Pawpaw Junction, Sept. 15, 1893, Bush (Mo). HICKORY Co.: low woods along Pomme de Terre River, northeast of Elkland, Steyermark, no. 24,514 (Mo). stv. cLAR co.: low woods around White Sulphur ‘Spring, Steyermark, no. 24,401 (Mo). pawuas co.: base of slope apy Mangua River, south- west of Long Lane, Steyermark, no. 24,231 (M a) VERNON CO.: low open woods along creek, near Deerfield, Palmer & Steyer- mark, no. 42,140 (Mo, NY). mcponaxp co.: low ground, Noel, almer, no. 4069 (Mo, US). ARKANSAS: MARION CO.: bottoms of White Ri iver, Flippin, Demaree, no. 20,640 (Mo, pre
(US). carRoxt co.: Eureka Springs, E. J. Palmer, no. 4439 (Mo). HEMPSTEAD co.: woods, Fulton, Bush, no. 984 (Mo). LAFAYETTE Co.: Spirit Lake, AA. ee Heller, no. 4118.
ens
me i mnmiieiiiniiiimmniietn, _.ommmamguimeimmmiiiemmamm., _ceupmmmmmmmantn =
| | | | |
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 19
LOUISIANA: WEST FELICIANA PARISH: deciduous woodland, Catalpa, Pennell, no. 4308 (NY). OKLAHOMA: ROGERS CO.: Aa Nata Bush, no. 429 (Mo). JOHNSTON CO.: open woods near Tishomingo, . Houghton as Stevens, no. 3342. PAYNE oo Stillwater, Eugene Blea. no. 90 (Mo). TEXAS: WITHOU STATED LOCALITY: Drummond, no. 202 Gere en hat following). HARRIS Co.: rich shaded bottoms around H n (data wit sheet in Herb. Mo), Lindheimer, Fasc. I], no. 300. (type ay isotypes of GREEN micranthus). BRAZORIA CO.: WoO Columbia, Bush, no. 1842 (Mo); San Bernardo, June 28, 1923, Tharp. JACKSON co.: Lavaca River, Aug. 29, 1941, Tharp. PLATE 842,
* As originally published in Species Plantarum (1753) Ruellia strepens (from strepo, to rustle, presumably from the dehiscing of the capsules) was a mixture. The plant of the Linnean Her- barium, which Linneaus had before him, has not been available and cannot be until after “‘the duration”. Neither can I discuss the specimens cited in other Linnean works. The name was taken over from Ruellia strepens, capitulis comosis of Dillenius, Elth. ii. 330 (misprinted by L. as 300), t. 249, fig. 321 (our PLATE 863), a wholly different plant from that here treated, one of the species (our no. 11) with relatively low hirsute stem, pubes- cent oblong leaves, dense glomerules of relatively small flowers crowded in the upper axils, and the calyx-segments narrowly linear. The confusion prevailed for some decades (before and after 1753) but in 1771, in his Observationes in Species Plantarum cum Emendationibus et Animadversionibus, Mantissa Altera, pp. 315 et seq., Linnaeus redefined Ruellia strepens (p. 422) to stand only for the present species «|. Peduncult oppositi, laterales breves, triflori. prion 2 oppositae, etiam 2 sub singulo flore lateral: Calyx 5partitus, lanceolatus” etc. He thus threw out the wholly different plant of Dillenius (with abundant fruit which, when pressed, promptly rustles) and re- stricted the name to the showy-flowered and usually infertile or only weakly fertile typical R. strepens which, except in the cle- istogamous state (unknown to Linnaeus), rarely gets a chance to rustle! Schkuhr, Willdenow, Pursh, LeConte, Torrey, Gray, Engelmann, Nees, Britton and all others have consistently adopted the redefinition made in Mantissa Altera, and only con- fusion would result if the pre-Linnean and confused application of the name were forced. Our species, preeminently of calcare-
20 Rhodora [JANUARY
ous bottomland and bases of limestone bluffs, with great con- centration in the Mississippi Basin (map 1), pushes down to the Atlantic area along the Susquehanna, Potomac, James, Santee and Savannah River systems. It is on the upper Roanoke, and, presumably, search may bring it to light farther down that valley, even in northeastern North Carolina. In the great ac- cumulation of material before me, from some of the more repre- sentative larger herbaria, there is no evidence that it is common
in either North or South Carolina; and from Georgia I have seen |
it only from tributaries of the Tennessee (thence the Mississippi) River, although (since it has been found at Aiken) it is probably along the Savannah in Georgia. The Ruellia strepens, capitulis comosis of Dillenius was raised from seed sent from Carolina and flowered in 1726: ‘Nata fuit haec species e seminibus Carolinensibus, & Septembri mense primum floruit anno 1726, sequentibus autem annis tota fere aestate’. This plant (our no. 11), abundant in eastern North and South Carolina as well as reaching eastern Virginia, is inclined to grow in slightly dry and rather acid soils.
It is a very striking fact that the accumulated material before me shows forma cleistantha regularly and abundantly fruiting, while the typical form, with few peduncles from a few median axils and few showy, expanded flowers, is largely sterile. Of the 270 sheets of typical R. strepens before me only 12 (42% per cent.) show 1 or 2 developed capsules (PLATE 841, Fig. 4); all of the 168 sheets of forma cleistantha are loaded with fruit or show the possibility of it.
When he reduced Gray’s var. cleistantha to the rank of a form Mr. Scott McCoy reported on plants brought into the garden: “Each June it bloomed as the species and each fall it bore cleistogamous flowers as does the so-called variety cleistantha Gray.” Further checks should be made in other regions for, if all the material in the United States National Herbarium, the Torrey and Britton Herbaria of the New York Botanical Garden, the herbaria of the Missouri Botanical Garden, the Philadelphia Academy of Sciences, the University of Pennsylvania and several smaller collections, added to the representation in the Gray Herbarium, can be taken (and I believe it can) as a fair average, there are some very important characters distinguishing the two
; ) | | |
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States a1
plants which one would not expect to find if forma cleistantha always develops from individuals which early in the summer were typical R. strepens. Typical showy-flowered R. strepens bears 1-3 flowers on few leafy-bracted peduncles from the median axils; forma cleistantha has the flowers more densely crowded in nearly sessile glomerules, usually from many, including the upper, axils. Of the 270 sheets of typical R. strepens before me 145 (nearly 54 per cent.) have elongate median peduncles 2-10 cm. long; when rarely such plants fruit (July 25, Va., Fernald & Long, no. 13,463; July 22, Ky., Braun, no. 3259; June 25, Mo., Hasse, no. 1094; July 7, Mo., Steyermark, no. 11,420; July 13, Mo., Palmer, no. 8275; August 27, Kans., Norton; etc.) they show no incipient sessile glomerules in the upper axils, such as one would expect if they always change to forma cleistantha. The peduncles are still there, up to autumn. Of the 168 sheets of forma cle- istantha only 20 (11.5 per cent.) have such peduncles (not counting branches with subsessile glomerules). Furthermore, very many specimens with only glomerulate fruits in the middle and upper axils were collected pretty early in the season, June 17-August 18 (W. Va., McElwee; Ky., Price; Ill., Eggert; Mo., Palmer, no. 1310; Ark., Heller & Heller, no. 4118), their fruiting period overlapping the flowering period of typical R. strepens. It must be evident, then, that not always do typical early and showily flowering plants of R. strepens change late in the season into forma cle- istantha; if they did so a much larger percentage of the latter would retain the elongate peduncles of the former, and the former, late in the season, would regularly bear crowded fruits in the upper axils. The problem is a promising one for the ex- perimenter. Do the abundant seeds of the cleistogamous plant reproduce only the cleistogamous form or do they equally yield the typical showy-flowered and largely infertile plant? Carefully checked and numerous cultures are necessary before we can say with finality.
. R. pepuncunata Torr. Stem 1-7.5 dm. high, slender, firm, obtusely quadrangular or subterete, puberulent or minute
: . habit: leaves ovate to ovate-oblong or lanceolate, short-petioled, tapering from slightly above base, pale green, puberulent,
22 Rhodora [JANUARY
entire or very shallowly undulate; those of primary axis (above the rounded or obovate lowest ones) 3-11 em. long and 2—4.5 em. broad, the rameal smaller: ees solitary at tips of simple 2- bracted peduncles or loosely cymose on the ee the cymes, when developed, 2-several-flowered: calyx ments linear- filiform, 0.5-1 mm. wide at base, thence baaititg to very slender often flexuous tips, in maturity 1-3 om. long, closely ¢ age hirtellous. with Bender upped spreading pubescence: coro blue-violet, 2.5-5.5 em. long; the ce tube about ound the ampliate ‘brat OvAEY a and capsule ee the capsule 1-2 cm. long; a tinea iaialky 6 or 8: seeds orbicu- lar or suborbicular, cinereous, 2:5-3.5 mm. dati —R. pedunculata Torr. ex Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. iit, 325 (1878).— ‘Woods, bluffs, rocky slopes, Baars open fields, etc., in calcare- ous to circumneutral soil, western n Louisiana and eastern Texas, north to southern Illinois, eastern and south-central Missouri and eastern Oklahoma. The dolléwing are representative. ILLINOIS: JACKSON co.: Murphysboro, Benke, no. 4648 (US); mesophytic woods, ne June 20, 1903, ’ Gleason; dry up- land or rocky woods, Grand T Tower, Gleason, nos. 1793, 2654, 2655 (all as R. strepens) ; dry rocky. pneeione hillsides, ‘Grand
Tower, Gleason, no. 9007 (NY). JOHNSON Co.: rocky, tei Tunnel Hill, June 27, 1902, eee Sehneck (NY), tol fae sandstone bluff, Cobden, May 1902, F. S. E tiny).
(In Herb. Duke Univ. the ere is a pacman of R. ooduacuieie: bearing a label, “Ruellia strepens, Nees. oe Ill. Oct. 4, 1884, W.” with the hea ading “Herbarium of Bhi n B. Waite” and, print dod above it, “Herbarium of A. Be Bomoni?. Since R. strepens is well known from the region ‘of Ur bana, where fre- quently collected, while there is no other evidence of R. peduncu-
ata from northeast of the southwestern corner of Illinois, it is probable that in the wanderings of this material some transfer o abels has occurred]. Missouri: JEFFERSON Co.: rich woods in ravine, southwest of Crystal City, =e teks no. 1357. Leenel dry copses, DeSoto, May 30 1887, Has e (Mo, US). SsTE GENEVIEVE CO.: Bloomdale, J: #: 'Kellogg, no. 2004. CAPE GIRARDEAU Co.: wooded limestone slopes, Hickory Ridge, west of Delta, Sesernaek no. 20,811 (Mo). puNKLIN co.: Campbell, unc 0. 34
ncommon, Bush, 3 (Mo, NY). Manson co.: rocky open woods, near Fredericktown, E. J. er, no. 31,608 (Mo) Ww co.: low woods in Happy Hollow, north of Kime; Steyer-
no. 11,422 (Mo). tron co.: Arcadia, Greenman, no. 3750 (Mo, Phil); rocky open woods near Iro nton, LH. J. Palmer, no. 18,111. REYNALDS Co.: cherty slopes, south of Oates, Steyermark, no.
neem
TT "
-_ —".' - ins - ahneites oa — mien a oe a _— fo “ai - ~ -~
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 23
19,724 (Mo). carrer co.: rocky woods, Van Buren, J. H. Kellogg, no. 15,300 (Mo). PHELPS co.: Jerome, June 11, 1914, Kellogg (Mo). SHANNON Co.: rocky woods, Monteer, Bush, nos. 6401 and 6401 A. tTExas co.: wooded limestone slopes at base of bluffs along oe ae River, southeast of Prewitt Spring, Steyermark, no. 7 (Mo). oREGON co.: stony grove, Thayer, F. W. Pennell, no. ot ,521 (Phil). ozarx co.: cherty limestone slopes on top of bluff ‘along White River, northeast of Dormio, Steyermark, no. 10,417 (Mo). povuauas co.: limestone glade and cherty open woods, between Roosevelt and Richville, i i no. 19,165 (Mo). Miho co.: open hillside, west of
O. E. Lansing, no. 3020. LACLEDE co.: cherty pokes of Pine Creek Hollow, ued of Nebo, Steyermark, no. 25,159 (Mo). WEBSTER a limestone outcrops, south of Fo rdland, Steyer- mark, no. 239 (Mo). TANEY CO.: common in woods, Swan, Bush, n " 336 (Mo, US); open rocky ground near Gretna, EF. SA Palmer, no. 19,224. sToNnE co.: dry rocky hillside oy. "James Riv r, E. fi Palmer, no. 5831 (Mo, US). BARRY Co.: dry woods Senna Eagle Rock, Sept. 24, 1896, K. K. Mackenzie (Mo, NY);
Eagle Rock, Bush, nos. 78 and 1551 (Mo, NY, US). MCDONALD co.: dry ground, ’ Bush, no. 283. ARKANSAS: CRAIGHEAD CO.:
open sandy soil, Jonesboro, F. W. Pennell, no. 11,510, as R. one Sale open woods, Bono, Demaree, no. 3519 sae
(NY, Phil). LONOKE Co.: fallow fields, Carlisle, Demaree, no. 17,516 (Mo, NY). prREw co.: woods, Monticello, Demaree, no. 14,969 (Mo, NY). cee os Hino sit Conway, as R. ciliosa, Flora A. Hass, no. 1746 (US). AND co.: near Hot Springs, Runyon, nos. 1142 (NY) and 1430 ‘(US ). PULASKI CO.:
low ridges, Fort Roots, Demaree, no. 17,301 (Mo, NY); Little Rock, Demaree, nos. 17, 325 (Mo, N a and 17,516 (Mo, NY). POPE CO.: Nogo, Geo. M. Merrill, no. 342 (Mo y. eae Co.:
southeast of piven ane 3, 1912, Mabel P. Hollister (US).
CARROLL Co.: dry ground, Eureka Springs, HZ. J. Palmer, nos. 4378 (Mo, US) and i 0,483 (NY). HEMPSTEAD CO.: near cNab, Greenman, no. 7 (Mo). FRANKLIN co.: rocky hill-
side, Ozark, F. W. aire no. 10, Es (NY, Phil). HOWARD Co.: Baker Springs, Oct. 5, 1909, Ey aes ellogg. BENTON co.: 1889, N. ata k (NY). WASHINGTON co.: Savoy, May 18, 1922, ET. Wherry (US). smBasTIAN co.: Fort Smith, 1853-4, J. M. Bigelow, wal fete (US). LovistANA: WITHOUT CITED STATION: Hale, IsoTypk. NATCHITOCHES PARISH: dry wee pound. Natchitoches, E. J. Palmer, no. 7511 (Mo, NY, U LANDRY PARISH: dry woods, Opelousas, Carpenter & Hale (US). JEFFERSON DAVIS fies knolls in low prairies, Welsh, E. J.
24 Rhodora [JANUARY
Palmer, no. 7649 (US). OKLAHOMA: LE FLORE CO.: woods, near Page, G. W. Stevens, no. 1423. McCURTAIN CO.: woods near Idabel, H. W. Houghton as G. W. Stevens, nos. 3625 and 3638. TEXAS: BOWIE co.: near Texarkana, A. ie & E. G. Heller, no. 4171 (Mo, NY, US). HARRISON co.: woods, Mar shall, Bush, no. 781 (Mo). cass co.: rocky svoddiaaid: Hughes Sheinae Bilt- more Herb., no. 10,6799 (US). CHEROKEE co.: dry sandy ground, Jacksonville, x. J. Palmer, no. 8600 (Mo, ; LS). ANDERSON co.: Palestine, April 19, 1895, E. N. Plank k (NY). UPSHUR CO.: sandy woods, Big Sandy, May 28, 1901, Reverchon (Mo); com- mon in sand, Big Sandy, Reverchon, no. 2535 o, NY). SAN AUGUSTINE CO.: eas woods, Geo. L. Crocket (US). HARRIS CO.: Houston, 1917, Ada Hayden. PLATE 843; MAP 2.
In view of its very definite characters it is remarkable that the earlier collectors seem not to have secured Ruellia pedunculata and that it was not described until 1878. It is not improbable that Nees included it in his complex and chiefly tropical Cryphi- acanthus barbadensis. In his treatment in DC. Prodr. xi. 197 (1847) Nees gave the broad range of the latter as tropical Amer- ica, thence to Virginia, Carolina and Texas (‘‘In Americae calidioris . . . inde a prov. Virginia, Carolina et Texas”’) but under the citation of specimens he gave nothing from the United States. Since his C. barbadensis had long peduncles with cymes, subovate leaves, and subulate-acuminate calyx-segments, the Texan element was presumably R. pedunculata. The rep- resentatives of the latter in Virginia and Carolina are the two following, only the first of which has ‘‘pedunculis subcymosis”’.
R. pinetorum, sp. nov. (tab. 844), planta habitu R. pe- dunculatae; caule 1-3 dm. alto puberulo obtuse quadrangulato vel subtereto subsimplice vel divergenter ramoso vel ramosissimo internodiis elongatis; foliis oblongis vel elliptico-lanceolatis breviter petiolatis obtusis vel subacutis subcoriaceis minute lineolato-puberulis vel care pes tesa vel undulatis, majoribus 2-3.8 cm. longis 0.8-1.8 cm. latis; pedunculis axillaribus
3 cm. longis 1-3-floris, biravtedtis oblongis seers ogi brevioribus; calycis laciniis lineari-acicularibus 3-2 ¢ longis a basi 0.5-1 mm. latis attenuatis dses eystolithos
em. longis; seminibus orbicularibus 3 mm. diametro.—Low pine barrens of the Coastal Plain, South Carolina (possibly Ae sat to northern Florida and Louisia ana, apparently local.
CAROLINA: HORRY Co.: low pine barrens, July 28, 1936, Pr. 6.
emt ee A 2 enna “ need
- eeeahtaateeanaeennt en ST
| remnant,
oo cceceneteeneneeeemeonnndllltememememeeneennentill
Pa ae =
2, of Ruetuia. Map 1, R. sTREPENS; 2, R. PEDUNCULATA;
?
R. , , , ? HIANA , 5, Re HETER ? ,
, . PANSA*‘ 13 R LINIENSIS, Var : H . es :
, ILIS, ar. CALVESCENS; 14, fe CAR ’ ? - UM V 0. TYPICA
CHELO?! V ; . CAROLINIENSIS, V . 7 R. CAROLINIENSIS, ar. N LLA , 7 : : , V
26 Bhodora [JANUARY
parahed no. 800, TYPE in U.S. Nat. Herb. FLorIDA: CALHOUN low grounds, Iola, May, 1896, Chapman, three specimens, one shaman one marked oh. a. ”” with entry of an unpublished name which appears in American herbaria on sheets of at least two other and uke different species (therefore unwise to take up), the third marked “sp. nov. affin. R. pedunculata” (Mo). ALA ASHINGTON Co.: Fruitdale, July, 1904, as R. peduncu- lata, Southern Floral Seuest oe (Mo ). MISSISSIPPI: WAYNE CO.: Wayn renal he 8-9, 1896, C. L. Pollard, as R. eae no. 1220 (Mo, US). ane CO.: Cuevas, Sept. 8, 1900, Lloyd & ite no. 346 (NY), LovurIsIANA: ST. TAMMANY PARISH: ‘Covington, Sept., 1919, as R. parviflora, G. eee no. 11,687 (US). ORLEANS ’parisH: New Orleans, 1832, T. ’Driimmond, nos. 257 in part (as R. strepens); 258 in part and 259 in part (as R. longiflora), the numbers inextricably confused, two of them appearing on one label. ‘cALCASIEU PARISH: vicinity of Lake Charles, May 28, 1904, and other dates (not given) in 1904, Andrew Allison, nos. 57, 261 and 297, all as R. pedunculata (all US). Map 3. Ruellia pinetorum is the southeastern Coastal Plain representa- tive of R. pedunculata and most of the few specimens seen were identified with that species which centers on the Ozark Upland. Chapman correctly understood it as a new species of this relation- ship but, as explained, the name he proposed but did not publish has been entered as a wholly new name on many sheets of at least two other species and should not be taken up. The finest material is that in the National Herbarium collected by Mr. Tarbox in low pine barrens of Horry County, South Carolina. I am, therefore, treating this as the type. In the chiefly Ozark- ian R. pedunculata the leaves are more ovate, the primary ones 3-11 cm. long and 2-4.5 cm. wide; in R. pinetorum the leaves are oblong to elliptic-lanceolate and only 2-3.8 cm. long by 0.8-1.8 em. wide. In R. pedunculata the broad bracts, especially in the simpler-stemmed plant with peduncles bearing solitary terminal flowers, nearly equal to greatly exceed the calyx; in R. pinetorum the narrow bracts are much shorter than the calyx. In R. pedunculata the calyx is copiously hirtellous with divergent sharp-tipped trichomes; in R. pinetorum glabrous or nearly so and closely invested with elongate and partially imbedded cysto- liths. In R. pedunculata the corolla-tube and the. ampliate throat are subequal in length; in R. pinetorum the tube is much longer than the less ampliate throat. In R. pedunculata the capsule is cinereous-puberulent; in R. pinetorum glabrous.
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 27
The very few specimens assembled indicate that Ruellia pinetorum is a very local plant. Now that attention is called to it, it is hoped that fuller material will become available. As noted under R. pedunculata, it is probable that this is the plant intended by Nees when, in DC. Prodr. xi. 197 (1847), he noted his quite different tropical Cryphiacanthus barbadensis as ex- tending northward to Virginia and Carolina. No other plant known in the East satisfies his ‘‘pedunculis subcymosis petiolo longioribus vel et folium aequantibus superantibusve”. We do not now know R. pinetorum from Virginia but so many species are now known to “jump” from eastern South Carolina or south- eastern North Carolina to southeastern Virginia that R. pine- torum may well (before the destruction of most of the pine barrens) have been one of them. Really quite as closely related to the Ozarkian R. pedunculata, as is the Coastal Plain R. pine- torum, is the following beautiful species which centers on the Appalachian Upland.
5. R. Purshiana, sp. nov. (ras. 845 et TaB. 846, FIG. 3), planta habitu plantae simplicissimae R. pedunculatae; caule simplice recto vel ramis erectis paucis gracile 1.5-6 alto
cinereo-puberulo internodiis elongatis; foliis membranaceis
.7-1.2 mm. latis apice attenuatis minute cinereo-pilosis vel -hirtellis deinde 1.6-2.8 cm. longis; corollis 3-5 cm. longis caeruleo-purpureis vel pallide purpureis vel albescentibus, tubo cylindrico 1.5-3 em. longo, fauce ampliato supra 0.8-1.4 cm. diametro, limbo (expanso) 3—4 em. lato; capsulis minute strigoso- hirtellis vel pilosis 1.5-1.8 em. longis; retinaculis 8.—R. ciliosa, var. hybrida Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Am. ii!. 326 (1878) in part only.
. parviflora sensu Britton in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2, m. 241, fig. 3891 (1913) at least as to fig., not R. parviflora (Nees) Britt. (1901) at least as to basonym, Dipteracanthus ciliosus, var. parviflorus Nees (1842)—Dry to moist woods, bluffs, granitic or calcareous slopes, etc., western Maryland, south along the mountains and locally on the Piedmont to eastern Virginia, central South Carolina, Georgia and Alabama. Mary- LAND: FREDERICK co.: W. E. A. Aiken, as R. strepens, altered
28 Rhodora [JANUARY
to R. caroliniensis ee VIRGINIA: FREDERICK CO.: woods, Cedar Creek, June 2, 1929, Hunnewell, no. 11,135 (F WH): limestone cliffs, Cedar Creek, June 5, 1936, Hunnewell (VPI); both as R. caroliniensis, var. parviflora; Meadow Mills, June 9, 1935, O. M. Freeman (USN A), as R. pie ROCKINGHAM CO.: Paul’s Fort, Frederick Pursh (Phil). RocKBRIDGE co.: Natural Bridge, May 28 and 29, 1909, HZ. B. Bartram, as R. pare viflora, one sheet (Gray) changed by later student to R. humilis ‘ ‘Pursh’’, another (Phil) to R. caroliniensis; ‘ he tl June 1, 1891, J. R. Churchill, as R. ciliosa, var. ambigua (Mo). BOTETOURT CO.: Indian Rock, June, 1887, H. E. Wetherill, as R. strepens (Pa). daagetpoag co.: shaly banks, vicinity of Mendot a, L. G. Carr, . caroliniensis. ROANOKE CO.: Decne May 29, 1000; Brown, Hogg, Vail, Timmerman, Britton & Britton, as R. ciliosa, var. ambigua ( Y); wooded limestone Bs along Roanoke River at Dixie Caverns, July 6, 1942, C. E. Wood, Jr., no. 3673, as R. caroliniensis. BEDFORD CO.: July 8, i871 Bod. Curtiss, one of the several quite dissimilar dhaets marked by Gray as his R. ciliosa var. ambigua, one of the Curtiss specimens tagged by a later student as R. caroliniensis, the other as R. hybrida. AMELIA CO.: mnie 5, 1937, J. B. Lewis, no. 626, as R. jlpans ibe parviflora (VP I). HENRICO CO.: "Richmond, De as R. speceusouieia (US). NortH CAROLINA: ORANGE 00. : pire poem Upper New Hope Creek, Duke Forest, May 27, 1932, Blomquist, no. 4911, as fig caroliniensis (IT uke); New Hope Creek, Duke Forest , May 20 1933, Blomquist & Oosting, no. 3364, as R. parviflora (Duke); dry bank near University Lake, on Neville’s Cree k, northwest of Chapel Hill, May 29, 1940, Radford & Stewart, no. 654a, as R. ciliosa (NC). GUILFORD CO.: acer High Point, May 22, 1902, Biltmore Herb., no. 147184, as R. parviflora (N Y, US). ForsyTH co.: Salem , Schweinitz, as R. strepens, altered by others, first to R. ciliosa, later to R. carolini- at woods, Winston-Salem, Aug . 20, 1921, P. D. Shal- lert, as R. adie. May 30, 1934, Schallert; no. 6! 509, as R. strepens (Schallert). RUTHERFORD CO.: Cuba, June 27, 1887, L. W. Lynch, no. 36, as R. strepens (NC). MADISON Co.: ’ Marshall, May 28,
N. H. E. SONY). Lee. co.: Keowee, May 20, 1906, H. D.
House, no. 2171, as R. parviflora (NY). GEORGIA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: banal wa: of Georgia, R. ciliosa, var. ambigua (Mo). BURKE CO.: woods, Shell Bluff on
Savannah River, ‘April 23, i936, Leeds & Harper, no. 2756, as R. parviflora (Phil). OGLETHORP co.: granite outcrop west of Lex-
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 29
ington, May 28, 19384, Francis Harper, as R. parviflora (Phil). DEKALB CO.: Stone Mountain , May 23, 1897, Henry Eggert (Mo); mixed woods, Emory University campus, ‘April 30, 1936, Don
Silver Creek, May 11, 1899, Biltmore Herb., no. 8494, as R. ciliosa (TYPE in Herb. U. 8. National Herb.). TENNESSEE: KNOX CO.: Knoxville, May ‘14, 1889, Lamson-Scribner, as R. strepens, changed by later students to R. ciliosa and to R. parviflora (US); woods and groves, Knoxville, July, 1897, Ruth, no. 9572, as R. strepens (NY); woodlands, Knox Co unty, May, 1898, Ruth, no. 737, as R. strepens (NY ‘i ALABAMA: BLOUNT CO.: rocky wood- lands, Bangor, May 20, 1902, Biltmore Herb. no. 14,718, as ctliosa, var. parviflora (US). JEFFERSON CO.: Birmingham, a 24, 1901, ee. Rosle, as R. parviflora (NY). Map 4.
orma claustrofiora, f. nov. (TAB. 846, Fic. 1 et 2), floribus in glomerulis axillaribus aggregatis, glomerulis ad nodos omnes gestis; corollis tubulosis clausis 4-8 mm. longis apice dense pilosis; capsulis numerosis.— VIRGINIA: sin tai hee lag LOCALITY: 1843, Gray a een Ys as ee strepens. ROCK E CO.: “ex umbrosis
Betiged to o R. parviflora; Natural Bridge, Sept. 4, 1885,
COCKE CO.: within three miles of Wolf Creek Station, Aug. 31, 1897, Kearney, no. 863, as R. ciliosa, var. hybrida (Mo and NC), TYPE in Herb. Missouri Botauicel Garden.
Ruellia Purshiana, named for Frepertck Pursu, who first collected the species in the mountains of Virginia, is, when as- sembled from the very miscellaneous covers in which it has been confused, under 11 misidentifications, with no less than 7 species, stands out as a remarkably definite species of the Appalachian Upland. Although this is doubtless the plant chiefly intended by Gray when he conceived his R. ciliosa, var. ambigua, “‘as if & hybrid between R. ciliosa and R. strepens, with the aspect of the latter, but the calyx of the former”’, it can not be overlooked that Gray promptly last his bearings in applying the name R. ciliosa, var. ambigua, for sheets carrying the printed annotation-slip “Syn. Fl. N. Amer.” and marked by Gray as R. ciliosa, var. ambigua belong to no less than five species: the present one (in Herb. Gray); a Floridan sheet in Torrey’s Herbarium containing at least three species, none of them like anything else included by Gray in his var. ambigua; and a mixed sheet in Herb. Gray, con-
30 Rhodora [JANUARY
taining a sprig of R. pedunculata Torr. from Arkansas and the top of a plant of the very different Texan R. Drummondiana (Nees) Gray (this mixed sheet later misidentified as R. ‘‘caro- liniensis”’). I have not located the Kentucky plant included by Gray under R. ciliosa, var. ambigua. Even though we can infer that by his description and note Gray meant chiefly the plant I am here calling R. Purshiana, it is evident that, as he originally labelled specimens, the name R. ciliosa, var. ambigua was em- phatically a nomen ambiguum. The name has subsequently been further misapplied. I am, therefore, assigning to the species with somewhat the aspect of R. strepens but with much more slender calyx-segments a new name, typified by a characteristic sheet of specimens. ;
That Ruellia Purshiana simulates very extreme plants of R. strepens with short leaves there can be no question. Some speci- mens of the latter, especially those from upland and dry habitats, consequently with greatly reduced stature and abbreviated leaves, are superficially similar (such specimens as the following: dry ground, Chickamauga Park, Georgia, May 25, 1911, Churchill (G); open woodlands, Coalgrove, Ohio, Biltmore H erb., no. 4500° (US); dry ground near Chattanooga, Tennessee, May 27, 1911, Churchill; and dry soil, Stevenson, Jackson County, Alabama, Biltmore Herb., no. 4500* (US)). There the resemblance stops, except for the possibly significant fact that both species have the showy flowers mostly solitary on few axillary peduncles and rarely producing fruit, and also have cleistogamous forms with glomerules of several highly fertile flowers in many of the upper axils. In R. strepens the stem is glabrous, pilose in lines or rarely over the whole surface; the lanceolate calyx-segments are: flat to the tip, 2-4 mm. broad, and conspicuously villous-ciliate; and the capsules glabrous. R. strepens is usually a plant of rich calcareous woods, oftenest on wooded bottoms, with its greatest concentration in the Mississippi Basin (Map 1). R. Purshiana (MAP 4) is a plant of dry rocky or upland habitats, sometimes on limestones but often (as on Stone Mountain) in granitic or some- what acid soils. Its stem is closely cinereous-puberulent; its calyx-segments linear and only 0.7-1.2 mm. wide below the middle, thence tapering to almost thread-like tips, and its sur- faces are densely cinereous-hirtellous. The capsules. too. are
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 31
closely and minutely hirtellous. R. Purshiana was illustrated, erroneously as R. parviflora, in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2, iii. fig. 3891. It certainly has nothing to do with the type of k. parviflora, which rests upon Dipteracanthus ciliosus, var. parviflorus (see p. 2).
In its minutely puberulent and slender stem, its slender calyx- segments and pubescent capsule Ruellia Purshiana is similar to the simpler-stemmed and least floriferous states of the chiefly Ozarkian R. pedunculata (map 2); but in these least branching plants of R. pedunculata (PLATE 843) the peduncles are soon widely divergent; the linear-acicular calyx-segments taper from base to apex; the showy flowers are quite fertile and regularly followed by capsules. So far as we know R. pedunculata does not have a cleistogamous form.
Although Ruellia Purshiana has often been identified as R. ciliosa Pursh, R. caroliniensis (Walt.) Steud., R. parviflora (Nees) Britton, R. hybrida Pursh, and even as R. humilis N uttall, such identifications merely reflect the general lack of clarity regarding specific characters and the current and still inevitable vagueness about the early-proposed species. The earliest of these names or their basonyms is Anonymos caroliniensis Walt. Fl. Carol. (our no. 11). Although no specimen now exists as type of Walter’s species, his remarkably detailed description, ‘‘caule tetragono hirsuto; foliis . . . hirsutis, . . . ; floribus sessilibus purpureis”’, surely does not apply to R. Purshiana. R. ciliosa Pursh (our no. 7) from near Savannah, was a branching plant, with subsessile ovate-oblong (really, apparently, obovate) leaves with margins and veins ciliate with long white hairs, the calyx- Segments four times shorter than the corolla-tube (calycis laciniis subulatis tubo corollae quadruplo brevioribus). Such a plant could not be R. Purshiana; in fact, when Pursh twice collected the latter in the mountains of Virginia, he did not venture to name it. R. hybrida Pursh (see discussion under no. 11) also from Savannah, is quite as remote: much branched (ramosissima) and hirsute with white hairs, the oblong leaves densely hirsute, etc. R. humilis Nutt. (our no. 10), an essentially sessile-leaved and usually freely divergent-branched plant, originally from
Arkansas, has nothing to do with R. Purshiana; and as to R
parviflora (see p. 2), that ill-defined name goes back to Dip-
32 Rhodora [JANUARY
teracanthus ciliosus, var. parviflorus Nees, from the Kentucky River, and with an impossible description for any North American member of Ruellia: with petioles 3-6 inches long—foliis paulo longiori petiolo (3—-6-pollicari)! Only by substituting for “peti- olo”’ the word “pedunculo”’ could one make much sense out of Nees’ diagnosis (if his plant was a Dipteracanthus and related to D. ciliosus) but even then his var. parviflorus remains wholly vague. It is not a good basis for the name of a common species with petioles rarely 1 cm. long, and surely it was not R. Pur- shiana.
6. R: heteromorpha, sp. nov. (Tas. 847 et 848), planta di- morpha vel plus minusve heteromorpha. CAULIBUS VERNALIBUS 1-3 basi plerumque decumbentibus jam adscendentibus simplici- bus vel divergenter ramosis 0.4-4 dm. altis puberulis plus minusve patenter villoso-hirsutis, nodis 3-5 (—10), internodiis 0.5-5 cm. ongis; foliis membranaceis obovatis vel ellipticis vel oblanceo- latis breviter petiolatis integris vel obscure undulatis plus minusve lineolato-strigillosis supra villoso-strigosis basin versus villoso-ciliatis subtus strigoso-hispidis glabratisve, laminis ma- turis 1.5-4.5 cm. longis 0.8-2.5 cm. latis; pedunculis perbrevibus axillaribus ad 1-3 nodos superiores bracteatis; bracteis oblongis; calycis segmentis lineari-attenuatis vix 1 mm. latis villoso-
cleistogamicis 1-3 cm. longis, vel corollis expansis reductisque; seminibus subrotundis 2.5-3.5 mm. diametro. R. hybrida sensu Small, Fl. Se. U. 8. 1084 (1903), presumably not Pursh, Fl. Am.
and Everglades, north to east-central FLORIDA: VOLUSIA CO.: moist pine barrens, near Seville, Aug. 1, 1900, A. H. Curtiss, no. 6701A (US), July 30, 1909, Curtiss, no. 6701, as R. ciliosa, var., vernal fl. BREVARD Co.: scrub, south of Eau Gallie, Dec. 1, 1919, Small, Britton & De Winkeler, no. 9200 (NY, US), later state, as R. parvi CIE
sis, with an unpublished varietal name); Indian River, Edw. Palmer, no. 348 (Mo), as R. strepens. DE SOTO Co.: dry gravelly
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 33
E CO.: Oa March 18, 1907, ellogg, vernal fl., as R. ciliosa, later annotated as sindaserihed var. of R. caroliniensis;
Jeanette P. Standley, no. 70, vernal fi., as R. humilis later annotated like the last (G) and as R. parviflora (US) and as an ied species (Phil); in pineland, vicinity of Fort Myers, May 4, 1916, J. P. Standley, no. 425, vernal 8), as R. humilis, later annotated as k. parviflora; in pineland, Mullock Creek District, about 8 miles southeast of Fort Myer, iar June, 1917, J. P. Standley, no. 444, vernal f.,
annotated (G) as an unpublished var. fe R. snl ehienais: “Phil as an unpublished species, and (US) as R. parviflora; sandy pine woods along road to Coconut, April 4, 1930, Moldenke , no. 968, vernal fl. (Duke, Mo, NY). DaApDE co.: dry sandy soil among palmettos, Buena Vista, Jan. 17, 1930, Moldenke, no. 426 (Duke, Mo, N Y), as R. hybrida, vernal fl. and i: pinelands near Little River, Feb., 1917, W. E. Safford (US), as R. hybrida, later annotated as R. parviflora; Miami, April 4-7, 1898, Pollard & Collins, no. 233 (US), as R. humilis, later annotated as R. parvi- flora, April 1, 1903, vernal fl., V. L. Britton (US), as R. hybrida, later annotated as an unpublished var. of R. caroliniensis, March 14, 1917, H. B. Meredith (Phil), vernal fl. passing to later stage, as R. ciliosa, later annotated as an unpublished species; pinelands between Miami and Kendall Station, Nov. 5, 1906, Sm all & nosivbi no. 2603 (NY), later stage, as R. hybrida, later. Soactated as s unpublished var. of R. caroliniensis; pinelands etween Cocoanut Grove and Cutler, Oct. 31-Nov 903, Small & Carter, a 1273 (NY as R. hybrida, Phil as R. parviflora, the former later annotated as an undescribed species), later Stage; pinelands about Sykes Hammock, Everglade Keys,
a
sis—rypE of R. heteromorpha in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard., vernal fl., passing to later stage; pinelands about Goodburn Hammock, Everglade Keys, June 31, 1915. Small & Mosier, no. 6381 (NY); pinelands between Cutler and Longview Camp, Nov. 9-12, 1903, Small & Carter, no. 1097, later state, labeled and annotated like the last: : pinelands between Long Prairie and Camp Longview, Oct. 31, 1906, Small & Carter, no. 2695 (NY), later state, labeled and annotated like the last; ‘between Peter’ s and Long Prairie, Nov., 1906, J. J. Carter, no. 173 (Phil), as R. parviflora, _— annotated as an undescribed species; pinelands about Humbugu Prairie, Feb. 28, 1915, Small & Mosier, no. 5555 (NY), fate! State, as R. hybrida, later annotated as a var. of R. caroliniensis; pinelands between Peter’s Prairie and Homestead, Nov. 10,
34 Rhodora [JANUARY
1906, Small & Carter, no. 2701 (NY), later state, named as the
last; pinelands about Ross-Costello Hammock, Everglades Keys,
June 24, 1915, Small, Mosier & Small, no. 6552, later state, as
R. hybrida. MONROE Co.: woods, Pine Key, Blodgett, later state;
pinelands, Big Pine Key, May 1, 1917, Small, no. 8142, vernal . a8 R. humilis. Map 5.
Although most often, following Small, identified as Ruellia hybrida Pursh, it can hardly be overlooked that R. heteromorpha is a species of southern Florida, most abundant in the subtropical Everglades and Keys regions, that its branches, as soon as de- veloped, trail and greatly elongate, that the lower surfaces of its petioled leaves are glabrescent or nearly glabrous from the first (except for lineolate cystoliths and closely appressed strigae) while the upper surfaces are strigose, and that the tube of its fully expanded corolla is usually twice as long as the calyx- segments. fk. hybrida, from Savannah, Georgia, was described as erect and very much branched, hirsute with white hairs; the subsessile oblong leaves densely hirsute; the calyx-segments scarcely shorter than the corolla-tube. That is not a good diagnosis of the present species. Furthermore, Savannah is about 180 miles (a significant distance) north of the northernmost known station for R. heteromorpha; and it is surely significant that Nees in DC. Prodr. xi. 123 (1847), indicating by a mark of affirmation that he had seen the Pursh material, cited as belonging with it Drum- mond’s nos. 258 and 259, both of which belong in the essentially sessile- and oblong-leaved copiously white-villous-hirsute plant which Nuttall described from Arkansas as R. humilis, a species, moreover, which is unknown in eastern Georgia. Nevertheless, one can hardly pass by this identification by Nees, especially since the description of R. hybrida does not closely suggest R. heteromorpha. In view of his lack of material and his “lumping” of many different American plants as so-called varieties of his all-inclusive Dipteracanthus ciliosus, one can hardly accept. the identification of Nees as final. Similarly, R. ciliosa Pursh, originally described as with subsessile, ovate-oblong leaves with margins and veins long-ciliate with white hairs, and also from Savannah, was by Nees, who evidently saw the original material, matched with the broader-leaved and longer-flowered extreme of the species which Nuttall described as R. humilis. Several of the numbers cited by Nees are before me. They are uniform and
| | | |
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 35
have nothing to do except generically with R. heteromorpha nor with any plant known from the Savannah region; R. parviflora, as already sufficiently emphasized (see p. 2), was a misbegotten name for some plant (surely not the present) with “petioles 3-6 inches long’’; while R. caroliniensis goes back to Walter’s re- markably clear description of a plant extending hundreds of miles north of R. heteromorpha, with distinctive characters which do not belong to the latter: ovate-lanceolate and hirsute leaves; throat of corolla campanulate, etc. When many of the speci- mens were annotated by an earlier student as an unpublished new species, they were given a name previously used by Nuttall for a quite different species (with rosettes of spatulate leaves, the plant I take to be Pursh’s R. ciliosa, the R. humilis sensu Small, not Nutt.), but identical material of the same numbers was likewise annotated with 2 or more additional names. Under these circumstances it seems wiser to avoid publishing names so vaguely understood by their author and to start anew.
In its vernal showily flowering state, with simple or subsimple, erect stems (PLATE 847, FIGs. 1-3) Ruellia heteromorpha is so un- like the later state of the plant (PLATE 848, Figs. 1-3), with trail- ing and elongate heavily fruiting and freely branching stems, and with smaller or even closed and cleistogamous flowers, that the two might be mistaken for two species. Transitions between the two states are, however, very numerous. |
7. R. crt1osa Pursh. Rosulate copiously villous plant, either with main axis abbreviated (0.5-5 cm. long) or elongate _ to dm. high, the internodes copiously white-villous, the pairs of leaves in the abbreviated plants crowded, in the more open and elongate individuals the 2-5 pairs remote, the stem often di- vergently branched, especially at base: lower subrosulate leaves oblong, oblong-obovate or oblong-oblanceolate to lance-spatu- late, prolonged to subsessile bases, obtuse to rounded at summit, copiously lineolate and more or less villous-hirsute, the larger ones 2-10 cm. long and 1-3 em. broad; the median leaves often much longer; the upper reduced and often crowded, both median and upper more definitely petioled, their margins often undulate: flowers mostly solitary in the axils, short-peduncled, the heavily villous peduncle terminated by 2 small oblong to lanceolate bracts: calyx-segments linear-acicular, copiously villous, 1.5-2.5 em. long: corolla bluish or lavender to nearly white, 2.5-5.5 cm. long; the slender tube 1.3-3 em. long, the slenderly obconic throat 5-10 mm. in diameter at summit, the expanded limb
36 Rhodora [JANUARY
2.5-5 cm. broad: capsule 1.3—2 es long, glabrous; retinacula 6 or 8: seeds suborbicular, about 3 mm. in diameter.— ae ii. 420 (1814), not most aps auth. Dipteracanthus ciliosus h) Nees in Linnaea, xvi. 204 (1842), not in DC. Prodr. 122 (1847), which was a hopeless mixture. R. humilis sensu Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 1084 (1903), not Nutt.—Dry pine barrens and sands, South Carolina to central Florida and southeastern arg SoutH CAROLINA: lage STATED LOCALITY: ab. in Carolina”, H. M. Altorp (Mo). DARLINGTON CoO.: sandy soil in Sheep Pasture Savaninh x Hartsville, B. E. Smith, no. 1651 (NC), dwarf state, as R. humilis; sandy soil between Darlington and Hartsville, B. nt Smith, no. 916 (NC), tall state, as R. hybrida Pursh. SUMTER Co.: pine barrens near Cane Savannah, Witmer Stone, no. 496 (Phil), as R. humilis. Groreta: WITHOUT STATED LocaLity: Nuétall, as an unpublished new xe (Phil); Boykin (Phil). camprENn co.: lowland, Grace llert, no. 13,127 (Schallert). CHARLTON co.: “Extreme eciteht conditions” Gopher ware Mere ag near Sterling Branch, Jean Sherwood Harper, no. 419 (Phil), as R. humilis. WORTH CO.: vicinity of Poulan, Polterd i; Maxon, no. 574, as R. humilis, later annotated (G) correctly as R. ciliosa. MITCHELL co.: Camilla, S. M. Tracy, no. 3532 (Mo), as R. strepens. FLORI- DA: DUVAL Co.: dry pine barrens, A. H. Curtiss, no. 1944*, as an unpublished var. of R. strepens, in some herbaria altered to R. ciliosa, in others to R. humilis; Jacksonville, 1875, A. H. Curtiss (US), correctly as R. ciliosa, annotated as R. humilis; dry pine barrens, Fredholm, no. 5085, as R. ciliosa, var. longiflora Gray. ST. JOHNS CO.: near St. Augus tine, June, 1883, T. F. Seal (Phil). ORANGE Co.: sand, Winter Park, Apri il, 1900, A. M. Huger (NY), as R. humilis; sandy pine barren, Lake Brantley, C. 8S. William-
A. J. Pieters, no. 120 (US). LAKE co.: Okahumpha, wong 1888, Isaac Burk (Phil); vicinity of Eustis, Nash, 183. eageee co.: dry sandy woods, Brookeville, M plidsite: no. 8 (NY). pasco co.: high pineland, Blanton, Barnhart, no. phe (US), as R. humilis. HILLSBORO CO.: Tampa, June—Aug., 1898 M. Ferguson ne MARION Co.: turkey-oak woods, east of Citra, April 14, 1940, W. A. Murrill (Mo), as R. humilis. ALACHUA Co.: Gainesville, G. S. Miller, no. 437 (US) as R.
W. A. Murrill (Mo), as R. humilis. suwANEE Co.: Live Oak, S. M. Tracy, no. 6684 Ree as R. humilis. GADSDEN CO.: in pinetis, prope Quincy, Mai—Jul. 1843, Rugel (NY), as R. arene grassy, white sandy dry field under. pine, River Junction, Wze- gand & Manning no. 2927, as R. humilis. Liperry co.: Bristol, Chapman (Mo, US). caLHoun co.: Wewahitchka, Chapman (Mo). HOLMEs co.: Ponce de Leon, June 20, 1905, J. M. Mac-
BS Et, A —.neemnmnSmtE
1945} Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 37
farlane (Pa). hea co.: dry open woods, Crestview, A. H. Curtiss, no. 6489, in part, as R. humilis. OKALOOSA Co.: near Camp Pinchot, Fon 21, 1928, O. M. Freeman (USNA), as R. humilis. ALABAMA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: R. Haines, from
5 (US), as R. humilis. WasHINGTON co.: Fruitdale, July, i001. 86 Floral fies Co. (Mo), as R. humilis. BALDWIN CO.: dry woods, Magnolia Springs, June 25, 1909, Schallert (Duke); dry open woods, Point Clear, 1896, Mohr (US): dry pine barrens olles 4 mile west of Elberta, R. M. Harper, no. 3795. MOBILE
dry pine woods, Mobile, July, 1877, (US); pine tag Spring Hill, E. W. Graves, no. 498 (? or 948), in part only (Mo, US), as Re. humilis. MUIssissiprt: cme co.: Heidel- ae Tracy, no. 3324 (US), as R. humilis. WAYNE co.: Waynes- boro, Pollard, no. 1221 (Mo, NY, US), as R. humilis. HARRISON
flora. LOUISIANA: ORLEANS PARISH: New O rleans, Drummond. POINTE COUPEE PARISH: dry sandy soil, Red River, Hale. PLATES 849 and 850; map 6.
Among the very diverse plants which have been identified with Ruellia ciliosa Pursh the present species seems to me most likely to be what he had from Savannah. His description, emphasizing the subsessile ovate-oblong leaves (remembering that Pursh used “ovate’’ for truly ovate and for obovate outlines) with long white ciliation, the bracts lanceolate, the subulate calyx-segments one fourth the length of the corolla-tube, was better for this plant than for most of the species (with ovate or lanceolate and petioled leaves) to which the name has been applied. Pursh’s account was as follows
fates. 1 md ee ry
ciliosa. 4. R. erecta, ramosa ;
sa:
albis longe ailtaae rabbis lanceolatis brevibus, calycis laciniis sehen tubo corollae quadruplo breviori Near Savannah, Georgia. 2. fy. v.s. in Herb. Enslen
Since this is the éeiy plant which approximately satisfies the diagnosis and since it extends northward across South Carolina, I am retaining the name Ruellia ciliosa for it. When the actual type can be examined some revision may be necessitated. In DeCandolle, Prodr. xi. 122 (1847) Nees introduced a confusion
38 Rhodora [JANUARY
which has lasted for nearly a century, by citing under Dipteracan- thus ciliosus a number of Drummond and other specimens, from Texas to Missouri, which belong to the wholly different R. humilis Nutt. The latter, of which a type or isotype is before me, is a definite and wide-ranging inland species, quite unknown on the Atlantic slope of South Carolina and Georgia, with essentially sessile, oblong, ovate or lanceolate leaves with none of the su spatulate or obovate tendency of R. ciliosa and never, so far as I have seen, with the slightest rosulate tendency. The type of R. humilis was from Arkansas. Nevertheless, Small, clearly de- scribing as R. humilis only the dwarfer plants of R. ciliosa, gave it, as R. humilis, the range: ‘‘Georgia and Florida to Mississippi”, thus excluding the type-region. By Small’s account, his “R humilis” had the “Stems very short, 1-3 em. long’. The ma- jority of collections show some individuals with stems 0.3-3 dm. high, many of them from Florida; I cannot make out how Small disposed of them, for their leaf-outline and extreme villosity keep them out of his other categories.
(To be continued)
nea NR a RM ener eeeencenmcmanaael x —
RUELLIA IN THE EASTERN UNITED STATES M. L. FERNALD (Continued from page 38)
In northwestern Florida there occurs a localized variety which differs from wide-ranging Ruellia ciliosa in suppression of the pubescence, the internodes being merely cinereous-puberulent, and the calyx-segments, though long-ciliate, covered on the back with cinereous pulverulence. This should be called
aoa c Rm tI orm RCA — mins RTT ET (mea i ane
48 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
Var. cinerascens, var. nov., caulis internodiis cinereo-puberulis; :
calycis laciniis dorso cinereo-pulverulentibus margine villoso-
ciliatis NORTHWESTERN FLORIDA: WALTON CO.: dry open
woods, Crestview, July 22, sy A. H. Curtiss, no. 6489 in part,
distrib, as R. humilis (Mo, N US (TYPE in U.S. Nat. Herb. )). SCAMBIA Co.: Fisherville, oa Pensacola, June 17, 1905, J. M
M varies (Pa).
R. succuLenta Small. Erect or nearly so, with simple sale and fleshy stems or erect branches 1.5-7.5 dm. high, the internodes sparingly puberulent or generally glabrous, purplish: leaves succulent, purplish, oblanceolate, narrowly obovate or oblong, narrowed to definite ticles glabrous or minutely hirtellous and glabrate, undulate, the surfaces more or less lineolate; larger blades 3-6 cm: long and 0.7—2 cm. wide: flowers
1-3 on very short aban axillary peduncles: bracts small, ae ge or oblong, glabrous: calyx-segments linear-filiform,
ong, glabrous or sparsely ciliate: corolla blue-purple, y 54.5 cm. long, or the latest ones smaller; the slender tube 1.5-2.5 em. long, the slenderly campanulate throat 0.7-1 cm. in diameter at summit, the expanded limb 2. em. broad: capsule 5 eves rarely strigose, 1-1.5 cm. long, longer or orb shorter than calyx.—Bu i. N. Y; Bot. Gant iii. 437 (1905).— ine ah region of southern FLoripA: pEsoTo co.: sandhills, ~ Park to Sebring, Small & DeWinkeler, no. 9047 (NY).
co.: hammocks, Myers, Hitchcock, no. 261. DADE Co.:
bordee of wet prairie, Bay Biscayne, A. t Curtiss, no. 5500E; near Cutler, A. A. Eaton, no. 257; in everglades near unfinished railroad grades, between Coconut Grove and Cutler, Small & Carter, no. 1721 Lee el eer pal of edits Small &
(NY); Rages about Sykes Hammock, Small, Mosier & Small, no. 5659 (Du NY); hammocks on prairie east of Florida City, Se: nee "8080 0 (NY); near the Homestead Trail, Small, no. 225 6 (NY ); west of Camp Jackson, Small & Wilson, no. 1844 (NY); Cues Jackson to Camp Longview w, Small, Carter & Small, no. 3490 ibis basta gas and vicinity, Saffo rd & M osier, no. 207 (US). OE everglades, intersecting Long Key, Small & Nea cn 3017 (NY). PLATE 851; MAP 7.
In its stiffly upright habit, glabrescent and more or less fistulous stems, fleshy purplish leaves and relatively short calyx Ruellia succulenta is not likely to be confused with more northern species.
rd
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 49
Small contrasted it with R. “parviflora”, but that name, as cur- rently used, applies to as diverse an aggregation of plants as can be imagined, the name, as originally applied, belonging to nothing readily identifiable. In some characters, especially in habit and foliage R. succulenta might, superficially, be mistaken for the next.
9. NOCTIFLORA (Nees) Gray. Stems erect or arched-ascend- ing (rarely divergently pole from base—presumably after injury), 1.5-6 dm. high, cinereous-puberulent or minutely cinereous-pilose, glabrescent, ‘with elongate internodes and 3-10 pairs of leaves on main axis: leaves narrowly lanceolate to lance- or elliptic-oblong, submembranaceous, Ratna: or minutely hirtellous, ee to rae or subacute apex and to sessile to
of leaves, very short, gnome erulent; the 2 cinereous bracts linear-lanceolate and undulate-dentate: calyx-segments slenderly linear, cinereous-puberulent or minutely cone .O-4.5 em. long: ¢ orolla bluish to nearly white, expandin
the night, 6-11 cm. long; slender tube 4.5-8 em. long; ihe slender throat only 1-2 cm. long and 5-10 mm. thick; the ex- panded limb 3.5-6 cm. ae capsule cinereous-puberulent, 2.25-3.5 cm. long.—Syn. Fl. N. oe ii!, 326 (1878). Cee ey LeConte in Ann. Lye. iv Y. 1. ae not HBK. (1817).
wet pine barrens, evidently local, eastern Georgia to north- western Florida, ‘west to southwestern Louisi ~ a. GEORGIA: WITHOUT STATED LocaLiTy: LeConte (Mo, NY); savannas, LeConte? (Phil); these perhaps portions of original collec tions, at first called R. longiflora (not R. longiflora Richard, 1792) but on en sheets altered i R. A LeConte in his seo a poptrs ‘“‘TInhabits in the savannahs of the Altamaha”’. RICHMON : “Altamaha, Bath”, LeConte (Phil). Fistor co.: near Sonbis Lalioite (NY); wet peaty pine barrens, 14 miles southeast of Ludowici, one Co. & Manning, no. 29 928 (errone- ously noted as from “Lon Co.”). MCINTOSH CO.: at sea-level, about Darien Junction, “Jane 35-27, 1895, J. K. Small (NY). FLORIDA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Florida, LeConte (Phil); Florida, Chapman, eal collections (Mo, NY, Phil, US); est Florida, Chapman, rota begreer age WAKULLA CO.
“Dizygandra noctiflora Shuttl. , In campis graminosis, 1 Sunbury, not eg on modern maps of cur, was thus described in Lippincott’s Gazeteer (1856): ecayed town of Liberty co., Georgia, on the Medway River,
about 30 miles S. Mycteare of Savannah
50 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
inter St. Marks et Port Leon, Florida, legit Rugel, Jun. 1843 (Mo, NY), 1soTyPes of Dipteracanthus noctiflorus Nees. FRANK- LIN CO.: Apalachicola, Chapman, with note, ‘‘The flowers open in the night and fall off by morning”; low prairie, Apalachicola, 1867, B. F. Saurman; ae gra y Pie barren, Apalachicola, Chapman, distr. by Biltmore Hans . 4501*; low pinelands, Port St. Joe to Aneinsticoln. Small, Small & DeWinkeler, no. 11,417 (NY, US). Atasama: low meadows on the coast, Porters- ville, Sept., 1892, Mohr (US)—locality not definitely located, since Portersville in DeKalb County is not on the coast. CULL-
ss m ek
1892, Mohr (NY, US). Mussissrprt: Deer Island, A. B. Seymour, no. 197 (loosely branched, presumably injured, the oe leaves with unusually long petioles). HARRISON CO.: Bilo June 22, 1899, S. M. Tracy, some specimens as no. wpe others as no. Mo, NC, NY, US). HaANcocK co ne_ barren, Prete & Schery, no. 51 (Mo); Bay St. Louis, foal Is (NY). LOUISIANA: CALCASIEU PARISH: vicinity of Lake Charles, 1904, y oa Allison (US). Puiarns 852 and 853; map 8.
Ruellia noctiflora is one of the most distinctive and, at the same time, highly localized American species. In view of the great amount of collecting in the Southeastern States, it should, if at all common, be better represented in herbaria. LeConte’s state- ment, when he originally published it as R. tubiflora, that it “Tnhabits in the savannahs of the Altamaha’’, suggest localiza- tion. When he renamed the species Dipteracanthus noctiflorus, Nees, as usual, had very mixed ideas, for he included with the LeConte plant and that from St. Marks, Florida, material from Texas of the wholly different R. humilis Nutt.; in fact he made R. humilis a variety of D. noctiflorus, and he went so far in his general misinterpretations as to note that the wonderfully differ- ent Dipteracanthus noctiflorus “vix a D. cilioso Purshii differret”’. Aside from the minutely canescent pubescence which covers most parts of R. noctiflora, this species has the longest corolla and calyx of any of our species, and its very long (up to 3.5 cm. long) ee is cinereous-puberulent.
R. numitis Nutt. Stem often at first simple, soon with ed ing to horizontally divergent or reclining branches; the main axis 1-7 (-8.5) dm. high; the rather short internodes berate! or can pant ioe to pkneinemen quires
with 4-12 pairs of leaves longer than the internodes, and 4-10 mse floriferous: leaves coriaceous, often hirsute to ’ villous on
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 51
nerves and margin, oblong or oblong-lanceolate to ovate, _— or subsessile, nearly uniform or but slightly reduced upward: flowers few in the axils: bracts lanceolate, oblong or elliptic: calyx-segments 1.5-2.5 cm. long, linear-attenuate, mostly hirsute- to villous-ciliate: corolla 2-8 ¢ . long, lavender to bluish (rarely white), the slender tube 0. 75 cm. long, the throat campanulate; corolla reduced, closed and tubular in rare cleisto- gamous individuals: an a aarreabias 1.2-1.5 cm. long: ~ suborbicular, 3-4 m n diameter.—A wide-ranging polymor- phous species, of Teh: the following are the more sanidenat varieties.
ong. oe leaves of gore! axis elliptic-oblong to ae lanceolate, 1-2. road, obtuse to subacute.
aiverwent heiress oe pes Var. typica.
rounded at summit, 2.5-4 cm. bro a eee oes 100. Var. expansa. a. Younger internodes of stem nae glabrescent or with only few scattered hairs on the angles; leaves glabrous, piabiessaiit or only soni ely short-hirsute on neath and margin, narrowly e ce Boo ashy to oblong- lanceolate, the otf ones 1-3 cm. broad and 2-6 em. long; corolla 2-3.5 em. long, its tube 0.7-2.3 cm. long; plant chiefly of Cinnbertand TIMOR 2 oe ee 10f. Var. calvescens.
10a. Var. typica. R. hirsuta Ell. Sk. ii. 109 (1822), not Vell. (1790). R. humilis Nutt. in Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. v. 182 (1837). Dipteracanthus noctiflorus, @. Mania Ne ees in DC. Prodr. xi. 123 < mae - least as to basonym. R. ciliosa, var. ice Gray, . Am. ii!. 326 (1878) in part only. liosa, var. “thle (N ut.) Britton in Trans. N. Y. Acad. Ae ix. 185 (1890), at least as to basonym.—Dry prairies, rocky slopes, open woods etc., southern and eastern Iowa to Texas, east to the Mississippi
land, western Virginia, ssee a 0 stern Alabama. The following are characteristic (all, unless eeu called R. ciliosa Purs NIA: FRANKLIN ‘abundant
h). and common”, iaatentes July 24, 1896, Thos. C. Porter
52 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
(NY, Phil), variously as R. ciliosa, R. ciliosa, var. parviflora and
R. strepens, var.; dry ground, among grasses, near Baker Cavern,
south of Williamson, Hans Wilkens, no. ey Be Mercersberg, co
1846, Ruel (Phil), as R. strepens. MARYLAND: WASHINGTON Potomac River, Williamsport, Aug. 1849, Porter (Phil), as hg eaagy ‘stre repens. Wrst VIRGINIA: HARDY co.: Lost
River, Aug. 18, 1931, Core (NY). Virernta: GILEs co.: Ripple-
August 4E 1937, ‘Lena Artz (Mt ie OHIO: CUYAHOGA CO.: near Blue Rock S$ prings, Cleveland, oe 000 no. 1542. INDIANA:
ry, 8
n, R. M. Tryon, Je no. 2698 Deke. as R. caroliniensis. ots co.: rocky woods between Duncan and New Albany, Deam, no. 13,995 (NY). CRAWFoRD co.: rocky, exposed wooded hillside southwest of Milltown, Deam, no. 16,422. KrntTucKY: LOGAN Co.: limestone ledges and barrens, near Russelville, EZ. J. Patines no. 17,758 (Mo), . ie parviflora (transition to var.
calvescens). TENNESSEE: DAV : copses, vicinity of Nash- ville, Gattinger; West Nashville, Mosleson, no. 5160. FRANKLIN co.: Cumberland Mts ; Cowan, Ruth, no. 564 (US). ALABAMA
FRANKLIN CO.: small flat cedar glade just north of Isbell, R. M. Harper, no. 3887 (US, VPI), as R. caroliniensis (transition to var. calvescens). MISSISSIPPI: LOWNDES Co.: sandy, open places, banks of Tombigbee River, Columbus, June 15, 1892, C. Mohr (US), as R. ciliosa, var. hy brida. WARREN CO.: near Vicksburg, Paul J. Schallert, Jr. no. 13197 (Schallert). ILLINOIS: COOK CO.:
limestone cliffs, Le emont, July 20, 1912, H. L. Braun (Braun).
).
co.: river-bank, vicinity of Kankakee, C. C. Crampton, no. 568 (US). RICHLAND co.: southwest of Calsmin. Robt. Ridgway, no. 3183, in part (Phil). KENDALL co.: Yorkville, oy doar 1884, T. E. Boyc LEE co.: Dixon, July, 1861, Wm. B oot (Phil), as Dipteracanthus ciliosus, correctly annotated as R. haonilis. WASH- tincTon co.: Ashley, F. Beckwith, no. 47 (Mo). JACKSON CO.:
gumbo soil, woods, Bie Muddy River, John McCree, Jr., no. 833 (Mo). UNION CO.: ona V tp of Lick Creek, Oct. 7, 1939, E. Anderson & Wm. Bauer (Mo). Iowa: cosa 3 CO,! Lyons am mel, no. Je te saab co.: Mt. Pleasant, C. R. Ball, no. 1564
ohn Davis, no. 978 (Mo). RALLS CO.: ie hillsides, west of Hanni- bal, John Davis, no. 4646 (Mo). prKE co.: Eolia, Aug. 26, 1916, John Davis (Mo). ST. LOUIS co.: Meramec Highlands, July 29,
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 53
1905, A. G. Johnson (Mo); West Webster, Uphof, no. 3803 (Mo). JEFFERSON co.: Cedar Hill, John H. Ke llogg, no. 1185 (Mo). FRANKLIN Co.: Pacific, Sept. 18, 1910, Moses Cratg (Mo). BUTLER co.: woods, Bush, no. 3739 (Mo, NY, US), as R. parviflora. SHAN- NON CO.: Bush, no. 70, identification correctly altered to R. humilis. COOPER CO.: rocky woods, Bush, no. 15,137 (Mo). MORGAN co.: rocky woods, Bush, no. 15, 147 Mo). WEBSTER Co.: upland lime- nae glade, north of Forkner’s Hill, Steyermark, no. 23,854 (Mo), s R. caroliniensis. OZARK Co.: rocky 4 ground (dolomite), Bacies of “Bald Jesse”, near Gainesville, Z. J. Palmer, no. 33,073 (Mo). pores co.: Cole Cam mp, Trelease, no. 439 (Mo). BARRY CO.: s, Bush, no. 15,007 se as R. parviflora. CLAY CO.: Phxadier z fee 29, 189 qd: A. C'. Magruder (Mo), as R. ciliosa, var. humilis. JACKSON CO.: rocky barrens, Greenwood, Bush, no. 9745 (Mo, a as R. parviflora; Rocky Bluff, south of pute: pendence, K. K. Mackenzie, no. 1065 (NY), as R. ciliosa, var. humilis. iyo co.: chert barrens, Joplin, E. J. Palmer, no. 1309 (Mo) and no. 18,451 (NY), the latter as R. sin a NEWTON Co.: chert barrens, Reding’s Mill, #. J. Palmer, no 1532 (Mo). McDONALD co.: July 24, 1893, Bush (Mo). ARKAN- SAS: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: “on rocks in the upland forests and prairies’, Nuttall, Type or isotype (NY), the specimen marked by Britton R. ciliosa Pursh. cuay co.: woods, Moark, Bush, no. 3746 (Mo), as R. pt ees a. LONOKE Co.: fallow fields,
Carlisle, Demaree, no. 17,613 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis. PULASK CO.: rocky ridges, ae Mt., Demaree, no. 19,797 (Mo), ie R. caroliniensis. CARROLL co.: rocky slopes, Eureka Springs, E. J. Palmer, no. 4426 (Mo). BENTON co.: Decatur, 1899, E. N. Plank (NY). JOHNSON co.: ridges, Knoxville, Demaree, no. 19,933 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis. FRANKLIN Co.: low ridges, ranch, Demaree, no. 17,786 (NY), as R. caroliniensis. YELL co.: dry rocky ridges, Tones Mt., Dardanelle, Demaree, no. 20,006 (Mo, NY). scorr co.: dry low hills, Mansfield, Demaree, no. 18,171 (NY). LOUISIANA: CALCASIEU PARISH? Lake Charles,
. Tracy, no. 3468 (NY). Kansas: Fy ican co.: 6
west of Pittsburg, Rydberg & Imler, no. 164 (NY). LABETTE 60. bluffs north of Oswego, Rydberg & I wiler, no. 359 (NY). MONT- GOMERY Co.: northeast of Caney, Rydberg & Imler, no. 401 (NY). OKLAHOMA: OTTAWA Co.: woods, Miami, G. W. Stevens, no. 2304. MCCURTAIN CO.: woods, near Idabel, H. W. Houghton as G. W. Stevens, no. 3633. semen co.: dry knoll, near haa a G. W. Stevens, no. 1931. YNE CO.: ny) Rane Waugh, no. 144 (Mo); sandy clay soil, oth of Sele Robert Stratton, no. 141 (Mo). Exuis co.:sand, Arnett, L. F. Locke, no. 25 (US). Texas:
WOOD co.: sands, Mineola, yest (Mo). JEFFERSON CO west of Beaumont, April 11, 1921, E. T. Wherry (US), correctly identified. HARRIS CO.: prairies, ’ Laporte, Reverchon, no. 3938
54 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
(Mo), as R. parviflora. Brazos co.: College Station, R. G. Reeves, nos. 167 and 168 (US). pauuas co.: dry places, Dallas, July, 1877, Reverchon (NY). BELL co.: dry woods, near Temple, S. E. Wolff, no. 2288 (US). TARRANT Co.: sandy post-oak woods between Grapevine and Ft. Worth, heey & Lundell, no. 9516 (US). FAYETTE co.: Crawford, 1892 (Mo). Lavaca co.: Hal- a G. L. Fisher, no. 100 (US). Bexar co.: bank of
elot ae northwest of San Antonio, Sister Mary Clare Mite. no 9 (NY). KERR Co.: hillside woods, Lacey’s Ranch, E. J. Pale, no. 9994 (Mo). Puarss 854 and 855; MAP 9.
The minor form ay white corollas is
Forma alba (Steyermark), comb. nov. £&. caroliniensis, forma alba Steyermark in RuHopora, xli. 585 (1939). —Typr from Missouri: prairie-slopes above limestone bluffs along Long Creek, 1144 miles south of Shae Caldwell County, Steyer- mark, no. 3058 (IsoTyPpE Mo
Although the description of forma alba, as a form of Ruellia caroliniensis (a strikingly different species not found in Missouri), gave no indication that it is an albino of the sessile-leaved species of the prairie-region and not at all of R. caroliniensis, the isotype is quite like typical R. humilis except for its white corolla.
Forma grisea, f. nov. (raB. 856) caulis internodiis griseo- puberulis vel cinereo-pilosis, Me hirsutis.—Scattered through the range of var. typica. OHIO: PICKAWAY co.: Aug. 9, 1912, R. Lebo (Phil). finmioia® aSEOGN co.: gravelly hillside,
ower, Aug. 28, 1900, Gleason, no. 1803. MussourRt: eeiea co.: Jerome, Oct. 5, 1913, John H. Kellogg, no. 157 (Mo). JACKSON Co.: dry open bank, Kansas City, Sept. 15, 1916, Ralph Hoffmann (Mo). McDONAL .: dry ground, uncommon, July 24, 1893, Bush, no. 281 Geren | bs | Herb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. Britt tt.). LOUISIANA: JEFFERSON DAVIS PARISH: knolls in low prairie, May 17, 1915, E. J. Palmer, no. 7649 (Mo). CALCASIEU PARISH: Lake Charles, Aug. 7, 1897, S. M. Tracy, no. 3469 (US). OKLAHOMA: OTTAWA CO.: pasture near eee Aug. 31, 1937, Rk. Fosberg, no. 14,289 (Penn). EXAS: VAN ZANDT CO.: Grand Saline, Oct. 18, ——, sais Mo).
Var. frondosa, var. nov. (ra AB. 857), vencbopiac valde villoso-
irsutis; axis primarii foliis majoribus ovatis vel ovali-oblongis vel late ellipticis, 3.5-8 cm. longis 2-4 em.. hee a obtusis; corollis 3-4.5 (-5) em. longis tubo 1.2-3 em. longo.— Southeastern Nebraska to eastern Texas aad Louisiana, “cant ward to south-central Pennsylvania and western Virginia; speci- mens, unless otherwise noted, originally called R. ciliosa, in a few cases corrected to R. humilis. PENNSYLVANIA: FRANKLIN co.: Chambersburg, Aug. 27, 1897, Thos. C. Porter. V1rGINIA:
i ome et ree e sated - at: CT: eeemenaant
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 55
SHENANDOAH Co.: rocky (limey) woods, near Strasburg, Hunne- well, no. 12,037 (FWH), as R. caroliniensis; limestone barrens near Strasburg, June 6, 1936, Hunnewell (VPI), as R. carolinien- sis; damp thicket near Meadow Mills, Hunnewell, no. 17,837 FW 0, F
WYTHE Co.: banks, Reed Creek, June 28, em as es: es site tie co.: Euclid Heights, Cleveland, Green- man, 353; r Blue Rock PpRngs, mea oe Greenman, nos. 1541 and 1542 (U S). GREEN CO.: a, July 10, 1883, H.
A. Young; open bottoms, Yellow aes July 10, 1935, Demaree, no. 11,486 (Mo, Phil); ’ Cedarville, July, 1906 "J. F. Cleven nger (US). MonTGomERY co.: Dayton, John W. VanCleve (Phil), as R. angele CLERMONT Co.: sandy soil, gravel terrace, Mul- ford, June 17, 1916, H. L. Braun (Braun). HAMILTON Co.: gravel banks, ligeeat Fernald, July 19, 1914, #. L. Braun (Braun). Inp1- N CO.: prairie north of "Tab, August 31, 1916, Deam, a “art 613 (NY): high bank S Pine Creek, west of Kramer, July 8, 1918, Deam, no. 25,843. MARION co.: abundant among tall weeds between Indianapolis se Carmel, Aug. 8, 1942, Friesner, no. 17,202 (type in Herb. Gray. ; ISOTYPE in Herb. Butler Univ.), distrib. as R. caroliniensis; same station, August 5, 1944, Friesner, no. 18,579 (topotypes).. HARRISON co.: bluff, south side of Buck Creek, southeast of Corydon, June 15, 1940, Friesner, no. 14,369 (D NY), as R. caroliniensis. KENTUCKY: PENDLETON C0.: dry fea bank, south of Peach Grove, July 8, 1941, EZ. L. Braun, no. 4037. ‘TENNESSEE: DAVIDSON Co.: West Nashville, May 26-27, 1909, Eggleston, no. 4436 (Phil). Ittrots. COOK co.: Chicago, Se H. Babcock (US); Flossmoor, Aug. 1, 1909, Greenman, no. 2816. DUPAGE co.: introduced along roadside, Naperville, Aug. 1, 1897, L. M. Umbach (US). WILL co.: ro ad- side, Romeo, June 25, 1896 (Phil), July 26, 1897 “(US), Ss) WINNEBAGO CO.: Rockford, July 11, 1926, Pammel & Fisk, 293 (Mo). RICHLAND co.: Larchmount, Aug. 1, 1914, Robt. idgway. CHAMPAIGN Co.: vicinity of Urbana, Aug. 10, 1910, Steele (US). sTarxk co.: gravel slope, near Wady Petra, July 9, 1900, V. H. Chase, no. 673 (Phil). HANCOCK CO.: Augusta, 1845, S. B. Mead, as R. strepens. sv. CLAIR co.: dry ground, June 28, 1875, Henry Eggert (Mo). Iowa: cLinTon co.: Clinton
(Lyons), Sept. 4, , Pammel, no. 77. WARREN CO.: Indianola, July 6, eer Paina Welbus & J acques. MISSOURI: CLARK C pene u ush (Mo). st. LOUIS co. collines arides,
6205 (Mo). NODAWAY co.: geet ngs, n Parnell, June 20, 1938, eae no. no. 5936 (Mo). TACKSON ee
56 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
dry grounds, Waldo Park, June 10, 1896, K. K. Mackenzie (US). JOHNSON Co.: sandstone hillside, Warrenburg, Aug. 27, 1916, G. W. Stevens, no. 4106 (NY). GREENE co.,: northeast of Spring- field, Aug. 29, 1911, P. C. Standley, no. 8390 (US). JASPER co.: chert barrens, northwest of Joplin, Aug. 16, 1908, E. J. Palmer, no. 1309 (Mo). mMcpona.p co.: dry open ground, Noel, Sept. 7, 1913, E. J. Palmer, no. 4164 (Mo); chert slopes west of Noel, May 31, 1938, Steyermark, no. 562 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis. ARKANSAS: FAULKNER Co.: rocky glade, Guy, Sept. 4, 1934, Demaree, no. 10,963 (US). puLAsKi co.: Little Rock, July, 1886, H. E. Hasse (NY). carrout co.: Eureka Springs, July 17, 1898, N. M. Glatfelter (Mo). LovtstaNa: RAPIDES PARISH: pine woods, vicinity of Alexandria, June 6, 1899, C. R. Ball, no. 655, in part
0, US). NeBRASKA: LANCASTER CO.: roadsides, Lincoln, Aug. =e H. J. Webber (US). Kansas: pouaLas co.: Lawrence,
en
through wooded area, southeast corner of county, July 23, 1937, . B. Jacobs, no. 134 (NY). cowLEy co.: 1895, C. M. Gould NY). OKLAHOMA: ELLIS Co.: east of Harmon, June 17, 1932,
em. broad and 3-6 em. long, obtuse to subacute: corolla 5-8 em. ong; = tube 3-5 cm. long.—R. ci tosa, var. longiflora Gray, yn.
as R. ciliosa, more rarely as R. humilis, ILLINOIS: RICHLAND CO.: Parkersburg, June 14, 1902, Robt. Ridgway (US). MACOUPIN co.: Piasa, Aug. 5, 1905, G. E. McClure (Mo). WILLIAMson co.: dry soil, Bush, John McCree, Jr. no. 881 (Mo). Missourt: MARION co.: dry soil, near Mark Twain Cave, John Davis, no. 4101 (Mo). LINCOLN Co0.: Silex, John Davis, no. 3887 (Mo). st. Louis co.: Windsor Springs, July 1, 1890, A. S. Hitchcock (Mo). JEFFERSON co.: stony hills north of Hematite, July 7, 1891, Henry Eggert, (Mo); dry limestone glade southwest of Crystal City, Steyer- mark, no. 1114 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis; Festus, July 11, 1925, Woodson (Mo); south of Festus, Mildred M athias, no. 700 (Mo). WASHINGTON CO.: Potosi, July 24, 1885, Frederick Wislizenus
0). COOPER co.: rocky barrens, Bush, no. 13,673 (Mo).
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 57
GREENE Co.: dry hills near Fulbright Spring, P. C. Standley, no. 9567 (US). TaNrEyY co.: Forsythe, Trelease, no. 440 (Mo), as R. ciliosa, var. longiflora. JACKSON Co.: rocky hillside, June 15, 1864, G. C. Broadhead (Mo). BENTON co.: Mora, Trelease, no. 438 (Mo). ST. CLAIR CO.: rocky woods, Osceola, Bush, no. 12, 819 (Mo). JASPER co.: Aug. 16, 1893, Bush (Mo), as R. ciliosa, var. longiflora. Amesarais: CRAIGHEAD CO.: open woods, Lake City, Demaree, no. 3391 (Mo). SHARP Co.: Hardy, Greenman, no. 1524 Mo). pete co.: prairie-thickets, Mist, Demaree, no. 15,096 (Mo). FAULKNER co.: rocky hillsides, Guy, Demaree, no. 10,963 (NY). conway co.: Petit Jean Mt., Morrilton, June 25, 1937, John K. Edwards (Pa). LOGAN CO.: rocky, dry situations at 2800 ft., Magazine Mt., Demaree, no. 17,720 (Mo, “yet as R. caroliniensis SEBASTIAN co.: Fort Smith, 1853-4
eo Herb. (NY). NATCHITOCHES PARISH: dry open ati) Soecte mag mee E. J. Palmer, no. Pee Y); dry sandy ground, Chopin, EF. J. Palmer, no. 7565 (Mo); long-leaf pine pendhills, fake 20, 1930, Caroline Dorman (NY). RAPIDES PARISH: Alex andria, Josiah Hale (NY). JEFFERSON DAVIS PARISH: knolls on low prairies, Welsh, E. J. Palmer, no. 7649 (NY). marisa 4 PARISH: low grassy soil, 1 mile east of Lake Charles, D. S. & H Correll, no. 9652. KANSAS: WITHOUT DEFINITE LOCALITY i tween Neusha and Red Fork, Sept., 1849, Marcy Exped. RILEY CO: Manhattan, Pek 29, 1884, M. A. Carleton (Mo). LYON co.: ae poria, July 13, 891, E. C. Sm ith (Mo). MONTGOMERY CO.: prairie, one September 16, 1900, Frank W. Johnson (NY). SEDGWICK co.: Wichita, 1892, H. R. Rose. OKLAHOMA: CRAIG CO.: north of Vinita, G. J. Goodman, no. 3047. osaGeE co.: dry knoll, Pawhuska, G. W. Seta no. 1931. CREEK Co.: fag ‘bi it oe 428 (Mo). TExas: WITHOUT STATED LocALITy: Drum , No 219 and 220 (amas ean) and 258 (nos. 220 and 258 praing Hae of Rboeceacaae! reas Torr. & Gray); Lindheimer, no. 158; everchon, no. 725 (Mo). TYLER CO.: Jct south of Woodville, Lundell & leandats no. 11,544 (US). HARDIN co.: east of Camp Jackson, Cory, no. 19, 793. HOUSTON sos cm open ground, La- texo, EZ. J.P. Palmer, no. 12, sig eT NY). WALKER co. seme agy of
co.: Dallas, June, 1874, Reverchon, no. 410, PARATYPE; vicinity
58 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
rocky ground, Aug. 10, 1924 (NY)). TRavis co.: Austin, Tharp, no. 1384 (US). Bastrop co.: McDade, Va. Collins, no. 266. pxE witT co.: hillside, July 30, 1941, Marguerite Riedel. BEXAR Co.: hills north of San Antonio, Sept. 1, 1900, Henry Eggert (Mo). TOM GREEN Co.: Knickerbocker Ranch, Dove Creek, May, 1880, Frank Tweedy (US), as R. ciliosa, var. longiflora. PLATE 858; MAP
Lakes, Chapman (Mo). Mrcutcan: old specimen marked b Asa Gray “ Michigan coll.”. Wisconsin: RocK co.: Beloit, 1860,
(US). Intinots: coox co.: Chicago, July 7, 1873, H. H. Babcock (US); prairie, Streator, Aug. 11, 1929, Howard K. Henry, no. 130 (Pa); between the Sag and Palos Park, Sept. 1, 1908, Caldwell & Greenman, no. 3584 (Mo); Riverside, June 29, 1871, H. H. Bab- cock (NY), July, 1888, E. L. Sturtevant (Mo). wit co.: Joliet, July 4, 1900, H. P. Skeels (USNA). wINNEBAGo co.: Fountain- dale, M. S. Bebb, as Dipteracanthus strepens. WoopFORD CO.: Minonk, Aug. 13, 1895, Chas. Thom (USNA). PEORIA Co.: Peoria,
68, J. T. Stewart (Phil); dry barrens, Peoria, June, 1887, F. E. McDonald; dry prairies, Peoria, July, 1903, and July, 1904, F. £. McDonald. Mason co.: Havana, Aug. 17, 1904, Gleason. HENDER-
MACON CO.: openings in timber, Stevens Creek at Wabash, July 1, 1915, I. W. Clokey, no. 2429 (TyPE in Herb. Gray; 1sorypEs in
. : : us ee ~ Ree, _ tenn, ey annem eee osememmeme si Pon 4
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 59
1877, A. B. Seymour (Duke). st. cLAIR co.: woods, Belleville, July, 1846, Th. Hilgard, Jr. (Mo)—plant 8.25 m. high. RANDOLPH co.: Red Bud, June 30, 1888, L. H. Pammel (Mo). Muississiprt: OKTIBBEHA CO.: Agency, May 31, 1897, S. M. Tracy, no.. 3203 (NY). Iowa: JOHNSON Co.: Aug. 13; 1909, M. P. Somes, no. vg (US). VAN BUREN CO.: open woods, Bentonport, July, 1920,
LE. W. Graves, nos. 1687 and 1957 (Mo). WwayNE co.: July, 1885, R. KB. (Phil). GREENE Co.: Jefferson, July 24, 1867, J. A. Allen. MaApIsON co.: Peru, June 20, 1897, D. E. Hollingsworth, no. 577. RINGGOLD Co: Mount Ayr, July 24, 1926, Ada Hayden
1925, L. H. Pammel, no. 733. MissouRI: MARION. Co.: dry woods, Hannibal, Aug. 7, 1912, John Davis (Mo). PIKE co.: dry mea- dow, near Clarkesville, June 15, 1914, John Davis, no. 2677
0). ST. LOUIS CO.: limestone hill, Pacific, June 8, 1918, MGS 5 Churchill (Mo). WASHINGTON CO.: Irondale, June 30, 1893,
.2 Toc July 6, 1914, E. J. Palmer, no. 6205. PHELPS CoO.: ss June 16, 1914, John H. Kellogg east iy OONE Co.: banks Missouri River, Rocheport, July 4, H. W. Rickett (Duke. WRIGHT CO.: open woods, east of Manchold, June, 1911, O. E. Lansing, no. 3180. MORGAN co.: rocky woods, June ee 1934, Bush, no. 13,708 (Mo, Pa). HICKORY Co.: cherty limestone slopes, east of Jordan, July 10, 1934, Steyermark, no. 13,216 (Mo). GREENE Co.: Springfield, July, 1904, P. C. Standley (U8). JACK- SON co.: Independence, June 10, 1894, Bush, no. 349; barrens, Independence, July 6, 1900, Bush, no. 775 (Mo, US) and several other nos. (one of them with the penciled memorandum, “type of R. ciliosa”, a difficult proposition to defend since Pursh’ s species was from Savannah, Georgia!). BARRY Co.: fields, Eagle Rock, June 29, 1897, Bush, no. 506 (Mo). JASPER Co.: dry prairies, Carthage, July 13, bai Bush, no. 356 (Mo). MCDONALD co.: dry ground, Bush, no. 282 (NY), as R. ciliosa, var. three ARKANSAS: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Arun- holdt, no, 24. pRArRIE co.: Hazen, Grand Prairie, June 29, 1941, Tenipres. no. 23,304 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis. CARROLL Co.: Eureka Springs, ‘July 7, 1898, N. M. Glatfelter (Mo). BENTON CO.: prairie-like thickets, Willow Springs, Aug. 9, 1941, Demaree, no. 22,380 (Mo), as R. caroliniensis. LOUISIANA! RED RIVER PARISH? J. Hale as R. etre Ell. NATCHITOCHES PARISH: eed
60 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
ELLIS co.: Cyril Zeller (Mo). OKLAHOMA: OTTAWA CO.: pasture near Narcissa, Aug. 31, 1937, F. R. Fosberg, no. 14,289 (Pa). at aay co.: rocky woods west of McAlester, May 27, 1920, W. Pennell, no. 10,600 (Phil). PAYNE Co.: Stillwater, June 3 1926, Robt. Stratton, no. 622 ( slg oe soil north of Still- water, June 6, 1937, Darrell McLean n, no. 3 (Phil). BRYAN CO.: Colbert, June. 15, 1891, C. S. Sheldon, no. 14 (US), as R. ciliosa, r. longiflora. CLEVELAND CO.: Norman, Sept. 25, 1914, fa no. 522 (Mo), as R. parviflora. CADDO CO.: ‘between Fort obb and Fort Rebuekle 1868, Edw. Palmer (US), as ae canthus strepens. on i co.: Fort Sill, May 29, 1916, Joseph Clemens. TEXAS: NEWTON CO.: Autreville, "1857, 'C. GC. Fosberg (Phil). camp pa Pittsburg, Sept. 13, 1923, Tharp (Phil). Greee co.: July, 1939, C. L. York. woop co.: post-oak woods, July 6, 1924, Tharp (US). HARRIS co.: barren bluffs, Houston, Sept., 1 843, Engelmann (Mo). DALLAS CO.: vicinity of Dallas, July 3, 1929, Mary R. Stephenson, no. 96 (US). PARKER ce : Weatherford, July 4 1902, S. M. Tracy, no. 8078. TRAVIS : Austin, July 20, 1940, Tharp (transition to var. Sy gldtae och co.: near Corpus Christi, March, 1894, A. (NY). COMANCHE co.: DeLeon, June 16, 1941, Tharp. eb a Var. calvescens, var. nov. (TAB. 860), caulibus 1-4 dm. altis, amosis, ramis plerumque divergentibus, internodiis glabris vel glabrescentibus vel sparse breviterque hispidis; foliis glabris vel glabrescentibus vel ad venas remote hirtellis, anguste elliptico- oblon vel oblongo-lanceolatis, majoribus 2- 0. 7-2.3 em. latis; corollis 2-3.5 cm. longis, tubo 0.7—2.3 cm. longo.—Cumber land Plateau of Kentucky and Tennessee, over- lapping slightly into southern Indiana and southern Ohio, locally in Alleghenies of northwestern Virginia, Great Smoky untains of eastern Tennessee and mountains of northern Georgia and Alabama; specimens, unless otherwise noted, dis- tributed as R. ciliosa or R. aie re hog i a IA: FREDERICK CO aa seine Middletown, Sept. 1 1, Hunnewell, no. 17, 361, as Dyschoriste oblongifolia (ieadteassiotaien ea in e). SHENAN- DOAH co.: dry limerock barrens, 1 pis forthanat of Strasburg, Aug. 30, 1927, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2934; rocky field near anda, July 27, 1942, Rane; aa 17 721 (FWH), as Dyschoriste oblongifolia. GEORGIA: WALKER CO.: Chickamauga Park, Biltmore Herb., no. 849 (US): Onto: HIGHLAND CO.: Sept., eng figex M. Roads, September, 1928 (US). InpIANA: CRAWFOR : in shallow soil on washed limestone slope, jus north of Leavenworth Oct. 5, 1920, Deam, no. 33,429 (Pa). KENTUCKY: WITHOUT STATED nega 1916, Anna King, no. 310 (Duke and, in Part US); hills of Kentucky River, Aug. 15, 1895, H. Garman & J. N. Rose (TYPE in Herb. Gray; ISOTYPE in U. 8. Nat. Herb. ), distrib. as R. strepens. FLEMING co.: dry soil
cg ity =
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 61
east of Hillsboro, Aug. 21, 1940, #. L. Braun, no. 3364 (Braun). ROBERTSON Co.: dry slopes, limestone soil, west of Blue Licks, July 8, 1941, Z. L. Braun, no. 4044. NIcHOLAS Co.: open woods, Blue Lick Springs, Sept. 17, 1936, F. J. Scully, no. 814 (US), as R. parviflora; dry soil, open red cedar, south of Fairview, Sept. 22, 1939, HE. L. Braun, no. 2684 (Braun). scotr co.: dry woods, Stamping Ground, July 27, 1931, J. W. Singer, no. 145 (US), as . parviflora. PULASKI co.: bluffs near Burnside, Aug. 22, 1903, Biltmore Herb. no. 849* (US). NELSON co.: prairie patches, Balltown, July 22, 1940, #. L. Braun, no. 3248 (Braun); dry limestone slope, prairie patches, west of Bardstown, Aug. 18, E. L. Braun, no. 4085. HARDIN co.: thin soil over limestone, Howe Valley, Sept. 6, 1927, Wherry & Pennell, no. 73,642 (Phil). HART CO:. sandy roadside, 2 miles southeast of Horse Cave, Sept. 4, 1930, Svenson, no. 4418. Grayson co.: Leitchfield,
TENNESSEE: SEVIER co.: between Gatlinburg and Maryville, July 27, 1936, W. C. Coker (NC). witson co.: dry cedar glades, Lebanon, Aug. 11, 1900, Biltmore Herb. no. 8498 (US). DAvID- SON co.: cedar barrens, common, Gattinger (Mo); Nashville, Aug., 1879, Gattinger (Mo); West Nashville, May 26-27, 1909, Eggleston, no. 4436 (US), Sept. 24-25, 1909, Eggleston, no. 5160 (NY, Phil). corree co.: near Manchester, Aug. 14, 1899, Biltmore Herb., no. 849 (US). RUTHERFORD CO.: near Lavergne, Aug., 1897, Henry Eggert (Mo). FRANKLIN co.: Cumberland Mts., Cowan, July, 1898, Ruth, no. 556 (NY), no. 590 (Mo). ALABAMA: MADISON Co.: ad montes, prope Huntsville, Oct., 1843, Rugel (NY), with unpublished but quite appropriate varietal name. Map 13. a
When sorted out from the very diverse species with which it has been confused, Ruellia ciliosa, R. caroliniensis, and even the wholly different R. strepens and the apocryphal R. parviflora, Ruellia humilis becomes a very consistent species of wide inland range. By the singular and not very edifying fatality which has obscured the clarification of even the simpler of our species of Ruellia the great bulk of material of the continental R. humilis (including its varieties) has very generally passed as R. ciliosa Pursh, its type from Savannah, Georgia, although there is no evidence in any of the larger American herbaria that the present species approaches Savannah nearer than the Shenandoah Valley
62 Rhodora [FEBRUARY
of Virginia, the Great Smoky Mountains of Tennessee, the mountains of northwestern Georgia, and the northwestern corner of Florida. Conversely, although R. humilis was described from ‘rocks in the upland forests and prairies’ of Arkansas, the name R. humilis has been consistently used by Small and his followers for true and strikingly different R. ciliosa Pursh and given a range, “Sandy soil, Coastal Plain, Fla. to Miss. and Ga.’’, through a country without the dry limestone rocks where true R. humilis prevails, and entirely excluding the type-region of the latter!
There is great probability that Ruellia hirsuta Ell. Sk. 11. 109 (1822) was typical R. humilis Nutt. Elliott, familiar with the more eastern plants, went beyond the stated limits of his Sketch to describe a remarkable new species from “near the Alabama River in dry soils”: “‘ Hirsute, branching, leaves oval-lanceolate, nearly acute, sessile, segments of the calyx subulate, hispid, a little longer than the tube of the corolla Tea re ewe very hirsute. Leaves . . . almost hispid’. Elliott’s type is lost; furthermore his name was antedated by R. hirsuta Velloso (1790).
As the TYPE or IsoTYPE of Ruellia humilis (until a possibly more authentic type is found) I have taken an Arkansas speci- men from Nuttall, in the Torrey Herbarium. This (PLATE 854, Fic. 1) is of the relatively short-flowered series with narrow leaves, a plant (Map 9) prevailing west of the Mississippi, south- ward into Texas, but scattered eastward even to the mountains of south-central Pennsylvania, western Maryland and western Virginia. This plant passes through obvious transitions into a coarser and broader-leaved extreme of similar range (map 10), which might perhaps be considered an ecological variety were it not that in their morphological characters they exactly parallel the two plants with greatly prolonged corolla-tube (the longest corolla of any of our species except the southeastern Coastal Plain R. noctiflora). Although the very long-flowered plants have similar areas of development, the narrow-leaved var. longi- flora (MAP 11) is more restricted, its eastern range stopping essentially at the Mississippi, with northern limits in southern Illinois and Missouri; the broader-leaved var. erpansa (MAP 12) with outposts eastward to northwestern Florida, northeastern Alabama and in Indiana and Wisconsin and, farther west,
1945] Whelden,—Marine Algae of the Monterey Peninsula 63
extending well into Iowa. These two plants, although merging, seem fairly well defined. In Texas and Louisiana var. longiflora has often been mistaken for the more eastern Coastal Plain R. noctiflora. It is promptly distinguished, however, by its greatly developed villous-hirsute pubescence, R. noctiflora being puberu- lent; by its short and strongly hirsute-ciliate calyx-segments, those of R. noctiflora prolonged (2.5-4.5 em. long) and puberu- lent; and by its short and glabrous capsule, the very long (2.25-3.5 em. long) capsule of R. noctiflora pubescent.
As extreme as any variation of Ruellia humilis is var. calvescens (mar 13), concentrated on the Cumberland Plateau, with colonies along the Alleghenies and the Great Smokies. Smaller in all parts than most members of the species and nearly glab- rous, it has been mistaken (by the writer among others) for Dyschoriste oblongifolia (Michx.) Ktze. In their more upright’ extremes the two plants are often superficially similar, but the technical differences of calyx-segments and anthers hold. Fur- thermore, when the ripe seeds of R. humilis, var. calvescens, like those of all our species of Ruellia, are moistened they promptly exude mucilage which soon takes the form of prolonging and streaming spiracles which finally give the seed a more or less plush-like surface. Many tests of seeds of Dyschoriste oblongi- folia have shown no such mucilage-spiracles there. The latter species, furthermore, is a plant of southern Coastal-Plain pine barrens and fall-line sands, northward to South Carolina (the old and doubted basis for it as Virginian, in the Gray Herbarium, being a specimen with copied—not original—label, reading “Southern States. Virginia’’), not of calcareous upland.
(To be continued)
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 71
elongate floriferous ascending basal branches; median leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, sub- equal, subcoriaceous, often undulate-dentate...... 11]. Var. dentata.
lla. Var. typica. Stem when well developed 1.5-7 dm. high, simple, or with divergently to horizontally spreading elongate branches mostly flowering at tips, obtusely angled, canescent- pilose to copiously white-villous; middle and lower internodes greatly elongated (5-18 cm. long), the uppermost greatly. abbre- viated: principal leaves elliptic, subrhombic, oval, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, slender-petioled, obtuse to acute, white-villous to villous-hirsute or canescent-pilose be- neath when young, closely strigose above; the blades 3-10 cm. long and 1.5—4 cm. broad, with somewhat undulate surface, thus crumpled or puckered in drying: glomerules very short-peduncled, trom 1-3 approximate or subapproximate upper nodes and at tips of longer branches, 2-many-flowered: bracts oblong-lanceo- late to narrowly elliptic, nearly equaling to shorter than calyx: calyx-segments linear-setaceous, white-villous or canescent- pilose on back, villous-ciliate, 1.3-2.3 cm. long, usually con- siderably shorter than corolla-tube: corolla bluish-lavender, 2.5-5 cm. long; the slender tube 1.3-2.7 em. long, the campanu- late-obconic throat 1-1.5 cm. thick at summit; expanded limb 2.5-3.5 cm. broad: capsule often densely pilose-hirtellous, sometimes glabrous, 1.4-1.7 cm. long.—R. strepens, capitulis comosis Dillenius, Hort. Elth. ii. 330, t. 331 (1732). KR. strepens L. Sp. Pl. 634 (1753), in part, not L. Mantiss. Alt. 422 (1771). Anonymos caroliniensis Walt. Fl. Carol. 168 (1788). Pattersonza
Lyc. N. Y. (1824), in part only; Small, FI. Se. U. S. 1084 (1903) and Man. 1229 (193 eme
change of spelling of both names) directly from J. F. Gmelin; Blake in Ruopora, xxii. 134 (1915), in part, excluding R. ciliosa and R. carol. var. parviflora (Nees) Blake and all synonyms
anus Nees 1. ec. (1847). R. ciliosa, var. hybrida (Pursh) Gray, ae Fl. iit, 326 (1878), in part—Sandy woods, Florida, north to eastern South Carolina; Tennessee, Kentucky ‘bu ou R. Arkansas (unless otherwise noted, specimens erat hillside, 40-
70 Rhodora [Marcu
pono Ss ne upper more or less approximate nodes chiefly longer nein those boner f entire or not very dentate; 1 or 2 (rarely 3 or 4) nodes of the main axis floriferous, the low- pecshonasbosings ones from closely crowded to as (-15) cm. mple, only rarely branched... . d. oan rsaseings of the uppermost noden broadly ‘ieselete o oval, ovate or elliptic, if lance-subacuminate 1.5- 4.5 cm. ‘broad; calyx-segments glabrous or nearly so on ck; summit of herigaod of eal ve 7-1.5 cm. broad, expanded lim limb 2.5-4 cage . Leaves m Cates oock “phabie, a ovate or elliptic to broadly lanceolate... .f. Fae stoutish to slender, 1-5 mm. thick at base, 1-9 dm. high; larger leaves 5-12 cm. long, if obtuse snatie Tis ore than 7 cm. long... .g g. Leaves ee ispid on veins beneath; calyx- segmen inten aa stem (or some of them) copiously spreading-hirsute............... d. Var. membranacea. teterncdee aon eoe teh to glabrescent, at most with remote elongate trichomes 1 Var. membr., forma breviberbis.
° y BS =
g. Leaves glabrous beneath. Calyx-segments oliates: internodes of stem se aly acini upper surfaces of leaves ally strigose........ 1lf. Var. einen ‘forms hypopsila. Calyx. Hossa hl eciliate; internodes glab pe glabrous; By tog aces of leaves sabeode essentially so........ llg. Var Se ae forma laevior. f. Stem fiform, 1-2 Pia thick at abe, 1-2 (-4) dm ; leaves membranaceous, elliptic to oblong, = larger ones 32-6 em. long, obtuse to rounded at
rar malar — internodes (or some of them) of a piously villous-hirsute with aversen’ Bae ss es Es heard rod nanella. alyx-segments palin: internodes glabresce or merely puberulen oe Var. ena , forma eciliata.
e0 lance-ovate, subacuminate; stem rigid, 4.5-9
Wes a Se 11j. Var. cheloniformis. d, iene leaves of the uppermost acme lance- olate to Loved eg 0.5-1.5 C Cg em. broad; stem slender, 1.5-7 dm. ; calyx-segments canescent- pilose to glabrescent; throat of corolla 5-10 mm. broad at summit, expanded li .5 em. broad..... 11k. Var. salicina.
c. ~~ of flowering s summit gradually much reduced i in — es 0
all but upper internodes elongate; stem frequently with
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 71
elongate floriferous ascending basal branches; median leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, sub- equal, subcoriaceous, often undulate-dentate...... 11]. Var. dentata.
lla. Var. typica. Stem when well developed 1.5-7 dm. high, simple, or with divergently to horizontally spreading elongate branches mostly flowering at tips, obtusely angled, canescent- pilose to copiously white-villous; middle and lower internodes greatly elongated (5-18 cm. long), the uppermost greatly. abbre- viated: principal leaves elliptic, subrhombic, oval, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, membranaceous, slender-petioled, obtuse to e, white-villous to villous-hirsute or canescent-pilose be- neath when young, closely strigose above; the blades 3-10 cm. long and 1.5—4 em. broad, with somewhat undulate surface, thus crumpled or puckered in drying: glomerules very short-peduncled, trom 1-3 approximate or subapproximate upper nodes and a tips of longer branches, 2—-many-flowered: bracts oblong-lanceo- late to narrowly elliptic, nearly equaling to shorter than calyx: calyx-segments linear-setaceous, white-villous or canescent- pilose on back, villous-ciliate, 1.3-2.3 cm. long, usually con- siderably shorter than corolla-tube: corolla bluish-lavender, 2.5-5 cm. long; the slender tube 1.3-2.7 cm. long, the campanu- late-obconic throat 1-1.5 em. thick at summit; expanded limb 2.5-3.5 em. broad: capsule often densely pilose-hirtellous, sometimes glabrous, 1.4-1.7 cm. long.—R. sérepens, capitulis comosis Dillenius, Hort. Elth. ii. 330, t. 331 (1732). R. strepens L. Sp. Pl. 634 (1753), in part, not L. Mantiss. Alt. 422 (1771).
-) : i . e wrongly ascribed to Walter, p. 167 (instead of 168) with a brief summary of Walter’s generic diagnosis. 2. hybrida Pursh, Fl. Am. Sept. ii, 420 (1814); LeConte in Ann. Lyc. N. Y. i. 140
ed. 2 0 Walt.”, without further reference, this obviously copied (with change of spelling of both names) directly from J. F. Gmelin;
lake in RHopora, xxii. 134 (1915), in part, excluding R. ciliosa
6. hybridus (Pursh) Nees 1. c. 123 (1847), in part. D. Mitchilli- anus Nees ihe 5847), R. ciliosa, var. hybrida (Pursh) Gray, Fl. iit. 326 (1878), in part.—Sandy woods, Florida, north to eastern South Carolina; Tennessee, Kentucky and _ Arkansas (unless otherwise noted, specimens distributed as R. hybrida). Souru CAROLINA: LANCASTER CO.- rocky hillside, 40-
72 Rhodora [Marcu
Acre Rock, west of Taxahaw, Dorothy Huntley, os 256 (Duke). HORRY Co.: low woods near Myrtle Beach, July 13, 1932, Coker & Totten (NC). GEORGETOWN CO.: sandy Done Brookgreen Gardens, F. G. Tarbox, no. 567 (US). WILLIAMSBURG CO.: ric woods, 10 miles southeast of Gourdin, bd & Tryon, no. 433. BERKELEY ig ¥: Santee Canal, H. W.R enel, as R. strepens, changed by Asa Gray to R. ciliosa, var. PAS. CHARLESTON go; Charleston, June, 1902, Wm. Palmer (US), as R. parviflora. BEAUFORT CO Bluffton, "1872, Mellichamp (Mo, US); St. Helena, 1878, ‘Laura Towne (Pa), as R. ciliosa. GEORGIA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Chapman, CHATHAM Co.: Savannah, Mrs. Say. FLORIDA: WITHOUT DEFINITE LOCALITY: E. Florida, Chapman (NY), as Dipteracanthus Mitchillianus. DUVAL CO.: dry rich ground near Jacksonville, A. H. Curtiss, no. 4764 (Mo, Y, U8), . strepens, one sheet changed to A ee another to R. parviflora; St. Nicholas, May 12, 189 H. Lighthipe (NY), Re R. ciliosa, April 20, 1897, J. R. Churchill: vicinity of May and Jacksonville, 'H. ea Keeler (NY), as R. ciliosa; pasate Fredholm, no. 5150, as R. cilvosa. st. JOHNS co.: May 20-22, 1885, G. C. Whitlock. or co.: dry oak woods, Green Cove Springs, April 14, 1939, W. A. Murrill Mo), as R. ciliosa. PUTNAM CO.: Crescent City, March, 1880, G. Marten (Phil). ice co.: open pine woods I mile north of Newberry, E. Perot Walker, no. 1862 (Phil), as R. humilis; high hummock, Burnett’s Lake, April 30, 1939, W. A. Murrill (Mo); Gaineaville, 1887, M. F. Price, as R. ciliosa, var. piletgae! May 12, 1897, Joseph Crawford (Phil. ), as R. ciliosa; hamm near Gainesville, May 31, 1937, W. A. Murrill (Mo), as R. ilaaed: VOLUSIA CO.: Port Orange, F. C. Straub, no. 120, as R. czliosa, var. ambigua; sandy soil, Ormond, April 23, 1903, ‘B.A. Purdie, as R. ciliosa, altered to R. humilis; Log growth by road, north of Ormond, May 16, 1943, E. H. Butts & Oakes Ames ( Ames); in shade or half-shade, Ormond Beck May 12, 1943, Butts & le Signe dry soil, Crescent City, June 28, 943, pe oS Butt rviflora. LAKE Co.: vicinity of Eustis, N ash, nos. 42 (Us) 7 1801, Tabs. 1894, A. S. Hitchcock (Mo); pinelands east of Eustis, J. K. Small, no. 8667 (NY), as R. parviflora; dry wood-border, "Hiawatha Lake, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2932, as R. parviflora. SUMTER co.: Lake oe March 29, 187 9, J. D. Smith (US), as R. strepens. HERNANDO CO.: rich open woods, Brooksville. April 9, 1927, Hugh ON eill (Mo). POLK co.: Peace Creek, March, 1 1880, J. D. Smith (US), as x strepens, dry pineland, —) 12, 1894, L. B. Ohlinger (Mo), as R. strepens. OSCEOLA CO.: sandy soil, Kissimmee, April 5, 1936, “M ary L. ri cee | (Duke). ep TEE CO.: Manatee, 8. M. Tr , no. 675 , US). DADE co.: pine woods near Rockdale, J. L. Fennell, no. ae (USNA). Kentucky: owrNn co.: about 1
: -_ actinic —_-<eniiinaniiane —reatiti———ni —, R — — — — TLS —y
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 73
mile north of Scott Co. line, EZ. L. Braun, no. 3204 (Braun). JEFFERSON CO.: 3 miles south of Louisville, July 5, 1892, L. S. Bergman, in part (Mo), as R. ciliosa. caLLOWAY co.: upland oak woods just west of the Tennessee River, Gleason, no. 8950 . TENNESSEE: CocKE co.: Newport, June 6, 1925, O. M. Freeman (USNA). KNox co.: Knoxville, Ruth, no. 101, as R. strepens. FRANKLIN Co.: Cowan, Biltmore Herb., no. 849° (US), as R. ciliosa; woods north of Sheridan, June 6, 1897, H. Eggert (Mo). pDAvipson co.: Ridge Top, July 13, 1897, Eggert (Mo). SHELBY co.: Memphis, Fendler, as R. ciliosa. ARKANSAS: ST. FRANCIS CO.: Crowley’s Ridge, Forrest City, Demaree, no. 15,137 (Mo), possibly, when more material available, to be placed elsewhere. Puiatses 861-863; MaP 14. oo. 11b. Var. semicalva, var. nov. (TaB. 864), var. typicae simil- lima; caule vix villoso-hirsutis; foliis subtus glabrescentibus vel sparse strigosis; capsulis plerumque glabris.—Of much wider range, from central Florida to South Carolina, locally to south- eastern Virginia, westward to eastern Texas. VIRGINIA: SOUTH- AMPTON Co.: rich woods, Violet Hill, near Devil’s Elbow, June 23, 1936, Fernald, Long & Smart, no. 5922 (type in Herb. Gray; IsoryPEs in Herb. Phil. Acad., etc.), as R. ciliosa; about Franklin, Heller, no. 953 (US), as R. ciliosa. NortH CAROLINA: CHATHAM co.: dry soil, Silver City, Biltmore Herb., no. 849! (US), as R. ciliosa. COLUMBUS Co.: grassy woodland at Lake Waccamaw, Godfrey & Shunk, no. 4170, as R. parviflora. NEW HANOVER CO.- Wilmington, June, 1894, J. M. Macfarlane (Pa). SouTH Caro- LINA: GEORGETOWN Co.: shady, weedy waste place, Georgetown, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 1683. WILLIAMSBURG CO.: rich woods, 10 miles southeast of Gourdin, Godfrey & Tryon, no. 433. BERKELEY co.: railroad right-of-way, south of Moncks Corner, Be Martin, no. 1130 (USNA), as R. parviflora. CHARLESTON CO.: near Charleston, Aug. 1886, L. R. Gibbes (NY), as R. parviflora. ANDERSON co.: dry rich woods, Anderson, John Davis, no. 9193
O. M. Freeman (USNA). Fiortpa: LAKE co.: clay soil, vicinity of Eustis, N oe no. ai. sumTER co.: March 29, 1879, J. = Smith (US), as R. strepens. cITRUS co.: moist shaded rock north of Pineola, H. J. Oosting, no. 185 (Duke). Brevarp co: Coco, J. K. Small, no. 8727. of Sanford, Moldenke,
N no. 184 (Duke, Mo, NY, Pa), as R. parviflora. POLK CO.- sandy
74 Rhodora [Marcn
roadside, Winter Park, March 8, 1923, Hunnewell, no. 8732 (FWH). HILLSBORO CO.: Tampa, May, 1876, A. P. Garber ese US), as Dipt. ciliosus. LEON Co.: near Tallahassee, Nik; g (NY), as R. parviflora. WAKULLA Co.: prope St. Marks, Mal 1843, Rugel, with an unpublished name (NY). CALHOUN co.: Iola, Chapman (Mo). ‘TENNESSEE: HAMILTON CO.: si fields, Sequach Valley, Biltmore Herb., no. 849" (US), as ciliosa. ALABAMA: DEKALB AND ETOWAH cos.: Lookout Mt, July 6 and 8, 1898, H. Eggert (Mo). ETOWAH CO.: Gadsden, 1878, G. R. Vasey (US), a s R. ciliosa. CULLMAN CO.: woods, June and Sept., 1897, H. Bipers (Mo). HALE co.: Greensboro, 1857, Sereno Watson, as R. ciliosa, var. ambigua. LEE CO.: dry pine ‘woods, J. D. Smith, no. 1940 (US), as R. strepens. MONT- GOMERY Co.: low abandoned field near Montgomery, June 18, 1932, a K. Edwards (Pa). Dawuuas co.: 1879, Wm. Trelease (Mo ipt. ciliosus. CONECAH co.: Evergreen, Baker Earle, on 39 (US), as ar ciliosa. MONROE Co.: dry hills, July 23, 1885, Mohr (US), as R. ciliosa. MOBILE CO.: Mobile, 1905, . Dukes, as R. parviflora; pine barrens, Spring Hill, £.
Graves, no. 498, in sori (Mo). MISssIssIPrr: GRENADA CO.: moist wooded hillside, Pay West’s Lake, May 27, 1932, Vena Millsaps (NC), as R. ‘ciliosa. OKTIBBEHA CO.: Starkvill e, July 26, 1890, S. M. Tracy, as R. strepens pale tO ccs habitally resembling var. dentata. LAUDERDALE Meridian, S. Tracy, no. 3271 (NY), resembling var. Sioa JACKSON co.: Ocean Bi 3 agg ses ih puri as Seymour & Earle, 154, as R. ciliosa, var. ambig June 7, 1895, Skehan, as "R. ciliosa (eanuleting var. Ghelandeoniay. HARRISON co.: Biloxi,
. M. Tracy, nos. 4944 (Mo —very mixed no., some specimens nearly var. salicina), 6434 (NY, Us), 6435 (G, Mo, NC, NY, US—some plants nearly var. salicina, others ap- proaching var. nanella), as R. strepens. copiaH co.: Brushy Creek, Crystal Springs, May 18, 1925 (US), as R. parviflora. LOUISIANA: ST. TAMMANY PARISH: segremae of Covington, Bro. Anect, no. 65 (US), as R. parviflora; Bro. G. Arséne, no. 12,240 (US), as R. parviflora. IBERIA PARISH: moist open grassy woods, Avery Islan .S. & H. B. Correll, no. 9525. RAPIDES PARISH: Alexpndria, Hale ake as R. strepens, corrected by Britton to R. ciliosa. NATCHITOCHES PARISH: woods near Marthaville, May 5, 1893, fabs (US), as R. ciliosa. Trxas: Page Co.: sandy woods, Big Sandy, Reverchon, no. 2536 (Mo), as R. parvi- flora. LIBERTY CO.: eee woods, Dayton, E. J. Palmer, no. 7768 (Mo), as R. parviflora (plant Heese large-leaved var. membranacea). HARRIS cO.: Houston, G. L. Fisher, no. 81 (US), as R. parviflora. PuaTE 864; risa or
lle. Var. SEMICALVA, forma detonsa, f. nov., caule, foliis, calycis segmentibusque minute canescento-puberulis eis ecilia-
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 75
tis.—FLoripa: roadside, Sebring, Highland Co., March 4, 1924, Hunnewell, no. 9044 (rypr in Herb. Hunnewell).
lid. Var. membranacea, var. nov. (TAB. 865 et 866), caule 1-9 dm. alto ad basin 1-4 mm. diametro, internodiis valde divergenterque hirsutis; foliis membranaceis 5-12 cm. longis supra strigosis subtus ad venas strigosis vel hirsutis, ovalibus, © ovatis, ellipticis vel late lanceolatis obtusis vel subacutis; calycis segmentis dorso glabris vel glabrescentibus longe ciliatis—R. parviflora sensu Small, Fl. Se. U. S. 1085 (1903) and sensu Britton in Britton & Brown, Ill. Fl. ed. 2, iii. 242 (1913), excl. fig., which is of R. Purshiana; not R. parviflora (Nees) Britt. Man. 854 (1901), at least as to basonym, Dipteracanthus ciliosus, var. parviflorus Nees.—Woods, openings and clearings, either caleareous or subacid, north-central South Carolina to south- central Tennessee, north to southern New Jersey, southeastern Pennsylvania, northern Maryland, West Virginia, southeastern Ohio and north-central Kentucky (unless otherwise noted, dis- tributed as R. caroliniensis, ciliosa or parviflora); usually com- moner than other vars. northward. New JERSEY: CAPE MAY co.: woods south of Mill Lane, north of Cape May City, Aug. 10, 1918, W. Stone (Phil); north of Cape May, Sept. 13, 1901, C. S. Williamson (Phil); Cape May Court House, Aug. 6, 1909, Van Pelt (Phil); Cold Spring, Sept. 13, 1908, C. S. Williamson (Phil), July 18, 1909, Van Pelt, no. 12,199 (Pa). PENNSYLVANIA: YORK : below McCall’s Ferry, July 11, 1895, Joseph Crawford (Phil). DELAWARE: NEW CASTLE co.: Aug. 9, 1866, A. Commons (NY), as R. strepens. KENT CO.: moist woods west of Woodland Beach, R. R. Tatnall, no. 1462. sussex co.: Rehoboth, July 8, 1908, C. S. Williamson (Pa, Phil); sandy woods east of Milford, July 16, 1896, A. Commons (Pa, Phil). MARYLAND: CECIL CO.:
k Neck, June 24, 1923, W. L. Abbott (Phil); woods, high bluff
Aug. 6, 1938, Mrs. L. R. Holmes (Pa);
Leslie, July 15, 1891, Crawford (Phil); flats, Conowingo, July 29,
1924, Crawford; Conowingo, July 25, 1907, J. J. Carter Leet NT
(US). queen anne co.: Aug. 20, 1900, {
TALBOT Co.: railroad ballast, northwest of St. Michaels, R. R. Tatnall, no. 386 (Pa); edge of woods, west of Easton, E. C. Earle, nos. 2251 (Pa) and 3698 (Pa). WICOMICO CO.: Salisbury, July 14, 1904 J. Carter (Phi WORCESTER co.: roadside through
(Duke). HarrorpD co.: low, moist woods, Creswell, July 28, 1883, L. W. Brosius (Pa). BALTIMORE CO.: Baltimore, Leroy (NY). prince GrorGE co.: Hyattsville, Aug. 13, 1904, Steele (Mo). caLverRT co.: low swampy woods, North Bay, Chesa- peake Bay, Muenscher, no. 3867 (Mo). MONTGOMERY CO.: |
f woods, July 7, 1901, M. W. Lyon, Jr. (US). WASHINGTON
76 Rhodora [Marcu
co.: island above Harper’s Ferry, Ff. W. Pennell, no. 2430 tre District oF CoLUMBIA: in vicinis Washington, June 29, 1884 L. F. Ward; thickets near Ivy City, June 14, 1891, F. Blanchard (Mo), as R. strepens; open woodland, Washington and vicinity, July 16, 1896, Steele (NY, Mo); Congress Heights, Philip Dowell, no. 7012. West VIRGINIA: NICHOLAS CO.: dry bank, Peter Creek, Millspaugh, no. 596 (NY). MASON Co.: along Ohio River, near Pum Roy, E. Berkley, no. 9138 (Mo). CABELL 0.: abandoned wooded pasture, Pleasant Valley, Gilbert, no. 483. LINCOLN co.: near Mills School, EH. E. Berkley, no. 969 (Mo). WAYNE co.: dry hillside, Buffalo Creek, Lewis Plymale, no. 95. a: gander and WYOMING Cos.: woods along Indian Ridge, E. Morvis, a 1172 (US). VrirGINIA: FAIRFAX CO.: Falls hah, June 23, 1872, J. J. Carter (Phil). ALEXANDRIA co.: Naucks, ewad : no. 2456 (Phil); Fort Myer, July 14, 1895, E. A. Mearns , as R. strepens. NORTHAMPTON CO.: ’ sandy woods back of the hanen: Savage Neck, Fernald & Long, no. 5453. MIDDLESEX co.: bank of Rapahannock River at Gray’s S Point, A. B. Massey, no. 2115 (VPI). MATHEWS co.: sandy op
soil along North End Branch, “Fort Nonsense”, south of Sela: Wherry & Pennell, no. 12, 616, in part (Phil). GLOUCESTER CO.: Beaver Swamp Creek, north of Gloucester, July 5, 1924, H. B. Meredith (Phil). yorK co.: steep wooded bank, York River, above Mt. Folly, Fernald & Long, no 13, 459. JAMES CITY CO.: rich a and slopes by James River, Grove La nding, southeast of Grove, Fernald & Long, no. 13 ABT: moist rich soil in woods, west aida of Jones Millpond, Williamsbure, Grimes, no. 3887. CHARLES cITy co.: wooded slope by James River, at “Four Oaks”, below Harrison Point, ag & Long,'no. 13, 149. PRINCESS ANNE CO.: rich deciduous woods east of Little Creek, Fernald & Long, no. 4193; sandy woods, northern end of Knott’s Island, Fernald & Long, no. 4194, in part. NORFOLK Co.: Portsmouth, June, 1840, in part, Rugel (NY). ISLE OF WIGHT Co.: thicket back of sandbeach
nos. 13,762 and 13,837; Heh calcareous wooded ravine near James River, ‘northwest of Chippokes, July 25, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 13 ,458. SOUTHAMPTON co.: border of sandy woods south of Applewhite’ s Church, Fernald & Long, no. 13,153. SUSSEX CO.: border of woods near Nottoway River, Green Church Bridge, southwest of Owen’s Store, Fernald & ong, no. 12,472 (TYPE in erb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.). GREENVILLE CO.: bottomland woods along Meherrin River, southeast of Gaskins,
erna ; Olivet Church, Fernald & Long, no. 14,021. ametia co.: J. B. Lewis, nos. 114 and 733 (VPI). ip occ co.: bottomland
é meres — eile. eat, Nl, CCT. A CO, TT TT TTT a TT: LS
¢45) Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 77
woods near Western Bridge, Meheus River, south of Edgerton, Fernald & Lewis, no. 14,498. CAMPBELL Co.: vicinity of Lynch- burg, July 1, 1802, Britton, Britton & ail (NY). BEDFORD CO.: July 8, 1871, _H. Curtiss (Mo, NY). RocKBRIDGE co.: ‘‘ Near the natural ree in rich soil along feo Pursh (Phil), correctly called ‘‘Anonymos caroliniensis Walt.”’; - Natural Bridge, Margaret P. Russell. Norta Carouina: PASQUOTANK co.: oak-pine-beech woods south of Elizabeth City, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2929 TYRRELL CO.: open woodland, Columbia, Godfrey, no. 4322. PITT — Se pine woodland near Farmville, Godfrey, no. 4278. WARREN : Warrenton, July 19, 1924, H. B. Meredith (Phil). GRan- ee co.: wet meadow, Oxford, M. F. Buell, no. 1404 (US). DURHAM CO.: sided low woods, Duke Forest, Blomquist, no. 367 (US). WAKE co.: sandy bank west of Raleigh, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2930. BLADEN co.: moist sandy soil, Biltmore Herb., no. 849%. ORANGE co.: woods near Chapel Hill, Aug. 17, 1909, Coker (NC), June 23, 1933, Ms 7. Cameron (NC); dry open woods, Hollow Rock, C. c. Wilson, no. zo (Mo). CHATHAM co.: dry soil, Silver City, Biltmore H erb., . 849). FORSYTH co.: moist woods near Mt. Carmel, Coral 3 no. 2591 (Duke). SURRY CO.: moist shaded cove, Pilot Mt., R. M. Williams, no. 464 (Duke). ROWAN CO.: vicinity of Salisbury i no. 140 ; Pha). — pee near Columbus, July 2 . 1897; Be: Townsend (US). ON CO.: open woods, bluk along river, Hot Springs, Coen = 34,230 (Duke). BUNCOMBE co.: Bi It- more, Biltmore Herb., no. 849», in part (US); Weaversville, July 8, 1933, H. B. Teague (Duke). SWAIN co.: partly shaded roadside near Cherokee eee rare, ft. A. McLean, no. 73
of Batesburg, E. A. Me asa no. 309 (US), as R. en. GREENVILLE cCo.: summit of Paris Mt., July, 1896, J. K. Small Y). ANDERSON co.: damp soil, Anderson, John Davis, no.
( . “dry ground” by B. F. Bush whose Missouri plant grows in dry ground). oekires co.: thickets, A. P. Anderson, no. 1222 (US); Clemson College, H. D. House, no. 2384 (NY). Gxoreta: CLARKE CO.: roadside, Athens, L. M. Perry, no. 1083, as &. humilis. Onto: mics co.: Letart, Sept. 10, 1985, C. H. _ Jones NY). Kentucky: LOCALITY NOT DEFINITELY PLACED ae river hills, mouth of Hickman Cr.”, July, 1832, C. W. Shor R. strepens (Phil), sent to Hooker who wrote in 1833: The bs
uellia [var. nenetal with small flow® looks diff\—But Iam much
puzzled with the Genus”. ROWAN Co.: prairie patch, Clark Mt.,
Braun, no. 1930 (Braun). MENIFEE CO.: oak woods, ry limestone slope, Red River valley, E. L. Braun, no. 2128 . BELL Co.: rocky woodland, Pineville, Pennell, no. 11 ,804 (Phil) ;
78 Rhodora [Marcu
sandy soil, slope of Pine Mt. at Frakes, HE. L. Braun, no. 1530 Braun). ROCKCASTLE Co.: wooded gully, « south of Livingston, Smith & Hodgdon, no. 3785 (US). OWEN co.: about 1 mile north of Scott Co. line, E. L. Braun, no. 3004 (Braun) ; Wedel slope, Severn stata E. L. cy no. 4578 (Braun). WAYNE co.: Beaver Creek, E. L. Braun, no. 3099 (Braun). JEFFERSON co.: 3 miles south of Louisville, July 5, 1892, L. S. Bergmann (Mo). LARUE Co.: open cedar 'slope, limestone, Upton, a i Braun, no. 1970 (Braun). TENNESSEE: SEVIER CO.: Smoky Park, near Gatlinburg, 1932, Mrs. C. D. Walcott oy KNOX C0.: Knoxv ille, Ruth, no. 101, as R. strepens. HAMILTON co.: old fields, Sequachie Valley, Biltmor Sane no. 8495 (US); Chickamauga Park, May 25, Lik. Chur ll (Mo). FRANK- LIN co.: dry soil, Cowan, Biltmore Herb., no. at (US); woods north of Shernwood, June 1897, H. Eggert (Mo). CHEATHAM ner —— bluffs, tae Springs, Svenson, no. 42. Map 16. . Var. apenas forma breviberbis, f. nov. (TAB. 8367, sal 4-6), var. membranaceae simillima, caulis internodiis puberulis vel Biabyeiooieisbus rare ee hirsutis. Scattered through the general range. MARYLAND: ANNE ARUNDEL CO.: mech Ridge, July 13, 1807, °F. H: ence lion (US). West Vir- GINIA: CABE o.: ‘dry field in clay soil, near Roland Park, Gilbert & Gilbert, no. 259 (VPI). Norra CAROLINA! POLK CO.: wet shaded ground, Tryon, D. C. Peattie, no. 1351 (NC). Gror- GIA: DEKALB Co.: Stone Mountain, July, 1-8, 1886, Small (TYPE in Herb. NY. Bot. Gard.). TENNESSEE: COCKE CO.: near Wolf Creek, Kearney, no. 863 (US). 1lf. Var. MEMBRANACEA, forma hypopsila, , f. nov. (TAB. 867, FIG. 1-3), var. membranaceae simillima; cualia: internodiis plerum- que pubescentibus; foliis. subtus glabri ris vel subglabris, vix strigosis, supra strigosis; — segmentis. ciliatis. —Oceasional in Virginia and North Carolina. VrirGINIA: ELIZABETH CITY CO Old Point Comfort, Bent: 15, 1895, Britton (NY). NORFOLK co.: near Northw est, Kearney, no. 1565 (US). surRy co.: border of bottomland woods along Blackwater River, about 1 mile southwest of Dendron, June 14, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 13,148 (TyPE in Herb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.), no. 13 491 (fruit of preceding). soUTHAMPTON co.: dry sandy pine woods by Nottoway River, near Carey Dadi: Fernald & Long, no. 13,147; Borge wooded bottomland of Nottoway River: ypress Fernald & Long, no. 8470; wooded alluvial bottomland of hckoetn River, near Haley’s Bridge, Fernald & 0. 8471. SUSSEX CO.: bottoml mland — yt: Nottoway ices cant of Huske, Fernald & Long, n 761.’ NortH AROLINA: ORANGE CO.: meadow below DurkarnGhage Hill Fade June 26, 1915, Scher & Totten, transition to next form
1945, Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 79
lig. Var. MEMBRANACEA, forma: laevior, f:.nov. (TAB. 868), var. membranaceae simillima; caulis internodiis glabrescentibus; foliis utrinque glabris glabrescentibusve; calycis laciniis eciliatis vel vix ciliatis.—Loeal, Virginia and North Carolina. VrirGINia SOUTHAMPTON CO.: wooded alluvial bottomland of Meherrin River, near Haley’s Bridge, Fernald & Long, no. 9151. GREENS- VILLE Co.: bottomland woods along Meherrin River southeast of Gaskins, Aug. 3, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 13,462 (TYPE in Herb. Gray.; 1soTypE in Herb. Phil. Acad.). Amexia co.: July 1, 1936, J. B. Lewis, no. 114 (VPI). Nortu CaroLina: ORANGE co.: swamp of New Hope Creek, 5 miles east of Chapel Hill, June 30, 1931, H. R. Totten (NC); meadow 3 miles out from Chapel Hill, on Raleigh Road, 1931, T. N. Webb (NC).
11h. Var. nanella, var. nov. (TaB. 869 et 870, FiG. 1), caule filiformi ad basin 1-2 mm. diametro 1-3(—4) dm. alto, internodiis valde divergenter villoso-hirsutis; foliis membranaceis, ellipticis vel oblongis majoribus 2-6 cm. longis; calycis segmentis 1.3-2 em. longis, ciliatis dorso plerumque glabrescentibus.—Dry to moist woods, local, eastern Maryland to Kentucky, south to South Carolina; southern Mississippi. MARYLAND: CECIL Co.: loamy, wooded slope, Duffy Creek, 2 miles southeast of Cecilton, B. Long, no. 48,422 (Phil.); North East, Sept. 2, 1894, Joseph Crawford (Phil), transition to var. membranacea. KENT CO.: Chestertown, July 29, 1901, HZ. G. Vanatta (Phil), transition to var. membranacea. CHARLES co.: dense woods, Tompkinsville, Leonard & Killip, no. 838 (US). VIRGINIA: NANSEMOND CO.: near Suffolk, Kearney, no. 1718 (US); dry sandy woods above Nansemond River, east of Cahoon Pond, northwest of Suffolk July 23, 1941, Fernald & Long, no. 13,461 (ryPx in Herb. Gray.; ISOTYPE in Herb. Phil. Acad.). PRINCESS ANNE co.: Oceana, July 2, 1923, H. B. Meredith, in part (Phil), aoe to var.
_ membranacea; dry, mixed woods, Little Neck, Fernald & Long,
no. 4195, transition to var. membranace NortH CAROLINA: HALIFAX Co.: Weldon, July, 1875, Mac Elwee (Phil). MCDOWELL co.: Old Fort, June, 1872, Walter Faxon. ORANGE CO.: Chapel Hill, July, 1931, Vena Millsaps (NC). Sours CAROLINA: DARLINGTON co.: damp shady woods near Auburn, June 27, 1909, Coker (NC). Kenrucxy: poor dry hill on the Kentucky River, 1832, C. W. Short (Phil), this material referred to Hooker (see note under Kentucky specimens of var. membranacea), with the following note: “Is this plant specifically distinct from R. strepens in another part of the Collection? Found on a poor dry hill on the Ky river. It flowers later than the former & is much more starved in its growth.’”’ MISSISSIPPI: JACKSON CO.. Ocean Springs, A. B. Seymour, no. 91 8 22, as R. ciliosa. HARRISON co.: Biloxi, Lloyd & Tracy, no. 347, in part (NY). Map. 17.
i. Var. NANELLA, forma eciliata, f. nov. (TAB. 870, FIG. 2-4),
80 Rhodora [Marcu
var. nanellae simillima, internodiis glabrescentibus vel puberu- lentibus; foliis vix vel minutissime strigosis; calycis laciniis ecilia- tis.—Local, southeastern VIRGINIA: SOUTHAMPTON Co.: dry sand of open alluvial flat by Blackwater, oe southeast of Unity,
July 4, 1942, Fernald & Long, n 412 (r TYPE in Herb. Gray.; 1soTYPE in Herb. Phil. Acad. x aio per of pine and so ae at Round Gut, southwest of Franklin, Fernald & L no
13,154. sussex co.: bushy clearing southeast of Siang ck: Fernald & Long, no. 13,145, taller plants, transitional to var. membr ee forma laevior. ater SIMPSON co.: Magel, . G. Holt, no. 5 (US), as R. hum 11j. fase icienliekcda. var. nov. (TAB. 871 et 872), caule on vix — sparse ramoso 4.5-9 dm. alto basin versus 2-5 dia o plus minusve hirsuto; foliis subcoriaceis firmis duris lancoolati vel lanceolato-ovatis subacuminatis, majoribus (supernis) 6-12 cm. longis 2-4.5 cm. latis, su tus ad venas a vel ‘ispidis supra strigosis; nodis floriferis 1—4 approxi- matis vel imis 3-15 cm. distantibus; glomerulis congestis; calycis laciniis dorso glabris vel ee hirsutis crear. corollis 3-4.5 cm. longis.—Woods and clearings, north-central Sout Carolina and northern Georgia, north to southern cae jener, northern Maryland and northern Virginia, more rarely to Kentucky and southern Indiana. New JERSEY: CAPE MAY CO margins of fresh meadows east of Cape May Court House, Long, no. 6685 (Phil), appr. var. membranacea; Cape May Court House, 1886, Isaac Burk (Pa, Phil); woods, Cold Spring, July 18, 1908, Van Pelt (P hil). DELAWARE: SUSSEX a eee July 8, 1908, Van Pelt (Phil). Maryianp: cEec : North East, July 20, 1890, J. B. Brinton (Pa), a as R. ipepeat “hk Neck,
Mount, Pennell, no. 1591 (P a). MONTGOMERY co.: Little Falls Brook, "Pennell, no. 2439 (Phil). a MARYS CO.: Point Lookout, July 13, 1930, O. M. Freeman (USNA). District or COLUMBIA: Brookland, July 17, 1897, Carrie Harrison (USNA). VrirGInta: CLARKE CO.: woods, Boyce, Hunnewell, no. 10,742 (FWH). NORTHAMPTON CO.: dry woods, Savage Neck, July 19, 1936, R. - Tatnall, no. 3013 levee in Herb. Gray.). GLOUCESTER CO.: Beaver Swamp sas north of Gloucester, July 5, 1924, H. B. M. a Seah as R. parviflora. ELIZABETH CITY CO.: Hampton, July 22 vd: R. Churchill, (Mo), as R. strepens. JAMES CITY igs open ce in sre hardwood ravine, southwest of Williams- rg, Grimes, no. 4609 (NY); Jamestown, June 24, 1924, M. eelith (Duke). PRINCESS ANNE CO : Virginia Beach, July 3, 1892, Britton, Britton & Vail (NY); pine woods, Virginia Beach, Ferna Long, no. oe ; sandy woods, Knott’s ee Fernald & Long, no. 4194, in part. NORFOLK co.: Port h, June, 1840, Rugel (NY). Shenibn co.: low open caiend, thickets
SD, eS TR
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 81
and clearings just east of McKenney, Fernald & Long, no. 14,413. MECKLENBURG Co.: roadside-thicket, 6 miles north of Clarks- ville, F. R. Fosberg, no. 15,463. HALIFAX co.: old clearing, east of Dan River, Fosberg, no. 15,384. Norra CAROLINA: CAMDEN co.: low, moist bushy soil, near Shiloh, Correll, no. 2068 (Duke). WASHINGTON Co.: moist soil near Scuppermong, Correll, no. 191 (Duke). GREENE CO.: pine woodland, Farmville, Godfrey, rey 4278 (Duke, EL lees to var. membranacea. WAKE CO. pine woodland along Crabtree Creek, 8 miles Silnek. of Raleigh, Giahees no. 4991, in part. HARNETT co.: Buie’s Creek, June 29, 1938, Frances & davith Fount (NC). ROWAN CO.: Salisbury, June, 1872, LeRoy & Ruger, in part (NY). FORSYTH co.: woods, June 20, 1940, Schallert. ALEXANDER CO.: on bank,
(US). BuNcomBE co.: Biltmore, Biltmore Herb. no. 849>, in part, mixed with var. membranacea (US). PouLK co.: Tryon, ‘July 22. 1897, E. C. Townsend, in part (US). SouTH CAROLINA: FLORENCE CO.: ‘sandy, shady banks of Pee Dee River, near Mars Bluff Bridge, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2931, as R. parviflora. CHARLES- TON CO.: near a 1856, L. R. Gibbes (NY), as R. parvi- flora. OCONEE CO.: Clemson College, H. a House, no. 2384
(US), as R. oat yhh a. GEORGIA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Boykin (NY), as Dzpteracanthus stesidaok: ‘Porter, 1846 (Phil) mid. Georgia, 1846,’ Porter, with the comment: “There is &
good deal of confusion among the Ru elias”. CLARKE CO.: Athens, June 28, 1930, J. H. Pyron (Duke). GWINNETT CO.: as w River, near McGuire’s Mill, July 2, 1895, Small (NY), s R. Police changed by Small to R. parviflora; Thompson’s Mills, Allard, no. 225 (NY, US). FLoyp co.: Rome, July, 1888, Gerald McCarthy (US). INDIANA: JEFFERSON co.: Hanover, July, 1875, A. H. Young (NY). CRAWFORD ae cpg ues TUCKY: ROCKCASTLE co.: wooded gully so south ‘ot Livingston, Smith & Hodedan, no. 3758 (G), as RB. strepens. 11k. Var. salicina, var. nov. (TA n, 873); ie abavles ve Sparse breviterque ramosi tenui 1.5-7 dm. alto canescenti- puberulo vel subvilloso; nodorum su anguste lanceolatis vel lanceolato-lineari re subtus glabrescentibus vel sparse strigosis; calycis segmen ' dorso canescenti-pilosis vel glabrescentibus ciliatis; corollis # cm. longis, fauce supra mm. diametro.—Northern Florida to eastern Texas, north, locally, to northern Georgia, Tennessee and southern Indiana. GEORGIA: pits ETT CO.: oe — Mills, Allard, no. 224 (US), as R. parviflora. FLOYD co.: decidu- ous woodland, Horseleg Mt., Pesnd no. 4099 (Pa). ee GADSDEN Co.: open dry woods of pine and oak, River Junction,
82 Rhodora [Marcu
Wiegand & Manning, no. 2933. LAKE co.: dense, moist wood- sat Hawkinsville, May 7, 1910, S. C. Hood (Mo). INDIANA: CLARK Co.: wet grassy al rocky shore, span es of Charleston, F. J. Hermann, no. 6730. TENNESSEE: DAVIDSON CO.: copses, vicinity of Nashville, Sept., 1885, Gatiitoe. SHELBY CO.: Normal, C. E. be no. 69 (US). ALABAMA: BLOUNT CO.: Blount Springs, May 5, 1898, C. F. Baker (NY), as R. peduncu- lata. MON co.: Perdue Hill, July 22, 1885, C. Mohr (US), as R. iisaais, 3 ie hybrida, this altered to var. ambigua, then the sheet, in spite of petioles 1.5 cm. long, annotated as the sessile- leaved R. humilis! MOBILE CO.: pine see and dry pastures, Spring Hill, H. W. Ganes, no. 948, in part (US)—the sheet also containing var. semicalva and R. ciliosa. MussisstPPt: CLARKE co.: Enterprise, S. M. Tracy, no. 3288 (NY), as R. ciliosa, altered é i. yes rviflora. Lae ANA: WITHOUT STATED LOCALITY: Steinhau RLEANS PARISH: New Orleans, Drummond, no. 257, as Divlaracantivus aia another, with no., as Calophanes humistrata. NATCHITOCHES PARISH: open groun nd, Natchitoches, June 10, 1915, FE. J. Palmer, no. 7945 (7 tyPE in Herb. N. Y. Bot. Gard.; isoryPEs in Herb. Mo. Bot. Gard. and U. 8. Nat. een RAPIDES PARISH: pine-barren hills, vicinity of Alexandria, C. R Ball, nos. 559 (US), as R. strepens, and 655, in part (Mo)—the atter mixed on a sheet with R. humilis var. frondosa and quite like the other sheets of no. 559 (presumably the former mixed in handling). IBERIA PARISH: moist open grassy woods, Avery Island, H. B. Correll, no. 9525. TExas: UPSHUR CO.: sandy ‘woods, Big Sandy, Reverchon, no. 2536 (Mo); damp sandy no = andy, Reverchon, no. 1402 (simulating small var. dentata). GREGG Co.: ric sandy woods, Gladwater, June 18, everchon (Mo). woop co.: damp woods, Mineola, Rever-
sheets pap no., G), as R. strepens. map 19.
11]. Var. dentata (Nees), comb. nov. Stem stiff and rela- tively strong, simple or more often with ascending branches, - main axis 1.5-9 dm. long, hirsute to puberulent; the lower
median internodes shan eatin 4-9 nodes bearing glo merules; paves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, ovate or elliptic, subcoriaceous, —_ undulate-dentate, blunt or acutish, the lower and mi nes subequal, the upper reduced and definitely smaller; she occasionally -leistogamous; calyx-segments ciliate, 1.8-2.5
ong.—Dipt acanthus ciliosus, }. dentatus Nees in De. Prove ia xi. 123 (34) —Chi efly in dry’ woods and clearings, upland of South Carolina, western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee, north to Delaware, southeastern samp aeggonteg Maryland,
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 83
July 11, 1895, Crawford (Phil). DELAWARE: NEW CASTLE north end of cedar scrub, near Taylor’s Bridge, July 28, 1801, Commons. SUSSEX CO.: oak copse, Rehoboth, Sept. 5, 1908, J. R. Churchill. MaryLAND: CECIL Co.: Conowingo, July 1907, J. J. Carter (Phil). BALTIMORE Co.: near Baltimore, 7966 P.V.LeR oy (NY). CALVERT co.: dry woods, Chesapeake Beach, Hunnewel ep 5666 (FWH). wicomico co.: Salisbury, July 14, 1904, J. J. Carter (Phil). District or Co.tumsia: June 22, 1902, Steele (Duke). West VIRGINIA: NICHOLAS co.: dry bank, Peter Creek, Millspaugh, no. 596 (NY), as R. ciliosa. VIRGINIA: FAIRFAX CO.: woods, Great Falls, Hunnewell, no. 7027 (FWH). JAMES CITY CO.: dry slope about 3 miles north of Williamsburg, . Menzel, no. 30, as R. strepens. HENRICO co.: Fairwa Ridge, near Richmond, July 10, 1928, F. H.W. PRINCESS ANNE : pine Senge Virgini ia Beach, Sept. 25 and 28, 1900, Wm. Pigces (US); Oceana, July 2, 1923, if. B. Meredith, in part (Phil); open clay at ’ border of woods, east. of Little Creek, Fernald & Long, no. 4192. NORFOLK co.: dry sandy roadside, Ocean View, July 3, 1923, H. B. M eredith (Phil). NANSEMOND
of Zuni, Fernald & ipl no. 13, 460. SUSSEX CO.: ne sandy woods, thickets and clearings, north of Moore’s Mill, Fernald & Long, no. 6397; dry woods near Nottoway River, Green Church Bridge, northwest of Owen’s Store, Fernald & Long, no. 14,020. HALIFAX Co.: old clearing, east of Dan River, 12 miles east of Danville, F. R. Fosberg, no. 15,384 (Pa). ORANGE CO.: field, Orange, Killip, no. 13,248 (US). NortH CAROLINA: ORANGE co.: Arboretum and Campus of Univ. N. C., July 1, 1914, Coker (NC). PoLK co.: banks and meadows, “Valhalla”, Tryon, D. Peattie, no. 626 (NC). Mapison co.: Warm Spring, Aug. 23, 1875, J. H. Redfield (Mo). rafeb ont ae rose B. L. Robinson, no. 59, as R. strepens; Biltm Bi
849 US). ROWAN Co.: vicinity of Heilig’ s 5 Mill, Small & Heller, no. 139 (Phil, US). sacKSON CO.: near Dillsboro, Sept. 9, 1933,
and along railroad, west of New Albany, Deam, no. 14,010. “S Braun, no.
E. 3132 (Braun). pPpuLAsKI co.: thin soil over limestone, south of
L. Bowling Green, July 3, Sadie BALLARD CO.: os ous. Wickliffe, McFarland & Anderson, no.
84 Rhodora [Marcu
(Mo). TENNESSEE: BLOUNT co.: damp woods 2 miles east of Townsend, W. M. Benner, no. 5803 (Phil). Pxuares 874 and 875; MAP 20.
Of all the species of Ruellia in the eastern United States R. caroliniensis is the most baffling, for in different areas it is reasonably definable as geographic varieties, but, at least in eastern Virginia, plants with strongly spreading-hirsute stems and others with the internodes merely puberulent or short- pilose will occur side-by-side, while in other colonies may be found individuals with the leaves strongly hispid on the veins beneath almost mingled with individuals with the lower leaf- surfaces glabrous. In general the more northern series (vars. membranacea, nanella, cheloniformis and dentata) have the soft villosity or pilosity of stem or leaves less marked than in the more southern vars. typica, semicalva and salicina. In the three latter, furthermore, the leaf-blade is rather ‘‘full’”’, so that the pressed foliage commonly puckers or has a “‘tuck’”’ and the calyx-segments are commonly canescent on the back. In the more northern varieties, on the contrary, the leaf-blade is readily flattened in pressing and the calyx-segments are glabrous or only excep- tionally pubescent on the back. When well developed the stems of the southern vars. typica and semicalva tend to divergent branching, with the elongate branches floriferous at tip, but simple-stemmed plants somewhat obscure this character. In the northern series the branching, except sometimes (as in var. dentata) from the base, is weak, most plants having simple stems or few short and rarely floriferous branches.
The commoner northern plants fall into the thin-leaved var. membranacea (with several minor forms based upon development or lack of development of trichomes on the leaves or of cilia on the calyx-segments), which passes insensibly, on the one hand, into the stouter, stiffer and firmer-leaved var. cheloniformis, on the other into the dwarf, very slender and small-leaved var. nanella, the latter, or something very like it, reappearing in southern Mississippi, where it passes into weak unbranched states of the sduthern var. semicalva. In the extreme South, furthermore, the narrow-leaved var. salicina, very definite in its extreme development, merges into var. semicalva and strongly suggests the narrowest-leaved extreme of the usually more
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 85
northern var. cheloniformis. Var. dentata, with great reduction of leaves above, with the lower and median leaves nearly uni- form, with strong tendency to develop elongate and floriferous basal branches, and its great abundance of glomerules, is as definite as any of the varieties, but some specimens show evident transition to vars. salicina, semicalva, cheloniformis and mem- branacea. In short, the species, like the usually more western R. humilis, is evidently in a state of flux and I am unable to find in it really stable characters.
The identifications of the past clearly show how perplexing have been the many variations of this most complex species, especially to those without any field-experience with it. It has been variously known or identified as R. strepens L. (our species 2, PLATES 841 and 842), or R. pedunculata Torr. (our species 3, PLATE 843), mixed in collections with R. Purshzana (our species 5, PLATES 845 and 846), identified as R. ciliosa Pursh (our species 7, PLATES 849 and 850) or as R. humilis Nutt. (our species 10, PLATES 854-860).
It was described and illustrated by Dillenius (our PLATE 863) and his description and plate were included in the R. strepens of Linnaeus (1753), but later excluded by him. In fact, Elliott, apparently not cognizant of the redefinition of R. strepens by Linnaeus (1771), was puzzled by the restriction of the latter name by authors who had Mantissa Altera. Describing in detail Ruellia caroliniensis, var. typica, as R. strepens, “the whole plant hairy . . . Calyx [-segments] . - - linear- lanceolate, the upper half almost setaceous, very hispid”, and correctly citing for his South Carolina plant the Dillenian plate and Anonymos caroliniensis Walter, 168, Elliott thus expressed his perplexity: “I know not how Pursh could have called [cor- rectly following the emended description of Linnaeus in 1771] the segments of the calyx lanceolate, they are very accurately represented by Dill. Hort. Elth. T. 249, F. 321, excepting that in number 5 and 6 the setaceous points are not sufficiently extended, but in number 1 from which he derived the epithet Comosa, the representation is very accurate.” one
Although the Walter type of his Anonymos caroliniensis, p- 168, basis of Ruellia caroliniensis, is lost, his generic description was good and his specific description well applies to the southern
86 Rhodora [Marcu
plant, which occurs abundantly in eastern South Carolina and about Savannah (see Map 14). Since the other strongly pubes- cent (“hirsute”) varieties (vars. membranacea, cheloniformis and dentata) barely reach the northern half of South Carolina from the north (see maps 16, 18 and 20) we are quite safe in identifying as Walter’s plant the variety which abounds in the region he best knew. R. caroliniensis (var. typica) was next described by Pursh as R. hybrida (1814), evidently from the strongly branch- ing state: “R. erecta, ramosissima, pilis albidis hirsuta; foliis ; dense hirsutis, . . . calycis laciniis linearibus tubo corollae vix brevioribus. In sandy fields near Savannah, Geor- gia’”’, where our plant abounds. If it were not for the earlier name of Walter the correct name of this species would be R. hybrida Pursh, the name used for the canescent-villous extreme by Small and others. Nees, who sadly mixed the identities of our American species and varieties, again beautifully described typical R. caroliniensis as Dipteracanthus Mitchillianus (1847), emphasizing the stem “pube alb& densé incano pilisque patulis hirsutis”, the oval-oblong to oblong and obtusish leaves decur- rent into petioles, the blades ‘‘utrinque laxe hirsutis’’, the linear- setaceous calyx-segments ‘‘albo-hirsutissimis’”’ and about half as long as the corolla-tube. That was a first-rate description. Unfortunately, in the same treatment Nees published the ill+ described D. ciliosus, ‘‘y. parviflorus, corollA vix pollicari, foliis paullo longiori petiolo (3—6-pollicari)”, from Kentucky. As already sufficiently emphasized, a plant with petioles 3-6 inches long is quite impossible in Ruellia (at least in ours). Neverthe- less, the impossible description by Nees has been made the basis for a specific combination, R. parviflora (Nees) Britton, and for the varietal combination, R. caroliniensis, var. parviflora (Nees) Blake; and in recent years these ill-founded names have largely appeared on the labels of most of the varieties and forms of R. caroliniensis.
The confusion in the use of names is here perhaps somewhat cleared. The presentation of the varieties and forms may later need revision. After some years of puzzling over the misbehavior of these inconstant trends, I have done the best I can with them. Future and wiser students may work out a better treatment.
OL ee eee lee ee ee ee
1945] . Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 87
EXPLANATION OF PLATES
PLATE 839. RUELLIA BRITTONIANA Leonard: Fic. 1, summit of ce x1, from Hours, Louisiana, Wurz FIG. 2, summit of peduncle and calyx, X 4, from Wurzlow; FIG. 3, corolla, 1, from W urzlow; Fic. 4, calyx and capsule,
rom Wurzlow LATE 840. ‘ EEDIANA Griseb.: Fics. 1 and 2, portions of branching plant, < 1, from Colonia Benitez, “ice oe Argentina, A. G. Schulz, no. 778;
one basal bract removed, x 1, from near Sta e, — ay om ee Shacklette, ae 345; Fic. 3, flower, showing broad calyx-se no. 345; FIG. 4, long-peduneled fruit, < 1, from Powell’s , ay Gastivite, Virginia, Fernald & nih 2
842. Ns, forma cLEISTANTHA (Gray) S. McCoy: tae be summit of characteristic plank; x 36, from se uth Lebanon, Ohio, EZ. B. no. 8010; Fic. 2, a terminal glomerule, X 1, from Mammoth Cave, Kentucky, E. L. Braun, no. 3611; | pot 3, node with a cleistogamous flower, < om Deerfield, Vernon Co., Missouri, Palmer & Steyermark, no. 42, 140; ri. 4, terminal pier ® with 2 (upper) small cleistogamous flowers, xX 2, from Joplin, Missouri, E. J. Palmer, no. ; Fic. 5, subterminal fruiting node,
from Natchitoches, Louisiana, E. J. Palmer, no. 7511; Fic. 2, branching fruiting plant, x } , ; ; FIG. 3, portion of “branching inflorescence, X 1, from near Arcadia, Missouri, Greenman, no. 3764; Fic. 4, calyx and capsule, X 2, from Baker Springs, Howard Co., Arkansas, October 5, 1909, J. H. Kellogg; tee 5, calyx-segments and base of capsule, x 10, fr “an last specimen; FIG. 6, strigose surface of cap-
R. PINETORUM Focuald: ric. 1, flowering and fruiting branches,
, from TYPE; FIG. 2, portion of fruiting branch, X 1, fro ; Fic. 3, portion of leafy base, x 1, from Lake Charis. Jom Andrew Allison, no. ; FIG. 5, surface of peduncle,
S PURSEIANA Fernald: rie. 1, md md of TYPE, X
third node f base, with solitary flower, x 1, from Cedar Cree k, ederick 0., Vi ae nnewell, no 11-135; Fic. 3, second or’ from an
‘ u . ? , Virginia, May solitary flower, X 1, from Natural Bridge on Dixie Caverns, Roanoke Co.,
. . 2, fro: Virginia, C. E. Wood, Jr., no. 3673; FIG. > slate of stem, X 4, from Wood, no. 3673.
PLATE 846, Fics. 1 and.2. R. PURSHIANA, forma CLAUSTROFLORA Fernald: Fic. 1, summit of TY tbl xX 1; Fie. 2, uppermost ae with tiny cleistogamous
A fro: ridge, V er ore on 7, Pyle, N Boman oma ca, rr rface, X 10, from Wood, no. ?
ae shoving pase Ree ROMORPHA Fernald. PxuatTe 847, VERNAL
: FIG. x m near Camp ens ascot do t of Small & Wilson, no. 1700; FIGs. 2 ‘and 3, flowering tips, pucean of in eeeande
Srl Gare no; RT Tg! glas.” Paar 88, TATER cunTOGEY onroe Co., Florida, Smali, no ‘
STAGE: FIG. 1 aelion of a long fruitin soar —< 4: ee betwee n Peter's Prairie and Homestead, Florida, Sma & Carter, no. 2701; FI
88 Rhodora [Marcu
branchlets from more open fruiting branch, X 4, itis Ngee ors Coconut Grove and Cutler, Florida, Small & Carter, no. 1273; ria. 4, tip of — with two cleistogamous flowers, < 1, from Ross-Costello amanee , Dade
Florida, Small, Mosier & Small, no. 6552; ric. 5, calyces and capsules, x 3
LATES 849 and 850. R. crzi0sa Pursh: PLATE 849, Fic. 1, plant, 1, from Cape Savannah, Sumter Co., South Carolina, Witmer Stone, no. 426; Fics. 2 and 8, plants, rom m Poulan n, Worth County, Georgia, Pollard & Maxon
Florida, A. J. Pie eters, no. eee Fic. 3, basal branch, X 1, from Duval Co., Florida, A. H. Curtiss, no. 194
from same collection as fig. 2; ric. 4, lower rane . leaf, oe cystoliths, xX 10, from Bay Biscayne, Honda, oz . de rtis 0. 5500E; as. 5 and 6, median aiid terminal flowering nodes, ries wc s a Hobe as a. te Fic. 7, calyx and fruit, < 2, from east or "plovida City, Dade Co., Ronin:
‘8080.
Puates 852 and 853. R. Noctirtora (Nees) Gray: PLate 852, ric. 1, base of plant, X 1, — southeast of Ludowici, Georgia, tegand & Mann ning, no. 2928; FIG. 2, ring tip, < 1, from no. 2928 - ; Fia. 3, sonar mit, X 1, of IsoTYPE, from inter St. huis t Port Leon, Florida, Rugel; ¥ a. 4, flowering tip, X 1, from Apalachicola, Florida, 1867, Chapman; Fia. 5, gpm of internode and bases of leaves, < 4, fro m Apalachicola, Chasse ; FiG. 6, calyx and capsule, x 2, from iloxi, Mississippi, . M. Tracy, no. 6500. LATE 853, Fic. l, summit of flowering stem to show lon ng calyx-segments, x 1, bury, Liberty Co., Georgia, LeConte Te foe nae Arh or isotype of R. flora
0 te); FIG. summit, X 1.8 t. Joe to Apalachicola, Florida, Small, Small and De Winkeler, no. ii “417: FIG. os bract, calyx-segment
gmen and base of capsule, x 10, from Tracy, no . 6500; FIG. ’4, surface of capsule, x 10, from no.
PLATES ei bag 855. R. HUMMUS Nutt., var. Typrca: Pate 854, ric. 1, TYPE Or ISOTYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, summit of primary axis, < 1, from Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, 1846, Ruel; Fria. 3, calyces ~ capsules, < 2, from Butler Co.,
ri, Bush, n 0. 3739. PLate 855, Fic. 1, median nodes of primary axis,
x 'L 7 ren west of 3 Hannibal, Missouri Tal ohn Davis, no. 4646; FIG. 2, a ee : internode and bases of leaves, X 4, tea m Cooper Count; Missouri 15,137; ric. 3, portion of fruiting branch, showing die a % 1. aes
vicinity ee Nas ashville, Tennessee, Thsitenaber, 1885, G
Puate 856. R. nurs, forma GRISEA Fern ss portion of TYPE, ining Gavan habit of the species, X 1; FIG. ‘3 eiatoeas and bases of leaves, X 4, from TYPE. - Pyare 857. Roa HUMILIS, var. FRONDOSA Fernald: ria. 1, Trypn, X 14; FIG. 2, summit of internode and bases of leaves, X 4, from Cleveland, Ohio, 1805, Starr; , flowering node, X 1, from Milfor i, Ohio, June 17, 1916, E. L. Braun; ria. 4, flowering a X_1, from Cham Pennsylvania
,, 1897, T. C. Porter; ric. 5, flowering node, x 1, a m Corydon, Indiana, riesner, no. 14,369; FIG. “ fruiting node, x i from Clinton. m no. 77; FIG. 7, ¢ calyx and capsule, X 2, from Champaign, Illinois, A. "8. Pease
no. 12, 420.
ATE 858. R. HUMILIS, flowering branches, X 1, from Piasa, Illinois, 1905, G. EF. McClu ure; FIG. 2, summit of flowering ay <_1, from Wichita, Kansas, 1892, H. R. Peas FIG. 3, flowering summit, , x 1, fro m Huntsville, Texas, R. A. Biron, no. 377;
EI TT aL LL OTL LON LE
_ lower surfaces of leaves, x 10, from TYPE. | Fics. ay Creek,
1945] Fernald,—Ruellia in the Eastern United States 89
Fic. 4, summit of internode and bases of leaves, X 4, from Willis, L. . Warner; FIG. 5, bracts, calyces and fruits, X oF from north of rb Texas, Lundell, no. 11 ,679.
PLATE 85 me var. EXPANSA Fernald: Fic. 1, flowering node, from peste < 1; rie. 2, median fruiting node of primary axis, X 1, from Oquawka, Illinois, pirat Fic. 3, internode and leaf-base, X 4, from McDonald Co., Missouri, Bush, n 0. 282: ge 4, calyx and capsule, x 2, from Hendrix, Illinois, August, 1904, 5 si
PLATE ae R. nuM ILIS, var. gst Fernald: Fic. 1, portion of Iso- TYPE, X 1; Fia. 2, flowering tip, x 1, fro gaa paces Kentue ky, Biltmore Herb., no. ‘480K: FIG. 3, internode and leaf-bases, X 4, from near Manchester, Tennessee, Biltmore Herb., no. 849°; ric. 4, lower surface ‘of leaf, X 10, from Middletown, steal Co., Virginia, Hunnewell, no. 17,561; Fic. 5, fruiting
ode no. 17, 561; FIG. 6, calyx and capsule, x 2, from ‘north of Leavenworth, Crrwiood Co., Indiana, Deam, no.
PLATES 861, 862 and 8 63. R. sac ainaid orn (Walt.) $ Steud., var. TYPICA. Puate 861, Fic. 1, portion of cape: plant, X 1, from Ormond, Florida, H.A. Purdie; FIG. 2, dewering tip, X 1, from Brookgreen Carder Georgetown Co., South Carolina, F. H. Tarbox, n — 567; Fic. 3, summit of internode, X 4, from no. 567; Fic. 4, lower surface of leaf, x 10, from Green Cove Springs,
ped, Loshon Co., Florida, E. P. Walker, no. 1862; ti a calyx se capsule, X 2, from east of Eustis, Florida, Small, no. 8667; 3, portion of calyx and capsule, X 10, from no. 8667. PLATE 863: copy of “the plate, slightly reduced, of R. strepens, capitulis comosis of Dillenius. Puate 864. R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. SEMICALVA Fernald: Fic. 1, TYPE 3/7; eae 2, — n of internode, X 10, from TyPE; FIG. 3, lower surface of leaf, 0, from TYPE; FIG. 4, upper surface of leaf, X 10, from TYPE; FIG. 5, calyx Rak capsule, X 2, from Iola, caer | aise, 1896, Chapman; Fic. 6, calyx-segment and portion of capsule, X 10, ast,
LATES 865 and 866. R. porate ese pring MEMBRANACEA Fernald: PuaTE 865, Fic. 1, Type, X 14; FIG. 2, upper surface of leaf, < 10, from Savage Neck, Northam mpton Co., Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 5453; FIG. 3, — surface, x 10, from no. 5453; Fig. 4, flowering tip, X 1.7, from below Rush- mere, Isle of Wight Co., Virginia, foemai & ae Forbesagc a ery 5, ghee
Fia. 6, frui of oe and papas x 10, ier Lopes nee cg 866, Summits HH show variations of aves, xX 1: Fie. 1, from Little Creek, Prine eee eae Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 4193; Fi. 2, from Congress Heights, srs ric be Sag » ee eee no. 7012; ak 3, from Cold Sonne, Cape
on. form
pial “887, ak: ey R. CAROLINIENSIS, Var. MEMBRANACEA,
HYPOPSILA Fernald: F Fic. 1, summit 1.7, of rypxE; Fics. 2 and 3, pile and
Fernald: ria. 4, internode and leaves, X 1.7, from Wol Tenaane Kearney, no. 863; Fias. 5 and 6, upper and lower leaf-surfaces, X ‘10, from no.
: Fernald: a E 868. R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. MEMBRANACEA forma LAEVIOR G.1 fruiting summit, X 1.7, of TYPE; Ape 2 and 3, upper oo niche “age 10 ot leaf, X< 10, from TyPE; FIG. 4, portion of calyx-segment and ca : rom TYPE PLate ‘869. R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. ai feat, 10, shat ne yes ry Figs. 2 and 3, upper and lower surfaces of le *< 10, from TYPE; FIG. ‘ portion of calyx-segment and sa Ri x i irom TYPE. d base of TE 870, Fic. 1. R. CAROL : internode x Fernald:
90 Rhodora [Marcu
ric. 2, TYPE, X 1; FIG. 3, portion of leaf, bracts and internode, ee ha from TYPE; FIG. 4, caiiion ‘of calyx-segment and capsule, X 10, from Puares 871 and 872. R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. CHELONIF ORMIS. oaeeunld:
1, fr
upper ses ret leaf-surfaces, X 10, from Fernald & Long, no.
gpa R. CAROLINIENSIS, var. SALICINA Fernald: Fie. 1, TYPE, xX 4/7; FIG. 2, whan ae of plant, X 1, from Louisiana, Steinhaur; FIG. 3, plant, x 1, from River Junction, Gadsden Co., Florida, Wiegand & Manning, no. 2933.
TES and 87 ; CAROLINIENSIS, var. DENTATA (Nees) Fernald:
PLATE 874, Fic. 1, small plant, Res from Broadwater si aed of ee Co. , Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 13,460; Fic. 2, summit ne from no. 13,460; . 3, portion of fruiting ‘ahs x &, froin “Teloboth Delaware, Churchill. PLATE 875, Fic. 1, upper fifth of main axis, X 1, Marsh’s Millpond, Nansemond Co., Virginia, Fernald & Long, no. 14, 414: Fic. 2, summit of branch, X 1, from Sweeden, Edmonson Co., Kentucky,
L. Braun, no. 3593.
INDEX
New scientific names are printed in full-face type
Anonymos caroliniensis 31, 71, 77, 85 Blechum, 11; Tweedyi, 11
Calophanes humistrata, 82 Cryphiacanthus acaulis, 10, 11; an-
gustifolius, 8-12; angustifolius edianus, 9, 10; barbadensis,
Dipteracanthus, 32; ciliosus, 32, 34
36, 38, 50, 52, 74, 8. dentatus, 82, 8. hybridus, 71, y. parviflorus, 2,
Drummondii. 56, 57; hybridus, 81; micranthus, 17-19; Mitchillianus,
, 72, 86; noctiflorus, 49, 50, 8. humilis, 51; spectabilis, 11; strep- ens, 14, 52, 58, 60, 82, var. calyci-
us 4, y. Dillenii, 71, var. pedunculatus, 14, 17, var. strictus, 14, 17; strictus, 14
Dizygandra noctiflora, 49; tubiflora, Dyschoriste oblongifolia, 60, 63 Hygrophila illinoiensis, 17, 18 Pattersonia caroliniensis, 71
Ruellia acaulis, 10; angustifolia, 8, 10,
; biflora, ; Brittoniana, 5, 8 ‘ ’
(91)
89, pl. 864, f. detonsa, 69, 74, var. typica, 25, 69, 71, 73, 84-86, 89, pls. 861-863; ciliosa, 3, 6, 238, 25, 28, 29, 31-38, 47, 51-54, 56, 58-62, s. 849,
ie : 28-30, 72, 74, 82, var. cineras- cens, 48, var. humilis, 51, 53, var. hybrida, 27, 29, 52, 71, 72, 82, var. longiflora, 36, 51, 56-60, var.
858, var. typica, 25, 51, 54, 88, pls. 854, 855, f. a, 54, f. grisea, 51, 54, 88, pl. 856; hybrida, 2, 28, 31-34, 36, 71, 72, 77, 86; longiflora, 26, 49; malacosperma, 13; Morongii, 10, 1
(eS) — Ww Sg ow - Ww = Wf a] a jor) (—) or] ine ~J i ~] A
3 : flora, 49, 50, 88; Tweediana, 8-13, 87, pl. 840; Tweedyi, 11; vincae-
Rhodora
Plate 839
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
acne BrrrroniaNna: FIG. 1, summit of plant, X 1; FIG. Fig. 3, corolla, X 1; FIG. 4, calyx and capsule, x 2.
2, summit of peduncle and calyx,
Rhodora Plate 840
Photo, B. G. Schubert,
tUELLIA TWEEDIANA: Figs. 1 and 2
i , portions of branching plant, x 1; Frc. 3, summit of peduncle and base of calyx, x 4; FIG. ¢ 1
4, tip of calyx-segment, < 10; ria. 5, corolla, X 1.
Rhodora Plate 841
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA STREPE meg ric. 1, flowering median node, X 1; FIG. 2, ocep guar avon aka removed, < 1; Fic. 3, flower, showing broad caly ‘<-segniont, x "1G ong-pe fruit, x 1,
Rhodora Plate 842
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
UELLIA a carci forma CLEISTANTHA: FIG. 1, summit of plant, < 24; Fria. 2, terminal glomerule, X 1; a3. ode with large cleistogamous flower, X 2; Fia. 4, terminal glomerule with two small setcpatatas flowers, X 2; Fia. 5, subterminal fruiting node, X 2; FIG. 6, calyx and open capsule,
Rhodora Plate 843
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RvUELLIA PEDUNCULATA: FIG, 1, small flowering plant, x 4/9; FIG. 2, aga 2 more branch- ing whine plant, x 14: FIG. 3, portion of branchi ng inflorescence, SK 4, ealyx and Capsule, x 2; FIG. 5, ih Etepee Leh and base of capsule, X 10; FIG. 6, Bai nirtaee of Capsule, x 10.
Rhodora Plate 844
fas
a sm. me gee
ee
Thro
oo
a. hs ifr,
Photo. B. G. Schubert, PINETORUM ge 1, flowering and fruiting — _ TYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, por- tion of fruiting bran na x1 - FIG. 3, portion of leafy base, x 1; calyx and 1 eapsule, Xx 2; Fria. 5, surface of peduncle, x 10; ria. 6, bases of malysaspiient na capsule, X
Rhodora Plate 845
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
Ruewxia Purswiana: FiG. 1, portions of TYPE, X 7%; FIG. 2, third node from base, X 1; FIG, 3, § eta node from base, ' 1; FIG. 4, calyx and oa % 2: ria. 5, surface of a x 4.
Rhodora Plate 846
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA ee - 3, summit of capsule, showing pilose surface, x 10. d R. Purs A, fo AUSTROF : Fic. 1, summit of type, <1; F1G. 2, uppermost node, with siualt sleiatciaceduns flowers (above) and capsule, x 2
.
Rhodora Plate 847
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA HETEROMORPHA, vernal stage: FIGS. 1-3, portions of flowering stems, X 1; FIG. 4, summit of internode and base of leaf, X 4; F1a. 5, base of calyx, X 10.
Rhodora Plate 848
be
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
is cori sit EB S branche later SF pret stage: Fic. 1, portion of long fruiting branch, x 1; FIGs. d 3, branchlets, x } , tip of branchlet, with two cleistogamous flowers, x 1; FIG. 5, calyces and capsules, 9
Rhodora Plate 849
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
Rvexta cruosa: FIGs. 1-3, plants, X 1; Fra. 4, summit of internode and base of cauline leaf, x 4; ria. 5, calyx and capsule, X 2.
Rhodora Plate 850
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
R ee beat cILIosA: Fig. 1, plant, X 1; ria. 2, basal branch, X 1; Fic. 3, large-flowered
Rhodora Plate 851
24- pig. 2, fruiting branch, of leaves, : FIG. 4, lower surface of leaf, is. 5 and 6, median and terminal "hewetne nodes, X 1;
RUELLIA SUCCULENTA: FIG. 1, portion of flow ering plant, x 3 leave:
X 1; Fie. 3, s ene cystoliths, ; FIG G. 7, calyx and fruit, X 2
Rhodora
Plate 852
oan rrr
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ae LLIA NOCTIFLORA: FIG. 1, base of plant, ; Figs. 2, 3 and 4, A? tips, G. 3, ISOTYPE); FIG. 5, summit of internode pa bases of leaves, xX 4; se sule, X 2
x1 1G. 6, calyx and
Rhodora Plate 853
* PN bed
c
*
Ss +
fe
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
ELLIA NOC apowues 1, summit of flowering stem of probable TYPE - R, te 1; FIG. 2, fruiting summit, X 1.8; FIG. 3, bract, calyx-segment an base of capsule, NS 10; ric. 4, surface of capsule, pd 10
Rhodora Plate 854
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA beep var. TYPICA: FIG. 1, TYPE Or ISOTYPE, X 1; FIG. 2, summit of primary axis, X 1; FIG. 3, calyces and capsules, x 2
Rhodora Plate 855
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
i HLLIA HUMILIS, var. TYPICA: FIG. 1, median nodes of primary axis. < 15 . 2, summit
of C... node and bases of leaves, X 4; FIG. 3, portion of fruiting branch, eine ‘diffuse habit, X1
Plate 856
~ X ‘SVAvET JO
8
as
Bq PUB BpOUIE4Ul ‘Z "NIA tT Xx ‘
ad
AL
jo uory
od ‘] ‘pla
Vv
" 1G
ISIMD VULIO} ‘SITUNOH VITIAOYY
19QnyIg “YH “_ ‘olwyd
Rhodora
Rhodora Plate 857
Photo, B. G. Schubert.
Rue aye var. igo eae FIG. 1, portion of TYPE, X 7 G. 2, ee os st node and bases of leav X 4; Fias. 3-5, ’ flowering nodes, u FIG. 6 ruiting n oy Ag
FIG. 7, calbx ate Ci seat
Rhodora Plate 858
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA HUMILIS, var. LONGIFLORA: FIGs. 1-3, ee of flowering branches, 1 FIG. 4, summit of iitersodes and bases of leaves, * "4: . 5, bracts, calyces and trisite, x <
Plate 859
Rhodora
Photo, B, G. Schubert. RUELLIA HUMILIS, var. EXPANSA: FIG. I, flowering node, X 1, from tye eal 2, ee fruiting node, X 1; FIG. 3, internode and leaf-base, X 4; FIG. 4, calyx and capsule, x
Rhodora Plate 860
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA HUMILIS, var. CALVESCENS: FIG. 1, portion of isorypr, X 1; FIG. 2, flowering tip, X 1; m1. cy internode and leaf-bases, X 4; FIG. 4, lower surface of leaf, x 10; ria, 5, fruiting fede x 1; Fic. 6, calyx and e capsule e, x2
Plate 861
Rhodora
Photo. B. G. Schubert. RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. TYPICA: ria. 1, portion of flowering plant, X 1; FIG. 2, flower- ace of leaf, X 10; FIG. 5, lower
ing tip, x 1G. 3, summit of internode, X 4; pig. 4, upper surf surface of ial x 10
Rhodora Plate 862
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
LIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. TYPICA: FIG. 1, summit of plant, to show characteristic divergen ad ching, X 1; Fic. 2, calyx and Bahl X 2; Fic. 3, portion of calyx and capsule
Rhodora Plate 863
T COXbEA,
na Ai ; : ae yg ?, ne Word fin O1S , capwlater COPA: cs
Es ee ULIS COMOSIS
Copy, slightly reduced, of the Dillenian plate of RUELLIA STREPENS, CAPIT
Rhodora Plate 864
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. SEMICALVA: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 2 7: BIG. 2, ‘etree of pus node, X 10; Fic. 3, lower, and FIG . 4, upper bartate: of leaf, x 10; Fic. 5, calyx and ¢ sule, X 2; FIG. 6, calyx- -segment and portion of capsule, x 10
Rhodora Plate 865
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
1, TYPE, X } 2, upper, and F RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS aah Doe MBRANACEA: FIG, 1, ~ , lower surface of leaf, ; ;. 4, flowering tip, 1 7: aa. 5, ‘eatitin of calyx and ¢ fe sule, < 10; ria. 6, fruiting scent oe:
Rhodora Plate 866
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, Var. MEMBRANACEA: FIGS. 1-3, summits of plants, to show leaf- rariation, X< ;
Rhodors Plate 867
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
1, summit, X 1,
¢
D IIENSIS, var SMBRANACEA, forma HYPOPSILA: FIG.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, Var. MEMB A : er ep
of ryPE; FIG. 2, upper, and FIG. 3, lower suriace OI lea’, Var. MEMBRANACEA, forma BREVIBERBIS: FIG. 4, internode and leaves,
and Fic. 6, lower surface of leaf, X
1.7: FIG. 5, upper,
Rhodorz Plate 868
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, sip Lag yptoaslonty EA, forma LAEVioR: FIG. 1, fru ing summit, x , Of TYPE . 2, upper, nd F aye 3, lower surface of leaf, x 10; Fie. 4, portion of caly X- ae mat and eine age 10
Rhodora Plate 869
Photo. B, G, Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. prone LLA: FIG. 1, TYPE (2 plan - riG. 2, upper, and FIG. 3, iibiig surface of le af, ower-bud, ete Ase Tiant silty 2 calyx-segments. x aes
xX 10; 4, 10; 5, portion of caly uamicent and capsule
Rhodorz Plate 870
eee |
Photo, B, G. Schubert.
Jr + bellies CAROLINIE tae var. N. spe LLA! Fic. 1, reget ed ci base of _ pal, INIENSI : ELLA, lorma ECILIATA: FIG. 2, : (3 plants), X< i. 3, portion of leaf, br: kee ‘at poet I X 10; Fic. 4, ‘portion of sis and capsule, x 10
Rhodora Plate 871
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, Var. CHELONIFORMIS: FIG. 1, T 2: Fic. 2, corolla, X 1 FIG. 3, calyx and capsule, X 2; FIG. 4, bract, caly nin i Saban of capsule, 16
Rhodore Plate 872
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, Var. CHELONIFORMIS: FIGS. 1 and 2, flowering summits, X 1; FIG. 3, upper and ria. 4, lower surface of leaf
Rhodora Plate 873
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. SALICINA: FIG. 1, TYPE, X 4/7; FIGS. 2 and 3, summits of
plants, X 1
Rhodora Plate 874
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA ne geen var. DENTATA: FIG. ¥ small plant, X 24; Fic. 2, portion of branch, X 1; FIG. 3, porti ion of fruiting branch, X %, to show dhasanlerets branching
Rhodora Plate 875
Photo. B. G. Schubert.
RUELLIA CAROLINIENSIS, var. DENTATA: FIGs. 1 and 2, flowering summits, X 1