Missouri Botanical Garden

PETER H. RAVEN LIBRARY

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their mouths, will simplify all the problems involved in the endeavor to
deepen the channels through them.

A remarkable fact has been observed by savants, that the alteration of
river courses in consequence of the rotation of the earth, an influence which
would lead us to expect the continual erosion of the western bank of the
Mississippi, is neutralized here on account of a gradual upheaval of the
western chains of our continent, and the Mississippi system and likewise
the Texas system of rivers — in short, all the rivers that flow into the Gulf
of Mexico uniformly* tend toward the southeast. This tendency is pro-
moted by the gradual subsidence going on in the Appalachian chain of
mountains. Whether these views are well-founded or not, they serve to
call attention to the importance of noting the modification of local laws of
alluvial deposit by vastly extended surface upheavals and depressions.
The local action of the waves of the sea, of the oceanic currents, of the
tides, of the river freshets, must be studied, and, in addition to this, the
behavior of the entire river system revealing the slow but inevitable influ-
ence of terrestrial rotation and vast upheavals or depressions.

When we look abroad upon Nature as presented to us by Science we re-
alize more and more fully the words of Humboldt in which he describes it as
a “whole moved and animated by internal forces,” a vast process in which
even the “everlasting hills” seem to move and to perceptibly crumble away
under the disintegrating influence of the air and water. The gradual
contraction of the earth’s crust effects a local upheaval or wrinkle, while
the perpetual process of the atmosphere undermines and levels all.

Foremost upon our attention to-day, the means and appliances adopted
in the interest of the science of Meteorology force themselves. The esta-
blishment of the United States Signal Service and the. daily collection and
publication of the results of the scattered observations is one of the great-
est events in the scientific world of to-day. Consider only how it has
cleared up the theory of storms. The valuable researches of Redfield,
Espy, Henry, Loomis, and Dovd, are complemented and reduced to har-
mony by the generalizations of the' Signal Service.

Cyclones are formed by the meeting of contrary winds. The grand
“battle-ground” on which our cyclones arise— and all storms are proven
to be cyclonic — is the circle of trade-wind influence, and this in summer is
between the ioth and 12th parallels of North latitude. The tendency of the
southeast trade-winds to invade the territory of the northeast trade-winds
by sweeping over the equator into our hemisphere is the origin of cyclones,
according to Maury. All collisions of contrary winds tend to produce a
vortical whirl by reason of the influence of the revolution of the earth. A
wind blowing southward is deflected to the west, and one blowing north-
ward is deflected to the east. Hence the movement of cyclones in the
Northern hemisphere is found to be opposite to the movement of the hands
of a clock, while in the Southern hemisphere the movement is the same
with the hands of a clock. Any vortical movement in the atmosphere, no
matter how slight, produces an ascending current of air, and this relieves

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the pressure of the atmosphere from the barometer. Hence the law of
storms says the winds blow from all sides towards a point where the ba-
rometer is low.

Again, the upward current of air in the centre of a vortical whirl carries
up the warm moisture-laden atmosphere, which immediately becomes con-
densed, and a fall of rain or hail occurs. But, again, the condensation-of
vapor into rain-drops is accompanied by the evolution of heat, and this
heightens the momentum of the ascending current. Hence the tendency
of a small vortical movement in the atmosphere is to expand into a general
cyclone. The ultimate result of the cyclone or storm is to restore an equi-
librium between the upper and lower strata of the atmosphere in regard to
temperature and moisture ; the storm proceeds until the upper stratum has
become warmer and more moist, while the lower stratum has become cooler
and less charged with moisture. The vast movements of the air between
the equator and poles to restore the equilibrium act continually to produce
a tension between the upper and lower strata of air, and thus give occasion
to the ever- recurring cyclones. Another remarkable feature in the theory
of storms takes note of the fact that while there is more water in the South-
ern hemisphere than in the Northern, yet there is less atmosphere. The
cause of this has been shown, mathematically, to be found in the fact that
in the Northern hemisphere, where there is more land and more numerous
and lofty mountain chains, the resistance to the deflecting tendency which
arises from the earth’s rotation is greater than in the Southern hemisphere.
The consequence of the more rapid and regular movement of the winds in
the Southern hemisphere is a greater depression there. The trade-winds
blow from the Southern hemisphere with greater velocity and momentum,
and overcome the northern trade-winds, forcing them several degrees north
of the equator, permanently.

The subject of Meteorology, considered in its more general aspect, is
one that influences many important phases of human interest. In some
remote future, when the air-currents are thoroughly understood, aerial
navigation may become entirely practicable. Even now, when so few of
the conditions are known that the weather can be foretold for scarcely one
week in advance, our commercial marine is greatly benefited. When it
becomes possible to forecast the season for one* or three months ahead, the
farmer will be provided with the means to avoid the uncertainty attendant
on his vocation. “Scientific agriculture” may then exist as a fact as well
as in name.

Next among the important items which the scientific interest of the new
year brings to mind is the approaching transit of Venus. On the 8th of next
December occurs the first transit of Venus that has occurred since the im-
provement of the telescope. It is one hundred and five years since the last
one took place. Extensive preparations are making in this country and in
Europe for the most accurate mathematical verification of the several ele-
ments of the phenomenon. The moment of contact with the limb of the
sun, if fixed accurately from different points of observation, will settle the

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ISO THE GARDENER’S MONTHLY . Jfe?/,

They were fond of rustic arbors,— we have the
form ; but galvanized wire works furnish a sub-
stitute, for wood, and also material for encir-
clings of the basket flower beds upon our lawns.
Our numerous and improved species and varie-
ties of climbers, and almost endless kinds of bed-
ding plants or ornamental foliage make our
fantasies far more pleasing than those of the

can be made beautiful. Fountains with fish
make admirable embellishments. Water birds
make our larger ponds and lakes picturesquely
beautiful. Decaying trees, with holes in their
stems, are turned to account; ornamental plants
set in the holes, often make unique oddities
Large old logs of trees, lying in some unsuspected
nooks, hollowed like longboats, then filled with

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Hire (teteer’s Jlimthlg,

DEVOTED TO

HORTICULTURE, ARBORICULTURE & RURAL AFFAIRS.

EDITED BY THOMAS MEEHAN.

Old Series — M. XVII. M A. Y, 1875. New Series — ToL VIII. No. 5

^flower (§t>atrben ant) ^Pleasure (§) rountl .

SEASONABLE HINTS.

In the expression, “ Natura nonfacit saltum ,”
Ray, a celebrated naturalist of the past century,
asserted the principles on which some of the
most popular of modern evolutionary views are
foun ded . u ~ N ~ flt.nrA not rirzwggsua hv

come, now see to this or the other, and so forth ! ”
We are glad we give only “ seasonable hints,”
and if the season then does not cpme, it is no
fault of ours.

As we are writing, about the 1st of April, we
have four feet of frost in the ground, and we
haxdlv feel safe in saying yet, what can be done

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