Missouri Botanical Garden

PETER H. RAVEN LIBRARY

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Missouri Botanical Garden
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Missouri Botanical Gardes

OUR

606 7

ery of America by Christopher Columbus. |
When it came to “ servants/’ these States
were more than made good. New York
counted her 155,282 ; Pennsylvania, 81,233;
Massachusetts, 37,464.

This brief recital will probably suffice to
show the inexpediency, in the present social
condition of our people, of attempting to
divide the class of domestic servants accord-
ing to distinctions of occupation, which are
certain to be affected where they do not
exist, and disregarded quite as generally
where they do exist. In the further course
of this paper, this class, whether at 1870 or
at i860, will, therefore, be treated as a
whole, without discrimination of cook or
chambermaid, butler or scullion, gorgeous
flunky or simple drudge. Prior to the
enumeration of 1870, it was an interesting
subject of speculation whether the social
and economical causes which had produced
such marked effects upon the ways of busi-
ness throughout the country, upon the gen-
eral scale of expenditure, and upon the hab-
its of domestic life, would be found to have
increased materially the number of hired
servants in families. At the South, indeed,
where the negroes, who mainly supplied the
domestic service of i860, had come to own
themselves, and hence to be in a position not
only to demand wages, but to take on airs ;
where, moreover, the general impoverish-
ment of the proprietoi; class, and the slow
and painful recovery of industrial produc-
tion necessitated the retrenchment of ex-
penditure, it required no careful count of
the people to make it certain that more per-
sons, in proportion to population, were not
employed in the offices of the household in
1870 than at the earlier date.

But of the Northern and Middle States,
the reverse was reasonably to be assumed.
Not only had rapid progress been made in
the Upper Ten Thousand toward European
standards of equipage and service, but it
was generally claimed and admitted that the
middle class of our population had made a
decided movement in the same direction;
that life was freer with us than it used to be,
family expenditure more liberal, luxuries more
widely diffused, assistance more readily com-
manded in all departments, industrial or
domestic. Few would have ventured to
predict that the results of the Census
would show that, while social require-
ments have increased on every hand ; while
the appetites and tastes of the household
have been rendered more difficult and exact-
ing by the, diversification of the national

diet, and by the popularization of foreign
fruits and spices, of condiments and game ;
while we are everywhere taking on the sem-
blance of greater ease and indulgence, — with
these facts in view few would have thought
the tendency of the age is not more and more
to place servants in the houses of the people,
or believed that, however it may be with the
abodes of luxury and fashion, the wives and
the mothers of the great middle class are
discharging their daily duties, and keeping
up their outward conformity to the demands
of society, with a diminishing, rather than an
increasing, body of hired help. Yet such is the
fact, as revealed by the count of 1870. The
sixteen free States in i860 showed 474,857
domestic servants of all descriptions. The
same States, ten years later, showed but
570,054, being a gain of only 20 per cent.
Meanwhile the aggregate population of these
States had increased upward of 27 per cent.

The States in which this relative decrease
in the number of servants has been most
marked, are the New England States,
together with New York, New Jersey, and
Pennsylvania. |#he Western and. North-
western States, 6 n the other hand, have,
without exception, increased the proportion
of their domestic service largely since i860,
showing that, while the commercial and
manufacturing States are coming to feel the
necessity of economizing in this direction
of expenditure, the well-to-do inhabitants
of the agricultural States are just beginning
to indulge themselves somewhat freely in
the luxury of being served and waited on.

Abandoning now the retrospect, and
grouping the States of the Union according
to the facts of the present time, we shall in
our further comparisons set the number of
. domestic servants in each State, not against
the total population, but against the number
of families, as affording the best measure of
the amount of service secured.

Let us turn first to the old slave-breeding
States. Here, in former times, the tendency
to a plethora of domestic service was very
marked. “ Niggers” were native and to the
manor born. They represented no expendi-
ture but that of the com and pork necessary
to bring them to the age, and size, and
strength to perform the arduous duties of
lying around on the floor or in the sun, and
answering an occasional call to some per-
sonal service. In “ one of the first families ”
cook had her legion of minor functionaries;
the coachman was at the head of a little
state ; every member of the family, from
youngest to eldest, had his or her own body-

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“WllSrDSOPl OASTI

A SERIES OF Hfl

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Talks with Boys.

A series of papers under this title is also in course of preparation for the present volume.

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