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Wrrn an Inrropucrion

BY

PrD., PRS. &.

INTRODUCTION.

By P. L. SCLATER, M.A., P.D., F.RS

At the request of Messrs. Salvin and Godman, I have had great pleasure in putting
together such remarks as are required to explain the Tables which our lamented friend

_ the Author of this volume had drawn up shortly before his death for the better under-
S standing of the Central-American Mammal-fauna. ‘These tables were the only part of
2 the proposed “Introduction” that Alston left behind him; but I think they serve to

_ show fairly enough the views upon the subject which he held, and which, I believe, do

not essentially differ from those which, under the circumstances of the case, it has been

left for me to put forward as the result of his investigations.

The first of these Tables gives a complete list of the Mammals of Central America

eCO mized i in this Memoir and in the Appendix thereto*. The range of each species
in the various countries comprised within the Gontrali Acacia area is given in parallel

umns, and also details as to its extension into North America on the one hand and

America on the other.

the Appendix was finished Mr. Forrer has sent to Messrs. Salvin and Godman another small

: State of Durango, of which Mr. Thomas has given an account in P. Z. 8. 1882 (Nov. 14th).

de t , of which examples were contained in this collection, are new to the Central-American —

ammcly: Sciutus cherti snd Tamiat asinticus, subsp. guadrivittatus. In another small collec- —

‘the same source still more reeently, three examples of Neotoma fuscipes, Baird, another

new to Mexico, occurred. But I have not thought it advisable to alter Alston’s tables for the
» these three species.

a2

vice Balgregtt 5 .
i SN tae stn

lv

TABLE 1L—General Distribution of Central-American Mammals.

INTRODUCTION.

North

America.

Mexico.

Guatemala
and
Honduras.

Nigoragus.

Costa Rica.

Panama.

South
America.

Subclass I. MONODELPHIA.

Noe

pod

il.

. Mycetes palliatus, p.4............
peed BEBE, DLT es cee eee.

. Cebus hypoleucus, p.13 ..........
. Nyctipithecus vociferans, p. 14

DOW NID OVP go

. Chrysothrix corstedi, p.16 ........

Suborder MICROCHIROPTERA.

. Vesperugo serotinus, p. 20

. Antrozous pallidus, p. 204
. Nycticejus crepuscularis, p. 204 ....
. Atalapha noveboracensis, pp. 22, 205

. Vespertilio nitidus, p. 24..........
2, ——— nigricans, pp. 24, 206........
. ——— subulatus, p. 206

- Natalus stramineus, p. 26

. Rhynchonycteris naso, p. 27
. Saeccopteryx bilineata, p. 28
. + Canina, p. 29

. Diclidures albus, pp. 30, 207

Order I. PRIMATES.
Suborder PLATYRRHINT.

Fam. I. Cesrwz.

willosus, Pp, 5 woe eee ee ee

rufiventris, p. 8 ...........-
gootiroyi, p 8... ......2.5...
vellerosus, p. 10 ............

yufiped, p15 2... es ae .

Fam. LE. Haparm»®.
Midas geoffroyi, p.17 ............

Order II. CHIROPTERA.

Fam. I. Vuspertreronipm™,

oe es we ee

propinquus, p. 20 ..........
albigularis, p.21 ..........
parvulus, pp. 21, 208........

oe © @ ee ow

intermedia, p. 205
cinerea, p. 23

ee er

a a ay

a5 # oe Ss Be te ee

albescens, p. 25
lucifugus, p. 25

ee ne me tee eae

ee ry

ee ee ee ae

Fam. TT. Ewpartonverm.

eae wee
8 ee ee we

oe ew ee re

- plieata, pp. 29, 206

eee ew

eee ee ewe oe

eee ees

eee ee ee we
re
ae ee ere eres
ee oe eee eee
Ce
oe ere coe ewere
ee seem oe es
seer ee er oe
ee ere vr eoeeee

ee ee ee ee ee

ee eer eo ew ne

S. Winnipeg

se ee ee ee ee

Oregon ......

Canada ......
Texas ........
Nova Scotia

Washington Ter.

ae ee rere oe
oe oe ee eho ee

ee
ae ee eo ee ee
Cr 2)
CD

ee ery

1: ke * *

*

* *

oe

Peru.
Colombia.
Colombia.

Colombia.
Peru.

Colombia.

West Indies.

Chili.
Chili.
Brazil.
Brazil.

Brazil.
Brazil.

INTRODUCTION.
Tasie 1. (continued).

Roth |g
i

32. ‘Molossus rufus, p. a. | %
at —— nasutus, p.82.....
abrasus, a.

35 era es ... Alia. eyek as
| California

Brasil ae
Venezuela,
West Indies.

*
%
*
*
*
*
*

es oe.
Y: Tineatus, p. 48 .

tus, p. Bis es

eo 207

INTRODUCTION,

I. (continued):

Costa Rica.

eee eee

* ke

New England, .

Grinnell Land. .
Kansas ......
New England

P = AROTOIDEA.
Fam. III. Procronip x.

Procyon oe pp. 69, 208 ins

— lotor, po 70 oe ie. Alaska
Bassaricyon gabbi, pp. 71, 209 seats
Bassaris astuta, p. p. ..| Oregon
~—— sumichrasti, p. 73° ets
Nasua nasica, p. We. Texas .
Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, p. 76

Fam. IV. Mousrrcipz.

Mustela brasiliensis, p. 78 Oregon ?
ictis barbara, p. 79... .. wa vais ove
Mephitis oe P 81 Hudson’s Bay.
Towa .......
Texas ......
Hudson’s Bay.
Alaska? .....

* * KK RK OK

Fam. V. Urs.
_ Ursus horribilis, p. $8... .
——— americanus, p. 89 ..

Suborder PINNIPEDLA,

seg pia le sig

Fam. VIL. Procipx,
96. Monachus tropicalis, pp. 90, 209....| Florida

-

ein pangs onal ert

INTRODUCTION.

~ Taste I. (continued).

Vii

Sg 3 3
. s 8 3 a) -
North § |8sE| 2 | & E South
America. k 3 a8 8 4 a America.
a 16 HF] & .) ay
Order VI. UNGULATA.
Suborder PERISSODACTYLA.
Fam. I. Taprripz.
98. Tapirus bairdi, p. 101 ............) 0 we... ee, * x * * x*
99. dowi, p. 104 22... .. ef eee eee .. * * *
Suborder ARTIODACTYLA.
Sect. I. Surwa.
Fam. I. Sura.
100. Dicotyles tajacu, p.107 .......... Arkansas * x . * x | Patagonia.
101. labiatus, p. 108 wo...) cee eee .* * * * oe Paraguay.
Sect. II. Prcora.
“Fam. IL. Bovipm.
102. Ovis cervina, p.111.............. Yellowstone *
Fam. IIT. Awrrnocaprrp x,
103. Antilocapra americana, p. 112...... Canada ...... *
Fam. IV. Czrvipa.
104. Cariacus macrotis, p. 114.......... BritishColumbia| x
105. virginianus, p. 115.......... Canada ...... * se * * Pa Peru ?
106. toltecus, p. 117... eel eee eee *
107. rufinus, p.118............../ 0 wee eee eee * % x Ecuador.
Order VII. GLIRES.
Suborder SIMPLICIDENTATA.
Sect. I. ScrturomorpuHa.
Fam. I. Scroripz.
108. Sciuropterus volucella, p.121...... Labrador *% x
109. Sciurus carolinensis, p. 124........ New Brunswick.| x
110. arizonensis, p. 125 .......... Arizona ...... *
ait, griseoflavus, p.126..........) ce... ee, * %
112. variegatus, p. 127 .......... California * *
113. —— hypopyrrhus, p.128 ........) .......... Ps ro * * * ;
114. ——— variabilis, p.131............) coc... en, a - .. ii * | Bolivia.
115. wstuans, p. 132 ............) cece eee .. .. * Ps x | Brazil.
116. deppéi, p. 183..........0...0.) cece ee eee * * .. % .. | Colombia.

—_

‘i eee
Naa

-

Vili INTRODUCTION.
Taste I. (continued).
‘North gS |Eee| # r 5 South
America. B ges 8 w E America.
= |6 Oo] & —) Ay

117. Sciurus chrysurus, p. 134 ........) seen ee eee + « | Colombia.
118. Spermophilus annulatus, p. 185 ....) «+... eee *
119 grammurus, p. 1386.......... Oregon ...... *
120 spilosomus, p. 137 .......... Texas ........ *
121. mexicanus, p. 137 .......... Texas ........ *
122, Cynomys ludovicianus, p. 188 ...... Montana *

Fam. II. Casroripz.
123. Castor fiber, p. 139 .............. Hudson’s Bay..| x

Sect. II. Myromorpua.

Fam. III. Muripz.
124, Mus rattus,p. 141 .............. (Introduced) ..) x
125. alexandrinus, p. 14] ........ ” Jl og * (Introduced).
126. decumanus, p. 141 .......... % * 7 8
127 musculus, p. 142............ ” * .. . ”
128. Hesperomys teguina, p. 144 ......) .... 2.00. . * * ”
129. leucopus, p. 144 ............ Hudson’s Bay..| x *
130, —— aztecus, p.145 ............ California * .
131. —— aureolus, p. 146 ............ South Carolina..| x
132. —— californicus, p.146.......... California ... *
133. —— mexicanus, p. 147 ..........) we... eee, *%
134, —— melanophrys, p. 147 ........) co.cc... e. *
135 sumichrasti, p. 148..........) ...... dees *
136 palustris, p. 148 ............ New Jersey * *
137 couesi, p. 149.00... eee] eee eee *
138 nudicaudus, p. 149 ..........) we. cee eee. . *
139. panamensis, p. 150 .........-1 oc... ne Le ok
140. Ochetodon humilis, p. 151 ........ Towa ........ * . * | Colombia.
141. mexicanus, p. 151 .......... Louisiana | og
142. Sigmodon hispidus, p. 152 ........ South Carolina. .) x *
143. Neotoma floridana, p. 154 ........| NewEngland..| x * *
144 ferruginea, p. 155 ..........| ..ee ee aee, *
145, Arvicola mexicanus, p. 156........) co... ..0. * *
146 pinetorum, p. 157 .......... New England . *
147. —— quasiater, p.157............) co.cc. *

Fam. IV. Gzomyipz,
148. Geomys mexicanus, p. 159 ........) wee eee, *
149 hispidus, p.159 ...........6]) cece eae * * *
150. Thomomys talpoides, p.162........ Assiniboine Riv.| x
151. Dipodomys phillipsi, p. 163........ Washington Ter.) x
152. Perognathus flavus, p. 165 ........ Canada ...... *
153 hispidus, p. 165 ..........0.) ccc cee eee *
154 fasciatus, p. 166 ............ Nebraska *
155. Heteromys desmarestianus, p. 167 ..| .......... - *
156 longicaudatus, p. 167 ........| .e.eee eee. *% x * x | Venezuela.

INTRODUCTION.

TaBLE I. (continued).

ix

Sect. III. HystricoMorRPHaA.,.

Fam. V. Hystricipz.

157. Synetheres mexicanus, p. 170......

Fam. VI. Dasyprocrip2”.

158. Dasyprocta isthmica, p. 171........
159. punctata, p. 172 ....,........
160 mexicana, p. 173............

Coelogenys paca, p. 174

a er

Suborder DUPLICIDENTATA.

Fam. I. Lzrormwa.

162. Lepus sylvaticus, p. 176 ..........
163. graysoni, pp. 177, 211 ......
164. gabbi, p. 178 ......-2 ee eee
165. callotis, p. 178..............
166. palustris, p. 179 ............
167. aquaticus, p. 180..... sees
Order VIII. EDENTATA.
Suborder TARDIGRADA.
Fam. I. Brapypopipaz.
168. Bradypus infuscatus, p. 183........
169. castaneiceps, p. 184..........
170. Cholopus hoffmanni, p. 186 ........
Suborder ENTOMOPHAGA.
Fam. I. Dasypopipz.
171. Tatusia novemcincta, p. 188 ......

172
173
174

Fam. II. MyrmecoPHacipé.

. Myrmecophaga jubata, p.191......
: tetradactyla, p. 192..........
. Cycloturus didactylus, p. 193

ee ee ee

Subclass If. DIDELPHIA.

Order IX. MARSUPIALIA.

Fam. I. DipELpHipz.

175. Didelphys virginiana, p.196 ......
176. aurita, p. 197 ..............
177. —— quica, p. 198 ..............
178. cinerea, p.199..............
£79. derbiana, p. 199 ............
180. murina, pp. 200, 212 ........
181. Chironectes variegatus, p. 201......

North Ss Bos op q South
America. ‘_ £3 8 8 3 America.
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oe ee ee ee oe *& oe .
Lene ees _ * y | Colombia.
Oregon ...... a
North Carolina.| *
Alabama *
beeen eeae . x | Brazil.
oe eer eee eee ae
sec ewes . % x | Ecuador.
Texas ........ * * * * Paraguay.
see c eee eee oe * * »% | Paraguay.
Lecce eens * * * .. | Paraguay.
a eo. * x* * Brazil.
New Jersey....| *
Leen e eee Le .. * .. | Uruguay.
cece ee eee * *% . * oie Brazil.
ae er oe oe ea * a Brazil.
ee &. .. * A x | Peru.
eee eens % * *% » | Brazil.
vce cease .. * * .. | Brazil.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. I., December 1882.

x INTRODUCTION.

Upon examining this Table it will be found that the 181 species contained in it fall
into five different categories, as regards their distribution, namely :—

I. Nuarcrre Sprcres, 2. e. Central-American species also found north of Mexico ............ 48

II. Neorropicat SPxEcrEs, 2. ¢. Central-American species also found south of Panama ........ 65
III. Neoezan Spxcizs, 7. ¢. Central-American species found north of Mexico and also south of

Panama .. 1. eee ccc cee eee ee ee eee eee ee ee eee tee eee e eee ee eens 17

IV. AvrocurHonovs Spectres, 7. ¢. species not yet known to occur except in Central America .. 47

V. Intropucenp Sprcrms (Mures) .... 6. cece eee eens bees pecans nese seus 4

181

We will now shortly consider each of these categories separately.

I. Nearctic SPECIES.

The species belonging to this section of the Central-American Mammal-fauna have
been divided by Alston into four categories, which serve to exhibit very clearly the
gradual diminution of the Nearctic forms as we proceed southwards through Central
America. These are set out in the subjoined Tables.

TasEe I1.—Nearctic Species found in the Northern States of Mexico, but not recorded
from south of 25° N. lat.

1. Antrozous pallidus. 10. Cariacus macrotis.

2. Nycticejus crepuscularis. 11. Spermophilus spilosomus.
3. Atalapha intermedia. 12. Cynomys ludovicianus.
4. Vespertilio subulatus. 13. Castor fiber.

5. Taxidea americana. 14. Neotoma floridana.

6. Ursus horribilis. 15. Thomomys talpoides,

7. americanus. 16. Perognathus flavus.

8. Ovis cervina. 17. fasciatus.

9. Antilocapra americana. -

Taste III.—Nearctic Species found in Central and South Mexico, but not recorded from
south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec.

1. Vespertilio nitidus. 10. Heperomys aureolus.
2. Felis rufa. 11. californicus.

3. Canis lupus. 12. palustris.

4, Bassaris astuta. 13. Ochetodon humilis.
5. Sciurus arizonensis. 14, Arvicola pinetorum.
6. Spermophilus grammurus. 15. Dipodomys phillipsi.
7. mexicanus. 16. Lepus sylvaticus.

8. Hesperomys leucopus. . 17. callotis.

9. aztecus. 18. aquaticus.

INTRODUCTION. xi

Taste IV.—Nearetic Species extending to Guatemala and Honduras, but not recorded
from south of Nicaraqua.

1. Mephitis mephitica. 5. Sciurus variegatus.

2. putorius. 6. Ochetodon mexicanus.
3. Sciuropterus volucella. 7. Lepus palustris.

4, Sciurus carolinensis. 8. Didelphys virginiana.

Taste V.—Nearctic Species extending to Costa Rica and Panama, but not recorded from
south of the Isthmus of Panama.

1. Canis latrans. 4, Nasua nasica.
2. Vulpes virginiana. 5. Sigmodon hispidus.
3. Procyon lotor.

II. NEOTROPICAL SPECIES.

We will now take a glance at the species belonging to the Central-American
Mammal-fauna which may be considered as intruders into it from the opposite direction,
7. é. from the south. These are 65 in number as against 48 intruders from the north,
and by their number at once tend to show the true composition of the Central-American
Mammal-fauna. It is perhaps not necessary to give a separate detailed list of them, as
they are already indicated in Table I. But it will be seen at a glance that they com-
prehend members of such genera as Ateles, Cebus, Nyctipithecus, Midas, Chilonycteris,
Vampyrus, Desmodus, Diphylla, Cercoleptes, Coclogenys, Myrmecophaga, Cycloturus, and
Chironectes, than which there can be no more typical representatives of the Neotropical
Mammal-fauna.

III. NEoGEan SPECIES.

The Central-American Mammals which extend outside the Central-American area in
both directions are 17 in number, as set out in the subjoined Table. No very precise
conclusions can be drawn, I think, from this category.

Taste VI.—Species common to the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions.

1. Vesperugo serotinus. 10. Mustela brasiliensis.

2. Atalapha noveboracensis, 11. Conepatus mapurito.

3. cinerea. 12. Lutra felina.

4, Vespertilio lucifugus. 13. Monachus tropicalis.

5. Nyctinomus brasiliensis. 14. Manatus australis.

6. Macrotus waterhousii. 15. Dicotyles tajacu.

7. Felis onca. 16. Cariacus virginianus (?).
8. pardalis. 17. Tatusia novemcincta.

9. concolor.

xii

INTRODUCTION.

IV. AUTOCHTHONOUS SPECIES.

Having now eliminated the Nearctic and Neotropical elements from the Central-
American Mammal-fauna, the remainder (neglecting the four introduced Mures) we
shall find to comprehend the indigenous or autochthonous species, as they have been
appropriately termed—that is, those that are confined to Central America, or, as it is
much safer to say in all such cases, are not yet known to occur elsewhere. These are
47 in number, as enumerated in the subjoined Table.

Taste VII.—-Species peculiar to Central America, or not yet ascertained to occur

. Mycetes palliatus.
villosus.

. Ateles vellerosus.
. Nyctipithecus rufipes.

. Chrysothrix cerstedi.

. Vesperugo propinquus.
albigularis.

om Ss

parvulus.

. Saccopteryx plicata.

10. Macrotus bocourtianus.
11. Ischnoglossa nivalis.

12. Cheeronycteris mexicana.

Ne)

13. Centurio senex.
14.

macmurtrii.

15. Sorex vere-pacis.
16.

euotis.

These 47 autochthonous species belong to the following

17.
18.
19.

20.
21.
22.

23.
24,
25,

26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
3l.

elsewhere.

Blarina micrura. 32.
berlandieri. 33.
mexicana. 34, |

Bassaricyon gabbi. a

Bassaris sumichrasti. 36.

Mephitis macrura. 37.

38.

Tapirus bairdi. 39.
dowi. 40.

Cariacus toltecus. 41.

—___ 42.

Sciurus griseoflavus. 43,
hypopyrrhus. 44.

Spermophilus annulatus. 45.

Hesperomys teguina. 46.
mexicanus,
melanophrys. 47.

six

nomenclature adopted in the present work :—

I. Primates

II. Chiroptera .
III. Insectivora .

IV. Carnivora

Let us now examine the composition of each of these
study of them must necessarily be of much import on the

Hesperomys sumichrasti.
couesi.

nudicaudus.
Neotoma ferruginea.
Arvicola mexicanus.

quasiater.
Geomys mexicanus.

hispidus,
Perognathus hispidus.
Heteromys desmarestianus.
Synetheres mexicanus.
Dasyprocta isthmica.
punctata.

mexicana.

Lepus graysoni.

Bradypus castaneiceps.

orders, according to the

5 V. Ungulata. .. . . 8
. &9 VI. Glires . » . 21

5 VII. Edentata. . . . J]
. 8

Central-American Mammal-fauna.

categories separately, as the
question of the origin of the

INTRODUCTION. xiii

As regards the Primates, we find that the five peculiar species all belong to well-known
Neotropical genera, and in every case have closely allied species in South America.

From the peculiar Chiroptera it is not perhaps so easy to derive such a very decisive
conclusion. But casting aside the three Vesperugines, as giving little test of locality, we
see at once that the remaining six peculiar species are in every case members of
Neotropical genera. Ischnoglossa, it is true, has not yet been found south of Panama;
but it belongs to the purely Neotropical family of Phyllostomatide.

On the other hand, when we pass to the Insectivora, the presence of five peculiar
Mammals of the Order in Central America is by no means a proof of Neotropical
tendencies, the absence of Insectivora being one of the cardinal characteristics of the
Neotropical Region. It may be remarked, however, that these five little Mammals
belong to the two widely diffused genera Sorex and Blarina, which have nothing
specially Palearctic in their distribution, and that, as will be seen on reference to
Table I., but one of these five species is found south of Guatemala.

§

The three autochthonous Carnivores of Central America belong to three types peculiar
to the New World. Bassaris is perhaps, as regards its present distribution, rather
Nearctic in its tendencies, and Bassaricyon rather Neotropical. Mephitis is rather
a Nearctic form, replaced by Conepatus in the south of the American continent.

Of the Ungulates the two Tapirs are essentially Neotropical, or, at any rate, show no
connexion with North America, while the Deer belongs to a type. generally diffused in
the New World.

Next, as regards the Rodents, of which universally numerous group no less than 21
Central-American species have not as yet been recorded as existing elsewhere. Of these
it may suffice to say that Spermophilus, Neotoma, and Arvicola are decidedly of northern
aspect, whilst Synetheres and Dasyprocta are as surely evidences of southern affinities.
The family Geomyide, to which four of the remaining species belong, is, it must be

acknowledged, rather Nearctic than Neotropical.

Lastly, the single peculiar Edentate belongs to an order characteristic of the Neo-

tropical Region.

But we must not judge the whole character of a fauna solely from its autochthonous

xiv INTRODUCTION.

species, although their tendencies must be allowed considerable weight in the balance.
Taking the Central-American Mammal-fauna as a whole, I think it may fairly be said
that, of the 177 * known constituent species, at least 100 are essentially Neotropical in
their character or have Neotropical affinities, while of the remainder not above 60 can
be said to be decidedly Nearctic. In the carefully drawn-up list of the Neotropical
genera of Mammals which follows, it will be at once manifest that the Neotropical
element vastly preponderates in Central America. I have therefore no doubt that the
Central-American isthmus, at any rate as far north as the isthmus of Tehuantepec, should
be assigned to the Neotropical Region, of which it should be deemed to constitute a
distinct province, characterized (1) by the incursion of a considerable number of Nearctic
forms, especially in the northern districts, (2) by the presence of a certain number of
peculiar species of Neotropical genera, and (3) as being the focus of the families
Procyonide and Geomyide, two well-marked groups of Mammals which have extended
themselves alike into the Nearctic and Neotropical Regions.

Taste VIII.—Distribution of Neotropical Genera of Mammals.

Fs dj 3 ;
= 8 é e g itd S. a
am | O< 5 < wB FO Ay <
I. QUADRUMANA.
I. Crsrpz.
1. Mycetes ...............0084. 1| .. * * * *
2, Lagothrix .........0. 0.00 ee 2 *
3. Ateles....... bene teen ee eens 3 * * * *
4. Cebls ........ eee eee eee 4 * * * *
5. Nyctipithecus ................ 5 * * * *
6. Pithecla .................00. 6 a - - *
7. Callithrix ...............0.. 7/ .. - * * *
8. Chrysothrix ................ 8} .. * * *
II. Hapatipz.
9. Hapale ...............0005. 9 * * *
10. Midas ...................0.4. 10 * * * *
II. CHIROPTERA.
I. VEsPERTILIONIDA.
1. Vesperugo ...............00. 11 * * * * * * *
2, Atalapha.................05. 12 * * * * * * *
3. Vespertilio ..............005. 13 * * * * * * *
4. Natalus ...........0...0..004. 14 * * . *
5. Thyroptera ...............04. 15 - *

* 7v, e. excluding the introduced Mures.

INTRODUCTION.

TasBLe VIII. (continued).

aS ai 4
3 8 5 2 ‘g 8 ara , &
ss | as a gS 38 rs] 3
oo @ ° I 3 Fy 3 q
Zi Fa ox cS) < mA Ay <q
II. EmpaLtonvurip2.
6. Furia oo... ee eee eee 16 7 . .. *
7. Amorphochilus .............. 17 | .- . *
8. Rhynchonycteris.............. 18} .. * *
9. Saccopteryx .......... 00.00. 19 * * *
10. Diclidurus .................. 20 * *
ll. Noctilio ............ 0.00008. 21 s * * *
12. Molossus.... 2.0... 0... ee eee 22 * * * *
13. Nyctinomus...............04. 23 * * * * *
III. Paytiostomipz.
14. Chilonycteris ............4... 24) .. * *
15. Mormops.............-20000- 25 _ * *
16. Lonchorhina ................ 26} .. .
17. Macrotus...... Lecce cece eens 27 * *
18. Macrophyllum .............. 28 | .. - 1
19. Vampyrus .............. 0005 29) .. * *
20. Lophostoma ................ 30 .. .. _ .
21. Schizostoma ................ 31] .. * * *
22. Trachyops ..............000- 32] .. * * *
23. Phylloderma ................ 33 |... . 1 *
24, Phyllostoma ................ 34]... * * *
25. Tylostoma .........-....000. 35 + *
26. Mimon ........... eee ee eae 36 .- - . *
27. Carollia ....... cece ee eee ee 37 | «.. * * *
28. Rhinophylla ................ 38 | .. 7 .. Le
29. Glossophaga ................ 39 . * * * *
30. Phyllonycteris .............. 40 . *
31. Monophyllus ................ 41 | .. . *
32. Ischnoglossa ............004- 42) .. *
33. Lonchoglossa .............24. 43 + . *
34, Glossonycteris................ 44 * ve *
35. Choeronycteris................ 45 * .. *
36. Artibeus ...............2008- 46 * * *
37. VampyropS .....-..0-..- eee 47 * * *
38. Stenoderma...............0.. 48 we .. és
39. Ametrida ..............00-- 49 | .. . *
40, Chiroderma.................. 50 | .. * *
41. Pygoderma.............0.6.. 51}... os *
42, Sturnira ...........0e0.e eee 52 | .. * *
43. Brachyphylla ................ 58 Le
4A, Centurion .. 12... eee ee eee 54] .. *
45. Desmodus ...............04. 55] .. * * *
46. Diphylla.................0.0. 56 * .
III. INSECTIVORA.
I. Center z.
1. Solenodon .................. 57

Xvi INTRODUCTION.

TaB.E VIII. (continued).

. 3 a iS
2 =é 5 A a
28 | 25 | € S jag] & | &
co oO S = =] Ey ae) a=]
Ze | 54) 8 | 3 | 86| € | &
II. Soricipz.
2. Sorex ... cc. cece ce ee ee ee ee 58 * *
3. Blarina ........ 0.0... eee 59 * *
IV. CARNIVORA.
I. Fetm2z.
1. Felis ...... 0.0... cee eee 60 * * * * * * *
II. Canin, .
2. Canis .... 0. eee ee eee 61 * * * * * * %
3. Icticyon ...... 0... 0. ee ee eee 62 a *
4, Chrysocyon .............. 0005 63 * *
5. Lycalopex ..............004. 64 * *
6. Pseudalopex ................ 65 * * *
7. Thous ...... 0... cece eee eee 66 * *
III. Procyonrwz.
8. Procyon .......... cece eee ee 67 * * * * *
9. Bassaris ............00 cca ee 68 * *
10. Bassaricyon...............0.. 69 | .. * *
11. Nasua..................00.5. 70 * * * * *
12. Cercoleptes ...............04. Vly... * * * *
IV. Mousrrripx.
13. Mustela .................... 72 * * * * *
14, Mephitis ..............00.0.. 73 * *
15. Conepatus ...............04. 74 oe * * * * **
16. Galictis .................... 75 Le * * * *
17. Lutra wo... eee ee eee 76 * * * * * *
18, Pteronura .................. 77 . .. a *
V. Ursipz.
(Ursus?)..... 0.2... e cece eee 78 * 2
19, Tremarctos .................. 79 .. .e *
VI. Orarmpz.
20. Otaria.... oe ee ee eee eee 80} -s * .. + *
21. Arctocephalus................ 81 . . #*
VII. Puocrpz.
22. Stenorhynchus .............. 82] .. ve . rn *
23, Morunga..................4, 83 * e .. e .. *
24, Cystophora .................. 84 * . *
V. CETACEA ¢.

+ The Cetaceans cannot be properly considered in treating of a Land-fauna only, as in this case.

INTRODUCTION.

TaB.E VIII. (continued).

BIOL.

a =&§ aS 5B . 5 8B
3 &p ra a 3s 5 2
ee | de} 8 | § | 38) & | &
VI. SIRENIA.
I. Manatip#.
1. Manatus ..........0+..000. 85 * * * * * *
VII. PERISSODACTYLA.
I. Taprripz.
1. Tapirus...............0008. 86 * * * *
VITI. ARTIODACTYLA.
I. Surpz.
1. Dicotyles ..............00.. 87 * * % * *
Il. Cameripz.
2. Auchenia ...............005 88 * *
III. Crervinz.
3. CariacuS ...........0.00ee 89 * * * * *
4, Pudua ............ cease 90 a a a . a
IX. GLIRES.
I. Soruripz.
1. Sciurus ................02.. 91 * *% % * *
2. Pteromys ..............005. 92 * *
3. Spermophilus .............. 93 * *
II. Muripz.
4, Mus .... ee ee 94 ra * * * *% * *
5. Hesperomys ................ 95 * * * * * * *
6. Ochetodon ................ 96 * *
7. Reithrodon ................ 97 *
8. Drymomys ................ 98 . *
9. Holochilus ................ 99
10. Sigmodon .................. 100 * *
11. Neotoma .................. 101 * *
12. Arvicola .................. 102 * *
III. Gromyipz.
13. Geomys................000. 103 * *
14. Dipodomys ................ 104 * *
15. Perognathus................ 105 * *
16. Heteromys . .............. 106)... *

CENTR.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. I., December 1882.

XVli

XVHii INTRODUCTION.

TaBe VIII. (continued).

Patagonia.
Antilles.

2 d 3 g 8 Z .
wm) od s) < Pais]
IV. Ocropontipx,
17. Ctenomys ............ cc eee 107 | -- —_ * . *
18, Schizodon ...........00.00e 108 .- 2 es = .e
19. Spalacopus .............00. 109 | .-. 1 ee
20. Octodon......... 0. cee eee eee 110 - . . s ve
21. Habrocoma ...............- 111 = . s re
22. Carterodon ........-..-0005 112 - . ve *
23. Myopotamus............-4-- 113 . * * - *
24, Cercomys .......-. eee ee ee ee 114
25. Loncheres...........0.20005 115 . + * * *
26. Lasiuromys ............000. 116
27. Mesomys ............ 000005 117 |. *
28. Echinomys .............0-. 118). . * *
29. Dactylomys ................ 119 -. 1 vs %
30. Plagiodon .............. 0005 120
31. Capromys .............2006- 121
V. Hysrricipm.
32. Chetomys.............2.05- 122] .. . .. *
33. Sphingurus ..............4- 123 = * * %
VI. CurcHiniips.
34, Chinchilla ................ 124... .. *
35. Lagidium ..............000. 125 . . *
36. Lagostomus ...........+000- 126 .e . .
VII. Dasyprocripz.
37. Dasyprocta .............08. 127)... * * * *
38. Coelogenys...... .. eee se eee 128 .. * * * *
VIII. Drvomyip#.
39. Dinomys ............ eee 129 | .- 1 . %
IX. Cavirpz.
40. Cavia... oc cece eee eee 130 * * *
41. Dolichotis .................. 131 . 1 -* .
42, Hydrocherus .............. 1382 | -- | ++ | * * *
X. LEporips.
43. Lepus .... eee cece ee eee 133 * * * * *
X. EDENTATA.
I. Brapypopip&.
1. Cholopus ..............04.. 134} .. * * * *
2. Bradypus ............ 0.00 ee 135 . x | * * *

* #* OK

*

* Ke

INTRODUCTION.

Taste VIII. (continued).

“ é of a
3 a & 6 g : s a
£8| Be| 3 S | sd) ® | 4
e oO q ro 5.83 ~~ =
2¢| 33) 8 | 2 | 8&8) & | 3
II. Dasyropipz.

3. Tatusia .......... 000 e ee eee 136 * * * * *

4, Prionodontes................ 137 .. - .. * *

5. Dasypus ........... 0-2 eee 138 7 = * * *

6. Xenurus ..............-00- 139 a .. * * *

7. Tolypeutes ............00.. 140 % *

8, Chlamyphorus .............. 141 a *

III. Myruecorpacipm.

9. Myrmecophaga.............. 142 * # * *

10. Tamandua.................. 143 * * * *
11. Cycloturus.................. 144 * * * *

XI. MARSUPIALIA.
I. DipEnPHiw sz.

1. Didelphys.................. 145 * * * * *

2, Hyracodon (Tomes) .......... 146 .. . *

3. Chironectes ............000. 147 a * * * *

xX

INTRODUCTION.

LIST OF PLATES.

Plate

I.

II

Til.

Mycetes villosus .
Chrysothrix cerstedi . .
Fig. 1. Vesperugo albigularis

2. parvulus .
Glossonycteris lasiopyga .
Saccopteryx plicata
Ischnoglossa nivalis
Diphylla ecaudata .
Vampyrops vittatus
8. Centurio macmurtril .

SES OTB oO

. Chiroderma salvini .
. Fig. 1. Sorex vere-pacis .

2. Blarina micrura

. Bassaris sumichrasti (B. raptor) .

. Manatus australis ; ;
. Bones of Tapirus bairdi and T. dowi
. Tapirus dowi .

. Dicotyles labiatus

. Sciurus variegatus

» hypopyrrhus
» eestuans (S. griseogenys)

. Fig. 1. Hesperomys teguina .

2. » sumichrasti .

. Fig. 1. - couesi

2. 9 panamensis .

. Neotoma ferruginea . Loe
. Fig. 1. Heteromys desmarestianus .

2. ” longicaudatus

. Fig. 1. Dasyprocta mexicana .

2. ” isthmica

. Lepus gabbi
. Tatusia novemcincta
. Didelphys cinerea

” derbiana

104:
108
127
128
182
144,
148
149

150

155
167
167
1738
171
178
188
199
199

BIOLOGIA CENTRALI-AMERICANA.

ZOOLOGIA.

Class I. MAMMALIA.

Subclass I. MONODELPHIA.

Order I. PRIMATES.

OnE of the most striking characters of the Mammalian fauna of Central America is
the presence of Monkeys, a group which, in the New World, is entirely confined to
the Neotropical Region. Both the families, and six out of the ten genera, of American
Monkeys are represented within our limits by at least eleven species.

The existence of these animals north of the Isthmus of Panama, though long over-
looked by zoologists, was recorded by several of the older voyagers, of whom William
Dampier and Lionel Wafer may be specially mentioned. Some of their quaint obser-
vations seem worthy of being reproduced; and they may best be given here, as it is
not always possible to determine the exact species to which they refer.

Thus Captain Dampier, in his “Two Voyaces to Campeachy; with a Description
of the Coasts, Product, Inhabitants, Logwood-Cutting, Trade, &c. of Jucatan, Cam-
peachy, New Spain, &c.” (* Voyages,’ vol. ii.: London, 1729), has the following passage
(pp. 59, 60) :—

“The Monkeys that are in these Parts are the ugliest I ever saw. They are much
bigger than a Hare, and have great Tails about two Foot and a half long. The under-
side of their Tails is all bare, with a black hard Skin; but the upper-side, and all the
Body is covered with coarse, long, black, staring Hair. These Creatures keep together
20 or 30 in a Company, and ramble over the Woods; leaping from Tree to Tree. If
they meet with a single Person they will threaten to devour him. When I have been
alone I have been afraid to shoot them, especially the first Time I met them. They
were a great Company dancing from Tree to Tree, over my Head; chattering and
making a terrible Noise; and a great many grim Faces, and shewing antick Gestures.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. B

D) PRIMATES.

Some broke down dry Sticks and threw at me; * * * at last one bigger than the
rest came to a small Limb just over my Head; and leaping directly at me made me
start back; but the Monkey caught hold of the Bough with the tip of his Tail; and
there continued swinging to and fro, and making Mouths at me. At last I past on,
they still keeping me Company, with the like menacing Postures, till I came to our
Huts. The Tails of these Monkeys are as good to them as one of their Hands; and
they will hold as fast by them. If two or more of us were together they would hasten
from us. The Females with their young ones are much troubled to leap after the
Males; for they have commonly two: one she carries under one of her Arms; the
other sits on her Back, and clasps her two Fore-Paws about her Neck. These
Monkeys are the most sullen I ever met with; for all the Art we could use would
never tame them. It is a hard matter to shoot one of them, so as to take it; for if it
gets hold with its Claws or Tail, it will not fall so long as one breath of Life remains.
After I have shot at one and broke a Leg or an Arm, I have pitied the poor Creatures
to see it look and handle the wounded Limb, and turn it about from side to side.
These Monkeys are very rarely, or (as some say) never on the Ground.”

In the third volume of the same collection will be found “A New Voyage and
Description of the Isthmus of America,” by Lionel Wafer, Surgeon, who, being dis-
abled by an accident, was left behind by Dampier’s party in May 1681 among the
friendly Indians of Darien, with whom he lived for some months. In his account of
the wild animals of the Isthmus he says (p. 330):—

‘There are great Droves of Monkeys, some of them white, but most of them black ;
some have Beards, others are beardless. They are of a middle Size, yet extraordinary
fat at the dry Season, when the Fruits are ripe; and they are very good Meat, for we
eat of them very plentifully. The Jndians were shy of eating them for a while; but
they soon were perswaded to it, by seeing us feed on them so heartily. In the rainy
Season they have Worms in their Bowels. I have taken a Handful of them out of
one Monkey we cut open; and some of them 7 or 8 Foot long. They are a very
waggish Kind of Monkey, and plaid a thousand antick Tricks as we march’d at any
Time through the Woods, skipping from Bough to Bough, with the young one’s |
hanging at the old one’s Back, making Faces at us and chattering. * * * To pass
from Top to Top of high Trees, whose Branches are a little too far asunder for their
Leaping, they will sometimes hang down by one another’s Tails in a Chain; and
swinging in that Manner, the lowermost catches hold of a Bough of the other Tree
and draws up the rest of them.”

Turning to the pages of systematic zoologists, we find, till of late years, only the
vaguest and most inaccurate statements as to the distribution and specific identity
of the Central-American Monkeys. The first contribution to the subject of any
scientific value is contained in a “ Note upon the northern limit of the Quadrumana
in the New World,” published by Mr. Sclater in the ‘ Natural-History Review’ for

MYCETES. 3

1861, in which he showed, principally from the observations of Herr Deppe and
M. Sallé, that five genera are represented in Central America, and that Ateles extends
its range up to the 23rd parallel of north latitude. Eleven years later the same
zoologist, in a paper “On the Quadrumana found north of Panama” (P. Z.S8. 1872,
pp. 2-9), enumerated six genera and ten species, tracing their distribution as far as
was thenknown. This memoir has continued to be our chief authority on the Monkeys
of the subregion; and further observation has only rendered it needful to modify it in
some details, as will be seen by comparing the table of the distribution of the genera
in the Introduction to the present volume with the similar one given by Mr. Sclater
in 1872.

Fam. I. CEBIDZ.

1. MYCETES.

Alouatia, Lacépéde, Mém. de V’Inst. Nat. iii. p. 490 (1801)*.
Mycetes, Iliger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. et Av. p. 70 (1811).
Stentor, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 107 (1812).

Among the American Monkeys which have a partially naked prehensile tail, this
genus is distinguished by the high pyramidical skull, deep massive mandible, small
vertical incisors, well-developed thumbs, and above all by the extraordinary deve-
lopment of the larynx. In this organ the basihyal is much enlarged, and is expanded
into a bulla or bony capsule, which is lined by a continuation of the thyroid sac, and
forms the instrument by which the Howling Monkey produces the deep-toned and far-
reaching shouts from which it derives its name ft.

Eight or nine closely allied species of Howlers inhabit South and Central America,
from Paraguay in the south to Guatemala in the north, most of them being confined
to limited geographical areas. They agree closely in osteological and structural
characters, but appear to be constant in their differences in colour. The two species
found in our subregion, to which both are peculiar, may be thus characterized :—

1. M. palliatus. air of flanks elongated, forming a mantle; colour brown-black
or black, the long hairs more or less fawn-coloured.
2. MV. villosus. Hair very long and soft; colour-uniform black.

* The new generic names here proposed by Lacépéde, in his “‘ Tableau des Divisions &c. des Mammiféres ”
(often quoted as if it were a separate work), have almost all been entirely disused by subsequent writers, although
an attempt to revive some of them has been made by Dr. J. H. Slack (Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862). Fortunately
they are so imperfectly characterized as to come fairly under Rule XII. of the Stricklandian Code; had it
been otherwise, many well-known generic names would have been ousted by such barbarous titles as Sagouin,
Aye-Aye, Kinkajou, Hamster, &c. &c.

+ For a description of this structure see Owen, Anat. of Vert. vol. iii. pp. 598, 599, fig. 471.
| B2

4 PRIMATES.

1. Mycetes palliatus.

Mycetes palliatus, Gray, P.Z.S. 1848, p. 188, t. vi. (descr. orig.)*; Sclater, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1861,
p- 509°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 254°; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 7*; Schlegel,
Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 152°.

Conyo of Costa-Ricans ; Congo, 6 Mono Chillon of Nicaraguans.

Hab. Nicaracua, shores and islands of Lake Nicaragua (Sallé, Mus. Brit.2*); Costa
Rica, Volcan Barba (Frantzius & Hoffmann, Mus. Berol.?*), Nicoya (Arcé, Mus.
Brit.); Panama (Mus. Lugd.® ; Boucard).

The Mantled Howler was first described and figured by the late Dr. Gray, from
specimens which were said to have been sent from Caraccas by M. Sallé?, but which
were really, as Mr. Sclater was informed by the collector himself, from the shores and
islands of the Lake of Nicaragua?4. It has since been found in Costa Rica by
Hoffmann and Frantzius and by Arcé; and a series of specimens have been received
from Panama by the Leyden Museum and by M. Boucard. Mr. Salvin tells me that
Captain Dow informed him that he once met with Howling Monkeys on the little
island of Hicaron, which lies at the southern extremity of Quibo Island, off the coast
of Veragua. The species would probably be MZ. palliatus; but it is difficult to under-
stand how the founders of the colony could have reached this isolated spot from the
mainland. South of the Isthmus the Mantled Howler appears to be replaced by the
entirely distinct I. seniculus (Linn.), the only species known to inhabit Guiana,
Venezuela, and Colombia.

This species presents considerable variety in the depth of the black or brown-black
ground-colour, and in the extent of the fulvous tints of the flanks and loins. Dr. v.
Frantzius states that the Howlers which he saw in Costa Rica were darker than is
indicated by Gray’s description®; and in several of the Panama examples the light
markings are much reduced, but in others they are quite as conspicuous as in the
Nicaraguan types. This is also the case in Arcé’s specimens from Nicoya; and I
must therefore agree in Professor Schlegel’s conclusion® that the variation does not
depend on locality.

The habits of the Mantled Howler appear to be quite similar to those of the more
southern species, as described by Rengger, Prince Maximilian, and others. According
to Dr. v. Frantzius it shows the same preference for the topmost boughs of the trees
of the dense primeval forests, and has a similar dull melancholy character, in conse-
quence of which it is seldom kept in confinement. It easily reconciles itself to
captivity, however; and a tamed male was observed to howl whenever rain-clouds
gathered, and also regularly at five o’clock every morning. The flesh of this species
is eaten by the Indians, and is said to be well-flavoured. Sefior Lévy observes that
in Nicaragua this is the most harmless of the Monkeys, and does no damage to the
' plantations (‘ Republica de Nicaragua,’ p. 196).

MYCETES. 5

+

2. Mycetes villosus. (Tab. I.)
Mycetes villosus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xvi. p. 220 (1845, desc. orig.)’; Sclater, P. Z. S.
1872, p. 5’; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 151°.
Mono of Guatemalans.

Hab. Guatemata, Vera-Paz (Salvin & Godman, Mus. Brit.2; Mus. Lugd.*).

A skin of the Guatemalan Howler, sent home by Messrs. Godman and Salvin, was at
first identified at the British Museum with the Black Howler of South Brazil, Bolivia,
and Paraguay, Mycetes caraya(Humboldt)=W. niger (Geoffr.). Mr. Sclater? showed that,
as might have been expected, it was distinct from that southern form, and identified it
with Gray’s IZ. villosus !,a species founded on a single young example in bad condition
preserved in the British Museum. This latter is labelled as from ‘‘ Brazil;” but there
seems to be no doubt that this locality is erroneous, and that Mr. Sclater was correct in
his identification, which has since been accepted by Professor Schlegel®. Unfortunately
Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s specimen is peculiar in having its frontal hairs directed
downwards instead of upwards; and Mr. Sclater naturally pointed this out as a distinc-
tion from the southern Black Howler*. But Professor Schlegel has clearly shown
that this character cannot be depended on, not being found in other individuals from
Guatemala, and varying also in other species of Mycetes®. Better distinctions are to be
found in the long soft hair of UW. villosus, and in the noteworthy fact that the female
and young are quite black like the adult male, instead of being pale yellow like the
corresponding age and sex of I. niger, which latter were formerly supposed to con-
stitute a distinct species, IZ. stramineus (Geoffr.). In this similarity of the sexes the
Guatemalan Howler rather resembles the Amazonian species, JM. belzebul (Linn.),
which, however, differs conspicuously in the rufous colour of its hands, feet, and tail.

This Howler is only known to inhabit the eastern and north-eastern portions of
Guatemala; and for all that is recorded of its habits and distribution we are indebted
to Mr. Salvin, who furnished the following account of it to Mr. Sclater’s paper ?:—

“The Mycetes of Guatemala is commonly known as the ‘Mono.’ It is abundant
throughout the virgin forests of the eastern portion of the Republic, but is unknown in
the forest-clad slopes which stretch towards the Pacific Ocean. In the former region ©
it is found at various altitudes over a wide expanse of country. I have heard its
cry on the shores of the Lake of Yzabal, and seen it at Quirigua in the valley of
the River Motagua. All through the denser forests of the valley of the River
Polochic it is very common, on the steep mountain-road which lies between the
upland village of Puruld and S. Miguel-Tucuru, and especially in the wilderness of
uninhabited forest which stretches from Teleman to the Lake of Yzabal. In the
unbroken forest-country, which occupies the whole of the northern portion of Vera
Paz from Coban and Cahabon to the confines of Peten, it is also abundant; for seldom

* To add to the confusion, Mr. Sclater’s cuts of the heads of the two species have been accidentally inter-
changed, that representing Mr. Salvin’s specimen being named M. caraya, and vice versd.

6 PRIMATES.

an hour passes but the discordant cry of the Mono strikes upon the ear of the
traveller as he threads the lonely path to Peten. The elevation of this district varies
from about 700 to 3000 feet ; and the Mycetes is found at all heights. While travelling
through this forest in 1862 I was entirely dependent upon my gun for the animal food
to supply my party of Indians; and Monos contributed not a little to the larder. The
Indians eat Monkey without demur; but the meat looks dark and untempting. For
my own part I far preferred the delicate Tinamou or Curassow, a sufficient supply of
which never failed for my own consumption. Perhaps there is no district in Vera Paz
where Monos are more abundant than the mountains of Chilasco, a cold and damp
region, elevated at least 6000 feet above the sea, but where the forest-growth is of the
densest description and trees of the largest size abound. It was here that Mr. Godman
and I obtained the specimens which are now in the British Museum, The wonderful
cry whence Mycetes gets its trivial name of Howling Monkey is certainly most striking ;
and I have sometimes endeavoured to ascertain how far this cry may be heard. It has
taken me an hour or more to thread the forest-undergrowth, from the time when the
cry first struck my ear to when, guided by the cry alone, I stood under the tree where
the animals were. It would certainly not be overestimating the distance to say two
miles. When the sound came over the Lake of Yzabal unhindered by trees, a league
would be more like the distance at which the Mono’s cry may be heard. These animals
are found in small companies of five or six. They are usually met with in the upper
branches of the highest trees, and, when disturbed, crawl sluggishly along the
boughs. The young, as well as the females, are of the same dense black as the old
males, but the hair is shorter and less glossy.”

The Plate is drawn from one of the above-mentioned specimens now in the British
Museum.

2. ATELES.
Sapajou, Lacépéde, Mém. de l’Inst. Nat. iii. p. 489 (1801)*.
Ateles, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. vii. p. 260 (1806).

The Spider-Monkeys form a very well-marked group, recognizable at a glance by
their short bodies, their greatly elongated limbs and tail, and by their fore paws, in
which the thumb is either entirely absent, or (in varieties of two of the species) 1 18
represented on one or both hands by an insignificant rudiment.

Much difference of opinion has existed as to the number of species of Spider-
Monkeys, which, indeed, form one of the most puzzling groups the zoologist can meet
with. All the Ateles agree so closely in structure, and some of them vary so greatly
in colour, that it is extremely difficult to determine whether certain forms are merely
the extremes of a graduated series, or are distinct though closely allied species. After
a careful study of all the specimens accessible to me, I recognize four species as natives of

* See footnote to page 3.

ATELES. 7

Central America, of which two just enter the subregion, and two are peculiar to it.
These species may be thus diagnosed :—

1. A. ater. Uniform black; face black.

2. A. rufiventris. Black; underparts deep rufous.

3. A. geoffroyi. Colour varying from deep red-brown to nearly white, without
any definite line of separation between the colours of the flanks and lower
parts.

4. A. vellerosus. Black to red-brown above, sharply defined from the pale colour
of the lower parts. |

What relationship these last two forms may have with the Ateles belzebuth of
Etienne Geoffroy*, which Humboldt identified with the “Marimonda” of the River
Orinocof, must remain for future investigation; for the type of Geoffroy’s description
cannot now be identified at the Jardin des Plantes, and no authentic specimens of such
an Ateles from the Orinoco appears to exist in any European museum or menagerie.

With reference, again, to the variation of the different species of this genus, it may
still turn out that these so-called varieties are really restricted each one of them toa
particular tract of forest in a way that our present rough knowledge of their distribution
fails to discriminate; whether this is so or not can only be proved by the comparison
of a series of specimens from carefully ascertained localities gathered from all points of
the range of the genus. Such an examination may show, on the other hand, that some
of the forms which I now regard as distinct grade into one another ; and if so my present
views would require modification. But until such a series is brought together we have,
I think, no choice but to follow the course here adopted with respect to the arrange-
ment of the species.

1. Ateles ater.

Ateles ater, F. Cuvier, Mammif. i. t. 64 (39° liv. 1823, descr. orig.)’; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 5°;
Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 170°.

Hab. Panama, Colon (Dawes, Zool: Soc. Viv.2).—CoLomBia?; PERUVIAN AMazons?®.

The range of the Black-faced Spider-Monkey extends from Eastern Peru through
Colombia to Panama, several living specimens having been sent to the Zoological
Society by Mr. J. B. Dawes and others from the latter State. Northwards of the
Isthmus it has not yet been traced{. In Guiana and Brazil it is replaced by the
closely allied Red-faced Spider-Monkey, A. paniscus (Linn.).

* Ann. du Mus. vii. p. 272, pl. xvi. + Rec. d’Obser. de Zool. i. p. 325.
+ Nicaragua has been assigned as a locality to some of the Zoological Society’s specimens (Rev. List Vert.
An., 1877, p. 22); but this proves to have been an accidental error.

8 PRIMATES.

2. Ateles rufiventris.
Ateles vellerosus (?), Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 478 (nec Gray)".
Ateles rufiventris, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 688, t. lvii. (descr. orig.)?; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii.
p- 182°.

Hab. Panama (Mus. Lugd.*).—Coromaia (Mus. Brit.1?).

A young Spider-Monkey, obtained by an American surveying-party on the River
Atrato in Northern Colombia, was purchased alive by the Zoological Society in 1871,
and was at first doubtfully assigned to A. vellerosus!. On its death, however, Mr.
Sclater was able to examine it more closely, and decided that it belonged to an un-
described species, for which he proposed the name here adopted *; this specimen is now
in the British Museum. Since then an adult, “ tué en Panama,” has been obtained for
the Leyden Museum, thus bringing the species within our limits®.

Nothing further has yet been recorded of this little-known species, which might
be regarded as an extreme dark form of A. geoffroyi were it not for the clear definition
of its two colours. This is even more marked in nature than in Mr. Sclater’s plate, in
which the rufous of the lower parts is hardly bright enough.

3. Ateles geoffroyi.
Ateles geoffroyi, Kuhl, Beitr. z. Zool. p. 26 (1820, descr. orig.)'; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii.
p. 181°.
Ateles melanochir, Desmarest, Mamm. p. 76 (1820, descr. orig.)*; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1871, p. 226,
t. xv.4; 1872, p. 4°; 1875, p. 419, tt. xlvii., xlix.° .
Eriodes frontatus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 256 (1842, descr. orig.)’; Zool. Voy. ‘ Sul-
phur,’ p.9, t.i.°; Sclater, P.Z.S. 1862, p. 186°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 258”.
Ateles ornatus, Gray, Cat. Monkeys &c. Brit. Mus. p. 44 (1870, deser. orig.)".
Ateles albifrons, Gray, loc. cit. (descr. orig.)".
Ateles hybridus, Gray, tom. cit. p. 43 (descr. orig.)"*; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1862, p. 186 (nec Geofir.)™.
Ateles variegatus, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 257 (nec Wagn.)”.
Mico, Mono Colorado of Costa-Ricans”.

Hab. Nicaracva, Culebra (Belcher, Mus. Brit.®), 8. Juan del Norte (Manley Wood, Mus.
Brit.3; Greey), Greytown (Zool. Soc. Viv.t); Costa Rica (Salvin, Mus. Brit.),
Volcan Barba (Hoffmann, Mus. Berol.'°), Trazu (Frantzius 1°); Panama, Calovevora
(Arcé, Mus. Brit.5), Colon (Zool. Soc. Viv.).—CotomBia (Zool. Soc. Viv.)

The paler form of this very variable species was first described by Kuhl! and by
Desmarest3, apparently from the same specimen (without locality) in the Paris Museum.
Both descriptions bear the same date; but as Desmarest repeatedly refers to the work
of the German zoologist, it is evident that the latter’s name has priority ; and the term
melanochir having been usually applied to the pale form only, the change does not
appear to be inconvenient. A reddish specimen from Nicaragua was separated with

ATELES. 9

some doubt by the late Dr. Gray as Eriodes frontatus’, but afterwards regarded by him
as a variety of A. melanochir 11; and the richly coloured dark type was described by the
same voluminous writer as A. ornatus!4. Mr. Sclater and Professor Schlegel have
united these nominal species ; and a comparison of many specimens leaves little doubt
of their identity. Their variation is not connected with geographical distribution, both
the dark and the light variety occurring in all the States named above; and every
gradation is to be found between the deepest-coloured ornatus and the whitest
melanochir. As already pointed out, the best character by which the darker forms
may be distinguished from the next species is the want of a distinct line of demar-
cation between the colours of the upper and lower parts, the tint of the flanks, what-
ever it may be, passing almost insensibly into that of the breast and belly in all the
varieties.

Geoffroy’s Spider-Monkey is a native of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama; and
the Zoological Society have received it from the United States of Colombia. It is very
abundant in Costa Rica, according to Dr. v. Frantzius, being found in the mountains
up to an elevation of from six to seven thousand feet, as well as in the hot forests near
the coast. In Nicaragua, as shown by the above-quoted localities, it is found on both
the Pacific and the Atlantic coasts. Northward of this I have not been able to trace
it; for the Spider-Monkeys of Guatemala and South Mexico belong, as I believe, to

A, vellerosus.

In his interesting ‘Naturalist in Nicaragua’ (p. 117) the late Mr. Belt gave the
following account of the habits of this species as observed in that State :—‘ The large
yellowish-brown Spider-Monkey (Afeles) roams over the tops of the trees in bands of
from ten to twenty. Sometimes they lay quiet till I was passing underneath, when,
shaking a branch of the nispera tree [Achras sapota], they would send down a shower
of the hard round fruit; but fortunately I was never struck by them. As soon as I
looked up, they would commence yelping and barking, and putting on the most
threatening gestures, breaking off pieces of branches and letting them fall, and shaking
off more fruit, but never throwing any thing, simply letting it fall. Often, when on
lower trees, they would hang from the branches, two or three together, holding on to
each other and to the branch with their fore feet and long tail, while the hind feet hung
down, all the time making threatening gestures and cries. Sometimes a female would
be seen carrying a young one on its back, to which it clung with legs and tail, the
mother making its way along the branches and leaping from tree to tree, apparently
but little encumbered with its baby.”

Mr. Salvin tells me that during a stay of a few hours at San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua,
on the 25th May 1873, he met with several of these Monkeys when strolling in the
neighbourhood of the town. He had gone ashore with Captain Dow, and was walking
up the course of a half-dry stream, when they came upon a troop of Monkeys which had
come to a pool to drink, and were climbing about the low trees on the bank of the

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. C

10 PRIMATES.

watercourse. Most of the troop consisted of Cebus hypoleucus; but with them were
several Ateles, of one of which Mr. Salvin wrote the following description as it sat
jabbering at him and throwing down sticks from a branch about twenty feet above his
head :—‘“ The whole body was a light-greyish drab all over, except the hands, knees,
elbows, and feet, which were black; the face was black, with the exception of the
flesh-coloured mouth; the upper part of the tail was slightly tinged with buff, as was
also the top of the head. On the middle of the forehead was a small triangular patch
of erect black hairs. There were several others just like the specimen described.
These animals were evidently of the form described as A. melanochir.” It is not
unusual, Mr. Salvin informs me, to see Monkeys kept in confinement in the court-
yards of the Spanish houses in Guatemala. Amongst them may occasionally be seen
individuals of this southern species; but, on inquiry, he has always found that such
specimens had been brought either from Nicaragua or Costa Rica.

4. Ateles vellerosus.

Ateles frontatus (?), Sclater, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1861, p. 509 (nec Gray)’.

Ateles vellerosus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 733 (descr. orig.)’; Cat. Monk. &c. Brit. Mus. p. 44°;
Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1872, pp. 5, 798, pl. iit; Reinhardt, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 797°; Vidensk.
Meddelelser, 1872, p. 150°.

Ateles fuliginosus, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, iii. p. 179 (nec Kuhl ?)’.

Ateles pan, Schlegel, op. cit. p. 180 (1876, descr. orig.)*.

Hab. Mexico, Alvarado (Deppe, Mus. Berol.1), Chiapas, Vera Cruz, San Luis Potosi
(Sallé1), Mirador, Oaxaca (Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.°*), Acapulco? (Boucard *) ;
GuATEMALA, Vera Paz*, Volcan de Atitlan, Pacific Coast (Salvin, Mus. Brit.),
Coban (Mus. Lugd.)'.

The Mexican Spider-Monkey was referred by Mr. Sclater* to Gray’s A. vellerosus,
which was originally described from a specimen in the British Museum labelled (certainly
erroneously) as being from Brazil’; and a comparison of Central-American specimens
with Gray’s type leaves no doubt as to their identity. Professor Schlegel united both with
Kuhl’s A. fuliginosus’; but the description of that species *, though far from diagnostic,
seems to me to apply better to the dull grey varieties of A. geoffroyi. At the same time
Professor Schlegel separated the Spider-Monkeys of Mexico and Guatemala, and gave
the name of A. pan to the latter °.

After a careful examination of the specimens in the British, Leyden, Berlin, and
Copenhagen Museums, I am convinced that all the Ateles hitherto obtained from
Mexico and Guatemala are referable to one somewhat variable species, distinct from
A. geoffroyt though closely allied, for which A. vellerosus is the earliest name that can
be used with certainty. The most constant character by which they may be separated

* Beitr. z. Zool. &c. p. 25 (1820, descr. orig.).

ATELES. Tt

from the dark ornatus form of Geoffroy’s Monkey has already been alluded to, namely
the sharp definition of the colours of their upper and lower parts. The former varies
considerably, being almost uniform dull black in one Vera-Paz specimen, and strongly
washed with rufous on the flanks and loins in others from the same province. The
extent of the pale colour on the breast and throat, inside of the limbs, and under
surface of the tail is most variable both in Mexican and Guatemalan examples; and
therefore the distinctions between Professor Schlegel’s A. fuliginosus and A. pan prove
to be neither constant nor correlated with geographical distribution.

As shown by the localities quoted above, the Mexican Spider-Monkey is found in
Guatemala from coast to coast; for Mr. Sclater was misled by an imperfect skin when
he stated that the form found on the Pacific slopes was A. ornatus (=A. geoffroyi)*.
Mr. Salvin informs me that when he and Mr. Godman were in Guatemala together
they never themselves actually came across any individuals of Ateles, though they
passed some time in forests frequented by them. A single skin was all they obtained
in Vera Paz, though the species is said to be by no means uncommon in the forest
country in the northern part of that Department. On the Pacific side Mr. Salvin passed
near a troop when riding from Retalhuleu to Huamuchal, but did not actually come up
with it; but near the same spot, on the return journey, a collector employed by him
secured the specimen now in the British Museum. During his first visit to Guatemala
in 1858 Mr. Salvin once came near a troop at the summit of the ridge of mountains
which connects the Volcan de Fuego with the main Cordillera. This was at an eleva-
tion of about 8300 feet above the sea. Indian hunters always spoke of Monkeys
(doubtless of this species) being found in these upland forests.

During Mr. Salvin’s last visit to Guatemala (in 1873-74) he met with Ateles vellerosus
in numbers in the forests of the Volcano of Atitlan. On the 22nd January 1874
he made an expedition from the village of San Agustin, with the object of ascertaining
the most practicable part to attempt an ascent of the mountain. On this occasion he
ascended to a height of about 6000 feet, and during the last 1000 feet or so met with
several troops of Ateles in the tops of the higher trees of the forest. One of these,
the specimen now in the British Museum, he shot. ‘These parties of Monkeys were
usually about twenty in number and of all ages. On approaching them they did not
evince any alarm, but kept uttering a constant querulous sort of bark, and moved from
time to time so as to get a better view of the intruder. A few days afterwards, during
an excursion to the same volcano, when the summit, 11,800 feet above the sea, was
reached, numerous troops of Ateles were seen in the forest from an elevation of 7000
feet to as low as 2500 feet, on the outskirts of the coffee-plantations of San Agustin. So
far as Mr. Salvin could observe with his glass, these Monkeys showed no variation in
colour, being dark above and light beneath; but the trees in which they were found
were very.lofty, and the foliage so dense as to make it difficult to observe them
accurately.

C 2

12 PRIMATES.

In Mexico Professor Reinhardt remarks that this species was obtained by the late
Professor Liebmann at Mirador, near the Volcano of Orizaba, in the State of Vera Cruz,
where it was common, living in small troops in the deep ravines up to an elevation
of 2000 feet. He also found it at a height of 4000 feet in the eastern parts of Oaxaca,
but never on the Pacific slope of the Cordillera in that State; and he believed that
Monkeys were not to be found on the western coast further north than Tehuantepec ?.
Professor Reinhardt therefore suggests that there may have been some error as to
the exact locality of M. Boucard’s specimen figured by Mr. Sclater 4, said to be from’
Acapulco, and that it had probably been brought to that port from the eastern side of
the Cordillera.

Deppe’s example, now in the Berlin Museum (formerly believed to belong to the
last species)4, was also from Vera Cruz, having been taken alive not far from Alvarado.
Lastly, M. Sallé informed Mr. Sclater that the most northern locality for “Monkeys
with which he was acquainted was in the State of San Luis Potosi, about 23° N, lat.,
in the upper part of the basin of the Tampico River !.

3. CEBUS.
Cebus, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. An. p. 44 (1777).

The Capuchins or Sapajous are smaller than the Spider-Monkeys, have more mode-
rately developed limbs, perfect thumbs, and completely haired tails, which are less
strongly prehensile than in the genera already treated of. They are also much more
active and lively in disposition, and, being easily tamed, they are oftener seen in cap-
tivity than any of the other American Monkeys.

The range of the genus extends throughout the greater part of the Neotropical
Region, from Paraguay in the south to Nicaragua in the north. A close general
resemblance of the species, and a large amount of individual variation, make the
Capuchins almost as difficult a genus as Ateles, the number of distinct species having
been variously estimated at from one to forty. Professor Schlegel, who regards twelve
forms as deserving separation, characterizes a small group of the most northern species,
which have only five lumbar vertebra, instead of six, and which agree in their general
coloration. Of these the only Central-American form (C. hypolewcus) may at once be
distinguished from C. albifrons (Humb.) by the white of the breast being extended
over the shoulders and arms, while the White-headed Sapajou of Guiana, C. capucinus
(Linn.), is at once separated by its isolated black cap.

- CEBUS. 3

1. Cebus hypoleucus.

Simia hypoleuca, Humboldt, Recueil d’Obs. de Zool. i. p. 337 (1811, descr. orig.)’.

Cebus hypoleucus, Sclater, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1861, p. 509°; P. Z. S. 1872, p. 4°; Frantzius, Arch. f.
Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 259*; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 190°.

Mono carablanca of Costa-Ricans.

Hab. Nicaracua, Granada (Grstedt, Mus. Hafn.); Costa Rica (Areé, Mus. Brit.),
Volcan Barba (Hoffmann & Frantzius, Mus. Berol.24); Panama (Mus. Lugd.’ ;
Arcé, Mus. Brit.).—Cotomsial. :

The White-throated Capuchin, the Sai & gorge blanche of Buffon, was first systema-
tically named by Humboldt, who found it in the lowlands of Colombia! Its range
does not appear to reach further.south, but extends northwards as far as Nicaragua.

Specimens have been received from Panama both by the Leyden Museum and the
Zoological Society; and others from Veragua, obtained by Arcé, are in the British
Museum. In Costa Rica Dr. v. Frantzius found it not uncommonly in the north-
east of the country between the Pacuar and Chirripo, as well as in the mountains of
Candalaria and in the neighbourhood of the capital, in the woods known as “ la Breha
del Padre Hidalgo” 4. He believed that it did not go further north than the volcanic
range; but it is found in Nicaragua, whence Cirstedt sent a specimen to the Copen-
hagen Museum, and where it was observed by Mr. Belt, who gives the following
account of its habits:—‘‘ Sometimes, but more rarely [than the <Ateles] a troop of
the White-faced Cebus Monkey would be fallen in with, rapidly running away,
throwing themselves from tree to tree. This Monkey also feeds partly on fruit, but
is incessantly on the look-out for insects, examining the crevices in trees and withered
leaves, seizing the largest beetles, and munching them up with the greatest relish. It
is also very fond of eggs and young birds, and must play havoc amongst the nestlings.
Probably owing to its carnivorous habits, its flesh is not considered so good by monkey-
eaters as that of the fruit-eating Spider-Monkey; but I never myself tried either”
(‘ Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 118). A tame one, which Mr. Belt kept for some time,
was with difficulty cured of killing ducklings, which it tempted within reach with pieces
of bread, and then killed by a bite on the breast. Its voice varied from a gruff bark to
a shrill whistle. Dr. v. Frantzius gives a similar account of its carnivorous habits.

As already mentioned, Mr. Salvin tells me that he met with a troop of this species
at San Juan del Sur, in Nicaragua, on the 25th May 1873. They were seen in the
trees on the margin of a watercourse, whither they had evidently gone to drink from
a stagnant pool. On being disturbed they made slowly off through the low trees of
the forest of the district. They did not evince much alarm, but evidently thought it
best to move out of possible harm’s way. With them were several Spider-Monkeys,
whose active bolder actions contrasted with the slower and more timid movements of
the Capuchins.

14 PRIMATES.

4, NYCTIPITHECUS.

Aotus, Humboldt, Iliger’s Prod. Syst. Mamm. &c. p. 71 (1811) ; Rec. d’Obs. de Zool. i. p. 358
(1811)*.

Nyctipithecus, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Brasil. p. 24 (1828).

Nocthora, F. Cuvier, Mammif. i. t. 79 (48° livr., 1824).

The Douroucoulis, or Night-apes as they have been called, are small Monkeys, re-
markable for the enormous size of their eyes, the orbits of which, however, are sepa-
rated by a perfectly ossified and moderately wide septum. Their middle pair of upper
incisors are larger than the rest, their tails are non-prehensile, their fur close and
more or less woolly ; and their whole appearance is strikingly like that of some of the
Lemurs. In habits they are all strictly nocturnal. Four or five species are known,
ranging from the northern provinces of the Argentine Republic to Nicaragua. Of
these the only two which come within our limits may be known by the following
characters :— |

1. WV. vociferans. Ears very short; fur long and woolly; colour greyish brown ;
middle frontal spot broad. |

2. WV. rufipes. Ears larger (naked ?); fur short; colour grey above, shaded with
red ; lower parts and feet bright rufous; frontal spots narrow and indistinct.

1. Nyctipithecus vociferans.
Nyctipithecus vociferans, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras. p. 25, t. xix. (1823, descr. orig.)'; Wagner,
Abh. bayer. Ak. v. p. 445°; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 214°.
Nyctipithecus lemurinus, Is. Geoffroy, Compt. Rend. Ac. Paris, xvi. p. 1151 (1843, descr. orig.)*;

Arch. du Mus. iv. p. 25, t. i1.°; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 3°.
Mico-dormilon of Colombians.

Hab. Costa Rica (Van Patten®).—Cotompiat®; Peruvian Amazons 1°.

The Woolly Douroucouli of Colombia was described by Isidore Geoffroy as a new
species, but was united with WV. vociferans by Wagner?, after a comparison of Geoffroy’s
excellent figure and diagnosis with Spix’s type specimens; and his identification has
been generally accepted. The range of the species would therefore appear to extend
from the Peruvian Amazons, where it was discovered by Spix near Tabatinga!, through
Colombia, where it is found near Santa Fé de Bogota and in the forests of Quindit®,
to Costa Rica, whence a specimen was sent home by Dr. van Patten and identified with
Geoffroy’s species by Mr. Sclater® It is probably a rare animal in Central America ;
for it escaped the researches of Drs. Hoffmann and v. Frantzius, and has not yet been
recorded from Panama or Veragua; and Mr. Salvin thinks that there is even a pos-

* This title has been almost universally disused in consequence of its contradiction to facts, and may be
safely rejected under Rule XI. of the Code.

NYCTIPITHECUS.—CHRYSOTHRIX. 15

sibility of a mistake having been made in the origin assigned by Dr. van Patten to
his example, as the localities given to the specimens obtained by this collector in
other branches of zoology have not always been free from doubt.

The habits of this species seem to be very similar to those of W. trivirgatus, as
described by Humboldt. M. Goudot, who collected Geoffroy’s types, tells us that the
Mico-dormilons live in small parties or families, which remain concealed in the tops of
trees during the day, often hidden in heaps of sticks and dead leaves, which are
perhaps collected by themselves. At nightfall they come forth to feed, but seldom
seem to wander far, returning regularly to the same places, especially in search of the
fruit of the guava. During the darkness they continually utter a low cry, which may
be well rendered by the word dowroucou, dully and feebly pronounced ®,

2. Nyctipithecus rufipes.

Nyctipithecus rufipes, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1872, p. 3, t. i. (descr. orig.)’.
Nyctipithecus vociferans, var.?, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 214’.

Hab. Nicaragua, San Juan del Norte (Mus. Brit.)}.

The still unique type of the Red-footed Douroucouli was received alive from San
Juan del Norte by the Zoological Society in June 1871; but it soon died; and its skin
and skull are now in the British Museum. Professor Schlegel has referred to it as
being possibly a variety of the last species; but, as Mr. Sclater observed in his original
description, its affinities seem rather to be with the more southern forms, as J.
_ trivirgatus, Humb., and N. felinus; Spix (=N. azare, Humb.). It agrees with these,
and differs from NV. vociferans, in its comparatively slender tail, short fur, and well-
developed ears; whether the nakedness of the latter will prove to be an individual
peculiarity caused by sickness or not remains to be seen. In the narrowness and
indistinctness of the facial markings, the absence of a dorsal streak, and the bright
rufous colour of its hands and feet, it appears to be quite distinct from all its
congeners.

5. CHRYSOTHRIX.

Chrysothriz, Kaup, Thierreich, i. p. 51 (1835).
Saimiri, Is. Geoffroy, Résumé d. Leg. de Mammalogie, p. 9 (post 1835) *.
Saimiris, Is. Geoffroy, Compt. Rend. Ac. Paris, xvi. p. 1151 (1843).

* Saimiri, which has been adopted by some authors, was not used as a generic term by Cuvier in the second
edition of the ‘ Régne Animal’ (1829), nor by Voigt in his translation of the same (1831), though both have
been credited with it. It was first systematically employed by Geoffroy as quoted above. I have not been
able to consult the ‘Résumé’ (published by M. Gervais); but, as the lectures were delivered in 1835, the
name is at best only contemporary with Kaup’s better known and more elegant title (cf. Geoffroy, Zool. Voy.
‘ Vénus,’ i. pp. 43-45).

16 | PRIMATES.

In the Tee-tees, Saimiris, or Squirrel-Monkeys, the eyes, although large, are much
smaller than in the last genus, and are placed closer together, the interorbital septum
being only imperfectly ossified. The skull is remarkable for its elongated form, the
occipital region being greatly produced beyond the foramen magnum ; and the canine
teeth are well developed, instead of being no higher than the molar series, as in
the allied genus Callithriz. TExternally these Monkeys are slender and graceful in
form, with long, short-haired, non-prehensile tails; and in habits they are lively, gay,
and affectionate, as might be expected from the remarkable volume of their brains.

Four or five species of Tee-tee range from Brazil and Bolivia to ,Nicaragua and
Guatemala. The single Central-American species is recognizable by its bright rufous
back and jet-black cap.

1. Chrysothrix crstedi. (Tab. Il.)
Saimaris sciurea?, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1856, p. 189 (nec Linn.)'.
Chrysothrix sciurea, Sclater, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1861, p. 510°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1,
p. 260 (nec Linn.)*.
Saimiris entomophaga, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 3 (nec d’Orbigny)*.
Chrysothrix érstedi, Reinhardt, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1872, p. 157, t. ili. (descr. orig.)’ ; Giinther,
Zool. Rec. 1872, p. 8°.
Saimaris erstedi, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1873, p. 434"; 1874, p. 495°.
Saimiri Grstedii, Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas, vii. p. 245°.
Titi, Cuistiti, of Costa-Ricans.
Hab. Guaremata, Solola? (Kelly, Zool. Soc. Viv.8); Costa Rica, Terraba, Piris (Hrant-
zius®); Panama, Chiriqui (Bridges!; Girsted, Mus. Hafn.>; Arcé, Mus. Brit. ;
Mus. Lugd.°).

The first record of the existence of a Squirrel-Monkey in Central America was
founded ona skeleton brought from Chiriqui by Bridges, which was doubtfully referred
by Mr. Sclater to C. sciwrea (Linn.)!. The same name was given by Dr. v. Frantzius to
the Tee-tee of Costa Rica?; but Mr. Sclater subsequently identified specimens sent by _
Arcé from Chiriqui, and now in the British Museum, with d’Orbigny’s C. entomophaga*,
a native of Bolivia and Peru. Professor Reinhardt, however, regarded the Central-
American animal as distinct, and named it after the well-known Danish traveller Cirsted,
who had brought an example from the State of Panama as far back as1849°. An exa-
mination of a considerable series of specimens tends to prove that Dr. Reinhardt is correct.
It is true that, as Dr. Gtinther has observed §, there is a great variety in the darkness
of the cap in the Peruvian species; but I have not yet seen any which showed any
approach to the rich red colouring of the upper parts which is characteristic of
C. erstedi. It is to be observed, also, that there is a wide gap between the known
ranges of the two forms, neither having hitherto been recorded from Colombia, where
C. sciurea appears to take their place. .

MIDAS. 17

An example of the Red-backed Tee-tee, in the British Museum, was obtained during
the survey of the Pacific coast by Captain Kellet and Lieutenant Wood; but the
locality has not been noted. The species appears to be not uncommon in Veragua ;
_ but in Costa Rica Dr. v. Frantzius says it is confined to the hotter region, being parti-
cularly abundant in the valley of Terraba and on the plain of Piris®. He believed its
northern limit to be defined by the seaward-running spurs of the Herradura Mountains.
But this may be an error; for in 1874 a living example was presented to the Zoological
Society by Mr. W. F. Kelly, who informed Mr. Sclater that it was obtained in the
Department of Solola, Guatemala *. It is quite possible, however, that this specimen
had previously been imported into Guatemala from a more southern country, and I
think that this northern habitat requires further confirmation.

Fam. II. HAPALIDZ.

1. MIDAS.
Midas, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 120 (1812).

All the species of Marmosets or Tamarins, constituting the genera Hapale and Midas,
agree in their more important characters, and differ not only from the Cebide, but from
all other Monkeys, in having an unconvoluted brain, only two true molars above and
below on each side, and curved compressed claws on all their digits, except the hallux,
the nail of which is flat. Those species which have the lower canines much longer than
the lower incisors have been separated from Hapale under the name of Midas; and
although a tendency is shown by some species to grade from one type to the other,
yet the division may be conveniently retained in dealing with such a vast variety of
allied forms as are here presented to us. Of these, however, only a single species has
yet been found north of the isthmus*, easily separable from its nearest ally, JZ.
edipus (Linn.), by its rufous nape and by the absence of an elongated white occipital
crest.

1. Midas geoffroyi.

Hapale edipus, Sclater, Nat. Hist. Rev. 1861, p. 509 (nec Linn.) ’.
Hapale geoffroyi, Pucheran, Rev. Zool. viii. p. 386 (1845, descr. orig.)*; Schlegel, Mus. Pays-Bas,
vil. p. 258°.
Midas geoffroyi, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 478, t. xxxyiii.’ ; 1872, p. 2°.
Hab. Panama (Courtine, Mus. Paris.2; Boucard, Mus. Berol.), Chiriqui (Zool. Soc. Viv.'),
Colon (id.4), Chepo (Arcé, Mus. Brit.; Mus. Lugd.* °).—CoLoms1a‘.

* Tacchus rufiventer, Gray, described as from Mexico (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1843, xii. p. 398), is really a
Brazilian species, and is identified by Professor Schlegel with M. labiatus, Et. Geoff.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. D

18 CHIROPTERA:

Geoffroy’s Marmoset, originally described from Panama, seems to be the only species
found there; for Mr. Sclater believes that the specimens formerly referred by bam to
M. edipus (Linn.)' were probably of this species®. Several examples have been received
alive from that State by the Zoological Society; and many specimens have been sent to
the European museums by Arcé and other collectors. It has not yet been met with
further north ; but to the southward its range extends some way into Colombia, where
specimens, presented by Mr. W. Benchley to the Zoological Society, were obtained in
the forests near the coast‘; but the common Marmoset of that country is certainly
the Pinche, UW. edipus. |

The habits of Geoffroy’s Marmoset are probably similar to those of its congeners, but
no special observations on this point appear to have been recorded.

Order IT. CHIROPTERA.

The Chiropterous fauna of Central America is characterized by the enormous pre-
ponderance of the typically Neotropical family Phyllostomide, which claims nineteen ~
out of the twenty-eight genera which will here be recognized; and only one of these
(Macrotus) extends a short way into the Nearctic Region. Of the Emballonuride,
which has a similar distribution in the New World, we have five genera, of which
Nyctinomus alone is found in North America. The cosmopolitan family Vespertilio-
nide, on the other hand, is poorly represented by four genera; and though miost of the
species are of northern types, yet several of them also range far to the southward. It
will be seen, therefore, that the Neotropical character of the Central-American fauna
is almost as well shown here as in the last order. The range of the species, however, is
much more extensive, only ten species being peculiar to the subregion, while thirty-two
extend as far south as Brazil.

No order of Mammalia, except perhaps the Cetacea, requires such an extensive spe-
cial knowledge and practical experience in the discrimination of species and weighing
of affinities as does the Chiroptera. I have therefore had to avail myself very largely
of the labours of Professor W. Peters and of Mr. G. E. Dobson, who have done so much
of late years to clear up the confusion in which the order was involved. I have to
acknowledge valuable assistance from both these gentlemen: my thanks are especially
due to Mr. Dobson for much kindly criticism; and Professor Peters has not only fur- |
nished me with a list of the Central-American Bats in the Berlin Museum, but has
enabled me to figure some of the species which are still unrepresented in our own
collections. To Professor F. Spencer Baird I am indebted for a full list of the speci-
mens in the United-States National Museum at Washington.

VESPERUGO. 19

Fam. I. VESPERTILIONIDA.

1. VESPERUGO.

Vesperugo, Keyserling u. Blasius, Arch. f. Naturg. v. i. p. 312 (1889).
Scotophilus auctt. (nec Leach)*.

The members of the widely distributed family Vespertilionide are characterized by
their widely separated intermaxillaries, simple nostrils, and well-developed tragus, com-
bined with a lengthened tail which reaches to the margin of the interfemoral membrane.
Of the four genera represented in the Central-American fauna, the first, Vesperugo,
may be recognized by the broad flattened head, by the short subtriangular ear of
which the outer margin has its origin near the angle of the mouth, by the small inward-
curved tragus, the short legs, and usually by the presence of a small posterior lobe
attached to the calcaneum. |

The range of Vesperugo is co-extensive with that of the family, including all the
zoographical regions and most of the subregions. ‘The species are both very numerous
and often very variable in their characters; for ‘specimens of the same species, even
from the same locality,” says Mr. Dobson, “ occasionally present differences which lead
to their being regarded as distinct species.” The Bats of this genus, and, indeed, of the
whole family, are consequently very difficult to diagnose, especially in a few words; but
the four Central-American species may be distinguished by the following characters :—

1. V. serotinus. Incisors?;°. Tragus broadest below the middle of its outer

margin ; last two caudal vertebree free. Forearm 2”15. Fur varying from
dull brown to brownish-buff, paler beneath.

2. V. propinquus. Incisors ?;?. Tragus broadest about the middle of its outer
margin ; ear-conch thickened at its inner edge. Forearm 160. Fur rufous

above, paler beneath.

3. V. albigularis. Incisors ?;?. Outer margin of ear-conch rising under the jaw
and separated from ae of mouth by a wart. Forearm 169. Fur dark
brown; chin, throat, and posterior margin of membrane white.

4, V. parvulus. Incisors+:!. Tragus long, pointed ; postcalcaneal lobe well de-
veloped. Forearm 1"15. Fur brownish-yellow, paler beneath. —

2

* The type of Scotophilus of Leach (Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 1822, p. 71) was an immature Bat in the British
Museum, probably identical with Nycticejus temmincki, Horsfield; and his name has been very properly re-
stricted by Professor Peters and Mr. Dobson to the Old-World species formerly included in the genus Vycticejus
(cf. Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1866, p. 679; P.Z.S. 1875, p. 368).

D2

20 CHIROPTERA.

1. Vesperugo serotinus.
Vespertilio serotinus, Schreber, Saugth. i. p. 167, t. liii. (1775, ex Buffon) °.
Vespertilio fuscus, Beauvois, Cat. Peale’s Mus. p. 14° (1796, descr. orig.; fide H. Allen, Mon. Bats
N. Am. p. 31°).
Vespertilio ursinus, Temminck, Mon. de Mamm. ii. p. 235 (1835-41, descr. orig.)*.
Scotophilus ursinus, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 278°.
Vesperus fuscus, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. i. p. 264°.
Vesperugo serotinus, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 191".

5

Hab. Paumarctic, Ortentan, Eruiopian, and Nearcric Reetons?.—MeExico (Salle)®;

Guatemata, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.67; Mus. Berol.); Costa Rica (Hoffman &
Frantzius, Mus. Berol.6; Rogers, Mus. Brit.).—Wust Ivyv1ss ‘.

Until lately the “Brown Bat” of North America has been regarded as a distinct
species under the names of V. fuscus or V. ursinus, and has been considered to differ
constantly from the well-known Serotine of the Old World in size, in colour, and in the
amount of emargination of the outer margin of the ear-conch. But Mr. Dobson found
that individuals collected by Mr. Salvin in Guatemala were absolutely undistinguishable
from European examples. He was therefore led to make a careful examination of spe-
cimens of V. fuscus from various parts of America, and came to the conclusion that the
Transatlantic form could at most be regarded as a variety only of V. serotinus. The
known range of this widely distributed Bat is therefore greatly extended, and now
includes all the zoographical regions with the sole exception of the Australasian 7.

In North America the Serotine is found throughout the temperate and warmer
regions. Its southward range extends throughout Central America, at least as far as
Costa Rica, where Dr. v. Frantzius says it is not rare®, and whence Messrs. Godman
and Salvin have received specimens now in the British Museum. It has not yet been
recorded from Panama, nor from any part of the South-American continent, although
it is common in some of the West-Indian islands’.

2. Vesperugo propinquus.
Vesperus propinquus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1872, p. 262 (descr. orig.).
Vesperugo propinquus, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 203°.

Hab. Guatemata, Yzabal (Sivers, Mus. Berol. 3).

This species is very nearly allied to the Northern Bat of Europe, V. borealis (Nilsson),
from which it is distinguished by Professor Peters by the different form of the ear-conch
and by the dentition, the outer upper incisors being smaller than the inner in cross
section at the base, and the lower incisors placed in a regular series parallel to the line

VESPERUGO. 21

of the mandible. The only specimens yet known are the types, an adult and a young
example, collected by Herr J. Sivers at Yzabal de Guatemala, and preserved in the
Berlin Museum 1. :

3. Vesperugo albigularis. (Tab. III. fig. 1.)

Vesperus (Marsipolemus) albigularis, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1872, Pe 260 ‘(deser. orig.) °.
Vesperugo albigularis, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 207°.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Berol.').

This curiously-coloured Bat differs from the rest of the genus in the manner in which
the lower extremity of the outer margin of the ear-conch is produced forwards so as
to form a sort of shallow pouch below the angle of the mouth; and Professor Peters
has consequently instituted the subgenus Marsipolemus for its reception. Mr. Dobson
considers it as indicating an approach to the genus Chalinolobus?. The only specimen
yet recognized is the type in the Berlin Museum, an apparently adult male, stated to
be from Mexico, but of which the exact locality has not been received; and I am
indebted to the kindness of Professor Peters for the drawing from which our figure

is taken.

4. Vesperugo parvulus., (Tab. III. fig. 2.)

Rhogoésa parvula, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 285 (descr. orig.) *.
Rhogoésa tumida, H. Allen, tom. cit. p. 286 (descr. orig.) *.
Vesperugo parvulus, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 245 °.

Hab. Mexico, Tres Marias (Grayson, U.S. Nat. Mus.'), Mirador (Sartorius, U.S. Nat.
Mus.2); Honpuras (Dyson, Brit. Mus.*); Guatemaua, Vera Paz (Mus. Berol.);
Costa Rica (Mus. Brit.’).

This species differs from the rest of its congeners in having only two upper incisors
and two upper premolars ; and Dr. H. Allen, recognizing two closely allied species, made
them the types of a new genus, Rhogoésa, which he regarded as allied to the Noctilio-
nide!2. Mr. Dobson, however, remarks that “although this species has the dental
formula of Nycticejus, it, in all other respects, evidently belongs to the genus Vesperugo.
This is especially shown by the notched upper incisors, the form of the ear and tragus,
and the distinct postcalcaneal lobe.” He adds that he has little doubt of the identity
of the two species described by Dr. Allen, 2. twmida being evidently described from a
more full-grown specimen than the types of 2. parvula®.

Our figure is from one of the Costa-Rican specimens in the British Museum, which
also contains examples collected in Honduras by Mr. Dyson; others from Guatemala
are preserved in the Berlin Museum.

22 CHIROPTERA.

2. ATALAPHA.

Atalapha, Rafinesque, Précis des Découvertes &c. p. 12 (1814); fide Desmarest, Mamm. p. 146
(1820).
Lasiurus, Rafinesque, fide Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 32 (1848).

In this genus, which is closely allied to the last, the premaxillaries are very narrow,
and in the adult there are only two upper incisors, which are placed close to the
canines. The outer margin of the ear-conch is strongly angular, the tragus is curved
inwards, and either the whole, or at least the greater part, of the upper surface of the
interfemoral membrane is thickly clad with fur. |

Several species are distributed over the greater part of the Nearctic and Neotropical
Regions, two of which are almost certainly members of our fauna, though one only has
hitherto been found within our limits. These two species may be characterized as
follows :—

1. A. noveboracensis. Premolars 2-2. Forearm naked, 1/50. Fur yellowish-red ;
a white mark on each shoulder.
2. A. cinerea. Premolars 2-3. Forearm with a hairy patch near the elbow, 2-10.
Fur brown, tipped with white.
Of the other established species, A. intermedia (Allen), with olive-brown fur and
only two upper premolars, is a native of Texas and Northern Mexico, but does not
appear to have been traced further south than Matamoras, whence there is a specimen

in the Berlin Museum.

1. Atalapha noveboracensis.

Vespertilio noveboracensis, Erxleben, Syst. Regn. An. p. 155 (1777, ex Pennant)’.

Vespertilio lasiurus, Schreber, Sdugth. i. t. lxii. B (1792) ?*.

Vespertilio tessellatus, Rafinesque, Am. Monthly Mag. iv. p. 445 (1817, descr. orig.) *.

Nycteceus tessellatus, Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187+.

Atalapha noveboracensis, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. i. p. 264°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit.
Mus. p. 269°.

Atalapha franizii, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1870, p. 908 (descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Nortu America (from Canada ®)—Mexico (Mus. Berol.), Guanajuato (Duges *) ;
GuaTEMALA, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.); Costa Rica (Frantzius, Mus. Berol.®) ;
Panama, Colobre (Salvin, Mus. Berol.).—West Inpims*; Perv’; Cui’; Brazté.

The “ Red Bat,” as it is usually called in the United States, appears to have a very

* The date of Schreber’s “erster Theil” is 1775; but the name lasiurus only appears on t. lxx. 8, which was
issued in 1792 with the “ vierter Theil” (ef. tom. cit. p. 936).

ATALAPHA.—VESPERTILIO. 23

wide range, extending over a great portion of North and South America; for I follow
Mr. Dobson in regarding the various Neotropical forms as not being specifically distinct.
The Central-American race (named A. frantzii by Professor Peters, in honour of Dr. v.
Frantzius") only differs from typical A. noveboracensis in the ears and tragus being
slightly smaller, in the fur being shorter behind the forearm and not extending quite
to the edge of the interfemoral membrane, and in the rufous colour being brighter.
These differences seem to be the natural effect of a tropical climate; and even in the
United States Dr. H. Allen observes that specimens from the warmer parts of the
country are of a brighter red than those from the more northern States. This variety
has also been recorded from Brazil and Chili, while other Neotropical forms have been
separated as A. pfeifferi, Gundlach, and A. varia (Pceppig).

rd Atalapha cinerea.

Vespertilio cinereus, Beauvois, Cat. Peale’s Mus. p. 14° (1796, deser. orig.; fide H. Allen, Mon.
Bats 'N. Am. p. 21)’.

Vespertilio pruinosus, Say, Long’s Exped. p. 67 (1823, descr. orig.) °.

Lasiurus grayi, Tomes, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 40 (descr. orig.) *.

Atalapha cinerea, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1870, p. 910°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 272,

t. xvi. figs. 1, 2°.
Hab. Norra America, from Nova Scotia.—Soutn America, to Chili.

Mr. Dobson remarks that the Neotropical form separated as Lasiurus grayt only
differs from the typical Nearctic Atalapha cinerea in being slightly smaller, in having
the inner edge of the ear-conch somewhat less convex, and in the colour of the fur
being more rufous®. Regarding these differences as of less than specific value, the
range of A. cinerea would appear to be very much that of the last species, in which we
have seen an exactly similar variety in coloration in the northern and southern races.
There can therefore be little doubt that the species must exist in Central America,
although I cannot find that it is represented in any of the collections hitherto sent to

Europe.

3. VESPERTILIO.

Vespertilio, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 46 (1766) [as restricted by Keyserling and Blasius, Arch. f.
Naturg. v. 1, p. 306 (1839) ].

The Bats of the typical genus Vespertilio differ from those already described in
having three pairs of upper premolars. Their ears are long and narrow, with the
outer margin rising, not near the angle of the mouth, as in Vesperugo and Atalapha,
‘but nearly in a line with the base of the tragus. The latter is long, narrow, and

24 CHIROPTERA.

straight, or curved outwards; the muzzle is considerably produced, and the crown of
the head raised, the cranium being vaulted above the level of the facial bones.

The genus Vespertilio is nearly as cosmopolitan as Vesperugo, though its range does
not extend quite so far towards the extreme north; and the species, which are all
more or less slight and delicate in general structure, are very numerous. The four
which have been recorded as members of our fauna may be thus distinguished :—

1. V. nitidus. Far as long as the head; muzzle slender, pointed; thumb shorter
than the foot, which is small; tail wholly included in the membrane. Fore-
arm 1"-20. Fur reddish-brown above, reddish-grey below.

2. V. nigricans. Far shorter than the head; muzzle obtuse; thumb as long as
the foot. Forearm 1"-30. Fur sooty rust-colour. 3

3. V. albescens. Ear when laid forward not reaching to the end of the muzzle.
Forearm 1-75. Fur grizzled blackish-brown above, belly greyish-white.

4, V. lucifugus. Ear when laid forward reaching to the end of the muzzle.
Forearm 1":40. Fur olive-brown, greyish below.

1. Vespertilio nitidus.

Vespertilio nitidus, H. Allen, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1862, p. 247 (descr. orig.)'; Mon. Bats N. Am.
p. 60°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 318, t. xix. fig. 7°.

Hab. Nortn America (west of Rocky Mountains*).—Mexico, San Juan (Mus. Brit.)?.

This species, as observed by its describer, is closely allied to the Whiskered Bat of
Europe and Asia, V. mystacinus, Leisler, from which it differs in its much smaller
thumb, shorter tail, and longer calcaneum, as well as in colour. The range of Vesper-
tilio nitidus appears to be confined to the Pacific slopes of the North-American conti-
nent, from Washington Territory southwards. It has been obtained in Arizona,
California, New Mexico, and Texas?; and there is a Mexican specimen in the British
Museum which is labelled as being from “San Juan ;” but, as there are several places
of that name, the southward range of the species remains uncertain.

2. Vespertilio nigricans.

Vespertilio nigricans, Max. zu Wied, Schinz’s ‘Thierreich, i. p. 179 (1821, descr. orig.)'; Beitr.
Nat. Bras. ii. p. 266°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 319, t. xix. fig. 9°.
Vespertilio parvulus, Temminck, Mon. de Mamm. ii. p. 246 (1835-41, descr. orig.)*.

Hab. Muxico, City of Mexico (Boucard, Mus. Berol.); Guarrmata, Duefias (Salvin,
Mus. Brit.2; et Mus. Berol.).—Cotompiat ; Ecuapor®; West Inpies?; Braz 14,

This Bat was first found in Brazil, and was described both by Prince Wied 1
and by Temminck‘; but their nominal species have been reunited by Mr. Dobson

VESPERTILIO.—NATALUS. 25

after a comparison of their types’. The range of V. nigricans appears to extend over
the greater part of the northern portion of the South-American continent; it reaches
the West Indies, and is found in Central America as far north as the City of Mexico,
whence there is an example in the Berlin Museum.

3. Vespertilio albescens.

Vespertilio albescens, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. viii. p. 204 (1806, descr. orig.)*; Peters, Monatsb.
Ak. Berl. 1866, p. 19°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 326, t. xix. fig. 8°.

Vespertilio leucogaster, Max. zu Wied, Schinz’s Thierr. i. p. 80 (1821, descr. orig.)*; Beitr. Nat.
Bras. i. p. 271°; Abbild. t. xxi.’

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Boucard, Mus. Brit.2); Guaremata, Ciudad Vieja (Salvin,
Mus. Brit.?).—Ecuapor?; Braziu 4.

The strictly Neotropical species V. albescens is found throughout Central America,
going as far north as Mexico. Besides the characters already mentioned (p. 24), Mr.
Dobson remarks that this species “is distinguished especially by its peculiarly thick,
not broad muzzle, by the great length of the forearm in comparison to the length of
the body, and (in fully adult specimens) by the narrow space between the canines and
third premolar, and consequent displacement inwards of both the first and second
minute upper premolars”’., Mr. Salvin’s specimens were brought to him by Indians,
who said they had caught them in a cave.

4, Vespertilio lucifugus.

Vespertilio lucifugus, Leconte, M‘Murtrie’s ed. Cuvier’s An. Kingd. i. App. p. 431 (1831, descr.
orig.)'; H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Am. p. 55°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 328, t. xix.
fig. 11°.

Hab. Nortu America (from Hudson’s Bay 2).—Panama, Aspinwall (Hayes, U.S. Nat.

Mus.?).—West Inpvins?; Braziu*.

This is another wide-ranging species; for there are specimens from Lake Winnipeg
and from the interior of Brazil in the British Museum*. It is doubtless a native of
most of the Central-American states, though the only recorded specimen from within
our limits appears to be one sent from Aspinwall to the United-States National Museum
by the late Dr. S. Hayes ?,

4, NATALUS.
Natalus, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 496 (1833).

In the small Neotropical genus Natalus the upper incisors, four in number, are placed
in pairs, each couple being separated from the canine as well as from the other pair ;
BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Sept. 1879. E

26 CHIROPTERA.

and there are three premolars both above and below. The face is concave, with the
crown of the head arched above it; and the bases of the thumbs and soles of the
feet are simple—that is, they are not provided with the remarkable suctorial disks
which characterize the nearly-allied Brazilian genus Thyroptera. The range of the two
well-established species extends from Mexico to Brazil, one being confined to the main-
land, while the other, W. Jepidus (Gervais), is a native of the island of Cuba. Of these
the continental form is distinguishable by its much larger size (the forearm measuring
about an inch and a half), and by the form of the tragus, which tapers from a broad
base and is sharply pointed, whereas in WV. lepidus it is narrow beneath and expanded :
above.

1. Natalus stramineus.
Natalus stramineus, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 496 (1838, descr. orig.)’; Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1856,
p. 178, t. xliii.”
Natalus stramineus, var. «, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 348, t. xvii. fig. 8°.
Hab. Mexico 2, Mirador (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Guatemaua, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.*).—
Brazit °.

The range of this species appears to extend from Brazil to Southern Mexico. Of
the Guatemalan specimen in the British Museum, Mr. Dobson remarks that “the ears
are smaller and less pointed, the muzzle narrower, and the wings attached to the tibic
higher up than in the typical example of JV. stramineus. The wing-membrane becomes
adherent to the under surface of the tibia at the commencement of its distal third, and
a band then extends across a much wider angle to the calcaneum; the colour of the
fur is also much darker, being dark reddish-brown above, slightly paler beneath, the
extreme tips of the hairs somewhat ashy. The measurements are also different
* %* »* #* ; but in the absence of other specimens, I hesitate to describe it as the
type of a distinct species.”

Fam. II. EMBALLONURIDA.

1. RHYNCHONYCTERIS.

Proboscidea, Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Bras. p. 61 (1828, nec Bruguiére, 1791).
Rhinchonycteris, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1867, p. 477.

The second family of Chiroptera represented in our fauna, the Emballonuride, has
a wide distribution throughout the warmer countries of both hemispheres, and in the
New World is almost confined to the Neotropic Region. As defined by Mr. Dobson,
the family is characterized by the combination of a tail which either perforates the

RHYNCHONYCTERIS.—SACCOPTERYX. oT

interfemoral membrane and lies free on its upper surface, or is considerably produced
beyond its posterior margin, with simple nostrils, devoid of any leaf-like appendages.

The first genus, according to the arrangement here adopted, is the very peculiar-
looking form named Prodoscidea by Spix; but that name having been long preoccupied
in zoology, Professor Peters has substituted Rhynchonycteris. In this Bat the muzzle
is produced into a long slender snout, reaching far beyond the opening of the mouth;
the ears are very narrow and much tapered, and the intermaxillaries are ossified. Only
one species is now recognized as valid, a small Bat with a forearm of about 1-40; the
fur greyish-brown above and whitish-grey beneath.

1. Rhynchonycteris naso.
Vespertilio naso, Max. zu Wied, Schinz’s Thierr. i. p. 179 (1821, descr. orig.)*; Beitr. Nat. Bras. 11.
p- 274°; Abbild. t. xviii.’
Proboscidea saxatilis, Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Bras. p. 62, t. xxxv. fig. 8 (1823, descr. orig.)*.
Proboscidea rivalis, Spix, loc. cit.’
Rhinchonycteris naso, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1867, p. 478°.
Rhynchonycteris naso, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 367, t. xx. fig. 4”.

Hab. Guatemaa, Yzabal (Salvin & Godman, Mus. Brit."); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.”).—
Gutana®; Peru®; Braziw®.

The range of the Long-nosed Bat extends from Brazil to Guatemala. Both Prince’
Wied and Mr. Dobson (who met with the species in British Guiana) give a similar
account of its habits. It frequents the neighbourhood of forest-streams, remain-
ing all day clinging, in parties of from ten to twenty individuals, to the vertical
face of a rock or to the underside of a sloping tree-stem. In such a situation, Mr.
Dobson remarks, “ they looked like so many pinned specimens of the genus Papiiio, the
separated legs resembling the tail-like projections from the posterior margins of the
wings of these insects. So flatly did they adhere to the smooth surface of the wood, and
so well did the greyish fur of their bodies, and the small tufts of greyish hairs on the
antebrachial membrane and on the wing-membrane on the outer side of the forearm,
counterfeit the weathered surface of the wood, that it was some time before the little
colony could be distinguished.” Towards evening these Bats hunt along the streams,
probably taking insects from the surface, a pursuit for which Mr. Dobson suggests
that the downward position of the opening of the mouth is peculiarly adapted’.
Messrs. Salvin and Godman’s specimen was one of a flock disturbed from the wooded
shore of the Lake of Yzabal, and knocked down by a paddle as it passed the canoe.

2. SACCOPTERYX.

Saccopteryx, Iliger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. &c. p. 121 (1811).
The second Central-American genus of Emballonuride has broad ears, sometimes

united at their base, and a well-developed tragus; in repose the first joint of the middle
E 2

28 CHIROPTERA.

finger is folded against the upper surface of the metacarpal. But the most remarkable
character is the possession of a peculiar glandular pouch opening on the upper surface
of the antebrachial part of the wing-membrane. ‘This sac, which secretes a strongly
smelling matter, has been shown by Professor Reinhardt to be developed only in the
males, remaining quite rudimentary in the other sex*; and further observation has
confirmed his suggestion that the structure is to be regarded as a secondary sexual
character, it being, in fact, strictly analogous to the frontal sac of Phyllorhina and the
gular pouch of Taphozous}. Its position in the antebrachial membrane varies in the
several species, and has been used by Professor Peters to diagnose his genera Sacco-
pteryx, Peropteryx, Cormura, and Balantiopteryx}; but these variations will here
be more conveniently used as specific characters to differentiate the three recorded
Central-American forms :—

1. S. dilineata. Opening of wing-pouch along the forearm, which measures 1"85.
Fur dark brown above with two longitudinal dorsal white streaks, greyish-
brown beneath.

2. 8. canina. Opening of wing-pouch near the edge of the antebrachial mem-
brane, directed outwards. Forearm 1-80. Fur blackish-brown, somewhat
lighter below.

3. 8. plicata. Opening of wing-pouch in the middle of the antebrachial mem-
brane, directed inwards. Forearm 1°70. Fur dark brown, lighter below ;
posterior margin of the wing-membrane white.

1. Saccopteryx bilineata.

-Urocryptus bilineatus, Temminck, Van der Hoeven’s Tijdsch. v. Natur. Gesch. p. 33, figs. 3, 4(1838-9,
descr. orig.)'; Mon. de Mamm. ii. p. 301°.
Saccopteryzx bilineata, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1867, p.471°; Dobson,Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 372°.

Hab. Guatemaua, Vera Paz, Sta. Lucia (Salvin, Mus. Brit.4).—Cotomsiat; Gutana!;
BRAZIL‘.

Of this species Mr. Dobson remarks that he is doubtful whether it will not prove to
be merely a large variety of the Brazilian S. deptwra (Schreber) with more marked white
dorsal lines. He adds, ‘““I am, however, unable to settle this question, owing to
insufficiency of material to work upon, and therefore prefer for the present to recognize
two species, in accordance with the views of other zoologists, and especially in deference
to those of Professor Peters, who has worked out this group with great care’4. Mr.
Salvin’s specimen was shot at midday when clinging to the stem of a tree in the virgin
forest near Santa Lucia, in the Pacific coast-region of Guatemala.

* Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2nd ser.) iii. pp. 886-888.
tT Cf. Dobson, P. Z.8. 1873, pp. 241-252, ~ Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1867, pp. 470-481.

SACCOPTERYX.—DICLIDURUS. 29

Originally described from Surinam, 8. dilineata has been received by the British
Museum from Pard and Bogota, as well as from Guatemala, where Mr. Salvin obtained
it both in Vera Paz and in the forests of the Pacific coast, near Santa Lucia.

2. Saccopteryx canina.

Vespertilio caninus, Max. zu Wied, Schinz’s Thierr. i. p. 179 (1821, descr. orig.)'; Beitr. Nat. Bras.
il, p. 262°; Abbild. t. xix.”

Emballonura macrotis, Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg. ix. 1. p. 367 (descr. orig.)*; Abh. bayer. Ak. v. p.151,
t. iv. figs. 5-7’.

Peropteryx canina, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1867, p. 472°.

Saccopteryx canina, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 373”.

Hab. GuatTeMALA®, Duefias, Coban (Salvin, Mus. Brit.’; Mus. Berol.).—VEnEZvUELAS ;
Guiana’; Braziw!°.

Prince Wied first described this species from a female example in which the rudi-
mentary wing-pouch was overlooked, and he consequently referred it to the genus
Vespertilio. Its range extends northwards from Brazil through the countries mentioned
above, the most northern habitat yet recorded being Guatemala, where it was obtained
by Mr. Salvin.

3. Saccopteryx plicata. (Tab. III. fig. 4.)

Balantiopteryx plicata, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1867, p. 276 (descr. orig.)’.
Saccopteryx plicata, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 376°.

Hab. Mexico (Boucard, Mus. Berol.); Costa Rica, Punta Arenas (Mus. Berol.').

The type of this species, and of Professor Peters’s genus Balantiopteryx, was received
from Costa Rica by the Berlin Museum; and he informs me that they have since
obtained a Mexican specimen from M. Boucard. It does not occur in Mr. Salvin’s
Guatemalan collections; and there being no examples in the British Museum, I am
indebted to Dr. Peters for leave to copy a figure of its wing, designed to illustrate his
forthcoming Monograph of the Chiroptera.

3. DICLIDURUS.

Diclidurus, Max. zu Wied, Isis, 1819, p. 1629.

The most important character of this genus is the position of the tail, the proximal
part of which is contained in a fold of the interfemoral membrane, while the terminal
vertebrae enter a pouch in the middle of the membrane. The lower side of this pouch
is developed into two horny concave plates or capsules, the first of which is subcrescentic

30 CHIROPTERA.

and the second subtriangular in form. The use of this curious arrangement is quite
unknown. The muzzle is not produced beyond the lower lip; the eyes are very large,
the ears short and broad, the forehead deeply concave, and the calcanea greatly elon-
gated. Another peculiarity is the colour of the fur and membranes, which is pure
white, an extremely rare tint in the general colouring of the Mammals of tropical or
even of temperate latitudes.

Besides D. albus (which has a forearm of about 2 inches) Professor Peters has
described D. scutatus, a smaller species, with a differently formed tail-pouch, from
South America.

1. Diclidurus albus.
Diclidurus albus, Max. zu Wied, Isis, 1819,p. 1680 (descr. orig.)'; Beitr. Nat. Bras.ii.p.242°; Abbild.
t. xvi.°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 891, t. xx. fig. 7°.
Diclidurus freyreissii, Max. zu Wied, Abbild. Nat. Bras. t. xvi. text’; Gray, Zool. Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’
p- 25, t. vill. figs. 1, la’.
Hab. Guatemata (Sarg, Mus. Berol.3); Nicaragua, Pueblo Nuevo (Belcher, Mus.
Brit.4)—Brazi}.

The first description of this very curious Bat was sent by Prince Wied to the ‘ Isis’
under the name of D. freyreissii, which the editor, Professor Oken, changed on his
own responsibility to D. albus. The Prince observes that he would have wished to
return to the original designation, but by an oversight D. albus had been printed
on the plate in the ‘ Abbildungen,’ and he therefore thought it best to retain that
name.

Little is known of this species. First discovered in Brazil, its range extends to Nica-
ragua, where a specimen, now in the British Museum, was captured by Mr. Barclay,
botanist to Sir E. Belcher’s expedition—and to Guatemala, whence an example has been
sent by Herr Sarg, probably from the neighbourhood of Coban, to the Berlin Museum.
Prince Wied’s original example was found concealed between the leaf-stems of a cocoa-
nut-palm near the mouth of the Rio Pardo.

4. MOLOSSUS.

Molossus, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. vi. p. 154 (1805).
Dysopes, Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. &c. p. 122 (1811).

This and the next genus belong to the group Molossi of Professor Peters and Mr.
Dobson, and are distinguished by their large ears (often united in front), their single
pair of upper incisors, their swollen upper lips, and their thickened tails, on the basal
part of which the interfemoral membrane works backwards and forwards like a sheath.

MOLOSSUS. 31

Of the adaptation of their structure to their habits, Mr. Dobson observes that their
long narrow wings and their power of varying the spread of the interfemoral membrane
gives them great advantages in quickly altering the direction of their flight. “Of all
Bats the Molossi appear especially suited by their peculiar conformation for capturing
the most rapidly flying insects, which no doubt form the greater portion of their food.
Their large and very strong acutely tubercular teeth would enable them to crush with
ease the hard armour of the larger Coleoptera ”*.

The genus Molossus is characterized by the union of the premaxillaries and conse-
quent closeness of the upper incisors, as well as by the very narrow tragus and scarcely
grooved upper lip. It is a purely Neotropical type, of which nine or ten species range
from the River Plate to Mexico. Of these, the Central-American species are :—

1. VM. rufus. Antitragus circular, as high as broad; incisors 3, premolars =}.

Forearm 2"°10. Fur short, deep brown, red-brown, or fulvous.

2. M. nasutus. Antitragus circular, as high as broad; incisors 4, premolars =,

2—2
Forearm 2”. Fur moderately long, deep brown above, paler beneath.
3. MW. abrasus. Antitragus semicordate, longer than high ; incisors 7, premolars ==

2—2¢
Forearm 2'-45. Fur short, intensely black above and below.

1. Molossus rufus.

Molossus rufus, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. vi. p. 154 (1805, deser. orig.)’; Gervais, Exp. de Cas-
telnau, Mamm. p. 58, t. xii. figs. 4, 4a”; Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 575°; Dob-
son, P.Z. 8. 1876, p. 709*; Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 410°.

Molossus obscurus, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. vi. p. 155 (1805, descr. orig.)"; Peters, Monatsb.
Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 575”.

Molossus ursinus, Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Bras. p. 59, t. xxv. fig. 4 (1828, descr. orig.)’.

Dysopes velox (Natterer), Temminck, Mon. de Mamm. i. p. 134 (1836, descr. orig.)”’.

Hab. Mexico (Berkenbusch, Mus. Berol.), Oaxaca (Sallé, Mus. Brit’); Guatemaa, Vera
Paz (Salvin, Mus. Brit.>).—West Inpizs®; Ecuapor® ; Guiana’ ; Braziu® ; Boxtvia?.

The Red Mastiff-Bat, as it has been called, was first named from specimens in the
Paris Museum by the elder Geoffroy St.-Hilaire!; but, as Professor Peters observes,
Spix’s description® is the first that is recognizable. Gervais’s figures of the skull and
dentition of Geoffroy’s type? show, however, that the species are identical ; and his name
may therefore be retained.

The range of I.’ rufus seems to extend throughout great part of the tropical regions
of Central and South America. Along with the typical form, and also extending to
the islands, is found a smaller race, which Geoffroy described as JZ. obscurus®, in which
the fur between the humerus and forearm extends further over the wing-membrane, and

* Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 403.

32 CHIROPTERA.

the upper incisors are closer together. Mr. Dobson, however, considers that when a
sufficient series of specimens are compared, these variations will be found to be unim-
portant®; and in the absence of the materials for such a comparison, I follow him in
treating WZ. obscurus provisionally as a variety of IZ. rufus.

An interesting account of this Bat (under the name of VM. fumarius) will be found in
the late Mr. W. Osburn’s paper on the Chiroptera of Jamaica, in the ‘ Proceedings of the
Zoological Society ’ for 1875. It is highly gregarious in its habits, the sexes keeping
very much apart; and it inhabits both the roofs of houses and hollow trees. The males,
which are provided with a large gular pouch, have a most offensive smell, especially

during the breeding-season.

2. Molossus nasutus.
Molossus nasutus, Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Bras. p. 60, t. xxxv. fig. 7 (1823, descr. orig.)'; Peters,
Monatsh. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 576°; Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 711°; Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus.
p. 414, t. xxi. fig. 2%.
Molossus fumarius, Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Bras. p. 60, t. xxxv. figs. 5, 6 (1823, descr. orig.)’.

Hab. GuateMaa, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.).—Braziv}.

By a comparison of Spix’s types, Professor Peters was able to show that J. nasutus
and M. fumarius are really only synonyms?; and Mr. Dobson has since fully described a
specimen, obtained by Mr. Salvin in Guatemala, and preserved in spirits in the British
Museum. Although both names have been frequently used by writers, these speci-
mens are the only ones yet known to exist in European Museums; and the last
mentioned is the more valuable, as Spix’s types are dried and in very bad condition.

Mr. Dobson observes that this species is quite intermediate between WM. rufus (sub-
genus Molossus) and M. abrasus (subgenus Promops), agreeing with the former in the
shape of the ear and distribution of the fur, and with the latter in dentition‘.

3. Molossus abrasus.

? Molossus ater, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. vi. p. 153 (1805, deser. orig.)’*.

Dysopes abrasus, Temminck, Mon. de Mamm. i. p. 232, t. xxi. (1827, descr. orig.)?.

Molossus abrasus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 574°; Dobson, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 712‘; Cat.
Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 415, t. xxi. fig. 3°.

Hab. Guatemaua, Coban (Salvin, Mus. Brit.5)—Gutana>; Pervu®; Braziu!,

Whether or not this may be the species named Molossus ater by ‘Geoffroy, there can
be no doubt as to its being the Dysopes abrasus of Temminck, his type in the Leyden
Museum having been examined by Professor Peters‘. Its range appears to extend from
the interior provinces of Brazil, whence it was first described, to Guatemala, where
Mr. Salvin obtained several specimens at Coban.

NYCTINOMUS. 33

5. NYCTINOMUS.

Nyctinomus, Et. Geoffroy, Descr. de Egypte, ii. p. 114 (1812).
Dinops, Savi, N. Giorn. de’ Lett. p. 230 (1825).

The genus Nyctinomus is very closely allied to Molossus, but is distinguished by the
truncated tragus and vertically grooved upper lip, as well as in the imperfect ossifica-
tion of the intermaxillaries and the consequent separation of the upper incisors, which
are placed close to the canines. It also differs markedly in geographical distribution ;
for, instead of being confined to the Neotropical Region, its members are dispersed over
the warmer portions of both hemispheres. Three or four species are American, two of
which have been found within our limits, namely :—

1. WV. gracilis. Incisors 4; ears united at base by a low band, antitragus not
longer than high. Forearm 1"°80. Fur dark brown.

2. N. brasiliensis. Incisors 2; ears not united, tragus quadrate. Forearm 1!"70.
Fur dark fawn above, lighter below.

1. Nyctinomus gracilis.

Dysopes gracilis (Natterer), Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg. ix. 1, p. 368 (1843, descr. orig.)*.
Nyctinomus gracilis, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 573°; Dobson, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 731°;
Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 436, pl. xxii. fig. 7°. -

Hab. Guaremata, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.*), Peten (Salvin, Mus. Berol.); Panama‘.
—Ecuapor‘; Braziw. .

This species is very nearly allied to the Brazilian NV. macrotis, Gray ; but Mr. Dobson.
points out that it may be easily distinguished, irrespective of its smaller size, by the
lowness of the band which connects its ears and by the very different form of the anti-
tragus. First discovered in Brazil, its range extends to Guatemala, where Mr. Salvin
obtained it at Duefas and at Peten.

2. Nyctinomus brasiliensis.

Nyctinomus brasiliensis, Is. Geoffroy, Ann. Sc. Nat. i. p. 337 (1824, descr. orig.)'; Peters, Monatsb.
Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 5737; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 263°; Dobson, P. Z.S. 1876,
p.781*; Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 437, pl. xxii. fig. 8°.

Nyctinomus nasutus, H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Am. p.7 (nec Spix)’.

Molossus mexicanus, De Saussure, Rey. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 283, pl. xv. fig. 2 (descr. orig.)’.

Molossus aztecus, De Saussure, tom. cit. p. 285, pl. xv. fig. 3 (descr. orig.)°.

? Dinops, sp., Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187°.

Hab. N. America(from California) °,—Mextco, Coffre de Perote, Amecameca ( Saussure?)
BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Nov. 1879. -F

34 CHIROPTERA.

Cosmaloapan (Boucard, Mus. Berol.), Guanjuarto (Dugés®), Oazaca, City of Mexico,
Tehuantepec (Sallé, Boucard, Mus. Brit.®); Guaremana, Duefias ( Salvin, Mus.
Brit.®) ; Costa Rica (Mus. Brit.®), Plateau of San José (Frantzius, Mus. Berol.*).
—Soutu America (to Chili)>; Wusr Inpizs°.

This is the widest-ranging and apparently the most abundant of all the American
Molossi, being found from the Southern States of the Union to Chili. It also extends
to the West Indies, where, under the name of WV. nasutus, its habits have been well
described by the late Mr. W. Osburn*. According to his account, it is almost exclu-
sively an inhabitant of houses, where it hangs in clusters under the shingled roofs, issu-
ing forth in pursuit of prey about sundown, but soon returning to their retreat, They
do not go to sleep, however, but are active all night, scrambling and shufiling about,
and thus rendering themselves obnoxious to their human fellow-lodgers. They are
abroad again long before sunrise, returning to roost in the grey of the dawn. Their
voice is a sharp “ click-click.”’

After an examination of the types, Professor Peters has united the Molossus meai-
canus’ and WM. aztecus® of M. de Saussure with this species. His specimens were obtained
on the tableland and among the mountains of Mexico, one being killed on the Coffre
de Perote at an elevation of 13,000 feet, others at the foot of the Volcano of Popo-
catepetl.

Fam, III, PHYLLOSTOMIDA.

1. CHILONYCTERIS.
Chilonycteris, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. iv. p. 4 (1839).

With this genus we enter on the last of our three families of Central-American Bats,
an exclusively Neotropical type, which may be regarded to some extent as taking the
place of the Flying-Foxes (Pteropodidee) in the New World. As defined by Mr. Dobson,
the Phyllostomide are Bats with cutaneous appendages surrounding or close to the.
nostrils, with moderate or large ears, well-developed tragus, three phalanges in the
middle finger and one only in the index. Varying greatly amongst themselves in
dentition, and differing much in their habits, they include purely insectivorous, largely
fruit-eating, and exclusively blood-sucking forms. The Phyllostomide thus present
great variations in structure, united by gentle intergradations; and it is consequently
very difficult to arrange them in genera. ‘The systematist must either place together
forms which in any other order of Mammalia would be regarded as belonging even
to distinct families, or he must accept a large number of very closely allied genera.
Mr. Dobson, in his recent work, appears to me to have succeeded on the whole in
keeping the middle path; and I have therefore followed his arrangement.

* P.Z.8, 1865, pp. 65-67.

CHILONYCTERIS. 39

In the first genus, Chilonycteris, the nose-leaf is very little developed, being repre-
sented by a wart on the top of the broad abruptly-truncated muzzle; a large portion of
the lower lip, however, is deflected and covered with warts, which extend towards the
angles of the mouth. The crown of the head is moderately elevated, the ears pointed
and connected at their base; and the second lower premolar is very small. Several
species are known, of which three have been found in Central America :—

1. Ch. personata. Lower third of inner margin of ear-conch thickened and
divided by a notch from the upper two'thirds. Forearm 175. Fur brown,
lighter beneath.

2. Oh. rubiginosa. Lower third of inner margin of ear-conch not thickened, con-
tinuous with upper two thirds; a transverse rounded projection on the
muzzle. Forearm 2-45. Fur variable, rusty-red to blackish-brown.

3. Ch. davyi. As in last species, but the wing-membranes attached along the
spine instead of to the flanks; back behind the shoulders naked. Forearm
1"°85. Fur dark reddish-brown.

Owing to the peculiar attachment of the wing-membrane, the last species has been
made the type of a distinct genus, Pteronotus of Gray*; but it does not appear to
differ from the rest in any other respect.

Nothing has been recorded of the habits of the species here described; but Mr.
Osburn has given an account of those of their West-Indian congeners, Ch. macleayi,
Gray, and Ch. parnelli, Gray +. Their food appears to consist principally of Coleoptera.

1. Chilonycteris personata.

Chilonycteris personata, Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg. ix. 1, p. 367 (1843, desc. orig.)'; Peters, Monatsb.
Ak. Berl. 1872, p. 360°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 451°.

Hab. Guatemata (Mus. Berol.?).—Venezvena?; Brazil.

Among the Bats collected in Brazil by Natterer, and described after his untimely
death by Wagner, were the present and the next species, each of which has since proved
to range considerably to the northward. Ch. personata goes at least as far as Gua-
temala, whence there is a specimen in the Berlin Museum?; but it is probably not
abundant there, no examples being found in Mr. Salvin’s large collections.

2. Chilonycteris rubiginosa.

Chilonycteris rubiginosa (Natterer), Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg. ix. 1, p. 8367 (1848, descr. orig.)';
Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1872, p. 360°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 452, pl. xxiii.
fig. 3°.

* Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. (1830) p. 500. + P.Z.S. 1865, pp. 68-78.
F2

36 CHIROPTERA.

Hab. Muxico, Mirador (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Guatemaa, Duefias, Ciudad Vieja (Salvin,
Mus. Brit.2 & Mus. Berol.) ; Costa Rica (Rogers, Mus. Brit.).—CoLomBia* ; BraziL’.

Professor’ Peters observes that rudiginosa is not a very happy name for this Bat,
which is very variable in colour, ranging through all shades from ferruginous to blackish-
brown. Hitherto it has only been recorded from Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, and
Guatemala; but a specimen from Mirador, in Mexico, is mentioned in the list of Bats
in the National Museum at Washington to which I have already alluded (p. 18).

8. Chilonycteris davyi.

Pteronotus davyi, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 500 (1838, descr. orig.)’; Zool. Voy. ‘Sulphur,’
p. 24°; Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1872, p. 361’.

Chilonycteris gymnonotus (Natterer), Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg. ix. 1, p. 867 (18438, descr. orig.)’.

Chilonycteris davyi, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p- 453, pl. xxiii. fig. 4°.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Berol.; Liebmann, Mus. Hafin.).—VENEZUELA® ; TRINIDAD; Braziu‘4.

As already observed, Davy’s Bat was generically separated by its original describer
on account of the peculiarity of the attachment of the wing-membrane; but in all
other characters it is hardly distinguishable from the last species. First named by
Gray. from a Trinidad example, it was independently described by Wagner, under
Natterer’s MS. name of Chilonycteris gymnonotus, from Brazilian specimens. Ac-
cording to Professor Peters it occurs as far north as Mexico, whence a specimen has —
been received by the Berlin Museum; and one collected by the late Professor Liebmann
in the same country is preserved in the Copenhagen Museum.

2. MORMOPS.
Mormops, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 76 (1822).

This genus is nearly allied to the last; but the cutaneous appendages of the face
are exaggerated to an extraordinary extent, so that the aspect of the two known species
is more wonderfully grotesque than that of any other known Bat, or is rivalled by that
of Centurio alone. ‘The inner edges of the rounded emarginate ears are connected by
cutaneous bands with the top of the muzzle; there the bands meet and simulate a
small nose-leaf, while the lips and throat are adorned with lappet-like appendages,
which surround the free-edged warty chin-leaf and are continuous with the outer edges
of the ears. The skull, also, is very peculiar in form, the frontal region rising almost
at a right angle from the facial portion, so that the height of the cranium almost
equals its length.

The Mormops which occurs in Central America was formerly confounded with the

MORMOPS.—MACROTUS. 37

West-Indian I. blainvillii, Leach ; but may be recognized by the non junction of the
cutaneous bands which unite the ears with the muzzle, by the chin-leaf being deeply
indented below, and by the reddish-brown colour of the fur. Its forearm measures
about 2"°15.

1. Mormops megalophylla.

Mormops blainvillit, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1856, p. 410'; Abh. Ak. Berl. 1856, p. 291, pl. i;
De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 290, pl. xv. fig. 5°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187°
(nec Leach).
Mormops megalophylla, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1864, p. 381 (descr. orig.)’; op. cit. 1872,
p- 859°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 455, pl. xxiii. fig. 5”.

Hab. Mexico (Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.), Uvero (De Saussure*), Guanaxuarto (Dugés*),
Parras, Tehuantepec (Jus. Berol.), Mirador (U.S. Nat. Mus.); GuateMALa, Duefias
(Salvin, Mus. Brit.’)—CoLomBia? ; VENEZUELA’.

Originally distinguished from its Antillean ally, WZ. blainvillii, by Professor Peters in
1864, M. megalophylia has since been recorded from Venezuela, Colombia, and various
parts of Central America. Its habits are doubtless identical with those of M. dlain-
villit, which is described by Osburn as a Bat of great agility and rapidity of flight, but
of very delicate constitution. He was unable to keep it lopg in confinement; but
observed that in drinking “the tongue was protruded, but the water taken up by it
and by the foliation of the lips was sucked in, with the head raised, by an action very
like chewing ” *.

3. MACROTUS.
Macrotus, Gray, P. Z.8. 1843, p. 21.

The next six genera of Phyllostomide are included by Mr. Dobson in his group
Vampyri, which differs from the Mormopes in the nasal leaf surrounding the nostrils
instead of being placed behind them; and from the Glossophage in the tongue being
moderate in length and obtuse, and in the lower lip not being cleft above.

Of these genera Macrotus is further distinguished by its large oblong ears, united at
the base, and by its long tail, of which one vertebra at least projects beyond the deeply
concave margin of the interfemoral membrane. Only two species are well established,
both of which are natives of Central America. ‘These may be characterized as

follows :—

1. Ud. waterhousii. Ears longer than head; nose-leaf in front raised above level
of upper lip; last caudal vertebra only free. Forearm 2!"15. Fur reddish-

brown, paler beneath.
* P.Z.8, 1865, pp. 72-74.

38 CHIROPTERA.

2. M. bocourtianus. Ears as long as the head; nose-leaf continuous with upper
lip; last caudal vertebra and half the next free, the exserted portion of the
tail equalling the thumb in length. Fur dark brown above, paler beneath.

1. Macrotus waterhousii.

Macrotus waterhousii, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1843, p. 21 (descr. orig.)'; Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865,
p. 503°; Dobson, Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 464, pl. xxv. fig. 1’.

? Macrotus californicus, Baird, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1858, p. 117 (descr. orig.)'; Rep. Mex. Bound.
Surv. ii, Mamm. p. 4, pl. i. fig. 2°; H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Am. p. 3°.

Macrotus mexicanus, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 486 (descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Catarornta4?.—Mexico, Yantepec (De Saussure ™).—West INDIES *.

Waterhouse’s Bat appears to be peculiar to the West-Indian Islands and to the
countries bordering the Gulf of Mexico; for though the continental form has been
supposed to be a distinct species, as shown by the above synonymy, there appears to be
no sufficient ground for its separation. The habits of this Bat, as observed in Jamaica,
have been described by Gosse* and by Osburnf. It seems to be one of the most
abundant of the Chiroptera of that island, where it lives in caves or in cellars, but
often enters lighted rooms at night. Owing to the great proportional breadth of its
wing-membrane, it makes a rushing sound in flight; and the same peculiarity causes it
to appear much larger than it really is when it is observed on the wing. It feeds
principally on insects, though Mr. Osburn had reason to believe that it also preys on
various fruits.

2. Macrotus bocourtianus.
Macrotus bocourtianus, Dobson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4th ser.) xviii. p. 436 (1876, descr. orig.)';
Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 467°.

Hab. Guatemata, Vera Paz (Bocourt, Mus. Paris. *).

The only specimens of Bocourt’s Bat yet known are the four Guatemalan examples in
the Paris Museum, which are the types of Mr. Dobson’s description. The diagnosis
already given will be sufficient to distinguish the species. Mr. Dobson states that
these four specimens all agree in their characters, and, though not full-grown, indicate
a larger species than the last.

4. VAMPYRUS.
Vampyrus (Et. Geoffroy), Leach, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 79 (1822).
In this genus the well-developed nose-leaf has free anterior and lateral edges, the

chin has a longitudinal furrow between two naked ridges, and the tail is either very
* * Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica,’ pp. 295-297. + P.Z.8. 1865, pp. 74-78.

VAMPYRUS. 39

short or (externally) absent. There are four upper and either two or four lower
incisors.

The accusation of blood-sucking, which has been preferred against most of the
Phyllostomide, has caused the name Vampyrus to be applied to this genus. The
observations of later travellers, however, especially those of Mr. Bates*, have com-
pletely vindicated the character of the species, and shown that its diet is really
principally vegetarian.

Two well-marked species are known, their differences having been considered by
Professor Peters to merit even genericdistinction. Both are members of our fauna;
and they may readily be distinguished by the following characters :—

1. V. spectrum. Tail absent; incisors ¢. Forearm 4-20. Fur reddish-brown
above, reddish-yellow beneath. .

2. V. auritus. ‘Tail short; incisors $. Forearm 3°35. Fur dark grizzled-brown
above, paler greyish-brown beneath.

1. Vampyrus spectrum.
Vespertilio spectrum, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 46 (1766, ex Seba) *.
Phyllostoma hastatum, Gray, Zool. Voy. ‘Sulphur,’ p. 19 (nec Pallas) °*.

Vampyrus spectrum, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 504°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1,
p-. 262*; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 470, pl. xxiv. fig. 3°. |

Hab. GuatemMata®; Nicaragua, Realejo (Belcher, Mus. Brit.?°); Costa Rica, Lepanto
(Frantzius & Hoffmann, Mus. Berol.*); Panama (M‘Leannan, Mus. Brit.)—West
Inpies®; Gurana®; Brazi.®.

The range of the Vampire Bat includes most of the northern portion of the
Neotropical Region, extending to the West-Indian Islands. On the Upper Amazons
Mr. Bates found it to be by far the most abundant of the Leaf-nosed Bats, frequenting
villages and churches, and feeding, as was proved by the contents of their stomachs,
on various fruits and sometimes on coleopterous insects f. To the northward the species
extends to Central America. There are specimens from Panama and Nicaragua in
the British Museum, the latter of which was erroneously referred to Phyllostoma has-
tatum by Gray f. Dr. v. Frantzius says it is not uncommon in Costa Rica, but is con-
fined to the hot regions near the coast; and Mr. Dobson tells me that he has seen
examples from Guatemala, where, however, it is probably rare, there being no speci-
mens in Mr. Salvin’s collections. ,

* ‘Naturalist on the Amazons,’ ii. pp. 332, 333. ¢ Ibid. ii. p. 332.. t Cf. infra, p. 42.

40) CHIROPTERA.

2. Vampyrus auritus.
Vampyrus auritus, Peters, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1856, p. 305, pl. ii. (descr. orig.) ; Tomes, P.Z.S.
1861, p. 104, pl. xviii.”; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 471, pl. xxiv. fig. 4°.
Chrotopterus auritus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 505°.

Hab. Mexico (Deppe, Mus. Berol.1), Mirador (U.S. Nat. Mus.).—Gutana 1; Braziu 3.

This very distinct species was first described from Guiana by Dr. Peters 1, who sub-
sequently made it the type of a distinct genus under the name of Chrotopterus auritus *.
Mr. Dobson observes that it seems to connect Vampyrus with the genera Lophostoma,
Tylostoma, and Phyllostoma. “With the species of Lophostoma it agrees closely in
the form of the skull and in the dental formula, with Tylostoma in the form of the
incisors and premolars, and with Phyllostoma in the presence of a glandular opening
near the anterior extremity of the sternum ” °.

5. SCHIZOSTOMA.
Schizostoma, Gervais, Expéd. de Castlenau, Mamm. p. 49 (1855).

The genus Schizostoma differs from Vampyrus in having a distinct external tail about
half the length of the interfemoral membrane ; the first joint of the middle finger is
little shorter than half the metacarpal bone ; the ears are united at their base bya low
cutaneous band; the well-developed nose-leaf is continuous with the upper lip in front;
and the lower lip has two warts, divided by a median furrow. ~ Several species have
been described, as S. minutum, Gerv., S. behni, Peters, &c. &c. From these the only
known Central-American form may be distinguished by the nakedness of the forearm
and leg, by the second phalanx of the middle finger being slightly longer than the
first, and by the length of the calcaneum, which exceeds that of the foot. The forearm
measures about 1:45; and the fur is brown, that of the back being pure white at
its base.

1. Schizostoma megalotis.

Phyllophora megalotis, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 257 (1842, descr. orig.) }; Zool. Voy.
‘Sulphur,’ p. 17, pl. v. fig. 2°.

Phyllostoma elongata, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 257 *; Zool. Voy. ‘Sulphur,’ p. 19, pl. viii.
fig. 2 (nec Geoffroy) *.

Schizostoma elongatum, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 508 (nec Geoffroy)’.

Mimon megalotis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 14°.

Micronycteris megalotis, Gray, op. cit. 1866, p. 118”. :

Schizostoma megalotis, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1866, p. 674°; 1867, p. 469° ; Dobson, Cat. Chir.
Brit. Mus. p. 478, pl. xxiv. fig. 5”.

Hab. Muxico, Oaxaca (Sallé, Mus. Brit.', Mus. Berol.’); Guatumata, Duefias (Salvin,
Mus. Brit.°, Mus. Berol.); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.1°).—Bortvia!°; Braz 2°,

TRACHYOPS.—PHYLLOSTOMA. 4]

The above synonymy shows the confusion which long prevailed as to the identity of
this Bat. This was owing to the insufficiency of Gray’s descriptions and figures, and
to the way in which he bandied his two nominal species from genus to genus; and it
was first rectified by Professor Peters’s examination of his type specimens in the British
Museum. The species has been recorded from Brazil, Bolivia, and several of the
Central-American Republics, the most northern locality yet recorded being the Mexican
State of Oaxaca.

6. TRACHYOPS.
Trachops, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1847, p. 14.
Trachyops, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 512.

Closely allied to the genera already described, Trachyops has the snout and chin
studded with conical protuberances, and the under lip marked by a broad naked groove
bordered by rows of small warts. The ears are about as long as the head ; the nose-
leaf has an ill-defined anterior margin; and the first joint of the middle finger is
slightly inferior to half the metacarpal bone in length. The number of lower pre-
molars is three on each side—not two, as has been stated, owing to the second having
been overlooked in consequence of its very small size.

The only species now recognized varies in colour from brown to sooty-black ; and its
forearm measures about 2°35.

1. Trachyops cirrhosus.

Vampyrus cirrhosus, Spix, Sim. et Vespert. Bras. p. 64, pl. xxxvi. fig. 3 (18238, descr. orig.)’.

Trachyops fuliginosus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1847, p. 14 (descr. orig.)*.

Tylostoma mexicana, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 484 (descr. orig.)’.

Trachyops cirrhosus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, pp. 502, 581*; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus.
p- 481, pl. xxv. fig. 2”.

Hab. Mexico (De Saussure? ; Mus. Berol.).—CotomBia®; Bermupa®; Brazin°.

By a comparison of the type specimens Professor Peters has been able to show that
Gray's and De Saussure’s species are identical with Spix’s V. cirrhosus, of which he
has given the first intelligible description*. The distribution of the species would
therefore appear to extend from Brazil to Mexico, where M. De Saussure found it in
the hot regions, and whence a specimen has been received by the Berlin Museum.

7. PHYLLOSTOMA.
Phyllostoma, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 184 (1810) *.

In this genus, the type of the family Phyllostomide, the ears are moderately large,

* Cuvier and Geoffroy used the term les phyllostomes for a “ family” of Vespertilio in the ‘ Tableau Elémen-
taire de l’Histoire Naturelle’ in 1797 (p. 105); but the above appears to be the first use of the word in
systematic form.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Nov. 1879. G

42 CHIROPTERA.

the nose-leaf is well developed, and the lower lip has a triangular naked space bounded
by two converging lines of small warts. The tail is much shorter than the largely-
developed interfemoral membrane; the first phalanx of the little finger is greatly
inferior in length to half the metacarpal; and two premolars only are present on each
side of the lower jaw. Several species are described from various parts of South
America, as Ph. discolor, Natt., Ph. elongatum, Geoffr., &c. ; but only one, Ph. hastatum,
has been recorded from our subregion. It may be distinguished by having the nose-
leaf shorter than the foot, which, again, is shorter than the calcaneum, as well as by its
large size (forearm 3'-20) and the uniform brown colour of its fur.

Closely allied to Phyllostoma is Mimon, Gray*, with only two lower incisors and
two warts on the lower lip instead of a triangular space. I notice it here because
M. De Saussure’s Vampyrus auricularis (identified by Professor Peters with Gray’s
Mimon bennetti +) is described in that author’s memoir “ Sur quelques Mammiféres du
Mexique,” although he expressly states that his type was sent from Brazil~; and
Mr. Dobson appears to have been thus misled into adding “‘ Mexico” to the recorded

habitat of I. bennetti 9.

1. Phyllostoma hastatum.

Vespertilio hastatus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. iii. p. 7 (1767, ex Buffon)’.
Phyllostoma hastatum, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 117, pl. lxxi.?; Peters, Monatsb. Ak.
Berl. 1865, p. 515°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 484, pl. xxv. fig. 3°. }

Hab. Panama, Chiriqui (Mus. Berol.).—Prru*; Guiana*; Braziu‘.

Next to Vampyrus spectrum this is the largest of the American Bats, having some-
times an expanse of wing of nearly twenty-three inches, and it has shared with that
species the accusation of being a blood-sucker. ‘This accusation in the present case
has been made by such eminent authorities as Prince Maximilian and Mr. A. R.
Wallace ; but their evidence does not appear to be satisfactory, as will be seen when

we come to treat of Desmodus rufus.
The range of this species, as at present known to us, does not seem to extend much

further north than’ Panama, from which State there is an example in the Berlin
Museum ; for Mr. Dobson has pointed out to me that the individual from Nicaragua,
recorded by Gray in the ‘ Voyage of the Sulphur,’ is really an example of Vampyrus
spectrum ||.

8. CAROLLIA.

Carolia, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 488 (1888).
Hemiderma, Gervais, Expéd. de Castelnau, Mamm. p. 48 (1855).

* P. Z.8. 1847, p. 14. t+ Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1869, p. 396.
t Rev. et Mag. de Zool. xii. p. 487. § Cat, Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 492. | Cf. supra, p. 39.

CAROLLIA.—GLOSSOPHAGA. 43

Carollia is very closely allied to the last genus, but has the under lip marked by a
large rounded protuberance enclosed between two converging rows of small warts.
The ears are moderately large ; the nose-leaf is not definitely separated in front from
the upper lip ; and the tail and the calcanea are very short. The only species recognized
by recent writers has the fur greyish-brown above, paler beneath, and a forearm of
about 1-60. |

Mr. Dobson regards Carollia as forming a connecting link between Professor
Peters’s groups of Vampyri and Glossophaqe, resembling many members of the latter
division in the narrowness of the molars and the imperfectness of the zygomatic arches.

1. Carollia brevicauda.

Phyllostoma brevicaudum, Max. zu Wied, Schinz’s Thierr. i. p. 164 (1821, descr. orig.)'; Beitr. Nat.
Bras. ii. p. 192’, Abbild. pl. xi.°

Arctibeus verrucatus, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 19 (1843, sine descr.)*.
Carollia verrucata, Gray, Zool. Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’ p. 20, pl. viii. fig. 3 (1844, deser. orig.)’.
Carollia azteca, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 480, pl. xx. fig. 1 (deser. orig.)°.
Carollia brevicauda, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 519; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1,
p. 263°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 493, pl. xxvi. fig. 5°.

Hab. Muxico (De Saussure®, Mus. Berol.), Mirador (U.S. Nat. Mus.; Sallé, Mus. Brit.°),
Oaxaca (Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.); Costa Rica (Frantzius, Mus. Berol.’); Panama,
Mus. Berol.).—West Inpies?; Guiana; Braziul.

Prince Maximilian described this Bat (though with some doubt as to its distinctness)
from specimens taken in old buildings near the Rio do Espirito Santo. It has since
been found in many other parts of the Neotropical Region, and has received other
names, as shown by the above synonymy. Its range extends from Central Brazil to the
warm and temperate provinces of Mexico, where it has been found by Sallé, Liebmann,
De Saussure, and other collectors.

9. GLOSSOPHAGA.

Glossophaga, Et. Geoffroy, Mém. du Mus. iv. p. 411 (1818).
Glossophaga et Phyllophora, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. pp. 489, 490 (1888).
Nicon, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xix. p. 507 (1847).

The next four allied genera belong to the group Glossophage of Professor Peters
and Mr. Dobson, being distinguished by their very long pointed tongues, which are
armed with long recurved bristle-like papille, and externally by their produced muzzles
and deeply cleft under lips. They feed largely on fruits, lapping up the juice and soft
pulp with their extensile tongues, but prey also on insects. The typical genus Glosso-
phaga is further characterized by the presence of two upper and three lower pre-

molars on each side, by the zygomatic arch being fully developed, and by the possession
G2

44 CHIROPTERA.

of a distinct tail, which is about half the length of the well-developed interfemoral
membrane, Thus restricted the genus contains only a single species, of a dark-brown
colour above, but paler below, and of small size, the forearm measuring 1'-39.

1. Glossophaga soricina.

Vespertilio soricinus, Pallas, Misc. Zool. p. 48, pl. v. (1766, descr. orig.)

Glossophaga amplexicaudata, Et. Geoffroy, Mém. du Mus. iv. p. 418, pl. xviii. fig. A (1818, descr.
orig.) *.

Phyllophora nigra, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 20 (1848, sine descr.)® ; Zool. Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’
p- 18, pl. v. fig. 1 (descr. orig.)*.

Monophyllus leachii, Gray, loc. cit. (descr. orig.)’; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187 "5

Glossophaga leachi, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 278".

Glossophaga soricina, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 852°; op. cit. 1868, p. 362°; Fran-
tzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 262”; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p, 499, pl. xxvii.
fig. 2.

1
°

Hab. Muxico (Sailé®), Guanjuato (Dugés®), Tehuantepec (Mus. Berol.), Tabasco, Mirador
(U.S. Nat. Mus.); Guatemaia (Mus. Berol.), Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.) ; Nica-
raaua, Realejo (Belcher, Mus. Brit.’; Girsted, Mus. Hafn.); Costa Rica, San
José (Frantzius, Mus. Berol.); Panama (U.S. Nat. Mus.).—VENEZUELA !! ; WEST
Inpies 11; Gurana!!; Braziu!!; Peru !!; Borivia ".

This Bat, originally well described and figured by Pallas’, has been made the type
of a number of nominal species, as is shown by the above synonymy ; but the confusion
has been satisfactorily cleared away by Professor Peters®. Mr. Dobson remarks that
this species is so abundant throughout the tropical parts of the Neotropical Region
that specimens are found in almost every collection!. In its habits it doubtless
resembles the nearly allied Phyllonycteris sezekornit, Gundl. and Peters, whose manner
of feeding has been well described by the late Mr. W. Osburn *. It holds pulpy fruits,
such as Cordia, in its teeth, and licks away the juice and flesh with its protrusile
tongue.

10. ISCHNOGLOSSA.
Ischnoglossa, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 491.

Like Glossophaga this genus has a complete zygomatic arch, but is at once dis-
tinguished by the greater prolongation of the muzzle, by the absence of an external
tail, and by the great reduction in extent of the interfemoral membrane, which merely
forms a broad margin from foot to foot. Only one species, of a dark-brown colour
and with a forearm of 2':20, is known; and specimens of it are still rare in collections.

* Under the name of Ph. poeyi, P. Z.8. 1865, pp. 81-85.

ISCHNOGLOSSA.—GLOSSONYCTERIS. . 45

1. Ischnoglossa nivalis. (Tab. III. fig. 5.)

Ischnoglossa nivalis, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 492, pl. xx. fig. 2 (deser. orig.)' ;
Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1868, p. 363°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 505°.

Hab. Mexico, Volcan de Orizaba (De Saussure)! ; GuaTEMALA, Duefias, Ciudad Vieja
(Salvin, Mus. Brit.’). '

Till recently the only known example of this curious Bat was M. de Saussure’s type,
which was captured on the Volcan de Orizaba close to the snow-line!. Unfortunately
the skin of this unique specimen was lost, and the skull only was available for examina-
tion by Professor Peters?. Mr. Dobson, however, has been fortunate enough to find two
perfect specimens preserved in spirits in Mr. Salvin’s Guatemalan collections in the
British Museum, and has thus been enabled to give a complete description of its
external characters; from one of these examples our illustration is taken.

11. GLOSSONYCTERIS.
Glossonycteris, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1868, p. 364.

This genus agrees with the next and with the West-Indian Phyllonycteris in the
imperfect ossification of the zygomatic arch, which is consequently wanting in the
prepared skull—a peculiarity not found in any other known Bat. In Glossonycterys
the molars present a well-marked W-pattern, the very short interfemoral membrane is
hairy both above and below, and the tail is externally absent. The only recognized
species is dark brown above, greyish-brown below; and its forearm measures about

1:65.

1. Glossonycteris lasiopyga. (Tab. III. fig. 3.)

Anoura geoffroyi, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. i. p. 490 (1888, sine descr.) *.
?Cheronycteris peruana, Tschudi, Faun. Peru. i. p. 71 (1844, descr. orig.)’*.

Anoura ecaudata, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 493 (nec Geoffroy)’.
Glossonycteris lasiopya, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1868, p. 368 (descr. orig.)*.
Glossonycteris geoffroyi, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 508°.

Hab. Mexico (De Saussure *); GuateMALa, Choctum (Salvin, Mus. Brit.>).—Prru ?? ;
BRAZIL ®.

M. De Saussure having sent the Mexican Bat which he had called Anura ecaudata?
to Professor Peters, it was determined by that zoologist to be a new species +, though
he thinks that it may possibly be identical with Tschudi’s Cheronycteris peruana?.
The type of this latter is unfortunately lost ; and as the original description and figure
are insufficient for exact determinations, Mr. Dobson, finding that the type of Gray’s
genus Anoura' belongs to this species, has adopted his trivial title of geoffroyi>. But

46 CHIROPTERA.

Gray gives no specific description, and distinctly identifies his specimen with Geoffroy’s
Glossophaga ecaudata (=Lonchoglossus caudifera, Geoffr.)1; so that it appears to me
that his name cannot be revived. I therefore retain Professor Peters’s title as the first
that can be certainly and exclusively applied to the species.

One example of this apparently rare Bat was obtained by Mr. Salvin at Choctum ;
and from it our figure has been drawn.

12. CHOARONYCTERIS.
Cheronycteris (Lichtenstein), Tschudi, Faun. Peru. i. p. 70 (1844).

In this genus, as restricted by Professor Peters, the anterior molars are very narrow,
without any distinct W-pattern, and the lower incisors and first upper premolars are
deciduous. The muzzle is much produced; and the interfemoral membrane is well
developed, the tip of the very short tail appearing on its upper surface.

The species which occurs in Central America is distinguished from the Guianan
Ch. minor, Ptrs., by its larger size, its longer and more emarginated ears, and by the
calcaneum being shorter than the foot. The fur is dark brown, and the length of the
forearm about 1":70.

1. Cheronycteris mexicana.

Cheronycteris mexicana, Tschudi, Faun. Peru. i. p. 72, pl. iii. fig. 3 (1844, descr. orig.)'; Peters,
Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 354°; op. cit. 1868, p. 366°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus.
p- 510, pl. xxvii. fig. 54.

Hab. Mexico (Brassart, Mus. Berol.*), Mirador (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Guatemata, Duenas
(Salvin, Mus. Brit.*, Mus. Berol.)

This species appears to be peculiar to our subregion, and is rare in collections.
Besides Tschudi’s type, which was obtained in Mexico by Brassart, and is still preserved
in the Berlin Museum, examples were obtained at Duefias by Mr. Salvin; and a
specimen from Mirador is included in Professor Baird’s manuscript list above (p. 18)
alluded to.

13, ARTIBEUS.
Artibeus, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soe. xiii. p. 75 (1822).

Madateus, Leach, tom. cit. p. 81.
Pteroderma, Gervais, Expéd. de Castelnau, Mamm. p. 34 (1855).

The Bats of the genus Artibeus, with which we begin Professor Peters’s group of
Stenodermata, have rather large ears, and a well-developed nose-leaf with a prominent
middle rib ; the chin is marked with a median wart placed between two smaller ones,

ARTIBEUS. | 47

and surrounded by a row of still more minute protuberances which extend along the
lips. There is no external tail; and the number of molars is singularly variable, dif-
fering, according to Mr. Dobson, even in different examples of the same species.
Several species of the genus have been described, of which the two known to occur in
Central America may be thus characterized :—

1. A. perspicillatus. Molars =. Front edge of nose-leaf continuous with upper
lip. Forearm 2"70. Fur brown; the head marked with more or less
distinct white facial stripes.

2. A. cinereus. Molars =*. Front edge of nose-leaf free. Forearm 1-60. Fur
grey-brown; head without white stripes.

1. Artibeus perspicillatus.

Vespertilio perspicillatus, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 47 (1766, descr. orig.)’.

Artibeus perspicillatus, Gray, Mag. Zool. & Bot. ii. p. 487°; Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 356°;
Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 519%.

Artibeus jamaicensis, Leach, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. p. 75 (1822, descr. orig.) *°; De Saussure, Rev. et
Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 488°.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé, Mus. Brit.4 ; De Saussure®; Berkenbusch, Mus. Berol.) ; Honpuras,
Half-Moon Key (Mus. Brit.*); Guatemaa, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.*); Costa
Rica (Salvin, Rogers, Mus. Brit.*), San José (Hoffinann ; Carmiol, Mus. Berol.).—
CoLtomBIA*; VENEZUELA*; West Inpigs*; Bourvia‘; Braziu‘.

This large Bat is generally distributed throughout Tropical South America and the
West Indies ; and its habits were carefully observed in the latter country by Osburn *,
According to his account it spends the day in caves or under the fronds of cocoanut-
palms, but does not avoid the light so much as do many other Bats. Its voice is a
“loud harsh screech ;” and its food appears to consist almost exclusively of fruit. It
is accused of gnawing its way into the young cocoanuts to feed on their jelly-like
contents ; but Mr. Osburn believed that in this case Rats were the real delinquents.

2. Artibeus cinereus.

Stenoderma cinereum, De Blainville, MS.*

Dermanura cinereum, Gervais, Expéd. de Castelnau, Mamm. p. 36, pl. xi. fig. 3 (1855, deser. orig.)*,
Stenoderma tolteca, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 427, pl. xv. fig. 4 (descr. orig.)’.
Stenoderma toltecum, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 356°.

Artibeus cinereus, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 520°.

Hab. Mexico (De Saussure? ; Leadbeater, Mus. Brit’); GuateMata, San Ger6énimo
(Salvin, Mus. Brit.’) ; Costa Rica (Mus. Brit.?).—Braziv?.

* P. Z. 8. 1865, pp. 64-67.

48 CHIROPTERA.

The Stenoderma cinereum of De Blainville’s ‘Catalogue Anatomique du Muséum *
was first described and figured by Gervais?. Subsequently it was independently de-
scribed by M. de Saussure?; but his S. tolteca has been identified with Gervais’s
species by Mr. Dobson after a comparison of Mexican examples with the type in the
Paris Museum?.

14. VAMPYROPS.
Vampyrops, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 356.

This genus is very closely allied to the last, but differs in its comparatively longer
muzzle and in its dentition. There are two premolars and three molars on each side
above and below; and these are divided into two longitudinal portions somewhat as
in the genus Sturnira (p. 50). The two known species agree in coloration, being
marked with white stripes on the head, and having a median white line down the back,
but may be easily recognized by the following characters :—

1. V. lineatus. Forearm 1-65. Fur extending on the membrane at least as far
as a line drawn from the elbow to the knee; dark brown above, ashy-brown
beneath, four broad white streaks on head, and one down back.

2. V. vittatus. Forearm 2'-35. Fur not extending on the membrane beyond a
line drawn from the elbow to the middle of the femur; dark brown, white
stripes narrow.

1. Vampyrops lineatus.

Phyllostoma lineatum, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 180 (1810, descr. orig.').

Vampyrops lineatus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 356°; op. cit. 1866, p. 430, pl. i. figs. 8-14? ;
Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 522*.

Vampyrops helleri, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1866, p.392 (descr. orig.)’; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit.
Mus. p. 524°.

Hab. Mexico (Heller, Mus. Vindob.® ; De Saussure, Mus. Berol.) —Cotombia®; Braziué ;
Paracuay®.

The smaller, and apparently the most widely distributed, of the two species of
Vampyrops has a range extending from Paraguay to Mexico. Two specimens collected
in the latter country by Dr. Heller, and preserved in the Vienna Museum, were
described as a distinct species, V. hellert, by Professor Peters, who considered that they
differed from V. lineatus in their smaller size and in the greater extension of the fur on
the flying-membrane. He has lately informed me, however, that he now only regards
them as representing a smaller variety of the present species.

VAMPYROPS.—CHIRODERMA. — Ad

2. Vampyrops vittatus. (Tab. IIL. fig. 7.)

Artibeus vittatus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1859, p. 225 (descr. orig.)'. .
Vampyrops vittatus, Peters, op. cit. 1865, p. 3362; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 324,
po xxix. fig. 14, |

Hab. Costa Rica (Mus. Brit.?)—VENEZUELA),

The type of this species, which was sent by Appun to the Berlin Museum from Puerto
Cabello in Venezuela, is described by Professor Peters as having the front edge of the
nose-leaf continuous with the upper lip; but Mr. Dobson observes that this is not the
case in a better-preserved Costa Rican specimen in the British Museum (the head
of which is represented in our figure), and he believes that the character depends on
the dried state of the type specimen.

This is the largest species of the genus Vampyrops ; and its range, as at present known,
does not extend beyond Central America and Venezuela.

15. CHIRODERMA.
Chiroderma, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 837.

Several Bats, differing from the last genus in dentition, have been separated by Pro-
fessor Peters and Mr. Dobson under the above title. The most striking character is the
very different structure of the upper and lower premolars, the first upper tooth of this
series, in particular, presenting a peculiar oblique anterior cusp. Of the four described
species, one only has been recorded from Central America; it may be at once recognized
by the breadth of the four white facial stripes and by the form of the first lower pre-
molar, which is flat-crowned without any distinct cusp. Its forearm measures
about 2”.

1. Chiroderma salvini. (Tab. IV.)
Chiroderma salvini, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 5382, pl. xxix. fig. 3 (skull) (1878, deser.
orig.)}.

Hab. Costa Rica (Salvin, Mus. Brit.’).

This handsome Bat has only recently been described by Mr. Dobson, who, in naming
it after its discoverer, has paid a well-deserved tribute to that gentleman’s investiga-
tions into the fauna of Central America. ‘The white streaks on the head,” says Mr.
Dobson, “ appear to be, in this species, wider and more distinct than in any other of
this group. The form of the first lower premolar, the large size of the interfemoral
membrane, and the smallness of the feet at once distinguish this species ”’.

Our plate is drawn from the type specimen in the British Museum.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Nov. 1879. H

50 CHIROPTERA.

16. STURNIRA.
Sturnira, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 257 (1842).

Sturnira differs conspicuously from the preceding genera in the rudimentary state of
the interfemoral membrane—which is reduced to a narrow fringe along the hind legs,
hidden by the fur. The chin is marked with a flat median protuberance, surrounded.
by smaller warts; the molars are longitudinally grooved ; and, as in the next genus, the
males are decorated with an epaulet-like tuft of light-coloured hair on each shoulder.
Two species have been generally recognized, but only one is accepted by Mr. Dobson.
Its colour is variable, usually brown, more or less washed with red ; and the forearm
measures about 1""70.

1. Sturnira lilium.

Phyllostoma lilium, Et. Geoffroy, Ann. du Mus. xv. p. 186 (1810, descr. orig.)’.

Sturnira spectrum, Gray, Ann. & Nat. Hist. x. p. 257 (1842, deser. orig.)*; Zool. Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’
p- 22, pl. vi. fig. 1°.

Stenoderma chilense (Gervais), Gay, Hist. de Chile, Mamm. p. 30, pl. i. fig. 1 (1847, descr. orig.)*.

Sturnira chiloensis, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 262 (nec Vespertilio chiloensis, Waterh.)’.

Sturnira lilium, Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 538, pl. xxx. fig. 4°.

Hab. Guatemaa (Mus. Berol.); Honpuras (Dyson, Mus. Brit.®) ; Costa Rica (Frantzius’,
& Hoffmann, Mus. Berol.).—Wust Inpies®; PErv®; Brazit’ ;x Paraguay’; Cait".

This Bat has a wider southern range than most of the species on our list, going as far
south as Paraguay’ and Chili*. It appears to be not uncommon in most of the Central-
American States, but has not yet been recorded from Mexico.

17, CENTURIO.
Centurio, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 259 (1842).

Excepting perhaps Mormops, the Bats of the present genus are the most grotesquely
hideous of the whole order. Resembling the genera last described in general structure,
Centurio differs in having only one lower premolar on each side; in the peculiar trans-
parent patches on the wing-membranes, puckered into transverse folds by parallel mus-
cular bands ; in the large lobate ears; and, above all, in the appearance of the naked
face, which is covered all round the greatly shortened muzzle with deep wrinkles and
raised ridges, symmetrically disposed and forming a most strange pantomimic mask in
which the nose-leaf may be said to be lost. Under the chin pass several transverse
ridges, which vary in number and development in the two described species, both of
which are natives of our subregion, and which may be thus diagnosed :—

CENTURIO. 51

1. C. senex. Three ridges on throat, the lowest moderately developed, covered
with hair. Forearm 2"01. Fur brown; shoulder-tuft white, wing-membranes
partially transparent and colourless. |

2. C. macmurtrii. Five ridges on throat, the uppermost small, the lowest greatly
developed, hairy without, naked within. Fur and membranes as in the last.

1. Centurio senex.

Centurio senex, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 259 (1842, deser. orig.)'; Zool. Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’
p- 27, pl. vii.*; Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1865, p. 524°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus.
p. 543, pl. xxx. fig. 6%.

Centurio flavogularis, Lichtenstein & Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1854, p. 335 (descr. orig.)° ; Abh.
Ak. Berl. 1854, p. 87, pl. i.°
Centurio mexicanus, De Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 381 (descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Mexico (De Saussure’; Hille, Mus. Berol.’), Mirador (Sartorius, U.S. Nat. Mus.) ;
Central America (Belcher, Mus. Brit.4).

The late Dr. Gray described the “ Wrinkled-faced Epaulet-Bat” from a specimen
obtained during the voyage of H.M.S. ‘Sulphur,’ and supposed to be from Amboyna!;
but subsequently he was led to believe that there was some mistake as to the locality?.
There is now no doubt that the specimen must have been obtained in Central America ;
and Professor Peters? has identified it with the species formerly separated by Lichten-
stein and himself as C. flavogularis® and with the C. mexicanus of M. De Saussure’.

The type of C. flavogularis was originally stated to be from Cuba; but Dr. Peters
informs me that this proves to be an error.

2. Centurio macmurtrii. (Tab. III. fig. 8.)
Centurio (Trichocoryes) m‘murtrii, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, p. 360 (descr. orig.)}.

Hab. Muxtco, Mirador (Sartorius, U.S. Nat. Mus.1); Guatemara (Mus. Beroi.).

The type of this species was sent to the Smithsonian Institution along with an
example of C. senex. According to Dr. Allen’s description, C. macmurtrii is even a
more remarkable animal than that species, from which it differs principally in the
development of the lowermost of the throat-ridges. “Instead of being but a slight
elevation of furred skin, it forms a large hairy mask, which, when elevated, hides the
face. It is naked within, furred without. The lower and middle parts are sparsely
covered with soft hair, while the upper portion possesses two thick clumps of fine fur,
one on each side of the central line. This development of the skin gives the animal a
very grotesque appearance. The entire arrangement might with propriety be compared
to an ancient vizor surmounted with rosettes.”

Mr. Dobson has included the name of C. macmurtrii with a mark of interrogation in
his synonymy of C. senex, and has suggested that it is probably the adult male of that

H 2

52 CHIROPTERA.

species, “ of which females alone appear to have been hitherto obtained”*. But Professor
Peters has pointed out to me that this is a mistake, the type of C. flavogularis (= C.
senex) being an adult male, as is another specimen of C. senex in the Berlin Museum.
It is possible, however, that Mr. Dobson is right, and that the peculiarities of C. mac-
murtrii are male characters which are only developed at particular seasons. But till
this is shown to be the case it will be best to treat the species as distinct.

The type specimen is the only one hitherto recorded ; but Dr. Peters informs me that
the Berlin Museum has recently obtained a second, also a male, from Guatemala ; and
he has kindly sent me a beautifully finished drawing of its very remarkable physio-
enomy, from which our figure has been carefully copied.

. 18. DESMODUS.
Desmodus, Max. zu Wied, Beitr. Nat. Brasil. ii. p. 231 (1826).

This genus, with its close ally Diphylla, forms the group or subfamily Desmodontes
of Peters and Dobson. So greatly do these genera differ from all other Bats in the
structure of their alimentary system that they have been held by Professor Huxley and
others to form a third primary division of the Order{, equivalent to the fruit-eating
and insectivorous sections. On the other hand, they agree closely with other Phyllo-
stomide in the rest of their structure ; and Professor Peters has pointed that the Steno-
dermine genera, as here arranged, show a gradual approach to their peculiar dentition.

In external appearance Desmodus is not strikingly different from the tailless Steno-
dermes, the nose-leaf being small but distinct, and the interfemoral membrane reduced
toa mere margin. The single pair of upper incisors are enormously large, and are
shaped like canines; the four lower cutting-teeth are small; and the grinders, two
above and three below, are narrow single-rooted premolars, true molars being absent.
The cesophagus is much constricted ; and the cardiac portion of the stomach is very
strangely developed, being produced into a long tubular cecum. All these pecu-
liarities have evident connexion with the food of the animal, which, as will be seen
below, appears to consist entirely of the blood of other vertebrates.

The only species now recognized is a large Bat, with a wing-expanse of about
15 inches and a forearm of about 2’°50; the fur is reddish-brown and the membranes
dusky.

1. Desmodus rufus.

Vespertilio spectrum, Azara, Hist. Nat. Quad. Paraguay, 11. p. 273 (nec Linn.)’.

Desmodus rufus, Max. 2u Wied, Beitr. Nat. Brasil. 11. p. 282 (1826, descr. orig.), Abbild. pl. xvii.’;
Tomes, P. Z.8. 1861, p. 278°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 547, pl. xxx. fig. 7*.

Desmodus d’orbignyi, Waterhouse, Zool. Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ Mamm. p. 1, pl. i. (1839, descr. orig.)’.

* Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 543. t Cf Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1854, p. 885; Abh. 1854, p. 88.
{ Hematophilina (Waterhouse), Huxley, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 388.

DESMODUS.—DIPHYLLA. 53

Hab. Mexico (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Oaxaca (Mus. Brit.4); Guatemata (Mus. Berol.),
Dueitias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.4).—Ecuapor*; Peru+; Braziu?; Paracuay!; CHILi>.

It has already been observed that the accusation of blood-sucking has been brought
against many of the so-called ‘“ Vampires;” but trustworthy observers have now
clearly proved that the present species and the allied Diphylla ecaudata are the true
culprits. The first positive scientific testimony against Desmodus was that of Mr. Darwin,
who brought home a specimen which was caught red-handed on the withers of a horse
in his own presence®. Since then the negative evidence of Mr. Bates * and Professor
Reinhardt +, and the anatomical investigations of the latter and of Professors Huxley ¢
and Peters), have been confirmed and completed by the conclusive testimony of Dr.
Hensel ||, who clearly showed that the wounds of Bat-sucked beasts could only be
inflicted by the peculiar teeth of the Desmodontes, and were identical with those which
he himself received in the capture of D. rufus. He believes that, in the absence of
Horses or Mules, these Bats prey on small Rodents and on-Birds.

The range of Desmodus rufus extends from Chili in the south to Guatemala and
Southern Mexico, from both of which countries there are specimens in the British and
Berlin Museums.

19. DIPHYLLA.
Diphylla, Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Bras. p. 68 (1828).

This, the last of our numerous genera of Central-American Bats, is closely allied to
Desmodus; but it is distinguished by the non-development of the interfemoral mem-
brane in the middle portion, by the presence of a short calcaneum, by the breadth of
the lower incisors, and by the possession of a single true molar on each side, above and
below, though the last are merely rudimentary. ‘The only known species is reddish-
brown above and yellowish-white beneath ; its forearm measures about 2 inches.

1. Diphylla ecaudata. (Tab. III. fig. 6.)

Diphylla ecaudata, Spix, Sim. et Vesp. Bras. p. 68, pl. xxxvi. fig. 7 (1823, descr. orig.)'; Dobson,
Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 5507.

Hab. Guatemata (Salvin, Mus. Berol.).—Ecvapor ; Braz}.

Little has been heard of this Bat since its discovery in Brazil by Spix; and the most
northern locality hitherto recorded has been Ecuador, whence Mr. Fraser sent a speci-
men which had been taken, in the act of sucking a man’s blood, on the Rio Napo4,
Professor Peters, however, informs me that there is a specimen in the Berlin Museum,

* Nat. on R. Amazons, ii. pp. 332, 333. + Vidensk. Meddel. 1865, pp. 241-244,
+ P.Z.8. 1865, pp. 386-390. § Tom. cit. p. 389.
|| Zool. Garten, 1869, pp. 135-140. @ Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1860, p. 212.

54 | INSECTIVORA.

which was captured by Mr. Salvin in Guatemala, and obtained from that gentleman in
1864; and, through Dr. Peters’s courtesy, I am enabled to copy the figure prepared to
illustrate the work on the Chiroptera on which he has been so long engaged.

Order III. INSECTIVORA.

This order is but scantily represented in the New World, two families only (Talpide
and Soricide) being found there. Both are confined entirely to the Nearctic Region,
with the exception of two genera of Soricide, which have extended their range as far
as Guatemala and Costa Rica respectively. The total absence of Insectivores from
the fauna of the Neotropic Region in general is a striking fact, but may reasonably
be attributed to the competition of the numerous small insect-eating Hdentates and
Marsupials, whose range they thus overlap in Central America.

Fam, I, SORICIDZ.

1. SOREX.
Sorex, Linneus, Syst. Nat. p. 73 (1766).

The American species of this very widely distributed genus have lately been divided
by Dr. Elliott Coues * into three sections, founded in part on the number of “ unicus-
pids” in the upper jaw, between the large median incisors and the molars. In regard
to the homologies of these teeth I have here adopted the views of Dr. E. Brandt f,
which seem to me to be more satisfactory than any other that have hitherto been
propounded. Dr. Coues’s three subgenera are Sorex as restricted, Microsorex, and
Notiosorex, the two last having been thus named in manuscript by Professor Baird as far
back as 1861. Only the first and last demand our attention as occurring in Central
America. In Sorex there are five “upper unicuspids” (four incisors and a premolar
being present), making the whole number of teeth [=32; the ears are moderate, and
the tail more than half the length of the head and body. In Notiosorex only three
upper unicuspids are present, so that the teeth are $=28; the ears are thinly haired,
large, and conspicuous, and the tail less than half the length of the head and body.

* Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. iii. pp. 6438-647 (1877).

+ ‘Izslyedovaniya o zubnoi sistemye kutor i zemleroek,’ St. Petersburg, 1865 (cf. Zool. Rec. 1866, pp. 24-27);
“Untersuchungen iiber das Gebiss der Spitzmause,” Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, xli. (2% pt.) pp. 76-95,
pls. i-vi.; xlvi. (2% pt.) pp. 1-79. . ;

SOREX. 55

Dr. Coues remarks that this subgenus is related to the European Crocidura ; and, from
his descriptions, I should hardly suppose it to be separable. In any case the absent
unicuspids are probably the fourth incisor and the premolar, as Dr. Brandt has shown
to be the case in Crocidura. |

As far as we yet know, each of these subgenera is represented within our limits by
a single species. These may be easily distinguished by the following characters :—

1. S. vere-pacis. Teeth 32. Uniform dark dusky brown, hardly lighter beneath.
Length about 3!-40, of tail 2-00.

2. 8. evotis. Teeth 28. ‘Hoary brownish cinereous above, ashy-grey beneath.”
Length 2”-90, of tail 0-90.

1. Sorex versx-pacis. (Tab. V. fig. 1.)

Corsira temlyas, Gray, P. Z.S. 1848, p. 79 (sine descr.)".
Corsira teculyas, Gray, MS. (in Mus. Brit.)’.
Sorex vere-pacis, Alston, P. Z.S. 1877, p. 445 (descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Guatemata, Coban (Mus. Brit.).

In 1843 the late Dr. Gray named, without any description, a number of Mammals
obtained by the British Museum from Vera Paz, Guatemala, and purchased, I believe,
from Mr. Leadbeater. Among these were two large dark long-tailed Shrews, on which
Gray bestowed the barbarous title temlyas 1, afterwards altered on the Museum labels
to teculyas. By the kindness of Dr. Gimther I was enabled to have the skull of
one of these specimens extracted, and was thus able to show that it belonged to
restricted Sorex with thirty-two teeth, the form and proportions of which bear a con-
siderable resemblance to those of the European S. minutus. I have hitherto met with
no other examples of this Shrew than Gray’s types; and it therefore appears probable
that the species is not common in Guatemala.

92. Sorex evotis.
Sorex (Notiosorex) evotis, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. il. p. 652 (1877, descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Mexico, Mazatlan (Bischoff, U.S. Nat. Mus.").

According to Dr. Coues this species is nearly allied to S. crawfordi, Baird (which
inhabits New Mexico), but differs not only in colour but in its much larger size and
proportionally shorter tail. ‘The coloration is very nearly that of some specimens of
Crocidura leucodon, but rather more cinereous above and less distinctly bicolor” 1,
The still unique types of both 8S. crawfordi and S. evotis are in the National Museum

at Washington.

56 INSECTIVORA.

2. BLARINA.

Blarina, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1837, p. 124.
Brachysorex, Duvernoy, Mag. de Zool. 1842, p. 37.

This curious New-World form seems worthy of full generic distinction, being
specially characterized by the minute size and peculiar structure of the external ear-
conch, which is folded forwards so as to cover and completely conceal the auditory
meatus. The genus has been divided by Dr. Elliott Coues into restricted Blarina and
Soriciscus—the former with five “upper unicuspids,” making the whole number of
teeth %—32, the latter with only four, so that the teeth number %=30 in all*.
From Dr. E. Brandt’s observations it appears that the tooth which is wanting in the
latter section is the last lateral incisor t.

The only two species of Blarina which have yet been recorded from our sub-
region belong to Soriciscus, and may be diagnosed as follows :—

1. B. micrura. Dark greyish-brown above, shading to dull grey beneath, washed
with fulvous on the breast and belly. Length 2°30, of tail 0-80.

2. B. mexicana. “ Unicolor, entirely sooty blackish-brown, merely a little paler
below.” Length 2'-50, of tail 1-00.

1. Blarina micrura. (Tab. V. fig. 2.)

Corsira tropicalis, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1848, p. 79 (sine descr.)’.

Sorex micrurus, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 279 (descr. orig.)*.

? Sorex, sp., Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 323°.

Blarina micrura, Alston, P. Z. 8. 1877, p. 446°.

Blarina (Soriciscus) micrura, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. iti. p. 638 (footnote) °.

Hab. Guaremata, Coban (Mus. Brit.14, Salvin”); Costa Rica (Frantzius? ; Carmiol,
UWS. Nat. Mus.°).

This is another of the Guatemalan animals which Gray named in 1843 without
giving any characters 1; and it was not till eighteen years later that the species was
described by Mr. Tomes from specimens collected by Mr. Salvin near Coban (not Duefias
as stated by Mr. Tomes), one of which was picked up dead in a forest path?. Further
south of Guatemala a small species of Shrew was observed in Costa Rica by Dr. v.
Frantzius; but he was unable to obtain specimens. Examples from that country, how-
ever, have lately been sent to the Washington Museum by the well-known collector
Carmiol, one of which was kindly intrusted to me by Dr. Elliott Coues; and I was
unable to find that it differed in any respect from the Corsira tropicalis of Gray and
the Sorex micrurus of Tomes.

Dr. Coues remarks that the Costa-Rica Shrew is “very closely related to United-

* Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. iii. pp. 647-649 (1877). t Zool. Rec. 1866, p. 27.

BLARINA. 57

States species like B. cinereus, B. exilipes, and B. berlandiert, if really distinct ;” and
in a subsequent letter to me he says that he suspects that intermediate links between
. it and the more northern forms may yet be discovered. None such, however, are yet
known, and in the meantime the validity of the species must be recognized.

2. Blarina mexicana.
Blarina mexicana, Baird, MS.
Blarina (Soriciscus) mexicana, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. & Geogr. Surv. iii. p. 652 (1877, descr.
orig.)*.

Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (de Oca, U.S. Nat. Mus.*).

Nothing is known of this Shrew beyond Dr. Coues’s description of his type. He
remarks that the “species combines the dental characters of his subgenus Soriciscus
with the external appearance of Blarina proper, “resembling B. talpoides in its
uniform blackish colour, though it is still darker as well as much smaller”.

Order IV. CARNIVORA.

All the five New-World families of land Carnivora, Felide, Canidee, Procyonide, Mus-
telide, and Urside, are found in Central America, although the latter only just crosses
the northern boundary. The great majority of the genera are common to both the Neo-
tropical and Nearctic Regions; but three (Nasua, Cercoleptes, and Galictis) belong
essentially to the former, two (Mephitis and Taaidea) to the latter, while two others
(Bassaris and Bassaricyon) are peculiar to the subregion. The species also are nearly
evenly balanced between the two faunas ; so that in this order we have no such marked

preponderance of Neotropical affinities as we have found in those hitherto under con-
sideration.

Fam. I. FELIDZ.

1. FELIS.
Felis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 60 (1766).

In the New World the almost cosmopolitan genus Felis is widely distributed
throughout both the Neotropical and Nearctic Regions; but, with the exception of the
Lynxes, the Cats are rather characteristic of the former than the latter, several of the
species being peculiar to the southern fauna, while others only advance a short way
beyond its northern boundary. The seven species which have been found in the
Central-American subregion may be thus characterized :—

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. I

58 | CARNIVORA.

1. F. onca. Bright tawny; spots along spine black; middle of rosettes on sides
paler than the ground-colour, with central black spots. Length of head and
body about 50", tail 24".

2. F. pardalis. Greyish tawny ; rosettes on sides elongated, with rufous centres,
often confluent; tail with complete rings. Head and body about 36",
tail 24". :

8. F. tigrina. Bright tawny; rosettes on sides irregular, with fulvous centres;
tail with incomplete rings or separate spots. Head and body about 24",
tail 12”.

. F. concolor. Uniform greyish or reddish fawn; ears and upper lip black,
a patch on each side of muzzle white. Head and body about 40",
tail 24”.

. F. yaguarundi. Uniform dark fulvous or grey; the fur black, minutely ringed

with fulvous or white. Head and body about 30", tail 20”.
F. eyra. Form elongate; legs short; uniform pale rufous. Head and body
about 20”, tail 12”.

7. F. rufa. Greyish red-brown, more or less spotted above; inside of legs

with transverse bars. Head and body about 30", tail 5”.

pos

Ort

=

1. Felis onca.
Felis onca, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 61 (1766, descr. orig.)*; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1,
p- 279°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187°; Elliot, Mon. Felidee, pt. i.*
Felis onza, Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 6°.
Leopardus hernandesii, Gray, P. Z.S. 1857, p. 278, Mamm. pl. lviii. (descr. orig.)°.
Leopardus onca, Moore, P. Z.S8. 1859, p. 51”.
Tlatlauhqui Ocelotl seu Tigris Mexicana, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 498.
Tigre of Spanish Americans.

Hab. Norta America, from the Red River of Louisiana southwards °.—Mexico (Gray §,
Dugés*, Baird®); GuateMata, Quirigua, forests north of Coban, and whole Costa
Grande (Godman & Salvin); British Honpuras, Belize (Leyland”) ; Honpuras,
Omoa (Leyland *), Nicaragua, Chontales (Belt); Costa Rica (frantzius ?)—Souru
America to the Rio Negro of Patagonia‘.

The range of the Jaguar is a wide one, extending from the Red River of Louisiana
in the north to the Rio Negro of Patagonia in the south. No well-marked geographical
races appear to have become established; but there is a considerable amount of indi-
vidual variation in the depth of the ground-colour, and in the size and arrangement
of the black markings. A Mexican Jaguar, formerly living in the Zoological Society’s
Gardens, in which the black edges of the rosettes were much broken up into small spots,
was provisionally separated by Dr. Gray as Leopardus hernandesii ® ; but he subsequently

FELIS. 59

became convinced that it was only a variety *: this specimen is now in the British
Museum, and has heen well figured by Mr. Wolf in the first part of Mr. D. G. Elliot’s
magnificent ‘Monograph of the Felide.’ The black variety, also figured in the same
plate, is well known though rare; and according to Dr. v. Frantzius it has occurred
within our limits near the Rio San Juan, in the north of Costa Rica 2.

The same writer informs us that in Costa Rica the Jaguar inhabits the depths of the
forests, especially those of the mountains, as on the Dota and Candelaria ranges, and
even ascends, as on the Volcano of Irazu, to an altitude of 8000 feet. Occasionally it
approaches the settled districts, when hunting parties are at once organized ; for it is
very destructive to the cattle. ‘El Tigre” is pursued and brought to bay by trained
hounds, when the hunters attack it with lances in preference to firearms, which they
distrust from their liability to miss fire in the moist atmosphere of the virgin
forests 2.

In Nicaragua the late Mr. Belt met with Jaguars; and he was assured by the natives
that an active warfare was carried on between them and the Wari or Peccaries.
From what he learned he did not believe that in Central America the J aguar ever
made unprovoked attacks on mankind, but that when wounded it became very savage
and dangerous f.

In Guatemala Messrs. Godman and Salvin tell me that Jaguars are very generally
distributed over the country wherever large tracts of primeval forest are to be found.
Throughout their travels, however, they never actually met with one, though not
unfrequently tracks were seen in the mud at the side of a pool or stream where
an animal had gone to drink. When passing the village of Quirigua, in the lower
portion of the Motagua valley, they purchased a fine fresh skin that had been taken
from a “Tigre” killed a few days previously ; and in a similar manner the presence of
Jaguars was traced in many parts of the country, the practice of the natives being to
stretch the skin of a freshly killed animal on the ground before their ranchos until dry,
or to hang it before their doors to tempt a passing traveller to purchase it. Once, in the
Costa Grande of the Pacific coast, Mr. Salvin counted in an Indian’s rancho nine Jaguars’
skulls, which had been taken from animals killed during the previous year or two.
Throughout this district, where vast tracts of forest spread over the whole country,
Jaguars are doubtless very numerous and do a considerable amount of injury to the
cattle which are reared in many haciendas. In Vera Paz, especially in the forests
which lie between Coban and the confines of Peten, and also eastwards to the Gulf of
Honduras, Jaguars would seem to be equally abundant, as several skins were obtained
at Choctum and other places situated in the forest north of Coban; and “Tigre” skins
are not unfrequently brought for sale to the Indian market of the latter town, where a
native woman may be seen sitting with a small basket of beans of the wild cacao, some

* Cat. Carn. &c. Mamm, Brit. Mus. p. 12. tT ‘ Naturalist m Nicaragua,’ pp. 30, 144.
I 2

60 CARNIVORA.

pods of vanilla, and a Jaguar’s skin before her for sale—the choicest products of the
forest surrounding her husband’s rancho. Stories are told of Jaguars attacking natives,
which may in some cases be true; but truth and fiction are so hopelessly mingled that
it were best to withhold credence in most cases. The height to which the Jaguar
ascends in the mountains of Guatemala is not easy to decide; but where the mountain
forests are continuous with the low-lying woods of the hotter parts it is probable
that this animal ascends to a considerable height, say to 6000 to 8000 feet. This
would depend upon local circumstances, such as the existence of a cattle-farm or
other similar attraction. Still Tapirs are found at this elevation, and Jaguars may
follow them. .

2. Felis pardalis.

Felis pardalis, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 62 (1766, descr. orig.)'; Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 8°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 280°; Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol.
Surv. ii. p. 322; Elliot, Mon. Felide, pt. iu.’ .

Leopardus pardalis, Moore, P. Z. S. 1859, p. 51°. ,

Leopardus pictus et L. griseus, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. x. p. 260 (1842, descr. orig.)”.

Tlacoozelotl, Tlalocelotl, Catus Pardus, Mexicanus, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 512%.

Manigordo of Costa-Ricans ’.

Hab. Norv America, from Arkansas southwards ®.—Mexico (Baird *), Matamoras,
Mirador, Tehuantepec (U.S. Nat. Mus.4); Guaremana, Vera Paz (Godman &
Salvin, Mus. Brit.); Honpuras (Leyland®); Nicaragua (Belt); Costa Rica
(Frantzius?; U.S. Nat. Mus.4); Panama.—SovtH AMERICA to Patagonia’.

The Ocelot, perhaps the most beautiful of the Cat tribe, is also one of the most
variable in its markings, hardly any two specimens being exactly alike. It has conse-
quently been broken up into several species ; but the variations appear to be really only
individual peculiarities, and to be quite unconnected with geographical distribution.
F. picta of Gray’, beautifully figured by Mr. Wolf in the first series of the ‘ Zoological
Sketches,’ is a large dark variety with the rosettes of the flanks well separated and
defined, while F. grisea™ is very pale and grey in eround-colour. Of the latter there
are several Guatemalan skins in the British Museum, which show much variety in
their markings. These variations are well shown in Mr. Wolf’s fine plate in Mr.
Elliot’s Monograph ®, Mr. Allen has shown that, as in many other southern types of
North-American Mammals, the Ocelot diminishes considerably in size towards the
northern limits of its range.

The range of the Ocelot is not less extensive than that of the Jaguar, finding its
northern limit in Arkansas, and extending southwards to Paraguay, and, according
to Mr. Elliot, to Patagonia®. It occurs throughout Central America, and, though not
included in Dr. Dugés’s list, extends throughout Mexico to the South-western United

FELIS. 61

States, where it is known as the “Leopard-Cat” by the Texan trappers”. In Costa
Rica, where it is called Manigordo (literally, fat paws), Dr. v. Frantzius says that, in
spite of its smaller size, it is as much dreaded as the Jaguar *. Captain Dampier seems
‘to have had an equal respect for the “Tigre-Cat,” which he thus describes in his
“Voyages to Campeachy’ :—

“The Tigre-Cat is about the Bigness of aBull-Dog, with short Legs, and a truss Body
shaped much like a Mastiff, but in all things else, (vzz.) its Head, the colour of its
Hair, and the manner of its Preying, much resembling the Tigre, only somewhat less.
Here are great numbers of them. They prey on young Calves or other Game; whereof
there is plenty. And because they do not want Food, they are the less to be feared.
But I have wisht them farther off, when I have met them in the Woods; because their
Aspect appears so very stately and fierce ”.*

Though skins of both the Ocelot and: the Margay may often be purchased in the
villages of Guatemala, little is seen or heard of them by travellers passing through
the country. Messrs. Godman and Salvin remark that the distribution of the two
species would seem confined to the heavily-timbered districts, especially those of the
low-lying and hotter parts of the country.

3. Felis tigrina.

Felis tigrina, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. An. p. 517 (1777, descr. orig.)'; Frantzius, Arch. f. Nat. xxxv.
1, p. 2807; Elliot, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 704°.

Felis mitis, F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. Mamm. (livr. 18), 1. pl. 137 (1820, descr. orig.)*; Tomes, P.Z.S.
1861, p. 280°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 281°.

Felis macrura, Max. zu Wied, Beitr. Nat. Bras. ‘. p. 371 (1826, descr. orig.) ”.

Felis mexicana, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 1 (descr. orig., nec Desmarest) *.

Cauzel of Costa-Ricans *. ‘

Hab. Muxico, Alvarado (de Saussure’); GuateMaLa, La Grande, Duefas (Salvin, Mus.
Brit.) ; British Honpuras, Belize (Mus. Brit.); Costa Rica (frantzius?°); Panama,
Calovevora (Arcé, Mus. Brit.).—Sourn America to Paraguay.

Three species of Margays or American Tiger-Cats have been usually recognized by
zoologists, and have been characterized by differences in coloration and in relative
length of tail. Mr. D. G. Elliot, however, has expressed his conviction that these
differences are quite inconstant ; and, after carefully examining the fine series of speci-
mens in the British and Paris Museums in his company, I fully agree in his conclu-
sions. Details of comparison are given at length in Mr. Elliot’s paper? ; and it will be
enough here to say that we were quite unable to find any definite character by which
Felis tigrina, F. mitis, and F. macrura could be separated. There seems to me to be

* Dampier’s Voyages, ii. p. 62.

62 CARNIVORA.

no doubt that M. de Saussure’s F. mexicana * is also identical, and that only one
species of Tiger-Cat, very variable in colour and proportions, ranges from Paraguay
to Mexico.

In Central America the Margay, like the Ocelot, is generally distributed in the warm
lowlands. Specimens have been sent by Arcé to the British Museum from Panama ;
and Dr. v. Frantzius tells us that in Costa Rica, where it is called Cauzel, its tracks
are very commonly found on the banks of streams which run in narrow gorges tangled
with underwood. In Guatemala Mr. Salvin once obtained a maimed specimen which
had just been caught by hunters at La Grande, in the Pacific coast-region; but all
the other skins he collected were purchased from natives. The type of M. de Saus-
sure’s F. mexicana was procured near Alvarado, in the State of Vera Cruz®; and this
appears to be the most northern locality which has yet been recorded.

4. Felis concolor.

Felis concolor, Linnzus, Mantissa, p. 522, pl. ii. (1771, descr. orig.)*; Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex.
Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 5’; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 288°; Dugés, La
Nat. i. p. 187%.

Leopardus concolor, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 51°.

Mitzli, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 4, cap. x1.

Leon of Spanish Americans.

Hab. Norra America, from Canada southwards. — Mexico (Hernandez, Dugés*) ;
GuatemaLa, Volcan de Agua, Volcan de Fuego, Duefias (Godman & Salvin, Mus.
Brit.); Honpuras, Comayagua (Leyland*®); Costa Rica (frantzius*).—Souta
America to Patagonia. .

Of all the American Cats the Puma has the widest range, extending over a hundred
degrees of latitude, from Patagonia in the south to the Dominion of Canada in the
north. |

In Central America “el Leon” appears to be plentiful in the wilder parts of the
country, especially in the mountain ranges. In Costa Rica Dr. v. Frantzius says it is
found in the upper belt of the primeval forests, at an elevation of from 5000-6000 feet,
where the hideous sound of its howling is almost continuously heard in the breeding- |
season °,

Of the habits and distribution of the Puma in Guatemala, Messrs. Godman and
Salvin inform me that it “is common in all the forest-country up to a considerable
elevation, being found in the belt of dense forests of the Volcanoes of ,Agua and
Fuego as high as 8000 or 9000 feet. We not unfrequently came across its tracks
in this forest. The Indians of Duefias once brought us a freshly-killed animal, which

* This is not to be confused with the Felis mewicuna of Desmarest, which is a synonym of F. yaguarundi.
Of. p. 63.

FELIS. 63

had been found in the forest a league or two below the village, and run to bay by dogs,
which kept it there whilst the Indians fetched their guns and shotit. The Puma has the
character of being a cowardly animal, always ready to escape from pursuit; when hard
pressed, it climbs a tree out of the reach of the dogs, and thus easily falls a prey to the
Indian hunters. It nevertheless isa dangerous neighbour to a cattle-farm, where it
makes raids upon the stock.”

In Campeachy Dampier says :—‘“‘I never did see any Lion in this country; but I
have been informed by two or three Persons that they did see Lions here: But I am
assured that they are not numerous” *. Pumas, however, were formerly exceedingly
plentiful in many parts of Mexico. Professor Baird quotes Clavigero’s History of
Lower California to the effect that that province was so overrun with “Lions” that
the natives were kept in absolute subjection to the brutes, and were often glad to make
a meal on the remains of their prey. This increase was owing to a superstition which
prevented the Indians from killing a Puma or even disturbing it in any way; and this
belief was so fixed in their minds that it long resisted the utmost efforts of the Jesuit
Missionaries, who found that they were unable to keep up their stock of domestic
animals, owing to the ravages of the wild beasts ?.

5. Felis yaguarundi.
Felis yagouaroundi, Desmarest, Mamm. p. 230 (1820, ex Azara)’.
Felis mexicana, Desmarest, loc. cit. (ex Buffon, nec de Saussure)
Felis yaguarundi, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Saugth. ii. p. 41, pl. ciii.s’; Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex.
Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 12‘; Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 287°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg.
xxxv. l, p. 278°.
Leon monero, Leon miquero, of Costa-Ricans’.

Hab. Mexico (Buffon?; Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.), Tamaulipas (Berlandier*); GuatTeMaLa,
Vera Paz, Pacific coast (Salvin, Mus. Brit.5); Costa Rica, Dota and Candelaria

Mountains (Frantzius®); Panama (Boucard, Mus. Brit.)—Sourh AmMERIca to
Paraguay t.

2
°

This singular dark-coloured Cat is a truly Neotropical species, its range extending
from Paraguay to the North-eastern States of Mexico. It presents considerable
variation in size, and in the ruddy or cinereous tints of its finely annulated fur; but
this is neither connected with structural differences nor with geographical distribution,
both greyish and reddish animals being found in the same locality.

__M. Boucard has received the Yaguarundi from Veragua; but in Costa Rica it is
rare and confined to the higher mountain forests; Dr. v. Frantzius could only
procure four imperfect skins from the Dota and Candelaria ranges®. In Guatemala
Mr. Salvin found it on the Pacific coast, as well as in the highlands of Vera Paz. In

* Dampier’s Voyages, il. p. 62,

64 CARNIVORA.

Mexico Dr. Berlandier considered it very rare, though it was common before the
conquest; but he states that it is still somewhat abundant about Victoria, the capital
of the State of Tamaulipas, and that it has been killed on the Rio Bravo del Norte,
near Matamoras‘. This appears to be the most northern post of the Yaguarundi,
which has not yet been met with beyond the Rio Grande.

6. Felis eyra.
Felis eyra, Desmarest, Mamm. p. 231 (1820, ex Azara)'; Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. i1.,
Mamm. p. 10, pl. ii. fig. 1’; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. I, p. 278°.
Apache (common to Procyon lotor), Onza (common to Mustela brasiliensis), of Mexicans ’..

Hab. Mexico, Tamaulipas (Berlandier, U.S. Nat. Mus.?), Yucatan (Gaumer, Mus.
Boucard); Costa Rica (Frantzius*).—Sovuta America to Paraguay!.

The range of this very Weasel-like Cat is the same as that of the Yaguarundi.
Like that species it was discovered by Azara in Paraguay, whence it may be traced
northwards throughout the greater part of the South-American continent.

North of the Isthmus of Panama the Eyra is very rare. There are no specimens in
Mr. Salvin’s Guatemalan collections in the British Museum; and in Costa Rica, where
it is confined to the wooded mountains of the interior, Dr. v. Frantzius only saw one
example during his stay there®. Its range extends much further north, however:
M. Boucard has received it from Yucatan; and Dr. Berlandier’s Mexican collection, -
now in the United-States National Museum, contains a skull and drawing, of the latter
of which Professor Baird has given a reduced copy”. In his MS. notes Dr. Berlandier
says:—“ This animal, by some called Onza, by others Apache, is extremely rare in
Mexico, where I have only seen it in the interior States of the east. In the State of
Tamaulipas it is found in the shrubbery which grows on the shores of the Rio Grande
del Norte. The specimen which I have described is a female, and was given to me
when very young. I tamed it, without its losing altogether the habits of its kind,
especially when in sight of some prey. It had attained the size of a (domestic) Cat,
but was much more elongate and slender. In every movement it exhibited great
lightness and activity, of which we had many proofs” .

7. Felis rufa.

Felis ruffa, Guldenstadt, Nov. Comm. Petrop. xx. p. 499 (1776, descr. orig.)’.

Felis rufa, Sclater, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 479’.

Felis maculata, Horsfield & Vigors, Zool. Journ. iv. p. 381, pl. xiii. (1828, descr. orig.)°.

Lynx rufus, var. maculatus, Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 13‘; Allen, Bull.
U.S. Geol. Surv. ii. p. 322°.

Lyncus rufus, Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187°.

Ocotochtl seu Dasipodus, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. v. cap. xv.

Gato montés of Mexicans °.

FELIS. 65

Hab. Norta America, from New England southwards >.—MeExico (Hernandez; Baird *,
Zool. Soc. Viv.2), Matamoras (U.S. Nat. Mus.°), Guanajuato (Dugés ®).

The Mexican Lynx was described and figured as a new species by Horsfield and
Vigors from a specimen presented to the Zoological Society by Captain Lyon, R.N.3 ;
but it has been shown by Professor Baird and subsequent American writers that it
cannot be definitely separated from the Bay Lynx of the United States, and that
specimens from the north of Texas are intermediate in their characters. Mr. J. A.
Allen, who considers that neither form can be specifically separated from the northern
Felis canadensis, Geoffr., remarks that “the graduation from the ‘typical’ rufus type
into maculatus is complete and by almost insensible stages”®. The principal distinction
lies in the shorter and more rufous fur of the southern race, which is also more distinctly
spotted. The maculatus type extends across the continent from the Rio Grande to
Southern California’; and it goes at least as far south as Guanajuato, from which
State it is recorded by Dr. Dugés°.

In the Northern States of Mexico the Bay Lynx is abundant. Mr. Schott, of the
United-States Boundary Survey, states that “In the Sierras of Pimoria Alta (Sonora)
this Lynx seems to be quite common; and as we found traces and specimens of it also
on the lower Rio Bravo, we may consider its range going from ocean to ocean.” He
adds that its “fighting call” is loud and abrupt, and resembles, on a smaller scale,
that of the Puma’.

Fam. II. CANIDA.
1. CANIS.
Canis, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 56 (1766).

Two species only of the restricted genus Canis have been recorded from Central
America, and both are identical with well-known Nearctic animals. The first is the
Common Wolf of North America, apparently not separable from its European and Asiatic
congeners; and the second the Coyote of the western prairies, distinguished by its
much smaller size, pointed Fox-like muzzle, fulvous under-fur and more bushy tail.

1. Canis lupus.

Canis lupus, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 58 (1766, descr. orig.)’; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
p. 1547; Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. ii. p. 313°.

Canis mexicanus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 60 (1766, ex Hernandez)*; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187°,

Canis occidentalis, De Kay, Zool. New York, i. p. 42 (1842, descr. orig.)’.

Canis occidentalis, var. mexicanus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 113"; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv.
ii, Mamm. p. 14°.

Xoloitzcuintli, Cuetlachtli, Lupus Mexicanus, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 479; De Quad.
Nov. Hisp. fol. 7, cap. xxiii.

Lobo of Spanish Americans.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. K

66 CARNIVORA.

Hab. Paumarctic Reeion ; Norra America, from Grinnell Land southwards.—MExico,
Sonora (Kennedy®), Matamoras, Santa Cruz, Saltillo (U.S. Nat. Mus.*), Guanajuato

(Dugeés®).

The Mexican Wolf was described by Linnzus as a distinct species, founded on the
Xoloitzcuintli of Hernandez‘, and was recognized asa variety of C. occidentalis by
Professor Baird, who gave as diagnosis :—“ Varied with grey and black; neck maned ~
more than usual; a black or dusky band encircling the muzzle; a dusky stripe
down the fore leg”’. But the labours of later observers, and especially those of
Mr. J. A. Allen”, have conclusively proved that no specific distinctions can be found
between the Wolves of various parts of North America, and that no constant characters
have yet been pointed out by which they can be separated from the C. /upus of Europe
and Northern Asia. We have thus the interesting fact of a “circumpolar” species
extending its range into the tropics; for the “Lobo” of the Mexicans, besides being
common in the northern provinces of the Republic, has been found by Dr. Dugés as
far south as the State of Guanajuato®>. As is the case with so many American
mammals of a northern type, the southern Wolves are greatly inferior in size to their
subarctic brethren; and Mr. Allen has shown that the difference of the length of the
skull of a number of North-Mexican and Hudson-Bay examples amounts to no less than
twenty-five per cent. of the average size of the whole series °.

In Northern Mexico the naturalists of the United-States Boundary Survey reported,
‘Near Santa Cruz, in Sonora, we found this animal more common than we had
observed it elsewhere on our route. It, as well as the Coyote, was often destructive
to the flocks around the village. It often, too, attacks the young cattle, both domestic
and wild, of this region, which are forced to succumb to its great strength” 8.

2. Canis latrans.
Canis latrans, Say, Long’s Exped. i. p. 168 (1823, descr. orig.)'; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 113’;
Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 15°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 137%.
Lyciscus latrans, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 282’.
Coyotl seu Vulpes Indica, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. iv. cap. xiii.
Coyote of Spanish Americans.

Hab. Norta America, from about 40° N. lat. southwards.—MeExico (Hernandez,
Baird *, Dugés*); Guatemata, San Gerdnimo (Godman & Salvin); Costa Rica,
Guanacaste, Nicoya (frantzius®).

The well-known Coyote or Prairie-Wolf of North America was found by the natu-
ralists of the United-States Boundary Survey to be extremely numerous in the northern
provinces of Mexico?; and Dr. Dugés says it is found in all parts of that Republic 4.
“In Guatemala,” Messrs. Godman and Salvin inform me, “the Coyote is an animal

CANIS. 67

of very local distribution; and, though it is doubtless found in other parts, our
experience of it was confined to the hacienda of San Gerénimo in Vera Paz, where it
was not at all uncommon. ‘The attraction to this spot was a flock of sheep kept on
the hacienda, upon which the Coyotes maintained a constant watch, ever ready to seize a
stray animal or one that had not been brought into the fold at night. This fold was a
square enclosure surrounded by a wall too high for the Coyotes to climb. Almost any
still night one might hear the baying of these animals from the old convent which
sheltered us so long and so hospitably.” Still further to the southward, the range of the
Coyote extends to Costa Rica, where Dr. v. Frantzius tells us that it is now confined
to the north-western provinces of Guanacaste and Nicoya; it there inhabits the natural
savannas of the south-western slope of the volcanic range, and does great damage about
the haciendas, whence it constantly carries off the young calves. Formerly it was found
on the Llanos of Turucares, and was sometimes seen in the neighbourhood of Alhajuela ;
but these formerly pastoral regions are now occupied by agriculturalists, and the
Coyotes have consequently withdrawn to the first-named provinces, where they have
greatly increased in numbers, in spite of the efforts made to keep them down by the
use of strychnine ®.

In Dr. v. Frantzius’s opinion it is not improbable that the spread of this Wolf
through Central America was subsequent to the Spanish conquest. He considers it
improbable that they should have existed among the thick population of the semi-
civilized natives who then occupied the western slopes, and thinks that their invasion
may have been coincident with that of the European cattle, which were introduced in
the first decade of the sixteenth century.

2. VULPES.
Vulpes, Brisson, Rég. An. p. 239 (1755).

The only representative of this genus within our limits is the well-known Grey Fox
of North America, easily distinguishable from its Neotropical congeners by the clear
grizzled grey of its upper parts, its rufous ears, and its dusky brush, washed beneath
with rufous. As will presently be seen, it presents a considerable amount of variation
in size, but in coloration it is more constant than most of its family.

1. Vulpes virginianus.

Canis argenteus, Schreber, Saugeth. iii. p. 585 (ante 1777, descr. orig.)*.

Canis cinereo-argenteus, Schreber, tom. cit. pl. xcil. (ex Brisson)’.

Canis virginianus, Schreber, tom. cit. p. 585, pl. xcii. B (ex Catesby)’.

Vulpes (Urocyon) virginianus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 188°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii.,
Mamm. p. 16°; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i. p. 160°.

Vulpes littoralis, Baird, Mamm. N. Am, p. 143 (1857, descr. orig.)’.

K 2

68 CARNIVORA.

Vulpes cinereo-argentatus, Tomes, P.Z.S. 1861, p. 280°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187 . Q

Urocyon virginianus, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 284°; Allen, Bull, U.S. Geol. Surv. 11.
p. 820",

Oztohua, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 6, cap. xvi.

Zorro of Mexicans ’.

Tigrillo of Costa-Ricans"’.

Hab. Norv America, from New England southwards 4.—Mextco (Deppe, Mus. Berol.),
Guanajuato, Guadalajara (Dugés®), Yucatan (Gawmer, Mus. Boucard), Merida,
Tehuantepec (U.S. Nat. Mus."); Guaremana, Dueias (Salvin, Mus. Brit) ;
Honpuras (Dyson, Mus. Brit.) ; Costa Rica (Frantzius '°).

The Grey Fox, which Professor Baird describes as being generally distributed through-
out the United States south of Pennsylvania‘, extends its range through Mexico and
Central America. It was found not uncommonly in the north of the former country
by the naturalists of the Boundary Survey®; Dr. Dugés records it from the States of
Guanajuato and Guadalajara® ; and there are specimens from Yucatan and Tehuantepec
in the National Museum at Washington". In Guatemala, Messrs. Godman and Salvin
found it to be a very common species, specimens being often obtained by Indian hunters,
They once saw one in the forest near Duefias, which ran along the path in front of
them, and then escaped into the bush.

The British Museum contains an example obtained by Dyson in Honduras; and Dr.
v. Frantzius states that it is found in Costa Rica, where it is has usurped the name of
Tigrillo, properly applied to the Tiger-Cats. It there frequents the neighbourhood of
human habitations, sheltering itself in clefts of rocks or in holes in stone walls, and is
very destructive to poultry. Dr. v. Frantzius found four cubs in such a hole in the
month of March; these had a woolly coat, blackish-grey above and whitish below,
with greyish-brown markings on the muzzle and feet”.

In 1857, Professor Baird described a small Grey Fox from the Island of San Miguel |
as a new species, Vulpes littoralis, differing from V. virginianus in its much smaller
size and softer fur, in its ears not being rusty in colour, and in some minor cranial cha-
racters’.| Mr. Allen, however, after comparison with other specimens, believes the Coast
Fox to be merely a local variety of V. virginianus, a species which gradually diminishes
in size to the southward. A well-matured skull from Yucatan he finds to be even
smaller than the Californian examples in the National Museum; and he states that
“ the.small insular race known as ‘ littoralis, from the islands off the coast of Southern
California, comes in between the Tehuantepec specimens and the example from
Merida” !, Another specimen from Yucatan, recently submitted to me by M. Boucard,
is somewhat larger than the one described by Mr, Allen, and differs in no respect save
size from the usual type of V. virginianus. | |

PROCYON. 69

Fam. III. PROCYONIDA.

: : 1. PROCYON.
Procyon, Storr, Prod. Meth. Mamm. p. 35 (1780).

The Raccoons are the only animals of this typically Neotropic family which range well
into the Northern continent... They present the most terrestrial development of the
family type, having stout compact bodies, a short pointed snout, close-set eyes, broad
rounded ears, a somewhat short tail, non-compressed canines, and broad tuberculate
molars. The two species whose ranges meet in our subregion are the only ones at
present well established, though it seems not improbable that further knowledge will
lead to the specific recognition of other South-American forms. At present, however,
we have only to deal with :— |

1. P. crancrivorus. General colour brown ; body and limbs slender, feet sparsely
haired or naked above, tail slender, fur close; outer incisors broad. Length
of head and body about 24", of tail 13”.

2. P. lotor. Brownish-grey ; body and limbs stouter, feet fully haired above, tail
shorter and more bushy, fur woolly; incisors small and uniform. Head and
body about 24”, tail 11”.

1. Procyon crancrivorus.

Ursus crancrivorus, Cuvier, Tabl. Elém. @’Hist. Nat. p. 113 (1798, descr. orig.) *.
Procyon crancrivorus, Sclater, P. Z. 8. 1875, p. 421°.

Hab. Panama, Veragua (Mus. Boucard), Colon (Ridpath, Zool. Soc. Viv.?).—SovuTH
AMERICA, to Guiana ?.

The Crab-eating Raccoon is found as far north as Panama, whence living specimens
have more than once been received by the Zoological Society, and Veragua, whence it
has been obtained by M. Boucard. It isa native of Colombia and Guiana: but its range
further south is doubtful; for Mr. Sclater has shown good reason to believe that the
Raccoon of Southern Brazil and Paraguay belongs to another form, which may probably
prove to constitute a distinct species. This latter race is distinguished by its naked
reddish feet and by the yellow colour of the lower part of its body; for in the northern
animal the feet are dark and more fully haired above, and the belly is but slightly
paler than the back. Further information will be required before the relationship of
these two forms can be definitely settled. Should they prove distinct, Cuvier’s name,
being founded on Cayenne specimens, must be retained for the northern race ?,

70 CARNIVORA.

2. Procyon lotor.

Ursus lotor, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 70 (1766, deser. erig.)?.

Procyon lotor, Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. ii. p. 8257.

Procyon lotor, var., Is. Geoffroy, Zool. Voy. Vénus, p. 125, pl. vi.’

Procyon hernandezii, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 514 (descr. orig.)*; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 212°;
Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 22°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 291”.

Procyon hernandezii, var. mexicana, Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 22°; Dugés,
La Nat. i. p. 137°.

Procyon nivea, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 580 (1857, descr. orig.)!®.

Procyon psora, Gray, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 261 (1842, deser. orig.)" ; Zool. Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’
p- 32, pls. xi., xvui.!?

Mapach quauh-pecotli, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 1, cap. i.

Mapachin of Costa-Ricans’.

Tejon solitario (common to Nasua nasica)*, Apache (common to Felis eyra)* of Mexicans.

Hab. NortH America, from Alaska southwards?.,—Mexico, Sonora (Kennerly®), Guana-
juato, Guadalajara (Dugés°), Mazatlan (Geoffroy *; Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.), Mira-
dor, Colima, Tehuantepec (U.S. Nat. Mus.”); Guatemata (Godman & Salvin, Mus.
Brit.) ; Costa Rica (Frantzius’; U.S. Nat. Mus.*).

The southern race of the Common Raccoon was separated by Wagler as P. hernandezii*,
and has since been made the basis of other nominal species; but the investigations of
recent American zoologists, and especially those of Mr. J. A. Allen?, have clearly shown
that the characters which have been relied on as specific are quite untrustworthy. The
range of the Common Raccoon therefore extends throughout: Northern and Central
America from Alaska in the north-west to Costa Rica, where it was found by Dr. v.
Frantzius’, and whence there are specimens in the National Museum at Washington?.
Throughout this extensive range the species presents considerable variation in colour,
and a marked increase in size towards the southward; but Mr. Allen, after the
examination of the large series of specimens at Washington, is doubtful whether these
variations can be regarded as of even “ subspecific” value 2.

American writers have given full details of the habits of the Raccoon as observed in
the United States; and according to Drs. Berlandier, Kennerly ®, and von Frantzius’,
its manner of life in Central America is quite similar.

2. BASSARICYON.
Bassaricyon, Allen, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1876, p. 20.

The second genus of the Procyonide is only known at present by Mr. Allen’s descrip-
tion and figures of its cranial characters. These were taken from the still unique type,
a skull obtained by Professor Gabb in Costa Rica, the skin of the specimen having most
unfortunately been mislaid in the National Museum at Washington.

BASSARICYON. 71

According to Mr. Allen, the skull of Bassaricyon presents considerable differences
from those of Procyon, Nasua, and Bassaris, but shows most affinity with the two former
genera. One of its most important characters is in the form of the auditory bulle,
which converge behind; instead of in front as in most other Carnivores. Another is
the manner in which the anterior root of the zygoma “expands abruptly outward in a
nearly horizontal plane from the alveolar border of the maxilla, thus forming a nearly
horizontal triangular expansion beneath the orbit—a feature not possessed by any of its
nearest affines, and only approximated in Bassaris and in the Cats.” The general profile
of the skull resembles that of Procyon; but the orbits are very large, the postorbital
processes strongly marked, the temporal ridges widely separated, the bony palate flat,
the front edge of the coronoid process nearly straight, and the angular portion of the
mandible little developed.

Zoologists can only look forward with impatience for further information as to this
interesting form, which Mr. Allen believes will prove worthy to rank as: the type of a
new subfamily, the Bassaricyonine.

1. Bassaricyon gabbi.

Bassaricyon gabbii, Allen, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1876, p. 23, pl. i. (descr. orig.)' [nec Allen, op. cit.
1877, p. 267, pl. ii?; cf. Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. v. p. 169°].

Hab. Costa Rica (Gabb, U.S. Nat. Mus.").

As observed above, the external characters of this animal are still quite unknown.
The skull shows that in size it is probably inferior to either of the species of
Bassaris ; and “the large size and position of the orbits, and the large bull, seem to
indicate an animal of nocturnal habits. It is also evidently rather rare, or very difficult
to obtain ; for Professor Gabb’s collection, which embraces very large series of the more
common species, contains but a single example of this” *.

By an accidental error, which must have been most annoying to so careful a zoologist,
Mr. Allen was misled into supposing that a specimen of Naswa nasica, sent to him from
the Washington Museum, was the lost skin corresponding to his typical skull, and, not
being then familiar with the Central-American Coati, he consequently described and
figured it as Bassaricyon gabbi*. He has since pointed out the mistake in his recent
review of the genus Nasua °.

3. BASSARIS.

Bassaris, Lichtenstein, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1827, p.119; Isis, 1831, p. 423 (sine descr., ex Hernandez) ;
Wagler, tom. cit. p. 513 (descr. orig.).

This curious Central-American type was long referred to the Viverride, of which
family it was supposed to be the only American representative. Mr. Waterhouse

12 CARNIVORA.

seems to have been the first to remove it to the Procyonide*; but it is to Professor
Flower that we owe a full account of its anatomy, which places its systematic position
beyond question f.

In outward form the Cacomistles resemble Waswa rather than Procyon, but in
cranial characters they agree most closely with the latter. The skull may, however,
be always distinguished from that of the Raccoon by the more slender nasal portion,
the larger postorbital processes, and above all by the bony palate not being produced
beyond the last molars. Two species have been well established, which differ as fol-
lows, as well as in minor cranial and dental characters :—

1. B. astuta. Pale rufous-grey; tail white, with seven or eight black rings
interrupted below, shorter than head and body. Soles hairy; incisors smooth
in front.

2. B. sumichrasti. Darker ; tail grey, with black rings more complete and broader,
especially towards the tip, longer than head and body. Ears broader. Soles
naked in front; incisors grooved in front.

1. Bassaris astuta.

Bassaris astuta, Lichtenstein, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1827, p. 119 (sine descr.)'; Wagler, Isis, 1831, p.513
(descr. orig.)?; Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Sdugeth. pl. xliii.*; Charlesworth, P. Z.S8. 1841,
p. 60‘; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 147°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 18°;
Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 1877; Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. v. p. 336°.
Bassaris raptor, Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii, Mamm. p. 19 (1859, descr. orig.)°.
Tepe-Macxtlaton, Cacamiztli, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 9, cap. xxviii; fol. 12, cap. xl.
Cacomistle of Mexicans".
Cat-Squirrel of Texans °.
Hab. Nortu America, from Oregon and Ohio southwards °.—Mexico (Deppe, Mus.
Berol.1), Guanajuato (Duges’), City of Mexico (Charlesworth, Mus. Brit.*), Orizaba,
San Luis Potosi, Sierra Santiago (U.S. Nat. Mus.*).

This animal was first systematically named in Lichtenstein’s review of Hernandez!; but
the earliest published description appears to have been that given by Wagler?. The
animal is now well known, and is found to have a more extended range than was
formerly supposed: it is found, though rarely, as far north as Oregon and Ohio, is
plentiful in Texas, California, and Northern Mexico, and goes at least as far south as
the State of Vera Cruz, whence there are specimens in the National Museum at
Washington’. In the hotter parts of Mexico it gives place to the next species; but
as the latter has only recently been discriminated, much still remains to be learned as to
their local distribution. According to Mr. Allen the Californian example for which
Professor Baird proposed the provisional name of B. raptor? is referable to this species
and not, as has been generally supposed, to the next.

* P.Z.8, 1839, p. 137 (footnote). + P.Z.8. 1869, pp. 31-34.

BASSARIS, 73

The Common Bassaris still bears the Mexican name of Cacomistle, or Cacamiztli,
under which it was first noticed by Hernandez. Living naturally among rocks and in
forests, it often takes up its abode close to mankind, and is even stated by Mr.
Charlesworth to be abundant in the City of Mexico itself, where it frequents outhouses
and uninhabited buildings, and commits nightly ravages among pigeons and poultry *.
The naturalists of the United-States Mexican-Boundary Survey record that on shooting
a female they found four or five young ones so firmly attached to her nipples that they
were removed with some difficulty after the mother had been dead for several hours®.

2. Bassaris sumichrasti. (Bassaris raptor, Tab. VI.)

Bassaris sumichrasti, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 7, pl. i. (descr. orig.)!; Allen, Bull.
U.S. Geol. Surv. v. p. 338”.

Bassaris variabilis, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1874, p. 704, pls. i. & ii. (descr. orig.) °.

Bassaris monticola, Cordero, La Nat. ii. p. 269 (1875, descr. orig.) *.

Tepechiche del Cofre de Perote, Cacomistle de Monte of Mexicans *.

Muyus of Guatemalans.

Hab. Mexico, warmer regions (de Saussure+), Jalapa (Cordero +), Mirador, Tehuantepec
(U.S. Nat. Mus.*); GuatemMa.a, Volcan de Fuego (Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.),
Coban (Mus. Berol.*) ; Costa Rica, Volcan de Cartago (Arcé, Mus. Brit.), La Palma
U.S. Nat. Mus.?).

Although the Southern Bassaris has only been known to science for twenty years,
' its synonymy has already become involved in confusion, which has unfortunately caused
our plate to be wrongly lettered. In describing his Bassaris variabilis from Guate-
mala?, Professor Peters doubtfully referred the B. suwmichrasti of M. de Saussure! to
the B. raptor of Professor Baird; and as the descriptions of all three writers appeared
to me to indicate that they had the same animal before them, I was led to adopt the
latter as the oldest title. But, as mentioned above, Mr. Allen has lately announced
that Professor Baird’s type specimens prove, on re-examination, to belong to the last
species”. M. de Saussure’s name must consequently be retained ; and I do not think
that there can be any doubt that the B. variabilis of Professor Peters and the B. mon-
ticola of Sefior Cordero* must be regarded as synonyms, the characters by which they
have been defined not proving constant when a series of specimens are compared.

The Southern Cacomistle seems to frequent the forest-clad mountains of the warmer
parts of Mexico and Central America, its range extending as far south as Costa Rica;
for though Dr. v. Frantzius does not appear to have met with it in that country, two
specimens have been sent by Arcé to the British Museum from the Volcan de Cartago,
and the United-States National Museum has received it from La Palma. In Guatemala,
where it is called Muyus, Messrs. Salvin and Godman write to me that “ several speci-
mens of this Bassaris were obtained for us by Indian hunters in the forests of the
Volcan de Fuego. ‘They are found and brought to bay by dogs, and then easily shot.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. L

74 CARNIVORA.

None of the hitherto published figures of this animal being satisfactory, we have had
the accompanying plate drawn from one of these Guatemalan specimens now in the
British Museum.

4, NASUA.
Nasua, Storr, Prod. Meth. Mamm. p. 35 (1780).
Caoti, Lacépéde, Mém. de l’Inst. Nat. iii. p. 492 (1801).

The Coatis differ from the genera already considered in their greatly elongated and
very mobile snouts, in the consequently produced and narrowed form of the facial portion
of the skull, and in the reduction of the coronoid process of the mandible to an obtuse
angle, as well as in their strongly compressed canines and narrower molars.

The variation of colour in this genus is extremely great; and consequently several
species have been described, all of which have been reunited by some zoologists. Dr.
Hensel, however, has clearly shown that two perfectly distinct species exist, differing
constantly in coloration and in structural characters, and having a different geogra-
phical distribution *; and both Mr. J. A. Allen and I have independently come to the
conclusion that these two species are identical with the Viverra narica and V. nasua
of Linnzus, well characterized by him, but long involved in confusion by subsequent
writers. Only the former is found north of the Isthmus of Panama; and I may
refer the reader to Mr. Allen’s excellent paper f for a full description and synonymy
of the southern species, for which the proper title appears to be Naswa rufa, Desmarest.
From it the Central-American WN. nasica is distinguishable by its white nose and
upper lip, its almost concolorous back and tail (in the latter of which annulations are
either totally absent or obscurely marked on the lower surface only), by its shorter

ears and softer fur, and by the marked depression of the posterior portion of the
bony palate.

1. Nasua nasica ?.

Viverra narica, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 64 (1766, ex Brisson)’.

Nasua narica, Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. v. p. 162”.

Nasua leucorhynchus, Tschudi, Faun. Peru. p. 100 (1846, descr. orig.)* ; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg.
xxxv. 1, p. 292*; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 137°; Hensel, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1872, p. 65°.

Nasua fusca, Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 280 (nec Desmarest)”.

Nasua solitaria, var. mexicana, Weinland, Zoolog. Gart. 1860, p. 191, pl. i. (mec Max. zu Wied)’.

Nasua socialis et solitaria, de Saussure, op. cit. 1862, pp. 52-56 (nec Max. zu Wied)’.

* Abh. Ak. Berl. 1872, pp. 65, 66. + Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. v. pp. 153-174.

+ Opinions have differed as to whether the Linnean name narica was intended to be a derivative from naris,
or was a misprint for nasica. My friend Mr. H. T. Wharton has kindly investigated this point ; and he tells
me that the only classical adjective derived from naris, which he can find, is narimosus, which, in a doubtful
passage in Lactantius, means “ with a broad nose.” Nasica, on the other hand, “ with a long or pointed nose,”
is a common adjective, and was a well-known surname in the Scipio family. As Linnzeus founded his species on

the “ Ursus naso producto et mobili, caudé unicolore” of Brisson (Reg. An. p. 262), it seems almost certain that
he meant to write nasica.

NASUA. 75

Quauh pecotl seu Meles Montanus, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 6, cap. xvii.
Pisoti, Tejon, of Spanish Americans (the latter name being common to Procyon).

Hab. Nortu America, Texas?.—Mexico (Liebmann, Hegewitsch, Mus. Hafn.), Mazatlan,
Colima, Tehuantepec, Jalapa (U.S. Nat. Mus.; Mus. Comp. Zool.*), Vera Cruz
(Weinland®, de Saussure®), Guadalajara (Dugés*), Yucatan (Gaumer, Mus. Boucard);
British Honpuras, Belize (Mus. Comp. Zool.”); GuatTEMaLa, Duefas’, Volcan
de Fuego (Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.); Nicaragua (Belt); Costa. Rica
(Frantzius*), Tucurrique (Arcé, Mus. Brit.), Pacuare, Talamanca, Las Cruces de
Candelaria (U.S. Nat. Mus.”); Panama (Boucard, Mus. Brit.).

The White-nosed Coati seems to be widely distributed throughout Central America,
passing in the north into Texas, whence a specimen was sent from Fort Brown to the
National Museum at Washington”. Southwards its range may not improbably
extend into Colombia; but neither Mr. Allen nor I have ever seen a single specimen
of true VV. nasica from any locality further south than Panama. Owing to Tschudi’s
description of his N. leucorhynchus having appeared in his great ‘Fauna of Peru,’ it
has been assumed by some that the animal is a native of that country; but his types
were Museum specimens, stated to be from “the interior of Brazil” *; and there seems
to be little doubt that that somewhat vague habitat was erroneous.

As in Brazil, the natives of Central America distinguish two species of Coati—the
sociable (Tejon de mannada) and the solitary (Tejon solo). This distinction was recog-
nized by Prince Maximilian and by several later zoologists; and we are indebted to
Dr. Hensel® for the confirmation of Azara’s opinion that the Pisoti solo is simply an
old male which has left the herd and adopted a hermit-life.

In Costa Rica Dr. v. Frantzius found this species in the mountain-forests lying at
an elevation of from 6000 to 7000 feet above the sea, and obtained specimens from
the summit of the Irazu and the Poas volcanoes, from Turialba and the Candelaria
Mountains*. Mr. Belt states that in Nicaragua he observed the Coati pursuing the
large Iguanas, but that the lizards usually manage to drop from the branch and
escape to another tree, except when they are surprised asleep. He says*:—‘ I once
saw a solitary Pisoti hunting for Iguanas among some bushes near the lake, where
they were very numerous; but during the quarter of an hour that I watched him he
never caught one. It was like the game of ‘ puss in the corner.’ He would ascend a
small tree on which there were several; but down they would drop when he had
nearly reached them, and rush off to another tree. Master Pisoti, however, seemed to
take all his disappointments with the greatest coolness, and continued the pursuit
unflaggingly. Doubtless experience had taught him that his perseverance would
ultimately be rewarded, that sooner or later he would surprise a corpulent Iguana
fast asleep on some branch or too late in dropping from his resting-place. In the
forest I always saw the Pisoti hunting in large bands, from which an Iguana would

* ¢Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 339.
L2

76 CARNIVORA.

have small chance of escape; for some were searching along the ground, whilst others
ranged over the branches of the trees.”

Messrs. Godman and Salvin tell me that “the Pisoti is one of the commonest animals
in Guatemala, being found in forests at elevations ranging from 8000 and 9000 feet to
the lowland woods of the coast-region. Specimens were often brought to us by Indian
hunters, who caught them in the neighbourhood of Duefias, either in the forests of
the volcano or on the slopes of the mountains at a lower level. It is an animal easily
tamed, and one very often seen in Spanish houses, chained to one of the pillars of
the corridor surrounding the courtyard.”

Dr. Weinland first drew the attention of European zoologists to the existence in
Mexico of a Nasua which had been overlooked since Hernandez’s day, and which he
described as a variety of the Brazilian ™. solitaria (=N. rufa)’. M. de Saussure
added further observations, following Prince Maximilian’s specific distinction of the
Tejon de mannada and Tejon solo®. Since then, as will be seen from our list of loca-
lities, Coatis have been collected in many parts of Mexico, especially by the energetic
agents of the Smithsonian Institution.

5, CERCOLEPTES.
Potos, Cuvier, Lecons d’Anat. Comp., i. 1" Tabl. (1800)*.
Kinkajou, Lacépéde, Mém. de V’Inst. Nat. iii. p. 492 (1801)*.
Cercoleptes, Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. p. 127 (1811).

The only known species of this genus f was formerly sometimes placed among the
Insectivores, or even with the Lemurs, till Professor Owen’s description of its anatomy}
placed its natural affinities beyond doubt. Its form is still more elongated than that
of the Cacomistle or the Coati; the head is rounded, the muzzle pointed, the tongue .
extensile, and the tail long and strongly prehensile. The compression of the canines
is still more marked than in Vaswa, and there is a premolar less above and below than
in the other genera of the family.

1. Cercoleptes caudivolvulus.

Viverra caudivolvula, Pallas, in Schreber’s Saugth. iii. p. 453, pl. cxxv. B (anté 1777, descr. orig.)’.

Cercoleptes caudivolvulus, Tomes, P. Z. 8S. 1861, p. 280°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1,
p- 291°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 137°.

Martica of Mexicans‘.

Micoleon of Guatemalans.

Martilla of Costa-Ricans 4.

Hab. Muxtco (Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.), near City of Mexico (Dugés*); GuareMmana,

* Both these barbarous names are fortunately insufficiently characterized (see footnote to page 3).
+ The separation of Martin’s C. megalotus and C. brachyotus (P. Z.8. 1836, p. 83) appears, to use Gray’s
words, to have depended only on the artifice of the preserver. + P.Z.S. 1835, pp. 119-124.

CERCOLEPTES.—MUSTELA. 17

Duefias?, Lanquin (Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.) ; Costa Rica (Frantzius), Tucur-
rique (Areé, Mus. Brit.).—Soutn America to the Rio Negro and Peru.

The Kinkajou is a native of the northern part of the Neotropical Region, finding its
southern boundary on the Rio Negro of Brazil, according to Humboldt, and in the northern
provinces of Peru, where it was obtained by Tschudi. In Central America it appears to
be found from the Central States of Mexico southwards. Messrs. Godman and Salvin
remark that, “although by no means rare in Guatemala, the Micoleon is not often
seen. One we met with was feeding on fruit in a tree overhanging the river of
Lanquin in Vera Paz, and, being wounded, swam the stream without difficulty, but was
secured by an Indian who plunged in in pursuit. It is an animal easily tamed, living
in captivity on oranges and bananas, which it eats with great avidity. Our specimens
were obtained at,various altitudes up to 4000 or 5000 feet.”
~ Two centuries ago the Kinkajou was similarly tamed in Central America, as appears
from Dampier’s quaint account of the “Squash,” which he thus describes :—‘ The
Squash is a four-footed Beast, bigger than a Cat: Its Head is much like a Foxes, with
short Ears and a long Nose. It has pretty short Legs, and sharp Claws, by which it
will run up Trees like a Cat. The Skin is covered with short fine yellowish Hair.
The Flesh of it is good, sweet, wholesome meat. We commonly skin and roast it ;
and then we call it Pig; and I think it eats as well. It feeds on nothing but good
Fruit; therefore we find them most among the Sapadillo-Trees; This Creature never
rambles very far: and being taken young, will become as tame as a Dog, and be as
roguish as a Monkey ” *.

In Costa Rica, where it is termed Martilla or Little Marten, Dr. v. Frantzius tells us
that the Kinkajou is not uncommonly to be found in holes in trees, where it lies
concealed during the day, issuing forth at night in pursuit of small mammals and
birds. Its fur is much valued; and skins are often brought to market, but always in

an imperfect state °.

Fam. IV. MUSTELIDE.

1. MUSTELA.
Mustela, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 66 (1776).

In America the restricted genus Mustela is essentially a Nearctic type ; but one species,
at least, ranges far into the southern continent. The characters of the genus are too
well known to require repetition; and it will be sufficient here to state my reasons for
retaining the Linnean name for the present group, instead of Putorius, which is most
in favour with American writers. The latter word is not used by Cuvier binomially,
but merely to mark a sous-genre*; and Nilsson, who appears to have been the first

* Dampier’s ‘ Voyages,’ ii. p. 59. tT ‘Reégne Animal,’ i. p. 147 (1817).

78 CARNIVORA.

systematist who separated the Martens from the Weasels as genera, retained the term
Mustela for the latter and used Martes (ex Gesner) for the former*. By both law and
custom we are therefore bound to apply the Linnean title to the most typical division
of his genus, to which it was assigned by its first separator, and to which it has been
confined by most recent writers.

Our only Central-American Weasel may be distinguished from its northern allies
M. erminea, Linn., and M. longicaudata, Bonap., by the top of its head being darker
than the back, the chin white, and the other lower parts orange-yellow or even
salmon-coloured. The face may or may not present irregular white markings.

1. Mustela brasiliensis.
Mustela brasiliensis, Sewastonoff, Mém. Ac. Pétersb. iv. p. 356, pl. iv. (1818, descr. orig.)*.
Mustela frenata, Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Saugeth. pl. xlii. (1834, descr. orig.)*; Tomes, P. Z.S.
1861, p. 287°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187°.
Mustela xanthogenys, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xi. p. 118 (1848, descr. orig.)’; Voy. ‘Sulphur,’
p- 31, pl. ix.° .
Mustela noveboracensis, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 286 (nec De Kay)’.
Putorius frenatus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 178°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 19°.
Putorius brasiliensis, Coues, Fur-bearing Animals, p. 1421°.
Onza (common to Felis eyra), Uronzito, Onzito of Mexicans’.
Collareja of Costa-Ricans ’.
Comadreja of Spanish Americans generally *.

Hab. Nort America, from Oregon (2) southwards !°.—Mexico (Deppe, Mus. Berol. ;
Charlesworth, Mus. Brit.), Tamaulipas, Matamoras (Berlandier 1°), Guanajuato,
Mexico (Dugés*), Yucatan, Chochola (Gaumer, Mus. Boucard); GUATEMALA,
Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.*); Costa Rica (Frantzius’; Whitely, Mus. Brit.) ;
Panama (Boucard, Mus. Berol.).—Sovutna America, to Brazil?°.

An examination of a large series of specimens has convinced me that the systematic
names quoted above are merely synonyms of a single variable species ; and it seems pro-
bable that Mustela agilist, WZ. affinis$, WZ. aureoventris§, and M. macrura¥ will also
prove to be the same. According to this view, in which Dr.-Elliott Coues concurs in
his recent monograph”, only a single species of Mustela has yet been established as a
native of the Neotropical Region.

The range of the Bridled Weasel is stated by the zoologist just named to extend
northward to Fort Crook in California, ifnot to Astoria in Oregon, thus overlapping that

* «Skandinavisk Fauna,’ i. p. 41 (1820). The genus Martes has been quoted by Lilljeborg and some others
as having been instituted by “ G. Cuvier, 1797.” This error appears to have originated in a misunderstanding
of the French plural “ Martes” in the ‘ Tableau Elémentaire.” Cf. P.Z.8. 1879, p. 468.

+ Tschudi, Faun. Peru. p. 110. + Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. xiv. p. 373.

§ Gray, P. Z. §. 1864, p. 55. @ Taczanowski, P. Z.S. 1874, p. 311, pl. xlviil.

‘

MUSTELA.—GALICTIS, 79

of its close ally, WZ. erminea, Linn. Here the animal is of the comparatively pale form
named MM. xanthogenys by Gray®, “which is merely the northernmost palest form,
between which and true frenata (City of Mexico &c.) there is no difference requiring
recognition by name. In Guatemala frenata already assumes the rich coloration that
culminates further south in brasiliensis” ©, In the dark southern races there is a ten-
dency to the disappearance of the irregular white facial markings; but this is a point
in which there is much individual variation. Thus in three examples collected in
Costa Rica by Dr. v. Frantzius the frontal spots were totally absent’, while in a specimen
sent from the same country by Whitely to the British Museum they are of the usual
size. The tints of the lower parts vary, as well as those of the upper, but are brighter
salmon-red in the young than in the adult. As in the allied species, there is also con-
siderable variation in the proportional length of the tail and body.

In habits the Bridled Weasel probably resembles its northern congeners, but nothing
appears to have been specially recorded as to its mode of life.

2. GALICTIS.

Galictis, Bell, Zool. Journ. ii. p. 552 (1826) *,
Galera et Grisonia, Gray, List Mamm. Brit. Mus. pp. 67, 68 (1848).

This genus, of which only two species are known, resembles the true Weasels in
dentition and the Martens in general form and habits, but differs from both in its
closely connected digits, naked soles, and almost plantigrade gait. Both the Grison,
G. vittata (Schreb.), and the Tayra have a wide distribution in South America; but the
latter only, well characterized by its black-brown colour with irregular light markings
about the face and throat, extends its range north of the Isthmus of Panamaf.

1. Galictis barbara.

Mustela barbara, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 67 (1766, descr. orig.)?.

Galera barbara, Moore, P.Z. 8. 1859, p. 51”.

Galictis barbara, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 287°.

Tepeytzcuitl seu Canis Montanus, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 7, cap. xxi.
Chulomuco, Tulomuco, of Costa-Ricans °.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.), Yucatan (Gaumer, Mus. Boucard) ; Britisu Honpuras, Belize
(Leyland?); Nicaracua, Granada (@rsted, Mus. Hafn.) ; Costa Rica (Frantzius*);
Panama (Zool. Soe. Viv.).—Souta America, to the Rio de la Plata.

* Not Galictis of Is. Geoffroy (Compt. Rend. Ac. Paris, v. p. 581, 1837), which is the same as his Galidictis
(Mag. de Zool. 1839, p. 51).

+ Two fossil species from postpliocene deposits of Maryland and Virginia have been described by Prof. Cope
under the names Galera macrodon and G. perdicida (Proc. Philad. Ac. 1868, p. 155; Proc. Am. Philos. Soe.
1869, p. 177) ; but (with regard to the latter, at least) there seems to be some doubt whether the remains were
not those of a Mephitis. (Cf. Coues, Fur-bearing Animals, pp. 19, 20.)

80 CARNIVORA.

The Tayra seems to be widely but locally distributed throughout Central America.
The Zoological Society have received it from Panama; and Dr. v. Frantzius saw a few
skins in Costa Rica which were remarkably black in colour with a yellow breast-spot °.
According to Tschudi the Tayra of Peru shows a similar intensity of coloration; but
this is a point in which the species varies greatly. Thus a half-grown Nicaraguan
example in the Copenhagen Museum is entirely of a uniform dark brown, while two
Mexican specimens of about the same age in the British Museum have the head and
shoulders almost pure white, the white patch on the breast being defined in front by an
indistinct V-shaped dark line. This style of coloration, which agrees with Hernandez’s
description of the Tepeytzcuitli, appears to prevail in Mexico; two Yucatan examples
in M. Boucard’s collection are very black, with pale grey heads and napes and small
triangular white breast-spots. Messrs. Godman and Salvin did not obtain the Tayra in
Guatemala; but Mr. Leyland found it in British Honduras, living in troops of from
fifteen to twenty among the pine-ridges of Belize ?.

. 3. MEPHITIS.
Mephitis, Cuvier, Lecons d’Anat. Comp. i. 1° Tabl. (1800).

The Skunks, animals of unenviable notoriety, are exclusively a New-World group.
They agree closely in general appearance and in essential structure, but are divisible
into two well-marked genera, of which the first, Mephitis proper, is Nearctic, and the
second, Conepatus, is Neotropical in distribution. These two types meet in Central
America.

The Skunks of the restricted genus Mephitis have three premolars above and below,
a pointed muzzle, lateral nostrils, narrow feet, with partially clad soles, and a long and
bushy tail. They present an extraordinary amount of variation, not only in coloration
but in size and even in osteological characters; and this variation has led to the
description of a number of species. Of these, Dr. Elliott Coues and Mr. J. A. Allen
consider that only two or three are valid; and their opinion is of great weight, as the
material at their disposal is much greater than that enjoyed by European zoologists. A
comparison of all the specimens to which I have access leads me fully to indorse their
views, and to agree with Dr. Coues in recognizing only the three following species :—

1. M. mephitica. Black; nape white ; two dorsal white stripes often fused in

front. Tail with hair, shorter or little longer than head and body.

2. M. macrura. Black; a broad hoary dorsal band (long hairs white, fur grey),
and two narrow lateral white stripes. Tail without hair, as long as head and
body.

. M. putorius. Black, marked with numerous spots and narrow interrupted
white stripes. Tail shorter than the body only.

©

MEPHITIS, 81

Full details of the external and osteological characters of these species will be found
in Dr. Coues’s ‘ Fur-bearing Animals, where are also quoted the observations of Dr.
Wyman, Dr. Warren, and M. Chatin on the anatomy and physiology of the anal glands
and secretion which have made the name of Skunk a by-word.

1. Mephitis mephitica.

Viverra mephitis, Schreber, Saugth. i. p. 444, pl. cxxi. (1778, ex Linnzeus, ed. x.)’.

Viverra mephitica, Shaw, Mus. Lever. p. 171 (1792)’.

Mephitis mephitica, Baird, Mamm. N., Am. p. 195°; Allen, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i. Pe 178°;
Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. 2nd ser. no. 1’; Fur- bearing Anim. p. 195°.

Mephitis vittata, Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Saugeth. pl. xlvii. (1834, descr. orig.)’; Abh. Ak. Berl.
1836, p. 278°; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 200°.

Mephitis mesomelas, Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Saugeth. pl. lv. fig. 2 (1834, descr. orig.) ; Baird,
Mamm. N. Am. p. 199”.

Mephitis varians, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. i. p. 581 (1837, descr. orig.)'*; Baird, Mamm. N. Am.
p. 193; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 19”.

? Mephitis bicolor, Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 137 (nec Gray)”.

Zorrillo of Guatemalans.

Hab. Nortu America, from Hudson Bay southwards*.—MeExtico (Sallé, Mus. Brit.),
Matamoras (Couch), San Mateo (Deppe, Mus. Berol."), Oaxaca (Deppe, Mus. Brit.),
Guanajuato? (Dugés ®); Guatemata (Godman & Salvin).

The observations of American zoologists have shown the enormous amount of varia-
tion in colour to which the Common Skunk is liable, not only in individuals inhabiting
the same locality, but even, as witnessed by Audubon and by Mr. Allen‘, in mem-
bers of the same litter. Dr. Coues remarks that there is a tendency to an increase of
white in the markings of Skunks from the eastern and middle States of the Union,
while it is reduced to a minimum in those of the Gulf States®, In the Mexican speci-
mens on which Lichtenstein founded his VM. vittata’ the white dorsal stripes are
narrow and interrupted infront; but no two specimens that I have seen are exactly
alike, and I have no hesitation in regarding it merely as a dark form of M. mephitica.
Dr. Coues appears to think that I. vittata might be the same as M. macrura®; but in

‘this he has probably been misled by Lichtenstein’s figure, in which the tail is repre-
sented much too long. In one of the specimens in the British Museum the ateral
stripes are almost obsolete. In a drawing by Mrs. Salvin of a specimen in the Museum
of Guatemala the white stripes are broad, and there appears to be no frontal stripe or
nuchal area of that colour. This sketch is the only positive evidence which I have
hitherto been able to obtain of the extension of the range of IZ. mephitica into Guate-
mala, where it is probably not so common as Conepatus mapurito. It is not repre-
sented in Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collections; and the following notes, supplied to

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Fed. 1880. M

82 CARNIVORA.

me by these gentlemen, may apply in part to the southern form :—“ Skunks,” they
inform me, “are found throughout Guatemala; and few country houses, where old
stone walls or fences abound, are not infested by these beautiful but nauseous animals.
They are seldom seen, being nocturnal in their habits; but not unfrequently, during
the night, one is awakened by a clamour of dogs, which is soon followed by the air
being tainted with the foul odour which makes the Skunk so notorious.

“These animals are preyed upon by Hawks and Owls, and we have not unfrequently
shot specimens of these birds whose plumage reeked of the odour of a Skunk.”

2. Mephitis macrura.

Mephitis macrura, Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Sdugeth. pl. Ixvi. (1834, descr. orig.)'; Abh. Ak.
Berl. 1836, p. 277°; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 200°; Dugés, La Nat. 1. p. 137 *; Coues,
Fur-bearing Anim. p. 236°.

Mephitis mexicana, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. i. p. 581 (1837, descr. orig.)”.

Zorrillo of Mexicans (common to all the species)".

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.®), near City of Mexico (Deppe, Mus. Berol.'), Guanajuato
(Duges*), Orizaba (Botteri, U.S. Nat. Mus.’).

After an examination of the specimens in the Berlin and British Museums, I fully
agree with Dr. Coues in regarding the Long-tailed Skunk as deserving of specific
recognition. In none of the numerous varieties of WM. mephitica have I been able to
find an approach to the broad hoary dorsal band with narrow lateral white stripes
which mark this species; and the great proportional length of the tail also appears
to be constant. As Dr. Coues has shown, this is not the I. macrura of Audubon and
Bachman*, which is identical with 7. mephitica; and I have already given my reasons
for referring Lichtenstein’s MV. vittata to that species, instead of to the present, as
suggested by Dr. Coues®. Nor, as will be seen presently, do I agree with that gentle-
man in giving Mr. Tomes’s I. longicaudata as even a doubtful synonym of VM. macrura ;
so that there appears to be no recorded evidence of the occurrence of the latter outside
of the boundaries of Mexico. Judging from the few specimens of which the exact
localities have been recorded, the Long-tailed Skunk seems to inhabit the central and
southern States of that Republic, occurring in some places along with the last species.

3. Mephitis putorius.
Viverra putorius, Linneus, Syst. Nat. 1. p. 64 (1766, ex Catesby)*.
Spilogale putorius, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. 2nd ser. no. 1, p. 12”.
Mephitis (Spilogale) putorius, Coues, Fur-bearing Anim. p. 239°.
? Mephitis interrupta, Rafinesque, Ann. of Nature, no. 3, p. 4 (1818, descr. orig)*; Dugés, La Nat.
i. p. 187°.
* Quad. N. Am. iii. p. 11, pl. cii.

MEPHITIS.—CONEPATUS. 83

Mephitis bicolor, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. 2nd ser. i. p. 581 (1837, descr. orig.)’; Baird, Mamm. N.
Am. p. 197"; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 21°.

Mephitis zorilla, Lichenstein, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1836, pl. ii. fig. 2 (1838, descr. orig.) ; [nec Licht.
Darst. neu. Saugeth. pl. xlii. fig. 2 (1834) ]*. .

Lizquiepatl seu Vulpecula, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 6, cap. xviii.

Hab. Nortu America, from Iowa southwards ?.—Mexico, Guanajuato (Dugés *), Yuca-
tan (Gaumer, Mus. Boucard); Guatemaia (Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.).

Linneeus’s diagnosis and his citation of Catesby leave no doubt that the Viverra
putorius of his twelfth edition was primarily founded on this animal, though he evi-
dently confounded other species in his description and references. This appears to me
to be one of the cases in which zoologists are free either to retain or reject a Linnean
name; and I have followed Dr. Coues in the former course, because a great deal of
uncertainty and confusion of nomenclature is thereby avoided.

A few years ago the Little Striped Skunk was only known as a native of Texas and
California; but its range is now found to be much more extensive, reaching as far
north as Iowa, if not to New York®. It is common in Florida; and Mr. Maynard
informed Mr. Allen that “they are domesticated and used there as cats, the odour-
glands being removed when the animals are young; they become very tame, and are
quite efficient in destroying the mice (Hesperomys, sp.) that infest the houses” *. In
Mexico Dr. Dugés met with this species in the State of Guanajuato ° ; M. Boucard has
received it from Yucatan; and its range extends into Guatemala, where Messrs.
Godman and Salvin obtained several specimens. Further south I have not been able

to trace its existence.

4, CONEPATUS.

Conepatus et Marputius, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2,1. p. 581 (1837).
Thiosmus, Lichtenstein, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1836, p. 270 (1838).

The Neotropical type of Skunk differs from the Nearctic in having only two pre-
molars above (in normal specimens), in its depressed and obliquely truncated snout in
which the nostrils open forwards and downwards, in its broad feet with wholly naked
soles, and its shorter and more closely-haired tail.

Colour is at least as variable in this as in the last genus; but unfortunately we have
not equal material to assist in discriminating between specific characters and individual
variation. ‘There seems, however, to be little doubt that most of the described species
(about sixteen in number) will have to be abolished, and still less that one only has
yet been found north of the Isthmus of Panama. In it the broad white dorsal band
may or may not be partially divided by a median black stripe; in the former case the

*

* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 169.
M2

84 CARNIVORA.

animal bears a superficial resemblance to Mephitis mephitica, but will at once be
recognized by the generic characters pointed out above.

1. Conepatus mapurito.
Viverra mapurito, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 88 (1788, ex Mutis)’.
Mephitis mapurito, Lichtenstein, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1836, p. 270°.
Conepatus mapurito, Coues, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. ser. 2, no. 1, p. 14°; Fur-bearing Anim. p. 249°,
Mephitis leuconota, Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Sadugeth. pl. xliv. fig. 1 (1834, descr. orig.)’.
Mephitis mesoleuca, Lichtenstem, op. cit. pl. xliv. fig. 2 (1834, descr. orig.)°; Baird, Mamm. N. Am.
p. 192"; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 19°; Tomes, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 280°.
Mephitis nasuta, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 39 (descr. orig.)”®.
Thiosmus nasutus, Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 137”.
Conepatus nasutus, Gray, Cat. Carn. &c. Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 1384”.
Mephitis intermedia, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, xii. p. 6 (descr. orig.) ™*.
? Mephitis longicaudata, Tomes, P.Z. 8. 1861, p. 280 (descr. orig.)™.
Mephitis chilensis, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 289 (nec Geoffroy ?)”.
Zorro hediando of Costa-Ricans.

Hab. Nort America, Texas*-—Muxico, Rio Alvarado, Chico (Deppe, Mus. Berol.® 6),
Mexico (de Saussure'*), Guanajuato (Dugés!); Guatemata (Godman & Salvin) ;
Costa Rica (Frantzius ).—Soutn AMERICA to Patagonia ¢

The gradations of colour shown by the South-American Skunks are so numerous,
and apparently so little connected with geographical distribution, that I must follow
the late Dr. Gray and Dr. Elliott Coues 4 in regarding them, provisionally at least,
as varieties of one very variable species. The most usual type in Central America
appears to be the white-backed, to various modifications of which the names leuconota,
mesoleuca, nasuta, and intermedia have been applied; but the form in which the white
is more or less divided into lateral stripes also occurs. I have been unable to identify
in the British Museum the Guatemalan specimen to which Mr. Tomes gave the provisional
name of Mephitis longicaudata 4; but from his description I believe it to have been
an example of the present species, in which the tail was either unusually long or
had been unduly stretched in preservation. A drawing by Mrs. Salvin of oné of the
Skunks in the Museum of Guatemala certainly represents Conepatus mapurito.

Dr. v. Frantzius met with the two-striped variety in Costa Rica, and identified it with
the Mephitis chilensis of Geoffroy. He gives the following account of its habits, which
appear to be much the same as those of the North-American species :—“ Like its
congeners the Chilian Skunk is a nocturnal animal, remaining hidden about human
habitations by day, and going forth at night to plunder. As it is peculiarly destructive
to poultry, the Costa-Ricans call this animal Zorro (F ox), or, to distinguish it from
the Opossum, Zorro hediando, or Stinking-Fox. Often it is surprised in its robberies
by dogs; and Skunks thus killed are not uncommonly seen lying in the streets of the

CONEPATUS.—TAXIDEA. 85

towns. When this animal voids the contents of the odour-glands the stench is so

great that it is perceptible at a distance of many hundred paces; but fortunately it
only does so when pursued and in danger.”

5. TAXIDEA.
Taxidea, Waterhouse, P. Z. 8. 1838, p. 154.

The American Badger was first generically separated from its Old-World represen
tatives by Mr. Waterhouse, who pointed out various important dental and cranial
differences. Among these may be particularly mentioned the great breadth and abrupt
truncation of the occipital region of the skull, the large size of the auditory bulle, and
the possession of only thirty-four teeth * instead of thirty-six (or rather thirty-eight +),
asin Veles. Externally the body is stout and depressed, the tail very short, and the
claws of the fore feet powerfully developed.

As will be seen below, only one species of Zarxidea is now recognized by American
zoologists.

1. Taxidea americana.

Ursus taxus, var. 8. americanus, Boddaert, Elench. Anim. 1. p. 136 (1787, descr. orig.)’.

Meles americanus, Zimmermann, Pennant’s Arktische Zool. i. p. 747. -

Taxidea berlandieri, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 205 (1857, descr. orig.)*; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 21’.

Taxidea americana berlandieri, Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. i. p. 331°; Coues, Fur-bearing Anim.
p. 289°.

? Tlacoyotl seu Coyotl humile, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 12, cap. xxxvii.

Texon, Tejon, of Mexicans.

Hab. Norvn America, from 58° N. lat. southwards 6.—MeExico (Brandt, Mus. Brit.),
Interior and Eastern States, Nuevo Leon, Tamaulipas (Berlandier °), Matamoras

(U.S. Nat. Mus.*).

The southern race of the American Badger is distinguished by the white facial stripe

* Dr. Coues has pointed out that Mr. Waterhouse, in his extended paper (Trans. Z. 8. ii. pp. 343-348,
pl. lix.), gave the dental formula of Tawidea incorrectly, making the lower “ false molars” 2. 2 instead of 3. 8,
and counting the upper sectorial tooth as a molar instead of a premolar (‘ Fur-bearing Animals,’ p. 262,

footnote). From the context of Mr. Waterhouse’s paper it is evident that the former error was an accidental
4 c. 4) pm. = m. p= pa 4

+ Some confusion has existed as to the dentition of the European Badger, owing to the existence of a small
deciduous tooth behind each upper canine. This tooth, which is easily lost, and, according to Professors
Moseley and Ray Lankester, has no predecessor in the milk-dentition (Journ. Anat. Phys. iii. p. 79), is not
noticed by Fréderic Cuvier, De Blainville, or Owen, but was present in the skull described and figured by

Blasius (Siugeth. Deutschl. p. 203), who gives the whole number of teeth as thirty-eight.

‘slip. The correct formula is—i.

86 CARNIVORA.

being generally continued along the spine towards the tail, and by its more reddish-
grey tinge of colour. This dorsal line, however, is more or less interrupted in different
specimens; and the minor cranial characters, on which Professor Baird relied in his
specific separation of 7. berlandieri*, are stated by Dr. Coues to be negatived by the
examination of a larger series of skulls®. There seems therefore to be little doubt
that that gentleman and Mr. Allen are correct in treating the Mexican Badger as a
local race of 7. americana. :

The American Badger appears to be common in the Northern and North-eastern
States of Mexico, especially, according to Dr. Berlandier, in Nuevo Leon and Tamau-
lipas; but I have not been able to trace its range further to the south. Dr. Coues
states that Berlandier’s manuscripts contain “several biographical notices—nothing,
however, to indicate any differences of moment in its habits as compared with those of
T. americana” ®.

6. LUTRA.
Lutra, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. An. p. 445 (1777).

Of this well-known and very widely distributed genus several Neotropical species
have been described. Of these the only one positively known to inhabit our sub-
region may be easily known by its small size, its proportionally long tail, and by the.
form of its naked muffle, which is broad transversely and distinctly biconcave above,
its upper margin forming a double curve with a sharp middle angle, thus ~—~~—.
Other Otters have been recorded as natives of Central America, but, as will be seen
presently, on very doubtful evidence.

1. Lutra felina.

Mustela felina, Molina, Sagg. Stor. Nat. Chili, p. 284 (1782, descr. orig.)’.

Nutria felina, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1865, p. 128”; Cat. Carn. &. Mamm. p. 106°.

Lutra felina, Coues, Fur-bearing Anim., p. 301°.

Lutra chilensis, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1832, p. 1 (descr. orig.)°; Tomes, op. cit. 1861, p. 279°.
Lutra californica, Gray, Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 2, i. p. 580 (descr. orig.)’.

? Lutra brasiliensis, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 288 (nec F. Cuvier)*.

? Lutra canadensis, Frantzius, tom. cit. p. 289 (nec Turton)’.

Perro de agua of Guatemalans.

Nutria of Costa-Ricans °°.

Hab. Norra America, Pacific slopes, from Alaska ? 4.—Mextco, Orizaba (U.S. Nat.
Mus.4), Tehuantepec (Sumichrast, ib.4); Guaremana, (U.S. Nat. Mus.) Santana
Mixtan, Coban (Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.®); Costa Rica (Frantzius 8°);
Panama (Boucard, Mus. Berol.).—Sovutu America to Chilit.

All the Central-American Otters which I have seen, and all those examined by

LUTRA.—URSUS. | 87

Mr. J. A. Allen and by Dr. Coues, belong to this well-marked species ; and there can
be little doubt that Dr. v. Frantzius was in error in his determination of Lutra
brasiliensis and L. canadensis in Costa Rica. Of the former he says that the headless
and footless skins brought to the markets appeared to belong to that species, and that
a specimen sent to the Dresden Museum by Herr Schroter had been determined by
Professor Reichenbach §. The skins may be dismissed as quite inadequate evidence ; and
there would seem to be some mistake about the Dresden example, for I could find no
specimen of L. brasiliensis when I visited that collection; and the present Director,
Dr. A. B. Meyer, informs me that the only specimens which the Museum received
from Herr Schréter were Reptiles. As to LZ. canadensis, Dr. v. Frantzius says that a
Costa-Rican Otter in the collection of Dr. Joos, of Schaffhausen, agreed with the
North-American species in its skull and in its naked muffle, which “ ran up in a pointed
angle”®. This last character is diagnostic of L. felina, and not of L. canadensis, in
which the muffle is an irregular pentagon, which has been aptly compared to the shape
of the ace of clubs. |

Molina’s Otter has a wide range on the western slope of both the Americas, from
Chili, where it was first described, northwards. It is still somewhat uncertain to what
latitude its northern range attains: specimens obtained from the MM. Verreaux by
the British Museum are labelled “ Kamptschatka”?; and this is partially confirmed
by Dr. Coues, who doubtfully refers skulls from Alaska to this species +.

Messrs. Godman and Salvin give me the following account of their observations on
this animal in Guatemala :—“ Otters are pretty generally distributed in suitable places
throughout the country. The first occasion on which we met with them was near
Santana Mixtan, a village in the Pacific-coast region, where the specimen called Lutra
chilensis by Mr. Tomes® was shot in a stagnant lagoon in the forest. We afterwards
found Otters not uncommon in the river of Coban, close to the town, a favourite resort
being some pools near the stream. We also met with them in the river of Copan, near
the celebrated Indian ruins. Having crept through the curious tunnel of masonry
which pierces the hill known as the ‘cerro de la ventana,’ we came to a high wall
overhanging the river, in which several Otters were playing in a pool below us.”

Fam. V. URSIDE.

1. URSUS.
Ursus, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 69 (1766).

Two species of Bear are included in the fauna of our subregion, but appear to have
been hitherto only found towards its northern extremity. These are the well-known
- Black or Cinnamon Bear of North America, and the dreaded “ Grizzly ” of the Rocky
Mountains. Concerning the specific identity of both these animals, especially the
latter, there has been not a little diversity of opinion.

88 CARNIVORA.

The latest writer on the subject in America is Mr. J. A. Allen, who at one time
went so faras to unite all the terrestrial Nearctic Bears with the Old-World Ursus arctos,
Linn.* More recently, however, he has changed his views, and, while he still identifies
the Barren-Ground Bear of Richardson with U. arctos, he regards the Black or
Cinnamon Bear as unquestionably distinct, and accords ‘“ subspecific ” rank to the
Grizzly +, the differences between the latter and U. arctos being considered to be
appreciable, but to be neither constant nor important. Other authorities, on the
other hand, regard the cranial and dental characters of the Grizzly Bear as full of
specific value; and Professor Busk, who identifies it with the extinct U. fossilis,

Goldfuss, has lately contrasted its dentition with that of U. arctos in great detail f.
i Not having the materials on which to ground an independent personal opinion, I have
| thought it best to retain the Grizzly Bear provisionally as a distinct species, although
I do not think it unlikely that Mr. Allen’s view may be supported by further obser-
vation, and that U. horribilis and U. arctos may prove to grade into one another.
| Following this course, the North-Mexican Bears may be thus characterized :—

Le Ne EC Ee RT eee

| 1. U. horribilis. Fur of body with yellowish or hoary tips, and usually a dark
dorsal band; fore claws double the length of those of the hind feet. Frontal
region of skull flattened ; outer margin of last upper molar nearly straight.

2. U. americanus. Fur uniform in colour, either black or reddish-brown ; fore
claws moderate. Frontal region of skull convex; outer margin of last upper
molar convex in the middle.

Whether the genus Ursus does not reappear at the other extremity of the Central-
American subregion is, perhaps, open to doubt; for Dr. v. Frantzius was assured by
the Costa-Rican woodcutters and hunters that a large animal, which they termed Oso
real, was sometimes, though very rarely, found in the higher-lying forests, and that it
reared itself up when attacked. He observes that though the Great Anteater is known
by the same name, it cannot be the animal meant, as it is well known, and, besides,
does not inhabit the same regions; and he therefore believed that the range of the
South-American Spectacled Bear (U. ornatus, F. Cuv.) might prove to extend to Costa
Rica §. No further evidence, however, has been recorded in confirmation of this view.

1. Ursus horribilis.

Ursus horribilis, Ord, Guthrie’s Geogr. (2nd Amer. ed.) p. 291 (1815, deser. orig., fide Baird)’;
Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 219°.

Ursus horribilis, var. horriaeus, Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 11. Mamm. p. 24°.

Ursus arctos, subsp. horribilis, Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. ii. p. 336°.

* Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. i. pp. 184-192. + Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. ii. pp. 334-342,
t Trans. Z. 8. x. pp. 60-69. § Arch. f. Naturg. xxxyv. 1, p. 294.

URSUS. 89

Hab. Norra America, west of the River Missouri, from the Dominion of Canada
southwards 7.—Mexico, Los Nogales (Kennerly, U.S. Nat. Mus.*).

The existence of the Grizzly Bear in the Northern States of Mexico is attested by
the naturalists of the United-States Boundary Survey?4. The single specimen obtained
by them in Sonora presented some slight variations in coloration and proportions from
Californian examples, which induced Professor Baird to describe it as a separate variety
(horriaeus) ; but they were merely comparative, and may not improbably have been
individual peculiarities.

How much further the Grizzly Bear may extend into Mexico I have been quite
unable to learn. Mr. J. W. Hinchliff was assured at Mazatlan that Bears were very
numerous in the mountains of the interior*; but he appears to have obtained no
evidence in confirmation of the report.

2. Ursus americanus.

Ursus americanus, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. fasc. xiv. p. 6 (1780, descr. orig.)’; Dugés, La Nat. i.
p-. 187°; Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. i. p. 338°. |
Ursus americanus, var. cinnamoneus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 228%.

Ursus cinnamoneus?, Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 29 (1859, ex Audubon &
Bachman)’.

Hab. NortH America, from Alaska southwards ?.\—MeExico, Sonora (Dugés *).

The Black and Cinnamon Bears of North America were separated as varieties by
Audubon and Bachman; and Professor Baird, in treating of a specimen of the latter
killed close to our northern boundary, raised it, though with some doubt, to specific
rank>, It appears now to be certain, however, that the two forms cannot even be
regarded as distinct races; Mr. Allen observes that their skulls are not in any way
distinguishable, and that the distinction between the animals “is one of colour only,
and inconstant as characterizing any particular locality or region” ®.

According to Dr. Dugés the American Bear is found in the Mexican State of
Sonora?; but I have not been able to trace it further to the southward.

[(PHOCIDH—OTARIIDZ.]

The existence of Seals on the coasts and islands of Central America was recorded by
some of the older voyagers. Dampier, in describing “the Alcranes, 5 or 6 low sandy
Islands, lying in the Lat. of about 23d. North, and distant from the Coast of Jucatan
about 25 Leagues,” observes, ‘‘ Here are many Seals: they come up to sun themselves
only on two or three of the Islands, I don’t know whether exactly of the same kind
with those in colder Climates, but, as I have noted in my former Book, they always

* <Qver the Sea’ (London, 187 6), p. 118. + Quad. N. Amer. iii. p. 125.
BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Apri/ 1880. N

90 CARNIVORA.—SIRENIA.

live where there is Plenty of Fish”*; and he further informs us that these islands were
visited by English ships from Jamaica for the purpose of obtaining “Seal-Oyl” 7. I
have been unable to find any modern record of the capture of Seals on the east coast of
Central America, or to trace any specimens in the European Museums. The most
likely species to occur would be the West-Indian forms named Phoca tropicalis}, and
Cystophora antillarum§ by Gray—animals of which nothing is known beyond the
imperfect type specimens in the British Museum, and the field-notes of Mr. Hill, quoted
by Mr. Gosse |].

Nor can I find evidence of the occurrence on the Pacific coast of Central America of
any of the Seals or Sea-Lions of that ocean, although the southern Otaria jubata
(Foster) extends its range up the western seaboard of South America to Peru, while the
northern O. stelleri (Lesson), 0. gilliespit (M*Bain), and Arctocephalus ursinus (Linn.)
are all found on the coasts of California, as is also the Elephant-Seal, Macrorhinus
leoninus (Linn.)§. This distribution may possibly be caused, as suggested to me by Mr.
H. Saunders, by the fact that Humboldt’s Current and the North-Pacific Drift-Current
lower the ocean temperature along the coasts of South and North America, but sweep
out to the westward when they reach Peru and California respectively, leaving a
greatly warmer interval between these shores; and another reason may be the general
absence of islands along this coast.

Order V. SIRENTA.

Few Mammals have excited more general interest than the little group which con-
sists of the Manatee, the Dugong, the now extinct Rhytina, and their fossil allies. The
peculiar habits and appearance of the recent species (lately rendered familiar in Kurope —
and America by the exhibition of living specimens in confinement) have always attracted
the interest of the general public; while the combination of divergent and abnormal
characters in their organization rendered them long a standing puzzle to the systematic
zoologist. ‘Thus Linneus associated them with the Walrus, Cuvier with the Whales,
and de Blainville with the Elephants; and it was only when their anatomy had been
more fully worked out ** that naturalists generally recognized their claims to be regarded

* Dampier’s Voyages, ii. pt. 2, p. 25. + Tom. cit. p. 27.

+ Cat. Mamm. Brit. Mus. pt. 2 (Seals), p. 28 (1850, descr. orig.) ; Monachus tropicalis, Cat. Seals and
Whales Brit. Mus. p. 20.

§ P. Z. S. 1849, p. 93 (deser. orig.); Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2nd ser.) vi. p. 60; Cat. Seals and Whales,
p. 43.

|| ‘ Naturalist’s Sojourn in Jamaica,’ pp. 807-314.

{| Cf. Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1877, pp. 505-507; Scammon, Marine Mamm. N. Amer. pp. 113-137.

** Of the principal exponents of the structure of the Sirenia, the names of Bischoff, Knox, Owen, Brandt,
Vrolik, Krauss, Murie, Garrod, Chapman, and Harting may be mentioned: references to the memoirs specially
treating of Manatus will be found below.

MANATUS, ° 91

as a perfectly distinct order of Mammalia, only distantly connected with any other
form, but having most affinities with the Ungulates and Proboscideans. As to their
distribution, the two existing genera are confined to the shores of the tropical and sub-
tropical seas—Manatus to the Atlantic, and Halicore to the Indian Ocean and parts of
the Pacific—while Rhytina was till lately a native of the icy waters of Behring Straits.

Fam. I. MANATIDZ.

1. MANATUS.
Manatus, Storr, Prod. Meth. Mamm. p. 41 (1780, part. ex Rodelentia) ; Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm.
p. 140 (1811)*.

The genus Manatus may be at once distinguished from its nearest ally, Halicore, by
its rounded tail-fin, and by the presence of rudimentary nails on its flippers, as well as
by many important features of its internal organization. Thus, the whole shape of the
skull is very different, there are no incisors in the permanent dentition, and only six
cervical vertebre are present, forming one of the few known exceptions to the usual
number in the Mammalian class. The anatomy of the American Manatee has been
studied by various eminent zoologists +, and may now be considered to be as well known
as that of most tropical Mammals.

Several species of Manatee have been described from time to time; but further
investigation has disposed of the claims of all save two—the Manatus australis (or
americanus) of the western, and the WW. senegalensis of the eastern coasts of the tropical
Atlantic. Nor is the specific distinctness of these two forms at all clearly demonstrated ;
for most of the osteological differences pointed out by Cuvier and his followers were
found to disappear when sufficient series of specimens were compared by Professors
Schlegel £ and Brandt § and Drs. Krauss || and Gray §. The last-named writer fell
back on a single character, which he himself acknowledged not to be absolutely
constant, namely the state of the rudimentary nasals, which are usually sufficiently
developed in WM. australis to make a pit or hollow in the anterior edge of the frontals,
whereas in J. senegalensis they are either absent or so small as not to leave any
impression on the other bones. But the fine Cuban skeleton in the Museum of the

* Manatus of Storr appears to have included the “ Manati” of Steller (Rhytina), and, by implication, the present
genus, the Dugong being separated as Trichechus. Liger was the first writer who characterized the genera of
Sirenia in a scientific manner ; and his names have been so generally adopted that much inconvenience would be
caused by any change. The transference of the Linnean name T'’richechus from the Walrus to the Manatee has
been recently proposed, but on what appear to me to be totally inadequate grounds,

+ Among these may be especially mentioned :—Brandt, Mém. Ac. Pétersb. 6™¢ sér. v. pp. 134-137, & 7™e sér.
xii. pp. 242-253; Vrolik, Bijdr. tot de Dierkunde, i. art. 5; Krauss, Arch. f. Anat. 1862, pp. 415-427; Murie,
Trans. Zool. Soc. viii. pp. 127-202, & xi.(in the press); and Garrod, op.cit. x. pp. 137-145,

t~ Abhandl. Zool. u. vergl. Anat. i. pp. 9-13. § Mém. Ac. Pétersb. 7™°¢ sér. xii. p. 241.

|| Arch, f, Anat. 1858, pp. 390-425. q Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xv. pp. 130-139.

N 2

stu

92 SIRENTA.

Royal College of Surgeons agrees with African specimens in this respect ; and the same
appears to be the case with two of the American skulls figured by de Blainville ek
more constant character appears to be found in the condition of the anterior edge of the
frontals, where they form the upper margin of the large nasal fossa; in the American
Manatee this edge is straight, thin, and often denticulate, while in the African it is
commonly thickened and rounded: but here, again, we find exceptions, for an African
skull in the British Museum has frontals of the usual American type. On the whole
it may be said that the skulls of American and African Manatees may usually, but not
invariably, be separated, and that more information as to the rest of the organization of
the latter form is required before its specific distinction can be regarded as proved. As
to the supposed existence of two distinct species in America, it is enough to say that the
minor cranial characters on which Harlan founded his WV. latirostris proved to be quite
inconstant and untrustworthy.

1. Manatus australis. (Tab. VII.)

Trichechus manatus, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 49 (1766, part.) '.

Trichechus manatus «. australis, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 60 (1780) ?.

Manatus australis, Tilesius, Tiles. Jahrb. f. Naturg. i. p. 23 (1802, ex Gmelin)*; Ozeretskovski, Nov.

Act. Petrop. xiii. p. 875 4.
Manatus americanus, Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xvii. p. 262 (1817, ex Cuvier)*>; Frantzius,
Arch. f, Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 304%

Manatus latirostris, Harlan, J. Acad. Philad. iii. p. 394 (1823, descr. orig.) ’.

Vacca de Agua of Guatemalans.

Hab. Norta America, coasts of the Gulf of Mexico.—MeExico, Yucatan (Dampier) ;
British Honpuras (Salvin & Godman); Guatemaua, Lake of Yzabal (Salvin &
Godman); Honpuras (Mus. Coll. Surg.) ; Nicaracua, Blewfields River (Dampier) ;
Costa Rica, river Sarapiqui, San Juan ®&—Sovurn America, north and east coasts,
southward to Brazil.

The Manatee, or Sea-Cow, was naturally one of the first American Mammals to
obtrude itself on the attention of the old voyagers. Professor Brandt, in the memoir
already referred to, has drawn attention to the accounts of many of the earlier writers,
both Spanish and English, who recorded its abundance and value as food. Of these,
tne description of Captain Dampier is so vivid and exhaustive, that I quote it
entire :—

“‘ While we lay here [off the coast of Nicaragua], our Moskito Men went in their
Canoa, and struck us some Manatee, or Sea-Cow. Besides this Blewfield’s River, I have
seen of the Manatee in the Bay of Campeachy, on the Coasts of Bocca del Drago, and
Bocco del Toro, in the River of Darien, and among the South Keys or little Islands of
Cuba. I have heard of their being found on the North of Jamaica a few, and in
the Rivers of Surinam in great Multitudes, which is a very low Land. I have seen

* Ostéographie, Atlas, genus Manatus, pl. iii., under the names of M. latirostris? and M. australis.

MANATUS. 93

of them also at Mindanea one of the Philippine Islands; and on the Coast of Vew
Holland*. This Creature is about the Bigness of a Horse, and 10 or 12 Foot long.
The Mouth of it is much like the Mouth of a Cow, having great thick Lips. The Eyes
are no bigger than a small Pea, the Ears are only two small holes on each side of the
Head. The Neck is short and thick, bigger than the Head. ‘The biggest Part of this
Creature is at the Shoulders, where it hath two large Fins, one on each side of its
Belly. Under each of these Fins the Female hath a small Dug to suckle her young.
From the Shoulders towards the Tail it retains its bigness for about a Foot, then
groweth smaller and smaller to the very Tail, which is flat, and about 14 Inches broad,
and 20 Inches long, and in the Middle 4 or 5 Inches thick, but about the Edges of it not
above 2 Inches thick. From the Head to the Tail it is round and smooth without any
Fin but those two before mentioned. I have heard that some have weighed above
1200 7. but I never saw any so large. The Manatee delights to live in brackish Water;
and they are commonly in Creeks and Rivers near the Sea. “Tis for this reason
possibly they are not seen in the South Seas (that ever I could observe) where the
Coast is generally a bold Shore, that is, high Land and deep Water close home by it,
with a high Sea or great Surges, except in the Bay of Panama; yet even there is
no Manatee. Whereas the West-ndies, being as it were, one great Bay composed of
many smaller, are mostly low Land and shoal Water, and afford proper Pasture (as I may
say) for the Manatee. Sometimes we find them in salt Water, sometimes in fresh; but
never far at Sea. And those that live in the Sea at such Places where there is no River
nor Creek fit for them to enter, yet do commonly come once or twice in 24 Hours to the
Mouth of any fresh Water River that isnear their Place of Abode. They live on Grass
7 or 8 Inches long, and of a narrow Blade, which grows in the Sea in many places,
especially among Islands near the Main. This Grass groweth likewise in Creeks, or in
great Rivers near the Sides of them, in such places where there is but little Tide or
Current. They never come ashore, nor into shallower Water than where they can swim.
Their Flesh is white, both the Fat and the Lean, and extraordinary sweet, wholesome
Meat. The Tail of a young Cow is most esteem’d; but if old both Head and Tail are
very tough. A Calf that sucks is the most delicate Meat; Privateers commonly roast
them; as they do also great pieces cut out of the Bellies of the old ones.

_ The Skin of the Manatee is of great use to Privateers, for they cut them into
Straps, which they make fast on the Sides of their Canoas thro’ which they put their
Oars in rowing, instead of Tholes or Pegs. ‘The Skin of the Bull, or of the Back of the
Cow is too thick for this use; but of it they make Horse-whips, cutting them 2 or 3 Foot
long: at the Handle they leave the full Substance of the Skin, and from thence cut it away
tapering, but very even and square all the four Sides. While the Thongs are green
they twist them, and hang them to dry: which ina Weeks time become as hard as Wood.
The Moskito Men have always a small Canoa for their use to strike Fish, Tortoise [7. e.
Turtle], or Manatee, which they keep usually to themselves, and very neat and clean.

* [These last references apply of course to the Dugong, Haliwore dugong (Gmel.). ]

94 SIRENIA.

They use no Oars but Paddles, the broad Part of which doth not go tapering towards
the Staff, Pole, or Shandle of it, as in the Oar; nor do they use it in the same manner,
by laying it on the Side of the Vessel; but hold it perpendicular, griping the Staff
hard with both Hands, and putting back the Water by main Strength, and very quick
Strokes. One of the Moskitoes (for there go but two in a Canoa) sits in the Stern, the
other kneels down in the Head, and both paddle till they come to the place where they
expect their Game. Then they lye still or paddle very softly, looking well about them,
and he that is in the Head of the Canoa lays down his Paddle, and stands up with his
striking Staffin his Hand. This Staff is about 8 Foot long, almost as big as a Man’s Arm
at the great End, at which there is a Hole to place his Harpoon in. At the other End
of his Staff there is a piece of light Wood called Bobwood, with a Hole in it, through
which the small End of the Staff comes; and on this piece of Bobwood there is a Line
of 10 or 12 Fathom wound neatly about, and the End of the Line made fast to it. The
other End of the Line is made fast to the Harpoon, which is at the great End of the
Staff, and the Moskito Men keeps about a Fathom of it loose in his Hand. When he
strikes, the Harpoon presently comes out of the Staff, and as the Manatee swims away,
the Line runs off from the Bob ; and altho’ at first both Staff and Bob may be carried under
Water, yet as the Line runs off it will rise again. Then the Moskito Men paddle with
all their might to get hold of the Bob again, and spend usually a quarter of an Hour
before they get it. When the Manatee begins to be tired, it lieth still, and then the
Moskito Men paddle to the Bob and take it up, and begin to hale in the Line. When the
Manatee feels them he swims away again, with the Canoa after him; then he that steers
must be nimble to turn the Head of the Canoa that way that his Consort points, who
being in the Head of the Canoa, and holding the Line, both sees and feels which way
the Manatee is swimming. Thus the Canoa is towed with a violent Motion, till the
Manatee’s Strength decays. Then they gather in the Line, which they are often forced
to let all go to the very End. At length when the Creature’s Strength is spent, they
hale it up to the Canoa’s side, and knock it on the Head, and tow it to the nearest Shore,
where they make it fast, and seek for another; which having taken, they get on shore
with it to put it into their Canoa: For ’tis so heavy that they cannot lift it in, but they
hale it up in shole Water, as near the Shore as they can, and then overset the Canoa, laying
one side close to the Manatee. Then they roll [it] in, which brings the Canoa upright
again; and when they have heav’d out the Water, they fasten a Line to the other
Manatee that lieth afloat, and tow it after them. I have known two Moskito Men for
a Week every Day bring aboard 2 Manatee in this Manner; the least of which hath not
weighed less than 600 Pound, and that in a very small Canoa, that three Englishmen would
scarce adventure to go in. When they strike a Cow that hath a young one, they
seldom miss the Calf, for she commonly takes her young under one of her Fins. But
if the Calf is so big that she cannot carry it, or [she] so frightened that she only minds
to save her own Life, yet the young never leaves her till the Moskito Men have an oppor-
tunity to strike her.

MANATUS. 95

‘‘The manner of striking Manatee and Tortoise is much the same; only when they
seek for Manatee they paddle so gently, that they make no noise, and never touch the
side of the Canoa with their Paddle; because it is a Creature that hears very well.
But they are not so nice when they seek for Tortoise, whose Eyes are better than his
Ears”*,

Again, in his ‘ Voyages to Campeachy, Dampier mentions that Manatees were very
plentiful in the “ River of Tobasco,” “ especially in one place on the Starboard-side about
2 Leagues from the Sea, which runs into the Land 2 or 300 paces, and then opens very
wide, and is so shoal that you may see their backs above Water as they feed; a thing
so rare, that I have heard our Moskito-Men say, they never saw it any where else; on
the least noise they will all scamper out into the River; yet the Moskito-men seldom miss
of striking them. There [/. These] are a sort of Fresh-water Manatee, not altogether so
big as the Sea-kind, but otherwise exactly alike in shape and taste, and I think rather
fatter”.

In modern times Manatees, although considerably reduced in numbers, are still
abundant in the more secluded lagoons and estuaries of eastern Tropical America. Of
their reported existence on the western coast there is no satisfactory evidence whatever.
They were stated by one or two of the old writers to be found on the coast of Peruf;
and Dr. v. Frantzius accidentally heard that Dr. Bernoulli had met with them on the
west coast of Guatemala®. There can now be no doubt, however, that these reports
were erroneous, and that the Manatee is not found on any of the Pacific shores. Con-
sidering the resemblance of the marine fauna of the two oceans and the evidence of their
intercommunication in comparatively recent ages, there would have been nothing
surprising in Manatus being common to both; and the reason of its absence from the
west coast is probably that quoted above from Dampier), namely the bold steep nature
of the shore and the absence of broad shallow estuaries and lagoons.

In Costa Rica Dr. v. Frantzius says that Manatees are still very numerous all along
the Atlantic coast, and in the San Juan river and its tributaries the Colorado, Sarapiqui,
and San Carlos, but are prevented by rapids from ascending into the Rio Frio and Lake
of Nicaragua. As in Dampier’s days, they are pursued by the Mosquito Indians, who
annually visit the coasts of Costa Rica in pursuit of Turtle. The petrous bones are
believed by the natives to possess medical virtues, and, consequently fetch a high price °.

Messrs. Salvin and Godman inform me that they never resided long enough on the
sea-coast of Guatemala to become personally acquainted with the Manatee; but from
descriptions of the animal given them by residents at Yzabal, they have no doubt of its
occurrence in the large lake of that name, probably in tolerable abundance. This
sheet of water is nearly at the sea-level, with a deep outlet into the Bay of Honduras.
Its shores are covered with dense forest, into which run numerous creeks affording
suitable feeding-ground for these animals. At Yzabal the native name for the Manatee

* Dampier’s Voyages, i. pp. 33-37. + Dampier’s Voyages, ii. pt. 2, p. 109.
t Of. Brandt, Mém. Ac. Pétersb. 7™° sér. xii. p. 254. § Supra, p. 93.

96 STRENIA.—UNGULATA.

is “ Vacca de Agua,” or Water-Cow. They further remark that the Manatee is doubt-
less still found all along the shores of British Honduras; but as the creeks and rivers of
that country have long been frequented by the mahogany-cutters, its numbers are
greatly reduced. About the mouths of the New River and of the Rio Hondo, north of
Belize, they have recent information that it is still far from uncommon.

As already observed, Manatees have been brought alive to Europe of late years, and
in some cases have lived in excellent health in confinement. An unsuccessful attempt
of the Zoological Society, in 1866, nevertheless produced the material for the first of
Dr. Murie’s excellent memoirs referred to above. In 1865 the Society succeeded in
obtaining a living specimen, which, however, was only a month at the Gardens before
it passed into the hands of the then Prosector—the lamented Professor Garrod. In
June 1878 a second live Manatee was exhibited at the Westminster Aquarium, where
it lived till March 1879; and after its death it also came under Dr. Murie’s scalpel.
Two purchased by the Brighton Aquarium are still, I believe, in good health.

Our illustration is from a careful drawing which Mr. Wolf made of the Westminster
specimen for the editors of this work, and well represents the curious position which
that animal habitually assumed when at rest. Dr. H.C. Chapman describes a Manatee,
which lived for some time in the Zoological Gardens at Philadelphia, as “ resting by
the tip of his tail on the floor of the aquarium, his head downward, and with his back
much arched” *; but Professor Flower tells me that he is assured that the individuals
now at Brighton never place themselves in such an attitude under any circumstances.
Further observations on living Manatees would be interesting; but there appears to be
no doubt that some perfectly healthy and normal animals are in the constant habit of
resti g in shallow water on the dorsal surface of the bent-forward tail in the manner
here represented f.

Order VI. UNGULATA.

Suborder I. PERISSODACTYLA.

_ Of the three recent families which represent the once dominant group of Odd-toed.
Ungulates, one only, the Tapiride, is now indigenous to the New World. According to
the views here adopted, the family now consists of a single genus, which presents the
remarkable peculiarity of being found only in two such widely separated countries as
South America and South-eastern Asia. In geological times, however, both true
Tapirs and allied forms were abundant throughout the Palearctic and Nearctic

* Proc. Acad. Philad. 1875, p. 461.

Y Other positions of the Westminster Manatee will be found figured in Dr. Murie’s second memoir in the
‘ Transactions of the Zoological Society,’ now passing through the press,

_TAPIRUS. 97

Regions ; but these have gradually disappeared, leaving their representatives at the two
most distant extremities of their once extensive range. As far as the New World is
concerned, the Tapirs are thus now an exclusively Neotropical type.

Fam, I. TAPIRIDA.

I. TAPIRUS.
Tapirus, Brisson, Régne Anim. p. 118 (1756).
Hydrocherus, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. An. p. 191 (1777).

The few existing species of Tapirs present well-marked cranial features in addition to
their external differences. Of late years it has been proposed to regard these characters
as of generic value, the late Dr. Gray having separated the Malayan Tapir under
Wagner's name of Rhinocherus*, and Dr. Theodore Gill the Central-American species as
Llasmognathusy. The skulls of the latter certainly present very striking characters :
in some respects they resemble that of Tapirus indicus rather than those of T. ameri-
canus and 7. rowlint; but in others they differ from all the other known species. Of
these the most remarkable is the complete ossification of the mesethmoid, which forms
a bony nasal septum, extending in the adult skull far in front of the short nasal bones,
and clasped below by ascending plates developed from the maxillaries. Dr. Gill no
unnaturally anticipated that these cranial characters would be found to be correlated
with external peculiarities in the head and proboscis, and with consequent modification
of habits; but not only has this ‘proved not to be the case, but the two forms of
Elasmognathus differ from each other in much more important cranial characters than
they do from any of the other Tapirs. Under these circumstances it seems to me to
be unwise to attempt to break up such a small and well-defined genus as Tapirus.

Five years after his first description of Elasmognathus bairdi, Dr. Gill announced the
discovery of a second species of the genus, based on the examination of a series of five
skulls sent to the Smithsonian Institution from Guatemala by Captain J. M. Dow.
He proposed to name the form L. dowi, and gave the following preliminary notice of
its remarkable cranial peculiarities :— |

“‘The most obvious differences are in the development of the nasal and frontal
bones; but these are confirmed by the differences in the dentition, especially in. the
form of the first premolar of each jaw. The nasal bones of the young, compared with
those of the corresponding age of E. bairdii, are wider, especially in front of the * pits,’
and exhibit basilar processes recurrent forward.along the frontal [maxillary ?] bones,
like those of Tapirus, but less developed, and .the grooves for the nasal cartilages are
deeper. As the animal advances in age, however, the frontals would appear to grow
forward and force apart the nasals, which apparently do not increase, or even diminish

* P. Z.8. 1867, p. 884. f Proc. Acad, Philad. 1865, p. 183; Amer. Journ. Science, 1. p. 142,

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, April 1880. O

98 UNGULATA.

in size, and sooner or later are fused with the frontals! This strange outgrowth of the
frontal bones has been verified on four adults; and consequently the natural suggestion
that it was a monstrous individual feature is rendered improbable. The first premolars
of the Guatemalan form, in comparison with those of #. bairdi, are in the upper jaw
much narrower and divided into halves, the anterior of which is compressed and of
almost uniform width, while the inner face of the posterior half bulges abruptly
inwards; in the lower jaw they are also narrower, and the anterior cusp is separated by
a vertical groove on the inner face of the tooth”.

As far asI am aware, the full description promised by Dr. Gill has never appeared,
and the above notes are so brief and indefinite that it is difficult to appreciate the value
of the characters indicated. On making application to my kind correspondent, Pro-
fessor Spencer F. Baird, I was last year intrusted with one of the typical skulls, and
Dr. Gill was so good as to supervise the execution of drawings of the fronto-nasal region
in two others of the series. Iam indebted to Professor Alphonse Milne-Edwards for a
careful sketch of a skull in the Paris Museum; and I found a large series of Central- —
American Tapir-skulls in the British Museum, the Museum of the Royal College of
Surgeons, and in the collection of Mr. E. Gerrard, jun. In examining this material I
had the benefit of the assistance of Professor Flower, Dr. Giinther, and Mr. Sclater ;
and the result is the conviction that the characters of 7. dow& drawn from the fronto-
nasal region, are constant and very remarkable, while those founded on differences of
dentition cannot be depended upon. As these former peculiarities have never been
properly figured or fully described, and as some of them are unique, I believe, in the
Mammalian class, I will here enter more into osteological detail than has been thought
advisable in the rest of the present work.

The comparison of a sufficient series of skulls in any species of Tapir shows the
existence of a very remarkable extent of individual variation in minor dental and cranial
characters; and I have not found any of the differences pointed out by Dr. Gill as
distinguishing 7. dow? from T. bairdi to be constant, except the extraordinary modifica-
tion of the fronto-nasal region, which will be best understood by a comparison of the
following descriptions with the figures on Pl. VIII.

In T. bairdi, as shown in figs. 1 and 2, the nasals are well-developed bones at all ages,
having a considerable thickness at their base, and, consequently, articulating with the
frontals by a comparatively large surface. They are considerably longer, in the adult,
than their united breadth, and they form the greater portion (in some examples the
whole) of the characteristic pits which lodge the basal sinuses of the nostrils. In some
specimens the frontals show a slight projection between the bases of the nasals, but the
latter may always be said to articulate with one another throughout the greater part of
their length. When we turn to the known skulls of 7. dowi we find a very different
arrangement of these parts.

* Amer, Journ. Science, 1. pp. 141, 142.

. TAPIRUS. “99

In the skull of a half-grown specimen of the latter species (retaining the milk-denti-
tion), which was received by the Zoological Society from Corinto, and is preserved
in the British Museum, the nasal region is as shown in fig. 3. The frontals form the
greater part of the sinus-pits, and project considerably further forward in the middle.
The nasals are small, thin, almost laminar bones; and each is divided by a transverse
_ suture into an upper and a lower portion *, the former of which has a posterior process
which forms part of the spiral central ridge of the sinus-pit. The mesethmoid is not
yet ossified.

The typical skull of 7. dow?, lent me by the United-States National Museum, is that
of an adolescent female, with the last molar just coming up. As shown in fig. 4, the
nasals are completely ankylosed with the frontals so as to be quite undistinguishable,
although the interfrontal suture still remains open. The fused nasals and frontals
expand abruptly in front of the sinus-pits, and are truncated in front, with a thin
denticulated rounded edge, from beneath which the broad upper edge of the partially
_ ossified mesethmoid projects forward. A drawing of the fronto-nasal region of a second
typical skull of 7. dowi shows precisely the same conditions, as does also a sketch
sent me by Professor Milne-Edwards of the skull in the Paris Museum which was
figured, though not very satisfactorily, as that of T. bairdi by the late M. Gervais.

In the British Museum there is also the skull of a fully adult, but not aged, animal,
which was sent from the western part of Nicaragua by Captain Dow to Mr. Sclater,
by whom it was presented to the national collection. Although most of the sutures of
this skull are much more closed than in the Washington and Paris specimens above
described, yet the ankylosis of the nasals with the frontals is not complete. The
former bones are extremely small and thin, and they are separated throughout their
length by the median projection of the frontals. Each nasal is divided, as in the young
animal, into two portions. On the left side these remain distinct, but on the right the
lower moiety has become fused with the frontal. The mesethmoid is fully ossified
and its upper edge is greatly developed, embracing the fronto-nasal projection and rising
in front to the level of its upper surface. Unfortunately this skull has been con-
siderably injured, probably by the blows by which the animal was dispatched; and I
have therefore preferred to figure another of the type skulls at Washington, which
presents a very similar condition of the parts, and of which a careful drawing has been
kindly supplied to me (fig. 5). Here the two parts of the right nasal are still separate,
while those of the left have united, but neither of the nasals has yet ankylosed with the
frontals.

It will be seen from the foregoing descriptions that the peculiar characters of the
fronto-nasal region in 7. dowi have now been verified in eight specimens of all ages,

* Tn this skull the lower part of the left nasal has unfortunately been lost in preparation, but is restored in
the figure.
+ Journ. de Zool. ii. pl. 1.
O 2

100 UNGULATA.

without any instance of a gradation to the more normal structure of T. bairdi being
discovered. ‘The cranial characters of the two forms may be thus briefly expressed :—

1. 7. bairdi. Nasals well developed, each ossified from a single centre, separate
throughout life, thick at their base, and articulated with one another for the
greater part of their length.

2. T. dowi. Nasals very small, each ossified from two centres, thin, more or less
separated from one another by an anterior prolongation of the frontals, with
which they become partially or entirely ankylosed before the animal reaches
maturity.

Concerning the external characters of the two Central-American Tapirs further
information is still required. The young of 7’. bairdi, which has been described by Mr.
Verrill*, and figured, though not very satisfactorily, by Mr. Sclaterf, is of a reddish-
brown colour above, darker on the head and limbs, and irregularly marked with white
spots and stripes, while the breast and belly are either spotted pale yellow or dirty
white. The half-grown specimen obtained by Mr. Salvin for the British Museum, and
figured by Gray {, is dark reddish brown, passing along the back into blackish brown,
and on the cheeks and sides of the neck into yellowish chestnut, which in its turn
grades into the white of the throat and breast; the chin is dusky brown, and the edges
of the lips are pure white. It appears to me, however, to be highly doubtful whether
this is the adult livery, and whether the species is always so “ easily distinguishable by
the bay cheek and white breast” as Gray thought: a white throat and chest is not
uncommon in the young of the other species of Zapirus, and there is no proof that it
does not eventually disappear in the adult of 7. bairdt.

In his original description of Dow’s Tapir, Dr. Gill states that Captain Dow “ was
told by the party who gave him the skulls that the young are not marked on the body __
with longitudinal light-coloured stripes like KL. bairdii; and he believes that this want
of marking is evidently constant in the young of the species found in Guatemala” §.
Positive evidence on this question is still wanting. Mr. Sclater, in figuring (under the
name of 7. batrdi) the young living female in the Zoological Society’s Gardens, already
alluded to, remarks :—“ This animal, although not by any means full-grown, has nearly
lost the spots of immaturity which distinguished our former specimen of this interesting
species ||, received in August last; and as it also differs from the adult as figured by
Dr. Gray 4, I have thought it advisable to have a careful figure made of it. It stands
about 23 inches in height, and is 42 inches long, from the extended snout to the rump.

* Amer. Journ. Science, xliv. pp. 126, 127. ft P.Z.8. 1871, p. 626, pl. 1.

t+ P.Z.8. 1867, pp. 885, 886, pl. xlii. If the colourists have been accurate, the specimen has faded a good
deal since the original drawing was made by Mr. Wolf.

§ Amer. Journ. Science, 1. p. 142. || This was true 7. bairdi (cf. infra, p..103).

{| This alludes to the half-grown specimen of 7. bairdi described above.

TAPIRUS. | 101

Above it is rather thickly covered with brownish-black hairs of about three quarters of
an inch in length. The face is rather paler. The ears, except for a portion of their
outer rims, are distinctly margined with clear white. The throat and chest are of a
sordid white’”’*, This individual died about six weeks after the date of Mr. Sclater’s
description, and is preserved in the British Museum ; its skin shows no traces of spots,
but the dirty white throat and chest are conspicuous; the chin is dusky, and the edges
of the lips and the snout round the muzzle are pure white. The only other entire
specimen of Dow’s Tapir which is known to me is the one in the Paris Museum, from
which Plate [X.is drawn. This animal, although not yet fully adult f, is still evidently
full-grown, and its coloration is presumably the permanent livery. According to a
carefully executed coloured drawing which Professor Alphonse Milne-Edwards has
been so good as to send me, the white markings have wholly disappeared, and the
animal is of a nearly uniform blackish brown, lighter on the head, and passing into
pale brown on the cheeks, the edges of the lips, and the tips of the ears.

To sum up the scanty information we possess as to the external characters of the
two forms. The young of 7. bairdi is reddish brown, with irregular white spots and
stripes ; that of 7. dowi is said to be unspotted. A half-grown specimen of the former
is dark reddish brown, with chestnut cheeks and a pure white chest ; a similar indi-
vidual of the latter is blackish brown, with a dirty white chest. The adult of 7. bairdi
is still undescribed ; that of 7. dow? is blackish brown, the head being paler.

DESCRIPTION OF TAB. VIII.

Fronto-nasal region of the skulls of Tapirus bairdi and T. dowi, at various ages. fr, frontals;
n, nasals ; mes, upper edge of ossified mesethmoid.
Fig. 1. 7. bairdi. Young female (with milk-dentition) in British Museum: supra, p. 98.
Fig. 2. 7. bairdi. Adult in British Museum: p. 98.
Fig. 8. T. dowi. Young female (with milk dentition) in British Museum: p. 99.
Fig. 4. T. dowi. Adolescent female in U.S. National Museum: p. 99.
Fig. 5. T. dowi. Adult in U.S. National Museum: p. 99.
All the figures are two thirds of the natural size.

1. Tapirus bairdi. (Tab. VIII. figg. 1, 2.)

Tapirus americanus, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 51 (nec Gmelin)? ?
Elasmognathus bairdii, Gill, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1865, p. 183 (descr. orig.)*; Amer. Journ. Science,
xliii. p. 870°; Verrill, op. cit. xliv. p. 126*; Flower, P. Z. 8S. 1867, p. 240°; Gray, tom. cit.
p- 885, pl. xlii.°; Cat. Pachyd. &c. Mamm. p. 261"; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxy. 1,
p. 302° (?)
Tapirus bairdi, Dow, P. Z.S. 1867, p. 241°; Sclater, op. cit. 1871, p. 626, pl. 1."; op. cit. 1874,
p. 89”.
Danta of Spanish Americans.
* P.Z.8. 1872, p. 635, pl. li.
+ Of. Gervais (under the name of Z’. bairdi), Journ. de Zool. ii. p. 26.

102 UNGULATA.

Hab. Mexico, Oaxaca (Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.?; Rickards, Mus. R. Coll. Surg.) ; Hon-
purAs, Omoa (Leyland+)?; Nicaracua (Zool. Soc. Viv.1°) ; Costa Rica (Frantzius’),
Pacuar, Atlantic coast (Zeledon, Mus. Brit.); Panama (White, U.S. Nat. Mus.? ;
Mus. R. Coll. Surg.*), Veragua (Salvin, Mus. Brit.®), River Chagrés (Dow®).

So far back as 1676 the Tapir was noticed as a native of Southern Mexico by Dampier,
under the name of “the Mountain Cow (called by the Spaniards Ante).” He was
somewhat confused by the suggestion of a learned person in Holland that the Mountain
Cow was identical with the Hippopotamus*, but shrewdly expresses his opinion that it
‘“‘must needs be of a different Species.” After giving a sufficiently recognizable descrip-
tion of the animal, and noting that “altogether it is sweet wholesome Meat,” Dampier
gives the following account of its habits, which he says he received from his consorts,
and from other Englishmen and Spaniards :—

“This Creature is always found in the Woods near some large River; and feeds on
a sort of long thin Grass, or Moss, which grows plentifully on the Banks of Rivers; but
never feeds in Savannahs, or Pastures of good Grass, as all other Bullocks do. When
her Belly is full, she lies down to sleep by the Brink of the River; and at the least
Noise slips into the Water: where sinking down to the Bottom, tho’ very deep, she
walks as on dry Ground. She cannot run fast, therefore never rambles far from the
River; for there she always takes Sanctuary, in case of danger. There is no shooting
of her but when she is asleep. They are found, besides this place [Campeachy], in
the Rivers in the Bay of Honduras; and on all the Main from thence as high as the
River of Darien. Several of my Consorts have kill’d them there, and knew their Track,
which I myself saw in the Jsthmus of Darien ; but should not have known it, but as I
was told by them. For I never did see one, nor the Track of any but once” f.

But it was not till fifteen years ago that the Central-American Tapirs were distin-
guished by zoologists. The present species, as already stated, was first characterized in
1865 by Dr. Gill from the examination of the skull, and was named by him in deserved
honour of Professor Spencer F. Baird, to whose labours we owe so much of our knowledge
of American zoology’. Its external form remained unknown till two years later, when
a young animal was described by Mr. Verrill+, and a half-grown individual by the late
Dr. Gray®’. Since then the range of the species has been shown to extend from
Panama to Southern Mexico ; but the discovery of a second species of Central-American
Tapir renders further observation necessary before the exact distribution of the two
forms can be properly understood. The authenticated localities from which Baird’s
Tapir has been recorded are widely spread. As far back as 1843 the late Professor
Liebmann brought home from the Mexican State of Oaxaca the mutilated skin of a

* In the tenth edition of the ‘Systema Nature’ Linneus doubtfully included the American Tapir in the
genus Hippopotamus, under the name of H. terrestris (p. 74) ; but in the twelfth edition it is entirely omitted.
+ Dampier’s ‘ Voyages,’ ii. pt. 2, pp. 102, 103.

TAPIRUS. 103

Tapir, which is still preserved in the Copenhagen Museum, but is in too bad condition
to be satisfactorily determined*. In 1874, however, two skulls were sent from that
State by Mr. Constantine Rickards to Mr. Sclater, who presented them to the Museum
of the Royal College of Surgeons !; and these prove to belong to 7. bairdi. The young
male figured by Mr. Sclater !° was obtained by Mr. D. Ridpath from the interior of
Nicaragua; and the British Museum has recently purchased, through the Smithsonian
Institution, a complete skeleton of this species, one of a pair sent by Sefior Zeledon’s
collectors from Pacuar, on the Atlantic coast of Costa Rica. The half-grown specimen
which Mr. Salvin procured for the British Museum °’ was obtained, he informs me,
from Veragua. Dr. Gill’s type specimens were collected by Dr. White at Panama?;
and Captain Dow wrote to Mr. Sclater in 1867 that in that State specimens had hitherto
been exclusively found on the Atlantic side of the Isthmus and to the north of the
Chagres River®. As it will be presently seen that Dow’s Tapir has been found in
Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, it would appear that both species are found in
these States, and that the range of T. bairdi extends further both to the northward and
to the southward than that of 7. dow. .

Owing to the confusion of the two forms, it is impossible to say with certainty which
species it was that was met with in Nicaragua by the late Mr. Belt, who observes that
the Danta is a harmless beast, and that one of his men, who came suddenly upon one
near Pefia Blanca, killed it with his knife}. In Costa Rica Dr. v. Frantzius says that
Baird’s Tapir is found both in the hot lowlands and on the highest mountain-ranges.
The Dania, he tells us, “is much hunted, for its flesh is very delicate ; the backwoods-
men salt it or dry it in the air, and thus provide themselves with large stores. Its thick
hide is also useful, for thongs cut from it are twisted and dried, and form very lasting
riding-whips. Tapirs are very fond of the salt-licks which are formed in the neighbour-
hood of the numerous mineral springs by the evaporation of the saline water; here they
are either shot with bullets on moonlight nights, or are hunted down with dogs and
killed with spears ” °.

According to Captain Dow’s observations in Panama, the favourite haunts of Baird’s
Tapir “ appear to be in the hills lying at the back of Lion Hill and the adjoining stations
of the Panama railway. It is only during the rainy season that they seem to seek the
lowlands ; for it is only at that season that they are captured. They are not hunted by
the natives; and it is only when they happen to stray out into the open spaces of the
railway that the young ones are sometimes captured alive and the old ones shot” ®.

South of the Isthmus we have no evidence of the existence of Baird’s Tapir, it being
seemingly replaced in Colombia by the Andean Tapir, 7. roulini, Fischer, in the
mountains, and by the common species, 7. americanus, Gmelin, in the warm lowlandsf.

* Of. Reinhardt, P. Z. 8. 1867, p. 473, footnote.
+ ‘Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 144. ’ + Cf. Goudot, Compt. Rend. Ac. Par. xvi. pp. 331-334.

104 UNGULATA.

2. Tapirus dowi. (Tab. VIII. figg. 3-5; Tab. IX.)
Tapirus bairdi, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1867, p. 4731; op. cit. 1872, p. 635, pl. li”; Gervais, Journ. de
Zool. ii. p. 26, pl. i. (nec Gill)*.
Elasmognathus dowi, Gill, Amer. Journ. Science, 1. p. 142 (1870, descr. orig.)*.
Tapirus dowi, Alston, P. Z. 8S. 1879, p. 666°.

Hab. Guatemaa (Dow, U.S. Nat. Mus.’); Nicaraeua, Volcan Viejo (Dow, Mus. Brit.1*),
Corinto, Pacific coast (Dawes, Mus. Brit., ex Viv. Zool. Soc.2*) ; Costa Rica, Atlantic
coast (Carmiol, Mus. Par.®).

I have given full details above of the discovery of this very remarkable animal by
Dr. Gill*, and of the further information which I have been able to add as to its
characters. Last year I briefly announced that the skull sent by Captain Dow to
My. Sclater as that of 7. bairdi was really referable to T. dowi, and that the same was
the case with the young specimen obtained by the Zoological Society from Corinto (a
small town near Realejo), and now preserved in the British Museum. As Dr. Gill
mentioned no precise localities, and as the latter places are both in the western part of
Nicaragua, I suggested that the range of Dow’s Tapir might prove to be confined to the
Pacific slopes of that State and of Guatemala’.

Since then my attention has been directed to the figures given by the late Professor
Gervais of a skull of “ Tapirus bairdi” in the Paris Museum, described as “ provenant
de Panama.” His illustrations at once suggested that this was another example of
L. dowi; and on applying to Professor Milne-Edwards I was supplied with drawings of
the fronto-nasal region, which proved that this was the case. I also learned from
M. Milne-Edwards that the skin to which this skull belonged is also preserved in the
French national collection, that they had been obtained in exchange from the British
Museum, and that the locality of Panama was given on the authority of the late Dr. Gray.
After some trouble I ascertained that the specimen in question had been originally
obtained by the British Museum through Mr. Salvin; and I learn from that gentleman
that it was sent to him from Costa Rica by J. Carmiol, who distinctly stated in his
letter that it was the Danta of the Atlantic coast of that State. My suggestion that the
two forms might represent one another on the opposite slopes of the watershed is thus
negatived, and it is evident that they are found together, at least in some districts;
for, as stated above, Baird’s Tapir has also been received from the Atlantic coast of Costa
Rica. The exact distribution of the two animals must be left for future investigation ;
but, as I have already remarked, the range of Dow’s Tapir appears to be more restricted
than that of its ally, not extending, as far as we know at present, either into Mexico
or Panama.

Messrs. Godman and Salvin send me the following notes on the Tapirs of Guatemala,
which may refer in part to the last species :—

“Tapirs are found in the forests of both sides of the Cordillera; but they are not met

TAPIRUS. = 105

with in the mountainous interior, where the forests are of smaller extent or give place to
open savanas, or to tracts of pines or oaks—virgin forest or older tracts of second-growth
woods being apparently essential to their economy. During the whole of our stay in
Guatemala we were very unfortunate in never being able to obtain a specimen ourselves,
nor were our native hunters more successful. We first found ourselves in their haunts
when spending a few days at Yzabal, the port of Guatemala, situated on the lake of the
same name. Our morning excursions in pursuit of birds took us in a canoe along the
shores of the lake, and into the small creeks which entered the forest at various places.
On the muddy banks of these creeks the unmistakable footprints of Tapirs were seldom
absent, being sometimes so numerous and fresh that one or more animals must have
been very recently in our vicinity. We never, however, saw one; and our stay was too
short to organize any serious pursuit of them.

«‘ We next came across Tapirs in a very different country, though situated in what is
probably the same range of forest and on the same watershed. This was in the high moun-
tainous district of Santa Cruz, which is reached in a short day’s journey from the village
of San Gerénimo in Vera Paz. We had gone thither to explore the district; and the
day previous to our arrival a native had hunted and killed two Dantas close to where
we took up our quarters. We had the melancholy satisfaction of tasting their flesh,
but the animals had been chopped up before we even heard of their capture. Santa
Cruz, the elevation of which is about 6000 feet above the séa, was clothed, at the time
of our visit, with dense virgin forest with occasional clearings; and Tapirs were said to
be not uncommon. ‘The hunters told us that when pursued they would rush down the
mountain-side for a long distance until they reached water, in which they would stand
at bay. They have regular paths in the forest, one of which we followed for some
distance. The flesh of the Tapir is dark-coloured and rather strongly flavoured, and
probably most appreciated by hungry hunters in the mountain air of Santa Cruz.

‘We have no notes of the occurrence of Tapirs in the forests of Northern Vera Paz;
nor did we meet with any sign of them on the road to Peten, though forests and water
such as they love were there in plenty.

“On the Pacific coast Tapirs are no doubt abundant. In the forests of the hacienda
of El Overo, a few leagues from the port of San José, the proprietor, Don Juan Viteri,
assured us that they were to be found in plenty. He it was, we believe, who supplied
Captain Dow with the original specimens of 7. dowz. We also had tidings of this
animal in various other parts of this coast; but none ever came actually under our own
observation, except on one occasion. Early in 1874 Salvin was staying at one of the
coffee-plantations at San Augustin, a cultivated tract on the slopes of the Volcano of
Antitlan, situated between 2000 and 3000 feet above the sea. An excursion to ascend
the mountain had been arranged, and a camp pitched in the forest at a height of about
6000 feet on a sharp spur between two deep ravines. Two native hunters with their dogs
were with the party, and after the camp was formed Salvin proceeded up the crest of

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, June 1880. P

106 UNGULATA.

the spur with the view of tracing a route for the following day. He took a Danta-track,
unmistakable signs of the presence of which animals were about; and the hunters and
their dogs followed. He had not gone far when the dogs drew ahead and the hunters
after them, when of a sudden a shout was heard, then a shot, and the next moment a
Danta dashed past tossing its head, and plunged down the mountain-side, dogs barking -
and men shouting and yelling after it. These sounds gradually grew fainter, till at last
two shots were heard, and we were congratulating ourselves on the capture of a Tapir at
last. Long after dark the hunters returned to our camp, bringing with them not a
Tapir, but an old and young White-lipped Peccary, which they had met with and
secured when in pursuit of the other animal. As for the Tapir, it would not stop,
they said, till it came to water, and there was none near. One of the dogs followed it,
and was away all night; but in the early morning it crept back to our camp fire—in
the absence of its master it had given up the hunt as hopeless.”

Our Plate represents the full-grown but not quite adult specimen in the Paris
Museum.

Suborder II. ARTIODACTYLA.

The Even-toed Ungulates of Central America show an almost equal mingling of Neo-
tropical and Nearctic forms. Thus Dicotyles belongs essentially to the former fauna,
although one species ranges some way into North America ; while Ovis and Antilocapra,
characteristic Nearctic types, are found in the extreme north of our subregion. The
Deer of the genus Cariacus are common to both regions, and species belonging to both
faunas are represented in Central America.

Fam. I. SUIDE.

J. DICOTYLES.
Dicotyles, G. Cuvier, Régne An. i. p. 237 (1817).

The only existing American Pigs constitute a genus apart, differing from Sus and the
other Old-World genera in several important particulars. They have only four upper
incisors, and only three premolars on each side above and below; their median meta-
carpals and metatarsals are ankylosed into cannon-bones; anda curious odorous gland
opens on the middle of the back. This was mistaken by the old travellers for a second
navel, a popular error which suggested to Cuvier the name Dicotyles.

The two known species of Peccary were first distinguished by Azara*, and both are
found in Central America. They may be easily recognized by the following differences
in size and colour :—

* Quad. de la Prov. du Paraguay (1801), i. pp. 18, 25.

DICOTYLES. 107

1. D. tajacu. Colour dark grey, with a white or whitish band passing across the
chest from shoulder to shoulder. Length of head and body about 36”.

2. D. labiatus. Colour blackish, with the lips and lower jaw pure white. Length
of head ‘and body about 40”.

Cranial characters have also been pointed out by Dr. Krauss, based on the comparison
of a considerable number of skulls*. In captivity they have been known to interbreed ;

a hybrid between a male D. labiatus and female D. tajacu was born in the Zoological
Society’s Gardens in 1864+.

1. Dicotyles tajacu.

Sus tajacu, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 103 (1766, descr. orig.)*t.

Dicotyles tajacu, Sclater, List Vert. An. Zool. Soc. 1st ed. (1862) p. 19°.

Dicotyles torquatus, Cuvier, Régne An. i. p. 237 (1817, ex Azara)’; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 627°;
Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 50°; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1860, p. 206°; Tomes,
P. Z.S. 1861, p. 2877; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 296°; Dugés, La Nat. 1.
‘p. 188°.

Quauhtlacoymatl, Quapizotl, Aper Mexicanus, Coyametl, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 637 ;
De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 8, cap. xxvi.

Moran’, Jabali’, of Mexicans.

Coche de Monte of Guatemalans.

Sajino of Costa-Ricans *.

Hab. Norra America, from the Red River of Arkansas southwards*.—Muexico, Guana-
juato, Guadalajara (Dugés®); British Honpuras (Zemple®); Guatemaua, Duefas
(Salvin, Mus. Brit.7); Costa Rica (Frantzius’); Panama (Viv. Zool. Soc.).—
SoutH Amurica to Patagonia?.

The Collared Peccary has a very extensive range in the New World, going as far north
as 36° North latitude on the Red River of Arkansas, and as far south as 40° South lati-
tude on the Rio Negro of Patagonia. In its habits, which have been well described by
Azara and by subsequent writers, it differs considerably from its congener, D. labiatus.
It does not go in great droves, but is found singly or in pairs, or at most in small parties
of from eight to ten; and it is a comparatively harmless animal, not being inclined to
attack. other animals or human beings.

* Arch. f. Naturg. xxix. 1, pp. 271-280.

+ List Vert. An. Zool. Soc. (7th ed.) p. 121.

+ Audubon and Bachman very strangely state that ‘it is impossible to ascertain” to which species of Pec-
cary Linneus applied the name of Sus tajacu (Quad. N. Am. i. p. 240). They cannot have read his descrip-
tion, which leaves not the slightest room for doubt; and yet almost every subsequent author has followed
them in using Cuvier’s name instead of the Linnwan one, which appears to have been first restored by
Mr. Sclater’.

P 2

108 UNGULATA.

In Central America the Peccary was first noticed by Hernandez, under the eupho-
neous titles quoted above. In the seventeenth century Lionel Wafer gave the following
quaint account of it in his ‘ Description of the Isthmus of America ’:—

“The Country has of its own a kind of Hog, which is called Pecary, not much
unlike a Virginia Hog. ’Tis black, and has little short Legs, yet is pretty nimble. It
has one thing very strange, that the Navel is not upon the Belly, but the Back: and
what is more still, if upon killing a Pecary the Navel be not cut away from the
Carcass within 3 or 4 Hours after at farthest, ‘twill so taint all the Flesh, as not only
to render it unfit to be eaten, but make it stink insufferably. Else ’twill keep fresh
several Days, and is very good wholesome Meat, nourishing and well tasted. The
Indians barbecue it, when they would keep any of it longer: The Manner in which
they do it I shall describe elsewhere. These Creatures usually herd together, and
range about in Droves; and the Indians either hunt them down with their Dogs,
and so strike them with their Lances, or else shoot them with their Arrows, as they
have Opportunity ’*.

At the present day the Collared Peccary appears to be abundant in all the Central-
American States. Messrs. Godman and Salvin inform me that “in Guatemala this spe-
cies is more often met with in the low-lying forests than in the less heavily timbered
higher country; but even in the mountains it is not uncommon in suitable localities,
such as the forests of the Volcan de Fuego, to a height of 7000 or 8000 feet, and the
Santa-Cruz range in Vera Paz, at an elevation of 6000 feet. In the latter district the
Indians hunt these animals with dogs. ‘The hunters stand behind trees at the side
of a path likely to be followed by a Peccary when pursued, and stab it as it rushes by.
The afternoon of the day on which we reached Santa Cruz we met an Indian carrying
on his back a Coche de Monte which had been killed in this way; but in the death-
struggle the brute had seized the man’s hand and pinned it to the handle of his knife,
causing severe lacerated wounds. In Guatemala the Collared Peccary is usually seen
in parties of five or six individuals in the forest, but in the early morning they trespass
into the clearings.” .

Dr. v. Frantzius says that in Costa Rica this species is known by the name of Sajino,
and is found on the central plateau up to an elevation of 8000 feet. It is hunted by
the Costa-Ricans, both on account of its excellent flesh and because it does much damage
to the maize-fields®. |

2. Dicotyles labiatus, (Tab. X.)
Dicotyles labiatus, Cuvier, Régne An. i. p. 238 (1817, ex Azara)!; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv.
1, p. 296%.
Cariblanco of Costa-Ricans?.
Warree of Indians.

* Dampier’s Voyages, iii. p. 328.

DICOTYLES. 109

Hab. British Honpvuras (Temple); Guatemata, forests of Northern Vera Paz, Volcan de
Atitlan (Salvin & Godman); Nicaraaua (Belt); Costa Rica (Frantzius?).—Souta
AmeERIcA to Paraguay !.

As has been already remarked, the White-lipped Peccary was first scientifically
described by Azara, and systematically named by Cuvier!; but it was well known as
a distinct species to the older voyagers to Central and South America. Lionel Wafer
thus distinguished it in 1681 :—

“The Warree is another kind of Wild-Hog they have, which is also very good Meat.
It has little Ears, but very great Tusks; and the Hair or Bristles ’tis covered with
are long, strong and thickset, like a coarse Furr all over its Body. The Warreeis fierce,
and fights with the Pecary, or any other Creature that comes in his way. The Jndians
hunt these also as the other, and manage their Flesh the same way, except only as to
what concerns the Navel; the Singularity of which is peculiar to the Pecary’*.

The range of this species is considerably less extensive than that of the Collared
Peccary ; it does not appear to go further south than Paraguay, and the most northern
locality hitherto recorded is British Honduras. Mr. R.'Temple, Chief Justice of Belize,
gave a good description of the “ Warree” of that colony in a letter to Mr. Sclater,
and added the following spirited sketch of its pugnacious habits :—

‘‘The Warree is a far more ferocious animal than the Peccary; but his courage
perhaps may arise from a principle not quite a stranger to the human breast—a con-
sciousness of being well supported; for, as I have said, they are always seen in multi-
tudes. If you meet a flock of Warrees in the bush, and you take no notice of them, it
is probable that they will take no notice of you. But if your intentions are hostile, and
your design is to transfer one of them from his native wilderness to your kitchen, you
must take care to place yourself in a safe position before you carry your design into
execution. A gentleman, not long since, shot a Warree without having taken the neces-
sary precautions; the remainder of the flock instantly pursued him, and if he had not
managed to climb into a tree he would have been torn in pieces. But he was kept a
prisoner in that leafy asylum for many hours, the surviving Warrees being bent on
revenging the death of their companion. Even when the flock went a little distance to
feed, they left two or three to stand guard at the foot of the tree. The hunter has no
difficulty in tracing the Peccary and the Warree by the strong odour which prevails
wherever they have been’.

In Guatemala, Messrs. Godman and Salvin inform me that the Warree is found in the
vast forests of Northern Vera Paz, which are, in fact, an extension of those of British
Honduras, just spoken of. Here these animals go about in large droves, and have the
habits attributed to them elsewhere. “On the Pacific side of Guatemala this species is

* Dampier’s Voyages, iii. pp. 328, 329. The last statement as to the dorsal gland is of course erroneous.
+ P.Z.8. 1860, pp. 206, 207.

110 UNGULATA.

also found, though probably in fewer numbers. The two Warrees, female and young,
killed by the Tapir-hunters, as already mentioned*, were met with at an elevation of
upwards of 5000 feet above the sea in the forest-clad slopes of the Volcan de Atitlan.
No others were with them, the drove being probably at some distance off; the females
with their young broods probably keeping apart from the herd until the latter are of a
sufficient size to shift for themselves. The young one in the present case was about a
quarter grown, and clothed in the rich russet hair peculiar to young animals of this
family.”

The late Mr. Belt was evidently unacquainted with the difference between the two
species of Peccary ; for he gave the name of D. tajacu to the “ Wari” of Nicaragua, of
whose habits he gives the following account :—“ These Wari go in herds of from fifty
to one hundred. They are said to assist one another against the attacks of the Jaguar,
but that wary animal is too intelligent for them. He sits quietly on the branch of a
tree till the Wari come underneath, then, jumping down, kills one by breaking its
neck ; leaps up into the tree again, and waits there until the herd depart, when he comes
down and feeds on the slaughtered Wari in quietness” f.

In Costa Rica, Dr. v. Frantzius informs us that the White-lipped Peccary is found in
great droves in the thick primeval forests of the warmer lowlands, but is also met with
occasionally in the higher-lying mountain-woods, as at Cariblanco, near the Sarapiqui.
This place takes its name from the tradition that the early settlers were disturbed in the
first night of their encampment by a herd of these Peccaries rushing by, Cariblanco
(white face) being the common name of this species in Costa Rica”.

Fam. II, BOVIDE.

1. OVIS.
Ovis, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 97 (1766).

Two genera of hollow-horned Ruminants are represented in our subregion by charac-
teristic Nearctic types, which just cross its northern boundary, while a third has recently
been exterminated.

Of the genus Ovis the New World has only a single species, O. cervina, more gene-
rally known by the name of 0. montana. Some authors have regarded it as identical
with the North-Siberian Wild-Sheep, O. nivicola, Eschscholtz £; but its distinctness is
generally recognized by zoologists, and it appears to differ constantly in colour, in cranial
proportions, and in the curves of the horns.

* Anted, p. 105. + ‘Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ p. 30.
+ As Middendorff (Reise Sibir., Siugeth. pp. 116-118) and others.

OVIS.—BISON. 111

1. Ovis cervina.

Ovis montana, Cuvier, Régne An. i. p. 267 (1817, ex Geoffroy, nec Ord)'*; Baird, Mamm. N. Am.
p- 673°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 52°.

Ovis cervina, Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat. xxi. p. 553 (1818, ex Geoffroy) ‘.

Borrego cimaron of Mexicans’.

Tenatzali, Tajé of Indians *.

Hab. Nortu America, Rocky Mountains from Upper Missouri and Yellowstone south-
wards ?.—MeExico, Sonora (Schott ®).

The range of the “Big-horn,” or Mountain Sheep of North America, extends into
Sonora, where the species was found not unplentifully by the naturalists of the United-
States Boundary Survey. Mr. A. Schott remarks that the differences of the state of
drainage in that region appear to determine the distribution of the various Ruminants.
“Thus the Common Deer belongs to the more shady lowlands, the Mule Deer to the
uplands, the Antelope ranges over the open mountain table-lands; whilst the Mountain
Sheep has its home on the rugged crests of the waterless sierras of North-western
Sonora and New Mexico.”

Mr. Schott also notices that the curious story as to the Big-horn’s power of leaping
over precipices, and saving itself by alighting on its massive horns, is firmly believed by
the native hunters. “It is also not a modern invention, for Clavigero mentions the
same as he heard it from the lips of the Californian Indians” ®.

[BISON.]

In his admirable and exhaustive memoir on ‘The American Bisons, Living and Ex-
tinct’}, Mr. J. A. Allen gives satisfactory evidence of the former extension of the range
of the so-called Buffalo, Bison americanus (Gmelin), to the south of the Rio Grande.
It is true that the notices of Hernandez and other medieval writers may refer to the old
province of Quivira, which lay far to the north of the present boundary of Mexico; but
the evidence collected by the late Dr. Berlandier, and contained in his manuscripts now
in the Smithsonian Institution, leaves no doubt that the annual southward migration of
the Bison formerly extended far south of the present United-States frontier. There is
sufficient proof of its former range, says Mr. Allen, “ over the north-eastern provinces of

* It is with great regret that I feel obliged to change the well-known name of the American Wild-Sheep,
but no choice is left to any one who accepts the fundamental law of priority. Ovis montana of Ord (Guthrie’s
Geogr. (2nd Am. ed.) pp. 292, 309 [1815, deser. orig. fide Baird]; Journ. Ac. Philad. i. [1817] p. 8) is indis-
putably the Rocky-Mountain Goat, which now properly stands as Aplocerus montana (Ord). It is evident,
therefore, that the name Ovts montana cannot be applied to any other animal.

+ Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harvard Coll. iy. no. 10, pp. 1-246, pls. i.—xii. (1876); also simultaneously issued
as Mem. Geol. Surv. Kentucky, i. pt. 2; and reprinted in Rep. U.S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of Territories for
1875, pp. 443-587.

112 UNGULATA.

Mexico, including: certainly portions of the present States of Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon,
Cohahuila, Chihuahua, and Durango. It thus extended southward to at least the 25th
parallel. It seems not, however, to have been abundant over much of this region, and
to have been mainly extirpated prior to the beginning of the present century.”

Fam, III. ANTILOCAPRID.

1. ANTILOCAPRA.

Antilocapra, Ord, Journ. de Phys. Ixxxvii. p. 149 (1818).
Dicranocerus (subgen.), Hamilton-Smith, Griffith’s An. King. v. p. 812 (1827).

The second hollow-horned Ruminant which is now to be met with within our limits is
the Prong-buck or Prong-horn, a very aberrant form, which is highly characteristic of the
western Nearctic fauna, but extends its range into the northern provinces of Mexico.

Although the fact that the Prong-buck sheds it horns annually was long well known
to hunters and backwoodsmen, and had been noted by one or two writers, yet it was
generally disbelieved or ignored by zoologists; and Mr. Bartlett, the observant Super-
intendent of the Zoological Society’s Gardens, was the first to demonstrate its truth
and insist on its importance. Attention being thus directed to the subject, it was pro-
posed almost simultaneously by Mr. Sclater and the late Dr. Gray that the Prong-horn
should be regarded as the type of a distinct family, Antilocapride; and this view is
confirmed by the observations of Dr. Murie, to whom we are indebted for a careful
description of its anatomy *.

1. Antilocapra americana.

Antilope americana, Ord, Guthrie’s Geogr. (2nd Am. ed.) ii. pp. 292, 308 (1815, descr. orig., fide
Baird)’.

Antilocapra americana, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p.666?; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm.
p- 51°; Caton, Ant. & Deer Am. p. 21%.

Teuthtlalmagame, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 325.

Berendo of Mexicans *.

Hab. Norta AMERIcA, west of the Missouri, from the Saskatchewan southwards 2.—
Mexico, Sonora, Chihuahua (Hennerly*), Tamaulipas (Berlandier 2).

* On this very interesting subject the following authors may be consulted :—Cassin, U.S. Expl. Exped. p. 63
(1858); Weinland, Zool. Gart. 1863, p. 255; Martin, op. cit. 1864, pp. 254-256; Bartlett, P. Z.8. 1865,
pp. 718-725; Canfield, op. cit. 1866, pp. 105-110; Sclater, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1866, pp. 77, 78; id. Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. (ord ser.) xviii. pp. 401-404; Gray, tom. cit. pp. 323-326, 468, 469; Murie, P. Z. 8. 1870,
pp. 334-368 ; Gervais, Journ. de Zool. iv. pp. 263-266 ; Caton, Amer. Nat. x. pp. 193-205; id. Antelope and
Deer of America, pp. 21-37; Giebel, Zeitsch. d. ges. Naturwiss. li. pp. 856-861 ; Cope, Amer. Nat. xii. p. 557.
The last-named writer denies that the shedding of the horns is periodical or even frequent ; but on this point
Judge Caton’s observations seem to leave no room for doubt.

CARIACUS. 113

The naturalists of the United-States Boundary Survey found the Prong-horn to be
abundant in the north of Mexico, being especially plentiful in the northern part of
Sonora, where Dr. Kennerly observed that it was less shy than in other localities.
Mr. Clark states that in this region “the Antelope is said to have an abiding hatred
for the rattle-snake, which it decoys first into a striking attitude, and then utterly
annihilates by leaping into the air and coming down upon the snake with its four
sharp-cutting hoofs placed together” *. According to the Berlandier manuscripts, this
is the Teuthtlalmagame of Hernandez and the Berendo of modern Mexicans, and extends
its range southwards at least throughout the State of Tamaulipas 2.

For the most recent account of the habits and mode of living of this very interesting
animal, the reader may be referred to Judge Caton’s excellent monograph ¢.

Fam. IV. CERVIDZ.

1. CARIACUS.

Mazama (subgen.), Hamilton-Smith, Griffith’s An. Kingd. v. p. 314 (1827, nec Rafinesque*).
Cariacus, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 237; Brooke, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 918.

Sir Victor Brooke, in his recent review of the Cervide +, has shown that the existing
Deer may be naturally divided into two groups, according to the characters of the rudi-
mentary lateral metacarpal bones, and that this division is in singular accordance with
the geographical distribution of the family. The first section, Plesiometacarpi (or sub-
family Cervine, as I would prefer to call it) is almost exclusively Old-World, and is
characterized by having only the proximal ends of the metacarpals remaining. The
Telemetacarpi (or Cariacine), on the other hand, retain only the distal extremities of
these bones, and are mostly either New-World or circumpolar forms.

Four species of the typical American genus Cariacus, representing the subgenera
Cariacus proper and Coassus, are natives of our subregion. Of these the first, C.
macrotis, is a Nearctic form which just crosses our northern boundary; the second,
C. virginianus, extends its range from Canada to Panama, if not far into South
America; the third, C. toltecus, appears to be peculiar to Southern Mexico; while
the fourth, C. rufinus, is a strictly Neotropical type. The following characters may
serve to distinguish these species :—

* Mazama of Rafinesque was an imaginary genus, allied to the Giraffe, and possessing simple solid and
permanent horns! He founded it mainly on the ““Temamazame” of Hernandez, Cariacus rufinus, with which
he associated the animals now known as Antilocapra americana and Aplocerus montanus (Amer. Monthly Mag.
ii. p. 44, 1817, fide Baird). It is evident that such a genus cannot be retained either as a whole or as restricted
to any of its members, no one of which agrees with its definitions. Cf. Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 665; de Saus-
sure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 251, footnote.

+ “On the Classification of the Cervide,” P. Z. 8. 1878, pp. 883-928, pl. lv.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, June 1880. Q

114 | UNGULATA.

1. © macrotis. Anterior and posterior portions of antlers both branched ; meta-
tarsal gland on wpper portion of metatarsus, 4" to 6! long, covered with
tawny hairs. Coat dark grey; tail white, with a black tip. Length of head
and body 60" to 70".

2. C. virginianus. Antlers curved forwards, with tines on their upper posterior
surface; metatarsal gland on lower portion of metatarsus, 4" to 1” long,
surrounded with white hairs. Coat tawny grey or reddish ; face dark ; tail
long, tapered, grey above, white beneath. Length 55" to 65",

3. C. toltecus. Antlers short, upright, nearly straight, and semipalmate, with
basal and terminal tines; metatarsal gland absent. Coat “dark chestnut-
brown,” face blackish, belly white ; tail long, truncated, brown above, white
below. Length 40" to 46”.

4. C. rufinus. Antlers simple spikes; metatarsal gland absent. Coat bright
rufous, passing into blackish brown on the face and legs; lighter, but not
white, beneath. Length about 30”.

1. Cariacus macrotis.

Cervus macrotis, Say, Narr. Long’s Exped. ii. p. 88 (1823, descr. orig. [fide Baird])’; Baird,
Mamm. N. Am. p. 6567; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii., Mamm. p. 51°; Caton, Ante-
lope and Deer of Amer. p. 93°.

Cariacus macrotis, Brooke, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 921”.

? Aculliame, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 325.

Hab. Norta America, west of Missouri River, from British Columbia southwards*—
Mexico, Corralitos, San-Luis Mountains, Sierra Madre (Kennerly*).

The well-known Mule Deer, or Black-tailed Deer, of the Western United States
extends its range into the northern provinces of Mexico, where it was observed by
the naturalists of the Boundary Survey in the States of Chihuahua and Sonora. Of
its distribution there Dr. Kennerly observes that the members of the Survey did not
meet with it till they reached the valley of the Corralitos River, and even there it
was not very common. In the San-Luis Mountains and the Sierra Madre, however, it
was very numerous, being at least as plentiful as the Virginian Deer; but it was
remarked to be more easily disturbed and driven from its accustomed haunts than
that species. “It is somewhat curious that we did not observe the Black-tailed Deer _
after leaving the Sierra Madre, although it is found in great numbers in California.
The belt of country traversed by us, included between that mountain and the 111th
meridian, seemed to be almost if not entirely without this animal, while in several
localities the Virginian Deer and Antelope were both very common” ?. I have been
unable to trace the occurrence of the Mule Deer further to the south; and as it appears

CARIACUS. 115

to have been unknown to Drs. Berlandier and Dugés, and to M. de Saussure, it is not
probable that it ranges far into Mexico.

2. Cariacus virginianus.
Cervus virginianus, Boddaert, Elench. Anim. i. p. 186 (1785, ex Pennant)’; Baird, Mamm. N. Am.
p- 643°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Sury. ii, Mamm. p. 50°; Caton, Ant. & Deer Am. p. 100°.

Cariacus virginianus, Brooke, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 919°.
Cervus mexicanus, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 179 (1788, ex Pennant*)°; Lichtenstein, Darst.

neu. Sdugeth. pl. xviii.’; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 653°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii.
Mamm. p. 50°; de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 242”; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg.
xxxv. 1, p. 299"; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 138.

Cariacus mexicanus, Brooke, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 919”. .

Cervus nemoralis, Hamilton-Smith, Griffith’s An. Kingd. iv. p. 187, pl. (1827, descr. orig.)™.

? Cervus capricornis, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 528 (descr. orig.)”.

? Cervus (Cariacus) —?, Moore, P. Z.S. 1859, p. 51”.

? Quauhtlamacgame, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 825.

Venado of Spanish Americans (common to the other species).

Hab. Nortu America from Canada and British Columbia southwards*.—Mexico (v. Sack,
Mus. Berol."), Sonora (Kennerly, U.S. Nat. Mus.°), Guanajuato (Dugés !*), Cordova,
Orizaba (de Saussure 1°), Oaxaca, Vera Cruz (Sallé, Mus. Brit.); GuaTeMaLa
(Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.) ; Honpuras (Leyland 16, Salvin'?); Nicaragua (Belé,
Salvin 13) ; Costa Rica (Frantzius'; Carmiol, Mus. Brit.); Panama (Salvin 13),—

Souto AMERICA to Guiana and Peru 21°,

As already observed, I feel myself compelled to follow the example of the more recent
American writers in rejecting the claims of the Mexican Deer to constitute a distinct
species from Cariacus virginianus. Its only distinctive characters lie in its smaller size
and comparatively simple antlers, and in its not presenting the seasonal change of colour
observable in the northern animal; but in all these points there appears to be a regular
intergradation, the Deer of Texas and the Gulf States being strictly intermediate.
Sir Victor Brooke, although keeping the forms provisionally distinct, expresses the
opinion that not only C. mevicanus, but also the South-American C. similis, C. savan-
narum, and C. peruvianus will probably prove to be “nothing more than climatic
varieties of C. virginianus, connected inseparably by every shade of intermediate forms,”
and that they thus present another illustration of Mr. Allen’s law of the decrease in
size of Nearctic types in their range to the southward}. Of C. mexicanus he remarks
that “there are not more than six points, inclusive of the brow-antler, on both antlers

* Sir Victor Brooke remarks that “the description and dimensions given by Pennant [ Hist. Quad. i, p. 110
are reconcilable with the Cervus meaicanus of Lichtenstein; but the antlers figured by him (pl. xi. fig. 3) are
certainly not referable to the same form. They appear rather to represent abnormal antlers of Cariacus
macrotis” (P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 919). It seems. to me more probable that these antlers belonged to C. leucurus
(Dougl.), which recent American zoologists consider to be a local race of C. virginianus; they much resemble
the remarkable Nebraska head figured by Baird (Mamm. N. Am. p. 662, fig. 18).

+ P.Z.8. 1878, p. 920.
Q2

116 UNGULATA.

in any of the specimens collected between Guatemala and Panama; but I have seen
specimens from Mexico and Texas with eight and ten tines; and one splendid specimen
collected by Mr. Dresser near Friedrichsburg in Texas has as many as fifteen. The
Texan Deer are decidedly larger than those inhabiting Guatemala, Nicaragua, and
Panama” 13, No better proof of the complete gradation of these varieties can be given
than the fact that zoologists do not know to which form the Texan Deer should be
referred: Professor Baird treated them as C. virginianus, placing the geographical
limit of the species near the United-Sates and Mexican Boundary?; while Sir Victor
Brooke regards them as C. meaicanus and moves the line of demarcation to the River
Missouri !*! Of the other names quoted in the synonymy, there can be little doubt of
the correctness of Sir Victor’s reference of Hamilton-Smith’s Cervus nemoralis to
the present species; and it appears to me to be more than probable that the Venado
cuernicabra of the Mexican hunters, to which. M. de Saussure gave the provisional name
of C. capricornis ®, is merely founded on individual varieties of C. virginianus with
simple antlers, similar to forms which are well known in other species of Deer.

The Virginian Deer seems to be regularly distributed and far from uncommon in
Central America. Dr. Kennerly remarks that in Northern Mexico it is particularly
numerous, both in the valleys and among the. mountains, especially in the neighbour-
hood of Santa Cruz®; and M. de Saussure says that it is very common in all the wooded
parts of the Republic 1°.

In Guatemala Messrs. Salvin and Godman found this Deer nearly everywhere they
went. They inform me that “It is not only widely distributed over the country, but
has also a great range in altitude where it finds suitable localities. A shed horn, partly
nibbled, was picked up by us in the extinct crater of the peak of the Volcan de Fuego,
called Acatenango, at an elevation of over 13,000 feet above the sea; and traces of Deer
were not unfrequently seen on the grassy pine-clad slopes of the mountain, down to a
height of 10,000 feet where the dense forest-zone commences. On the open pastures of
Calderas (7000 feet) this species is not uncommon ; and we frequently met with it in the
neighbourhood of Duefias, especially during the dry season, when Deer would come to
drink in the river or the outfall of the Lake of Duefias. The Indians of this district
often hunt them at this time of year on Sundays or feast days. ‘The active male popu-
lation of a village, with curs of every degree, turn out on such an occasion, and after
finding a Deer they hunt it over hill and plain till the animal is fairly run down and
killed. Often a whole morning is occupied in the pursuit ; but the Indians, accustomed
as they are to long journeys on foot carrying heavy loads, never tire, and seldom fail to
secure their prey. Indians who have guns also secure Deer by lying in wait at the pools
of water which they frequent.

“In other parts of Guatemala Deer are equally common, as at San Gerdénimo and
_ elsewhere in Vera Paz; but perhaps they were nowhere more abundant than at Hua-
muchal, near the Pacific Ocean, close to the Mexican frontier. A day here seldom
passed without one or more being seen.

CARIACUS. 117

“Indians keep the horns and place them about their ranchos to hang things on.
Numbers of horns were brought us which, judging from their smoked state, must have
done duty as pegs for many years. We believe that Deer-hides are exported from
Guatemala, but in comparatively small numbers. From the various ports of Nicaragua
many bales are annually sent to the American or European markets.”

The above remarks on the Indians hunting Deer, and using their antlers as pegs, are
interesting when compared with Lionel Wafer’s account of the habits of the Darien
Indians two centuries ago. “They have,” he says, “considerable Store of Deer also,
resembling most our Red Deer; but these they never hunt nor kill; nor will they ever
eat of their Flesh, though ’tis very good ; but we were not shy of it. Whether it be out
of Superstition, or for any other Reason that they forbear them, I know not: But when
they saw some of our Men killing and eating of them, they not only refus’d to eat with
them, but seem’d displeas’d with them for it. Yet they preserve the Horns of these
Deer, setting them up in their Houses; but they are such only as they shed, for I never
saw among them so much as the Skin or Head of any of them that might show they
had been kill’d by the Indians; and they are too nimble for the Warree, if not a
Match for him” *.

In Nicaragua, too, times have changed for the worse for the Deer. The late Mr. Belt
visited the cabin of a native hunter, who used a trained ox as a stalking-horse to cover
his approach to the herd; and game was so plentiful that he generally brought home
two Deer, the skins of which averaged about five pounds in weight and sold for twenty
cents per pound. “It is astonishing that the Deer should be so little afraid of man as
they are, after having been objects of chase for probably thousands of years. Sometimes
when one is encountered in the forest, it will stand within twenty yards, stupidly gazing
ata man, or perhaps striking the ground impatiently with its fore foot, and sometimes
waiting long enough for an unloaded gun to be charged” f. Dr. v. Frantzius says that
in Costa Rica the Venado inhabits the borders of the virgin forests and sometimes does
great damage in the neighbouring maize-fields. The adult bucks, which are called
Capatanes or captains, on account of their leading the herds, are extremely shy, and are
consequently rarely killed by the hunter 1.

8. Cariacus toltecus.

Cervus toltecus, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 247, pl. xv. fig. 1 (descr. orig.) ".
Cariacus toltecus, Brooke, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 921°.

Cervus yucatanensis, Hays, Aun. Lyc. New York, x. p. 218, pl. x. (1874, descr. orig.)’.
Cervus acapulcensis, Caton, Ant. & Deer Am. p. 113 (1877, descr. orig.)*.

Hab. Mexico, Acapulco (Hassler Exp., Mus. Coll. Harv.*), Ovizaba (de Saussure),
Yucatan (Hays*).

* Dampier’s ‘ Voyages,’ ili. p. 329. tT ‘Naturalist in Nicaragua,’ pp. 252, 253.

118 UNGULATA.

So long ago as 1851 Audubon and Bachman made incidental mention of a small Deer
from Yucatan and Southern Mexico in which the metatarsal gland was absent*; and
nine years later M. de Saussure gave the name of Cervus toltecus to a small Cervine
skull obtained near Orizaba!. Ina paper read before the New-York Lyceum of Natural
History in 1872, Mr. W. J. Hays described a small Deer without metatarsal tufts as
Cervus yucatanensis?; and in 1877 Judge Caton, who probably was not acquainted with
Mr. Hays’s paper, gave the name of Cervus acapulcensis to what is evidently the same
form*. The dimensions of M. de Saussure’s typical skull would appear to indicate a
somewhat smaller animal than is shown by the measurements of the American writers ;
but in this respect there appears to be considerable latitude. The form of the nearly
straight flattened Roe-like antler figured by the Swiss zoologist agrees so well with
Messrs. Hays and Caton’s descriptions and illustrations as to leave no doubt in my
mind that all three types were specifically identical.

Nothing has been recorded of the habits of the Yucatan Deer in its native country ;
but it appears to be not unfrequently brought alive to the United States, and to thrive
in captivity. Mr. Hays remarks that the antlers are shed in the month of March.
Judge Caton first met with the species in Woodward’s Gardens at San Francisco, and
afterwards kept it in his own park, where he obtained hybrids with the Virginian Deer
and with another species which he believed to be a native of Ceylon. Of its habits in
captivity he remarks :—‘‘ While I cannot charge the Acapulco Deer with having a
wicked disposition, it certainly has more courage and combativeness than any of our
other Deer, and corresponds in these respects with the Ceylon Deer. ..... They do
not hesitate to attack Deer of the other species three times their size and strength, and
beat them by mere force of courage and will” 4.

Mr. Allen informs me that the specimen in the collection of Harvard College is a
nearly full-grown female, and agrees in every respect with the characters pointed out
by Judge Caton. He adds that “the skull differs very much in its proportions from
that of C. virginianus, especially in the relative shortness of the facial regions ; in other
words, the skull is broad and short, as stated by Caton.” This agrees well with the
measurements of the typical skull of C. toltecus as given by M. de Saussure.

4, Cariacus rufinus.

Cervus rufinus, Bourcier & Pucheran, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1851, p. 561 (descr. orig.)*; Pucheran,
Arch, du Mus. vi. p. 491, pl. xxx.?; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 300°.

Cariacus rufinus, Brooke, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 925+.

Cervus sartorii, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 252 (descr. orig.)*.

? Cervus (Coassus) —?, Moore, P. Z. 8. 1859, p. 51°.

* Quad. N. Amer. ii. p. 200.
+t What Mr. Caton’s “Ceylon Deer” can be I am quite at a loss to know; from what he says it would appear
to be a Cartacus, in which case there must, of course, be some error as to its nativity.

CARIACUS. 119

? Temamagame, Macatl chichiltic, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 325.
Guisisil and Cabrito del Monte of Guatemalans.
Cabra del Monte of Costa-Ricans.

Hab. Muxtco, Mirador (Sartorius®, Mus. Darmst.*); GuateMaLa, Coban in Vera Paz ~
and Pacific coast generally (Godman & Salvin); Honpuras (Leyland®); Costa
Rica (Rogers, Mus. Brit.), Pacaca, Guaitil (Frantzius?).—Sourn AMERICA to
Ecuador 1.

The Black-faced Brocket belongs to a small group of species of the Neotropical sub-
genus Coassus which are very closely allied to one another, but appear to differ constantly
in size and coloration. Of these it has much the most northern range, extending
throughout the greater part of Central America. There appears to be little doubt that
it was the Temamazame of Hernandez *; and still less that the Mirador skull on which
M. de Saussure bestowed the provisional name of Cervus sartorii® belonged to this
species, for Dr. v. Frantzius informs us that two specimens of C. rujfinus from the same
locality have been presented by Herr Sartorius to the Darmstadt Museum °.

I am informed by Messrs. Godman and Salvin that “‘ The Guisisil, as this little Deer
is called throughout the Pacific coast region of Guatemala, is well known to hunters,
but, owing to its habits of constantly remaining in the undergrowth of the denser forest,
it is an animal not easy to secure. By all accounts it is not uncommon in the forests
which spread over the slopes of the volcanoes to the Pacific Ocean, but we only once
came across it ourselves; this was in the forests of the sides of the Volcan de
Atitlan, about 4000 feet above the sea, when a dog belonging to one of the Indian
hunters of our party found a half-decomposed carcass near the track we were following.

“In the neighbourhood of Coban, in Vera Paz, where it is called the Cabrito del
Monte, it used to be common; and once we shot a young one in second-growth forest
not far from the town. At that time (1861) this Deer, the Coche de Monte (Dicotyles
tajacu), Tepescuinte (Celogenys paca), and Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata) were the chief
ground-game of the Indian hunter. Probably now the animal is more scarce, and one
must go further afield to find it.”

Further to the south this species is found in the warmer parts of Costa Rica, where
it bears the same name of Cabra del Monte, or “ forest-goat”°. South of the Isthmus
its range extends through Colombia, whence examples have been received by the British
Museum, to Ecuador, where the type specimen was obtained by M. Bourcier’. Further
south than this its existence has not been established, for Dr. Burmeister’s suggested
identification with the Brazilian C. nanus + of Lund requires confirmation.

Dr. v. Frantzius remarks that the Black-faced Brocket appears to agree in its habits,
as well as in the colour of the fawns, with what has been recorded of its Brazilian ally,
C. rufus (F. Cuvier), by Burmeister and Rengger 3.

* Cf. supra, p. 113, footnote. + Thiere Brasil. i. p. 319.

120 GLIRES.

Order VII. GLIRES.

Suborder I. SIMPLICIDENTATA.

In this the dominant suborder of Rodents* the aspect of the Central-American fauna
is of a very mixed character, Neotropical types preponderating in some groups and
Nearctic in others.

In the first section, the Sciuromorpha, this is well illustrated in the Sciuride, where
we find that our representatives of Sciwrus are mostly southern forms, that Tamias is
absent, and that Cynomys just crosses our northern boundary ; while, on the other hand,
such characteristically northern genera as Sciwropterus and Spermophilus are well esta-
blished in Mexico. The family Haplodontide is not represented ; but the Beaver, sole
surviving member of the Castoride, is found along the Nearctic frontier.

Of the Myomorpha the Muride are decidedly Nearctic. Passing over the introduced
species of Mus, we find that the known Central-American species of Hesperomys all
belong to the North-American subgenera or sections of that large genus, except a few
which appear to be peculiar to the subregion. ‘The allied Nearctic genera Ochetodon,
Sigmodon, Neotoma, and Arvicola are all represented; while the Neotropical forms
Drymomys, Holochilus, and Reithrodon seem to be totally absent. The Geo-
myide probably find their greatest development in Central America, but are also
spread over most of North America, whereas only one or two forms are known to
extend south of the Isthmus of Panama. The Nearctic family Zapodide is not
represented.

In the Hystricomorpha we have a characteristic Neotropical type in the Dasyproc-
tide, and the only Central-American species of Hystricide belongs to the South-American
genus Synetheres. On the other hand, the great groups which lend such a peculiar
character to the Neotropical fauna are either poorly represented or wanting; the large
family of Octodontide has only a single form, Myopotamus, and the Chinchillide,
Dinomyide, and Caviide are conspicuous by their absence.

On balancing the affinities of the whole order, the Nearctic types of Rodents must
be considered to preponderate in numbers in Central America, notwithstanding the
presence of some very characteristic Neotropical forms. |

* The arrangement of the Rodents here adopted is essentially that proposed in my paper “ On the Classifi-
cation of the Order Glires” (P. Z. 8. 1876, pp. 61-98, pl. iv.).

SCIURIOPTERUS. 121

Fam. I. SCIURIDZ.

1. SCIUROPTERUS.
Sciuropterus, F. Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. x. p. 126 (1825).

The true Squirrels which are provided with a flying expansion of the skin have been
divided into two genera, Pteromys of George Cuvier, and Sciuropterus of his brother
Frédéric—the members of the latter being distinguished by their smaller size, by their
flat distichous tails, and by their molars remaining tuberculate through life, instead of
being very soon worn down to a flat surface. In reviewing the genera of this order
four years ago * I did not accord full generic rank to Sciuropterus ; but on further con-
sideration I am now disposed to admit its validity, although some Indian species appear
to be rather intermediate in their characters. Several minor cranial features, as
the breadth of the nasals and the development of the postorbital processes, appear to
be constant ; and the geographical distribution of the two forms is strikingly different ;
for Pteromys is confined to the Oriental Region, whilst Sciwropterus, although extend-
ing into India and Central America, is characteristic of the Palearctic and Nearctic
faunee.

Several species of North-American Flying-Squirrels have been described as distinct ; but
Mr. J. A. Allen, in his invaluable monograph of the Sciuride of that continent}, has
shown that only a northern and a southern form exist, and these he regards as varieties
of the same species. They show a wonderful amount of geographical variation in size,
specimens from the extreme north of the range being more than one half larger than
examples from the extreme south. In the former the length of the head and body
averages over 6 inches, while in the latter it is not more than 6, usually less than
5:00 inches. There are also slight variations in colour, which, however, appear
completely to intergrade. I have not sufficient material to form an independent opinion
on the value of the differences between the two forms; but in any case the southern
Flying-Squirrel will stand as Sciwropterus volucella (Pallas), while the northern, if
regarded as distinct, will be S. hudsonius (Gmelin) t.

1. Sciuropterus volucella.

Mus volans, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 85 (1776, ex Ray, nec Sciurus volans, Linnzus, tom. cit.
_p. 88)$*.

* P.Z.8. 1876, p. 76.
t+ In Coues and Allen’s “ Monographs of North-American Rodentia,” Report U.S. Geol. Surv. of the Terri-
— vol. xi. (1877).
+ The works of Pallas (Nov. Sp. Glir.) and of Gmelin (Syst. Nat. i.) are both dated 1788; but the former is
sosteas in the latter, and must consequently have been first published.
§ Mus volans is founded on the Sciwrus americanus volans of Ray, while Sciwrus volans (ex Seba) is “the

BIOL, CENTR.-AMER. Mamm. Vol. 1, June 1880. R

122 GLIRES.

Sciurus volucella, Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glir. p. 851 (1778, descr. orig.)*.

Pteromys volucella, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 286°; Tomes, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 281%,
Sciuropterus volucella, Allen, Mon. N.-Amer. Rodent. p. 655”.

Quimichpatlan seu Mus volans, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 9, cap. xxvi.

Hab. Norta America, from Labrador® Mexico (Hernandez) ; GuaTEMALA (Salvin*).

The difference of opinion as to the specific identity of the North-American Flying-
Squirrels has been already discussed. If the southern form is regarded as distinct, it
may be considered to range from about 49° North latitude through the United States
southwards to Mexico and Guatemala. In the former of these last countries it was
long ago described by Hernandez; in the latter it was discovered by Mr. Salvin*.

The habits of this species have been well described by various American naturalists,
most fully, perhaps, by Audubon and Bachman, from their own observations and from
those of Dr. Smith of Baltimore. It is a crepuscular and gregarious animal; and of a
summer evening scores may be seen at a time, climbing nimbly to the summit of
a tree, and then sailing down to the foot of another, apparently in sport. They
do not build nests in the branches like the true Squirrels, the young, three to six
in number, being born in a hollow tree.

2. SCIURUS.
Sciurus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 86 (1766).

The very natural and almost cosmopolitan genus of true Squirrels is characterized by
a slender form, well suited for arboreal habits, by a long and often bushy tail, and by the
absence of internal cheek-pouches and of a flying-expansion of the skin. It is hardly
less distinguished by the extreme variability in coloration which is found among its
members, and it has consequently proved a perfect mine of wealth to the species-
makers.

More than twenty years ago Professor Baird demonstrated the polymorphism of some
of the North-American Squirrels*; but it is only lately that similar critical attention has
been given to those of the Neotropical Region. Of these jifty-nine nominal species
have been described, no fewer than nineteen having been added to the list in 1867 by the
late Dr. Grayf. In 1877 Mr. J. A. Allen cleared away much of this confusion t, and
greatly reduced the number of valid species. Not having access, however, to the
European museums, he was misled in some cases by the often totally inadequate or

Sciurus hypochondrus proliais volitans of the ‘Fauna Suecica.’ As these animals were found to be both
members of the Linnean genus Sciwrus, the name volans was very properly restricted by Pallas and Gmelin to
the Palearctic species, which now stands as Sciwropterus volans (Linnzus).

* Mamm. N. Amer. pp. 244, 245. Tt Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xx. pp. 415-434.

+ Mon. N.-Amer. Rodent. pp. 666-779.

SCIURUS. 123

even erroneous descriptions of some previous writers; and after an examination of the
types of no less than forty-nine nominal species, I was enabled in 1878 to throw some
further light on the subject*, as well as to confirm several of Mr. Allen’s identifica-
tions ; and most of my rectifications have since been frankly accepted by that gentle-
man‘. I was then only able to recognize twelve valid species of Neotropical Squirrels,
of which nine have been received from Central America, three appearing to be peculiar
to our subregion. This proportion shows that in the New World Sczurus is an essentially
Nearctic type. Arrived in the tropics, it has developed an endless series of varieties and
a considerable number of species; but very few new forms are found when we penetrate
further into the South-American continent.

The following are the best characters which I can find for the nine Central-American
Squirrels which appear to be specifically separable :—

1. S. carolinensis. Average length of head and body 10"; of tail-vertebree about
8”. Upper parts grey or brownish grey, the middle of the back brownish, a
rufous lateral stripe usually present; lower parts white. Tail moderate,
washed with white, the hairs yellowish brown or whitish, with narrow black
rings, broader black subterminal bands, and white tips.

2. S. arizonensis. Average length about 12’-50, of tail about 11". Upper parts
grey, more or less mixed with yellowish brown, especially along the middle
of the back ; lower parts pure white. Tail long, very bushy, strongly washed
with white, the hairs tawny or fulvous, each with two narrow and one broader
black band and a long white tip. ,

3. 8. griseoflavus. Average length (in skin) about 13”:50, of tail 1025. Upper
parts nearly uniform yellowish grey, the narrow black rings and minute
whitish tips of the hairs merely obscuring the general tint produced by their
broad pale-brown median bands. Lower parts yellowish red, the hairs in
one specimen obscurely ringed with black. Tail bushy, strongly washed
with white; the hairs yellowish or pale brown, each with two or three
narrow and one broader black band succeeded by a long white tip.

4. 8. variegatus. Average length about 10°50, of tail 8°75. Pelage somewhat
soft, with a good deal of under-fur. Upper parts grey or reddish grey, the
hairs black, tipped or ringed and tipped with white or red. Lower parts
deep red, orange, or white. Tail black, washed with white, the hairs usually
rufous at their bases, with black rings and white tips.

5. S. hypopyrrhus. Average length about 11-75, of tail 10”. Pelage close-lying
and rather glossy, with little under-fur. Upper parts dark brown or black,
often broadly ringed with rufous or white. Lower parts varying from deep

* «On the Squirrels of the Neotropical Region,” P.Z.S. 1878, pp. 656-670 ; Supplementary Note, tom.
cit. p. 954. + Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. pp. 877-887.
R2

124 GLIRES.

red to creamy white, sometimes ringed with black. Tail black, generally
washed with white, the hairs rufous, pale brown or whitish at their bases, each
with one or two black or brown rings and a white tip.

6. S. variabilis. Average length about 12”, of tail 11”. Pelage rather harsh
and sparse, ears high and narrow. Upper parts red, either pure or more or
less grizzled with black. Lower parts white, fulvous, or light rufous, sharply
defined from the dorsal colouring. Tail black, washed with bright orange-red,
often very bushy.

7. 8. wstuans. Average length about 8-25, of tail 7-50. One upper premolar.
Upper parts dull olive, the hairs dusky, minutely ringed with rufous or fulvous.
Lower parts rufous, fulvous, greyish, or white. ‘Tail black, more or less
washed with rufous or fulvous; the hairs brown, banded with black, and
more or less broadly tipped with red or yellow.

8. 8. deppei. Average length nearly 9", of tail 7°25. Two upper premolars.
Upper parts dark olive, often darker along the middle of the back. Lower
parts white, greyish white, or light fulvous. Tail black, lightly washed with
white ; the hairs fulvous, with black bands and short pure white tips,

9. 8. chrysurus. Average length about 5"-50, of tail 3°75. Two upper pre-
molars. Upper parts dark olive, the hairs very minutely tipped with fulvous.
Breast bright rufous, rest of lower parts like the upper, but paler. Tail
nearly uniform with the back; the hairs reddish fulvous, barred with black
and minutely tipped with pale yellow or white.

Two or three of the other North-American Squirrels approach our regional boundary,
if they do not actually cross it. Mr. Allen says that the western dudovicianus race of
the Fox-Squirrel, S. niger, Linneus, “ doubtless ranges far into Mexico”*; but he adduces
no evidence in support of his belief. SS. fossor, Peale, and S. aberti, Woodhouse, are
species of limited range, inhabiting California and Arizona; but as yet there is no |
record of their having been obtained in Mexico.

1. Sciurus carolinensis.

Sciurus carolinensis, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 148 (1788, ex Pennant)’; Baird, Mamm. N. Am,
p- 256°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 35°; de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool.
1861, p. 4*; Tomes, P. Z. S. 1861, p. 281°; Alston, P.Z.S. 1878, p. 658°.

Sciurus carolinensis, var. yucatanensis, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 705‘; Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv.
iv. p. 879°.

Ardilla of Spanish Americans (common to all the other species).

Hab. Norta America, from New Brunswick southwards’.—Muxico (de Saussure‘),

* Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 723. Cf. fra, p. 126.

SCIURUS. 125

Nuevo Leon (Couch, U.S. Nat. Mus.’), Yucatan (Gaumer, Mus. Boucard), Merida
(Schott, U.S. Nat. Mus."); Guatemaua, Volcan de Fuego &c. (Salvin®).

Concerning this well-known Nearctic form I can add hardly anything to Mr. Allen’s
exhaustive account’. He distinguishes three geographical races or varieties, of which
two, his “ var. carolinensis” and “ var. yucatanensis,” are found within the Neotropical
limits. The former, smaller and browner than the northern Jewcotis race, is apparently
the S. carolinensis which M. de Saussure records from Mexico4, and Mr. Tomes from
Guatemala®; and there are specimens from Nuevo Leon in the National Museum at
Washington. Mr. Allen’s “var. yucatanensis” is based on specimens collected at
Merida, which agree in their pale coloration, the absence of rufous on their flanks, their
small size, and the comparative coarseness of their pelage. He considers that this form
is “possibly specifically distinct,” but remarks that the Nuevo-Leon examples are
fairly intermediate; and, judging from some specimens kindly submitted to me by
M. Boucard, I think he was wise in refusing it specific rank, at least for the
present.

Of the geographical variations presented by the Grey Squirrel throughout its very
extensive range, Mr. Allen observes they consist ‘‘ mainly in decrease in size southward,
and an increase in intensity of coloration, the whitish tips of the hairs of the dorsal sur-
face seen in northern specimens being replaced by yellowish brown in the southern ones,
except in the case of var. yucatanensis.”

The habits of the Grey Squirrel, as observed in Carolina, have been well described by
Audubon and Bachman*. It is possessed of great agility, but is far from being timid,
easily allowing a near approach. Although sometimes found in dry forests, it appears
to prefer the neighbourhood of streams or of swamps, breeding either in hollow trees
or in large nests composed of leaves and of Spanish moss (Z%d/andsia), and bringing forth
two broods of five or six young ones in the course of the summer.

In Guatemala Messrs. Godman and Salvin found this Squirrel to be very common in
the forests of evergreen oaks (Quercus) which grow on the volcanoes and elsewhere at
an elevation of between 5000 and 7000 feet.

2. Sciurus arizonensis.

Sciurus arizonensis, Coues, Amer. Nat. i. p. 357 (1867, descr. orig.)!; Alston, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 659°;
Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. p. 880°. .
Sciurus colli@i, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 738 (nec Richardson)’.

Hab. Norra America, Arizona!.—Mexico, Mazatlan (Bischoff, U.S. Nat. Mus.‘), Tam-
pico (de Montluc, Mus. Paris).

This handsome species was first described by Dr. Elliott Coues, who discovered it near

* Quad. N. Amer. i. pp. 55-63, pl. vii.

126 GLIRES.

Fort Whipple, in Arizona’. It is closely allied to the last species, from which,
however, both Dr. Coues and Mr. Allen consider it to be “thoroughly distinct.” The
superior size, the coloration of the long heavy tail, and the absence of any lateral line
appear to be constant; but in some specimens in the British and Paris Museums the
grey of the upper flanks is not so clear from rufous as in the examples examined
by Mr. Allen‘. The specimen described by that gentleman as having “ the lower
surface considerably varied with irregular patches and streaks of pale yellowish rufous”
gives support to the idea that further material will enable us to unite the next species

with the present. In that case the name S. arizonensis will stand, Dr. Coues’s descrip-

tion having priority over Gray’s.
In the “ Monographs of the North-American Rodentia” Mr. Allen was unfortunately

misled, by imperfect descriptions and a bad figure, into identifying the Arizona
Squirrel with Richardson’s Sciwrus colliwi*. His kindness in lending me one of the
typical specimens of S. arizonensis enabled me to point out this error?, which he has
promptly rectified in his ‘“‘Synonymic List of the American Sciurt”?.

3. Sciurus griseoflavus.
Macroxus griseoflavus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xx. p. 427 (1867, descr. orig.)*.
Sciurus griseoflavus, Alston, P. Z. S. 1878, p. 660°; Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 880°.
? Sciurus ludovicianus, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 281 (nec Custis)*.

Hab. Mexico (Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.); Guaremaua, Duefas (Salvin*), Volcan de Fuego
(Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.), Coban (Boucard, Mus. Paris).

[ have pointed out elsewhere? that the types of Gray’s Macroxus griseoflavus are
quite distinct from those of his J. leucops (with which Mr. Allen had confused them
in his Monograph), and appear to me to be either very nearly allied to the last species,
if not identical with it. They differ from typical specimens of S. arizonensis in colour,
the upper parts being yellowish grey and the lower parts yellowish red. But, as above
mentioned, some specimens of the northern form seem to show a tendency to vary in
this respect ; and, judging from the analogy of other species, it seems highly probable
that the two races will be found to intergrade. Mr. Allen observes that, in view of my
diagnosis of S. griseoflavus, his inclination is to unite it with S. arizonensis, but that he
refrains from doing so at present?; and till further material is forthcoming this appears
to be the only proper course.

I have not been able to discover in the British Museum the Guatemalan specimens
which Mr. Tomes referred to S. ludovicianus*; but it appears probable that they be-
longed to the present species, which has a general resemblance in colour to some of
the numerous varieties of the Fox Squirrel. In this I am confirmed by Mr. Salvin,
who tells me that he believes that Mr. Tomes applied the name to specimens of this
Squirrel obtained by him in the oak-forests of the Volcan de Fuego, where he found it

SCIURUS. 127

in abundance in company with Sciurus carolinensis. Its range probably extends some
distance further northwards; for a Mexican Squirrel in the Copenhagen Museum,
labelled “8. affinis, an sp. n.t, Reinhardt,” did not appear to me to be separable.

4. Sciurus variegatus. (Tab. XI.)

Sciurus variegatus, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. An. p. 421 (1777, ex Hernandez)’; de Saussure, Rev. et
Mag. de Zool. 1861, p. 4”; Alston, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 660°.

Sciurus aureogaster, F. Cuvier, Hist. des Mamm. iii. livr. lix. (1829, descr. orig.)*; Is. Geoffroy,
Zool. Voy. ‘ Vénus,’ p. 156, Atlas pls. x., xi.°; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 282°; Allen, Mon.
N.-Am. Rodent. p. 750"; Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 882°.

Sciurus leucogaster, F. Cuvier, Suppl. de Buffon, Mamm. i. p. 300 (1831, descr. orig.)’.

Sciurus albipes, Wagner, Abh. bayer. Ak. ii. p. 101 (1837, descr. orig.)”.

Sciurus ferruginiventris, Audubon & Bachman, Pr. Ac. Philad. 1841, p. 101 (descr. orig.)"; Quad.
N. Am. i. p. 292, pl. xxxviii."; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 281”.

Sciurus varius, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Saugth. i. p. 168 (1843, deser. orig.)"; Dugés, La Nat. i.
p. 188”.

Sciurus socialis, Wagner, Suppl. Schreb. Saugth. iii. p. 170 (1843, descr. orig.)**.

Macroxus morio, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xx. p. 424 (1867, descr. orig.; nec Wagner)”.

Macroxus maurus, Gray, tom. cit. p. 425 (descr. orig.)”*.

Macroxus leucops, Gray, tom. cit. p. 427 (descr. orig.)””.

Sciurus leucops, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 753”.

Coztio cotequallin, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 8, cap. xxvi.

Hab. Cauirornta, Monterey (Mus. Paris®).—Mexico, Tehuantepec, Orizaba, Cordova
(Sumichrast, U.S. Nat. Mus.7), Oaxaca (Sallé, Mus. Brit.), Mirador (Liebmann,
Mus. Hafn.), Santuario, Jalapa (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), La Parada (Sallé, Mus.

Paris), Durango (Xanthus, U.S. Nat. Mus.*°); Guatemaua (Boucard, Mus. Berol. ;
Patten, U.S. Nat. Mus.*°).

Writing in 1878 I felt myself obliged to bring together, under this name, two
Mexican Squirrels of which typical specimens are very different in appearance®. Mr.
Allen had kept them separate under the names of S. aureigaster’ and S. leucops”®,
remarking that the difference in coloration left little doubt of their distinctness, but
adding that “‘more abundant material may show that they are specifically separable” *.
The colour-variation I found not to be nearly so great as it is in the next species; and
after a careful examination of a great number of specimens, especially of the fine series in
the Paris Museum, I was unable to find a single distinctive character which is constant.

Typical specimens of the two forms may be thus described :—

1. The aureogaster type. Upper parts dark grey, the hairs black, finely tipped
with white. Lower parts deep red, which is usually more or less washed over
the grey on the shoulders and flanks.

2. The leucops type. Upper parts lighter grey, with a peculiar golden lustre, the

* Op. cit. p. 755.

128 GLIRES.,

hairs being finely ringed with bright rufous and tipped with white; nape and
rump more strongly rufous. Lower parts bright red, orange, or white.

Many specimens, however, which have the general appearance of awreogaster show
the rufous subterminal ring of Jewcops on some part of the dorsal surface ; and in others
we find the red nape and rump-patches gradually appearing. I am therefore compelled
to return to the view long ago expressed by Isidore Geoffroy *, and to regard them as
varieties of the same species. )

With regard to distribution, most of the examples which I have seen with authen-
ticated localities are from Mexico; but Mr. Allen mentions one from Guatemala in the
Washington Museum, and there is one from the same country at Berlin. Specimens
in the British Museum are labelled as being from Colombia; but there can be little
doubt that this is an error. S. awreogaster is stated by Prof. Sumichrast (as quoted by
Mr. Allen) to be “the common species of Sciurus of the tierra caliente of the east coast ”
of Mexico; and both forms are found in the States of Oaxaca and Tehuantepec.

In his latest revision of the American Squirrels, Mr. Allen has accepted the above
identifications, and only differs from me as to the proper name of the species, This
he still holds to be Frédéric Cuvier’s barbarous title of awreogaster (or, as Mr. Allen
prefers to write it, aureigaster), rejecting Erxleben’s name of variegatus as being insuf-
ficiently defined and “admittedly composite” ®. In this I must venture still to differ
from my much-esteemed fellow-worker. 8. variegatus was founded primarily on the
Coztiocotequallin * of Hernandez, Buffon’s Coquallin being merely quoted as a synonym ;
and Erxleben’s diagnosis and description appear to me to be quite characteristic of the
leucops form of the present speciesf. That some subsequent compilers should have
confused S. variegatus with S. niger seems to me to be no good reason for abandoning
the name in favour of such a thoroughly objectionable title as S. awreogaster.

5. Sciurus hypopyrrhus. (Tab. XII.)

Sciurus hypopyrrhus, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 610 (descr. orig.)*; de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool.
1861, p.5°*; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 746°; Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 881 4;
Alston, P. Z. 8. 1878, p. 662°.

Sciurus nigrescens, Bennett, P. Z.S. 1833, p. 41 (descr. orig.)°.

Sciurus colliei, Richardson, Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom, p. 8, pl. i. (1839, descr. orig.)".

Sciurus variegatoides, Ogilby, P. Z. S. 1839, p. 117 (descr. orig.)*,

Sciurus richardsoni, Gray, Ann. Nat. Hist. x. p- 265 (descr. orig., nec Bachman)’.

Sciurus boothie, Gray, List Mamm, Brit. Mus. p. 189 (1843, sine descr.) *°; Allen, Mon. N.-Am.
Rodent. p. 741 4

Sciurus griseocaudatus, Gray, Zool. Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’ p. 34, pl. viii. (1844, descr. orig.)’*.

* Several other Squirrels are mentioned by Hernandez; but it is impossible to identify them satisfactorily.
t “SS. corpore supra nigro, albo et fusco variegato.... . Magnitudo dupla S. vulgaris. Auricule im-
berbes. Corpus supra nigro, albo et fusco variegatum, ventre flavescente. Cauda supra corpus reflexa”},

SCIURUS. 129

Sciurus fuscovariegatus, Schinz, Synop. Mamm. ii. p. 15 (1845, ex Gray)”.

Macroxus adolphei, Lesson, Descr. des Mamm. &c. p. 141 (1847, descr. orig.)™.

Macrozxus pyladei, Lesson, tom. cit. p. 142 (1847, descr. orig.)"*.

' Sciurus dorsalis, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1848, p. 138, pl. vii. (descr. orig.)"*; Sclater, op. cit. 1870, p. 670”.

Sciurus rigidus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1863, p. 652 (descr. orig.)"; Frantzius, Arch. f. Nat.

xxxv. 1, p. 266; Fischer, Zool. Gart. 1877, p. 21”.

Sciurus oculatus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1863, p. 653 (descr. orig.)”.

Sciurus intermedius, Verreaux (ap. Gray), Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xx. p. 421 (1867, descr.

orig.)”.

Macrozus nicoyana, Gray, tom. cit. p. 423 (1867, descr. orig.)”.

Macroxus melania, Gray, tom. cit. p. 425 (1867, descr. orig.)™.

Hab. Muxico (Uhde, Mus. Berol.?"), Amoca (Mus. Brit.), Goazacoalcos (Sumichrast,
U.S. Nat. Mus.*); Guatemaua (Verreaux, Mus. Brit.?2); Honpuras (Dyson, Mus.
Brit.®); Nicaracua (Mus. Paris.\*); Costa Rica (Zeledon, Carmiol, U.S. Nat.
Mus."), Nicoya (Salvin, Mus. Brit.?*), San José (Frantzius & Hoffmann, Mus.
Berol.'8 °); Panama, Veragua (Arcé, Mus. Brit., Mus. Paris.), Point Burica (Kellett
& Wood, Mus. Brit.*; Boucard, Mus. Paris.), Obispo (Hassler Exp., Mus. Coll.

Harv).

The numerous nominal species whose names are given above were arranged in Mr.
Allen’s Monograph as synonyms of two species, S. hypopyrrhus? and S. boothie™. An
examination of the series in the various European Museums, including most of the types,
enabled me to show that they thoroughly intergrade°, a conclusion which has since
been accepted by Mr. Allen*. I have even grave doubts as to whether they are really
separable from the last species. But as I have not yet found specimens strictly inter-
mediate between S. variegatus and S. hypopyrrhus in the character of the pelage and
the annulation of the fur, it seems best to keep them distinct.

In this species the differences in comparative length of tail and ears, on which Mr.
Allen laid most weight in separating S. boothie from S. hypopyrrhus, cannot be depended
on; and [have been totally unable to detect any constant difference in general stoutness
of form or breadth of muzzle. As to colour, the intergradations of the different varieties
are quite complete; so that it is often difficult or impossible to say to which a given
specimen is to be referred. Each variety, however, has its own type, and seems to
predominate in its own immediate locality. The five principal phases known to me
may be thus arranged :—

1. The hypopyrrhus type. Upper parts dark grey, the hairs black, ringed with
white or pale fulvous. Lower parts either concolorous with the upper, or
washed with rufous. To this variety I agree with Mr. Allen in referring
Bennett’s S. nigrescens®; and it is to the same form that the description
of Macroxus boothie in Gray’s memoir of 1867 refers, although that
author’s Sciurus boothie of 184319 was founded on a young example of

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, June 1880. S

150 GLIRES.

the white-bellied colliwi phase. The rufous-bellied specimens lead us
directly into

2. The rigidus type. Upper parts usually marbled with fulvous and black, the
hairs being glossy brown or black with a median band of yellowish brown.
Lower parts bright rufous (rigidus 18), or varied with rufous and white, either
symmetrically (intermedius 22) or asymmetrically (nicoyanus**). In many
specimens, as observed by Mr. Allen, there is a more or less marked tendency
to the development of a pale grizzled lateral stripe placed high on the flanks
and confining the dark dorsal area to a broad median band. From these we
have every gradation into the rufous phase of

3. The dorsalis type. Upper parts with the median dorsal area black, flanks and
lower parts white, fulvous, or rufous. In many individuals the hairs of the
black dorsal area will be found to have concealed rings of white or fulvous;
so that we have a further transition into

4, The colliwi type. Upper parts much as in the rigédus form, but usually less
rufous ; lower parts white (colliai", adolphei*) or pale fulvous (variegatoides®,
griseocaudatus 1, pyladei , oculatus*!). Usually the dark coloration of the
back is extended over the shoulders, hips, and limbs; but in others it is con-
fined to the middle of the back, as in the last phase, while the rufous-bellied
phases lead us directly back into the rigidus form.

5. The melanius type. Upper and lower parts uniform glossy dark brown, often
with irregular patches of paler brown. ‘This is a very peculiar phase, and I
have not yet seen any direct intergradation with the other varieties; but
uniformity of coloration is so abnormal among the Squirrels that it seems
impossible to doubt that Mr. Allen is right in regarding it as a melanism.
The colour is exactly similar to that of the back of the white-bellied dorsalis
varieties, in which also the paler apparently faded patches are sometimes seen.
It appears to be much rarer than any of the other forms described.

With regard to the synonymy, I may observe that I have been able to examine the
types of all the “species” here united, excepting that of S. hypopyrrhus, which, how-
ever, has been well described by Wagler and Wagner ; it appears to be a dark variety
without the usual wash of white on the tail. That of S. nigrescens only differs in
having the fur of the lower parts ringed like that of the back; it agrees well with
specimens in the Paris and Berlin Museums. S. colliwi and S. adolphei are synonyms
for the white-bellied form above described, from which I am also unable to distinguish
S. richardsoni of Gray (not of Bachman), on which both S. boothiw and 8. fuscovarie-
gatus were founded. S. variegatoides, S. griseocaudatus, S. pyladei, and S. oculatus
are all intermediate links with more or less fulvous lower parts, leading to the phase
with a red or red-and-white belly, on which the names S. intermedius, S. regidus, and
Macroxus nicoyanus have been bestowed.

SCIURUS. 131

Of the geographical distribution of the various races we can only judge from the
comparatively few specimens of which the exact localities have been noted. The hypo-
pyrrhus phase appears to be the most northern, the col/iei to prevail principally along
the Pacific slopes, and the dorsalis to be the most southern. ach, however, appears
to be found along with others in some part. Thus, I have seen specimens of the hypo-
pyrrhus type from Mexico, Honduras, and Guatemala, of rigidus from Guatemala,
Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, of dorsalis from Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama,
and of collici from the west coast of Mexico and Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Costa
Rica. The only localities which I know for the melanius phase are Nicaragua and
Panama.

Herr J. von Fischer has described the habits of a pair of this species in captivity,
under the name of S. rigidus. He found them to be strictly diurnal animals, and to be
fond of lying stretched on a branch in the full sunshine. On the ground their move-
ments were much like those of the common European Squirrel, but they were always
most unwilling to leave the branches. ‘They frequently assumed a peculiar position
when feeding ; holding on to a branch by their hind feet, they would hang head down-
wards and devour the food which they held between their fore paws?°. Several
examples of the dorsalis and colliwi varieties have been exhibited of late years at the
Zoological Society's Gardens, under the name of Sciurus dorsalis.

Our Plate is drawn from the typical specimens of the melanius form in the British
Museum.

6. Sciurus variabilis.

Sciurus variabilis, Is. Geoffroy, Mag. de Zool. 1832, pl. iv. (descr. orig.)’; Allen, Mon. N.-Am.
Rodent. p. 7687; Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 884°; Alston, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 665°.
Sciurus gerrardi, Gray, P.Z,S. 1861, p. 92, pl. xvi. (descr. orig.)’; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.

p. 766°.

Hab. Panama, Obispo (Hassler Exp., Mus. Coll. Harv.®), Caimito (Boucard, Mus. Paris.),
Darien (Maack, Mus. Coll. Harv.*).—Souta America, to Bolivia and Peru *.

In thé paper quoted above* I endeavoured to show that the Squirrels generally
known by the various names of S. variabilis, S. langsdorffi, S. tricolor, S. gerrardi, and
some others are merely phases of one widely distributed and extremely variable species.
Mr. Allen, in his Monograph, had arrived at much the same conclusion, but kept the
last-named distinct on account of its smaller size and shorter ears; but on examination
of a sufficient series, I was unable to find any constancy in the proportions of the ears,
while the difference in size totally disappeared, as shown by the following series of
measurements :—9°50, 9°75, 10-00, 10°25, 10°75, 11, 11-50, 11°75, 12:00, 12°75, 13-00.
The smaller specimens (S. variabilis, S. gerrardi, &c.) appear to prevail towards the
north: but this is not constant; for a Santa-Martha example measures over 12 inches,

S2

132 GLIRES.

while others from Brazil are under 10 inches, although evidently adult. Nor is it
constantly connected with any of the numerous varieties of coloration—rufous, grizzled,
and melanistic specimens occurring of all sizes. In this case, also, Mr. Allen has fully
accepted my determination °. .

S. variabilis appears merely to enter the most southern portion of our subregion ;
the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Massachusetts, has received speci-
mens from Panama collected by Dr. Maack and by the Hassler Expedition ®; and there
are others, obtained in the same State by M. Boucard, in the Paris Museum. I have
been unable to trace it further north.

7. Sciurus estuans. (Sciurus griseogenys, Tab. XIII.)

Sciurus estuans, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 88 (1766, descr. orig.)*.

Sciurus estuans, var. hoffmanni, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1863, p. 654 (descr. orig.)?; Frantzius,
Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 267°.

Sciurus estuans, var. rufo-niger, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 757 (nec S. rufo-niger, Pucheran)*.

Sciurus hoffmanni, Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 885 (1878, ex Peters)*.

Macroxus zanthotus, Gray, Aun. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xx. p. 429 (1867, descr. orig.)°.

Macroxus griseogena, Gray, loc. cit. (1867, descr. orig.)’.

Sciurus griseogenys, Alston, P. Z.S. 1878, p. 667°.

Hab. Nicaracua (Mus. Berol.); Costa Rica (Hoffmann, Mus. Berol.2; Frantzius ie
Volcan de Cartago (Arcé, Mus. Brit.); Panama, Calevevora (Arcé, Mus. Brit.:
Boucard, Mus. Paris.)—Souta America to Brazil and Bolivia.

There are two marked geographical races of this well-known Neotropical species, and
some confusion has arisen as to their relationship and nomenclature. The northern
form, ranging from Nicaragua to Ecuador, is distinguished by its large size and its
bright red belly and tail, and was first described as a variety by Professor Peters2. It
subsequently became the ground of several of Gray’s nominal species, and was then
identified by Mr. Allen with the Sciwrus rufo-niger of Pucheran4. In my review of
the Neotropical Squirrels I was enabled to show that this was an error; and although
expressing my belief that the races would yet be found to intergrade, I felt compelled
in the absence of intermediate specimens to separate the northern variety provisionally
under Gray’s name of S. griseogenys*. Mr. Allen followed the example, but preferred
to raise Dr. Peters’s varietal title of hoffmanni to specific value®, Since then, however,
my friend Mr. Oldfield Thomas has described complete connecting links, which he finds
in specimens from Ecuador, exactly the locality from which they might be expected,
as it is there that the Andean and Amazonian races meet *. Mr. Allen and Lare there-

* P.Z.S8. 1880, pt. ii. (in the press).

SCIURUS. 133

fore now at one in regarding the northern form as the hoffmanni variety of S. estuans ;
but unfortunately there has not been time to correct the lettering of our Plate, which
represents the types of Gray’s Macroxus griseogena and M. xanthotus.

In Costa Rica, according to Dr. v. Frantzius, this species is found along with
S. rigidus [=S. hypopyrrhus] both in the warm lands of the coast and on the highest
mountains. “In the cacao plantations, as in the Matina valley, they are so numerous,
and destroy the ripe cacao-fruit (Mazorcas) in such quantities, that the principal duty
of the overseer is to walk daily through the plantation and to shoot the Squirrels.
Nevertheless a great number of cacao-beans are bitten and rendered unfit for sale;
these are called ‘Cacao ardillado’ (from ardilla, a Squirrel), and are given in payment
to the workmen.”

8. Sciurus deppei.

Sciurus deppei, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1863, p. 654 (descr. orig.)'; Alston, P.Z.S. 1878,
p. 6687; Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 885°.

Macroxus tephrogaster, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xx. p. 431 (1867, descr. orig.)*.

Sciurus tephrogaster, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 763°.

Macroxus teniurus, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xx. p. 431 (1867, descr. orig.)*.

Macroxus medellinensis, Gray, op. cit. 4th ser. xx. p. 408 (1877, descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Mexico (Sallé, Mus. Brit.), Papantla (Deppe, Mus. Berol.'), Cordova, Orizaba
(Sumichrast, US. Nat. Mus.°); Brrrish Honpuras, Belize (Blancaneaux, Mus.
Brit.); Guaremata (Salvin, Mus. Brit.*°; Hague, U.S. Nat. Mus.°); Honpuras ©
(Dyson, Warwick, Mus. Brit.*)—Sourn America, Colombia’. |

Mr. Allen was led to admit the validity of Gray’s WU. tephrogaster, on finding that it
differed from the last two species in having normally two well-developed upper pre-
molars®; and the specimens which I have been able to examine confirm his observation.
He failed, however, to recognize this Squirrel in Professor Peters’s description of his
S. deppet, which he doubtfully referred to the southern form of S. carolinensis. An
examination of the types of S. deppei, M. tephrogaster, M. teniurus, and M. medelli-
nensis convinced me that they are all strictly synonymous, the species presenting but
little variation in coloration. In S. deppei and MV. teniurus the lower parts are washed
with fulvous; in I. tephrogaster they are greyish white ; while the types of MZ. medel-
linensis are smaller and have the middle of the back nearly black, exactly as in many
specimens of S. wstwans. Intermediate examples occur; and the whole range of vari-
ation between the extremes is comparatively trifling ?.

In Guatemala, so far as Mr. Salvin knows, this species is confined in its range to the
forests of the Pacific side of the Cordillera. Here it is not uncommon up to an eleva-
tion of about 3000 feet.

134 GLIRES,

9, Sciurus chrysurus.

Sciurus rufoniger, Pucheran, Rev. Zoolog. 1845, p. 386 (descr. orig., nec Gray)’; Alston, P.Z.S.
1878, p. 669’; Allen, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. iv. p. 886°.
Sciurus chrysuros, Pucheran, Rev. Zool. 1845, p. 337 (descr. orig.)*.

Hab. Panama, Veragua(Arcé, Mus. Brit.2, Mus. Coll. Harv.).—Sovutn America, Colombia **.

On examining the type of Pucheran’s Sciwrus rufoniger in the Paris Museum, I
found that it was not a variety of S. ewstwans, as Mr. Allen had supposed in his Mono-
graph, but rather allied to S. deppei; and I soon recognized in it a small Squirrel of
which I had seen several specimens from Panama, and which I had begun to fear would
require a new name. These examples prove to agree further with S. deppei in having
two upper premolars, but differ in being more than one third smaller, in the colour of
the lower parts (which are only paler than the upper, save on the breast), and in the
tail being nearly uniform in colour with the back (the hairs having only very minute
white or yellow tips) ?. On receiving a specimen of this Squirrel from me, Mr. Allen
at once recognized its claim to specific distinction® ; but he has since called my atten-
tion to the fact that the name of rufoniger was preoccupied, having been applied to an
Asiatic Squirrel by Gray three years before the date of Pucheran’s description *. But
the specimen to which Pucheran gave the name of S. chrysuros is clearly identical with
his S. rufoniger, differing only in having a somewhat more rufous tail?, and this title
can therefore be used for the species.

[TAMIAS. ]

Several species of Chipmunks or Ground-Squirrels are widely distributed throughout
North America. According to Mr. Allen, both the dorsalis variety of Tamias asiaticus
(Gmelin) and 7. harrist (Audubon and Bachman) are found in New Mexico; and he
believes that the range of the latter species “ probably extends in the interior far
southwards into Western Mexico” +. There appears, however, to be no direct evidence
that this is the case.

3. SPERMOPHILUS.

Spermophilus, Fréd. Cuvier, Mém. du Mus. ix. p. 293 (1822).
Citillus, Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Saugeth. pl. xxxi. (1827-34).

The Spermophiles, Sousliks, or Squirrel-Marmots are distinguished from their near
allies, the true Marmots and the Prairie-dogs, by their slender form and by the possession

* Sciurus rufonigra, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. x. p. 263 (1842, deser. orig.)=S. rufoniger, Gray, List
Mamm. Brit. Mus. p. 142 (1843). Dr, Anderson regards this as one of the numerous local races of S. prevosti,
Desm. (Zool. Researches, i. p. 272),

fT Mon, N.-Am. Rodent, p. 812,

SPERMOPHILUS. 135

of large internal cheek-pouches, as well as by the first digit of the fore foot being rudi-
mentary or absent, and by cranial and dental characters. The genus is one highly
characteristic of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions, but four species are found within
our limits. These may be characterized as follows :— | |

1. S. annulatus. Length about 9°50, of tail-vertebree 6"50. Ears large. Upper
parts varied with tawny and black, shoulders and fore limbs bright rufous ;
lower parts fulvous. ‘Tail long, narrow, its upper surface with broad trans-
verse black stripes.

2. S.grammurus. Average length 12"; tail-vertebre 8”. Ears large. Upper parts
mottled tawny and black; lower parts pale fulvous. Tail bushy, more than
two-thirds the length of the head and body, its lower surface with three black
lateral lines.

3. S. spilosomus. Average length 7", of tail-vertebre 3”. Ears almost obsolete.
Upper parts reddish brown, with subquadrate whitish spots, which are not
arranged in rows; lower parts yellowish white. ‘Tail narrow, half as long as
the head and body, its lower surface with one lateral black band.

4, S. mexicanus. Average length 8", of tail-vertebre 4”, Ears small but distinct.
Upper parts reddish brown, with subquadrate white spots arranged in longitu-
dinal rows ; lower parts whitish. Tail fuller than in last species.

1. Spermophilus annulatus.

? Sciurus lewisi, Hamilton-Smith, Griffith’s Cuvier’s An. Kingd. iii. p. 190, pl. (1827)*.
Spermophilus annulatus, Audubon & Bachman, J. Ac. Philad. viii. p. 8319 (1842, descr. orig.)’;
Quad. N. Am. ii. p. 218, pl. Ixxix.*; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 886%.

Hab. Mexico, plains of Colima (Xantus, U.S. Nat. Mus.*).

As Mr. Allen has pointed out, this is probably the Sciurus lewisi of Hamilton-Smith!;
but I agree with him in considering its identity to be too doubtful to allow of the name
being used. The first trustworthy description of the species is that of Audubon and
Bachman 2, founded on a specimen of uncertain origin, but believed to be “ from the
western prairies.” No further examples were known for many years; and Professor
Baird suggested that the type (which appears to have been lost) might have been an
example of a West-African Squirrel, Sciwrus rufo-branchiatus, Waterhouse *—an identi-
fication which was afterwards positively made by the late Mr. Andrew Murray. But
Mr. Allen has described a specimen in the National Museum at Washington, obtained
by Xantus near Colima in South-western Mexico, which proves that the animal is a
true Spermophile, though very Sciurine in general appearance. The skull is unfortu-

* Mamm. N. Am. p. 327. + Geogr. Distr. Mamm. p. 359.

136 GLIRES.

nately wanting; but the characters of the skin seem to indicate near affinity to the next
species, from which, as well as from all other known American Sciuride, it is at once
distinguished by the conspicuous transverse barring of its long narrow tail.

Nothing is yet known of its distribution or habits.

2. Spermophilus grammurus.
Sciurus grammurus, Say, Long’s Exp. ii. p. 72 (1828, descr. orig., fide Baird)*.

Spermophilus grammurus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 810, pl. iv.’; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii.

Mamm. p. 88°; de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 56%; Allen, Mon. N.-Am.
Rodent. p. 826°.

Spermophilus macrurus, Bennett, P. Z. 8. 1833, p. 41 (descr. orig.)°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 187”.

Spermophilus couchii, Baird, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1855, p. 332 (descr. orig.)®; Mamm. N. Am. p. 811,
pl. Ixxxi.°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 38”.

Ardilla of Mexicans ® (common to the Squirrels).

Hab. Nortu America, western regions, from Oregon southwards®.—Muxico (Deppe,
Mus. Berol.), Tamaulipas, Nuevo Leon (Couch, U.S. Nat. Mus.8), Victoria (Ber-
lander, ibid.”), Guanajuato, Guadalajara (Dugés’).

The Lined-tailed Spermophile differs from all its congeners, except the next, in its
Squirrel-like appearance, which it owes to its large pointed ears and long bushy tail;
in Mexico it consequently shares the Spanish name of Ardil/a. In coloration it is very
variable, and three tolerably well-marked races have been described as distinct species
under the names of S. grammurus (Say), S. beecheyi (Richardson), and S. douglassi(Rich.).
Mr. Allen, however, has shown that they cannot be satisfactorily separated :—‘‘ between
beecheyi and douglassi the intergradation is most thorough, while deecheyt passes gradu-
ally into grammurus”*. Bennett’s S. macrurus®, from Western Mexico, is referred by
Mr. Allen to his “ var. beecheyi;” but on an examination of the type in the British
Museum I find that it is a somewhat dark example of the typical form of 8.
grammurus, with which phase S. couchii, Baird, appears also to be identical.

The range of the species seems to extend throughout Western North America, from
Washington Territory to the Mexican States of Jalisco and Guanajuato, where it was
recorded by Dr. Dugés’. It is very abundant in California; and an interesting account
of its habits, as observed there, is given by Dr. Elliott Coues in the first volume of the
‘American Naturalist’ (p. 359), under the name of S. eecheyi. He states that it forms
large colonies, and that its general manners are much like those of the Prairie-dog.
‘The burrows usually occur in clusters, and under little mounds or hillocks of dirt
formed by the soil heaped up during their excavation; but single ones are scattered in
every direction. Upon these earthworks the animals may be seen at all times, sitting
upright and motionless as statues, their fore paws drooped and their eyes intently fixed
on the passer-by; or, when no suspicious object appears, lying and basking in the sun,
or playing merrily with each other on the ramparts of their citadels.”

SPERMOPHILUS. 137

8. Spermophilus spilosomus.

Spermophilus spilosoma, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 40 (descr. orig.)’; Baird, Mamm.N. Am. p. 321’;
Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 39°; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 864°.

Hab. Nortu America, New Mexico and Texas*.—Mexico, Chihuahua city (Potts, U.S.
Nat. Mus.*), Janos (Kennerly, ibid.?).

This appears to be a species of very limited range, and it is extremely rare in collec-
tions. Originally described from a Californian specimen |, it has been obtained at only
a few places in New Mexico, Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora; and the United-States
National Museum, so rich in large series of native animals, could only boast of six
specimens when Mr. Allen published his monograph. Dr. Kennerly, however, says
that in Sonora “this species was quite common on the prairies around Janos. It lived
sometimes among the rocks, but more often had its bed in piles of dirt heaped around
the base of some bush. These piles were elevated’ several feet above the surrounding
ground, and were entered by three, four, or more apertures near the summit. ‘The
animals were exceedingly shy, and a specimen was procured with difficulty ” 3.

4, Spermophilus mexicanus.

Sciurus mexicanus, Erxleben, Syst. Reg. An. p. 428 (1777, part.) '.

Citilus mexicanus, Lichtenstein, Darst. neu. Sdugeth. pl. xxxi. (1827-34, descr. orig.)’.

Spermophilus mexicanus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 319°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm.
p. 89‘; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 188°; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 868°.

Tlalmototli, Hernandez, De Quadr. Nov. Hisp. fol. 9, cap. xxvi.

Urion?, Huron *, of Mexicans.

Hab. Norvu America, Texas ®—Mextico (Verreaur, Mus. Brit.), Toluca (Deppe, Mus.
Berol.2), Pesqueria Grande, Matamoras (Couch, Berlandier, U.S. Nat. Mus.*),
Guadalajara, Guanajuato (Dugés’), Tlalpam (Geddes, Mus. Brit.).

Erxleben’s Sciurus mexicanus, being primarily founded on the 7/almototli of Hernandez,
must have been partially intended to represent this species; but the description has
evidently been confused with that of some other animal, probably of a Tamias. No
recognizable description can be found prior to that of Lichtenstein, which was founded
on a specimen obtained by Deppe in Central Mexico. The species appears to be very
characteristic of the tableland of that country, ranging from Texas to the southern
and western States of the Mexican Republic.

Of the habits of the Mexican Spermophile the following brief account is given by
Mr. Clark, of the United-States Boundary Survey :—“ This species was found in greatest
numbers in the valley of the lower Rio Grande. It livesin the ground; and its burrow
is always made with reference to the protection afforded by a thorny bush or cactus

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, August 1880. T

138 GLIRES.

against the attacks of the Coyote and other enemies. If the entrance happens to be in

an exposed place, it is sometimes fortified with thorny pieces of the mesquite and cacti.

Though somewhat companionable, each, as a rule, seems to have its own house. Like

other mammals, it is most above ground in the morning and evening in search of food ;

yet it is the least affected by the heat of the midday sun. It is omnivorous. Its bed.
is a globular mass, lined with soft material, and has but one entrance” *.

4, CYNOMYS.

Cynomys, Rafinesque, Amer. Monthly Mag. ii. p. 45 (1817, fide Baird, Mamm. N. Am.
p- 829).
Anisonyz, Rafinesque, loc. cit.

The well-known “ Prairie-Dogs” or Prairie-Marmots of North America are very
closely allied to the Spermophiles, but are of more thickset form, and have well-deve-
loped claws on all their toes. Their cheek-pouches are shallow; their grinding-teeth are
placed obliquely, so that they converge strongly behind; and their skulls present slight
but constant differences.

Only two species are known, Cynomys ludovicianus and the western C. columbianus.
The former, which is the only species hitherto recorded from Mexico, may be readily
distinguished by its size, its reddish-brown colour, and its comparatively long tail, which
is brownish-black towards the tip, instead of whitish, as in C. columbianus. It averages
about 12 inches in length of head and body; and the tail-vertebre measure about
34 inches.

1. Cynomys ludovicianus.

Arctomys ludovicianus, Ord, Guthrie’s Geogr., 2nd Amer. ed., pp. 292, 302 (1817, deser. orig., fide
Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 331)’. |

Cynomys ludovicianus, Baird, Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 1. Mamm. p. 397; Dugés, La Nat. i.
p. 137°; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 892%.

Perrito, Perrito del campo, of Mexicans? .

Hab. NortH America, east of the Rocky Mountains, from lat. 49° southwards+.—Mexico,
Chihuahua (Kennerly”, Dugés*).

The range of the Missouri Prairie-Marmot extends to the Mexican State of Chihuahua,
where its occurrence has been recorded by the naturalists of the United-States Boundary
Survey and by Dr. Dugés®. Dr. Kennerly says that to the west of the Rio Grande it
was observed as far as the Sierra Madre?.

Much has been written on the habits of the Prairie-Dog, of its “ towns” or “ villages,”
and of its strange fellow citizens, the Prairie-Owl (Speotyto cunicularia) and the Rattle-
Snake (Crotalophorus confluentus), with which it is popularly but erroneously believed

CASTOR. 139

to live in perfect harmony in the same burrow. Full references to the literature of
this subject will be found in Mr, Allen’s monograph‘.

Fam. II. CASTORIDA.
1. CASTOR.

Castor, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 78 (1766).

The remarkable family of Castoride contains only a single genus, which until lately
has been generally considered to consist of two distinct though closely allied species,
respectively characteristic of the Palearctic and Nearctic Regions. First systematically
separated by Kuhl*, the specific distinction of the American Beaver was insisted on by
the two Cuviers?; and the question was more fully worked out by the late Professor
J. F. Brandt. The last-named careful zoologist disposed satisfactorily of most of the
external characters which had been supposed to exist ; but a comparison of eight Euro-
pean and five American skulls led him to support the specific distinction of Castor
canadensis, as indicated by several cranial peculiarities, notably by the proportional
narrowness of the facial region and comparative shortness of the nasal bones.

In 1867 the question was reconsidered by Dr. W. W. Ely, of Rochester, New York §,
who was enabled, by the examination of a very large series of American Beaver skulls, to
show that a great amount of variety existed in the very points on which most trust had
been reposed. Mr. Allen has since confirmed Dr. Ely’s observations |], which render it
clear that although the characters of the breadth of the facial region and the length of
the nasals are generally available, they are by no means constant. The number of
Beavers’ skulls to which I have access is not sufficient to enable me to add to the facts
adduced by the American writers; but from the whole evidence it appears clear that the
Beavers of the New and Old Worlds are not fully differentiated, and must be regarded

as geographical races of a single circumpolar species.

1. Castor fiber.
Castor fiber, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 78 (1766, descr. orig.)'; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.
p- 433’.
Castor canadensis, Kuhl, Beitr. z. Zool. p. 64 (1820, descr. orig.)*; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 355° ;
Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 40”.

* Beitr. z. Zool. p. 64.

+ Mammif. iii. pl. 274 (51° livr.) ; Ossem. Foss. (3° éd.) v. p. 57.

+ Mém. Ac. Pétersb. 6° sér. vil. pp. 43-76, pls. i—ili.

§ Morgan’s ‘ American Beaver and his Works’ (Philadelphia, 1868), Appendix A, pp. 287-306,

|| Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. pp. 437-445.
T 2

140 GLIRES.

Hab. Paumarctic Recion, North America, from Alaska and Canada southwards?.—
Mexico (Berlandier?), Sierra Madre (U.S. Bound. Surv.’), Matamoras (Berlandier,

U.S. Nat. Mus.’).

The naturalists of the United-States Survey met with the Beaver on the Mexican
boundary, it being especially plentiful in the valley of the Gila river; the most ele-
vated point at which they found its traces was in the Colorado Cafon, in the Sierra
Madre, about 5000 feet above the sea-level’. Mr. Allen observes that he has not been
able to ascertain its exact limit south of the Rio Grande, but that it is well ascertained
that its range extends for some distance into Mexico; and he adds that the manuscripts
of the late Dr. Berlandier attest its existence in various parts of that Republic?. The
only preserved Mexican specimens of which I have been able to learn are two skulls
obtained by the last-named naturalist at Matamoras, and now in the United-States
national collection at Washington’”?.

Fam. III. MURIDE.

1. MUS.

Mus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 79 (1766), as restricted by Waterhouse, Zool. Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ i.
p. 75.

As already remarked, the Muride of Central America are almost exclusively Nearctic
in their affinities. The first genus however, that of restricted Mus, throws no light on
geographical distribution ; for none of its members are indigenous to the New World,
although four house-haunting species have been unwittingly introduced from Europe.
The true Rats and Mice differ from all the native American forms in the structure of
their molars, in which each transverse ridge, in an unworn state, is composed of three.
tubercles, instead of showing two only, as in Hesperomys and its allies. The species
established in our subregion may be recognized by the following characters :—

1. M. rattus. Tail longer than the head and body, ears half as long as the head;
upper parts greyish black, lower parts hardly paler. Length of head and
body about 7”, of tail 7'-50.

2. M. alexandrinus. ‘Tail and ears as in last species ; upper parts dark grey, lower
parts and feet yellowish white. Head and body about 7", tail 8”.

3. M. decumanus. ‘Tail shorter than head and body, ears one third the length of
the head; upper parts greyish brown, lower parts greyish white, feet dusky.
Head and body 9", tail 7'50.

4. M. musculus. Tail about as long as head and body, ears half the length of the
head ; upper parts brownish grey, lower parts slightly paler. Head and body
about 350, tail 3!°50. .

MUS. 141

1. Mus rattus. 7
Mus rattus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 83 (1766, descr. orig.)!; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. l,
p. 2707; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 188°.
Hab. Cosmopotitan.—Mexico (Deppe, Mus. Berol.), Guanajuato (Dugés®) ; Costa Rica
(Frantzius?).

The Black Rat has been recorded from Mexico, whence a specimen was sent by Deppe
to the Berlin Museum, and where it was found by Dr. Dugés in the State of Guanajuato®,
and from Costa Rica, where Dr. v. Frantzius says it is the only true Rat known. Not
exposed to the competition of the next species, and finding suitable shelter in the
numerous rents and fissures which earthquakes cause in the clay walls of the houses, the
Black Rat has become extremely plentiful in most parts of the latter country, although
it is said to have been first introduced by Spanish ships so recently as the beginning of
the present century’.

2. Mus alexandrinus.

Mus alexandrinus, Et. Geoffroy, Descr. de Egypt, Hist. Nat. i. p. 783, Atlas, pl. v. fig. 1 (1812,
descr. orig.) *. |
Mus tectorum, Savi, Nuov. Giorn. de’ Lett., Pte Scient. x. p. 73 (1825, descr. orig.)?; Baird, Mamm.
N. Am. p. 441°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 42*.
Hab. Cosmopouitan.—Mexico, Matamoras (Berlandier, U.S. Nat. Mus.*), Nuevo Leon
(Couch, ib.*), Oaxaca (Sallé, Mus. Brit.).

This species is very closely allied to the last, with which it is said to interbreed and
to produce fertile young*. It appears to remain constant in coloration in all climates ;
and as it especially affects ships, it has become very widely spread over the world. It
is probably not common, however, in Central America; for the only specimens that I
know of are the Mexican ones recorded above.

3. Mus decumanus.
Mus decumanus, Pallas, Nov. Sp. Glir. p. 91 (1778, descr. orig.)'; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 1887.

Hab. Cosmopouitan.—Mexico, Guanajuato, Guadalajara (Dugés?).

In Costa Rica, as already noticed, the Brown Rat is still unknown; and this is the
more remarkable, as Dr. v. Frantzius remarks, because it commonly infests the English

and German ships which visit the port of Puntarenas.
In Mexico Dr. Dugés observed it in the States of Guanajuato and Guadalajara?; but

I have never myself seen a specimen from any part of Central America.

* A, de V'Isle, Ann. des Scient. Nat. 1865, pp. 173-222. Of. Martins, Zool. Gart. 1867, pp. 178-184, 216-
221 ; Troschel, Arch. f, Naturg. xxxii. 1, p. 170; Giebel, Zeitschr. gesammt. Naturw. 1879, pp. 619-622, pl. ix.

142 GLIRES.

4, Mus musculus.
Mus musculus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 83 (1766, descr. orig.)’; Tomes, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 281°;
Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 271°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 138°.

Hab. Cosmopouttan.—Mexico (Sallé, Mus. Brit.), Guanajuato, Guadalajara (Dugés*) ;
GuaTEMALA, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.?) ; Costa Rica (Frantzius®).

As in every other part of the world settled by Europeans, the House-Mouse appears
to be abundant throughout Central America. Mr. Tomes observed of two specimens
sent by Mr. Salvin from Guatemala that they were smaller than European examples, and
that he had noticed the same difference in others sent by Fraser from Colombia’.

Dr. v. Frantzius remarks that in Costa Rica Mice may be seen running about the floors
of the best houses in broad daylight, and that, as they do little damage compared with
Rats, no trouble is taken to extirpate them®.

2. HESPEROMYS.
Hesperomys, Waterhouse, Zool. Voy. ‘ Beagle,’ i. p. 75 (1839).

The greater number of the Muride of the New World are referable to Mr. Water-
house’s genus Hesperomys, as restricted by Professor Spencer F. Baird * and Dr. Elliott
Couesf. ‘The members of this extensive genus all agree in having a typically murine
skull, and in their dentition—the incisors not being grooved, the first having three roots,
and the second and third diminishing in size successively. They differ, however, among
themselves in many other important characters, and form a number of separate groups,
some of which might well be regarded as of generic value, were it not for the inter-
grading forms which connect one with another and prevent their being sharply defined.
Nevertheless they may be conveniently retained as subgenera, the recognition and defi-
nition of the numerous species being thereby rendered more easy. Of these subgenera
Dr. Coues recognized six North-American forms, to which I think at least two more
(Nyctomys and Tylomys) must be added, making eight in all. Of these, four are repre-
sented in Central America by about twelve species. These may be thus characterized:—

A. VEspERoMYs, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p.178. Form mouse-like; ears
large, scantily haired; tail moderate or long, closely haired; small internal
cheek-pouches usually (or always?) present. Skull with no marked supra-
orbital process.

1. H. teguinat. Above warm dark reddish-brown, passing into deep fawn below.
Length of head and body 3"-25, of tail about 2”.

* Mamm. N. Am. p. 458.
t Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 178; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 43.
t This species is only provisionally placed here. Of. infra, p. 144.

MUS. 143

2. H. leucopus. Above varying from fawn shaded with black to lead-grey ; lower
parts and feet pure white. Average length 3-25, of tail 2’80.

3. H. aureolus. Above reddish fawn, passing below into pale fawn or yellowish
white. Average length 3”, of tail 3’-60.

4. H. californicus. Fars and tail very long. Above brownish grey, slightly
washed with fulvous on the flanks; beneath greyish white. Average length
about 5”, of tail 4-90, of ear 0°70 to 1”.

5. H. aztecus. Above rich rufous, shaded with black along the back; lower parts
and feet almost pure white; tail nearly naked. Average length 3:35, of
tail 4"-08. | |

6. H. mexicanus. Above dark grey, more fulvous on flanks, with a silvery lustre ;
lower parts white or greyish white, sometimes washed with fawn. Average
length about 4/20, of tail 3°20.

7. H.melanophrys. Above lustrous grey (as in the last species); lower parts white,
“edges of the eyelids and a small anteocular spot jet-black.” Average
length 4", of tail 4°80.

B. Nycromys, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1861, p. 106 (= Myoxromys, Tomes,
P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 284). Form Dormouse-like. ars large; feet very short
and broad; tail long, fully haired and pencilled. Skull short and broad, with
well-developed supraorbital ridges.

8. H. sumichrasti. Above bright rufous, beneath pure white, a black line or spot
in front of the eye; tail blackish. Average length 5"-10, tail 5°50.

C. Oryzomys, Baird, Mamm. N. Amer. p. 458 (1857). Form Rat-like. Ears small,
hairy; hind feet large, with naked soles; tail moderate, either scantily haired
or almost naked. Skull with marked supraorbital crests.

9. H. palustris. Above greyish brown, passing into dirty white beneath ; tail
scantily haired above, more. fully below; fur coarse and glossy. Average
length 4°50, of tail 4”°50.

10. H. couest. Above clear reddish brown, passing into dirty white or light fawn
below; tail almost naked; fur close and woolly. Length about 5”, of tail
5!""70.

D. Tytomys, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1866, p. 404 (=Neomys, Gray, Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. xii. p. 416, 1873). Ears rather large, naked; soles
naked. Skull with no raised supraorbital ridges, but with a broad horizontal
edge over orbits; anteorbital foramen not visible from'above.

11. H. nudicaudus. Above yellowish brown, mixed with black, beneath ochreous-
yellow ; chin, breast, and median line of belly white; tail blackish at base,
the terminal half white. Length about 7'-85, of tail 8'"30.

12. H. panamensis. Above mouse-grey, beneath white; tail blackish at base, the
terminal third white. Length about 8°50, of tail 8”.

144 GLIRES.

Dr. v. Frantzius has stated that Professor Peters has recorded the occurrence in
Guatemala of Hesperomys albigularis, Tomes (giving a reference to the ‘ Monatsbericht,’
1860, p. 105*); but Dr. Peters assures me that this is a complete mistake, and that he
never received that species from Central America.

1. Hesperomys teguina. (Tab. XIV. fig. 1.)

Mus teguina, Gray, P. Z. S. 1843, p. 79 (sine descr.)’.
Hesperomys teguina, Alston, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 755 (descr. orig.)*; op. cit. 1877, p. 446.

Hab. Guatemata, Coban (Mus. Brit.1).

This very peculiar-looking species was named without description by Gray in 18431,
and first characterized by me in 18767. As yet it is only known from the mounted
type in the British Museum, purchased along with a number of other Guatemalan
animals from Leadbeater; and I only provisionally refer it to the subgenus Vesperomys
until its whole organization is known. In the comparative shortness of its tail and
in its nearly uniform rich coloration it is strikingly different from all the Nearctic
Mice, and also from all the Neotropical forms with which I am acquainted.

2. Hesperomys leucopus.

Mus leucopus, Rafinesque, Am. Monthly Mag. iii. p. 446 (1818, descr. orig., fide Baird)’.

Hesperomys texanus, Woodhouse, Proc. Ac. Philad. vi. p. 242 (1853, descr. orig.)*; Baird, Mamm.
N. Am. p. 464°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 43°.

Hesperomys sonoriensis, Le Conte, Proc. Ac. Philad. vi. p. 413 (1853, descr. orig.)°; Baird, Mamm.
N. Am. p. 474°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 43”.

Hesperomys (Vesperomys) leucopus sonoriensis, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 179°.

Hesperomys leucopus sonoriensis, Coues, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 79°.

Hesperomys americanus, Coues, Amer. Nat. xiii. p. 231 (1879, ex Kerr +)”.

Hab. Norta America, from the Arctic Regions southwards?.—MeExico (Deppe, Mus.
Berol.), Charco Escondido (Couch, U.S. Nat. Mus.*), Sonora (Clark, ib.4), Oaxaca
(Sallé, Mus. Brit.). |

The variety or geographical race of the Common White-footed Mouse, which
inhabits the interior of North America west of the Mississippi, was first described as
a distinct species by Le Conte® from a North-Mexican specimen. The “variety” is

* Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 271. .

+ Founded on Kerr’s Mus agrarius americanus (An. Kingd. 1792, p. 231), which is described as a variety
of the European M. agrartus. Not being used binomially, the term has no claims on adoption; but even
if it had been otherwise, it cannot be received, as Kerr had already described a M. americanus (tom. cit.
p. 227) based on Pennant’s “American Rat” of the Leverian Museum (Hist. Quad. p. 441; Arct. Zool. i.

p. 130)}—an animal which is probably undeterminable, unless it may have been founded on American examples
of M. rattus.

HESPEROMYS. 145

defined by Dr. Coues as having usually a proportionally shorter tail and a less
rufescent coloration than the typical H. leucopus of the Eastern States; but the com-
parison of an immense series of specimens in the United-States Museum has
enabled him to show that these characters are very far from being constant, and that
they cannot be regarded as marking even a pure geographical race; “ for undoubtedly
leucopus occurs throughout the United-States range of ‘sononiensis, and everywhere
the intergradation is perfect”.

The exact southern range of the White-footed Mouse remains to be traced ; but it
certainly extends far into Mexico. Sallé’s collections in the British Museum include
an example of the sonoriensis variety, labelled ‘‘South Mexico ;’” and another of the true
leucopus phase is from Oaxaca. In the warmer lowland regions of the republic,
however, it is probably replaced by the next species, H. aztecus.

Of the habits of the White-footed Mouse in Northern Mexico Mr. J. A. Clark
observes that ‘‘ This animal seems to live, as circumstances may determine, either on
the ground or in the hollows of trees... .. This or an allied species builds globular
nests of fine grass, lined with feathers and other soft material, on the opuntia and
other chapparel. They are quite numerous in some sections, and, seen at a distance
hanging on thorny branches, resemble old bird-nests. The entrance, usually at the side
or bottom, is to all appearance so entirely closed as to suggest the question, By what
built, or for what purpose, is such a contrivance? I never saw one in an unfinished
state, nor the animal at work; labour is perhaps performed after nightfall” ’.

8. Hesperomys aztecus.
Hesperomys aztecus, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 105, pl. ix. fig. 4 (descr. orig.)’.
Hesperomys (Vesperomys) aztecus, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 180°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.
p. 100°.

Hab. Norvu America, California ?.—Mexico (de Saussure’, U.S. Nat. Mus.*).

The specific distinction of the Aztec Mouse of M. de Saussure has been lately con-
firmed by Dr. Coues, the Smithsonian Institution having received spirit specimens
collected at Cape St. Lucas, California. Besides the rich rusty red of the flanks of the
adult (for the young appear to be grey like those of H. leucopus), the species may be
recognized by the extension of the darker colouring to the basal third of the meta-
tarsus and by the long, nearly naked, and almost unicolorous tail. Dr. Coues observes
that “there is no reasonable doubt that the animal is a subtropical offset of H/. leucopus,
inodified just as Neotoma ferruginea has been [from NW. fuscipes|; but, at the same time,
the differentiation has proceeded so far that we are bound to place the animal on
specific footing, at any rate until intermediate specimens are forthcoming”. ‘Till
then, also, we can say nothing as to the distribution of the species in Central America,
the only known Mexican specimens being without exact localities.

BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, August 1880. U

146 GLIRES.

4. Hesperomys aureolus.
Mus (Calomys) aureolus, Audubon & Bachman, Journ. Ac. Philad. vi. p. 8302 (1842, descr. orig.)’.
Hesperomys (Vesperomys) aureolus, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 180°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.
p- 91’.
Hesperomys nuttalli, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 467 (nec Harlan?*)’.
? Hesperomys fulvescens, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 102 (descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Nort America, from South Carolina southwards*\—Mexico (de Saussure? ;
Sallé, Mus. Brit.).

I have very little hesitation in identifying M. de Saussure’s Hesperomys fulvescens
with the Golden Mouse of the Southern United States. In his original description it
is remarked that “pour la couleur elle se rapproche beaucoup de lH. nuttalli, Harl.,
mais elle a la queue plus longue, ses oreilles ne sont pas ferrugineuses et la couleur du
poil parait étre un peu plus foncée”*. In the British Museum there are two Mexican
Mice, collected by Sallé, which agree very well with M. de Saussure’s description, but
are larger, and have the tail, though still long, proportionally shorter, while their
ears are concolorous with the back, exactly as in H. aureolus. Dr. Coues’s table of |
measurements of a series of the latter species shows a considerable variability in pro-
portions, though the average length of tail is decidedly shorter than in the Mexican
examples under consideration®. Nevertheless, when we consider the intermediate
specimens and remember the immense extent to which other American Mice have
been shown to vary in this respect, we must hesitate to found specific distinction
on such a character, and better characters must, I think, be pointed out before
H. fulvescens can be recognized as more than a long-tailed race of H. awreolus.

5. Hesperomys californicus.

Mus californicus, Gambel, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1848, p. 78 (descr. orig.)’.
Hesperomys (Vesperomys) californicus, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 180°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.
p- 98°.

Hab. Norra America, California !*.—Mexico, Tehuantepec (Boucard, Mus. Brit.).

As Dr. Coues remarks, this large long-eared Mouse has much the appearance of a
half-grown Neotoma. First discovered by Gambel at Monterey, its range seems to
extend southwards to Tehuantepec; for a specimen obtained by the British Museum
from that locality, through M. Boucard, only differs from Californian examples in
the same collection in being rather paler and more ashy in colour. All these speci-
mens appear to be larger than those examined by Dr. Coues, giving an average length

* Although Harlan’s description of his Arvicola nuttalli (Am. Monthly Journ. 1832, p. 446) agrees with
this species, it is also applicable to a rufous specimen of H. leucopus; I have therefore followed Mr. Allen
(Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. ii. p. 180) and Dr. Coues in retaining Audubon and Bachman’s name.

HESPEROMYS. . 147

(in skin) of 5-35, and of tail 5"-24, against his respective measurements of 4"-65 and
4"°55. In some the tail is much more fully haired than in others.

6. Hesperomys mexicanus.

Hesperomys mexicanus, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 103, pl. xi. figs. 1, La (descr.
orig.) *.

Hab. Mexico (de Saussure ').

I know nothing of this species save M. de Saussure’s original description and
Dr. Coues’s critical remarks, which will be treated of under the next species.

Nothing has been recorded of its habits; nor does M. de Saussure mention the loca-
lities from which his specimens were obtained.

7. Hesperomys melanophrys.

Hesperomys (Vesperomys) melanophrys, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 181 (descr. orig.)*; Mon.
N.-Am. Rodent. p. 102’.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuacan, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast, U.S. Nat. Mus.+*).

It is not without much doubt that I keep this species even provisionally distinct
from the last.

The three specimens on which Dr. Coues founded his species presented marked dis-
crepancies from the original description of H. meaicanus, having the tail considerably
longer than the head and body, the lower parts pure white, and the eye surrounded by
a conspicuous black ring!2. But Dr. Coues has described three other examples,
obtained for the Smithsonian Institution by the same collector in the same part of
Mexico, which he himself regards as throwing great doubt on the distinction of the
two species. Considerably smaller than either M. de Saussure’s or Dr. Coues’s types,
these individuals want the black eye-ring, two of them have the tail shorter than the
head and body, and one has the lower parts slightly tinged with fulvous. ‘“ Much
more material than that now in our possession,” says Dr. Coues, “ will be required to
determine the limits of variation of this large grey /eucopus-like Mouse of Mexico and
to fix the species on secure basis” *. It appears to me that we have probably here to
do with one large southern species of the subgenus Vesperomys, characterized by its
grey fur having a peculiar hoary lustre, caused by the pale extreme tips of the hairs,
and varying in proportional length of tail and in the presence or absence of a black
ring round the eye. But, as I have not myself had an opportunity of comparing speci-
mens, I refrain from definitely uniting them.

148 GLIRES. ‘

8. Hesperomys sumichrasti. (Tab. XIV. fig. 2.)
Hesperomys (Nyctomys] sumichrasti, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 107, pl. ix. figs. 2, 3
(descr. orig.) *.
Hesperomys (Myoxomys) salvinii, Tomes, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 285, pl. xxxi. (descr. orig.) *.

Hab. Mexico, east of Cordilleras (de Saussure}; Sallé, Mus. Brit.); British Hon-
DuRAS, Belize (Blancaneaux, Mus. Brit.); GuatemMaua, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.*).

Although I have not had an opportunity of examining the types of M. de Saussure’s
H. sumichrasti, I have no doubt that he and Mr. Tomes had the same animal before
them, and that each separately described the same species. The only point of difference
in their descriptions is as to size, the former giving the length of the head and body in his
two specimens as 100 millims. and 88 millims. respectively (=3!"95 and 3-50), while
that of Mr. Tomes’s type was 5'50. But one at least of the Swiss zoologist’s examples
was immature, as shown by the colour; and Mr. Tomes’s was an unusually large indi-
vidual ; for in a number of spirit specimens the length varies from 4:90 to 5°30 inches,
while one example from British Honduras agrees almost exactly with the measurements
of M. de Saussure’s larger specimen. In every other particular—in the hairy almost
bushy tail terminating in a pencil of hairs, in the short broad hind feet with propor-
tionally long second and fifth toes, in the nearly uniform light rufous of the upper
parts, and in the peculiar character of the lower fur being pure white to the roots—
the nominal species agree with one another, and differ so much from all the other
known forms of Hesperomys that each of their describers has proposed a new subgenus for
his discovery. In point of fact Nyctomys is one of the best-marked of all the subgenera
of Hesperomys. |

In Guatemala Messrs. Salvin and Godman tell me that H. suwmichrasti is very common
in the neighbourhood of Duefias, where the Indians will procure almost any number of
specimens for a trifle. Most of theirs were obtained,in this way; but they sometimes
found it themselves in the hedgerows which surround the coffee-plantations of the neigh-
bourhood; and on one occasion Mr. Salvin poked one out of a nest with a stick, when
the Mouse dropped into the sleeve of his coat, to the astonishment of both performers.

The figure in the Plate is taken from one of the Duefias specimens.

9. Hesperomys palustris.

Mus palustris, Harlan, Am. Journ. Science, xxxi. p. 386 (1837, deser. orig.) }.

Hesperomys (Oryzomys) palustris, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 4822; Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874,
p- 184°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 113+.

Hab. Nort America, from New Jersey southwards 4.—Mex1co (Sallé, Mus. Brit.),
Tehuantepec (Sumichrast, Postell, U.S. Nat. Mus.*).

The Common Rice-Mouse of the Southern United States is the type of Baird’s sub-

HESPEROMYS. 149

genus Oryzomys, and, as might be expected from its structural characters, is aquatic in
its habits, specially frequenting the dykes and dams of irrigated rice-fields, and swimming
and diving with facility. For its addition to the Central-American fauna we are
indebted to Dr. Coues, who observes that he cannot distinguish a Tehuantepec speci-
men from the ordinary H. palustris of the United States. “In colour it is a little
clearer than most Carolina skins, yet not of the paler yellowish-brown noticed in
Kansas ones, but rather a brighter fulvous-brown; the underparts are unusually pure
white”4. Two Mexican examples in the British Museum have rather more naked tails
than United-States specimens ; but in other respects they do not show any approach to
the next species.

In the same monograph Dr. Coues doubtfully referred specimens of an Oryzomys
from Jamaica to the present species. He has since informed me that it proves to be
distinct ; but, as far as I am aware, he has not yet named or described it.

10. Hesperomys couesi. (Tab. XV. fig. 1.)
Hesperomys couesi, Alston, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 756 (descr. orig.) *.

Hab. Mexico (Geale; Verreaux, Mus. Brit.1); Guatemata, Coban, Choctum (Salvin
& Godman, Mus. Brit.1; Mus. Berol.); Honpuras (Mus. Brit.).

I have ventured to dedicate this handsome species to my friend Dr. Elliott Coues,
whose recent labours have done so much to clear up the confusion into which the
North-American Muride had fallen.

Coues’s Rice-Mouse is certainly referable to the subgenus Oryzomys, being closely
allied to the last species; it differs strikingly, however, in its long and almost entirely
naked tail (the fine sparse hairs of which are hardly perceptible), its close, fine, and
somewhat woolly fur, and its clear reddish-brown coloration, which varies in different
specimens from dark red-brown to light rufous; it also appears to be a decidedly larger
animal. From the character of the tail and fur it may be expected to prove less strictly
aquatic in its habits than H. palustris.

There are several specimens of Coues’s Rice-Mouse in the British and Berlin Museums,
from Mexico, Guatemala, and Honduras; but I have not yet been able to trace its
range beyond these States.

The figure is taken from one of the typical Mexican specimens in the British Museum.

11. Hesperomys nudicaudus.

Hesperomys (Tylomys) nudicaudus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berlin, 1866, p. 404, figs. 1-4, skull (deser.
orig.) }.

Hab. Guatemata (Mus. Basel.*).

Professor Peters’s type is an adult female from Guatemala, which was submitted to

150 GLIRES.

him for determination by Herr Schneider, of the Natural-History Museum at Basel. In
addition to its almost hairless particoloured tail and naked soles, it is remarkable in the
development of the upper edges of the orbits, which are spread into a sort of horizontal
shelf, instead of rising into perpendicular supraorbital ridges as in Oryzomys. Dr. Peters
therefore regards it as the type of a separate subgenus, Zylomys; and it will be seen
that the next species presents the same characters.

12. Hesperomys panamensis. (Tab. XV. fig. 2.)
Neomys panamensis, J. E. Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 4th ser. xii. p. 417, fig. 1, skull (1873,
descr. orig.) *.

Hab. Panama (Boucard, Mus. Brit.')—Sovra America, Colombia.

_ This handsome species was described by the late Dr. Gray from a specimen which
was obtained by the British Museum from Panama, through M. Boucard. Struck by
the peculiarities of its skull, Gray made it the type of a new genus, Neomys; but in
these, as well as in general external characters, it agrees closely with the last species,
and is consequently referable to Professor Peters’s subgenus Tylomys, of which Neomys
must be regarded as a synonym. It differs very markedly, however, in coloration,
though it shares the peculiarity of having a particoloured tail.

Besides the type specimen, which is now figured, I have seen only one other example
of this species, a half-grown individual, sent from Medellin to the British Museum.

3. OCHETODON.
Reithrodon, Leconte, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 413 (nec Waterhouse).
Ochetodon, Coues, op. cit. 1874, p. 184.

The North-American Mice with grooved upper incisors were referred by Leconte
to Waterhouse’s genus Reithrodon; and most later writers have followed his example ;
but Dr. Coues has shown that they are really quite distinct from that Neotropical
form, being much more nearly allied to Hesperomys proper. They differ from the
latter, however, not only in the character already alluded to, but in the first upper
molar having four roots instead of three (as in Hesperomys), in the inflection of the
lower edge of the angle of the mandible, and in other minor cranial characters, which
have been fully described by Dr. Coues in his monograph.

The two species of Ochetodon which have been found in Central America may be
thus distinguished :—

1. O. humilis. Average length about 2"-20, of tail 2”, of hind foot 0""55. Above
mouse-grey, washed with fulvous on the flanks ; beneath greyish white.

2. O. mewicanus. Average length 2":92, of tail 5”"72, of hind foot 075. Above
warm brown, passing into red-brown on the flanks; beneath dirty white.

OCHETODON. 151

An allied species, 0. Jongicauda (Baird), is found in California, and has been recorded
from Guatemala; but, as will be seen presently, the determination of the speci-
mens from the latter locality is doubtless erroneous. It resembles 0. mexicanus in
length of tail and in general coloration, but is a small species, with small hind feet
of about 0-65 in length.

1. Ochetodon humilis.

Mus humilis, Bachman, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1841, p. 97 (deser. orig.)’; Audubon & Bachman, Quadr.
N. Am. i. p. 103, pl. Ixv.’ |
Ochetodon humilis, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 185°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 123%.
Reithrodon megalotis, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 451 (1857, descr. orig.)’; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 43°.
Hab. Nortu America, from Iowa southwards 4.—Mexico, Sonora (Kennerly, U.S. Nat.
Mus.*), “ South Mexico” (Sallé, Mus. Brit.).

Two specimens, obtained by the naturalists of the Mexican Boundary Survey
between Janos and San-Luis Spring in Sonora, were considered by Professor Baird to
differ from the known species of groove-toothed Mice, and were made the types of his
Reithrodon megalotis®. Dr. Coues, however, has no hesitation in identifying them
with the present species, remarking that the height of the ear is not greater than
occurs in typical O. humilis, and that only one of the specimens is larger than United-
States examples. He adds that “it is interesting to observe that these two animals do
not approximate towards either O. longicauda or the still larger and longer-tailed
O. mexicanus’’*.

According to Audubon and Bachman this little Mouse inhabits grass-fields and
plantations in the southern States, and constructs nests of soft grasses, which are either
placed under brush-heaps and fences or among long grass. They will breed in captivity,
and are very gentle in disposition.

There are two specimens in the British Museum received from Sallé, one of which
is marked “‘S. Mexico ;” the label of the other is illegible.

2. Ochetodon mexicanus.
Mus tazamaca, Gray, P. Z.S. 1848, p. 79 (sine descr.)’.
Reithrodon mexicanus, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 109 (descr. orig.) *; Tomes,

P. Z. S. 1861, p. 284°. |
Ochetodon mexicanus, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 186*; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 128° ;

Alston, P. Z. S. 1876, p. 756°; op. cit. 1877, p. 446".
Reithrodon sumichrasti, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1861, p. 3 (descr. orig.)*.
? Reithrodon longicauda, Tomes, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 284 (nec Baird ?)’.

Hab. Norra America, Louisiana ®.—Mexico (Sallé, Mus. Brit.), Vera Cruz (de Saus-
sure”), Tehuacan, Orizaba, Cordova (Sumichrast, U.S. Nat. Mus.®), Mirador
(Sartorius, ib.5) ; GuaremaLa, Coban (Mus. Brit.1°), Dueiias (Salvin, ib.*).

152 GLIRES.

As I have elsewhere pointed out °, this species was named by Gray in 1843 ', but, as
he gave no description, M. de Saussure’s title will stand. The latter author subse-
quently described a second Mexican species as Reithrodon sumichrasti®; but it is
impossible to distinguish it by the characters given, and I am convinced that it is
merely founded on an unusually brightly coloured example of O. mexicanus, which
seems to gain a greater brilliancy of tint in the more southern parts of its range.
Some of Mr. Salvin’s Guatemalan specimens were referred by Mr. Tomes to 0. longi-
cauda (Bd.); but I have been unable to confirm his identification, and agree with
Dr. Coues in feeling great doubt as to the existence of that species in Central America.

Nothing special has been recorded of the habits of this species, which doubtless
resemble those of the last named. Dr. Coues remarks that one of the specimens of
O. mexicanus in the Washington Museum “ is a perfect albino, pure white everywhere,
and doubtless had pink eyes”’.

4. SIGMODON.
Sigmodon, Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. Philad. iv. p. 852 (1825).

The generic distinction of the Cotton-Rat from the other American Mice has been
generally recognized, though Dr. Coues has latterly expressed doubts as to its being
more aberrant than some of the subgenera of Hesperomys*. ixternally it may be best
distinguished from the subgenus Oryzomys by its blunt muzzle, large ears, and long
hind feet, of which the first and fifth toes are subequal and very short. In the skull
the perpendicular plate of the zygoma is emarginated, the supraorbital ridges well
marked and sharp, and the incisive foramina long. The molars are usually stated not
to be tuberculate at any age (Dr. Coues says the tubercles are lost so early that he has
not been able to observe the primitive unworn condition) ; and the indenting enamel-
folds are deep and closed, usually giving a somewhat imperfect sigma pattern on the
crown of at least the posterior teeth, and thus suggesting the mame of the sae of
which only one species appears to be well established.

1. Sigmodon hispidus.

Sigmodon hispidum, Say & Ord, Journ. Ac. Philad. iv. p. 354, pl. x. (1825, descr. orig.)*.

Sigmodon hispidus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 5027; Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 176°; Mon.
N.-Am. Rodent. p. 36%.

Sigmodon berlandieri, Baird, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1855, p. 838 (deser. orig.)°; Mamm. N. Am. p. 504°;
Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 467; Tomes, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 281°.

Hesperomys (Deilemys) toltecus, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 98, pl. 10. figs. 8, 3a
(descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Norra America, from South Carolina southwards 4.—Mexico (Cuming, Warwick,

* Mon. N.-Am, Rodent. p. 32.

SIGMODON.—NEOTOMA, 153

Sailé, Mus. Brit.), Vera Cruz (de Saussure®), Zehuaine, Tehuantepec, Tuxpango,
Orizaba (Sumichrast, U.S. Nat. Mus.*), Mirador (Sartorius, ib‘); GUATEMALA,
Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.6); Panama, Veragua (Whitely, Mus. Brit.).

The Cotton-Rat of the Southern United States and of Central America varies con-
siderably in colour, and still more strikingly in the proportional length of the tail and
size of the hind foot, Dr. Coues’s elaborate tables showing a range of from 2'-25 to
5-25 in the former, and from 0-97 to 1-40 in the latter measurement. Such dif-
ferences naturally suggest specific distinction; and accordingly they have been the
foundations of Professor Baird’s® and M. de Saussure’s® species, the extremes in length
of tail and foot being found in Mexican specimens. But a careful comparison of the
very large series in the Smithsonian Museum has enabled Dr. Coues to show that every
intermediate proportion may be found, and that Texan and Mexican individuals differ
more from each other than they do from Carolina specimens. The examples to which
IT have access confirm this view, and I therefore fully concur in the identification of
Sigmodon berlandiert and Hesperomys toltecus with S. hispidus.

The range of the Cotton-Rat extends further south than has been hitherto recorded ;
for, though Dr. v. Frantzius does not appear to have met with it in Costa Rica, speci-
mens have been supplied to the British Museum by Whitely from Veragua. Its habits
have been fully described by Audubon and Bachman*, who state that it is gregarious
and highly carnivorous.

Mr. Salvin’s specimens were obtained at Duefias, and shot in the open at the edge of
some thick grass; the species, he tells me, is not uncommon in that district.

5. NEOTOMA.
Neotoma, Say & Ord, Journ. Acad. Philad. iv. p. 346 (1825).

In the Wood-Rats we have a typically Nearctic genus, represented in Central
America by two species, one of which is peculiar to our subregion. Closely allied to
the last genus, Veotoma has even larger ears and a much longer tail; the skull has
no supraorbital ridges, and only short incisive foramina; and the molars, except in
aged individuals, have the indenting enamel-folds open and angular, giving the crowns
of the teeth very much the prismatic character of those of Arvicola. The genus
presents two types, according as the tail is densely haired and bushy, as in NV. cinerea
(Ord) of the western territories, or nearly naked, as in the remaining species. To the
latter section belong the two forms found within our limits, which differ in the
following characters :-—

1. N. floridana. Upper parts greyish brown, washed with fulvous on the flanks ;
lower parts white ; feet entirely white; tail bicolorous. Average length 9", of

tail 6”.
* Quad. N. Am. i. pp. 230-232.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, October 1880. x

154 GLIRES.

2. N. ferruginea. Upper parts almost uniform rich rufous ; lower parts pure
white; feet partly dusky; tail unicolorous, dark brown. Average length
about 7", of tail 7”.

The Californian Wood-Rat, WV. fuscipes, Cooper, agrees most nearly with WV. flori-
dana in size and in general coloration, but resembles V. ferruginea in its proportions
and in its dusky feet and unicolorous tail.

1. Neotoma floridana.
Mus floridanus, Ord, Bull. Soc. Philom. Philad. 1818, p. 181 (descr. orig., fide Baird)’.
Neotoma floridana, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 175°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 14°.
Neotoma mexicana, Baird, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1855, p. 333 (descr. orig.)*; Mamm. N. Am. p. 490° ;
Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 44°. :
Neotoma micropus, Baird, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1855, p. 833 (descr. orig.)’; Mamm. N. Am. p. 492° ;
Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 44”.

Hab. Norra America, from New England southwards*.—Mexico, Sonora (Kennerly®,
Emory?, Webb, U.S. Nat. Mus.), Charco Escondido, Santa Rosalia (Couch, 76.°),
Chihuahua (Potts, 70.*).

Several specimens of Neotoma were obtained by the officers of the United-States
Boundary Survey in Northern Mexico, which became the types of Professor Baird’s J.
meaicana* and N. micropus?. On a comparison with a larger series, however, Dr. Coues
has been unable to recognize the validity of these species—the first having been founded
on points of coloration which prove not to be constant, while the latter is based on two
very imperfect specimens?. Not having an opportunity of investigating the matter for
myself, I accept these identifications on Dr. Coues’s authority.

According to Mr. A. Schott, this animal “builds its domicile between the forks of
mezquite-trees, the deflexed ramifications of which usually form a natural defence against
larger intruders. The nest itself is made up of dry sticks, such as the ground under-
neath such trees is strewn with. There is no regularity in the construction of this house,
which resembles, on a smaller scale, those of the Beavers. . . . A common inmate
of those rat-nests is a Sceleporus, perhaps S. collaris, which has its entomophagous sports
on the rough bark of the mezquite-tree: thus the Rat and the Lizard live peaceably
together. The principal food of this Rat seems to be the pods of the mezquite and the
screw-bean, of which large depositories can be found in their strongholds”®. There
appears, however, to be considerable variety in the habits of the Wood-Rat according
to the nature of the country: in some districts it frequents trees; in others it lives among
rocks, while elsewhere it builds large conical pyramids, about three feet high, on the
surface of the ground.

NEOTOMA.—ARVICOLA. 155

2. Neotoma ferruginea. (Tab. XVI.)

Neotoma ferruginea, Tomes, P.Z. 8. 1861, p. 282 (descr. orig.)’; Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874,
p. 175°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 22°.

Hab. Mexico, Tehuantepec (Sumichrast, U.S. Nat. Mus.*); Guaremata, Duefias (Salvin,
Mus. Brit.1).

This very handsome Wood-Rat was first obtained by Mr. Salvin in Guatemala, and
was fully described by Mr. Tomes!. Subsequently specimens were forwarded by Sumi-
chrast from the southern parts of Mexico to the United-States Museum, as recorded by
Dr. Coues?*, who remarks that the species furnishes an analogy to Hesperomys sumié-
chrasti in its rufous coloration, long dark tail, and partially dusky feet. In the last two
of these characters it agrees best with NV. fuscipes, Cooper, of which it may be regarded
as a tropical representative; but its rich ruddy tints are peculiar to itself. Mr. Tomes
believed that it also differed from the other species in its dentition; but neither
Dr. Coues nor I have been able to confirm the observation, the characters described by
Mr. Tomes evidently depending on the age of the specimen described.

Of its habits, which probably agree with those of the last species, nothing has yet been
recorded. Mr. Salvin tells me that it is a rare animal near Duefias, the only place where
he found it. During his last visit, in 1873, he was only able to procure one specimen
(that now figured); this was brought to him by Indians, who caught it on the banks
of the River Guacalate.

6. ARVICOLA.

Arvicola, Lacépéde, Mém. de l’Inst. Nat. iii. p. 495 (1801)*.
Hypudeus, Lliger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. p. 87 (1811, nec Keyserling et Blasius).

The characters of this genus, the type of the subfamily Arvicoline, are so well known
that it will be enough to refer to the rhomboidal cranium with divergent supraorbital
ridges, rootless or semirooted molars composed of alternate prisms, small fore feet and
claws, nearly naked hind feet, and short or moderate tail. The numerous species are
mostly characteristic of the Palearctic and Nearctic faunas; but three have been
received from Mexico, belonging to two different subgenera. ‘They may be recognized

by the following diagnoses :—

* It may appear to be inconsistent to retain some of the genera of Lacépéde’s ‘ Tableau’ while others are
rejected as being imperfectly characterized (supra, pp. 3, 6, &c.). It appears to me, however, to be one of
those doubtful cases in which discretion may fairly be used for the avoidance of unnecessary changes. Arvicola
has ever since been in constant use, and has thus established its own legitimacy, while its rejection would
cause almost as much confusion as the revival of Alouatta, Sapajou, and other justly-forgotten terms.

' + Tn the British Museum there are two skins of Voles, obtained in Mexico by Mr. Charlesworth, which
appear to belong to a fourth species; but unfortunately the skulls are wanting, and it is therefore impossible

to identify them with any certainty.
X 2

156 GLIRES.

A. Myonomes, Coues (ex Rafinesque), Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 189. “Back
upper molars with fwo external triangles and a posterior crescent; middle
upper molar with ¢wo inner triangles; front lower molar with three internal
and two or three external lateral triangles” (Cowes). Claws of fore feet not
larger than those of hind feet ; soles of latter with six tubercles.

1. A. mexicanus. Upper parts dark brown, washed on the sides with rufons ; lower
parts grey, tinged on the breast with yellow; feet dusky. Ears moderate,
hairy, with a well-developed antitragus. Tail hairy, indistinctly bicolorous,
somewhat longer than the hind foot. Length of head and body about 4-25,
of tail 1-00 to 1-15, of hind foot 0:72.

B. Pirymys, M*Murtrie, Amer. ed. of Cuvier’s Régn. An. i. p. 434 (1831, fide Baird).
“ Back upper molar with one external angle and a posterior trefoil; middle
upper molar with ove internal angle; front lower molar with ¢wo internal and one
external triangle” (Cowes). Claws of fore feet longer than those of hind feet ;
soles of latter with five tubercles; fur fine, glossy.

2. A. pinetorum. Upper parts brown, more or less tinged with rufous; lower
parts silvery grey; tail shorter than the head, but distinctly longer than the
hind foot. Length of head and body about 3°60, of tail 0-70, of hind foot 0'"63.

3. A. quasiater. Upper parts almost black, shaded with dark chestnut, and
passing into the blackish ash of the lower parts. Tail little longer than the
hind foot. Length of head and body about 4’-33, of tail 0-70, of hind foot
0-66.

It may here be observed that the Musquash or Musk-Rat, Fiber zibethicus (Schreber),
is found in New Mexico and Arizona; but we have no evidence of its existence within
our present limits.

1. Arvicola mexicanus.

Arvicola (Hemiotomys) mexicanus, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1861, p. 3 (descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Muxico (de Saussure'), San Juan (Rébouch, Mus. Brit.), Tehuantepec (Boucard,
Mus. Brit.).

It is with great hesitation that I provisionally retain this Vole as specifically distinct
from the well-known Arvicola riparius, Ord, of North America. M. de Saussure’s short
diagnosis, quoted below*, is all that has yet been published on the subject, so far as I
am aware ; and it appears to have escaped the keen research of Dr. Elliott Coues. Mr.

* “Medius, supra fuscus, subtus cinerascens, pilis cinereis, apice fuscis. Auricule sat magne, fimbriatee,
antitrago magno. Vibrissz capite breviores, fusce. Pedes antici paulo longiores posteriorum dimidio ; postici
elongati, subtus basi pilosi, tuberculis 6 instructi, quorum posticus magnus, penultimus minutus [sic]. Ungues
anteriores posterioribus haud majores. Cauda brevissima, pedibus posticis paulo longior at capite brevior. Cor-
poris longitudo 0°110; caudee 0-019 ; pedis postici 0-016.”

ARVICOLA. 157
Oldfield Thomas, however, has called my attention to two spirit-specimens in the British
Museum, received from Tehuantepec through M. Boucard, and to a skin, also obtained
in Mexico by M. Rébouch, which agree in all essentials. On examination, I find that their
dentition is identical with that of A. riparius; but, as Dr. Coues has remarked, the teeth
of all the species of the subgenus Myonomes agree in pattern. One of these examples
has the tail even shorter than the measurement given by M.de Saussure ; in another it
is longer, although still falling considerably short of Dr. Coues’s average for A. riparius ;
while that of the third has unfortunately been lost. It is to be noted, however, that one
of the most southern specimens examined by the latter zoologist, from Louisiana*, had
an even shorter tail than the Tehuantepec example in the British Museum; and I have
little doubt that when a sufficient series of Mexican Voles is available for study it will
be found that A. mexicanus gradually passes into the longer-tailed and larger-footed
northern form.

The subgenus J/yonomes, revived by Dr. Coues from Rafinesquef, is identical with
the Hemiotomys of Professor Baird, but not with M. de Selys-Longchamps’s group of
that name§, which is founded on the European Water-Vole, Arvicola amphibius, Linn.
Myonomes is certainly very closely allied to the Arvicola proper of Blasius, if it does
not prove to be identical with that subgenus.

2. Arvicola pinetorum.

Psammomys pinetorum, Le Conte, Ann. Lye. New York, iii. p. 138, t. ii. (1829, descr. orig.)'.
Arvicola (Pitymys) pinetorum, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 544°; Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874,
p. 191°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 219°.

Hab. Norn America, from Massachusetts southward 4.—Mexico ( Verreaur, Mus. Brit.),
Parada, Rancheria del Jacale (Sallé, Mus. Brit.).

- The most southern localities which Dr. Coues gives for the Pine-Vole are the States
of Mississippi and Louisiana; but it appears to extend far into Mexico, from which
country there are three skins in the British Museum which I am quite unable to dis-
tinguish from the more northern animal, One of these specimens is labelled by Sallé
as having been obtained at the Rancheria del J acale, at an elevation of 12,000 feet and

near the eternal snow.

3. Arvicola quasiater.
Arvicola (Pitymys) pinetorum, var. quasiater, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1874, p. 191 (descr.
orig.) *.
Arvicola (Pitymys) quasiater, Coues, Mon. N.-Amer. Rodent. p. 226’.

* Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 184. + Cf. supra, p. 156.
+ Mamm. N. Am. p. 515 (1857). § Rev. Zoolog. x. p. 310 (1847).

158 GLIRES.
Hab. Mexico, Jalapa (de Oca, U.S. Nat. Mus.?), Tuxpango (Sumichrast, ib.?).

This very dark and glossy-furred Vole was first described by Dr. Coues as a variety of
the last species!; but he subsequently convinced himself that it was quite distinct ?.
Reluctance to injure the type specimens unfortunately prevented his describing the
skull and teeth; and further observation is consequently required before its relation-
ship with A. pinetorum is set at rest.

Fam. IV. GEOMYIDA.

1. GEOMYS.

Geomys, Rafinesque, Am. Month. Mag. ii. p. 45 (1817, fide Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 368).
Diplostoma, Rafinesque, loc. cit.

Saccophorus, Kuhl, Beitr. Zool. &c. p. 65 (1820).

Pseudostoma, Say, Long’s Exped. i. p. 406 (1823).

Ascomys, Lichtenstein, Abh. Ak. Berl. 1822-23, p. 20 (1825).

The family Geomyide is distinguished, among other characters, by the possession of
cheek-pouches which open externally on the sides of the face, and are not connected with
the mouth—a structure which is not found in any other known Mammal. In geogra-
phical distribution it is principally Nearctic; but all the five genera are represented in
our subregion. The group presents two very distinct types, which have been sometimes
regarded as deserving of full family rank; but in spite of the arguments of Dr. Coues in
favour of that course*, I still hold to the view that they may best be treated as sub-
families under the names Geomyine and Heteromyinef.

Of these the first contains thickset fossorial animals with short limbs and tails, rudi-
mentary ear-conchs, and massive skulls, in which the mastoids do not appear on the top -
of the cranium, and the zygomatic arches are stout and divergent. They fall naturally .
into two genera :—Geomys, with deeply channelled incisors, and very large fore feet and
claws; and Thomomys, in which the incisors are either plain or only slightly grooved
near the margin, the fore feet moderately developed, and ‘the skull less massive.

* See his observations, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, pp. 130-138, 272-327 ; Powell’s Exploration of the Colo-
rado River, pp. 217-285; and Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. pp. 487-542, 607-629; which contain very detailed
descriptions of the anatomy and characters of the known genera and species.

+ Cf. P.Z.8. 1876, p. 69. With regard to the name of the latter subfamily it may be observed that
Dr. Coues appears to think it unnecessary to change Saccomyine, Baird, into Heteromyine, Alston. Dr. Coues
himself confesses that there is “no doubt” that Saccomys is only a synonym of Heteromys; and it appears to
me that the laws of nomenclature and of convenience both require that the latter name should be used in com-
posing the title of any superior group. |

GEOMYS. 159

The two species of Geomys found within our limits may be easily recognized by the
following striking characters :—

1. G.mexicanus. Upper incisors with a single median groove ; feet and tail hairy;
fur soft and shining. Brownish or reddish grey above, paler beneath; length
of head and body 10" to 11”, of tail 3”.

2. G. hispidus. Upper incisors with one groove on the inner half of the tooth ;
feet and tail nearly naked ; fur stiff and coarse. Dull chocolate-brown above,
paler beneath ; length of head and body 12", of tail 3".

The only other species in which the incisors have only one groove is G. castanops
(Baird) of Texas and New Mexico, a much smaller animal, of a pale yellow-brown
colour, passing into chestnut on the head.

1. Geomys mexicanus.

Ascomys mexicanus, Lichtenstein, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1827, p. 118 (1830, descr. orig.)*; Charlesworth,
P. Z.S. 1841, p. 60°. .

Geomys mexicanus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 387°; Coues, Rep. Powell’s Expl. Colorado River,
p. 2364; Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, p. 183°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 617°.

Tucan seu Talpa Indica, Hernandez, Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 7, cap. xxiv.

Tuca, Tuza, of Mexicans.

Hab. Mexico (Uhde, Deppe, Mus. Berol.1; Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.; Geale, Mus. Brit.),
Jalapa (de Oca, U.S. Nat. Mus.°). .

There can be hardly a doubt that the Mexican Pocket-Gopher is the Tucan of
Hernandez, and consequently the earliest-known species of the family, though it was
first systematically named by Lichtenstein in 1830*. Little is known of its exact
distribution in Mexico, but it appears to inhabit the central highlands; in some places
it occurs along with the next species, specimens of both having been sent’ by de Oca to
the Smithsonian Institution from Jalapa®. Dr. Coues quotes Berlandier’s unpublished
manuscripts to the effect that G. mexicanus is found in the cold and temperate regions
of New Spain®; and Mr. Charlesworth also met with it on the central tableland. The
latter observer states that the cheek-pouches “are used for the purpose of conveying
the soil from its subterranean retreats to the surface of the ground, where the mould
is deposited in heaps similar in appearance to those formed by the common Mole”?

The British Museum possesses two examples of melanism in this animal; these speci-
mens, which are without exact localities, are of a very dark glossy brown, but retain
irregular patches of their normal colour.

2. Geomys hispidus.

Ascomys mexicanus, Eydoux & Gervais, Mag. de Zool. 1836, art. i. p. 23, t. xxi. figg. 5 & 6"; Voy.
de la ‘ Favorite,’ v. Mamm. p. 23, t. viii. figg. 5 & 6 (nec Lichtenstein)’.

160 GLIRES.

Saccophorus quachil, Gray, P. Z. 8S. 1843, p. 79 (sine descr.)’*.

Geomys hispidus, Le Conte, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1852, p. 158 (descr. orig.)*; Baird, Mamm. N. Am.
p. 886°; Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, p. 183°; Rep. Powell’s Expl. Colorado River,
p. 2297; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 619°; Alston, P. Z. S. 1877, p. 446°.

Geomys heterodus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1864, p. 177 (descr. orig.)"°; Frantzius, Arch. f.
Naturg. xxxv. 1. p. 269".

Taltusa of Guatemalans (common to Heteromys longicaudatus) .

Hab. Mexico, Vera Cruz (Pease, Mus. Ac. Philad.>), Jalapa (de Oca, U.S. Nat. Mus.’),
Necostla (Sumichrast, ib.°), Tehuantepec (Boucard, Mus. Brit.), Yucatan (Gaumer,
Mus. Boucard); Guatemaua, Duefias (Salvin & Godman, Mus. Brit.; Boucard,
Mus. Berol.), Coban (Mus. Brit.*), Guatemala city (Van Patten, U.S. Nat.
Mus.®); Costa Rica (Zeledon & Carmiol, 1b.8), Ivazi (Hoffmann & Frantzius,
Mus. Berol.°™).

The Central-American Pocket-Gopher, although a very distinct species, has often
been confused with G. mexicanus, its teeth having even been figured by Eydoux and
Gervais under that title’*. The late Dr. Gray mentioned it as Saccophorus quachil in
1843°°; but it was not till 1852 that the species was described by Le Conte*. Not
being acquainted with the latter’s diagnosis, Professor Peters gave the name of G. hete-
rodus to an example sent by Hoffmann from Costa Rica”; but his type proves identical
with Mexican specimens. |

This species appears to replace the last in the hotter parts of Mexico and in the other
Central-American States, extending at least as far south as Costa Rica, where Dr. v.
Frantzius tells us it abounds in the high-lying region on the southern and south-western
slopes of the Volcano of Irazi up to an elevation of 8000 feet, especially where the
ground is dry owing to an admixture of volcanic ashy sands. ‘“ Goffers are also found
in the hot valley of Matina and on the River Sarapiqui, where they do great damage to
the roots of the cacao-trees; but as I have never seen specimens from thence, I cannot
say whether they belong to the same species or not. In the maize-fields of Irazt their
number is so great that at every step you are in danger of your foot sinking into one of
their subterranean passages; and it is consequently often necessary to relinquish the
cultivation of maize for a year or two and to lay down the ground in pasture, when the
cattle tramp down the passages and so disturb the Goffers that they seek some other
place of abode. The damage which they do to the maize-crop is great; for they carry
off great quantities of the ears in their cheek-pouches and convey them to their
subterranean store-houses. On the surface this species, like its congeners, is very
helpless” 4,

In Guatemala I am informed by Messrs. Godman and Salvin that this species is very
common all over the highlands, and traces of their presence are to be met with almost
everywhere in the neighbourhood of Duefias; but it is an animal that is only seen by
the rarest chance, so that only two or three specimens were brought to them by Indians ;

GEOMYS.—THOMOMYS. 161

and these were all killed with a blow from the machete or bush-knife an Indian always
carries with him. The underground workings of these animals show themselves in the
heaps of mould cast up here and there in the track, reminding one of the similar labours
of the common Mole in Europe. But the underground passage is of considerable size,
so as to cause much annoyance if the surface above gives way under the foot of a passer
by. In the upper parts of the Volcan de Fuego, at an altitude of from 10,000 to 13,000
feet, similar workings are very abundant in the loose volcanic soil: but Messrs. Godman
and Salvin never succeeded in obtaining a specimen from there; so that it is not certain
by what species these workings are made, though probably by this animal, so common
at a lower elevation.

Two specimens of this Gopher in the Berlin Museum (one labelled as being from
Peten, the other without locality) are irregularly marked with white, which forms a
broad but interrupted band over the loins.

2. THOMOMYS.
Thomomys, Max. zu Wied, Nov. Act. Acad. Cas. Leop.-Car. xix. p. 23 (1839).

The principal external distinctions between this genus and the last have already been
noticed in comparison; but it should be added that the striking characters afforded by
the plain incisors, well-developed ear-conch, and moderately clawed feet of Thomomys
are supported by a number of cranial differences, which have been worked out in great
detail by Dr. Coues*. That zoologist has pointed out another point in which the two
genera do not agree—namely, “that in Geomys a number of species appear to have become
firmly established, while the differentiation of Thomomys has not progressed so far.”
With much more material than any previous writer has enjoyed, Dr. Coues recognizes
; only two species of Thomomys; one of which, 7. talpoides (Richardson), is divisible
into three geographical races, inhabiting respectively the northern interior, the Pacific
coast, and the southern interior of the North-American continent, but each intergrading
into the other. The southern type, formerly kept separate as 7. wmbrinus (Richard-
son), is small in size, the length of the head and body averaging about 6°50, and that
of the tail 2-20. Its colour is very variable, presenting various shades of fawn, reddish-
brown, brown, and greyish-brown, the lower parts being only paler than the upper.
There are usually some blackish markings about the nose and mouth; and occasionally,
as in the other races, the animal is jet-black all over.

The only other Thomomys to which Dr. Coues grants specific distinction is his own
T. clusius?, founded on a single specimen from the Rocky Mountains. This appears
to be a much smaller animal than any of the races of 7. talpoides, and to be -distin-
guished by its very short tail and by its lower parts and limbs being pure white.

* Rep. Powell’s Expl. Colorado River (1875), pp. 217-285.
+ Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, p. 188 (descr. orig.); Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 629, pl. vii.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Octoder 1880. Y

162 GLIRES.

1. Thomomys talpoides.
Cricetus talpoides, Richardson, Zool. Journ. iii. p. 518 (1828, descr. orig.) ’.
Thomomys talpoides, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 403°; Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, p. 135°; Rep.
Powell’s Expl. Colorado River, p. 205*; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 623’.
Geomys umbrinus, Richardson, Faun. Bor.-Amer. i. p. 202 (1829, descr. orig.) °.
Thomomys umbrinus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 399’; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 1. Mamm.
p- 41°.
Thomomys talpoides umbrinus, Coues, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 628°.
Hab. Nortu America, from the Assiniboine River southwards>.—MExico, Sonora, Santa
Cruz (Clark, U.S. Nat. Mus.*), Espia (Kennerly, 0b.*).

This species was found by the naturalists of the United-States Boundary Survey to
be plentiful in the northern States of Mexico; but its exact southern range is still
unknown. According to the observations of Messrs. Clark and Kennerly it seldom
appears on the surface of the ground, and then only before sunrise. “ It seldom
exposes the whole of its body in daylight. On coming to the surface, if the grass is
sufficiently near to be reached, it seizes a sprig and drags it within the entrance [of its
burrow], and with its fore feet packs it away in its pouches; when this operation is
complete the opening [of the burrow] is filled up with loose earth, which has been
aptly described by suggesting its resemblance to the emptied contents of a flower-pot.”
When surprised at any distance from its hole the animal becomes bewildered, and is
then easily captured ®.

3. DIPODOMYS.

Dipodomys, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 521 (1840).
Macrocolus, Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg. xii. 1, p. 172 (1846).

As already indicated, the members of the subfamily Heteromyine differ greatly in
appearance from the Geomyine, being slender Jerboa-like Rodents, with elongated
hind limbs and tail. Their skulls are comparatively delicate, with slender zygomatic
arches; and usually with enormously developed mastoids, which often occupy a consi-
derable part of the top of the cranium as well as of its occipital surface. Of the three
well-marked genera now known, the present is characterized by its densely haired tail
and soles, plain ungrooved incisors, rootless molars, and remarkable skull, in which the
inflation of the temporal regions is carried to an extreme.

Two species of the genus Dipodomys have usually been recognized, agreeing in their
peculiar tawny mouse-colour, with white-striped heads, haunches, and tails, but
differing in size and proportions. There is no doubt that the Dipodomys of the Rocky-
Mountain subregion, D. ordi, is usually a larger and stouter animal, with a propor-
tionally shorter tail and lighter coloration than the D. phillipsi of the Pacific slopes.
But Dr. Coues finds such a perfect series of gradations, that he treats the former

DIPODOMYS. 163

as a geographical race or “subspecies” of the latter. I have no opportunity of
examining a sufficient series of specimens to warrant the expression of an independent
opinion ; but Dr. Coues’s descriptions and tables of measurement appear to be conclusive,
and I therefore follow him in recognizing only one species of Dipodomys, varying in
length of head and body from about 325 to 5”, and in that of tail from 5” to 7".
The upper parts are of a darker or paler tawny brown; and the head, thighs, and tail
are adorned with longitudinal stripes of pure white.

1. Dipodomys phillipsi.
Dipodomys phillipii, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. vii. p. 521 (1840, descr. orig.)’.
Dipodomys phillipsi, Coues, Proc. Philad. Ac. 1875, p. 325°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 540°.
Macrocolus haltecus, Wagner, Arch. f. Naturg. xii. 1, p. 176 (1846, descr. orig.)*.
Dipodomys ordii, Woodhouse, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1853, p. 223 (descr. orig.)°; Baird, Mamm. N. Am.
p- 410°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. 1. Mamm. p: 427; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 188°.
Dipodomys phillipsi ordi, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, p. 326°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 541°.

Hab. Nortn America, from Washington Territory southwards ?.—Mexico 4, Sonora,
Santa Cruz (Clark, US. Nat. Mus."), Durango (Webb, ib.”), Coahuila, Real del
Monte (Phillips, Mus. Brit.1), San Luis and Guanajuato (Dugés 8).

Phillips’s Pocket-Rat appears to be pretty generally distributed throughout the more
Northern States of Mexico, Guanajuato being the most southern locality with which I
am acquainted. Mr. Clark, of the United-States Boundary Survey, observes that in
Sonora these Rats make large piles of loose earth on the surface of the ground, each
of which has several entrances about the base, leading into the hollow interior’. In
Arizona it appears to have accepted advancing civilization with greater philosophy
than some of the higher Mammals. Dr. Coues remarks that ‘“ Since the erection of
buildings in the interior of Arizona the Kangaroo-Rat has in great measure taken up
its residence about them, showing the same adaptability to semi-domestication that the
House-Mouse exhibits. Many used to live in our storehouses and granaries at Fort
Whipple, and even brought forth their young there, in just such nooks as the common
Mouse would select. Parturition occurs in May or June, though more than one litter
may be produced in one season. ‘The young are for some time much darker and
greyer than their parents. Although sullen and apparently much cowed when first
caught, these Rats soon become familiar and make agreeable pets. I have frequently
seen them enter my tent at night when all was still and search about for food. They
ordinarily move on all-fours, with a motion not unlike that of a Rabbit when leisurely
moving about. The body is alternately strongly arched and extended ; the long hind feet

-rest on the ground to the heel, and the heavy tail trails straightly after. If frightened,
this easy motion is changed to a succession of astonishingly vigorous leaps” *.

* « American Naturalist,’ i. p. 396.
Y 2

164 GLIRES.

I have followed Dr. Coues in the spelling of the specific name of this animal, which
Gray wrote phillipii; for it was avowedly named in honour of Mr. Phillips, who sent
home the original type specimen.

4, PEROGNATHUS.
Perognathus, Max. zu Wied, Nov. Act. Ac. Cees. Leop.-Car. xix. 1, p. 369 (1839).

In this genus we have a less specialized type than Dipodomys, characterized by its
grooved incisors, rooted molars, sparsely haired tail, and more or less naked soles ;
while the peculiar modification of the skull is not carried nearly so far as in the last
genus.

About six species, all natives of the central and western regions of the North-
American continent, appear to be well established. Of these, two have been separated
by Professor Baird * and by Dr. Elliott Coues}? under the name of Cricetodipus, the
former writer treating the group as a subgenus, while the latter raised it to full
generic rank{. It is true that Perognathus flavus and P. parvus not only differ from
the other species in the minor external features pointed out by Professor Baird, but
that Dr. Coues has demonstrated certain cranial characters which show some approach
to the last genus, and which are, in his opinion, “fully up to the current generic
mark.” But as these differences are mostly of a comparative nature, and as all the
species appear to be very closely allied in essentials, I prefer to revert to Professor
Baird’s views, and to regard Cricetodipus as a subgenus of Perognathus. Following
this line, the three Mexican Pocket-Mice may be thus diagnosed :—

A. Cricetodipus (Baird, ex Peale). Ears with no tragal or antitragal lobes. Soles
hairy on their posterior half. Auditory bulle projecting somewhat behind
the occipital plane.

1. P. flavus. Upper parts pale fulvous, mixed with blackish ; lower parts and
limbs white; a bright fulvous stripe along the flanks. Average length of
head and body above 2", of tail nearly the same.

B. Perognathus (proper). Ears with a lobe on the antitragus and usually on the
tragus. Soles naked to the heel, at least along the centre. Auditory bulla
hardly projecting behind the occipital plane.

2. P. hispidus. Upper parts “ yellowish cinnamon, closely lined with blackish ” ;
lower parts and limbs white; a fulvous stripe along the flanks. Length of
head and body about 3'"25, of tail rather more.

* Mamm. N. Am. p. 418 (1857). ft Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 515 (1877).

t The name Cricetodipus was first applied by Peale to his C. parvus (U.S. Expl. Exp. i. p. 53, 1848, deser.
orig.), with which Professor Baird identified a Californian specimen now in the United-States National
Museum. Dr. Coues regards Peale’s species as uncertain, and founds his genus on the “C. jlewus of Baird”
(Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 516).

PEROGNATHUS. 165

3. P. fasciatus. Upper parts “light sandy yellowish, closely lined throughout
with black ;” lower parts and limbs white; a salmon-coloured stripe along the
flanks. Length of head and body about 4":25, of tail considerably less.

The other three species (P. parvus, Baird, P. monticola, Baird, and P. penicillata,
Woodhouse) are all found in California, and very possibly cross our northern frontier.
But the only other species which has yet been recorded from Central America is the
P. bicolor of Gray, which, as I have shown elsewhere, is neither a Perognathus nor a
native of the subregion *.

1. Perognathus flavus.

Perognathus flavus, Baird, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1855, p. 332 (deser. orig.)'; Mamm. N. Am. p. 423°;
Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 42°.

Cricetodipus flavus, Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, p. 300*; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 516°.

Hab. Norra America, central regions, from the Dominion of Canada southwards®.—
Mexico, Chihuahua (Web, U.S. Nat. Mus.3), Matamoras (i0.°).

Although rare in collections, this diminutive Pocket-Mouse was found by the officers
of the United-States Boundary Survey to be “ quite abundant throughout the west, from
the lower Rio Grande to El Paso, and a considerable distance westward”?, According
to Dr. Coues, its range is a tolerably extensive one, extending southwards from 49° north
latitude throughout the Rocky-Mountain and Middle-Faunal Provinces of North
America to the more northern States of Mexico. On the Pacific slopes it is replaced by
P. parvus (Baird), which apparently only differs in having the tail and hind feet longer,
and may very probably prove to be merely a geographical race of P. flavus.

2. Perognathus hispidus.

Perognathus hispidus, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 421 (1857, descr. orig.) ; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 42*; Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, p. 296°; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent.
p-. 513%.

Hab. Mexico, Charco Escondido, Matamoras (Couch, U.S. Nat. Mus.)}.

Nothing whatever has been added to our knowledge of this animal since its first
description, the two type specimens obtained by Lieutenant Couch being still the only
ones known.

* Of. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th series, vi. pp. 118, 119; where I have redescribed the type specimens
under the name of Heteromys bicolor, and shown that they were sent to the British Museum by Dyson from
Venezuela, and not (as stated by Gray) by Sallé from Honduras.

166 GLIRES.

3. Perognathus fasciatus.

Perognathus fasciatus, Max. zu Wied, Nov. Act. Ac. Cees. Leop.-Car. xix. 1, p. 369 (1839, descr.
orig.)'; Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 420°; Coues, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1875, p. 283°; Mon.

N.-Am. Rodent. p. 500°.

Hab. Norvu America, central regions, from Nebraska southwards+.—Mexico, Chihuahua
city (Potts, U.S. Nat. Mus.”).

The naturalists of the United-States Boundary Survey do not appear to have met
with this, the largest known species of Perognathus; but both Professor Baird? and
Dr. Coues* have examined specimens from the State of Chihuahua: thence its range
appears to extend northwards, between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi,
through Texas and Kansas to Nebraska.

The only observation on the habits of any species of Perognathus with which I am
acquainted refers to P. fasciatus, and is contained in a brief note by Dr. G. Lincecum,
who states that it lives in burrows eight to ten inches deep, with subterranean
galleries and having several outlets *.

5. HETEROMYS.

Heteromys, Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 318 (1820).
Saccomys, Fréd. Cuvier, Mém. du Mus. x. p. 419 (1823).

This genus presents us with a combination of the ungrooved incisors of Dipodomys
and the rooted molars of Perognathus, combined in most of the forms, if not in all, with
a bristly pelage, in which many of the hairs are developed into fine flattened spines.
The skull has the temporal region less inflated than is the case in the other genera, and
is also distinguished by the sharpness of its supraoccipital ridges and the breadth of the
interparietal. Little has hitherto been recorded of the details of its structure, for which
we must wait the publication of Dr. Murie’s promised anatomical monograph.

Of several described species of Heteromys only four appear to me to be well
established—namely, H. anomalus (Thompson) from Trinidad, H. bicolor (Gray) from
Venezuela}, and the two following Central-American forms :—

1. H. desmarestianus. Dull chestnut-brown above, extending to the carpal and
tarsal joints, tips of spines dark brown; lower parts and feet white. Length
of head and body about 5-15, of tail 4-75.

2. H. longicaudatus. Mouse-grey, more or less mixed with tawny, varying in
extension on limbs, tips of spines black; lower parts and feet white. Length
of head and body about 5”, of tail from 4°50 to 5°50.

* ¢ American Naturalist,’ vi. pp. 369, 370. tT Of. supra, p. 165.

HETEROMYS. 167

1. Heteromys desmarestianus. (Tab. XVII. fig. 1.)

Heteromys desmarestianus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1848, p. 79 (sine descr.)!; op. cit. 1868, p. 204 (descr.
orig.)”; Alston, op. cit. 1877, p. 446%.

Hab. Guatemaua, Coban (Mus. Brit.).

Of this species nothing is known save Gray’s type in the British Museum, which is
represented in our figure. It has very much the general coloration of H. anomalus, but
differs both in size and in its dark-pointed spines. From no specimens being included
in Mr. Salvin’s collections, it is probable that the species is very rare in Guatemala.

2. Heteromys longicaudatus. (Tab.XVII. fig. 2.)

Heteromys melanoleucus, Gray, P. Z.S. 1868, p. 204 (descr. orig.)’.
Heteromys longicaudatus, Gray, loc. cit. (descr. orig.)”.

Heteromys irroratus, Gray, tom. cit. p. 205 (descr. orig.)’.

Heteromys albolimbatus, Gray, loc. cit. (descr. orig.) *.

Heteromys adspersus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1874, p. 357 (deser. orig.)’.
Taliusa of Guatemalans (common to Geomys hispidus).

Hab. Mexico (Sallé, Mus. Brit.2), Oaxaca (Sallé, ib.3), La Parada (Sallé, 16.4); Guarn-
MALA, Duefias (Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.) ; Costa Rica (dZus. Brit.) ; Panama
(Boucard, Mus. Berol.®).—Souta America, Colombia, Venezuela.

After a careful study, I have been quite unable to find any valid specific distinctions
between the specimens on which the late Dr. Gray bestowed the names of Heteromys
melanoleucus', H. longicaudatus*, H. irroratus®, and H. albolimbatus4 ; and an exami-
nation of the type of Professor Peters’s H. adspersus® proves that it belongs to the same
somewhat variable species. In colour the British-Museum specimens do not differ so
much as one would gather from Gray’s very misleading descriptions. It is painful to
have to point out the numerous errors into which that voluminous writer fell in the
present case; but it is absolutely necessary that this should be done. H. melanoleucus
is not from “ Honduras,” but was sent by Dyson from Venezuela, as shown by the
Museum register. Its fur is not “black,” but of a warm tawny mouse-grey, little
darker than that of the other “ species.” The specimen named H. irroratus shows
a slight tinge of pale fawn along the edge of the darker colouring, but not a ‘ widish
interrupted yellow line;” while the two types of H. albolimbatus differ from one
another in the extension of colour on the fore limbs*. Nor can any trust be placed
in the other characters on which Gray depended, as the length of the tail, the hairi-
ness of the ears, and the comparative softness or harshness of the fur. Thus a

* The locality of these examples is given by Gray as “La Parda (Feirecier) ;” but their labels bear “ La
Parada, Février 1861,” in Sallé’s handwriting.

168 GLIRES.

specimen from Guatemala is nearly as dark as “ melanolewcus,” has the proportionally
short tail of “dérroratus,” and is strictly intermediate in the hairiness of its ears. The
tail of the type of H. longicaudatus has been skinned and obviously much stretched ;
but as this is the only one of Gray’s names which is not absolutely misleading, it
should now be retained.

The range of this species extends from Southern Mexico to Colombia, whence it was
sent by Salmon to the British Museum, and to Venezuela, which is the true habitat of
“ H. melanoleucus.” Dr. v. Frantzius does not appear to have met with it in Costa Rica ;
but there is an example from that country in the British Museum. Messrs. Godman and
Salvin tell me that it is a scarce animal in Guatemala. ‘There is a specimen in the
Museum of the capital of that republic with the cheek-pouches turned inside out, but
with no record of where it was captured; and the only examples they obtained were
caught by Indians near Duefias: one of these last is the subject of our figure.

[OCTODONTIDZ.. |

In my general observations on the present order* I remarked that the important
Neotropical family of Octodontide was represented in the Central-American fauna by
a single form, Myopotamus. I much regret to find that I have been led into a mis-
statement. The source of error lies in the following passage in Dr. v. Frantzius’s often-
quoted paper :—‘ According to oral information received from J. Carmiol, a botanist
and zoological dealer resident in Costa Rica, an animal is found on the San Carlo River,
which, from his description, I consider must be either Hydrocherus capybara or Myo-
potamus coypus. From correspondence with Professor Baird it appears that the latter
has also been found in Guatemala by Salvin; and it is therefore very probable that the
animal seen by Carmiol is the Coypu, in which case it is doubtless to be found in other
parts of Central America”. It was on the last sentence that I relied ; for Sefior Carmiol’s
“description” must have been of the vaguest sort; but on applying (somewhat late in
the day perhaps) to Mr. Salvin for further particulars, I find that either Professor Baird
or Dr. v. Frantzius must have made a mistake, and that he never saw or heard of the
Coypu in Central America.

Besides Myopotamus coypus, Dr. v. Frantzius has claimed Octodon degus (Molina) as
a native of Costa Rica, on the strength of a specimen which he received from Turialba
in 1859. Unfortunately the skin was lost on its way to Kurope, so that all the material
for identification left was the following short description which the Doctor had drawn
up:—‘The pencilled tail and the rounded nail of the thumb of the fore foot left no
doubt that it was a species of Octodon. The colour of.the soft fur was grey-brown
above, lighter below; the length of the body was 4% inches, of the tail the same; the
whiskers had a length of 24 inches, and stood up above the occiput.” On examining

* Supra, p. 120. . f Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 275.

@

SYNETHERES. 169

specimens of 0. degus when he returned to Europe, Dr. v. Frantzius unhesitatingly
referred his lost specimen to that species*. It appears to me, however, that the above
description might apply as well to a Hesperomys of the subgenus Nyctomyst as to an
Octodon.

As far as I am aware, no species of Octodon has yet been met with further north than
the Peruvian Andes, while the Coypu does not appear to advance beyond Central Chilif.
Both forms are highly characteristic of the Patagonian subregion; and their occurrence
in Central America is extremely improbable.

Fam. V. HYSTRICIDZ.

1. SYNETHERES.

Coendu, Lacépéde, Mém. de V’Inst. Nat. iii. p. 496 (1801) §.
Synetheres et Sphiggurus, Fréd. Cuvier, Mém. du Mus. ix. p. 427 (1822) |f.
Cercolabes, Brandt, Mém. Ac. Pétersb. (6™° sér.) iii. p. 391 (1835).

Of the three American genera of Porcupines constituting the subfamily Synetherine,
the typical genus Synetheres is clad with short spines more or less mixed with long
harsh hair, and has a long prehensile tail. The hind feet have only four toes, but their
soles are expanded on the inner edge by a broad lobe which is supported by two accessory
tarsal ossicles.

All the species are Neotropical, their place being taken in North America by the
allied genus Hrethrizon. The only one found in Central America, Synetheres mexicanus, °
belongs to the section or subgenus Sphingurus, in which the spines are hidden by the
long hair. It is at once distinguished from its nearest allies, S. vi//osus, F. Cuvier, and
S. melanurus, Wagner, by its black colour and by the tufts of spiny bristles which are
concealed by the fur of its lower parts. The length of the head and body is about
20" to 22”, and of the tail 12” to 16”.

* Tom. cit. pp. 275, 276.

+ Cf. supra, p. 143.

£ Dr. v. Tschudi included Myopotamus coypus as a Peruvian animal in his ‘Mammalium Conspectus’ (Arch.
f. Naturg. x. 1, p. 252), but afterwards withdrew it as unauthenticated (‘Fauna Peruana,’ p. 184).

§ Cf. supra, p. 3, footnote.

|| The laws of nomenclature requiring that one of Cuvier’s names should be retained for this genus, which
Brandt had shown to be indivisible, I formerly preferred to use his second title, in an amended form, and
called the subfamily Sphingurine (P.Z.8. 1876, p. 93). But Mr. J. A. Allen has since pointed out (Mon.
N.-Am. Rodent. p. 385) that Gervais had already founded the group on Synetheres (Zool. et Paléont. Franc.
p. 18); and it is evident that his example should be followed to prevent confusion.

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, October 1880. Z

170 GLIRES.

1. Synetheres mexicanus.

Hystrix mexicana, Kerr, Linn. An. Kingd. p. 214 (1792, ex Pennant)’*.

Cercolabes liebmani, Reinhardt, Arch. f. Naturg. x. 1, p. 241 (1844, descr. orig.)’.

Cercolabes nove-hispanie, Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm. ii. p. 422 (1848, ex Brisson +)*; Tomes,
P. Z.S. 1861, p. 288*; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 272”.

Hoitztlocuatzin seu Tlacuatzin spinosus, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 322.

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Brit.), Mirador, San Francisco Tenampa (Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.*),
Yucatan (Gaumer, Mus. Boucard); GuateMaua, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.*) ;
Costa Rica, Irazi, Volcan de Barba (frantzius °).

The Mexican Porcupine was described two centuries ago by Hernandez under the
euphonious title which it still bears in its native land, and received systematic names
from Brisson and Kerr. It was long confused, however, with the common Brazilian
species, S. prehensilis (Linneus); and consequently Professor Reinhardt, to whom we
are indebted for the first scientific description, thought it best to rename it. As there
can be no doubt, however, from the references to Hernandez, as to the identity of the
species, Kerr’s name must of course be preserved.

Professor Reinhardt’s specimens were obtained at Mirador and San Francisco, in the
State of Vera Cruz, by the late Professor Liebmann, who stated that the species was
generally distributed in the eastern parts of Mexico in the temperate hill-region between
the 22nd and 16th parallels of north latitude?. In Guatemala Mr. Salvin obtained it
at Duefas*; but it is far from common in that country. In Costa Rica also the Porcu-
pine appears to be rare; during his lengthened residence in the country Dr. v. Frantzius
only saw six examples, which were obtained in the high-lying woods of the Ivazi and
on the Volcan de Barba°®. .

In his quaint account of the animals of Campeachy, Dampier dismisses this species
with the remark :—“The Porcupine being a Creature well known, I'll pass it in silence.”
Unfortunately subsequent travellers have treated the Mexican species in a similar way,
and nothing appears to have been recorded of its habits. In these, however, it probably
differs little from its southern congeners, which have been well described by Azara,
Rengger, Prince Maximilian, and others. :

* The authority usually quoted for mexicana is Shaw’s ‘General Zoology,’ ii. p. 8 (1801); but Mr. O. Thomas
has pointed out that it was used as above by Kerr nine years previously. Cf. Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 5th
ser. lv. p. 397.

f According to the British-Association code, Brisson’s specific names cannot be used. although his genera
are recognized when they are additional to those of Linneeus.

DASYPROCTA. 171

Fam. VI. DASYPROCTIDA.

1. DASYPROCTA.
Agouti, Lacépéde, Mém. de VInst. Nat. iii. p. 424 (1801) *.
Dasyprocta, Wliger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. &c. p. 93 (1811).
Cloromis [sic], Fréd. Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. xix. p. 290 (1812).

Both the known genera of the exclusively Neotropical family Dasyproctide are
represented in Central America, the present by at least three species. ‘The genus
Dasyprocta is characterized by a compact body, long limbs, three-toed hind feet, and a
very short or even rudimentary tail: the skull is elongated and smooth, with no separate
canal in the infraorbital opening, and no cavity in the malars; the paroccipital processes
are short; and the molars are very simple.

Many species of Agouti, all very closely allied, have been described from various parts
of the Neotropical Region. In revising the group four years agof I recognized eight
or nine geographical races as deserving of specific distinction ; and this still appears to
me to represent the present state of our knowledge, although it is not improbable that
future investigation may prove that some of these forms grade into one another. The
three Central-American races are all peculiar to the subregion, and differ from one
another in the following points :—

1. D. isthmica. Fur ringed with black and yellow; long hairs of rump not

~ annulated, black with broad orange or yellow tips. Length of head and body
about 22", of hind foot 4°25.

2. D. punctata. Fur ringed with black and bright rufous or yellow, that of throat
and breast uniform with the back; hairs of rump annulated to their base.
Length about 22”, of hind foot 4”.

3. D. mexicana. Fur ringed with black and pure white, long hairs of rump not annu-
lated, black throughout their length. Length about 17", of hind foot 3"50.

Besides these the Zoological Society has received from Colon living specimens of
D. variegata, Tschudi, a Peruvian and Colombian form, easily distinguishable by its
black fur being ringed with pale yellow only near the tip. The exact locality whence
these animals were obtained, however, is uncertain.

1. Dasyprocta isthmica. (Tab. XVIII. figg. 2, 3.)

: Dasyprocta cristata, Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm. ii. p. 384’; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv.
1, p. 274 (nec Et. Geoffroy)”.

Dasyprocta punctata, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1874,.p. 665 (nec Gray)’.

Dasyprocta isthmica, Alston, P. Z. 8. 1876, p. 347 (deser. orig.)*.

Hab. Costa Rica (Hoffmann & Frantzius, Mus. Berol.?); Panama (Brit. Mus.; Viv.

Zool. Soc.*). |
* Of. supra, p. 3, footnote. t “On the Genus Dasyprocta,” P.Z.8. 1876, pp. 847-352, pl. xxix.
Z 2

172 GLIRES.

The Isthmian Agouti, as is shown by the above synonymy, has been referred to various
species by different writers ; but it is a sufficiently well-marked form, distinguishable
at a glance from its congeners by the colour of the long hairs of the rump, which are
not annulated, but black broadly tipped with orange or yellow. Nearly a dozen examples
which I have examined agree in all essential points, differing only slightly in the more
or less ruddy tint of the ramp; and Dr. v. Frantzius says that the specimens obtained
by him in Costa Rica were also very uniform in coloration.

Mr. Salvin tells me that this appears to be a common species in Panama. In 1873
he saw some running about in the underwood of the forest near Obispo station.
Dr. v. Frantzius remarks that its habits do not differ from those of the other
Agoutis?.

This is doubtless the animal which Lionel Wafer met with in Panama in 1681, and
of which he gives the following account :—“ Here are Rabbits, call’d by our English,
Indian Conies. They are as large as our Hares; But I know not that this Country has
any Hares. These Rabbits have no Tails, and but little short Ears; and the Claws of
their Feet are long. They lodge in the Roots of Trees, making no Burrows; and the
Indians hunt them, but there is no great Plenty of them. They are very good Meat,
and eat rather moister than ours’*.

Our illustration is from one of the type specimens now in the British Museum.

2. Dasyprocta punctata.
Dasyprocta punctata, Gray, Ann, Nat. Hist. x. p. 264 (1842, descr. orig.’) ; Zool. Voy. ‘ Sulphur,’
p- 36, pl. xv.?; Alston, P. Z. S. 1876, p.350°.
? Dasyprocta aguti, Tomes, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 281 [nec Linnzeus]*.

Dasyprocta azare, Tomes, P. Z.S8. 1861, p. 287 [nec Lichtenstein] ’.
Cotusa of Guatemalans.

Hab. Mexico, Yucatan (Gaumer, Mus. Boucard); GuaremMaLa, Duefias (Salvin, Mus.
Brit.®) ; Costa Rica (Viv. Zool. Soc.*).

The Punctated Agouti is much less constant in colour than the last species, Mr.
Salvin’s Guatemalan specimens varying in general tint from a rich deep chestnut to a pale
yellow. The latter agree exactly with Gray’s types, of which the vague habitat “ Tro-
pical America” only is given, but which were collected by Commanders Belcher and
Kellett, probably on the west coast of Costa Rica or Nicaragua.

These pale specimens bear a very remarkable resemblance to D. azarw, Lichtenstein,
the most southern species of Agouti, which inhabits central and southern Brazil,
Paraguay, and Bolivia. Consequently D. punctata has been united with D. azare by
Wagner} and by Mr. Waterhouse}; and were it not for the consideration of the vast

* Dampier’s Voyages, lil. p. 330. + Suppl. Schreb. Siugth. iv. p. 40.
+ Nat. Hist. Mamm. ii. p. 387.

DASYPROCTA. 173

gap between their ranges, I should probably have followed their example. Even the ,
palest individuals of the present species, however, may be separated from the Brazilian
form by their larger size, their still more uniform coloration, and by the hair of the
throat, breast, and lower parts being annulated like that of the rest of the body;
while I have never seen an individual of D. azare which showed a trace of the rich
ruddy tints which appear to be normal in the northern race.

The range of this Agouti is intermediate between that of the last species and the next,
both of which it probably overlaps. M. Boucard has shown me specimens from Yucatan ;
it is common in most parts of Guatemala; and presumably it is found in Nicaragua,
for the Zoological Society have received examples from Costa Rica, where the species
appears to have escaped the observation of Dr. v. Frantzius. .

Messrs. Godman and Salvin inform me that in Guatemala “ the natives hunt these
Agoutis in the forest with dogs. They are usually run into holes in the ground, or
amongst rocks, whence they are often started again by being smoked out. The flesh of
the Cotusa is much esteemed there, being white and tender; but to our mind it is
rather too rich to be altogether palatable.”’

3. Dasyprocta mexicana. (Tab. XVIII. fig. 1.)

Dasyprocta mexicana, de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 53 (descr. orig.)’; Sclater, P. Z. 8.
1874, p. 683°; Alston, op. cit. 1876, p. 349°.

Hab. Mexico (de Saussure1; Lichtabbel, Viv. Zool. Soc. ; Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.).

The Mexican Agouti, the most northern and one of the smallest of the members of
the genus, has a considerable general resemblance to D. fuliginosa, Wagler, of Northern
Brazil and Peru, but may be recognized, apart from the great difference in size, by the
short and uniformly black hair of the rump.

M. de Saussure, who has given a very detailed description of the species, adds the
following details as to its habits :—“ This charming little animal inhabits the hot zone of
Mexico. Its flesh is excellent, and it is hunted as Hares are with us; but it is much
more difficult to catch, on account of its great agility, and of the prodigious bounds by
which it surmounts any obstacle. For the rest, its disposition is very gentle. Taken
young it is easily tamed, and is so cleanly that it may be allowed to run loose about the
house. I brought one alive with me to Europe; but when alarmed by the entrance of
a stranger it made such enormous bounds, sweeping the tables and upsetting the furni-
ture, that I was obliged to get rid of it. I presented it to the Menagerie of the Museum,
where it died soon after ”’.

Our illustration is from a specimen which was presented to the Zoological Society in
1874 by Mr. H. A. Marckmann de Lichtabbel, the skin of which is now preserved in
the British Museum.

174 GLIRES.

2. CHELOGENYS.

Celogenus, Fréd. Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. x. p. 203 (1807).
Ceelogenys, Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. &c. p. 92 (1811).

Hardly any genus of Rodents presents more remarkable peculiarities than Celogenys,
which nevertheless agrees closely with Dasyprocta in general structure. Externally the
most striking characters are the reflection of the skin of the cheeks beneath the zygomata
and the presence of five toes on the hind feet. In the skull the zygomata are enormously
inflated, the anterior two thirds being composed of the maxillary zygomatic. process,
which is hollowed out below into a great chamber, lined with mucous membrane and
communicating with the mouth. The use of this very curious structure has never been
satisfactorily explained.

Only one widely distributed species of this genus is known to exist; for the dark- and
light-coloured animals on which Frédéric Cuvier founded his Celogenus subniger and
C. fulvuus have long since been proved to be mere varieties, and have even been found
paired together*. The colour of the Paca may therefore be said to vary from pale
red-brown to dark sooty-brown, marked with numerous white spots; it attains a length
of about twenty-four inches.

1. Celogenys paca.

Mus paca, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 81 (1766, ex Marcgrave)’.

Coelogenus subniger, Fréd. Cuvier, Ann. du Mus. x. p. 206 (1807, descr. orig.)’; Dugés, La Nat. i.
p. 188°.

Celogenys paca, Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 288*; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 273°.

Tepescuinte, Tepescuintle of Guatemalans and Costa-Ricans.

Hab. Muxico, Vera Cruz (Dugés*); Guatemata, Coban, Duefias*, Rio Chisoy (Godman
& Salvin, Mus. Brit.); Costa Rica (Frantzius®); Panama (Viv. Zool. Soc.).—Souru
AMERICA to Paraguay.

This widely-spread Neotropical species is found throughout the hotter parts of
Central America. The Zoological Society have received several living specimens from
Panama; and in Costa Rica Dr. v. Frantzius says that it inhabits the warmer and low-
lying parts of the mountain-ranges, where it lives in burrows near the rivers. Its flesh
is much prized by the Costa-Ricans, to whom it is known by the Mexican name of
Tepescuintle—iiterally mountain-dog. The Tepeytzcuitli of Hernandez, however, appears
to have been a beast of prey 7, from which the name has somehow been transferred to
the Paca’.

* Of. Rengger, Siugeth. v. Paraguay, p. 252.
t De Quadr. Nov. Hisp. fol. 7, cap. xxi.

CELOGENYS.—LEPUS. 175

In Guatemala Messrs. Godman and Salvin tell me that the Tepescuinte is “a common
species in the neighbourhood of Coban, where it gives good sport to the native hunters,
who keep dogs for their pursuit—curs, it is true, of every shape, colour, and size, but
valued by their owners for their powers of scent, their perseverance, and their sagacity.
A Lepescuinte, when found, is either run by the dogs within shot of the hunter, or to
ground, whence it is smoked out and either killed or started on a fresh run. Traps are
often set in the forest for them, formed like a hole, the upper part being a heavy log
weighted with stones, and kept up by some slight contrivance easily brushed away by
the animal in its hurry to escape from the dogs. In the valley of the Rio Negro, or
Chisoy, Calogenys paca is apparently very abundant; for in an Indian rancho on the
banks of the river, on the road below San Cristobal, we found dozens of their singular
skulls strung about the walls of the hut”. .

Passing further to the northward, we find that Vera Cruz is given by Dr. Dugés as a
locality for the Paca®, this being the only record, so far as I am aware, of its existence
in Mexico.

Suborder II. DUPLICIDENTATA. ©

The small but well-marked suborder of the double-toothed Rodents consists of only
two families, the Lagomyide and the Leporide. Both are found in the Nearctic Region ;
but only the latter is represented, and that very poorly, in South America. As will be
seen presently, several species of Hare are found in the northern portion of our sub-
region, but only two go so far south as Costa Rica.

Fam. I. LEPORIDA.
1. LEPUS.
Lepus, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 77 (1766).

The Hares form a very uatural family, too clearly defined and well known to require
to be characterized, and too homogeneous to be broken up into separate genera. They
are principally represented in our fauna by Nearctic types. Of nine well-ascertained
North-American species, four range well into Central America,a fifth species appears to be
peculiar to the subregion, and a stath is also found in Colombia. With the exception
of a closely allied Brazilian form, the latter is the only Hare yet discovered on the

South-American continent.
Mr. J. A. Allen’s recent reviews of the North-American Leporide* have been based

*- Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. xvii. pp. 430-486 (1875); Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. pp. 265-378 (1877).

176 GLIRES.

on a much richer material than had been available to any previous writer. Following
his arrangement, the six Central-American species may be thus characterized :-—

1. L. sylvaticus. Above pale yellowish brown, varied with black, and tinged with
rufous; beneath white. Length about 14", of ear 2'-50, of tail 1°75.

. L. graysoni. Above pale rufous, varied with blackish brown ; beneath white ;
tail short, blackish brown above, white below. Length about 14-50, of ear
2"-30, of tail 1”.

3. L. gabbi. Above cinnamon-brown, strongly varied with black; beneath white ;
ears very short ; tail rudimentary, covered with yellowish-brown hairs. Length
about 14", of ear 1°50.

4, L. callotis. Above pale yellowish brown, mixed with black; beneath greyish
white; ears longer than the head, sometimes tipped with black; tail black
above (which colour extends into a patch on the rump), grey below. Length
about 20", of ear 5”, of tail 2:25.

. L. palustris. Above rufous, strongly shaded with black; beneath greyish
white ; tail short, rufous, varied with black above, greyish white below; ears
broad and rounded ; feet sparsely furred. Length about 16”, of ear 2'"50, of
tail 0°80.

. L. aquaticus. Above yellowish brown, finely shaded with black; beneath pure
white; tail moderate, dark brown or dusky above, pure white below; ears and
feet as in last species. Length about 19”, of ear 2""75, of tail 1-90.

bo

Cnr

or)

The last two species agree, not only in their scantily-haired feet and semiaquatic
habits, but in the comparative stoutness of their skulls and incisor teeth, and in having
the postorbital process completely ankylosed with the cranium. ‘They were generically
separated by the late Dr. Gray, under the name of Hydrolagus*.

1. Lepus sylvaticus.

? Lepus nanus, Schreber, Sdugth. 4ter Th. p. 881, pl. cexxxiv. B. (1792, in part)’.

Lepus sylvaticus, Bachman, J. Ac. Philad. vii. p. 403 (1837, descr. orig.)*; Baird, Mamm.N. Am.
p. 597°; Dugés, La Nat.i. p. 138*; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 827’.

Conejo of Mexicans (common to the other species).

Hab. Norta America, south of 45° N. lat.°—Mexico, Guanajuato (Dugés*), Tehuan-
tepec (Sumichrast, U.S. Nat. Mus.°), Orizaba (Lotteri, ib.°), Mirador (Sartorius, 7b.°),
Merida (Schott, 70.°)

This is the well-known “ Grey Rabbit” or Wood-Hare of the United States, where it

* Ann, & Mag. Nat. Hist. 3rd ser. xx. p. 221.

LEPUS. 177

is the commonest species of the genus in the Atlantic States. Mr. Allen has well
described the variations in size and coloration which occur in different parts of its exten-
sive range, and which have led to the description of several nominal species, as Lepus
bachmani, Waterhouse, LZ. nuttalli, Bachman, ZL. artemisia, Bachman, and L. auduboni,
Baird. Of these, three seem to represent distinct geographical races; for L. nuttalli of
the central tracts from Oregon southwards is paler and smaller than the true Z. sylva-
ticus of the Atlantic sea-board ; LZ. arizone of the deserts of Arizona is still paler and
has longer ears; and L. auduboni of the Pacific slopes is darker than the typical form.
They all, however, blend one with another, and cannot be regarded as more than varie-
ties of one widespread and somewhat variable species®.

According to Audubon and Bachman, the Wood-Hare is one of the most prolific of
its family, breeding throughout the greater part of the year, and producing five to
seven young ones at a time. It runs with great fleetness when first started, but, if
pursued, soon seeks for shelter in a hole among the roots of a tree or in a hollow log*.

South Mexico and Yucatan form the southernmost extreme of the range of this
species, as at present known. Mr. Allen observes that specimens from those countries
have the rufous tinge of the fur strongly developed, especially on the legs and feet, but
adds that specimens from Tehuantepec and Orizaba can be almost exactly matched by
others from the neighbourhood of Washington.

2. Lepus graysoni.
Lepus graysoni, Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 347 (1877, descr. orig.’).

Hab. Mexico, Tres Marias Islands (Grayson, U.S. Nat. Mus.) ; Costa Rica, Talamanca
(Carmiol, ib.").

This species has been lately described by Mr. Allen from two specimens in the National
Museum at Washington—one brought from the Tres Marias Islands by the late Colonel
A. J. Grayson, in whose honour the specific name is bestowed, the other obtained by —
Carmiol in Costa Rica. Mr. Allen says of the Tres-Marias example that “it is about
the size of Lepus sylvaticus, but differs in many important features from any of the
varieties of the L. sylvaticus group. The form of the postorbital processes shows that
in this respect its affinities are with this group rather than with the Aquatic Hares
(L. palustris and L. aquaticus), although its feet are small and as sparsely haired as in
LL. palustris. In general colour and in some other features it somewhat resembles
L. brasiliensis, but is in other respects quite different. It has a tail as short as L. trow-
bridget.” The Costa-Rican specimen agrees in all essential particulars, but is some-
what paler-coloured!.

Knowing this Hare only from the original description, I can express no opinion as to
its specific distinctness from L. sylvaticus.

* Quadr. N. Am. i. p. 1738.
BIOL. CENTR.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Deceméder 1880. 2A

178 GLIRES.

3. Lepus gabbi. (Tab. XIX.)

Lepus brasiliensis, Frantzius, Arch. f£. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 276 (nec Linnzus)’.

Lepus brasiliensis, var. gabbi, Allen; Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 849 (1877, descr. orig.)”.

Hab. Costa Rica (Frantzius!; Hoffmann, Mus. Berol.), Talamanca (Gabd, U.S. Nat.
Mus.”); Panama, Chiriqui (Hicks, ib.2).—Soura America, Colombia.

Mr. Allen described the Costa-Rican Hare as a variety of Lepus brasiliensis, to which
species it had already been referred by Dr. v. Frantzius, but observed that its characters
were so striking that he was at first inclined to regard them as of specific value”. In
default of any evidence of intergradation, I feel compelled to take the latter view, and to
raise Mr. Allen’s “subspecific designation” of gabéz to full value. Leaving coloration
out of the question, the Central-American Hare differs from the Brazilian in its much
shorter ears (1"-50 as compared with 2”) and in the rudimentary condition of its tail.
In L. brasiliensis that organ is very short, and almost concealed in the fur of the rump,
but it is distinctly developed even in very young leverets. In L. gabdi, on the other
hand, as far as can be judged from dried skins, the tail appears to be represented by
a mere tubercle, covered with yellowish-brown fur.

Specimens in the British Museum of ZL. gabbi from Concordia in Colombia, and. of.
true L. brasiliensis from the Rio Napo in Ecuador, do not show any trace of inter-
gradation in these characters; and until such evidence is adduced it appears to me that
L. gabhi must be regarded as a distinct and even well-marked species.

In Costa Rica Dr. v. Frantzius says that this Hare frequents forest-glades which are
partially overgrown with brushwood. During the day it remains concealed amongst
the herbage; and as woodcraft is little understood in Costa Rica, it is seldom shot.
The young, however, which are easily surprised, are often taken alive!.

Our figure is taken from one of the Colombian specimens in the British Museum.

4. Lepus callotis.
Lepus callotis, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph. &c. p. 25 (1830, descr. orig.)'; Baird, Mamm. N. Am.
p- 590°; de Saussure, Rev. et Mag. de Zool. 1860, p. 56°; Dugés, La Nat.i. p. 1884; Allen,
Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 350°.
Lepus mexicanus, Lichtenstein, apud Richardson, Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1836, p. 150°.
Lepus texianus, Audubon & Bachman, Quad. N. Am. ii. p. 156, p. exxxili (1853, descr. orig.)’.
Eliztactochtli, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 2, cap. iv.
Liebre of Mexicans’.
Hab. Nortu America, central regions from Oregon southwards®.—Mexico (Deppe, Mus.
Berol.), Michoacan (de Saussure*), Guanajuato, Guadalajara (Dugés*), Orizaba,
Tehuantepec (Sumichrast, U.S. Nat. Mus.*).

| The “‘ Jackass Hare” is a well-known animal on the central prairies. of the United
States, and, according to Dr. Dugés, it is the “ Liebre” par excellence of the Mexicans.

LEPUS. 179

In the limits of its rather extensive range it presents a considerable variation in colour,
the more northern race, the “ var. fexianus” of Mr. Allen, having the ears broadly
tipped with black; whereas in the typical or southern form, “ var. cailotis,” they are
almost or quite free from black, which is replaced by yellowish or pure white.
Mr. Allen has shown, however, that this character is quite variable; and I may add that
black ear-tips are present in one Mexican specimen in the Berlin Museum, though
totally absent in a second. Besides the difference in the ears, southern specimens may
usually be recognized by their stronger and more rufous coloration.

The best account of the habits of the Jackass Hare with which I am acquainted is
that given by Dr. Elliott Coues in the first volume of the ‘ American Naturalist.’
Resembling other Hares in its general manners, it is remarkable for its activity ; “it
has a long swinging gallop, and performs prodigious leaps, some of them over bushes
four feet high—now in the air, its feet all drawn together and down-stretched—now on
the ground, which it touches and rebounds from with marvellous elasticity.” It does
not burrow, but constructs a “form” in some convenient bush, and apparently breeds
only in summer, producing as many as s1x young ones at a birth*.

Hitherto the range of L. callotis has not been traced further south than the State of
Tehuantepec.

5. Lepus palustris.

Lepus palustris, Bachman, J. Ac. Philad. vii. p. 194, pls. xv., xvi. (1837, descr. orig.)'; Baird, Mamm.
N. Am. p. 615°; Tomes, P. Z.S. 1861, p. 281°; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p, 360 *.
Conejo of Guatemalans.
Hab. Norra America, eastern slopes from North Carolina southward 4.—Mexico,
Mirador (Sartorius, U.S. Nat. Mus.*); GuateMaua, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.3),
San Gerdnimo and Coban (Sarg).

The Marsh-Hare inhabits the low-lying sea-board of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of
Mexico, from the swamps of North Carolina to Guatemala. Being gifted with but a
slight portion of the proverbial swiftness of its family, it seeks for protection among the
thick and tangled brushwood which borders its favourite marshes, taking to the water
freely when pursued, and even, it is said, swimming from point to point of its own
accord. Dr. Coues, however, who has carefully observed the manners of the Marsh-
Hare in North Carolina, thinks that its aquatic habits have been much exaggerated
by some writers, and that it only takes to the water in cases of emergency.

In Guatemala, also, Messrs. Godman and Salvin did not observe the Conejo to be
especially water-haunting in its habits. They tell me, ‘‘ When cochineal was cul-
tivated at Duefias we used often to find this Hare between the ‘rows of cactus-plants,
where it came to feed on the vegetation which grows in the cleaned ground with such
marvellous rapidity in the rainy season. During the months of July, August, and

* Amer. Naturalist, i. pp. 531-534. ft Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. xiii. pp. 86-93.
2A 2

180 GLIRES.

September we seldom failed to secure one during an evening’s stroll withagun. Though
rather shy, they seldom ran far when surprised. In the woods they are not often seen,
though we found them in the opening in the forest of the Volcan de Fuego known as
Pajal Grande. Here they would lie out like Rabbits in any clump of bushes. The flesh
of this Hare is excellent, and both in colour and taste something between that of a Hare and
a Rabbit. ‘They do not, so far as we know, burrow in the ground. In San Gerénimo and
Coban this animal is equally abundant, according to Mr. Sarg, plantations being their
chief place of resort.” Inthe United States, Audubon and Bachman state that the young,
six or seven in number, are deposited in a rather large nest, often composed of a species
of Juncus cut into lengths, and generally domed over, with an entrance at one side*.

Mr. Allen finds that the variation in colouring of this species is confined to the
intensity of the tints. Of the series which he examined, “by far the most highly-
coloured specimen is one from Mirador (near Vera Cruz), Mexico, in which the black
[of the upper parts] is considerably more prevalent than in average specimens from the
Atlantic States. The greyish area below is also more restricted and more suffused with
brownish ”4. The same remarks apply to an example contained in Mr. Salvin’s Guate-
malan collections in the British Museum.

6. Lepus aquaticus.

Lepus aquaticus, Bachman, J. Ac. Philad. vii. p. 119, pl. xxii. fig. 2 (1837, descr. orig."); Baird,
Mamm. N. Am. p. 612’; Allen, Mon. N.-Am. Rodent. p. 364’.

Hab. NortH America, from Alabama westward and southward ?.—Mexico, Orizaba
(Sumichrast, Botteri, U.S. Nat. Mus.*), Sierra Madre (Xantus, ib.2); Yucatan,
Merida (Schott, 7b.*).

Like the last species, the Water-Hare or Swamp-Hare was first described by Bachman ;
and he and Audubon have given the fullest account of its habits. According to them
it isa still more aquatic animal than L. palustris, prefering “low and marshy places, or
the neighbourhood of streams and ponds of water, to which it is fond of resorting. It
swims with great facility from one little islet to another, and is generally found seeking
its food in wet places or near the water, as it subsists on the roots of various kinds of
aquatic plants, especially on a species of /ris growing in the water.” It is much fleeter
of foot than the Marsh-Hare, but when pursued it almost invariably directs its course
to the nearest pool or river. The young are said to be “frequently found in nests
formed of leaves and grasses, placed in hillocks in the swamps, or in the hollow of some
fallen tree”. Dr. Lincecum observes that in sugar-growing countries this Hare lives
principally on the leaves of the canes, but that in Texas it feeds on various grasses and
wild herbage ff.

The Water-Hare is abundant in most swampy parts of the southern United States

* Quadr. N. Am. i. p. 155. fT Tom. cit. p. 289. £~ Amer. Naturalist, vi. p. 771.

LEPUS.—BRADYPUS. 181

westward and southward of Alabama. Thence it appears to extend along the east coast
as far as Orizaba and Yucatan, whence there are many specimens in the National Museum
at Washington. Mr. Allen says that these last differ in no marked degree from examples
collected in Mississippi and Louisiana; so the species cannot be considered very variable
in its characters.

Order VIII. EDENTATA.

Suborder I. TARDIGRADA.

The group of so-called Edentate Mammals is made up of such widely distinct and
dissimilar forms that their natural arrangement is a very difficult undertaking. Iam
myself by no means convinced that any of the proposed classifications are satisfactory ;
but in the meantime I will follow that most generally adopted, and recognize two
suborders, the Tardigrada of Illiger and the Entomophaga of Wagner. Of these the
first contains only one recent family, eminently characteristic of the Neotropical fauna.

Fam. I. BRADYPODIDZ.

1. BRADYPUS.

Bradypus, Linnezus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 50 (1766).

Amongst the strangest of the many strange Edentate types are the Sloths, consti-
tuting the family Bradypodide, and well represented in Central America by both the
known genera. Of these the Three-toed Sloths, forming the restricted genus Bradypus*,
may be at once distinguished by the structure of their fore feet, in which the three
middle fingers are well developed and powerfully armed with long hooked claws. In
their osteology they present the very exceptional peculiarity of possessing nine cervical
vertebre ; their skulls are high and narrow, with merely rudimentary intermaxillaries ;
and the anterior pair of molars are not larger than the rest.

A considerable number of species of Three-toed Sloths have been described; but
much uncertainty still exists as to their claims to distinction. A large series of speci-
mens with carefully authenticated localities is wanted before a definite conclusion can
be come to on many points; but the material already available seems to me to show
that many of the supposed species, especially those of the late Dr. Gray, have been

* Gray confined the name Bradypus to the Brazilian Collared Sloth, B. torquatus, Illiger; while he named
all the other three-toed species Arctopithecus (P. Z. 8. 1849, p. 65). It is evident, however, that B. tridactylus
must be regarded as the type of Bradypus, as instituted by Linneus and restricted by Illiger. If B. torquatus
is considered to deserve generic distinction, it must stand as Scwopus of Peters (Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1864, p. 678,

footnote).

182 EDENTATA.

founded on individual variations. Thus Gray laid great weight on certain cranial
characters, especially on the form of the angle of the mandible, which he found to be deep
and truncated in some specimens, and slender and produced in others*. ‘This he regarded
as a constant character of specific value, observing that he had never seen any lower
jaws which seemed to him to pass by intermediate gradations from one of these forms
to another. A comparison of Gray’s types and of other specimens leads me to a very
different conclusion. As was well remarked by the late Mr. H. J. Turner, “ the skulls
of the Three-toed Sloths vary greatly, and all present a coarse, rough-hewn appearance
which must detract from our confidence in little differences in detail”. The form of
the mandibular angle, instead of being constant, differs in almost every specimen
examined; and the lower jaws of the types of Gray’s Arctopithecus marmoratus,
A. boliviensis, A. problematicus, and A. blainvillet appear to me to form an inter-
grading series in which it is impossible to find any tangible characters.

In 1871 Gray described two new species of Sloths from Central America, under
the names of Arctopithecus castaneiceps and A. griseus. The former is still only known
by the type specimen, not in very good condition, in the British Museum; and I am
led provisionally to accept its specific distinction on account of the peculiar character of
the hair of its face, which rather resembles that of the very distinct bradypus torquatus
than that of any of the more nearly allied forms. As far as can be judged from the
stuffed skin, the facial fur of B. castaneiceps is nowhere fine and closely lying as in
B. tridactylus and its allies, or eregt and velvety as in B. cuculliger, but is crisp
and recurved like that of the reminder of the body. In the skull the mandibular
angle is considerably produced.

Arctopithecus griseus, on the other hand, I cannot distinguish from the well-known
Bradypus infuscatus of Wagler, if, indeed, the latter is any thing more than a northern
race of B. tridactylust. Thus I would provisionally recognize two species of Central-
American Three-toed Sloths, which may be thus characterized :—

1. B. infuscatus. Fur of face fine, silky, and close-lying. Colour grey, varying
in depth, and more or less mottled with white. Saddle-mark of male orange,
mottled with black. Length of head and body eighteen to twenty inches,

2. B. castaneiceps. Fur of face crisp, coarse, and recurved, like that of the rest
of the body. Colour grey, strongly tinged with rufous about the head.
Saddle-mark orange, mottled with black. Length about eighteen inches.

* P.Z.S. 1849, pp. 65-73, pls. Mamm. x. & xi.; P.Z.8. 1871, pp. 428-449, pls. xxxv.—xxxvil.

+ P.Z.8. 1851, p. 209.

+ On this point I have not the materials for any certain conclusion. I may observe, however, that the only
constant difference which I have been able to find between the two forms is that the saddle-mark of the male
is black and white in B. tridactylus, and black and orange in B. infuscatus. All the other characters which
have been described appear to be variable; and I may further remark that of two specimens from Para in the
Berlin Museum one has the saddle-mark very pale, while it is deep orange in the other.

BRADYPUS. 183

Before proceeding to the consideration of these species, something may here be said
as to a remarkable peculiarity which may often be observed in both the Three-toed
and Two-toed Sloths. This is the curious green shade with which their brownish or
greyish fur is often tinged, especially on the back and nape—a colour which has nothing
in common with the metallic gloss which is so striking in some of the Insectivores, being
a distinct greyish green, not unlike that of the foliage of the olive-tree. This colour,
as Dr. Seemann observes*, fades considerably in dried skins; and it is also observed
to diminish rapidly in brilliancy in individuals which are kept in captivity in Europe.
My friend Mr. H.C. Sorby has at my request investigated this interesting phenomenon
both with the microscope and spectroscope; and he finds that it is caused by the presence
of multitudes of small green alge, very similar to the common Chlorococcum, which are
found on the surface of the hairs in every stage of development. In Bradypus, Mr. Sorby
tells me, the algz are generally spread over the loose pith-like outer surface of the hairs,
while in Cholopus they are confined to the deep depressions which separate the clean
solid ribs by which each hair is fluted. Mr. Sorby’s observations, I trust, will soon be
communicated in full to the Linnean Society; and I would here merely draw attention
to a very curious fact in mimicry, namely that in this case a vegetable parasite is of
direct benefit to its animal host. Various travellers have remarked on the protection
afforded to the Sloths by their greenish coloration, which harmonizes so well with the
foliage of their native forests; and we now find that it is due, not to any peculiarity of
the animal’s organization, but to the direct assistance of the parasitic Chlorococcum.

1. Bradypus infuscatus.
Bradypus infuscatus, Wagler, Isis, 1831, p. 611 (descr. orig.)’.
Arctopithecus griseus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 446, pl. xxxvi. (deser. orig.)*; Hand-list Edent. &c.
Mamm. p. 5°. . .
Hab. Panama (Mus. Paris), Cordillera del Chucu, Veragua (Arcé, Mus. Brit.”).—Sovutn
America to Peru and Brazil ?. ,

As already observed, I am unable to recognize Gray’s Arctopithecus griseus as a
distinct species. The colour of the fur of the type specimens is pale, but not more so
than that of some South-American examples; and no trust can be placed in the form
of the mandibular angle, which, moreover, is evidently imperfectly ossified in the young
skull described and figured by Gray.

Bradypus infuscatus was first described by Wagler from a specimen brought home
by Spix, and appears to replace B. tridactylus (if it is really distinct) in the north-
western regions of South America. It has been found in Northern Brazil, Bolivia,
Peru, and Ecuador, whence its range doubtless extends through Colombia to the State
of Panama; for the British-Museum specimens ascribed to “Costa Rica” bv Gray are

* Infra, p. 184.

184 EDENTATA.

not from that country, but were obtained in Panama by Enrique Arcé, who was em-
ployed for several years by Messrs. Godman and Salvin as a collector in the Southern

States of Central America.

2. Bradypus castaneiceps.
Arctopithecus castaneiceps, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1871, p. 444, pl. xxxv. (descr. orig.)' ; Hand-list Edent. &c.
Mamm. p. 5’.
Camaleon of Nicaraguans’.

Hab. Nicaraava, Chontales (Seemann, Mus. Brit.1).

I have already given my reasons for provisionally accepting this species, which still
rests on the single specimen in the British Museum. This was received in 1871 from
the well-known botanist the late Dr. Berthold Seemann, who gave the following
account of it in a letter to Dr. Gray :—

“The Sloth (Arctopithecus) I brought home was caught in the woods surrounding
the Javali gold-mine in the Chontales district of Nicaragua, about 2000 feet above the
sea-level, a country having nine months of rain during the year. The natives call this
animal ‘Camaleon,’ and say that it is very rare, which may be the case, as during all
my travels in the country I have never met with it before. But, on the other hand, it
should be borne in mind that it has almost exactly the same greyish-green colour as
Tillandsia usneoides, the so-called ‘vegetable horsehair, common in the district; and
if it could be shown that it frequented trees covered with that plant (a point I hope to
ascertain during my next visit in June next), there would be a curious case of mimicry
between this Sloth’s hair and the Til/andsia, and a good reason why so few of these
Sloths are seen. When the animal first came into my possession it was much greener
than its preserved skin is now, which has been dried over the fire, and it remains to be
seen whether the greenness is owing, at least in part, to the fact that the hair becomes
covered with minute cryptogamic organisms, the damp climate and thick gloomy forests
being favourable to their growth. I had no microscope with me to clear up this point ;
but this you will, of course, easily ascertain*. I had the animal alive for about a
month, feeding it on the young leaves of Cecropia peltata, an urticaceous fast-growing
tree of the district; and it used to eat most during the night, when it was also most
lively. One night it escaped from its prison, and next morning was found about eight
hundred yards off, in a water-butt, whither it had to make its way over a cleared hill,
where there were no shrubs or trees, which rather puzzled me. During my temporary
absence from Javali the servants neglected to feed it, or else I had hoped to bring it to
London, to present to Dr. Sclater. It had great strength; and in order to pull it away
from the tree to which it was holding, [both] your hands were necessary. On these
occasions it used to utter a shrill sound, like a monkey; but I have never on any other

occasion heard it utter this sound.”
* Of. supra, p. 183.

CHOLOPUS. 185

2. CHOLOPUS.

Cholepus, Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. &c. p. 108 (1811).
Cholopus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 861.

The most obvious external difference between this genus and the last lies in the fore
foot, only two of the digits being functionally developed in Cholopus. In the skull the
tympanic remains in a very imperfect state throughout life; while, on the other hand,
the intermaxillaries are better developed than in Bradypus, and soon become ankylosed
with the maxillaries, forming an angular projection in front of the palate, which cor-
responds to the curious “ spout-like process” into which the front part of the mandible
is produced. ‘There are either six or seven cervical vertebra, and only four molars on
each side in the lower jaw; but the anterior pair of teeth, both above and below, are
much larger than the rest, being developed into large triangular canine-like weapons, of
which the creature can make formidable use.

For long the only known member of the genus was its type, the Unau or Two-toed
Sloth of Brazil, Bradypus didactylus of Linneus. In 1858 Professor Peters described
a second species, from Costa Rica, under the name of Cholapus hoffmanni, characterized
by its long hair and short white claws; and a few years later he was enabled to show,
from the examination of no less than six skeletons, that the normal number of cervical
vertebre was s7z in C. hoffmanni, instead of seven as in C. didactylus.

This curious discovery has since been amply confirmed by the examination of other
specimens; but, on the other hand, the external characters pointed out by Dr. Peters
do not prove quite constant when a large number of examples are compared. It is
true that the hair of C. hoffmanni is usually longer, of a paler brown, and more often
tipped with white than that of C. didactylus; but many intermediate specimens occur
which it is very difficult to assign to either species. Dr. v. Frantzius observes that the
animal is dark, short-haired, and woolly in youth, but becomes longer-haired and paler
in colour as it grows up. The comparative length of the claws appears also to depend
on age, as suggested by Gray. On the characters of the skull, which Professor Peters
considered to be more convex and shorter in the rostrum than that of C. didactylus, 1
can place no weight; for Dr. Krauss has shown how variable are the cranial features
of the latter species*, and Dr. v. Frantzius found just as little constancy in Hoffmann’s
Sloth f.

Mr. O. Thomas’s recent discovery of a skin and skeleton of C. hoffmanni in a collec-
tion formed in Ecuador, shows that the range of the form is not so well defined as
has hitherto been supposed; and it even suggests a doubt whether the reduction of the ©
vertebrae, on which the separation of the Central-American race appears solely to rest,
may not occur more or less frequently as an individual variation in other parts of the

* Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, pp. 124-129. t+ Tom. cit. p. 313. t P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 402.
BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, December 1880. 2B

186 EDENTATA.

range of the genus. It must not be forgotten that the number of cervical vertebre has
been known to vary in Bradypus*.

Hoffmann’s Sloth may be described as being of a more or less uniform brown colour,
but varying much in depth of colour. The long hairs are often tipped with white,
especially on the nape and back; and the face is whitish, with a dusky spectacle-mark
round and between the eyes. It attains a length of about twenty-two inches.

1. Cholopus hoffmanni. |

? Cholepus didactylus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1856, p. 189 (nec Linnzeus ?) am

Cholepus hoffmanni, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berlin, 1858, p. 128 (descr. orig.) ?; op. cit. 1864, p. 678° ;
Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 312*; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1869, p. 602°; op. cit. 1872,
p. 861, pl. Ixxii.°; Gray, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 482"; Hand-list Edent. &c. Mamm. p. 2°.

Perico lijero of Costa-Ricans*.

Hab. Costa Rica (Hoffmann, Frantzius, Carmiol, Mus. Berol.1*); (Salvin, Carmiol, Mus.
Brit.7); Panama (Gilman, Viv. Zool. Soc.*), Chiriqui (Bridges'), Veragua (Boucard,
Mus. Brit.)—Sovutu, America to Ecuador.

As has been already seen, this Sloth was described by Professor Peters from speci-
mens collected by Drs. Hoffmann and v. Frantzius in Costa Rica, and its range has
been shown by Mr. Thomas to extend southwards to Ecuador. In the former. country
Dr. v. Frantzius gives us the following account of its habits:—‘ The Sloth is found in
the high-lying mountain-forests, where it lives in the tops of the trees, and hardly ever
leaves them, being enabled by its wonderful climbing powers to pass from one tree to
another. On the ground it is utterly helpless. It subsists on leaves and fruit, and in
confinement feeds freely on cooked potatoes; all its food is long masticated before being
swallowed. Its dung resembles that of sheep or goats. Its voice, which is seldom
heard, is like the bleat of a sheep; if seized it snorts violently. It has remarkable
power in its claws, with which it can inflict serious wounds, as well as with its canine-
like molars; I have seen the finger of a young man thus pierced through and through
at the root of the nail.

«A female which I saw had only one young one, which hung on to the long fur
of the mother, and which she thus carried about.

“The Sloth is a decidedly nocturnal animal; in daylight the pupils of its eyes are
completely closed, but at night they are so widely opened that the iris can hardly be
seen; in candle-light they do not re-contract.

‘“‘The Sloth possesses an extreme tenacity of life, surviving the most severe injuries,
such as fractures of the skull and penetrative wounds in the chest and belly—as well as
various poisons in large doses, which only prove fatal after a long time. I found that
the best way to kill them was with chloroform, which I placed on a sponge or a bit of

* Rapp, Edentaten (2nd ed.), p. 27; Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1864, p. 678.

CHOLOPUS.—TATUSIA. 187

cotton in the animal’s mouth, and then tied a bladder over its head to prevent
evaporation ”*.

As Hoffmann’s Sloth appears to be more plentiful in Central America than the Three-
toed species, it is probably the animal which Captain Dampier met with in his ‘ Voyages
to Campeachy,’ and of which he speaks as follows :—

“The Sloth is a four-footed, hairy, sad-coloured Animal ; somewhat less than the Ant-
bear, and not so rough: Its Head is round, its Eyes small; it has a short Nose, and very
sharp Teeth; short Legs, but extraordinary long sharp Claws. This Creature feeds on
Leaves, whether indifferently of all sorts, or only on some particular kinds, I know not.
They are very mischievous to the Trees where they come, and are so slow in Motion,
that when they have eaten all the Leaves on one Tree, before they can get down from
that and climb another, and settle themselves to their fresh Banquet (which takes
them up five or six Days, though the Trees stand near,) they are nothing but Skin and
Bones, although they came down plump and fat from the last Tree. They never descend
till they have stript every Limb and Bough, and made them as bare as Winter. It takes
them up eight or nine Minutes to move one of their Feet three Inches forward; and
they move all their four Feet one after the other, at the same slow rate; neither will
stripes make them mend their pace; which I have tried to do, by whipping them; but

they seem insensible, and can neither be frighted, or provoked to move faster”’*.

Suborder I]. ENTOMOPHAGA.

The second suborder of Edentata is a much larger and more heterogeneous assembly
than the first, divisible into at least four families, and comprising such varied forms
as the Anteaters and Armadillos of America, and the Pangolins and Ant-Bears of Asia
and Africa. Both the Neotropical families, Dasypodide and Myrmecophagide, are
represented in our fauna.

Fam. I. DASYPODIDZ.

1. TATUSIA.

Tatusia, Fréd. Cuvier, ap. Lesson, Man. de Mamm. p. 309 (1827)t.
Dasypus, Wagler, Syst. Amph. &c. p. 86 (1830, nec Fréd. Cuvier).

The Linnean genus Dasypus was co-extensive with the family Dasypodide of modern

* Dampier’s Voyages, li. 2, p. 61.

+ Frédéric Cuvier called the Armadillos without incisors ‘‘Tatusies” (Dents des Mamm. p. 195, 1825);
and two years later the name Tatusia is given by Lesson as above, “ Dasypus, L., F. Cuv.,” being retained for
D. sexcinctus. When Wagler divided the Linnean genus he retained Dasypus for the present group; but
Cuvier’s names have clear priority, and have also the advantage of having been generally used, though almost
always with an incorrect reference to the ‘ Dents des Mammiferes.’

2B 2

188 EDENTATA.

zoologists. The labours of Cuvier, Owen, and other anatomists have shown the
necessity of generically separating the very marked groups of which it is composed ;
and these were carefully reviewed and characterized by the late H. N. Turner in the
very last of the short but brilliant series of memoirs which was cut off by his untimely
death*.

In Tatusia the fore foot has only four digits, of which the middle pair are considerably
longer than the first and fourth ; the ears are placed close together and are directed back-
wards; there are from twelve to fourteen movable bands or girdles between the scapular
and pelvic shields; and the tail is elongate and covered with scutes, which are arranged
in rings or whorls, except towards the tip. The only species here recognized as an
inhabitant of our subregion, 7. novemcincta, may be at once known from its congeners by
the length of its ears and tail (the former being one third the length of the head, and the
latter nearly as long as the body), and by the flatness of the plates of the pelvic shield.
The length of the head and body is about twelve inches, that of the tail about the same.

The claims of two other genera of Dasypodide to a place in our fauna must here be
noticed. Dr. v. Frantzius was informed that a second species of Armadillo existed in
Costa Rica, and that it was called Armado de Zopilote, because its flesh had the same
musky smell as the Zopilotl or Black Vulture, Cathartes atrata (Bartram). On one
occasion only did he see a living example; but he found a skull in the collection of
Dr. Joos of Schaffhausen, and identified the animal as Dasypus gymnurus, Mliger
[=D. duodecemcinctus, Schreber, = Xenurus duodecemcinctus, auct.], a native of Peru,
Brazil, and Paraguay}. Mr. Tomes, on the other hand, in his paper on Mr. Salvin’s
Guatemalan collections, included Dasypus minutus, Desmarest,a Patagonian form, without
making any mention of Tatusia novemcinctat. ‘The occurrence of either Xenurus or
true Dasypus in Central America appears highly improbable ; and as it is not confirmed
by any of the collections to which I have access, I cannot but think that there has
been some error of identification in the above records.

1. Tatusia novemcincta. (Tab. XXII.)

Dasypus novemeinctus, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 54 (1766, descr. orig.)’; Baird, Mamm. N. Am.
p. 623°; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 48°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 138 *.

Dasypus novemcinctus, var. mexicanus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1864, p. 180 (descr. orig.)’.

Dasypus peba, Desmarest, Mamm. p. 368 (1820, ex Marcgrave)*; Moore, P.Z.S. 1859, p. 51”.

Dasypus fenestratus, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1864, p. 180 (descr. orig.)* ; Frantzius, Arch. f.
Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 310°.

Dasypus mexicanus, Fitzinger, Sitzungsb. Ak. Wien, lxiv. 2, p. 8368 (1871, ex Peters)".

Tatusia mexicana, Gray, Hand-list Edent. &. Mamm. p. 14, pl. ii. figs. 3, 4 (1873, deser. orig.)".

Tatusia leptorhynchus, Gray, op. cit. p. 15, pl. i. figs. 8, 4 (1873, descr. orig.)”’.

* «On the Arrangement of the Edentate Mammalia,” P. Z. S. 1851, pp. 205-221.
t+ Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 309. t P.Z.S. 1861, p. 287.

TATUSIA. 189

Ayotochtli seu Dasypus cucurbitinus, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 314; De Quad. Nov.
Hisp. fol. 2, cap. 1. |
Armado, Armadillo, Encubierto of Spanish Americans.

Hab. Nortn America, Texas? ?.—Mextico (Mus. Brit.; Uhde, Mus. Berol. ; Liebmann,
Mus. Hafn.), Matamoras (Couch, U.S. Nat. Mus.*), Guanajuato, Guadalajara
(Dugés*), Yucatan (Gawmer, Mus. Boucard); Guatemata (Mus. Basel®), Volcan
de Fuego, Volcan de Atitlan, and forests of Northern Vera Paz (Salvin & Godman,
Mus. Brit.) ; Honpuras, Comayagua (Leyland"); Costa Rica (Hoffmann & Frant-
zius, Mus. Berol.8°)—Sovuta AMERICA to Paraguay.

A Long-tailed Armadillo has long been known to inhabit Mexico and Central
America, and till late years has always been referred to the widely distributed species
variously known as Dasypus novemcinctus, D. peba, or D. longicaudata. In 1864,
however, Professor Peters described an old and a young specimen from Costa Rica as
the types of a new species, D. fenestratus®, and, more doubtfully, a Mexican example,
as a new variety, mexicanus, of D. novemcinctus®. Seven years later Dr. Fitzinger, in
one of his compilations, raised the latter name to specific rank 1°; and in 1873 the late
Dr. Gray described Tatusia meaicana, apparently independently, from a specimen in
the British Museum !!, and added another Central-American species under the name of
T. leptorhynchus (sic)!*. After a careful examination of Dr. Peters’s and Gray’s types,
and comparison with a large number of other specimens from both South and Central
America, I cannot recognize their claims to specific distinction.

The only external character ascribed to D. fenestratus is that the posterior shields
of the girdles do not reach their anterior edges ; this is merely comparative, and I find
that Brazilian specimens vary considerably. In the skull Professor Peters observed
that the small openings in the palatine portion of the maxillaries lay between the first
molars, the maxillo-palatine suture was behind the last molars, the lachrymal canal
opened nearer the orbit, and the palatines were shorter than in D. longicaudatus
[Z. novemcincta}’. But the Armadillos show so. much individual variation in minor
cranial characters that I cannot regard these differences as of any real value. Accord-
ingly we find that they are not at all constant in Central-American specimens; Dr. v.
Frantzius observes that on examining Guatemalan specimens in the Basel Museum he
was much astonished to find that they agreed with true D. novemcinctus, both in their
skulls and in their girdle-shields, though the only conclusion that he drew was that
both “ species” would probably be found in Costa Rica.

The Mexican Armadillo was characterized by Professor Peters as having the snout
longer, the loral shields narrower and more numerous, the temporal shields broader
and fewer, and the claw of the second digit stouter than in D. novemcinctus; some
differences in the teeth and skull were alluded to, but not described®. Gray gives a
somewhat similar account of his 7’. mexicana; and a slight difference in the arrangement

190 EDENTATA. .

of the scuta of the face, with the usual minor variations in cranial proportions, are the
grounds on which he separated his 7’. leptorhyncha”?. An examination of many specimens
convinces me that these slight differences in shield-arrangement and skull-proportions
cannot be depended on; and I must therefore regard the Nine-banded Armadillo of
Central America as specifically identical with that of Brazil, its range thus extending
from Texas to Paraguay.

This Armadillo was first described as a Mexican animal by Hernandez under its Aztec
name Ayotochtli, and it was well known to the older voyagers. Dampier gives the
following characteristic account :—

“The Armadillo (so called from its Suit of Armour) is as big as a small sucking Pig:
The Body of it pretty long. This Creature is inclosed in a thick Shell, which guards
all its Back, and comes down on both Sides, and meets under the Belly, leaving room
for the four Legs; the Head is small, with a Nose like a Pig, a pretty long Neck, and
can put out its Head before its Body when it walks; but on any danger she puts it in
under the Shell; and drawing in her Feet, she lies stock-still like a Land-Turtle: And
though you toss her about she will not move herself. The Shell is jointed in the Middle
of the Back; so that she can turn the Fore-part of her Body about which way she
pleases. The Feet are like those of a Land-Turtle, and it has strong Claws wherewith
it digs holes in the Ground like a Coney, the flesh is very sweet and tastes much like a
Land-Turtle ” *.

Audubon and Bachman observe that they were informed by Captain C. H. Baldwin
that the Nine-banded Armadillo is kept tame in Nicaragua to protect houses from the
invasion of Ants}. Messrs. Godman and Salvin inform me that in Guatemala the
Armadillo is abundant in the primeval forests of the districts lying on both sides of the
Cordillera up to an elevation of 4000 or even 5000 feet. Native hunters usually track
them to their burrows with dogs, which give notice if an occupant is at home. The
hunter then, using his bush-knife as a pick, and his hands as a shovel, commences
with the utmost dispatch to dig out the animal, which all the while endeavours to
escape by scratching deeper into the ground. It is a race between the Armadillo and
the man, and an even chance which succeeds. The tail is the first part seized by the
hunter, and then, after a short struggle, the victim succumbs. Various artifices are
resorted to by the hunter to prevent the Armadillo from burrowing out of his reach.
One, very Central-American in its conception, is for the hunter to place his sandals on
the ground over the line of retreat, it being supposed that the animal will not
pass under them, but, on reaching this point, will cease its exertions and fall a prey
to its pursuer. Other equally efficacious methods are resorted to. The flesh of the
Armadillo is tender, white, and usually esteemed a delicacy.

* Dampier’s Voyages, il. 2, pp. 61, 62. t Quad. N. Am. ii. p. 223.

MYRMECOPHAGA. 191

Fam. IT. MYRMECOPHAGIDA.

1. MYRMECOPHAGA.
Myrmecophaga, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 51 (1766).

The remarkable Neotropical family of true Anteaters is represented in Central
America by both its forms, of which the typical genus Myrmecophaga is characterized
by the fore foot having four toes, and by the structure of its greatly elongated skull, in
which the pterygoids unite in the middle line, so as to carry back the bony palate to a
level with the auditory meatus. Of the three known species, two (very different in size
and general appearance) are members of our fauna, namely :—

1. WM. jubata. Tair long and coarse, dark grey and black mixed, with a black-and-
white oblique stripe on the shoulder ; back maned, and tail very bushy. Length
about 50", of tail without hair 30”.

2. MM. tetradactyla. Hair short ; markings rather variable; head, limbs, base of
tail, and dorsal stripe white or reddish white; rest of thorax and diagonal
stripe on shoulders dark brown or black; tail scaly for its terminal third.
Length about 25”, of tail 16”.

The latter species has been generically separated by Gray as Tamandua*, and by
Wagler as Uropeltes}; but though it differs from the Great Anteater in its semi-
arboreal habits and partially prehensile tail, it agrees with it in all the essential points
of structure.

1. Mymecophaga jubata.

Myrmecophaga jubata, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p.52 (1766, ex Brisson)’; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg.
xxxv. 1, p. 307”.
Oso real of Costa-Ricans *.

Hab. Guatemaa, Vera Paz (Sarg); Costa Rica (Frantzius?); Panama, Veragua (Arcé).
—Soutu America to Paraguay.

The range of the Great Anteater extends as far north as Costa Rica and Guatemala.
In the former country, Dr. v. Frantzius tells us, it is confined to the low hot forest
lands near the coast, and even there it is somewhat rare. When attacked by men or
dogs, he was told that it reared itself up and defended itself with its powerful claws ;
but he himself had only seen one specimen, which had been caught near Puntarenas?,
As regards its presence in Guatemala, Mr. Sarg informs Messrs. Godman and Salvin

* Ann. of Philos. x. p. 343 (1825). t+ Nat. Syst. Amph. &c. p. 36 (1830).

192 EDENTATA.

that he has frequently heard of its existence in the forests of the northern part of Vera
Paz, but that the only one that had been killed to his knowledge was one obtained by
a friend of his near Punta Gorda, on the coast of the Bay of Honduras. From Panama
Messrs. Godman and Salvin once received a specimen from their collector Arcé, which
they supposed had passed into the British Museum; but such does not appear to have
been the case.

Many of the older writers gave a very false account of the habits of the Great Ant-
eater, describing it as a fierce beast, a match for the Jaguar, and a source of dread to
the Indians. The observations of Azara and Rengger, and of later travellers, prove this
to be quite false, the animal being singularly peaceful and harmless, although it
certainly attempts to defend itself in danger in the manner mentioned by Frantzius *.
Its manner of feeding is well described by Dampier in the following passage :—

“The Ant-Bear is a four-footed Beast, as big as a pretty large Dog; with rough
black-brown Hair: It has short Legs; a long Nose and little Eyes; a very little Mouth,
and a slender Tongue like an Earthworm about five or six Inches long, This Creature
feeds on Ants; therefore you always find them near an Ants Nest or Path. It takes its
Food thus. It lays its Nose down flat on the Ground, close by the Path that the Ants
travel in, (whereof there are many in this country) and then puts out his Tongue athwart
the Path: the Ants passing forwards and backwards continually, when they come to the
Tongue make a stop, and in two or three Minutes time it will be covered all over with
Ants; which she perceiving draws in her Tongue, and then eats them; and afterwards
puts it out again to trapan more. ‘They smell very strong of Ants, and taste much
stronger; for I have eaten of them. I have met with these creatures in several places
of America, as well as here; (é.¢. in the Samballoes) and in the South-Seas, on the
Mexican continent” fF.

2. Myrmecophaga tetradactyla.

Myrmecophaga tetradactyla, Linnzus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 52 (1766, ex Brisson)’; Frantzius, Arch. f.

Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 307”.
Tamandua tetradactyla, Salvin, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 287°; Sclater, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 546, pl. xl. *
Tejon, Oso colmenero of Costa-Ricans’*.

Hab. Mexico (Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.); Guatemaua, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.*) ;
Costa Rica (Frantzius?), Punta Arenas (Salvin), Nicoya (Arcé, Mus. Brit.).—Sovrn
AMERICA to Paraguay.

The range of the Tamandua Anteater appears to extend further north than that of the
last species ; for there is a specimen in the Copenhagen Museum which was obtained by
the late Professor Liebmann in some part of Mexico, probably in Oaxaca; but the exact

* Cf. Bates, ‘ Naturalist on the Amazons,’ i. p. 177. + Dampier’s Voyages, ii. 2, pp. 60, 61.

MYRMECOPHAGA.—CYCLOTURUS. 193

locality has not been noted. Mr. Salvin obtained several specimens on the Volcan de
Fuego in Vera Paz, as well as in Costa Rica, where Dr. v. Frantzius also found it, both
in the lowlands and in the cooler climate of the central tableland?. The specimen
obtained by Mr. Salvin at Punta Arenas, in Costa Rica, was found sleeping in the fork
of a low tree near the shore.

This Anteater varies considerably in its markings, but Central-American specimens
seem to be tolerably constant in this respect. ‘There is considerable difference, however,
in the intensity of the dark colour, and in the distance to which the narrow dorsal
stripe is produced towards the tail.

2. CLYCLOTURUS.
Cyclothurus, Gray, Ann. of Phil. x. p. 343 (1825).
Myrmydon, Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph. &c. p. 86 (1830).
Cycloturus, Sclater, P. Z. S. 1871, p. 546 (footnote).

This genus is at once separable from Myrmecophaga by the remarkable structure of
the fore foot, in which only two toes are developed. The first and fifth digits are
entirely absent; the fourth is represented by a rudimentary metacarpal; while the third
and second each consist of two phalanges only, and are armed with curved claws, the
last-named being much the more slender of the two. The fur is remarkably glossy and
silky, and the tail is strongly prehensile. In the skull the facial portion is much arched,
and the canal of the posterior nares is not continued backward by the meeting of the
palatines and pterygoids, as in the last genus. ‘The ribs are peculiar in being flattened
and expanded on their posterior border, so as to lap over one another like tiles.

The only well-established species isa graceful little animal of a more or less yellowish-
grey colour, often with a darker longitudinal streak on the back, and sometimes with
another on the breast and belly. Its length is about eight inches, that of the tail
being about the same. |

1. Cycloturus didactylus.

Myrmecophaga didactyla, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 51 (1766, ex Brisson) *.

Cyclothurus dorsalis, Gray, P. Z.S. 1865, p. 885, pl. xix. (descr. orig.)*; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg.
xxxv. 1, p. 308°.

Serafin de Platanar of Costa-Ricans *.

Hab. Guaremata, Vera Paz (Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.*); Costa Rica, Orosi (Frant-
zius®; Arcé, Mus. Brit.); Panama, Chiriqui (Arcé, Mus. Berol.).—SoutH AMERICA
to Northern Brazil and Peru.

In 1865 Gray separated the Two-toed Anteater of Costa Rica from the well-known
BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, December 1880. 2C

194 EDENTATA.

South-American species, observing that, besides its general golden-yellow hue, it might
be “ always known by the distinct well-defined dorsal streak and by the yellow colour
of its feet and tail” 2. A comparison, however, of the types of Cycloturus dorsalis in the
British Museum with numerous South-American specimens shows that they all belong
to one very variable species. Every gradation is present. An example obtained by
Mr. Salvin in Guatemala has the fur as much washed with black and not more yellow in
tint than in ordinary specimens of C. didactylus, while some South-American specimens
have yellow feet and others a more or less distinct dorsal streak. In many individuals
there is also a median band of blackish or reddish brown on the breast and belly. A
form which at first sight seems more worthy of separation is dark grey in colour, with
a brilliant silvery sheen and a distinct dark brown stripe down the nape and shoulders.
But this also does not appear to be a geographical race, there being a specimen from
Colombia in the British Museum and others from Guiana and Trinidad in the Museums
of Copenhagen and Liibeck.

According to these views, the Two-toed Anteater has a tolerably extensive range,
though less so than the two last species, extending from Northern Brazil and Peru in
the south to Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Guatemala in the north. It does not appear
to have been hitherto recorded from Mexico.

In Costa Rica Dr. v. Frantzius obtained this species only from the valley of Orosi,
near Cartago, whence he received one living and several dead examples. The former
proved to be strictly nocturnal in its habits; during the day it remained rolled up,
hanging by its claws to one of the spars of its cage, but at night it clambered slowly but
unweariedly round its place of confinement, evidently seeking for a means of escape.
It obstinately refused all sorts of food, and was therefore killed after a few days. “In
its mode of climbing,” says Dr. v. Frantzius, “and its custom of hanging by its claws
with its body rolled together, it bears a great resemblance to the Cholepus; but its
climbing-powers are greatly aided by its prehensile tail” °.

Messrs. Godman and Salvin inform me that in Guatemala the Two-toed Anteater is
restricted to the thick forests of Vera Paz, where it enjoys a considerable range in alti-
tude; and they add that Mr. Sarg had received specimens from Yaxcabnal, in the
northern part of Vera Paz, taken at an altitude of about 1200 feet above the sea,
and also from the mountainous district of Puruld, at an elevation of from 4000 to

5000 feet.

DIDELPHYS. 195

Subclass II. DIDELPHIA.

Order IX. MARSUPIALIA.

The great group of Marsupials, separated by most modern zoologists as a distinct
subclass of the Mammalia, was widely spread over the globe in geological times ;
but is now, as is well known, confined to the Australian and Neotropical regions. It is
true that one species ranges far into North America; but the order, in the western
hemisphere, is essentially characteristic of the Neotropical fauna, and is well represented
in our subregion by both the known genera of the only New-World family, Didel-
phide, which differs in several points from all the Australian forms *.

Fam, I, DIDELPHIDZ.

1. DIDELPHYS.

Didelphis, Linnzeus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 71 (1766).
Didelphys, Schreber, Saugth. ii. p. 532 (1778).

Of the two forms of the family Didelphide which are well ascertained, the typical
. genus Didelphys is suited for an arboreal, not an aquatic life, and is at once recognizable
by its hind feet, the toes of which are not united bya web. It presents a large number
of species, often differing from each other considerably in colour and greatly in size,
but agreeing in their general habits. The characteristic marsupium, or abdominal
pouch, is well developed in some species of Opossum, and only rudimentary in others ;
and Mr. Waterhouse has consequently divided the genus into two sections, under which
we may thus characterize the known Central-American Opossums :—

A. Pouch complete.

1. D. virginiana. Fur with long stiff projecting hairs; yellowish grey, the face
lighter, with a dusky mark in front of each eye, and sometimes a trace of a
median band; ears and tail variably blotched with dark brown and white.
Length about 22”, of tail 15".

2. D. aurita. Like the last species; but the long stiff hairs mostly white above,
and the face with three defined blackish-brown stripes ; ears black, or black-

* A small Marsupial from Ecuador, named Hyracodon fulginosus by Mr. Tomes (P. Z. S. 1863, p. 51, pl. viii.),
may represent a distinct family, but it is still only known from the very unsatisfactory original description.
In any case it will require a new title, the name Hyracodon having been applied to a genus of fossil Ungu-
lates by Professor Leidy in 1856, seven years before its use by Mr. Tomes.

2C 2

196 MARSUPIALIA.

and-white varied; tail black at the base, white towards the tip. Length
about 17”, of tail 12”.

3. D. quica. Fur soft, with no stiff hairs; dark ashy grey above, yellowish rufous
beneath ; over each eye a white spot; ears and tail dark, the latter furred for
about two inches at its base, white towards the tip. Length about 12”, of
tail 11”.

B. Pouch rudimentary.

4. D. cinerea. Fur short, close, yellowish grey above, white or yellowish white
beneath, the eyes bordered with black ; tail furred for nearly two inches, dusky
near the base, white for distal half. Length about 8”, of tail 10”.

5. D. derbiana. Fur rather long, bright rufous above, with a short grey dorsal
stripe; forehead with a dusky median stripe; lower parts greyish white ;
ears pink; tail furred for one third of its length, the naked portion pink,
mottled with brown. Length about 13”, of tail 17".

6. D. murina. Fur short, bright rufous on the back, greyish rufous on the flanks,

yellowish white beneath ; eyes bordered with black ; tail furred for only about
half an inch, the naked portion yellowish brown. Length from 5" to 6”, of
tail from 6” to 8”.

1. Didelphys virginiana’.
Didelphis virginiana, Kerr, Linn. An. Kingd. p. 198 (1792, ex Pennant)’; Baird, N.-Am. Mamm.
p. 232’. |
Didelphys californica, Bennett, P. Z. S. 1833, p. 40 (descr. orig.)*; Baird, N.-Am. Mamm. p. 232°;
Tomes, P.Z. 8. 1861, p. 287°; Dugés, La Nat. i. p. 138°. .
Didelphys breviceps, Bennett, P. Z.S. 1833, p. 40 (descr. orig.)’.
Tlacuatzin, Hernandez, Rer. Med. Nov. Hisp. p. 880; De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 3, cap. v.
Tlacuache of Mexicans.

Hab. Norta America, from the Hudson River southwards.—Mexico (Uhde, Deppe,
Mus. Berol.; Liebmann, Mus. Hafn.; Verreaux, Mus. Brit.), Guanajuato (Dugés *),
Yucatan (Gaumer, Mus. Boucard); GUatEMALA, Coban, Duefias (Salvin, Mus. Brit.®).

The Opossums of Mexico and California have been believed to differ from those of
the United States, and have consequently been separated under the respective names of
Didelphys californica* and D. breviceps’. Of these the former has been recognized by
Professor Baird and other writers as a valid species, specially distinguishable by the

* T have here adopted the earliest name which can be clearly and certainly identified with this species.
Linneus’s D. marsupialis (Syst. Nat. i. p. 71) is evidently founded on a confusion of the North-American
Opossum with some of the South-American forms, probably D. crancrivora, Gmelin ; and the same remark applies
to descriptions of his earlier followers. In such a case it seems advisable to relinquish the uncertain title
altogether.

DIDELPHYS. - 197

dark colour of the upper part of the head. Dr. Elliott Coues, however, who has enjoyed
unusual facilities for observation, and has made this animal a special object of study,
finds that “all the characters assigned to these supposed species are to be found in
specimens of D. virginianus from the same locality,” and that no grounds can be shown
for separating the Opossums of the South-west even as a geographical race*. A com-
parison of specimens in European Museums fully confirms Dr. Coues’s view, and leads
me even to doubt whether D. virginianus will not eventually be found to grade into the
South-American D. aurita. I have not yet, however, seen specimens from Nicaragua,
where the two forms appear to meet, and therefore regard the range of the present
species as extending from New Jersey and Pennsylvania southwards through the United
States and Mexico to Guatemala, whence there are specimens in Mr. Salvin’s collections
in the British Museum, and where, he informs me, it is common at Coban and else-
where.

So much has been written of the habits and manners of this well-known Opossum
that it seems unnecessary here to do more than to refer to the excellent accounts of
Audubon and Bachman and of Dr. Coues.

2. Didelphys aurita.

Didelphys aurita, Max. zu Wied, Beitr. Nat. Brasil. ii. p.395 (1826, descr. orig.)'; Frantzius, Arch.
f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 315”.

Didelphys azare, Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm. i. p. 30 (1827, descr. orig.)?; Waterhouse, Nat.
Hist. Mamm. i. p. 470, pl. xviii. fig. 2°.

Zorro of Costa-Ricans *.

Hab. Costa Rica (Frantzius? ; Hoffmann, Mus. Berol.)—Sovutn America to Uruguay *.

I have followed Mr. Waterhouse in uniting Temminck’s Didelphys azare with Prince
Maximilian’s D. aurita, but have retained the latter name as it has a year’s clear
priority. Dr. Burmeister has rejected this identification, on the ground that D. aurita
has the ears black, while those of the more southern species are white for their terminal
half}. Buta specimen from Santa Fé de Bogota, Colombia, in the British Museum
has the ears wholly white; and the observations of Dr. Coues on the North-American
species show that no reliance can be placed on this character in discriminating the
Opossums. In the colour and character of the fur a good deal of variety also exists,
as has been observed by Dr. v. Frantzius in Costa Rica and by Dr. Hensel in Brazil {;
in some few specimens (of which there are two, without locality, in the British
Museum) the long stiff hairs are black instead of whitish.

The range of Azara’s Opossum is more extensive than that of any of its congeners,
extending from Uruguay, where it was obtained at Maldonado by Mr. Darwin, to Costa

* Proc. Acad. Philad. 1871, pp. 15-18. t+ Thiere Brasil., Th. i. p. 131. t Infra, p. 198.

198 MARSUPIALIA.

Rica, whence there are specimens, collected by Hoffmann and Frantzius, in the Museums
of Berlin and Washington. Within this range it has been recorded from Paraguay,
Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, and Ecuador ; and, as already noticed, it occurs in Colombia. In
Guiana it appears to be replaced by the nearly allied but much darker D. crancrivora,
Gmelin.

Dr. v. Frantzius gives the following amusing account of the habits of Azara’s Opossum
in Costa Rica :—

“The first of all the Mammals of Costa Rica with which the newly arrived foreigner
has an opportunity of making a near if not an agreeable acquaintance is the Long-eared
Opossum. In the towns there are few houses that are not infested by these hideous
beasts. Often strangers are roused from their slumbers by an unwonted sound, which
is really caused by these brutes running with heavy tread over the thin boarding of the
roof of the room, or by their upsetting dishes, plates, and other household utensils during
a visit to the larder or the kitchen; and the said stranger often fancies that a burglary is
being attempted, springs from his bed and grasps his weapons. But if he makes inquiries
next day as to the cause of the alarm, he receives one answer, ‘Sefor, es el Zorro.’
Zorro means properly a Fox in Spanish; but the colonists gave the name to the Opossum
because it works the same mischief amongst poultry in Costa Rica as the Fox does in
Europe, though it cannot compare with the latter in respect to quickness and cunning.
Owing to this heaviness and stupidity it easily falls into the hands of its pursuer. It is
no unusual thing in Costa Rica to find a newly killed Opossum lying on the street or
road, where its flesh is soon devoured by the Vultures. In this way I had no difficulty
in collecting a large number of skins and skulls. In the latter I could find no differences
after a close comparison. But in the skins I found many variations in the colour of
the fur, especially in the long coarse projecting hairs, which in some specimens were
white and in others black ; in some there were but few bristly hairs, while in others
they stood very thick ; in fact,as Hensel has shown (Zool. Gart. 1867, p. 290), coloration
will not serve here as a specific character.

“In Costa Rica I have never seen Opossums in the open; generally they live beneath
the roofs of the houses; and although so many are killed, they are not uncommon.
Perhaps their numbers would be diminished if their flesh were considered to be edible;
hitherto the ugliness of the brutes seems to have prevented the inhabitants of Costa
Rica from preparing them for the table, as is done in Guatemala, where they are even
regarded as a delicacy ” 7.

3. Didelphys quica.
Didelphys quica, Natterer, apud Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm. i. p. 36 (1827, descr. orig.)’; Gray,
P.Z.S8. 1843, p. 79°; Tomes, P. Z. 8. 1861, p. 287°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1,
p. 817%.
Tlacuazin of Guatemalans.

DIDELPHYS. 199

Hab. Mexico (Mus. Berol.); Guatemata, Duefias (Salvin®), Coban (Mus. Brit.2); Costa
Rica, Tucurriqui (Frantzius+)—Sourn America to Brazil 1.

The range of the Quica Opossum extends from Mexico, whence there are specimens
in the Berlin Museum, to Brazil, where Dr. Burmeister obtained an example near New
Freiburg. Schomburgk found it in Guiana, and Mr. Thomas includes it among the
Mammals collected by Mr. Buckley in Ecuador. Dr. v. Frantzius considered it to be
a rare animal in Costa Rica, or at least one which was seldom procured‘.

In Guatemala, Mr. Sarg informs Messrs. Godman and Salvin, the Quica Opossum
is common in Coban, living in the houses amongst old boxes, piles of wood, &c., where
it makes itself a comfortable nest of scraps of paper. It wanders about at night,
invading the kitchen, and feeds on what it can find, especially on oranges and other
fruits, eggs, fowls, &c., but avoids meat. When pursued it defends itself with energy,
showing and using its sharp formidable teeth.

4. Didelphys cinerea. (Tab. XX1I.)

Didelphys cinerea, Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm. i. p. 46 (1827, descr. orig.)*.
? Didelphys myosurus, Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 317 (nec Temminck)’.

Hab. Costa Rica (Carmiol, Mus. Brit.; Mus. Berol.), San Ramon (Frantzius ?).—Sovutu
AMeERIcA to Brazil }.

Both the British and Berlin Museums possess specimens, collected in Costa Rica by
Carmiol, of a small Opossum which appears to be certainly identical with the Brazilian
species named Didelphys cinerea by Temminck. In the same country Dr. v. Frantzius
obtained a single living example of an Opossum which he referred to D. myosurus,
Temminck (=D. nudicaudata, Et. Geoffroy) ?.. The animal unfortunately escaped from
its cage and was devoured by dogs, so that positive determination was rendered
impossible, but it seems not improbable that it really belonged to the present species.

In Brazil Prince Maximilian zu Neuwied says that the Ashy Opossum is very destructive
to poultry, sucking their blood and devouring their eggs. Its odour is stated to be
extremely offensive.

5. Didelphys derbiana. (Tab. XXII.)

Didelphys derbiana, Waterhouse, Nat. Library, xxiv. (Mamm. x.) p. 97, pl. 11. (1841, descr. orig.’ ;
Nat. Hist. Mamm. i. p. 493”.
Didelphys ornata, v. Tschudi, Faun. Peru. p. 146, pl. vi. (1844, descr. orig.)’.

Hab. Nicaraeua (Mus. Berol.); Panama, Chepo (Arcé, Mus. Brit.)—SoutH AMERICA to
Peru 3,

200 MARSUPIALIA.

This beautifully coloured Opossum was first described by Mr. Waterhouse from a
specimen without locality in the collection of the 13th Earl of Derby, in whose honour
it was named!. Three years later Dr. v. Tschudi described and figured his D. ornata
from a Peruvian example?; but an examination of his diagnosis and plate clearly shows
that this animal was specifically identical with Mr. Waterhouse’s specimen. ‘The nearest
ally of D. derbiana appears to be the Paraguayan D. lanigera, Desmarest, a much smaller
species, in which only the terminal third of the tail is naked.

The range of Derby’s Opossum extends northwards from Peru and Ecuador, where it
has been obtained by Frazer and Buckley, to Central America—there being a specimen
in the British Museum which was obtained by Arcé at Chepo, in the State of Panama,
and one in the Berlin Museum from Nicaragua. This latter State seems to be its
northern boundary, as it is not included in any of Messrs. Godman and Salvin’s collec-
tions; and it is probably not a common species in any part of Central America.

Our Plate represents a female Derby’s Opossum with three young ones, living in
the Zoological Society’s Gardens in May 1877; and is taken from an original sketch
from the life by Mr. Smit, for which I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Sclater. It
well illustrates the way in which the young of the pouchless Opossums cling to the back |
and flanks of their mother, both by their claws and by their prehensile tails. When
this female was excited or annoyed, her naked pink ears flushed to a deep rose-colour ;
and she always showed herself ready to do battle in defence of her helpless family.

6. Didelphys murina.
Didelphis murina, Linneus, Syst. Nat. i. p. 72 (1766, descr. orig.)"; Waterhouse, N. H. Mamm. i.
p- 508°; Frantzius, Arch. f. Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 318°.
? Didelphis cayopolin, Gmelin, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. p. 106 (1788, ex Hernandez)’.
? Coyopollin, Hernandez, De Quad. Nov. Hisp. fol. 10, cap. xxix.
Tlacuazin raton of Guatemalans.

Hab. Mexico (Waterhouse*); Guatemata, San Gerénimo (Godman & Salvin, Mus. Brit.),
Coban (Sarg, Mus. Brit.; Mus. Berol.); Costa Rica (Frantzius*); Panama, Veragua
(Arcé, Mus. Brit.).—Sovra America to Brazil 2.

In the Neotropical region the place of the absent placental Insectivores is filled by
several very small species of Lidelphys. Of these the Murine Opossum is the best-known
and most widely distributed, its recorded range extending from Southern Mexico to Guiana
and Eastern Brazil. In Guatemala the 7/acuazin raton is a rare animal. Mr. Sarg’s
specimens were obtained in hollow trees; one of these, now in the British Museum,
is an unusually large male, its head and body measuring six inches and its tail nearly
eight inches. |

ln spite of its small size, this species does not confine itself to a purely insectivorous
diet, but preys also on small birds; Temminck found feathers in the stomachs of several

DIDELPHYS.—CHIRONECTES, 201

specimens which he dissected. He adds that it burrows in the earth, and suspends

itself by the tail to the branches of trees, feeding partly on fruit, as do several of its
congeners *,

2. CHIRONECTES.
Chironectes, Illiger, Prod. Syst. Mamm. p. 76 (1811).

One species of the Didelphide is so far modified for an aquatic life that its claim to
generic distinction has been almost universally recognized. Still the distinctive characters
of Chironectes are not of fundamental consequence, the most important being :—the
complete webbing of the hind feet, which are proportionally very large; and the great
development of the pisiform bone of the carpus, which causes a tubercle on the outer
side of the fore foot, resembling a rudimentary sixth digit. In the female the pouch is
well developed.

The only known species of Chironectes is a small animal of handsome markings,
its ground-colour of clear grey being varied by large confluent patches of velvety black
on the head and back. It attains a length of about twelve inches, with a tail of from
thirteen to fifteen inches.

1. Chironectes variegatust.

Lutra minima, Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch. ii. p. 8317 (1780, ex Buffon)'.

Lutra saricovienna, Shaw, Gen. Zool. i. pt. 2, p. 447 (1800, ex Buffon)’.

Chironectes variegatus, Illiger, Abh. Ak. Berlin, 1811, p. 107 (descr. orig.)’; Frantzius, Arch. f.
Naturg. xxxv. 1, p. 318°; Sclater, P. Z.S. 1871, p. 702°.

Tlacuazin de agua of Guatemalans.

Zorro de agua of Costa-Ricans’*.

Hab. GuateMata (Salvin), Coban (Sarg); Costa Rica (Frantziust)—Sourn AMERICA
to Brazil.

First described from Guiana}, the Yapock or Water-Opossum has a pretty extensive
range, being found in suitable localities in the northern parts of Brazil, Guiana 1, and

* Monogr. de Mamm. i. p. 51.

t I have retained Illiger’s well-known specific name*, instead of reviving either of the forgotten
titles previously bestowed by Zimmermann’ and Shaw”, for the following reasons. There can be no doubt
that Zimmermann’s Lutra minima was intended for the present species, it being founded on Ja petite Loutre de
Guayane of Buffon (Hist. Nat. Suppl. iii. p. 157, pl. xxii.); but the name minima when applied to the only
known member of a genus is so misleading as to come fairly under Rule XI. of the Stricklandian code. Lutra
saricovienna of Shaw is compounded of the above-named petite Loutre de Guayane and la Saricovienne of Buffon
(Hist. Nat. xiii. p. 319), which is identified by Buffon himself with the Carigueibeju of Marcgrave (Hist. Nat.
Bras. p. 234), the Lutra brasiliensis of Brisson and of modern zoologists. Shaw’s title may therefore be at once
dismissed, and L[lliger’s name retained as the earliest which can be satisfactorily used for the present
species,

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, Octoder 1881. 2D

202 MARSUPIALIA.

Colombia.*, and probably throughout the other countries of northern South America.
In Costa Rica, where it is known to the inhabitants as Zorro de aqua (Water-Opossum),
Dr. v. Frantzius considered it not to be rare, though the number of specimens which
came under his own observation was not large*. In Guatemala Mr. Salvin did not
obtain any specimens himself; but a drawing by Mrs. Salvin of an animal preserved in
the Museum of the Sociedad Economica de Guatemala clearly represents this species.
Mr. Sarg informs Messrs. Godman and Salvin that several pairs have been observed in
the river of Coban, and two that he obtained were shot when playing on a stone in
the water; they are supposed to feed on the crayfish (Cambarus) common in this river.

In Brazil, Natterer informed Mr. Waterhouse, “the Water-Opossum feeds on Crus-
tacea, and, doubtless, on other aquatic animals. One of his specimens was captured
in the water alive, near Para, in a basket similar to those used in this country for
catching eels ; it had made its way through the funnel-shaped opening, and could not
return, thus proving that these animals are good divers” *. Other writers have stated
that the Yapock is partly vegetarian in its diet ; but the observation appears to require

confirmation.
* Waterhouse, Nat. Hist. Mamm. i. p. 535.

SUPPLEMENT.

In the first parts of this volume I adopted, owing to an unfortunate misunderstanding,
a different northern limit of the Central-American subregion from that selected by
the Editors of the work. Instead of taking the valleys of the Rio Grande and Gila as a
boundary, I drew the line at the 25th parallel of north latitude, thus rejecting many
Nearctic species which extend into the Northern-Mexican States of Sonora, Chihuahua,
&c. Although I am still of opinion that the latter is the most natural limit of the
subregion, it is evident that uniformity with the rest of the work demands the adoption
of the more northern boundary; I therefore accepted it in the rest of the volume; and
I now notice the few species of Bats and Insectivores which were omitted in the early
parts. I have also added what little further information has reached me while going
through the press, and have corrected one or two of the graver errors into which I
have fallen, thus bringing up the subject, to the best of my power, to the date of the
completion of publication.

The additional genera and species are marked thus “(N.),” and are duly incorporated
in the tables which will be given in the Introduction.

VESPERUGO (p. 19).

Under this heading I should have noticed Scotophilus miradorensis, a provisional
name proposed by Dr. H. Allen for a Bat of that genus, of which a single specimen
was sent by Dr. Sartorius from Mirador, Vera Cruz, to the Smithsonian Institution 7.
Along with the other Bats described by Dr. Allen at the same time, I omitted V. mira-
dorensis in hopes of being able to obtain the type for examination ; but in this I have
been disappointed (cf: infra, p. 205, sub voce VESPERTILIO).

[Vesperugo parvulus (p. 21).

A specimen of this species has been obtained by Mr. A. Forrer in the Tres Marias
Islands, the locality from which Mr. Allen’s types were procured.—O. T.]

* [This Supplement was left by Mr. Alston in an almost complete state at the time of his death on the 7th
of March 1881. The few additional specimens that have since come into our hands have been determined by
Mr. Oldfield Thomas, who has in certain cases added a few notes respecting them. These will be found in
brackets in their proper places with Mr. Thomas’s initials attached to them.—LEbp. |

+ Proc. Acad. Philad. 1866, p. 287 (deser. orig.). |

2D 2

204 SUPPLEMENT.

(N.) ANTROZOUS.
Antrozous, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, p. 248.

This genus differs from the rest of the family in having only four lower incisors ; and
it is also exceptional in the possession of a rudimentary discoid nose-leaf, the only
other Vespertilionine Bat which shares the latter peculiarity being the Old-World
genus Wyctophilus. Only one species of Antrozous is known, a pale-yellowish-brown-
coloured Bat, with a forearm of about two inches.

(N.) Antrozous pallidus.

Vespertilio pallidus, Leconte, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1855, p. 437 (descr. orig.)*; Baird, Rep. U.S.
Mex. Bound. Surv. ii. Mamm. p. 4’.
Antrozous pallidus, H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Am. p. 68°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 171 *.

Hab. Nortu America, western regions, from Oregon southwards ?.—Mexico, Sonora ?.

This peculiar Bat appears to be not uncommon in the Rocky-Mountain province,
going as far north as Oregon (whence it has been sent to the United-States Museum by
Dr. Suckley *), and extending southwards to Northern Mexico. ‘* Numerous specimens
of this species,” says Professor Baird, “ were collected by the Boundary Commission in
Texas, New Mexico, Sonora, and California. The one described by Major Leconte was
taken at El Paso” 2.

(N.) NYCTICEJUS.
Nycticejus, Rafinesque, Journ. de Phys. Ixxxviil. p. 417 (1819, fide H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Am.
p- 11).

Nycticejus agrees with the closely allied genus Atalapha in having only two upper
incisors, but differs in the nakedness of its interfemoral membrane, in the form of its
small subtriangular ear, and in the shape of its tragus, which has a straight inner
margin instead of being curved boldly inward. NV. crepuscularis, the only known
species *, is a small Bat, with a forearm of about 1°40; its fur is brown, tipped with
a lighter tint.

(N.) Nycticejus crepuscularis.

Vespertilio crepuscularis, Leconte, M‘Murtrie’s Cuv. An. Kingd. i. p. 482 (1831, descr. orig. fide
H. Allen), Proc. Ac. Philad. 1856, p. 433°.
Nycticejus crepuscularis, H. Allen, Mon. Bats N. Am. p. 12°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus,
p. 266%.
Hab. Nortn America, from New York southwards *.—Mexico, Matamoras (Berlandier,
U.S. Nat. Mus.*). |

* It is to be remembered that though several Old-World Bats have been referred to Wycticejus by Temminck
and other writers, they have been generically separated by Professor Peters and Mr. Dobson under Leach’s
name Scotophilus: cf. supra, p. 19, footnote.

CHIROPTERA. 205

The range of this species extends, according to Mr. Dobson, “ from New York to the
Rocky Mountains, and southwards to New Orleans and to the West-Indian Islands
(Cuba)”*. Dr. Allen mentions two specimens from Matamoras as included in the
Berlandier collections, which Lieut. D. N. Couch purchased and presented to the
Smithsonian Institution; and there is a skin in the British Museum said to be from
Central America‘.

ATALAPHA (p. 22).
[Atalapha noveboracensis (p. 22).

A specimen of the frantzii variety of this species was taken by Mr. Forrer in the
Tres Marias.—O. T.]

(N.) Atalapha intermedia.

Lasiurus intermedius, H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, p. 146 (descr. orig.)’; Mon. Bats N.
Am. p. 25’.

Atalapha intermedia, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1870, p. 912°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus
p. 274%,

Hab. North America, Texas*.—Muxico, Matamoras (Berlandier, U.S. Nat. Mus.?;
Mus. Berol.).

As I observed above, this Bat being found at least as far south as Matamoras,
according to the limits now adopted it must of course be accepted asa member of
our fauna.

Atalapha intermedia is the type of Professor Peters’s subgenus Dasypterus ?, charac-
terized by the possession of only one upper premolar on each side, and by the inter-
femoral membrane being hairy on its anterior half or two thirds only. From the two
other members of the subgenus, A. egregia, Peters, and A. ega (Gervais), it may be at
once distinguished by its olive-brown fur, its obtuse and curved tragus, and by its
interfemoral membrane being naked on its posterior third only. Its forearm measures
about two inches.

VESPERTILIO (p. 23).

In 1866 Dr. H. Allen published some “ Notes on the Vespertilionide of Tropical
America” *, In this paper he gave provisional names to several specimens in the Museum
of the Smithsonian Institution which appeared to him to be new, observing that, ‘‘ should
any or all of them prove to be old species, their descriptions can, without confusion, be
added to the original meagre diagnoses, and may thus add to what little we know of
these obscure animals.” Of the genus Vespertilio three of these species were described

* Proc. Ac. Philad. 1866, pp. 279-288.

206 SUPPLEMENT.

from Central-American specimens, namely:—V. concinnus (p. 280) from Salvador ;
V. exiguus (p. 281) from Aspinwall, Panama; and J/. agilis (p. 282) from Mirador,
Mexico. As in the case of Vesperugo miradorensis*, I purposely delayed mention of
these in the hope of having the opportunity of examining Dr. Allen’s types; but as I
have not been able to do so, I can only draw attention to his original descriptions.
From these it is unfortunately impossible to decide whether the species have been
previously described or not.

[Vespertilio nigricans (p. 24).

A specimen of this species was obtained by Mr. Forrer in the Tres Marias Islands, a
locality considerably to the north of any locality hitherto recorded for it.

Mr. Alston’s notes include a reference to Vespertilio mexicanus, De Saussure t, from
Mexico ; but he does not seem to have recognized the species ; the description, however,
agrees very fairly with this species, of which De Saussure’s name would therefore be
a synonym. The type of V. mexicanus was obtained from the Province of Mexico,

and therefore from quite the same locality as the Mexican V. nigricans mentioned
above (p. 25).—O. T.|

(N.) Vespertilio subulatus.

Vespertilio subulatus, Say, Long’s Exped. ii. p. 65 (1823, descr. orig., fide H. Allen)*; H. Allen,
Mon. Bats N. Am. p. 51°; Dobson, Cat. Chir. Brit. Mus. p. 324°.

Hab. Norra America, from Nova Scotia southwards ?.—Mzxico, Sonora (Schott, Clark,
U.S. Nat. Mus.’).

The “Little Brown Bat” of American authors has the ears longer than the head,
proportionally large feet, the wing-membranes starting from the base of the toes, and
the last caudal vertebra free. The forearm has a length of about 1-50; and the fur is
almost black, tipped above with yellowish brown, and beneath with yellowish white.
Mr. Dobson observes that it “approaches V. mystacinus, but not so closely as V. nitidus.
The ears are larger; and the outer margin of the ear-conch is not deeply emarginate
above; the feet are also larger; and the last caudal vertebra is free” 3.

The most southern locality for V. swbulatus with which I am acquainted is Sonora,
several specimens collected in that State by the officers of the United-States Mexican
Boundary Survey being now preserved in the National Museum at Washington ®.

[Saccopteryx plicata (p. 29).

Two specimens of this species were obtained by Mr. Forrer at San Blas, on the coast
of Mexico, opposite the Tres Marias. Its occurrence there affords another example
of the affinity of the fauna of this part of Mexico to that of Costa Rica, the type of
the species having come from that State. (See below, under Procyon cancrivorus.)—O. T. |

* Cf. supra, p. 208. + Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1860, p. 282 (deser. orig.).

CHIROPTERA. 207

[Diclidurus albus (p. 30).

Another specimen of this rare Bat has been obtained by Mr. Champion at Champerico,
Guatemala, and is now in the British Museum. The northern extension of this species
to Guatemala is thus confirmed, Mr. Sarg’s specimen mentioned above having hitherto
been the only one known from that State.—O. T.]

[Macrotus waterhousii (p. 38).

Two specimens of this species were obtained by Mr. Forrer in the Tres Marias
Islands. The true UM. waterhousii has hitherto been recorded with certainty only from
the eastern parts of Mexico and the West-Indian Islands; but its occurrence in the
Tres Marias would seem to confirm the identity of Baird’s WM. californicus with it.—

QT]

[Chilonycteris rubiginosa (p. 35).

The occurrence of this Bat in Mexico, given above on the authority of the list of Bats
in the Washington Museum, has now been confirmed by the capture of a specimen near

Mazatlan, Mr. A. Forrer having sent a specimen from that place to Messrs. Salvin and
Godman.—O. T.|

CHCERONYCTERIS (p. 46).
[Cheronycteris mexicana (p. 46).

An immature specimen of this somewhat rare species is contained in Mr. Forrer’s
Tres-Marias collection.—O. TT. ]

(N.) Cheronycteris minor.

_ Cheronycteris minor, Peters, Monatsb. Ak. Berl. 1868, p. 366 (descr. orig.)'; Dobson, Cat. Chir.
Brit. Mus. p. 511°; Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1880, p. 196°.

Hab. GuateMa.a (Champion, Brit. Mus.*)—Sovutn America to Guiana! and Brazil 2.

When my account of this genus was written this second species was only known
from Guiana! and Brazil? ; but a specimen has since been received by Messrs. Godman
and Salvin from Guatemala from their collector Mr. Champion, and is now in the
British Museum.

As already noticed, Cheronycteris minor may easily be distinguished from Ch. mexicana
(which it resembles in colour) by its conspicuously smaller size, its forearm measuring
1-35, as against 1”-70, by its ear being shorter and less deeply emarginate, and by the
length of the calcaneum, which considerably exceeds that of the foot.

Chiroderma salvini (p. 49).
The range of this species extends to Colombia, Mr. Dobson having recently found an

208 SUPPLEMENT.

example among the Bats belonging to the collection of the Gottingen Museum, which
is labelled as being from Popayan, an elevated locality in the Andes, 6000 feet above
the sea-level. Mr. Dobson remarks that this specimen has only “ faintly marked facial
streaks, and a very narrow white line in the fur along the lower half of the spine.
This shows that the white streaks are as variable in this species as I have already
noticed in the case of Artibeus planirostris (Catal. Chirop. Br. Mus. p. 516). The
important structural characters on which the species depends are, however, as well
marked [as] in the only specimen hitherto known (the type in the collection of the

British Museum), which was collected by Mr. Salvin in Costa Rica, and named by me
after the discoverer” *,

[Sturnira lilium (p. 50).

This somewhat common Bat has not been hitherto recorded north of Guatemala and
Honduras; but Mr. F. Gaumer has recently sent to Messrs. Godman and Salvin,
through M. Boucard, a specimen obtained by him in 1880, in Northern Yucatan,
showing a considerable extension of its northward range.—O. T.]

(N.) Blarina berlandieri.

Blarina berlandert, Baird, Mamm. N. Am. p. 53 (1857, descr. orig.)*; Rep. U.S. Mex. Bound.
Surv. nu. Mamm. p. 5’.

Hab. Mexico, Matamoras (Couch, U.S. Nat. Mus.1), Tlalpam (Geddes, Mus. Brit.).

As already observed (above, p. 57), Dr. Coues has expressed some doubt as to the
specific distinction of Berlandier’s Shrew from the Blarina micrura of Guatemala and
Costa Rica and the B. exilipes of Texas. The comparison of large suites of specimens will
be necessary before deciding on the relationship of these forms, of which B. berlandieri
appears to agree with B. micrura in size and proportions, but to differ in coloration,
the lower parts being yellowish white instead of dull grey as in the southern form.

Professor Baird’s type specimens were from Matamoras, and formed part of Ber-
landier’s collections, which were secured by Lieut. Couch for the National Museum at
Washington!. An example, which agrees well with the descriptions of B. berlandieri,
has been lately received by the British Museum from Mr. P. Geddes, and is labelled as
having been obtained at an elevation of 7000 feet, at Tlalpam, near the city of Mexico.

[Procyon cancrivorus’? (p. 69).

A Raccoon precisely agreeing with the Veraguan specimen of P. cancrivorus men-
tioned above by Mr. Alston has been obtained by Mr. Forrer in the Tres Marias
Islands. The occurrence of this, the southern species, in these islands, 2000 miles
north of the most northern locality hitherto known for it, is particularly interesting as

* P.Z.8. 1880, p. 465; Rep. Brit. Assoc. 1880, p. 197.
T Not crancrivorus, as accidentally printed above.

CARNIVORA. 209

furnishing another instance of the peculiar affinity of their fauna to that of Southern
Central America. In fact, as Mr. Salvin informs me, this fauna seems to be, in the
first place, very closely allied to that of Mazatlan and the neighbouring parts of
Western Mexico; and then, missing the whole of Southern Mexico, Guatemala, and
Nicaragua, its next nearest affinities are with Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, and other
parts of North-Western South America*. (See also below, p. 211, under Lepus
graysoni.)

BASSARICYON (p. 70).

When treating above of Bassaricyon gabbi, I was in great hopes that the lost skin of
Mr. Allen’s unique type specimen might be recovered in time to be described and
figured in this Appendix. Although disappointed in this respect, I have to record that
my friend Mr. Oldfield Thomas has detected a second example of the genus in the fine
collection of mammals formed by Mr. Clarence Buckley in Ecuador. The skull of this
example agrees in all essentials with that of B. gabbi, but differs in minor details, which
seem to indicate specific distinction; and Mr. Thomas has therefore named it B. alleni,
in honour of the founder of the genus f.

The most remarkable fact about this Ecuador Bassaricyon is its strange external
resemblance, both in form and colour, to Cercoleptes caudivolvulus; in fact, in
Mr. Thomas’s words, it is only to be distinguished by “the flatness of the head and
the greyness of the face, as compared with the high head and yellowish face of the
Kinkajou.” This resemblance is the more extraordinary as the skulls of both B. gabbi
and B. allent indicate a much closer relationship to Nasuwa and Procyon than to the
other genera of the family.

As soon as I was acquainted with this interesting discovery I wrote to Mr. Allen
suggesting that the lost skin of his type might have been mislaid among the specimens
of Cercoleptes in the National Museum at Washington. In a recent letter, however,
he informs me that the most careful search has been made in vain; we must
therefore wait for more specimens to show whether B. gabdi agrees with B. alleni in
its extraordinary superficial likeness to Cercoleptes caudivolvulus.

[PHOCIDA—OTARIIDA (p. 89).]

Under this head I quoted Dampier’s account of the Seals which were taken in his
time off the coast of Yucatan, remarking that I had been unable to find any modern
evidence of the existence of Seals on the east coast of Central America, and observing
that the species most likely to occur there would be the West-Indian forms named Phoca

* The range of Rhodinocichla rosea, Less., as given by Messrs. Salvin and Godman (Aves, p. 39), affords
another excellent example of the facts here mentioned.
t+ See P. Z. 8. 1880, p. 397, pl. xxxviii. (descr. orig.).

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. 1, October 1881. 2E

210 SUPPLEMENT.

tropicalis and Cystophora antillarum by Gray. Since this passage passed through the
press Mr. J. A. Allen has published his exhaustive ‘History of North-American
Pinnipeds’*, in which he quotes a letter from Mr. R. W. Kemp, of Key West, Florida,
as follows:—*Some two or three years ago there were two [Seals] seen near Cape
Florida. It was supposed that they had strayed from some of the Bahama Islands, as
there are some few to be found in that vicinity. Iam informed by reliable parties
that Seals are to be found in great numbers at the Anina Islands, situated between the
Isle of Pines and Yucatan..... The Seals are said to bevery easily killed or cap-
tured alive. They yield a great deal of oil. The skins are very large, but not easy to
cure on account of their fatty substance.” In a second letter Mr. Kemp alludes to
their comparative abundance on the coasts of Yucatan; and Mr. Allen observes that in
several maps the name of “Seal Kays” is given to certain islets off the Mosquito coast,
in about 12° 40' north latitude.

These Seals Mr. Allen refers to ‘ Monachus? tropicalis” ~, as the only Pinniped
which has been satisfactorily established as a native of the Gulf of Mexico 4; and
although no specimens have yet fallen into the hands of zoologists this identification
may be provisionally accepted. Very little is known of M. tropicalis; but according to
Mr. Gosse’s description ||, and the imperfect type specimen in the British Museum, it
appears to be nearly allied to Monachus albiventris (Boddaert), which is the common
Seal of the Mediterranean and of the adjoining parts of the Western Atlantic. Its fur is
nearly uniform black, with greyish tips; and the males are said to attain a length of
nearly ten feet.

With regard to the occurrence of Sea-Lions or Seals on the Pacific coast of Central
America, Mr. Allen draws attention to the fact (which had escaped me) that Dampier
met with “Seals” in 1686 both at the Chametly Islands, in 23° 11' north latitude, and
at the Tres Marias, about two degrees further south. In his ‘New Voyage round the
World’ he writes of the former group :—‘ The Bays about the Islands are sometimes

* Miscellaneous Publications of the U.S. Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, No. 12
(Washington, 1880).

tT Op. cit. pp. 721, 722.

+ Phoca tropicalis, Gray, Cat. Seals Brit. Mus. p. 28 (1850, deser. orig.); Monachus tropicalis, Gray, Cat.
Seals and Whales Brit. Mus. p. 20 (1866); Handlist Seals Brit. Mus. p. 11 (1874); [Phoca] wilkianus, Gosse,
Nat. in Jamaica, p. 307 (1851, descr. orig.).

§ Mr. Allen has satisfactorily disposed of the claims of the only other described species, Cystophora antil-
larum, by showing that the type specimens were not received from Mr. P. H. Gosse, as repeatedly stated by
Gray. Mr. Gosse has himself assured Mr. Allen that the only skin delivered by him to the British Museum
from Jamaica was that of the “ Pedro Seal,” ¢.¢. the type of Monachus tropicalis. There can be little doubt
that Gray was in error both as to the locality and as to the collector of his specimens ; for, as Mr.Allen observes,
“the genus Cystophora, as now known, is a subarctic type, the occurrence of which within the tropics seems
at least very improbable” (op. cit. p. 720).

|| ‘Naturalist in Jamaica,’ pp. 107-114.

CARNIVORA.—GLIRES, 211

visited with Seal; and this was the first place where I had seen any of these Animals,
on the North-side of the Equator, in these Seas. For the Fish on this sandy Coast lye
most in the Lagunes or Salt-lakes, and Mouths of Rivers; but the Seals come not so
much there, as I judge: For this being no rocky Coast, where Fish resort most, there
seems to be but little Food for the Seals, unless they will venture upon Cat-Fish”*.
At the Tres Marias Islands he found “the Sea also pretty well stored with Fish, and
Turtle or Tortoise, and Seal. ‘This is the second Place on this Coast where I did see
any Seal: and this place helps to confirm what I have observed, that they are seldom
seen but when there is plenty of Fish”.

Mr. Allen supposes these “Seals” to have been the Californian Sea-Lion{, but
observes that they may have been the Northern Sea-Elephant 4, although in that case
Dampier would probably have alluded to their great size ||. At any rate there seems
to be no doubt that both Sea-Lions and Sea-Elephants are now extirpated on the
Pacific coast between California and Peru, although Captain Scammon alludes to the
existence of the former animal “on the Mexican coast” some years previous to

1852 4.

[Lepus graysoni (p. 177).

Two specimens of this species from the typical locality (the Tres Marias Islands)
‘were collected by Mr. Forrer. One is a full-grown male, obtained on the 23rd of
April, and the other an immature female, killed on the 10th of March of the present
year.

These Hares, which quite agree with Mr. Allen’s description, seem certainly to be
very closely allied to L. sylvaticus ; but without seeing more specimens I do not care to
express any definite opinion on this point. There can be no doubt, however, that, if
not a species, L. graysont represents at least a distinguishable race or variety, of which
the distribution presents us with another instance of the already mentioned remarkable
affinities possessed by the fauna of the Tres Marias Islands, since Mr. Allen refers in
his original description to a second specimen of this form collected by J. Carmiol at
Talamanca, Costa Rica.—O. T. |

* Dampier’s Voyages, i. pp. 263, 264.

+ Tom. cit. p. 276.

t Otaria californiana, Lesson, = Zalophus californianus, Allen, = Otaria gillespu, M‘Bain (cf. supra, p. 90).

§ Macrorhinus angustirostris, Gill, = M. leoninus (Linn.)? (cf. supra, p. 90).

|| Hist. N.-Am. Pinnipeds, pp. 289, 290, 751, 752.

@ Marine Mamm. N. Am. pp. 130-135. It seems not improbable that the former occurrence of Pinnipeds
on these coasts may have given rise to the reports of the existence of Manatus australis in the Pacific (cf.

supra, p. 95).

212 SUPPLEMENT.

[Didelphys murina (p. 200).

An Opossum referable to this widely-distributed species forms the third of the land
Mammalia obtained by Mr. Forrer in the Tres Marias Islands, the Raccoon and the
Hare already mentioned being the other two. According to Mr. Forrer these three
are the only land mammals indigenous to the islands, though one would have expected
that some of the numerous Muride inhabiting the neighbouring mainland would be
represented ; it appears, however, that the inhabitants know of no rats or mice what-
ever in the islands, except, of course, the cosmopolitan Mus decumanus, Pall.—O. T.)

INDEX.

[Names in small capitals refer to Families &.; those in Roman type to the chief reference to each species included in the work
those in italics to species incidentally mentioned, synonyms, &c.]

Page

Agoutt ...... tbe eeeetoeetes 171
AlOUda . eee ccc 3, 155
ANISONYE voc eecccvccccecces 138
Anoura ecaudata .........00. 45
120) | XX) Lr 45
ANTILOCAPRA ........ee eee 112
Antilocapra viccececcceceues 106
Antilocapra americana........ 112
AMELUCANA oe eee cee e ees 113
ANTILOCAPRIDH .........04. 112
Antilope americana ........65 112
ANTROZOUS 1... . cece eee eee 204
Antrozous pallidus .......... 204
Anura ecaudata..... cece cece 45
AOLUS Cece c ccc eens 14
Aplocerus montana .......... lil
MONLANUS 6.6 cv ceceecees 113
Arctocephalus ursinus ........ 90
Arctomys ludovicianus ........ 138
Arctopithecus............ 181, 184
blainvillet . 61. ccc eee 182
Doliviensts . 6... ce eee eee 182
castanewceps ........ 182, 184
GTUSEUS oc ceveceees 182, 183
MAPMOLALUS Woe receceeee 182

—— problematicus .......... 182
ARTIBEUB ......0cc cece cece 46
Artibeus cinereus ............ 47
JAMAWCENSIS veer eeeeeee 47

—— perspicillatus .......... 47
plantrostyts vi. eee eee 208
VETUCALUS Lov cccevevcves 45
rr 49
ARTIODACTYLA ........005. 106
CO 155
DONG owe ee ees 120, 153, 157
amphibwus ...... 6... 008. 157
MOXICANUS, 2... cee ws 156
wee MNOMICONUS oo oe ccc ee ees 157

Page

Arvicola nuttalli oo... cc ee. 146
pinetorum.............. 157
—— pinetorum oc... cee. 156, 158
pinetorum, var. quasiater.. 157
—— quasiater .............. 157
—— quasiater oo... eee eee, 156
TUPATUUS eee cane 156, 157
AYPViUCcOUN Lovee cee ceenees 155
ASCOMYS . oer eevee ccnenceves 158
MELICANUS Woe v eve ce eevee 159
ATALAPHA.........0000 22, 205
Abalapha wivceccccceuee 23, 204
Cinerea wo... eee eee 23
a 22
CJA. .s.ee, se ceeeeeenees 205
—— OEGTEGIA ee cecevecanee 205
frantic... 22, 23, 205
—— intermedia ............ 205
LL 22
noveboracensis...... 22, 205
moveboracensis .......604. 23
PPCUPCTU ccc ccccecee 23
VATUD vive ccc ceeenennee 23
ATELES wo... cece eee eee eee 6
Ateles ........ 3,7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 18
AIDUfTONS vee e ee ee eae 8

cS) 7
belzebuth wi... eee eee 7
frontatus wc... cece eee ee 10
fuliginosus........666, 10, 11
geoffroyi ..... preeeeees 8
GJCOPTOYt. . ce ceccees 7,10, 11
—— hybridus..... cece cece eee 8
melanochir ......4- 8,9, 10
OPNALUS woe evevenae 8,9, 11

PAN vivivceecueceees 10, 11
PANASCUS eee c eee eeees 7
rufiventris.............. 8
PUPIVENETTS. Love ee eevenee 7

BIOL. CENT.-AMER., Mamm. Vol. I., October 1881.

Page

Ateles variegatus ... cc. cece 8
vellerosus ....... 00.000 10
vellerosus .....60 7,8,9, 11
Balantiopterye ....cceceeee 28, 29
PUCHA ciceeccceceeeens 29
BASSARICYON .......... 70, 209
Bassarwcyon ve ecccccceees 57, 71
1 209
gabbi..... cee eee aes 71

GADD Lecce ccc ccc eees 209
Bassaricyontn® oo. .e cece ccaee 71
BASSARIS .........0eee cece 71
BAS8ArUS voce ees 57,73
astuta oe. cece eee eee 72
MONICA ove c vc cccnces 73
POpPtOY ieee ceveeee 72,73
sumichrasti ............ 73
SUMIUChIASE oo. eee eee 72
variabis oo. eee ceeeeee 73
BISON . 0... ce cece cece eee 111
Bison amerwcanus oo... cece lil
BLARINA oo. cece eee ee eee 56
BlAvind oc cece nec aes 57
berlandieri ............ 208
berlandiert..... ceca 57
CUINEVEUS Wee ce eeceeeees 57
CLUUPES Lecce vevnees 57, 208
MeXiCANA ......... 0.00. ‘57
MEXICANA vie eeecceveves 56

—— micrura........... weeee 56
——— MUTUAL ee racecevenes 208
talpotdes oe... cece eee 57
BOVIDE woe eee eee cena 110
Brachysore® vicceccccccceves 56
BRADYPODIDE ..........005. 18].
BRADYPUS..... cece eeeeuee 181
Bradypus ..ccesese. 183, 185, 186

214 INDEX.

Page Page Page
Bradypus castaneiceps ........ 184 CENTURIO ..... 0. cece eee eens 50 CHRYSOTHRIX .............. 15
CAStANEICEPS 6... ese eeee 182 Centurto vec e cece ce eeees . 36 Chrysothrix entomophaga...... 16
—— cuculliger oo... cccveeeae 182 Slavogularts. cc ccceceves 51, 52 cerstedi ..... eee e eee ee 16
—— didactylus ..........0045 185 —— macmurtrii ............ 51 BOUT CR oc ccc eccenecnes 16
infuscatus .............. 183 ——— MEXICANUS 6. eve cececeves 51 Cites cece cece enn 134
—— infuscatus ..........000. 182 BENEX. cess cece eee e eens 51 Citilus mexicanus ..... 00000. 187
torquatus .......... 181, 182 SCENEL vivcevcscccscccees 52 ClOOMIS occ eens vate acasus alg |
tridactylus...... 181, 182, 183 Cercolabes ......cceeveevenes 169 COdSSUS .e eee cece eens 1138, 119
liebmant ...... wee ee ees 170 Rr oe 118
Callithrix vic eevccecccvecees 16 —— nove-hispam@ .......00. 170 Caclogenus vic ccccccccccceees 174
Calomys aureolus ........000% 146 CERCOLEPTES .......00.000- 76 Flos vocsacccccccaces 174
O79 50. 65 Cercoleptes ......eeceeees 57, 209 SUDNUJEl ever eceeeeee .. 174
O75 (: 65 brachyotus....cccecveees 76 COILOGENYS ...........0000, 174
Canis argenteus .... 0.6... c ens 67 caudivolvulus .......... 76 Ceelogenys paca ............ 174
cinereo-argenteus ........ 67 caudivolvulus......6.0. .. 209 PACH vivisvvveneees 119,175
latrans ............005. 66 MeEGALOLUS oo ceravecenes 76 Conde vec eececccceccneeees 169
lupus. ..... eee ee ee eee 65 CERVIDE woe eee cece eee ee eee 113 CONEPATUS ........ cece eee 83
—— UPB ec naee 66 Cervus Poi cece ceees 115,118 | Conepatus 1.0... . cece eee 80
—— MEXICANUB 6. cece 65 acapulcensis ........ 117, 118 MAPUTItO 6... cece ences 84
occidentalis .......... 65, 66 CApricornts ..sesvee 115, 116 MAPUTUO vc ivecvececaces 81
occidentalis, var. mexicanus 65 MACTOLIS. voce ceceeeeeees 114 MASULUS 6... eevee to eseas 84
OT 2 74 MEXUCANUS 6c ee evecccenee 115 COPMUIA.L Lovee cece ccneveees 28
CARIACUS 10... cece eee ee 113 MEMOTAUS ws... cseeee 115, 116 Corswra teculyas oo. e. cece ce ees 55
CArtACUS Lecce 106, 118 a 118, 119 temlydS oo. cc ecccceccces 55
Pvc ceeeeeeeeeeceeenes 115 SATUOTU voce ececeees 118, 119 tropicalis oo. eee eens 56
Veucurus .. eee ceccecees 115 toltecuS ....eeeeeeee 117, 118 Cricetodipus 6. ccc ceeeeeceees 164.
—— macrotis .............. 114 OUGUUANUS evseveveves 115 SUAS eevee cece 164, 165
MACrOlIS Le... eee 1138, 115 yucatanensis ........ 117,118 PATOUS vee c eee cncenee 164
MELICANUS 6.6... 00. 115,116 | Chalinolobus .......... be eees 21 Cricetus talpoides ............ 162
MANUS eee en encceens 119 CHILONYCTERIS .......00005 34 CrOctdrd ov evieecvevereees 55
PCPUVIANUS oe cece ceeee 115 Chilonycterts oo. c cece eens wee BO OE 55
rufinus .... ........0.. 118 davyi.....eeeee ‘Seeeeees 36 Cyclothurus oc ccccceccceces 193
TUPINUS oo. eee 113, 114 AAVYt ee ccc cece eeennns 35 Aorsas 66... cece veces 198
PUPUS Looe cece cece cece. 119 —— gymnonotus .......0.08, 36 CYCLOTURUS. 0... 0.0... ces 193
SAVANNATUM . 00. e eee ee, 115 macleayt ..cccccccvauas 35 Cycloturus didactylus ........ 193
1 115 PONE Coo cee cececcnee 35 Aidactylus vo... cece eaee 194
— toltecus............ 04. 117 personata .............. 35 Aorsalts oo. cecceveeceeas 194.
tolt€CuS ..... eee 113,114. | —— rubiginosa.......... 35, 207 CYNOMYS oo... cece eee eae 138
virginianus .... ....... 115 TPUDIGINOSA Loe ce cececcees 86 CYNOMYS occ ccccerecaneees 120
virginianus 113, 114,116, 118 CHIRODERMA......... 0000 eee 49 COlUMBIANUS oo. eee ceues 138
CARNIVORA ............000. 57 Chiroderma salvini ...... 49, 207 ludovicianus............ 138
CAROLLIA ..... 0... 0... c eae 42 CHIRONECTES .......00ee00e 201 Cystophora occ ccececcceccues 210
Carolia vice ic cece cece ceees 43 Chironectes variegatus........ 201 antillarum oo ceccees . 90, 210
ABCCAL Lecce eee cee enee 43 CHIROPTERA ..... eee cece 18
brevicauda ............ 43 CHCRONYCTERIS........ 46, 207
a 43 Cheeronycteris mexicana.. 46, 207 DASYPODIDH wo. ee cece ee eee 187
OF NS 0): 139 MINOY oo... eee eee e eee 207 DASYPROCTA ... 0s. esse eee 171
Castor canadensis ..........4. 139 Te 46 DASYProctd. cece ccvnecces 174
fiber ....... cee eee eee 139 POYUANG . vee ceccececee 45 AGUer . eee eeeeveccceees 172
CASTORIDH .........00c cee 139 Cholorpus oo... ceceeceee 185, 194 a 172,173
CEBIDE wo... eee eee ees 3 didactylus ........ 185, 186 ——_ CYISEALD Le eceeccecenee 171
CEBUS. wo... cei e ee eee 12 hoffmannt ........ 185, 186 FUGINOSH Liv cceseceees 173
Cebus albifrons oo... 0. cece 12 CHOLOPUS ...... ccc eee eee 185 isthmica ..........000. 171
CAPUCINUS oe e cece nee 12 ChOlopus oi. cc ccccccccvcvcees 183 —— MeXiCANA 2... eee eee 178
—— hypoleucus ............ 18 hoffmanni .............. 186 —— MEXICAND vi ciccccccvees 171
—— hypoleucus............ 10, 12 Chrotopterus auritus ........4. 40 punctate oi... eee sees 172

Page
Dasyprocta punctata..... . 119,171
VAYIEGALA oie cece e eee .. 171
DasSyPROCTIDH ............ 171
Dasypterus ccc cc cccececnees 205
Dasypus oo... ce ccecceees 187, 188
CUCUTDIEINUS Loe cece ees 189
duodecemeinctus ......5. 188
fenestratus........4. 188, 189
—— JY MNUTUS oe cece vanes 188
longicaudatus ......0005 189
MEXLUCANUS . esc cecennces 188
——_ MINUEUB Lec ceneccee 188
novememcetus ........ 188, 189
—— novemeinctus, var. mexica- |
DUBS ee ee cece evo 188, 189
| io 188, 189
SCLCUNCLUS Li csacccaceces 187
Deilemys toltecus oo... ceceaes 152
Dermanura cinereum .....04. 47
DESMODUS ....... ee eee eee eee 52
Desmodus ..sccccccveccceees 53
eR . 62
TULUS 26... eee eee e eee ee 52
a 42,53
DICLIDURUS ..........00000- 29
Diclidurus albus ........ 30, 207
FLOYPCUSU voc c cece eeeees 30
SCULALUS Woes eeveeees seas 80
DICOTYLES ..... cece eee ees 106
Dicotyles labiatus............ 108
Uabiatus .. 6. cece cee 107
—— tajach i... .ceeeeeaaee 107
CAJACU. co vee ecnvenee 110, 119
LOPQUALUS voce cceecenas 107
DiCranocerUs vivccsccaceccces 112
DIDELPHIA .... eee eee eee 195
DIDELPHIDZE....... cee ee eee 195
Didelphis wo. ce ccccccvaceees 195
CAYOPOUN .icseseveees .. 200
MUPINA vec veccccvecenas 200
VU GINUANG vec ce cnnes 196
_ DIDBLPHYS: oo... cee eee 195
Didelphys covccccccccccceces 200
Cs: 197
AUTUD vee eee eee eee 195, 197
GOTO ove vee e een eees 197
DREVICEDS eee c cece eens 196
CAMPOPNICH. 6. eee e eee 196
CONCYWOTA.L Lecce ees 196, 198
CIMCPED -. eee ee ee 199
1 a aa 196
derbian@ .............. 199
derDiand... ee. eee ees 196, 200
TY a re 200
marsupraus .......e000. 196
—— murina ..........., 200,212 |

INDEX.

Page

Didelphys murina oo.ceccceees 196
—— MYOSUTUS eee cevccenes 199
—— nudicaudata oo... cc... 6. 199
OVNAEA cee veveaas 199, 200

——— FUCA eee cece e eee 198
QUUCd occ cccececeees 196
Virginiana............6. 196

VU GINIGNG . cece 195, 197
Dinops viciccccccccevevenes 33
S) 33
DIPHYLLA ...... eee eee eens 53
Diphylla cece ccvvccccccccvas 52
ecaudata ..........006, 53
DiplostoOma voc vv vicccccvcvees 158
DIPODOMYS .........00005, > 162
Dipodomys .......64. 163, 164, 166
A 162, 163

—— philliptt ... ccc eens 168, 164
—— phillipsi................ 163
—— phallipst oo. recccecccee 162
phillipst ordt ....... 0.00. 163

Dry Momy8 ove cccccccvececes 120
DUPLICIDENTATA........000. 175
DY80pO8 vii cccccvvccccevcees 30
ADVASUS Lee eee 32
—— PACS vee ececcccces 33
—— VEION ver scvcccccaaveces 3l
EDENTATA... cece cece neces 181
Elasmognathus ..cccceceveee 97
bairdt ...... 97, 98, 100, 101

——_ owt vec ecaeee 97, 104
Emballonura macrotis ........ 29
EMBALLONURIDA... cee ee ees 26
ENNTOMOPHAGA ........000005 187
Evethrizon voc ccc ccccccenes 169
Eriodes frontatus ........000. 8,9
FRLIDE wo... cece ee eee ees 57
FELIS... ccc cece cece eens 57
Felis canadensis .........00005 65
concolor ...........06. 62
CONCOLOY occ eee veceeeees 58
——— CYTA eer cceseceveees 64
Lk 58, 70
Se 60
MACTUTA vevvcecvcecaee 61
maculata ..iccceseees 64, 65
—— mexicana ........ 61, 62, 63
a 61

0) et: 58

ONZE vee ce cece evneneaes 58
pardalis.............0.. 60
PAVdAts ci recvvcvvnveae 58
PUD oi vivsccevnceceees 60

Page

Felis rufa ....... ccc cece 64
PUA ice cccccnnenns 58, 65
0) | B.. 64
——tigrina .............0.. 61
—— HTN Lecce eens 58
—— yagowaroundi .....eeeee 63
yaguarundi ............ 63
yaguarundt .......66. 58, 62
Fiber zibethious oo... ccc cues .. 156
Galer@ voce ccc cc ec eeeenes 79
barbara oo. kee cece cee 79
MACYOUON 6.66 vee veeee 79
PEPMiCrda vivicscccveces 79
GALICTIS wo... eee eee eee 79
Galictts oie eee cece e ees 57
barbara ...........0000. 79
VUEAA eee cece ceeenee 79
Galidictts wo... ccc cece eee 79
GEOMYIDHB ..... cece eee eee 158
GEOMYS......... cece eens 158
GeOMYS vo. eee cece cues 159, 161
CASLANOPS Loc cececnces 159
heterodus ... cc ccc ceuee 160
hispidus .............. 159
hisprdus .... ccc eevee 160, 167

—— mexicanus...........00, 159
MELICURUS voce eccsencnes 160
UMOVINUS voce cceeenes 162
GLIRES ..... eee eee ee 120
GLOSSONYOTERIS ............ 45
Glossonycteris geoffroyt ......4. 45
UASLOPYA eee eens 45
lasiopyga ...... ee eee eee 45
Glossonycterts.... ccc eee eoee 45
GLOSSOPHAGA wo... eee ee eee 43
Glossophaga ........4. 37, 43, 44
amplexicaudata........44 44
CCAUdAA Lei ieee ceca 46
TG [a 44
SOTICIN@.... eee eee eee 44

et Phyllophora ......006. 43
GYUSOMA . cece eee cece eee 79
Hematophilina ... cece ees 52
FHANCOre ve ccc eens 91
AUGONY vic iccecececeees 93
a 17
GCOFTOYt vivvccececvees 17
—— @MPUS ieee cccvccaee 17
FIAPALIDE oo. eee eee eee 17
Hemiderma wiceecccccvccces 42
HemiotomyS ..cceccccccceves 157
MEXLUCANUS Wo. eee ceceeee 156
HESPEROMYS .......... 142, 148

Hesperomys. . 120, 140, 150, 152, 169
2F 2

216

Page

Hesperomys spo... ec ecec ce ces 83
albigularis .......000e ees 144
AMOPICANUS 6. cee eee 144
aureolus ...........04. 146
AUPCOlUS. 6. ee eee 148
AZteECUS ....... 0. eee eee 145
AHCCUS » 6... eee eee 143, 145
ealifornicus ............ 146
californicus . 6... cece 143
—— coueSl .............00, 149
OL 145
Fulvescens ..... 0... eee 146
leucopus .............. 144
leucopus.... 143, 145, 146, 147
—— leucopus sonoriensis ...... 144
—— melanophrys............ 147
melanophrys ....6.e0004. 148
mexicanus ............ 147
MELICANUS Wee ce ccveeee 143
nudicaudus .......... .. 149
nudicaudus .....seeeeee 143
nuttallt oo ces eccccvecaae 146
—— palustris .............. 148
palustris se... eee 145, 149
panamensis ............ 150
PANAMENSIS vos. eee eeeee 143
1 148
SONONIENSIS. 6. cece eee eees 145
SONOPUENSIS. 6 eevee 144, 145
sumichrasti ............ 148
—— sumichrastt ........ 148, 155
teQuina ....... eee eae 144
COQ™UINA Liviccccvcenceee 142
CCLANUS icc scssvceeees 144
toltecuS i. cevecevae 152, 153
Teteromytn@ oo cecccccvcees 158
HETEROMYS ...........00065 166
Teter omy8 vec ccvccccvcccuae 158
GASPersUuS .oecceeccvcaee 167
albolimbatus ........604. 167
anomalus .......465 166, 167
bicolor wo... eae 165, 166
desmarestianus.......... 167
desmaresttanus ........4% 166
UPTOVATUS ve eee ccaes 167, 168
longicaudatus .......... 167
longicaudatus .. 160,166, 168
melanoleucus ........ 167, 168
FTuppopotamus vec cece veces 102
CEVTOSEIUS Lee eee eee 102
FHolochilus oo. e ec ccc eee euas 120
FTyWr0cheerus occ cc cecec cece 97
COpyDATd .icveeccecenes 168
FTydrolagus vice c ccc ceeeees 176
Fypud@us oo. cece ceccccecces 155
HHyracodon. vce c cece eens 195

INDEX.

Page

Hyracodon fulginosus ........ 195
HIYSTRICIDH. 1... cc cee eee ee 169
ystrix Mexvcand ..cccvcveves 170
Tacchus rufiventer oo... ceees 17
INSECTIVORA ...eeeeeeeneee 54
ISCHNOGLOSSA .......000eeee 44
Ischnoglossa nivalis ........4. 45
KUNhajou vee vvvccevvceces 3,76
DASUIUS cee wees 22
SLAC Le 23
anterMeMus ..sscseveeee 205
Leopardus concolor .....6- wee 62
QTUSCUS ve ceccenvecuvees 60
hernandestt ........00ee 58

ONCH icvevccccnvereces 58
Pardalis vi. cecscccccaues 60
PUCLUS. occ c ec cceeeecees 60
LEPORIDE. wo. cece eee eee 175
LEPUS wo. cece cece cece eee 175
Lepus aquaticus.............. 180
aquaticus ......eeee 176, 177
ALVZONE eves ceceveceees 177
ATECMIASLA vo cvevvceeeees 177
AUAUDONE wee eececsceeee 177
bachmant .......ceeeeee 177
brasiliensis.......... 177, 178
brasiliensis, var. gabbi .... 178
callotis ............000. 178
callotis ... cee cee ee 176, 179

og) 0) 178
GADDE occ ccc cceeeneees 176
—— praysoni .......... 177, 211
——— JTAYSOM. vee v eee 176, 209
MEXUCANUS oo cere ceeveues 178
MANUS vi vvvveseveveces 176
—— nuttallt vee ciccccccuas 177
palustris ...........0.. 179
palustris ...... 176, 177, 180
—— sylvaticus....... eee 176
sylvaticus 6... ..eee 177, 211
LCLUANUS 0. cence ences 178
trowbridget vic ccaeeeaee 177
Lonchoglossus caudifera ...... 46
Lophostoma wicsvevsccceccees 40
Lupus mexveanus ....cceeecas 65
LUTRA voce cece eee e eee eee 86
Lutra brasiliensis ...... 86, 87, 201
CANFOTNICA. . eevee ceeee 86
CANAAENSIS 6... ce eee ee 86, 87

—— chilensis ... ec cee eee 86, 87
felina .... cece eee e eee 86
FOUNA. eee cevccnecveues 87
MUNVMNA vicescevvveveee 201

. Page

Dutra saricovienna.....ccseees 201
Tyciseus latrans... ccc c eee ceee 66
Lynceus rufus occccccccccceees 64
Lynx rufus, var. maculatus .... 64
Macrocolus......csecsseesees 162
haltecus . .cisccwsseuvass 163
Macrorhinus angustirostris .... 211
leontnus......04% v0.0 OO, BIL
MACROTUS, 2.060 snc dew aseees 37
Macrotus ..csiseceassisadaus 18
— bocourtianus........ ia oao OO
californicus 1.60% . 88, 207
MELICANUS . se vevcevecves 38
waterhousii ........ 38, 207
waterhoustt .icscvceeees 37
Macroxus adolphet ...... 129, 130
DOOKIE voce vec avevenes 129
QTUSCOPAVUS wie eeveveeee 126
—— JTISCOGENA Wr evecare 132, 133
VeucopS .ecssveceeee 126, 127
MAUPUS voc ececceccces .. 127
—— medellinensts .....0..0006 133
——_ MEANT 6 vc vccencces 129
MONO. vv cvcnccnveveces 127
MUCOYANA ..cveveceeenes 129
MUCOYANUS wi vceseceeveee 130
—— pyladet oo. .cceceees 129, 180
—— L@MUTUS verve vccvveees 133
tephrogaster ......e.eeee 133
Lanthotus .......00s 182, 183
Madat@us oo cisceccvccevveee 46
MANATIDH woe eee eee ee eee 91
MANATUS ...... eee eee cence 91
Manatus occ ececcceecees 90, 95
AMEPICANUS wie ee ceees 91, 92
australis ...........06. 92
australis ........ 91, 92, 211
latirostrts 0... cece eee 92
SENEGALENSIS wi. cevevecee 91
Marputtus occ cccccccccecces 83
Marsipolemus wicciccccccees 21
albig“ularts .. 0... cece eens 21
MARSUPIALIA ..... esse eens 195
Martes oo ccccccccsccceveees 78
MAzAMA cece ccc cece eeenee 113
9 (2 (a 85
AMETICANUS or ec cveceees 85
MEPHITIS ......... 00 ee eeeee 80
Mephitis... ccc cccreccceces 57, 79
bicolor ccc cece eeees 81, 83
CRUCNSIS. Lee cece ences 84
InterMeAia oo crvcecenee 84

—— tnterrupta oo... ccc eeeeeee 82
leuconota oo. eee ee eeeee 84

Page

Mephitis macrura .......... 82
MACTUTA veeeccneeees 80, 81
MAPUUEO voc ceenceceees 84
mephitica ............65. 81
mephitica ........ 80, 82, 84

——— MeEsOleuca oo. evicececes 84.
—— mesomelas .... 0.600.000. 81
———_ MEXICANG ov. ce cececccee 82
ES 84

—— putorius .............. 82
—— PULOT IU. cence 80
VAPUANS occ cencceneces 81
VUE vee ee cece ceces 81, 82
ZOVUA .. eee cece eee eee 83
Micronycteris megalotis ...... 40
Microsoret. cece cece cence 54
MIDAS... sc cece cece eee eee 17
Midas geoffroyi.............. 17
labiatus ...... ee 17
CMUPUS vic ce ce ccnneess 17, 18
MIMOn vi cecccccccccccceves 42
Mimon bennettt ....... 0000005 42
megalotis 6... ccc ceeees AQ)
MOLOSSUS ......... 000.0 ee ee 30
Molossus .......... 31, 32, 33, 34
abrasus ........ 0.00. ee 32
ADIASUS C6. eee ee cee ee 8l

71 7 rrr 32
ABCCUS oo cece ee eeeee 33, 34
fumarius vic. eeeae. 82
——_ MEXICANUS oe ea ecaee 33, 84
——— MNASUTUS ..... eee eee eee 32
MASULUS 6. cece cece cenes 31
ODSCUTUS oe eee eee eee 31, 82
TULUS ©... cece eee eee 31
—$— PUFUB errr ccceeenee 32
UPSINUS oc cece cececeaes 31
Monachus albiventris.......... 210
tropicalis .......... 90, 210
MONODELPHIA ..........000- 1
Monophyllus leachti .......... 44
MORMOPS .........ee ee eaeee 36
Mormops ....seeeccceeeee 37, 50
blainvillit oo. eee 37
megalophylla .......... 37
MURIDZE oc cece cece ee 140
EG occa cee acc ceccceas 140
Muss agrarius. 6... cece cece 144
—agrarius americanus .... 144
alexandrinus .......... 141
GlexaNdrinus.....cecaces 140
AMEYICANUS wo. ceeeeees 144
QUPCOIUS. oe cece eee ee 146
californicus .....6..008- 146
decumanus ............ 141
—— decumanus ........ 140, 212

INDEX.
Page
Mus floridanus .... ccc ccecees 154
Rumilis oo. ce ccc ccccees 151
LeUCOpus....ccvcceveceese 144
—— musculus .............. 142
——— MUSCULUS ec ccccncees 140
fOUCH viv ccccuvecnvevees 174
palustris .ecccseccveees 148
vattuS ..... cee eee eee 141
PALLUS vee ee cece 140, 144
CARAMACA ocacereccscees 151
LECLOFYUM vee cececevcnes 141
LEQUINE Lic ceseeeeeeeees 144
—— VOIANS ve secseeeeee 121, 122
MUSTELA ... cee cece ee eee 77
Mustela oo cc ccccccccaccvcuee 78
Cj 1) 78
CL 78
QUPEOVENETIS voc cece eens 78
Barbara oo ccc ccc cece 79
brasiliensis ............ 78
—— brasiliensis .......... 64, 79
ETMIUNED. i vevcceceees 78, 79
gO 86
FRENAA Wii ceveveneees 78, 79
longicaudata ..... cece eee 78
IMACTUTA .ccvececececes 78
noveboracensis ......006. 78
LaNthogenys . 6.6.0 00. 78,79
MUSTELIDH ..........00000, 77
MYCETES ....... cece ee eeeee 3
Miycetes vic cccccccvecccnees 5,6
belwebul cee c cece neues 5
CATAYA vo ceecceeecceees 5
TAGE? ov veccvccnccneces 5
——palliatus ...... ....... 4
paliatus vs ..cseceaae 3
SENUCULUS Le veececcucces 4
SLFAMINEUS 0. ee cece ees 5
villosus .......... bene 5
VULOSUS Lice cence eeees 3
Myonomes oo... ec ceees 156, 157
Myopotamus ......eeeees 120, 168
COYPUS ve seevceeee 168, 169
MYOXLOMY8 occ ccc cccnceccnes 148
SAVING oo eee eee eee 148
MYRMECOPHAGA ........ eee 191
Myrmecophaga-:..... seeeeee 193
didactyla ......cseceeee 193
——jubata oo... eee eee, 191
tetradactyla ........... 192
tetradactyla .......6e00 191
MyRrMECOPHAGIDH ......... 191
Myrmydon...... been eeeeeee 193
NASUA wee eee ee cece eee eeee 74
Nasua es eeaes 57, 71, 72, 76, 209

Page

Nasua fuscd oi. ccccccccveees 74
—— leucorhynchus ....... 74, 75
, MATUCH vececcavevcuvees 74.
NASICA oe. ee eee eee eee 74
NASA ve cseeeaae 70, 71, 75

ak 74, 76
socialis et solitaria ...... 74
SOULATUA . oe cece ees 76

solitaria, var. mexicana .. 74

NATALUS co... cece cece ees 25
Natalus lepidus ..... 0.0.00 eee 26
stramineus ..........4. 26
stramineus, Var. ........ 26
NCOMYS ve veeccvcvccees 148, 150
PANAMENSIS 6... evevee 150
NEOTOMA ....... eee eee sees 153
Neotoma........008. 120, 146, 154
CUNEYED oe ceeravencvenes 153
ferruginea .............. 155
ferruginea ......644. 145, 154
floridana .............. 154
Ploridand vicvevevvvvees 153
—— fuscipes ...... 145, 154, 155
MELUCANA wicvcsceceveces 154
MUCTOPUS ve vevcevececes (+2164
NUCON voc cece cen e enn neces 43
Nocthor@ voc eecccccseeccces 14
Note0sore® oo ccc e ce ecccccees 54
CVOLUS Le cee cence eens 55
Nutria felina ... 6. cece ccc eaes 86
Nycteceus tessellatus .......... 22
NYCTICEIUS ........ cece eee 204
NY CICEUS Cece cece cece eee 19, 21
crepuscularis .......... 204
LemmMinekt . 1... cceeceees 19
NYCTINOMUS .........0000005 33
Nyctinomus oo. ee ceeeeeeneae 18
brasiliensis ............ 33
gracilis ... ee cee eee eee 33
macrotis ...ceeee seeeee 33
NASULUS vie ecsecesenes 33, 34
NYCTIPITHECUS ......eee0e. 14
Nyctiypithecus azar@ ..csersees 15
POUNUS .occeccccrevneee 15
—— lEMUTINUS Loa ecccrececes 14
——rufipes .......- es eeeaee 15
PUSIPCS or evecsvecevnves 14
—— trivirgatus.......0. veeee DD
vociferans........0.00e . 214
VOCUFETANS we ccececacaces 15
VOCUFEFANS, VAT... cece ees 15
Nyctomys ...... 142, 143, 148, 169
SUMICKTASE veeeeceseaee 148
Nyctophilus ..ccececevevcees 204
OCHETODON 2... cceeeee renee 150

218

Page

Ochetodon ..cccrccceeceevees 120
humilis ........eeeeeeee 151
—— humilis ......000. be eaee 150
longicauda.......666 151, 152
MEXICANUS. . eee eee ee eee 151
MEXICANUS wo sv vcveeee 150, 152
Octodon degus ...ssseees 168, 169
OCTODONTIDE wee se eee eeeees 168
Oryzomys 1.64. 148, 149, 150, 152
palustris os ccvevseveeee 148
Otaria californianad 11.16.4506. 211
gillesprt ..cseveceees 90, 211

—— Jubata vivssseseveceee . 90
StCUErt voce ca cnceeenes 90
OTARIIDA woe eee ee ee eee 89, 209
OVIS woe cece ences eee ence 110
Ovis cee ce ccc ccc ee ceencees 106
COLVINA oo. cece ee eee ees lil
COTUING veveceeccccaneees 110
MONEANA vevsvsveves 110, 111
NAVICOID vevcecevcecceces 110
PERISSODACTYLA ..eeeeeeeaes 96
PEROGNATHUS .....seeeceees 164
Perognathus ..cccvveeees 165, 166
Dicolor ve cae eee v nes 165
fasciatus ....... yesvees 166
FASCIALUS vevevseceeenes 165
flavus ....eeee teens 165
AOUS acc enn cnnnnees 164
hispidus......ee.eeeeeee 165
Rispidus .iervevvsveveveves 164
MONLCOIA .issvececevaces 165
PATUUS vevevvevveee 164, 165
penrcillata vevissvevevcees 165
PervopteryR ovvvccecevvecvvves 28
CANINA wecevceccvcvcees 29
Phoca tropicalis ...... 90, 209, 210
WUKIANUS weceecccaceee 210
PHOCIDAD wo pec e eee eee 89, 209
Phyllonycterts. ccc ceveveveves 45
POCYE vv vvcvevevevcesees 44
SCREKOVNE ve vccvecccenes 44
Phyllophora megalotis ........% 40
ar 44
Phyllor hind vccvcccccscevees 28
PHYLLOSTOMA we cee eee eae 4l
Phyllostoma ..ccecvveseees 40, 42
brevicaudum ..vecvceceee 43
GUSCOLOP vee e cece ecuves 42
CLONJUEA. eee c eve cences 40
CLONGALUM vive cececenee 42
——hastatum ...........00. 42
Tastatum vw ivvecevcvcces 39
——— TAUNWM cccvcvccnces 50
—— lineatum .icccccecevces 48

INDEX.

Page

PHYLLOSTOMIDH oo... eee e ees 34
Pitymys voccccccccccecevcces 156
—— PINELOTUM Li csecccecnces 157
pinetorum, var. quasiater.. 157
QUASLALEF Levee ce eeveees 157
Plesiometacarpt ..cccccceceves 118
POtOS Lec cvccccccvccecceuees 76
PRIMATES 1.0... eee ewes eee 1
Probosctdea. ..cccvccceveees 26, 27
TUVANS icv dcevvvencees 27
SALATUIS . Coven eee 27
PROCYON .occcseeeeeceeeeee 69
Procyon v.cseveees 71, 72, 75, 209
cancrivorus ........ 69, 208
CUNCTIVOTUS sesvccvveees 206
—— hernandeztt ......eceeee 70
hernandext, var. mexicana. 70
Lotor ... ee eee e scene 70, 208

Lotor vivccecevevnceves 64, 69
MVCN vivecccccvecececes 70
PSOTU viv vcncccccsvveves 70
PROCYONIDHL vee eeceveeeees 69
PYOMOPS . oc ve cece cc ecenenenes 82
Psammomys pinetorum...seces 157
Pseudostomad vivsecccsccveces 158
PteroderMa vcsssccvcccvees 46
PteromyS vevvccacccvceveces 121
VOIUCEHA. .o ce cevevevvees 122
Pteronotus voc sevcccveccveves 35
AAVYt voce ccavecevnves 36
PUtorius occ ccc ccn ce cevenee 77
brasiliensis ..ssvseveeee 78
FENAUS. oo occ c ce reeenee 78
Retthrodon ....ccececeees 120, 150
longicauda .....seceseees 151
mMmegalotts .icceccceveves 151
MEXICANUS 6 oc sececeseeee 151
sumichrastt ..sceuee 151, 152
RROGOESA vee ecccvnccveeeees 21
PAYVULA vi vvaccvcceveees 21
CUNUAA vivsevecereveves 21
Rhinchonycterts oc. cc ceveees 26
MASO vec eeccvcvccceeucs 27
RRANOCKOHUS vec ec eee eee 97
RHYNCHONYCTERIS .......... 26
Rhynchonycterts wiscevevvees 27
NASO Lev seveceveceeeees 27
RRYtINd voc vccccvvvvccvevees 91
SACCOMYINE secsvcceeveveves 158
SACCOMYS vicscecceveece 158, 166
SACCOPhOTUS vecsececeeeveuee 158
Quachil vivvececcceceees 160
SACCOPTERYX ..ccese eee eeee 27
Saccopteryt .ccvccecececcees 28
Saccopteryx bilineata ........ 28

Page

Saccopteryx bilineata........46 29
CANINA 2... eee ee ee eee 29
COMING .eccccescccceees 28
—$ lepturd vivcscccccevcees 28
plicata .........06- 29, 206
PUCAhd vavevescccicvces 28
Saimarts cerstedi ...ceceeeees 16
SCUTER wousasveenveses , ae
SQimirt vecccccceceveccvcees 15
Orstedtt. oc cvcvessverebis 16
SQUNITUS Vive v vee eneeenee 15, 16
entomophaga .....seveees 16
SApajow v.ssvvevveves Saye 6, 155
SCLOPUS ..csvvesvevesvecdces 181
SCHIZOSTOMA ...ceeeeeeeees 40
Schizostoma behnt .isvevsccees 40
CLONGALWM Loc eececervees 40
—— megalotis .......cceeeee 40
MINULUM vivevceccceees 40
SCIURIDE ......uee epee eves 121
SCIUROPTERUS .....eeee eens 121
SCiUropterUS ..ccevecevecenes 120
VOIANS occ cccvceveevees 122
volucella ...... eee eens 121
VOLUCEHA. .cecavvececcves 122
SCIURUS. cece cece eee ee eens 122
SCiUPUS ..eceeee 120, 123, 126, 128
Abert cece ee cece eeeee 124
SStUANS.. see eee ee eee 132
—— @stuans........ 124, 133, 134

estuans, var. hoffmannt 132,133
estuans, var. rufo-mger .. 182

—— AUN eves cv ccceces 127
—— albipes ..eecccccccueeee 127
—— americanus volans......4. 121
——arizonensis ............ 125
—— ATIZONENSIS 6. epee 123, 126
—— aureigaster .....04. 127, 128
—— aureogaster ........ 127, 128

bootht@ ........ 128, 129, 130

carolinensis ............ 124

carolinensis , .123, 125, 127, 183
carolinensis, var. yucata-

MENSUS vee eevevevveevee 124, 125
CRYYSUTOS vec veccceveces 134
—— chrysurus .............. 134
ChYYSUTUS oo cece eee eee 124
colliet. . 125, 126, 128, 180, 131
deppei ......... esse eee 183
CEppet sivcccceeees 124, 134
dorsalis ...... 129, 130, 181
ferruginiventris ........ 127
POS8OT Loe c eee e cece eens 124
fuscovariegatus ...... 129, 180
—— FEYVANTL. oe eecvcccnens 131

——_ PPAMMUITUS verre reveens 136

Page

Sciurus griseocaudatus .... 128, 180
griseoflavus ............ 126
——— JTISCOPIAVUS vee eeveceeee 128
GTUSCOGENYS ve cecsvenees 132
hoffmannt oo... .cecceeee 132
—— hypopyrrhus............ 128
— hypopyrrhus ., 123,129, 130,
131, 138

—— intermedius ........ 129, 130
langsdor ffi... ccc ccc ceees 131
— leucogaster.........0005. 127
—— leucops ..csercseees 127, 128
—— leucotis wi. crrcccccvceee 125
—— lewist...... ever vecereae 135
—— ludovicianus ....... . 124,126
MElANIUS seceesseee 180, 131
——_ mexicanus ...... cece reese 187
——— MEF ve rvvsccvvnes 124, 128
—— migrescens ...... 128, 129, 130
OCULALUS ... cee cneee 129, 180
PVCVOSEE ve vvescveveveees 134
richardsont ......0.6 128, 130
rigidus.... 129,130, 131, 183
rufo-branchiatus ........ 135
PUPSO-NUGEN ve svvveves 182, 154
PUFONGTA wevsvseveeeces 134
SOCLAIS vi cscccccecceees 127
— tephrogaster ........0065 133
tricolor oo. e ccc e eee eees 131
variabilis .............. 131
vartabilis .......08. 124, 132
variegatoides ........ 128, 180
—— variegatts...........04. 127
variegatus ...... 123, 128, 129
VATS Lic ecceeaeeeeces 127
VOIANS vive eeveccvnees 121
volucella... cece eee nee 122
VUIQATUS Lecce cence 128
Scotophilus ... 0.6... cee 19, 204
—— miradorensis ........004. 203
UPSNUS voc eccecnceceues 20
SIGMODON ....... esse eee eee 152
Sigmodon ..cccsvccceecccues 120
berlandiert.......... 152, 153
hispidum vie ccceccceaee 152
hispidus................ 152
Risprdus . cc. cecccceceees 153
Simia hypoleucd........e.eeee 13
SIMPLICIDENTATA .......... 120
STRENIA 2... cece e eee neces 90
BREN ccc eeeeceenees 91
FE veces ec cewecenececes 54
So a rn 55
re ee 56
crawfordt wo. ccc cceccees 55
—— CEVOLIS Levee eeececeeeee 55

INDEX.

Page

Sorex micrurus ...... le aseeues 56
MANULUS occ ecceeceees 55
VETH-PaCiS. 6... eee e ee ees 55
SORIOIDH ..... eee cece eee eee 54
SOPUCUSCUS vo cee ccc eeeceues 56, 57
MACTUTA coc ccnccenceees 56
SPERMOPHILUS........0.0005 134
Spermophilus oo... ccccecnnes 120
annulatus .........000ee 135
DeeChEYt oe eacecccceeeee 1386
COUChUM .occcececccvcues 136
AOUGIASSt veces eeeees 136
grammurus ............ 136
GTAMMUTUS vicvevceceees 135
MACPUTUS vicceccvccvces 136
—— mexicanus ..........0. 137
MELICANUS viv vvceccceees 135
SPUlOSOMA vivseseveveves 137
—— spilosomus ....;. Neeees 137
—— spilosomus .......eccenes 135
SPhagGurus oi. ccccccsecececes 169
Sphingurin@ ..cccrsccccccces 169
SPhingurus oc. cccevsccvecceees 169
Spilogale putorius ...ceccceees 82
StenoderMa cv vcvcvccacvveecs 46
ChUCNSE voce e cece ee ncees 50
CUNETEUM ve ccecevcees 47, 48
tolteca vivcvcevececes 47,48
ColbeCUM. . ec ecevcuceuces 47
Stentor vivccccccccceccceess 3
STURNIRA oo. eee cece ee eens 50
SEUPNUTA oe cece eee e eee 48
ChUlOeNSS eee cece 50
—lilium ............ 50, 208
SPCCLTUM vicsesvvacenes 50
SUID cies cece cece teens 106
SUS Coc c ccc cece cece ne enceees 106
CUJACU. cece ccnneeeeeee 107
SYNETHERES..... 0.0.0 eeeeee 169
Synetheres oc cccvccccveveves 120
MELANUTUS occ evccevcces 169

—— mexicanus.............. 170
——— MEXICANUS Loe ccvacececes 169
Prehensts oc. ccccveves 170
—— VII]08US hee cece eeee 169
Tamanduad oo... ccc ceccvcccces 191
tetradactyla .......000ee 192
TAMIAS ... ce cee eee eee eee 134
TAMIUS voc cece eee eee 120, 137
astaticus, var. dorsalis .... 134
RATVISt cecvascvcncucaes 1384
Taphozous ..se.ceees se easaee 28
TAPIRIDA we cee cee eee e ees 97
TAPIRUS. cece cece ee eee seers 97

Taprrus ...csees eee se eeee 100

219

Page

Tapirus americanus .. 97,101, 108
bairdi.... cc. eee eee ee 101
bardi.... 98, 99, 100, 103, 104
COWL ose eee eee 104.

—— INAICUS vee c cece 97
POUUNE veceeseecees 97, 103
TARDIGRADA...... eee eeee 181
TATUSIA . cece. c cece cece eens 187
TUtustd vececccccccccccceees 188
leptorhyncha .siicceceees 190
leptorhynchus ...... 188, 189
MELUCANA oe ceeeeves 188, 189
nNOVEMCINCtA........000. 188
NOVEMCINCLA veevececenes 189
TAXIDEA wees eeeee cece ceues 85
Taxided oeiiccccccccccccaees 57
AMETICANA...... eee ee eee 85
AMETICANA vee ec ccceccuee 86
americana berlandiert .... 85
berlandiert........000. 85, 86
Thiosmus ...cecceccces seeee 83
NASUTUS oe ecesece seseee. 84
THOMOMYS...... veeseceeeveee L6L
ThOMOMYS visvsvvccerevccvecs 158
CIUSIUS ve ceececccnseees 161
talpoides ........e.008- 162
talpoides ..... cc ceee ..» 161
talpoides umbrinus ...... 162
UMOPINUS ve eeeees .. 161, 162
ThyropterQ..vvccsccccccceees 26
Tigris MeXUcand ve evececeees 58
TrQchops vicssccucvescccees 41
TRACHYOPS vo. cece eeceeeeee 41
Trachyops cirrhosus.......... 41
Puliginosus.. cc. cccecees . 4l
Trichechus oo. cccecccccvees » 91
MANALUS secevcenceenes 92
manatus a. australis...... 92
Trichocoryes mmurtrtt......4. 51
Tylomys vvvvvccccees 142, 143, 150
NUALCAUAUS .iecsveeeaes 149
Tylostomd .ivccscscscvvvcees 40
MEXICANA veceecees ceeee Al
UNGULATA se ceececceeceeee 96
Urocryptus bilineatus ........ 28
Urocyon virginianus ........ 67, 68
Uropeltes .icccsccvecccveaee 191
URSIDE cece eee eee eee es 87
URSUS ciseccececcececceces 87
ODE 88
americanus .........06 89
AMETICANUS .eveeceeeees 88
americanus, var. cinnamo-
MCUS cevevcncceceees seeee 89

220

Page

Oras GPA oss ce cece ceees 88
arctos, subsp. horribilig .. 88

—— CANCTIVOTUS ..eceveseees 69
CINNAMOMEUS. + ee 0008 cen GO
Sousilis occa EEA ER 88
—— horribilis .............. 88
horribilis, var. horriaeus . 88, 89

LOOP = 60 aE 70
OFNAUS 5 an ee ee 8 88

VAMPYROPS (405 fia ie se 48
VAMpYT ONE 6a a es 49
hellert © 86 es 48
Vinestus 6 a's 48
—— vittatus............. 8... 49
UWMAUB 2 eT s b as 48
VAMPYRUS. 0.00 es ieee 38
VQMPyrus oe coee. 37, 39, 40, 43
auricularis .........00e 42
BUNTON yee ees ee 8 40
GUTUUB. eee ec e ees 39
CUTROBUB~ ecccee cc ceees 41
spectrum ...........04. 39
SPCCUIUM vee cccncecvcee 42
Vesperomys ........ 142, 144, 147
AUPCOWUS 6. cece eee 146

~ ALECUS vec ee ec cece cneee 145
Culifornicus 6... cc cece 146
leucopus sonoriensis ...... 144
melunophrys .......5 wee. 147
VESPERTILIO .......... 23, 205
Vespertilio ....6... 24, 29, 41, 203

INDEX.
Page
Vespertilio agis ........0000 206
albescens 2.656005 ee es 25
CIDESCONE ESS Cob eee 24
CONINUB vveen eves at aes 29
CUINCTEUS vce cece ec nc ences 23
CONCUNNUS voce cece ccceas 206
CPEPUSCUIATIS .. os cee wees 204.
CLUGUUB ooo ccenceteeees 206
—— fUBCUB rr cccrcccvncs 20
NhaStAtUS oe cece eens 42
LASUT'US 6 ee eee 22
leucogaster ... cs. c ec ceees 25.
lucifugus .........0.04. 25
IUCHUGUE. 0c eveedeees 24
MOLICANUS wc vvcnccccnes 206
—— MystaciNUS.... 6666s . 24, 206
MABO. -oaraivceatracna la Cb ees 27
WAPTICANB. »..06000. Fe Gs 24, 206
—— MYPICANS. eevee cvcevenas 25
WMITIDUS Sasi cceceylsh Sa Ne ees 24.
MUAAUS .eecccccceces- 206
NOVEDOTACENSIS. .oe-02. 005 22
PAWdUs . cc vccccveveves 204
PATVULUS cv evsevevcveees 24
persprcullatus vice secesees AT
PPUINOSUS vovecceveveeee 23
SEVOUUINUS vc eccceveevces 20
SOYUCINUS vee cece cc eenes 44
SPCCLTUM viverseceuee 39, 52
— subulatus .............. 206
tessellatuS . i... cece eens 22
UNSUNUS ve vcaccecveveaes 20
VESPERTILIONIDH ......0... 19

Page

VESPERUGO. 245 6.00 .cs oe 19, 203
Vesperugo ...ss006 wae 21, 28,24
nbigularia.. ..i.8 si sees 21
AAQUIOTIS , ooo i ew Ss Se 19
boregts .a's + ape chan ane 20
—— miradorensis.......+ 208, 206
—— parvulus .......... 21, 203
PATVULUE cece ees eas 19
propinquus., .....saeer.- 20
PLOPINQUUR ayn ee ee one.

— SCTOLINUS. . css eceseeeces 20
SCTOUMUB.. s naice a a's = 19
Vesperus albigularts ......e00. 21
SUBCUS. - oss vo anne ae 20
POMNGUUB . ssc eeVeees 20
Viverra caudivolvula........005 76
MAVUTUO . .s.sieine'b sie kie ss <.- C4
MEDUWMACE, «6 ad's ee Vins 81
MOQGUAS 0 vscwn eb Vk weal 81
ROICE. snrnnte aces SU tea ss 74
NOU vcivauowe seeeenn 74
PULOTIUB. cans sisesare 82, 83
VULPES 52. pa Ven SRS Es 67
Vulpes cinereo-argentatus...... 68
Lttor as... cccceececes 67, 68
WUICA .cceccwsuvcesces 66
virginianus ............ 67
CUGMUANUS veecececeees 68
ACNUIUB oc ccccsecesenenee des 188
duodecemeinctus ......4. 188
Zalophus californianus ........ 211

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