University of Pennsylvania Annenberg Rare Book and Manuscript Library LIBRARY UNIVERSITYy' PENNSYL\6\NIA FAIRMAN ROGERS COLLECTION ON HORSEMANSHIP Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2009 with funding from Lyrasis IVIembers and Sloan Foundation http://www.archive.org/details/modernsystemofOOskea s 0^ 4 1 /-i:." »A I '■■^i U (.' \ ''I 1 . f%..(^;J ^" ^^* f f/jr m» m^T? IT TIJUI:: rMESE:S^T 71 311 E ^JIT THE [flpTi^L YETlIiail^^tiiT^.C^LtS^'1 r-iD? 5[K:sA¥]5^^ir©s^.i^.iB;Y. c. PRIJlTEn AND PUBUSHRD HV I'Ht; JiOHDON PKINTING AND PDBX.CSiJlNG COVIPANlf i THE MODERN SYSTEM OF FARRIERY; COMPREHENDING THE PRESENT ENTIRE IMPROVED MODE OF PRACTICE, I ACCORDING TO THE MLES LAID DOWN AT THE EOYAL VETERINARY COLLEGE; CONTAINING ALL THE MOST VALUABLE AND APPROVED REMEDIES, ACCURATELY PROPORTIONED, AND PROPERLY ADAPTED TO EVERY DISEASE TO WHICH THE HORSE IS INCIDENT. INCLUDING RULES FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF THE HEALTHY HORSE, AS FEEDING, STABLING, GROOMING, AND CONDITIONING. BY GEORGE SKEAVINGTON, VETERINARY SURGEON, M. R. V. C. i.ate Veterinary Surgeon in the Bengal Horse Artillery PRINTED AND Pl^BLISHED BY THE LONDON PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY, 97 AND 100, ST. JOHN STREET, 1 and 2, BLUECOAT BUILDINGS, CHRIST'S HOSPITAL, LONDON; AND 55, DEY STREET, NEW YORK. \JN1V£»1&ITY PENliSYLVA»4*A» C O N T E N T S PART I. Introduction "^ The History Df Farriery - Stable Management Condition of the Horse Feeding of Horses Groom's Duty Directions for Dressing Horses PAGE 7 8 14 15 ib. 17 19 Exercise . . - Physicking and Bleeding On the Management of Hunters On Shoeing ... On Turning out to Grass or Straw Yard Physick or purging balls PAGE 23 25 27 41 4'i 4fS PART II. CHAPTER I. OfSplent; Bone Spavin ; Ring Bone ; and Anchy- losis. Splents - - - - - 48 Bone Spavin - - - - 49 Ring Bone - - - - - 51 Anchylosis or Stiff Joint - - - 62 CHAPTER IL Fractures. Of the Head - - - - 53 Explanation of the Plate - - - 54 Ribs - - - - - ib. Back - - - - - 55 Limbs - - . . ib. Blade Bone . - - - ib. Arm - - - - - 56 Elbow - - ■• - • ib. Shank Bone . , - . ib. Description of the Plate . - - 57 Thigh-bone - . - , ib. CHAPTER m. Dislocations. Of the Sesamoid Bones 00 CHAPTER IV. Of Grease : Mange ; Surfeit ; Mallenders and Sal- lenders; Warts; Hide-bound; and Farcy. Grease . . . • - Mange . - - - - Surfeit . . . - - Mallenders and Sallenders . - - Warts . - - - - Hide-bound . - - - Farcy . - - - - CHAPTER V. Of Windgalls; Bog Spavin; Thorough Pin; Capped Hock ; Tumours of the Elbow and the Knee. Windgalls - - - - " Bog Spavin - - Thorough Pin , . - - Capped Hock . - - - The Elbows . . . - The Knee . - . - CHAPTER VI. The Eve and its Diseases. v The Eye . . - - ■ Muscles of the Eye - - " 63 65 67 69 ib. 70 71 76 77 ib. ib. 78 79 80 ib. roNTENTS. PACE or the Eye and its DiseDses, (^continned.) Lachrymal (ilands - - - - 8 1 The Eye-lids .... ib. The Conjunctiva - - - - 82 The Functions of the Lachrymal Glands, Tears, Conjunctiva, Eye-lids, Haw, and Retractor Muscle - - - - . - ib. The Cornea - - - - S3 The Iris - - - - - ib. The Outer Coats of the Eye - - - 84 The Chrystalline Lens - - - 86 The Ciliary Processes - - . ib. Vision - - - " -87 Sound Eye' - - - - ib. Diseases of the Eye. Inflammation of the Conjunctiva - - 88 Cataract - - - - - 90 Gutta Serena .... i(,, CHAPTER VI L Of Wounds in General. Of Wounds in General - - 92 Incised Wounds . - - 93 Lacerated do. - - - ib. Contused do. . - • ib. Punctured do. - - ib. Poisoned do. . . 94 Wounds of the Head - . . ib. Chest . . . 96 Abdomen - . tb. Joints . - . 96 Sheaths of Tendons . - 98 Arteries - - tb. Veins - - - 100 Broken Knees . - . 102 Of Gun Shot Wounds - - . ib. Treatment of do. - - - 104 On Sutures - - 105 CHAPTER VIIL Of Ulcers in General ; on Pole-evil ; Fistulous Withers; Ulcers in the Moulh; Strangles; and Vives. Of Ulcers in General ... 107 On Pole Evil - - - - 108 Fistulous withers - - - - 111 Ulcers in the Mouth - - - 1 12 On Strangles - - - - 113 On Vives - - - - - 115 CHAPTER IX. Rheumatism ; Anticor ; Lampas ; Warbles ; Sitfasts ; Bruises ; and Barbs. Rheumatism - - - - 117 Lampas - - - - - 119 Warbles - - - - 120 Sitfast ... - ib. Brnises - - - - - ib. BarU - - - - - J2I PAGI CHAPTER X. Stone in the Intestines ; Stone in the Kidneys ; and Stone in the Bladder. Stone in the Intestines • - - - 122 Kidneys ... ,/,, Bladder - - - 123 CHAPTER XL On Worms ; Jaundice, or Yellows ; Diarrhoea, or Looseness ; Crib-biting, Oti Worms in general - - - 125 On Jaundice or Yellows - - - 128 On Diarrhoea, Looseness, or Scouring - 130 On Crib-biting - - - - 131 CHAPTER XIL Dropsy of the Head, of the Chest, of the Pericardium, of the Belly, and of the Skin ; Swelled Legs. Dropsy - - - . - 134 of the Head - - - ti Chest - - - 136 Pericardium - - 137 Belly - - - 138 Water Farcy, or Dropsy of the Skin - ib. Swelled Legs - - - - 139 CHAPTER XIII. Of Diabetes, or Profuse Staling ; Bloody Urine and Stranguary, or the Obstruction of the Urine. Diabetes, or Profuse Staling - - 141 On Bloody Urine - - - - 142 On Stranguary, or Obstrticlion of Urine - 143 CHAPTER XIV. On Castration, or Gelding ; and Hernia, or Rupture. Castration, or Gelding - - - 145 Hernia, or Rupture - - - 148 CHAPTER XV. On Strams in General; Strain in the Shoulder; Strain or Clap in the Back Sinews ; Over Step- ping ; Breaking Down ; Rupture of the Back Sinew; Strain of the Fetlock Joint; Strain in the Coffin Joint ; Strain of the Round Bone ; Strain of the Stifle Joint; and on Curb. Of Strains in General ... j.^o Strain in the Shoulder ... 153 Strain or Clap in the Back Sinews - - 154 Over Stepping ... 156 Breaking-down .... ,-4. Rupture of the Back Sinew ... 157 Strain of the Fetlock Joint - - i^. in the Coffin Joint - ,- l.'js of the Roiind Bone ... {(,. Stifle Joint ... if,. On Curb - - - - - 159 CONTENTS. HI CHAPTER XVI Of Inflammation Generally. Principles of Inflammation Symptoms and Nature of Healthy Inflammation, Phlegmon . . - - Remote Causes . - - - Proximate Cause .... Symptoms of Inflammation further Considered - Appearance of (he Blood in Inflammation Termination of Inflammation - - - Treatment of Inflammation - - . Warm Applications, Emollient Poultices, &c. - CHAPTER XVII. Of Fever in General ; Common Fever ; Distemper ; or Influenza ; Malignant Fever ; Symptomatic Fever ; Catarrh, or Common Cold. Of Fever in General - _ . For the Relief of Inflammatory Fever Common Fever .... Distemper, or Influenza . . - Malignant Fever - - . . Symptomatic Fever ... Catarrh, or Common Cold ... CHAPTER XVIII. On Roaring ; Chronic Cough ; Thick Wind ; Broken Wind. On Roaring . _ ■ - Chronic Cough _ . _ . Thick Wind .... Broken Wind . _ _ . PAGE - 160 162 IG3 164 165 166 ib. 167 172 On Glanders. On Glanders CHAPTER XIX. CHAPTER XX. 174 175 176 17» ISI ib. 183 187 188 190 191 194 CHAPTER XXII On Epilepsy ; Paralysis ; Spasm ; Spasmodic Colic or Gripes ; Locked Jaw, and String Halt. Epilepsy ..... 202 Palsy - - - - - 203 Spasm ..... 204 Spasmodic Colic, or Gripes - ib. On Tetanus, or Locked Jaw - 207 On String Halt - . - - 210 CHAPTER XXI. On Inflammation of the Brain, or Mad Staggers ; In- flammation of the Stomach, or Stomach Staggers ; Inflammation of the Lungs, Pulmonary Consump- tion. On Inflammation of the Brain, or Mad Staggers 211 Inflammation of the Stomach, or Stomach Stag- gers ..... 214 On Inflammation of the Lungs - - 217 Pulmonary Consumption - - - 221 Digestion and Indigestion. On Digestion On Indigestion PAGB 223 '124. 228 ib. 231 232 233 ib. 234 235 CHAPTER XXIII. Inflammation of the Heart: of the Bowels; of the Liver; of the Kidneys; the Bladder; of the neck of the Bladder. Inflammation of the Heart ... Bowels ... Intestines from Superpur- gation ... Liver ... Kidneys Bladder ... Neck of the Bladder CHAPTER XXIV. On Morbid Poisons. Hydrophobia, or Madness CHAPTER XXV. On the Feet, and their Diseases. On the Foot in General - - - 23T On Corns ..... 238 Acute Inflammation of the Feet - - 240 Contracted feet, or the Navicular Disease - 243 Groggy Feet .... 247 Pumiced Foot .... 248 Thrush ..... 249 On Sandcrack . . . - 251 Punctured Foot - - - - 252 On Over-reaching - - - - 253 Quitter .... 254 On Canker .... 25ft False Quarter .... 257 CHAPTER XXVI. On the Horse's Teeth. Explanation of the Plate ... 258 CHAPTER XXVII. On the Stable and its Ventilation. On the Stable CHAPTER XXVIII. Of Operations and Restraints. Bronchotomy .... CEsophagotomy .... Neurotomy ..... Description of the Plate, Shewing the High and Low Operations Description of the Figure Mode of Performing the Operation On Docking •■ . 260 266 ib. ib. CONTKNlg Of Operations and Restraints, (^continued.) Nicking _ . . . Cropping . . - . Bleeding - PAGE 270 273 274 Of Operations and Restraints, {continued.) On Purging Firing - - . . On Blistering » - . PAGB - 275 - 282 • 281 PART III. On Trimming. On Trimming CHAPTER I. CHAPTER H. General Observations on the Horse, &c. Observations on the Horse ... Turkish Humanity to Animals CHAPTER III. Early History of the English Horse, Improvements of the breed, &c. Early Hist>)ry of the Horse . . - Carriage Stock .... The Cart-breed .... Thorough-bred Horses ... The Bedouin Arabs of the Desert, and their Horses . . - - - Horses in Ancient Times - . . Wild Horses of South America Wild Horses of North America Canture of the Wild Horse ... The Horse in his NaWve State French Hor.ses . - - - Spanish do. - - - - German do. - - - - Danish do. _ . . . Swedish do. - - - - Pedigree of an Arab Horso CHAPTER IV. Observations of the Horse. — Supposed Degeneracy of the Racing Breed of this Country, &c. Observations, &c. . - - - Leaves from the Journal of a Modern Whip - Bread for Cattle and Horsus - - - AfTeclinn of the Arab for his Horse, &c. Symmetry - - - - - CHAPTER V. Early History of the English Race.course, Race Horse, &c. Racing . . . . - The Race Horse . - . - The Darlcy Arabi.Tn - - - The Devonshire or Flying Childerg The Godolphin Arabian Eclipse . . . _ 2S7 293 302 3JJ 305 ill. ib. 307 320 323 ib. 324 ib. ib. 325 ib. ib. 326 ib. 327 340 342 344 ib. 346 3)0 351 352 ib. it54 CHAPTER VI Memoir of Dennis O'Kelly, Esq. ... 357 King Herod . - . . . 3.53 Bleeding Childers . - . . 360 Jupiter - - . - . - ib. Marsk --._.- 361 . Early State of Travelling . - 362 Address of an Arab Robber ... 367 Emulalion of the Racer - . « - 368 A Lady's Stud : - - . . - 369 Social Feeling in Horses .... jft. E.xtraordinary Performances ... ji. Ponies ...... 370 The Irish Horse . . - - . 373 Wild Horses of South America ... jA_ CHAPTER VII. A match between the Tartar and Culmuck Horses, and the English Racer. ... 373 The VVcllesiey Arabian ... - (6. Matches over the Newmarket Course, &c. - 379 The ToorUonian Horse ... - ib. The Turkish do. - - - . 380 The Persian do. - - • . 382 Tiie Desert Horse, and Swift Heiries uf Africa, &c. ib. Brussels Races - - . . . 384 Liege do. - - - - - 386 Horses in India ..... 3S6 Curious Sporting Case - - - . 387 Tlie Late Rev. Mr. Harvey - - 388 CHAPTER VIII. The Duke of Grafton's Stud - - - 390 Winners of the Oaks .... ib. Tri'giinwell Frampton .... 394 The Horse at a Shipwreck ... 395 The Canadian Horse .... 396 Instinct - - - - - .397 Sagacity in a Horse .... 398 Racing. — Mounting .... ib. Portraits of Race-horses .... 399 Lady Bird . - - - .401 Horse without Hair .... 402 All Old Hurso - - - - - ib. SiiL;nrity in a Mare .... 403 Alli'clioii and Sagacity of a Norwegia". Horse to his Master - . - - - - ib. A More Coursing a Hare ... ib. A vicious Horse - . - - - 404 Horse Leap • - . - 406 Tiottiiig Matches »6 COSTKJt TS. PAGB CHAPTER IX. Account of the Prince of Wales's Horse Escape running at Newmarket - . . 409 Escape, Skylark, Pipalor, and Coriander - - i/>. Lord Coleraine's opinion of Newmarket Jockies, &c. 416 Comparative merits of Horses and Ponies - 418 Extraordinary case of Strangles . - - 420 CHAPTER X. Chifney's reasons why Turf Horses Degenerate, &c. 421 Ouralsk Races, (Asiatic Russia) - - - 423 Extraordinary Road Match in India - - ib. The late Earl Fitzwilliam ... 4*5 The Judge at Newmarket ... 426 Napoleon's Horse .... {(,, The Royal Stables at Brighton ... 427 Of the Difference of the Price of Horses - - ib. Turned Out for Life - - - - 429 M'hite Legs - - - 430 Tournaments - - - ib. Anecdote of George the Tliird - 43 1 CHAPTER XL Memoir of the Late Earl of Derby, Founder of the Derby and Oaks, at Epsom ... 432 The Late John Mytton, Esq, of Halston - - 435 The Bourra. — A Sportman's " Turn Out" in tiie Peninsula . . . - CHAPTER XU. The Hunter and Hackney. Tlie Himter . . - Riding in the Field . . - The Hackney . . . Ladies' Horses - . . Feeding and Management on the Road CHAPTER XIIL On Brceditig. On Breeding Breeding for the Turf, &c. - 438 441 446 448 450 451 453 45!)! CHAPTER XIV. Breaking. — Castration. Breaking Castration PAOB - 403 467 CHAPTER XV. Directions to the Young Horseman, in Riding, &c. Horsemanship - . . - 469 The Necessity of Examining the Horse's Tackle 470 Mounting - - - - 471 CHAPTER XVl. Remarks on the purchase of a Horse, &c. Remarks on the purchase of a Horse ■ 475 Character of Horse Dealers - - 482 CHAPTER XVII. On the Restive Horse ; with an Account of Jumper and Sullivan, two celebrated Horse-tamers. - 488 CHAPTER XVIII. Warranty. — On Soundness of the Horse. Warranty ..... 406 Sale at Repositories ^ - - 503 CHAPTER XIX. Reinarks on the Food of the Horsu. — Manger Feed ing. Manger Feeding - - - S05 Proportions of Oats and Beans to the Chaff, fi>r Draught Horses ... .506 Oats . . - . 507 Barley - . - - - »6. Grains . . . - • 508 Wheat - - - - - ib. Beans - - . . s6. Peas - - - - - 509 Tares - i. ' *^- VI CONTBWTS. PART IV PAGB FAOI The Veterinary Pharmacopeia ; or, Med cines used The Veterinary Pharmacopeia or, Mec icines ■ased in Horse Practice. . - 51 1 in Horse Practice {continued.) Gum Arabic , _ ib. Euphorbium - - 6T7 Medicinal Uses . _ ib. Medicinal Uses - - ih. Strong Acetic, or Pyroligneus Acid _ _ ib. Sulphate of Iron.— -Salt of Ste ib. Medicinal Uses . _ 612 Decomposition - - ib ib. ib. Medicinal Uses _ _ ib. Impure Ac;>tic Acid. — Vinegar Medicinal Uses - - Liquorice Root Medicinal Uses - - ib. ib. Muriatic Acid. — Spirits of Salts - - ib. Quicksilver. — Mercury . ib. Decomposition ■ - ib. Medicinal Uses - - ib Medicinal Uses - - ib. Oxymuriate of Mercury.— -Corrosive Sublimate 518 Nitric Acid. — Double Aqua Fort is - - ib. Decomposition . . . » ib Decomposition - - ib. Medicinal Uses - - . _ ib. Medicinal Uses - - ib. Submuriate of Mercury. — Calomel . . ib. Sulphuric Acid. — Oil of Vitriol - - ib. Decomposition . - - . ib. Decomposition - - 513 Medicinal Uses - - • . ib. Medicinal Uses - . ib. Kino - . _ 619 Super Sulphate of Alum and Potash - ib. Medicinal Uses . . . • id. Medicinal Uses - . ib. Linseed . _ _ . ib. Leaf of Aconite, or Monk's Hood - - ib. Medicinal Uses . . . . ib. Medicinal Uses - - ib. Myrrh . . . . ib. Adeps.— The Fat of Hogs - - ib. Medicinal Uses . . . ib Horse Aloes . - ib. Olive Oil . . _ ib. Medicinal Uses . - 514 Medicinal Uses - . • ib. Muriate olf Ammonia, Sal Ammoniac - ib. Oil of Tar - . . • ib Medicinal Uses - - ib. Medicinal Uses - . .. ib. Sulphurate of Antimony - - ib. Sulphurated Oil - . _ ib. Medicinal Uses - - ib. Medicinal Uses . . . ib. Tartarized Antimony. — Emetic Tartar - ib. Oil of Turpentine . . . 620 Medicinal Uces - - ib. Medicinal Uses . . , ib. Alkanet Root v - - ib. Opium . , _ ib. Medicinal Uses - - ib. Medicinal Uses . . • ib. Nitrate of Silver. — Lunar Caustic - - ib. Barbadoes Tar - . » ib. Decomposition . - 515 Medicinal Uses . . ^ ib. Medicinal Uses - - ib. Black Pitch - - . ib. Armenian Bole - - ib. Medicinal Uses . . , ib. Medicinal Uses . - ib. Tar - - • ib. Camphor . . ib. Medicinal Uses - - . ib. Medicinal Uses . . ib. Semivitritied 0.\ide of Lead . • . 521 Blistering Fly . . ib. Medicinal Uses . - - • id. Medicinal Uses - - ib. Superacetate of Lead. — Sugar of Lead . ib. Extract ,)f Catechu - - ib. Medicinal Uses - - . . ib .Medicinal Uses . . ib. Nitrate of Potash.— Nitre - a ib. Prepared Chalk - - ib. Medicinal Uses - . . • ib Medicinal Use? . . ib. Red Saunders Wood - . . ib Croton Seeds - . - 516 Oak Bark . . . _ ib Medicinal Uses « . ib. Yellow Resin . w . _ ih Subacetate of Copper.— Verdigris . - ib. Medicinal Uses - J • ib Medicinal Uses - - ib. Castile Soap - . .1 - ib Sulphate of Copper. — Blue Slone - - ib. Medicinal Uses - . . . 622 Decomposition - - ib. Soft Soap - - . ib Medicinal Uses . - ib. Medicinal Uses . . ib. Fox-gl ive Leaf, or Digitalis • - ib. Rectified Spirits of Wine . • ib. Medicinal Uses . ib. Medicinal Uses - . .. ib Extract of Deadly Nightshade - - 617 Sublimed Sulphur . r it Medicinal Uses R - ib. Medicinal Uses • - tb CONTENTS PAGE The Veterinary Pharmacopeia ; or, Medicines used in Horse Practice {continued.) Common Turpentine . - - .')22 Medicinal Uses - - - tb. Venice Turpentine - - - - to. Medicinal Uses - - - - tb. White Hellebore Root ... ib. Medicinal Uses - - - • &S!3 PAGB The Veterinary Pharmacopeia ; or, Medicines used in Horse Practice (continued.) Oxide of Zinc - - - - 523 MeHicinal Uses - - - ib. Sulphate of Zmc. — White Vitrio'. - ib. Ueconiposition - - lA Medicinal Uses . . - - ib. Gini^er Root • - ib. Meditinal Uses • - tii. DIRECTIONS TO THE BINDER FOR PLACING THE ENGRAVINGS. (Frontispiece, to face the title,) A Mare defending her colt. Skeleton, or Bony Structure of the Horse Shoes 41 Anatomy of the Horse 46 Splents, &c 48 Osteology 52 Fractures, &c. ...... .54 Section of the foot CO "Windgalls. &c 76 PAGE 6 I Diagram of the Horse's eye . Viscera of the ahdomen of the Horse The organs of the Horse within the thorax. The stomach and intestinal canal . The hoof Capped Hocks, &c 77 Muscles of the Horse PAOB 80 95 228 231 237 Age of the Horse 258 Dentition 259 Nerve operation 268 286 ©[EPfle^TE© 10 THE MEMBERS OF THE BERKELEY HUNT. THE VERY GREAT DISTINCTION THE NOBLE MASTER AND MEMBERS OF THE BERKELEY HUNT HAVE ACQUIRED IN THE ANNALS OF THE CHASE, MAKES IT A GRATIFICATION HIGHLY FLATTERING THAT I HAVE THE PRESENT OPPORTUNITY or DEDICATING THIS WORK TO THEM. WITH DUE RESPECT, I HAVE THE HONOUR TO BE, GENTLEMEN YOUR MOST OBEDIENT, AND VERY HUMBLE SERVANT, THE AUTHOR. 526 LIST OF MEDICINES. CORDIAL RESTORATIVE BALLS, p. 6 drams Powdered gentian Anise seed . Liquorice Antimony Sulphur 213 G drams 6 drams C drams 6 drams iix with treacle, and divide into four balls, giving one each morning PURGING BALLS, No. I. Barbadoes aloes Ginger . Barbadoes aloes Ginger No. II. 4 drams 1 dram 6 drams 1 dram Form into a ball with soft soap. MERCURIAL PURGING BALLS. 214 No. I. Barbadoes aloes .... 1 dram Calomel 1 dram Ginger 1 dram Form into a ball with soft soap. No. n. Last thing at night give Calomel I J dram Linseed meal .... 2 drams Form into a ball with honey. In the morning give a warm bran mash, and at eight o'clock in the evening give Barbadoes aloes .... 5 drams Gentian ..... 2 drams Mix with soft soap. ALTERATIVE MEDICINES. 214,256 No. I. Antimony powdered ... 8 ounces Sulphor '8 ounces Cream of tartar .... 2 ounces Divide into six powders, and cast one into the corn previously watered. No. II. Cape aloes 8 drams Sulphur 12 drams Form into four balls with soft; soap, and give one every other day. BLISTERS. No. I. p. '2'>0 Cantharides powdered ... 2 drams Hog's lard ..... 2 ounces No, II. Cantharides powdered ... 4 drams Hog's lard ..... 2 ounces No. in. Cantharides powdered . . . G drams Mercurial ointment ... 4 drams Hog's lard ..... 1 ounce Lay lightly on the part affected, after having removed all the hair. 220 LAXATIVE CLYSTER. Thin gruel .... 3 pints Common salt ... 4 table spoonsful Inject whilst warm DOSES OF PHYSIC I>J INFLAMMATION OF THE FEET. 224 Blue pill ... .8 drams Cape aloes 8 drams Resin 8 drams Unite with linseed meal and soft soap into six balls, and give one every other morning No. II. Calomel 2 drams Barbadoes aloes .... 6 drams Gentian 3 drams Formed into a ball with honey. DIGESTIVE OINTMENT. 253, 272 No. I. Common turpentine ... 2 ounces Ho^'s krd 6 ounces No. II. Common turpentine ... 4 ounces Hog's lard . . . .12 ounce? No. III. Common turpentine ... 6 ounces Hog's lard 8 ounces FOOT OINTMENT. Tart!\r emetic .... 1 dram Hog's lard 1 ounce ALTERATIVE POWDERS. Antimony 1 lb. Sulphur 1 lb. Cream of tartar .... 4 ounces Separate into twelve parts, and give one every night in the feed. BLISTERING LINIMENT. No. I. LIST OF MEDICINES P, 273 527 01 Terebinth 01 Olivse . 3 ounces 3 ounces No. IL Cantharides .... 1 ounce 01 Terebinth .... 4 ounces Apply three table spoonsful, after shaking up the medicine well. COMMON DIGESTH^E OINTMENT. CJommou turpentine ... 4 ounces Hog's lard . . . . 2 ounces Melt together over a slow fire. 285 HEALING OINTMENT. Common turpentine ... 2 ounces Hog's lard 2 ounces Alum, powdered fine ... 3 ounces The lard and turpentine must be melted together ; then sprinkle in the alum, and stir it till the mix- ture is cold- HEALING LOTION. Sulphate of zinc . . .8 ounces Boiling water .... 5 piuts DIURETIC BALLS. No. I. Powdered resin .... 3 ounces Linseed meal .... 1 ounce Make into six balls, with soft soap. No. II. Powdered resin .... 8 ounces Nitre in powder .... 4 ounces Juniper berries .... 4 ounces Mix with soft soap, and make into twelve balls. 6 PREFACE. scientific knowledge of Professor Colman and Assistant Professor Sewell, of the Koyal Veterinary College, London, and the number of veterinary surgeons furnished by that establishment yearly, we hope in a great measure ere long to see the empiric in veterinary medicine totally unknown. This publication is undertaken to render plain and familiar a subject that has been treated by some of the most learned veterinary practitioners of the present day. Notwithstanding the great abihty displayed by Mr. Blane, Mr. Clark, Mr. Percival, and others, their works, though of great science, are more adapted to the veterinary student, than to all persons interested in the proper management of the Horse. The prescriptions we have given will be found applicable to all the disorders to which they are attached, without a long list of articles, which nine times out of ten_^ operate one against the other. In classing the diseases of the Horse, we have somewhat differed from most writers, but it has been done to render the subject more inteUigible to the unlearned reader. As this is a book of practice, of nearly twenty years experience, we have inserted nothing which is not based on real experience. m i s ^ THE MODERN SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. PART I. INTRODUCTrON. The very great discoveries made in the pre- sent century, have certainly extended to every art and science that could be materially im- proved by intense study and application ; and, to none more than the administration of me- dicine, and its effects upon the human body, by some of the most learned men in every part of Europe ; and, from the rapid and univer- sally acknowledged improvements in this sys- tem, the most admirable advantages have been obtained, and incredible cures performed. In an age of such general refinements, the ancient mode of practice is not only exploded, but its origin and advocates nearly buried in oblivion. The voluminous herbals in the libra- ries of the botanical votaries, have been, in the late years of improvement in medical science, such as to render of little use or respect any pre- scription of ancient date, when put in competi- tion with the rational and improved system of modern improvements. Farriery, as well as human surgery, has now been obliged to yield and acquiesce in the change ; for what was not willing to be acknow- ledged, time, truth, and experience have fully confirmed, the very groat danger to whiolv some of the finest Horses in the world were ex- posed, by the ignorance and obstinacy of those to whose care they were intrusted — even every stable boy had his remedy for almost every disease : but the education that is now to be obtained at the Royal Veterinary College (if London, has introduced something like a rational system of rectification and improvement in farriery, to rescue from the danger of perpetual experiments and torture, the noblest and most valuable quadruped in the creation. It has been hitherto customary, in the intro- ductory part of works on the present subject, to enlarge upon the shape, make, figure, and qualifications of the Horse for the turf, field, road, &c. but, as we have given our opinion at some extent on this subject in the " Horsemaii's Monitor," it is needless to repeat it here; therefore, we shall confine ourselves to the diseases of the Horse, for which our work is intended. Much mulitfarious matter has consfantly 8 THE MODERN SYSTEM been introduced relative to the age of the Horse by his mouth ; where, after all the obser- vations on the subject, it becomes an acknow- ledged fact by every writer, each sign is doubtful, and liable to deception, and the various arts and designs of the dealers, who, by engraving and burning artificial marks in some teeth, and totally extracting others, render the Horse of any seeming age, most applicable to their purpose. And these faults cannot be easily discovered but by grooms or judges, who are in the con- stant habit and practice of making such re- marks and observations ; nor is there any matter relative to a Horse, requiring a nicer judgment, than to ascertain to a certainty the a 18 THE MODERN SYSTEM tomeci time, will be watcliing and fretting with much anxiety, and oftentimes will call and ask for his food, in such manner, as those accustomed to Horses cannot fail to understand. RegiJar and stated hours should be punctually attended to, with as little variation, as the sea- son or circumstances may require ; five o'clock in summer ; but as the days shorten a later hour is admissible, unless Horses are to be ready at an early hour for hunting, or other- wise ; in such cases, two hours at least before they are wanted, the stable should be visited : if you do not allow yourself sufficient time, things cannot be done as they should. The first thing to be done on going to stable, after casting your eye round to see if any Horses are loose, cast, or the like, is to rack and feed. The judgment in racking is to give the Horse but little at a time, that he may eat it with an appetite, first clearing out his rack, &c. &c. If a Horse leaves hay that is ffood and sweet, some cause must be jissigned for it, and it must be examined into ; sometimes cats will foul the hay, and Horses are very nice in their food, when not kept scanty. If the Horse appears to be in health, and the hay has not been blown on by other horses, but is fresh and sweet, I should judge he is too plentifully fed, and leaving hay for tlie sake of oats — this should be guarded against ; therefore, if you give hay tliat is good and clean in moderation, I would recommend to shorten his allowance of oats, to bring iiis .stomach to the small quantity of hay that I recommended to be given. His mornings racking should be one quarter of his daily allowance, which, on the average, is about three pounds for his breakfast ; for abundant feedinji in the morning is not good ; a Horse cannot work pleasant to himself when over-full, and therefore feed sparingly in the morning • and if you want some exertion from him, do not suppose that a full belly will make him perform the better, it is the food that he has digested, and from which he has obtained that nutriment and its consequent stimulus that is to support him in his work, and not what you cram into him at the time you want him for great exertion : a good Horse, in pro- per condition, will not flag in twelve hours, if you require that much of him ; and 1 liave rode a Horse many times for twelve hours, and on a moderate computation, suppose he has carried me a hundred miles, without (as it is termed) drawing bit ; but this is not to be expected from every Horse, none but thorough good Horses, in proper condition, can undergo such extraordinary exertions. But to return. Tlie quantity of hay that is given should be well shaken, to clear it from dust and seeds, and if it is very dry, as it sometimes will be, sprinkling it with water will be more agreeable to the Horse, and he will eat it with better appetite. 1 have known many Horses, when they per- ceive or think they are going out with ti)e hounds, or have seen the rider come into the stable with his scarlet coat on, and his u/iile cprds, refuse to eat their hay or oats : this arises from an impatient and pleasing anxiety of mind, the animating prospect of the chase, of which most horses are fond, but some uncom- monly so ; but whether they disregard their food from this pleasing anxiety, as children will, when the prospect of pleasure is arrived, or whether they refuse tiieir food, knowing they will be better able to gallop with an empty stomach, I will not pretend to deter- mine ; but certain it is, the Horses that have come within my knowledge, never performed OF FARRIERy. 19 the worse for it , and, I likewise noticed they were not off their feed when the day was over ; therefore, a Horse refusing his food under such circumstances, I do not esteem a bad prog- nostic. But it is very common for a Horse to be off his food after any great exertion, and this is by no means a pleasant circumstance, especially to a true horse-man. After having racked with hay, you next feed, as it is termed, that is serving the oats. I proceed in the routine that is to be daily observed ; for, were I to treat of things out of this regular order, young hands might be studying what they should do, and what ought to be done first, and it is no uncommon thins to see some, that have been in the stable employment for a length of time, not know what thing to do first, and occasion them- selves trouble and loss of time, by going wrong about things. Now, in serving the *jats, whatever is deemed a sufficient allowance for the Horse, for the day, whether it may be three quarterns or a peck, one-fourth of the quantity should now be given : as sweet and clean food is most agreeable to the Horse, as well as beneficial, carefully sift the corn from dust, blow away the chaff, and pick out any thing you perceive is unfit or unpleasant, which will sometimes be found among them, frequently rat's dung and cat's dung, then clear the manger with a whisp of hay or straw, and throwing in the oats, spread them with your hand, to prevent the Horse from taking too greedy a mouthful at a time, whereby he would be induced to swallow them without chewinsr. While the Horses are eating this first feed of corn, which you will recollect is to be given immediately on your entering the stable ia the morning, prepare your saddles and exercising bridles ready co take them out ; which being all ready and placed on for ex- ercise, give your Houses a few go downs of water ; then, if it be an establishment of some considerable extent, give orders to the stable boy to make fair the stable during your ab sence, in the following manner: (if it should be a single Horse stable, this process may not be required so minutely) ; first, throw all the dung off the litter, clear out behind, then turn up the driest and best of the litter under the manger, the wet and muck you turn out behind ; this being removed to the dung-heap, sweep clear out, then, taking a bucket of water, wash the stall out well; after the water is run and swept away, take your bedding that has been put under the manger, and place behind the the horse's stall against the wall ; by doing so you remove all the disagreeable smell that may probably arise from the bedding being allowed to remain under the manger, and in all probability prevent your horse from being affected with diseases of the eyes, glanders, inflamed lungs, &c. &c. ; this being done, take a little of the litter and shake in the stall, for most Horses stale on first coming into the stable from exercise, and this will induce them to do so fieely; thus, you have your stable free from any eflfluvia from the dung and urine. DIRECTIONS FOR DRESSING HORSES. The stable being made clean, next com- mence cleaning your Horses ; this is a work that requires more knowledge and judgment than at first appears. The curry-comb is the first thing applied, and great attention should be paid to its being applicable to the Horse, some Horses require much of the curry-comb, others, none ; this depends on the state the 20 THE MODERN SYSTEM Horse is in, time of year, &c. Horses that have their coats long and full of dust, such as are just taken up from grass, or those just come out of person's hands, that either do not know, or do not take the pains to keep a Horse's coat clean and fine, will require the free use of the curry-comb ; and the teeth and sharpness of the comb should be proportioned to the thickness, length, and foulness of the coat ; while Horses that have been kept in stable and properly groomed, have their coats fine, thin, soft, and clean, requiring no other use of the curry-comb than merely to clean the brush, or occasionally to rub off any dung the Horse may have laid on ; the teeth of such a comb should be remarkably even and dull not to scratch him. These things being attended to, after strip- ping the cloaths off, you should then use the curry-comb, always beginning on the near side at the hind quarters, and using it in pro- portion to the length and foulness of the coat ; that is, if the coat is fast on, long, full of dust, and very filthy, you may use it freely to loosen the coat, or the sweat that is dried and fastened on the skin and roots of the hair, appearing like a white and saltish dust ; but, though I say you may use it freely for this purpose, you are not to expect you are to get it all out at once ; it must be a work of time, and to attempt, by using the curry-comb too much, you would set the coat on end, open the pores of the skin, and the Horse would in consequence be very liable to take cold, which would obstruct that imperceptible perspiration which in a healthy state is always going on, but if prevented, an ichorsus discharge is fre- quently set up, which will dry into small scabs, the coat will then stare, and put on a rusetty appearance ; therefore, when I said. use the comb freely, I mean comparatively to what you do with Horses whose coats are fine and clean, such as the race-horse, or the hunter, when got into proper condition Another thing to be observed is, that if it be at the season the Horse is changing his coat, at which the hair will come off freely with the curry-comb, I would not advise too free a use of the comb for the purpose of removing the coat, but let it have its time to come off; for with good feed you will obtain this end quicker than by scratching the Horse's skin with the comb. Providence has wisely so ordered things, that the Horse's coat, if ex- posed to cold, shall grow long, and if you keep him warm, his coat will be the shorter. Proceeding then to curry on the hind quar- ter, for the purpose of unmatting the hair and loosening the dust, you descend down the quarters, particularly remembering to rub off all dried dung, and taking care not to injure or scratch the Horse's legs. Remember, you are not to use the curry-comb below the Horse's hock, unless any dung may be there ; here you must handle the comb very light, and with grey or white Horses these stains are very troublesome to remove ; but if you take a wet sponge, and well moisten the hair where the stain is, then take a knob of common stone blue (such as used by washer-women), put this in a piece of flannel, and rub well on the stains ; by this means you will be able to re- move all stains : when this is dry, it must he well brushed off. But to return. After having curried the Horse's hind quarter, proceed on to the back loins, flank, belly, shoulders, arms, chest, and neck, omitting no part the comb can be con- veniently applied to ; but tender places, or those thin of liair, need not be touched, the OF FARRIERY. 21 head also need not be touched. Horses are not ticklish when they are full of the dust oc- casioned by the natural and imperceptible perspiration of the body, but as they get clean, and their coats sl:ort and fine, they are exceed- ingly ticklish, and you must be careful to stand in a secure place. After having curried tlie near side, proceed in like manner to curry the off side ; but with this difference, it will be necessary to use your left hand, which after a while you will find most handy and con- venient This done, you next proceed to whisp off the dust you have raised by the curry-comb, and to rub and whisp well those places which were not proper for the comb to touch. For tliis purpose, you make a whisp of some half-\vorn straw, but a hay-band is better, which prepare for the purpose by half untwisting it; loosening it thus, you double it to about a foot in length, looselv twistingj it together that it may not scatter too fast, till you have it as thick as you can grasp : if it be dry and harsh, sprinkle it with water ; this will make it work pleasanter, and the dust you intend to remove will adhere to it, and not (ly about so much. You begin to whisp the Horse at his head, taking the whisp in the left hand for the near side of the horse, and resting the right hand on the most convenient part of the Horse to steady yourself, while you apply the whisp; you change its situation, beginning first at the top of the neck, down to the shoulders, the under pa>-t of the neck, the chest, particularly between the fore legs, down the arms, knees, and the sinews and fetlocks, and well rub out the dirt from the heels, where you could not get your curry-comb ; proceed on in the orJer of his carcase, on the back, sides, belly, croup, and so on to his hind legs, which clean a-j carefully as the fore ones ; you then whisp his off side in the same manner, only chang- ing the whisp from the left to the right hand. You now proceed to brush your Horse over, after having first cleaned your biush well w itii the curry-comb, begin at the croup or rump, and well brush the Horse's body backwards and forwards, the brush being in the left hand ; for the near side, work your way up in all parts as before, and finish at the top of the neck ; then in leaving it, brush the Hor-e the straight way of the hair, and finish at the near fetlock and heel behind : the same operation must be gone through on the off side, changino- the brush to the right hand. Now, many stable-men attend most to those places that are most conspicuous to the eye, such as the fall of the neck, the shoulders, and hind quar- ters ; these places shine the most, and they do not fail to point out these to you, and say how well they look, which may satbfy some per- sons, but a judge will not be deceived by external appearances, he expects the parts not immediately in view to be equally attended to. After the brushing, which causes much of the dust to be floating about, and a part of it wih again settle on the Horse, you should ha' e a hnen cloth to wipe him over with, the linen cloth bein2: much easier washed than any other article ; with this you wipe him all over, beginning, as with the whisp or brush, at the head, and so proceeding to every part , which, being done, you put on his cloaths before you finish with his head, mane, tail, and legs, that the Horse may not chill or take cold while you are about them. I would have it understood, 1 am only treating on the method to be pursued in the F 22 THE MODERN SYSTEM hackney stable, and not in the racing and hunting stable, though there is very little difference in treating the hunter and the hack, except it be in a greater addition of clothing and more drestring, the days he may be laying at rest. The cloth being properly on without wrin- kles, but perfectly smooth, and that especially under the roller, loosen the Horse's head, take off his stall-collar, and turn him round in the stall, to give his head and ears a complete rubbing and brushing, which was not so practicable with the stall-collar on. You now brush his head over in every part, particu- larly at the root of the ears, and under the throat; then after, with your dusting cloth, rub and wipe him well ; then pull his ears through your hands, observing they are clean and soft, and moderately cool ; then comb out his mane and foretop, then with a sponge or water-brush, wet the top or roots of the mane, and pass a small cloth for that purpose over ]t : this cloth being passed from the near side at the top of the mane, and pulled over to the off side, will make the mane lay smooth. You next put on his stall collar, and comb out his tail, wipe away any dirt or filth that may be remaining under the tail with a wet sponge, and after with your (.loth. The Horse's leet are next to be examined, and the dung and litter picked clean out, and if necessary must be washed. And, lastly, the legs are to be rubbed with a clean loose whisp of straw ill < ach hand ; for which purpose, you should go down on both knees, pass the whisp down the legs and tendons, then finish with passing your hands down in like manner, to feel that they are smooth, and no particles of the straw or thistles, which miglit be Among it, adhere or stick in the hair. These rubbings will increase the circulation, and, consequently, will promote the absorption of any fluid that may be detained in those parts, which loo frequently occasion swelled legs ; and, if neglected, the heels may crack, and produce grease, which, with a little extra trouble, may at all times be prevented. The morning s business of the stable being thus complected, the Horse will require nothing until noon. Before I proceed further, I shall siiow the reasons for feeding the hackney ; for I would not have it understood, that this is the manner to feed for extraordinary cases, or hunters. A hackney should be always ready to perform ordinary work, with ease to himself, and com- fort to his rider. I account it moderate exercise for a goo«' hackney, to go thirty or forty miles an end, without drawing bit, at the rate of from eight to ten miles an hour ; this I call ordinary work : but to gallop twenty miles, or trot sixteen in an hour, I call extraordinary work, which re- quires a Horse to go through a regular mode of training. But to return. At noon, give him the like quantity of hay as in the morning, and his feed of corn : set the stable fair, that is, put his litter to rights and remove the dung. This is all that is necessary till watering time, which is about four o'clock, at which tin.-r, you strip the horse, and brush him well over. I have had lads that could hardly be per- suaded of the necessity of this, alleging that they had cleaned them perfectly well in the morning ; that the Horse had not been out ot the stdjle, and that the clothing prevented dust from settling on hem ; therefore, thev could not conceive the necessity of it ; and maoy others may be of the same opinion: but OF FARRIERY. 23 the imperceptible perspiration, which is always going on, occasions a scruf, which the Horse is much relieved by having it removed ; besides, stripping the cloths off, and brushing him over, greatly refreshes the Horse, and puts the blood into a freer circulation. Wipe your Horse down as before, finishing with rubbing his legs, which must never be omitted, comb- ing the mane and tail, &c., tiien watering. If there is not a probability of the Horse going out, let him have a greater quantity of water than in the morning, and if he be not a greedy Horse for water, he will not drink more than will do him good ; but, if you perceive his belly gets too large, and he appears washy, You must allowance him. Set your stable fair, and you have done until the final doing up for the night. At about eight o'clock go to your stable, and finish for the night. You must now give him his remaining allowance of hay, being double what you gave in the morning, and his remaining feed of corn. You give more abund- antly at night, because it will be in so forward a state of digestion in the morning, as not to occupy so much room, which, when working, would press upon the lungs, and, consequently, distress the wind ; this will be a guide how you should vary it upon particular occasions, so as to have your Horse in good heart and spirits, but empty, when wanted for expe- ditious purposes. The last thing, is making up the beds, and setting all fair. Now, in making up the beds, you contrive to lay all the worst of the litter nt the middle or bottom, where the Horse is most likely to spoil it; in throwing down the Jitter you placed behind the Horse in the morning, reserve the cleanest and driest part to top the bed with, making,' the bed up high on each side, and fullest towards the hmd quarters, that it may be soft and pleasant to the Horse, which ever side he may lay on, as they will sometimes turn frequently in the course of the night : tlirow out all dung, and sweep clean; see that all the stall-collars are secure, loose cloths taken off, and every thing set fair, which finishes the routine of the stable. EXERCISE. Exercise is so essentially necessary and beneficial to the Horse, that all the feedina: and grooming would be of little use, if work or exercise be omitted. It is admitted, that great numbers of Horses are killed or spoiled with being over-worked ; and, it is a doubt with me, if as many are not spoiled in London for want of work, 'i'here are several persons in London who keep Horses, but who are so occupied with business, that they cannot ride tnem out oftener than once in a week, and many that I know, don't ride them once in a month ; their Horses stand at livery, and they order them to be exercised. Men employed in livery-stables have seldom le s than six or eight, and I have known some to have ten livery-horses to look after: these men, if they rub off the dung, and occasionally give them a brush over, omit exercise, not finding time for it. Gentlemen do not like to see or know boys are permitted to ride their horses ; and without they keep grooms of their own, thcii- Horses will go short of exercise. Consider, then, those Horses that are con- fined in a livery-stable from week's end to week's end, and many stables confined and filthy; if they are sometimes moved about which they call exercise, it is on a ride, per- haps, fifty or sixty yards long, made up of 24 THE MODERN SYSTEM litter and dung, with a smoking dung-hill at some part of it, so that the Horse literally breathes only air strongly impregnated with tiie evapo- ration of dung. I think, frequently, it is sur- prising they are so well as they are. The disorders it brings on them are principally cough, not improperly called a stable cough, also weakness in the legs, so that they fre- {uently make a drop, as it is termed ; various luunorial diseases, such as swelled legs, grease, farcy, and, in all probability, inflamed lungs and glanders. At their best, when they look plump and well to the eye, they are faint, and what is termed foggy, and unable to perform more than would be common exercise for Horses in condition. Since, therefore, exercise and air are so beneficial, let us consider in what manner exercise should be given, this is to be regu- lated according to circumstances. Where Horses work two or three days in the week, the resting days require no more than airing exercise, for every Horse should have at least two days in the week, such work or exercise that will give him a good sweating ; this throws out through the pores of the skin, what might lodge in the system and create diseases ; it likewise frees the Horse of the scurf, adhering to the skin, and occasions the coat to look fine ; those diiys, therefore, that the Horse is not wanted for work, he must be exerci-sed for the fresh air, which is bracing and strenartheniiiff to his limbs, refrcslics the body, and creates appetite ; and the early part of the day is preferable for tliis, but in wet weather you must embrace the best opportunity you can. If but one Horse be kept by a gentleman, order his groom, as soon as the stable has been cleaned out in the morning, which is while the Horse is eating his first feed, bru?h him over, and put on his exercising saddle and bridle ; in cold weather, if you only intend walking him, you may keep the cloth or sheet on him under the saddle ; in warm weather I do not recommend it, for, though a Horse's coat may be something the finer by being kept warm, yet he is certainly the more liable to take cold when he is necessarily deprived of it. The most open and airy places should be taken for exercise, and this is the most favourable opportunity to improve a Horse's walk, for when he has only walking exercise, you should at least walk him two hours, which will be sufficient ; and by aiming to extend his walk, you may greatly improve it ; thus, you exercise the Horse and improve him at the same time. At your return thoroughly clean him, give him his feed, &c. If you had convenience, or opportunity, while you were out, you might give him his water. If a Horse is hearty, and inclined to flesh, I would rather recommend the like exercise in the afternoon, where persons have time and convenience, than to shorten his feed for that purpose, it would be much better for the Horse ; but every one cannot allow the time to be so taken up, for it would be nearly equal to training, and may not be thought necessary ; it is more than the generality of Horses require, and many inferior-bred Horses, who look well to the eye, cannot for a continuance stand the ordinary work that a Horse has in training; such is the amazing difference of Florses : if you enquire of training grooms, concerning some high bred colt or other, why he is not brought out, they will answer " he would not stand his training ;"' though, I tiiink, in a great many cases, training is screwed up to too tight a pitch in the present day. OF FARRIERY. Should the Horse's work be so moderate as not to occasion a sweat, I think it beneficial, about twice a week, to give exercise strong enough to sweat him ; this may be done in tlie pace he is mostly rode in, that he may be practised and improved in it ; if he be admired for his trot, it would be wrong to gallop him, which might unsettle him in his esteemed pace, therefore, trot him out for the space of two miles to bring him to a comfortable sweat, and walk him back ; thus, you extend his limbs, supple his muscles, and strengthen his ligaments and tendons ; for we know not our strength, unless we are put to it; inactivity debilitates, and over exertion may sprain and weaken, but moderate exertion is good both for man and beast. Sweating of Horses occasions considerable labour to clean, ^nd indolent grooms, and those who have several Horses to look after, avoid this part of their business as much as possible : some would persuade you, there was no neces- sity for it, but reason and experience teach us otherwise. When a Horse comes in from work or exer- cise, if in a sweat, or wet and dirty with sloppy roads and rain, they should not be left until made completely dry, clean, and comfort- able : some Horses, in good condition, will rub djy and clean in a short time, but others, with long and curly coats, and some from constitution or ill condition are a long time getting dry ; hence, of late years, clipping has been intro- duced ; but this I am decidedly opposed to, as it is to be prevented altogether by good grooming ; besides, dipt Horses are apt so frequently to take cold, if hunters, especially of a slack day. I have known an industrious groom to work at a Horse for four hours, and noc leave him until perfectly dry, while others will cover them with a cloth, and leave them to dry, before they will clean them*. Much depends on the habit the Horse has been used to, constitution, conditioyi. Sec, whether the Horse will take injury from being left in his wet and dirt ; but those Horses that have been properly groomed, having all care taken of them to keep their coats fine, and on all occa- sions made dry and comfortable, would be liable to take cold, which might be the fore- runner of other diseases, if neglected at these times. PHYSICKING AND BLEEDING. Some persons are fond of physicking or bleeding their Horses, when there is no ap- parent cause or reason for it. Grooms, in general, take upon themselves to bleed and physic at their own discretion ; it is therefore necessary to assign some reason, and to shew when, and for what purpose, such methods are to be pursued. It is best to pursue such methods as to preclude the necessity of either ; for, with proper feeding, exercising, and groom- ing, there will seldom be occasion for physic, but sloth or idleness is the parent of disease ; and thus it happens with Horses, when they are well fed, and have little or no work (Horses not being intended to stand in a stall, and fatten .ike a bullock), the blood-vessels get filled, and overcharged, and a partial stagna- * My old friend, Jeremiah Hawkins, Esq., of the Haw, in Gloucestershire, and, I believe, the oldest member of the Berkeley Hunt, has a brown Horse, which he has ridden to my Lord Seagrave's hounds about twenty-six years, and always keeps him turned out winter and summer; and on coming home, after ever so hard a day's sport, the old fellow, after he has had a feed of corn, is immediately turned out. I think, if I remember right, he is called Old George. 26 THE MODERN SYSTEM tion takes place, so that the economy of the whole system becomes obstructed, and cannot perform their several functions ; the stomach cannot digest its contents, //te lungs become oppressed, and have not that free expansion they require ; consequently, if timely relief be not given, a catalogue of disorders must ensue, for nature always strives to unburthen herself in some way or other. When any symptoms of approaching illness or disorder appears, which may discover itself in various ways, such as refusing his food, languor or dullness, heaviness of the eyes, heat in the mouth, swelling of the legs, itchings, breakings out in various parts, &c., it then will, in general, be proper to bleed, as a check, and also to lessen tlie irritability of the system, which will arrest the advancing malady ; in these cases bleed according to size, constitution, and nature of the Horse's foreboding attack. If a Horse be very fat, you must not take the quantity from him as if in good working condition ; for liis fat, in the first place, debilitates him, and then taking blood in large quantities still increases the debile state. I have frequently known fat Horses fall, in consequence of five or six quarts of blood being taken from them at a time, the idea impressed having been, that because he was fat, he could lose so much more blood. If, on showing any of the pre- ceding named symptoms, and he happens to be over-loaded with fat, be exceedingly cauti- ous of l)lceding, as to abstracting too great a quatilily; but with Horses iu condition for work, you may take five or six quarts without the lea.st fear. In bleeding, sometimes, after pinning up the orifice, you may perceive the Horse shake himself; you then may be assured you have gained your object, as when this occurs, it is a favourable omen that you have reduced that inflammatory action that was going on in the system. But if you compare symptoms and circum- stances together, to account for, if possible, the cause of complaint; if the Horse has been well kept, consequently full of flesh, and little or no work ; for I do not call walking a Horse about to stretch his limbs (which lazy grooms will do, and are afraid of sweating them, be- cause of the trouble of cleaning them), sufficient to keep a Horse in health ; you may reasonably conclude, the blood-vessels are prevented from performing their natural functions, and evacu- ations must relieve them. In this case, I prefer a course of alteratives to violently phy- sicking Horses ; it being less dangerous, and more compatible with the opinion of my late respected friend, John Abernethy, who used to observe, " I do not like buMying any man' s guts into good orders It may so happen, that a Horse over-fed and too little worked, may not discover any symptoms until after a day's riding, and work as some would call it, and from that circum- stance, you might at first not attribute it to the want of exercise ; but in this you deceive yourself for diseaf^e, or the seeds of disease, might have been lurking in the Horse, and could not develope themselves until the Horse was |)ut to unusual exertion, which might cause the discovery sooner than otherwise it would. if the Horse has been in regular work or exercise, young and tender constitutions will sicken at unusual exertion, which is termed, taking too much out of him ; in this case, the loss of a little blood, with two or three days re>t, will restore him. But, sometimes takuig (no much blood, and, at the same time, when the Horse is very hot, suffering; him to cool top OF FARRIERY. 27 fast, will, in all probability^ instead of decreas- ing, increase any inflammatory disposition the system may be susceptible of ; but if you notice at the first, that the Horse does not dung, or empty himself freely, as Horses generally do when in health, this will draw your attention to the Horse, and he must have speedy relief, to prevent disease coming on in a more dangerous form *. ON THE MANAGEMENT OF HUNTERS. After what has been said in the preceding article, there remains to be noticed the method to get your hunters into condition, and the care and management of them through the season. Hunters are usually turned into good grass after the season is over, though a great deal has been said by " Nimrod" against such a practice ; still I have seen its good effects as often as stabling them ; and, perhaps, it is a good thing that we should not all be of the same opinion, and, for this reason, we cannot always tell how to draw the line ; one man may have convenience to stable his hunters all the summer, and ten others not ; consequently, an additional expence would be incurred, and pounds, shillings, and pence, is a material ob- ject of the present day, and with those who it would be the least suspected. But as this treatise on the management of hunters is for the use of hunting men in general, I shall go upon general principles, which I know to be correct, and the manner in which I have treated my own Horses. Grass, it is well known, be it of ever so good • We beg to inform our readers, that when we come to treat of diseases to which the Horse is liable, we shall not •bfijet to instruct them how to act in the above cases. in quality, is not a substantial food, it is cooling and opening ; and though it makes a Horse fleshy, it, nevertheless, is not that description of flesh as the Horse could work on : if you were to attempt to gallop him to that excess, as you are necessitated when hunting, you would find the Horse faint and weak, the fat that had accumulated in the cellular mem- branous cavities, which intersect the muscle all over the body, would evaporate in the form of a white lathering sweat ; and, if checked, might produce inflammation- of the lungs, and the Horse become a subject for the knackers ; therefore, the first thing to be done to alter this state of the system in the best and most expeditious manner, is to bleed and physic, but that with caution, always paying great attention to the constitution of the Horse. No person has a greater aversion to bleeding and physicking than myself. I have been always in the habit of treating my own Horses much after the same manner that I would myself; which was, never to take medicine unless I perceived an absolute neces- sity for it ; for I have made a remark, that ail medical men that I have been intimate with (and I have known a great many), have prescribed medicine to their patients for the most trifling complaints, but took none them- selves, imless they were extremely ill, and thought there was some danger. Judsinff I must be right in following their example, I, therefore, never take medicine myself, or administer it to my Horses, unless I am fully persuaded there is a real necessity for it : however, to return to our subject. In the case of Horses being taken up from grass, the warmth of the stable is very apt to make them have an inclination to itch, and. 28 THE MODERN SYSTEM consequently, rub themselves a j^reat deal. When Horses are so inclined, bleeding is liigiily necessary : but we will first proceed to shoeing the Horse, and then give our instructions how to proceed in their due course. The first thing, therefore, to be done, is to get the Horse shod, for Horses usually have their shoes taken off when turned out to grass, and, if not, they generally become loose before they are taken up ; then bleed, accord- ing to the size of the Horse, from two to four quarts of blood will be sufficient, and let him stand quiet, with his head tied up tothe rack, without food of aiay kind for three or four hours. \\ hile he is full of grass, he will not drink much water, but after living on dry food, he will drink plentifully if you let him. There is no necessity for your stinting him in water until lie has taken his physic. His coat v\ili be exceedingly foul, and full of nits, therefore, he will require some good dressings ; the opening his coat, and taking the dirt out, will require him to be clothed : buckle a cloth on with a good broad roller, pretty tigiit, to assist in reducing the size of his belly ; and if he has been in the stable three or four days, and emptied the grass out of him, you may give him his first dose of physic ; preparatory k which, the day on which he takes his medicine, keep him on cold bran mashes ; then, at night, say an hour before you last visit the stable, give him his medi- cine*. Having done this, either tie him up * My motive for giving medicine at night is this; some Horses having weakly constitutions, tlie medicine is apt to gripe Iheni, \vhi. ^ r§ OF FARRIERY. 41 ON SHOEING. Shoeing, like all other appendages to the Horse, has received considerable improve- ments within the last half century. Indeed, the great improvement made in shoeing since the establishment of the Royal Veterinary College, precludes the necessity almost of my giving an opinion at all, and the able works of Professor Coleman, Mr. Bracy Clark, and Mr. Goodwin, goes to shew every thing necessary on the subject ; but, probably, we might be thought neglectful, if we did not give our opinion ; we will do it as concisely as we can ; for it would be impossible almost to give i'. structions in shoeing, for the ignorance and obstinacy of the old practitioners in farriery, were difficult to overcome ; but, at length they have in some measure yielded to the superi- ority of study and science. The anatomy of the Horse's foot is now clearly understood, and without such knowledge, no man can shoe a Horse properly; hence the cause of so much lameness occasioned by shoeing ; the benefit derived from this knowledge cannot but rejoice those who recollect the numbers of valuable Horses that were crippled and spoiled by ignorance and error of shoeing. The post- horses, stagers, and hackney-coach-horses, were comprisec?. principally of crippled Horses, or such as were termed groggy in the feet ; these poor animals would stand with their feet forward, or as it is called pointing, in the greatest anguish, shifting from foot to foot alternately, to gain a little ease, and their very countenances expressive of extreme pain ; now comparatively, few such are to be seen. With care, the foot may be preserved to the last ; whereas, formerly, a young fresh Horse from the breeder, in the space of two years, his feet getting gradually worse, became unfit ana unsafe for any gentleman's riding, and in his very prime was cast off to hard labour, ren- dered more intolerable by increasing pain. But, though the improved system is now almost become general, that every person employed in shoeing Horses, knows how it ought to be done ; nevertheless, there should be an exactness and care, which some men will not observe ; and, \\ ith all your instruc- tions, these men fancy they know better than all the veterinary surgeons in the world ; and, in spite of all your endeavours to teach them, they will have their own way at last. It may be necessary to apprize the man who forges the shoe, if the Horse is apt to interfere, which is called cutting ; and, likewise, if he over-reaches with his hind-foot, striking it against his fore-shoe ; which is extremely unpleasant ; these things may be greatly as- sisted, or totally prevented, by making, and placing the shoe accordingly. The interfering is remedied by leaving the inner heel as high as you can, and paring the outer heel in mo- deration, the inner heel of the shoe is made thicker than the outer ; this raising of the inner heel throws the fetlock joints outwards, or wider apart ; which, with that part of the toe that is liable to interfere, being pared close, and the shoe no wise projecting, will prevent the interference, or what is called cutting. The hind-shoe, striking against the fore, which some Horses are apt to do, is prevented by shortening the heel of the hind-shoes, so that the hind-foot moves in unison with the fore-foot , for this striking ari-es, principally, with heavy forehanded Horses, that caiumi get their fore-lect so quick out of the way of the hind ; and^ consequently, that unpleasant 42 THE MODERN SYSTEM ooisc which arises from Horses which strike, and which, at times, is almost beyond bearinj. ^Vhen Horses, newly shod or removed, go unpleasant or nnsafe, which before went safe and well, which is fn-quently the case, it is reasonable to suppose the shoes are not put on properly. I have seen Horses, on being re- moved from the farrier's shop, go as if crip- pled every step, and, to all appearance, they with difficulty were kept up to prevent them from falling. The shoes, to all appearance, seem well put on, and, to the eye, the nails apniared driven in properly, so as not to touch on the sensible part of tlie foot; but this arises from the shoe not having an equal bearing ; that is tf) say, not equal at the heels as at the toe : bill I have no objection to the shoe bear- ing on the outer heel, but not by any means on (he heel and quarters inside; for if this be the case, you will assuredly produce corn, contrac- tion of the hoof, thrush, &c., &c. I think these cases are mo.st likely to happen where you caution the shoeing smith not to put the hhoe hot to the foot ; for though I do not ap- prove of the shoe being so hot, as to sear the foot, to fit the shoe, yet the application of the shoe, moderately hot, to shew wiiere the shoe bears, and where it does not, that the rasp may take down some places till the bearing becomes equal : this is a less evil than putting tne shoe on at hazard, where there is not cijual bearing on the outer side and toe. The driving the clenches down over much, may cause pain and uneasiness, but it is not likely .0 pinch when the shoe sits solid, as when it does ; for this reason, in shoeinjr Horses. I always advise but tttn nails to he driven in the inaide, and those two next the toe: by this lacaus, you do not draw or warp the shoe ; for, you must recollect, the shoe not being elastic, and it being nailed to an elastic body, some- thing must give way, and the elastic body sooner than the non-elastic : and, furtliet, th»s occasions the shoe frequently to break, and, what is most singular, the breakage almost always takes place at the quarters where the most elasticity exists ; clearly proving that there is not so much fault in the iron, as the confine- ment by the shoe of the elastic part of the hoof: but this you cannot persuade the old shoeing smiths to believe , and it has not been until of late years, when regular educated veterinary surgeons kept shoeing forges, that all these errors have been exploded, though not to the benefit of the surgeon, so much as the Horse ; for it is rarely that any profit is obtained from a shoeing forge, though it is an adage amongst veterinary surgeons, " If you get a Horse's foot, you get his whole body :" this I have, in numbers of instances, proved ; but one, in particular, I cannot help relating. I was called in to see a cart-horse, belonging to a gentleman at Kennington, that was affected with inflammation of the lungs : the Horse was exceedingly ill, held down his head, ap peared sleepy, and, indeed, put on all the symptoms of the disease he was labouring under. The farrier was sent for v\ho had been attending to him for the previous three days. On consulting with Mr. Farrier, rela- tive to the disease, he could not be persuaded but the disease lay in the Horse's head, on which he had placed an immense bran poul- tice ; and so mucn was the owner of the Horse persuaded by this man, that my services were declined, and, as a matter of course, the Horse died on the morrow. Another case I will mention, which was, a Horse 1 was sent for to in Lambeth ; the shoeing smith here bad OF FARRIERY. 4:j usurped the veterinary surgeon's office ; the Horse was lame, with inflammation of the near foot before ; and this scientific blacksmith had been rubbing hot oils of some kind or other in the Horse's shoulder ; but on my pointing out the seat of lameness, the owner preferred the smith to carry into execution my prescription in preference to me. 1 merely mention these cases, to shew why a veterinary Burgeon should keep a smith's shop, not, as I before said, for real profit in itself, but what it may lead to. But going back to the Horse, leaving the smith's shop alone. When such an occurrence of extreme lame- ness, and, of course, consequent uneasiness, happen immediately after shoeing, the shoes should be immediately taken off, to ascertain how the shoe was fitted on, though it fre- quently occurs, that drawing out the two back nails of the inner quarter will instantly give relief; and though the farrier may insist that nothing was amiss (for we are none of us willing to acknowledare an error that cannot be brought home to us), yet, he may be carefid to remedy the cause, whatever it may be, whether it may be from the shoe being too tight, or a nail struck so far in as to occasion unequal bearing. Not that you are to expect Horses with bad feet will go as pleasant in new shoes as old ones : those Horses with thin flat feet, cannot be supposed to go so well as a Horse with a strong foot, consequently, a diflerent shoe is required. A shoe to suit soft thin feet ought to be well chambered out, as it is called, with a broad web, and only bearing on the edge of the crust : but Horses having such feet, I should recommend the bar shoe, for the old system of paring and cutting out the bars, by which means the foot will become contracted ; and until the shoe is in some measure settled to the foot, the Horse will go tender and unpleasant. The substance and weight should be pro- portioned to the work or employ of the Horse : never load the foot with more iron than is necessary to preserve it. If the Horse's foot is light, let his shoe be light also ; and if he work principally on the road, his shoes should be somewhat stouter. Shoeing Horses, like most other things, from the modern improvements made in the art, and those in accordance with the true anatomy of the foot, I should much rather leave the shoeing in the hands of some respectable vete- rinary surgeon, than consult books on the subject ; therefore, in consequence, we have refrained giving plates of shoes, which none but experienced men can determine the appli- cation and utility of. ON TURNING OUT TO GRASS, OR STRAW YARD. When Horses have been hard worked, turning out becomes a natural consequence, to refresh their limbs : they are occasionally turned out when not wanted for present use. The hunter, when the season is over, is turned into good grass, to cool the system, and tf prevent too great an incumberance on the master's pocket ; also, to refresh his limbs, which, if he has been regularly hunted the season through, must stand in need of it ; but if only occasionally, and he was wanted after foi the road, there is no necessity for it. I have known Horses to be kept in a stable a doze' years without eating any green food, yet havt continued in health and condition : there are some constitutions that will not thrive and look well in the stable for any continuance, but get tucked up, suircring from indigestion THE MODERN SYSTEM (hide bound), and their coats looking dead and russetty. These are a kind of Horse 1 w ould not keep ; though Horses affected with worms will put on similar appearances : there- fore, if a high-prized Horse, which of course makes him valuable, I should try a course of medicine before I parted with him : this fre- quently, with good grooming, will renovate a Horse, putting on the above appearances : if you shouJd not be inclined to go to the expence, they will have a tolerable appearance, after a month or six weeks grass, which acts, and has the same effect as physic. Now, this is the best time to dispo.se of such a Hoi'se, for they frequently return to their first state when kept in tlie stable, with only having moderate work. I would not have it understood that grass is improper for Horses ; on the contrary, it is very good, where they can be spared ; and pleasure Horses, that are only moderately used, may lie kept at grass, and woiked occa- sionally, all the summer, giving them corn when they work. It is for appearance and ability to do extraordinary work, if required, that condition is in such request. The Horse that runs at grass, and is worked all the summer, is soon got into condition for hunting in the winter ; for his occasional working pre- vents him getting over-fat and gross with the grass; and, without physicking when you take him up, give him dry food with some good sweating exerci.sc, and he will soon be in wind and condition for hunting Turnin-.; out in winter to a straw yard, is a custom with those who keep a Horse for pleasure in the summer, and have no occasion for him in the wintei : they will tell you how beneficial it is for the Hor.se, cooling to the body, ami bracing to the limbs ; but these arguments do not meet with my concurrence. Whatever may suit a man's taste or couveni- ence, he will be sure to find some pretext or excuse for it, and like an old acquaintance of mine, who is fond of a dram, is never at a loss for a pretext to take one, if he is hot, it is to prevent taking cold ; ij he should happen to he cold, it is to warm him ; and if neither, he is sure to be troubled with the wind. So with those who do not like the expence of keeping a Horse in the stable in winter, when they can seldom ride, they would persuade them- selves, it was beneficial to tiie Horse to be famished with cold and hunger for five or six months. To keep Horses in stable, I admit, is very expensive ; and in large towns, without work, and where exercise is not convenient to be given, is injuriojs to the Horse ; but not near so hurtful as to be nearly famished, as I have seen some '.aken up from a straw-yard, and had scarceiy^ recovered an appearance fit for a gentleman to be seej. oi theii back. Before the season arrive. i for theii turning out again, how much the constitution must be weakened and debilitated, I shall leave my readers to judge. When a Horse has been rode hard all the summer, his legs may be- come swelled or gorged, and require rest to refresh and bring him about, and this may be the only season he can be spared ; therefore, under all circumstances, it is more convenient than beneficial for a Horse to be turned out in winter. When it becomes expedient either for the refreshment of the Horse's limbs, or the sparing of the owner's pocket, I cannot but recommend that the Horse should be prepared for the extraordinary change he is to undergo by first leaving off his cloths, then removing him to a cooler stable, leaving off dressing, giving him less, at least no corn, and, hy OF FARRIERY. U ckerrceti, to an empty stable or shed to jay under. When gentlemen have convenience of their own to turn Horses out in winter, there is no doubt of their being taken care of; in open weather there is good pasturage, and in hard weather, an out-house or stable to lay in, with plenty of hay. A Horse may be benefitted by a >vinter's run of this sort, and come up re- freshed ; but as we were alluding to straw- yards, where they take in all that come, and account they do well by them if they keep them alive, which has been the case with many I have seen ; not but a Horse may do well, when he is up to his belly in clean straw, and cau pick and cull the ears to fill himself: but where they take in for pay, some men scarcely ever think they are over-stocked, and that which is scarcely tit for the Horse to lay upon, becomes his food. Therefore it behoves those wlio send Horses to straw-yards, not to rely altogether on specious promises, but to occasionally visit them yourself, to see how they fare ; and you must not be surprised, if you do not know your own Horse, for the alteration sometimes is beyond any person's conception. A Horse in the rough is so very different from what he appears when kept clean and hand- somely done up ; how much more so must it be, when reduced by cold and poverty, his flanks hollow, his crest fallen, his coat long and staring, and the colour completely changed by the weather, his spirits flagged, and he appears altogether dejected. This is the state many are reduced to by a winter's turning out ; and to recover them to the state they were in previous to turning out, if the constitution is not so injured as to preclude it, would cost from ten to twenty pounds. J leave persons, then, to judge for themselves of the prudence and economy of turning out in winter. The giving Horses green food in the stable is called soiling ; it is not convenient for those who keep no more Horses than they have use for to turn them out to grass, and particularly in that season when people make pleasure on horseback, or travel on business. The work of Horses of this description is hardly to be called exercise ; perhaps not more than ten miles a day, on the average, and their pace seldom exceeding more that six or eight miles an hour, and that for very short distances, as fast riding in hot weather is neither genteel or pleasant. Under such circumstances, green food in the stable, as a cooler and alterative, is admis- sible and highly proper ; for some constitutions will not do well without it, dry food for a long continuance not agreeing with thein, and no quantity of dry food that you can give would make them thrive, but they will be lank, do all you can. I have hinted, that such a des- cription of Horse is not worth keeping, but where work is light, they serve instead of a better Horse, and their paces and action may be very good, though their constitution, like some of ours, may not be the most robust. Green food to Horses is a kind of natural physic, cooling and opening the body ; and many preclude the necessity of other physic ; for you will perceive, at his first having green food, particularly if he works with it, he will void his dung quite soft, if not scour. This is the benefit he derives from it; consequently, clearing out the alimentary canal, and pro- ducing that healthy secretion, nature is so desirous of; but after a time, the purgative principle appears to have passed off, and the Horse merely voids his dung, in rather a sofi state than not. I, of course, should not advise 46 THE MODERN SYSTEM a Horse, on green food, to be put to im- moderate work, as it may produce inflam- mation of the intestines, and its frequent consequence — death. Green food, when cut, soon spoils, and I tlierefore caution my readers, who buy the bundles of vetches or tares that are brought to market, to be mindful that they are fresh and cool. They are frequently cut the day before, and tied up in the bundle full of moisture, which will occasion them to heat, and besrin to rot, consequently, must be hurtful from their decomposition. You should have them fresh in every day, and take in no more than you can consume, for they soon spoil, particularly if much moisture or wet be on them. Now, if you are not sure of a regular supply, untie the bundles and spread them on the spare room of the floor of your hay loft ; this will keep them for two or three days : and, if you arc in the habit of feeding with chafi", have a layer of vetches cut up with it : this you will find excellent and cooling, and when the weather is warm, and your Horse in full work, he will be benefitted by such mode of feeding. In the course of our work, as we shall have occasion to make reference to our cathartic and other balls, we have thought it most bene- ficial to arrange them, and distinguish them by numljers, so that an easy reference may, at all times, be made, without a repetition of the ingredients. PHYSIC OR PURGING BALLS. No. I. Take of Barbadors Aloe.s - - Ginger, powdered fine 1 oz. 2 drams. form into a ball with treacle, if for immediate use, but if not, form the ball with soft soap. This ball, when the Horse is properly pre- pared with bran mashes, as directed in the " Management of Hunters," will be found sufficiently strong for any Horse. No. 2. Take of Barbadoes Aloes - - 6 drams. Ginger --_--! dp. Form into a ball, as prescribed for No. 1. This ball is generally found strong enough for saddle Horses of all descriptions. No. 3. Take of Barbadoes Aloes - - 4 drams Ginger 1 do Though this quantity of aloe,s will act as a drastic purge on some constitutions, it wi.l scarcely move others. In the above formula purgative medicine, you have simply those that actually stimulate the intestines to get rid of their contents without a Ions: fara^-o of a receipt, containing six or eight articles that are of no use whatever. As we at first ob- served, our object is to make our work as useful as we possibly can, without that need- less expenditure which old prescriptions generally run people to. No. 4. Take of Barbadoes Aloes - - 5 drams. Cape Aloes - - - - 5 do. Ginger 2 do. Mix, and form into a ball with soft sot p, for lari^e carriage or cart Horses; the after treatment as the preceding. THE MODERN SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. PART II. OF DISEASES GENERALLY. As this work is intended for general use to all persons who are proprietors of Horses, we have not entered into the anatomical part, as most modern writers have done, as elementary works for the use of students, but have con- 6ned ourselves to the practical part only. Without becoming a convert to the usual style of dividing and sub-dividing chapters, cases, and remedies, as has in general been the custom, introducing a great portion of matter, I shall proceed, as in other respects, and contract the plan, as much as the con- si stetcy of circumstances will allow, by bring- ing in classes such accidents or diseases as bear a degree of affinity to each other, or come under a similar mode of treatment ; and shall likewise, as much as possible, divest each case and explanation of technical terms that every part may be universally compre- hended. 48 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER I. OF SPLENT, BONE SPAVIN, RING BONE, AND ANCHYLOSIS. SPLENTS. Splents are bony excrescences, situated on the inside of the fore leg ; they rarely occur on the outside, and this in consequence of the inside being more under the direct weight of the Horse ; therefore, when the Horse has one of his fore legs off the ground, there is more weijrht thrown on the inside of the leg that is on the ground ; consequently, the small bone united to the shank bone has more work to perform than the outer one, from the super- abundant weight it has to sustain ; hence inflammation is frequently set up in the attachment of the large to the small bone, which is of a cartilaginous substance, and easily takes on a disposition to form bone OD the slightest exertion ; for splent will fre- quently occur with Horses that never have done a day's work ; but when young, racing about the fields, when at grass, will produce eplcnt, and when it does occu» from these causes, it seldom occasions lameness, as the cold atmosphere they continually are in, acts as a sedative, and reduces the inflammation, and with that the pain that would be occa- fiioned, if splent arose from travelling on hard roads. Splents arising from travelling, the inflammation being much more increased, in consequence of having to lay in a warm stable, that it is frequently, though not above the size of half a pea, and with great difficulty to discover, will occasion the most acute lame- ness. Another cause of splent, arising from the speedy cut, which is just under the knee ; and I have known this lo proceed on so far, that valuable Horses, good hackneys, have been doomed to slow work the remainder of their lives ; and this in consequence of it interfering with the bones of the knee, or proceeding in- wards, and by which means affecting the suspensory ligament. The remedies for splents are now more humane, and have the best effect, than those formerly in use. The practice at the Royal Veterinary College, is to divide the skin above and below the enlarged bone, then pass a seton immediately over it, change and dress the seton, consisting of coarse tape, every day with digestive ointment made 9» follows : — Take Hogg's Lard - - - 6 oz. Common Turpentine - 2 do. Another method to allay the irritation occa- sioned by splent, was practised at the College, which was to cut down on the top of the S . F L 1 H T S , I '^ over tJif Spfint. Tfhc Spfcrtf Healthy Zf^ repre^ eriti.n^ the in^tde helow f/ce ^rvce.. The instate of t/ie Jbre leff representing^ zJce situation tff splitht. Method (^ treattTLff Splints at the /loyal Vet^rinury Cr»lJe^e. OrTE S FAT 11^, J- 2 / ^I'presetitifi^ the ut-Mfle of' £?te Ifoelc Joirtt . Situation o/" 5|.^ Sy applying occasionally hogs lard to the part for five or six days ; in the course of three or 52 THE MODERN SYSTEM four weeks, should the Horse have not got rid of his lameness, you must have recourse to firing:, and which perform at least half way up the large pastern bone, and down to the hoof, in what is called diaments ; after which lay some mild blister on ; this will, in most cases, remove the lameness altogether ; if it should not, repeat the firing, and blister again. ANCHYLOSIS, OR STIFF JOINT. The origin of this disease is an inflammation of tne ligaments, connecting joints together, and occurs in the fore legs, particularly be- tween the large and small pastern bones ; it also may arise from sprain, or laceration ; it also may arise from various other causes, as tumefaction of the ends of bones, caries, frac- ture, dislocation ; also the joints are very apt to become stiff, as the Horse becomes aged. Jt is a disease that more frequently occurs in the spine, or back-bone of the Horse ; and he is then termed rigged in the back, because it most generally affects him about the loinc. and the difficulty he shews in turning, and that with a kind of jerk, according as he may be turned either to the lefl or right, has occa- sioned the term rig ; also, if he be trotted, he will have such a decidedly rolling gait, and appearance of weakness, that he at once pro- claims the disease ; though there are many Horses that are called chinked in th^jback may in a measure be restored, for slow work, and as much rest as you can possibly give them ; so that this kind of anchylosis of the backbone does not interfere with the Horse so much, if used for slow work on a farm. If anchylosis takes place in either the fetlock joints, pasterns, knee, hock, or stifle, I should decide the Horse to be totally useless, and present him to the nearest friend who kept hounds; for a cure is impossible. Conse- quently, to prevent my readers going to ex- pence and trouble, I deem it the best advice I can give them, to get rid of such a Hone at once. ;ifc c^ /\ h- Q U r^ 1 :h ^ 1 a ^ It % ^ p- m 1 e ^ C/3 s 5' e. g- < "S. » rr' 3 0 CO •I 1= s- i- R u> ►rt E- C0 5 9 :-^ i-^ 'N-3 ! P( [V. 'i i Of farriery. 58 CHAPTER II. FRACTURES. FRACTURES. Feactures mean a division of a bone into two or more parts, or fragments. A simple fracture is when the bone only is divided. A compound fracture is a division of the bone, 'vith a laceration of the integuments ; the bone mostly protruding. A fracture is also termed transverse, oblique, &c., according to its direc- tion. When bones of the Horse are fractured, there is so much trouble in keeping him quiet, and in one position, for the process of union to go on ; added to which, the doubt of being of much use after, that it is generally deter- mined on, that the horse shall be destroyed ; though two cases have come under my notice, which I will relate, when considering on frac- ture of that specific bone. The fractures that most generally occur are in the head, occa- sioned by horses running violently against a post, or bar J likewise the ribs, hip-bone, thigh- bone ; and indeed all bones of the leg ; and these from falls, or kicks from other Horses. FRACTURE OF THE HEAD. This is not a very common case ; but all fractures are in general accidental ; this, like all others, may at some time or other occur. I can best explain the nature of this kind of fracture, by relating a case that occurred in my practice, whilst I was in the army. I must first describe to you the nature of the stables, or lines, as they are called in India (for it occurred when I was there) : they are long ranges of buildings, which contain about one hundred Horses each, all worked open, except the pillars to support the roof, with a wide avenue down the middle ; consequently the Horses stand head to head, divided by the avenue ; this middle space is for the men to have access to their Horses. The Horses feed off the ground, and their corn is given them in nose-bags ; they are tied by the head to a wooden bar, which is fixed into the pillars at the head ; their hind legs are fastened by a long chain, to the end of which is a ring and peg ; the peg is driven into the ground about two or three yards out- side the stable ; there is another wooden bar about the height of the horse's head, fixed into the pillars as the other : this is the ca- valry stable of the Indian army. Now the case I was going to relate was this : — at the usual watering time of the Horses, in the after- noon, about five o'clock, one of the Horses broke loose out of the hands of the man who 0 .')4 THE MODERN SYSTEM altended him ; this occasioned a tremendous hue and cry after the runaway, which made ihe poor animal gallop about most furiously ; at last getting in sight of his standing in the stable, he made a desperate rush into, and fractured his skull against the top bar of his standing, with that violence, that he was knocked down by the stunning effects of the blow. The farrier-major immediately sent for me. On examining the wound, which was about an inch wide, I could discover no inden- tation or roughness of the bone, and I consi- dered it merely a wound of the skin. Fearing that concussion of the brain might take place, and its effects, I had the Horse bled to the amount of six quarts, the head to be frequently fomented with warm water, and the Horse not to have any food that night. In the morning the Horse appeared better ; kept up the fomenta- tions, and gave him aloes, six drams. This treatment was continued for two days, when we commenced the healing process of the skin, which was accomphshed in about a week. It was my usual practice, when a Horse had been sick, or having met with any acci- dent, to keep him under my care for two or three days, before ordering him to work ; at the end of the third day, when I was going to discharge the Horse, to my great astonishment I found him attacked with locked jaw. I was then certain the bone must have been frac- tured, and consequently, pressure on the brain. I had the Horse immediately cast, and taking a scalpal, made two sections in tiie Bkin, forming two sides of a triangle. On ex- amining the parietal bone, I found a fracture, perpendicularly, about an inch and a quarter long, with a piece of bone splintered off, about three quarters of an inch long, wiiich I have now by me. I then took a pair of sharp pointed forceps, and extracted the splintered bone, drew down the skin, and attached it by half a dozen sutures, dressed as a common wound, with digestives, until granulations bporan to form ; after which it healed com- pletely in about three weeks. In the mean- time I had to attend to the locked jaw, which yielded by degrees, to copious bleedings and solution of alo:;s, day by day, until purgation was produced. Explanation of the Plate, The letter A gives the situation of the pa- rietal suture, which runs perpendicularly up the front of the head. B, the fractured part, just on the suture. C, the skin dissected and laid back, the upper part of which was held in its situation by an assistant. FRACTURES OF THE RIBS. Fractures of the ribs frequently occur, and arise either from kicks from other Horses, and more especially when at grass than at any other time ; though I have no doubt they fre- quently may arise from blows , and very fre- quently amongst poor cart horses, and those in large towns, used amongst the lower class of people that are termed costerraungers and dustmen ; for, if a Horse cannot travel at the rate they require, a hedgestake, or large stick is soon made to jilay a tune on the ribs of the poor animal, who may be doomed to serve such a master. These fractures generally unite of themselves ; Nature being all-bounti- ful, sets up the healing process of herself, and the accident seldom, or never comes to light, until tiie beast becomes the property of the slaug'hterman. > o C m CO OF FARRIERY. 55 FRACTURED BACK. Fracture of the back is not infrequent, and that from several causes ; it may arise fiom laying down in a narrow stall, and the diffi- culty of getting up again; and sometime^ from the Horse turning over in the standing, whilst lying down, so that there is not room for him to get his hind legs clear of the stall post ; consequently, from struggling to regain his feet, the ligament of his back be- comes so much strained, that inflammation commences, and in all probability may termi- nate in anchylosis ; in consequence, the Horse puts on a peculiar gait, which by Horse- dealers and grooms is called chinked in the back ; or, he is technically called a Oennan. It sometimes will occur in casting a Horse, to perform an operation, though the greatest care may have been taken, and you have about you men who understand their busi- ness. An occurrence of this kind took place at the Royal Veterinary College, though the usual great care was taken. I had once a similar case, in casting a Horse for firing ; but there was every possible care taken, and when that can be satisfactorily proved, it amounts merely to accident, which every operator is liable to. I need scarcely say, for fractured back there is no possible cure. I have tried blisters and charges, but never with any good effect, but running the owner to an expence that might have been saved ; though some persons will make you attempt at a cure ; but with me it always failed. FRACTURES OF THE LIMRS. These, like all the other cases of fractures the Horse may be liable to, are difficult of cure ; and, in consequence, the Horse is at once destroyed ; but many fractures of the limbs may be so restored, as to become valu- able animals ; especially if it should occur with a good formed stallion, or mare ; the breed of which may not only be kept up, but they may be useful for many purposes besides. FRACTURES OF THE BLADE-BONE. Fracture of the blade-bone is not at all in- frequent, and paiticularly the neck of the bone. This may occur either from kicks, or the Horse falling when going at a fast trot ; so that when he comes to the ground, one leg is extended before him, the other under his body. With coach-horses, I have known this frequently take place : in this case tlie Horse draws his toe behind him, cannot bear the least weight on it, and appears in the most excruciating pain. The remedy is, first to take about four quarts of blood from the Horse, at the anterior part of the leg, from the plate vein ; have the Horse slung, so that the feet just touch the ground. This being completed, bathe well, with flannel dipped in hot water; which repeat until the inflamma- tion appears to subside ; feed with cold bran mashes, and give the following — Take Cape aloes - - 4 drams. Linseed Meal - 1 do. Soft soap to form the ball. If this should not be sufficient to keep the system cool, in three days repeat it. Apply the following liniment to the Horse's shoulder : — Take Ol Terebinth - - 2 oz. 01 Oliva - - - 2 do. Cor tinue this treatment for about three weeKs, 66 THE MODERN SYSTEM when you may give your Horse a month's run at grass, where he will be most likely to lay quiet : you will perceive by this time, if he will be fit for work. FRACTURE OF THE ARM. This bone frequently falls a victim to frac- ture, it being so exposed and so very liable to kicks ; but here in this case you have a much greater advantage of obtaining a cure than the last named fracture ; in this case you must sling the Horse lightly, as in the pre- ceeding case; but, instead of taking blood from the arm, take it from the jugular vein of the neck ; treat in every other respect as ordered for the foregoing ; but here you have an additional advantage, take a piece of tape^ the broadest you can buy, and about four yards long, bind this round the fractured part tolerably tight, let it remain on two days, then remove and apply more of the liniment, after which put your tape on again, and con- tinue in this manner, until the Horse can put his foot to the ground ; when he is able to do so, remove the sling, and let him have a loose box for a week or two before you turn him out. FRACTURE OF THE ELBOW Is one of those fractures that must be united in the same manner as the above ; though there is sometimes great difficulty in keeping the limb sufficiently relaxed to obtain your end ; therefore, when you sling the Horse, put a side line on, or to make shift, fasten the end of a halter round the pastern, and pass it i:p to the sling tackle ; the foot being drawn about four inches ofT the ground, to relax the flexor muscles, then proceed as in the fore- going article. FRACTURE OF THE SHANK-BONE. When a fracture of this bone takes place, with good management it may be restored, because you can apply bandages and other compresses with more facility, and in greater variety, after securing the Horse by means of assistants ; having first ready a leathern band- age something in the shape of a leathern boot, about seven inches long with holes in it. fSee Plate) so that when laced up the edges do not touch by a quarter of an inch ; now place the ends of the fractured limb as evenly in contact as you possibly can, then get one of your assist- ants to lace the boot tight on, and by this means it will act as a kind of a splent, to secure the bone in its proper situation ; after having done this, get four yards of bandage, (flannel will be best), and bandage the leg well from the knee to the fetlock ; remove all the straw and litter away from him, and if much irritation appears about him, give him Cape aloes - - 4 drams. Resin - - - 1 do. Soft soap to form the ball. You must not remove the flannel bandage for at least a week ; when you may, if you think proper, pour at the top of the boot, so that it may run down between the boot and leg, a little of the liniment prescribed for fractured blade-bone ; you will perceive when the Horse is getting better, by his bringing the leg more into use and bearing upon it : pursue this plan until you can with safety remove the boot, then apply the liniment and the woollen bandage only. For food, if the Horse is accustomed to the stable, give half bran and half oats made damp ; if OF FARRIERY St the accident occur while the Horse is at grass, give bran mashes only. Description of the Plate. A, the form the boot is to be made in ; BB, the length from top to bottom, about seven inches ; C, the lace to draw the edges together within a quarter of an inch, so that it may be made tight. FRACTURE OF THE THIGH-BONE. The thigh-bone is sometimes fractured at its lower head, where it joins the bones of the hock, though this is not a common case, and I have only met with two in the course of twenty years practice ; though, I make no doubt, many Horses are killed from the appearance of the fracture ; the leg below the situation of the fracture dangles and shakes about, as if only sustained by the common integuments (or skin), the Horse cannot touch the ground with it, and literally goes on three legs. It arises generally in consequence of temper of the Horse, or it may occur from a sudden slip of the liind leg on wet slippery stones in going up hill, &c. The first case 1 saw was a chesnut Horse, one of the rankest kirkers I almost over beheld ; but the gentleman to whom he belonged, was exceeding fond of him for sad- dle work, and having purchased a gig was determined to try him in it, having for two or three days previous, had him put to in a cart, where he did not shew the least symptoms of vice ; being so much pleased, he ventured with him in the gig, having a friend with him, who being the best coachman was requested to take the ribbons in hand ; he had no sooner done so, and being both seated for a start, to encourage the Horse on, he drew the whip across his loins ; the Horse refused to go, con- sequently, the application of the whip com- menced; this would no longer do for the chesnut, consequently he returned the com- pliment with interest, until he had kicked the dash-board all to f-ieces ; in doing which he got his leg entangled between the foot-board and the bar, and so near to the middle that he he could not extricate it, he consequently made a sudden plunge, and snapped the thigh just above the head of the lower end of the thigh-bone ; he was put into a friend's stable, just by where the accident happened, and I was immediately sent for ; I found the leg as before dangling as if by a piece of cord ; I confess the case being a new one to me, I was a little taken aback at first ; on examining the .eg, (which took me some considerable time to do, the Horse was so restless, and sweating- profusely from the pain he was undergoing) ; at length, having made up my mind, my next attention was drawn how to secure the limb, (not having any tackle with me) ; however, I made shift and completed a cure. 1 first got an old horse-collar and put on him, then a roller, to the roller I fastened the the top of the collar, with a strap I found in the stable, to preventits getting forward on to his neck. I then procured a halter, and taking the end out of the noose, put the bow part round the fetlock joint of the fractured leg, passing the other end between the Horse's fore legs, and into the collar, the end of which I gave to an assistant to hold until I got the Horse's leg into a proper situation ; I then pro- cured a good bandage (woollen), and the gentleman whose house the Horse was taken to, fortunately happened to have by him three parts of a bottle of liniment, composed of ol turpentine, and ol olive ; I rubbed about p 58 THE MODERN SYSTEM two table-spoonsful of the liniment gently on the part, then directed the man who held the halter to draw the leg' ,i;:ently forward, until I had brought the parts as even together as possible ; having done so, an assistant with the bandage, bound the parts up tight and firm ; this being done, made the halter fast to the bottom of the collar ; thus ended the replac- insT of the bone. I did not remove the bandaofe for a week, found things going on satisfactory, continued the liniment and the line to foot for three weeks, when the Horse was able to be moved about a few yards ; as I before stated, through the restlessness of the animal, [ had two men to sit with him day and night, (neither coirid I give him medicine) ; his principal food was bran mashes, as a sub- stitute. This Horse being an entire Horse, and as I observed, a favourite, the owner would have him castrated, which operation I performed for him ; and on getting well, turned out one of the best gig Horses I ever saw. The second case that came under my notice was a fine brown Horse, belonging to a gen- tleman residing in Red Lion-street, Holborn, and the accident occurred going up Holborn Hill, in the frosty vveather of tlie winter of 1836. The Horse was placed under the care of a very skilful Metropolitan Veterinary Surgeon, whom I happened to meet one morning at Messrs Tattcrsal's estal)lisliment, Hyde J'ark Corner; he mentioned the case to me as quite a new one, and requested me to accompany him to see it ; I did so, and on examining the li-'g, gave him my opinion, with the method 1 had treated the last case ; he declared he had never seen a case of the kind, though a ffon- tJeraan of twenty-five years practice. Whilst we were consulting on the proper mode of pio ceeding, the owner of the Horse came into the stable, and regretted very much the accident ; and particularly so, as he two days before had been offered a good price for the Horse ; but now he wished he could get rid of him at five pounds ; I asked him if he was in earnest ; he said he was. I immediately struck the bargain, stipulating he should give me stable room, and his man to look after him for a month ; I paid him the money, and the Horse was mine, and within the month I had him home, and turned him out for another month ; when be became perfectly upright, I drove him about two months, and sold him at Dixon's Repository for twenty-Jive pounds. During the month the Horse remained with the gen- tleman who I bought him of, he underwent the same treatment as in the first case. Note. — Since writing the above, I have found amongst my papers a memorandum of a case exactly similar, which occurred during my pupilage at the Royal Veterinary College. It was a Horse belongins: to the late Mr. Cline • who, when on his death-bed requested the Horse miaht not be sold, but turned out to grass for the remainder of his life, as a pensioner on his late owner's bounty, (he being a great favourite) ; however, he was taken up to have his feet pared and shod, and as a matter of course was sent to the Royal Veterinary College, all of which was attended to. The Horse was tied to a ring close to the door that admits you to the paddock, (and where he had been standing for sometime for the groom to take him away) ; some person en- tering the shoe'ng forge hastily through this door, which moves on pulleys, and con- sequently making a noise, added to which. Hashing the light immediately in the Horse's OF FARRIERY. 59 face, he started back, and dragging at the halter, slipped up behind, and bro)" the thigh-bone ; the assistant Professor was imme- diately sent for, who examined it, and then ordered the Horse to be destroyed. I merely mentioned this, to show we should not give up any case until some means had been tried. FRACTURES OF THE PASTERN BONE, THE COF- FIN BONE, AND NAVICULAR BONE. I have specimens of these by me, but as there can be no probable or possible cure, I do not think it worth time or paper to say much of them; therefore, we leave them in other hands. 60 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER III. DISLOCATIONS. DISLOCATIONS. Dislocation of the stifle bone : this fre quently happens from kicks and sHps out of tlie hind leg, in consequence of shppery stables, gate-ways, &c., so that the bone becomes thrown out of its socket ; in consequence of which, the limb becomes totally helpless, and the Horse draws it after him in the most dis- tressing manner. With care and caution this may be reduced, by extending the limb forward, and fastening it in the same manner, as described for frac- ture of the tibia ; then placing one hand against the bone, and pressing moderately, from you, with the other, take hold of the point of the hock, and you wiil feel the stifle bone snap into its place or socket, a nd which you can only prevent from a re-ocurrence by using counter irritants all round the joint ; such as Ol Terebinth - - - 3 oz. OlOliviB- - - - - 3do. apply three or four table-spoonsful of the liniment to the Horse's stifle, all round the joint, morning antl night : this will create considerable swelling, and by so doing keep the stifle bone in its socket. Should this be found not suflSiciently powerful to retain the bone in its place. Take Cantliarides - - - 1 oz. 01 Terebinth - - - 4 do. Shake well together when used. This will occasion a considerable swelling, but will have the desired effect. OF THE SESAMOID BONES. Before I proceed to state the nature of the disease, it will not be inapt to inform the reader the situation of, and why we use the term sesamoid *. These bones are situated at the back part of the fetlock joint, and are at- tached at the upper end or point to the sus- pensary ligament, the flexor tendons passing in a concave groove between the two, in their passage to the pastern and coffin bones. These bones have a peculiar elastic movement ; every step the Horse takes, and more especially on the fast trot or gallop, they partially descend, on the Horse putting his foot to the ground : and this may be plainly seen in long pasterned - Sesamoid is the term given to these bones, in conse. fjucnce of their likeness to an Indian grain, betfer know» ill England by the term of Indian wheat. §^ 1^ 4 : H Ht O «-i 1 a g" 1 ft •-i 1 ^ »0 a p: (U p- ft » to o S y B f* y. it ■^ ^ s- s d «■ o' 2 >-3 O o ^ x^ m >€ o I J S ;3 d ^ g a ^ 3 1 II 9, 9 a 0 ^ c= 3 9, R s- Z s i I I g- ^ OF FARRIERY. €1 Horses, where the fetlock (hair) almost seems to touch the ground, and if the Horse be overweighted, may be distinctly seen. Now the inelastic connexion these bones have below to the head of the large pastern bone, and tlie decided elastic connexion they have above to the suspensory ligament, clearly shews how easy these bones may be partially, if not altogether, dislocated ; and that, princi- pally, on the inner side, in consequence of the superincumbent weight being thrown on the inner side, when the other foot is in the air, or of, perhaps, more plainly speaking, off the ground. For we all know, what a simple thing as treading suddenly on one side, will displace the ancle joint of the human subject, as a slip oft' a high ground suddenly to lower : instance the sensation in going up a flight of stairs in the dark, and, when at the top, to imagine another step, the concussion is so great, that fracture of the limb has been the consequence. The action of the sesamoids is backwards and downwards ; in doing which, the upper end of its elastic attachment upwards, must, of necessity, expand ; and this expansion, driven to excess, either by over weight, heavy ground, or, when a Horse is at his top speed, brings the non-elastic attachment below into such violent action, that they become incapa- able of contending with it ; and, consequently, the ligamentous attachment is ruptured. This is not an imrequent case; for, in racing particularly, as well as hunting, the Horse makes a sudden drop, and many times it is taken for, for what is termed, " breaking down ; " but it is no such thing : it is the rup- ture of a portion of the lower attachment of the sesamoid bones, and that, principally, of the inner side : consequently, the i ner side of the fetlock joint will appear much larger than the outer ; and if you pass your hand down the leg, over the part, pressing gradually as you move your hand down, you will immedi- ately discover the partial dislocation, not only from the projection of the upper end of the bone, but from the heat and pain the Horse will evince, on pressing that part of the bone, which makes the most prominent appearance. I have known this accident occur, and the inflammation run to that height, that the whole of the leg, up to the knee, has been so swollen, that the disease has been taken for strain in the back sinews, when, in fact, it arose from this partial dislocation of one of the sesamoid bones. I have said more on this disease than 1 should have done, according to natural right, but it not having been mentioned by any writer before, to my knowledge, I claim the discovery of it to myself, in which I feel justi- fied, without arrogating too much. With regard to the cure of this disease, it is at all times of long duration ; not but the time may be very much shortened, if persons discovered the part aflFected at once. All liniments, or blisterings, will never permanently remove it, though they may relieve for a time ; but when the Horse is brought into use again, he becomes lame : therefore, you must have recourse to firing at once, and not in a partial manner, but go a little above the bifur- cation of the suspensory ligament ; say about an inch, and as far as half way done the large pastern bone. Fire all round the leg com- pletely, then lay it on lightly, Cantharides Hog's Lard 4 drams. 2 oz. Take the necessary precaution to prevent lb« 62 THE MODERN SYSTEM Horse either rubbing or biting the leg. Whilst Mix, to form a ball, with soap. If he shoulcl the Horse is in the stable, give him bran be costive, which is sometimes the case, re- mashes cold, and peat the medicine, before you give him a run Cape Aloe* - - - 4 drams. *' grass ; which do in about nine days after Ginoer 1 do tLe firing. J OF FARRIERY. «S CHAPTER IV. OF GREASE, MANGE, SURFEIT, MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS, WARTS, HIDE-BGUND, AND FARCY, GREASE. The disease of grease was a pest to stables of almost every horse-master in the kingdom ; and though simple in itself, the real cause was not known until within the last twenty years. The disease is not only disagreeable, but pain- ful in the greatest degree, and not unfre- quently lays the foundation of other diseases, such as cracked heels, canker, &c. Nothing was more common than to see it in stage and hackney-coach Horses, farmer's Horses, and indeed, every kind of Horse but the racer. This, at first, appears strange (but I will en- deavour to explain it presently) ; also the projecting and disagreeable appearance of what is called grapes, projections at once un- sightly, hanging at a Horse's heels. Grease, now being better known, is discovered to be an inflammation and suppuration of the ves- sels of the skin, and that, generally, in the hind legs, its circulation being weaker there, being situated at a greater distance from the heart, the circulation becomes, in a great measure, diminished, and for want of uniform power with other parts, a conjestion takes place. The cause of grease is the circulation be- comes quickened by the Horse being brouiiht into a hot stable, most likely with his hind legs wet, the evaporation of which moisture produces cold, and then conjestion follows, as a matter of course, for the warm stable will increase the action of the heart. Grease does not affect all Horses alike nor all parts alike, a certain description of Horse being more susceptible of taking on the dis- ease, as I before mentioned. Thorough bred Horses, such as the racer, are the least sub- ject to grease, and that, principally, from his skin, added to good grooming ; and this is obtained, in a great measure, also, from tem- perature ; -or, if a thorough bred Horse was exposed to cold for years, his skin would be- come thicker, and thicker, and such Horses would degenerate. There are many circumstances which give a predisposition to grease ; the first is, thick skin, white hair, because it is a proof of a weak circulation, ( hence, grey Horses become white with old age). Another circumstance is the colour and make of the animal ; light chesnuts with white legs, narrow chests, and long legs. But few Horses have it now, because the existing cause must be appliec^ which is heat ; but not simple heat, because tlien we should have it in the summer; but 64 THE MODERN SYSTEM in proportion as heat follows cold, the effect is produced. Grease often breaks out in October, when the Horse's legs begin to feel the change of season, and their legs become wet and cold ; after coming to stable, the heat occasions evaporation, and that more cold, and in pro- portion as they are cold, so are they suscep- tible of heat, if not governed by specific limits. Grease may be either local or constitutional. I will first speak of grease in its local form, which generally is in proportion to the relative temperature the parts have been exposed to. Heat after cold is then an exciting cause, and according to the previous cold it acts ; the cold being in part governed by moisture, and the length of time occupied in evaporating : if, therefore, Horses' legs with much hair, hold most water, and produce much cold, so will they be liable to grease. From these facts, it is natural to conclude, many Horses having it during a number of years, though the greatest pains may be taken with them to prevent it at any rate. " There is no rule without exception," for impuri- ties of the blood may be lurking in the system, and Nature takes these means to get rid of them, and she wisely selects those parts as remote as possible from the vital principle of action; for, it is well known, where, from the kind of Horse, and the care constantly taken of him, we are instantly convinced it must arise from diseased blood, or an hereditary retention of taint sire to dam. Having said thus much of the nature of the disease, I shall now endeavour to point out the best method of cure. The first thing you will have to do is, to bleed the Horse accord- ing to size and condition; take from three to six quarts from him. Supposing this opera- tion to be performed, give him to eat bran mashes only ; indeed, regulate him as directed in the chapter on conditioning hunters : at the practice of washing the Horses' legs, with- ^^S^^' S'^^ '""^ ^ne of the doses of physic, as out they are afterwards wiped dry, is bad ; for, by rubbing the legs quite dry, you do to the vessels of the heels, what the heart is doing to the arteries, namely, increasing the circulation, and thus preventing conjestion and inflammation ; and if the dirt cannot be perfectly rubbed off, it is better to have a little dirt than a great deal of grease. In order, then, to avoid grease, when Horses go into stable, let thfem have as much air as you possibly can, by opening the windows, that the increase of circulation may be gradual. Many opinions have been advanced, to show that grease was only local, but I con- eider it, in many instances, to be thoroughly constitutional ; and that, from the fact of recommended at the conclusion of the same article. Take a bucket of warm water, and some soft soap, and well wash out the Horse's heels ; free them from all skurf and scabs, dirt, and any other offensive matter that may be lodged in them. This done, get for a poultice four ounces of linseed meal, pour sufficient hot water to make it of a proper consistency ; then, just as you are going to apply the poultice, have ready before a pot of digestive ointment as follows : — Take Common Turpentine - 4 oz. Hog's Lard - - - 12 do. Melt together over a slow fire. Mix about two ounces with your poultice, and fasten round the Horse's legs by means of an OF FARRIERY. en old stocking, which should first be drawn on tlie Horse's leg, tied round the hoof, and then turned down to receive the poultice in tlie hollow of the heel. Poultices do no ffood ex- cept they are always kept moist ; therefore, at night repeat the washing with the soft soap, &c., and also your poultice : do this until the Horse's heels are thoroughly clean, and ap- pear healthy ; you then may commence healing them, which do with the following. Take Common Turpentine - 2 oz. Hog's Lard . - - 2 do. Alum, finely powdered 3 do. Melt the turpentine and lard together ; then sprinkle in the alum, and stir till cold. Should this not be found sufficiently strong, add to it Sulphate of zinc - - 1 oz. These remedies are generally found suflScient to heal the cracks and sores of the heels ; but you must be careful not to stop the discharge too sudden, and, especially, if of a constitu- tional nature. Some constitutions will not even admit of ointment being applied ; if such be the case, prepare the following : — Take Sulphate of zinc - - - 8 oz. Boiling Water - - - 2 pints. Apply this lotion frequently to the Horse's heels. If you feel inclined to try a mild lotion first, use alum instead of the zinc, varying the dressing, as it may be requisite. At the end of five or six days, give another dose of physic, which manage as directed before. The Horse should have exercise, if the weather be dry, but on no account should his legs get wet: a bandage round them will be found highly beneficial ; and, by all means, put him in a loose box, or bay of a barn, that he may exercise himself at liberty. When the process of physicking is concluded, give the following, Diuretic Balls. Take Resin, powdered ----- 8 oz. Nitre, do. - - _ . _ 4 do. Juniper Berries ----- 4 do. Soft soap, to foim the mass, and divide into twelve. Give one of these balls every second day. By this treatment you will get rid of gre\se ; but constantly bear in mind, to prevent grease, there is nothing to equal cleanliness. MANGE. This distemper is so universally known, that a general description of its most predomi- nant features would be a very indifferent compliment both to the time and understand- ing of my readers ; suflBce it, therefore, to say, a mere superficial view of it instantly conveys to the spectator a very strong idea of wretched- ness and poverty. For nothing can convey it stronger than nature exhausted, sinking under a complication of disease, debility, and poverty. And in this case, so true it is, one misfor- tune seldom comes alone, that the latter seems in combination to go hand in hand with this distemper, w herever it makes an appearance > and as a proof of the truth of this observation, it is very little seen amongst Horses of any estimation ; on the contrary, it is almost en- tirely confined to the lowest stables, and the lowest proprietors. It is observed to fall chiefly upon those thc.t 06 THE MODERN SYSTEM are ill fed, or scarcely know what corn is, at least, by the taste, but are kept entirely on the refuse of provender, barren pastures, musty hay, separated liay-bands, swampy mossy erouad, so poor, that quoting the old adage, you may whip a louse over it," rushy moors ; from all of which, nature may receive a wretched existence, but cannot be furnished with support, at least, the support necessary to contribute nutriment for the constant healthy subsistence of so large a frame as the Horse. From this mode of living (or rather starving) originates so severe and inveterate a disease as mange; this the economy and law of nature demonstrates to a certainty, consequently, re- quiring no further animadversion. For tlie blood, being by this barren source of nourishment, robbed of what it was, by nature, intended to receive, conse- quently, becomes impoverished even to a degree of incredibility ; in fact, the blond be- comes thin and weak, debilitated, and loses a considerable portion of its living principle. Thus extravasatud and unrestrained, its morbid effects and virulence soon displays itself upon the surface, with a severe and constant irritation and itching, principally about the nock and under the hair of the mane, though all parts of the Horse are subject to it, occa- sioning the poor animal to be constantly rubbing himself, till with this and the loss of hair from different parts, he bears the universal appearance of approaching excoriation. Many persons of the old school are in the habit of a|>pl\ing powerful caustic applications, which may have had the desired effect ultimately, but the pain the poor dejected animal is put to, is not only grievous to behold, but, I should hay, six out of every ten become subjects for ine dog- kennel. That the poor distressed and emaciated subjects may be in some degree alleviated from their pain, we shall endeavour to point out such methods as will eradicate the disease, with proper attention and observation. The commencement of the treatment is to feed, night and morning, with half bran and half malt, or with equal parts of oats and bran : but I prefer the malt to be made slightly wet, not sloppy ; sprinkle a handful of coarse brown sugar in it, then mix all together, and give morning and night ; for the middle-day feed, give a quartern of sweet oats, with a handful or two of chaff with it. During this treatment, which must be continued for at least a week, and will begin to soften his skin, and, as grooms say, " begin to loosen it a bit," which will be a favourable sign, give the best and sweetest hay you can procure. At the expiration of a week, when the frame becomes more invigorated, discontinue the mashes, let his diet be changed to good oats, with a handful of bran night and moin- ing, first sprinkled with water, that one of the following powders may just adhere to it. Take Sulphur ----- 1 lb. Prepared antimony - - 1 do. Rub these well together in a mortar, and divide into twenty-four equal parts. For the middle-day feed, continue the oats and chaff, dry. You may now commence your external ap- plications, which are as follows. Procure a pail of ^varm water, and a quarter or half a pound of .';oft soap, or more if required, and tie a portion of it in a linen or wo'^'Uen rag, and with this, let every infectec" part l»o thoroughly washed, and we 1 cleansed, by forming a substantial lather so that no scurf OF FARRIERY. 6T or filth remains upon the surface. Then rub tenderly with a linen towel until dry, and, on the following morning, begin to rub in a necessary portion of the following ointment upon every part affected, as the urgency of symptoms may require, and repeat daily until you are satisfied of the cure. Take Mercurial ointment (weak) 8 oz. White hellebore, powdered 3 do Olive oil, sufficient to make it soft. Or, use the followi.ig, which I consider a more convenient application. Take White hellebore, powdered 4 oz. Boil this in three pints of water until reduced to one quart, then add Muriate of quicksilver - 2 drams. that has been previously dissolved in Muriatic acid - - 3 drams. This forms a lotion, and is to be applied to all the affected parts with a small piece of sponge, having first poured a portion of the lotion into a saucer. This is a very efficacious remedy, and I have known the disease perfectly cured with three dressings ; but should not recom- mend it until the Horse is sufficiently strong to bear the application. Continue the use of the powders before mentioned, with occasionally nitre in his water (an ounce is sufficient at one time) for three weeks or a month, and, so soon as it is con- ceived by the Horse's condition, that he is in a state to bear it, take away a moderate por- tion of blood, say between two or three quarts ; then give him afterwards two mild doses of physic, selected from the prescriptions on that article ; this will be found necessary, and renovating. The Horse, from his previously impoverished state, will be much restored by the following Tonic medicine. Take Sulphate of iron - - - 12 drams Gentian, powdered - - 12 do. Ginger. do. - - 6 do. Form into a mass with honey, and divide into six balls, and give one every day : by these means, you will strengthen the constitution, and beat of that poverty-stricken appearance he had previously laboured under. Now, with regard to the stable, and the Horse's appointments, such as the saddle, clothing, &c., harness, either gig or cart should be well washed and cleaned with soft soap and hot water ; his stable should be well limed and white-washed, so that every particle of the disease be totally eradicated , this and good keep will prevent a recurrence of so disagreeable a disease. SURFEIT. Of surfeits there are two kinds, originating from different causes ; one being no more than an advanced stage of hidebound, or out of condition, which, having been long neglected, continues to increase, with all its concomitant symptoms, till the blood becomes affected, and Nature sets up this process to relieve her- self, which soon displays itself upon the skin, a degree of virulence, that forcibly appeals to the sensations of the owner. The other kind of surfeit may be attributed to drinking cold water. This kind of surfeit, differing from the former in cause, but very little in effect, is that kind, where, from ignorance or inattention, a Horse is suf- fered to drink immoderately of cold water, when in a violent perspiration, and the blood, consequently, in the highest degree of circu- lation. OR THE MODERN SYSTEM The shock nature sustains by this revulsion may be instantly imagined, eren by a mind not at all accustomed to search into the changes nature may undergo. The blood, in its greatest velocity, is so instantaneously checked by the sudden application of cold to the stomach. The stomach and skin sympa- thizing so intimately together, the pores of the skin become, as it \Tere, instantly plugged up. Now, the acrimony, or serous part of the blood, which extravasates itself, and by an effort of nature, is propelled to the skin for transpiration, where the pores (having been instantly collapsed at the time of the water taking effect), are so closely obstructed, that its passage to the surface is absolutely pre- vented, and rendered impracticable. Thus fixed, it becomes united with the perspirable matter already confined there (forming a ■marl/id combination), and is, in the course of time, compelled by the progress of internal in- flammation, to make its way through the skin, upon which it at last appears in a variety of forms, and different symptoms, assuming dis- tinct degrees of malignancy, according to the state, habit, and constitution of the subject, at the time of attack. Having satisfied ourselves as to the causes (for this is a very prevalent disease, both with hackney-horses, as well as cart-horses), we next proceed to the cure. For instance, re- move cutaneous obstruction, correct the acri- monious state of the blood, and gently quicken the circulation. The better to gain this object will be, first, to take away a moderate portion of blood, about three quarts, that the impetus may be encouraged ; open the body with warm bran mashes, and acconling to the mildness, and inveteracy of its appearance, give (as the case may require), either two or three of the following purging balls, allowing sufficient time between each dose, and exerting more than usual precaution on account of avoiding cold ; for though this quantity of mercury is remarkably gentle in the operation, being small in quantity, and may be administered with the greatest safety and effect; still care is«required in all cases where you administer mercury. Take Barbadoes aloes - 6 drams. Calomel - - - 1 do. Ginger - - - - 1 do. Soft soap, sufficient to form the ball. After the course of physic is regularly gone through, and properly conducted, let strict attention be paid to the very necessary direc- tions of food, dressings, and water ; and in three days after the last dose of physic, begiti with the following course of alterative pow- ders. Take Antimony, powdered - 1 lb. Sulphur ----- I do. Cream of tartar - - 4 oz. These are to be mixed well together, and divided into twelve equal parts, giving one every night with the feed of corn ; which, being first sprinkled with water, the powders will adhere to it, and insure their consumption. A handful of chaff is excellent to make the powders adhere. During this administration of the alteratives, occasionally give an ounce of nitre in the morning water. Should any trifling eschars, scabs, or exco- riations prove obstinate upon any part of the body they may be washed with a solution of zinc. Take Zinc - - - 1 oz. Boiling water 6 do. OF FARRIERY 69 Dissolfe the zinc in the boiling water, and apply to the sores, with a small piece of sponge ; this you must continue until the sores are healed. MALLENDERS AND SALLENDERS. MALLENDERS Are cracks, situate directly upon the back part of iie knee-joint ; occasioned, in general, more by neglect in grooming, than by any casual or constitutional defect in the subject. The matter they discharge is, in some cases, thin, and of an acrimonious nature ; in others, it forms a kind of glutinous discharge, and makes an appearance of small scabs, or scurfy es- chars upon the surface, constituting a want of flexibility, and frequently considerable lame- ness in the leg. The first thing to be done, is, to have the parts well washed with soft, tioap and warm water ; repeating the wash- ing night and morning, till the eschars relax from their rigidity, and separate of themselves And this will be considerably promoted by rubbing in lightly, after each washing, a small quantity of hog's lard ; this will loosen the scabs, and they will fall off much easier when you wash. As soon as the cracks are perfectly free from scabs, or scurf, apply the following oint- ment. Take Strong mercurial ointment 1 oz. Hos-s lard 1 do. Gimpowder finely powdered 4 drams. Let these be well worked together, and ap- plied morning and night. This will stimulate the parts to heal quicker than any thing I ever could discover. You must also not forffet the washing, morning and night, which should be about an hour previous to applying the ointment ; thus you give the parts time to dry. Should a perceptible fouln&ss in the subject justify the measure, take away a proper quan- tity of blood, according to the size of the animal ; and, occasionally, put an ounce of nitre in his water, for a fortnight ; or, give half a dozen of diuretic balls, as follows : — Take Powdered resin - 3 oz. Linseed meal - 1 do. Soft soap to form the mass. Divide into six, and give one every morning the first thing. Should these remedies appear not to assist the cure, and the cracks not heal so fast as you desire, you must then proceed to stronger means. Cape aloes Calomel 8 drams. 2 do. Form into a mass, with linseed meal and soft soap, and divide into two balls. Give at intervals of about five days, according to the strength of the Horse. SALLENDERS Are situated upon the fore-part of the hock. Sallenders are to the hind legs what mal- lenders are to the fore legs ; they originate in the same cause, and are cured by the same means ; rendering it unnecessary to make further remarks under this head. WARTS Are troublesome things to the Horse, on ac- count of their itching so ; and very much, to the eye of the owner ; and especially if they are apt to bleed much, and it is highly disagreeaole to ride a Horse in such a state. The only means to remove them, is, either by ligature, or tne 70 THE MODERN SYSTEM knife. In many cases you will be obliged to have the Horse cast ; some warts are situated in such places, that you would not have an opportunity of properly getting at it, without incurring considerable danger. If it be your intention to remove them by ligature, Take Arsenic - - 1 dram. Hog's lard - 8 do. Mix, and apply to that part of the ligature embracing the wart, once a day ; or you may apply, in the same manner, butter of antimony, anointing the part with the feather-end of a pen. But, the most effectual manner, and the one I have always ued with success, has been to remove them with the knife ; and im- mediately, but slightly, cauterize the part. This 1 have found to an;swer better than any other application. HIDE-BOUND. This is a subject that has hitherto been very little treated of; and, by no means, at all sa- tisfactorily. It has been attributed to many causes ; but, from observations I have been able to make, I must confine it to few. The signs of hide-bound, are, as its name would express, a want of flexibility of the skin, which is pervaded by a general stiffness, that seems to form an entire adhesion to the flesh, with- out the least partial separation or distinction. There is a kind of dusty scurf, plainly per- ceived underneath the hair, that raises it up in difrcreiit parts, and, giviii'^ it another hue, the coat, in many places, forms an appearance of two or three colours, shewing at once the insensible perspiration, which should be always going on, is either retarded, or wholly stopped, rithcr by some internal cause, or forcibly •hewing that poverty is no stiaiigcr here. The Horse is generally languid, dull, heavy, and weak ; his excrement is dark, foul, and very offensive. He sweats much upon every moderate exertion ; then his coat stares, the hair turns different ways, the effluvia of which is highly disagreeable, and affords evi- dent proof of weakness and debility. The probable cause at once shews itself; such as bad food, and want of the proper care the Horse requires in the stable. These are the principal causes that can be assigned for this complaint or defect ; still there are others, all centering in poverty ; such as long lank grass, in low swampy land in the autumn, and musty hay, or bad oats, at any season, which may in some degree allay the hunger, but not gratify the appetite ; for being in itself desti- tute of the effect and quality of superior food, no nutritive contribution can be conveyed for the generating blood, or rousing the system. The sources for the supply of chyle being thus obstructed, the lymphatics are deprived of their due proportion of nutritive fluid that should pass through these smaller vessels, and they become, not only in some measure con- tracted, but in a great degree inactive, in consequence of wanting their natural stimulus, chyle ; which, with the want of external care and dressing, contribute to an almost universal obstruction of the cutaneous pores. These, from the preternatural debility of the general system, are compulsively thrown open upon the most moderate exercise, when a Horse that is, from excellent food, care, and attention, or in what is termed good condition, will not display the least moisture upon his skin, even in undergoing a much greater fatigue. Thus much has been said to prove its exist- ence as an original complaint, probably caused by these means, ivhen abstracted from its con^ OF FARRIERY. ■1 sideration as a symptomatic attendant upon any other. And when that is really the case, by effectually removing the cause ; in other words, cure the disease on which it is an at- tendant ; and then, of course, you will get rid of its concomitant likewise. In respect to a cure, very little instructions will be necessary ; for under judicious manage- ment, it IS scarcely entitled to the appellation of disease being in fact no more than a tem- porary mconvenience. Therefore, any way will do to effect some little change in the circulation of the blood ; as for instance, take away about two quarts of blood, and in three or four hours after give a mash of malt, oats, and bran, equal parts, continuing every night for a fortnight, stirring in it one of the following powders, Take Flour of brimstone - 12 oz. Antimony - - - 1 lb. Let these be well rubbed together, and divide into twelve parts. Give his other feeds, morning and noon, equal parts of oats and bran moistened with water : if the continuance of the bran should relax his body more than you approve of, put into his feed a handful of split beans, and the same quantity of chaff. This method of treatment you will find suc- cessful; but yiu must accompany it with regular and substantial dressing, air, e.xercise, sound good oats, the best sweet hay, and good soft water. When by these means, he begins visibly to improve in his hide, coat, and con- dition, let him have twice in the week a brushing gallop, to produce a tolerable sweat, and enliven the circulation, takins: grreat care to |r;t him stand still until he is perfectly cold ; when his dressings should be thoroughly gone through with attentio'', and care, and per- Beverance, every night and mornir.g. If this method should be unattended with succetii, there must be some unknown cause lurking in the system, in which case, Take Blue pill - - 2 drams. Aloes, Cape - 4 do. Give this at niiiht, and keep all food from the Horse during the nij;ht ; in the morning treat as in administering a dose of physic; in the course of four or five days repeat the medicine, and, if a third dose should be required, which you will be able to ascertain from his appear- ance, let him have it, taking care the Horse does not get chilled during the action of the mercury FARCY. It is one of those diseases to which the Horse is lial)le, and for the cure of whicli, and its co-disease, glanders, the Veterinary Profession have been more puzzled with than all the diseases to which the Horse is liable. Until of modern date, farcy was not thoroughly known ; for all the old writers said it was something the matter with the blood, but could not tell what ; the French writers studied the disease, and its nature, but still we got very little farther on in progressive know- ledge ; however, we are not enabled at the present day always to promote a cure, though it is satisfactory to be able to define the disease in a much more enlightened form. Farcy, then, may be defined to be an inflam- mation and suppuration, attendant with ulcera- tion of the absorbents of the skin. It was formerly thought to be a disease of the veins, from its frequently appearing on the inside of the thigh, where they are conspicuous and prominent, but the disease does not lay in tne veins. The disease beinjf exterior to tne 72 THE MODERN SYSTEM Irunks of the veins, and laying in the super- ticial absorbents of the skin covering the veins, was not this proved to a demonstration the veins would ulcerate and open, and consider- able bleeding take place, clearly showing the disease is in no wise connected with the veins. Externally the skin may be said to be the only visible part susceptible of farcy; but when the case runs on and becomes violent, the lungs partake also of it. Every part of the skin is susceptible of the disease, but not all parts equally so ; wherever the skin is thinest, these parts are more liable to become affected than where the skin is thick. The commencement of the disease is gene- rally ushered in with swelling and inflamma- tion, and, at length, single tumour forms; this goes on until matter is formed, suppuration takes place, and of course ulceration ; the tumours do not always suppurate, often becoming bard and schirrous. These, in the old farriers' language, are called " buds, or farcy buds ;" there are fi e- quently many of these, forming a kind of chain : this is an absorbent en'arged and inflamed, and frequently will continue to enlarge to an alarming: decree; these are the common symptoms and appearance of the disease. The cause of its taking place in the hind legs mo>t frequently, is, because the living power of these legs is much less, conse- qnentiy, more liable to be out of repair. This disease, as we said before, is one that less progress towards a cure has been made, than almost any disease of the Horse, and that in consequence of its containing a poison ; which poison, if applied to the skin of a sound Horse, will produce inflammation and matter of the same kind ; and in all prol)ability, if the mutter becomes absorbed, it will produce^/art- ders ; still this may not be the case, all constitu- tions not being equally susceptible of taking on the disease, though actually in contact with the poison ; this, like all medicines, have not the same effect on all constitutions, more than this specific poison. However, it proves this matter to be contagious, because it is possible to pro- duce it on a healthy animal. Here is one curi- ous fact also ; if you insert the poison deep below the skin, it does not produce yitrcy ,• but, being absorbed into the system, it produces glan- ders ; the absorbents do not inflame in this case, clearly proving it a disease of the skin ; so that the deep seated absorbents become affected, and the superficial ones not so. From this cause, if you were to skin a Horse, with farcy, at this stage of the disease, there would not be the least appearance of it under the skin ; nor can it be produced in a sound Horse without an abraded surface ; though 1 think it may be produced if applied to the membrane of the Horise's nose, if it were carefully done, so that the surface was not abraded. Professor Coleman's opinion, is, that one Horse in a stable cannot communicate it to another, without an abraded surface ; shew- ing, it must be generated, and that constitu- tional diseases cannot be produced except by contact ; if poisoned atmosphere be inhaled, disease may be propagated by breathing it, whilst contagion requires the actual contact of the diseased animal with the sound ; (hough there is little or no di^tinction, for the poison does not come in contact with the lungs under infection. For, in proportion as crowds and filth abound, do such diseases break out. Contagious diseases may be, then, produced without contact ; but not only may be, but as regards farcy, 1 question whether one in one thousand, ever becomes affected by the actual touch of this matter, show ing clearly that it if OF FARRIERY. T3 not a local disease. I have heard persons say It arises from drinking cold water, and eating beans ; but I cannot see how these wholesome materials for food can produce a poison. I think it far more probable to be produced by a poisoned atmosphere; an atmosphere over and over again impregnated with what escapes from the lungs, the skin, the dung, and urine : there is no surprise in the matter, if we examine for a moment why such a com- position should not affect the lungs, and if not immediately the substance of the lungs; but the system will become afi'ected through the blood, which is continually travelling tiirough them at every pulsation. The air also furnished to go into the lungs, was never intended by nature to be made use •jf when charged with deleterious gases. Pure air is so important to life, that if deprived of it only for a few minutes we should die. If we breathe from a bladder long enough, we shall drop from exhaustion ; and yet, examine the contents of that bladder, and there will be found oxygen, but there has a poison become united to it, which cannot be detected, and which is incapable of sustaining life. Farcy, then, is a consequence of that law stamped upon animal existence, that where they exist beyond a certain number, it is necessary that they should be thinned, for it is better some should die, than all be made un- comfortable : now nature accomplishes this by poison, in some animals, producing fever, &c. &c. This is the true cause of farcy, produced through the medium of the lungs, uniting with the blood, and it circulating every where. It has been contended by some writers, that the blood cannot be affected, for if capable of receiving a poison, it became so si'.bdivided that of course it was inert : another argument set up was, the blood going to all parts, and all parts not becoming affected ; but this is easily accounted for ; for if you give a Horse turpentine, and bleed him in the course of an hour afterwards, you will dis- tinctly smell the turpentine ; though we know the kidneys are the parts alone affected by it, showing that by the law of nature, that all parts are not alike susceptible ; for there is no dis- ease which affects all parts, therefore, it is no proof the blood may not be contaminated, because the skin alone is affected, and thouah glanders or farcy, or both, can be produced when the poison is absorbed, the substance of the lungs may not be affected at all in the early or curable state of farcy, thouo-h they generally do become affected, and in such case, medicine is of no use whatever. Horses most predisposed to this pest of diseases, are narrow-chested Horses, with flat sides and long legs. The common farriers will, one and all, tell you they can cure the disease, because they think it a local affection, which is easily cured. Their practice being to burn the ulcers, destroying the specific action in the part, and they may in some instances perform a partial cure, if the poison has not gone further, the buds healed, and the cure said to be completed. But in most instances, when thus locally treated, it breaks out a«ain, even at the end of twelve months. I have known it to occur and terminate in glanders ; those only being cured, which liave not the lungs affected. The cure of farcy may be obtained, if it be purely local ; such as when the buds are on the legs only, so as it appears to be confined to the lymphatics of the skin ; but if the poison be once got into the system, I should at once despair of any thing like a cure. If the T 74 THE MODERN SYSTEM membrane of the nose should become at all ulcerated, or the membranes lining the bones of tlie head, secrete and discharge a disagree- able matter, the chances are one hundred to one of your succeeding in a cure. However, I have always treated it as a constitutional affection, not trusting in the term local or otherwise. If the Horse should be in toleriible condi- tion, I should immediately bleed, according to strength, size, &c., and give the following : Take Cape aloes - - 8 drams. Ginger - - - - 1 do. Form into a ball with soft soap. And treat as directed in administering doses of physic. Should you perceive the farcy buds diminish at all, or even no increase take place in those which are formed, give a second dose of medicine, and treat as before Your next thing is to lay the farcy buds open ; these you will find principally on the inside of the hind leg, frequently down the neck, in the line of the jugular vein, along the back, and frequently on the face. This last, whenever I found them, the cure was always doubtful. Some persons open the buds with a lancet, and apply the actual cautery, to destroy at once by fire what we imagine cannot be done any other way : but I object to this mode of treatment myself, as I have seen much more good done by other means. First, open all the abscesses with a lancet, after squeezing out the matter, which you must be exceed- ingly careful in doing, for the pain the Horse experiences will make him very fidgetty, but sometimes attended with great danger. After vou have cleaned away all the matter from the sores, apply a little sulphate of zinc to each of the opened buds. Tiiis application will be found highly beneficial on first opening the buds : if you should have done this in the morning, repeat it again at night ; then on the morrow, wash the sores well with the follow- ing lotion. Take Extract of Saturn - - - 2 oz. Spirits of wine, camphorated 8 do. White wine vinegar - - 1 pint. Mix well together, and keep close stopped for use ; then Take Prepared antimony - - I lb. Sulphur - - - - - -12 oz. Cream of tartar - - - 8 do. Incorporate well in a mortar, and divide into twenty equal parts, giving one every night in the corn, first sprinkling with water to insure the adhesion of the powders. Thispr >| ortioii is meant for the distemper in its mildest state, when the buds make their first appearance. Should the distemper be in a more advanced stage, bleeding should be repeated, in a proper time and in a moderate degree ; and upon the scabs or eschars peeling from the buds, wash them well, occasionally, with the following : 2 drams. I pint. Take Corrosive sublimate - British brandy - - - White wine vinegar - 1 do. Tinct. myrrh and aloes - 2 oz. Water ----- i. pint. First dissolve the sublimate in the brandy, then add the other articles, and shake well together : or. Take Sugar of lead - 1 oz. Sulphate of zinc - - 1 do. White wine vinegar - 1 pint. Water ----- i do. Mix together. OF FARHIER\ 75 For internal medicines, an immense number have been tried, I believe, all the mineral and vegetable poisons, and with some ex- cellent effect ; but the variety being great, you cannot always hit upon the right one ; therefore, I shall not enter into a long detail, but at once present you with the formula that I have been in the habit of using, all of which I have found good. •5 grains. Take Cantharides Arsenic - - - 4 do. Sulphate of iron - 1 dram. Gentian - - 1 do. Ginger - - 1 do. Form into a ball with soft soap. Give one every morning, first thing. Or, Take Corrosive sublimate 4 grains. Sulphate of iron - 2 drams. Form into a convenient sized ball, with linseed meal and soft soap. Give every morning. Or, Take Blue pill - - - 2 drams Aloes - - - - I do Ginger - - 1 do Mix together for one ball, with a little oil of turpentine, and give one every second morn- ing. Great care must be taken to watch the Horse, that he do not become salivated ; if either of the foregoing prescriptions should appear to take the Horse's ajipetite away, let him remain for a day or two, without the commencing it again. During the exhibition of these medicines, the Horse should be well kept, feeding him without a sparing hand You may occasionally dissolve an ounce of nitre in his morning water, as he will then be most likely to drink. A little green meat will be good for him ; and when you perceive him getting better, get him a run at grass in some place handy, and give him a feed of corn morning and evening. Speared malt is ex- cellent for them at this time ; also, if you take about a tea-cupful of linseed, and pour on it a quart of boiling water ; taking also, and mixing with it, eight or nine good potatoes, well boiled and worked up together, give this with his corn at his middle-day feed. Should he at first refuse it, do not be disheartened, he will take to it in a short time ; and the benefit arising from it will surprise you. Carrots are very good, chopped up fine ; also turnips of the Swedish kind, as they contain more sac- charine matter than any other ; also parsnips, a few at a time; for if given in quantities, are apt to gripe. The treatment, as practised at the Royal Veterinary College, is by adminis- tering, from two to five drams of sulphate of copper, in solution, in about a pint of water ; increasing or decreasing the dose, as circum- stances may require; and also applying a solution of the same sulphate, in the quantity of two ounces to a pint of water, to the sores daily. 76 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER V. OF WJXDGALLS, BOG SPAVIN, THOROUGH PIN, CAPPED HOCK, TUMOURS OF THE ELBOW AND THE KNEE. WINDGALLS. The term windgall *, was never more mis- applied to any disease, than the present ; for the enlargement in which the disease consists, does not contain air at all ; but they are a kind of syst, or sack, attendant on most, or all joints, but particularly those which will come under our notice, in consequence of their fre- quently occasioning lameness, and, at best, a great eye-sore. These sacks are situated on both sides of the tendons, just above the fet- lock joints, before, and not unfrequently upon the hind legs likewise. These prominences become enlarged, generally, from hard work, occasioning a greater determination of blood to the part ; consequently, a greater secre- tion of mucus they contain, increasing, until they become disagreeably large. It is from this circumstance, that if you apply lini- ments, or lotions, to windgalls, and appa- rently reduce them, that they immediately enlarge again on being put to work ; for, if the sack containing the mucus be enlarged to the * The technical term for windgalls is enlargement of the " biirsae mucosae ;" but, as we promised to avoid techni- calities, we give the name they are generally understood disagreeable size we sometimes see it, it never contracts to its original feature. For the cure of windgalls, I shall give my reader the practice I have invariably pursued, and not without considerable success. As be- fore stated, liniments, lotions, and even blister- ing has little or no effect ; but the plan I have adopted has been, first to clip the hair off all round the leg, over the fetlock joint, and about three inches above the seat of the enlargement ; then take from four to six ounces of mercurial plaister, and put it in a melting pot, previously having procured an old paint-brush, and when thoroughly melted, rub on the parts where the hair has been clipped off, well grubbing it in with the old brush. Having done this to your satisfaction, take a flannel bandage, about three yards long, and about three inches broad, bind this tight roiuid the leg, and let it remain so situated for a fortnight, when you may take a pair of scissors, and snip the bandage down the front of the leg, and let it fall off at liberty. (You must not forget the cradle.) I have treated windgalls repeatedly in this manner, and have had no further occasion to do more to them However, should this not be found effectual, 1 have either fired the parts, or opened the ^Vir^][i> £\Al.i.. ^ 17ic fore /eij pee f/rjn iriiiif r)it//s A. The Wind pad either to be opened or /lovr r/ir iiiereuria/ p/nstcr ap/died S. Mecfi'Od of yirein^ for Windf/aJLs a// ?onn^ f/ic fe^j. ]B O G SPA VI IS' T/ie H hf dissected itut TUMOUM. ©J- Tira MjfEE. }i \ -■/ ////• //f'r.rr.r A/trr />/ //. ////* tiirmmr (v in- t'^frrftttul t'ft . fftf'f'jii/hio /nirf ~pri'\i<*us to 6/zsteriny. OF FARRIERY. 77 bursa, in the following manner : — You must have the Horse cast, and introduce a pretty large abscess lancet into the enlarsjed bursal at bottom, or lower part, so that you may be enabled to introduce your finger, which do, and turn it about several times : by this means you will break down the membrane of the sack ; then put a suture in the wound, and draw the lips of which together, and let your Horse get up. This will occasion, at first, some little swelling, which bathe well vvith warm water, two or three times a day, and apply a bandage. When the inflammation has considerably subsided, treat the puncture as a common wound. I sometimes have, if the case was a bad one, and the windgalls very large, as soon as the inflammation had subsided, cast the Horse again, and fired the parts, which has answered exceedingly well. I should recommend the Horse a loose box, and a dose or two of physic, during the time he is refuting. BOG SPAVIN Is a disease, very commonly attendant on hard work, and especially in young Horses, when they have been too early used. The hock, as has been before observed, is liable to more diseases than any other joint belonging to the Horse ; it being designed for very extensive motion ; but the motion of it, during natural labour, is very different from that, which is throwing a Horse upon his haunches, pulling him up suddenly, or taking high and wide leaps. These violent motions of the joint, are, as it may well be supposed, likely to produce disorder. Bog spavin, then, is an enlargement of the mucus capsule, situated immediately in the bend of the hock, and near to the superficial vein, passing obliquely over the part ; in fact, it may be said to be a cor- responding disease to windgalls in the fetlock joint. It does not always produce lameness ; but, when so large as to occasion lameness, and prevent the Horse from working, imme- diately open the tumour, in the manner described for windgalls ; only being careful not to puncture the vein, which may be easily prevented, by tying a fillet of tape round the bottom part of the thigh. You will then im- mediately discover the course of the vein, and it will be your own fault if you do not avoid it. Having made the puncture, and found out the mucus, put in the wound a little sulphate of zinc, and proceed in all other respects as you would for windgalls. THOROUGH-PIN Is that large bursal enlargement, situated in the upper and back part of the hock, the tu- mour shewing itse"" on either side; hence its name, thorough-pin. This seldom occasions lameness. The causes of this disease are similar to the two preceding; over weight- ing, immoderate riding, and ill-management in the breaking of young Horses. For the treatment of this, proceed precisely as directed for tcindgalls and bog spavin. CAPPED HOCK Is a large swellina: that arises at the point of the hock. It is seldom detrimental to the Horse's action, but is very objectionable to the eye. It arises chiefly from kicks, or lay- ing on hard stones, or other injury, the point of the hock is so very liable to. It is sometimes hereditary *. If not relieved soon in its early * Why I say that capped hock is hereditary, is, in con- sequence of seeing it so in one family. About fourteen years ago I was called to see a Horse belonging to Messrs U ,78 THE MODERN SYSTEM stage, it frequently becomes of considerable size, and wliat appears strange, the skin seems to thicken as it becomes larsrer. For the treatment of Capped Hock, if you should perceive it in its early stage, I use re- pellents, such as the following: Take Sal ammoniac - 1 oz. Spirits of wine - 8 do. Vinegar - - 8 do. Rub some of this lotion on the point of the hock, night and morning. Should this not promote the absorptior. of the fluid, then in- troduce setons on each side of the hock, and keep the discharge up for a fortnight, dress- ing every day with digestive ointment, as follows : Take Common turpentine - 4 oz. Hog's lard _ _ - 4 (Jo. Melt together over a slow fire, and dress the setons with it, when you change them every morning. Should this not have the desired effect at once, puncture with a lancet, and fire in the manner seen in the Plate. Whilst using the Bird, of Hammersmith. On the occasion of one of my visits, he asked me to see a brood mare, and two of her colts, laying in a field close at hand, which he considered of excellent make and form. The dam was a known good one. She was a light chesnut mare ; the colts were of the same colour, one a three-year old, the other a yearling ; and all three, dam and colts, affected with capped hocks. There had been a colt, which would then have been two years old, but it had been dead about si.\ months, and he had capped hocks too. As far as my recollection will serve me, I believe Mr. B. informed lue they were all got bv dif- ferent Horses. This, I think, is sufficient proof of like getting like. I know it frequently occurs in the human gubject, and why not in animals ? I know a guard of a mail-coach, who has one leg shorter than the other ; he has a son, about si.xteen years of age, affected precisely in the ■ame manner, and numbers of instances might be adduced, ff we had 8pa:e to enter on that subject. above remedies, give a mild dose or two of physic. THE ELBOW. These tumours frequently arise from various causes : they are situated at the point of the elbow, and sometimes grow to an amazing size ; I once recollect seeing one in Messrs Barclay's stud of dray-horses as large as a child's head, it appeared to give little or no inconvenience, but the appearance is highly disagreable. These tumours are not always alike in their contents, some of them contain- ing a yellowish fluid, and that in a considerable degree ; this you may discover by the un- dulating feel it has when pressed between the thumb and finger. This kind of tumour con- tains a yellowish serous fluid, deposited in the cellular membrane, which greatly abounds in this and the neighbouring parts. The other kind of tumour is hard, will not yield to pressure, and sometimes proceeds to calosity. These tumours generally arise from heavy dray-horses laying down on rough paved stables, and frequently when they double their fore feet up under them ; the large calkins of the shoes just comes in contact with the point of the elbow, and a bruise from either of the foregoing causes will produce it ; it may sometimes arise from kicks, but this, 1 should imagine, but seldom ; as if it arose from a kick, the Horse would instantly go lame, whereas by bruising gradually, it continues growing without producing lameness, as you may see in the hands of blacksmiths, the right hand in which he holds the hammer, the inside of which is covered with an immense thick skin ; but he feels no pain in producing it, because it comes on gradually ; but put a tyro to use the hammer for onlv one or two hours, and it \a OF FARRIERY. 79 ►' more tl)an ten to one, but his hand becomes severely blistered. But to our subject : after examining the tumour, and being satisfied as to the nature of it, you next proceed to the cure. If it should be the kind of tumour con- taining lluid, take your seton scissors, then taking up the skin in the most dependent part, make an orifice, and let out the fluid ; and, further insert your finger, as if preparing to place in a tent, which do with tow, smeared all over with digestive ointment, as follows : No. 1. Take Sulphate of copper, finely powdered 1 dr. Common turpentine - - - - 2 oz. Hog's lard ------- 4 do. Meit the turpentine and the lard together, and when nearly cold, sprinkle in the sulphate of copper. Or, No. 2. Take Red precipitate , - - - 4 drams. Common digestive ointment* 4 oz. This will promote a healthy discharge, if the firsl does not: keep this open for a week or * What is meant by the common digestive cintmcnt, is, the turpentine and hog's lard alone. nine days. If the parts should swell much, foment three or four times a day, with flannels dipped in hot water, until you see the swelling abate. The hard kind of tumour you must treat in another way, and the only way it can be, to be effectual, that is, at once make an incision down the middle of the tumour, and disect it completely out, then insert a plegit of tow, smeared with the first named digestive oint- ment. No. I, and sew up the wound until within an inch and a half of the bottom, which must be kept open during the suppurative process ; when that is ended, dress as a common wound, with compound tincture of myrrh. THE KNEE. Sometimes enlargements on the knee take place, but they are of little consequence though I was once called to a Horse thus affected ; the tumour was about the size of half a walnut ; I immediately punctured it with a very small abscess lancet, squeezed the matter out, blistered the part, and ordered the Horse to be turned out: in a month, he came up, and no person could discover the place, that either the puncture or blister had been made. The Horse was the property of a dealer, and of great value. ac THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER VI. THE EYE AND ITS DISEASES. THE EYE. The eye is such an important organ, and the structure of such sublime grandeur, that we cannot in justice to our readers pass it over slightly ; but shall endeavour to give as full a description as we possibly can of this piece of natural mechanism. MUSCLES OF THE EYE. The muscles of the eye, of which the orbicularis first comes under our notice, which surrounds, and is attached to the bones of the orbit ; and though these fibres are attached to the lower eye-lid, it seems scarcely for the purpose of motion, as this lid is to appearance stationary ; this muscle passes under the loose skin of the upper eye-lid, which has great motion ; the oflSce of this muscle is to close the eye-lid perfectly, or in the act of winking, which is performed involunta- rily ; therefore, this muscle in sleep is in action. There is an antagonist to this muscle, the levator palpebrcB, arising from the posterior part of the orbit, passes over the orbit, and contiguous to the lachrymal glands, which are placed in the hollow of the orbit above the eye; this pair of muscles is in almost unceasing action, and like all other muscles, they would become weary, but by acting in opposition they are rested at intervals ; for when the eyes are shut, the orbicularis is in action ; when awake the levator palpebrce ; but this is relaxed by the act of winking, which is clearly one intention of winking ; another is allowing the tears to pass over the orbit, which performs their office of removing extraneous matter, by means of the action of the eye-lids. To move the eye, there are four straight muscles, two oblique, and one retractor, the powers of which are very superior to those of the human subject ; but nature is diversified in her gifts ; thus, some have wings, whilst we have brains and hands, which more than compensate for all deficiencies. But to be acquainted with the different func- tions, and organizations of the eye of the Horse, it requires greater attention tlian per- sons at first sight are aware ; there being a muscle attached to the Horse's eye called the retractor muscle, which the human subject has not. But, going back to the straight muscles, we will begin with the levator ocuh, which arises from the posterior part of the orbit, goes over the retractor muscle, and is attached to the sclerotic coat; it is for the purpose of directing the eye upwards, the eye always acting in unison with these muscles. ^'- ■P'^pU in a strcma- "/"/ m „ /m-ila"^'' ,5,^\2ttc.fmeiJ©|^^^^^ ^^'^ »A^,. affected ^vldi ('^t'^"' '^"""^'^K- lens diorouoh^'^ OF FARRIERY. 81 The next muscle is the abductor, which arises from tlie posterior part of the orbit, and is inserted into the anterior part of the sclerotic coat on the outside ; this muscle directs the eye from the nose, and unlike the levators, these muscles cannot act together, for one eye being turned from the nose, the other is directed to the nose by another muscle ; the intention of this is obvious, that in cases of alarm, both eyes should be directed to the same object, one by the abductor, and the other by the adductor. The depressor occuli arises from the posterior part of the orbit, and is inserted into the inferior part of the sclerotic coat. The adductor has the same origin, and is inserted into the sclerotic coat towards the inner canthus. All these muscles acting together, have the power of drawing the eye into the orbit; but their action is inconsiderable. The oblique muscles, which are two, one of which arises from the inferior part of the orbit, and is inserted into the sclerotic coat below, the other called the trochliaris, arises from the same, and going through a pulley-like adaptation, is inserted into the anterior part of the sclerotic coat, and thus draws the eye forward. Their chief use is to act in opposition to the straight muscles, by drawing the eye forward. The retractor occuli arises from the supe- rior part of the orbit, surrounds the optic nerve, but is separated from it by adeps [i. e. fat] ; and that the fibres may not affect the nerve, they are not attached to the sclerotic coat, where the nerve emerges. This muscle performs two functions : I will just mention here how you may distinguish the inner and outer canthus; when the eyes are separated from the body, it is the broad side which forms the inner canthus, over which the haw plays. I may here allude to the formation in birds, which is a Uttle similar to the fiatv, called the membraua nictitans, a semi-transparent membrane, having: a muscle and a tendon. In the Horse this is cartilage edged with black, at the anterior part fastened to the conjunctiva by the cellular membrane, and if you attempt to pass your finger between the eye and the haw, you are prevented by the conjunctiva, showing that the conjunctiva is a reflected membrane over the cellular attachment. The haiv is divided into two parts ; the anterior part is convex on the outer surface, concave on the inner, to fit the convexity of the eye ; the luiw acts as a kind of shield, but not being sufficient to cover the whole orb, whilst in its natural situation, the retractor muscle acts first, by which means the ball of the eye presses upon the adeps, and the haw, in consequence, is forced over the eye, showing it has no movement of its own, but is dependent on the retractor muscle, thus performing its functions by moving apart, to which it is least attached. LACHRYMAL GLANDS. In noticing the lachrymal glands placed above the levator palpebree, laying close to the sclerotic coat, white and large, and through being of a white colour, consequently, not pos- sessing much blood, its secretion is large, as may be proved by its duct, which secretion is evidently regulated by circumstances. These ducts pierce the conjunctiva at the upper and outer part, and thus moisten the eye. THE EYE-LIDS. The eye-lids in the Horse, must claim a little attention, the peculiarity of them, is, the bottom one has no lashes, but the upper one 82 THE MODERN SYSTEM has a double row in the centre, not extending from canthus to canthus; these Hda are seldom diseased, or even the cause of disease. THE CONJUNCTIVA. The conjtmctiva is inamediately connected Avith the eye-lids, the haw, and the orbit ; it possesses three diflferent structures, that is, tliree separate degrees of vascularity. It lines the inner surface of the eye-lids, covers the eye-ball, being reflected over every part ; now this membrane is highly vascular in that part lining the eye-lids, it is less so over the opaque cornia, and still less over the trans- parent cornia, never admitting red particles of blood, unless in a state of inflammation. Now the eye-lids have a secretion of their own, to protect them from the tears, whi'^h, though congenial to the eye, are not so to the edges of the palpebrcB ; and it is a well known fact, shewing the susceptibility of parts, for the salt that is in the tears will at any time inflame the cheek, but not the eye ; but warm water applied to the eye, will inflame it, and be congenial to, and relieve the cheeks ; though we cannot account for these facts, but by the different susceptibility of the nerves going to these parts. THE FUNCTIONS OF THE LACHRYMAL GLANDS, TEAKS. CONJUNCTIVA, EVE-LIDS, HAW, AND kETR;,CTOR MUSCLE. As the above parts of the eye are all, more or less, blended together, I have thought it best to give their functions together, from the intimate connection one has with the other. The apparent use of the eye-lid, is to protect the eye from foreign matter, and also to regu- late the admission of light; independent of these, the inner surface of the upper eye-lids, covered by the conjunctiva, is connected with the tears, which flow between the eye-ball and eye-lid, the conjunctiva is thus prevented from coming in contact by a fluid ; the eye-lids also secret a fluid of their own, which pre- vents any tendency to irritation ; the action of the lachrymal glands is. at intervals, even in sleep, taking place, though there may be but little wanted ; but any foreign matter, even the wind, will at once excite their action : this is occasioned by the nerves of the eye-ball; being irritated, the tears, in consequence, are thrown out to alleviate such irritation. Be- tween these glands and the mind, there is also great sympathy, and when their action is ex- cited, so that the secretion be too extensive to be carried off' by the nose, the tears flow over the cheeks, and constitutes weeping. 1* his secretion is also affected by the action of the retractor muscle, which, acting with the ad ductor muscle, the eye-ball is brought to the inner canthus, and the haw forced over the eye-ball. Foreign matter very seldom occa- sions blindness, for the tears and eye-baC moving in one direction, and the haw in & contrary one, any foreign matter is quickly dislodged. The tears, then, we see, keep the parts moist, transparent, and, remove the waste from evaporation, which is always going for- ward in moist external surfaces. The tears having performed their office of lubricating the eye-ball, and the parts attached, they pass on into the ducts, called puncta lachrymalis, situated at the inner canthus of the eye. This duct in the Horse is but little larger than in the human subject ; passing through a canal, partly bony and partly membranous, termi- nates at the lower end of the nostrils, much increased in size. This formation in man is of OF FARRIERY. 83 n more complicated nature than in the Horse, consequently, it is very frequently subject to disease by becoming obstructed, and occasion- ing a serious, troublesome complaint ; in the Horse it very seldom occurs, and then but with trifling inconvenience. The action of the haw takes place from any cause that arises from tenderness and pain or inflamma- tion ; and this may be continued so long, that the retractor and adductor muscles per- manently contract, the haw being completely powerless of itself, is left protruded out : when this should be the case, there is no diflSculty or danger in cutting it out with a pair of scissors. THE CORNEA. In the Horse there is no opaque cornea visible, whilst in man, it constitutes a promi- nent feature of the eye ; which, though it does not appear to add to perfectness of vision, adds greatly to the beauty and expression of the eye ; and as it was not necessary we should see in the night, being supplied with sense and hands to secure sustenance in the day, and requiring much sleep from the activity of the brain, this defect in sight is fully counter- balanced by beauty and expression. The transparent cornea is more or less con- vex in all animals, both from its form and the fluid it contains. In Horses, it is not circular but horizontally oblong, being more contracted at the outer than the inner part ; also, the \tal\ of the eye being denser and transparent, that law of optics takes place, that rays of light, passing through a tran>cus conveys it to the retina, thus constituting vision. In man, the cornna is often too convex, m consequence of which, the rays of light are brought to a focus before they reach the retina; this constituting near- sightedness ; the reverse taking place with old people, the cornea being too flat. We cannot so well judge of defect in the sight of the Horse ; there is no doubt that many Horses with prominent eyes, and very convex, have imperfect vision, as they invariably are very apt to shy and start. THE IRIS. In examining the eye, and looking into the anterior chamber, which contains the aqueous humour, we there see the iris, and the centre of the iris is that opening called the pupil; looking steadily at it, there is a blueness ap- parent, showing that there is free access to the back part of the eye through the pupil, also showins the iris divides the humours of the eye into two spaces, which are called cham- bers, the anterior and the posterior. The iris appears to hang as a curtain between the cornea and the crystalline lens. The iris is composed of two orders of muscular fibres, and also demonstrates the colour of the eye ; as, for instance, a black iris constitutes a black eye, a blue iris, a blue eye. In bay Honse.s it is of a cinnamon colour ; sometimes it is white, constituting a wall eye, and with a wall eye there are generally white hairs on the eye-lashes and orbit : the colour of the outer part of the iris is no criterion for the posterior, which is generally black, and is the part that is of service to the Horse's \ision. The shape of the iris, at the circumference, i? i)blong, like the transparent cornea ; it is very muscular, and its fibres are radiated, these beinff wound round the circumference with another order of muscular fibres and another round the inner margin, and the union beiweeu 81 THE MODERN SYSTEM the two is by the radiated expansion of one order of fibres and of the blood vessels. Having ihus come to the opening of the iris, I shall call it, as before, the pupil, which is not a solid body, but a passage left by the iris for the rays of light to penetrate in their passage to the posterior chambers of the eye. The iris undergoes many changes, as to size, in all animals; and, in the Horse, as it changes its form, from round to oblong, and vise versa. In cats, the changes are well seen, for, in a strong light it is very oblong, but perpendicular, whilst it is horizontal in the Horse. This shews the object of nature at once, for a cat has necessity of seeing upwards and down- wards for securing its prey, not sideways where its powers would be lost. Ourselves and the Horse have occasion to see every way ; so that, though the pupil becomes hori- zontal, it is never very narrow : there is also a peculiar structure in the Horse's eye, which seems to have the power of keeping out light, occasioned by four glandular bodies, two placed at the lower edge of the upper margin of the iris, and two at the lower margin. These are not seen in a weak light, when the pupil is large ; and seldom in the dead subject: they are seen best in prominent eyes, under a strong light ; they are black, and covered with the nigrum pigmentum (or black paint), which in the dead eye becomes a mucous. The.se bodies may almost be called an internal eye-lid, and united to the iris they complete the curtain. We will now endeavour to explain the functions of the iris, which may be easily seen, by observing the effect of different degrees of light on the iris, light being the stimulus, and, through the nervous energy, the iris becomes af- fected ; the pupil being passive, the iris expand- ing, makes the pupil much smaller; on the other hand, if the iris contract, the pupil ap- pears so much larger. The iris is possessed of abundance of nerves and muscular fibres ; for though this is not perceptible to the naked eye, our reason demonstrates them, and we must never suffer the superior light of our reason to be darkened by the imperfection of our senses. The muscular fibres of the iris are of two orders, the one appearing a kind of sphincter (signifying to shut up) at the inner margin, and, being excited by a strong light, it contracts at the same moment ; the trans- verse order relax and elongate, and thus the pupil is diminished : the stimulus of light being removed, the transverse preponderate, diminishing the iris, and, consequently, en- larging the pupil. It would appear that the circular or sphincter order require a very strons: stimulus to be able to overcome the constant superabounding power of the trans- verse order of fibres, the varied action of the pupil taking on different forms, according to the strength of light ; in a weak light becoming circular, occasioned by the transverse fibres being in full play ; but, as in a strong light the pupil becomes oblong, it would appear by this, that the transverse fibres have not an equal power of relaxation, only at the top and bottom ; for, at the corners, they scarcely relax at all. There is considerable sympathy between the iris and the retina, as in gutta serena, or glass-eyed, as it is termed ; that is, when the oj)tic nerve has lost its sensibility, the iris has likewise. THE OUTER COATS OK THE EYE. In considering the outer coats of the eye, we commence with the sclerotic, which is composed of tendinous material, very dense, OF FARRIERY. 85 but not equally thick all over, the thickest part being its posterior ; this part receiving more pressure against the orbit, when under the influence of the retractor muscle, nature required it to be thicker, to repel the pressure it might receive. Anteriorly, there is a groove receiving the posterior edge of the transparent cornea, called the ciliary processes (the white folds at the margin of the uvea in the eye, covered with black matter) ; there is a pas- sage through the sclerotic coat for the optic nerve, which does not pierce it at its centre, but pierces the sclerotic and choroid coats at the inferior part. The choroid coat is on the inner side of the sclerotic, and is very vascular, possessing many blood-vessels, nerves, and absorbents. The appearance in this coat varies in different animals, forming a diiference of covering, which it most commonly possesses. It is most commonly in white ferrets, and also in the human subject, with those classes of persons commonly called " albinos,'' with long white hair, &c. In all these the colouring matter is wanting, and the arteries of the coat are alone seen ; the consequence is, the bottom of the eye looks red. In consequence of this forma- tion, there is an incapability of seeing in a strong light, seeing best in the dark, which is most properly called, a diminution of light ; there being no such thing as positive darkness : and I may remark, that in sympathy with such, the eye-lashes are always white, and the hair of the head is white also ; and fre- quently on smaller animals all the hair is white : the same occurs to white mice and white rats. In man, generally, both surfaces of the choroid coat, the one in contact with the sclerotic coat, the other with the retina, are covered with a black pigment, which, in the dead animal, becomes a kind of mucus. But there is a difference according to circumstances : the negroes in the tropics have it much blacker than those in temperate regions, by which they have a power to absorb superflu- ous rays of light, so that vision is not painful. From these facts, we may conclude, this pig- ment is a kind of regulator, absorbing superflu- ous rays ; also shewing, that such eyes cannot see well in a weak light, as the rays are all absorbed without affecting the retina ; for nature has never been able to make one piece of mechanism to perform opposite effects wel. This coat, in Horses, is of great importance from its having a different coloured pigment from man, which alone has occasioned many mistakes?, all the pigment or colouring matter below the optic nerve, being about one-third of the whole, is black, but above it is green and blue, and a distinct line separates them : the compound of this, in the living eye, gives it the appearance of sky blue, which, seen through the humours, is of a greyish blue. Horses frequently, and by very eminent men, have been pronounced unsound from having this grey cast or shade in the eye. The optic nerve having pierced these two coats within, the black covering is lined here with a little pigment ; it is then distributed over the whole of the surface, as far as the junction of the opaque cornea with the ciliary processes. Now the cause of this variegated coat, and why it should occupy the superior part in particular, is, because the ravs of light pass through the nerve going beyond the retina. In man, you know, from the colour of the pigment, the rays become absorbed, and thus ended ; but in a pigment that is not black, they are not ended, but reflected back, striking the nerve a second time, and the effect must then be an THE MODERN SYSTEM increased vision : and in the Horse, most es- pecially, it, as a matter of course, follows, that the rays strike the nerve twice, only at the upper part, as it is there that the green pig- ment is situated ; but these rays are obviously the weakest, especially when the Horse's head is near the ground, which is a natural position from his propensity to grazing ; the black pigment also receiving the strong superior rays, and the green pigment being the weakest : thus, by this combination the rays are equalized, and sharp keen sight pro- duced. THE CRYSTALLINS LENS. The crystalline lens is not exactly a per- fect lens, the anterior side being rather the flattest ; it is contained in a perfect capsule or bag, a fluid separating the capsule from the lens, which is called the liquor morgagni (from a person of that name, M. Morgagni, who first discovered it). This capsule does not adhere to the tunica vitrea, but is confined in its situation by the tunica vitrea, being re- flected over its edge, at which part also it is surrounded by the choroid coat, formed into folds, called the ciliary processes. It was a doubt formerly how these parts grew, but that mystery has since been solved, on dis- covering that both arteries and veins are possessed in these parts; for as they grew, of course there must be materials required. But this was not in early times believed, in conse- quence of the parts being so very transparent, but the transparency depends upon the situa- tion of its vessels and its organization ; but this fine arrangement may be destroyed in a se- cond, its organization Inst and become opaque. The lens are not only flatter anteriorly, but it if not of the same structure throughout, the outer surface being like a mucus or jelly, but within it becomes harder, even to the centre ; thus you at once see how the rays of light are bent from one degree to another, in in proportion as they approach the centre. From this cause, in conjunction with the iris conveying to the eye that singular property of acting both as a microscope and a telescope, which in no one instrument has been effected by man. There have been many conjectures on this point ; but my opinion is, it depends upon the lens, and there is one circumstance that bears me out ; and that is, after the operation for cataract, the person so operated on, em- ploys two sorts of glasses, concave and convex ones. But the iris now comes here under observation, as it alters under different effects of light. This is an involuntary power ; but there is another power independent of light, for, if I will, to look at a minute object, though the light be weak, and consequently Itss stimulus, yet the pupil will become smaller, by the iris expanding ; and looking at a large object in a strong light, the pupil will expand in defiance. The pupil being small, the rays (as in the first instance) are admitted and confined to those from the object alone. Thus there is no confusion of images on the retina, but the smallest object is seen, and, as in the last instance, when the object to be seen is large, the mind excites the iris to contract, that the rays may be ad- mitted from all parts through the lens, for a perfect representation. THE CILIARY PROCESSES. In examining the ciliary processes, which appear to be a continuation of the choroid coat, that surround the capsule of the crystal- OF FARRIERY. 87 .ine lens, and their formations appear to be that the circumference of the coat endinjr here, to embrace the lens ; it, by which means is thrown into folds, in order to fit ; something similar to the gathering of a shirt, at the wristband. The vitreous humour is of a peculiar con- struction ; though it appears to be a kind of ji:lly, it is not; but nearly of the same fluidity IS the aqueous humour. This appearance arises from its being contained in cells, and not in a single capsular bag. This is proved by breaking the cells, the fluid then drops freely. It is also admirably formed, for being in contact with the expansion of the optic nerve, as it cannot alter its position, or be in- jured by pressure. VISION. The phenomenon of vision is at once curious and grand. In the first place, all dwects to be seen require a sufficient quantity of light to render the nerve sensible ; though diflerent animals require different degrees, man of all unimals requirijig most, plainly demonstrated from the construction of the eye, it having a small transparent cornea, and a black pig- ment ; thus proving we were intended to sleep much, and being gifted with brain and reason, we have no occasion to prowl about at night ; for, in comparison with other animals, many of our senses are imperfect, such as hearing, seeing, and smelling ; and so are our arms for flying ; but we are as perfect as nature in- tended ; that is, we do not require further pro- tection. The vision to be perfect, must be painted on the retina ; and here is a curious fact, that though we have two eyes, we see only one object ; yet there is an object painted on each retina, but only one on the sensoriuvi : but having only one sensorium, so that as long as the object is the same, there is only one im- pression formed ; but immediately objects change, there are different impressions formed. All objects on the retina are painted upside down, so that it is evident the rays of light cross each other ; for they meet in a point near the lens, and proceed through the vitreous hu- mour nearly in the same right lines. This is proved by taking off the sclerotic coat, then placing a sheet of paper behind, with a candle before, the image becomes perceptible upon the paper. I have every reason to believe that objects are represented on the sensorium as they really are ; and this appears no more difficult, than when there is an object upon each retina, there should be but one upon the brain : but to speak more correctly, 1 think the impression upon the sensorium, is no more than the knowledge that the objects are there ; not really that there is an impression made there similar to that on the retina. Having considered the structure and general laws of the eye, I shall proceed to explain the alterations to which the eye is liable ; a knowledge of the parts was first necessary to be enabled to discover how alteration is pro- duced. The eye of man is liable to many diseases, the Horse but few; but before we enter on the diseases of the eye, I will make a few observations on the SOUND EYE. As a blind Horse is well known, it is highly essential to be thoroughly familiar with the appearance of a sound eye; for it is only gained from practical experience. There is a peculiar kind of eye which dealers call a sour eye ; this kind of eye the dealers know very 88 THE MODERN SYSTEM well is very much disposed to blindness ; but they do not know why. The fact is, the pre- disposition arises from disease ; it is the effect from attacks of inflammation, which produces a morbid degree of sensibility to light, from sympathy the retractive muscle is brought into action, and, consequently, the eye is drawn into its orbit, and appears small. DISEASES OF THE EYE. INFLAMMATION OF THE CONJUNCTIVA. It will be remembered, the conjunctiva is that membrane lining tl^e eye-lids, covering the cornea and the haw of the eye, inflam- mation of which is the most common disease the eye is subject to. As regards this disease, then, the first thing to ascertain is, whether the transparent cor- nea is affected or not. One criterion is, the iris at the border of the pupil, not being seen without difficulty. We then direct our atten- tion to the other, and not finding the pupils exactly alike as to size, &c., that which is tli'! smallest you may pronounce diseased, the sphincter muscle of the iris being contracted through sympathy. Next notice the blood vessels of the membrane under the eye-lid ; they will appear turgid, even if there is only one of those vessels shooting into the trans- parent cornea, it is a diseased eye. We must then direct our attention to the glandular bodies at the upper edge of the iris ; if they are not alike in colour, you may predict the Horse will go blind, this effect being from a little lymph being lodged there firom previous inflammation. The haw is likewise a criterion to go by, if the haw of each eye be not in a similar situation, but one protruding more than the other. These incipient appearances of one disease, are of great importance, as the Horse has but few diseases of the eye, and this being the one he is generally subject to, and it as frequently ending in blindness. The Horse is generally attacked with this disease in the night time, and is then thought of but little moment, the groom supposing the eye to m injured by the halter, or by rubbing his eye against the manger, or some rough place in the stall ; but I never knew the dis- ease produced by a foreign body, and as to producing it by blows, it is exceedingly diffi- cult to wound the eye ; but if it should be occasioned by a blow, there will be an abra- sion on the external surface, and on examining which, you will easily determine how to proceed. Take Extract of Saturn 4 drams (^ oz.) Spring water sufficient to fill a com- mon sized wine-bottle. Apply this lotion frequently every day. Oi*, Take Sulphate of zinc - I oz. And dissolve in the same quantity of water as above ; either of which, if the inflammatton OF FARRIERY. 89 arises from a blow, will effect a cure in a few days. This disease does not often attack aged Horses, if they have been exempt previously. Horses are most subject to it between four years and six years old, when their growth is becoming nearer complete ; and, consequently, if highly kept, a plethoric habit is produced ; the solids of the body ceasing to grow, the deposit being greater than the system requires. Young Horses are but little susceptible of this disease ; I mean in early life. When an at- tack commences, if nothing be done to prevent it, the inflammation increases rapidly, until the pupil is hid, and the whole surface of the eye appears bloody. This, by proper remedies, may be wholly removed. These attacks fly from eye to eye ; first in one eye, then in the other, probably at the interval of some months, till one or both eyes go blind. If one only be lost, the general opinion is, the other becomes perfectly sound, and is cortsidered much stronger. All these facts prove it is not a local disease, but that it is constitutional, and that from its attacking first one eye and then the other. The causes of this disease I have no doubt is a poisoned atmn.sphere. I observe in these cases, either the Horses do not per- spire at all, or they perspire profusely, from langour ; so that it appears, when it does take place from plethora, the Horse then is in a languid state. This disease proceeds from the conjunctiva, until all the other parts partake of it, including the iris, which under the attack secretes pus, which falls into the posterior chamber, where absorption takes it up, or probably ulceration may take place. It is worthy of notice, that the constitution appears to undergo a change, when blindness ensues ; for, this periodical opthalmia generally ceases when one or both of the eyes go out. although at first sight, one cannot tell how the consti- tution has been affected by the loss of this organ, or see a reason why the inflammation should not recur at intervals. This disease may arise from the effects of purging ; but purging only causes the consti- tutional tendency to the disease being brought into effect, and producing debility from the medicine which becomes the exciting cause ; the disease then being constitutional, it will direct us to notice the proper remedies. Take Blue pill - - 12 drams. Opium - - 2 do. Linseed meal - 1 oz. Form into a mass with soft soap. And divide into six balls. Give one every second morning fasting. Or, Take Sulphate of copper 12 drams. Or, Take Sulphate of iron - 12 drams. Take either of the above, and form into a mass with linseed meal and soap, and divide into six balls, and give one every morning about eleven o'clock. These two last are strengthening, and when the disease arises from debility, will be found of essential ser- vice. Bleeding generally, according to the strength of the animal, should not be omitted, but it will relieve it in all its stages, though not eventually cure it. The best thing in the shape of lotion I could discover, was the fol- lowing : — Take Common salt, a table-spoonful and a half. Spring water, as much as will fill a wine-bottle 90 THE MODERN SYSTEM Bathe the eyes several times in the day with the above ; or, you may take either of the lo- tions prescribed for blows in the eye. I have inserted setons between the jaws, which seemed to do good for a time ; and I have derived the most satisfactory benefit by usinor the followingr : — Take Tartar emetic - 1 dram. Hog's lard - 1 oz. Form into an ointment. Rub a little on the side of the Horse's cheek, and also underneath the eye, until small pimples arise. Great care must be taken to prevent its going into the Horse's eyes. s CATARACT. The common termination of the foregoing dis- ease is cataract ; which is a process of inHam- mation in the capsule of the lens, and the opacity is an effect from their disorganization, with ap- parently but little pain, from the paucity of nerves. The opacity invariably begins in the centre, from its being the hardest, and having less of the hving power in consequence, so the circulation becomes more easily affected. There being no simple cataract in the Horse (as we fortunately have in the human sub- ject), many appearances of the lens take place in cataract ; in some, a general determination of blood to the coats of the eye, and irritation ensues. The retractor muscle then acts from sympathy, which produces pressure on the tunica vitrea, and the cells of the vitreous humour are destroyed, together with the capsule of the lens; and to prevent the lens floating about, lymph is thrown out, forming an artificial capsule. Consequently, by this action of the retractor muscle, the aqueous humour is pressed upon by the lens through the other parts, and this humour against the transparent cornea. To prevent the eye bursting, the humour becomes absorbed, the lens are thrown against the iris, the iris dilates, coming in contact with the trans- parent cornea ; the pupil in consequence be- comes lost. From these complicated effects, any attempt to operate would be difficult and useless. It has been performed several times at the Royal Veterinary College. But im- perfect vision is useless, and detrimental to the Horse, which is ever always the case in operations for cataract, in the human subject ; but imperfect vision to man is a blessing in comparison with loss of sight ; for this may in a great measure be restored by the use of gla!«ses ; but I fear we should have some diffi- cultv in fixino- on s-lasses that would relieve the eye of the Horse. ■* GUTTA SERENA Is another disease of the eye of the Horse, which appears to be paralysis of the optic nerve, it not being at all sensible to the light, though admitted through a perfect organ. It is much more common in the human subject than in Horses. In Horses I believe it to be con- nectefl with some affection of the brain. I have tried blistering behind the ears, on both sides, repeatedly, but without any success. I have also tried rowels between the jaws, and kept them open for a length of time, but still could do no good *. * About the year 1815, a young veterinary surgeon, just emaaftted from the Royal Veterinary College, and who had not seen any practice previous to his going to that estab)- lishnient, was called to a Horse (belonging to a quaker, a gentleman of the same town), affected with inflammation of OF FARRIERY. 91 the eyes. Our tyro at once pronounced the necessity of taking blood ; but being rather a timid operator, he, in striking the phleme, only just touched the jugular vein but slightly, the blood scarcely deigning to flow ; conse. quently he pinned up that side, and proceeded to the other, with no better success. The consequence was, the Horse's neck was greatly swollen, and though it was well bathed, it had no effect ; suppuration took place, and (he Horse lost the van on both sides : but while this was going on, the inflammation entirely left the Horse's eyes. The gentleman to whom he belonged kept him for two or three years after, but no inflammation ever returned, i saw the Horse live years after, but he had continued quite well and sound. 92 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER VII. OF WOUNDS IN GENERAL; WOUNDS OF THE HEAD, CHEST, ABDOMEN, JOINTS, SHEATHS OF TENDONS, ARTERIES, AND VEINS; BROKEN KNEES; GUN-SHOT WOUNDS; AND SUTURES. OF WOUNDS IN GENERAL. Wounds are a species of injury, to wliich Horses are not only perpetually liable, but of so many diflferent kinds, and requiring such various modes of treatment (according to the cause, appearance, situation, depth, and state of the wound, or habit of the subject), that to enumerate the whole, with all possible or probable circumstances, would be to write a volume on the article alone, which is certainly entitled to every deg"ree of attention, from the simple and complex cases that so frequently occur. V/ounds may be divided into such a Variety, that to enumerate the list of probabilities, would be to encounter the work of an age, and serve more to perplex than enlighten those not altogether adequate to the task of (Icfining technical terms or professional des- criptions. To enlarge upon every probable means by which a wound may be received, and from the variety of weapons, or stable instruments, is an absolute impracticability ; we will, therefore, endeavour to define what wounds are ; and then show them in the most prominent features, with the l>est means of cure. A wound may be defined to be a recent solution of continuity in the soft parts, sud- denly occasioned by external causes. Wounds (as we observed before), in gene- ral, are subject to a great deal of variety, both in their nature and external appearance. The differences depend in a very great measure on the nature of the injured parts, the manner in which the wound has happened, and its extent. Wounds of fleshy parts are exceedingly different from those of tendinous ones, both in regard to their appearance and nature, and degree of danger. There is also an essential difierence between such as are made with a sharp cutting instrument, and others, in which the fibres, besides being divided, have sufiered considerable contusion and laceration. A wound made with a narrow pointed instru- ment, is also of a very different nature from one that has an ample orifice. The degrees of danger, attending every wound, depends very much on some of the following circumstances : — The extent of the injury, the additional violence whicli the fibres of the part have sufiered, besides their division, the nature of the blood-vessels, or nerves, which happen to OF FARRIERY. 93 be cut; the nature of the wounded part, in respect to its general power of healing, fa- vourably or not; whether the operations of the system at large, and life itself, can be well supported or not, while the functions of the wounded part are disturbed, interrupted, or suspended by the accident ; the age of the patient, the goodness, or badness of his con- stitution, and the opportunities which there may be of receiving* proper aid and assistance of every kind. INCISED WOUNDS, As a general observation, we may state, that a wound that is made with a sharp, cut- ting instrument, which is in short a mere incision, is attended with less hazard of dan- gerous consequences, than any other kind of wound whatever. The fibres have only been simply divided ; they have suffered no contu- sion, nor laceration ; they are consequently less likely to inflame much, so as to suppurate and slough; and they commonly admit of being united again in a very expeditious manner. LACERATED WOUNDS. Lacerated wounds are those in which the fibres, instead of being divided by a cutting instrument, have been torn asunder by some violence, capable of overcoming their force of adhesion. The edges of such wounds, instead of being straight and regular, are jagged and unequal. CONTUSED WOUNDS Contused woiinds is a term applied to those wounds, which are occasioned by some blunt instrument, or surface, which has violently struck a part of the body. Lacerated and contused wounds differ from simple incised wounds, in appearing at first view much less alarming than the latter, while in reality they are much more dangerous. In simple cut wounds, the retraction of the parts and the bleeding, are generally much more considerable, than in a lacerated wound of the same size. However, notwithstanding these circumstances, they commonly admit of being healed with by far the greatest ease. It is even proper to remark, that lacerated and contused wounds are scarcely ever attended with any serious eflPusion of blood, even though some large blood-vessels may be injured, riiis is apt to lead persons, even practitioners astray ; for, in proportion as there is little bleeding, you may safely conclude that serious violence has been done to the fibres and blood- vessels. PUNCTURED WOUNDS. A punctured tcound signifies one that is made with a narrow pointed instrument, the external orifice of the injury being small and contracted, instead of being a size proportion- ate to its depth. A wound produced by the thrust of a sword or bayonet, affords us an example of a punctured wound. Wounds of this description are in general infinitely more dangerous than incised ones, notwithstanding the latter have the appear- ance of being by far the most extensive. The greatest degree of danger, in cases of punc- tured wounds, always depends on the ad- ditional injury, and rough violence, which the fibres have suffered, besides being divided. Some of the disagreeable consequences apt to follow, are also imputed to the frequent great depth, to which punctured wounds are liable to extend ; in consequence of which cir- cumstance, important parts and organs are 2a 94 THE MODERN SYSTEM pflen injured. These cases are likewise less easy of cure, owing to the difficulty of ex- tracting any extraneous substances which may happen to be lodged in the wound. All punctured wounds and stabs are at the same time dangerous, inasmuch as they are par- ticularly apt to be followed by a great deal of inflammation, fevers, deep-seated abscesses, sinuses, &c POISONED WOUNDS Wounds of this description are not very common in this countrv. The stings and bites of certain insects, and the bites of vipers, mad dogs, cats, &c., are the only instances which we meet with. The only insects to be dreaded are the stings of the wasp, or the hornet. This, to appearance, is the most formidable creature of the winged tribe in Britain, the sting of which is attended frequently with the most acute pain and inflammation ; even the sting of the wasp, should it occur where the skin is thin, such as the inside of the thigh, occasions extreme pain and irritation. WOUNDS 01' THE HEAD. Wounds of the head of the Horse do not 60 frequently occur, as at first sight may be anticipated. The principal are wounds of the ears, the eye-lids, the nose, or the salivary gland or duct. The duct is situated at the angle of the jaw, where you feel the Horse's pulse. This duct is sometimes liable to be torn, and causing the saliva to escape, instead of passing on to the mouth to mix with the animal's food, and frequently occasions great debility. From the situation of the parotid duct, and its liability to become wounded, what is called a salivary fistula may be the conse- quence, unless some steps are immediately taken to afford relief The cheek and face become considerably swollen, in consequence of the saliva insinuating itself into the cellular substance. The plan to prevent this proceed- ing on, is to make use of the actual cautery : a budding iron is the best thing ; after using which, draw the lips of the wound together with a suture, and apply adhesive plaister over the whole, in strips, about a quarter of an inch apart, first cutting the hair close off all round the part, or the plaister will not remain on long. Laceration of the Horse's ears some- times occur ; in such cases have your Horse cast, and cut off the lacerated part, and if.it should not look at all eye-able, remove as much more to make it so ; then crop the other ear to correspond. This is the only method you can pursue, as from the little vascularity of the ear, it being principally composed of gristle, you cannot expect union to take place. The eye-lids frequently become lacerated and very much torn, from nails or splinters of wood about the rack, manger, or standing. In this case you require a steady hand, a small curved needle, armed with whity-brown thread, and introduce sutures sufficient to bring the parts as much in contact, and as near to tiie appearance as they were before the accident had taken place. After which, use the followino: : Take Sulphate of zinc Spirit of wine Water - - •J- bz. 2 do. 16 do. Apply the above lotion to the parts affected three or four times a day. W^ounds of the nose, or nostril, sometimes occur, which are exceedingly difficult to heal, in consequence of not always being able to apply proper rcme- =¥= ■, ®F TME ABU'^iMJM ®F TEE H®M§E . I , . I ?nS'Dry ".i^niir.er. t . .' rto Cmenium , Duodenum . Cava. U Vena PortaruiQ , 12 Tlie Kidneys . 13 Vena Rgnalis . 14 The Ureters, lilfi Veiuse Semiualis 1616 OvariTiXD. 1717 Art SeminaHs. 15 18 Conena Enter! ■ The Enteris. a) TheBladde-r 21 Part of tbe rectum . .^u.ac>2/i- ^'uuUM u/ ^a^^itiiyij;. . OF FARRIERY 95 dies. The only thing you can do here, will be to sew up the lacerated parts, and apply compound tincture of myrrh, as in a common wound. WOUNDS OF THE CHEST. These wounds are not infrequent, especially in large town*, where there is considerable movement vvith all kinds of vehicles ; and either from obstinacy, or isrnorance of the drivers, it frequently happens that the shaft of one carriage coming in contact with the Horse of the one he may cliance to meet, enters his chest, and as a common result, the Horse dies immediately ; but, if the shaft should fortunately pass between the shoulder- blade and the ribs, there is in that case. a chance of cure. In the first place then, as- certain the depth of the wound, tlie force of the blood must also be immediatel\ restrained by copious bleeding, and introduce a piece of tow well smeared with digestive ointment, into the wound, in order to procure a discharge as soon as possible. Keep the Horse without food for at least twelve hours ; at the expira- tion of which time, give him — Aloes _ _ - 4 drams. Resin - - - 2 do. Form into a ball vvith soft soap and lin- seed meal. If by this time the parts should ha\e become much swollen, bathe well with hot water, and if the discharge be once effected, you may be sure vour Horse is ffoinsr on well, and you have only to continue the dressing, with the medicine occasionally, and you w-ill soon effect a cure. But should the wound not be made in the direction before named, but enter the cavity of the chest, and the lungs become in any means ruptured, the case is then hopeless ; this you will easily ascertain by air rushing out of the wound, and by th«> peculiar scarlet hue of the blood. if swelling should take place between the legs, or under the chest, take your phleme and strike it, to let out the air which has been extravasated. WOUNDS OF THE ABDOMEN. These wounds generally arise from being gored with the horns of some mischievous bull or cow, whilst in the field, or by being staked, and not infrequently by some of the hooks attached to the harness, generally occasioned by the carelessness of the man o. boy who have to look after them, and especi- ally if the stable door should not be suflficiently wide, which is frequently the case with most of our farmers' stables ; these wounds ai:so frequently occur in the Horse Artillery, from the violence of temper, sometimes both of man and Horse. I have known the hooks attached to the tackle occasion some frightful lacera- tions ; and on one occasion locked-jaw super- vened. These wounds frequently penetrate the cavity of the abdomen, this of course is attended with much danger ; if any of the intestines should protrude, carefully replace them, unless they should be very cold, or mortification appear, in which case procure some warm water, not too hot at first, and bathe the parts well, and by degrees making the water warmer, until you get nearly to blood-heat; then, after re- turning the intestine, sew up the external wound, and apply a roller padded to the part : you must refrain from giving food or water, but give clysters of gruel, and also gruel as a draught, but this but sparingly at first ; when you remove your roller, do so with the m THE MODERN SYSTEM greatest of caution, and if appearances are favourable, apply over the wound a plegit of tow, and a large adhesive piaister over the whole ; then, again your padding and roller as before, in this case bleed copiously as soon as /ou have adjusted your first dressing; if mor- tification should have taken place, the Horse will soon give you sufficient proof of it ; but, should better fortune attend you, you must bring him on by degrees, and not commence feeding him too freely for some time. WOUNDS OF JOINTS. Wounds of the large joints, made either by puncture or incision, are of a very dangerous nature, as these parts are surrounded with tendinous and membranous structures ; which, though not very sensible in a sound state, yet, when inflamed become exceedingly sen- sible, often attended with vehement pain and fevtr. Superficial wounds of the joints are often disagreeable cases ; but the danger is always increased when the injury penetrates the cap- sular ligament. This event may be detected by the introduction of a probe, and frequently by a discharge of the synovia, which is secreted by the inner membrane of the capsular liga- ment of the joint, for the purpose of facilitating ts motion. But as a discharge of a similar kind may proceed from mere wounds of such (Jjursa; mucosae) synovial bags, such as windgulls, &c., that lay under the tendons of muscles, in the vicinity of joints, our judgment might be deceived, were we unacquainted with the situation of these little membranous bags. Wounds which penetrate large joints, must be looked upon as much more dangerous, than those in which only these fmrsts are opened. Almost all the joints of tbe Horse are liable to be laid open, and their cavity exposed. I have seen the stifle, the pastern, and knee, at one time, completely exposed ; but the knee joint is, of all others, the most frequently liable to this accident ; it does sometimes occur to the shoulder joint, but this very rarely. When a joint is penetrated, there is an escape of synovia, or, as it is commonly called, joint-oil ; now, in consequence of the escape of this fluid, it brings the ends of bones together, occasion- ing, in conjunction with the air getting in, considerable inflammation through the whole extent of the capsular surface, causing that exquisitely tender sensation the Horse feels, on having the joint touched ; in some cases the fever runs so high as to prove fata! *. When a joint is early discovered, after being penetrated, the synovia will flow white and pure, or it may have a little tinge of blood io it ; but, if the accident is not discovered for three or four days, you will find the joint-oil to put on a yellowish colour, and the dis- charge be considerably increased. If means be not speedily taken to close the external opening, coagulable lymph is thrown out, and in consequence of the inflammation being great, the vessels may inosculate together, and in all probability a stiff" joint might super- vene. In some cases, the pain and irritation are so great, that the animal either sinks under it, or becomes a mere skeleton. But, this in a great measure is not to be looked at with so much surprise, when we come to * I recollect, whilst at the Royal Veterinary College, a large cart-horse was brought in with an open joint, ulti- mately the opening closed, new granulations formed, and a wound about the size of hnlf-a-crown was the conse- quence; this wound was ordered to be dressed with spirits of turpentine, which was accordingly done, but from symp- tomatic fever, the Horse died in three or four days. 01^ FARRIERY. &7 examine into treatment, the old farriers have generally adopted, by applying in general strong stimulants, taken from their long list of infallible nostrums. The treatment of open joints, if discovered in their recent state, may not be so difficult : our first care is to remove all extraneous matter, such as dirt, gravel, &c. ; you next proceed to the closing of the w^ound, which must be first commenced by clipping off the hair for some distance all round the wound, if not large, and apply strips of adhesive plaister, drawing the lips of the wound as close as possible together, ever which plp.ce a plegit of tow, and immediately after a litien bandage, about three yards ong, and foui inches wide, so that the shutting up of the cavity rflay be complete ; in addition to which, the symptoms of irritation, both local and general, must not be neglected ; for if the symptomatic fever should be high, we must treat the Horse accordingly ; this you will discover by his breathing short, loss of appetite, heat and dryness of the mouth, as well as the quickness and weakness of the pulse ; if such should be the case, immediately t ike from two to four quarts of blood, and give the following : ,\o. 1. Take Aloes, Cape - • i dram. Digitales - _ - 2 do. Linseed Meal - - 3 do. Form into a ball with soap. Give a ball of the above kind night and morning, until the fever and irritation is abated. Or, No. 2. Take Cape aloes - - 1 dram. White hellebore - \\ do. 3 do. Linseed meal - Form into a ball, atid give as the first. By these means you will allay the irritation, and decrease the fever, and the frequency of the pulse also. When the wound is more extensive, or more irregular, we must then employ sutures with the plegit of tow, as before described, and to well bandage the part, also every means must be taken to keep the Horse as still as possible ; use a neck cradle, fearing from the irritation he may be inclined to gnaw the part affected. If these means have not the desired effect, we must have recourse to the actual cautery ; and, if the opening be not too large, the budding iron is as good shaped one as you can use, touching the edges lightly : if the wound should be larger and irregular, use one of your firing irons carefully. I have known these means succeed when all others have failed. Have your iron heated to a dull red heat, which will be quite sufficient, and be careful not to insinuate it too far, as you may have considerable inflammation follow: you can easily judge when the cautery has been sufficiently applied, by the stoppage of the synovia, over which put a plegit of tow, and a poultice of bran, wetted frequently with the following : Take Sal ammoniac, powdered - 4 ounces. Sugar of lead - - - - 1 do. Vinegar ------ 3 pints. Water 1 do. If the oozing of synovia recommences, by no means hesitate to apply the iron again ; and, as often as the oozing appears, repeat it, by which eventually success may be calculated on. In some aggravated cases I have blistered immediately, and that with good effect. Rowels arc sometimes employed as near llie 2 B B8 THE MODERN SYSTEM part as convenient, but in these I have no faith. Give bran mashes, or half bran and oats made damp : if you should have much difficulty in giving tliQ Horse the fever balls, Take Glauber sait« - - 4 ounces. Linseed meal - - 2 do. Hot water - - - 1 quart. Mix well together for a drink, which repeat morning and night : in mixing your meal with the above, do so first in a bason with a little cold water, it will prevent its clotting together. WOUNDS OF THE SHEATHS OF TENDONS. Wounds of the sheaths of the tendons, both behind and before, frequently occur during hunting, staking, stubbing in coppices, or from cuts or injuries from the stable-fork; should ai y of these occur, so that the tendons become wounded, it is attended with consi- derable pain and inconvenience. For the treatment of these accidents, it will differ in no respect wiiatever from that laid down in the description of wounds of joints. \VOUNDS OF THE ARTERIES. The Veterinary practitioner ought to have an intimate knowledge of the course of the arteries, in case of performing operations, that lie may avoid wounding them : there are several methods of stopping the flow of blood, which is apt to alarm the junior practitioner, and by so doing occasions fear, and a nervous feeling to come over him to the great detri- ment of, and sometimes proving fatal to his patient ; however, we would recommend him at all times to be perfectly cool and collected ; ami, as ob.servcd before, make himself well ac(jr.ainled with the course of the arteries. Bleeding from arteries are .stopped generally by compression and astringents, by ligatures, by the actual and potcntiul cautery, sometimes by styptics, and not unfrequently, if the artery be only wounded, to divide it altogether. It must be plain to every one who under- stands the course of the circulation, that pres- .suie made on that part of a wounded artery, which adjoins the wound towards the heart, must check the effusion of blood. The current of blood in the veins, running in the opposite direction, requires the pressure to be applied j to that side of the wound which is most " remote from the heart ; as pressure is the most raiional means of impeding hemorrhage, so it ^ is the most effectual, and almost all the plans employed for this purpose are only modifica- tions of it. The ligature, the application of a loller and compresses, only become useful in the suppression of hemorrhage on the prin- ciple of pressure, the cautery, caustics, and styptics excepted. A We have already remarked, that all the best means of checking hemorrhage, operate on the principle of pressure, the actual and potential cautery, with some styptics excepted ; the two first of which act by forming a slougli, which stops up the mouth of the vessels. Let us next consider the various modes of pressure. The different things that have been praised as infallible, would seldom or never have succeeded without compression. It was always requisite, even when caustics were used, to employ compression, which were bound on with sufficient tightness to resist the impulse of the blood in the artery and the premature separation of the eschar, occasioned by the actual or potential cautery. When the blood does not issue from any particular vessel, but from numerous small ones, compression is preferable to tlie ligature. OP-FARRIERY. 99 The employment of the latter would render it necessary to tie the whole surface of the wound. The sides of the wound are to be brought accurately together, and compresses are then to be placed over the part, and a roller to be applied with sufficient tightness to make effectual pressure, but not so forcibly as to produce a danger of the circulation of the limb being completely stopped. If com- pression can ever safely be trusted in bleedings from large arteries, it is when these vessels iay immediately over a bone, against which they can be advantageously compressed. The ligature, being well known to be a means of stopping hemorrhage, which is safe and easy, and much less painful than former methods, we need not longer search for such remedies. It may indeed be set down as a rule, whenever large arteries are wounded, never to trust to any styptic application what- ever ; but to have immediate recourse to the ligature, as being, when properly applied, the most simple and safe of all methods. In ex- but this does not, in every instance, immedi- ately form a coagulum capable of filling up the canal of the artery ; in most cases, only a slender coagulum is formed at fiivst, which gradually becomes larger by successi\e co agulations of the blood ; and hence the coagu- lum is always at first of a tapering form, with its base at the extremity of the artery. But the formation of this coagulum is not material, for, soon after the ligature has been applied, the end of the artery inflames, and the wounded internal surface of its canal being kept in close contact by the ligature, adheres, and converts this portion of the artery into an impervious, and at first conical sac. It is to the eflTused lymph, that the base of the coagulnm adheres, when found to be {idherent. Lymph is also effu-ed between the coats of the artery, and among the parts surrounding its extremity. In a little time the ligature makes the part, on which it is directly applied, ulcerate, and, acting as a tent, a small aperture is formed in the layer of lymph effused over the artery. Through plaining the action of the ligature, applied round an artery, without including the surrounding parts, the internal coat of the vessel is torn through by it — experiments which I have tried on the arteries of Horses and dogs ; if the ligature be tied round with sufficient tightness, it will cut through its inner and middle coats, although it be immediately removed, the vessels always become perma- nently impervious at the part which was tied as far as the first collateral branches, above and below the obstructed parts. This divi- sion of its internal and middle coats, produces an obstruction to the circulation of blood throujjh its canal. There must be a small quantity of stagnant blood, just within the extremity of the artery ; when this aperture, a small quantity of pus is di-s- charged, as long as the ligature remains ; and finally, the ligature itself escapes, and the little cavity, which it has occasioned, granulates and fills up, and the external wound heals, leaving the cellular substance a little beyond the end of the artery somewhat thickejied and indurated ; but, if it should be in a situation where you can apply a bandage, it ultimately becomes absorbed. As all sti/ptirs are not to be depended on, as before stated, the judicious practitioner seldom will apply them, as they generally tend to irritate, and seldom do good : they are some- times, however, proper to employ to diseased surfaces, where the vessels seem to have lost their natural power, or disposition to contract \jNiva«&tTY PEHK3YLVANIA 100 THE MODERN* SYSTEM Firitig, or the achial cauteri/, is an excel- lent styptic to stop the bleeding of an artery, as in docking, castration, &c. It is generally resorted to as the safest styptic, also in opera- tions of festnlous withers, frequently in dis- secting out fungus flesh you are apt to wound a number of small arteries : the actual cautery is the only means you here can employ with any good effect. In these cases keep the Horse's body open vvitli alterative medicines; such as the following : Take Cape aloes - 2 drams. Sulphur - - 3 do. Form into a ball with soft soap, and give one occasionally ; feed with half bran and half oats made damp. , WOUNDS OF THE VEINS. Wounds of the veins generally arise from incautiouj;ness in blood-letting, though the operation is performed by some of the greatest bunglers that possibly could take a phleme and blood-stick in hand, without having any ill effects arise. Still, it may happen on some occasions, to the most experienced practitioner, either from inattention in pinning up the orilice, such as drawing the skin a considerable way out, or not adjusting the lip of the wound equally to;i;etlier, so that blood becomes ex- travasated into the surrounding celhdar mem- brane ; also it may arise from the foul consti- tution of the Horse, when every little scratch or wound will have a tendency to inflame and suppurate ; if this should be the case, apply the following: Take Sai ammoniac - - 1 oz. Extract of Saturn Vinegar - - Water - - - i do. I 1 pint do. Shake these well together in a botlle, and apply frequently during the day. If absorp- tion takes place, and the parts regain their former appearance, all is well ; but if the tumour suppurate, and you feel a fluctua- tion on pressing the part, make a depending opening, or introduce a seton through it. But if the vein itself should take on the in- flammation, it must arise from rusty or unclean phlemes; and, in all probability, the vein may be punctured through, in consequence of driving the phleme with too great violence in the act of bleeding ; also, the Horse being suft'ered to have his head at liberty immedi- ately after bleeding, instead of being tied up for at least two or three hours, the pin caus- ing an irritation, he becomes inclined to rub against any thing that is in his way, such as the edge of the manger, &c. Sometimes the constitution will take on this morbid action as before stated. This disease begins to make its appearance in about two or three days after the operation of blood-letting, by a small tumour at the situation of the orifice, the lips of which unclose and look red with a sort of ichorous discharge issuing, and sometimes blood itself will escape. In this case, if the progress be not stopped, the tumefaction ex- tends along the course of the vein towards the head ; the vessel becomes hard, and the con- tained blood in the trunk forms into a firm coagulum, by which it becomes impervious, and all attempts to save it becomes afterwards a failure. Suppuration of the tumour now begins to make its appearance, sometimes not in the immediate part where the original puncture took place ; abscesses will form in various situations above. If not taken in time, the morbid action extends upwards so as to in- volve the head on that side as well as the neck OF FARRIERY. tO{ in the disease ; and when this occurs, it greatly interferes with the Horde's eating and driniiing. In this disease the symptomatic fever is apt to run high, and, from the excess of irritability brought on, the Horse frequently falls a victim. The treatment of this disease is altogether difficult, and frequently doubtful. It has been by some writers thought, that in the early stage of the disease, the better plan would be to close the venial orifice, which is to be done by the application of the budding iron applied to the outer edge of the orifice. What good this is to do I really cannot tell ; because if you occasion sloughing of the part, that does not remove the main disease, only it may hare a tendency to heal the orifice without having any connexion with the vein where the disease may be going on all the time, to a very con- siderable extent : it is also said, that the ichorous oozing once being stopped, the vein will become in all respects as it was at first : but this I deny ; for if the vein once takes on inflammation, its obliteration is certain to follow. Nor is this of so much danger as many persons would have you believe ; for there are a number of branches that will en- large for the return of the blood from the head, &c. Still, in such cases, keep the Horse's head tied up. so that he have as little motion as possible. rsow, my plan, that I have always pursued in these cases, has been, instead of using the cautery to heal up the original wound, to keep that wound open, then introduce a probe as far up the course of the vein towards the head as you can ; then feeling down upon the end of the probe with your finger, cut down Ha the course of the vein about an inch above the end of the probe, and apply a ligature firmly on. Then take a probe-pointed history, slit up the length of the vein that may be ob- literated, let this wound be well washed w-ith warm water, and apply a suture or two, nnd a piece of tow or tape dressed with digestive ointment until suppuration takes place ; after which, in all probability, the sutures will come away, when dress as a common wound with compound tincture of myrrh. If abscesses or sinuses become formed before you are applied to, your better plan then is to introduce setons, so that the matter formed may escape by a depending orifice. Sometimes these sinuses take on an indolent manner, and become very troublesome : in such a case, inject them with a solution of sulphate of zinc, w hich will generally be found sufficiently strong to answer all purposes ; say, Take Sulphate of zinc - I oz. Water - - - - 4 do. Let the water be warm, and dissolve the sul- phate of zinc in it ; this injected into the sinuses will be found of great service, and less irritable than corrosive sublimate, cop- peras, &c., &c. During the application of the foregoing remedies, give the Horse the following : Take Blue pill - 8 drams. Cape aloes - 8 do. Resin - - 8 do. Form into a mass with linseed meal and soft soap. Divide into six balls ; give one every second morning, first thing on going to stable. It sometimes happens that the plate End thiofh vein may take on inflammation, in conse- quence of the phleme being driven in too far, and puncturing the facia and parts underneath 2 c 102 THE MODERN SYSTEM the vein. Should such occur, the best appli- cation is, to bathe well with hot water five or six times a day, and give the following : Take Cape aloes - 4 drams. Resin - - 2 do. Form into a ball with soft soap, and give one every second day, until the symptoms abate. BROKEN KNEES. Horses, in the act of falling, endeavour, as much as possible, to save their head from coming in contact with the ground ; but if not able in time to put forth their fore-leg to pre- vent this concussion of the head, the knees generally become the sufferers, and, in some cases, to a very considerable extent ; produc- ing great laceration, open joint, and, at east, shaving, as it were, the liai:' corEp'.etely off the knee to a greater or less extent. Should the cavity of the knee be opened, and joiM^ oj7 escape, sufficient instructions as to method of treatment has been amply given in the article, "Wounds of the Joints," which we beg to refer our readers to. But when the laceration only extends to the skin, you must treat accordingly, there being only one safe, and, we should say, proper mode of treatment. In the first place, avoid all irritating applica- tions ; but instead of which, procure a bucket of hot water, bathe the knee and surrounding parts well, for at least half an hour, then ap- ply a poultice composed of linseed meal anfl Av'iirm water, which continue until the inflam- ni;ilion IS subdued ; afler which apply the followinff : Take Extract of Saturn - - - 2 drams. Tincture of myrrh, compound 2 oz. yVater ------ 3 do. Apply this mixture to the wounded knees every time you visit the stable, and when you have, by this application, produced skinning over, apply a mild blister to the part, which will prevent, in many bad cases, even the ap- pearance of a scar, if well managed. This being accomplished, the next thing is to promote the growth of the hair, for no gentleman is fond of riding a Horse that has once been down, let him be ever so good, unless the hair is well grown over the parts again. Many recipes are given to make the hair grow, most of which are useless ; for nothing acts specifically in this way : what- ever gently stimulates the skin is the most proper for this purpose ; for which you may use a little of the digestive ointment every day, and, by the by. it is an article no stable ought to be without ; or use the following, especially if the knees be black : Take Digestive ointment - - 1 oz. Gunpowder, rubbed fine - 1 dram. Mix and rub some of it on the part daily. OF GUN- SHOT WOUNDS. Gun-shot wounds are made by the projec- tion of hard ol)tuse bodies from camions, muskets, &c. ; but the latter fire-arm occa sions by far the greatest number. These wounds are the most considerable of the con- tused kind, and what is to be said of them, will apply, more or less, to all contused wounds, according to the degree of contusion. Daily observation evinces that balls which obliciuely strike a surface, do not penetrate, but are rtfiected, though they may be im- pelled with the greatest force, and the body struck may be as sf>ft and yielding as water. This alteration in the course of the ball, nof OF tARRIERY 103 only hapj)ens on Ihe surface of the body, but also in the substance ; for a bone or tendon, &c., may change the direction of a ball, which touches them at all obliquely. Hence it is manifest, how it happens that the track of a gun-shot wound is not always straight, and how the balls sometimes run under the integru- ment for a considerable distance, both in the body and limbs. A ball, when it strikes a part of the body, may cause four kinds of injury : first, it may only occasion a contusion, without penetrating the part, on account of its being too much spent, or of the oblique way in which it strikes the surface of the body. Secondly, it may enter and lodge in the surface of a part, in which case, the track of the wound lias only one aperture. Thirdly, it may pierce through and through, and then there are two openings, one at the entrance, the other at the exit of the ball : the circumference of the aperture, where the shot entered, is usually depressed ; that of the opening, from which it comes out, elevated : at the entrance, there is commonly more contusion than at the exit of the ball : the former is generally narrower ; the latter, wider, and more irregular, especially when the round smooth figure of the ball has been changed by its having struck a bone. Fourthly, a cannon ball may tear off a w hole limb. Gun-shot wounds differ very much, accord- ing to the kind of body projected, its velocity, and the nature and peculiarities of the parts injured. The projected bodies are mostly bullets, sometimes cannon balls. From the contusion which the parts suffer, on the violent passage of the ball through them, tijere is most commonly a part of the solids surround- ing tlie wound deadened, which is afterwards thrown off in the form of slough, and which prevents such wounds from healing by the first intention, and makes most of them necessarily suppurate. This does not take place equally in every gun-shot wound, nor in every part of the same wound, and the difference commonly arises from the variety in the velocity of the body projected ; for, where the ball has passed with little velocity, which is sometimes the case at their entrance, but still more frequently at the part last wounded, the injury may often be liealed by the first intention. Foreign bodies are more frequently met with in gun-shot wounds than any others, and are commonly of three kinds. First, pieces of clothing, leather, part of a girth, or other things which the ball may have forced before it. Secondly, the ball itself. Thirdly, loose splinters of bone. It is only when the ball strikes a naked part, does not touch a bone, but goes through and through, that the wound can be free from extraneous matter. Foreign bodies are the cause of numerous unfavourable symptoms, by irritating sensible parts, and ex- citing pain, inflammation, hemorrhage, and long suppurations, &c. They are constantly more productive of such evils, the more uneven, pointed, and hard they are. Hence spicula of bone are always most be dreaded. When a ball strikes a bone, the concussion produced is another occasion of bad symptoms to be added to those already mentioned. When slight, its effects are confined to the part injured. Sometimes they extend to the neighbouring joints, in which they produce considerable inflammation, frequently ab- scesses, and, in many cases, stiff joint, rendering the animal ever afterwards useless. From the circumstance of the inner surface of gun-shot wounds being more or less dead- 104 THE MODERN SYSTEM ened, tlicy are late in inflaming. But when a ball has fractured a bone, which fracture has occasioned great injury of the soft parts, independently of that caused immediately by the ball itself, the inflammation will come on as quickly as may be wished ; because the dead- ened part bears no proportion to the laceration, or wound in general. When the ball moves with little velocity, the mischief is generally less; the bones are not so likely to be fractured, and the parts are less deadened. However, when the velocity is just enough to splinter a bone which is touched, the splintering is generally more ex- tensive, than if the impetus of the ball had been much greater ; in which case it would rather have taken a piece out. When the ball moves slowly, it is more likely to be turned by any resistance it may encounter in its passage through parts ; and hence, the wound is more likely to take a winding course. When a ball enters a part with great velocity, but is almo.st spent when it comes out again, in consetnience of tlie resistance it has met with, there may be a good deal of sloughing about the entrance, and little or none about the exit, owing to the different degrees of ce- lerity witli which the ball traver.sed the parts. As the ends of the torn vessels are contused and compressed, gun-shot wounds have little propensity to bleed much, and unless very considerable vessels arc lacerated, they do not bleed at all : sometimes not in tliisca.se. The greatest danger of bleeding is always when the dead parts are detached eight or ten days after the injury. Angular uneven bodies, such as pieces of iron, cut lead, &c., always occa- sion far more dangerous wounds tlian round even bodit's, like leaden bullets. Wounds occasioned by a small shot are frequency I more peiilous than others produced by larger balls, because their track is so narrow, that it cannot be traced, nor consequently the ex- traneous body itself extracted. Such a shot oftentimes injures a viscera, when there is not the smallest external symptom of such an oc- currence. Sometimes a great part of the danger also arises from the number of shots which have entered. TREATMENT OF GUN-SHOT WOUNDS. The first thing to be done is to ascertain, if possible, the extent of the wound ; which is at all times best done with the finger, in pre- ference to a probe. Besides, in extracting the ball, or any pieces of harness, &c., the finger will act as a director ; these, if possible should be at once extracted. If extraneous substances remaining in the wound, either loosen gradually, and come into view, so as to l)e easily removable ; or they continue con- coaled, prevent the cure, and frequently give birth to a fistulous ulcer. In some in.stances the foreign bodies remain in during life with- out inconvenience ; and in other cases, after a time, they bring on a renewal of inflammation and suppuration. Sometimes a foreign body varies its situation, .sinking down, and after- wards making its appearance at a different part, where it may excite inflammation and suppuration. When the ball lodges in the wound, it is diflficult to trace it, as the parts collapse after its passage. The ball does not regularly take a straight directi n through the injured part, but oftentimes a very tortuous one. The latter circumstance is more apt to occur as the ball is more spent In every case in which it is not easily discoverable, all painful examina- tions should be abandoned, and the foreign OF FARRIERY. 105 body left in its situation, where it rarely cre- ates any trouble. Sometimes, the ball may be both easily found and extracted ; at other times, it lodges on the opposite side of the leg, just under the skin. If the integuments under which the ball is lodged, should be so con- tused that they will probably slough, they are to be considered as already dead, and an opening is to be made in them for the extrac- tion of the ball. But when the ball lies so remotely from the skin, that it can only just be felt, and the skin itself is quite uninjured, no counter opening ought to be made. The wound heals better when the ball is left in, and fir less inflammation takes place in tlie vicinity of this extraneous body, than about the 01 ifice of the wound. A counter opening always renders the inflammation at the bot- tom of the wound as great as at its orifice. It is be'.ter to let the wound lieal up, and extract the ball afterwards. As a certain portion of the parts surround- ing the orifice made by the hall, become bruised, consequently sloughing, must be ex- pe( ted, parting the bruised or dead bodies from the living ; in some cases this takes some tiiae, and should be hastened on, by applica- ti )ns such as the following : Take Oil of turpentine - 3 oz. Olive oil - - 3 do. Shake well together In a bottle, and rub some oo for a distance of six inches all round the v^ound. This will stimulate it to put on the 'suppurative process. Apply a tent in the V'Ound, smeared over with the common diges- tive ointment : when the suppurative process appears too great, desist from rubbing on the liniment, and apply a lotion, as follows Take Alum - - 1 oz. Sulphate of zinc - 2 drams. Water - - 1 pint. Dissolve the alum and zinc in the water. And apply two or three times in the day. The Horse should be supported well ; for, in general these cases come at a time when pro- vender is short, as in time of warfare, &c. 1 should not recommend bleeding in gun-shot wounds, unless the symptomatic fever should run high, and even then do it with caution ; for it frequently happens, when the sloughing takes place, the wound bleeds rather more than we could wish. In such cases you must apply your astringent lotion. As before stated, you must keep your Horse well, or you will be in a great measure disappointed. Give the following every morning : Take Sulphate of iron - 10 drams. Ginger - - 12 do. Gentian - - 12 do. Linseed meal - 6 do. Form into a mass, with soft soap, And give as above directed. ON SUTURES. In the treatment of wounds, sutures have been frequently mentioned : it may not lie improper to name those principally in use, and the method of applying them. A suture in surgery means a mode of uniting the edges of a wound, by keeping them in contact with stitches. T/te Interrupted Suture. The wound being cleansed of all clots of blood, and its lips brouo-lit evenly into contact, take a curved necdli', armed with a ligature of thread 2 D 106 THE MODERN SYSTEM doubled, or good twine ; commence by care- fully passing: your needle from without, in- wards to the bottom, and so on from within outwards. Care mu^t be taken to make tlie puncture far enough from the edge of the wound, lest the ligature should tear quite through the skin and flesh. The other stilciies are only repetitions of the same process. The threads iia\ing been all passed, you are in general to begin tying them in the middle of the wound ; though if the lips of the wound be carefully held together by an assistant, it will not be of great consequence which stitch is tied first. The common rule is, that one su- ture is sufficient for every inch of the wound ; but that in some instances a stitch must be more frequently made, particularly when a wound gapes very much, in consequence of a transverse division of muscles. As we have already explained, it is necessary to pierce the skin at a sufficient distance from the sides of the wound, lest the thread should cut through the flesh in a short time ; the distance I gene- rally use is about three or four-tenths of an inch. When a wound is very deep, it would be conspicuously absurd, and even, in many instances, dangerous, to drive the needle through a vast thickness of parts. Other wounds, of considerable length, miijht not be in some places four-tenths of an 'nch deep, though it is true, sutures (the interrupted one at least,) could never be requisite at such points. The interrupted suture obviously receives its name from the interspaces between the stitches ; and it is the one most frequently employed. Its action is always to be assisted and supported, either by bandage, if the wound be in the limbs, or in other situations, by adhesive plaister, &c. The Glover's Suture. This had also the name of the continued suture. Jt was exe- cuted by introducing the needle first into one lip of the wound from within outwards, then into the other the same way, and in this man- ner the whole track of the wound was sewed up. But the glover's suture is now abnost got into disuse, as improper to be employed in cases of common wounds. When we re- member, in making this suture, how many stitches are unavoidable, how unevenly, and in what a puckered state the suture drags the edges of the skin together, and what irritation it must produce, we can no longer be sur- prised at its now being never practised. The 1\visted Suttire is not very applicable to the Horse, though by some writers it is recommended for certain wounds, as the eye- lids, lips, nostrils, &c. : it may be advantageous in some cases, but I prefer the interrupted to all others, and on all occasions. OF FARRIERY. 107 CHAPTER VIII. OF ULCERS IN GENERAL; ON POLE-EVIL; FISTULOUS WITHERS; ULCERS IN THE MOUTH ; STRANGLES ; AND VIVES. OF ULCERS IN GENERAL. Ulceration is the process, by w hich sores, or ulcers are produced in animal bodies. In this operation the lymphatics appear to be at least as active as the blood-vessels. An ulcer is a chasm formed on the surface of the body by removal of parts back into the system, by the action of the absorbents. At first, it may be difficult to conceive how a part of the body can be removed by itself; but there is not more difficulty in conceiving this, than how a body can form itself Both facts are equally well confirmed. When it becomes necessary that some whole living part should be re- moved, it is evident that nature, in order to effect this object, must not only confer a new activity on the absorbents, but must throw the part to be absorbed into a state which yields to this operation. The absorption of whole parts in disease, arises from several causes, but those we have principally to contend with, either arise from tiie parts becoming bruised, or from constitutional irritability. Ulceration, or in other words, absorption, takes place much more readily in the cellular and adipose substance, than in muscles, ten- dons, nerves, and blood vessels. Hence, in the progress of pus to the surface of the body, ul- ceration often takes a circuitous course, for the purpose of bringing the matter to the skin. The skin itself being highly organized, con- siderably retards the bursting of abscesses. It is on this same account, that when ulcera- tion is spreading, the edges of the skin hang over the ulcerated part. When ulceration takes place, in conse- quence of the death of an external part, it occurs first on the outer edge, between the dead and living substance. Abscesses constantly make their way to the surface of the body by ulceration ; but as itonie textures more readily admit of being absorbed than others, the matter oflen follows a circuitous course before it can arrive at the skin, hence showing the cause at once why sinuses becomes formed. The parts which are situated between an abscess, or any extraneous f^ubstance, and the nearest surface, are those which are most sus- ceptible of ulceration. This is one of the most curious phenomenon connected with the process under consideration. It shows that there is a principle in the system, by which parts are always prone to free themselves of disease. Slight pressure from without will even produce a thickening of parts, such ai p'-essuie from the saddle, the harne&», &«. ; UiB THE MODERN SYSTEM tliore is frequently a tliickcniiig in the parts, but, tliouijii this may occur, still tliere ap; ears to be a corresponding backwardness lo aJniit disease. There is one difference between the advancement of an encysted tumour, to the surface of the body, and the progress of an abscess in the same direction, viz. that the former does not excite ulceration of the cyst, but an interstial absorption of the sound parts, between the cyst and the skin, till the cyst and the external skin come into t-ontact ; at which period inflammation takes place, and absorption becomes accelerated into ulcera- tion. In an abscess, the progressive ulceratioe of poultices. Poultices have a ten- dency to do much more harm than good, unless you have a man constantly in attend- ance, for the moment the poultice becomes cold, it acts as a repellent to the tumours, and ob\ iates what you wish to produce. There- fore Take Oil of turpontine - 3 oz. Olive od - - - 3 do. Apply this liniment to the Horse's throat, and tumours between the jaws, three times a day, having first clippod off the hair close, to allow the liniment to act quickly. Should this not produce suppuration so quickly as might be anticipated, use the following : Take Canlliarides - 2 drams. Oil of turpentine 2 oz. Olive oil - 2 do. Shake well together in a bottle, for two days/ and apply as directed in the former. Either of these applications will produce a speedy suppuration of the tumours, and on feel- ing them, you will find an undulation ; at this period you are justified in introducing the lancet, and letting out the matter ; but never lance the tumours, unless you are perfectly sure that matter is formed. If the tumour should break of itself, and the opening be small, en- large it with the lancet. Now have the parts well fomented, and wash with warm water two or three times a day ; always remember- ing to wipe them dry with a linen cloth. This being done, place on a hood, with a piece of flannel to cover the jaws. When all dis- charge has terminated, and if the orifices you have made with puncturing appear red and healthy, you may now proceed to the healing process, which naturally of itself would take place, but it is necessary to assist nature as much as we can ; for which Take Sulphate of zinc - - 1 dram. Vinegar 2 oz. Watery solution of aloes 3 do. Dissolve the sulphate in the acid, then add the solution of aloes. Apply this mixture to the sores, morning and night. For feed, any nourishment diet you can ob- tain will be proper ; but be careful always to administer it in small quantities ; you had better try the Horse with half bran and oats shghtly wetted, and when he can begin to swallow, tolerably well, give him a little speared malt in his feed : this will rouse him from that debilitated state the disease has re- duced him to ; and to further strengthen his system give the following : OF FARRIERY. 115 Take Cape aloes Sulphate of iroo Gentian Linseed meal • - 6 drams. - 6 do. - 12 do. - 12 do. Form into a mass, with soft soap, and divide into six balls. And give one every second day. There is a consolation in this disease that a symptom of danger occurs but seldom, and then principally when Horses take on the dis- ease at grass, and especially in consequence of being only colts, they are not brought under the eye of the master so often as they otherwise would be ; as it very unfrequently happens that the servant's eye can penetrate so deep as a master's, so that the poor animal is not reported sick, until he is almost dead ; but if the Horse be kept in the stable, the danger generally occurs from neglect, or absolute cruelty, in riding or driving to extremity. When the disease has commenced its course, so as to produce fever, and consequent inflammation, as before observed, it generally terminates in glanders ; consequently, the greatest care to cleanliness is of the highest importance, such as sponging the nostrils well out every morning and evening, and be careful to keep your Horse warm. ON VIVES. The disease of vives (if it may be called one), is common to all Horses, and of all ages, and at all times of the year. Why the term vives arose, I am not able to ascertain ; but as it is generally known by that terra, it would be folly to change it in a general work of this kind, until a few more years has passed away. Vives, then, is an injlammntion and enlarge- ment of the parotid glands, situated and com- mencing at the base of the ear, and continued down to the angle of the jaw. This disease is by old farriers called bastard strangles ; but this is an error, for they have no affinity to strangles in any way ; they never suppurate, but they occasion great pain to the Horse whilst eating, in consequence of the action of the jaw continually pressing on the enlarged gland. These swellings at times become so fixed, that cough and considerable irritation is pro- duced about the anterior part of the epiglotis (the part that covers the wind-pipe in the act of swallowing, to prevent food passing down tliat tube), and when food comes in contact with it, cough is almost sure to take place ; and the irritation in consequence so great, that the Horse will cough repeatedly, with that violence, that you would imagine the rupture of some vital part must be the consequence. In this disease never apply stimulants in order to promote a discharge ; for, if you do, the situation being so prominent, and always in view, and if an ichorous discharge, which I'requently occurs from a gland, you leave a blemish which will greatly lessen the value of the Horse ; but the method I have found always best, was to apply to enlarged glands, the following: : Take Ammonia Olive oil - I oz. - 4 do. Rub about two table-spoonsful of the liniment on each gland, morning and night, and Take Cape aloes - - 6 drams. Ginger - - I do. Form into a ball with soap, And give, or here I perhaps best may say, at- tempt to give, for if the Horse's throat should 116 THE MODERN SYSTEM be at all sore, giving a ball is always attended with ditliculty ; and should this be the case : Take Glauber salts - - 4 oz. Linseed meal - - 2 do. Mix your linseed meal with a little cold water first in a bason, then take about a quart of iiot water, and dissolve the salts ; when done, mix altogether, and carefully horn it down. This must be repeated morning and night, until you perceive the swelling goes down, and the Horse begins to feed better. Should you be able to give him the ball, you must let five or six days intervene before you repeat the dose. Some Horses are extremely awkward, either to give a draught, or take a ball ; if such should be the case : Take Sulphur - - - - 12 oz. Glauber salts, finely powdered 1 lb. Well work together in a mortar, And give one in the Horse's feed, morning and night. For feed give bran mashes cold ; but if he should not take to them veil, put a handful of sweet oats with them to entice him to eat. Mind, in all cases when you have to feed sick Horses, that your hands are free from un- pleasant smells, as they are so exceedingly delicate, that the least offensive smell will occasion them to refuse all kinds of food even if their appetite be ever so good. OF FARKIERY. 117 CHAPTER IX RHEUMATISM, ANTICOR, LAMPAS, WARBLES, SITFASTS, BRUISES, AND BARBS. RHEUMATISM. Rheumatism in Horses has been but little treated on ; by not more than one or two English writers, though the French have written considerably on the subject; and in all probability, this was the cause of drawing the attention of the veterinarian to the subject. This disease is characterized by fever, pains in the joints, increased by the action of the muscles belonging to the joint, the disease fre- quently flying to one joint, then to another, and most frequently in young Horses. In aged Horses the back and loins become the parts principally affected ; the Horse going stiff, scarcely able to turn, and his legs moving under him more like jointless props than legs. It is frequently preceded by shivering, heat, thirst, and frequent pulse ; and some persons, from these symptoms, are apt to be led to think that inflammation of the lungs had taken place. However, the young surgeon must not be deceived by these appearances; for after the above symptoms the pain soon commences and fixes on the joints. Rheumatism may occur by pain in the jomts without fever, and this mostly with coach or hack-horses, from being ridden or driven hard, until they perspire very much, I and are afterwards allowed to stand in a draft of wind. Rheumatism may arise at all times of the year, when there are frequent vicissitudes of the weather, from heat to cold. Obstructed perspiration is the principal cause which pro- duces rheumatism. I have in my notes an account of one Horse affected with sciatica, a species of rheumatism, which he caught all of a sudden. The gentleman to whom he be- longed, had been riding rather sharp in the month of March. On coming home, he turned his Horse into the stable, his groom at the moment being otherwise employed ; however, on the man going to the stable, he immedi- ately led the Horse to a pond in the yard to water : consequently he received so sudden a chill from the cold water, and the wind being cold at that season of the year ; added to which, the dilatory manner in which grooms work at their Horses, that an attack of sciatica was the consequence ; which was shown by the Horse first lifting up one hind leg, then the other, and especially in wet weather and after strong exercise. In the above case, I observed the Horse's urine to be always thick and muddy, made in small quantities, and that frequently. This I consider a case of confirmed chronic rheumatism. The Horse was purchased by a coach proprietor for little more than half his 2 a US THE MODERN SYSTEM worth, whose Horses were under my care ; he worked the Horse for about five years, but he never recovered, and ultimately died of inflammation of the lungs. 1 before stated, this disease most frequently attacked coach and hack-horses, and the con- siderable number I have had the care of, confirms me in this opinion ; but it most frequently attacks these Horses in the back and loins; and for the treatment of these Horses, I would recommend abstracting about three quarts of blood, according to size and constitution, and if the inflammatory symptoms are severe, then give the following : Take Barbadoes aloes from 4 to 6 drams. Ginger - - - 1 do. Digitalis - - - 1 do. Soft soap to form a ball. After the bowels are freely opened. Take Oil. turpentine - - 2 oz. Olive Oil - - - 2 do. Ammonia - - - 4 drams. Apply some of this liniment to the spine of the back, where the stiffness appears most, which will in all probability be across the loins ; should these means not prove effectual, 1 have been successful, afler having cast the Horse, in introducing scions, one on each side of the back- bone, near the loins, and dressing- with digestive ointment. When this disease attacks young Horses, it is generally in the acute form, but mostly free from fever ; colts, about two or three years old, are mostly subject to it, and that principally in the winter months, when they are at grass, and the pasture is bad, not containing any nourishment. I consider acute rheumatism in tliis case, to arise as much from debility as any cause, the colt not being able to bear up against the inclemency of the weather. As soon as the lameness is discovered, for here the joints are the principal seat of disease, (and mostly the fetlock joints) ; therefore have your colt immediately housed, and should it arise from debility, you must in no wise bleed ; for the cold and wet generally is the cause, and he requires tonic medicines to rouse and strengthen the system, therefore in the first place — Take Gentian, powdered - 12 drams. Anise-seed, do. - - 12 do. Liquorice, do. - - 12 do. Antimony, do. - - 1 lb. Sulphur - - - 12 ounces. Rub well together in a mortar, and divide into twelve packets. Give one in the Horse's feed, night and morning. For food, take good hay, and half oats and bran, three times a day. Apply flannel bandages to all liis legs, round the fetlock and pasterns ; this, in general will remove the pain, afler having rubbed in some of the foreo-oins; liniment, but do not bathe the joints, as by so doing the evaporation arising afterwards will produce cold, and consequent stiffness, leaving the matter worse than they were at first. Some of the old farriers have termed this disease, the flying lameness, in consequence of it going frequently from one part to another ; 1 just make this remark, that should " The Modern System of Farriery " fall into the hands of agriculturists, «&c., where the term has become familiar, they may know how to detect and treat the disease. ANTICOR. Is a disease of tlie chest or belly, being a species of tumour formed by the debile stale OF FARRIERY. 119 of the absorbents, and they not being able in consequence, to perform their functions ; there- fore, a serous fluid becomes deposited in the cellular membrane, which greatly abounds in these parts, and the fluid running together to the most pendent part, form the tumour called anticor, from its being against or near the chest, or the heart. The disease is net a frequent one in this country, but those who have written on the subject, say it is frequent on the continent ; in India I have seen several cases, and even in England, but in consequence of the Horses not being examined minutely after death, the cause of the disease has not been discovered ; in this case I would never advise to bleed, which would still add to the debility of the system, but give half bran and half oats made wet, for your corn feeds, and plenty of good hay, then Take Aloes, Cape - 6 drams. Resin - - 6 do. Sulphate of iron 10 do. Linseed meal - 4 do. Mix, and form into a mass with soft soap. Give one of these balls every morning. Put an ounce of nitre into the Horse's water every night. LAMPAS. Is an enlargement or tumefaction of the roof of the' mouth or palate, and particularly in young Horses; and in some cases become 80 prominent, as to project below the teeth of the upper jaw ; this generally occurs when the Horse is changing: his teeth, or the tusks making their appearance : another cause is, when Horses are first taken from grass, which is, of course, soft food, and then put into a stable on nay and oats, both being hard meat- will occasion the palate of the mouth to en- large and inflame. The Horse by these means is not only deprived of a great portion of the nutriment necessary to his support, but be- comes poor, weak, dejected, and altogether out of condition. It has been attributed to the change from grass to warm stables ; but this I cannot conceive at all to be the case, for ' breeders of Horses, God knows, generally have their stables cool enough, so that I cannot see how atmospheric air has to do with the disease at all. For the treatment of lampas, scarification has been recommended, but I never found that method succeed, though it is practised at the Royal Veterinary College, and also recom- mended by many veterinary surgeons (on their first emanating from that establishment) until practice has taught them better. This is an operation that more frequently comes under the notice of the common farrier than the surgeon, and by its so doing, custom has established an useful and expeditious extir- pation by the actual cautery, (see Plate of Instruments) ; and though I am no advocate for violent remedies where they can possibly be avoided, yet this is a cure so speedily effected by an expert operator, and the animal's suffering is so very trifling, that when a comparison is drawn between the temporary inconvenience, and the immediate advantage, no hesitation can be made respect- ing the operation. When the operation has been performed, let the Horse wash his mouth out with clean water, and you need not apply any thing to it, the wound will heal of itself in a few days ; for if you make an application, it only increases the pain of the animal, and in a few seconds he licks all ofi" again. 120 THE MODERN SYSTEM WARBLES Are those swellings or tumours formed on the sides, or some part of the back, in conse^ quence of the unequal pressure of the saddle ; it may also arise eitiier from the excessive heat and friction, or the edge of a narrow saddle- cloth coming directly under the seat of the rider, and not unfrequently by the girths being too short, the buckles at either one side or the other set below the saddle pannel, by which means the lower corners of the buckles from chafing constitute these swellings. If the pressure be repeated, and the groom not having noticed it, which he ought to do every time a Horse comes home from either hunting or severe road work, the tumour will some- times suppurate ; a sore will be the conse- quence, and remain troublesome for some weeks. As soon as the tumours are perceived, and before matter is formed, (which may easily be d Utted by the Horse wincing on being rubbed (.n or about the part,) use the follow- ing repellent several times in the course of the day to the tumour, with a piece of sponge : Take Sal ammoniac - 2 ounces. Sugar of lead - ^ do. Vinegar Water - 1 pint. - 1 do. The Horse must have perfect rest in a loose box or barn, as a saddle or any thing irritating must be kept from him. If the tumour remains hard, and no appearance of going away, it becomes then what is termed A SITFAST. If sitfast is formed, you have only one cer- tain and expeditious cure, all applications in the shape of blisters, liniments, &c., to soften the tumour will avail you nothing ; therefore, take a scalpal and disect the tumour com- pletely out, and dress with the common digestive ointment, in which has been rubbed down with it a little red precipitate ; when you have brought the wound to a healthy appearance, treat it two or three times a day with compound tincture of myrrh. If in the first instance warbles should break, wash and dress first with the ointment as above, and then heal up with the tincture. In the mean time, let your saddle pannel be altered, fearing a recurrence of the accident. « BRUISES Are tumours formed from external injury, such as kicks from other Horses, or passionate grooms, on the legs and other parts of the body ; if the bruise be slight, and though lameness be the result, it frequently becomes reduced almost apparently of itself; but if the injury should be severe, the extravasated blood will then become a source of pain and irritation. In some cases the blood is thrown out instead of becoming absorbed, coagulates, and at length becomes vascular, and the enlarge- ment remains permanent. Consequently, the treatment of bruises will vary according to circumstances, if the case be not too severe a one. Take Camphor - - 1 ounce. Spirits of wine - 8 do. Dissolve the camphor in the spirits, and rub on a portion every morning and night, or, Take Brandy - - 4 ounces. Vinegar - - 4 do. Mix and apply as above. If the bruise be in OF FARRIERY 121 ■ucli a situation you can bandage, never omit it — flannel is the best. If the tumour remains hard and unyielding to the above treatment, you must stimulate the absorbents by applying mercurial ointment, well rubbed in for three or four days, after which apply a blister ; should this not succeed, you must have re- course to firing. BARBS Are small tumours situated under the tongue, and frequently occasion great pain, so that the Horse with great difficulty can masticate his food. They are easily seen on drawing the tongue on one side, where two little prominences make their appearance. They arise from an inflammatory action, exist- ing in the salivary ducts, arising either from symptomatic or local fever ; they are generally attended with a great flow of saliva, and sometimes inconvenience the Horse very much. The old farriers used to recommend their being entirely removed, by snipping them off with a pair of scissors ; but there is no neces- auy for this. If you treat them in the following manner, they will soon recede : Take Alum Water 1 ounce. 4 do. Dissolve and apply with a bit of sponge, tied to the end of a stick, several times a day. Give the Horse an ounce of nitre in his water, about five or six mornings, and you will per- ceive the gradual reduction of the enlargemeuUf m THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER X. STONE IN THE INTESTINES, STONE IN THE KIDNEYS. AND STONE IN THE BLADDER. STONE IN THE INTESTINES. This is a disease which we are unfortunately obliged to acknowledge we have no remedy for. the horizontal situation of the body of the Horse, and the nature of the food, renders the Horse particularly liable to concretions in the intestines, and generally taking place in the intestine termed the colon, from a peculiar curvature it has in doubling on itself; at this curve, stone of the intestine generally is found. Most of these concretes, however, are com- posed at first of salubrious matter, which first collecting around some accidental nucleus, as a nail or stone, and very frequently it occurs amongst millers' Horses, from a portion of the grinding-stones, by friction having become mixed with the food millers' Horses generally are fed with. From frequent deposits of a portion of the alimentary contents coming in contact with the nucleus, layer upon layer becomes formed, until in some cases they are of an enormous size ; and I have even seen two in one animal ; these calculi, in many cases, arc dense and hard to admit of a fine polish, whilst some are of a softer nature, and appear more like hardened dung, and will break e-isy, taking on the shaoe of the dung. Hair balls I have frequently found in the intestines ; but this more frequently occurs in neat cattle. Horses do not appear to suffer so much from calculi as might at first be expected, and then it only appears like an attack of gripes, on account of obstructed dung in the intestine, giving pain ; when the passage is accom- plished, the pain immediately ceases. But they frequently, or always, bring on a fatal strauiulatim, and consequent inflammation, in such cases the Horse will fall a victim. As before stated, the cure is out of our power, and the prevention is little less so, unless you perceive the Horse addicted to eat roots or lick up the earth, which they frequently are addicted to : your only chance of prevention is to give bran mashes for a day or two, until you per- ceive his dung become moist, and if in work, let him resume his usual food. STONE IN THE KIDNEYS. Stones sometimes form in the kidneys, in the cavity which you perceive on dividing a kidney by a longitudinal section ; in the Horse they accumulate till they fill the whole of the cavitj ; and I once had a case, that from the inflammation produced thereby, the kid- neys became totally absorbed, and a large OF FARRIERY. 123 tumour formed iii Hs place, the Horse could with difficulty walk, and ultimately the pain and irritation became so great, that the Horse drew his penis, which constantly hung out, and of itself became so very large, that he could not withdraw it. I accordingly ordered the Horse to be destroyed ; and on opening him, found the right kidney a complete stone. The specimen I gave to the owner of the Horse, who used to exhibit it to his sporting acquaintance, and procured me many friends. STONE IN THE BLADDER. Though this disease is not so frequent in the Horse as in the human subject, still I have no doubt of it occurring more frequently than is generally supposed ; and that will be made plain to any one who is in the habit of fre- quently visiting the knackers' yard, for very many calculi are there found, after death, in the bladder. Therefore, I believe many Horses are condemned to these repositories of the dead, in consequence of either not knowing the cause, or of a surgeon not having proper in- struments to perform the operation of extract- ing the same (but which may now be obtained, in cases properly fitted up, at Mr. Long's, Veterinary Instrument-maker, 117, High Hol- born.) The symptoms are frequent inclina- tion to make water, shew excessive pain, and voided in small quantities ; sometimes a sudden stoppage of it, and very frequently occasions very acute spasmodic pains. The Horse also walks wide behind, or appears loath to move along, and occasionally reels aljout, walking with a staggering gait. However, for this a remedy is now discovered, and, I believe, first put into practice by Mr. Seweli. The presence of stone in the bladder, 18 not very difficult in discovering; for, if you examine the bladder, by introducing your hand up the rectum, and feel for the bladder, just beyond the bone called the pubis, you will meet with the bladder ; then feel if there be any hard substance to be felt, conclude if such be the case, it is stone in the bladder. For the removal of the substance, introduce a long whalebone staff, well oiled, up the urethra, until the end of it be felt just under the anus; then take a scalpal, and cut per- pendicularly down upon it, and enlarge the opening to about an inch and a half; into this opening pass a long whalebone probe (or as it is called, a sound) ; the end of which you will distinctly feel strike against the stone ; thus being satisfied, withdraw your sound, and introduce your forceps, for the purpose of extracting the stone. If the opening should not be large enough, you may take your con- cealed history, and cut up a little * (the Horse is supposed to be cast, and laying 6u his back), then endeavour to seize the stone, and withdraw it whole; if you find this not practicable, you must take hold of the stone by degrees, and break it down, your forceps being made for that purpose ; then withdraw them, and empty them, they being made with hollow heads to contain the particles of stone you break off; continue to do this, until you are perfectly satisfied the whole of the stone is removed. This being done, inject warm water into the bladder, which will give the Korse great ease, and the poor animal will almost tell you the delight he experiences by the removal of so offensive a matter. The Horse may now be allowed to get up, and in all probability some sediment and urine may * The Horse is laying on his back, therefore, cutting up would be cutting down if the Horse were standing. 124 THE MODERN SYSTEM escape from the wound for a day or two. This you need not be alarmed at, but bathe the parts with warm water two or three times a day ; after which time, you will perceive the wound close, the urine pass off in its natural channel, when treat the wound as a common one, with applying to it twice a day compound tincture of myrrh. Should the Horse put on any appearance of fever, give him in his feed (with half bran and oats, made slightly wet) Antimony • - - 12 oz. Sulphur - - 12 do. Digitalis - - 6 drams. Mi.x and divide into twelve powders. Give one in his feed every night. With mares the operation is less difficult, as the parts may be dilated instead of being cut, though I should recommend the use of a round-headed catheter, sufficiently large m the bore as to allow the sound to pass through it ; when having introduced the catheter, and drawn off the urine, then pass the sound down the catheter into the bladder; having done this, withdraw the catheter, and satisfy yourself of the calculi being there, and pro- ceed as before directed for a Horse. I have seen this operation performed twice, in visiting the Royal Veterinary College, by Mr. Sewell, and both did well ; that gentle- man also informed me it had been performed in the country by several practitioners, and he did not know of a case to have failed. OF FARRIERY. 125 C H A P T E R XI. ON WORMS; JAUNDICE, OR YELLOWS; DIARRHOEA, OR LOOSENESS; CRIB-BITINING. ON WORMS IN GENERAL. What inveterate obstacles these insects are to a Horse's improvement, where they have unluckily gained possession, time and experi- ence have sufficiently demonstrated ; though an eminent writer on the subject says they do good ; but this I cannot see ; for a toad, or a snake, may be said on the same grounds to do good, as no living animal taken into the sto- mach becomes destroyed by the gastric juice. However, I consider tliem of as pernicious a nature and destructive a tendency, that having at once secured a settlement in either the stomach or intestines, the Horse becomes a prey to perpetual depredation, till effec- tual methods are taken for their total ex- tirpation. There are three kinds of worms to which tlie Horse is liable to ; first, the long white worm, very much resembling the common large earth worm, but much longer and harder; at its middle it is about the size of a large swan's quill, and regularly tapering off to the ends. The length of these worms are various, from six inches to twelve; they generally occupy the small intestines, and are at times exceedingly troublesome, frequently occasioning gripes, and not infrequently in- flammation of the intestines, by their excessive irritation. Another kind of worm is the small thread or needle worm, and is frequently found in all parts of the intestines, but more particularly in the large intestines. They have also been found in some of the blood-vessels, in the windpipe, in the lungs, &c. These worms occasion great disturbance in the system when they become numerous, but not so much as the last named. There is a third kind of worm, called botts ; these are of two kinds (which we will endea- vour to explain presently), that one is larger than the other, the large size generally taking the cuticular coat of their stomach for their abode. These worms are exceedingly offen- sive, not only impairing and debihtating the stomach, but very frequently produce inflam- mation of that important organ. This worm, or grub, has a peculiar form at its tail of two processes, in the form of pincers, which when he has the good fortune to make fast in the coat of the stomach, his attachment is so firm, that even in the dead subject considerable force is required to remove them. This attachment, as I said before, is at the tail, its head lying pendulous in the stomach, indulging m any thing the Horse may have to take down ; and 2 I 12^ THE MODERN SYSTEM most frequently at this time the Horse's appe- tite is very considerably increased, than when free from these internal robbers. The second kind of botts are much smaller than the foregoing, and I have every reason to believe are not alwa3s attached to the sto- mach, but occupy the rectum, or last intestine ; they are of the same nature as the other, and you frequently find them attached to the anus, and occasion the Horse often to kick and fidget about, in consequence of the irritation they are the cause of. I have every reason to believe that the bott lies in the stomach nearly twelve months; for it is in the summer months that the larva of the gad-Hy, which is supposed to be the parent of them, deposits her eggs on the hair, which is then taken into the stomach of the Horse, and comes to ma- turity in the early part of the following year, and becomes ejected with the Horse's dung. There is but little remaining to be said as to the cause of botts, nidre than what we have mentioned above : but I have frequently seen them come from Horses that have not been out of a stable, and this about the time new vetches are brought to market. Give your Horse a few bundles of vetches, and you may be sure to remove botts. At any rate there is sufficient proof the Horse is affected by them, and he will eject a considerable quantity. Worms may he discovered to be in the system by the dry yellowish matter adhering to the fiindament, and running two or three inches dSwn below. This is merely the soft part of the worm, in making its escape, irri- tates the sphincter muscle until it becomes crushed ; and this I know for a fact, having in cart-horses seen it frequently occur. They ate frequently detected in the dung, especially the thread worm and the long tchite worm, and that I believe to be the only method of discovering them ; for the long worm is too strong in itself to be crushed by the sphincter, and the thread worm too small for any im- pression to be made on them. There are other symptoms when worms are predomi- nant ; they occasion irregular appetite, the bowels also are at one time costive, and as irritation might arise, they become loose, with an unhealthy secretion attached to the dung. When botts are prevalent, the Horse is fre- quently rubbing his tail against the sides of the stall, or against a post. The lona; vvhite worm is very hurtful ; the Horse may eat well, and appear hearty, but he does not thrive ; becomes hide-bound, in consequence of the skin syinpathisnig so much with the stomach, the coat stares, and feels rough ; it is very frequently attended with a short dry cough, sometimes by attacks of the gripes, the breath is hot and smells very disagreeable. For the treatment of worms, I know but of two articles that any reliance can at all be placed in, and that can lay claim to approba- tion, as that certain and indubitable one, as calomel. Antimonials and preparations of tin have each their advocates, even down to train oil, as well as the vegetable kingdom, which has in the opinion of some, been never failing, such as rue, savin, box, &c. and also to- bacco. But experience has determined the specific eflects of calomel in this case absolutely infal- lible, before the power of which every species of worms and their oviparous remains, indis- criminately fall, and are totally exterminated without the shadow of a doubt. So soon, therefore, as they are suspected, or at least so OF FARRIERY, 127 soon as they are ascertained to have taken possession, it will be prudent to prevent a Horse becoming injured in his appetite, re- duced in flesh, or altered in condition by con- stantly preying upon the contents of the stomach or alimentary canal, consequently, J should recommend the following ; first prepare your Horse as for a dose of physic, by giving bran mashes, &c., and let your dose be adapted to the strength, size, and condition of your subject by these rules ; if the Horse be thorougii bred, and delicate in form, take the following ; No. 1. Calomel Linseed meal - 2 Honey to form the ball. 1^ dram, do. Now be particular in giving the ball as follows : ffive the ball the last thing at night, then put your setting muzzle on, and let him remain without food until the morning, when you then visit the stable, give him a warm mash of bran, replace your muzzle, and when you leave him, give him a handful of sweet hay; proceed in this manner until about six o'clock at night, when give him the following : Take Barbadoes aloes - 5 drams. Gentian - - 2 do. Form into a ball with honey. Tlien agai 1 put on your muzzle, and by the time in the morning you again visit the stable, it is ten to one but the physic has operated. You must now treat your Horse (but with the greatest care), as in the ordinary course of physic. Probably my reader may not at first sight imagine why I recommend the calomel to be given alone, but for his better information I will inform him. a small quantity of calomel given alone, and eighteen hours before you administer the aloetic medicine, is rot only more efficacious, but the system becomes im- pregnated ; another thing, you are not so likely tohavesuperpurgation supervene ; there is also another reason, the Horse will purge without being taken out to exercise, which when ex- hibiting calomel is very advantageous, as you do not run so much risk of his taking cold. After the lap.se of about five or six days, repeat both the balls, as directed above ; but do not increase the quantity of the calomel or aloes, until you have seen the operation of the second dose, then you will be able to judge whether the afoes will require increasing or decreasing in quantity; if the Horse should want it, or you think the enemy is not altogether dislodged fi-om his firm hold, give the Horse a third dose. If the Horse is beyond the pitch of delicacy stronger in make, and more like a hackney or coach-horse for size, you may give him, No 2. Calomel - - - . 2 drams. With the aloetic balls increased 1 do Proceeding as before laid down. But should it be a larije, strong, and foul waggon-hor^e, you may then increase your calomel ball to two drams and a half; and if very large Horses, even to three drams, and your aloetic ball in proportion. By proceeding in this course, you will perceive the subject will in a few days, with proper care and attention, with good food and exercise, evidently demonstrate the advantage from being delivered from such company. But as there will most undoubtedly be Horses troubled with worms, in the possession of those who, from the nature of their avocations, cannot submit them to so long a respite from business, 128 THE MODERN SYSTEM as is necessary for a regular course of the pre- ceding medicines, it will naturally be expected an effectual substitute should be held forth for the gratification of all parties, consequently, I now come to the second remedy, which I have found very efficacious in expelling worms — Take Glauber's salts Linseed meal Hot water - 4 oimces. - 1 do. - 1 quart. First mix the meal in a little cold water, to prevent its getting lumpy, when sufficiently worked up, put it into the salts and hot water. Give this draught with a horn every morning fasting, for six successive mornings ; the Horse may go to exercise, or slosv work of any kind, if you should perceive him to perspire a good deal, and appear fainty, discontinue the medicines for a few days, when commence again, until you are satisfied the worms are completely removed. JAUNDICE OR YELLOWS. This is a disease commonly called yellows, and is common to Horses of every description ; it arises from various causes, the most material of which I shall endeavour to explain. The more simple and least dangerous complaint passing under this denomination, arises solely from an obstruction in the biliary ducts, for the Horse has no cystic duct or gall-bladder like most other animals ; by this obstruction, the bile does not flow into the intestines, where, by its peculiarly stimulating property, it excites the peristaltic motion by which they expel their contents ; the bile thus impeded in its usual progress, becomes absorbed, incor- porating itself again with the blood, and through the system of circulation diffuses itself to every part, denoting its presence Lv an early appearance of yellowness in the eyes, mouth, tongue, and saliva. To these invariable symptoms may be added, those not altogether so certain in its early state, the Horse gene- rally seems heavy and dull, dejected with loss of appetite, and consequent rejection of food, more than will barely subsist nature, a slight symptomatic fever comes on, and keeps pace with the disease, a sluggishness or aversion to motion is plainly perceptible, a foul faint sweat appears upon the least exercise, and the urine is of a dark brown or saffron tingfe, the dunir varies much in different subjects, but is in all many degrees paler, and more undigested than the dung of Horses of high condition. The indications of cure naturally arise out of the very description of the disease, to affect which there will not be considerable difficulty, provided it be taken in its early stage, when it may most probably be totally removed by the following, without having recourse to the stronger means : Take Cape aloes - - 12 drams. Calomel - - 6 do. Liquorice, powdered 6 do. Linseed meal - - 2 do. Form into a mass with soft soap, And divide into twelve balls, one to be given every second day. Give the Horse half bran and oats wetted for morning and evening feed, and scalded bran mashes for his middle day feed ; if the bran mashes do not sufficiently relax the bowels, give occasionally a glister of warm water, into which throw a handful of salt. During this course of medicine, every re- quisite must be paid to appetite, food, and gentle exercise ; mashes of malt and bran, may be occasionally given at night, to keep ihe OF FARRIERY. 129 body lax, and not suffer it to get too much debilitated, but regular in evacuations. The disease, if arising from the cause before mentioned, and attacked in its infancy, will generally submit to the above course of treat- ment only ; but in more advanced cases double the quantity may be required, and in addition to which abstract three or four quarts of blood, which will be found highly beneficial ; but you will find almost in all cases the above balls to have the desired effect ; but should you not be so fortunate, or the disease happen to a large cart-horse, increase the dose of aloes a little according to circumstances ; if the Horse should be weak and emaciated, you then decrease it a little. After the Horse's mediicine has completely set, and he appears to be ffoinar on well, give the following: CORDIAL ball: Take Anise seeds - - 1 ounce. Ginger - - I do. Liquorice - - 1 do. Caraway seeds - - 1 do. Treacle sufficient to form the mass. Give an ounce of this mixture every morning fastino- ; should it be a cart-horse, increase the quantities of each, and give an ounce and a half for a dose. Durins the time of taking these, let the former instructions relative to food, exercise, dressing, &c., be strictly adhered to, with such other attentions as circumstances require, remembering to relinquish the medicines every second morning, or once in three, but not to discontinue them entirely, till all symp- toms disappear. The distinct kind of this disease, arising from a remote and very discouraging cause, is that species originating in an i:iduration, or schirrosity of some or great part of the liver * ; 1 say discouraging, because there is little or no hope of obtaining a cure ; and this may naturally be concluded, even by a superficial consideration of the case, from the remote situation of the organ, and the still useless application of medicines. We can only pal- liate the disease. The first thing to be done, is to extract blood, to the quantity of three, four, or five quarts ; this is of course premised to reduce the contents, and take off some degree of stricture from the vessels ; remove obstructions of the body by mashes of bran and speared barley, for two or three dajs pre- vious to administering any medicines. When his bowels are pretty lax, give the following : Take Calomel - - 6 drams. Antimony - - 6 ounces. Sulphur - - 6 do. Rub weli together in a mortar, and divide into six powders. Give the Horse one of the powders in his feed every other night, first having slightly sprinkled the corn with water : on the intermediate days, in the mornings, give Glauber salts - - 3 ounces. Linseed meal - - 2 do. Cream of tartar - 1 do. Dissolve the glauber salts and cream of tartar in a quart of warm water, then add the meal, being first mixed with a little cold water; horn this draught down carefully, and if the disease appears to be removed, give a course of the cordial ball, as directed in the preceding case. * This you will be assisted in (he knowledge of, by pressing your hand sharply against the region of (he Itrer on the righ( side. 2 K 130 THE MODERN SYSTEM ON DIARRHOEA, LOOSENESS, OR SCOURING. This disease is decidedly a weakness of the absorbents to take up the watery matter . secreted witliin the intestines, consequently, an increased action of the peristaltic motion is set up to get rid of this watery fluid, from this cause the evacuations of the dung is pro- duced in a liquid form. This disease is not like dysenlry ; for here the purging from the first instance continues until arrested, the dung also being in such a continual fluid state, there is none of that slimy matter attached to it that is in dysentry, which is commonly called melting of the fat ; there is little or no fever attached to this disease, and I think properly speaking none, for if the pulse should at all become quick and hurried, it is more from debility than from any other cause : this is different to those Horses which are likely to purge from excitement ; for I have seen many Horses full of good keep, their bowels regu- larly open, sufficiently healthy, on going to hounds, commence purging instantly ; this must occur from nervous excitement. Some Hor.ses are liable to purge from the least ex- citement; and this most frequently arises from peculiar make and colt)iir, such as light chesnut-horses ; flat-sided, long lank legs, are more subject to intestinal, and other internal diseases than any other kind of Horses. But in diarrhava the Horse appears dull, heavy, and inactive, .seemingly oppre.ssed, and visibly over-loaded, though without any appe irance of pain, but subject to general disquietude, the discharge is large in quantity, dark in colour, fa'tid in smell. Nature, in the present instance, generally performs her own work with so much ease and frequency, for ''^"ature does not purge herself until she wants purging ; proving, in ray opinion, the system wants rousing, for debility being, I am confident, the first cause. Diarrhcea seems evidently to depend on an increase of the peristaltic motion, or of the secretion of the intestines ; and besides the causes already noticed, it may arise from many others, influencing the system generally, or the particular seat of the disease. Of the former kind are colds, checking perspiration, excitement, and other disorders, drastic cath- artics, spontaneous acidity, &c. In this cora- [laint each di.-^charge is usually preceded by a murmuring noise, with a sense of weight and uneasiness in the hypogastrium, what by grooms is called tvash bellied. When it is protracted, the Horse loses his appetite, and his countenance becomes dull, and the skin generally dry, hard, and the coat staring. Ultimately great debjity and emaciation, and swelling of the legs often super^'ene ; some- times it arises from ulceration of the internal surface of the intestines, and frequently to a considerable extent; The bile also, from some peculiar change in its nature, will produce diarrhcea, occasioned principally from bad food. The disease, though not so much thought (jf as it ought to be, is the cause of many a valuable Horse becoming its victim, and that in my opinion from improper treat- ment ; for some people are apt to go to the other extreme, and administer to the Horse a long list of astringents to stay the purging, which in my opinion is highly improper, as I before remarked. Debility, and debility alone, is the cause of diarrhoea, let it be excited or brought on by whatever means it may. For the cure of this disease, then, I should recommend, first, a proper attention to be OF FARRIERY lai paid to the food the animal is eating, such as his hay and corn, which ought to be of the very best quality. Then being satisfied on this head, Take Blue pill - - 1-| oz. Sulphate of iron - - 16 drams Glauber salts - ■ - 16 do. Liquid laudanum . 16 do. Linseed meal - ■ . 16 do. !rtlix the sulphate of iron with the glauber salts together in a mortar, and pound them very fine, then add the other ingredients, working them well together. Divide into twelve balls, and give one morning and night. Boil a teacupful of rice until it is entirely soft, then squeeze through a thin tamis or cloth, and give in the Horse's water to drink. Should these means not succeed, give the following : Take Sulphate of iron - 12 drams. Arsenic - - - 1 do. Gentian - - - 12 do. Aloes, Cape - - 12 do. Mi.K well together, and form into a mass, with soft soap. Divide into twelve balls, and give one every morning. You will perceive by pursuing this course of strengthening medicine, that the Horse will speedily regain his appetite, and his usual courage and strength. In some cases it is highly proper to give a few cordial balls (as prescribed in the foregoing case,) at inter- vals, until the disease is entirely removed. ON CRIB-BITING. The peculiar action of crib-biting cannot be mistaken by the merest tyro in Horse-know- ledge, on seeing the Horse feed ; for, at every swallow an eructation of air is produced, and by making the edge of the manger a fixed point, he is enabled thus to do so with ease This, as has been said by some writers, is ex- ceedingly painful to the animal ; but this I am not inclined to believe, for very frequently we find crib-biters, not only high conditioned animals, but fat ; therefore, whatever creates pain, cannot produce fat. Still there is a dif- ference in crib-biting Horses ; some will crib badly, and get fat ; others become lean ; and this appears extraordinary at first sight, but is of great importance ; for as the Horse keeps ia flesh or condition with crib-biting, or falls off, so his soundness or unsoundness depends ; con- sequently, it becomes a matter of great import- ance. This disease, or habit, more properly speaking, takes place mostly in young Horses ; and here my opinion difi'ers from many others, for I am confident it is fiequently occasioned by uneasiness in cutting the breeding teeth. Sometimes the cause is, Iloi'ses being ill-fed, when they are particulaily hungry. 1 have no doubt many Horses wear away their fore teeth so much they will not meet, and it occurs by not being able to gather up their food ; but there is one decided symptom ot' taking in air, and expelling it also at the same moment, for, if you observe the Horse swal- lowing, he expels air, and at the same momen* he inhales fresh air, clearly shewing it by the expansion of his nostrils. Now, by some writers, crib-biting has been described as dyspepsia, similar to that disease as afiecting the human subject ; but this is impossible, or how would one Horse take it from the other standing in the same stable ? which I have known frequently to occur ; and it is a well known fact, that no training-groom will allow a crib-biter to stand in his stable. I could 182 THE MODERN SYSTEM give numbers of instances to prove the pro- peusily of it*i being catching, if I iiad space to enumerate them, having had more than one hundred and fifty of my own hack horses at one time, and four or five of tliem rank crib- bers ; but 1 was obliged to keep them to themselves, having put them in company with others, and saw their direful effects. Tliere have been persons who have attempted to in- troduce a cure for crib-biting, but it has not always proved infallible ; one is to buckle a strap round the Horse's neck tight, this will prevent it for the time being ; another is to have a number of sharp pointed studs, driven into the strap to prick the neck and throat every time the Horse swallows; (if this be the c.iise, which it is,) how can pressure on the neck affect the stomach? Now, if this be the truth, dyspepsia may be easily cured by tying your neckerchief a little tighter than common, which I should say ought to be taken as a specific for the disease in the human subject ; but not so with the Horse, remove your straps from his throat, and he is as bad as ever. Professor Coleman says it arises princi- pally from a Horses long fasting, and the noise which arises from the air that he swallows. Now, here I differ from the worthy professor ; for I would ask how spasms of the stomach arise when a man has been without fund or drink the whole of the day? does not the stomach secrete wind of itself? or why take a glass of gin or brandy to remove the wind off the stomach ? you may feel blown up, as it is said, without food ; how is it that in the dead subject gas is generated ? but so it is, and in the living subject too ; for debility alone will generate gas, and is equally appli- 'able to the Horse as to man, only with this iiiircrcncc, a man can indulge, and the Horse j cannot : shewing clearly in my opinion the stomach has nothing at all to do with the affection. Some say giving Horses bad keep will produce the affection, but it is ridiculous; because look at farmers' Horses, which are kept on the refuse of the farm, why do you not find more crib-biters in the farmers' stock than elsewhere? No; you find them princi- pally amongst high-fed Horses, and the reason we shall endeavour to explain : — High-fed Horses are rarely subjected to have much hay given them ; consequently, the stomach never becomes so full as if distended with the Horse's natural food, such as hay or grass only ; for 1 never heard of a crib-biting Horse at grass or on hay only. The cause is, in my opinion, from a spasmodic affection of the diaphragm, generally produced by the error of diet ; for if you feed on a considerable quan- tity of corn, and little hay, you produce crib- biting, and vice versa. To obviate this affection, I believe the whole of the veterinarians have been equally puzzled ; but a few years ago, Mr. Yare in- vented a kind of muzzle, that the Horse could eat through, but was not enabled to seize the manger, in consequence of two iron bars being fixed longitudinally to the mouth part ; but this, like all others, entirely failed, for when removed the Horse would take to his old habit again. I hare also tried prepared chalk in two-ounce doses, but with no better success ; but the only thing I ever found was in the shape of a palliative : remove the Horse thus idl'ectcd into a stable by himse without manger, stall sides, or any thing can take hold of, but the bare walls, aud give all his food on the ground, both hay and corn. I have by this means been able to remove, in a great degree, this trouble- OF FARRIERY. 133 some affection, though I cannot promise a cure. Crib-biting would not deter me from buy- ing a very valuable Horse ; for I have done so, at a price, a nd removed them to a stable, as above described, when it has totally left, them ; but this I vs^ould not answer for as a general rule. J, L 134 THE iMODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER XII. DROPSY OF THE HEAD, OF THE CHEST, OF THE PERICARDIUM, OF THE BELLY, AND OF THE SKIN, AND OF SWELLED LEGS. • DROPSY. Dropsy is a preternatural collection of serous, or watery fluid in the cellular sub- stance, or difierent cavities of the body. It receives different appellations, according to the particular sit ation of the fluid. When it is diffused through the cellular membrane, either generally or partially, it is called aiinsarca. When it is deposited in the cavity of the cranium, it is called hydrocephalus ; when in the chest, hydrothorax ; when in the abdo- men, ascites; and when within the scrotum, hydrocele. J have been more particular in enumerat- ing the particular names this disease takes, or according to ils situation, that the reader may not be led a.stray by the pretender, or country furrier. For the causes of these several dis- • iisos, are, if we may call it so, of a family nature, and principall}' originating in debility: such as long continued evacuation , or it may occur from the suppression of urine, the siid- sorbents to eflect its removal turough their agency. It. liDwcvcT, becomes a duty of ours to attempt it, and as Nature frequently will .set up a natural cure, we may (.K;c;>si()iially assist her c-lfoits ; but, in doing this he caivful how you determine on bleeding ; for in this caae, never bleed though the pulse may be quick, for the quickness is in consequence of debility, not arising from fever ; for when the affection is formed, it is seldom or never that any in- flammatory action remains ; consequently, blood-letting would be highly injurious, and the result would prove we had mistaken cause for effect. Medicines to promote nausea are frequently said to have a good effect ; but I never could discover that, though I have tried them several times, such as white hellebore, in two- dram doses, every five hours, but I have sr^ucceeded by administering the following, be- yond my most sanguine expectations. Take Sulphate of iron - - 2 oz. Juniper berries - 21 do. Myrrh - - - - 2 do. Antimony - - - 1 lb. Sulphur - - - 8 drams. Form into a mass with soft soap, And divide into twelve balls. Give the Horse one of the balls night and morning. Rowels and setons sometimes do good, but they are so long in acting, that I would recommend blistering the sides and chest in preference. Give the most nutritious food you possibly can ; oats, w ilh a few beans in them for corn, and the best old hay you can procure, and for water, let oatmeal or rice be first boiled in it. The last resource you have, if the abovD remedies fail, is puncturing, or tap- ping the chest ; thouiih this operation is driven oif almost to the latest period of the disease, and very unfrequently succeeds ; stiM I have succeeded in a cure, when driven to this extremity ; but the earlier it is performed, the greater the probability of its having the desired eflect. OF FARRIERY. 137 We win now endeavour to describe the mode of operating. The situation most eligible ior the openmg, is that wherein a depending orifice may be gained for the complete evacuation of the water, without danger of woun;erve the gush of fluid, put the can- nula forward, retracting the trochar, conse- quently leaving the cannula alone in the orifice. The cannula must be pushed up to its collar, where it will remain, until the fluid is all drawn oflf. Coagula, or even the inflated lungs, some- times is found to obstruct the flowing of the latter portions of the fluid ; to obviate which, introduce a probe into the cannula occasionally, until you are satisfied the whole is drawn off. When the whole of the fluid has been with- drawn, take out your cannula, and close the orifice by adhesive plaister, or by the com- mon suture ; for you must not think of per- forming the operation a second time, as is frequently practised in the human subject : for having drawn ort" the fluid, you must depend upon the medicine as before pre- scribed, for if water again accumulates, the debility will be so much the more increased, and the natural consequent, the animal tallisig under the disease. DROPSY OF THE PERICARDIUM. Dropsy of the pericardium is an increased collection of fluid in the sac surroundins: the heart, therefore called dropsy of the heart. The symptoms are the same as the pre- ceding case ; but I am sorry to say there is no means of cure, neither in the Horse or the human subject ; therefore we must submit to Nature in this case, and obey her laws. In making this short account of the dropsy of the heart, we do so more to convince the public, who may unfortunately have such a case ; for frequently the veterinary surgeon may get blame when there is none attached to him, for the loss of an animal (thus affected) under his care. 2 M 138 1"HE MODERN SYSTEM DROPSY OF THE BELLY. This, like the last-named disease, seldom occurs in the Horse, and when it does so, there is frequently great difficulty in detect- ing it ; yet, now and then, it may arise, and in consequence we are bound to notice it. It may take place after inflammation of some of the abdominal viscera. It consists of an in- creased deposit of fluid within the cavity of the bcliy. Now, Nature here has formed what is called the peritoneal sac, only of such dimensions as to hold its natural organs, such as the stomach, liver, intestines, «&c., &c. ; so that it being called a cavity, is only relative to what by nature is intended to be there. If water escapes into this cavity, it at once be- comes a foreign body, and by which means is known, the tension of the abdomen, and by the undulations felt by one hand, when the belly is gently struck by the other ; also, if you place your ear on one side the belly, and get some person to lightly force the opposite with their hand, you will by such means hear the undulating motion of the water perfectly distinct. In this disease, also, the urine is made in small quantities, the thirst is o;reatly predominant, the breathing quick and labori- ous ; and this in consequence of the fluid having taken up a portion of the cavity of the abdomen, the lungs become pressed upon, and have not room to perform their natural func- tions; in consequence of the abdominal viscera pressing upon the diaphragm, the flesh also becomes wasted, as well as the adipose mat- ter, which is frequently found floating in the fluid. Here, I am sorry to say, we cannot always rely on a cure, but the disease fortunately happening but seldom, and that is then fre- quently the sequel of some other disorder of the viscera ; but if the animal has stamma sufficient, there is a probability of recovery. Diuretic medicines are here the only means lo rely on, combined with tonics ; and I cannot re- commend any thing better than the prescrip- tion laid down for dropsy in the chest ; and if possible give exercise, rub the legs well, and bandage with flannel. I have found this dis- ease cured, if taken in time, by blistering all four legs ; and should the blisters rise well, you may almost rely upon completing your object. WATER FARCY, OR DROPSY OF THE SKIN. This disease, properly speaking, is very im- properly named ; the proper name being anasarca ; but we have kept to the name it is generally known by, and that because it most frequently happens with young Horses, and consequently not having left the hands of the agriculturist, he might be somewhat puzzled without the local name. Water farcy is then a species of dropsy, from a serous fluid spread between the skin and flesh, or rather a general collection of lymph in the cellular system. This species of dropsy shows itself first with a swelling under the Horse's belly ; the tumefaction is soft and inelastic, and pressed upon by the finger retains its mark for some time. By degrees the swelling ascends and occupies the trunk of the body and the neck, even the eye-lids, face, and nostrils appear bloated, the lips are much swollen, also the legs and the sheath becomes greatly enlarged. When the disease arrives to this pitch, the breathing then be- comes difficult, the urine small in quantities, and dark coloured ; the bo'jvjls are costive, OF FARRIERY. 139 and perspiration much obstructed ; the Horse becomes remarkably thirsty, attended with emaciation of the whole body ; to these symp- toms may be added, a dull heavy appearance, and sometimes a cough. In some cases the water oozes out through the pores of the skin, and you will .see the hair, which, at that time of year (spring and fall,) is rather longer than at other periods, covered with the fluid thus effused. This disease may be brought on by all the causes of the last named ; but here I should say debility to be the chief cause, and that frequently from bleeding too much. It is very frequent in the spring and fall of the year, when Horses are weak from moulting. When the disease is partial, it is not so difficult to cure, as when it has become gene- ral ; however, we must proceed to rouse the system, by giving tonics, and those I have found most successful, have been the follow- ing :— Take Cantharides - - I dram. Sulphate of iron - 2 oz. Sulphate of copper - 2 do. Gentian - - - 4 do. Mustard - . - 3 do. Ginarer - - - 3 do. Mix and form into a mass with soft soap. Divide into twenty-four balls. Give one every morning. If the swellings have become considerable, puncture thera with a middle-sized phleme, or lancet, in several places, and evacuate the fluid. Great care must be taken in keeping the Horse warm, clothe him well, and well dress him, morning and night, by w hich means you will open the exhalants of the skin, and greatly relieve him. You must also be attentive with feeding, to give the most nutritious food pos- sible ; oats, with beans, malt, and occasion- ally a few carrots. When the weather will permit you, let him have exercise, with cloth- ing on ; it will determine blood to the skin, and give him great relief, always remember ing to put on him after you have dressed him, a dry cloth. You then can dry the one you exercised him in, which will serve for the dry one next time. Do not forgret to bandage his legs well with new flannel bandages. If the Horse should not be in that debilitated state as above described, give him, in addition to the above medicine, two or three times a week, at night time ; Aloes, Cape - - 12 drams. Nitre - - - 12 do. Resin - - - 12 do. Mix and divide into six balls. SWELLED LEGS. Swelled legs is a very prevalent disease of the Horse, principally affecting the hind legs, or only one of the hind legs ; the fore legs also are not exempt from this affection. It arises from various causes, but the one I have now to speak of, is occasioned by a deposition of fluid in the cellular membrane of the limbs, commonly in their lower parts, below the knee to the hoof. The disease, if sufTered to increase, the skin cracks, and ultimately dis- charges pus, and then it falls under the head grease ; for the remedies see that disease. This disease may be brought" on either bj poverty, wet straw-yards, especially where the Horse has not been fed well, but on the outsides of hay-stacks or that musty bad 140 THE MODERN SYSTEM hay, which the farmer can do nothing else with. The complaint may snpervene on other long-protracted diseases, and any of the above causes may produce it; we must not forget also bad grooming, by men who are too idle to perform their duty, and without a degree of feeling attached to them ; for the disease is very painful, and at times occasions great lameness. In all the foregoing stages, or causes of the disease it is not difficult to restore the pa- tient, for it is evident that it arises from the debility of the absorbents to take up the effused fluid, and return it into the system ; therefore, we must employ tonic medicines to arouse them to a new action. Bleeding I do not consider here at all necessary, but would recommend the following : Take Sulphate of iron - - 12 drams. Cape Aloes - - - - 12 do. Juniper berries - - 6 do. !M)Trh 6 do. Soft soap to form the mass. Divide into six balls. Give one every morn- ing. Have the Horse's legs well rubbed and bandaged ; give him gentle exercise once or twice a day ; and these things being attended to, with good grooming and nutritious diet, as sweet oats, with a little chaff and bran, and occasionally a few carrots and speared barley, will restore your Horse again. Avoid of all things giving beans, as when a Horse comes from grass or straw yard, and you give him beans immediately to force him, as it is called, the heels generally after swelling, become cracked. This will lead us on to those other causes which occasion swelled legs, as heated and foul atmosphere, standing long in his dung and urine, living high in the stable, with little or no work ; with coach-horses in particular, where their journeys at the present day do not exceed eight or ten miles a day, which is generally performed in an hour, or a trifle of time more, the standing in the stable twenty- three hours out of the twenty-four. Horses coming into hot stables with their heels wet, from their having been in water or snow, and not immediately attended to, in order to drv them as quick as possible, in most of the above cases debility locally is the cause ; but I should not say general debility, and that be- cause it occurs to Horses high-fed and exer- cised, as well as to plethoric Horses, which sometimes are neglected ; but for means of cure you must proceed diflferently. In these casep bleeding will be highly necessary, and give a course of physic (according to the strength and constitution) of the purging balls, and after which, a dozen of diuretic balls, as prescribed in the list of medicines, which see at the end of the work, and proceed as in the article condition, which we beg to refer the reader to in the introductory part of the work. OF FARRIERY. 141 CHAPTER XIII. OF DIABETES, OR PROFUSE STALING; BLOODY URINE AND STRANGUARY, OR THE OBSTRUCTION OF THE URINE. DUBETES, OR PROFUSE STALING. This disease is not frequently found in the Horse, but it is occasionally so, it therefore deserves our notice. The appearances of it are great thirst, with a voracious appetite, gradual emaciation of the whole body, and a frequent discharge of urine, containing a large proportion of saccharine, and other matter, which is voided even in a quantity exceeding that of the aliment or fluid introduced ; these are the characteristics of this disease. But it is always much milder when symptomatic, than when it appears as a primary affection. Diabetes may be occasioned by the too fre- quent use of strong diuretic medicines, severe evacuations, or by any thing that tends to produce an impoverished state of the blood, or general debility, such as bad hay, heated oats, and very frequently from foreign oats that have been long on their passage, either from the Baltic, or Ireland. It has, however, taken place in many instances, without an obvious cause. That which immediately gives rise to the disease, has ever been considered as obscure, and various theories have been advanced on the occasion. It has been usual to consider diabetes as the effect of relaxation of the kid- neys, or as depending on a general colliquation of the fluids. The liver has been thought, by some, to be the chief source of the disease ; but diabetes is hardly ever attended with any affection of this organ. The primary seat of the disease is, how- ever, far from being absolutely determined in favour of any hypothesis yet advanced ; and from the most attentive consideration of all the circumstances, the weight of evidence appears to induce the majority of practitioners to con- sider diabetes as dependent on a primary affection of the kidneys. Diabetes sometimes comes on so slowly and imperceptibly, without any previous dis- order, that it now and then arises to a con- siderable degree, and subsists long without being accompanied with evident disorder in any particular part of the system; the great thirst which always, and the voracious appetite which frequently occur in it, being often the only remarkable symptoms ; but it now generally happens that a consider- able affection of the stomach precedes the coming on of the disease ; and that in its pro- gress, besides the symptoms already men- tioned, there is great dryness and roughness of the coat of the Horse. Under a long continuance of the disease 2n 1-Ik THE MODERN SYSTEM the body becomes much emaciated, the legs begin to swell, great debility arises, and the pulse weak and small. In some instances, the quantity of urine in diabetes, is much greater than can be by any means accounted for from all sources united, and when subjected to experiment, a consider- able quantity of saccharine matter is to be extracted from it. On dissecting and examining the kidneys of Horses which havejdied under this disease, the kidneys invariably have appeared to have been much affected. In some instances they have been found in a loose flabby state, much enlarged in size, and of a very pale colour ; in others, they have been discovered much more >ascular than in a healthy state, approaching a good deal to what takes place in inflamma- tion. The bladder, in almost all cases, is found to contain a considerable quantity of muddy urine For the remedies of this disease, there have been a great variety proposed ; but their success is generally precarious, or only temporary at least. Medicines determining blood to the .skin, are extremely proper, and for which I slioiild recommend the follow- ing :— Antimony Sulphur I lb. 1 do. Rub together in a mortar, and divide into two-ounce packets. Give one in the Horse's feed, morning and night; the feed first beinu; made slightly damp, that the powder may adhere to it. If the Horse should appear weak and much •lebilitiitcd, give him one of the above powders in his feed every night, and the first thing in the mornujg, the following : Take Opium - - ^ dram. Catechu - - - 3 do. Arsenic - - 10 grains. Form into a ball with syrup of buck- thorn. In addition to the above, every middle day, give about a pint of fresh lime-water*, with a horn. Keep the Horse warm, and well clothed, and give moderate exercise. Do not ride the Horse, but lead him, your groom riding another. You must pay great attention to his food ; if it be a time of the year you can get new hay, it will prevent him from being so thirsty; do not give oats, but barley, speared, or wheat with it, but not much. ON BLOODY URINE. Bloody urine is a disease generally caused by some injury to the kidneys, in straining to draw heavy loads, carrying heavy burdens, &c. Bloody urine may be caused by ulcera- tion in the kidneys, from violent exercise, bursting some of the smaller vessels in the kidneys, or other urinary passages, or any causes that may occasion bursting of the ca- pillary blood-vessels in those parts. If there is a sudden discharge of pure blood by the urinary passages, it comes from the kidneys ; but if a small quantity of dark coloured blood, whether it be mixed with purulent matter or not, it proceeds from the bladder. In prescribing for the cure of this disease, you must by all means avoid giving diuretics, for they are very hurtful ; you must endeavour to * For the benefit of those who do not know how to make the hint- water, we will give them our method : — Take of quick lime, that is light and fresh-burnt, one pound ; put it into an earthen vessel, and pour upon it two gallons of water; let it stand until the lime is settled, then pour ofT the clean water. It must be kept in bottles, well corked. OF FARRIERY. 143 restore the parts to an healthy state as soon as possible, and this you can generally do by giving the following : Take Catechu - - - 3 drams. Opium - - - 1 do Alum - - - 2 do. Aloes, Barbadoes - 1 do. Form into a ball with honey or treacle. Give one morning and night. Many persons apply hot sheep-skins to the loins, but I never saw much good effect arise from their appli- cation; but you will find great benefit in applying as under to the Horse's loins : 2 ounces. 2 do. Take Liquor of ammonia Olive oil - - Rub this on the Horse's loins, morning and night. Mix, and when applied, shake the bottle well. If the Horse be in high condition, take three or four quarts of blood from him, and keep him warm. OF STRANGUARY, OR OBSTRUC- TION OF URINE. Strang ary is an obstruction, or temporary suppression of urine, and may arise from dif- ferent causes; for, as before observed, the variety of parts appropriated to the secretion and excretion of urine are so numerous, as to render the exact cause of disease a matter of ambiguity and uncertainty, even by good judges. Stranguary, sometimes is a concomi- tant to the inflammatory cholic, and is then the effect of pressure from the indurated faeces, or hardened dung, retained in ihe rectum or last gut. When it does not arise from this cause, it may proceed from inflam- mation of the kidneys themselves, from ulce- ration, spasms upon any particular part, on inflammation of the neck, or the bladder itself When it is the consequence of cholic, and proceeds only from that original cause, it may be considered merely symptomatic, and will be entirely subdued with the first complaint. The signs of this suppression are too palpable to be mistaken; the Horse is in an almost perpetual position to stale, without effect, indicating by action and attitude, the expecta- tion of an unusual discharge ; when, after frequent straining, the effort terminates in a groan of seeming disappointment. The Horse does not in general appear in acute pain, but seems full in the flank, somewhat dejected, and to a minute observer, seems not only con- scious of his inability, but to supplicate assist- ance and relief The most certain means of affording relief to the Horse, is to abstract about three or four quarts of blood, in order to relax the parts ; then introduce the hand up the rectum, and remove all hardened dung*, then throw up an emollient clister, composed as follows : Thin gruel - Common salt 3 pints. 3 table spoonsful. Let this be injected moderately warm, and retained in the body as long as possible, by pressing the tail down against the fundament. If the bleeding and glisters have not had the desired effect in a moderate time, repeat the glister, and give Camphor - - - 2 drams. Nitre - - - 1 oz. Form into a ball with treacle, And give as soon as possible. * This IS called by the old farriers back-'^akmg. I4i THE MODERN SYSTEM These are safe, mild, and efficacious ; in general producing the desired effect, without any uneasy sensations. Repeat your reme- dies every four or five hours, until you have gained your object. Thus much for stranguary occasioned by spasm, or inflammation of the neck of the bladder : but, as before stated, it may proceed from inflammation or ulceration of the kid- neys, and a paralytic affection or palsy of the parts, in either of which, symptoms are fre- quently doubtful, and seldom certain ; cir- cumstances may constantly vary in different subjects, so as to render the true seat of disease a matter of conjecture only. The only symptoms to which some certainty .nay be attributed are the following ;— If pro- ceeding from spasm, on either part, there may be frequent periodical relaxations that will permit the urine to flow in small quantities for a very short time, when it may as suddenly stop. In this case, the urine will be of its usual colour, or at times rather deeper, as if not perfectly complete in its secretion from the blood. In such case the treatment will be as just pointed out, but with this addi- tional direction, repeat the bleeding again. But where the cause originates in palsy of, or ulceration upon, any of the above-named organs, attached to the offices of evacuations, no great expectation of cure can be indulged in, but more particularly in the former, with which approaches certain death. OF FARRIERY. 145 CHAPTER XIV. ON CASTRATION, OR GELDING; AND HERNIA, OR RUPTURE. CASTRATION, OR GELDING. The operation of castrating a Horse is by 'eraoving his testicles, he is then called a gelding ; and of course by the operation loses a considerable degree of firery disposition, sometimes displayed in the entire Horse or Stallion. However, the gelding is so much more considered of general use, that few entire Horses are kept, excepting in the racing stud, or by individuals to breed from. The proper time for castrating colts, is M'hen they are about twelve or from that to eighteen months old ; but I have known, even at that aore, both testicles not having descended into the scrotum ; when such is the case wait a few months longer. Some breeders, accord- ing to the custom of their locality, will have their colts cut at a very early period, that is about three months old ; but I consider this more fancy than any thing else ; there- fore, I should recommend, for all general pur- poses, not to cut colts earlier than twelve months ; the colt gets better formed, and il being at a time he cannot be used for any kind of work. In Yorkshire, they let them remain a lonojer time, so lonor as three or four vears old ; hence their hioh breed of coach- hor.ses. Breeders in that county work them until near four or more years old, then castrate and bring them out at five years old fit for the dealer, and with the exception of cart-horses, are the most valuable kind to breed. There is great difference in castrating young colts and old Horses, the former requiring no preparatory means being employed, in conse- quence of having been continually at grass; this is not the case with old Horses, which should be bled and have a dose of physic, and fed on bran mashes for a week before the operation takes place. The method of operating is to have your Horse led out on to some soft straw or loose manure, then put on your hobbles, cart the Horse on his left side, secure the off hind leg with the side line, and pass it through a web collar buckled round the neck, take the line round the heel of the Horse, and again through the collar, when make perfectly and securely fast, that there may be no possibility of its breaking or giving way, when the Horse struggles during the operation. Having e\ery thing in readiness, such as your smallest scalpel, the clams armed with fresh tow, and a curved needle armed with fine pack-thread (in case of accident). Grasp one of the sacs of the scrotum firmly in your lefi hand, 2 o 146 THE MODERN SYSTEM tben taking your scalpel in your right hand, make a section in the skin, in the most depending l»art of the bag, through the integuments, agid of sufficient length for the testicle to protrude itself through ; lay down your scalpel and grasp the protruded testicle with your right hand, and gently draw back the scrotum with the other, so as to expose the spermatic cord, on which fasten the clams sufficiently tight to prevent its slipping ; then take your searing iron of a dark red heat, and saw the testicle off ; I say saw, because if you make use of a saw-like motion, the end of the cord becomes cerated thereby, and requires but little more from the iron ; though in all cases it is neces- sary to touch the end of the cord again before you loosen the clams, to preveat bleeding ; but if care be taken, and not being too much in a hurry, it will be easily accomplished. Now loosen your clams gradually, and if blood does not seem to appear, proceed with the other in the same way ; should a little blood escape from the first orifice, do not feel alarmed, for it may be only from the Horse's struggling ; let the Horse get up, and be placed for a few days in a barn or out-house. Give, immediately you have housed your Horse, a diuretic altera- tive ball, as under: Take Cape aloes - 3 drams. Resin - - 2 do. Form into a ball with soft soap. Continue the feed of bran mashes for three or four days, when turn him out ; I have never found this simple method fail, if proper care be given ; though in some counties, I wonder more do not die than do, from the rough brutal manner in which the operation is performed ; for instance, in the county of Gloucester, the operator, the first thing he does, is to withdraw the penis, wipe it clean, and smear it well after with hos's lard, as he says to make the Horse drato his yard easy ; then, after having performed the operation by burning the scrotum open to evacu- ate the testicle, and having removed it, he pours into the sac a quantity of green ointment, then comes the hog's lard again, to the tune of about half a pound to supple his thighs. A similar method they have in Devonshire ; added to which they sew up the scrotum after performing the operation, to prevent the artery from bleeding the Horse to death. But these are all whims of old practitioners for want of knowing the anatomy of parts. Some veterinarians will not perform the operation at all, but the reason must be obvious, as it is decidedly a surgical one *. * Whilst serving with my regiment in India, I was asked my opinion of a beautiful chesnut-horse, relative to castration ; though the Horse was perfectly quiet and docile; but the scrotum had become so much enlarged in one of the sacs, that it hung down within a few inches of the Horse's hock ; the appearance was displeasing, and the noise (he Horse made in gallopping by ils flapping against his thighs was such that it became remarkable; and the owner consulted nie as before stated. I examined the scrotum, and found the testicle remarkably small, but it contained a considerable quantity of fluid ; in fact, the Horse was MlTected with hydrocele. I could easily have extracted the fluid, but fearing the bag might fill again, I consented to opei'ate; and accordingly, as I had anticipated, on cut- ting through the tunics of the scrotum, at least three quarts of yellowish fluid (:&ca\>cd ; at this time I felt great difTiculty in retiwning my hold of the testicle, from the considerable enlargement of the scrotum; however, I did so, and from the amazing length of cord I was obliged to draw down, 1 had great contention with the cremaster muscle; however, I succeeded and placed my clamst on t The clams used in India are about five inches long, made of a round piece of wood, about the size of tho handle of a sweeping broom ; this is then slit down the middle, so thai there is (wo flat sides, these sides have a groove up the middle about the size of a goose quill ; the groove is filled with corrosive sublimate one dram, OF FARRIERY. 147 In this operation there are cautions required, and those of moment, though it is mainly per- formed by ignorant men, who are called cutters or gclders ; and though they will per- form the mechanical part of the operation very well, and to all appearance things go on as they should do; but if any alteration for the worse should take place, these men do not under- stand it, and not having a character to loose, the matter is easily looked over, with the old well, but not being contented with doing well *, I imme- diately remoTed the testicle with a scalpel, leaving the cord only within the clams, which with the Horse's struggles, and the cremaster muscle being on the stretch, heeasily withdrew it Irom between the clams, and the cord of course receded into the sac, and bleeding commenced most furiously : however, I did not loose my presence of mind, but took a straight needle, and introduced the glover s suture, the scro- tum filled with blood to a tremendous extent, but yet I had hope on my side ; I ordered the Horse to be kept quiet by himself, and gave him aloes six drams, gave him bran mashes and hay, saw the Horse on the morrow, and found an immensely large scrotum. I procured some warm water and a sponge, and then commenced, carefully cutting the stitches, and to my astonishment three parts of a common stable-pailful of coagulated blood came tumbling down through the orifice I had made for the escape of the testicle. I syringed the scrotum well out with warm water, in which about two ounces of chloride of lime had been put in, until all appeared safe, and no discharge of blood whatever. The scrotum was dressed in this manner for three or four days internally, and regularly bathed with warm water outwardly, and around the sheath three times a day. This Horse went home perfectly recovered in three daj'S over a month, and fit to ride. and hog's lard sufficient to form an ointment ; they are, before placing on the cord, tied together at one end, then at the other pressed together with pincers, and tied at the other, these are taken off on the morrow after the operation * I merely make this remark, on account of Indian Horses, that sometimes undergo this operation, die from mortification taking place; and my belief of this is, the operator tugs at llie spermatic cord, on purpose to place the clams up high, as if he had been on board a ship in rtugh weather, and the order was given '■ main sail haul."' adage attached to it, " bad luck this time, better lucknext ,•" not so with the veterinarian, who is supposed never to do wrong, or bad luck attend him ; his character is at stake, for ten to one, the first company his employer falls into. Horses will be a part, if not the greatest part of their conversation, who are sure to blame the operator if he be a " vet,'' so that if John Jones or William Thomas, have been gelders or cutters, and their forefathers before them, for at least five generations, they must know more than a scientific and well educated veterinary surgeon. Therefore, it behoves every man, undertaking the operation of cas- tration, to be wt II informed, not only of their parts, but their means of cure. The greatest enemy you have to contend with, is inflamma- tion of the parts ; should this take place, and the Horse walk stiff" with his hind legs, moving with a straddling gait, (and especially if he be an old Horse,) bathe the parts well with warm water three or four times a day, after which wipe perfectly dry ; then rub all over the enlarged scrotum and sheath with good digestive oint- ment, and be not afraid to introduce some into the sac, which will promote a discharge ; give the ball as recommended before, every second day, until the swelling goes down. The food you must regulate according to the age or size of the Horse, but avoid giving much corn ; bran mashes, green food, &c., are the best. In old Horses, if attacked with swellings after the operation, you must give a dose of physic, and bleed : all the other applications will be needful to be attended to, as in young Horses. Locked jaw not unfrequently supervenes on this operation in India, and that I attribute to the injury the nerve sustains, in consequence of the ojjerator pulling at the testicle so forcibly, as before mentioned. 148 I'HE MODERN SYSTEM HERNIA OR RUPTURE. Hernia or rupture, is the displacement of some of the abdominal contents, from the cavity outwards, by some of the natural or by some artificial openings. The intestines are by far the most common of the abdominal viscera. When such protrusion takes place through an opening, and the protruded part can be readily returned, it is considered as reducible hernia; if the opening be toosmall, of course it becomes irreducible. If the mouth of the sac around the intestine constringes, and produces inflam- mation of the gut, it then forms what is called strangulated hernia, and sometimes proves fatal, unless relief be promptly obtained. From the position of the Horse, stallions are frequently affected with scrotal hernia, for the scrotal cavity remaining open to the abdo- men, the intestine frequently descends ; but this is not the case with geldings, for the absorption that has taken place after castration, almost prevents the possibility of scrotal liernia. In India, tliese scrotal hernias are almost a daily occurrence, and especially with Horses which have violent action to perform, and are of a loose weak nature. Castration is not general in India, and the relaxing state of tiie climate I consider to be the principal cause ; but it is attended not only with incon- venience, but great danger. Omental hernia is exceedingly common in India ; and I once performed tlie operation of castration on a Horse, and to my astonishment the omentum protruded itself, which, alter having put on the clams, I allowed it to do ; 1 then introduced my finger into the sac, and as far as I could feel up, ripped it off, it might be about two feet long, the Horse did well. Accidents, violent exertions, kicks, gores from neat cattle may produce ventral hernia in any part of the cavity, and they form a pouch or sack. Horses may die from strangulated hernia, the death of which maj be attributed to simple enterites or any other cause. I once had a case of a black Horse, belonging to Messrs. Blake, of Devonport, placed under my care ; they had just come from Truro in Cornwall, (they having several establishments at different towns, within ten and twenty miles of Devonport) ; they were in the habit of driving fast, to cover so much ground ; the Horse came into the stable, but soon evinced symptoms of enterites ; I bled the Horse to about six quarts, ordered gruel with glisters, as if for enterites, with orders to call me at two o'clock, if the Horse was not better ; it proved so, the man came and stated the Horse was as bad as ever ; I then prescribed counter irritation, but all to no effect, the Horse died about six o'clock in the morning ; on opening him, I found a strong ligamentous cord, as thick a«s my finger, inserted into the peritoneum, and continued up to the messentery, equally strong inserted to that body. Now by some violent exertion, either in going up or down the hills of that neighbourhood, the intestines had been thrown over this cord, and could not replace themselves, and strangulation was the consequence, clearly shewing that violent exertions produce the disease. But to re- turn to our subject. Most cases of reducible hernia, originating in .accident to the walls of the abdomen, can only be supported by bandage, the great force of the abdominal muscles, and our inability to confine the animal perfectly still, while the parts unite, prevent their permanent reduction. But with scrotal hernia, we have a much greater advantage, although the temporary OF FARRIERY. 149 reduction of the gui may be commonlv affected by the appHcation of the texts or pressure, 1 have performed this operation, and the accident never occur again. With regard to symptoms of scrotal hernia, for that is the only one class you can well discover, the animal paws continually, lays down and as frequently gets up, sweats pro- fusely about his loins and quarters ; sometimes they roll, but this appears with such difficulty, that after immediately doing so, they will ■umpup, and that so suddenly, that it is difficult to get out of their way ; if it be an entire Horse*, (for if not, do not trouble yourself,) examine well the scrotum, and you will im- mediately find which is diseased, by its fulness and tensity ; having satisfied yourself on this point, have the Horse's four legs secured, and drawn by a rope until he completely lays on liis back ; this being done, endeavour to return the gut, by taking hold of the scrotum of the diseased side, and press the gut to return through your fore-finger and thumb ; should you not be able to accomplish this matter, you must have recourse to the operation for hernia : which is, take the diseased sac into your left hand lightly ; then, instead of cutting * 1 have made this remark, because some writers talk of grrotal hernia in geldings. 1 must confess, although having been bred almost a Horse myself, 1 never saw it. at the most pendulous part of the sac, as in castration, be exceedingly cautious, and cut into the sac near the seam or pubis, running between the sacs of the scrotum. Now be careful, have your scalpel in good order, and divide the integuments carefully, until you can feel with your finger the contents of the sac ; let your opening be so small that you can only admit the point of your fore-finger ; notv mark, if the sac should be so large or dilated, first make an incision on the side, so that you may introduce your fore-finger as far as you can, then make a second cut, allowing your finger to be the cHrector ; this being accomplished, introduce your finger into the abdomen and feel for the abdominal ring, which you will easily do, if steady and careful ; when you have accomplished this, let an assistant hand you a concealed history, run the history down your finger for a director, and partially cut through the ring, having the edge of your history bearing forward and upward ; should you succeed in reducing the hernia at first, you have gained your object, but if not, you may try again ; but here, as before, with the greatest caution, and divide the ring, should such be required ; immediately castrate the Horse on that side. Give a gentle dose of medicine and soft food, as bran mashes, &c. '1 p 150 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER XV. OF STRAINS IN GENERAL ; STRAIN IN THE SHOULDER ; STRAIN OR CLAP IN THE BACK SINEWS ; OVER STEPPING ; BREAKING DOWN ; RUPTURE OF THE BACK SINEW ; STRAIN OF THE FETLOCK JOINT ; STRAIN IN THE COFFIN JOINT; STRAIN OF THE ROUND BONE; STRAIN OF THE STIFLE JOINT ; AND ON CURB. OF STRAINS IN GENERAL. Strains are a part of this work to which such frequent apphcation will be made for infiMmation, that they cannot be too accurately explained for the purpose of being understood : tlierefore, to understand this subject clearly, it is unavoidably necessary to be informed, not only of the causes from which such com- plaints proceed, but the parts that constitute the seat of disease itself. To acquire which, let it be observed, strains are of two kinds ; the one originating in the ligamentary parts, by which the different joints are preserved in contact; the other, by a relaxation of the muscles or tendons, or by a rupture of any of the membranes coverin": or udherin to such tendons, whose purposes are the direct office of motion. Hence it is, that the farrier and the groom are so frequently at a loss for their definition of any particular lameness, fixing by conjecture upon any part, attributing it to any cause but the right ; and to this they are seldom directed by any mental information, possessing a very barren concep- tion of the structure of parts, their purposes or appropriations. The elastic part of a tendon or sinew, is the muscular, to which in fact the tendoi is a continuation only, with this difference, the tendon is made by nature to occupy a much smaller space than muscle, for it would look rather awkward to see the mus- cles of the fore lee: extending down to the heel of the Horse, instead of that fine uniform make which the tendon gives, and especially in the race Horse: the tendon is not of that elastic nature that some writers have described, but it is the muscular end where the elasticity exists ; this at first sight would appear strange, for the injury takes place in the ten- don, not in the muscle ; and for this reason, the non elasticity of the tendon and its sheath will rather submit to rupture, and that for want of the elastic quality; these tendons, or sinews, are strong substances, composed of in- inimerable threads or fibres, possessing the properties of extension and contraction to a certain degree, beyond which their fiexi- bility cannot be extended, without palpable OF FARRIERY. :5l injury and certain lameness ; for by over- straining their elastic quality, small as it is, rupture is the consequence, and lameness in proportion to the injury sustained. To render this idea as clear as I possibly can, and that it cannot be misunderstood even -by the merest tyro in Horse knowledge, let lis suppose that a Horse is going at his best pace on the trot, and in so doing his toe covers a prominence, or the edge of one, where the heel has no support, the conse- quence is, an extension of the tendons, or a rupture of the same ; by which means destroy- ing part of Nature's work, and constitutes what is termed, letting down of the back sinews; a circumstance which frequently hap- pens on the turf, and the Horse is then said to be " broken down,"' This being supposed to have happened, the principal indication of cure will immediately strike every reader, so far as the gradual con- traction and tone of the tendon is concerned ; but the previous and instantaneous consideration, will be to prevent as much as possible, any conse- quent inflammation that may fall upon the parts. To which end take away, so soon as con- venient after the injury is sustained, a portion of blood adequate to the state and strength of the subject, from a vein as contiguous to the part affected as may be consistent ; and as your success will in a great degree depend upon the earliest applications — Take Vine2:ar 1 quart. Make this hot ; which navmg done, add extract of Saturn, one ounce : foment the leg with this until it is exhausted, say for two or three times a day ; and after each fomentation bandage the leg well and firm, with a woollen bandage. Give bran mashes for a day or two, and the following : Take Cape aloes - - 2 drams. Juniper berries - 1 do. Form into a ball with soft soap. Give one every other night. After fomenting with the above for two days, use the following embrocation ; let two or three table-spoonsful be gently and gradually rubbed into the aff"ected part, every night and morning, always remembering to use the bandage tolerably tight and firm — LINIMENT FOR STRAINS. I ake Barbadoes lar - 2 ounces. Spirits of turpentine - 2 do. Opodeldoc - - 4 do. Mix well together, and keep well stopped for use. To this application must be added rest. Too much stress cannot be laid upon this most predominant and necessary article, from which the greatest good must certainly result. To the want of patience and mercy only, it is to be attributed, that such an infinite number of fine Horses have been considerably blemished, instead of being indulged with proper time in the field, or the luxury of a loose box ; by this means an excellent Hoise would have been saved from the scoring of his legs with the hot iron. And what is no less astonishing that, in the present age of equestrian sagacity and pene- tration, few can be found, whose reason will sufficiently demonstrate the absolute necessity of time and rest, to restore the tone of a re- laxed muscle or tendon ; a system of know- ledffe, as clear as any mechanical principle that can be produced. When the tlorse has continued in the stable, under the treatment before mentioned, for at i.s> THE MODERN SYSTEM least a fortnight, he should, if in the winter time, have his liberty in a loose box, bay of a barn, oi larse stable, where he will, by a natural attention to his own ease and safety, (unless hurried, driven, or disturbed, which should by all means be prevented,) suffici- ently guard the injured parts. On the con- trary, if in the summer, he should be turned into a paddock or pasture alone, at a distance from other Horses, v.'here he cannot by their neighings be excited, by any exertion of spirit or extravagance, that may occasion a relapse. But in either cases, if the enlargement of the part does not subside, and the lameness bear visible marks of amendment, so soon as may be reasonably expected, take the Horse up, and apply the following liquid blister : MILD LIQUID BLISTER. Take Cantharides, powdered 4 drams. Vinegar - - - 4 ounces. .Mix well together. This mixture must be gradually rubbed over the whole part, for at least half an hour, letting it be entirely absorbed by, and around the seat of p lin, if posible ; then apply the bandage as before described, and shorten the halter, to prevent the Horse gnawing the part : at the expiration of three or four days, the Horse may either be turned out, or put in a loose box, as the time of year may serve ; but my opinion is, let the time of year be what it may, a loose box is preferable to anv thina". '/v'^hen the Horse is first brought into use, let his work or exercise be gentle, fearing a relapse of the complaint ; if such should be the case, immediately have recourse to the follow- inir: Take Of the best vinegar, or verjuice 1 quart. Common salt - » 4 oz. Rub the parts well with it, twice a day. By this method of practice, I have seen the complete cure of many, without having recourse to firing, which is in general much too speedily adopted, and no doubt hurried on by the great anxiety of the ignorant farrier, and who may be anxious to shew off his abilities ; but with all kind of strains, you must give the animal rest, and to this alone, nine times out of ten, the cure is to be attributed ; for after firing, even in extreme cases, turning out is the sequel, and if taken up sound, I should attribute much more of the cure to that strand specific rest, than to the effect of firing ; in addition to which also, your Horse comes out without any blemish whatever. Strains in the ligamentary parts are in general occasioned by sudden jerks, short turns, or sinking in deep ground, and forcible exertions to get extricated. These being situated at the junction of bones, and in some cases, covered with muscles and soft parts, that no great expectation of relief can be formed, upon the efficacy of external applica- tion, when the seat of pain is unluckily so remote from the surface. Having given a cursory explanation of strains, I shall now proceed to give a detailed account of these affections and their situations, with the best mode of cure. As has been before observed rest is one of the best remedies we have in hand for sprains ; but that is Nature. Now, it is our duty to assist Nature to its furthest ex- tent; in doing which, we are obliged to call in medical aid, and when we do this with confidence, we generally meet with success. OF FARRIERY. 153 It has been customary, to enumerate the different parts most Hkely to suffer from sprain ; therefore, we will not go out of the course, but take them in due order, beginning with STRAIN IN THE SHOULDER. Strains in the shoulder, formerly called chest, or body founder : in strain in the shoulder, there cannot be the slightest mis- take in discovering it, for when the Horse is put in motion, he makes a circuitous or rotary motion of the leg that is affected, and drag's his toe on the ground, in endeavouring to bring it forward ; he also, (if I may be allowed the term,) appears to hutch up that side altogether, in endeavouring to make a walk of it. Shoulder strains are, therefore, frequently the conse- quence of a side wrench, or slip, by which means, the fore-legs become so widely sepa- rated, that the muscles attaching the fore-leg to the body of the Horse, become so much stretched, or I have no doubt, in some cases, actually ruptured, that the greatest pain is evinced ; the ligamentous attachment also participates in the injury, though if properly observed, the muscle of these parts are of themselves of a peculiar delicate and tender nature, and may easily become ruptured. One of our most celebrated writers considers the Jlexor brachii the part most affected in shoulder strain ; but how he can reconcile this, I am at fault to ascertain, it having so little to do with the shoulder, having a distinct and contrary action to those muscles where we generally find the disease to exist. Shoulder strains do not frequently occur, though grooms and farriers, and other persons about Horses, are often led, from habit, to attribute it to every lameness they do not understand, and the scat of which does not make itself evident almost to the blind and uninitiated ; for, on viewing a Horse in front, the muscles of one shoulder will appear wasted. Though this be so evident, it requires more than usual exertion, to make even intelligent persons believe that the evil did not originate where it does. In all affections of the feet, where there is much pain and lameness, nine times out of ten, the lameness is placed on the shoulder, and this in consequence of persons not knowing the real seat of disease; for the Horse will draw his fore-legs closer together, the spine of the blade-bone becomes prominent, and the whole substance seems lessened. The origin of this is from inaction, in which case muscles always diminish ; added to which, the pain the animal is continually in, occasions him to give rest to the diseased limb. It is very necessary, therefore, to be able accurately to distinguish shoulder strain, and much more difficult to persuade your em- ployer of the situation of lameness ; but if proper attention be paid to the rules before laid down, as to the action of the leg, there will be but little difficulty in at once pronouncina: where the seat of lameness exists. When the Horse is at rest, the limb is generally pushed forwards, the Horse scarcely daring to touch the ground with it, the toe only just resting on the ground, the Horse putting on the appear- ance, as if in the act of lifting up the leg ; by these means, you will be able easily to distin- guish it from diseases of the feet ; for in those cases, the Horse puts his foot straight out, what is called pointing, resting on the entire foot. These symptoms being so entirely different to affections of the feet, I trust my readers will have no difficulty in determininir bctw^een the two, especially if they take i\w leg off the ground, and extend it Ibrward as 2 Q 154 THE MODERN SYSTEM much as possible, and at the same time press the muscles of the chest ; this will at once ilctermine in the mind of a judge the seat of lameness. This being discovered, we shall refer our readers to tlie part treating of " Strains in General," and as a remedy use the liniment directed for strains. Some people are fond of what are called repellants, or cold applications ; but they will be always found to fail, nothing answering so well as a remedy that will promote the action of the absorbents, and at the same time act as a counter-irritant. Should the parts occasion a degree of fever, take blood from the jugular vein, according to the size and strength of the animal ; apply then the tar liniment ; but do not apply a common blister, either if the lameness arise from a ligamentous strain of the shoulder, or the muscles of the chest, for at best you pro- duce either blemish or eschar ; but as a mild application in the shape of a blister, I would recommend the following; — See mild liquid blister in " Strains in General." Apply as directed under the head of that article, rub on the affected part, morning and night, until the swelling and inflammation will not allow you to continue it further. Do not be alarmed at this, but wait for two or three days, and the swelhng will subside, when the application should be repeated, ^ntil the same effects again prevent the application. In this way keep up a mild inflammation for a week or ten days ; this you must be directed in as the disease abates. It is very seldom necessary to continue the application after the second time, the dis- ease generally yielding by that time to its use. I'liis will be found a much more eligible mode of practice, than the common blister ointment. In addition to the above remedies, you must not forget the alterative med'icine. as before directed ; it will not only keep tlie system cool, but will promote the absorption of any extravasated fluid that may have taken place in consequence of the injury. There is one thing in strain of the shoulder, which must in no wise be lost sight of; and that is, it is apt to return, unless you give the Horse a sufficient time to rest ; for, though the lameness may disappear, on your first bringing him to vvork, in nine cases out of ten, the lameness is so liable to return on the least exertion, that I should recommend at least a month or two in a loose box, or in a field, where he can lay quiet, previous to using him, though he may not appear lame. Rest, in this case, being so decidedly useful, I cannot dwell too long upon the subject. Horses sometimes are liable to kicks from other Horses, which will allect the shoulder, and occasion considerable lameness, when there is no strain whatever ; when such should be the case, bathe the shoulder well with warm water; after which, wipe com- pletely dry, and apply the tar liniment, as directed before. Insert a rowel in the chest, which will be preferable to bleeding in the plate vein, and your Horse brought into work in much quicker time. STRAIN, OR CLAP IN THE B\CK SINEWS. A strain, or clap in the back sinews, is not thouiiht so much of by some writers as it really deserves, though those persons ac- quainted with Horses know to the contrary , for it rarely occurs, that a Horse once strained in his back sinews, or tendons, or their sheaths, ever becomes able to perform much hard work; still, I have known both race-horses OF FARRIERY. 155 aiul hunters to be capable of work, after an accident of the above kind ; but this is not frequent However, as the disease is one which we are frequently called in to, we must do our best to alleviate the poor animal who may be suffering under the acute pain of such an affection. On reference to the article of " Strains in General," I there stated, that laceration of some of the ligamentous fibres may occasion the affection ; still it is, however, more gene- rally confined to a distension of these parts, and of the sheaths of the tendons beyond their structural capacity ; although there is little reason to doubt, but that the tendons them- selves are also sometimes thus acted on. This disease may occur to the hind legs, as well as to the fore ones ; but I must confess I never saw it attack the hind legs ; but it may be brought on in the fore legs by treading on any thing suddenly ; such as downward leaps, in attempting to recover a false step, treading unevenly on any hard or prominent substance. Tins is also occasioned frequently by lower- ing the heels too much, or too suddenly, by which the tendons are brought more into action than Nature intended tliem. The in- jury in consequence brings on inflammation, with all its attendants of heat, swelling, pain, and lameness, and in all probability an inca- pability of extending the limb. The effusion from the ruptured vessels may be absorbed with propjr treatment ; but if coagulate lymph be once formed, it will be with difficulty, or perhaps not at all, and more especially if the lymph should be thrown out between the tendon and its sheath ; this being not so readily absorbed, forming callosities around the back sinews, which so frequently follow these acci- THE MODERN SYSTEM iilcerathe stage of intlammation most fre- quently, in the Hort-e, attacks the air cells of the lunirs, or the kiclnevs, but do not seem to ati'ect, only partially, any other mucous mem- branes; tlie suppurative inflammation comes on more readily than either the adhesive or the ulcerative stage. Adhesions, which originate iiom the slightest degree of inflammation in other situations and structures, can only be produced by a violent kind in the above- mentioned parts. Ulceration is more fre- quently met with upon mucous surfaces, than adhesive ones. The cellular membrane appears to be much more susceptible of the adhesive inflammation than the adipose (or fatty cells,) and much more readily passes into suppuration. Thus, we see the cellular substance, connecting muscles together, and the adipose membrane to the m.uscles, inflaming, suppurating, and the matter separating the muscles from their lateral connections, and even the fat from the muscles, while the latter substance and the skin are only highly inflamed. But it must be allowed that in situations where fat abounds, we very frequently meet with abscesses. This is so much the case, that fat has been accounted a more frequent nidus for collec- tion of matter tVian the cellular substance. We have mentioned above, the fats being highly inflamed ; but this is not an expression strictly true. Fat has no vessels, or principle of life, nor action of its own ; consequently, we cannot suppose it can either inflame or suppu- rate. We know, that it is itself a secretion, and, when an abscess is formed in it, we understand that the mode of action in the vessels naturally destined to deposit fat, had been altered to that adapted to the formation of pus. When we speak of the fat being in- flamed, we imply, that the membranous cells in which it is contained, and by which it is secreted, are thus affected. The deeply-situated parts of the bod\, more especially the vital ones, very readily admit of the adhesive stage of inflammation. The circumstance of deeply-seated parts not so readily taking on the suppurative stage of inflammation, as the superficial ones do, is strikingly illustrated in cases of extraneous bodies ; which, if deeply lodged, only produce the adhesive inflammation. By this process, a cyst is formed, in which they lie without any inconvenience ; and they may even gra- dually change their situation without disturb- ing the parts through which they pass : but no sooner do these same bodies approach the skin, than abscesses immediately arise. All inflammations, attendant with disease, partake of some specific quality, from which simple inflammation is entirely free. When the constitution allows the true ad- . hesive and suppurative stages to occur, it 's to be regarded as the most healthy. SYMPTOMS AND NATURE OF HEALTHY INFLAM- MATION, PHLEGMON. Swelling, heat, and pain being the principal symptoms of phlegmonous inflammation ; in short, this term is usually applied to a cir- cumscribed tumour. These are the first appearances observed in every case of |jhleg- mon ; and when they are slight, and the part affected is of no great extent, they have com- monly very little, and sometimes no apparent influence on the general system. But when they are more considerable, and the inflam- mation becomes extensive, the soft [larts are more swelled than the harder ones. And though all the symptoms of inflammu- OF FARRIERY. 163 lion, sucn as swelling, throbbing, tension, may be less manifest when the affection is deeply situated ; yet, they certainly exist, as in uole-evil, fistulous withers, &c. Frequently, in Horses dying of inflammation of the lungs, the air-cells of these organs are found crowded with a larger number of turg-id blood-vessels than in the healthy state. Coagulable lymph, and oven blood are extravasated in the sub- stance of these viscera, which of course become heavier, and feel more solid. The extravasation of coagulated lymph, which is one of the chief causes of the swell- ing, is also one of the most characteristic signs of phlegmonous inflammation. Com- mon inflammation exists wherever the blood- vessels appear to be most numerous and enlarged than in a natural state, accompanied with an eff'usion of coagulating lymph, whether upon the surface of a membrane, or a bone, or into the interstices of the cellular substance, and attended with throbbing and ' acute pain in the part affected. 1 shall now, without proceeding further into the consideration of inflammation, endea- vour to treat of its causes. First, REMOTE CAUSES. The remote causes of inflammation are several in number, but very easy in compre- liension, because only divisible into two general classes. The first includes all such agents as operate by their stimulant or chemical qualities ; as for instance, cantha- rides, large doses of aloes, heat, &c. The second class of causes are those which act mechanically ; such as bruises, wounds, &c. After saying thus much, it seems quite unne- cessary to give a detail of each particular remote cause. One remote cause of inflamraafion, ami not the least singular, is cold ; but cold appears to act in different ways : First, it may be ap- plied in such a degree, and for such a length of time, as to destroy the vitality of the part directly, in which case sloughs are formed *. Secondly, it may be applied in a less degree, or for a shorter time, and afterwards a stimu- lant, such as heat, may be applied, which will excite inflammation. The production of in- flammation by any agent, depends in a great degree upon the suddenness of the operation of the agent which excites it; for a quan- tity of stimulus, which, if suddenly applied, would produce inflammation, may be ap- plied slowly with impunity. Hence, every slight stimuli will produce inflammation and sloughing, in parts which have been weakened by cold. Thirdly, a part sympathizes very much with the contiguous ones. If a part be weakened, by having its action reduced, and if then the debilitating cause be removed, the action of the part will be increased from sym- pathy with the neighbouring parts. But, as the action ought to be very little, the power being small, inflammation must arise from the action being increased beyond the power. We ought, therefore, in this case, to diminish the action of the neighbouring parts, in order to prevent their extending to a part which is not able, to bear, without becoming dis eased. * In India this is a frequent occurrence, both with the Horse and native Indian too. In the Horse it is called by the native barsalee, and is exceedingly troublesome to be healed. Likewise in the native, in the cold season, it is not uncommon for pieces to come out of their thig-hs (which are principally bare,) as large as half-a-cronn. !o the Horse, from the troublesome teasing of the fict, it becomes exceedingly annoying to the surgeon. 164 THE MODERN SYSTEM PROXIMATE CAUSE. Numerous opinions have been entertained upon tliis sjhject; but almost every theory has been built upon the supposition of there bcin^r some kind of obstruction in the inflamed parts. While the circulation of the blood was unknown, and the hypothetical notions of the power of the liver, in preparing and sending forth the fluid continued to prevail, it is not astonishing that the theories of so many writers should be imperfect. It was formerly supposed that the liver was the centre of the vascular system, from which the blood went forth by day to the extremi- ties, and returned again by night. If then, any peccant matter irritated tlie liver, the blood was sent out more forcibly, and if at the same time any part of the body were weak- ened, or otherwise disposed to receive a greater quantity of fluid from the rest, then a swellins: was produced by a flow of humours to this place. Fluxions, or flows of humour to a place might happen, either from weak- ness of the parts which allowed the humours to enter more abundantly, or from the place attracting the humours, in consequence of the application of heat, or other agents. The ancient writers who supposed that the blood had very little motion, and that its course cojild be easily directed, or changed, recommended heat to some part which was remote from a recent inflammation, by which they imagined that the current of blood was altered, and a revulsion made. A revulsion M'a.s also made by raising a tumour in some other part, or giving nature an opportunity of discharging the humours from distant parts, by applying blisters, &c. When blood was drawn from the vicinity of the /luxion, or con- gestion, the mode was called derivation which only differed from revulsion, in the distance to which the humour was drawn being less. Our present object is only to trace the leading doctrines which have at different times prevailed, as being the proximate cause of inflammation. From the theories of fluxion and cono'estion, which were quite incompatible \\'\i\\ the laws of circulation of the blood, we turn our atten- tion to the doctrine of obstruction. By some writers obstruction has been strongly advocated, attributing it to a viscidity of the blood, and also was imagined to occasion a resistance to the circulation in the part affected ; hence, increased it in the othei vessels, proving an irritation to the heart, anri augmenting the force or attraction of the blood in that part of the vessel which was behind the obstruction, causing heat and pain, and consequently, an acrimonious state of the fluids, and gangrene in all probability likely to follow. The viscidity cannot be admitted as a proximate cause of inflammation, because we have no proof (say some authors,) that this state ever exists ; for, as they say, " Were a viscidity to occur, it would exist in the whole ma.es of blood alike, and could not be sup- posed to produce only a jocal disorder." But this is not true, for all parts are not so suscep- tible of taking on disease as others ; conse- quently, any poison producing inffammation that may have been taken into the system, may affect one part, and that only, and this from the susceptibility of the part. , As for the supposition of the co-operation of an acrimony of the fluids, the proportion nf the saline matter of the blood has never beeo proved to be greater in this than in any other OF FARRIEUV, 165 Kate of the body. Even were a general dis- order of this kind to be admitted, no rational explanation of the proximate cause of local inflammation could be deduced from it. According to the opinion of one of our best authors, inflammation is to be considered only as a disturbed state of parts wliich requires a new but salutary mode of action, to restore them to that state wherein a natural mode of action alone is necessary. From such a view of the subject, therefore, inflammation in itself is not to be considered as a diseas^e, but as a salutary operation, consequent either to some violence, or .some disease. Elsewhere the author remarks : the act of inflammation is to be considered as an increased action of the vessels, wiiich at first consists simply in an Increase or distention beyond their natural size. This increase seems to depend upon a diminution of the muscular povver of the ves- .sels, at the same time that the elastic power of the artery must be dilated in the same proportion. This is, therefore, something more than simply a common relaxation; we must suppose it an action in the parts to pro- duce an increase of size to answer particular purposes; and this the author would call an aet of dilatation. The whole is to be con- sidered as a necessary operation of Nature. Owing to this dilatation, there is a greater quantity of blood circulating in the part, which is accordino- to the common rules of the animal economy ; for whenever a part has more to do than simply to support itself, the blood is there collected in a larger quantity ; and Nature never errs. The swelling is produced by an extravasation of coagulable lymph, with fiome serum ; but the lymph differs from the common lymph, in consequence of passing tlirough the inflamed vessels. It is this lymph which becomes the uniting medium of inflamed parts ; vessels shoot into it, and it has evp.n the power of becoming vascular itself. The pain proceeds from spasm. When a part cannot be restored to health, after injury by inflammation alone, or by adhesion, then sup- puration, as a preparatory step to the formation of granulations, and the consequent restoration of the part takes place. . An increased action of the vessels is now almost universally regarded as the proximate cause of inflammation. This opinion is greatly supported from a review of the several exist- ing causes of the affection, which being in general of an irritating nature, must, when applied to any living or sensible parts, occa- sion a preternatural exertion of the vessels The method of cure, as we shall presently see, tends also to confirm the doctrine, witn respect to the cause of inflammation. SYMPTOMS OF INFLAMMATION FURTHER CONSIDERED. The essential symptoms are swelling, heat, and pain. Swelling. — ^This effect arises from several causes : First, the increased quantity of blood in the vessels. Secondly, the eff'usioa of coagulating lymph and deposition of a new matter. Thirdly, the interruption or debility of the absorbents to perform their office oi functions. Heat. — It was formerly imagined by many who wrote after the discovery of the circula- tion of the blood, that the heat was produced by the attraction of the red globules against the sides of the vessels. Modern philosophy now, however, teaches us, that a fluid may flow with the utmost velocity through a pipe, for a thousand years, without producing a single particle of heat. The most commonly 2 T 166 THE MODERN SYSTEM received opinion now is, that the production or animal heat depends upon the difference in the capacity of arterial and venous blood, for combining- with caloric, and that in the minute arteries, the blood is combined with certain substances ; in consequence of which, its ca- pacity is diminished, and heat is given out. But when the venous blood has been freed from B«ch substances in the lungs, its capacity is increased, and the heat which is given out by the decomposition of the air which we inspire, is absorbed. Now, if these things be ad- mitted as facts, the augmented heat of in- flammation may be conceived to arise from the increased velocity of the circulation in the part affected. More blood is transmitted into the minute arteries, the capacity of a greater quantity of this fluid for heat is of course there necessarily increased, and more caloric is exiracted. Pain. — This is observed to be greatest during the diastole of the arteries. The affection is probably owing to the unnatural Slate of the nerves, and not to mere distention, st& many have asserted. Were the latter cause a real one, the pain would be propor- tioned to it. A?PKARANCES OP THE BLOOD IN INFLAMMATION. The blood, when taken out of the living vessels, spontaneously separates into two dis- tinct parts ; the serum, and the crassamen- tnm. The last is a compound substance, consistina: chiefly of coagulating lymph and red globules, the most heavy ingredients in Wood. Blood taken away from an animal afl'ected with inflammation, is longer in coai^u- lating, and coagulates more firmly than in any other instanrcs. Hence, the red globules not being 80 soon entangled in the lymph, des- cend by their gravity, more deeply from ics surface, which being more or less divested of the red colouring matter, is from its appear- ance termed the biiff'y coat, or inflammatory crust. The firmer and more compact coagu- lation of the lymph compresses out an unusual quantity of serum from it, and the surface of the sizy blood is often formed into a hollow, the edges being drawn inward. These changes in the blood are, in some cases, a more infallible sign of the existence of in- flammation, than the state of the pulse itself. At the same time, it is probably only a cri- terion of some unusual operation going on in the system. In peritoneal inflamraatiouj the Horse sometimes seems to be in the most feeble state, and the pulse, abstractedly con- sidered, would rather induce the practitioner to employ tonics and stimulants, than evacua- tions ; but should the continuance or exaspe- rations of the disorder, or any other reason, lead you to use the lancet, then the bnjfy coal and the concave surface of the blood clear away all doubt concerning the existence or inflammation. TERMI.VATION OF INFLAMMATION. Inflammation is said to have three different terminations ; or, in more correct lanoniao^e we may say, that after this process has con- tinued a certain time, it either subsides en- tirely, induces a disposition in the vessels to form pus, or completely destroys the vitality of the part. When the inflammation is to ena in the first-named manner, which is the most fa- vourable, the pain becomes less, the swellinff subsides, and every other symptom gradually abates, till at last, the part is wholly restored to its natural size. There is no formation of OF FAHKIEKY. 167 piu. nor any permanent injury of structiirfc. Tins termination of inflammation is termed resolution. It is fortunately the most com- mon, as well as the most desirable manner in which the affection ends. If, however, notwithstanding the applica- tion of the usual remedies, the several symp- toms of heat, pain, &c., instead of diminishing, rather increase, and the tumour gradually acquires a larger size, turns soft, somewhat prominent in the middle, or towards its most depending part, the inflammation has ended in suppuration. The worst, but happily the least frequent consequence of common inflammation, is the death or mortification of the part affected. The sisfns of this disastrous event are a change of colour in the part, which from being of a bright red, becomes of a livid hue ; small vessels filled with a thin fetid serum arise on its surface, and air is plainly felt to exist in the disordered situation. The pain iadeed is diminished, but the pulse sinks, while the tumour is gradually changed into a black fibrous mass. These are the three most usual termina- tions of inflammation. By many writers, how- ever, another disorder has been treated of as one in which inflammation is apt to end, namely, scirrJums. But, although that com- plaint may perhaps in a few instances follow inflammation, yet it is far from being a com- mon consequence of it. Hence, altlmiigli in- flammatory aflfections may justly enough be mentioned as one of llic many exciting causes of scirrhous, >et the consideration of this disorder can never wiili propriety, it is pre- sumed, be introduced into an account of in- flammation. Common inflammation, particularly when it jiflTects glandular parts, is often observed to leave an induration in the part. Such indu- rations, however, are not at all maiicnant, anrt conseqiiciilly are very difTerent in their nature from what is implied by a real scirrhous. TREATMENT OF INFLAMMATION, Removal of the exciting, or remote Cause. After the dc-criplion which we have given of inflammation, the reader may easily guess, that the grand pimciple to be observed in the treatment, is to endeavour to lessen that immoderate action of the arteries, which is now commonly set down as the proximate cause. The first circumstance to be attended to, in all cases in which resolution is to be at- tempted, is ihe removal of all such exciting causes of the disorder as may happen to present themselves. Foreign substances in wounds frequently excite inllaniination, and ought to be taken away as speedily as pos- sible. A piece of bone, or nail taken up io the foot, or even a thorn in the leg, often give rise to the aflcction, and require immediate removal. Sncli exciting causes as these may oftentimes be detected and removed at once ; and this is y altering the racks that the Horse eats his hay out of; let the rack be on the ground, so lliat the Horse's neck is on the full stretch, or in a state of nature, in the act of gathering his food ; consequently, those ligamentous attach- ments of the rings of the wind-pipe become elongated and placed in their natural situation, by which means removing at once that coruga- tion of the membrane, that might under other circumstances become thickened, and thus by reducing the air passage, the unpleasant noise of roaring is set up ; for Nature never intended a Horse to have his hay just opposite his nose. a All Horses in India feed off the ground, and it is a rare thing to meet with a roarer there. CHRONIC COUGH. Chronic cough consists in a violent action of the diaphragm, and the abdominal muscles producing a forcible expiration of the air from the chest, with such violence, as is intended to remove any extraneous body that may in- tercept the passage of' the air. Whenever it accompanies a general affection of the con- stitution, it most frequently takes on the chronic form. Catarrh, and inflammation of the lungs, are frequently attended with cough ; and even if those diseases are r^pioved, chronic cough supervenes. Chronic cough is a very usual attendant of thick wind, and on broken wind, also on glanders, and pulmonary con- sumption. Worms also will produce coughs. it also exists at times, without a*iy at- tendant difficulty of breathing, the Horse eat- ing well, and appearing in good condition — a chronic or permanent cough appears to affect the Horse when going to stable in the morn- ing, or at the different feeding times; this is in consequence of admitting the cold air into the stable, which becomes a source of iriitation to the ?ur passages; thus, you will see in all racing stables, not the least air is allowed to enter ; and what Horses in the whole world OF FARRIERY. 189 are to equal them in appearance or quality ? It is not an uncommon thing for Horses on first going out to exercise to cough, but this is in consequence of coming in contact with the cold air. A cough of this description is very common, and it will remain in this state with- out otherwise affecting the Horse for years, sometimes even his whole life. In other instances it does not end in so harmless a manner, but upon any occasional cold taken becomes aggravated, and this when it may repeatedly occur, the bronchise becomes so permanently affected, that chronic cough is thus established. The effects and termination of chronic cough are dependent in a considerable degree upon the cause producing it. From what we have observed of the termination of inflamma- tion of the lungs, it will be easily seen that an irritation often remains in the air passages after tliat disease, as well as in some cases of catarrhal affections ; in either of these cases, any change of atmosphere excites these ex- cessively irritable parts into action ; thus the Horse coughs whenever he may be moved in or out of the stable ; for the air being either hotter or colder than what was before breathed in the regular way, becomes a source of irritation. Drinking cold water will pro- duce the same effect for a time, if given in the stable, from the same reason ; but if you let a Horse drink at a pond, where the water is of the same temperature as the atmosphere, no ill effects will be produced. Any irregularity of motion or hurry in the pace of the Horse will produce this cough, and in some cases, it is continued to such a length of time, as to be truly distressing, on account of its propelling mure blood towards the chest, which cannot bear the increased stimulus. In some cases the irritability of the bronchial membrane itself, does not seem so much increased as that the mucous secreted, from its appearance, is altered, either in quantity or quality. It may become inordinate in quantity, as is often observed, and such Horses when they cough, throw off much of it by the nose, or it may be more acrid in quality; and hence, by these means prove a source of continual irritation. In some cases, the deposit of adhesive matter in the air-passages, arising from the inflam- mation of catarrh, or inflamed lungs, wi'u produce chronic cough, the deposit proving a source of irritation. This deposit of lymph- like matter, is sometimes removed by the violence of the cough, and by administering expectorants, a separation is frequently ob- tained, and great quantities of this obstructive matter is frequently brought up. In some constitutions, a great part of this matter be- comes absorbed, and this may be greatly assisted by administering proper medicines. The remedies for chronic cough are accord- ing to symptoms produced, and when it ap- pears from a want of mucous secretion, I know of no medicine so good as the ball pre- scribed in catarrh, which will be found of sreat use. On the other hand, if the mucous secretion should flow in considerable quanti- ties, so that the Horse appears weakened by it, then it will be proper to use the follow- ing :^ Take Sulphate of iron - - 2 drams. Gentian - - - - 2 do. Aloes - - - - 1 do.. Honey to form the ball. One of these balls to be given daily. 8 B 100 THE MODERN SYSTEM If the secretion should be of an acrid watery description, you will then be justified in trying a course of mercurial medicine, observing at the same time to be careful the Horse does not get a chill during the time you are exhibiting the medicine ; and for this purpose I can safely recommend the follow- ing : — Take Blu3 pill - - - - 2 drams. Ginger - _ _ . 1 do. Form into n ball, with soft soap. Give one of these balls every second day for a fortnight ; if the Horse should be off his feed in the course of the exiiibition of the medicine, delay the continnance, and commence again in three or four days. This 1 have known to re- move very severe attacks of chronic cough, and frequently, when attended with worms, you will perceive the coat staring and dry, the stools fetid and slimy. In chronic cough great attention should also be given to the food of the animal, never to give clover ; it is heating, and altogether unlit for Horses so affected. Chaff also is not good in this dis- ease ; good sweet oats and hay, both made a little damp, will be found the best. Carrots, occasionally, are excellent ; Swede turnips, a lew ; or even a few potatoes cut up, will afford great relief Occasionally, bran mashes, with a little scalded linseed, will also be found iLseful. Jn ca.scs of chronic cough, where it appears of an aggravated nature, insert a rowel in the chest, and dress with the digestive ointment. (.Sl?e ohitments at the end of the work.) Keep the rowel in for at least a fortnight. Should the cough be very severe, apply the following liniment to the whole length of the Horse's wind -pipe, night and morning. No. 1. Take Oil of turpentine - - 3 ounce*. Olive oil - - - - 3 do. Apply as above directed. Or, No. 2. Cantharides Olive oil - 1 ounce. - 5 do. Let these remain in a bottle for about six days, occasionally shaking it, when apply as above directed. In cases of coagulable lymph being deposited in the wind-pipe, these lini- ments will greatly tend to move it. THICK WIND. This is a disease which the Horse is fre- quently attacked with, or more properly be said, to be a sequel of inflamed lungs; the air- passages, in consequence of the previous disease, frequently become thickened, and in consequence, the air not passing so freely to and from thelungs, constitute what is called thick v\ ind. This is a disease that rarely occurs of itself, but supervenes after some other 'm- flammatory attack that the air-passages may have been subject to, such as catarrh, &c. Long continued and hurried exercise, beyond the capacity of the lungs, is frequently a cause, and such is particularly the case when Horses are driven, or ridden hard on full bellies; and not unfrequently produced when Horses are too fat, or in other words, out of condition, consequently producmg inflammation in the air passages. Confinement frequently will pro- duce it, by exciting an inflammatory diatheses, and this more certainly, when over-feeding, with a want of exercise, is added to it. The remote causes of thick wind are as stated, to be found iu morbid vascular action. OF FARRIERY. 191 The proximate causes are more obscure, but the examination of morbid subjects, in most instances, shews some disorganization in the structure of the lungs. It is notwithstanding, as I have before stated, that a thickening of the minute air-cells are the most frequent cause of this disease. A deranged state of the lungs, and especially if the atmosphere is at all thick and heavy, will give rise to thick wind. The most usual appearance, however, is a morbid alteration in the minute bronchial ramifications of the blood-vessels, occasioned either by a thickening of their own mem- branous structure, or by a deposit of coagu- lable lymph within them, by which means tlieir capacity becomes lessened ; consequently the air-passages are much smaller than in a natural state, that difficulty of respiration is produced, called foggy, or thick-winded. Thick wind is easily discovered by any person at all acquainted with Horses, and the rationale by which they are produced, is not difficult to explain. The capacity of the air- cells being diminished, renders it necessary for the air to be more frequently taken in ; because being acted on by a less surface, and also the air not being capable, from the dimi- nished quantity, of extracting that portion of oxygen from the blood, respiration becomes partially impeded ; consequently, the air-cells are not sufficiently expanded. A sense of fulness in the right side of the heart induces the animal to make hasty respirations, to remedy the defect, and consequently hasty expirations ; the force with which these ope- rate, occasions the sound so well known as the distinguishing mark of thick wind. Tliick wind often degenerates into broken wind, and this we will explain when on that ai tide. For the treatment of Horses affected with thick wind, there is no better remedy than the cordial pectoral hall {see list of medicines at the end of the work,) given occasionally in the morning, when the affection appears to distress the animal more than usual. BROKEN WIND. This affection of the lungs and air-passages of the Horse, have a long time puzzled both English as well as French writers on veterin- ary subjects, but without either being satisfied, until that all-penetrating genius of Professor Coleman, of the Royal Veterinary College, threw a light on the subject before unknown : and the theory is a correct one. Mr. Coleman discovered it to be a rupture of the air-cells of the lunffs, so that the thin membrane cover- ing the lungs, becomes raised up in small bladders, wherever the rupture takes place. This opinion has been thoroughly proved, on examination after death, in such subjects as liad been affected with the complaint when living. The alteration in the structure of the broken- winded lung is in general very considerable. It has been asserted that in a very few instances no change whatever has been detected, and the lungs have had but little or no morbid appearance; but this I should very much doubt, having dissected several Horses af- fected with broken wind, and having examined the lungs minutely, I have always found great derangement of the lungs. This alteration consists principally in an emphysematous state, dependent on the air as above stated, being extravasated not only throughout the paren- chyma in minute air-bubbles, but also ex- tended over the thin covering of the lungs This extravasation is, in most cases, so com- plete, as to make the lungs specifically lighter than ordinary, and to make them crepitate 192 THE MODERN SYSTEM and crackJe under the hand. They are also in every instance of a more pale colour than have occurred in natural cases, where they have been almost white, which may be accounted for, by their disorganization having injured their vascularity. The invariable presence of emphysema in these cases being fully established, it is not to be wondered at that a cure has never been established for broken wind. Some writers have dared to say, there may be a possibility of cure, but without making mention of the curative means ; I shall in consequence give my opinion of the best means of relieving the disease, without any pretensions to a cure. Broken wind may easily be discovered from the peculiar action occasioned by the inspira- tion and expiration of air from the lungs. The cough also which accompanies it is of a pecu- liar kind, and seems to be forced out with a kind of sruntina: noise. The difference be- tween the inspirations is most remarkable, but easily accounted for. Inspiration, or the act of drawing in the breath, is affected with the ordinary ease ; but the extravasated air al- ready diffused through the cellular tissue, by means already explained, is still the real cause of this difficulty, by offering a resistance to the com[)letc ejection of the atmospheric air contained in the bronchial cells. Conse- quently, the broken-winded Horse inspires with ease, but expires with a protracted and great effort, by means of very forcible con- traction-! of his abdominal muscles. The expiration is performed by two apparent efforts, in one of which the usual muscles operate, and in the other the auxiliary mus- cles, particularly the abdominal ones, are put on the stretch to complete the expulsion more perfectly ; aflcr which the flank fails with peculiar force, when these muscles resume their relaxations. Horses affected may receive a palliative to the distress they frequently labour under, but a perfect cure is impossible ; and the best remedy I have been able to discover to re- lieve broken wind is the following, and always ought to be kept in the stable, especially if the Horse may be required to do some extra work. FOR BROKEN WIND, Take Gum galbaniuni Amoniacum Assafoetida Antimony 2 ounces. 2 do. 2 do. 4 do. Form into a mass with honey. Divide into twelve, and give one occasionv ally ; this will greatly relieve the wmd, and occasion the Horse to perform his work with apparent ease, though troubled with so unfortunate a disease. Horses from their prone position, are more liable to pursiveness and broken wind ; for, in Horses the intestines press much against the diaphragm or midriff, and in consequence, on the lungs, thereby causing the oppression of the breathing. One remedy in this case is, having particular care to the exercise and feed of broken-winded Horses, The exercise should be gentle, and moderate as to its continuance. The food should be always the best of the respective sorts, and frequently given in small quantities, that the stomach may never b« too full. All dry food, such as corn, hay, bran, &c., should always be moistened with water, consequently, preventing that thirst which generally attends this affection ; particularly the hay, the flavour of which is much im- [)roved by damping, or sprinkling it with OF FARRIERY. 193 water. The corn should be increased in quantity, and less hay be given ; and what is given should be of the best, sweet and clean, being well shook, and divested of all dirt and dust. Be careful not to make the hay too wet ; for if so, the Horse will not eat it. When there is a convenience, these Horses are best when kept out at grass at ail times, his corn being continued as when he stood at hay ; but when kept at grass for the purpose of relieving his wind, he should not be taken up to stable, except for immediate use ; for if taken from grass to dry meat, they become more oppressed in their breathing, from the difference of the change of food. If con- venience cannot be had for constant running in the field, the Horse may be soiled in a loose box in the stable, with any green food that may be in existence at the time. By care, in this method, many Horses have been much relieved, and made useful for many years. There is also a small degree of broken wind, which by dealers is called pursive- ness. Many pursive Horses liave several ■igns of broken-windedness ; yet never be- come thoroughly broken-winded, if not ill- used, or neglected ; such as great and foul feeders, which are always more or less thick winded ; and except their diet and exercise be carefullv managed, they will easily become bro ken-wmded. Due care being taken, as to the diet and cjcercise of pursive Horses, according to the directions above for the broken-winded, tar- water, to the quantity of one or two pints, given the morning the Horse is going to work ; if you add a pint of warm ale to the tar-water, you will find it of great benefit in relieving the wind. Narrow-chested Hon^es, disproportioned to the size of the lungs, is considered as the chief natural cause of this pursiveness in the Horse. Another excellent remedy for pursive Horses is the cordial pec- toral ball. Horses, at all affected in the wind, let it be slight or severe, their stable ought never to be without a good supply of this in- valuable medicine ; and I make this remark in confidence, in consequence of the thousands I have sent to all parts of England, within the last ten years. 3 c 194 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER XIX. ON GLANDERS. GLA>fDERS is one of those diseases that have puzzled the most scientific veterinarians that ever existed, both French as well as Enghsh ; and even that great philosopher in Horse knowledge, Professor Coleman, has his doubts of its curability, even to this day. Glanders, there is no doubt, is a contagious disorder, and one that is generally thought incurable. The great nuwiber of Horses that have been destroyed by glanders, especially in the army, and in establishments where great numbers of Horses are kept, has excited par- ticular attention to the subject, especially in France and Italy, where many attempts were made in the beginning of the last century to discover a remedy for it. Lafosse, an eminent Frencli veterinarian, considered it a local disease, and thought he had discovered a successful mode of treating it, which consisted in perforating the bones which cover the frontal sinuses, and injecting through the opening astringent uiid other liquids*. After this opinion had been published, some English farriers made a trial of it ; and by others, detergent lotions were poured into * This operation I have frequently seen at the Royal Veterinary College, performed by Mr. SaviU, but without tay good effect. the nostrils, the nose being drawn up for the purpose, by means of a pulley. Attempts were also made to cure it by arsenical fumi- gations, and went so far as burning out the submaxilliary glands between the jaws, or sloughing them out by caustics. The various preparations, mercury, copper 1", iron, and arsenic, have likewise been used. From the circumstance of Horses having sometimes escaped the disorder, though they have been standins; in the same stall, or stable, or drinking out of the same bucket, or trough with a glandered Horse, many have been led to doubt its being contagious, and the little care that some large proprietors have taken to prevent the spreading of the disorder, in consequence of such opinions having been held, has been the cause of very numerous and serious losses. That the glanders is con- tagious, has been clearly and indisputably proved by numerous experiments, and the manner in which it is propagated has likewise been satisfactorily demonstrated. At the same time, it must be admitted glanders will arise from inoculation, and this not by a wilful ■t A solution of the sulphate of copper, is the remedy made use of at the Royal Veterinary College, in solution, of from two to five drams, combined with a little linsettd OF FARRIERY. 195 intention, but from accident ; for, supposing a glandered Horse to have stood in a stall, and some of the matter from his nostrils may hang about tlie manger, and a fresh Horse coming into that stall, and may by its strange- ness be smelling about, and any rough sub- stance that he may come in contact witli, occasions an abrasion of the skin, and then this abrasion touching the poisoned matter of glanders, the Horse will decidedly become affected. But, in a general way, close unwholesome stables, hard work, and bad provender, sudden changes from cold and wet weather to hot stables ; in short, any thing that will weaken the animal considerably, is likely to produce glanders and farcy. There will be no longer any danger in admitting this opinion, if at the same time we keep in view the con- tagious nature of the disorder, in whatever manner it may be produced. For, if such cruel and foolish treatment of Horses does not produce glanders or farcy, it produces other disorders which are often more speedily fatal than glanders ; and if it does not actually produce a disorder, it weakens the constitu- tion in such a degree that the animal is rendered more susceptible of the contagion of glanders, as well as of other diseases. It is from this cause, that glanders spread so ra- pidly among post and coach-horses ; while among Horses of a different description, its progress is generally slow. Some writers have said that glanders lias often been produced in the cavalry, by putting the Horses immediately after coming from camp, where they are constantly exposed to the weather, into warm stables, and giving them full allowance of oats. This, it is true, has often brought on inflammation, and inflam- matory disorders of several descriptions, which were very destructive, and those principally of the catarrhal kind, in which cases they were accompanied with a discharge from the nos- trils. The acrimony . of the matter would sometimes even ulcerate the nostrils, and the disease would then be considered as a decided case of glanders. Frequently I have known the distemper, or epidemic catarrh, produce this effect. Having said thus much of glanders, I shall endeavour to describe the symptoms ; in doing which I shall endeavour to be as concise as possible : — ^The first symptom is generally a discharge of glairy matter, from one or both nostrils ; principally, or generally from one only, and more frequently from the left than from the right nostril ; a swelling of the sub- maxilliary glands, or kernels between the jaw, and generally on the side of the jaw corres- ponding with the affected nostril, and fre- quently attended with cough ; the membrane of the nose, especially that covering the carti- laginous part, or septum, becomes ulcerated, and this from the fineness of its texture, and the many small blood-vessels distributed thereon ; it in consequence becomes more sus- ceptible of the disease, and especially in its acute form. Sometimes, however, glandeis is accom- panied by a disorder of the superficial absorb- ents of the skin, named farcy. Farr^y has been considered by many authors as a distinct disorder, I have therefore noticed it in a sepa- rate article, {See Farcy,) though I am of opinion that it is always a symptom of glan- ders, whether it appears in a local or a consti- tutional form. Glanders is divided nito two stages, the acute and the chronic ; or the first and seco'"^ 196 THE MODERN SYSTEM stage. The acute glanders is generally at- tended with acute farcy, such as chancrous ulceration about the lips, face, or neck, with considerable and painful swellings on different parts, some of these swelHngs appearing in what the old farriers called a corded or knot- ted vein. Ulceration and swelling of the hind leg, or sheath, and sometimes of the fore leg, with corded veins, and what is termed farcy- buds on the inside of the limb. The acute glanders often spreads rapidly, and either destroys the animal, or renders him such a pitiable and hopeless object, that the proprie- tor is generally induced to have the Horse destroyed. Chronic glanders is generally very mild in the first stage of the disorder, and does not affect the appetite or the general health and appearance of the animal. Such Horses when properly fed and taken care of, and worked with moderation, will often continue in regular work for several years. Many glandered Horses have been known to get rid of the disorder while working, and on several occasions, fresh purchased Horses, and parti- cularly, if old ones, have escaped the disorder. IlL-ncc it is this circumstance, as I have before stated, that has led many to believe that the glanders is not contagious. The second stage of glanders is marked by ulceration vvltfiin the nostrils, or an appear- ance in the matter which indicates ulceration, though sometimes too higli (ip to be seen. The matter is in larger quantity, more glutinous, sticking about the margin of the nostril :xnd upper lips, and sometimes obstructing the pas- sage of air, so that the Horse makes a snuffling noise in breathin£r. The mutter is frequently streaked with blood, and the Horse sometimes bleeds fiam the nostrils in working. When this happens in the first stage of the disorder, however early it may be, it indicates the approach of the second stage. The matter begins to have an offensive smell, which it scarcely ever has in the first stage, though an offensive smell is by many supposed to be a decisive mark of glan- ders. In the second stage, the matter generally is discharged from both nostrils, the glands under the jaw become larger, harder, and fixed more closely to the jaw-bone. They are also generally more tender to the touch than in the first stage ; the inner corners of the eye are also mattery. The Horse loses flesh and strength, and is apt to stale more than usual, coughs heavy and hard, and at length dies in a miserable condition, generally farcied as well as glandered. It is with this disease as it was formerly with small-pox inoculation, and is now with vaccination. If a person happens to meet with one or two cases, or suppose it were half a dozen, of a Horse escaping the glanders, after standing in a stable with one that is glandered, he thinks himself fully warranted in concluding that the disease is not contagious. Satisfied with this decision, he gives himself no further trouble about it, and pays no attention to any thing that may be said or written in opposition to his own opinion. It is a remarkable circumstance that glan- ders cannot be communicated by applying the matter which is discharged from the nose of a glandered Horse to the nostrils of a sound Horse, even though a piece of lint soaked in the matter, be put up the nostrils, and kept in contact with the pituitary membrane for a short time, or even if the matter be thrown up the nostrils with a syringe. But if the smallest quantity be applied in the way of OF FARRIERY. 197 jTiocuIation, either to tlie membrane of the nosirils, or to any part of the body, a glan- derous ulcer will be produced, from which farcy buds and corded lymphatics will pro- ceed. After a short time the poison will get into the circulation, and the Horse will be Eompletely giandered. The circumstance of glanders not being communicated by apply- ing matter to the nostrils, enables us to account for a Horse escaping the disorder, as he sometimes does, after being put into a giandered stable, or standing by the side of a giandered Horse. I have great reason to be- lieve that glanders is frequently communicated by accidental inoculation. Glanders can also be communicated through the air by effluvia issuing from the giandered Horse, in the same way that putrid fever is communicated ; still I knew a carrier that used to travel from Deptfbrd to London daily, who kept two Horses in the same stable, one of which was highly giandered, and remained so to my knowledge for three years ; but the other Horse never caught the infection, plainly shewing there must be a susceptibility to take on disease in the system. Glanders, it has been said, cannot be produced by the matter applied to an old wound, or ulcer ; but of this I have great doubts. From this it would appear, that to communicate the glanders, the matter must be applied to a wound fresh made, and not to a sore on which matter had formed. A sound Horse has been inoculated with glanderous matter, that had been mixed with ten times its weight of water. This produced some degree of inflammation, and a small ulcer of a suspicious nature ; but after two or three days it got quite well. This shews that glanderous matter mav be so far Mreakeued by dilution with water, saliva, or the watery secretion from the lower part of a giandered Horse's nostrils, when he has the disease in a very slight degree only, as to render it incapable of communicating the dis- ease. On the other hand, when a large opening is made in the skin of a sound Horse, and a piece of tow or lint, soaked in glander- ous matter, is put into it, in the manner that rowels are inserted, the disorder is communi- cated in so violent a degree, that the animal is destroyed by it, generally in a few days. The same effect may be produced, if glander- ous matter be mixed with a little warm water, and injected into the jugular vein of a sound Horse. A Horse affected with glanders, may in- oculate himself, and thereby produce farcy. Horses are frequently affected by an itchinj; when out at grass, and are apt to bite then- heels. By this means, the flow of matter from the nostrils inoculates them, and produces farcy. The possibility of this circumstance taking place may be easily proved by inocu- lating a giandered Horse in any part of his body with some of his own matter. There are many ways in which a sound Horse may be accidentally inoculated with the matter of glanders, for the slightest scratch in any part of the body is sufficient. Horses that are cleaned with a curry-comb, are very liable to be scratched in those parts where the bones are most prominent; such as the inside of the hock, and knee , the shank-bones, and the knee. To such scratches glanderous matter may be applied by the hands of the groom*, after he has been examining the nose of a * During my studies at the Royal Veterinary College, two grooms who had the charge of the giandered stabler, became affected with the disease, and were obliged tc be removed into an Hospital. « D 198 THE MODERN SYSl'EM glandered Horse, or wiping off the matter from his nostrils ; or by the Horse himself transferring glanderous matter from the nose of a diseased Horse, or from the manger, or other part where any matter has been de- posited ; for Horses are very fond of rubbing their noses against the manger or stall ; and a glandered Horse will generally rub off the matter from his nose against the manger, the rack, the stall, or against another Horse ; and if a sound Horse happens to stand by one that is glandered, they will often be seen nabbing, or gently biting each other, or rubbing their noses together. In short, having proved that glanders is thus communicated, we can con- ceive a variety of ways in which a Horse may be accidentally inoculated. When a Horse has been twitched, he gene- rally rubs his nose and lips with consider- able force against the manger, and may thus easily inoculate himse'^ with a glandered solinter or nail. Now, the parts where the local farcy first appears, are those most likely to be accidentally inoculated ; that is, the in- side of the hocks and knees, the shanks, the lips, the under-jaw, where grooms are often trimming off the long hair with sharp-pointed scissors, or singeing with a candle, and often causing an itching, which makes the Horse rub the part against the manger. In this way (he heels frequently become wounded. Horses that are kept on grains, bad hay, or any kind of bad provender, are liable to itching hu- mours, which make them nab or bite their skin, and scratch the hind leg with the oppo- site foot : and we may often see them bite, rub with the nose, and scratch with the hind foot, alternately the other leg. If we take all tho foregoing circumstances into consideration, Ciiit even from inoculation a month mav elapse before the disease makes its a|.'pear- ance, in all experiments for the production of glanders, at any rate, some days will elapse before any ulcer or chancre is produced ; a week or two before farcy-buds, or corded lymphatics may appear; and in some cases, probably, a month before the running from the nostrils comes on, except when a young ass is the subject of experiment. If we reflect upon all these circumstances, there will be no difficulty I think of admitting the following positions or references, with their natural conclusions, with respect to glanders, viz. :— That glanders is a < ontagious disorder, which is communicated by inoculation, or by the effluvia proceeding from a glandered Horse, that may have been kept in a stable with others, when in all probability, the constitu- tion not being sufficiently strong, and debility may arise, creating a greater susceptibility to take on disease, than others of a more robust and strong constitution. It has been also asserted by some clever veterinarians, that swallowing a quantity of the matter made into balls will produce the disease ; but this I never found to be the case, as I have tried it in several instances, both on Horses and Asses ; the Horse's stomach having the power of resisting the impression of poisonous matter, as has been proved in numbers of instances. In doubtful cases ; that is, when there is much difficulty in determining whether the discharge from a Horse's nostril is glanderous or not, and such cases frequently occur, havo him removed to a stable to remain by himself. Then, purchase an ass, which may always be obtained for a few shillings, and inoculate him with some of the gl indered matter. I haV9 generally done it in (he inside of the foro (sjf, on the plate-vtin. In two or three Gajf3 yoo OF FARRiERY. 199 uil] have ample proof whether your judgment was correct or not. I recommend this phm, because a valuable Horse may be preserved at the expence of a few shillings, whereas if a cure was performed by medicine, which is always expensive, and the Horse not (in all probability) worth it ; consequently, it would at once be advisable to have him destroyed. If the matter be really glanderous, a pecu- liar kind of sore or chancre will be produced. From this ulcer, corded veins, as they are termed, will proceed, and farcy-buds, or small tumours will take place. In about a week the animal will run at the nose, and in a short time, put on all the appearance of com- plete glanders. In these cases, the disease is always very rapid, .*nd always proves fatal. If the matter be not glanderous, no effect will be produced by it. In large establishments where many Horses are kept, this will be found a valuable test for determining with certainty the nature of a discharge from the nostrils. However mild the glanders might be, and although ulceration of the nostrils cannot be seen, and the quantity of matter be small that may be discharged, and the animal appear in good health and condition, the ass will be as cer- tainly affected by the matter, as if the disease were in the last stage, Oi in its most virulent degree. As this work, in all probability, may fall into the hands of gentlemen and agricultu- rists, that may be at some considerable dis- tance from a regular veterinary surgeon, I will describe the method of performing the opera- tion of inoculation. Cut off a little hair from the inside of the fore leg, where you can feel the vein (I prefer this place, because I have found the pcison act quicker there than in any other place, it being immediately on a large vein, the communica- tion of the poison with the system being more expeditious,) for the space of half-a-crown ; then take a lancet, and introduce it under the skin, for about three quarters of an inch in length. The orifice must be wiped free from the few drops of blood that may have made their appearance. Have your lint or tow ready that has first been well impregnated with the glandered matter, and introduce it into the opening with a probe, or small slip of wood. This being done, make a small wad- ding of tow, and place over all. Apply a bandage to the part to keep in the lint, and let it remain for a few days, and you will soon see the result. If the matter be glanderous, the part will become excessively sore in about two days, and a scab will form on it, which in a few days will be thrown off, leaving a peculiar kind of ulcer, which will often spread rapidly, causing a painful swelling of the adjacent parts, with corded veins, or farcy-buds. After this, glanders will soon appear. No other matter will produce this effect, shewing at once the nature of the disease. When colts are kept at grass, as they generally are until three or four years old, they will have passed through a disease, by which the whole constitution appears to be depurated, and consequently becomes invigo- rated. This is the disease called strangles; and most frequently occurs when colts are kept on poor pasture, debilitating the animal so much, that it frequently degenerates into glanders. While the colt is at grass, and kept well, it generally goes through its course without much inconvenience to the animal, and without requiring the interference of art ; 2l^^.l THE MODERN SYSl^EM but when colls are taken up, broke, and put to wor^ before this disease has taken place, and kept in hot stables, and incautiously fed upon hard and stimulating food ; in such instances, Horses have often this disease in a very violent degree. Sometimes the strangles comes on, and does not go through its course in the natural way ; the swelling under the jaws does not suppu- rate, or become an abscess, but remains hard ; or, a small superficial opening takes place, from which a small quantity of matter is dis- charged ; and sometimes is supposed to de- generate into glanders. As I have observed before, glanders is often produced by un- wholesome food and hard work, with close filthy stables, and sudden changes from cold to heat, or from heat to cold ; especially when the weather is very wet as well as very cold. This kind of glanders often terminates in consumption ; is accompanied with cough, and the discharge is generally from both nostrils, and more like pus than the matter discharged in the glanders arising from con- tagion. My opinion of this kind of glanders is, that it is not contagions, and should there- fore l)e distinguished by another name. I would confine the term glanders to those discharges from the nose which were ca- pable of communicatins,- the disease to other Horses. This would be found highly useful in practice. The want of this distinction is another cau.se of the dangerous opinion I have before made some remarks upon, viz. ; that glanders, in all cases, is not contagious ; an opinion that has led to the most serious losses. I now come to a consideration of the most difTi( lilt part of the snl)ject, that is, the cure of trlaiMlcrs. As I have demonstrated the mn/incr in which glanders is communicated, it is needless to say any thing of the mode of prevention, except briefly observing, that it can only be accomplished by preventing any glanderous matter from coming in contact with the Horse, or mixing with his food or water ; and that the only method of purifying an infected stable, is to remove every thing on which glanderous matter may have fallen, and to wash and scrape the fixtures, such as the rack and manger, thoroughly ; w hite- wash it well, and strew a solution of chloride of lime about the stall. I have already observed that a glandered Horse has, in several instances, been known to get entirely free from the disorder while employed in moderate work, and carefully fed and attended to, with little or no medi- cine. The general opinions of both English and French veterinarians, I believe is, that glanders is incurable, but tuat farcy is curable. In my own practice I have succeeded in curing: many cases of farcy, when it has been a local disorder ; but such cases are generally fol- lowed by glanders, there being often a con- siderable interval (from a few weeks to a few months,) between the disappearance of farcy and the appearance of glanders. When glan- ders and farcy appear at the same time, or when farcy breaks out in a glandered Horse, it depends upon the blood being strongly im- pregnated with the glanderous poison, that I should recommend the Horse to be immedi- ately destroyed. There is one exception, however, to this ; and that is, when a glan- dered Horse inoculates himself, as occasionally will happen. Then the farcy is at lirst local ; but it soon becomes a fresh source of con- tamination, and so increases the disorder in a short time, that it always becomes necessary to destroy the animal. The cure of glanders, OF FARRIERY. 201 however, cannot be accomplished without great care and considerable expence ; and rarely, I believe except in its first stage, or mild form. The expence of the cure does not depend so much on the value of the medicine em- ployed, as the lengttl of time that is necessary , and it also must be recollected, that in saying the disease is curable, it is by no means to be understood that there is a cer- tainty of success in adopting any mode of treatment. Therefore, unless the Horse is of considerable value, in good condition, and glandered only in a mild degree, it is not worth while to attempt the cure. It should also be recollected, during the treatment, that as long as there is any discharge from the nostrils, there is danger of its communi- cating the disease to other Horses Calomel has been tried, even to salivation, without the desired effect ; but when salivation is produced, the animal becomes so consider- ably reduced in strength ; and which, by the bye, is the very opposite end we want to effect, it clearly seems that mercurials have little or no effect in removing glanders ; also, Ethiop's mineral, or quicksilver rubbed down with chalk ; but all these are fallacious, and I may say, useless. In consequence of these medicines baffling all art, tonic medicines, and those principally of the mineral kind, have been resorted to ; and the present practice of the Royal Veterinary College, for this disease, is to administer certain quantities of sulphate of copper, formerly in balls ; but, as in latter years it is found much more convenient, and I believe more beneficial to the animal, to be exhibited 9S follows : — Take Sulphate of copper from 2 to 5 drams. Linseed meal - _ _ - ] cz. Warm water _ - - , 6 do. Dissolve the sulphate in warm water ; then add the meal, stirring them well together, until incorporaled. Give this draught every morning. I have seen some good effects arise from it, when the Horse has commenced with it in the early stage of the disease ; but when the disease has got firm hold of the lungs, it is of little or no avail. I have suc- ceeded in several cases, when advised of ii in time, by giving the following, either in form of ball, or solution, as the last : Take Sulphate of iron - - 3 drams. Gentian - - - - 3 do. Formed into a ball with treacle. I prefer giving it in form of ball the best : but to this I must add, and which is of the greatest importance, turn the Horse out into a good pasture of grass by himself, to prevent all possibility of coming into contact with any other Horses ; and, if possible, a warm sJied should be in the paddock or field. Give the ball about the middle of the day, and every night and morning a feed of good oats and beans. By turning out, the Horse will breathe his natural air, not respiring his own air over and over again, as if in the stable. Then, by your tonic medicine and good feed, if he be of any constitution at all worth the expence, you will find this the only practicable means of removing glanders. Constitution has so much to do with the disease, that if well supported by art, these are the only means to be adopted. 1 should say, never treat a Horse, affected with glanders, in a stable. The Horse, also, by hanging down his head to gather his food, relieves himself, and the discharge comes more free from it. However, practice in this disease, must be the leading feature for knowledge. 3 K ?02 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER XX. ON EPILEPSY, PARALYSIS, SPASM, SPASMODIC COLIC OR GRIPES. LOCKED JAW, AND STRING HALT. EPILEPSY. The affection termed epilepsy, frequently afiects cart and waggon Horses more than anv other kind ; and in different counties and localities, it takes on a variety of names ; such as meagrims, sturdy, turnsick, the falling- sickness, the falling-evil, &c. The affection, in its first attack, comes on suddenly, and without giving any previous notice. The animal, if in exercise, stops short, shakes his head, and looks wandering ; in which state he continues a short time, and then will go on as before. If the case should be a violent one, the Horse frequently falls to the ground, or commences turning round and round, until he falls, apparently senseless. The whole system appears agitated by strong convulsions ; he dungs and stales in- sensibly ; at times becoming exceedingly vio- lent ; at others, almost as if life was extinct, but appears unconscious to every thing around him ; his eyes appear fixed, and often his jaws are so closely set, that his mouth cannot be forced open. At another time he labours under convulsive motions, and his limbs shake 9r. violently, that he even breaks the pavement Mith hiu feet, if the fall should be in fijich a situation. Sometimes, while the legs are stiff, the head and body are violently agitated. These varieties of symptoms frequently attack- ing the Horse alternately, it is not to be won- dered at that the affection should remain on him in some instances, two or three hours, (more or less,) and then recover, sometimes without any return ; at others, the fits are more or less troublesome, according to the success of the means applied for relief As the fit goes off, there is generally a foaming of . the mouth ; the foam being white, and re- sembling that of a healthy Horse. The causes of epilepsy are several ; it appears to be dependent on a kind of spasmodic affection of the brain, either from too tight reining up, or the collar pressing too tight. It may also arise from blood being forced on the head by consti- tutional disorders. Worms, I have no doubt to be a cause of it. Horses of very full habit, ple- thoric, or over-fed Horses, are liable to it, par- ticularly when not having constant exercise. P^or the curative means for epilepsy, nothing can be done while the Horse is enduring the fit but the following, which will be found ex- cellent : — Take Strong liquor of ammonia - 1 ox. OF FARRIERY. 203 While the convulsion, or fit, is on, hold the bottle of ammonia frequently to his nose ; and in all probability the Horse may immediately jump up, or at least in a very short time, and remove the epilepsy from him. Should he be a large part Horse, in high condition, take four or six quarts of blood from him ; feed him on cold bran mashes, and give a dose of physic or two, according to his strength or size. (^See list of medicines.) The mercurial ball, com- posed of blue pill and aloes, is also very good in this case. If you can procure it, feed with grass occasionally ; but you must lessen your hard feed. I have seen some poor farmers" Horses attacked, and that violently. This I attribute to the excessively hard and bad arrangement of the harness, as before-men- tioned. PALSY. Vahy is when a part of the body loses its power of moving, or feeling, or both. This disease, amongst the old farriers, was called planet-struck, or shrew-run. If there is only a trembling, or shaking in the part ; or, if only one limb be attacked with palsy, it is seldom dangerous. But when it seizes both limbs behind, the case is very troublesome and difficult to cure. The Horse going at the slowest pace, reels about, with difficulty is able to stand at all ; and on turn- ing round, is obliged to form an immense circle, to accomplish the act ; or, as it fre- quently happens, ends in a fall. This, of course, would lead our attention to examine the Horse's loins, which always occa- sions him to exhibit pain on pressure ; shewing that there must be some morbid action going on in the spinal marrow ; either in the sub- stance itself, or the membranes covering it; or, from some accident, a small portion of bone may be pressing upon it there ; and consequently deprive the posterior nerves of their action. I have no doubt th^t it may occur from turning in a narrow stall ; for it is t'uly distressing to see some Horses placed in such hen-coop stalls as they are, and in en- deavouring to come out, twist themselves almost double. As this affection is not of unfrequent occurrence, every person who knows the value of a good hackney, will be glad to see it removed. The stimulant applications are the best, such as the follow- ing ••— Take Cantharides, powdered Oil of turpentine - - Olive Oil - - - - 1 ounce. 2 do. 3 do. Mix, and shake well together in a bottle, and apply a portion of it over the Horse's loin«, night and morning. Or, Take Tartar emetic - - 2 drams. Hog's lard - - - 2 ounces. Form this into an ointment, and apply, until small pimples arise. Give the mild mercurial alterative ball (^sce list of medicines,) every second or third day. Some people are ex- ceedingly fond of applying what are called changes, and ordering a run at grass for a few months. A cure by such means is some- times effected ; but in this case, as in many others among the old farriers, they place the praise on the least deserving. The farrier says, " It was my change that restored the Horse ;" leaving rest and Dr. Green, com- pletely out of the question *. * In India there is a disease called kumree, which aJ- \^ays ends in complete paralysis of the hiii'J- quartos 204 'HIE MODERN SYSTEM SPASM. Spasm is an irritability of the muscular fibre, excited by an action of the nervous sys- tem, producing various affections, known under the general name of spasm, but sub- divided according to the part affected with this excitement. When universal, it forms teta- nus; when confined to the bowels, it forms gripes ; and when it attacks the neck of the bladder, obstruction to the urine follows. In- flammation of the sensorium, or of the nerves, or of the investing membranes of these organs, can produce this excitement. Thus, in phren- ites, the Horse is excited to exertions much beyond his usual powers. Irritation occa- Bioned by foreign substances can also produce it ; perhaps, by exciting an immediate in- flammation, although the instantaneous spasm which follows mechanical pressure, and irri- tation, both in the sensorium and the nerves, can scarcely be accounted for thus. Nor, in truth, do I think it has much to do with it ; and I believe no satisfactory account has yet been given on that part of our subject. Seda- tives act either by allaying the nervous ex- citement, or relaxing the part affected with spasm ; such as opium, tobacco, &c. Anti- spasmodics, also, by rousing the heart and arteries to a new action ; as gin and pepper, spirit of turpentine, rendering the part above or below the disposition to be excited. In and most of the Horses used in that country are stallions ; and these are the subjects that become afTcctcd. I never saw it in a mare or gelding, with the exception, that the {lorse on the commencement of the attack had gone through the operation of castration, which is imagined to be a remedy for it ; but I never saw one cured by this, or any other remedy ; for the Horse will continue getting worse and worse, until he is unable to rise at all, and is consequently 0«itroye4 very violent cases of spasmodic affections, copious bleeding, combined with with solu- tions of aloes and opium, are powerful anti- spasmodics. In the spasmodic state of the neck of the bladder, nauseating medicines are found to be the best antispasmodics ; such as digitalis, or white hellebore. The remedies which act by altering the susceptibility of the parts, are principally bleeding, purging, or glisters, and other evacuants, which do it by diminishing the excess of power ; and are, therefore, extremely proper in plethoric sub- jects, or when the spasm is attended with great vascularity. When, on the contrary, should the spasm attack a subject already in a debilitated state, recourse then must be had to the stimulant remedies, to bring the part to a state to resist the impressions. (5'ee list of medicines.) SPASMODIC COLIC; OR, GRIPES. Spasmodic colic, or, as amongst agricultu- rists, it is termed ^ref gripes, &c. Although it is termed flatulent, or windy colic, wind is not so predominant a symptom, as it is in the human subject. I have before spoken of the intestines containing three coats, one of which is muscular ; and I have said, such structure is peculiarly liable to spasm. Consequently, we are not to wonder that the alimentary track of ihe Horse should be liable to it; though the stomach I never knew to be liable to the disease. The small intestines seem more the situation of spasmodic colic, than any other part of the Horse ; but there are instances where the large intestines have be- come affected, and when it proceeds so far back as the rectum, the bladder then also participates in the convulsion, and frequent ejections of urine occur. In other instances OF FARRIERY. 205 the peck of tlie bladder is the sufferer, and suppression of urine then becomes remark- able ; but *hese are only in extreme cases. The colic, as before stated, is dependent on a spasm of the muscular structure of the intes- tines. We have evident proof of this from the appearances which present themselves after death, in cases that have proved fatal ; when the small intestines, most especially, will be found puckered, and drawn together ; or some portions will afford marks of violent contractions, as though tied round with a cord. Occasionally we find an interception, or one portion of intestine invaginated within the otiier ; in which case inflammation is usually brought on by it. Spasmodic colic, however, usually exists without inflammation, though it frequently terminates in it, if you have either no speedy remedy at hand, or probably a surgeon liv- ing at some considerable distance off, is not easily procured ; so that from its long con- tinuance, or from violence, as rubbinff the belly with a hard stick, &c., which should on, no pretence whatever be done. Powerful purgatives to overcome the costiveness usu- ally present, frequently have this tendency ; but a still more frequent cause is the invagi- nation of one portion of intestine within another. There is great importance in at- tending to the medical treatment of colic, that it be not confounded with inflammation of the bowels ; but a decision is by no means diffi- cult, bv moderate attention and care, the remedies being so diametrically opposite in one disease, to what it is in the other. Spasmodic colic generally comes on very sudden in its appearance, and not marked, as in inflammation of the bowels, by previous indisposition ; but the Horse is at once at- tacked with considerable uneasiness, siiifting his position from side to side, pawing the ground, and stamping with his feet, impa- tiently and violently. In a few minutes after this, the pain will appear to go off, and leave the Horse tole- rably easy ; but in inflammation of the bowels, the pain constantly occasions the stamping, and the pain does not go off, even for the shortest time. As the colic proceeds, the re- missions become less and less ; the Horse lies down frequently, and on rising, shakes him- self; looking anxiously round to his sides, and sometimes, in desperate cases, he will even bite them, or snap at them with his teeth ; the Horse also strikes at his belly with his hind feet, as if determined himself to remove the pain, if possible. In inflammation of the bowels, the above symptoms are seldom so severe, the acute pain not being so great. When on the ground, the Horse frequently rolls on his back ; in which situation he wiU remain for four or five seconds, or probably roll over ; neither of which are done in simple inflammation. The pulse is the next thing to take your attention; which in colic, seldom becomes much altered from its natural state, unless the colic has existed some considerable time, when marks of general irritation sometimes present themselves; the pulse being some- what hardened and quickened. Sometimes when the paroxysms are on, a slight altera- tion may then be felt; also in the early stages, should the pain be great ; but slight alterations occur and cease on the pain going off-. I have been very particular in describing the symptoms, that mistakes may be avoided ; for, if the Horse be under the immediate 3 F ixlfi THE MODERN SYSTEM influence of existing spasm, it will in some instances present a full hounding pulse, but oflener a wiry, though quickened beat ; both of which may be taken for inflammation. The leirs in colic are but seldom affected, and never remain cold for considerable periods toiTcther ; but the coat stares, and the Horse breaks out frequently into cold sweats. He frequently attempts to stale, without effect; at others, he stales frequently. Generally the Horse is costive ; a few dry balls only being forced from him during the spasmodic fits. There are various causes which produce spasmodic colic. Cold, supervening on heat, either through the medium of application of the skin, or by application at once to the bowels, in the form of cold water, taken when the Horse is very warm. Costiveness will some- times occasion it, improper food ; also tares, or vetches, given on their being first cut. When they are full of moisture, the Horse is apt to eat greedily of them ; and especially, if the weather be warm at such time of the year. In some Horses, gripes occur exceedingly frequent, under every variation of food, situa- tion, hal/its, &c. ; so as to give reason to suppose there mu.st be some peculiarity of formation, liercditary tendency, or the pre- sence of calculi in the intestines. This latter, 1 have great reason to believe, is much more frequent, than by some persons it is allowed to be. For the cure of griftcs, I should recom- mend bleeding ; and that, more or less lihe- rallv, accordinii to the violence: or its havinsr ciimmenced some hours, without mitigation. Extensive bleeding, be it remembered, is one •f the most posvcrful relaxers of spasnrr, with which we are acquainted with ; and instead of its being an antagonist to the antispasmodic treatment, usually adopted by internal reme- dies, it is found to be infinitely increased in efl^cacy ; and especially when conjoined with opium. Though most of the ordinary cases of gripes will go off by the common treatment of stimulants, and many will go off without any treatment at all, yet bleeding is always a safe and prudent precaution in all cases, as a preventive of inflammation ; and, in the more aggravated cases, it becomes essentially necessary, both to combat the inflammatory tendency, and to promote the relaxation of the spasmodic irritation. It is likewise particu- larly to be noticed, in those violent or pro- tracted cases, to counteract the irritative qualities of the antispasmodics already given ; which in simple gripes may do no harm, yet may not prove so, when an inflammatory ten- dency is at all suspected, or already begun. In every such case, bleed liberally ; say, at least six quarts; which, if the Horse lie in any thins: like moderate condition, cannot do harm. I have known Horses bled in the month for gripes ; but never saw any good arise from it. Giving the Horse a brisk trot for about a quarter of an hour, after either of the follow- ing remedies, I have known do considerable good ; but never go faster than the trot Brushing the belly well, will be of service , but never rub with a stick, as this will tend to bruise the parts, more than do good. I have known the turpentine liniment rubbed well all over tlie abdomen to be a great assistant in removing the spasm. I do not approve of hot fomentations, the water that may lodge in the hair, becoming cold, will frustrate all your intentions. As internal remedies, cither of the follow ing OF FARRIERY. 207 wili be found very efficacious in removing the disease : — No. 1. Take Ground black pepper - ^ ounce. Tincture of opium - - 1 do. Good ale (warmed) - 1 pint. No. 2. Take Common gin - - - ^ pint. Tincture of opium - 2 ounces. Good ale (warmed) - 1 pint. If co^^tiveness should be present, give No. 3. Take Oil of peppermint - - 2 drams. Castor oil - - Tincture of aloes 6 ounces. 4 ditto. Should the costiveness continue, you must back-rake, and administer warm clysters, with a handful of salt thrown in each, aboi-t three quarts at a time, until the bowels are relieved. If you are situated where you can- not immediately call in assistance, most houses have the following in them, which give Take Ground black pepper a teaspoonful. Common gin - - ^ P'lt- Good warm ale - - 1 do. Should the disease continue on the Horse longer than you expected, you must repeat the remedies until relief is obtained. If the clysters should not have the desired effect, take a large onion, peel, and quarter it, and pass it up the rectum, which will speedily stimulate it to action. ON TETANUS, OR LOCKED-JAW. Tetanus, or locked-jaw, is a violent spas- i modic contraction of the muscles, v?^hich are \ concerned in the elevation of the lower jaw ; and which extends, more or less, to all the muscles destined to perform voluntary motion. This disorder, which may be excited by dif- ferent causes, is much more common in hot climates, than in our own. However, it too frequently occurs amongst us, and happens to be one of great difficulty of cure, especially in consequence of wounds ; and more particu- larly after such injuries of tendons aijd liga- mentous parts. It is one of the most fatal symptoms which can possibly arise in these cases, and therefore demands the most assidu- ous attention of the veterinary surgeon. Tetanic complaints may, from certain causes, occur in any climate that we are acquainted with. These complaints generally affect middle, or aged Horses, more fre- quently than young ones The causes from whence they proceed, are cold and moisture, applied to the body while it is very warm ; and especially, the sudden vicissitudes of heat and cold ; or the disease may be produced by punctures, lacerations, or other lesions of nerves in any part of the body. There are probably some other causes of this disease ; but they are neither distinctly known, nor well understood. If the disease proceeds from cold, it commonly comes on in a k\y days after the taking of such cold ; but if it arises from puncture, or other lesion of a nerve, the disease does not come on for many days after the lesion has happened; very often when there is neither pain or uneasiness re- maining in the wounded part ; and very fre- quently when the wMinded part had been entirely healed up * . Tlie disease sometimes comes on suddenly, to a violent degree ; but * ISee case of fracture of the head, p. 33. 208 THE MODERN SYSTEM more generally, it approaches by slow de- grees to its violent state. In this case, it comes on with a sense of stiffness in the muscles of the neck, which gradually in- creasinij, renders the motion of the head difficult and painful. The haw of the eye also will be seen protruding, on the least motion of the hand being raised towards the head. As the rigidity of the neck comes on, and increases, there is commonly at the same lime a sense of uneasiness felt about the root of the tongue, which by degrees become a difficulty in swallowing ; and at length, an entire interruption to it. While the rigidity of the neck goes on increasing, there arises a pain (often violent,) at the lower end of the back, which will occasion the tail to stick out, attended with a quivering motion. When this pain arises, all the muscles of the neck, and particularly those of the upper part of it, are immediately affected with spasm; and, as it were, drawing the upper part of the head, violently and strongly backwards. At the same time, the mu.scles that pull up the lower jaw, which upon the first approaches of the disease were affected, are now generally afflicted with more violent spasm, and set the teeth so closely together, that they do not admit the smallest opening. This is, what has been named, lockexl-jaw (or trismus,) and is ofieu the principal part of the disease. When the n, all of a sud- den, he will commence throwing himself about again. If the disease should not be speedily alleviated, but continue for a day or two, the Hiirsf will cxhil)it a kind of vacant stare, or waichfiilncss, the eyes appear set, as it were, in the head, his sight almost jjone, his no.strils are expanded, his head raised as high as ) he possibly can, as if staring at the rack; The animal becomes now more furious and violent, dashes about the pavement in convul- sive and insensible struggles ; perhaps, falls, then suddenly rising again, to renew his violence. Diseases originating in the most abstruse recesses of Nature, and th?vt will admit such a complication of constructions, may proceed from a variety of causes, clearly compre- hended ; as, in all probability, they may likewise, from many that we are entirely unacquainted with. Among the former, is that cause originating in the preternatural in- crease of the velocity of the blood, instan- taneously affecting the brain, as is too fre- quently found, in madly exceeding the bounds of humanity, and exhausting the strength and power of an animal, made by Nature sufficiently strong to bear almost every task the degeneracy or avarice of man could be supposed to invent. In corroboration of this circumstance of the premature deaths, occa- sioned by increasing the velocity of the blood beyond the limits prescribed by Nature, these causes may extend principally to post-horses, in the extreme heat of summer ; and may be attributed to the impatience of travellers, or inhuman drivers. To these, some (bat very few,) of private property, may be added ; being hard drove upon long and speedy journeys, and others, imprudently rode and improperly managed, during chaces of great length, in strong deep countries, with fleet hounds. Others become the subjects of these dis- orders, from great irritation in the stomach and bowels; the powerful effects of bots ii. the intestinal canal ; sharp and acrid medi- cines ; a repulsion of any morbid matter from OF FARRIERY. 2J3 the surface, without its being carried oti" by proper evacuants, &c. They are frequently known to attack very suddenly ; at other times the approach is indicated by the symp- toms before recited. I shall now endeavour to point out the most rational method of cure, by correcting, or dis- charging the primary cause, which will be to allay the spasms, and to reduce the extreme de- gree of irritability, by strengthening the nervous system. To obtain this end, the first step will be, at all events, to draw blood ; and, that in quantity according to the state of your subject In cases of real alarm and danger, take from six to eight quarts of blood away at once ; and I have found great relief in bleeding from the jugular vein, and the thigh vein; both at the same time. It causes a greater revulsion in the system, although it becomes absolutely necessary afterwards to stimulate and rouse the animal powers. As little can be done during the fit or paroxysm, in the mean time prepare a clyster of warm water, in which put a handful of salt, and give as soon as possible. Should spasms, or convulsions prove so violent, that by a contraction of the muscles the jaws may become locked, or fixed for any considerable length of time, recourse must be had to nutritive clysters, that the constitu- tion may be supported. Notwithstanding its inability to receive aliment by other means, there are several kinds of nutritive clysters, that may be easily and expeditiously pre- pared, consisting: of broths of different kinds, which most houses have in readiness. Oat- meal gruel Ts an excellent strengthening clys- ter, in which a little starcJi has been mixed. These clysters give frequently, until you can ranes in contiguity, with which it may lie confounded ; though the experienced vete- rinarian will readily distinguish between the two. In the catarrhal epidemic, the extremi- ties do not continue invariably cold ; but are sometimes cold and sometimes warm. The distress of countenance is not so great ; sore throat is commonly present ; the breathing is less laborious, and the pulse seldom op- pressed. may look at his flanks ; but without any of Itic indications of pain which colic forces him tc. It may be added also, that the nasal mem brane in colic remains unaltered in colou* unless inflammation of the lungs be at hand. CAUSES The alternation of heat, with cold, is pro- bably the most usual cause of this complaint, It was formerly considered that it could onlv be produced by a removal from a warm to a The cough in catarrh is generally deep, colder temperature ; but it is now known that and very painful ; a weakness, not corres- ponding with the violence of the symptoms, is very early seen in the complaint ; and though the lining of the nostrils may be inflamed in catarrh, it is seldom so much so, \i pneumonia be coming on, as to present a purple hue. The principal necessity which exists for making a careful distinction between the two diseases, arises from it not being found pru- dent in the catarrhal affection to push the bleeding, and other parts of the depleting system, so far as in the pneumonic ; and also from the greater neces-^ity of placing the Horse in a cool temperature in the latter, to what exists in the former. Inflammation of the lungs, has also by the inexperienced, been occasionally mistaken for colic ; because the Horse sometimes expresses considerable un- easiness, and often looks round to his sides ; in which mistaken cases the treatment gene- rally pursued, has been such as to increase the disease. But, in colic, the Ilor.se ex- presses acute pain ; by turns he lies down and rolls, and then suddenly rises, stamping with his fnrc feet, or kicking at his belly with his hind legs ; wliilc, on the contrary, in perip- neumony he never lies down, but stands stu- pidly 4uiet, except now and then, when he | affections cf the chest from a change of tem- the sudden access of a warmer medium pro- duces it also, though certainly not in an equal degree. Mr. Colman, I believe, thinks that exposure to simple cold, never produces the disease ; and that, though turning Horses to grass without preparation may emaciate them, it never produces peripneumony ; but this ap- pears not borne out by experience, and has occasioned ill conserjuences. Human subjects, horses, cows, sheep, and dogs, are all more liable to coughs, colds, and pneumonic affec- tions, in cold climates than in warm ones. The persons who slaughter Horses in London, are accustomed to expect a great number in the winter time, especially if severe and frosty, from the fatal effects of inflamed lungs. Hunting on a cold scent, with frequent checks, or travelling with a cold wind blowing against the chest; washing the legs and body with cold water while the Horse is hot ; a sudden removal from a warm stable to a cold one. Any of these may occasion inflammation of the lungs, if great care be not taken ; and, as has been remarked, the removal from a cold stable to a warmer one, or from grass to a warm housing, without preparation, may also produce it. In fact, so liable are Horses to OF FARRIERY. 219 perature, whether the change be from a warmer to a colder medium ; or otherwise, from a colder to a warmer ; that it is very seldom a Horse is brought from a dealer's stables, who does not, in a day or two, exhibit some cou2:h. When a Horse is removed from a cold temperature into a hot one, it is evident that the hot medium is immediately applied to the seat of inflammation ; and as hot air must tend to accelerate the circulation, there- fore it is not difficult to account why it can produce the disease, and this more certainly if the heated air be less pure than that which the animal was removed from ; when on the contrary the removal takes place from a warm to a colder situation, a similar effect perhaps also takes place ; the cold air is im- mediately applied to the lungs, which may by its sedative properties, particularly if the change lie very great, by this means be sud- denly weakened. But it is not only by appli- cation to the immediate cellular substance of the lungs, through the medium of respiration, that cold acts injuriously on them. It more often exerts its baneful influence through the medium of the skin, with which these organs are united by a sympathetic and peculiar union, and which is liable to be at all times exposed to the vicissitudes of temperature ; for both skin and lungs appear emunctores of the foecal parts of the blood, and hence the sympathy between them is observed to be very great ; and any thing that may prevent :he exit of this foecal matter, called perspira- tion, from the vessels of the skin, will throw much more of it on the lungs. When, there- fore, in addition to these occasional causes, we consider that the lungs are veryilarge, as well as very important organs ; and that in an animal of speed they are peculiarly extensive in their surfaces, and extremely vascuiar in their structure, we shall be at no loss to ac- count for their tendency to inflammation. This tendency also seems much heightened in common with the proneness to other dis- eases, by a life of art ; for in a state of nature, or one nearly approaching to it, they are seldom attacked. The cows even experience this in- creased tendency, arising from artificial babits, as is observed in those kept near London, and other great cities, where they are more arti- ficially supported, and subjected to occasional housing. The Cure of Injiammation of the Ltuio-s: — The principal indications of cure are two ; first, to lessen the increased vascularity or distension of the lungs, by bleeding ; and next., to endeavour, by extewial stimulants, to changre the diseased action ; that is, by rais- ing an external inflammation, we may hope to lessen the internal one ; and it must be re- marked, that as this disease is obstinate and quickly fatal, .so the treatment must be active and immediate. The cure should therefore be promptly begun by bleeding, accordmg to the age, size, and strengtli of the animal ; regard also being paid to the time the disease has existed ; for, when the treatment is com- menced too late in the complaint, the bleeding cannot be carried to the extent that it may be in the early stage. As a general rule, it should be remembered, that bleeding in in- flammation of the lungs, is never to be con- tinued longer than it raises the pulse ; that is supposing it to be previously in an oppressed state, which, in true p^ieumonia it usually is ; and in every variety it is quick, and without fulness, even though somewhat hardened. More good is also gained by one bleedinij within the first twenty-four hours of the com- 220 THE MODERN SYSTEM plaint, than from numerous repetitions of it afterwards. From a moderate sized Horse, five, six, or seven quarts, or even more, may 1)6 drawn; and should the symptoms indicate a necessity for it, particularly if the pulse rose on the first bleeding, in five or six hours take three or four quarts more ; and as long as the breathing continues laborious, the extremities permanently cold, and the pulse oppressed, but rising on the flowing of the blood ; so long the bleeding should be repeated to the amount of two or three quarts at a time, at intervals of six or eight hours. This is recommended under a supposition that the treatment com- mences soon after the attack ; but if otherwise, and violent symptoms have existed thirty-six or forty-eight hours, the bleeding must be re- peated with more caution, and the pulse most attentively watched ; or the opposite extreme may be fallen into, and such debility succeed, as may produce the very event ^ve wish to avoid, by hastening gangrene or effusion. It is of considerable importance to draw the blood quickly, by means of a large orifice, as directed under fileneral Injlammation, and to suffer the blood drawn, to cool gradually without disturbance, by which the buffy sur- face will have anopportunity of shewing itself, and afford an additional indication of the pro- priety of persisting to bleed, or prove a check to its continuance. Immediately after the first bleeding, some active, stimulants should be applied to the surface of the chest. Blis- ters have the effect of taking off the hair, which disfigures the Horse for a long time afterwards ; and therefore their use is some- limes objected to. It is to be remembered, however, that they act by stimulating the parts not immediately affected, and thus prove a counter irritant ; and that there is no specific virtue in one matter more than another be- yond its degree of stimulating action to the part it is applied to. The degree of irritation necessary, must be proportioned to the degree of inflammation it is intended to counteract, by becoming a counter irritation too. (^See Blisters.) If that be very considerable, the medicinal stimulant must be so likewise ; and we know of none whose energy is great in this respect, that will not raise the cuticle, and separate the hair. Consequently, as those matters called blisters, act powerfully as stimulants, and particularly as they continue such action for some time, they should never be dispensed with. Whenever, therefore, the symptoms are at all urgent, proceed at once to blister the chest, and between the fore legs, and also from the sides behind the elbows ; as it should be remembered, that actively blis- tering is the quickest mode of subduing the inflammation. The state of the bowels should be next attended to, and a gentle relaxed state encouraged ; but not purging. To ob- tain this end, back-rake, and throw up a laxative clyster (^See list of medicines) ; but active purging must by all means be avoided. A little further on we will prescribe what in- ternal medicines should be given. Mr. Cole- man formerly recommended, after blistering or rowelling, that the Horse might be turned out into the open air, however cold, without < tlior medical treatment than nauseating doses of aloes. Latterly he has recommended, and with very great propriety, a well venti- lated box, with slight clothing on the Horse, with which I perfectly agree, taking care that the legs be well rubhed and bandaged, either with woollen bandages, or in default of which, with hay, or straw ; and should this not have the desired effect of producing warmth m the OF FARRIERY. 221 extremities, apply a blister to them, which will be found to be more efficacious. The muzzle, ears, and the whole of the head in fact, may be considered as an extremity ; and as such should be likewise particularly attended to. The ears may be hand-rubbed, and the head clothed in a neck-hood ; and then litter well up to the belly with clean straw. But it must at the same time be kept in mind, that the more care we take to promote warmth in the surface and the extremities, by clothing, &c., so we must be the more careful to coun- teract any tendency these means might have to encourage arterial excitement ; and which, as before observed, is best effected by a cool and pure temperature of about fifty degrees. For internal medicine in this disease, take the following immediately after the first bleeding : — Take Aloes ; Cape DigitaUs 1 dram. - - 1 do. Nitre 3 do. Mix with honey to form a ball. And give every six hours, or oftener, accord- ing to the urgency of the case. In cases where cough is present and troublesome, add to the former Liquorice powder - - 2 drams. Should this not relieve the cough as much as desired, give the following : — Linseed meal Oatmeal - Warm water 2 ounces. 2 do. 2 quarts. Mix well together, and boil. Give this draught every six hours, u til the Horse ap- pears relieved. With regard to food, no par- j ticular anxiety need be manifested for the first ; twenty-four hours, during which time the less the animal eats the better, unless you can procure green food for him ; this being more cooling and opening, should by all means be given, if possible ; but in the absence of this, bran mashes may be allowed cold, with only a small quantity of hay. Corn should on no account be given, or the head steamed with hot mashes. As I before observed, we must abstain from producing purging, we must also carefully endeavour to avoid costiveness ; the extremities also must be carefully examined, as to their heat or cold, and every endeavour made to keep them as warm as possible. By steadily pursuing this mode of treatment for a day or two, you will perceive whether your patient is getting better or not. If the fever and inflammation appears to have quite left him, still continue the linseed and oatmeal gruel, in which once a day you may put, Pul. gentian - - - 1 dram. Sulphate of iron - - 1 do. If the disease should occur in mild open weather, the Horse would be greatly benefitted by a turn to grass, for one or two hours in the warmest part of the day. PULMONARY CONSUMPTION. Pulmonary consumption may also be called chronic inflammation of the lungs. It is a disease that commences slowly, but almost always ends fatally. It frequently follows cold, or is a sequel of acute inflammation of the lungs. In these instances, the Horse for some time seems not to be affected with any disease, though the lungs are decidedly af- fected the whole time. He is, however, occasionally observed to be affected, and gradually a short dry cough comes on ; the 3 K ' i^n THE MODERN SYSTEM coat becomes also harsh, dry, and alto,r 5^ >^"^ S 1 N^ ^ 10 ■^ ^ ^a ^~L m t=3 s?^ OF FARRIERY. 229 there appears two distinct kinds ; the one affecting their villous coat, or surface, and producing purging ; the other attacking the peritoneal coat, and acconapanied usually with obstinate costiveness. It is the latter that forms the subject of our present considera- tion ; the former will be treated of hereafter. From an imperfect acquaintance with the art, it has been common for farriers to mis- take inflammation of the bowels for spasmodic colic, and the error has commonly proved fatal to the affected Horse ; for the " comfort- able things," and heating drenches, given on such occasions, always increased the inflam- mation, and frequently produced gangrene. A careful distinction should therefore be made between the two, which may be readily done, by attending to the characteristic marks of each, as particularly detailed in spasmodic colic. The Symptoms. — It usually commences by a shivering fit ; to which succeeds heat of skin, restlessness, loss of appetite ; the mouth being particularly hot and dry, and the inner membranes of the eyelids, and the linings of the nostrils, rather redder than natural. As the inflammation advances, the pain increases, so as to force the Horse to lie down, and get up again frequently ; but, as the pain is less acute, he very seldom rolls on his back as in gripes. Sometimes, however, he kicks at his belly, or stamps with his feet ; and in all cases he scr.ipes his litter or stall with his hoofs, and looks wistfully round toward his sides. The pulse is frequent ; sometimes as quick as seventy, hard and wirey ; but in this disease, which may easily be distinguished from the gripes or colic, in which case the pulse is scarcely ever affected ; and even the breathing in inflammation of the intestines is not usually so laborious as we at first may expect, in consequence of the painful ness the belly is labouring under. In this, like most other inflammatory cases, the extremities are cold, while the surface of the body is often hot, but scarcely or never with any natural perspiration. The bowels are usually con- fined, and if any evacuation takes place, it is in hard, dry matter, and rather inclined to black. The urine likewise is made sparingly, and of a high colour; and a strong character of the complaint is a very early and excessive debility. The causes are various ; but they are generally dependent on the application of cold ; as washing when hot, or plunging into a river. The drinking of cold water has like- wise produced it, though more frequently this occasions spasmodic gripes. A long retention of the faeces may bring it on, as likewise her- nia, or intus-susception, which is occasioned by one part of a gut becoming invaginated within another ; it may also be produced by metastasis, or the translation of the inflamma- tory diathesis of another part, or of general fever, or by the communication by continuity of the inflammation from other parts, as I have often witnessed. Another, and not un- frequent cause, arises from flatulent colic, either neglected, or improperly treated, which I have many times seen degenerate into in- flammation of the bowels under such circum- stances. Calcular concretions have also brought it on. For the Treatment. — Like most of the other inflammations of important organs, this re- quires a very energetic and early application of the remedial means ; and which it may be remarked, must be here still more particularly prompt than in most other cases, as an in- 3 H 2:^0 THE MODERN SYSTEM stance of recovery seldom occurs where the treatment has been delayed beyond the second day : indeed it often destroys in twenty-four hours. Bleeding is the first indication, and if the subject be young, large, and plethoric, six or seven quarts may be safely taken away ; and should the symptoms continue unabated, the same may be repeated in four hours, to the amoiwit of four or five quarts more ; nor should even a third lesser bleeding be omit- ted at the same distance of time, if the inflammatory appearances have not become mitigated. The bleeding may be known to have a salutary effect by the pulse becoming softer and fuller, particularly if it shew a dis- position to rise as the blood flows. Here also it is proper that the blood be abstracted quickly, and from a large orifice. As soon as the first bleeding is over, pro- ceed to back-rake, to remove any hardened dung that may obstruct the passage, and which if suffered to remain, would infallibly aggravate the complaint, and which indeed, in many instances, is the cause of it. The dis- tressing stranguary that sometimes accom- panies inflammation of the bowels, is also frequently as much produced by the pressure of hardened excrement. It is not the dropping away of a few balls of hardened dung, nor the passage of some thin glairy matter, which shews that no obstruc- tion exists; on the contrary, when these are present, a most obstinate costiveness may yet remain farther up in the passage ; and a flow of thin fiEces may escape by a groove, formed by the side of an obstructing portion of dung, as has happened. Unless, therefore, there be an evident free passage to all the fa?cal matter, and that the excrement be wholly softened, it iii always proper to rake •. for it must not be lost sight of, that whether as a consequence or a cause, constipation aggravates the dis- ease, and is always present. Neither does amendment, seldom, if ever take place, until that be removed. It is always of consequence to bear in mind, that as the state of the bowels is such as not to render it prudent to allow of strong purga- tives being given by the mouth ; so the greater activity is required to empty them mechani- cally, and by the assistance of clysters, which should be thrown up very frequently. The next indication is to raise a brisk external inflammation over the belly, to lessen thereby the internal affection, and in this case, even the cantharides are hardly quick enough in their action ; but a more speedy determination to the skin may be made, by first fomenting the belly with hot water for a quarter of an hour, and then by applying a large mustard poultice, farther liquefied with oil of turpen- tine, or with the liquid blister {see list of medicines), which may be spread on coarse linen, or a horse-cloth ; or what is preferable, the fleshy side of a newly stripped sheep skin may be covered with it, and then applied close to the belly by means of flannel rollers which will retain it in its situation. When this has remained on for three or four hours, if an evident abatement of symptoms have not taken place, proceed to blister in the usual way. It next becomes a consideration as to what remedies may be given by the mouth, which must greatly depend on the degree of costiveness present. In a case where the ob- struction did not appear obstinate, I should recommend that castor and linseed oils be given united, six or eight ounces of each, shaken together, with a little gruel. When the bowels are more closely conslringed. i I I o 4 •* V3 fc ^ a Of CO C*«. CO C5 Q •5 ^ f ¥ I ^ OF FARRIERY. 231 Take Solution of aloes - Solution of rliiibarb Good griiel - 2 ounces. - 2 do. 1 qiiait. Repeat tlie above every three or four hours, lili full evacuation be obtained. Before the costiveness is overcome, we should be careful of increasing the distension of the bowels by much liquid given by the mouth ; but when a passage is obtained, make about three quarts of good oatmeal gruel, and the same quantity of linseed meal tea ; mix these well together, and keep constantly warm, occa- sionally horn a little down ; when consumed, repeat the quantity. This must be the only food the Horse has to live on, until a decided amendment is apparent, when he may by slow degrees be brought into the use of his usual food ; but this at first must be dealt out to him with a very sparing hand, fearing a return of the disease, in vviiich case it almost always proves fatal. In case of the Horse being very restless, a loose box would be the most preferable place for him ; or if situated in the country, where no such thing can be obtained, the bay of a barn, or even the floor, well littered down with straw, would be pre- ferable to a stable or stall. INFLAMMATION OF THE INTESTINES FROM SUPERPURGATION. As the former affection consists of a phleg- monous inflammatory attack on the peritoneal covering of the intestines, this latter is usu- ally an affection of their villous surface, the consequence of the administration of improper purging medicines, either as to quantity or quality, by which such a state of irritation is brouo;ht on, as ends in inflammation. It is always accompanied with purging, where- as the former has almost aiways costiveness connected with it ; neither is the pain so acute in the latter, consequently the Horse seldom expresses so much uneasiness by roll- ing or stamping. The pulse is also quick and small, but seldom hard. If the symptoms oi inflammation be very active ; that is, if the pain approaches distress, if the extr«jmitiesfeel cold, and the pulse betokens much vascular action, three quarts of blood may be drawn • but unless these appearances exist in force, it will be more prudent to omit it. Stimulants should, however, be applied to the bowels, as in inflammation of the bowels; the clothing also should be warm, and means taken to keep up the circulation in the extremities by hand-rubbing and bandaging. The stable, also, in this disease should be kept warm, and give the following drink every four hours : — Take Prepared chalk Rice - - - \^ ounce. 2 do. Boil the rice in three pints of soft water, until it is a complete pu/p ; then squeeze thiough a fine cloth, add the chalk to the liquor, breaking down the lumps, and give at a proper warmth. As before instructed, give every four hours. Should this not appear to relieve the Horse, Take Laudanum • Gum Arabic 1 ounce. 2 do. First boil the Gum Arabic, in rather more than a quart of good oatmeal gruel, then add the laudanum, and give as before directed. During the exhibition of the medicine, con- tinue to give clysters of rice and water, to he made as above directed. 232 THE MODERN SYSTEM INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. The liver of the Horse is but seldom at first of itself affected with inflammation ; thou"-h, when other great abdominal inflam- mations take place, then this often par- ticipates. With regard to the symptoms of this com- plaint, they generally commence in appear- ances not very unlike a slight attack of inflammation of the bowels ; but unattended with that rising up and laying down, which attends the latter disease. Still the Horse is apt frequently to turn his head to his right side, evincing in consequence considerable pain ; also, if you press his right side with your hand, he will make a peculiar grunting noise, evincing pain ; also, if you turn him round in his stall, to the right hand, he will do it with great difiiculty, plainly shewing the pain he is labouring under. The extremities are generally cold, considerable heaving at the flank, the pulse is quick and hard, the mouth is hot, attended with a yellowness of the lining of the membrane covering the same ; the nostrils and the conjunctiva of the eye also participate in this yellow tinge ; these appearances being one grand rule to lead to the discovery of the disease the Horse is labouring under. The disease is frequently attended with cos- tivencss, and in consequence of the secreted bile not passing off in its usual way, becomes absorbed into the system ; and hence that yel- lowness of the skin and finer membranes, I spoke of just now. But, occasionally in this disease, a morbid secretion is set up, and the Horse's dung becomes loose, remarkbly black, attended with an exceedingly disagreeable smell. If the disease should terminate in vio- lent discharges of the above-named black foetid stools, the Horse frequently becomes a victim to the disease in about two or three days. If the extremities are not invariably cold, and the weakness not extreme (which I am sorry to say is too frequently the case) ;• but if the langour increase, and the extremities can- not be got warm, and if the breath be hot and disagreeable, these symptoms are decidedly against the recovery of the Horse. For the cure of inflamed liver, we must first bleed to the full extent of the powers of the animal; and if thought to be necessary, repeat in five or six hours. Well blister the sides of the Horse's belly ; if costiveness should appear, back-rake, and throw up clysters of salt and water, every three hours ; then Take Blue pill - - - . 2 drams. Cape aloes . _ . 3 do. Form into a ball with honey ; And repeat every six hours, until it operates. In those cases where purging has com- menced, the bleeding should be more moderate and sparing, unless the inflammation should run high ; in which case your discretion must be brought into action, for in such cases a repetition of it is less advisable here than in the former instance. Take Linseed meal - - 2 ounces. Oat meal - - - 2 do. Catechu pul. - - 1 do. Make into good gruel with three pints of soft water ; and give morning and night. If the Horse should appear weak, and much debili- tated, take the following : Cape aloes - - - 6 drams. Sulphate of iron - - ' 6 do. OF F.^RRIKRY. 933 Poxvdered opium - - 4 drams. Blue pill - - - - 6 do. Form into a mass with honey ; And divide into six balls. Give one every second day. INFLAMMATION OF THE KIDNEYS. Inflammation of the kidneys is a disease that frequently attacks the Horse, and is one of that importance, that if remedial means are not early resorted to, mortification may take place j and of course, the death of the animal. The symptoms of this disease are various : the animal for the most part being dull, the urine also is made in small quantities, and is tlie colour of porter ; and sometimes bloody. As the inflammation increases, it becomes sometimes \\holly suppressed. The animal stands with his hind legs wide apart, as if attempting to stale, and exhibits great thirst, and is frequently inclined to drink ; but which must be guarded against. Diuretic medicine, of every description, must be carefully avoided, as tending to determine more blood to those organs than would be necessary. The legs are apt to swell greatly ; the Horse on being moved in the stall, does so with difficulty, evincing great pain in his hind quirters. This disease sometimes arises from severe ex- ercise, if aided by a heavy rider. Cold rainy nights vvill produce it, where the water lodges considerably on the region of the loins ; also on suddenly being turned in a narrow stall. For the treatment of inflamed kidneys, your principal sheet-anchor is bleeding the patient plentifully, to the amount of from four to six quarts; and if the inflammatory symptoms Btill continue for the space of four or live boiirs do not hesitate to bleed again. After the first bleeding, immediately proceed to back-rake, and clear the rectum out well ; then throw up clysters of warm water, until the bowels appear to have a free passage. A blister over the loins might do good, though here it must be avoided, as the active princi- ple of the blister lying in the Spanish flies, may become absorbed, and entering into the sys- tem, will do considerably more harm than good; therefore use the following ointment: Take Tartar emetic - - 2 drams. Hog's lard - - - 2 ounces. Work well into an ointment, and apply well to the Horse's loins, niglu and morning, until pimples make their appearance ; then desist. Tie a cradle round the Horse's neck, to pre- vent him biting the part. Clothe the Horse moderately, bandage the legs, and for litter give plenty of good clean straw. For drink, give good gruel frequently, in small quantities; feed with hay of the best quality, and mode- rately ; give half bran and half oats, made moist with cold tcater. Also give the followinfif every morning : — Take Antimony pul. - - 12 ounces. Brimstone pul. - - 4 do. Cape aloes - - - 12 drams. Mix with honey, to form a mass. And divide into twelve balls. Give one every morning, first thing. INFLAMMATION OF THE BLADDER. The bladder may become inflamed througli out its whole body, or the affection may be confined to the neck of it only ; and as differ- ent symptoms arise, as either the one or the other of these are the immediate seat of dis- ease, so we shall describe them separately. 3 N ■ 234 THE MODERN SYSTEM iiipnptoms. — When a mucous membrane is inflamed, it ceases to secrete mucous. This takes place in the inflammation of the internal coat of tlie bladder, and when it ceases to secrete the mucous that was irritable, it is constantly endeavouring to rid itself of the irritating contents. This complaint may be distinguished from inflammation of the kidneys, by what has been said with regard to that disease ; and from in- flammation of the neck of the bladder, from what follows. As the inflamed bladder cannot long retain its contents, so there is a frequent evacuation of a small quantity of urine ; and on passing the hand up the rectum, the bladder will be found hot and tender, but empty. The Horse is also commonly observed to have a disposition to dung frequently as well as to stale, from the sympathy of the rectum with the bladder. The fever is usually consider- able, and the pulse is harder and fuller than natural ; but as the disease proceeds, it usu- ally becomes oppressed. Its causes may originate in the translation of fever; perhaps sometimes by cold, alternating with heat ; and it has been occasioned in mares, by passing some irritatmg substance up the urethra, to make them liorsy. Sometimes inflammation of the bladder ter- minates fatally, in consequence of mortification ; but if mucous be again secreted, there is every hope that all things may terminate well. For the cure, bleed according to the lieight of the fever; and if no alteration takes place for the better, bleed again as the pulse may indicate ; back-rake, throw up clysters of warm water, holding the tail down firm, to prevent their speedy ejection. However, if such should be the case, have ready plenty of hot water to continue the injections, as in this case they act as fomentations to the bladder ; and in consequence greatly tend to relieve it For internal remedies give the same as in the preceding article. INFLAMMATION OF THE NECK OF THE BLADDER. Sometimes the neck of the bladder takes on inflammation alone ; and this occurs more frequently to Horses than to mares. It is to be distinguished from inflammation of the kidneys, because, in passing the hand up the rectum, the bladder will be found dis- tended. This will aiso prevent mistaking it for inflammation of the body of the bladder. The frequent making of a little water will not, however, distinguish either of the foregoing complaints from this, as in inflammation of the neck of the bladder, there is sometimes a small quantity of urine evacuated at different times; for alter the bladder is distended, there will be, by the force of the distension, a few drops now and then squeezed out. But m this disease, the frequent staling will not take place until the bladder be distended fully, whereas in the former disease, it will come on at the very first ; and likewise in the latter case, the distended bladder may be felt even by the belly. Having described the nature of the disease, the treatment is so very much like the two preceding cases, that a repetition of them is here quite needless, and wouki be tedious to the reader. OF FARRIERY., 235 CHAPTER XXIV. ON MORBID POISONS Hydrophobia, or madness. This disease seldom attacks the Horse ; but when it does. it arises from the bite of some other animal ; such as a dog, or cat, that may be allowed to remain in the stable with the Horse. I never saw but two cases ot madness in the Horse, and those were frightful to behold. The first was a large bay carriage Horse, which occurred during my pupilage at the Royal Veterinary College. The symptoms that first made their appearance were, his refusing all kind of food and water ; the Horse then was taken with a kind of shiver- ing fit, after which he broke out into a profuse sweat, stared vacantly around him, began to be extremely restless in his stall : he was then placed in a loose box. No sooner was he placed there, than he began rolling and tum- blino' about, reeling and staffsrerino" from one side of the box to the other ; biting at the manger and rack with the greatest violence ; biting his own sides until they bled, raising his fore feet as high as he could. Indeed, the sight was too horrible to behold ; foaming at the mouth ; eyes glaring and glassy. From the agonizing torments the poor animal was in, we left him for a short time ; but on re- turning to the box, found him ou the floor completely exhausted ; when he was immedi- ately ordered to be destroyed. The other case was that of a cart-horse, the symptoms of which was so very like the nreceding, that it needs little or no descrip- tion ; the Horse having been shot after the attack had been on him about three hours. r\ie Bite ofvenemous reptiles frequently in- flict fatal wounds ; but I am happy to say, this country is pretty free from such enemies to man and beast. The adder is the only reptile that we have known to bite either Horses or cattle ; and should such a case occur, and be attended with swelling. Take Oil of turpentine - 2 ounces. Olive oil _ _ - 4 Jo. Mix and rub a portion of the liniment on the parts affected, morning and night. Vegetable Poisons. — Of this class of poison we have only the yew-tree, that possesses any particular deleterious effects upon Horses; and I may say, when once eaten, the animal wastes away by degrees, until death puts a period to his sufferings. Mineral Poisons. — It appears that t!ie nu- merous minerals given in veterinary practice, are not of that poisonous nature that might 23G TlIE MODERiN SYSTEM t>e anticipated from their name and proper- ties, as when given to the human subject. Indeed, I never savv a mineral act as a poison in the Horse, though 1 am in the habit of using great quantities myself. llie stings of hornets and wasps are very annoying, and occasions the Horse an exceeding deal of pain and irritation. I have heard of a Horse being attacked by hornets, and stung until the inflammation occasioned by it proved fatal. The best application in such cases, is to apply vinegar to the inflamed parts, two or three times a day. tr" t-f H ^ vt OCb == o' P5 ^ $ ^ y g Tl ci 1^ O) t ti 0 to 0) □ 1 i s 1 a. 1 c^ 11 ,P d P '"\ or fencing,'' and is a sure sign of the disease. Sucli a Horse when going on the road, is al- ways inclined to canter ; for, if in the walk or trot, where one fore-leg is in the air at a time, it is more than ten to one, but the weight of his rider brings him down Whenever, there- fore, this is ell tarred twine. Let this dressing be carefully applied for two or three days, when if the appearance of the fissure look as if going on well, take a firing-iron, and draw it across the fissure, top and bottom. This 252 THE iMODERN SYSTEM will prevent its extending either way. Draw I your lines almost to the quick, but not i through. Now dress your foot ajiain, binding well up, as before directed. On examining the foot a second time, if the parts do not sngpurate. you will find them dry, and look- ing kindly in appearance. This being the case, take a fine drawing-knife, and pare down the edges of the fissure, being careful not to draw blood ; and observe if there appears any oozing at the edges. If so apply a little of the solution of nitrate of silver to the edges, with the point of a feather ; then pio- ceed to dress the wound with tar, fill the fissure full, smear the foot all over with it. Have ready a plegit of tow, which place over all as before. Put on a bar-shoe, and lay it off well at the fissure, so that there may be no bearing. Now take your tar-brush, and apply all over the foot again. Repeat this dressing at least twice a week. Dtwing the disease give the Horse eight or ten alterative balls. (^See medicine.) PUNCTURED FOOT. Punctured foot is an exceedino: common thing with Horses, and frequently attended with a great deal of pain and difficulty, and in some cases, with death. The under part of ihc foot is so continually exposed to sharp bodies of every kind, wliilst travelling, and the injuries may arise from various bodies; such as nails, pieces of pointed bone, flints, pieces of glass, &c. Sometimes the heel of the shoe may be too long, and if accidentally the Horse .should >tcp on it, and partially pull it off, and a nail puncture the foot before you are aware of it ; also the accidental puncture of a nail during shoeing, is one of the most frequent causes of it. Injuries of this kind are proportioned in their effect according to the parts punctured. A puncture through the fleshy frog, even to the vascular portion, is not so productive of such consequences, as apparently a more superficial opening made through the centre of the sole, which may destroy the animal. Whenever a puncture of suflficient depth to penetrate the bony connec- tions, and synovia escapes, the parts should be carefully examined with a probe ; and if the suppuration have not commenced, apply compound tincture of myrrh on a small bit of lint. This treatment, in a few days, will heal the woiuid. Do not forget to place a large plegit of tow over all, to keep out the wet and dirt. If, however, this treatment has been neg- lected, and suppuration has taken place, im- mediately apply a bran poultice to the part affected, moistened well with gourlard water, mori.ing and night, to be renewed every day, until a healthy secretion takes place, when dress as directed before, with compound tinc- ture of myrrh. Should there be any thing like spongy flesh make its appearance through, touch it lightly with diluted butter of anti- mony, and put your dress over that. These simple modes of dressing you will find to have a much more beneficial effect than all the vio- lent farago of caustics, so much in common use. Sometimes deep posterior punctures may penetrate as far as the tendon itself, occasion- ing groat pain and inflammation. If you make an early discovery of the accident, in- troduce a little tow, saturated with tincture of myrrh. If the inflammation be great, bleed from the plate-vein, and give alterative medi- cine (see medicine,) every second day. Should this not reduce the inflammation so quick as OF FARRIERY. 253 ddHired, apply a bran poultice, as before di- rected. The most usual cases of puncture, are those which arise from a wrong direction of a nail, during the operation of shoeing, in wliich it either presses on, or actually wounds the sen- sible laminae. This is frequently known to the workman, but through idleness he will not draw it out again, or a great deal of in- jury might be prevented. Were the nail immediately taken out, and a little tincture of myrrh poured down the hole, the smith might introduce a much smaller one, and all things go on well. But if suppuration should proceed, the shoe must he taken off, and the horn that may have been covering the confined part, must be neatly cut away, and that to its farthest ex- tent, detaching a portion of the fleshy part from the horny sole. Should it proceed up- wards, and break out at the coronet, a lengthy job sometimes ensues ; but every means must be had recourse to, lo prevent so unpleasant an affair. However, after having pared out the sole as directed, next take your probe, and ascertain if any other sinuses are formed. If not, proceed at once to poultice with linseed meal, in which has been well worked a large piece of digestive ointment (we medicines.) Repeat this every day, until you perceive the wound looking healthy. When such is the case, apply tincture of myrrh to the wound <■ first having placed on the shoe), and a large plegit of tow over all, fastened in with two pieces of stick crossed, as instructed in other applications for the feet. Five or six days may elapse before the discovery of the disease. When so ascertained, have the shoe taken off, and let the smith tap round the foot with his hammer ; if the Horse does not flinch, let him try with his pincers, which will easily discover the seat of lameness immediately, when proceed as directed above ON OVER-RE4CHING. Wounds about the coronet are very com- mon to Horses, from one foot being set on the other. Hence it is called over-reaching, and generally occurs from a blow of the hind-foot against the fore-foot, wounding the edge of the coronet, or that part between hair and hoof; also if the pasterns should be long, and descend much when brought to the ground : I have known the hind-foot strike as high up as the fetlock, and make a complete sore ; but these are only to be considered as simple wounds, or rather as lacerations, or briiises. In no case let the old farriers dress the sores, as they invariably apply caustic remedies, which w ill make the matter much worse than before. First, with warm water and sponge, wash away every particle of dirt that may bs in the sore, or around it ; then take a plegit of tow, and saturate in compound tincture of myrrh, and bind on with a linen bandage. Repeat morning and night, until well. As I have given you a remedy for over- reaching, a preventative would probably be acceptable. Now this arises principally from the formation of the Hor.«e ; it generally occur- ring with Horses having thick, upright shoul- ders, in wliich case they are from such forma- tion partially deprived of the action of the fore-leg:, and cannot throw it out in that bold action-like manner, as Horses whose shoulders are placed more oblique ; consequently, the hind-legs having more freedom of action, reach the fore-legs before he is able to get them out of the way, which produces the dis- ease I am now writing of « s 254 THE MODERN SYSTEM Now the method to prevent this disagree- able affection, is to have your Horse shod hi«>"h before, which will assist him in getting his fore-leos on ; and without calkins behind, which will a little retard their action, and make all four legs work in unison. QUITTOR. (^uittor is one of the most troublesome wounds of the foot the veterinarian has to con- tend with ; and this because it is frequently some time before it can with propriety be termed so. The wound must have existed some time, and a peculiar unhealthy state exhibits itself, the ulcerated surface producing a diseased secretion, which may spread con- siderably around, and in consequence other parts become diseased. The tracts we call sinuses, are not difficult to ascertain, when we see the foot depending, and we all know (hat matter is sure to find a deepened orifice, if possible; but when covered with norn, how is that to be obtained ? why of course, the ms'-ter spreads itself amongst sensible parts, and they become diseased. Now, our princi- pal care is to lessen all this, or in other words, to remove the irritation then existinjr But if the injury should extend to the ligamentous and cartilaginous parts, their living powers being small, a very different complaint is formed, and sometimes a very tedious and troublesome disorder springs up, from the difTiciilty of forming granulations in parts with such few living powers. Quittor may arise from pricks in shoeing, punctures, and over-reaching, but with drautrht-horses, the most common is from wounds, or bruises inflicted by a tread on the coronet. I never saw this disease in the front of the foot, but it principally occurs at the quarters, in the neighbourhood of the late- ral cartilages ; though I have heard some 8ay, the whole margin of the coronet is liable. The great trouble of treating quittor, from its being so unpleasant a disease to contend with, has brought into use by the older far- riers some of the most violent means, impelled to it by their erroneous views of its nature ; the burning out with a red hot iron was one of their favourite plans ; but now, I believe, that is nearly abolished. For my own part, I prefer the stimulating plan to all others. A quittor, when it has taken on the ulcera- tive process, and the dead portions are thrown off by suppuration, the farriers would then say a core is come out. The wound then ouffht to be treated as a simple wound, or abscess; for farriers are too apt on these occasions, under the idea of assisting the coring out, to introduce strong stimulants. Reduce inflam- mation as much as possible, thin the sur- rounding horn ; and if the matter appears to penetrate in a direct line, downwards only, make an opening in the hoof below ; but in other cases merely dress in any mild way, either with a weak solution of sulphate of zinc, or compound tincture of myrrh. Put the Horse on bran mashes, and give altera- tives. (See medicines.) But when the complaint assumes the ap- pearance of confirmed quittor, and not retain- ing the character of a simple bruise, wound, or abscess, we must look upon it now as an ulcer, composed of different branches or si- nuses, or as the old farriers termed them pipes. Here the coring out system has been abundantly used. On some occasions of bad quittor, a portion of ossified cartilage has come away ; and a3 this is by no means nn OF FARRIERY. 255 uncorotnon occurrence, farriers thought that a portion of offending bone, in every instance, was a part of the disease ; and until they can produce a separation of a part of the lateral cartilage, which they consider when it ap- pears, as the very " quittor bone," they sought for ; and until this appears, they are not contented, but prolong the treatment to produce the desired end. However, we will proceed to our method of cure. 'ilie first thing to be done, is to examine well with a probe the extent of the ulcer, with the number and direction of the pipes. Should one of the pipes run inward, and come in coiitacl with a firm hard body, it is more than probable the bone is bare. Portions of the coflfin-bcne have been known to slough off; but 1 never knew a Horse recover when that liis been the case. If the capsular ligament become ulcerated, and the joints exposed, such a case is a hopeless one, when the pipes run at the back of the cartilages ; but when these take an inward direction, they produce a hopeless case. But if the direction of the sinuses be outward and downward, or back- ward towards the heels, the cure then may not prove difficult. The next object is to stimulate the parts to an healthy action as early as possible, and which may be done by introducing any of the following : — verdigris, or corrosive sublimate, finely powdered ; but- ter of antimony, arsenic, solutions of potash, and lunar caustic. These are all excellent remedies for the disease. Prudence and hu- manity dictate we should use the mildest first. Therefore try zinc, powdered fine, and fill the orifice full, gently pressing it to the bottom of the wound ; fill up to the skin nearly, and lay a bit of tow ovfer the sore, then gently bind on Aith a bit of broad iape Keep the Horse as quiet as possible ; lie must not be allowed to go out to grass or to work. Having laid down one part of the treatment of quittor, we shall give the other. Have the milder means too often failed, or were they not well attended to? Therefore you must make use of liquid stimulant, with which you will be able to reach all the sinuses. Tincture of cantharides, with turpentine, or a mild solution of caustic alkali, or the lunar caustic, introducing small piegitsof tow, of which ever of the above you may select, or which may appear to .igree best with combatting the disease. Should these also fail in producing the desired object, more active stimulants must be had recourse to ; and to do which, mix about an ounce of tar with finely powdered corrosive sublimate, then take small pieces of tow, and imprcg>nate well with the mixture ; then place one of the plegits thus impregnated, at the end of your probe, and lightly press it to the bottom of the sinus. Do the same until you have charged every one ; then- fill up to the top of the ori- fice with the mixtures : be cautious when introducing your plegits, to use a light hand, and not do it by force. If the quittor should be what the farriers call foul, mix a dram of verdiofris with the above. It would be well to thin the horn a little round the parts, as it will have a tendency to remove the pain that naturally must arise. Let the dressing remain in for two or three days, until sloughing takes place ; if the parts lOok red and clean, you may naturally expect by simple dressings of tincture of myrrh the wound will heal, from its healthy appearance. If unfortunately this should not be the case, you must proceed again in the same manner as before, until a healthy apjiearance is put on. During the application of these remedies, 250 THE MODERN SYSTEM do not forget to give alterative medicines every *-econd day. (^See medicines.) ON CANKER. Canker is one of the most obsUnate an J de- structive diseases the Horse is subject to. Canker consists in the separation of the horn of the insensible sole from the sensible sole, from suppuration having taken place between the two. This troublesome disease may arise from various causes. One origin is from neg- lected thrush, in which the sensible sole par- ticipates with the inflammation of the sensible frog. Neglected grease will sometimes occa- sion canker. In both these cases it is fre- quently engendered amongst cart-horses, par- ticularly in crowded places ; for you will find more grease and thrush in large cart-horse establishments than any other ; and if care be not taken in time, canker soon shews itself. It often arisos from pricks ; and when such is tlie case, and the fle.xor-tendon should become injured, in all probability locked-jaw may su- pervene. Treads, bruises, or bad corns may now and then occasion it. This disease seldom occurs in the fore-feet, clearlv shewing that dung and urine are among the principal causes. Having enumerated the causes of canker, I sliall now proceed to offer the treatment for this troublesome di.sease. Canker, in its ap- pearance, you will find to be a formation of fundus, or proud flesh ; which of course is an unliealthy secretion, and in appearance much resembles a cauliflower. Now, your first object is, to remove this to a level with the part.s that appear healthy. This you will efTcct witii a sharp scalpel. You will occasion considerable bleeding, but do not be alarmed at that. Have with you a bottle of butter of anti- mony {see medicines) and with a feather, touch every part of proud flesh, and between the parts. Now proceed carefully, with a prolie, to examine what extent of sensible is separat(;(l from the horny sole ; exactly to the extent of separation must the sole be nicely pared away, with a very fine and sharp drawing- knife ; for the horny sole, once sepal-ated, never re-unites, but becomes a foreign body, and as such, injurious. Every portion of separated horn should be carefully removed ; and mind also, this must be attended to at every future dressing. Again examine with your probe, if the disease has proceeded in any other direction. If so, they must be treated as above, by a careful removal of all detached parts ; let these be cut away, neatly and evenly, and no rough edges suffered to remain. By using the above means, the fungus may be removed ; but mind, so long as any of thin fungus continues sprouting, or growing, so long the cankered action is going on ; before proceeding further, that must be completely done away with ; for while that is the case, no secretion of firm horn will take place. If you perceive a secretion of thin horn, which will sometimes occur over many poitions of the surface, this must be carefully removed at each dressing, until the application of caustic stimulants and pressure produce a healthy surface, and produces a proper quantity of pus only, and which finally end in good horn. After you have brought the whole of the sole to secrete good matter, sprinkle it with the followinff: — Sul. zinc, finely powdered Verdigris \ ounce. h do. Or, OF FARRIERY. 957 Blue vitriol Alum 1 ounce. - 1 do. Sprinkle either of these all over the sole, so as to lightly cover it ; then lay a plegit of the fines^t and clearest tow on the whole ; fill the whole cavity with other tow thickly over the bot- tom of the foot, fastened in with strips of wood, as before directed, crossing each other ; this will keep up a firm and equal pressure. Now take a piece of coarse cloth or sacking, and wrap the whole well up in it. This will keep the foot dry, as nothing tends to increase the growth of proud flesh so much as moisture. There is a great fault in not dressing cank- ered feet sufficiently often. Once a day they they ought at least to be dressed ; but if the case be bad, they ought to be examined morning and evening. Trouble, in this disease, must not be noticed ; for if the foot becomes neglected, the parts are much longer htaling, and when healed are not near so firm, as if well attended to. Horses affected with this disease should never be turned out. in order to avoid moisture, the mild cau.stic plan of treatment, with the pressure of tow nicely fitted into the foot, will be found to equal any dressing, when applied with care. You should give alterative medicines (see medicines,) every second day. FALSE QUARTER. False quarter generally arises from one, or the other of the peceding diseases; in which, from the injury done to tlie coronary vascular ligament, at one immediate part, it can never afterwards secrete horn in a perfect line ; but the break of interruption which first origin- ated between the old and the new horn, con- tinues to be propagated. Consequently, it is called false quarter ; and it, of course, very much weakens the foot. Sandcrack is some- times produced by it. The only remedy here, is continually blistering the coronet at the quarter, and shoe with a bar-shoe, well laid off at the seat of disease. You may dress the hoof with tar, or the foot-ointment {see medi- cines,) and keep as free from dirt as possible. 3 T 258 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER XXVI ON THE HORSE'S TEETH If my readers will refer to the introductory part of this work, they will see that it was not my intention to have made any further remark ou the age of the Horse, having heard bO many contradictory opinions, and such out of the way judgments, that I thought it would only be taking up the time of those who may wish to learn, without obtaining that end ; but as some of my readers have wished it, I have had the annexed plate correctly engraven for this work only, with full explanation of each figure, which I deem to be perfectly correct. The teeth are incontestibly the parts of the body, capable of furnishing the most certain indications of the number of years that the animal has lived ; and the incisor teeth, in particular, are suitable for this purpose. They arc indeed the only teeth that give correct ideas on the age of the Horse, throutfhout almost the entire duration of his life. 'I'he difficulty of examining the molar teeth, and the irregularity of their table, prevent our being able to obtain any result from the in- spection of these teeth As to the tushes, (besides mares not being provided with them) the period of their protrusion varies much, as ihcy do not ridj against each other, but side- ways, and across, they can only be considered as accessory means of judging. EXPLANATION OF THE PLATE. Fig. 1. The state of this end of a ja'.T marks four years and a half old. The Horse- dividers, newly shot out, are still quite fresh, and not as yet on a level with the nippers. The inner edge of the latter are still un- touched, and lower than the external edge The sucking corner-teeth are much more worn, and present only the extremity of the funnel. Fig. 2. A Horse just closing up to five years old. The corner-teeth have a short time shot out, they are fresh and untouched ; the nippers begin to lose the mark ; the ex- ternal edge of the dividers have undergone some wear ; but the inner is nicked, as yel untouched, and lower than the outer. Fig. 3. This figure represents the age of a Horse, six years old. The nippers have lost their mark ; the dividers have nearly so ; but the inner edge of the corner-teeth are still untouched, and also slightly nicked. Fig. 4. A jaw, in which the incisors mark seven years old complete ; and the nippers and dividers have completely lost the mark ; the inner edge of the corner-teeth is on a level with the outer, in consequence of wear. Fig. 5. In this Jaw of eight years old, all A CI'', of Our' HOM.SJE /':- Years PM Cff/rii/tg ."jYr^/^'s P/// 10 Years CM 7 Yf/rrs rid ,f Ynirs C/fi n Ytars I>2t7 J2 Yeais OU 13 '> Ycrrs fW 7/ Yrars- ft,/ 7.7 cnJfi Years f>/,i .0 Years /Vf7 I "^ih f ^ ^ ^ (V U & I IT 0- ^ ^ a> Cf ^ fr ^ rt) s rn H- p M •i a. ^ o P- P' ^ 'A o- 1 M 9 ^ -^ OF FARRIERY. 239 sponge, and your own assistant close to you, 10 hand you what instrument you may re- quire; also to be ready with the sponge in case of profuse bleeding, which is sometimes the case, and confuses the operator, unless a wet sponge is handy to take up the blood. You now feel for the pulsation of the artery, which will readily be recognized. Then cut down a little posterior to such pulsation, still keeping your finger on the artery. Well, when you have made your section, about an inch completely through the skin, now lay your knife down, and open the orifice with your thumb and finger, and have it sponged, and you will see the nerve running immedi- ately behind the artery, but perfectly white. Then, introduce your blunt ended needle, under the nervt, and draw it through as far as convenient. ^Vhen, after finely dissect- ing the cellular membrane from the nerve, you may divide it as high up as your section will admit. This will occasion a violent struggle with the Horse ; but you may dissect as far down as you think proper, and excise what quantity of nerve you like, and he will make no resistance whatever. The skin should be now drawn neatly together, and place a stitch or two in it, and dress as before described. On removing the bandage, after the first day or two, dress with com- pound tincture of myrrh Small plegits of tow, dipped in this mixture, and applied every day, will soon occasion the parts to heal. It may be clearly seen, that the motive for using the nerve operation, is to relieve pain. Stallions, with pumiced feet, suffer greatly from pain; and we may be quite assured, where such is the case, it unfits them from petting healthy progeny. After the nerve operation they have proved healthy aud vigorous. Mares also, who from tfie same causes, have ceased to feel the periodical cestrum, or horsing, after the operation have resumed their fecundity ; therefore the opera- tion is not only beneficial in removing lame- ness, but bodily pain and lameness, arising from other sources. ON DOCKING. Docking is an operation performed almost on all Horses, excepting the racer or the cart- horse ; both of which are allowed to enjoy Nature's gifts without any curtailing. Still, we cannot but say, that from the improvement which docking makes in our hackney -horses, it is not likely that it will fall into disuse, as some operations have altogether. But the excessive docking that some Horses suffer, I think preposterous ; such as those travelling between Birmingham and Bristol, belongfing to the Messrs. Ashmores. 1 he docks of these Horses do not extend three inches ; the sight of which is truly disgusting. Some men will still argue, that a short dock will strengthen a Horse. How this is to be reconciled I do not know ; for I think if such were the case, the racing-stables would long since have adopted short docking. I cannot think that the blood that would be necessary to support a long dock, if diverted into other channel*) would at all strengthen those parts by the means of a snort one. For mysei'f, I am no advocate for the short dock ; neither do I ap- prove of docking colts, almost as soon as drop- ped, as at all beneficial to the future growth for I should imagine, early docked colts would have less hair on them, than when docked ai a more matured age ; as the irritation occa sioned by docking in these young animal*, make them apt to rub their tails against any 3 Y 'IIO THE MODERN SYSTEM tiling tliey may come near to; consequently, either making the hair very rough, or rubbing jtoft' altrgether. I perfectly agree with those who advocate the cause of a longer dock than was fashionable some years ago ; for hunters especially, and some of our roadsters, and car- riage-horses, were docked truly ridiculous, however " knowing" it mav have been thought to look. The length of the dock must be left to choice ; about nine inches is the general length left novv-a-days. \\ hen the length has been determined on, the long hair should be fastened back from that part, while about an inch or two below it should be shorn clear from surrounding hair. Apply the docking machine to this part, first finding a joint, and the dock is removed at one stroke. Various means have been adopted to stop the bleed- ing ; but none in my opinion is equal to the actual cautery, which if mildly applied, answers every purpose, without after trouble. Simple us this operation may appear, (he old fitrriers make a dreadful fuss over it; and what with l)urning the Horse's tail half-off, and their rosin besides, it becomes a matter of wonder that the Horse escapes the disease locked-jasv, which frequently supervenes on docking, and the violence u-cd afterwards ; and I have also seen mortification follow the operation. The bleeding would scarcely ever prove fatal, and seldom injure the Hor.se, therefore there is little necessity for cauterising ; but if the bleeding should continue, all you have to df) is to take a handful of flour, and apply it to the end of (he dock, and draw all the long h:ur down over it, and tie as close to the dock as possii)le. This will soon plug up (he ends of (lie arteries, and stop (he bleeding. Many pcrsoas are very fond of elevating the tail, with an idea that the Horse will carry a much superior one, if done so. This is all nonsense, and at the present day ought not to be noticed. If lock-jaw should make its appearance, immediately operate anew, with- out restraining the blood at all, as its loss will be both useful and necessary in such a case. Administer large doses of opium, or if the mouth should be so much closed, laudanum in gruel must be given frequently ; say, an ounce at a time ; of the opium, four drams. If it should put on a gangrenous appear- ance, apply oil of turpentine to the part, several times a day. Hot applications be- tween applying the turpentine, will also be of great service. NICKING. The practice of nicking Horses is now almost out of date. There is little doubt it originated from large fine Horses carrying their tails " tucked in,'' as it is termed, and which would tend to reduce the value of the Horse much ; except when he happened to be under excitement, then he would carry his taii erect enough, so that the ingenuity of man thought of nicking, for in the natural state the depressing muscles of the tail are stronger than the erecting ones, and it was to overturn this, and to give the balance of power to the erec- tors, that the operation of nicking became practised. With nicking, the same as castration, a favourable time of the year should be selected for it, and that I should recommend to be the spring, when the weather is not too hot or too cold ; for in cold weatlier the granulating pro- cess may become .stopped, and in very hot weather, locked-jaw sometimes is likely to supervene. The modes of securing the Horse OF FARRIERY. 271 for the operation, are various, according to the modes of the day such means were in- vented. The break, or trevis, was a favourite mode of the old practitioners, but now com- pletely done away with. A strong rail, or leaping-bar, across a stall, was another means ; but these only by grooms and Horse- dealers. Most veterinarians are in the habit of casting the Horse for tliis operation, and 1 liave always done so myself; for I consider the more secure and safe you can make the Horse, the less time is taken up in the opera- tion, though Horse-dealers are sometimes very expert at performing this operation standing ; still I prefer the more secure way. The Horse being properly secured, I shall describe the mode of operating. Have your twitch ready, which place on the Horse's nose ; have ready two bundles of straw or hay, and then raise the Horse's feet, so that he lays on his back ; prop him up in this position with the hay or straw, by placing a bundle on each s-ide of him. I should have mentioned that previous to casting the Horse, the hair of the tail ought to have been plaited, and when at the end, neatly turned back and bound firm with wax-end. Now take your nicking knife, which is double edged, which makes it more convenient and prevents the trouble of turning. The mod* of making the sections must be left to the discretion of the operator ; always make your sections in the middle of a tail-bone, not at a joint ; this will easily be discovered by the prominences rising at either end of the bone. This should be carefully attended to, otherwise the most serious consequences may aiise. It is sometimes the practice with some veterinarian siurgeons, to make a section i tluough the integuments only, beginning at j the roots of the hair on one side, and carryinir it across the bellies of the muscles ; then doing the same on the other side ; and lastly, makino: these sections meet bv a light and careful division of the integuments only, on the median lines of the tail. Such is not only a very cautious, but a proper mode for young hands, and is also consistent with good prac- tice ; but It is apt to take up more time than older and more experienced practitioners are willing to devote to it. The first section should not be nearer in the smallest Horse, than two inches and a half; and in full-sized Horses three, or three inches and a half, as the centre of the tail-bones may indicate. In Mares, one section less than a Horse, is admissible. The most expert ope- rator will, however, find it prudent when the sections are made, to examine them carefully, that they are all equal in depth, and have divided the depressor-muscles completely. Should any difference appear in these res- pects, and should such unequal division be allowed to remain, the operation will be in- complete, and the Horse would in all pro- bability cany his tail awry. Added to which, any portion of the muscle being left undivided, would tend to prevent the others from retract- ing, and might also serve to promote a re- union of them. Having satisfied yourself that the sections are all complete, the blffidin? that ensues, need not be considered of conse- quence, nor will it shew itself until the tail is relaxed. Now look to the ends of your ten- dons, and with a sharp and strong pair of scissors, snip off the projecting ends thereof; enough will always protrude to be taken hoKl of with the forceps. The removal of these ends will not cp!v separate the attachments of the muscles liir- 27? TH^ MODERN SYSTEM ther from each other, which, if re-umted, would of course frustrate the operation ; but their removal greatly facilitates the healing of the wounds. 'I'he section being thus completed, proceed to restrain the hcemorrage, which is done in various ways. By some, by means of strips of cotton, tow, hemp, &c. ; which, twisted, and inserted into each nick, are separately tied on the back of the tail. In my own prac- tice, I generally take a piece of lint, or a plegit of tow, and introduce into each section suffi- cient to fill it up, ovfcf »thich I place linen strips, long enough to tie on the back of the tail, which were then tied sufficiently tight to restrain the bleeding. Should the bleeding, however, continue to be more than was anti- cipated, place another rather broader linen bandage over each section. It becomes neces- sary now to carefully watch these bandages, that they do not create too much heat and inllarnmation in the tail. Should this be the ca.se, and tiie bleeding not stopped, take a sponge which has been dipped in cold water, squeeze the water on the top of the tail seve- ral times a day. This will cool the parts, and tend to stop the bleeding, too. When per- fectly satisfied on this point, you may loosen your bandages a little, and if all tilings look favourable, let the tail remain until the morn- ing, when snip the bandage at liberty. Many persons differ in their mode of after- dressing the sections. Some prefer lint only ; others lint, with the mild digestive ointment, and a bandage over all, in both instances. There is one advantage in dressing with the digestive ointment (^see medicines,) and that is, it is €apt to promote the .suppurative pro- ci-ss, while the other is not. By promoting iuppuratK^n, there is more chance of avoiding- locked-jaw ; but in the first dressing, nothing promotes the healing process so much as dry lint ; watching the wounds, that they be kept from dirt and fungus, leave them to heal of themselves, without any application but the bandages. Were a nicked tail left to itself, there is no doubt but the divided muscles would asrain unite, and the tail be carried nearly as it was before ; therefore, to keep the divided end apart, it is necessary that the tail should be suspended, until the parts become cicatrized, and such junction prevented. In former days, a cushion, or pad, was formed, and fixed to the Horse's rump, by means of buckles and straps, and the tail fastened back to this pad. The Irish nicked Horses, you may always discover from any other ; for there they break the last joint, so you will always see an Irish nicked Horse, with a peculiar curl-up at the end of his tail. This is the cause of it. The modern mode of suspending the tail is by double pulleys, and are not only simple, but are capai)le of being easily rectified or regulated at your pleasure. The apparatus consists of two pulleys, to be fi.xed to a beam, or joist in the stable, as wide apart as the stall the Horse is to be placed in; the wheels of these are to be made sufficiently large to admit of a kind of roller (similar to one used for window-blinds,) and about a foot, or foot and a half longer than the stall is wide. Another pulley, corresponding to the two olliers, runs loose on the roller, with this ad- dition ; that instead of having an end to fasten up any where, there is a larger wheel, but made only wide enough for the suspension cord to run on. This done, the end of tlip line mirst be made fast to the Hori-e's tail, by means of first having introduced a good strong OF FARRIERY. 273 skewer through the plait, and double at the tiid of the tail. Then take another pulley, o»ie end of which is to be fastened to a beam, or joist, immediately behind the Horse, and as far back as possible. Now, the line you fastened to the pulley on the roller, pass over the one just nailed up; to the end of this line you must suspend your weight. By this pulley being m a right line with the centre of the sta (. the Horse is in no dan^-er of having his tail gTow aside ; but if you should perceive the animal have a tendency to rest on. one side the stall more than the other, take a bundle of furze, and nail against the side of the stall he may be so inclined to bear against, and vice versa. The weight for the first day or two, should not be more than will keep the tail straight ; then by ad- ditional weight, elevate the tail a little from me horizontal line, advancing every two or three days, until you have acquired the height 5ru wish to go to : but never go to the per- pendicular, or erect position. The elevation, however, ought to depend on the height we wish the tail to be carried in future. The carriage of the tail should therefore be exa- mined every two or three days; keeping in mind, that after it has altogether done with the pulleys, it frequently droops a little. I have now given you a description of the apparatus requisite in performing the opera- tion of nicking, and the method of performing it; it only remains for me to mention the treatment, and food the Horse ought to hare. With regard to giving the Horse exercise, during the time the tail is in pulleys, this I should say was decidedly wrong, and which would cause the Horse great and excruciat- ing pain on beiag placed in them again. It wo'ild be very like tearing open an old wound. But there is a means of keepmg the Horse in health, without exercise, by giving him an ounce of nitre in his water, two or three times a week, and an alterative pov/der (see medi- cines,) every day in his feed, which should be half bran and half oats, made moderately wet, so that the powders might easily adhere to it ; not sloppy, that the medicine can run off. There will require some attention with re- gard to the tail, to prevent the hair coming off; but this will happen in some measure, take what care or precaution you may. At the end of about seven or eight days, take the tail out of the pulleys, and unplat it, thea carefully comb it out, and apply a little hog's lard to the roots of the hair ; when make fafi again. This should be done every five or six days ; and it is the only and best means to keep the hair on, though as I before men- tioned, you cannot prevent some from fallmff off. Now the only things to be mentioned are the casualties attending the operation of nick- ing, the principle of which is inflammation. This may run so high, as to produce morti- fication, locked-jaw, &c. ; but as we have before treated of these specifically, there is no necessity of a repetition, as they will be found under their separate heads. CROPPING. Custom has nearly abolished the practice of cropping. Still circum.stances may occur to render it necessary ; such as one ear becom- ing blemished ; therefore, at the makers of surgical instruments, we always can obtain a sort of curved clams, called cropping-irons. Into these, one of the ears is introduced, and the upper part is cut off at one stroke, with a knife of sufficient length. The portion cu, oft 3 z 274 THE MODERN SYSTEM will serve as a guide for forming the other crop. A young practitioner is apt to be alai-med at the retraction of the skin from the cartilages; but the exposed edges disappear in a few days. Horses often continue for a long time very shy about the head after crop- ping ; consequently, both bridle and halter should be used without a forepart or fronting, till the ears are quite well. The bridle should also be made to unbuckle on one side from the bit, so that the head-stall may be dropped on, without the hand being raised to pass over the ears. This will naturally operate in dissipating the customary shyness that other- wise so long remains, and which is never wholly lost, if force and cruelty be afterwards used ; therefore, gentle means will be always found to be the best. BLEEJDING. Bleeding is the next article that comes nuder our notice, and is practised by several modes. Blood is sometimes taken from the arteries. If the trunk be considerable, it may be punctured, but must afterwards have a ligature passed around it. If it be less con- siderable, it will be sufficient to divide the trunk of the vessel, which having emptied all its ramifications, recedes by its muscularity within the integuments, and stops the bleed- ing. The temporal artery is occasionally opened on both sides. These arteries may readily be detected at three or four inches below the root of the car, in a line with the nostrils. The angular artery is sometimes opened in inflammation of the eyes. Bleeding at the toe also abstracts blood from both veins and arteries. In drawing blood from the foot, it should not be done in the ordinary way of paring down the mar- ginal line, with part of the sole, but the sole only, as close to the marginal line as may be ; then take a fine drawing-knife, or strong lancet, and puncture the vein running round the maririn of the foot, which from the o^reat vascularity of the foot, the blood will flow copiously. With rejrard to instruments used to let blood, the common blood-stick and phleme, and a variety of lancets, are all to be seen at Mrs. Long's, High Holborn, instrument- maker to the Royal Veterinary College. The lancet, I must confess, is the most sur- gical-looking instrument ; but I prefer the phleme, especially for country practice, where you have necks of all thicknesses to contend with ; for I have seen some practitioners make one punctvu'e through the skin first, then anoth'^r through the coats of the vein ; and without some experience, the vein is also apt to be altogether missed, in attempting to do it by a lancet. Let your lancets and phlemes, whichever you may make choice o^ be al- ways clean, and higlily polished; and, after bleeding, care should be taken to dry thera, and examine their points. Blood is most frequently taken from the jugular vein, though other superficial veins there are, from which blood may be taken with advantage, such as the plate and thigh- veins. The proper place for bleeding at the jugu- lar vein, is about two inches below the branch- ing off of that vein, towards the head. To perform the operation, the principle thing is a steady hand. If your intention is to bleed on the near side, take your phleme in your left hand, grasp it with your finger and thumb, then with your middle and third fingers rai.se up the vein by carrying your hand the back- OF FAKRIERY. 27ft ward wa^ of the hair; the vein being raised as iiigh as you require, strike the phleme with your blood-stick in the centre of the vein. Let vour assistant receive the flowincj blood in a bucket, whilst you replace your tackle, and prepare, with a pin and tow, to bind up the orifice. This being done, let a wet sponge be applied, and remove the blood. In abstracting blood, it should be an invari- able rule never to let it fall on the ground. A bucket ij" generally the usual utensil for re- reiving blood in. By chance you sometimes meet with a graduated can, in well regulated stables, and exceedingly useful it is ; as then you have a certain measure, by which you can regulate the quantity of blood you wish to take. You will frequently find you take much more on the graduated principle, than if you trusted t. chance. As for example: in a large Horse, with a strong attack of inflam- mation upon him, on the first bleeding the recovery mainly depends. Y'^ou are here work- ing in the dark ; for it will be next to an impossibility to ascertain what quantity of blood is taken, without some measure for a guide. In all inflammatory affections, it is import- ant to draw the blood from a large orifice, and as quickly as poss'ble, though the general system may be weakened from hastily draw- ing blood ; but the disease gives way to such treatment much quicker than if blood was drawn from a small orifice. There are two kinds of blood-letting, what is termed local and general. Local blood-letting is abstracting blood as near to the part affected as possible ; and a few ounces thus abstracted, frequently does more good than if you took a quart from the system generally. Getieral bleeding is that, wherem the sys- tem at large partakes of the operation, de- pleted by the stores more immediately derived from the heart. Blood-letting, in veterinary practice, is very important. The amazing quickness with which some diseases run their course, and which appear to be only arrested by blood- letting, is in many instances to be considered as our only sheet-anchor ; and therefore is so much resorted to in most fevers, and those internal inflammatory afiections, to which the Horse is so exceedingly liable. Blood-letting is also important as a criterion of the state of the disease, certain appearances of the ab- stracted fluid presenting certain indications which act as a guide for our future treatment. Indeed, if it were not from a knowledge of the different states of the blood and the pulse, we should be liable to be in continual error; therefore, the state of the blood in health, as well as in sickness, should be well attended to. ON PURGING. Purging, it is well known, is produced in the Horse, in order to renovate him, and to bring him into condition ; and though it may be treated so lightly by a great many persons, still purging is a very important matter, es- pecially when we read of the number of race, and other Horses, that annually fall victims on account of the bad management they re- ceive during the time of their physic. Though almost every groom, with that self-conceit, which so distinguishes this class of persons, declares he can put a Horse through his doses of physic as well as any man. But were you to ask him how the medicine acts, or if things do not go on quite so well as expected, he is. 276 THE MODERN SYSTEM completely puzzled, and does not know where to look for an answer, to explain the meaning of cathartic, or purging medicine. Cathartics, or purging medicines, act by stimulating the intestines to a more frequent evacuation of their contents ; they also in- crease the matter so expelled ; and, under some circumstances, they alter the quality of it too. Tiiis being the simple operation of purging, it is evident how many erroneous notions are entertained relative to it. Purging is used to reduce swelled legs ; but no purge will act on the legs immediately ; for it cannot in the first instance remove fluids from any other parts but the stomach and bowels. Ultimately it may remove the fluids from other parts to make up the deficiency, and thus the legs become lessened. Notwithstanding there are certain peculi- arities of coastitution generally, and certain states of the alimentary canal, which particu- larly render this process very salutary to the Horse, and which are essentially necessary to keep him up to that slandard of condition which is now the pride of every gentleman and sportsman ; still, purging has its limits, and if carried too far, which it frequently is by many " would be knowing grooms," until it ends in the death of the animal, let his value be ever so great. I have here to complain of training-grooms in general. They will rarely allow a veterinary surgeon to come into their stables; and why is this? Does the veterin- ary surgeon not know his practice'? or does he know too much? One, or the other must be the case ; or why allow a man perfectly igno- rant of anatomy or pathology, to have the medical care of so great a property as noble- men are possessed of in the shape of Horses ? However, it is not my province to dictate to the world ; it is only a matter of opinion, but having gone through the whole task myself before my apprenticesliip to a veterinary sur- geon, I think my experience at least may qualify me to form a just opinion. However, the world is made, and we must get through it in the best manner we can. But to our sul ject. There are various uses to which purgative medicine becomes applicable, but may gene- rally be arranged under such as are given as a remedy against an existing disease; those exhibited as a preventative against a probable one also, are greatly used for promoting a certain state, called condition. ' Cathartics are most beneficially used against inflammation, or almost all diseases of in- creased action, except of the alimentary canal. By increasing the waste of the watery parts of the blood, it tends to deplete the system, and to lessen arterial action. In active in- flammation it greatly assists bleeding, and vo others, it is superior to it, and can be advan- tageously employed, when that cannot be with propriety attempted, as in fevers possess- ing a low or putrid character ; for as such appear to be often dependent on some morbid change within, or some morbid combinations formed by the biliary fluid, which purging acts particularly upon ; so that its advan- tages here are striking. In plethoric cases, which produce serous deposits in the legs, &c., as in Horses just removed from grass, &c., we depend on purgatives for their removal. In pursive, thick-winded Horses, physic not only prevents further accumulation, but also stimulates the absorbents to take up some of the existing deposit. In dyspeptic cases, in hide-bound, in lampas, and others, arising from the deranged functions of the OF FARRIERY. 277 stomach, mild purgatives act in the most salutary manner. In the removal of worms also, they act most beneficially, by ejecting them, and the nidus in which they are lodged also. As preventatives, purges are extensively employed ; also when Horses are taken from grass, or the straw-yard, and are at once re moved into a heated temperature, with cloth- inii' and full diet. Were it not for bleeding and purging, but particularly the latter, we should find all the consequences of plethora shew themselves soon after ; as hide-bound, surfeits, swelled legs, cracked-heels, opthal- mia, and not unfrequently, inflamed lungs also. Here, and in all similar cases, purgatives find a vent for the superabundant blood formed. It is another fact, which serves to exemplify the want of analogy between the action of purgatives on the Horse, to those on the human subject ; that when an emaciated Horse is removed from hard work, and harder fare, at once to rest and a full diet, that so far from his condition being improved, unless he be prepared for the change by previous purg- ing, his .skin becomes fixed, his belly still more and more tucked up, and his hair will often actually fall off. But the same change, when accompanied by a judicious use of purgatives, operates so much to his advantage, that a few weeks brings forth a new animal, as it were. Physic is also most beneficially given at particular seasons, as at the spring and fall, to obviate the effects of the contradictory state into which Horses fall at those times ; being then apparently weak and emaciated, yet at the same time sufferiuff from increased arte- rial action, employed in working the periodical change in the constitution. At these times, iwo or three mild purges will stimulate the defective digestion, remove morbid accumula- tions from the bowels, occasioned thereby, and by a sympathetic effect between the skin and alimentary canal, they will assist in the change of the new hair for the old. Purgatives are given to promote condition. — If their tardiness of action altogether shut them out from any other medicinal use, yet their beneficial influence in producing con- dition, would of itself render the subject important to all those connected with Horses. If, likewise, they excited only the condition we require on the young, the robust, and the already lusty animal, it would excite little surprise, and the method of action would be clear ; but when we know that they equally promote it in lean emaciated Horses, even without apparent disease, it requires an inti- mate acquaintance with the requisite func- tions, and his animal economy, to enable us to account for the fact. In such cases vye give mild doses only, which prove a Valuable stimulant and tonic to the stomach and bowels, thus pro- moting their digestive powers, and consequent capability of separating more organic mole- culuae from the ingesta. They also stimulate the sluggish biliary and pancreatic secretions, which are so necessary to a healthy digestion and formation of chyle, from which alone the strength and bulk can be augmented. Luxury and refinement have introduced an artificial slate of condition beyond that ; simply, a healthy functional state. Such condition is not only necessary to tiring the animal up to our present ideas of beauty, but also to enable him to undergo exercises, which in a state of nature were not expected from him, as hunting, racing, &c., &c. To promote this state, purges are indi-pensabl> necessary, and it is from this view thr.t iho 4 a 278 THE MODERN SYSTEM subject of pliysiclnof derives its popularity with the mere iiorseman ; tliougli ^ve iiave shewn that it derives no less consideration under every point of view, connected with the well- being of this vakiable animal. In promoting condition, purgatives not only act favourably on the digestive organs, but their beneficial Influence extends to the other solid and fluid pnrts of the body also ; by their means the watery parts of the blood are removed, by which tlie absorbents become stimulated to take up all the interstitial fluid interposed be- tween the moving masses, as well as that distributed within the cellular membrane, by which means the strength is augmented, and the weight of useless matter diminislicd. The unnecessary adeps, or fat of the body is also removed by the same process, which allows the muscular fibres to be more recti- linearly placed, and to approximate in their action, by which a great increase in their power is gained. It is thus that pliysic draws up the belly, and hardens the flesh. The lungs also are enabled to act more advantage- ously by the agency of physic, their capacity being greatly increased by the absorption of incumbering matter, either solid or fluid. In this wav, the wind as well as the strenath, is increased by perfect condition. The ahuse and danger of purgativos. — Salutary as is the operation of purgatives on Morses, judiciously managed, and properly limed , yet hurtful in the extreme, and often fatal are the consequences brought about by iui Ignorant employment of them when not proper, and an erroneous mode of managing tliem when they are. In all inflammatory sifTections of the stomach and bowels, cathar- ti<:e rriM*i*. be highly injurious, excef)t in Inllam- iKulion of the bowels, when the obstruction cannot be overcome by any other means. They are almost equally hurtful in inflamma- tion of the lungs ; and it is probable, from the powers it calls forth in the Horse to produce purging, occasioned by bis structural pecu- liarities, that in all great visceral inflamma- tions, active purges should be admitted with caution. In farcy and glanders, purgatives seldom do other than harm ; and in chronic affections, attended with great debility, they are only admissible in some pecidiar insiaiices, specified in the treatment of such diseases. Physic is hurtful, however, principally from the frequency, and quantity sometimes given. Grooms suppose that every ordinary case re- quires three doses of physic ; the reason for which, many have humorously given : — " The first being intended to stir up the humours : the second to set them afloat ; and the third to carry them oft'." To very young Horses, and to delicate feeders, the giving of three doses of physic must be attended with most injurious conse- quences, and such as they cannot recover from for months ; sometimes never. In such cases, one or two very mild doses are all that is required, or ought to be permitted ; and it is doubtful, without some " foulness," as it is termed, or rather extreme fulness and plethora be apparent, whether in ordinary cases, two moderate doses be not all that is necessary to ensure the condition of saddle and carriage- horses. It is an unfortunate prejudice, en- gendered by ignorance, and kept alive by obstinacy, " that to do much good with physic it must be very strong." I have many times been told by grooms, that the dose of physic \ had given, could not be strong enough, for it had not purged the Horse more than fiftecH or sixteen limes. In many cases, tliese know- OF FARRIERY. 279 ins irentleraen are not satisfied, unless a Horse have from twenty to thirty evacuations. Su- pei purgation has destroyed hundreds of Horses, and it has irreparably injured thousands. Exira purging debilitates the Horse more than the human subject, probably from a lax state of bowels being more common in man, owing to the presence of both cystic and hepatic bile, as well as a dependent situation. Jt is hardly possible to conceive a more deplorable object, than a Horse under the action of an enormous purgative. The liquid aliments es- caping almost involuntarily from a red pro- truded anus, excoriated with the violence and frequency of the dejections ; the belly drawn to the flank, cold sweats bedewing the frame, appetite totally lost, and the strength so ab- ject, as to leave the animal hardly the power of tottering from one stall to another; and yet to this state does the brutality and ignorance of an infinite number of the old farriers doom the Horses of their employers to. The number and strength of the purgative doses, are not the only evils also to which the Horse is liable, from improper purgation ; the articles used, are likewise often of an injurious nature. Fre- quently, with the coarsest aloes, the groom's prescription directs gamboge, which greatly increases its drastic qualities. Neither, in- deed, are these gentry, or indeed some prac- titioners, so attentive to previous preparation as tliey should be A powerful dose of physic gixen to a Horse at hard work, and full keep, without previous mashing, hurries the hardened faeces for- wards, until it forms them into an impene- trable mass ; inflammation ensues, and on the third day the Horse is found dead, and swol- len immensely. In hot weather, inflammation •upervenes on physic, when at all too active. and dysenLry is a very common consi;4Uence of summer purging. When good phytic has been properly given, it has been often ren- dered injurious, and even destructive, owing to the carelessness of persons attending on the Horse. Cold water at these times must be avoided ; the doors must not be left open, or a sudden chill may bring on inflammation of the bowels ; also immoderate exercise must be carefully avoided, and only such given as will make the Horse comfortably warm, and then immediately bring him into the stable. Of the articles used in purging of Horses. — A great discrepancy of opinion prevails on this head also ; but if the distinction between laxative and purgatives be maintained, it would tend to reconcile these contentions. There are numerous articles which simply relax the bowels, i. e., slightly increase their peristaltic motion ; but very few which pro- duce active purgation. Of the former; bran, calomel, neutral salts, castor, linseed, and olive oils, are the most usual instances; but it mjst be confessed, that with the exception of bran, all the others occasionally fail. There are some other medicines which act on the bowels, but are not to be depended on as purgative medicines. The most proper we shall enume- rate, and will place them at the latter end of this work. The purgative of Horses is, almost in every instance, aloes. Much difference of opinion exists on the preference due to the various kinds of aloes ; nor can we ever arrive at a just conclusion on this subject, until we unite a conclave oi honest druggists, both wholesale and retail, from whom alone something like a knowledge of the various sorts can only be expected. However, for all large Horses, ( should decidedly use the Barbadoes aloe?' f^r 2S0 THE MODERN SYSTEM purging ; and for small thin animals 1 would recommend the Cape aloes. But never at- tempt to purge either large or small Horses, without first relaxing the bowels with bran mashes. The quantity of aloes requisite for purga- tion, is also very various, and must depend upon the animal.'s customary food and consti- tution. This is a matter not to be wondered at; but is a strong reason against leaving the management of purgation in ign(jrant hands. Some Horses are exceedingly difficult to purge, whilst others are easily affected. Old Horses generally require more than younger Horses to purge them, and if at hard meat, it raal?es much difference in this respect, it re- quiring more to purge such Horses, than others softer fed. These facts serve to shew the e.xtreme necsssity of prescribing a very moderate quantity as the first dose for a Horse, ^rilh whose constitutional peculiarities we are unacquainted. The requisite quantity is also greatly dependant on various other circum- stances. Horses fresh from grass, purge with a much less dose than Horses long stabled , and to Horses used to bran ma^^hes as daily food, a moderate quantity only is requisite ; while in other instance*, by mashing three times a day .or several days,, we may make four or five drunis do the work of eight. This shews the extreme importance of previous mashing, particularly in weakly Horse-s, and also in such as have been previou.sly accus- tometer the skin. The places that require the most singeing, are at the root of the ear, the thropple, about the throat, and adjoining part of the neck. On the other parts the long dow ny hairs will singe down at the first touch ; but the places where I have named, where the hair is thick and long, you must wipe the singed part off, and repeat it several times, minding not to burn the Horse, which the thickness of the coat will prevent, unless you keep the candle in one place an unrcasonalile time, of wiiich you mu>t be careful. Putting your hand over the eye, you singe all the light straggling hairs you per- ceive about liis eyes, brows, forehead, cheeks, beard, and the like. Wliere there is the least hair, you must be most careful not to burn ; but the thropple and throat want many repe- titions, the hair being so abundant and thick, that frequent wipings must be resorted to, to see that you do not singe irregularly. The head and throat being singed with the candle, the residue of the body is singed with straw. For this purpose you draw out some long clean straw, taking as much in your hand at a time, as about the thickness of three fingers, and lighting one end, pass the flare or flame, from one place to another, beginning at his neck. Be careful not to singe his mane ; proceeding from thence to his chest, shoul ders, breast, and every part where you per ceive long and downy hair projecting beyond the generality of the coat, minding not to make your blaze too large, nor continue it too long in a place, particularly where there is but little hair, as under the flank, and within the tiiighs, &c. Then giving the Horse a good wiping, and brushing over completely, finishes his trimming. I have to observe, that Horses having been kept for a time in the stable, and properly groomed, have not these long downy coats, and consequently will not require singeing all over the body. The beard, the ears, mane, and tail, are generally all that a blood Horse requires to be trimmed when he is kept in the stable ; but coarser Horses will lequire tiie lieels and other parts to be trimmed, though the coat may be kept so fine as not to require singeing. I have observed some Horses are troublesome to trim. The moans usually taken in addition to the twitch on his nose, or sometimes on the ear, are to gag him with the halter, put through the mouth, aift over the ear, r-.o that the more the Horse struggles, he gags his mouth and pinches hi» 292 THE MODERN SYSTEM ear. To keep the legs still, while you are trimming him, a person should hold up one, while you trim the other. If a hind leg, a .side-line may be put on to draw up the leg vou are not trimming. These are the u.sual expedients, but should only be put in practice when the Horse cannot be coaxed to stand without them. The most resoUite and trou- blesome Horse to trim I ever saw, was se- cured in a stall with two strong halters, the one put on in the usual way, the other as a gag through his mouth. With these he was turned about in the stall, and one halter was tied to each stall-post so tight, that his head was confined in the middle, in such a manner that he had little or no liberty to move it in any direction. The consequence was, the Horse made one resolute eflfort to extricate himself; but finding himself secured, and the gag punishing him the more he struggled, he was cowed, and submitted to be thus held, while trimmed. Plenty of litter in the stall is advisable, as it may prevent accidents in the Horse's strug- gling- OF FARRIERY. 293 CHAPTER II. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE HORSE, ETC. Having finished the treatment of diseases in the Horse, as well as his general manage- ment in the stable, we shall proceed with more pleasure in writing upon him in his natural state, than when tortured by disease. When we contemplate the beauty and ma- jesty of this noble animal, a religious feeling runs through our frame, and no purer devo- tion can exist in our minds, than when be- holding this specimen of the work of God ! Of all the animals in association with man, the Horse occupies the most important rank. He seems made to be caressed and loved. Without him half the happiness of man would be banished. It is not only in his luxuries that he is to be considered ; but in his very necessities. Whether it be to till the soil for the nourishment of his master, or to perform the longest and most painful journeys, still lie is the ready and obedient slave of man. His full eye beams with pleasure at the sight of his attendant, and his big heart throbs, and often even bursts in the fulfilment of his mas- ter's wishes. On the course, and in the cha.se, how often do we behold him with life quivering at his very nostrils. The elephant is strong — the ox is laborious — but neither are so fitted for the companion of man as the Horse. Look at his symmetry — iiis large veins — his fine skin — his limbs delicate, though strong — his expanded nostrils, when strug- gling for fame on the course. In battle, still the protector and friend of man — dauntless and animated amidst the thunder of the cannon. But common language fails in doing justice to him. There is no description of the Horse equal to that of the inspired Job. He says : — " Hast thou given the Horse strength ^ Hast thou clothed his neck with thunder.' Canst thou make him afraid as the grass- hopper? The glory of his nostrils is terrible. He paweth in the valley, and rejoiceth in his strength. He goeth on to meet the armed men. He mocketh at fear, and is not af- frighted. Neither turneth he his back from the sword. The quiver rattleth against him, the glittering spear and tiie shield. He swal- loweth the ground with fierceness and rage : neitiier believeth he that it is tlie sound of the trumpet. He sayetli among the trumpets ha ! ha ! and he smelleth the battle afar oflF, the thunder of the captains and the shout- ings. 4 ■ 294 THE MODERN SYSTEM Job was a native of that country from which our English breed of Horses lias been so much improved by the importation of Horses from the desert. How poetical is his description of the Horse. While looking into the book of Job for the above quotation on the Horse, we noticed also his description of the wild ass, as being an animal of great speed, so foreign to the jare- sent state of our domestic breed. It recalled however to our recollection having seen an account which equally corroborates the truth of Job's remarks upon the ass, as well as those of the Horse. We shall present it to our readers, because we think it a curiosity in itself, as we much doubt from what we have seen of the breed in this country, even if we could obtain a cross from it, it would add much to the speed of those patient but often persecuted animals. It is perhaps only in his indigenous and wild state, that such speed and energy would ever take place. The extract we make is from " Porter's Travels in Georg-ia," and runs thus : — " THE WILD ASS. " The sun was just rising over the summits of the eastern mountains, when my greyhound Cooley, suddi nly dnrted off in pursuit of an animal whici my Persians said from the glimpse they lad of it, was an antelope. I instantly put spurs to my horse, and followed by Sadak Bey and the mehmandcr, followed the chace. After an unrelaxed gallop of full three miles, wc came up with the dog, who was within a short stretch of the pursued, and to my surprise, and at first, vexation, I saw it wa.s an a.ss. But on a moment's reflection, judging from its flectncss it wns a wild one, a species little known in Europe, but which the I Persians prize above all other animals, as an object of chace, I determined to approach ixs near to it as the swift Arab I was on could carry me. I happened to be considerably be- fore my companions, when at a certain dis- tance, the animal made a pause, and allowed me to approach within pistol-shot of him. He then darted off again with the quickness of lightning, capering, and sporting in his flight, as if he was not blown in the least, and that the chace was his pastime. He appeared to me to be about ten or twelve hands high ; the skin smooth like a deer, and of a reddish colour ; the belly and hinder parts partaking of a silvery grey ; his neck was finer than that of a common ass, being longer, and bendina: like a stag ; his les^s beautifully slender ; the head and ears being large in proportion to the gracefuhiess of his general form, and by them I first recognized that the object of my chace was tliat of the ass tribe ; the mane was short and black, as was also a tuft which terminated his tail ; no line whatever ran along his back, or crossed his shoulders, as is seen in the same species with us." — " Who hath loosed the bonds of the wild ass, whose house I have made the wilderness, and the barren land his dwelling : he scorned the multitude of the city, neither regardeth he the crying of the driver; the range of the mountain is his pasture," Job. But to return to our subject: — the Horse too often ends his life by our ill usage. His carcase becomes the food of other animals, and his skin, even his poor skin is in constant demand for the important branches of manu- facture, conducive to the comfort and happi- ness of man. An animal to whom man is under so much obligation, one might suppose would be OF FARRIERY. 29.') treated at least with kindness and respect ; it is not enough for us to cure diseases, we should endeavour by humane conduct towards the animal to prevent them. If we could but establi,-h humane consideration in the breasts of men towards the brute creation, we should do more for the poor Horse than the whole of the veterinary establishment. THE INCUMBENT DUTY OF MAN TO PROMOTE THE COMFORT OF THE LOWER ANIMALS. Having established the claims of the Horse to the gratitude of man, we may ask how have they been requited ? An enquiry into the treatment of this noble animal would, we fear, disclose that kindness was the exception, while cruelty was the general rule. We do not wish to appeal to the passions, and to mislead by declamation ; but we would ask, Have brutes any rights ? Have they any claim upon us for good usage ; or were they only created for our con- venience, and to be abandoned to our cruelty, or to our caprice ? If power be conceded to be the origin of right. If the superiority of intellect which man possesses, has enabled him to make the brute creation his slaves, and that having en- slaved them, he has a right to the full exac- tion of their services ; still, the mode in which those services could be most advantageously exacted should be the guide of his conduct to them ; and when we have linked ourselves in society, the manner in which their services may be rendered most valuable to the com- munity, as well as to individuals, should be the guide of action ; and then comes the ques- tion. Will mild or cruel treatment, moderate or murderous exactions of service, care or neglect, regulated conduct or wild an6 ».iifeel- ing caprice, best conduce to our obtaining all we can enjoy from the subjugation of the in- ferior creation ? While we are perfectly willing to admit that man has the dominion given to him by a Superior Being over the brute creation for his use and his comfort, yet the moment he abuses that power by cruelty and oppression, as a sentient and intellectual being, he becomes responsible to their Creator, who will not be regardless of the sufferings of his inferior creation. But there are men who are perfectly re- gardless of every thing but their own interest, or would sacrifice an animal to the wanton- ness of arriving only half an hour sooner to the end of a journey. It will not be expected that any thing we could say, would have much effect on men so heartless ; but we be- lieve much mischief may have arisen from thoughtlessness and want of consideration, or to the want of knowledge of the powers of the Horse, scarcely suspecting that animals have feeling. But if we place the animal only in a selfish point of view; if we value not his feelings, but look upon him only as a machine, divested of blood, bone, and muscles; if such were the fact, then would the machine be treated with more tenderness than the noble Horse, be- cause the machine, though made by man, once put out of order, requires the attention of a skilful artist, and consequently the expendi- ture of much money. Money is of more con- sequence than animal feeling. Then treat the Horse as you would your machine, tenderly. Recollect that the living machine whom you treat with more contempt and disreo-ard than a wooden machine, made «96 THE MODERN SYSTEM by man, lias nerves, blood — as sensitive as your own — as " fearfully and wonderfully made,' and is the production of the sanae mighty power as yourself! It would need no laboured detail to show that in the treatment of our quadruped ser- vants, that humanity and interest might go hand in hand ; that the advantage which we derive from our slaves would be commensu- rate with the care we took to put them in a condition to labour ; to maintain them in that condition; to give them the disposition will- ingly to exert themselves for us ; not to tax them beyond their natural powers ; to restrain our own occa'«ional ill-temper, which would lead us to transgress the rules which self- inf.erest had established, and which might gradually form in us a habit of passion or cruelly inconsistent with these rules • to re- strain deviations from them in others, and for the same reason, lest habits should be formed inconsistent with the general interest, and bad t'xample should give them extension ; and by degrees to associate with this principle of in- terest the aid of ecling, a ffeeling honourable and pleasing, aye, and beneficial too; the feeling of humanity. It is melancholy to reflect that with a large paid church establishment, the moral feelings rf Englishmen towards the lower creation of animals are in a more degraded state, than, we believe, in any other nation. We wish we could arouse the clergy, whether volun- tary paid or otherwise, to denounce from their pulpits this barbarous and national disgrace, und that through the influence of their imme- diito hearers, it would extend to the lower tfradis of society, and extirpate for ever those al)ominable cruelties towards the Horse, which oo man of humanity can witness even in the streets of London, without his feelings being- lacerated to the quick, We allude particularly to those abominable nuisances Cabs and Omnibusses. [We object not to the use but the abuse.] We behold daily racing in the crowded streets of London, as perilous to its perambulants as it is cruel to the Horse. Good God ! if a list of the killed and wounded were published that have fallen martyrs to these villainous drivers, in the last ten years, it would form an army. Who are to blame ? we say the Legislature — the Go- vernment— " salus populi suprema lex." It is no satisfactory answer to me, when I expostulate with an omnibus driver, as to his senseless, mad, and dangerous career, to be told that Mr. So-and-so's omnibus is coming up, and if he does not get before him, he will be driven off the road. If private speculations of this nature are allowed to take place detrimental to the safety of the public, it then becomes the duty of Government to provide such restraints, as shall guarantee its safety, or in the failure of those restraints, take the whole responsibility on itself, by appointing such officers as shall ensure safety to the puljlic and free the noble animal from those exorl)itant and unjust de mands upon his strength, which constitute cruelty. It may be considered presumption in the writer of this article to propose any plan for the adoption of the Legislature that would eflfect an alteration so devoutly to be wished for, as the prevention of cruelty to the Horse, as well as to provide for the safety of the in- habitants of this great metropolis in putting down racing or violent driving. If asked for his opinion, however, he should be about as laconic in his replies, as the saik*" I OF FARRIERY. 297 who when asked what he liked best, said rum ; the next thing best, rum ; the next, rum ! If asked what was the best remedy to adopt, we should reply humanity! the next, humanity ! the next, humanity ! Could we but introduce humanity among the drivers of our Horses, there would be no law necessary for the prevention of cruelty. But the poor Horse ! that noble animal (the most generous of all quadrupeds), from time immemorial, has been cursed with the association of man, of the lowest grade, and whose cruelties towards him, as well in the stable* as on the road, the knowledge of which sickens the heart of a humane man, and makes him regret to belong to the species. But we are aware, however our indignation may be aroused by perpetrators of such atro- cious cruelty, that the vvay to reform them is not by abuse ; if we could convince them that a Horse has feelings, and that they would go and sin no more, our right hand of fellowship should be extended to them; and we could almost answer for a general amnesty from the Horse himself, who has been so long tlie object of their tyranny and oppression. The way to improve a man is to teach him self-respect. An enlightened man will make allowances for those who have not received the same advantages as himself; and will dis- tinguish between ignorance and sheer bar- barity. The humane servant has often been compelled to perform, under the mandate of a * It often happens that when a horse is lame in one tcnjt, he \^ill favour it by standing on the other; and in order to disguise this lameness, it is no uncommon thing to pare ftway the sound foot till they come to the sensible sole, and by introducing glass, or some haid substance in it, it be- comes as painful as the other. Thus Iwih feet being equally painful, with a whip at his extremities, lameness is not diicovered. cruel and imperious master, on pain of dis- missal, acts of cruelty towards the Horse, which has made his very soul shudder. How many jockeys have received orders to win, it even the entrails of the Horse should drag on the ground, with the threat of dismissal if they did not * If then to establish humanity would be the greatest protection to the Horse, how desirable would be its culture. We know it can only be done effectually by the kind and fostering hand of education. We have heard much of the march of intellect, and are very willing to believe it is in progression. The working classes have their institutions, from which they may obtain the most important results ; but the culture of the affection and duty of man towards the lower creation of animals in this country, we cannot but think has been deplo- rably neglected. It is true we have some honourable exceptions, we have a Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, the promoters of which, in their attempts to vin- dicate the rights of humanity, have more often met with ridicule than assistance. It is rather to isolated individuals that we are indebted for the struggle of obtaining humanity to ani- mals, than to a generous sympathy in its favour ; and it is with pain we come to the conclusion, that in England there is an apathy and indifference towards the brute creation, w Inch ill accords with a nation, in many other respects, remarkable for its high character and generous feeling. If the drivers of Horses, however, have been generally divested of feeling, and of the * Mr. John Lawrence relates having had a conversation with a jockey, who bitterly cried, and who assured him, that he was compelled either to punish the horse in tlie way he did, or be rumed by leaving his plaoe. 4 F 298 THE MODERN SYSTEM lowest grade, unworlliy of the sacred charge entrusted to them — for sacred we believe the charge of animals is, possessing blood, nerves, and as conscious of pain and agony as our- selves ; and if naen, totally ignorant of their duty to animals, and often to themselves, be employed, it is not to be wondered at, that excesses of all kinds will be committed. We confess we do not think this subject un- worthy the consideration of the Legislature, if by elevating this employment to something like respectability, we should be encouraging candidates of a superior grade, who, possessing sobriety of conduct, and intelligence sufficient to know the reliitive duties of man to beasts, would treat the animals committed to their care with kindness and consideration. We wish not to make any unjust or sweep- ing conclusion against all the present drivers of public conveyances; on the contrary, we know there are many, who do credit to their occupation. On the long stages, they are, we believe, all sober men, and if they commit ex- cesses by driving too fast, it is rather owing to the present system of coaching, than to any wicked or cruel propensities of their own. A drunken man would be incapable of holding a situation on the road a single week, and it has been within our own experience to have noticed the sobriety of the present drivers of stage- coaches compared to what they formerly were. The cruelty practised by coach-masters on the road, arises too often from competition, the heaviest purse driving ofT the lighter one. It has been during these struggles that Horses have been compelled to run their stages at the rate of fourteen or filtecn miles an hour. The general fast state of travelling and the desire of passengers to be speedily at their journey's end, however, has been the principal cause, and that, like most other luxuries, with- out any regard to the feelings and misery of their producers. Is there to be no latitude placed to the ex- ertions of the Horse? Is there no scale of space that we could limit the Horse to for his hour's work, without cruelty ; or that would be fast enough with safety to the passenger, and within the capability of the powers of the Horse, without straining him? It is we believe within the memory of the present generation that mail-coaches were first established. They were considered to be the fastest and most respectable mode of conveyance. Competition has, however, en- abled the public to travel quite as fast, and at a considerable less expence than the mail. So far, so good. If the other coaches were limited to go no faster within the hour than the mail (which, indeed is a fast pace), we think it would be productive of good, and pre- vent those constant struggles to get first. It would be fixing the maximum of rate, and placing every proprietor of coaches on the same level. Indeed, we think, that if Go- vernment had the controul of all coaches, by appointing the guard as in the mail, it would create a uniformity of the rate in travelling, which might be beneficial to the Horse. At this time, when rail-roads are taking the coaches off in many districts, it might be a favourable opportunity of making alterations which might be uniform, and curtail, if pos- sible, some of those severities under which the Horse labours. But the crying evil is in London, with om- nibusses and cabs. Those ponderous cara- vans (omnibusses) when first used in London, had three Horses ; they now only use two. Two Horses now trot and stagger up Holborn OF FARRIERY. 299 TTill. Blackfriars' Bridge, and other metropo- litan hills, with little allowance made for their acclivity punishing the poor animals, and dis- tressing their wind ; when perhaps only the dilFerence of five or ten minutes' delay in the journey, might have enabled the horses to have performed it with comparative ease. The French must have noticed our barba- rous treatment of the Horse ; for they say, " England is a hell for Horses." It is true, they accompany this censure of us by a com- pliment that " England is a paradise for women." The French are too polite to speak such a home-truth without flattering us a little on the score of our behaviour to the softer sex. \) e much doubt, however, whether this will be allowed by the French ladies themselves ; for we can not forget the triumphant tone in which a Parisian lady finished half-an-hour's badinage with us, when she exclaimed " the empire of woman is in France." Her manner and the seeming conviction of the truth with which she uttered it, prevented on our par) any replication. There may be some differ- ence, however, between dominion and para- dise ; though we think we know some ladies who would not acknowledge it to be paradise without it. We think it a great national disgrace to be said " England is a hell for Horses." It is a verdict of barbarity against us ; and the justice of such a verdict cannot be denied by those sons of England, who, however they may regret such imputation, feel that it is too true, and the only reparation they can make for the disgrace of so severe a stigma, is to strenuously exert themselves, am endeavour to erase it from the catalogue of England's crimes It has been in England, where the most crying barbarities have been inflicted ag<\"iist the lower animals. Cock-fighting, dog-fight- ing, bull-baiting, bear-baiting, &c., iiave been till within these few years, the general sports of the lower order of Englishmen, and encou- raged too often, even by the presence of the aristocracy. The Legislature has, however, succeeded in making these sports penal ; and has placed them, with the Horse, under pro- tection. It is, however, to be hoped that the morality of the nation is still on the increase, and will second the enlightened views of the Legislature, so that in a little time, we may speak of such barbarities as the crimes of other days, and that the cruelties at present prac- tised upon the Horse will be prevented, from a proper feeling and consideration to the ani- mal, rather than to any police restraints. We have thought that licensing public drivers might prove some restraint to careless and violent driving. That if a man obtained a recommendation for steadiness and sobriety, (no others should be licensed,) it might be the means of weeding or taking away the worst characters from the box, as well as to shew them the necessity of reforming their habits ; as without the qualification of sobriety, they should not be deemed worthy of public em- ployment. Now we cannot but think that this plan would guarantee some security to the public. The driver's residence would be known, and he would be he^d responsible for any improper conduct, which would prevent the present collusions so often practised by proving an alihi, which in old Weller's opinion (and he was a coachman) was the best defence thax could be offered. We, however, look upon it only as a restraint, conscious of the diflficulty of proposing any thing which might nol meet aoo THE MODERN SYSTEM with objections. V^e know also tliat the box has become the profession latterly of members of some distinguished families, which we hope raav tend to redeem the profession from the low irrade in which it has been generally con- sidered, and by these means improve the treatment of the Horse. We know and feel perfectly convinced, however, that humanity must pervade in the public mind more generally than at present, before the Horse will be emancipated from those unnecessary cruelties which at present reflect so much dishonour on our national character. At the students' dinner of the Veterinary College, which Sir W. Blizzard presided at some years ago, he gave a sentiment which should never be erased from the memory of those who heard it, and should be perpetuated to future generations ; because it is founded on tlie principles of justice and enlightened pliilo.sophy. " Remember, genllemen (said he) that your reputation and success must be founded on the union of s .ience and hu- IHA.MTV !" We shall give also the opinions of an able writer, whose knowledge and abilities seem to us particularly to qualify him for the task he has undertaken (and whose sentiments so strictly coincide with our own) the protection of ihe Horse, from the cruel and barbarous treatment he receives from the hands of the medical students of the Royal Colleere of Veterinary Surgeons. It is deserving of the mo.st serious consideration. " The ol)ject of our profession is to mitigate or rtmove the pains and diseases oftho.se who have, although our slaves, common feeling with us. Can we honestly, heartily, success- fully, employ ourselves in this, if we do not sympathize with them ; if we do not love to see them happy, and contemplate their suffer- ings with regret ? Can the brute who regards them as mere machines, devoid of rights, placed without the pale of justice, created merely for our purposes, and to be sacrificed without crime to our caprices ; can he, by possibility, so identify himself with his pro- fession as to neglect no opportunity to mitigate pain, and to spare no exertion to increase enjoyment ? This is the duty, and ought to be the pride and the pleasure of every veterinary surgeon. Regard to reputation, and sense of duty to our emplo\er, are powerful principles of action ; but (here is another as powerful, which t!ie scenes we daily witness, and the means by which we live, should form and establish — sympathy with the feelings of our patients. What! with the feelings of brutes? Yes ! brutes as we call them, but who possess, in common with us, attention, and memory, and imagination, and reason, and ideas of reflection, and feelings of gratitude, and truth, and duty ; in fact, all whose intellectual and moral powers differ from ours not in kind, but merely in degree. " Dare we trace the education of the vete- rinary surgeon so far as humanity is concerned ? See him at the College attending a necessary but severe operation, jostling and wrestling with his fellows for the best view ; execrating the struggles of the agonized animal, and mocking its groans ; not one e.xpression of commiseration heard from a considerable pro- portion of the spectators ; not one calculation how far a part, at least, of the torture may be saved, consistently with the object of the operation ; the loud laugh and the ribald joke drowning the voice of the operator; or the operator himself, when not too much OF FARRIERY. 301 annoyed by the shameless indecency of the Eceiie, pausing in the midst of his work, and joining in the laugh. V\'e have sometimes thought that if a stranger were present at this unnatural exhibition, he would imagine that we were training for purposes of brutality, and not of humanity ; and be very cautious how he entrusted a valuable and generous animal to our tender mercies : and sure we are, that scenes like these are more calculated to train us to become butchers than surgeons ; and hence, in a great measure, it is that so many of our operations are performed in a butcher- like and unprofessional manner. We are aware that one of the most important requisites in a surgeon is perfect self-possession ; and that the feelings of the patient should, for a moment, merge in the important object of the opera- tion ; but this is different from those exhibi- tions in which there is no previous comparison of suffering and advantage, and no subsequent commiseration. It cannot be denied, that cir- rumstances do sometimes attend the operations f veterinary surgery, which would meet with iniversal execration in the theatre of the Human surgeon : the inevitable consequence of this on the mind of the young practitioner has not been suflficiently calculated ; or rather, the error has been, that we have not felt our- selves bound to regard the feelings and the sufferings of the quadruped. " A more protracted residence at our places of veterinary tuition, by bringing young men of superior stations in life, and better previous education, will, by degrees, correct these principles and habits, which too much cha- racterise, and yet disgrace the groom and the smith. " Practice alone, founded on anatomical kiMJwIedgp, can give experlnts* in operation. The human surgeon practises first on the dead subject ; and his instructor or his senior, standing by, can explain the reason, the im- portance, or the danger of every step. The veterinary pupil has advantages far superior to those which are enjoyed by the student of human surgery. At the knacker's he finds a constant supply of dead subjects, and he pro- cures them, or tlie parts he wants, at a cheap rate. But this does not satisfy him — he, vox faucibus hceret ! with fewer operations generally to perform, and still fewer of im- portance, practises on the living subject. A knot of pupils go to the knacker's; they bargain for some poor condemned animal ; they cast him, and they cut him up, and torture him alive. They perform the nerve operation on each leg and on each side ; they lire him on the coronet, the fetlock, the leg, the hock, and the round-bone ; they insert setons in every direction ; they nick him, they dock him, they trephine him : when one is tired of cruelty, another succeeds ; and, at length, perhaps they terminate his sufferings by some new mode of destroying life. Did the Coopers, the Green.*, the Brodies of the present day thus acquire precision and judgment; or, if they had, would they not have been supposed to have been qualifying themselves for the office of familiars at the Inquisition, rather than of humane sur- geons? would they not have been detested while living, and held in lasting execration when dead? But these operations on the living subject teach the youngster how to accommodate himself to the struggles of the animal ; how to feather his lines with mathe- matical exactness, and to acquaint himself with the true colour produced by the iron when it has seared the skin sufficiently deep ! Would not one or (wo operations on the re,i) patient 4 Q 302 THE MODERN SYSTEM liave given all that would be necessary, with- out en'-'aging the conservators of the health and enjoyment of the Horse in the function of demons; and giving them an indifference to buffering and a callousness of feeling, which taints the whole course of their after prac- tice ? " That scliool wants reform which by the dearth of operations that are committed to the pupils tempts to the commission of atrocities Uke these. Every pupil, after having been compelled to operate once, or twice, or thrice on the dead subject before the Professor, should, in his turn, be called on to operate on the different cases which are brought to the College. Under the immediate inspection of the Professor there could be no danger to the patient ; and one operation, every step of which was guided and directed by the Pro- fessor, would be more useful to the student than a hundred at the knacker's yard ; but according to the present system, nearly all the operations are performed by the Assistant- Professor and the Demonstrator ; and the pupils are permitted only to look on. Some alteration is here imperiously required." The above article contains such humane and correct advice to the veterinary student, as well as to the profession generally, that we think we are doing a duty to luimanity in lay- ing it before our readers. There is contained in it the practice of students towards the kiiacker-horse, the cruelty of which it is im- possible to reprobate too much. We must repeat it ; it shall stand by itself, without a sentence before or after it. " A knot of pupils go to the knackers ; they bargain for some condemned animal ; they cut him up, and torture him alive ! They perform tbe nerve operation on each leg and on each side ; they fire him on the coronet, the fetlock, the hock, and on the round-bone ; they insert setons in every direction ; they nick him, they dock liim, they trephine him ; when one is tired of cruelty, another succeeds ; and at length, perhaps they terminate his suf- ferings by some new mode of destroying life!!!" Good God ! It is useless to comment on this barbarity. There it stands in all its native enormity. This is the gratitude shewn to a noble and generous animal, who has been worn out in the service of man ; perishing, perhaps, by inches; and at length tortured by painful e.xperiments, to see how far cruelty could go, before life became extinct I This is a Chiistian country, and how often do we arrogate to ourselves that humanity is its consequence ; and with what disdain and contempt do we speak of other nations not under the same ban. Let us look, however, with respect upon those nations, when al- though not acknowledging the same creed, teach us how to behave to animals, and to feel that faith alone is not sufficient either to make or prevent good works. As a pleasing contrast to the behaviour of our own countrymen, we copy with great pleasure the following account of the manner in which the Turks treat their animals. It ought to make us blush. TURKISH HUMANITY TO ANIMALS. Much is said of the humanity which Mus- sulmen display towards animals. A singular proof of it occurred during this siege (of Athens). Finding them suffering from thirst, the besicffed lowered a number of asses, &c. into the hands of the enemy, choosing rather that they should live in the possession of the OF FARRIERY. >06 inddel than perish miserably with themselves It is even more singular, that two of these animals were actually preserved alive to the end of the siege : their owners had probably some private supply of water, which they preferred to share with beasts rather than with their dying brethren. When the Greeks first obtained the possession of the town, they com- menced a ierrible persecution of the storks, driving them from the chimney tops and old ruined columns, where they had enjoyed, under Mahometan protection, so many centu- ries of hereditary security. The sight of this baibarity is believed to have enraged the Turks even more than the destruction of tlifir houses and the violation of their mosques." — Wadding tori's Visit to Greece. The morals and generosity of the Turks have been frequently alluded to by modern travellers. The comparison made between the modern Greeks and Turks, aie' by no means flattering to the former. We recollect Ryron compliments the Turks in taking his bills with littlt or no sacrilice to liim, wmje < the Greek merchant was both hnckslenns and expensive. In finishing this chapter, a great part of which has been dedicated to the cruelties practised on the Horse, \^e can assure our readers, that it is not our intention to incul- cate any morbid sensibility, or to pretend to any affectation of kindness more than is neces- sary for the protection of the Horse. We feel quite assured that we have a right to the ser- vices of all animals, and our object has been only to call the attention of man to distinguish between the uses and the abuses. Our de- sire is to inculcate that humanity, which, as rational and intellectual beings, we ought to exercise towards the lower creation. Thty have the same right to a kind and considerate treatment from us, as we have in return a right to their services. Let us then adopt a mild and conciliatory conduct towards them ; and, instead of cruelty and harshness, treat thera as companions and friends — " That mercy I to others shew, That merrv clmw fo me " 8U4 THE MODERN SYSFEM CHAPTER III EARLY HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH HORSE, IMPROVEMENTS OF THE BREED, ETC. We now proceed to give a concise histor)' of the Horse, and to trace tlie improvement of the indigenous breed of this country to its present exalted state. It vi'ill show that our efforts have been crowned with the most de- cided success, and that our English Horses are vastly superior to the parent stock to which we have been first indebted for their improvement, whether in size, strength, or speed. EARLY HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH HORSE. The early history of the Horse in this country is involved in too much uncertainty to speak of with any precision ; but it is said that they were comparatively small in size, and of a wild and uncultivated form. At a very remote period, lost in the obscurity of ages, tlic Horse was probably introduced into this island. Whether he was, or was not indigenous to it, previous to those vast or- ganic changes by which the whole of our globe and its inhabitants was at some time visited, the rapid advances in the science of geology may perhaps at some future time determine. It is said Caesar found the Britisii Horses re- gularly harnessed to the war-chariot« ; but it is supposed likely, that after England had advanced from barbarism into a tolerable de- gree of civilization, the use of the Horse was principally diverted to domestic purposes, be- cause our insular position made the ocean the great arena of our M^arfare, and which tended to lessen the importance of cavalry until the breaking out of the civil wars. Unfortunately we are without any authentic records of the state in which the breed of the English Horse was found, beyond, compara- tively speaking, a recent date. We know almost nothing of it before the Commonwealth. With the Restoration comes the merry mo- narch, who set racing going again, which had just lived a fitful- season during the reign of the first Charles. At this period (with the exception of a few Arab stallions and mares of a most uncertain lineage introduced during the last reign,) the description of Horses to be met with in Great Britain consisted of the aboriginal race, similar in its characteristics to the Irish " Clib," and Scottish ^'Shclty," of the present day ; the ponderous Norman war Horse, and the unwieldy Flanders mare, used by the nobility to drag their state coaches and to carry the pillions upon, which our buxom OF FARRIERY. 305 preal-grandams were wont to jig behind their burly masters. It would be easy to trace all the variations of the Horse known in this country by the very significant names of "half-bred" from these three sources. Of course we look for them no further back than the first introduction of Arab and Persian blood, and we find them the produce of the stallions of those -countries crossed with the English, Norman, and Flanders' mares. Thus from the first descended the old English hunter, shewing all the cross-made, hardy frame work of his dam, the blood-like head and flat sinewy legs of his sire. The roadster from the same sire was the produce of the second class of our native mares. As distinct classes, probably no specimens of either are now to be found, their descendants constitut- ing the endless ramifications of the real cocktails, the machiners, hacks, and all the tag-rag and bobtail, by which the drudgery of town and country is performed. CARRIAGE STOCK. 'file Clevelands, and the powerful blood- like carriage stock, bred in Yorkshire, and other nortliern counties, came from the best of the Norman mares, crossed by the Arab only, the Persian blood being considered less likely to throw stock combining symmetry and sub- stance, THE CART BREED. The cart breed was the cross between the Norman stallions, and the largest of the Flanders' mares, a race substituted in latter years for the pack-horse (bred probably from our own breed and Norman Horses), when thf. improvements in roads enabled the adop- imn of wheel-carriages for the transit of mer- chandize to supersede the conveyance by back loads. Thus the aboriginal blood, dwindled and impoverished by an uninterrupted course of breeding in-and-in, by the introduction of fresh seed, became renovated and invifforated ; the common consequence of such change, whether in animal or vesretable life. It speedily became obvious to all who were engaged in breeding cattle of every descrip- tion, that vast advantages resulted from the CHANGE OF BLOOD, and hcuce arose the prac- tice of hiring the males of various kinds from distant districts for the season, a custom to which, as much as the improved methods of treatment, we owe the excellence of every species of our lire stock. Perhaps, it is hardly necessary to observe, that to the difference cf soil, is to be attributed such variation in the latter breed as have now settled into distinc • classes. But to return to the foreign blood whence by mixing it with our, and such as was already domesticated among us, we liavo derived the most useful sorts of our stock, we find the thorough-bred Horse, purely and es- sentially, an alien. THOROUGH-BRED HORSES. Taking the middle of Charles the First's reign, as the date of the introduction of the Eastern Horses into this country, it allows us just two centuries for the manufacture of the English thorough-bred breeds, in its form as it is found here, and here only. To preserve it in its purity, Arab and Persian mares were also imported at the same period, their pro- duce then, as now, being consideied and treated purely with reference to the turf, as its ultimate destination. The cross between the Arab .stallions and the native mares, was held as the fittest for the field — strength, with 3U6 THE MODERN SYSTEiM a little breeding, enabling any thing on four legs to canter from day-liglit to noon, along- side tlie long-eared, short-legged harrier, or beagle of that day. In the reigns of Henry the Seventh and Eiolith, and on the cess*ion of the long con- tinued contest between the two Roses, govern- nie-it shewed a particular anxiety to promote and extend the breeding of Horses ; but by arbitrary regulations and restrictions, not well calculated to answer the ends proposed. The ancient prohibition to export Horses, particu- larly stallions, it is said, remains yet upon our statute book, although from its antiquity and impolicy, it has long since remained a dead letter. In the reigns of Elizabeth and James, a considerable number of writers appeared on the subject of the Horse, and of Farriery. Blunderville, the earliest now known, and one of the ablest of them, describes the generality of Horses in the reign of Elizabeth, as either weak or sturdy jades, adapted only to draw ; with, however, some indeed very creditable exceptions. As an example he states the fact of a Horse having travelled for a wager eighty miles within the day. The great breeders of the country (he says) had been accustomed to import the following races for the stud, " The Turk, the Barl)ari;in, the Sardinian, the Nea- politan, the Jennet of Spain, the Hungarian, the high Almaine (German), the Friezland, the Flandeis, and the Irish Hobby." Never- theless, in those days Hurses could not have been very numerous in England, since the Queen experienced the utmost difficulty in mounting two or three thousand cavalry. Throughout tl-.ese early periods, as in modern times, riding on horseback, and try- ing the speed of their Horses, was peculiarly an English diversion The rountry sports of hunting and hawking are of very ancient date; and our old chronicles furnish us with ac- counts of the constant diversions in Smooth- field (Smithfield), then an extensive plain, where the citizens of London matched and raced their Horses ; the superior orders join- ing with the citizen in these sporting and amusing competitions. The peculiar English system of breeding the Horse, essentially and usefully different from any other country in Europe, had an early commencement ; but as might well be ex- pected was confined to the superior, chiefly to the sporting classes. This system has been gradually and progressively improved to the present time ; during which we have produced specimens in every variety of the animal, bor- dering on attainable perfection ; such, however, it must be acknowledged, have been, even in our latest and most vaunted periods rarce aves sufficiently scarce ; and our numbers of scientific and judicious breeders have at no period formed the majority. The average, however, of English Horses, has po'^sessed a fair proportion of the English principle. Hence their continued demand for foreign studs. This national principle of Horse-breeding consists in matching the Horse and mare in respect to size, substance, blood, and a certain conventional symmetry, so as to obtain a form in the foal, in which may subsist a union of strength and ability for labour, with the powers of activity and speedy progression. We pro- ceed on the principle that generally, and subject to the natural and unavoidable di- lemma of exception, " like produces like." So said, and so found that renowned cattle- breeder, Bakewell. As we imported foreign Horses, invariably OF FARRIERY. 307 improving upon those models, so we originally imported the art of farriery and veterinary science from the schools of Italy and France, improving upon them likewise. In the early periods above quoted, the farriers of note, and tlie riding-masters in England, were generally Italian and French. Those, indeed, were sufficiently barbarous and unenlightened ; our native artists inconceivably so, when the length of time is considered, through which tlieir art had been in universal practice in all its branches. TIkk; is we should think still one breed of Horses, which may be considered aboriginal in Great Britain, and if the attempt should be ever made to improve their size, must soon again degenerate, from the nature of the soil which they inhabit. We allude to the Shet- land ponies. The description of these asto- nishino: little animals almost exceed belief; they are less in size than the Orkney Horses, for some will be but nine, others ten hands high, and they will be thought big Horses if eleven ; and although so small, yet they are full of vigour and life. Some not so high as others often prove the strongest. There are some which an able man could lift up in his arms; yet it is said they will carry him and a woman behind him eight miles forward, and as many back. Summer or winter they never come into a house, but run upon the mountains, in some places like flocks ; and if at any time in winter they are straitened for food, they will come from the hills when the ebb is in the sea, and eat the sea weed (as likewise do the sheep). Winter storms and scarcity of food brings them so low that they do not re- cover their strength till about the 24th of June, when they are at their best. They will live to a considerable jige, as twenty-six, twenty-eight, or thirty years. They will be good for riding at twenty-four ; especially ihey will be vigorous and live longer, if they are not put to work until they are four years old. Those of a black colour are judged the most durable. The pied often prove not so good. They have been more numerous than they are now. The best of them are to be had in Sanston and Easton ; also, they are good in Waes and Yell. Those of the least size are in the northern isles of Yell and Unst. The coldness of the air, and the barrenness of the mountains on which they feed, and their hard usuge, may keep them little ; for if bigger Horses are brought into the country, their kind will in a little time degenerate. After viewing these little sheUies, which are almost of as much importance t» the cot- ter of that district, as the fleet Arabian of the Desert is to his master, we feel lost in admi- ration at the wisdom of that Power wlio has adapted animals just to suit the situation in which they can render the most serviceable assistance to man- As the Arabian breed of Horses has been the principal source of improvement to our stock, any account of him in his native dis- tricts, will prove interesting. THE BEDOUIN ARABS OF THE DESERT AND THEIR HORSES. So many contradictory and romantic tales have been propagated about these Arabs, that we consider the following faithful narrative of an eye-witness, M. de Portes, Equerry to his Majesty the King of the French, must be ac- ceptable to our readers. The arrival of an Arabian horde in the Desert is a very extraordinary sight. First appear a few horsemen on their mare.i, sweep- 308 THE MODERN SYSTEM in"" al:«ng like the wind, armed with long lances, encircling in a gallop the place where they intend to halt, and each individual chooses a particular spot according to his own fancy ; and immediately drives his lance in the ground, and fastens his mare to it as a sign that he will pitch his tent there. Now a great many are coming up, some on Horses, but most on camels, and in the distance a formidable army is seen marching up, pele-mele, very fast. These are the Arabian families and the gross of the tribe, with their tents, baggage, and camels ; some of these animals carrying women or children, others tents and furniture, and an innumerable lot following quickly on foot. Those conveying the families are accoutred according to the wealth of the owner. That of the Cheick, whom I saw, carried a sort of palanquin in the shape of a canoe, placed at length, and open in fiont to direct the animal, containing three or four women and as many chiluren in a state of nudity. Each family now takes the direction for the lance, which they well know, and in a few moments after- wards a town appears to have been built. Naked ciiildren are runnina: about and s:am- Lolling in the water wherever they can find a ditch. The camp is pitched without the least re- gularity, only the tent of the Cheick is in the centre, and distinguished from the others by its larger size ; they are all made of camel or goat skins, without elegance or neatness, fastened by two poles of six feet height. The interior is divided by a carpet, one half for the wcmen, the other for the men, and to receive sirangors. The furniture consists of a few carpets, straw or reed mats, which serve as a bed, (some of the poorer sleep on the bare e»irth only covered by a halms,') the most necessary utensils for cooking such as a pot of metal, a large metal or wooden plate, a cup of zinc or wood, out of which they all drink without being cleaned, a coffee-pot of copper, and a cask fabricated of camel skins. Their toilette is as simple as their cooking utensils : the men wear a long wide shirt until it actually becomes rotten, nor do they take it off but at night, when they lay on it, only covered by a mechlas of coarse wool ; and go barefooted. 'I'lie Anaze's Arabs, however, shew a little more elegance : they never leave their tents unarmed ; their weapons consist of a sword, a bad gun, and a lance ; or a.'ces. hammers-in fact of anything with \\hich they may destroy life. The women wear a long shift of blue linen, a black veil, drawn in a knot under the nose, and gently falling down on their body ; they often let it fall to shew a large ringr drawn through the right nostril and fa^tcned with a chain to the temple. They are fond of shew- ing their lips, painted with blue colour, and they have many figures engraved on the chin, cheek, nose, and neck. They never leave their tents uncovered : they are above the middle stature, walk nobly and gracefully ; their black eyes are very beautiful, and appear larger as they paint their eyelids ; their nose is well formed, but the remainder of their faces is dis- figured by many different marks. Their hands and arms are always handsome, but their feet ;ue rather wide, never having been compressed by shoes. The children walk about naked, the boys only wearing a tightly laced girdle of leather round their bodies. I inquired after this custom, and was (old it maae them strong aid fast runners, nor did they require so much food : the men also wear this belt. Tliey were OF FARRIERY. 309 all fine children, and I did not pee a single one deformed •. they are very hardy, fight the whole day, are exposed to a burning sun with- out injury: they exercise with the lance, and in wrestling. The women direct the household in the kitchen, and weave and spin the cloth, but the kitchen affairs do not take up much of their time, for though these people are very voracious if an opportunity offers, they mostly live on meagre fare, which rarely exceeds a pilau of red riee with melted butter. During the dinner, sour milk, dates, honey, duphte, &c., is now and then added. The women are obliged to grind the corn, done by clum.sy hand-mills. The bread is baked upon iron plates, and resembles a flat cake. Lastly, their duty consists in fetching the water, which is only to be procured but at times at a great distance. I don't think, however, they have much trouble about washing, for both sexes are alike indifferent as regards cleanliness, in- deed most disgustino;lv so. They are very superstitions, and much less religious than the Osmanlys : many, however, observe the Ramadan, and they pray in com- pany, ranged in one line, with a priest at their head, who makes the most horrible grim- aces. Their wealth consists of camels and horses, but no cows — in a few herds of sheep and goats, which yield them milk and butter ; they also use camel's milk. The number of camels is very considerable : many possess ten, twenty, and upwards ; and their Cheick Donechy owned three hundred, of which they annually sell a great many to the Turcomans, who, during my sojourn in the Arab camp, purchased alx)iit two thousand at the rate of two hundred, and two hundred and fifty Turk- ish piasters a-piece. The evening return of the camels to the camp affords a singular s-ight to an European — from five to six thousana, followed by their young ones gambolling along the barren ground like goats, and these clum-y looking animals chase and frisk about like gazelles. This Nomadic people no doubt possesses the finest race of Horses known to us ; but such a mass of nonsense, such erroneous and romantic stories have been promulgated, that it will be very difhcult to enable the reader to see through the mist of untruth : I shall, therefore, content myself by stating plain and and true facts. The Arabian Horse in general comes from Nedgit, and they are commonly called Nedji. A more noble race is called Koenlan, divided into five different families, or noble Cherifs, which five races, as the legend goes, origin- ated from the five Blessed Mares of the Prophet, and are named Tonais.^e, Gilphe, Manegine, Sedie, and Seclawe. Besides these, there are a number of other families too difficult to enumerate. I musl own 'bore arc no certain signs by which one can ascertain whether a Horse is Nedgedi or Koenlan, for I have conversed with many intelligent Arabs, and they all assured me they could not dis- tinguish them unless the origin of the dam was known to them, and for that reason they kept their mares unstained by the leap of an inferior stallion, which is considered one of the principal sins in the Koran ; and this com- mand of their religion they at least follow to the very letter. If by chance the contrary should happen, the Bedouin does not value the foal the least, and however handsome and promising it may be, he will part with it for e mere trifle. If a Koenlan mare is stinted to a Nedgedi stallion, the foal is a Koenlan ; but if 4 1 310 THE MODERN SYSTEM only lo a (Jenesickk. the foal also is only Gene- sidek ; and a foal only of a Nedgedi mare by a Koenlan stallion is Nedgedi, and for that reason you will meet among-st the latter, though an inferior race, many Horses at least as handsome as the first, and even the Arabs cannot dist'nguish them without knowing the dam's race. The Arabs have no Stud Book as is gene- rally a-serted, nor do they call together a number of witnesses when the covering act is performed, or when the foal is born : all this is false ; for I often have had opportunities to observe a leap in the night, where scarcely any, and but casual witnesses were present. 'I'hey choose the be.st Horse amongst their own or neighbouring tribe for a covering stallion, which travels about, as in Europe, and it is Aery dilficnlt to purchase him, at least during the covering season — the Horse serving three mares daily at about one Spanish dollar each, and travelling from tribe to tribe, at times to a aroat distance. Thev allow them to cover as early as two years old, and frequently the mares are not older : it happens, however, that not unfreqiiently they are worthless at three or four years old. Stallions, mares, and foals all graze together. The Arab generally rides without a bridle : a halter, with a nose-band covered with iron like a cavesson, serves him instead ; and in lieu of a saddle their noble coursers have only a piece of wadded linen witli two napes for Rtirrups fastened on their liack ; and they seldom have the hind feet sliod, as in many parts of Germany. The many scars, from firing, seen in almost every part of the Horse, luive been done on purpose, for they know no other remedy for loan aeid Horse, and even yoiing children are covered with them. Matiy of their Hors»-a — even two year old ones — are disfigured by scars above and beneath the fetlocks, which at first I took for splents, but originate from the iron manacles by which they are fastened to prevent them being stolen ; for during the whole of the day they remain out grazing, and at times leave the camp for a considerable distance : but at night every Arab has each animal before his tent, ties one of their legs, and having only three to dispose of they can- not run far. The Anaze's Horses I found a much inferior race, and I cannot recommend them for use in European studs. The Arabs are indifferent about the forma- tion and shape of their stallions : if he runs well, is of the proper origin, and has no su- perstitious marks, they use him as such, and would put him without hesitation to their best mares ; whereas, the most splendid stallion, if his origin is doubtful, and the marks ill-fa- voured, would not get the worst mare ; and I shall speak of their superstition — the Evil Eye — hereafter. In candour I must own, that though the stallions may possess great faults in their shape, they at the same time have extraordinary qualities, for as soon as they are mounted, all defects vanish : it would be al- most impo.ssible to detect any, so noble is their appearance. I saw many stallions with ugly hind-quarters, the tail put on very low ; but when mounted, they carried their tails erect, so that one doubted whether it was the same Hor.se. A few of the finest Horses had the appearance of English thorough-breds, but were much more active and pleasant to ride, when broken in a little in the European fashion ; for, raw from the Desert, not know- ing bridle or .spur, which latter is never used OF FARRIERY. 811 by the Arabs, tliey walk terrified on any pave- ineDt, and can only with difficulty be got into a trot, as they jump out of a walk into a full gallop, and stop as suddenly ; but being very docile, they are easily broken-in properly. I have already stated that the five principal races are said to originate from the five fa- vourite mares of the Propliet, and these only deserve the name of Koenlan, and are mostly met with at Bagdad and Orfa. Those at the Euphrat are taller and stronger, but their muscles are not so finely drawn. Some Eu- ropean judges prefer the Nedgedi to the Koen- lan, as one often finds amongst them finer Horses with extraordinary qualities ; but the Oriental prejudice always returns to the Ko- enlan, as their race is bred more in and in, just like our race-horses. It is difficult to say tvith any sort of certainty whetlier a Horse is Nedficedi or Koenlan : the former have some- what of a Roman nose and high forehead : a true Koenlan, with a genuine certificate, has a nose drawn inwards like a jack or pike, large eyes, wide nostrils, a broad front, and a beau- tiful head. One may buy without difficulty a stallion ; but an Arab seldom parts with a mare, and, if pressed by necessity, they manage as follows. First, the price is agreed upon : the purchaser then begins to use the mare, and the first and second foal is delivered to the seller, who, if he likes, has the right to deliver in return one foal for the dam. These condi- tions often vary, for at times the owner will not sell above a fourth of the mare, which in the Arabian language is called purchasing one foot. Aware that none of our readers are likely to visit Arabia for the purpose of purchasing Horses, as a better breed may now be had at home, 1 shall omit giving the particulars of the different tribes of Cheicks of the Deseri, of those who may be trusted, and those who are regular cheats, and likewise the translation of the superstitious belief of the Arabs, who are very loth to shew their Horses to strangers from fear of the Evil Eye, and never omit to pray the great Macha Allaa ; and if a Horse falls ill after such a visit, they imraediatelv call in a sort of wizard, and who, talking some cabalistical words, breaks an egg on the front of the patient, who, nevertheless, generally dies, and the wizard then gravely says, " God ordained it so," or "it was written so." But a French Veterinary Surgeon at the same time thought proper to administer physic, which saved his Horse, whereas that attended by the Arab died in spite of the egg, the magical words and the golden ring. Some of the pro- phecies of Mahomed are sheer nonsense, par- ticularly those about colour : others coincide with observations of the present age. If Mahomed actually was inspired by Allah, our wives would do well never to permit their husbands riding Horses who carry the tail on one side, as they are sure to be soon repudi- ated ; and maidens ought to be in awe against bachelors on stallions with white spots on the thighs. Such nonsensical revelations, if known before, might have saved a great deal of money to some European purchasers : they are kept a great secret by the Arabs, but have beea translated by Mr. Bandon, Dragoman to Lady Stanhope. This (the most modern) account of the Arabians and their Horses in the deseri, will throw a doubt on former statements which have been implicitly relied on as genuine- The announcement of their not keeping a stud- book, which was supposed by us from the seeming accuracy and detail of pedigree, 312 THE MODERN SYSTEM which tlieir certificates possess, would have neen an oltject of the (irst importance to them. Yet, upon reflection, we see no reason to doubt the truth of their not keeping stud-books, as from the care and superstitious reverence in keeping the breed spotless from any foreign (aint, their certificates may possess generally the truth, without keeping a register for every individual. We shall proceed to enumerate the variety of Horses under their different appellations For example : — the racer or running-horse, the cock tail racer, the hunter, hack, hackney road-horse or chapman'.s horse, the cob, the lady's horse or pad, the coach and chariot- horse, gig-horse, charger and troop-horse, the slow draught or cart and dray-horse. In ."sporting language, the term Horse indicates one uncut, or a stallion. Gelding has ever been a common and familiar term. A Horse below thirteen hands (four inches to a hand) in height, is styled a poney ; above that height, and below fourteen hands, a gallow- way. The cob, refers to a truss, short-legged nag, able to carry any weight. The pack- horse has long since disappeared from among us. The cock-tail, a new term in the slang of the inferior turf, indicates a racer not thorough bred. The welter horse, a term of long .stand- ing, but of unknown derivation, points to either racer or hunter, master of the highest weisrht. The designation thorough-bred belongs to the racer of pure Arabian or Bar!) blood ; and the term is likewi.se applicable to the Horses of other nations of the South East. A nag, in which the show of blood predominates, is called blood-like, or a blood-horse. The de- grees of blood in an English Horse are thus expressed, half-bred, three-parts, and seven- fcijriiths bred. The first, or half-bred, being the produce of a racer and a common mure, or vice versa (the last cross not so frequent, nor deemed so successful) ; the second of the racer and half-bred, and the third of the racer and the three-part bred mare. This last may, and has raced capitally, as in the case of the Yorkshire black Horse, Old Sampson, which about eighty years since beat all England. Several other similar examples of successful seven-eighths bred racers, ha\e occurred at various periods. Perhaps no instances have ever occurred, of a three-part bred Horse savingr his distance in running two miles with thorough-bred racers. The Horse and Mare, in a course of nature, are capable of procreation at a very early age, but not with the prospect of their best produce. The rule in this case necessarily depends on the convenience of the breeder ; the procreative faculty, with both Horse and Mare, remains to a very late period of their lives, more especially with the Horse, some individuals having been successful stock-get- ters at upwards of thirty years of age. Four years is generally the earliest period, whether for Horse or Mare. Indeed, unless from par- ticular circumstances, the Mare is seldom put to the Horse, until she has passed some years of labour, or has become accidentally incapable of it. It is probable that the excessive labour which they endure in this country has cur- tailed their length of days ; and that under more favourable circumstances, both their age and their services might be greatly prolonged. Racing and cart colts are put to light labour at three, and even at two years old ; but sad- dle and quick draught Horses are incapable, that is to say with safety, of the usual labour, until five years of age. From the excessive and cruel system of labour adopted, against all OF FARRIERY. 313 Isellng- and conscience, In this country, Horses ure torn to pieces before their tenth year. Horses do not arrive at maturity until they are seven years old, according to the opinion of Mr. Clark; but scarcely any are allowed to complete their fifth year before they are em- ployed in the hardest labour, except among- experienced sportsmen, who do not consider a Horse fit for their use until he is six years old. During the fifth year he is employed by them in moderate work upon the road, or in riding to cover. If Horses were used with moderation, there is no doubt but that they would last till they were nearly twenty years of age before they might be called old. It is, we believe, among naturalists, a general calculation that the life of an animal lasts three or four times the length of his coming to maturity, therefore the natural a^e of the animal would be nearer thirty years of age than twenty. Mr. John Lawrence states that he saw at Dulwicb, two Horses, one forty-eight, the other fifty-four, both capable of doing light work. They were the property of his friend, the late Edward Brown, Esq., who had the portraits of both Horses placed in his parlour. This will be a memento for posterity, to learn what modera- tion in labour, and kindness will perform. It gives us great plesaure in recording the name of thi-; gentleman, who must have been an eriliolitened and humane master and bene- factor to the Horse. That friendship should exist between these two gentlemen will be readily believed ; for if one had been the pri- vate, kind, and benevolent master to the ani- mal, so had Mr. John Lawrence been the public strenuous assertor of the rights of the Horse, through a longer period than is allowed Ui most men ; and his memory will be em- balmed in the grateful recollections of the humane, for his continued struggles to obtain a mild and considerate treatment to animals of the lower creation. It is painful to behold the crippled state of many young Horses, which shews the exces- sive exertions they must have underijone at a very early age. The Horses of mail and stage-coaches, post-chaises, &c., afford nume- rous examples of this. We often find the Horses that have been thus sold as coach or post-horses, are those of superior shape and action, of high spirits, and have perhaps distinguished themselves as hunters, or in matches against time, or in trotting-raatches ; and being considered unsafe to ride, from their crippled state, are consigned to coach-work, where they are kept upon their legs by the severity of the bit, and the frequent applica- tion of the whip. The proportion of lame Horses in this country, compared to those in France, is perhaps as ten to one. This the French veterinarians seem to attribute to their superior mode of shoeing; but, in our opinion, shoeinff has nothin;? to do with it. The peculiar frequency of incurable lameness, oi founder, in this country, is entirely owing to immoderate vvork. Many men consider that if they but feed their Horse luxuriously, they cannot get too much work out of him ; but feeding him well is no excuse for working him unfairly, nor is there any advantage in it ; for, although we may thereby render him capable for a time of wonderful exertions, we shorten his life, and interrupt his period of service, by bring- ino- upon him various diseases. We should recollect that the power of the stomach i8 limited, and so is that of the muscular and nervous systems ; so that if we make an nn^ait 4 K 8i4 THE MODERN SYSTENI dcmanr! upon them, and it is answered, their power is the sooner exhausted. Under cir- cumstances of great exhaustion and debility, rest is the only real and natural cordial to be depended on ; but, unhappily, this is too little attended to, and the poor animal is driven off his leffs, and comes to the knackers long be- fore his natural period would require, if only treated with care and humanity. The conventional form of the Horse, as to the great essentials, may be held referable to every variety ; for example, the head should be lean, argutum caput, neither long nor short, and set on with somewhat of a curve ; the thropple loose and open ; the neck not reversed (cock-throppled), but rather arched ; the loins wide and substantial, more especially should the back be long ; the tail not drooping, but nearly on a level with the spine ; the hinder quarters well spread, as a support to the loin.s, and as a security against the approach to each other of the pasterns in progression, from whieh results cutting them with the hoofs ; the hinder legs should descend straight, late- rally from the hocks, as a preventive to the defect styled sickle-houghed or hammed ; at the same time, the curve from the hock should be to the decree that the feet may be placed suflTicienlly forward to prop the loins, and that the Horse may not be said to leave his legs behind him ; the musclesof the thigh and fore arm should be solid and full, though some Horses are heavy and overdone by nature in those parts. The Horse, of whatever descrip- tion, should not be leggy, and, of the extremes, short legs are surely preferable. The canon or Ieg-lx)ne, below the knee, should not be long, but of good substance, and the pasterns and feet of a size to accord with the size of the Horse; the hoof dark, feet and frog tough, heel v\ iAe and open ; the fore feet shouli stanri perfectly level, the toe pointing Ibrward in a right line, else the Horse will knock or " cut in the speed," however wide his chest ; in plain t«rms, he will either strike and wound his pasterns, or his legs immediately below the knees, or both ; the feet standing even, the Horse being equal to his work, will seldom, perhaps never, knock or cut, however near the hoof may approach, A full, -clear, azure eye. Such are the requisites of form, whether for the racer or cart Horse. For the hack, hunter, or racer, there are certain other requisites of form and quality ; the chief of which to be quoted are the deep, backward-declining, and as it is called, the counter or coulter shoulder, well elevated forehand, deep girthing place, with sufficient racing blood to give lightness, action, and fineness of hair and skin. This description applies with perfect aptitude to the hunter, which should have moreover great strength of loin and fillet, and should not be high upon the leg. Nor is any addition necessary for the running-horse, but greater general length, which is the usual result of full or thorough blood. As to our coach horses, such is the modern rage for speed, tliat our mails and stages may well be said to consist, in a considerable degree, of racers and hunters ; and our private coaches of hunting-like Horses on a large scale. In regard to the natural and peculiar form of the slow draught Horse, he carries his substance in a round, full, and horizontal mode ; his chest is wide and full ; his shoulder rather round and bluff than deep, and its summit, the apex or top of the forehand, not high and acute, but wide. Such form seems best adapted to the collar, and to enaoie ibc OF FARRIERY. :JJ5 animal lo draw, propel, or move forward, heavy weights ; we, nevertheless, daily see numbers of first-rate draught Horses with deep flat shoulders. It used to be held, that a low shoulder facilitated draught ; and such was the form of the old Suffolk aorrel cart Horses, the truest and most forceful pullers ever yet known ; they were the only breed, collectively, that would draw dead pulls, that is to say, would continue repeated pulls, going down upon their knees, at an immovable object ; for example, a tree. This, draught Horses in general, even the most powerful and the best, as the writer has witnessed, cannot be brought to do, with whatever severity ; at the second or third pull, gihbing, as it is called, and turn- ing their heads, as if to point with their eyes, towards their failing loins. The followina: sinorular account of an animal between a bull and a mare is so well authenti- cated, that we cannot have a doubt of its truth. It shews the possibility of a cross from an animal, so dissimilar and discordant, as it would seem to us, and the knowledge of which may act a*; a caution in preventing the possi- bility of such another occurrence by keeping both animals separate. Mr. Gload, Veterinary- Surgeon, "says, some time ago I was at Greenwich, and my curiosity was excited upon hearing that a monstrosity was then exhibiting, partaking of the peculia- rities of the cow and Horse. The animal seemed to be about fifteen hands high (a mare, if I dare call her so), of the commonest des- cription, and three years and a half old. The most striking peculiarities were in the tail, hips, head, breist, and off fore leg. The off fore leg, from its singularity, claimed my first attention ; and I was induced to examine it with great care, as, at first sight, I suspected it might have been the result of disease. The shoulder-blade and the humerus seemed to be shorter and more upright tlian usual, and the latter bone was tliickcr, and turned very much outwards. This leg was, in every respect, similar to a cow's ; but the similarity was still more evident when I descended to the foot. There were two hoofs, with separate joints, and a natural secretion between them There was no sign of a frog, but the animal trod upon her heels, and used the foot precisely as a cow. I walked her round the stable several times, and it was really ludicrous to observe the difference in the manner of pro- gression between the two legs. The colour of the hair on the body seemed to present a strange mixture between that of both animals ; btit it was long, soft, and loosely attached. The head had a very curious appearance : it seemed to be broad at the poll, and the ears were very large, and rounded, and turned backwards and inwards, and covered with long shaggy hair. The lower part of the face projected very much on each side, giving a width very dissimilar to the face of the Horse, i here were six incisor teeth in each jaw, but very unevenly distributed ; and they seemed to partake muchof the mixed character. The breast was wide and hung down, strongly re- sembling the dewlap. Tiie body, neck, and near fore leg, resembled those of the Horse. The hips, tail, and legs above the hock, were exactly .similar to those of a cow. The spinous and traverse process of the ileum projected very much, and the pubis stretched backwards, srivino' that sreat prominence of the bones of the ischium always so observable in a cow. The .sacral processes did not project, and the tail did not arch over the pubis, as in iht Horse, but seemed to fall more abruptly . it «in THE MODERN SYSTEM was shaved nearly to its tip, where was left a ttifl of hair, which was frizzled, and very like hat of a cow. The tail felt very fleshy, and at its base the skin was loosely attached ; and the vagina was without colour, and hung down as in a cow. The patellae were very thick and large, and the hinder extremities, above the hock, were totally dissimilar to a Horse. The mammae were not very large, nor was the udder unnaturally distended. At this time I related the facts to many veterinarians, and among others to Mr. Sewell. " A short time since I called upon Mr. J. Skilt, V. S., at Southwark Bridge, and he informed me that he had seen the skeleton of a very strange animal at the knacker's ; and wished mc to go and examine it with him. I did so ; and was much surprized and pleased once more to have an opportunity of surveying the monstrosity I have just been describing; and I am enabled to add the following particulars to my previous description of her : — The occipital and pterygoid processes are large, and the former very broad and projecting, and differing from the triangular-shaped process of the Horse. There are no signs of horns. Just above the three anterior molars on each side 18 a large projection, similar to specimens of disease wherein the teeth have still remained in their sockets. The three first molars are perfect cow's teeth. The ileum and pubis are laid nearly flut, as in the cow. The num- ber of ribs and vertebrae are the same as in the Horse. All the joints seem to be unusually large. The greatest peculiarity is, however, in the off fore foot ; and I am sorry that, from the tenacity of the knacker respecting it, I am obligrd to be very concise in my account of It. Articulating with the lower head of the Lirge metacarpal bone is another, altogether shorter and broader than the large pastern of the Horse, and cleft nearly to its middle; and, articulating with each division, are the remain- ing small bones of the foot. There are two hoofs, separately joined, with a natural secre- tion between them ; but they have grown enormously since I saw the animal alive. The knacker imformed me that he did not perceive any thing in the stomach different from that of the Horse. Any gentleman who wishes for more information can examine this, and many other curious specimens, at Winkley's Yard, in Fryer's Street, Borough. The only history I could learn of the animal was, that the owner had purchased her from the breeder, who stated, that her dam, when very old, had been put out on Finchley Common with a bull ; that no horse could have access to her ; and that this very singular animal was pro- bably the offspring of the mare and the bull " The rail-road from London to Liverpool being now nearly, if not quite finished, has driven almost all the coaches off the road. Whether coaching ere long will revive again, seems a matter too problematical to prophesy upon ; although we know it is the opinion of some dragsmen that such will be the case. Perhaps the wish is father to the thought ; for it cannot be agreeable for any man to be compelled to give up his employment, and it may be very natural for him to indulge a hope that it may yet return. He expects that the expences of the rail- road will be too absorb- ing to leave any profits, which he says a little time will soon show, and the project will be abandoned in disgust. We have just given the conversation we have had with one of the dragsmen who had been put off the road, without being made a convert to his opinion ; for we know that OF FARRIERY 317 m many public companies, though the original proprietors may have been ruined, yet the project has still flourished ; and we suspect this will be the case on the present line of road between London and Liverpool. The branches from the populous towns will join it, and rail-road travelling will become the gene- ral mode of travelling, while stage-coaching will be the exception. It then becomes a question how much the breeding of Horses may be affected by it. The consumption of Horses by stage-coaches, must have proved immense ; so much so, that it does not seem unreasonable to suppose but that it may limit the breeding of Horses in the same proportion as the demand for them has ceased. This powerful element of nature (steam) controlled by the hand of man, has had the most important results. However paradoxical it may appear, it has made Eng- land, in effect, half as large again, while it has reduced her to one-third of her former size. In six hours it will enable passengers to arrive from London to Liverpool, thus anni- hilating space ; and by taking some thousands of Horses off the road, will leave the land that found food for them, to be cultivated only for the use of man. The use of steam will have tlie same effect, we know, in whatever country it may be em- ployed, that of diminishing space ; but it is in England only wliere the rapidity of the execution will be unrivalled, and projects so gigantic, have scarcely been conceived before the genius, skill, and capital of this country have forced them into maturity. It may be an assumption only that the breeding of Horses may be limited in this muntrv, for we are not sure that they may not still be bred for exportation, as they have been much sought for lately on the continent ; and although there may be some opinions afloat among ourselves that our racing breed requires invigorating l)y new blood (of which we shall speak more at large in its proper place), yet, from late demands for English Horses abroad, they seem to be held in high estimation. The rate of coach-travellino- in this country has excited almost as much wonder among ourselves as it has amongst foreigners. It is within our own recollection that the time the coaches took in going from London to Coven- try was nineteen hours ! Since then there has been almost as much difference between the coaches of that date, as to speed, as between the rate of the present coaches and steam. It must not, however, be considered that the Horses had a sinecure of it ; for the roads were not then in the present state of repair, and in wet weather, some of them might be half-axle deep or more. A retrospective view of the roads for coaches within the last thirty or forty years, would prove an interesting article to the juniors of the present day. We avail ourselves of a description by a talented man of the state of the road between London and Parkgate, the principal place of that day where passengers landed from Dublin, before Holyhead became the regular station for ihe Dublin packets. It is as follows : — When I was a school-boy, Parkgate, in Cheshire, was the port whence the Dublin packets sailed : there were a few at Holyhead, but there all the principal intercourse between the countries was effected. At that time pro- bal)ly not one craft of any description passed in a month between Dublin and Liverpool. Lpon the arrival of a packet at Parkgate, the passengers made their way, as they could betsi 4 I. I29 THE MODERrV SYSTEM durable or possess the speed of an Eclipse or a Cliilders, does that follow that the breed has become degenerate ? Are the circum- stances in other respects so exact, as we have no other alternative but to place it to the score of degeneracy ? Has the racing blood of this country so intermixed and assimilated, i-s (■: produce the inconvenience and the op- probrium of good breeders; in short, has our racing blood arrived to that pitch of relation- ship, which constitutes what is called breed- itiT " in-and-in?" Is the management of nicers now as formerly ? Both Eclipse and Childers, were six years old. we believe, before they raced; and at the present day, they race at two and three years old. Is it to be expected that Horses woiked at so tender an age can be durable ? We only ask whether the difference of manage- ment between running Horses at five or six years old, and two or three, may not account at least for their want of durability ? As Government is called upon to move out of its ordinary track in order to influence the ijuality of our Horses, by a National Estab- lishment, we shall quote the Author's views of the course to be taken in furtherance of such a plan : — A National Establishment should commence its functions by obtaining from the east a con- siderable number of well-selected ponies. The better portion would be found to possess much natural rpeed, stoutness under severe exertion, wiili limos and feet peculiarly adapted for moving rapidly on a hard surface. It would be puerile to Ijring from so great a distance sucli ill-shapen and attenuated crcatun-s as those now usually imported under the name of Ar^diians ; or toem|)loy persons to purcha.le it to produce animals sufficiently powerful fiT working ; every effort should be made to keep down the stature of the breeding animals to that point which suffices, by the aid of rich food, to produce working animals sufficiently powerful ; increasing the staturt- of the race as little, and that of the individuals as much as possible. In breeding Horses ol the best race it might be found desirable to have one portion of less speed, but more mus- cular, than the other, in order to meet that variety of demand which exists in a hiohly civilized nation. There should be a certain amount of foreign blood in the Horses of our heavy cavalry ; but foreign Horses, having a degree of speed which is incompatible with much muscular power, are not so well calcu- lated for heavy cavalry as H(!>,rses with less speed, but with more muscular and constitu- tional power. Alambrmo, Sweetivilliam, or Sedlmry, were better fitted for producing pro- per stock for cavalry than Sharke. This animal was more advanced by art than the earlier Horses as respects speed ; l»ut he wa.«5 not so well calculated for enabling us to pro- duce powerful saddle-Horses. U a foreign race is to assist in the production of our heavy cavalry Horses, it must possess as much structural power as can be combined with a sufficiency of action, vigour, and power. The natural qualitiesof the Horse are found nearest perfection when they are in a condi- tion the least removed from one of nature. Artificial structure is obtained by rich food, and artificial speed by continued selection. The course of the breeder ie easy so long as it is in one direction ; that is, in advance. When, however, the form of a whole race has become deteriorated, the symmetry which is lost can only be recovered by going back (o nature. A National Estaltlisliment would, in tliis case, renovate the enlarged portion y Walton, iiia dam by Dick Andrews. This is a very fine looking chesnnt Horse, hired, as I have before stated, I believe, from Mr. Dodsworth. He is light topped, with a good deal of the character of Actaeon about him : his frame is beautifully moulded ; his legs, which have tasted the iron all round, well under him ; fine withered, deep gaskined, with thighs and quarteis quite perfect. He is short in the paste'n, a quality pronounced by most men as demanding praise, but as little esteemed by me as its opposite, long. In the post of honor, the dwelling nearest to himself, T\ler introduced me to the steed whose own performances, and those of his descendants, place him without any parallel in the annals of the British Turf — Emilius, by Orville out of Emilius by Stamford, grandum by Whiskey out of Grey Dinmont. " And this,'' said 1, " is Emilius !" as a rough-coated animal, with an eye like a star, came snorting up to me. He was quite en deskahille to re- ceive comnany, as it was evident he had been recently indulging in a roll among the mire of his exercise-paddock. The mou ent 1 laid my hand upon his shoulder, he stood still, looked complacently upon me, and, notwithstanding his having been surprised a little mal-apropos, accorded me a reception quite in keeping with his acknowledged Iiigli breeding. Taking this Horse as the standard of perfection of the English blood-horse of the Nineteenth Century, I will state, as well as I can, the result of a very careful examination of him, and thence thaw such inferences as are relevant to my present purpose. He is now in his sixteenth year ; his height over 15 hands 2 inches, about the present year's average size of his yearling stock. In color he is a rich blood -bay Cwhen in his spring form), with four black ieff-s. He is all over sound, and without blemish. \ OF FARRIERY. 337 s;ive ill his off fore leg, with which there has i.ijen something amiss below the knee. Pro- Ltiibly the most skilful anatomist would fail in discovering one point of liis symmetry faulty. This latter phrase may require explanation : what I mean by it is, that although liis frame should be pronounced perfect, as it is ; that in its symmetry, the harmony of each part with the whole, the fitness and relation of every point for its assigned function, defies criticism. You see before you a form moulded for speed and strength, as the imagination of the most experienced painter would pourtray it. We know that he was swift and strong — let us see if his physical development agrees with the idea aflfixed by the eye for power. " Ty- ler," I inquired, " have you a morsel of string? Never mind," seeing that he was going to procure it for me at his house. I removed my watch-guard. "Ah!" said he, seeing the use to which I was about applying it, "you are going to measure his leg I see : well, I liave not seen such a thing done since the time that His late Royal Highness the Duke of York was staving at Riddlesworth. The Duke, I remember, came one morning, and took the size of Merlin's near fore-leg just under the knee, and its circumference was full nine inches and a quarter. Now, Sir, I like Emilius's leg much the best : it is shaped, as i call it, like a fiddle, with the strings standing well out from it, the way that a Horse's muscle and sinew should do.' Having care- fully taken my admeasurement of his near leg, the off one being a little thick, I marked it, and placed it in my pocket-book. It is now before me, and gives the circinnfrrence of this oviebrated Horse's lesfcxacllv ci-ht inches and Ji lialf. I need hardly remark that the ap- jjurent advantage on Merlin's si Ic is easily explained, if his limb was rounder, and con- sequently less oval than that of Emilius. This would give him, however, no actual superiority, the shape of the bone and sinew of a Horse's leg (the sole supplies the power) being an oval, shallower of course, as it extends from bone to muscle. My memory does not serve me at the moment as to the sum, which, in his zenith. Eclipse (taking the price of his last moiety for the criterion of the whole) would have sold for. Mr. Thornhill, I was given to understand, refused eight thousand pounds (<)r Emilius. Allowing for the difference of money, Eclipse would have fallen very short of such a figure as that. Nothing can be more characteristically English than the Establishment at Riddles- worth. Tyler, the Stud Groom, is an honest, obliging yeoman, with his mind on a level with his calling. He has been six and tw ^nty years in his present employment, aud the stocic which has been produced, and reared during that period under his superintendance and care, is the best evidence of his fitness for sucii occupation : I spent a few minutes in his cottage, and it was just the head-quarters in which I should have expected to find him. Everything was scrupulously neat ; all the comforts that his condition could require were there in abundance ; and the elegances were in perfect accordance. The walls were deco- rated with the most celebrated feats of the white and scarlet. There was Sam winning the Derby in I?SI8; Sailor, victorious for the same Stakes in 1820 ; a fine plate of Orvilie ; and one of Herring's admirable likenesses of Emilius. In front of his dwelling runs a spark- ling stream, and just beyond it was a moving Zoological Panorama, such as no Lord in the land can shew. 4 a / 338 THE MODERN SYSTEM HaviofT given a description of the Riddles- 'vvorth Stud (as it was in I806,) to support our assertion that the breed of our Horses is indebted to the law of primogeniture for its excellence ; as it is the cause of combining the experience as well as the wealth, from gene- ration to generation, hideed, the breeding of the racer may be said to be entirely in the iiands of the nobility and gentry of England ; and from which circumstance we see the less necessity for introducing any national establishment in this country for the breed of Horses. In France there is not the same cause as in this country for fostering and encouraging the breed of Horses, and therefore it becomes incumbent on the French Government to take the management of procuring such a stud of stallions as may improve the breed of their Horses, at little or no expence to the French farmer. Napoleon used to send a stud into the different provinces of France, and we re- collect seeing one at Auch, the capital of Gascony, in the year 1814. It is true Napo- leon at that period had abdicated, but it was the continuation of his system. It consisted of Horses of various countries, the Arab, Barb, &c. ; but one was there which attracted our attention the most, not expecting to see any animal of his description, an English thorough- bred Horse, standing, we should think, full sixteen hands high. He was called Romulus, and was said to be above thirty years of age. He had all the ajjpearance of age, having lost his (lesh ; but there was his eye and noble forehand, which indicated both dignity and h'gh breeding. There was nothing to re- semijle him ; the other stallions were full of fle»h and pretty; but the English Horse, for fcize and speed, never could appear to more advantage than wnen in such company ; they certainly were handsome and beautiful to look at; but Romulus had the same appearance of nobility and dignity over his tribe, as Kemble in Coriolanus would have had in comparison with a common actor. We have said that it is the duty of the French Government, as well as it is to the in- terest of France itself, that assistance should be afforded to the French farmer to improve their breed of Horses; for there is very little capital employed in farming there, and it would interfere too much with the farmer s financial economy to give two or three pounds for a stallion to improve his breed of Horses. We have before spoken of the division of property in France being very minute ; and in Gascony you will find most of the farms very small, cultivated chiefly by their proprietors. We have been in many of these patriaichal abodes, where in many instances you will find the great grandfather surrounded by a portion of his descendants at the same fire ; for here the daughters brought their husbands home ; and it was a pleasing sight to see them all en- gaged in one general interest and pursuit ; the young girl handling a dung-fork and fill- ing the cart with as much animation and zeal as her brothers. We thought of England I Of Goldsmith! his " Deserted Village !" We viewed the large broad hand and the hale complexion of wholesome labour ! We turned our thoughts to Manchester, its cotton-fac- tories and the thin, palid, emaciated appear- ance of its inhabitants ! We never felt the contrast so strong between the happiness of agricultural employment, and the misery of manufactures, where in a heated atmosphere hundreds are congregated together, as at the time we witnessed the harmony and happi- OF FARRIERY. 335 uess of the Gascon farmer. We do not say he IS wealthy ; for we believe it might puzzle him to raise in money one hundred francs ; but he has a cellar of wine, a barn with some wheat, a cow, pigs, and a poultry-yard ; we might say, a field ; but we believe not much ready money, but he has money's worth suffi- cient to keep him and his household well ; hence tiie necessity of supplying him with a superior kind of Horse for his mare, which otherwise he would be compelled to go to his next-door neiiihbour for. It is therefore a wise and patriotic act for the French Govern- ment to send studs of stallions into the differ- ent departments of that country. Since the period to which we have alluded, we should think the breed of Horses may have in some degree improved in France, as a tolerable sprinkling of English mares would have been left in that country by the army of occupation, and a peace of more than twenty years' duration, has enabled, no doubt, the French Government to avail itself of all opportunities to improve their breed of Horses. It is therefore natural to suppose that in another war her cavalry and artillery may be better horsed than heretofore. Beyond the wants of the army, and the few wealthy in- habitants, we don't think there will be any inducement to breed blood-horses. Hunting- is by no means a popular amusement in France The Revolution took away the game-laws, and the rights of the Seigneurs ; nor would the present race of French farmers submit very quietly to witness their fields traversed by dogs and a field of horsemen ; therefore, we do not suppose that there is any probability of any hunters being wanted be- yond the royal chases. Ens;Iand is therefore so differently situated in consequence of the law of primogeniture, to France, that what may suit one countiy, and in its effects might be beneficial, to the other might be considered a nuisance. A farmer, in England, surrounded by the squierarchy of his neighbourhood, and partaking of the joys and amusement of the chace, thinks nothing ot the damage which a field of Horsemen and dogs might do to his corn-field, believing he may regain the damage done to his fields by their encouraging the demand for Horses, of which he is himself the breeder. However, if he does complain, and there is reasonable- ness in the demand, there is always wealth enough ; and we believe liberality enough, to indemnify him for any damage he might sus- tain on account of the hunting establishment ; consequently he becomes a partner and pre server of the sport, in protecting the foxes, so essential to the amusement of the chase, and is looked upon as a favourite of his aristo- cratical neighbourhood, which insures to him respectability, as well as promoting his own interests. In France, where comparatively speaking, there is little disproportion of wealth, it would be, we believe, impossible to create any hunt- ins establishments that would be of a nature sufficiently large to be an encouragement for superior bred Horses. As to breeding Horses for t*!ie Turf, we believe there will be very few studs of thorough-bred Horses kept ; though racing certainly has commenced near the capital with some success, yet it is prema- ture to say the course will become sufficient!) popular to create any great demand for them, Looking then at France, in this view, we do not think she will take the palm of breeding the best Horses from us. Neither do we 1 think it necessary for France; if she obtain k 3-10 THE MODi^ix^N SYSTEM ^ood breed of Horses, it is sufficient for all useful purposes, without straining after that, which without inordinate wealth, might prove an incumbrance. We shall now finish our remarks upon the deterioration of our English blood, and shall trust to its renovation from those hands which have already brought it to such perfection ; doubting that it would be in better hands, even if a National Establishment was to be formed. As a proof that our coachmen of the pre- sent day have not deteriorated, but improved, we copy the following : LEAVES FROM THE JOURNAL OF A MODERN WHIP. July, 183 . — Got up with a cursed head- ache ; Port too strong — must cut it, and try the Claret in future. By the bye, I rather think they cleaned me out last night ! Let me see. Ah ! only half a dozen " bob" left in my purse. Mem, to be more careful in future, and not to play when Bob is of the party. Soon dressed ; looked in the swing glass ; don't think my toggery amiss. Wonder what the Dragsmen of the Old School would have said to such a turn-out ! Buckskin trowsers, buff waistcoat, bird's-eye handker- chief, smart brown coat, Wellington boots, and light white tile ! instead of yellow top- boots, greasy cord breeches, heavy long coat, and dog's hair-hat! But I've no time to lose. What a bore to have to get up at such a gothic hour! A lucky dog is Bob Masters, to b<; two hours later. I've half a mind to cut the concern altogether if my governor does not change the lime. But I must be off. So, nfler snatching a kiss from my pretty Mary's ruby lips, I ran down .stairs, and .soon found myself at the olTiL-e in Piccadilly, and just in time to see my drag pull u.n. " Why, Bill," I said to my horsekeeper (who always brings my coach from the City), " you've put that ' miller,' the Doctor, on the near side : never mind, I'll try him to-day. I say, let out the off-hand leader's bearing- rein a hole or two : aye, that will do." Just then an old lady with a fat lap-dog, grey with age, and hardly able to breathe from overfeeding, called me to the coach-doon " Pray, young man, are you the coachman ?" " Yes, Madam ; can I be of any service ?" " Any service !" cried the dowager ; '' yes, to be sure you can ! that person in the corner refuses to let me take this little darling (allud- ing to the ugly brute she held in her arms) into the coach : now I beg. Mister Coachman, that you will insist on his allowing the little beauty to accompany me in the inside." " Why as to insisting, Madam, it is, I assure you, quite out of the question ; and even had I the will and power to do so, perhaps the Gentleman might be disposed to play off the old joke." " What old joke, man, do you mean? I know nothing of jokes :" and from her vinegar look I dare swear she did not, " Why, Madam, a Gentleman in a similar case, on a Lady insisting on making her dog an inside passenger, purchased a little pig to ac- company it." — " A pig ! Sir ! a fig .'" " Yes, Madam, he declaring, that as the Lady had a taste for one species of four-legged animals, he had for another. Perhaps, then, as this Gentleman may have such a taste, you will allow the Guard to take charge of the little beauty .''' Whether it was the fear of the pig, or my flattery of the brute, had the effect I cannot tell ; but, much to the annoyance of my fellow-servant, the cur was handed over to his tender mercies ; and as I afterwards heard Jem BlowuD cursin"; the creature most ener- OF FARRIERY. :J4I pretimlly, I fear Pet had but a roiigli journey of it. Settling the dog dispute took up so much time that I only had an opportunity of getting my bill right, but I was soon on my box, and bowling away at the rate of ten miles an houi*. We were but light, and before we got the first stage I had time to see What kind of passengers we had. Jem had in the basket a young fresh, rather good-looking lass, whom he seemed to be " nuts" upon, and an old grey-headed man and his son, regular " yokels" in appearance. Behind me sat a Qnaker, in a broad brim, reading the last number of the Mechanics' Mag. ; beside him a tawdry dressed, but not ill-looking young woman, evidently going on speculation to a watering- place, and very anxious for the safety of a wagon load of band-boxes, &c. which lum- bered the roof of the coach. Besides her was a stout ruddy Sporting grazier, whose time was pretty equally divided between his fair but frail companion and the splendid team that was taking him in such style over the ground : on the box was seated a quiet gentlemanlike man, who you would swear dressed in the country in " long black gaiters and kept tame rabbits." Such were my companions. "Friend driver," said the Quaker (after we had gone about a dozen miles), touching me on the shoulder, " thy vocation will soon be over, and I am sorry for thee ; for thou ap- pearest to be a quiet, shrewd, and well-ordered young person, though somewhat too gay in thy attire." "What, Sir!" I replied; "I am not aware of having given offence to my employers, and I have driven this drag for some years." " No, no, friend ! thou mis- understandest me. I did not allude to thy conduct, for that, I doubt not, is well pleasing to thy masters ; nay, verily I myself was well pleased in the way thou didst contrive lo manage the old woman in the conveyan;;e, who men call Lady Blueskin, in the matter of her dog, by the apt story of the pig; although I do not think the scarlet-coated individual behind me approveth thereof" " Then vvhy, Sir, may I ask, should I lose my situation, as your words would imply?" "Why, friend, art thou not aware that the rail-road, of which such talk has long been, when completed, will drive thee from thy seat? but if thou likest, as I know friend Fillbubble, one of the Direc- tors, I will recommend thee (on thy making thyself master thereof) to the situation of stoker." " Stoker !" cried the grazier ; "dang it, what's that?" " Stoker !" half exclaimed the gay-dressed damsel. " Stoker !" repeated 1 ; " pray. Sir, what may that be ?" " Stoker, friend," replied the Quaker, " is the name given to the individual who attends to tlie fire of the locomotive engine, to regulate its .speed, as thou dost that of thy horses." " And, in fact, I suppose. Sir, s-tirs it up to a gallop to make up lost time ?" " Thou art not far wrong, I confess, although I think gallop can hardly with propriety be applied to the velocity of an engine." " Why not. Sir ? When we say the water in the kettle boils a gallop, it would, surely be more correctly applied to the speed of a carriage : and though 1 thank you for your good wishes, I hardly think I shall avail my- self of your kind offer of service on the rail- road." "Nay, friend, 1 would not press thee on this head ; and verily I should almost re- gret to see one who handles his reins so well, stirring up a fire like a man-cook." The grazier, who by this time seemed in- terested in the conversation, and who, 1 found afterwards, had been on the Liverpool and 4 R 342 THE MODERN SYSTEM Manchester rail-road, now asked the Quaker, as he " seemed to kuow all about them kind of outlandish concerns," why they did not give tiiem Christian names, and not call them Plutos and such like ; or, at any rate, why not give them the names of wonderful men, as the Duke of Wellington, Lord Lyndhurst, &c." " Of a surety friend I cannot inform thee ; but, peradventure, it arises from the idea of propitiating the Heathen Gods ; for my own part, I would rather they vvere called after individuals whose names are honoured and revered, as Franklin, William Penn, &c., or even living persons of fame, such as Friend Pease, Bowring, and others, whose objects are the well-being of mankind." By this time we had arrived at , where we lunched, and I had to take back the up- coach. On wishing my passengers a pleasant journey, the Quaker put a shilling into my iiand, and, on my declining it, saying that J look no fees from the passengers I drove from Town, he said, " Well, friend, I bid thee fare- well, for verily I believe thee to be a conscien- tious man, as well as a skilful driver, for thou hast brought us safe and speedily hither, and canst even refuse money, which truly is a very difficult thing for any of us to do : and remem- l)er, if thon shouldVt change thy mind in re- gard to the matter of the stokership, call on me, anfl I will assist thy views." On this he handed me his card, and mounting to hiss place, ho and his companions were soon out o " sight. I should almost iiavc been glad to have gone throuirh with them, though the load was light ; but when 1 thought of my engagement to go to tJie play svilli my little wife, to see my favorite *aiiglitcr-I()viug Mrs. Nisbet, visionsof Quakers and steam-cntfi'nes were soon put to flight, and ■I was glad to see a full load, which was a far better thing than any promised promotion to the stokership of the " new safe and fast engine, Joseph Pease." On starting, I found my passengers in the rnidst of a violent altercation, in which the names of ( eel, Melbourne, Wellington, O'Con- nell, the Bishop of Exeter, and the joints of the tail, taxes on knowledge and on soap, working out of the Reform Bill, &c., &c., were strangely mixed together, and, as I make it a rule on such occasions (and they are many) to say nothing, I had but a disagreeable drive, par- ticularly as at one time, in the heat of debate, they nearly came to blows to determine whose arguments were the strongest. But as sweet- est pleasures end the soonest, so the greatest annoj'ance must cease at last ; and my arrival in Piccadilly relieved me from the noise of angry voices, and gave a higher zest to the quiet enjoyment of the evening. BREAD FOIt CATTLE AND HORSES, The French frequently feed their Horses with bread, and various other attempts at economy are practised out of the common management of feeding them with raw corn, which, no doubt, may be beneficial. We re- collect seeing an account of a team of Horses, at Liverpool, whose corn was always boiled, and the water afterwards oiven them to drink. 'I'his was said to nourish them at much less expence than the common method of feeding them. It is equally necessary to seek for economi- cal food for cattle as for man. To lessen the consumption of food by cattle without injuring them, is to save so much for the benefit of man. Many neglected grapes, plants growingr in marshy ground, the tender leaves of different OF FARRIERY. 343 trees deprived of their resin by infusion, chopped straw, &c., are substances and resources which may be usefully employed. But would it not be more advantageous and more salutary to prepare their common food? Would not the conversion of strain into bread be as beneficial to animals as to man ? Trituration, steeping, and baking, correct, evolve, and perfect the nutritive qualities of grain ; may not these preparations be as useful for animals as it is to the human race? But may not such preparation be rather an addi- tional expense than a saving ? Certainly not, if it is true that cattle will consume much less, and will thrive better on it ; and this experience has proved. It would be difficult to contend that animals vviil not fare better on food which has been subjected to a salutary process ; the mixture of salt in their bread will render it more wholesome, and that salt is very effica- cious mixed with or thrown into their usual food. In regard to economy, it has already been proved that salt cake is a cheap and ex- cellent food for sheep ; and in Sweden, oat bread is used for Horses, and is found much cheaper and more salutary than the simple grain. It may be remarked that Horses always pass some part of the oats they have eaten whole ; tl.eir stomachs labour much to digest food, some part of which is entirely lost, and is even dangerous to them. Oats ground and baked would not occasion these incon- veniences. Experience has proved in Sweden, that one ton of oats makes 480 loaves, on which a Horse may be better kept (at the rate of two loaves a day) for 240 days, than if he had had six tons or even more of raw oats. The husk of the oat remains mixed with the flour : the veightof the water used in making the dough is gained, and a great deal of water is neces- sary. With a given quantity of wheat flour, without the husk, a quantity of bread is made for the use of man, weighing more than the raw grain icith the husk. On the otiier hand, a less weight of bread than of oats should be given to Horses, because the bread is more nourishing, especially if rye be mixed with the oats. We have remarked, that with salt the bread will be more wholesome and nutri- tious. It has been calculated in Sweden, that after all expenses have been taken into con- sideration, a great saving is effected bv feeding the Horses on bread made of oats and rye. The Swedes never give hay, without mixing it with two-thirds of chopped straw, and adding bread broken up. The better to preserve this bread, it should be made in the shape of cakes ; and if it be prepared like biscuit, it will keep very long without losiiig its nutritive qualities. How is it that, in making bread for cattle, roots have never yet been generally employed ? Wild plants and seeds containing starch, would also furnish materials. Good bread for cattle may be made from the farinaceous parts of the horse-chestnut, acorns, mandragora, dog's grass, &c. These substances may be used in the composition of bread for cattle, together with potatoes reduced to powder. In all agricultural experiments, we must never allow ourselves to be discouraged ; creatures accustomed to a particular diet, will sometimes refuse a superior one, for that to which they are habituated. It should be frequently presented to them, and before long tliey will relish it. Why should not leaves, chaff, straw, heath, fern, kc, reduced lo powder, be mixed with this bread? Beet- root, or potatoes and flour will serve as a 844 THE MODERN SYSTEM vefiicle for all these substances. Experience will quickly show the proper quantities for producing bread of a good consistence. ATFECTION OF THE ARAB FOR HIS HORSE, ETC. An Arab and his tribe had attacked in the Desert the caravan from Damascus with com- plete success, and the Arabs were occupied in i children." course the desert like the wind from Egypi. No more wilt thou divide with thy chest tiie refreshing waves of Jordan. O that if I re- main a slave, I could render thee at least free ! Let me try ! There, go ! return to our tents, tell my wife that Abon el Masseh returns to it no more, and lick the hands of mv four packing their booty, \\hen the horsemen of the Pacha of Acre, who had come to meet the caravan, rushed suddenly on the victorious Arabs, of whom they killed a considerable number, and made the others prisoners ; and having tied them with cords, took them to Acre, as presents to the Pacha. Abon el Masseh, the hero of this story, had received a ball in his arm durini; the ena;as:e- rnent, but as his wound was not mortal, the Turks had tied him upon a camel, taking Jiis iiorse also with him. The evening of the day of their approach to Acre, the party encamped with their prisoners upon the Mountain of Saf hadt. The legs of the woiwided Arab were tied together by a leathern belt, and "he was laid near the spot where the Turks slept. Kept awake during the night by the pain of his wound, he heard his horse neigh among others picketed round the tents, according to the Eastern custom. Recognizing its voice, he could not resist the desire to go once more to the former companion of his life. He crawled with great difficulty, with the help of his iiands and knees, and reached his steed. " My poor friend (address- ing him), what canst llioii do among these lurks? liidii wilt, be imprisoned under the roof of ii kail, with the Horses of an Aga or Pachii. Tile women and children will no longer bring ihee the ciinicrs milk, or barley, or itoura in ther palms. Thou wilt no more Thus speaking, Abon had gnawed with his teeth the goat's hair which had !-erved to fasten the Arab Horses, and the animal became free ; but seeing his master manacled and bound at his feet, the faithful and intelligent creature was taught by instinct what no lan- guage could have told it. He bent his head, seized his master, and taking him up by his teeth by the leathern girdle round his body, se< oft" in a gallop, and carried him to his tent. Arriving there, and throwing his master on tiie sand, at the feet of his wife and children, the horse expired from fatigue. The wiiole tribe wept his loss — poets sang his merits, and his name is constantly in the mouths of the Arabs who inhabit the couniry about Jericho. We have ourselves no idea of the degree of attachment and intelligence, which the habit of living with the family, of being caressed by the children, fed by the women, and en- couraged or chided bv the voice of the master, adds to the natural instinct of the Arabiaii Horse. By his breed the animal is more intelligent and tame than those of otir climates. It is the case with all the animals in Arabia. The climate or nature has given them more instinct and companionsiiip with man than in Europe. SYMMETRY. Tlt« French veterinarians have taken gruit OF FARRIERY. 345 I trouble to ascertain the proportions whicli the different parts of the body should bear to each other, in order to discover the relative magnitude of the head, neck, trunk, and limbs, which ought to be found in the best constructed frame. If only one particular figure, and one set of proportions, were con- sistent with strength and activity, it would be of some benefit to make ourselves acquainted with those geometrical proportions ; but in order to show that the perfections of Horses cannot be determined by any general rules, we hare extracted a part of Monsieur Saint Bel's observations on tlie proportions of Eclipse, compared with that of the French table. 1. In that table the Horse should measure three heads in height, countino: from the fore- top to the ground : Eclipse measured three heads and a half 2. The neck should measure but one head in length : that of Eclipse measured a head and a half 3. The height of the body should be equal to its length : the height of Eclipse exceeded his length by about one-tenth. 4. A perpendicular line falling from the stide should touch the toe : ihis line in Eclipse touched the ground at the distance of half a head before the toe. 5. The distance from the elbow to the bend of the knee should be the same as from the bend of the knee to the ground : these two distances were unequal in Eclipse, the former being two parts of a head longer than the latter. This summary comparison shews that the beauty of a Horse cannot be absolutely deter- mined by general rules, but must ever be in relation to a particular species. Nature is herself the source of all that is ingenious, amiable, aud beautiful : she laughs at systems manufactured by man, who views objects only through his own medium ; and a little attention to her laws will convince us that, even in the same breed, individual varie- ties are endless in number, and great in degree, without any diminution of activity or strength. I 346 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER V. EAJILY HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH RACE-COURSE, RACE-HORSE, ETC. We now come to speak of the English Racer, and of tlie Course, which has been so long the pecuUar pursuit and amusement of the English people. We shall proceed to give an early account of the Course, which will enable our readers to draw a comparison be- tween the present and the olden time : — RACING. It has been customary, says a Chester anti- quary (the elder Randal Holme, one of the city heralds), time out of mind, upon Shrove Tuesday, for the Company of Saddlers of Chester to present to the drapers a wooden ball, embellished with flowers, and placed upon the point of a lance. Mr. Lysons, in his " Magna Brittania," mentions some old articles of a race for two bells among the Corporation records, the earliest date of which was 1512. This ceremony was performed in the pre- sence of the Mayor, at the cross in the Roody, an open place, near the city ; but this year, )o40, continues Holme, the ball was changed inlo a Sliver bell, valued at three shillings and sixpence, or more, to be given to him who jjlialj run the best and furthest on horseback before them on the same day. Shrove Tues- day. In 1610, Mr. Robert Ambrye or Araory, ironmonger, Sheriff of the City of Chester, at his own cost, did cause three silver bells to be made of good value, which bells he appointed to be run for with Horses, " upon St. George's day, upon the Roode Dee, from the new tower to the netes, there torning to run up to the Watergate, that horse which come first there to have the beste bell ; the second to have the seconde bell for that year, putting in money and shuerties to deliver in the bells that day twelvemonth." The other bell was run for on the same day upon the like conditions. These trophies were taken to the Course with much pomp and ceremony. Chester races are now held the first week in May, which comes as near the original time (old St. George's day) as possible. These bells were denominated St. George's Bells, and in the last year of Jas. I. (1634-5,) John Brereton, inn-keeper, Mayor of Chester, first caused the Horses entered for this race, then called St. George's race, to start from the point beyond the new tower, and appointed them to run live times round the Roody ; and OF FARRIERY. 347 according to the younger Randel Holme, he who run the last course, or trayne, received the bell, worth eight or ten pounds, and to have it for ever, which moneys were collected of the citizens for that purpose. By the author's having added that the winner of this race was to have the bell for ever, is implied, that it had been formerly used as a temporary mark of honour by the successful Horseman, and afterwards returned to the corporation : this alteration was made April 23, 1624. Sir Thomas Chaloner, who wrote in the early part of Elizabeth's reign, mentions Henry VIII. as a great admirer of horses, and of his having imported some from Turkey, Naples, Spain, and Flanders to improve the breed. John Northbrook, a puritanical writer, in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, who, though very severe against cards and dice, interludes, and other idle pastimes, allows of horse racing, a proof that it was no uncommon amusement at that time, when it was considered as a liberal pastime, practised for pleasure rather than profit, without the least idea of reducing it to a system of gaming. It is ranked with hunting and hawking, and opposed to dice and card-playing, by an old Scotch poet, who laments that the latter had, in a great measure, superseded the former; and Commenius says, at this day, 1590, tilting, or the quintain, is used instead of horse-races, which, adds he, are grown out of fashion. Antecedently to the reign of James the First, trials of speed were not practised as at the present day ; nor were any horses kept solely for the purpose of running at stated seasons. It is, however, certain that this comparative mode of ascertaining the goodness of Horses was not only, previously to this period, known but that private matches were made between gentlemen, who, relying on their own skill, rode themselves. Soon after the accession of this Monarch, who was " inordinately attached to the sports of the chase *," public races were established ; and particular Horses becoming known for their swiftness, their breed was cultivated, and their pedigrees recorded with the greatest exactness. Now it was that they were trained expressly for the purpose, attention being paid to the quantity and quality of the animal's food, physic, sweats, and clothing : the weights, also, which seldom exceeded ten stone, were rigidly adjusted. Camden says, that most of the celebrated races in the kingdom were called Bell Courses : hence originated the adage, " He bears the bell." In this reign, the value of English Horses began to be duly appreciated ; many were purchased and ex- ported to France. Sir Simon D'Ewes, in his Journal, speaks of " a Horse-race, near Linton in Cambridge- shire, in the reign of James the First, at which town most of the company slept on the night of the race." Gatherly, in Yorkshire ; Croydon, in Sur- rey ; Theobald's, on Enfield Chase, when the King was resident, were the spots where races were run. This King (Janies I.) bought an Arabian Horse of Mr. Markham, and gave 500/. for him. He was the first of that country which had ever been seen in England. The Duke of Newcastle mentions him, in his * This S3'l van Prince, whose sporting dress was of the pirest-green, with a feather in his cap and a horn by hi« side, " in the most advanced slate of his age and imbecility, when unable to sit on horseback without assistance, con- trived to pursue the chase by being laced or tied Uj) in bis saddle." 848 THE MODERN SYSTEM " Treatise on Horsemanship," to have been of a bay colour, a little Horse, and no rarity for shape ; he was trained, but disgraced his country by being beat in his races by every Fforse that ran against him. Butcher, in his Survey of Stamford, informs us, that a concourse of noblemen and gentle- men meet together in the vicinity of the town, in mirth, peace, and amity, for the exercise of their swift-running Horses, every Thursday in March. The prize they run for is a silver gilt cup with a cover, of the value of seven or eight pounds, provided by the Alderman for the time being; but the money is raised out of the interest of a stock formerly made by the neighbouring nobility and gentry, the well wishers to the town. Races were held at Newmarket the latter end of Charles I., although the Round Course was not made till 1G6G. Jn this King's reign, races were run in Hyde Park, as appears from a comedy called the Merry lieggars, or Jovial Crew, 1641. " Shall we make a fling to London and see how the spring appears there, in Spring-Garden and in Hyde Park, to see the races, horse and foot'/" At this epoch, however, the country was distracted by scenes which were brought too closely to the feelings and bosom of every man to allow of attention being paid to subjects which can alone be prosecuted with effect in periods of tranquillity. Burton, in his "Anatomy of Melancholy," mentions Horse races as " the disports of great men, and good in themselves, though many gentlemen, by such means, gallop out of their fortiMics." On the restoration of Charles II., the great patron of the turf, this sport, so congenial with the habits and manners of a free people, re- vived. The glory of Newmarket, long ob- scured, again shone in meridian splendour. The palace, as it is now called, erected by James the First, and which had fallen to decay during the Civil Wars, was rebuilt for the better accommodation of the Merry Monarch, who personally attended, and not only gave public rewards, but kept and entered Horses in his own name * ; shedding by his affability, like William the Fourth at Ascot, a lustre and dignity on the anxious pursuit over which he presided. When his Majesty resided at Windsor, races were held in Datchet Mead : he also occasionally visited other places where Horse races were instituted — Burford Downs, in particular, as may be inferred from the following doggerel verses, written by Matthew Thomas Baskervile, about the year 1690. » Next, for the glory of the place. Here has been rode many a rate : King Charles the Second I saw here, But I've forgotten in what year ; The Duke of Monmouth herjB. also. Made his Horse to sweat and blow ; Lovelace, Pembroke, and other gallants, Have been venturing here their talents ; And Nicholas Bainton, on Black Sloven, Got silver plate by labour and drudging. To this Monarch, also, we are indebted for the breed of our present race of running horses. With a view to the improvement of our native stock, the Master of the Horse (by some said to have been Sir Christopher Wyvill, and bv others Sir John Fenwick) was sent into the Levant to procure Horses and mares for breed- * Oct. lOlh, 1671.— "After dinner, I was on the healli, where I saw the greate match run between Woodcock and Flatfoot, belor)ging to the King and Mr. Eliot, of the bed- chamber, many thousands being spectators : a more signal race had not been run for many years." — Eveli/n. OF FARRIERY. 340 iug : the mares thus procured, and also many of their produce, have been styled Royal Mares. Dodsvvorth, though foaled in England, was a natural Barb. His dam, a Barb mare, was imported at this period, and was called a royal mare. She was sold by the Studmaster, after the King's death, for forty guineas, when twenty years old, in fual (by the Helmsley Turk) with Vixen, dam of the Old Child Mare. Dods worth covered several well-bred mares, as appears by various pedigrees. At this time, too, the prizes run for became more valuable : instead of bells, pieces of plate were substituted, as bowls, cups, &c., usually estimated at one hundred guineas each ; and upon trophies of victory, the exploits and pedigrees of the successful Horses were most commonly engraved, whence, perhaps, much curious information might be obtained. During: this reig-n Plates of different value were given in various parts of the country, and which were generally advertised in the London Gazette. William the Third frequently visited New- market; and Queeu Anne kept race-horses, and entered them in her own name. Her Majesty's brown Horse, Star, won a plate at York, July 30, 1714, ^i four four mile heats, the Friday preceding her death, which oc- curred on Sunday, August 1. George the First (1720) discontinued the Cups, and or- dered One Hundred Guineas in specie to be paid to the successful competitor. We have given the early history of the Course, sufficient to shew those who were unacquainted with its commencement, who were its supporters in its infancy, and by what progressions it arrived to the state of receiv- ing the King's Plate. We now come to the still more im.pertant part of this work, by selecting those Sires of the Turf, from whom our racing blood has derived its celebrity. We hhall, however, be- fore speaking of these individual Horses sepa- rately, say something of the Racer generally. The race-horse, like the game-cock, the bull-dog, and the pugilist, are England's pe- culiar productions, unequalled for high cou- rage, stoutness of heart, and patience under suffering. Now prize-fighting, cock-fighting, and bull-baiting, being out of fashion, it be- comes a question with us, whether these dis- tinctions will be allowed us after the next fifty years. We care not much about it, if even these distinctions should leave us ; not that we are indifferent to the hardiness of our animals, whether biped, or quadruped ; but it cannot be a question but this very hardiness has been productive of great cruelty. W^e recollect, early in youth being taken to a place in Staf- fordshire, to see, as a curiosity, a bear-bait. On arriving at the house where the bear was kept, we were invited in, and much to our astonishment, lay a bear and a bull-dog, cheek by jowl, before the fire. The man enquired if we had brought any dogs with us. On beins: answered in the negative, he said it was all one, he would find a dog. Poor Bruin « as brought to the stake, and his late seeming friend, and companion, was led to some dis- tance from the bear, and set at him. The dog attacked his old friend with all that deter- termined ferocity belonging to his instinct, and pinned the bear. On remonstrating on the rruelty of the treachery of suffering the bear lo be attacked by her late seeming friend and companion (for the bear seemed to make little or no resistance, as if she had confidence in the doj's not hurting her) and allowing the 4 T 350 THE MODERN SYSTEM poor bear to be so ill-used. The bear-guard (blackguard, if you will,) exclaimed, " the bear isn't hurt ; dug's got no teeth ; knocked 'em out \vi' chisel." True enough it waa, the doff had not a singrle tooth left ! Cockfighting has always appeared to us a most wanton and cruel sport. Pugilism has brought sufficient disgrace upon itself, never we hope, to rear its head again. The cruel- ties of the race-course, arising from the se- verity of punishment administered to Horses, sometimes by jockies, no man of any humanity can defend. The Turf has, no doubt, been in many instances degraded by practices which are indefensible ; still looking upon it in a national and general vvay, it is of immense importance in supporting and maintaining the character of the English Horse. THE RACE HORSE. The term thorough-bred, in Britain and Ireland, indicates the Horse to be either a re- mote or immediate pure, unmi.\ed descendant of the South Eastern courser, Arabian, Barb, Turk, Persian, Syrian, Egyptian, or of the neighbouring countries ; the preference for antiquity and purity of racing blood being always due to the produce of the Arabian and African deserts. 'I'he modern English race Horse resembles most the Arabian, in the general outline of his figure, his limbs, the form of his iiead, and in his countenance ; but from the great care and high keep which he has enjoyed in this country throuirh so many descents, he is of far greater height and Imlk and equally superior powers. Art i.s the Ii mil maid and improver of nature ; and notwiilis'atiding the boasted speed of animals in the natural state, there is no doubt of the superiority of the trained courser. Thus the British race Horse, even at an equality of size and power to carry weight, is far more swift and more stout, in the turf phrase, more lasting, than the natural courser of the desert of the oldest pedigree. Such is the universal experience from trials in this country, and such would ill all probability be the result, were tbe rival Horses taken young, and trained and tried upon an equidistant and neutral soil. This opinion may not altogether coincide with the sentiments of those, who have been ac- customed to read and swallow without investi- gation, those proper supplements to the Arabian Nights, relations of the speed and exient of the journies performed in a given time by Arabian Horses : a little aid may be given to the judgment of these gentlemen, by the suggestion, in the desert, are no mile posts, no clocks or watches, wherewith to measure j time, no clerks of the course to start tht Horses, nor judges to drop the flag at the end- ing post ; but that the jockey himself is often the only spectator and detailer of his Horse's performance ; and that in all the Eastern writings, ancient or modern, exaggeration is the predominant figure. In the early periods of the turf, recourse must have been had for racers to foreign Horses, and to the bastard breeds, as they were ther styled, or mixtures between foreigners and the lightest native breed of the country. Spanish jennets, the descendants of Barbs, were trained : in short, any well-shaped na^r with good action in the gallop, was deemed a racer. The idea of thorough breed and its peculiar (|ualitics, had not then taken place, but wa."* ailerwanls gradually and experimeutally de- veloped. The mild climate and gramineous soil of this country, always congenial with the OF FARRIERY. ^51 nature of the Horse, were found highly to improve in size and powers, the progeny of the Horses of the South ; and thence, aided by the systematic care of our turf breeders, has arisen the British race Horse, in the state of beauty, symmetry, and perfection, which we now witness ; and the superiority of which, all the world acknowledges and admires. This species had probably arrived at perfection, above a hundred years since, in the instance of Flying Childers, as the speed of that wonderful animal has never been exceeded ; nor does it seem within the experienced powers of Nature that it ever should. From that period, the greatest attention has been paid to pedigree, and to preserving the racing breed pure and unmixed. Accidental mixtures there certainly have been, for such are upon record ; but they have been com- paratively few, mere drops of common, in the grand stream of pure and high racing blood. Such crosses have been occasionally apparent in the form and qualities of the produce, perhaps for several generations ; but they have been obliterated by time, and are not dis- coverable in the remote descents. Within the above period, but not very lately, the phenomenon has now and then appeared of a Horse not thorough-bred, proving a winning — even a capital racer. But such exceptions will not induce experienced Sportsmen to infrinsre the general rule, bv breeding from, or training Horses for the course, which are not thorouffh-bred. The same rule holds, however anomalous it may seem, with respect to foreign Horses of the purest blood, from which our thorough-breed is derived. None of them, and the experiment has often been repeated, whatever be their age, size, or condition, are able to contend upon the course, from a race of one hundred yards, to one hundred miles, with their relatives and brethren in blood, the race Horses of this country. The first James, our first sporting monarch, also, purchased of a Mr. Markhara, a merchant, an Arabian Horse, at the very considerable price of five hundred pounds. The ill success of this Horse brought Arabians into such disrepute, that we read of but few in the scanty annals of the Turf, until the reign of Queen Anne, the last of the Stuarts. THE DARLEY ARABIAN. Early in the reign of Anne, and which forms an epoch in Turf history, the famous Darley Arabian was imported. He was sent from Aleppo by Mr. Darley, a merchant there settled, who procured him through his con- nections, from the Arabian deserts ; and he is one of those few Horses, on the purity of the blood of which we can have a certain reliance. Hence the consequence to a turf breeder, of having a portrait upon which he can depend upon, to illustrate those proportions of excel- lence, which this Horse possessed. It is said the only portrait of him has never been published, but remains in the mansion of his former master. That he was the sire of that racer of deathless fame. Flying Childers, and that his blood has since invariably proved the most valuable for the stud, form the best evidence of its purity, and that the land in which he was bred, is the native soil of the o-enuine courser. The Leedes Arabian was cotemporary with the Darley, and it is suffi- cient for his fame as a stallion to say, that he was the sire of Old Leedes, The great success of Mr. Darley with Ills Arabian, turned the current of fashionable a52 THE MODERN SYSTEM opinion among our English Sportsmen, so niiich in favour of tlie Horses of that country, thiit it became a common inducement to style all Horses imported from the Levant, Arabians, whether or not they might have been really such, or Persians, Syrians, Egyptians, Turks, or Barbs. This has occasioned notable con- fusion and uncertainty, but it has been ex- perienced, that the Horses of all those countries are endowed with the properties of the race Horse in certain degrees, and the blood of our English thorough-bred Horse is derived from a mixture of all those, although doubtless the blood of the Arabian and Barb predominates. THE DEVONSHIRE, OR FLYING CHILDERS. Childers, a bay Horse, somewhat upwards of fifteen hands in height, was foaled in 1715, the property of Leonard Childers, Esq. of Carr House, near Doncaster, and sold, when young, to the Duke of Devonshire. His pedigree was as follows : — he was got by the Darley Arabian, his dam, Betty Leedes, by OM Careless; his grandam, own si.ster to Leodes, by Leedes' Arabian ; his great grandam by Spanker, out of the Old Morocco mare, Spanker's own dam. The Sporting reader will notice the near affi- nities in this pedigree. The history of this celebrated racer is so well known, and has been so often repeated, that a few items of it will suffice. Mr. Parkinson, who was likely to be well informed, has said that Childers was first used as a hunter, and that in the field, both his high qualities and his headstrong, if not vicious flisposition, were first discovered. He was, iiowevcr, void of any taint of rcstivc- ne.s.s. It is probable, that, like Eclipse, he did not start on the course, until five, perhaps not until six years old, when he beat all the tiorscs of his time, at whatever distance. He was never tried in running a single mile, but the measured and attested performances since, of far inferior Horses, leave not the shadow of a doubt of the ability of Flying Childers. to run a mile within one minute of time ! Carry- ing nine stone two pounds, he ran over the Round Course at Newmarket, three miles, six furlongs, ninety-three yards, in six minutes and forty seconds, when he was judged to move eighty-two feet and half in one second of time. He likewise ran over the Beacon Course, four miles, one fourlong, one hundred and thirty-eight yards, in seven minutes, thirty seconds, covering at every bound, a space of twenty-five feet. He made a spring or leap of ten yards, upon level ground, with his rider on his back. As we remember, about 1778, O'Kelly caused the stride of his grey Horse, Horizon, one of the speediest sons of Eclipse, to be measured, and the extent was reported to be twenty-seven feet. Childers, as a Stallion, ranks far higher than his great competitor Eclipse. In that capacity, perhaps, no English bred Horse can compare with him, as to essentials through length of descent ; as a Racer, certainly but one. He died in the Duke of Devonshire's Stud, in 1741, aged twenty-six years. THE GODOLPHIN ARABIAN. The Godolphin Arabian was imported into this country, about five and twenty years after the Darley Arabian. They were the most celebrated and valuable for their blood and high form, as stallions, which have yet ap- peared, and are the source of our i)resent best racing blood. There are sufficient reasons, however, for the supposition, that Lord Go- doiphms Horse was in reality a Barl). Tlie [)ublic has been in constant possession of the OF FARRIERY. 353 true portrait of this famous Horse, si, remark- able and striking in his form ; which is not the case, to the regret of all true Sportsmen, with respect to the Darley Arabian, of which there now exists, if it yet do exist, but the solitary original picture, at the old mansion of Mr. Daney ; the possessor having, it is re- ported, returned no answer to an application some years since, for leave to take an engrav- ing of it, for the public satisfaction. The portrait of the Godolphin Arabian by Stubbs, gave rise to some unfavourable criti- cisms by his brother artists, in respect that the elevation of the Horse's crest was excessive, indeed, totally out of nature ; and it was as- serted that the painter must have drawn upon his imagination, in order to deck out a Horse with such a lofty and swelling forehand. Now, looking at the Godolphin Arabian, a Horse that has been of so much importance in the improvement of the breed of the racing ilud, it is an object of great regret, that the portrait of such a Horse should be received with a cavilling spirit, or at all as a matter of doubt. We regret, for the sake of posterity that there should be Horses of such undoubted reputed excellence, as the Darley Arabian, as well as many others, of almost equal note, without any portraits to enable us to judge of their make and personal appearance. In the present day, however, we have artists who seize with avidity the occasion of taking the portraits of celebrated Horses, and it is not to be expected that any doubt of a likeness will take place in future, as was in the case of the Godolphin Arabian. It is but justice to Stubbs, however, to say, that the late Rev. Mr. Chafin who had seen the Godolphin Arabian frequently, vouches for tile correctness of this picture. This Arabian's fate seems to nave been as chequered as that of many other public cha- racters, and he has been indebted as much to accident for the development of his powers, as some of our heroes of the sock or buskin have. So little was he valued in France, that it is said he was actually employed in the drudgery of drawing a cart in the streets of Paris. Mr. Coke brought him over from France, and gave him to Williams, master of the St. James's Coffee House, who presented him to the Earl of Godolphin. This noble Horse, though elevated from the drudgery of drawing a cart in the streets of Paris, to the stud of a British nobleman, whose name the Arabian afterwards bore, was nevertheless placed in a secondary and de- aradino; situation, bv becoming teazer to Hob- goblin, a stallion in his Lordship's stud, which Horse was so ungallant as to refuse making any advances to Roxana, and she was in con- sequence put to the Arabian, and pi'oduced a colt foal, the famous Lath, the most elegant and beautiful, as well as the best racer of his time. The Godolphin was fifteen hands in height, of great substance, of the truest conformation for strength and action, bearing every indica- tion of a real courser — a Horse of the desert. His colour was entire brown bay, with mottles on the buttocks and crest, excepting a small streak of white upon the hinder heels. He was imported into France from some capital or royal stud in Barbary, whence it was sus- pected he was stolen. This Arabian was said to have been foaled in the year 1724. He died in 175'i, having been considered the rr.ost successful as a litidlion of any foreign Horse before or smce imported. 4 V 354 THE MODERN SYSTEM ECLIPSE. Eclipse, fully master of sixteen stone, was bred by the Duke of Cumberland, of Culloden memory, and foaled during the great eclipse in 1764, whence the name given him by the Royal Duke. He was got by Marsk, a grandson, through Squirt, of Bartlet's Child- ers, out of Spilletta ; she was got by Regulus, son of the Godolphin Arabian, out of Mother Western, which mare was got by a son of Snake, full brother to Williams's Squirrel, her dam by Old Montague, grandam by Hautboy, out of a daughter of Brimmer, her pedigree not preserved. Eclipse had several full brothers and sisters ; Hyperion, afterwards Garrick, Proserpine, Briseis, and others, but none of them racers of any high form. This famous racer, together with Flying Childers, whose names are familiar to every ear, stand proudly aloof, to this hour, from all possibility of competition. Eclipse, in his form, constitution, and action, seemed to compre- hend every excellence for the course — a vast stride, with equal agility ; no Horse ever threw in his haunches with more vigour and effect, and they were so spread in his gallop, that a wheel-barrow might have been driven be- tween his hinder legs.. Of his speed too much cannot be said, but we have no rule by which to judge of his stoutness or game, since no cotcmporary racer was able to run for a moment by his side, far less able to try his power of continuance ; and if it be said, that he contended with middling Horses only, the two or three capital ones that met him, having passed their prime, it must be remembered that those Horses he dis- tanced, and probably could have doubly dis- tanced. The jockeys never held him, tbu Horse always running according to his own will, yet never swerving from his course, and always pulling up easily enough at the ending post. OKelly was yet apprehensive that he might at some time break away ; and when the Horse ran over the course at York, with twelve stone, which he was judged to have performed in eight minutes, a number of men were placed at the ending post, with the view of stopping him, in case the jockey should be unable to pull him up ; a precaution which proved entirely useless. He never felt the whip or spur on any occasion. The only cotemporary which was supposed to have any pretensions to contend with Eclipse, was Mr. Shaftoe's famous Horse, Goldfinder, by Snap, a beautiful and long- reached brown Horse. He was never beaten, and would have met Eclipse, to run for the King's Plates in the following year, but that he broke down in the October Meeting, at Newmarket. The speed of Eclipse was never timed by the watch, unless in running over the course at York, a fact never clearly ascer- tained. Immediately previous to Eclipse running for the King's Plate at Winchester, 1769, Mr. O'Kelly purchased the half share of him, for six hundred and fifty guineas, of Mr. Wild- man, the sporting sheep salesman of Smith- field, who had a stud, and trained race horses, near Epsom, Surrey. Afterwards O'Kelly purchased the remainder for eleven hundred guineas. About the year 1779, a noble Duke, or some sporting member of his family, demand- ing of O'Kelly how much he would take for Eclipse, the reply was — " By the Mass, my Lord, and it is not all Bedford Level mat OF FARRIERY. 355 would purchase him." Old Jack Medley, of the Sporting Coffee House, declared that he heard O'Kelly ask, with singular gravity, the sum of twenty-five thousand pounds down, an annuity of five hundred pounds on his own life, and the annual privilege of send- ing six mares to the Horse, as the price for Eclipse. O'Kelly affirmed, that he had ac- quired upwards of twenty-five thousand pounds by Eclipse. The Eclipse colt, when a yearling, was purchased by Mr. Wildman for seventy-five guineas, on the decease of the Duke of Cum- berland, at the sale by auction of his Royal Highness's stud. Marsk, the reputed sire of Eclipse, subsequently on the New Forest, covered country and forest mares at half-a guinea each. The same Marsk, which after- wards, being the property of Lord Abingdon, covered at 100 guineas a mare, and was ad- vertised, in succeeding seasons, by the noble breeder, at 200 or 300 guineas a mare. Wildman had a friend in the old Duke's stud, from whom he obtained a hint of the superior form of the Eclipse colt ; but mak- ing the journey in haste, he did not arrive until the sale had commenced, and his ob- ject had been already knocked down at 70 guineas. Appealing instantly to his watch, which he knew to be a correct time-piece, he found the hour had not arrived by several minutes at which the commencement of the sale had been publicly advertised, and thence firmly insisted there had been no lawful sale, and that the lots knocked down should be put up again. The knight of the hammer, well aware of the resolution and pecuniary weight of Mr. Wildman, very prudently offered him the chance of any lot he should choose. Eclipse was put up again. and Wildman purchased the yearling Eclipse at an advance of five guineas. Eclipse, for what reason has never been published, did not appear upon the Turf, until he was full five years old, when he was entered at Epsom for the Maiden Plate of £50. There can be no doubt but that his trials at Epsom had been watched, as the odds at starting were four to one in his favour. O'Kelly was doubtless well aware of the goodness of this maiden Horse, by the large sums he then betted at such considerable odds. In running the second winning-heat, the whole five horses were close together, at the three-mile post, when some of the jockies used their whips ; Eclipse was quietly jogging on at his moderate rate ; when alarmed by the crack of the whips, he bounded away, and notwithstanding his jockey held him back with all his force, not one of his competitors could save his distance. In running over the course at York, in the following year, 1770, for the Subscrip- tion Purse, against Tortoise and Bellario, two first-rate racers, but aged. Eclipse took the lead : and the jockey being unable to hold him, he was more than a distance before the other Horses at the end of two miles, and won the race with the utmost ease. At start- ing, bets of twenty, and in running, £100 to a guinea were offered on Eclipse. On a certain race, O'Kelly betted five and six to four, that he posted the Horses : that is to say, named, before starting, the order in which they would run in. " When called on to declare, he named — "Eclipse first, the rest in no place," and won his money, Echpse distancing all the rest ; being dis- tanced, they were consequently, in a sport- ing sense, in no place. 356 THE MODERN SYSTEM Eleven King's Plates, the weight carried for all of them being twelve stone, one excepted, ten stone, were won by Eclipse. In twenty- three years, three hundred and forty-four winners, the progeny of this transcendant Courser, produced to their owners the sura of 158,071/. 12s. various prizes, not included. The characteristics of the Eclipse racers were speed and size, and many of them bent their knees, and took up their feet in the gallop, with extraordinary activity. If few of them were stout, still fewer of them wanted ho- nesty, a restive or swerving Horse being seldom found of that blood. The eye of Turf science is directed in the portrait of Eclipse, to the curve in the setting on of his head, to his short fore-quarter, to the slant, extent, and substance of his shoulder, the length of his waist, and breadth of his loins ; to the extent of his quarters, and the length and substance of his thighs and fore- arms. Although a strong, he was a thick- winded Horse ; and, in a sweat or hard exer- cise, was heard to blow at a considerable distance. Eclipse first covered at fifty guineas ; after- wards at twenty guineas, being stinted to fifty mares, exclusive to those of his owner ; ulti- mately, at thirty guineas. In 1788, his feet having been neglected, he WQB removed from Epsom to Cannons, in a four-wheel carriage, drawn by two Horses^ his groom being an inside passenger with him, the old racer and his attendant taking the necessary refreshments on the road together. Eclispse died at Cannons in the following year, on February 28, aged twenty-five years ; and, according to the precedent of the Godol- phin Arabian, cakes and ale were given at his funeral. His heart weighed thirteen pounds. The uncertainty in Eclipse's pedigree arises from the circumstance that his dam, barren in the previous year, was in the next covered by both Shakespear and Marsk ; but came to Marsk's time. There was a strong resem- blance, however, in Eclipse, to the progeny of Shakespear, in colour, temper, and certain peculiarities of form. Mr. John Lawrence, who was well ac- quainted with Eclipse, says : — " Never, to the eye of a Sportsman, was there a truer-formed galloper in every part ; and his countenance and figure as he stood in his box, notwith- standing his great size, excited the idea of a wild Horse of the desert. His resolute and choleric temper w as well known ; and al- though he held a very familiar and dumb converse with us over the bar, we did not deem it prudent to trust ourselves alone with him in his apartment ; he was nevetheless very kind and friendly with lis grocm." OF FARRIERY ■^6^ CHAPTER VI. MEMOIR OF THE OWNER OF ECLIPSE— OBSERVATIONS ON THE TURF, ETC. MEMOIR OF DENNIS o'kELLY, ESQ. In giving an account of this extraordinary gentleman, the owner of Eclipse, as well of many other noted racers, we are indebted to Mr. John Lawrence, who says : — " Dennrs O'Kelly, Esq., died either a cap- tain or colonel of the Surrey Militia. He was a true Milesian, and of that naturally-privi- leged class, born for gentlemen, although not gentlemen-born. He possessed that kind of talent, industry, patience, and assurance, which are generally sure to promote a man's views of risino: in life — it was NVhittinojton and his Cat, O'Kelly and his Horse. Of his gene- alogy we profess to know nothing, or the pre- cise period at which he left Ireland, and found his way to this country to seek his fortune. Nor is it important to determine, in what cha- racter lie made his appearance in London, whether as a chairman or a waiter ; but we knew the man personally in his prosperity ; and, in our mind's eye, we now behold him as he stood, the oracle of the betting-ring, on Epsom Downs, in the year 1779 — a short, thickset, dark, harsh-visaged, and ruffian- iooking fellow, wearing an old round hat and short, striped Orleans coat. Through this un- favourable exterior shone the ease, the man- ners of a gentleman, and the attractive quaint ness of a humourist. We saw him converse with the gentle and the noble of this and other countries, with the tournure and decorous confidence of gentility, and could not help admiring the man, who from the lowest be- ginnings, had, by mere dint of talent and dili- gence, elevated himself to such a height of fortune, in the meanwhile, having qualified himself to enjoy his property with so good a grace. He was a good and kind master to both men and horses ; a hearty and .social friend, keeping a plentiful table at Clayhill, and giving the choicest Mines. His usual summons for the desert was — ' John, bring us the apples,' (pines). His servants used to retail vvith much relish his Iricisms and quaici sayings. " It has been said that he was a liberal and punctual paymaster ; but in all probability, there may be something to detract from this account, and such is the uncertainty of the human character, from the favourable part of our statement likewise. We have heard that O'Kelly, as well as his betters, who mortified him with a persevering refusal of admission into their clubs, was occasionally long and largely in arrear with his jockies. This might happen in consequence of runs of ill 'uck, and 4 X fm THE MODERN SYSTEM having very large outgoings in so expensive a concern. O'Kclly almost by himself, filled a middle rank between our Sportsmen of the Aristocracy and the professional betters ; and although it may be presumed, he was not a man overladen and depre^^sed in his career by scruples, his character, as a man of the Turf, in all probability, would not suffer in com- parison with the highest of that class. We have not, nor is it likely we shall again soon, see his like. " For the first spoke which O'Kelly put in the wheel of fortune, he is said to have been indebted to his connection with Mrs. Char- lotte Hayes, to whom he was afterwards mar- ried ; a lady of high note in her day, and of the highest consideration in her line. His nail in fortune's wheel was finally clenched by the purchase, first by the half, afterwards of the whole of the Race Horse, Eclipse. The most painful diurnal and nocturnal attention to the business of play, and the devotion to that end, of a genius and temperament singularly calculated for it, enabled him to make this purchase, and likewise the more heavy one of the estate at Epsom, where, upon the Downs, and on the verge of the course, he built a suite of stabling, replete with every conveni- ence, for the purpose of breeding and training the Race Horse." O'Kelly died about 1779, leaving a con- siderable fortune acquired upon the Turf, to his nephew, with the condition, as it had been generally understood, tiiat he never engaged in Horse-racing ; which condition, as our con- venient laws both make and cut off entails, and as a memento to testators, was afterwards avoided. Though O'Kelly may be considered gene- rally as a keen and knowing Sportsman, which most undoubtedly he was ; yet his predilec- tion for some of his Horses, because they were got by Eclipse (and no man we can admit had greater cause for prejudice), made some of his cotemporaries say was an illustration of his want of judgment. Young: Eclipse was a Horse of this description. He never merited this splendid name bestowed upon him, being a Horse of no pretensions whatever ; and yet this, and another of somewhat the same de- scription (Boudrow, we believe,) were once his chief favourites, it had, however, been discovered, that the produce of Eclipse ran too generally and exclusively to speed : and that in toughness and continuance, they were greatly surpassed by their competitors on the course, the stock of King Herod and Gold- finder. In observing on the general character of Eclipse's running, we cannot but remark, that it was impossible to make a tool of him, if even it had been desired or intended by his owner. He was no Horse that could win a race to-day, and be beaten on the morrow by a Horse of inferior powers. He seemed to have made up his mind to be always a win- ner, and resisted all the attempts of his jockeys to force him to accommodate his pace to that of his opponents. He took the lead and gal- lantly maintained it, in spite of all opposition. Had we all Eclipses on the course, we should not witness ihe finesse we so often do on the course, at the present day. KTNO HEROD. King- Herod, descended by his dam from Flying Childers, was of the highest reputation, both as a Racer and a Stallion ; indeed, stands among the first, if he be not really the very first of the latter class, in modern times. He OF FARRIERY. 369 ranks decidedly before Eclipse, some of Herod's Slock being not only among the most speedy, but the generality of them, the stoutest and best constitutioncd Horses the 1 urf, at any period, has produced. King Herod was a bay Horse about fifteen hands three inches high, of great substance, length, and power, and line figure. He N>as bred by old Duke William, and foaled in IToS. He was got by Tartar out of Cypron. There was another Tartar got by Blaze, but Tartar the sire of King Herod, was got by Croft's Partner, one of our most famous Racers and Stallions, out of Meliora by Fox, and she was bred from a line of stout and true runners. Partnrr, grand sire of King Herod, was foaled in 1718; he was a chesnut Horse, of great power, e.^quisite symmetry and beauty, and immediately succeeded Flying Childers, as the best Horse at Newmarket, giving weight to, and beating those of the highest repute, over the course. He was got by Jig, (no pedigree of dam) son of the famous Byerley Turk, his pedigree through a list of highly reputed pro- genitors, concluding with the well known Old Vintner Mare. Partner died in 1747, aged twenty-nine. Cypron, King Herod's dam, was got by that powerful and capital Racer and Stallion, Blaze, a .son of Flying Childers, and sire of Sampson, Scrub, and others ; that Blaze, of which the Yorkshiremen affirmed, that even half-bred mares would breed racers by him; out of Sir William St. Quintin's Selima, a black mare and true runner, got by the Bethell Arabian, and boasting in her lineage, Cham- pion, the Darley Arabian, and Old Merlin. King Herod's pedigree consists of the oldest and purest blood. Herod, like Childers and Eclipse, did not siart upon the Course, until five years old. He never ran any where but a( Newmarket, Ascot Heath, and York, and always over the course, or four miles, stoutness or game, and ability to carry weight, being his play. He ran tive times for a thousand guineas each race, and won three of them. His losing the two, might be on account of reasons which now and then occur upon the Turf. The last race he won was against Ascham, a curious one, from the circumstance of two aged Horses carrying feathers, five stone seven, and six stone. He had previously burst a blood vessel in his head, whilst running the last mile over York, for the Subscription Purse, against Bay Malton and other. He won several matches for five hundred guineas, and a Sweepstake of three hundred guineas, nine subscribers. The fame of this Racer as a Stallion, in the Turf Register, is truly splendid. In nineteen years, namely, from 1771 to 1780, four hundred and ninety-seven of his Sons and Daughters, won for their proprietors, in Plates, Matches, and Sweepstakes, the sum of two hundred and one thousand, five hundred and five pounds, nine shillings, exclusive of some thousands won between 1774 and 1786. Herod was the sire of the celebrated Highfiyer, bred by Sir Charles Bunbury, which was never beaten ; and which, like his sire, had a great stride, and game was his best. Herod also got some of the speediest Horses of their day, as. Woodpecker, Bourdeaux, Anvil, Hammer, Sting, Adamant, Plunder, Quick- sand, Rantipole, Whipcord, and many others. Tuberose, Guildford, and Latona, were rare examples of the family stoutness, and Labur- num was an excellent and useful racer. The list of brood mares got by Herod is extensive mdeed. King Herod first covered the property o( 360 THE MODERN SYSTEM Sir John Moore, Bart, at ten guineas. In 1774 his price arose to twenty- five guineas, at which it remained till his death, which happened May 12, 1783, in the 22d year of Ills age. He was so shamefully neglected in his latter days, and his body so encrusted with dung and filth, that, it is said, the immediate cause of his death was a mortification in liis slieath. Many much later instances are known of coverins: Stallions neglected in a similar way, and a famous son of Herod, exhausted by ex- cess of covering, died after three days pro- tracted affonies. Georoe iV. when Prince of Wales, formerly allowed the breeders of the vicinity to his residence in Hants, the use of a well-bred Stallion gratis, excepting the groom's fee of a crown. The consequence of which was, the exhaustion of the animal. So many mares were sent that it was impossible for Nature to support the continued demand for one individual to perform, with any chance of a successful progeny. The Horse often co- vered, or attempted to cover, twelve mares in one day. The stock of which animal was the most wretched, puny, spindle-shanked animals to be imagined. Facts like these should be published, and kept alive in the memories of those vvho may wish to profit from this information. RiEiiniNo ciiir.nEiis. Bidding Childcrs, so called from his fre- quent bleedings at the nose, afterwards called Yoiuig Childers, and finally Bartlct'.s Childcrs, was full brother to Flying Childers. He was never trained, but proved a superior stallion even to his brother ; and the high character in that respect which we have awarded to the elder brother, we intend as divisible between the two The Hampton Court Cliildcrs, sire of Blacklegs, was son of the Devonshire Childers. There were in all, six nearly con- temporary racers and stallions of the name of Childers. JUPITER. Jupiter was a son of Eclipse out of the Tartar mire, which, by the same Horse, also bred Venus, Adonis, and some others runners of inferior note. Jupiter was fifteen hands one inch high, and like most of the sons of Eclipse, of great bone and substance. He had also a considerable, if not a capital share of that speed which characterized the Eclipse blood. Speed was his best, to make use of the old Turf phrase, and he had enough of it to enable him to win at Lewes, at three years old, the eight hundred guineas, a mile race, against six others ; and the same year, at Newmarket, a mile race also, one thousand guineas, beating seven others ; and three hundred guineas, at Newmarket, from the Ditch-in (upwards of a mile and half) beating eight others. He never won a four mile race, or, as it is called, over the course, and broke down in 1779, being five years old, at New- market, in the October Meeting, running for the Weights and Scales Plate of eighty guineas, over the B. C. or Beacon Course of four miles. No longer able to serve his proprietor upon the course, but the date of ln"s services, in all probability, curtailed by that injudicious se- verity of training to which our grooms are so infatuated, Jupiter was consequently with- drawn in the following season to the Breeding Stud. It is melancholy to consider how many good Horses have been sacrificed to over-training:. It is surely better to leave some superfluous OF FARRIERY. 361 flesh, than run the risk of training so fine, as | farmer for a trifling sum. and in 1766, as has been before observed, covered country mares and foresters, at half-a-guinea ; when Mr. Wildman finding his intelligence respecting the Eclipse colt correct, thought it advisable to get into his possession the sire of such a colt, and purchased Marsk of the farmer for twenty pounds, who professed himself happy to be well rid of a bad bargrain. Of Marsk's subsequent advance in fame and price as a stallion, we have spoken of before under the head of Eclipse. Marsk h;is been styled the " Prince o Horses," and his fame will be handed down to as late a posterity as the fame of his late princely owner. It is sufficient to say that, beside so many other racers of high reputation, he was the i^ire of Eclipse, Shark, Pretender, Honest Kitt, Masquerade, Leviathan, Salopian, and Pontac Shark won sixteen thousand and hfty-seven guineas, in matches, sweepstakes, and plates . beating the best Horses of his day, at their own play, wliether speed, or stoutness. Marsk seems to have had the caprices ot fortune imparted to him as an inheritance from his sire. Squirt, after running with great re- pute, became a stallion in Sir Harry Harpier's Stud, who esteeming him of no worth, ordered him to be shot. As the huntsman was leading him out t? the dog-kennel, he was begged off by the stud-groom ; and afterwards got Marsk, Sy- phon, Prat's famous old mare that bred Pump kin. Maiden, Purity ; with many others. Syphon got Sweetwilliam, Sweetbria Tandem, Daisey, and others. These curious and interesting facts, which Btallion, in the Duke's stud, he was sold at his might be greatly multiplied, surely cannot fail Royal Highness's sale at Tattersall's, to a [of having certain effect upon the minds of 4 Y to debilitate the constitution of the animal. It would be also more wise very often to substi- tute walking exercise, than severe training, immediately before the match comes on. It is essential that rest should intervene before any extravagant demand is made upon the powers of any animal. Without such care it is not to be wondered at that Horses should break down in racing. MARSK. The brown Horse, Marsk, foaled in 1750, and so named from the place where he was bred, was the property of John Hutton, Esq., of Marsk, Yorkshire, who afterwards disposed of him to his Royal Highness the Duke of Cumberland, was got by Squirt, son of Bart- let's Childers, out of the Ruby mare, which was from a daughter of Bay Bolton and Hut- ton's Black Legs — Fox Cub — Coneyskins — Hutton's Grey Barb — a daughter of the By- erley Turk, from a Bustler mare. This is one of our highest bred pedigrees, going back to the reign of Charles I. In the year 1750, the Duke made an exchange of a chesnut Ara- bian with Mr. Hutton, for the colt, which his Royal Highness afterwards named Marsk. The history of Marsk, like the Godolpliin Arabian, was highly eventful, and distin- guished by alternate depression and elevation. The fitful tide of life, seeni> equally to affect the quadruped as much as the biped part of the creation ; as the history of Marsk, as well as of his sire, will sliow. Marsk must be deemed a capital racer, since he beat Brilliant ; but he was an uncer- tain Horse. Being in low estimation as a 8ft3 THE MODERN SYSTEM those, who breed and train Horses for the course. Shark was taken from this country, for the paltry sum of 139/. ! The o-entleman who writes under the name of Nimrod says: — The greatest stake on record, depending on a single heat, was 5,200 guineas. This was won by Dorimont, a Horse, four years old, the property of the Earl of Upper Ossory. at Newmarket, in 1776. This fortunate animal, the Bay Middleton of that day, also won for his noble owner, the same season, in matches and sweepstakes, eight other races, making the sum in hard cash, of 7,899 guineas, and the Grosvenor Stakes and Clermont Cup. The grand stakes already made to be run at Goodwood, in 1839, has twenty-three subscribers at 300 sovereigns half forfeit: 6,900/. if all run, but 4,000/. at the least. EARLY STATE OF TRAVELLING. In a former part of this work, we alluded to the state of public travelling by coach, and the state of the roads, about the beginning of the present century. We shall now take a more retrospective glance, which will trace the commencement of the use of carriages, ais well as an account of some feats of pedes- trianism, which necessarily must have been the means of communication antecedent to the making of roads. Our ancestors then, instead of communicating by post, were obliged to use running footmen, whose extraordinary perOjrmaiices rival, we suspect, the Barclays and the Turners, of our more modern times. In referring to the olden time of travelling and the present, our bosoms swell with triumph- ant satisfaction at the immense improvement which has taken place, .so honourable to us a:i a nation, and wiiich proves at once our in- dustry and our scientific attainments. W; tt has not toiled in vain. His invention of the steam engine has been adapted to all pur- poses. The genius of England has adapted it to ride on the bosom, or to stem the billows of the mighty Atlantic. The steam engine is the means of civilization ; it has united the metropolis of the empire with the smallest of its i.sles, and is the conductor of commerce, which adds so much to our comforts, as well as to our wealth. In fact, fifty years ago, the men, the most advanced in knowledge, and the most sanguine in the expectation of realiz- ing improvements, would be overwhelmed with astonishment at the advance of the arts and sciences of the present day. To illustrate the inconvenience which our ancestors must have sufi"ered, and to make the present gene- ration feel grateful for those altered circum- stances, we shall proceed to speak of by-gone times. In Scotland (says that useful and talented periodical, Chambers' Journal,) they had a class of officials called running footmen, of whose pedestrian powers many surprising ex- amples are noticed by tradition. For instance, in the Duke of Lauderdale's house, at Thirl- stane, near Lauder, on the table-cloth being one morning laid for a large dinner-party, it was discovered that there was a deficiency of silver spoons. Instantly, the footman was sent off to the Duke's other seat of Lethington, near Haddington, full seventeen miles ofi", and across hills and moors, for a supply of the ne- cessary article. He returned with a bundle of spoons in time for dinner. Again, at Hume Castle, in Berwickshire, the Earl of Home had one night given his footman a commission to proceed to Edin- burgh (thirty-five miles off",) in order lu OF FARRIERY. '6Rn deliver a message of high pohtical conse- quence. Ne.xt morning early, when his Lord- ship entered the hall, he saw the man sleeping on a bench ; and, conceiving that he had neg- lected his duty, was about to commit some rash act, when the poor fellow awoke and in- formed Lord Home, that his commission had been executed, and that, having retured before his Lordship was stirring, he had only taken leave to rest himself a little. The Earl, equally astonished and gratilied by the ac- tivity of his faithful vassal, rewarded him with a little piece of ground, which, to this day, bears the name of the post rig ; a term equi- valent to the postman's field, and an unques- tionable proof, as all the villagers at Hume devoutly believe, of the truth of the anecdote. The custom of keeping a running footman did not cease amongst noble families in Scotland till the middle of the last century. The Earl of March, father to the late Duke of Qucensberry, and who lived at Neidpath Castle near Peebles, had one named John Mann, who used to run in front of the car- riage, with a long staff. In the head of the slafT there was a recess for a hard-boiled c§g, .such being the only food taken by Mann during a long journey. Next to the pedestrian feats of our prede- cessors, were their equestrian performances. The pedestrian was almost independent of roads ; and hence the brilliancy of his feats. The rider was not just so independent ; but still a rough way was of less consequence to him than to a wheeled vehicle. Hence it arises that some journies performed on horse- back ill former times are not much le.ss wonderful than the above examples of rapid walking. llorr-emen of the present day would think it no mean feat, we suspect, to perform on horseback one hundred miles a day ; yet this undertaking appears insignificant, compared with the account of the rapid travelling of the messenger who conveyed to Edinburgh the death of Queen Elizabeth. Queen Elizabeth died at one o'clock of the morning of Thursday the 24th of March, 1603. Between nine and ten. Sir Robert Carey left London (after having been up all night), for the purpose of conveying the in- telligence to her successor James, at Edin- burgh. That night he rode to Doncaster, a hundred and fifty-five miles. Next nigtit he reached Witherington, near Morpeth. Early on Saturday morning he proceeded by Norham across the Border, and, that evening, at no late hour, kneeled beside the king's bed at Holyrood, and saluted him as King of England, France, and Ireland. He had thus travelled four hundred miles in three days, resting during the two intermediate nights. But it must not be supposed that speed like this was attained on all occasions. When we consider the state of the roads at the period at which this performance took place, it must be considered an astonishing feat of hardihood. At the commencement of the religious troubles which happened in the reign of Charles I., when matters of the utmost import ance were debated between the King and his northern subjects, it uniformly appears that a communication from Edinburgh to London, however pressing might be the occasion, was not answered in less than a fortnight. T,he crowds of nobles, clergymen, gentlemen, and burghers, who at that time assembled in Edinliurgh to concert measures for opposing^ the designs of the court, always dispersed 364 THE MODERN SYTEM Oack to tlieir homes after dispatching a message 10 King Charles, and assembled agaia a fort- night thereafter, in order to receive the reply, and take such measures as it might call for. And even till the last century was pretty far advanced, the ordinary riding post between London and Edinburgh regularly took a week 10 the journey. in consequence of the inattention of our ancestors to roads, and the wretched state in wnich these were usually kept, it was long before coaching of any kind came much into fashion. Though wheeled vehicles of various kinds were in use among the ancients, the close carriao^'e or coach is of modern invention. The word coach is Hungarian, and the vehicle itself is supposed to have originated in Hun- gary. Germany certainly appears to have taken the precedence of the nations of Western Europe in using coaches. Tiiey were intro- duced thence into England some time in the scxteentli century, but were, after all, so little in vogue throughout the whole reign of Eliza- beth, that there is no trace of her havina: ever used one. Lord Grey de Wilton, who died in 1593, introduced a coach into Ireland, the first ever used in that country. One was introduced into Scotland, we rather think from France, about the year 1571. It belonged to the famous Secretary Maitland of Letiiington, who, during the horrid civil war between the ad- herents of Mary and those of her son James, made a journey in that vehicle from Edinburgh Ca.stle, which he was holding out for the Queen, to Niddry in West Lothian, for the purpose of holding a consultation with some others of her friends ; the first time, it is believed, that a close carriage was ever used in Scotland. Fynes Morison, who wrote in the year 1617, speaks of coaches as recently introduced, and still rare in Scotland. For a long time, these conveniences were only used by old people, who could not well bear riding. The young and active despised them, as tending to eff'e- minacy, and as not being so quick of movement as the horse. The Duke of Buckingham, in 1619, first used a coach with six horses ; a piece of pomp which the Duke of Northumberland thought proper to ridicule by setting up one with eight. Charles I. was the first British sovereign who had a state carriage. Although Henry IV. was killed in a coach ; the only one, by the way, he possessed ; his ordinary vvay of ap- pearing in the streets of Paris was on horse- back, with a large cloak strapped on behind, to be used iri case of rain. In Scotland, previous to the time of the civil war, coaches were only used by persons high in the state. When the Earl of Roxburgh, an aged minister, was endeavouring to appease the Covenanters in 1637, he was pulled from his coach in the High Street of Edinburgh, and maltreated. He who in old age adopted this etfcminate kind of conveyance, had, in youth, ridden in armour at the Raid of Ruth- ven, so that one man's life may be said to connect in Scotland the period of rude warfare with that of luxurious comfort. It is very curious to find that the same sort of complaints now made by persons interested in coaching, respecting the introduction of steam locomo- tives, were made when coaches were intro- duced. Taylor, the Water-Poet, complains in tlic reign of Charles I., that large retinues of men were now given up by the great, since they had begun to use coaches. Ten, twenty, OF FARRIERY, 365 thirty, fifty, yea a luindred proper serving men, were transformed, he says, into two or three animals. The old vvifical thinkers of that day were as much concerned about the fate of the discharged men-servants, as the twad- dlers of the present are distressed about the needless Horses. It is further very amusing to find Taylor, in his antipathy to coaches, complaining;: that their drivers were all of them hard drinkers. Till 1564, the only mode of travelling, equivalent to that by stage-coaches and loco- motive carriages in the present day, was by the strings of Horses led by the carriers. It is these caravans that FalstafF and his friends are described by Shakspeare as attacking at GadshiU. About the year just mentioned, the long waggon for goods and passengers came into use — the waggon of Roderick Random and Strap, and which still, we believe, in some degree continues to flourish, notwithstanding all the more lively vehicles that have recently sprung up. Stasfe-coaches originated less than a centurv later, and were for a long time confined to the great lines of road throughout England. One for the short distance between Edinburgh and Leith was started in 1660 ; but there were none for distances to which the term stages could be applied till 1678. That from London to Oxford in the reign of Charles II., required two days, the space being fifty-eight miles. That to Exeter (168^ miles) required four day.s. In 1703, when Prince George of Denmark went from Windsor to Petworth to meet Charles IK. of Spain, the distance being about forty miles, he required fourteen hours for the jouiney, the last nine miles taking six. The person who records this fact, says that the long time was the more surprising, as, except when overturned, or when stuck fast in the mire, his royal highness made no stop during the journey. In 1742, stage-coaches must have been more numerous in England than in Charles the Second's time ; but it does not appear that they moved any faster. The journey from London to Birmingham (116 miles) then occu- {(ied nearly three days, as appears from the following advertisement : "The Litchfield and Birminoham stage- coach set out this morning (Monday, April 12, 1742), from the Rose Inn, Holborn Bridge, London, and will be at the Angel, and the Hen and Chickens, in the High Town, Bir- mingham, on Wednesday next, to dinner ; and goes the same afternoon to Litchfield. It re- turns to Birmingham on Thursday morning to breakfast, and gets to London on Saturday night, and so will continue every week re- gularly, with a good coach and able horses." Thus the whole week was occupied in a journey to and from Litchfield by Birmingham, an entire space of probably not more than two hundred and forty miles — that is, at an average of forty miles a-day. Of the stage-coach journey to Bath about 1 748, we learn some particulars from Smollett's celebrated novel. Mr. Random enters the coach before day-light. It proceeds. A highwayman attacks it before breakfast, and is repulsed by the gallantry of our hero. Strap meanwhile accompanies the coach on horse- back. A night is spent on the road, and the journey is finished next day, apparently towards evening — one hundred and eight miles. At thut time there was no regular stage- 4z .•>'J.'i THE MODERN SYSTEM coach from London to Edinburgh ; and the newspapers of the latti^r city occasionally pre- sent advertisements, stating that an individual about to proceed to the metropolis by a post- chaise, would be glad to hear of a fellow-ad- venturer, or more, to lessen the expences for mutual convenience. However, before 1754 there was a stage- coach l)etvveen the two British capitals. In the Edinbuigh Courant for that year, it is advertised that — " The Edinburgh stage- coach, for the better accommodation of pas- sengers, will be altered to a new genteel two- end glass coach machine, hung on steel springs, exceeding light and easy, to go in ten days in summer and twelve in winter ; to set out the first Tuesday in March, and continue it, from Hosea Eastgate's, the Coach and Horses in Dean Street, Soho, London, and from John Somervilles in the Canongate, Edinburgh, every other Tuesday, and meet at Burrow- bridge on Saturday night, and set out from thence on Monday morning, and get to London and Edinburgh on Friday. In winter, to set out from London and Edinburgh every other (alterriiite) Monday morning, and to go to Burrovvbridge on Saturday night ; and to set out from thence on Mondav morninc, and erct to London and Edinl)urgh on Saturday night. Passengers to pay as usual. Performed, if God permits, by your dutiful servant, Hosea Eastgate. Here the distance of two hundred miles re- quires six days in winter, being at the rate of little more than thirty-three miles a-day. So lately as the end of the last century, the journey by the stage between Ivlinl)urgh and Glasgow (forty-two mile.s) occupied a whole day, the passengers stopping to dine on the n>ad. it svas considered a great improve- ment when, in 1799, a coach was started with four Horses, which performed the journey in six hours. The railway now accomplishes the same distance in about one hour and a half. It is not unworthy of being noticed, that, when the mail-coaches were started by Mr. Palmer in 1788, six and half miles an hour was the utmost speed attained. Eleven miles an hour has latterly been reached on various occasions. The opening of the Manchester and Liver- pool Railway, in 183U, was the era of a great change in all popular itleas respecting locomo- tion. When men first heard that carriages upon that way proceeded, under the impulse of the steam-engine, at the rate of twenty, and could even attain thirty, miles an hour, thev held up their hands in surprise. These rates of speed have latterly been, and probably will be still more surpassed. As a gentleman was lately walking along the line of the London and Birmingham Rail- way, a carriage passed him on its way to as- certain the cause of the stoppage of a train. It went to Harrow and returned, being twenty- two miles, in twenty-seven minutes and a half — the time which this gentleman required to walk a mile and a half. This was nearly forty-six miles an hour. But even a hundred has been declared to be within the range of mechanical possibility. If this shall ever be realized, it will be quite pos- sible to go to Edinburgh and back to London between the hours of breakfast and dinner. Meanwhile, thirty miles an hour is likely to be the speed adopted for ordinary purposes on the railways, by which means the distance from London to Edinburgh will probably be executed (when a railway has been estaliiished between the two places) in about thirteen hours, OF FARRIERY. 367 We learn from the Railway Magazine that a gentleman iately went from Manchester to Lrverpool in the morning, and purchased a hundred and fifty tons of cotton, which he immediately took back with him to Manches- ter. He there sold the lot, and was offered a siiiiilar sum for the same quantity. He im- mediately went once more to Liverpool, pur- chased the second lot, and, returning to Man- chester, delivered it that evening. VVe shall conclude this article with a pa- ragraph quoted in the History of the London and Birmingham Railway, from the Railway Times : — " The ordinary rate of a man per econd, iu walking, is 4 feet ; of a good Horse 1.1 harness, 12; of a rein-deer in a sledge on the ice, 26 ; of an English race-horse, 43 ; of a hare, 88 ; of a good sailing ship, 19 ; of the wind, 82; of sound, 1038; of a twenty-four pounder cannon ball, 1800. A railway steamer travelling at the ordinary rate of 30 miles an hour, performs 44 feet per second, which is e'even times the speed of the man walking, nearly four times that of the good Horse, twice that of the rein-deer, and only about one half less than the swiftness of the wind itself But man. Horse, and rein-deer, all bect»me soon exhausted ; even Bnreas is sure to ' crack his cheek?' before long ; while the railway steamer is as fresL and strong at the end of a lona: jouiney as at first starting. Miles to it are hut as paces to others. A racer, such as the Flying Childers, might possibly rival the steamer for the last half of a singie-mile heat; but we know a Fire Fly that would do more miles in one day than 360 Flying Chiiderses. Affain — a racer doing one mile m two mmutes, and no more, can but carrv a feather weight tot that brief time and distance . wivije the hteamer could draw the Grand rsiana, ana haif the sporting world along with it, from Don- caster to Newmarket, and inauce toiiie Hippo- drome, in one day." ADDRESS OF AN ARAB ROBBER While some of the Mamelukes were en- camped about Minich, a thief set his mind about carrvino; off the Horse and wearing: apparel of one of their Beys, and with this in- tention contrived, in the dead of the night, to creep unperceived within the tent, where, as it was winter time, embers were burning, and shewed the rich clothes of the Bey lying close at hand. The thief, as he squatted down by the fire, drew them softly to him, and put them all on : and then, after filling a pipe and liofhting it, went deliberatelv to the tent door and tapping a groom, who was sleeping near, with the pipe end, made a sign to him for the Horse, which stood piquetted in front. It waa brougiit ; he mounted and rode off. On the morrow, when the clothes of the Bey could no where be found, none could form a conjecture as to what could become of them, until the groom, on being questioned, maintainecT to hi.s fellow servants that their master was not yet returned from his ride ! and told them how he had suddenly called for his Horse in the niglit, which at last seemed to give some clue to what had really happened. Upon this, the Bey, anxious to recover his Horse, as well as curious to ascertain the particulars, ordered it to be published abroad, that if the person who robbed him would, within two days, bring back what he had taken, he should not only be freely pardoned, but should receive also the full value of the animal and of the suit of clothes. Relying on the good faith of this promise, and possibly, too, not a little vain oi his e<« 9Bn THE MODERN SYSTEM ploit. Ihe Arab prescntod liiniself, and brought liis booty ; and the Bey also, on his part, punctually kept his word ; but since, besides the loss, there was something in the transac- tion that |)lace(i the Bey in rather a ludicrous light, it went hard with him to let the rogue depart so freely, and he seemed to be con- sidering what he should do ; so that, to gain time, he was continually asking over and over again fresh and more circumstantial accounts of the manner in which the stratagem had been conducted : the other was too crafty not to perceive that no good might be preparing for him, and began to feel anxious to get safe out of the scrape. He shewed no impatience, nowever, but entered minutely into every detail, accompanying the whole with a great deal of corresponding action ; at one time sittins: down h\ the fire, and niakins: believe as though he were slily drawing on the difier- ent articles of dress, so as to throw the Bey himself, and all who saw and heard him, into fits of laughter. When he came at last to what concerned the Horse, " It was," he said, " brought to me, and I leaped upon iiis back ;" and so in effect flinginir himself again into the saddle, and spurring the flanks sharply with the stirrup- iroiLs, he rode off %\ith all the money tliat he had received for the animal in ills pocket, and had got much too far, during (he first moments of surprise, for any of the l)nllcts to take effect that were fired at him in his night, and nothing fiirthtr was ever heard of him or the Horse. — Adventures of Giovanni Final i EMULATION OV TUE RACER. The Hor.se enters into the spirit of the race *" 'Itoronghlv ns does his rider ; and, without wiHp or spur, will generally exert hi.s energies to the utmost to beat his opponent it is beautiful to see him advancing to the stariine-- po.st, every motion evincing his eagerness. The signal is given, and he springs away ; he settles himself in his stride; the jockey be- comes a part and portion of iiim, every motion of the arms and body corresponding with, and assisting the action of the Horse. On he goes, eager, yet husbanding his powers. At length, when he arrives at that distance from which the rider knows that he will live home at the top of his speed, the hint is given, and on he rushes. Then the race in reality begins, and every nerve is strained to head his competitor. Then, too, comes the art of the rider, to keep the Horse within his pace, and with admirable give and take, add to the length of every stride. Then, perhaps, the spur, skiltuWy applied, may be necessary to rouse every dor- mant energy. A sluggish lurching Horse may need more punishment than the humane observer vvould think justifiable ; but the natural ardour of the race-horse, roused at the moment of the grand struggle, by the moderate application of the whip and spur, will bring him through if he can win. Forrester will afford sufficient illustration ot the natural emulation of the courser. He had won many a hardly contested race ; at length, over-weighted and over-matched, . the rally had commenced. His opponent, who had been waiting behind, was gaining upon him; he overtook him, and they continued quite close to within the distance. It was a point that could scarcely be decided ; but Forrest- er's strength was failing. He made one des- perate plunge — seized his antagonist by tne jaw to ho'd him back, and could be scarcely forced to quit his hold. OF FARRIERY. 369 In like manner, a Horse belonging to Mr. Quin, in 1753, finding his adversary gradually passing him, seized him by the leg, and both riders were obliged to dismount, in order to separate the animals. Let us here pause and ask, would the butcherly whipping and cutting which seems so often to form the expected and necessary conclusion of the race ; the supposed display of the skill of the rider ; the exultation of the thoughtless or unfeeling spectator ; would tliese have carried such Horses over one ad- ditional inch of ground ? In all probability they v'ould have been thrown abroad ; they might have shortened their stroke ; and, per- haps, would have become enraged and have suspended every exertion. We believe it is more to our own interest to behave with con- sideration and kindness to our animals ; for by severity we often defeat the very object we had in view. A lady's stud. The complement of the stud belonging to the Russian Countess Orloff Tshesmensky, is 1320 Horses of Arab, English, and other races. The grounds attached to it amount to 1080 acres ; and the number of grooms and labourers employed in it are 4399. The sum realized by the sale of these Horses is of considerable annual amount ; and they are sold not only on the spot itself, but in the regular markets, both at St. Petersburgh and Moscow. SOCIAL FEELING IN HORSES. In a French treatise on Horses, published a few years ago, is the following anecdote, which proves that Horses have social feelings, and that their health mav at times be seriously benefited by a proper regard to this fact: " A Horse was attacked with an ulcer which resisted all treatment ; he was alone, in a corner, melancholy and sad. By chance a companion arrived. The pleasure which the animal experienced made in him a revolution so sensible, that the ulcer changed its nature and became less inveterate. The sore was now ready to heal when the companion of the sick Horse was taken away. The effect which resulted on the same ulcer was such that it opened anew, and to cure it, it was necessary to bring the other Horse, which pro- duced the most happy revolution, and the perfect cure of the ulcer." / EXTRAORDINARY PERFORMANCES. In 1772, a mile was run by Firetail in one minute and four seconds. In October, 1741, at the Curragh meeting, in Ireland, Mr. Wilde engaged to ride one hundred and twenty-seven miles in nine hours. He performed it in six hours and twenty-one minutes. He employed ten Horses, and allowing for mounting and dismounting, and a moment for refreshment, he rode for six hours, at the rate of twenty miles an hour. Mr. Thornhill, in 1745, exceeded this, for he rode from Stilton to London, being two hundred and thirteen miles, in eleven hours and thirty-four minutes, which is, after allow- ing the least possible time for changing Horses, twenty miles an hour for eleven hours, mid on the uneven ground of the turnpike road. Mr. Shaftoe, in 1762, with ten Horses, and five of them ridden twice, accomplished fifty miles and a quarter, in one hour and forty nine minutes. In 1763, Mr. Shaftoe won a more extraordinary match. He was to pro- cure a person to ride one hundred miles a day, 5 A 370 THE MODERN SYSTEM ou iiiiy one Horse each day, for twenty-nine tJay* together, and to have any number of Horses, not exceeding twenty-nine. He ac- complished it on fourteen Horses ; and on one day lie rode one hundred and sixty miles, on account of the tiring of his first Horse. Mr. Hull's (Juibbler, however, afforded the most extraordinary instance on record, of the stoutness as well as speed of the race-horse. In December, 1786, he ran twenty-three miles round the flat of Newmarket, in fifty-s»3ven minutes and ten seconds. One of the severest plate-races on record, was run at Carlisle, in 1761, and in which there were no fewer than six heats, and two of them were dead heats, each of which was contested by the winner of the plate. In 176-3, at Salisbury, and over a four mile course, there were four heats between two Horses, the Duke of Grafton's Havannah and Mr. Wild man's Pam, Dr. Anderson says that there was once a breed of small elegant Horses in Scotland, similar to those of Iceland and Sweden, and wliicii were known by the name of galloways ; the best of which sometimes reached the height of fourteen hands and a half One of this description he possessed, it having been bought for iiis u.se when a boy. In point of elcsrancc of shape, it was a perfect picture ; and in disposition wus gentle and compliant ; It moved almost with a wish, and never tired. The Doctor rode this little creature for twenty- five years ; and twice in that time rode a hundred and fifty miles, without stopping, except to bait, and that not above an hour at a time. It came in at the last stage with as much ease and alacrity as it travelled the first. The Doctor says he would have under- taken to have performed on this animal, when it was in its prime, si.xty miles a day for a twelvemonth running, without any extraor- dinary exertion. A galloway in point of size, whether of Scotch origin or not is uncertain, performed about the year 1814, a greater feat than Dr. Anderson's favourite. It started from London with the Exeter mail, and notwithstanding the numerous changes of Horses, and the rapid driving of that vehicle, it arrived at Exeter (one hundred and seventy-two miles) fifteen minutes before the mail. A gentleman who saw this animal about twelve months after his wonderful performance, described him as being wind-galled, spavined, ring-boned, and a lamentable picture of the ingratitude of some human brutes, towards a willing and faithful servant. In 1754, Mr. Corker's galloway went one hundred miles a day for three successive days, over the Newmarket Course, and without the slightest distress. A galloway belonging to Mr. Sinclair, of Kirby-Lonsdale, performed at Carlisle the ex- traordinary feat of one thousand miles in a thousand hours ! PONIES. The Welsh poney is one of the most beau- tiful little animals that can be imagained. He has a small head, high withers, deep, yet round barrel, short joints, flat legs, and good round feet. The Welsh ponies are said to be indebted to the celebrated Merlin, for their form and qualities. They will live on any farfe, and can never be tired out. The New Foresters, notwithstanding their Marsk-blood, are generally ill-made, large- headed, short-necked, ragged-hipped ; bui hardy, safe, and useful ; with much of their OF FARRIERY. 3T1 annent spirit and speed, and all their old paces. The catching of these ponies is as great a trial of skill, as the hunting of the wild horse on the Pampas of South America, and a greater one of patience. A great many ponies, of little value, used to be reared in Lincolnshire, in the neighbour- hood of Boston ; but the breed has been neg- lected for some years, and the enclosure of the fens will render it extinct. The E.xmoor ponies, although generally ugly enough, are hardy and useful. A well- known sportsman says, that he rode one of them half a dozen miles, and never felt such power and action in so small a compass be- fore. To shew his accomplishments, he was turned over a gate at least eight inches higher than his back ; and his owner who rides four- teen stone, travelled on him from Bristol to South Molton, eighty-six mile^, beating the coach wliich runs the same road. There is on Dartmoor a race of ponies much in request in that vicinity, being sure-footed, and hardy, and admirably calculated to get over tlie rougli roads and dreary wilds of that mountainous district. The Dartmoor poney is larger than the Ex moor, and, if possible, uglier. He exists there almost in a state of nature. The late Captain Colgrave, of the prison, had a great desire to possess one of them of somewhat superior figure to its fel- lows, and having several men to assist him, they separated it from the herd. They drove it on some rocks by the side of a tor (an abrupt pointed hill) ; a man followed on horseback, while the Captain stood below watclnng the chase. The little animal being driven into a corner, leaped completely over the man and horse, and escaped. The }iorses which are still used in I>evon- shire, and particularly in the western and southern districts under the denomination of pack-horses, are a larger variety of the Ex- moor or Dartmoor breed. The saddle-hor-ses of Devonshire are mostly procured from the more eastern counties. There are many farms in that beautiful part of the kingdom on which there is not a pair of wheels. Hay, corn, straw, fuel, stones, dung, lime, are carried on horseback ; and in har- vest, f^ledges drawn by oxen and horses are used. This was probably in early times the mode of conveyance throughout the kingdom, and is continued in these districts, partly from the hilliness of the country, and more from backwardness in all matters of improvement Light articles, as corn, straw, faggots, &c., are carried in crooks, formed of willow poles, of the thickness of scythe-handles, bent as ox- bows, and with one end much longer than the other; these are joined in pairs by cross-bars, eighteen inches or two feet long, and each Horse has two pair of them, slung together, so that the shorter ends lie against the pack- saddle, and the longer stand four or five feet from each other, and rise fifteen or eighteen inches above the Horse's back. Within and between these crooks the load is piled. Dung, sand, &c.^ are carried in pots, or strong coarse panniers slung together in the same way, and the dung ridged up over the saddle. At the bottom of the pot is a falling door, and at the end of the journey the trap is unlatched, and the load falls out. The Highland poney is far inferior to the galloway, and is not pleasant to ride, except in the canter. His habits make him hardy, for he is rarely housed in the summer or the winter. Tlie Rev. Mr. Hall says, that when these animals come to any boggy piece of 872 THE MODERN SYSTEM gromnl, they first put their nose to it, and then |iat on it in a pecuHar way with one of their fore-feet, and from the sound and feel of the ground, they know whether it will bear them. They do the same with ice, and deter- mine in a minute whether they will proceed. This precaution in examining the roads, is not confined alone to the Horse ; for we once had an ass in Spain, which we used as a bag- gage animal, who when his suspicions were excited as to the unsoundness of the road, woultl put his nose down till he traced a place which would seem to satisfy him that there might be a safe landing ; when he would take a spring, and leap over what he considered to be unsafe for him to tread upon. Poor Jack ! the last time we saw him, he was car- rvino: a Portuguese signora home on her wav from Spain. We hailed him ; he seemed to recognize our voice, erected his ears, but in a moment lopped them, and trudged on in his usual style, as we passed him on the road. It IS no libel we suspect to say, that we have oflener thought of Jack than he of us. We had disposed of him six or eight weeks before we thus casually met him. The Shetland poney we have spoken of be- fore, and only now mention him, to relate an anecdote. A gentleman some distance from home, had a present made him of one of these elegant little animals, and was puzzled how to convey his newly-acquired property. The Shetlander was scarcely more than seven hands high, and as docile as he was beautiful. " Can we not carry him in your chaise?" said his friend. The strange experiment was tried. The Sheltie was placed in the bottom of the gi,:;, and covered up as well as could be ma- naged with the apron ; a few bits of bread kepi him quiet; and thus he was safely con- veyed away, and exhibited the curious spec- tacle of a Horse riding in a gig. We now and then see them in the southern parts of England, harnessed to a light garden- den chair, or carrying sometimes an almost baby rider. There are several Shetlanders now running in Windsor Park. It would be curious to watch the stock of these little ani- mals, and to see what improvement in size a richer pasture would have upon the smallness of their original breed. It was, we believe, Buffon's opinion that all Horses have been derived from one common stock, and the difference has been accom- plished only by food and climate. This, how- ever, we know has been disputed ; and the question may be difficult fo answer, whether the pony and large English Horse were, or could be, originally from the same stock ; yet we think it is not impossible but that they might have one common extraction ; and if we reflect on the effect of feeding, it is not so im- probable, as it may at first appear. We have before alluded to this subject, that the Horse would represent in size what it fed on ; and Mr. Parkinson relates a circumstance very much to this point that fell under his own observation. His father had a mare that brought him no less than fourteen colts, and all by the same Horse, and not one of which at three years old was under seventeen hands high. She was in the fifteenth foal by the same Horse, when he sold her to a neighbour- ing farmer, reserving the foal which was to be delivered in a twelve month. At her new master's she was comparatively starved, and she came back at the expiration of the year, so altered as scarcely to be recog- nized. The foal, four months old, was very small. The little animal was put on the mosi OF FARRIERY. 373 luxuriant diet, but it did not reach more than fifteen hands high at the expiration of the third year, THE IJMSH HORSE. In some of the rich grazing counties, as Meath and Roscommon, a large long blood Horse is reared of considerable value, but he seldom has the elegance of the English Horse ; he is larger headed, more leggy, ragged- hipped, angular, yet with great power in the quarters, much depth beneath the knee, stout and hardy, full of fire and courage, and the best leaper in the world. The Irish Horse is generally smaller than the English. He is stunted in his growth, for the poverty and custom of the country have imposed upon him much hard work, at a time when he is unfit for labour of any kind. For this reason, too, the Irish Horse is deficient in speed. There is, however, another explana- tion of this. The Irish thorough-bred Horse is not equal to the English. He is compara- tively a weedy, leggy, worthless animal, and very little of him enters into the composition of the hunter or the hackney. For leaping the Irish Horse is unrivalled. It is not, however, the leaping of the English Horse, striding as it \Aere over a low fence, and stretched at liis full length over a higher one ; it is the proper jump of the deer, beauti- ful to look at, difficult to sit, and both in height and e.xtent, unequalled by the English Horse. Much of this difference of leaping in the two countries, no doubt, depends on the iraming, and on the nature of the fences in Ireland, there being so many inclosures with stone walls. There are very few Horses in the agricultu- ral districts of Ireland, exclusively devoted to draught. The minute division of the farms renders it impossible for them to be kept. The occupier even of a tolerable sized Irish farm, wants a Horse that shall carry him to market, and draw his small car, and perform every kind of drudgery — a Horse of all work; therefore the thorough draught-horse, whether j Leicestershire or Suffolk, is rarely found in Ii eland. If we look to the commerce of Ireland, there are few stage waggons, or drays with im- mense cattle belonging to them, but almost every thing is done by one-horse carts. In the North of Ireland, some stout Horses are employed in the carriage of linen, but the majority of the garrons used in agriculture or commercial pursuits are miserable and half- starved animals. There is a native breed in Ulster, hardy, and sure-footed, but with little pretension to beauty or speed. THE WILD HORSES OF SOUTH AMERICA. All travellers, who have crossed the plains extending from the shores of La Plata to Patagonia, have spoken of numerous droves of wild Horses. Some affirm that they have seen ten thousand in one troop. They appear to be under the command of a leader, the strongest and boldest of the herd, and whom they implicitly obey. A secret instinct teacheft them that their safety consists in their union, and in a principle of subordination. The lion, the tiger, and the leopard, are their principal enemies. At some signal, intelligible to them all, they either close into a dense mass, and trample their enemy to death ; or, placing the mares and foals in the centre, they form themselves into a circle and welcome him with their heels. In the attack, their leader is the 5 B 374 THE MODERN SYSTEM first to face the danger, and, when prudence demands a retreat, they foilow his rapid flight. In the tliinly inhabited parts of South America it is dangerous to fall in with any of these troops. The wild Horses approach as near as they dare : they call to the loaded Horse with the greatest eagerness, and, if the rider be not on the alert, and have not con- siderable strength of arm, and sharpness of spur, his beast will divest himself of his burden, take to his heels, and be gone for ever. Captain Head gives the following account of a meeting with a troop of wild Horses, where the country is more thickly inhabited. Some poor captured animals are supposed to be forced along by their riders at their very utmost speed : — As they are thus galloping along, urged by the spur, it is interesting to see the groups of wild Horses one passes. The mares, which are never ridden in South Ame- rica, seem not to understand what makes the poor Horse carry his head so low, and look so weary. An Englishman once attempted to ride a mare, but he was hooted and pelted by the natives, and thought himself fortunate to escape without serious injury*. The little ituiocent colts come runnins: to meet him, and then start away frightened : while old Horses, whose white marks on the flanks and backs betray their acquaintance with the spur and saddle, walk slowly away for some distance, then, breaking into a trot us lliey seek their safety, snort and look behind them, first with one eye and then with the * .Sir John C:irr, in his " Northern Summer," st.ites ihiit t IS only u short time «ince marcs began to be ridden in Kassia. other, turning their nose from right to left, and carrying their long tail high in the air. The same pleasing writer describes the system of Horse-management among the rude inhabitants of the plains of South America. They have no stables, no fenced pastures. One Horse is usually kept tied at the door of the hut, fed scantily at night on maize ; or at other times several may be enclosed in the corral, which is a circular space surrounded by rough posts, driven firmly into the giound. The mares are never ridden, or attempted to be tamed, but wander with their foals where- evcr they please. When the Gaucho, the native inhabitant of the plains, wants Horses for himself or for the supply of the traveller, he either goes with his lasso to the corral, and selects those, pos- sibly, who on the preceding day had for the first time been backed, or he scampers across the plain, and presently returns with an un- willing, struggling, or subdued captive. When the services of the animals have been exacted he either takes them to the corral, and feeds them with a small quantity of maize, if he thinks he shall presently need them agow or he once more turns them loose on the plains. Travellers give some amusing accounts of the manner in which all this is effected — Miers thus describes the lasso, simple in its con- struction, but all-powerful in the hands of the Gaucho. The lasso is a missle weapon used by every native of the United Provinces and Chile. It is a very strong plaited thong of equal thick- ness, half an inch in diameter, and forty feet long , made of many strips of green hide, plaited like a whipthong, and rendered suppie I by grease. It has, at one end, an iron ring OF FARRIERY. 375 above an inch and a half in diameter, through wnich the thong is passed, and tliis forms a running noose. The Gaucho, or native Peon, is generally mounted on horseback when he uses the lasso. One end of the thong is afBxed to his saddle girth : the remainder he coils carefully in his left hand, leaving about twelve feet belonging to the noose-end, in a coil, and a half of which he holds in his right hand. He then swings this long noose hori- zontally round his head, the weight of the iron ring at the end of the noose assisting in giving to it, by a continued circular motion, a sufficient force tu project it the whole length of the line. When the Gauchos wish to have a grand breaking-in, they drive a whole herd of wild Horses into the corral. The corral was quite full of Horses, most of which were young ones about two or three years old. The capitar (chief Gaucho), mounted on a strong steady Horse, rode into the corral and threvv his lasso over the neck of a young Horse, and dragged him to the gate. For some time he was very unwilling to leave his comrades ; but the moment he was forced out of the corral, his first idea was to gallop away : however a timely jerk of the lasso checked him in the most eflectual way. The peons now ran after him on foot and threw a lasso over his fore- legs just above the fetlock, and twitching it, they pulled his legs from under him so sud- denly, that I really thouo:ht the fall he got had killed liim. In an instant a Gaucho was seated on his head, and with his long knife, and in a few seconds, cut ofl" the whole of the Horse's mane, while another cut the hair from the end of his tail. This they told me was a mark that the Hor.se had been once mounted. Tr«cy then put a piece (if hide into his mouth to serve for a bit, and a strong hide halter on liis head. The Gaucho who was to mount, arranged his spurs, which were unusually long and sharp, and while two men held the Horse by his ears, he put on the saddle, which he girthed extremely tight. He then caugh( hold of the Horse's ear, and in an instant vaulted into the saddle ; upon which the man who held the Horse by the halter threvv the end to the rider, and from that moment no one seemed to take any further notice of him. The Horse instantly began to jump in a manner which made it very difficult for the rider to keep his seat, and quite different from the kick or plunge of an English Horse : how- ever, the Gaucho's spurs soon set him going, and off he galloped, doing everything in his power to throw his rider. Another Horse was immediately brought from tlie corral, and so quick was the opera- tion, that twelve Gauchos were mounted in a space which I think hardly exceeded an hour It was wonderful to see the diflferent manner in which different Horses behaved. Some would actually scream while the Gauchos were girding the saddle upon their backs ; some would instantly lie down and roll upon it; while some would stand without being held ; their legs stiff, and in unnatural posi- tions, their necks half bent towards their tails, and looking vicious and obstinate ; and 1 could not help thinking that I would not have mounted one of those for any reward that could be offered me, for they were invariably the most difficult to subdue. It was now curious to look around and see the Gauchos on the horizon in different direc- tions, trying to bring their Horses back to the corral, which is the most difficult [mn 570 THE MODERN SYSTEM of their work ; for the poor creatures had been !ymmetry, greatly enhanced her value. The envoy said, ' I will give you fifty tomans* (a coin nearly of the value of a pound sterling). 'A little more if you please,' said the fellow, apparently entertained. ' Eighty. A hundred.' He shook his head and smiled. The offer at last came to two hundred tomans ! 'Well;' said the Arab, ' you need not tempt me furtlier ; it is of no use. You are a rich elchee (nobleman). You have fine Horses, camels, and mules, and I am told, you have loads of silver anfl gold. Now,' added he, ' you want my mare, but you shall not have her for all you have got.' " " An Arab sheick or chief, who lived within fifty miles of Bussorah, had a favourite breed of Horses. He lust one of h s best mares, and could not for a long while discover whether she was stolen or had strayed. Some time after, a young i.ian of a different tribe, who had Ions wisln d to marrv his daughter, but had always been rejected by the sheick, ob- tained the lady's consent and eloped with her. The sheick and his followers pursued, but tl.« lovet dnd his mistress, mounted on one Horse, made a wonderful march, and escaped. The old chief swort that the fellow was either mounted upon the devil, or the favourite mare he had lost After his return he found the 882 THE MODERN SYSTEM latter was the case ; that the lover was tlie thief of his tnare as well as his daughter ; and that he stole the one to carry off the other. The chief was quite gratified to tliink he had not been beaten by a mare of another breed ; and was easily reconciled to the yonng man, in order that he might recover the mare, which appeared an object about which he was more solicitous than about his daughter." THE PERSIAN HORSE, Sir R. Ker Porter gives the following account of this breed. " The Persian Horses never exceed fourteen or fourteen and a half hands high, yet certainly, in the whole, are taller than the Arabs. Those of the desert and country about Hillah run very small, but are full of bone and of good speed. The general custom is to feed and water them at sun-rise and sun-set, when they are cleaned. Their usual provender is barley and chopped straw, which, if the animals are piqueted, is put into a nose-bag and hung from their heads ; but if stabled, it is thrown into a small lozenge shaped hole left in the tiiick- ness of the mud-wall for that purpose, but much higher up than the line of our mangers, and there the animal eats at his leisure. Hay is a kind of food not known here. The bed- din"- of the Horse consists of his dung. After bein"- exposed to the drying inlluence of the sun (luring the day, it becomes pulverized, and, in that state, is nightly spread under him. Little of it touches his body, that being covered by his cloathing, a large nummud from the ears to the tail, and bound firmly round his body by a very long surcingle. But this apparel is only for cold weather ; in the warmer season the night-clothes are of a lighter substance, and during the heal of the day, the animal is kept entirely under tlie shade. "At night he is tied in the court yard. The Horses' heads are attached to the place of security by double ropes from their halters, and the heels of their hinder legs are confined by cords of twisted hair, fastened to iron rings and pegs driven into the earth. The same custom prevailed in the time of Xenophon, and for the same reason, to secure them from being able to attack and maim each other, the whole stud generally consisting of stallions. Their keepers, however, always sleep on their rugs amongst them to prevent accident : and sometimes, notwithstanding all this care, they manasre to break loose, and then the combat ensues. A general neighing, screaming, kick- ing, and snorting, rouses the grooms, and the scene for awhile is terrible. Indeed no one can conceive the sudden uproar of such a moment, who has not been in Eastern countries to hear it. They seize, bite, and kick each other with the most determined fury, and frequently cannot be separated before tlieir heads and haunches stream with blood. Even in skir- mishes with the natives, their Horses take part in the fray, tearing each other with their teeth, while their masters are in similar close quarters on their backs." THE DESERT HORSE, AND SWIFT HEIRIES OF AFRICA, ETC. Mr. Jackson, in his account of Morocco^ says, that the shrubacli errech or desert horse, is to the common horse what the desert camel is to the camel of burden ; the only difference between them in point of feeding is, that this Hor.se requires a portion of camel's milk every tlay ; if they cannot get this, and are obliffed from hunger to eat barley and straw, pariicu- OF FARRIERY. 383 Iftriy when they are first brought to Morocco, they fall away. Howeser, they gradually recover, fill up, and become handsome to the sight, but lose all their former speed, so that they are afterwards employed to hunt os- triches, at which sport they are very expert. When travelling in the deserts, the men who ride these Horses, as well as the heiries, or desert camels, have their bowels relaxed at the end of their journies ; for which they then drink a draught of camel's milk, which being rejected by the stomach, they drink again ; this second drausfht, after remainingr a longer time, is also rejected ; the third draught find- iiiiT the tone of the stomach something re- stored, remains, and turns to nourishment. As to the heirie, or desert camel, it is in figure similar to the common camel of burden, but more elegantly formed. The Arab, with liis loins, breast, and ears, bound round, to prevent the percussion of air proceeding from a quick motion, rapidly traverses, upon the back of this abstemious animal, the scorching desert, the fiery atmosphere of which parches, and almost impedes respiration, so as nearly to produce suflocation. Tlie motion of the heirie is violent, and can be endured only by those patient, abstemious, and hardy Arabs, who are accustomed to it. These riders will travel three days without food ; or a few pipes of tobacco, or a handful of dates, will furnish their meal. The most inferior kind of lieirie are called talatayee, a term expressive of thiir going the distance of three days' journey in one. '^I'he next kind is called sebayee, expressing an ani- mal that goes seven days' journey in one ; and this is their general character. There is Also one called tasayee, or the heirie of nine days ; but these are extremely rare. The heirie, in general, has a ring put through its upper lip, to which is fixed a leathern strap, answering the purposes of a bridle ; the saddle is similar to that used by the Moors, or what the mountaineers of Anda- lusia make use of. With a bakul, or goat-skin, a porous earth- ern vessel filled with water, a few dates, and some ground barley, the Arab trarels from Tombnctoo to Tafilelt, feeding his heirie but once, at the station of Arzawad ; for, these camels, on an emergency, will abstain from drinking seven day.'<. Their swiftness is thus described by the Arabs in their figurative style : — " When thou shalt meet a heirie, and say to the rider Sa- lem Alic (peace be unto thee), ere he shall have answered the salutation, he shall be nearly out of sight ; for his swiftness is like (he wind." But of all the animals that arrest the atten- tion of an European in this part of the world, the domestic serpents, well known at Mo- rocco, are the most surprising. In the city of Morocco, Mr. Jackson ob- serves, there is scarcely a house without its domestic serpent, which is sometimes seeu movins alons; the roofs of the apartments. They are never molested by the family, who would not hurt them on any consideration, conceiving them a benediction on the house- hold ; they have been known to suck the breasts of women whilst asleep, and retire without offering any further injury. They are so sensible as to be susceptible of injury towards them, and it is thought mipru- dent to inciu- their di.'^pleasure : of course the inhabitants of INIorocco do not wish to disturb an animal thai claims the right* of ho-spitaiity by settling in their houses. 384 THE iMODERN SYS"1'EM BRUSSELS RACES. Racing here is but in its infancy. Whether It may grow into popularity, and become as national as it is with ns, must be left tor time to discover. What strikes an Englishman most is the total want of animation on the course ; there being few tents, no gypsies, no feasting, no betting, no promenading of tiie fairer sex. There is something else also very unpalat- able to the feelings of an Englishman, to be touched by a Hrelock or bayonet, in order to keep the road clear. With us the crack of the course-clearer's whip seems more con- genial with our habits, as being less connected with tyranny, which the sight.of a soldier in- terfering with us in our amusements and plea- sures, seems' naturally to create in the breast of an Englishman. There was an incident in one of these races, which we shall leave to an eye-witness to describe. But before he comes to the race, he says : — " The course is an oblong of about one English mile, in tolerable order, the turns difficult, and the whole of a very coarse and rather long turf, well fenced in with ropes, and kept by soldiers placed at every twenty yards, whose rigidness is such that not a soul is ever allowed to pass from one side to the other. Even the jockeys, the moment they arrive, are accompanied by two mounted gens-d'armes to the .scales in order that they may have no communication en route. All this is very well ; but it repres.ses the natural animation and excitement, the hurry, the bustle, the anxiety that constitutes, if not all, part of our enjoyment in England. Perhaps there is a hidden policy in thus accustoming the people to suffer an armed force to be the perpetual participators in their amuseraenw. Doubtless there is : but I will venture to pro- piie-sy, that on the Continent racing will never become an amusement with the humbler cia-scs, as long as every anxious gazer, who stretches forward his neck a little beyond the line pre.scril)ed by the martinet on duty, is liable to have an inch of cold steel in his ribs." After having described two races, which were well contested, he says: — " The next race for Horses of all kinds, perhaps afforded more amusement than was ever witnessed on a course. " Long before the first bell rang, a lad, mounted on a cart-mare, or rather an Ar- dennes (which have some little breeding), with tail sweeping the ground, a blue smock- frock, and a green plush cap, attempted to pass through the sentinels into the ground. Of course he was refused ; nor woidd they admit him till the Count Duval (President of the Jockey Club) had certified, (hat, having complied with the rr-quisite conditions, Co- cotte was ofoiiiff to run. Eastened between the flaps and girths, were two large pigs of lead ; and, with hi^h demi-pique saddle and military bridle, such a caricature was never witne.ssed. "The history is this: — A farmer in the environs had bought a cast artillery mare, and fuiding it faster than his team, thought he stood as good a chance as another of wjriiu'nff the hundred pounds given for Horses of all breeds. Some wag worked on the good man's sporting ideas to such a point, that he not only fancied she could run, but entered her, would hear nothing against it, and offered to bet a thousand francs (a great sum for a Belgian) his mare distanced the othei.j ! OF FARKIERY. I did not hear whether he was let in or not. Lord Seymour's Morotto, five-years old, and the Vervier Society's Waverer, were the op- ponents, Cockerill's Amelie being drawn. The start was inimitable : the lad, all anxiety, placed himself a little a-head : the bell rung : spurs and whip into his old mare ; up went her heels, swish her long tail, and with a salvo of artillery off she went at score, ran out of the course, got in again, and went half round before the " tits ;" but alas ! alas ! — there Mrs Cocotte shut up I and mnlgre the young- ster pitched it in most lustily, she could not raise a canter once round ! What became of her was never known ; but to see her stj..rt, letting fly in Morotto's face, to hear the roars of laughter, and witness the despair of tlie farmer, was quite worthy Cruikshank's pencil. Having got rid of their troublesome friend, Morotto and Waverer ran a beautiful race. LIEOE RACES. There was here one race which was de- scribed as the " Chevaux de Pays," which is understood to mean labour Horses, which are accustomed to go in cart harness. The race we do not give as affording particular sport in the rivalry of many candidates, as it appears there was only one Horse entered for it. We are unacquainted whether the fame of this little Horse might have prevented any competition ; still there is something so extraordinary in the history of the little animal, that we think it will be worthy of the attention of our readers. It also pre- sents a vivid picture of the fortunes of our well-bred Horses, as well as the great discri- Tnioation and industry oi' the gentleman who veemed determined to ascertain from whence be came. He saw enough to convince him that he was sprung from no common stock, and expected to find that in his youth he had never been accustomed to the drudgery of dragging a dung-cart. We shall, however, leave the description of the race to the gentle- man who witnessed it. " A curiously-marked grey pony spotted with black patches, apparently half starved, lousy, and decrepid, was the only Horse en- tered. To look at him, no one would have said that he could ever crawl round the course ; but he not only did, but what is more (a man getting permission to start from the Regency on the moment, on a very decent hackney), went in very good form, distancing his competitor, and winning his 250/". (10/.) without much effort. 1 diligently inquired his history, sure that a pony, fifteen years old, who could carry a thumping awkward farmer of at least twelve stone, his mile in three minutes and half, must have seen better days. His history (as I learnt it from a man wlio seemed very communicative of his intelligence) is, that Snowy alias Jack, was bred by the Duke of Richmond, used as a shooting pqny, and sold to a clergyman, whom my informant desig- nated as " Parson Towers," who sold him for two hundred pounds ! ! his equal in every good quality, particularly fencing, not being to be found. He afterwards fell into the hands of Mr. Cockerill, the great iron master, when he contracted a disease, which terminated in a swelling near the sheath like the udder of a cow, only hard, and of rapid increase. The poor devil was destined to a bullet, when a village Doctor begged his life, and bought him for a present to the groom of twenty-five francs. " The Doctor sagely determined that there was the lump, and come awoy it must : but 5 R as6 THE MOOERN SYSTEM how? The tijinplest remedy was the knife: so, perfectly regardless of veins, arteries, and other such nonsensical barriers to the art of ■-iirgcry, he gallantly set to, his arras bearing a knife dexter, and red-hot poker sinister. 1 Strange to say. Doctor Sangrado eflected a cure where many an artiste would have failed, and sold Snowy for five pounds to Farmer Leloup. •' For years has he toiled at fetching ma- nure, and without a feed of corn in his poor flanks, did this true English pony win the stakes for his master. " I have heard of the viscissitudes of ' the high-mettled racer,' and many the schoolboy who has almost wept at the prints of his miserable ^»a/e — going to the dung-cart; but one seldom hears of such a resurrection as a racer from the dung-cart! Nil adniirari! however ; that is the motto of the nineteenth century !' HORSES IN INDIA. In India there seems to be a considerable variety of breeds of Horses. If we look to the performance of some of the races, which have become so fashionable there of late years, we t^hall see that the Horses, whether for speed or bottom, are very far from being con- temptible, even when compared with some of our own. In such a climate, where every European must of necessity be moimted, it be- comes of importance, for the army as well as civilians, that proper attention should be paid to the selection of the best Horses to breed from ; and we believe that a large establish- ment for that purpose has been under the management of the Indian Government for vears ; and we should naturally suppose with some success. The Editor of " The Horse," published under the superintendence of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledg-e sa\s : — The Toorky, originally from a Toorkoman and a Persian, is beautiful in his form, graceful in his action, and docile in his temper. It is said that, when skilfully managed, the gran- deur and stateliness of his carriage are equal to what the warmest imagination can con- ceive of the Horse : his spirit rising as his ex- ertions are required, he exhibits to his beholders an appearance of fury in the per- formance of his task, yet preserving to his rider the utmost grace, playfulness, and gen- tleness. Next comes the Iranee, well limbed, and his joints closely knit, and particularly power- ful in the quarters, but with scarcely sufficient spirit, and his ears large and loose. The patient and docile Cozakee is deep ia the girth, powerful in the forearm, but with large head, and sadly cat-hammed ; hardy, and calculated for long journeys and severe service. The Mojinniss have spirit, beauty, speed, and perseverance. The Tazsee is slight, hollow-backed, and, for that reason perhaps, although deficient in strength, and leaving as it were his hind legs behind him, and likewise irritable in temper yet sought after on account of the peculiar easiness of his pace. A sale of Horses near the Company's stud, at Hissar, is thus described by an excellent judge. " Not less than one thousand Horses were shewn. They were all above fourteen hands and a half in height, high-crested, and shewy -looking Horses. The great defect seemed a want of bone below the knee, which is indeed general to all the native Horses OF FARRIERY. 387 throughout India ; and also so great a ten- dency to fulness in the hocks, that, in England, it would be thought half of them had blood spavins." A writer in the " Sportsman's Magazine," seems to have no great opinion of the Horses in the East Indies. He describes tliem as follows : — The small Mahratfa Horse is an active, serviceable little beast, but, in ten cases out of twenty, extremely vicious, but will often make a capital hunter, in fact, being the only Horse in India worth his keep, the larger Horses from Hindostan being adapted only for the capering of a native Souwarree ; they are leggy, under-limbed, and, as far as vice goes, regular man-eaters. Those from Guzerat and Cutch are certainly endowed with greater amiability of disposi- tion, but are more calculated for purposes of display and parade than any thing else. The natives are very partial to this breed, and give long prices for them, frequently as much as two or three thousand rupees. They blow them out to an enormous size, by feeding them on a composition which must be any thing but agreeable to the palate of the Horse, viz., a kind of paste, made of pounded grain and sheep's head, wherewith the poor devil is crammed like a turkey. The end of the flow- ing tail, generally reaching the ground, is dyed of a deep red colour, a cruelly sharp bit is put into his mouth, he is buried under a ton of bedding covered with crimson cloth, doing duty for saddle, and, thus caparisoned, he is deemed (it to carry one of the " Pillars of the State." It is a pretty sight to see a Souwarree, or procession, accompanied by a cavalcade thus mounted, and taking every opportunity of displaying their horsemanship, a cavalier occasionally darting from the crowd at the top of his speed, and as suddenly pulling his Horse on his haunches in the midst of his headlong career, then wheeling about, and still at full speed, describe in an incredibly small space, the difficult figure of eight, with all the apparent ease of a graceful skaiter. CURIOUS SPORTING CASE. In the Court of Common Pleas, on the 21st of Jan. 1836, a curious case was argued, on demurrer, before Chief Justice Tindal. The facts, as set upon the pleadings, appeared to be these : — The defendant was the owner of a Horse named Partington, which he undertook would trot eighteen miles within an hour. The plaintiff agreed to purchase him for 200/. on the condition that he should, within a month, trot eighteen miles in an hour, to the satisfaction of a third 'person agreed upon between the parties ; otherwise, he was to be allowed to have him for one shillino-. A trial of the Horse's capability was accordingly appointed to take place on a given day, but it was interrupted by a servant of the plaintiff. Another time was then fixed for a second trial, and notice was given to the person ^^ho was to act as umpire on the occasion. The latter, however, not attending, the trial did not take place, the month elapsed without the Horse having performed the stipulated feat; where- upon the plaintiff demanded that the llorsi- should be delivered up to him on payment ol the shilling. The defendant refused, on the ground that the first trial had been interrupted by the plaintiff's servant, and that a subse- quent trial had not taken place merely in con- sequence of the non-attendance of the referee. Pleas to this effect were accordingly pleadtMl to the plaintiff's declaration, to which the 388 THE MODERN SYSTEM latter demurred. There was also anotner plea — namely, that the contract was merely a colourable one to cover an illegal gambling transaction, and, therefore, void. On this latter plea issue was joined, and, therefore, that question remains to be tried. The de- murrer was argued by Mr. Milner f'r the Plaintiff, and by Mr. Bayley for the defendant. The Court decided, with reference to the first point, that as the servant was not alleged to have interrupted the Horse by direction, or command of his master, the latter was not answerable for his act ; and that, with respect to the non-attendance of the referee, it was incumbent on the defendant to have procured his attendance, as he had undertaken that the Horse should perform this feat to his satisfac- tion within the period of a month. Not having done so, he was bound to deliver up the Horse on payment of a shilling, and, therefore, there must be judgment for the plaintiff. THE LATE REV. Mli. HARVEY. This gentleman who has been for many years a breeder for the Turf, as well as one of its most enthusiastic admirers, was familiarly known to a great portion of the Sporting N\ orld, as the " eccentric Parson Harvey." We believe that he was eccentric in the strictest sense of the word ; but his whims and oddities were rather peculiarities than any thing like ^ice; and it is his humane and jrenerous conduct to the lower animals, that make us fcul such respc'ct for his memory. His oddities, whatever ihey might be, were l.u more than counterbalanced by the good- ness of his heart. We shiill give the charac- ter (iC this jrerideman fmrn one who we be- lieve well knew Mr. Harvey. He says: — " Mr. Harvey had the warmest sympathy for the brute creation, particularly the race- horse, and possessed the happy art of curbing the most vicious animals ; his treatment of them being the best practical illustration of what may be done by mild and fair usage in preference to ' knocking the temper out of them,' as is too frequently practised in train- ing stables ; and his swinging by Vandyke Junior's tail in TattersalPs yard, without the Horse shewing any symptoms of uneasiness ; a Horse, previously to his coming into his stable, possessed of as much viciousness and as many spiteful tricks as any animal well could have, shews the patience and kindness that characterised his discipline. " His opinion was the very reverse from those who advocate coercive measures ; and when told that ' a good thrashing ' now and then did the animal good, he perfectly agreed with the recommendation ; ' a good thrash- ing,' he was wont to say, ' might be of ser- vice, but the devil of it was they too often received bad thrashings.' " His vagaries, too, were of a harmless na- ture, and did no injury to others, however his own pocket might have suffered in their adop- tion. If he purchased blood-stock, or dogs, at a price exceeding the ad valorem opinion of more competent judges, he would not part with them without a consideration beyond the purchase money, under the impression that the longer he kept them, the more valuable they became, their keep being added to their orit^inal cost, and not considering that though the blood might be invaluable, their power of continuing it would deteriorate. " The act of covering, he argued was au operation of Nature, and therefore between two animals should be left for Nature to eflect ; and, in support of this doctrine he was OF FARRIERY. 389 eUMiustomed to turn mare and horse into a F 890 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER VIII. THE DUKE OF GRAFfON'S STUD.— OBSERVATIONS ON THE TURF, BTC. Without giving an account of every Horse in the stud of this accomplished and success- ful breeder, we shall enumerate, however, the winners of the Oaks. The stud mares are eighteen in number, with a fine progeny of colts and Alleys. WINNERS OF THE OAKS. Pastille, by Rubens, winner of the Oaks in 1822 ; a bay mare with black legs. Zinc, by Woful, winner of the Oaks in lb23 ; dark brown with black legs. Turquoise, by Selim ; winner of the Oaks in 1828, a brown with rather light timber, and a good deal of white about the legs. Oxygen, winner of the Oaks in 1831, by Erailius ; a very powerful bay mare. A talented writer in the " Sporting Ma- gazine," says : y' " Together, occupying a space not larger than tlie room in which 1 write, were these four winners of the Oaks. " Lord Grosvenor won these stakes half-a- dozen times, in a period, however, extending over twenty-four years : His Grace of Graftoni eight times ; the last four victories occupying only fourteen. Minuet, who won tliem in l8lo, was only shot about t«o vears ago, till when she used to herd with this flock of flyers. " The Duke of Grafton I should think was the only man in England who ever saw five of his own inares, winners of the Oaks to- gether, at the same time in the same paddock. Music, another winner, is dead also." Thus we see the principal nobility of the land employed in succouring and improving the breed of the English racer; and yet in the midst of all this, we hear of nothing but of its degeneracy. At one time we hear of yearlings of the astonishing growth of fifteen hands two inches in height, with the sub- stance of waggon-horse-s ; and the next mo- ment we hear from oth^r quarters that the breed of racers are becohae spindle-shanked, and otherwise so weak and\degenerated that nothing but new blood will suffice. Now, al- though we are willing to believe there may have been mistakes committed by bad ma- nagement, yet we cannot come to the conclu- sion that every thing is wrong. The following remarks of the writcrj to whom we have be fore alluded, may explain our meaning perhaps with more force than our own language :- " Are we indebted to Nature or Art for the generation of men that we find in all quarters of Great Britain riding our eight'Stone races Y / OF FURRIERY. 391 A chubby lad, that in fulness of time would have ripened into a sixteen stone ploughman, by some accident finds his way into a train- ing stable. There perhaps it is discovered, that his head was intended for a better pur- pose than as a mere capital for his shoulders. He is put up for trials, exhibits a firm seat and good hands, and commences his career as a jockey. Forthwith he is obliged to undergo a continual process of violent exertion and un- natural regimen. He must not eat when appetite prompts, but as his engagements allow. His pores are not suffered to dis- charge their functions by gentle and insensible perspiration, but swathed in flannels, and stimulated by unseasonable efforts, the sweat is made to pour from him like a running stream. Then comes pharmacy, with bolus and drench, to finish what toil and sweat had BO well begun, and the veteran of threescore is screwed into a coffin of similar dimensions with the cradle in which he was rocked as a baby ! '• Thus is the race of pigmies manufactured to ride ; and how does the treatment differ towards that which is to be ridden? In all, save probably a more generous allowance of food, from the hour^ race-horse first goes into training he is submitted to precisely the same course of usage as that which transformed his jockey into a shadowy unsubstantial dwarf. And wherefore not? the object is the same for both. Horse and rider are sacrificed, if you will, to speed; but speed is the aim of the one, and the destined purpose of the other : if that be obtained, the effect required is pro- duced, and naturally after a like process of treatment." The above quotation shews the degraded situation in which man will appear for the sake of money ! He consents to be deprived of" Nature's fair proportion," to become pos- sessed of a few sovereigns more in a year, even at the sacrifice of his general health and happiness, than his comrade, the plough-boy. Can there be happiness without health, and can there be health under such a system of sacrifices, that stints the growth of manhood to a size, whose body may be " screwed into a coffin of similar dimensions with the cradle in which he was rocked as a baby?" We have, with vvonder and astonishment, often witnessed the training of jockeys for a reduction of weight. We have seen them in a burning sun, clothed in great coats, and walking at a rate, till they were actually in a fainting state from their great exhaustion. We have heard them express a great def>ire for refreshment, and have seen them refuse it with the spirit of martyrs. We have felt pity and sorrow that their duty should exact such devotion from them, and admiration at their exercising it. Still it was melancholy to re- flect that all this devotion to their profession, calling upon all their corporeal energies, did not finish with their present engagement ; but that repeated exertions of the same nature misht still be demanded on other occasion.**. To undergo such punishnnent once in a man's life, might be supportable, and would serve him to talk about as a soldier would after a hard campaign ; but to make a trade of it, seems to us a more trying occupation to the human constitution, than cultivating the sugar- cane in a torrid clime. That the early training of the English race- horse must be highly injurious to his natural physical powers, we think, cannot admit of a dispute. Another popular writer, under the signature of Rinrjwood, says ; 892 THE MODERN SYSTEM " We deplore the degeneracy of our race- horses. Yes we do : but, what is far worse, with all the means at hand we will not make use of them to keep our breed of Horses as it once was. Now let us look to the present system, and see what are the chances of a remedy. In this world we cannot go back : " forward, forward !" is the present cry. How then can we expect Racing to be steady ? Look at its Augean Stable : who is to cleanse it? Who will do away with the July Stakes? Who dares to annihilate the favourite Two- year-old Course ? Who can command that the great Races of the year shall be contended for by four-year-olds, or induce tnen to keep Horses in training when there is no longer (comparatively) anything worth contending for? Will the most influential on the Turf (The Legs) assist? Will public trainers re- commend such changes ? W^ill that class of men who now keep race-horses as a means of livelihood (a thing unknown in the olden time) strive to confer a National benefit? No, no! When Racins: shall a^ain become the exclusive sport of Gentlemen ; when trainers shall again be private servants, and wear livery coats ; when the owners of race-horses dare to go into the stables where their Horses are kept without leave, and not only lo ask «juestions, but to give commands ; when they shall in a great measure give up the system of book-making, and match their Horses for 1000/. across the Beacon ; when they shall as murh as possible separate themselves from the most execrable and dis either against or for Escape, on either of tha aforementioned days ; that he neither did, nor caused, nor procured to be done, anything to check, hinder, or prevent, the said Horse Es- cape from running; but, on the contrary, did everything wiiicli his judgment suggested to him, and his powers enabled him, to make Escape win the race on the 20th of October ; that in no place in which he had lived from 1784, had he won a guinea against any Horse that was beaten, and which he either trained or rode ; that he had never been arrested at Ascot Heath, and that Mr. Vauxhall Clark never did pay any money for him." It had been reported, it seems, to the Prince of Wales, that Chifney had been arrested at Ascot Heath races fjr three hundred pounds, and that Vauxhall Clark (the well-known OF FAR'RIERY. 413 better) had paid the money for him. This Chifney represents as a mere calumny, in- vented to give colour to the false accusation of riding booty, brought against him, because Clark usually betted money for Chifney, and the calumniators sought to have it believed, that the bettins: on the two races was manaofed by Clark, as a joint concern : it had been re- ported, that Chifney had won six or seven hundred pounds upon the race which he caused Escape to lose, and six or seven hundreds more upon the race which he won, the bets having been made by the aforesaid Vauxhall Clark. On the morning of the day on which the Prince left Newmarket, being upon the course, His Royal Highness called Chifney, and, ad- dressing Sir Charles Bunbury, one of the stewards of the Jockey Club, informed him of Chifney's readiness to be examined in any mode which the Club might judge proper, desiring Sir Charles to take every possible pains to obtain satisfaction ; afterwards re- marking to Chifney, " Sam Chifney, this busi- ness should be explained." To which Chifney answered, " Your Royal Highness, I don't know how to explain it." The gentlemen of the Jockey Club appointed to examine Chifney, were Sir Charles Bun- bury, Bart., Ralph Dutton, Esq., and Thomas Panton, Esq. All the questions asked him had already been answered by Chifaey on affidavit. Sir Charles Bunbury, it is stated, had the earliest and strongest suspicion of Chifney, and was the most severe upon him. ' In order to render intelligible an investi^a- tion of this business, it may be necessary to explain to most readers certain terms appro- priate to the technicality of the course. Pre- tnierement, the grand and important division of race-horses, in respect to their qualifications, is into the stout and the speedy ; the first term indicating such as are stout of heart, cool in temper, and firm in constitution ; generally nof remarkable for readiness and speed, but calcu- lated to succeed in a long race. Of the second, it is usually said, speed is their best ; by which is meant, that they are best qualified for a short race, possessing a pomptitude in the higher degrees of velocity, which must necessarily be of a relative short duration. This description are generally free, and of a warm temperament ; sometimes, but not in- variably, of a weak and washy constitution. It may be easily conceived, that the degrees of variation or approximation in these respects must be infinite, rendering it frequently no easy matter to determine positively to which class a Horse belongs ; whence numberless errors, both in those who give directions, and those who ride. As to the extremes, there are Horses which have barely racing speed, their sole virtue consisting in their great powers of continuance, by which, in a four-mile race, they wear out their more speedy antagonists. On the other hand, there are such as no mea- sures of art can enable to come throu2:h a lonsr course in the company of reputed running Horses : these have their distance, beyond which Nature has put it out of their power to excel. Of this description were Fireaway, Masquerade, and Rocket of former days. The two first were most successful at the distance of a single mile ; the last, at that of one quarter, or half a mile at most. It is not in the course of nature, that phenomena like Childers and Eclipse should be often pro- duced, uniting the extremes of both speed and stoutness, giving the go-by and the distance to all possibility of competition. The most use 6 X 414 THE MODERN SYSTEM ful racer, perhaps, is he which partakes in a nearlv equal and considerable degree of both qualities, but with a superior turn towards speed : such was the famous Shark, and such, ill Chifney's opinion at least, was the famous Escape. The term to make the play, or to go along, vvill be easily understood, as leading fiway in a race, at a pace of very considerable speed, upon a Horse which is presumed to be stout and long-winded, in order to distress those antagonists which are known or supposed to be inferior in stoutness ; to the end, that the being fatigued and exhausted, by long and sharp running, they may not have it in their power to reserve their superior speed for the last push. Amongst Horses of equal game, the play may be made by those which are in the best condition. Waiting, or making a waiting race, is plainly the opposite practice: here, the rider of the speedy, weak, or jadish Horse, always aims to keep in the rear, and go as slow as possible, until the last few hundred yards, where he well knows his power of speed will turn to the best account. Chifney entered into the service of the run- ning stables in 1770, and was regularly trained to his vocation, under the celebrated profes- sors Fox and Prince. Riding, he says, " he learned himself." Like Homer's heroes under similar circumstances of calumny and depre- ciation, Samuel assumes the undoubted riffht of speaking in his own praise. Hear him, " In 1773, I could ride a Horse in a better manner in a race, to beat others, than any person ever known in my time. In 1775, I could train Horses for running better than any person I ever yet saw." His own word, however, could not afterwards convince the Prince, his master, who seemed to estimate bis skill in training as inferior to his judgment and powers in pubhc riding ■ so uncommon it is for even a great man to be uniformly great ! He farther tells us, that his knovvledg^e is the result of " practice with genius;" after which we can no longer wonder at the title of his book. In 1784, he lived with Lord Grosvenor, riding his Lordship's race-horses. He afterwards entered into the service of Thomas Panton, Esq., with whom he con- tinued four years, until his engagement in the service of the Prince. During his continuance with Mr. Panton, he rode most of the Duke of Bedford's race-horses ; and tells us, he was assured by Mr. Panton that " the Duke of Bedford was the very best pleased with his riding, as he always rode to a T, as his Grace told him." His Grace is well known to have been very precise in his directions to his jockies; and appears to have been so well satisfied with this, that, in all probability, had not his Grace then meditated a total relin- quishment of the turf, lie would have engaged Chifney for life, who was, immediately on quitting the service of Mr. Panton, engaged by His Royal Highness the Prince, at a salary of two hundred pounds per year. Chifney has been candid enough to give us a marked trait in his own character. He was looked upon by many of the sporting people, [ and particularly by the training grooms, as obstinate and bigotted to his own opinions ; and it was commonly said, that " Chifney would always ride as he pleased ;" or, " that he was at his tricks again." These opinions he attributes to the ignorance, prejudice, or knavery of the parties. By his own account, he appears to have acted in this way only when latitude and discretion were allowed him ; but it is probable, in doubtful cases, he was apt to take upon himself too great a ree- OF FARRIERY. 415 ponsibility. In the Prince's service, the orders seem generally to have been discre- tionary ; and the discretion appears to have been lodged with the gentleman who managed His Royal Highness's racing concerns and the jockey, jointly. A difference of opinion \ between the two, and the firm adherence of each to his own judgment, seem to have bred much confusion of management ; unless, in- deed, we allow that the inconvenience was, in a great degree, obviated by the firmness and practical experience of Chifney. This difference of opinion is particularly htriking in respect to the Horse Escape, which the Prince, the manager, and the train-groom, alwavs valued for his stoutness or game ; whilst the jockey, who so often rode him, ap- pears thoroughly convinced that speed was his best. From a detailed account of Escape's trials and public races, he clearly appears to have been a most uncertain runner ; to have pos- sessed capital speed, and even great powers of continuance, when well to run ; but to be materially affected by very slight and very usual errors in training; to be subject to have the edge of his speed totally blunted by a few degrees of over work, and his powers, both of speed and continuance, paralyzed and rendered inert, by want of due exercise, or by errors in feedins:, more particularly near the time of his rnnninff. There also most assuredly is — and they who do not practically know, have free liberty to laugh at the idea ; a perfect analogy of nervous sensibility, of irritability, and vacil- lation of fibre, between tlie human animal and race-horse ; a sharer, at least, in the labours and anxieties, if unfortunately not in the pro- fits and satisfactions, of his master. As men differ, so do Horses; and the warm tempered. free, unequal, and nervous Escape, ought to have had for his trainer and manager, as well as his jockey, that man, who, if we may judge by his account of himself, seems, in so many respects, an exact counterpart of the Horse. Hard-headed and indiscriminatinof grooms of the common type, could entertain no appre- hension of the delicacy, vigilance, and care, with which such an animal required to be treated. Of this Chifney has not failed full often to remind his reader. Escape beat the best Horses in England, over the course, or four miles, and was him- self beaten on the same course by middling Horses. He beat Nimble, one of the speediest Horses of his day, across the Flat, a distance ofamileanda quarter; and was beaten on the same cours^e, in a private trial, by Don Quixote, and Lance, Horses, we believe, of inferior speed to Nimble, several lengths before half the course was ran, and very easily, and a great way at the end ; yet, in another trial, two miles over Epsom, he beat Baronet and Pegasus, giving the former, a Horse of his own year, and a winning racer, the enormous weight of twenty pounds ; which Horse, Baronet, nevertheless beat him, at the same weight and distance, a few days after, at Ascot. Chifney did not ride Escape either in the trial or the race. It may be asserted, that Chifney was insin- cere in his pretended opinion that speed was the best of Escape ; and that, inwardly know- ing the contrary, he had waited with him, on (he first day's race, on purpose to get him beat ; but a mere opinion of a man's inten- tions, however universal it may be, can never form a just ground of crimination. Open and explicit as he has been in his publication, and letting out every thing which came upper- <16 THE MODERN SYSTEM most, whether it make for him or against him, he may demand, at least, an equal degree of credit for his own statements and assertions. Notwithanding Chifney's profound skill in the close and delicate points of a race-horse's character, we are sometimes strongly inclined to suspect his judgment, in relation to Escape, and to adopt the opinion of his Royal High- ness. It appears to us, that, for the two days in question, at least, Escape's game was the best of him ; and that, as it has naturally and fairly happened in a thousand instances, he was outfooted in the short race, and won the long one by his stoutness ; for although, in the last race, Chifney tells us he waited, they must have gone the course through at a choak-jade rate, since Skylark made such strong play. Could this opinion be rationally adopted, the question would be at rest for ever ; but, even if not, Chifney's arguments are both strong and rational, and must be valid, until answered with equal reason and strength. In order to satisfy the minds of those who, perhaps, without mature consideration, had backed his Horse at four and five to one on one day, and betted four and five to one against him the next, the Royal sportsman appears to have done all that could be re- quired of a man of honour, a gentleman, and a prince. His Royal Highness put his ser- vant to his oath on all the points in dispute, and commanded him to submit himself unre- servedly to the examination of his accusers. This was the last match in which his Royal Highness was concerned in. LORD COLERAI.VE's OPINION OP NEW.MARKET JOCKIES, ETC. "We present the opinion of this noble lord, on tlie system of the Turf, which prevailed in his day, and which perhaps at the present i§ not much altered for the better. The writer has had considerable experience in Horse- racing, and was better known to the public as " Colonel Hanger," than under the more elevated title of Lord Coleraine. He was at one time the companion of the Prince of Wales, who it is said the Prince cut, from some gross allusions contained in a toast which he gave, and which the Prince thought was disrespectful to the royal family. The Prince, though atfable and courteous in his manner, had always dignity enough to resent impertinent familiarity ; and from that time, it is said, Lord Coleraine (then Major Hanger) never entered the doors of Carlton House. There are some men who pride themselves in speaking or writing what they think ; yet who are not always willing to allow the same indulgence for others. There may be some truth in the writer's charge against the train- ing grooms for their dishonesty and vulgarity ; yet the latter charge, his Lordship will, we believe, in the opinion of his readers, be not considered wholly exempt from. However, his knowledge of the Turf entitles him to be listened to, and his observations, though homely, may be considered as arising from experience ; which is always more to be de- depended on than speculative theories, how- ever ingeniously they may be written. He says : — " I shall touch but slightly on the method of training Horses at Newmarket ; for, if I were to enter into particulars, I might write a whole volume on the absurdities I have seen prac- ti.sed there. All Horses, generally speaking, are treated alike, unless they fortunately fall into the hands of some trainer (the number OF FARRIERY. 4i; of which are but few), who acts according to reason and commoa sense, and whose brains do not lie in his guts (pardon nie this vulgar expression,) and his guts lie in his head ; for they are fond of good living. " There is a certain cant term, and method of speaking, amongst these most ignorant fel- lows, which I ever despised, when I was on the turf. When a gentleman has matched his Horse at the Jockey Club, he tells his trainer what he has done, and asks his opinion on the match ; the trainer replies, ' I think your honour has got to windward of the flats,' or some such low vulgar and low-bred ig-no- rant expression ; — although this fellow knows that your Horse is so bad a racer, that, pro- vided he be matched (giving weight) against a common post-horse, he will be troubled to heat him. His interest is not whether you lose, or win, your match ; his interest is, to encourage vou to continue on the turf, and to persuade you, that your Horses are much better than they really are ; for, if he were honest enough to tell you, that, out of ten Horses you had in your stable, you had but one Horse which could be called a racer — then every man, who was not bigoted to his own obstinate folly and ignorance, would send every Horse in his stables to the hammer, ex- cepting that one Horse, to be sold for what they would be knocked down at. But this does not suit or agree with the trainer's in- terest. He lives by the sieve, and by the sieve only, together with the money you pay for the boy's board and lodging, who exercises your Horse ; and by this, and by this only, they accumulate, in time, good fortunes. " It is by the sieve, and by the sieve ma- terially, they make their fortunes. Every time they shake the sieve, to feed your Horses, it is to their profit. Generally speaking, they give one Horse as much exercise as the other, whether, from his nature, he carries more or less flesh. Can anything be so absurd, as to see all the young colts, coming three years old, brushing along, as it is termed, after the aged Horses, many of them carrying heavier lads, than the aged Horses? I am certain, that most of the delicate Horses, which, by nature, do not carry so much flesh as others, are overtrained and considerably weakened by being immoderately sweated. Every Horse should be sweated acording to his con- stitution, and the quantity of flesh he makes. I am certain, that nine in ten would run better provided they went gently for the last three or four days." Lord Coleraine was confederate on the Turf with his friend, Mr. Robert Pigott, when his celebrated Horse (Shark) was at his best ; Mr. Pisfott, trustina: the whole manag^ement of his stables to him. " I do not believe there ever was a better Horse than Mr. Robert Pigott's Shark, ex- ceptino; Eclipse, which was a very uncommon Horse. I will tell you what Shark could do, by which you may give a tolerably good guess whether you have nearly the best Horse of his year. Run five or six of your young colts together, one mile : if they all come in well together, you may be sure that not one of them is worthy to be kept in training, except- ing you have one amongst them, which is an uncommonly large sized colt, large limbed and loose made. It is possible that, when he comes to his strength, and fills up, he may turn out a good Horse. If you have one colt, which, in the trial, rims clear away from all the rest, you may expect that he will turn out a good runner. Take him, about a fortnigitt 5 N 418 THE MODERN SYSTExM ufter, run him with two of the others which ] He was wonderfully improved ; for, before I were the two first of those beaten ; for you turned him out, I ran him with Salopian, must not run him with the worst or last of the lot. Let him give them both twenty-one pounds. If he does not beat them cleverly, you have no right to expect that he is the best, or nearly the best Horse of his year. I will mention a wonderful trial, when Shark was coming six years old. He ran from the Ditch-in. I borrowed a mare, a good runner, of Mr. Vernon. I think her name was Ata- lanta, but I cannot mention her name for certain. I gave Mr. Vernon fifty guineas for the hire of her ; but, then, I agreed to have her for a fortnight before the race, in our stables, that he should not run her to death, by which I might have been deceived in the trial. I promised him to run her only once, from the Ditch-in, and, on the third day, again one mile only, and then to return her. John Oakley rode Shark, and Anthony Wheatly rode the trial mare. Shark gave all the other Horses, except the mare, twenty-one pounds. There were three others ; my Horse St. George, Salopian, and Jack of Hicton. The mare carried four pounds more than them ; consequently Shark gave her only seventeen pounds. As the mare and the rest of the Horses were coming down that small decli- vity just past the Furzes on the town side, Shark had beaten them full three hundred yards ; so much so, that I rode up to Oaklev and told him to pull .Shark up, and go in, in the centre of the group. St. George and the mare had a very severe race ; he just won it ; the other two were beaten three or four Icnfftlis. " St. George had been turned out in a pad- dock, at my own house, in Berkshire, for ten across the Flat, and Salopian beat him shamefully. Remember, every Horse, including the mare, was of the same age — six years old. Twenty- one pounds is the test of speed ; and this your colt must be able to give to one which is a tolerable good runner, and not to one which cannot run at all, or you have not the best, or nearly the best colt of the year. — So much for COMPARATIVE MERITS OF HORSES AND PONIES, A good judge of Horseflesh, who has paid considerable attention to this subject, speaks of the merits of the pony, which in point of economy we think well worthy the attentioa of our readers. He says : — " It is, and has for a long time been a fa- vourite opinion of mine, that a good pony is the best rough-and-ready hack in the world In a pony is contained within a small space what one might call the concentrated essence of strength and speed. " It is generally suppo.sed, and I am per- .suaded of the correctness of the supposition, that if you want to ruin a young Horse, your best plan is to starve him whilst he is yoimg. Every rule, however, has its exception, and the case of the Forest ponies is a most marked exception to this one. Starved in his early youth, the Forester, though small and stiintly in appearance, is endowed generally witii a more hardy constitution and more tiring en- durance than any other species of Horse in this country. Until he is three years old the Forest pony is scarcely looked after, and then he is taken up by his poor proprietor, exhibit- I months, and well fed with corn the whole time, i ing a shaggy coat, an immense pot-belly, ewe OF FARRIERY. 419 aeck, big head, and ragged mane and tail. To look at him in this stage of his career, you would suppose that a full-grown donkey was more than an equivalent as an exchange for the animal calling itself a horse, which pre- sents itself to your view. If his owner cannot sell hira immediately, he puts him into his cart, and is supported by a lock of hay at night. The poor animal becomes crippled by hard work put upon him in his fourth year, and is therefore consigned to the cart of the costermonger or travelling tinker, there to drag on in hunger and toil the existence which commenced in hardships and priva- tions. " But let us turn from this scene of woe, and suppose our pony born under a more aus- picious star. A gentleman sees hira when he is first caught, and as he flatters himself he is a bit of a judge, observes a good point or two; he has plenty of good feed to spare, and takes compassion upon the poor starve- ling's hard lot. After a summer and autumn of good living, with an improved appearance and a spice of the devil in his eye, the pony is in the winter driven into the straw-yard, and shares with the cows all the little comforts ol" a warm and sheltered shed by night, and a crib well filled with hay by day. During this time his master sees what an improvement has taken place in his nag, and in the spring gives orders for him to have a little taste of the saddle and bridle in the way of breaking in. Physicked, stabled, and clothed, the dust of four years is with no little difficulty ex- tracted from his jacket, and his natural colour is at length opened to the view. He is at last mounted by his master, who discovers that the ragged rascal bought by him out of charity is by no means unworthy of his pur- chase money : he congratulates himself upon his bargain ; and always supposing our gentle - man to be a light weight (about ten, but cer- tainly under eleven stone), he discovers, when his nag is five years old, and in good con- dition, that he is without any exception the best hack that he ever obtained at any price ; and moreover, that by means of good and generous keep, his personal appearance is so wonderfully altered and improved, that no one could have recognized in him the least desrree of likeness to the puny Forester, that was pur- chased at the edge of the common for the very sporting price of eight pounds ! ! ! " Such reader has been the case with me ; and I shall ever bless the hour when I rescued from the cart of the costermona:er, mv ffaliant little grey. Of course for hunting nothing but a full-sized Horse will do whatever be a man's weight ; but for coursing and hacking about, give me a good pony. Then again, their prime cost is not only infinitely less, but they can be kept in condition at a much less expence than a Horse : their constitutions are twenty times as hardy ; and if your stud con- sisted only of ponies, you would never be called upon to pay a farrier's little account. But the pony not only shines as a hack for the saddle ; in harness he is both useful and or- namental. According to my notions of good taste, there is no turn-out of any nature or kind so pretty as a pair of handsome ponies and a single-bodied wicker carriage. Perhaps I shall be told, in these economic days, that it will not do on account of the expence, as two Horses are dearer than one. That position is an erroneous one ; for it is by no means an easy task to meet with a good machiner fit for a four-wheel carriage, well-broke, sound, fresh, and handsome, for fifty pounds. 1 1'20 THE MODERN SYSTEM could undertake for that money to buy a pair j of ponies, young, handsome, and well-broken ; ; and I might almost add, harness into the bar- , gain. Then, as to the keep ; two ponies of, thirteen hands in height, can be kept well on ' the same food that is -equired by one large Horse in hard work. They will give an air j and style to a vehicle, which, with one Horse, would look i^habljy and common-place ; and, moreover, will do more work, and go with more ease to themselves (as Horses always will in company,) and therefore, of course, more pleasant to the driver. EXTKAORDINARY CASE OF STRANGLES. Mr. E. Hickman, V. S., of Shrewsbury, says that he was called to attend upon a valu- able entire Horse, called Herbert Lacy, in the posession ef Mr. Wicks, the stud-groom at the Shropshire kennels. The Horse was taken ill with the strangles about the 9th of May ; matter formed under the jaw, the abscess burst in the usual way, and the Horse appeared to be doing well. On the 16th there appeared a swelling on the left side of tlie neck, a little below the ear, and in a few days it arose to an alarming size. Mr. H. was then requested to see him. He or- dered the part to be well fomented and poul- ticed, but this did not produce suppuration. Mr. Hickman says : — " I was satisfied matter was forming, and recommended a blister to bring it to a surface, which proved of little service. Ai this period the Horse had great difficulty in breathing, from the pressure of the substance against the larynx; so much so that there was every appearance of suffoca- tion if immediate relief were not given, the animal appearing in the greatest agony. " From his value, and to guard against public censure, I requested that two other veterinary surgeons might attend, it being my intention to open the trachea as the only means to preserve life. These gentlemen were from home, and I requested Mr. William Clement, a most eminent surgeon, to attend, which he kindly agreed to do. It was con- sidered advisable to cut down upon the ab- scess, although we could not feel any thing like matter, which I did, but not until I had made two very deep incisions through about two inches of the integuments, when about a quart of matter escaped. The Horse then became more tranquil in his breathing, but not as I expected, instantly relieved. I con- tinued the fomentations and poulticing for a few days, when the wound became healthy, granulations began to form, and the breathing became regular. There was a great deal of thickening round the wound, which I reduced by the application of tincture of iodine and soap liniment. The Horse is perfectly re- covered, and is most certainly allowed to be one of the best thorough- bred Horses Shrop- shire has produced since old Sultan's time.'' OF FARRIERY. 42] CHAPTER X CHrFNEV'S REASONS ^VHY TURF HORSES DEGfiNEHATE, ETC., OBSERVATIONS ON THE TURF. ETC REASONS WHl' TURF HORSES DEGENERATE. ETC. The following remarks are most enlightened Rpcl practical, and merit the most profound attention from men of the turf, coming from f.he quarter they do. Chifney says . — I have said Horses change in their twice running. If a Horse is in perfect fitness for running, he immediately becomes exhausted, little or much , he must then change in his running. A Horse cannot keep his perfect fitness for running more than one race, till rested. I have seen one sweat between their twice runnmg change Horses for the worse astonishingly It is destruction to Horses to sweat them in the manner they are sweated at Newmarket, as the practice there is to sweat them once in six days, sometimes oftener , and between those days of sweating, it is usual for the Horse to go out twice a day, each time having; strona: exercise. In these sweating days the Horses are mostly covered with cioths, two or three times doubled, and go in their sweais six miles, more or less, and at times go tolerably fast. Directly the Horse pulls up, he is hurried into the stable, which is on the spot for that purpose. As sooc as he gets in, there is often more cloths thrown upon him, in addition to those he had oeen sweated in. This is done to make the Horse sweat the more, and he stands thus for a time, panting, before he is stripped for scraping . that with being thus worked, clothed, and stoved, it so affects him at times, that he keeps breaking out in fresh sweats, that it pours from him, when scraping, as if water had been thrown on him. Nature cannot bear this. The Horses must dwindle I think, in the first place, that the Horse has been too Ions: at this sort of work for his sinews ; then the clothing and stoving him forces his juices from him in such quantities, raiust destroy their spirits, strength, and speed ; and much clothing jades Horses. A Horse don't meet with this destruction when he runs, for then he is likely to be lighter in his carcase, lighter in his feet, having plates on, not shoes, which is wonderfully in favour of his sinews i and he is without clothes, and not stoved, ano his course in running is very seldom more than four miles ; therefore this difference in sweats- ing and ."^unnin:; is immense 5 o 422 THE MODERN SYSTEM When a Horse pulls up from his running, he has time given him to move gently in the air, and is usually scraped out upon the turf, and by these means the Horse perspires no more than !() THE MODERN SYSTEM parents to the '.vater-side, theie staking them down till the overwhelming tide swallows them up, is an awful preparation, and certainly rather appalling ; but a Horse, however saga- cious, is not, and cannot be made aware of what awaits him, but ends his life, at best one of toil and trouble, with a flash quicker than thought, and so devoid of pain or sensation, that if he falls vvith a leg distended there is not enough of life left to draw it up; or, if contracted, to stretch it out. WHITE LEGS. There is in England a general dislike to wiiite legs in Horses ; yet other countries may consider it a prejudice, if Horses of that de- scription are remarkable for enduring fatigue, and who are prized on account of their dura- bility and cleanness of limb. A writer who signs himself " Javelin, ' says : Turn to the banks of the Euphrates, to the decayed but once splendid seats of the Ca- liphs of the Black Banner, to the cradle of the Arabian Tales ; to the Queen of the East, Bagdad, the beloved capital of the Great Ha- roun al Reschid ; and there we have a breed of Horses uniting the fire of the Persian with the symmetry and enduring qualities of the Desert breed. Go further to the southward, cross the Great River, roam among the set- tled tribes who liave pitched their tents on the very verge of civilization, near unto the great cities, the dwellings of slaves, as they are not inaptly termed by the Bedouins, and you may lay your hand on the flowing Horses of the Montafique Arabs, all chesnut, with the .start- in;; prominent eye, like an ember glowing, " full of fire nnd full of bone," and all singu- larly and invariably stamped with the pecu- 'lar (listinciive marks of tlieir casie ; the white blazed face, and white legs (generally three) wliiie up to the knee, perhaps the ancestor.^ of the great Eclipse ; a chesnut also witri these remarkable marks, and which sometimes breaks forth in his most distinofuished des- cendants; to wit. Sultan of the pre.«ent day, and his son Beiram. The prejudice against white legs is strong; yet my experience, and it justifies me in the assertion, has proved that the chesnut Aral Horse with the white legs up to the knee is one of the hardiest, cleanest-limbed, fastest, and most honest of all the breeds ; none bear so much rattling. I speak net of one, but o many of this kind. Go along the shores of the Red Sea, and you shall see a breed of Horses, small, not fast, but lasting, feeding upon dates, and tiie ofl'al of Jis/i ! and eating it greedily too, and thriving upon it, carrying that perfect l)av- relled carcase too, one of the characteri.stics of the Arabian Horse. These are the Horses bred by the Zoasmee pirates, the tribes w/io subsist by piracy and fishing. TOURNAMENTS. When we read of tournaments and jousts, and tiltings at full speed, it goes down very well ; our imagination is excited by the con- templation of the stirring scene, and measur- ing the speed of their Horses by our own, we are lost in admiration at the desperate daring of the men, and the feats of activity that were performed by their steeds ; or, as they are flowery denominated " The noble chargers of blark, uliiie, or sorrel." No wonder the nags were tractable ; the weight thev had to carry was enough to tame them ; there was no room for play or vicious OF FARKIERY. 431 tricks : and he must have been a Horse of no common bone and sinew wlio conld throw up his heels under so overwhelming a burden. The charging pace must have been a slow, iieavy gallop, or canter ; and if we bring down things to that standard, there can have l>;en no great occasion for the excessive ad- dress and agility of the Knights. Their Horses were no doubt higlil y trained ; and at the pace they must have gone, the exactness of their lances aim must have been a feat much less worthy of admiration than that of " touching a fly off the near leader." \V"e are always glad to bring forward these speculations when people affect to groan about j What, what, what ! Chute ? Eh ! eh ! Chute ! the decay of chivalry ; for in our humble I believe I shall stop my Horse and take some opinion, the turf, and modern fox-hunting, are refreshment there. But are there pretty girls worth all the tournaments in the world! there? " Please your Majesty," with suffi- No one will deny that much better Horses } cient familiarity, " shall I go and see?" But are required ; the men are unincumbered, and : a loud " Tally-ho !" sounded at that moment sation with William Chute, of the Vine, the County Member, who could answer His Ma- jesty's inqulsitiveness as to persons, and names of places through which they had passed. When they came to a certain old manor-house which had some curious fragments of antiquity, the King exclaimed, " What is that, Mr. Chute! What, what, what !" Chiite smiled and hesitated. The King repeated his ques- tion : "Why, please your Majesty," said Chute, who was bluntnes.s itself, " that is a manor held of your Majesty by the tenure of finding your Majesty a concubine whenever you come this way !" The King exclaimed, every bit as good in other respects ; and as great skill and agility are as absolutely rc- cessary, both in man and horse, as were -equired in chivalric pursuits. These pursuits were all very well in their way, inasmuch as they brought to light, and polished highly that Cair jewel, Honour! and paved the way for the introduction of Civilization and the Arts ! said, "Very well, Chute; very well, ir,- i deed !" Chute himself related this story in ANECDOTE OF GEORGE THE THIRD. \ ^^ ^j^^ ^.^^^. ^^^. ^^^^^ ^ happened.— />«;« The King was hunting in the n(i\zhhouY-\Clurering'.s Aiito- Biography, in the M<'lroTio~ tunHi of Basin2:stoke, when he fell into conver- ' Ulan and all went off at a full burst. At the end of a famous run, the King again found himself by the side of Chute. " Ah ! Chute," re- plied the King, " where are we now ? " Please your Majesty," Chute replied, " we are 20 miles from the Master of the Concubines." The King burst out into a loud laugh, and Verv v32 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER XI. MEMOIR OF THE LATE EARL OF DERBY, FOUNDER OF THE DERBY AND OAKS AT EPSOM.— OBSERVATIONS ON THE TURF, ETC., 1 HIS venerable and highly, nay universally, respected and beloved Nobleman, who de- parted til is life at his seat Knovvsley Hall, near Prescot, Lancashire, on Tuesday, Octo- ber 21st, was not only one of the oldest sup- porters but one of the brightest ornaments of the British Turf. In early life he supported, with that style which Nobility was wont to do in olden times, a splendid stud of esteemed Horses, and continued the same steady and. ardent advocate of the sport to the close of life, having been an owner and patron of the national pastime for the unparalleled period of nearly sixty years. Fate ordained the venerated Earl to enter life on a sporting day, having been born on the 1st of September 1752; and he succeeded (o the title of Earl of Derby, on the demise of his grandsire the eleventh Earl, on the 24(l» of February 1776, consequently he was a Peer of the Realm 58 years. His Lordship, who was in youthful days a votary at the shrine of Beauty, was twice bound in "the hallowed! chain" of matrimony; his first con.sort being , r.lizabctli, the only (laughter of James the sixth Duke of Hamilton, by whom he had j prorhice (if i may be? the use of the Stud ! Biwili phrascj IjO d Stanley (now the Earl of Derby, and father of the late Secretary ol Ireland), Lady Charlotte Hornby, and Lady Elizabeth Henrietta Cole. The annals of Weatherby announce our revered Nobleman to have made his debut on the race-course in 1776, the year in which he attained his title ; and he was then, as he con- tinued through life (the emblem of his family moito — " sans changer"^, a considerable sup- porter of the Manchester, Lancaster, and other Meetings in that his own immediate neigh- bourhood ; and many succeeding years re- corded his name among the competitors at Preston, York, Knutsford, Ormskirk, Notting- ham, Chester, Liverpool, Warwick, Holywell, Derby, &c. &c. : but the grand theatre of his early sport was "The Emporium," New- market. Soon after he came on the Turf he became a Member of the Jockey Club. With him originated the two most eminent contests which our country boasts, both or which were christened in honour of our vene- rable Earl ; the Epsom Oaks and the Derby Stakes. I know not who might be the other sponsors to the urchins, but it is enough they have grown up a goodly brace of twins, wliich the patriarch lived, and I am sure was pleased and proud, to see attain maturity. OF FARRIERY. 433 The former was named the Oaks,.aft,er Earl Derby's seat in Surrey ; it was lirst contested for in 1779, and tlie Noble Earl had the proud gratification of first vvinning it with his mare Bridget, by King Herod out of Jemima by Snap, beating a Held of eleven. He also won the same stake with Hermione, by Sir Peter out of Paulina, in 1794. He purchased Annette, by Eclipse, of Mr. Vernon, after winning the Oaks in 1787, and had the mor- tification, if such it could be to him (which we much doubt), to have her beaten tiie fol- lowing day in a match with Lord Clermont's Bullfinch, 7st. 61b., a mile and a half, for 300gs. she carrying 8st. 61b. The Noble Earl very often started a filly f(>r t he Oaks ; and although he only succeed- ed in gaining the stake twice, he ran in second with Lady Teazle, Lady Jane, and Margaret, though he did not in that day, as now, gain 100 sovs. for so doing, the honour secondary being all the advantage. The year following the establishment of the Oaks, the Derby Stake was originated, and honoured with the title of our revered Peer. Fortune decreed that he should but once obtain that prize ; bnt then it was to be won with such a Horse, that had his noble owner never bred another but him, would have shed a wreath of honour round his brow that would (listinsiiish him for evermore ; no less than Sir Peter Teazle. Coeval with his appearance on the Turf, he established his own Stud Farm at Knowsley, which has durino- a lonsr .«eries of years boasted the possession of many valuable and esteemed mares. The noble Earl continued his powerful sup- port to the Newmarket meetings until the jcar 1796, during which period he produced miany valuable and greatly esteemed Horses. The splendour, however, of them all was Sir Peter Teazle, who made his first appearance in 1787 ; and after a victorious campaign, that spread far and wide the fame not only of him- self but his sire Highflyer, he was removed to the stud at Knowsley at the close of the year 1789, at the then high price often guineas and a half, and here as well as on the course, his excellence was in succeeding years made more and more manifest. It may be honestly as- serted, he proved himself the most valued sire of his day ; and tell me, ye who can, where is the breeder of any judgment in our own times who will not rejoice to see the Sir Peter cross in the pedigrees of all his stock ! During the year 1796, the noble Earl started nothing in public ; and at the commencement of the following year his noble Countess paid the debt of frail mortality. The second partner of the Earl of Derby, whom he married two years after, vvas tlje beautiful Miss Farren, the celebrated actress. To return to the turf history of the honoured Peer, we proceed to notice his racing career since the year 1797. He now almost entirely retired from running Horses at Newmarket, and henceforth the provincials in his own dis- trict met in him a very liberal and constant supporter, and, amongst many other places, to none more than the town of Preston. At the race meetings and coekiiigs in that place, the noble Earl for many successive years was a regular visitant, possessed a fine large mansion in the centre of the town, in which he always resided at these periods, and contributed very considerably, by his presence and beneficence, to the welfare and advantage of the inhabitants, until, in an unfortunate and deeply deplored (by the good folk of Preston) period of mad 5 R 434 THE MODERN SYSTEM party raire, the pot-walloping constituents voted for Mr. Hunt, and rejected the grand- son of their liberal benefactor. Earl Derbv, after the wound of such ingra- titudc, could not visit again the scenes of his former solicitude and attention : since then, the magnificent mansion has been shut up and unoccupied ; the race meetings have died away, the cockings have ceased. It may be asserted with great truth, that the Earl of Derby throughout his long life secured to himself a very highly influential position on the turf. The proud and elevated rank to which the Derby and Oaks Stakes both have attained, proclaim the fact ; and the decline of Preston when the briarht beams of his countenance and support were with- drawn has shewn the value and advantase of his patronage — his fostering care and solici- tude : and while in early life he had raised up two imoortant and ever interesting Stakes in the South, which annually demand the attention of the sporting spirits of the whole nation, in the autumn or rather winter of his fla\s he has left ns another noble monument of his production and attachment in the north, wliich contributes in an equal degree to the advancement and interest of our sports ; that is, the Liverpool and Aintree meeting, which was produced through his individual proposi- tion, aided by his support, and annually honoured by his personal attendance. Wherever he went, all, whether nobly born or lowly bred, met his presence with the feelings of reverence and love. Scarcely a father's presence amid his children and his home inspired more pleasure than the sight of the Knowslcy equipage at the annual festive scenes of the Lancastrians, and the neigh- bouring counties So far have we viewed his sporting cha- racter as a supporter of the turf; but it was not only in the race that his sporting soul found delight : he was without question the most celebrated cocker of either ancient or modern days, and in this light we may say never had his equal, and during his life has fought more mains, and very generally suc- cessfully, than any person ever known. His birds, to which he was extremely partial, were by judicious breeding brought to the finest possible perfection ; and nothing inspired the noble Lord with more pleasure and gratifica- tion than the English game cock ; indeed, many favourites have at times gained admit- tance to his presence even in the splendid drawing-room at Knowsley. The first feeder that the Earl of Derby employed, and which is now a very long time ago, was Beesley : he was succeeded by Potter the elder ; at whose death, his son, the present Potter, attained the post, which he has held to the present time. The extreme age of the venerable Peer would of course make the tidings of his disso- lution a subject of little surprise ; but the event will, with the true-bred turfman, and numberless others, call forth the expressions of heartfelt regret, to lose so great an ornament and so powerful a supporter of the British turf. The remains of the late Earl were interred in the family vault at Ormskirk, Lancashire, on Sunday the 2d of November, 18^4, and the ceremony was attended by an immense num- ber of spectators, many of whom went in carriages from Liverpool (in which place the Earl was very greatly esteemed) to witness it, and to pay their Itst tribute of respect to his memory. OF FARRIERY, 436 TJJE LATE JOHN MVTTON, ESQ., OF HALSTON. The gentleman vviiom we are now coin"- to give some account of, differs very materially fi'ora those noblemen (Fitzvvilliam and Derby,) whose turf history we have just given. They may ha\ e been considered fathers of the turf, having been engaged on it for a period which almost doubles even the whole life time of J. Mytton, of Hal -ton. The present subject of our memoir had an enthusiastic attachment to the turf, and to the sports of the field, which had it been moderated by the example of the above-named noblemen, we might have had the more pleasing task of speaking of his living performances, than the melancholy one which now devolves upon us. It would be useless to deny, that, to use no harsher terms, his thoughtlessness and extravagance must have hastened his dissolution. It would be in- justice to his memory not to suppose that the degradation in beina; forced to leave his own mansion, and by involving the dearest con- nections in his ruin, must not have had an effect upon his health. The life of Mytton is an example, that should teach us that the most unbounded wealth may be exhausted ; and that self-government is as requisite for happiness to men with wealth, as it is to those without it. There is a moral in it, which may teach the poorer to be satisfied, because they may feel that wealth may not always pro- duce comfort, and in too many instances may lie the cause of irresistible temptation. It is with melancholy feeling and regret for the deceased that we have made the abo\e ob- servations. The fdilowinsr announcement of his death is taken from one of the Shrewsbury papers : — On Saturday the 29th of iMarch (1834,) in the King's Bench, London, aged 38, Joim Mytton, Esq., of Halston, in this county. Thig gentleman inherited large estates in Shrop- shire and Merionethshire, had been Ilioh Sheriff for both counties, and M.P. for this town. His great munificence and eccentric gaieties obtained him notoriety in the gay and sporting circles both in England and on the continent; and, while a few faithful friends were esteemed to the last, and who remem- bered kindnesses, we fear there are many partakers of his bounty who have treated him with ingratitude.'' We are indebted chiefly to correspondents in the Sporting 31agazine for these remarks. The subject of this memoir was an only son and a posthumous child. Born with splendid prospects, nursed in the lap of luxury and un- bounded indulgence, the idol of a dealing mother — is it a marvel that his career should be erratic and extravagant, whose infancy was never subjected to restraint ? His education was confined to Westminster, as he never graduated. There is a charac- teristic anecdote told of him when he was at that school ; being a ward of Chancery, he wrote to Lord Eldon, telling him that as he was about to be married, he could not live upon his income. His allowance was said to be 400/. a year, and he was only fourteen years of age when he made this application. The Lord Chaiiceilor's answer was laconic, and to the purpose: " Sir; If you can't live on your allowance, you may starve ; and if you marry, I'll commit you to prison !" Soon after leaving Westminster he entered the Seventh Huss:irs, and was with that regi- ment during the time it formed part of the Army of Occupation in France. He u.scd to speak of those days with rapture. 436 THi: MODERN SYSTEM It was about this time that it was is aid he lost ten thousand pounds in a match at bil- Hards, at Calais. A writer in speaking of Halston, says : " It is in good truth the very beau ideal of a sportsman. All that Nature can do, all that Art, aided by the best taste and the most lavish hand, might achieve, is here in the prodigality of profusion. This noble residence is situate in the county of Salop, two miles from Oswestry, and about six from Ellesmere. While the far western horizon is occupied by the chain of lofty Montgomeryshire moun- tains, to the north and east the bold Denbigh- shire hills, waving with the noble woods of Chirk Castle, give it their shelter. In front to the south expands its own ample domains, rich as Tempe ; and beyond again is seen that truly English landscape— ' Ths village church that crowns the distant hill ;' the substantial farr«-house, with its well- stocked inclosures, and its belt of fruit-trees ; the humble dwelling of the cottager, trellissed with roses and jessamine ; and the bright water that leaps and sparkles in the sun- beam, which woes its freshness. Oh ! the memory of tiiat sylvan paradise, and the liappy, happy days that I have passed within .t." In the year 1817, this meteor of the turf commenced his operations with three Horses. In 1819 we find him with eight; in 1822 he had fourteen in training ; and in the close of that year twenty-one ! On being asked by a friend in what year his turf expcnces had been the greatest? the reply was, " I think it was the year I raced Jjongwaist ; aye, it was : I sy^cnt seventy thou- sand pounih that year!" That was iu 1826. Still it is supposed by some, that in 182';) he was in the zenith of his glory as a master of race-horses. With such Horses as Habber- ley, Euphrates, and about a dozen like them, Mytton was certainly considered to stand first among the provincials. Notwithstanding the enormous sums which he expended on his turf establishment, he was never winner of anv of the great stakes. In the year 1824, he had a brown colt in the Leger, Oswestry, who was we believe sixth, and that was his nearest attempt. Birming- ham, the conqueror of Priam, and the victor in the great race in 1830, was bred for him, but fell into other hands. Taken all together, perhaps little Banker, bought of Mr. Lech- mere Charlton, was his favourite. Mytton was far from particular in nursing his Horses. He used to ride Euphrates with greyhounds when in training. Euphrates won thirtv-eioht times. Before taking; leave of Euphrates, we cannot help noticing that this prime son of Quiz won the Darlington Cup at Wolverhampton, in his thirteenth year ! He could not be got to rini straight till after he was castrated ; but after that operation an infant might have rode him all his races, and steered him with a silken thread. Halston, a son of Banker, was an extra- ordinary good Horse. His style of winning the great cup at the Liverpool meeting in the year 1831, was a proof of this; but he wa* *not kept to be looked at. If ever anything on four legs did more to earn his corn, we know nothing of horse-flesh ; he was eternally kept going. This was Mytton's great misfortune ; like the boy and the golden egg, he was never satisfied. Halston, Iledgford, and all liis Horses were running in 1831, and subse- quently in the name of Beardsworth. In this OF FARRIERY. 437 year Mytton had ceased virtually to belong to though in apparent great distress, surrounded the turf. A companion and friend of Mytton ob- serves— " Mr. Mytton's habits, once fixed, may be easily supposed to have undergone no change of material consequence ; but as he grew daily older, the expansion, I might say the philanthropy, of his noble heart grew also daily greater, and his hospitality and kindness to all around him must have been experienced to be described. Surely never, in this most selfish world, vvas there an individual less selfish, or one who, whilst wrapt up in the pursuit of his own pleasures, could be more eager to contribute to the participation in them of others amongst his associates ! His purse, his house, his stables, and his* kennels (to say nothing' of the weiajhty benefits conferred by his powerful interest and recommendation on many and many an individual, who, if grati- tude be not altogether banished from the earth, must long most gratefully revere his memory) — all, all were open to the demands of his acquaintances." A gentleman who had been hunting with him, relates an anecdote or two, which shews that Mytton's heart was not dead to the mis- fortunes of others. " One incident in our progress town-wards f cannot refrain from putting on paper, inas- much as it shews this extraordinary man in a light in which few have chosen to view him, and speaks forcibly of his sympathy with dis- tress, even in some of his wildest and mo.st unaccountable moments. We had pulled up to hay and water both bipeds and quadrupeds at the Telegraph on Brixton-hill, and before the door of the public-house there was sitting a woman, evidently not a common beggar, by a group of little shirtless and shoeless wretches, the sight of whom before a word vvas spoken, made an appeal to Mytton's feel- ings. Causing the v;oman to come up to the carriage, and changing his tone from the boisterously mirthful key in which he had been convulsing us by his anecdotes, &c., &c., into one of deep and even respectful sympathy, he drew from her in a few sentences her tale of misfortune ; and, as he literally had not one farthing remaining in his own pocket, borrowed a sovereign from me, and made me present it to her on the spot ! Tell me that this ship- wrecked man had not a heart ? Why, what do I happen to know that he offered only a few days after this very occurrence to ao acquaintance, not a friend, but simply an acquaintance, then under a cloud ? He had himself just raised ten thousand pounds ou mortgage (this I know, for my own solicitor raised it for him), and hearing that the indi- vidual alluded to was most hardly pushed for five hundred, the want of which might ope- rate most prejudicially on his future prospects, he went nt once to him with the bank notes in his hand, and would have left them with him to be repaid at any time, with or even without the simple security of an I O U, or a note of hand, had not his noble interference been rendered imnecessary by a relation of tUe party having anticipated him. Nor is this at all a sinirular anecdote of his career : and could every act of generosity performed by John Mytton be put on paper, the record would form a volume, of which the dimensions would astoni.-h this censorious and calumniat- ing world. '• The closinu: scene of the first day of my personal acquaintance with this intrepid 5 s 4'.^ THE MODiiRN SYSTEM sportsman consisted of an excellent and jovial a dinner as eight fellows ever sat down to in their lives, but one also, on which I confess I cannot look back without the strongest sensa- tions of emotion, and even distress. To think that in the brief space of seven short years, one individua'i, and one only, of that merry conclave should be left, over whom either ' the gardener of the gravestone' had not per- formed liis office, or whom the black ox of fallen fortunes had not visited with his rude assaults, is indeed a reflection that must sober the most mirthful ! Yet even thus is it with regard to the party of that memorable even- ing. Poor Mytton himself, and Ralph Ben- son of Liitwyche, dead and gone ! Jack Tarleton of Collingwood, Matt Steward of Lockridge, John Longden of Ashbourne, Jamie Henderson, the ally of Theodore Hook, tlie penner of this paragraph, all dispersed before the pitiless pelting of the storm, some ;ato exile, and all, at least in discomfort ! there remains but the eighth, (My Lord of Birmingham) as Beardsworth was then jo- cosely designated, on whom the sunbeams have not ceased to shine !" In the spring of 1831 family affairs caused him to leave Halston, and in the autumn of that year all the stock, furniture, pictures, plate, every thing in that place of splendid hospitality and matchless comfort, came to the hammer ! For nearly three vears preceding his death, he was " A svaiidertT from his own good hall !" We now come to the melancholy end of John Mytton, of Halston. Our readers will rocollcct where his death took place One of iiis friends says — '* Drear and desolate as that end was, still was it not without its consolation ; one wncf e affection 1 thought could have known no in- crease, till sorrow and suffering had drawn him still closer to her jieart ; she, the fond, the doting mother, was there, his ' minister- ing angel !' The hands which had rocked his cradle, spread and smoothed his dying couch ! The eyes which had beamed vvith the radiance of hope on the bright promise of his youth, shed their dews of agony upon his blighted manhood, in prison ! and in death !" The funeral of Mr. Mytton took place at Halston on the 9th of April, and as the caval- cade passed through Shrewsbury, many of the shops were closed, and crowds assembled to take a last look on his bier, and pay the hom- age of a sigh to the memory of John Mytton ! THE BOURRA. TURN OUT IN THE PENINSULA. There is scarcely any scene more exciting, or occupies so much individual energy as in the baggage department of an army on its march. Jt would indeed be an excellent cure for those who have been so indulged by lux- ury and fashion, as to have created that dis- ease which goes under the name of a nervous malady. To be actually engaged in the tur- moil of a ba2:gao;e route would do more for the health of such a patient, than the pre- scriptions of the most eminent physicians. It is a spirit-stirring scene ; every one engaged in it has enough to do to take care of himself, and still there are scenes enough so comic as to excite frequently irresistible bursts of laughter. Such a scene can hardly be de- scribed, and one wonders and pities to see how many of the gentler sex are doomed to unutterable privations in following the fate of thtir husbands. Still in the midst of this OF FARRIERY. 4f}9 dii?tress, you are not left long to sympathise with misfortune ; something so grotesque, so tag-rag and bob-tailish, meets the eye at every turn ; something in the shape of a bit of blanket, an old tin saucepan, an old washing- tub, the bottom of which, in its turn, serves the laiMidress for her ironing-board. The un- skilled in bivouacking would see with surprise so much care taken with so much rubbish. Then we have sometimes a more pleasing occupation in beholding the happy counte- nances of children, pleased with the bustle surrounding the baggage- waggon. We have witnessed some little children placed over a donkey's back, slung in a sort of box, with their happy little faces peeping out, the box beins: turned as the wind might shift, to pro- tect them from the weather. The following is a correct and humour- ous description of a bao;gage-march in the Peninsula : — " Devil another yard he'll stir, your Ho- nour," said Pat Rooney over the prostrate body of a jaded worn-out bourra ; " that march yesterday did his business!" We had marched the day previous from Campo Maior, bivouacking at the foot of the jrlacis of Badajos, and were then preparing for a march to the little town of Puebla, dis- tant about .seven leagues. The batman ( Kooney) was thus addressing his master, the miserable dotikov hins^ at full lensfth, its owner contemplating with dejected looks the loo probable wreck of all his comforts. " It is useless talking, Rooney ! the poor devil is certainly nearly done up : .still on he must go to-day : therefore he must be put on his legs in some way ; the division is already Jiirmed, and it is quite impossible to procure another animal this morning." Vos-me-say (the donkey's name) was an old acquaintance: he had long oeen an attache to the corps, and had followed our fortunes from the gloomy period of Torres Vedras lines to the brighter days of Rodrigo and Badajos : his master was an old friend and brother sportsman, so with the assistance of two or three other batmen, the poor old fellow was placed on all fours. The march- from Puebla to Badajos is through a deep, flat, sandy country, and seven long leagues : very faint hopes were enter- tained of Vos-me-say seeing the little town that day ; however, an effort must be made, and he was shortly loaded. Ail the old Peninsular men remember the pleasures of a baggage-guard ! Some tried to evade it, others to exchange it for a more agreeable duty ; all were rejoiced at its ter- mination. The whole scene till the baggage was formed was confusion confounded ; from the groom of the General's led horses to the chere amie mounted en cavalier, all were in a jabber ; donkeys, horses, and mules were thrashed and thumped, with accompaniments in all the languages of Europe ; hallooing, arreeing, and pounding; once witnessed, it could never be forgotten. I have stated before my friend was a sports- man, and certainly his baggage shewed pretty clearly it could belong to none other : across Vos-me-say were slung a pair of panniers, covered with a bullock's hide, one of which contained provender for the human system, and the few requi.Mlesof a soldier's batlerie ile cuisine; its fellow, linen, &c. On one of these was placed a gun-case, fishing-rod, and basket ; on the other a small tent, iron camp- kettle, and at its side hunsj a dead hare ; in the centre a sack, surmounted liv a roumt 410 THE MODERN SYSTEM wicker basket, out of which peered the liead of a young wolf from the neiglibourhood of Quadres-ayes in Portugal ; tour still you«ger whelps, its companions, keeping a continued whine as some variation to the external me- lody ; the mother, an old pointer bitch, listen- ino- and contemplating with much anxiety from time to time the proceedings in the basket. Attached to a ring at the hign peak of the pack-saddle were a greyhound and a setter, Pat Rooney bringing up the rear with a wire-haired terrier. It was a hot sultry day ; between Badajos and Puebla there is nothing like a tree or shrub to interrupt the rays of the sun ; as far as the eye can stretch, the whole country ap- pears to be a continued succession of corn fields. At starting the bourra crouched and slunk till his very belly touched " our mother earth ;■' however, by dint of perseverance, the batmen contrived to place him fairly on the road. Notwithstanding the poor beast ap- peared but i« a very sorry mood, ee n'est que III premiere pas qui coute : so pricking up his ears and shaking his head, he paced forward with the other animals : his attendant struck a few sparks to .some fungus in the pan of his musket, lit his pipe, and put aside the twitch- ing stick with which the hind-quarters of Vos-me-say were usually belaboured, and for some leagues they thus slowly, but happily jogged on. Our own feelings required little to assure us it was a distressing marcn to the division in front: numerous stragglers lined the way, weary and weakened by sickness or indifferent fare ; some still struggled on after their corps, others sunk exhausted by the road-side ; many of the best of the baggage-animals fell \i<>m the oppressive heat or want of water ; but amidst the confusion, to the astonish.>nent of all, Vos-me-say kept his pace. A few hours after mid-day we arrived at Puebla ; there were many anxious lookers- out for the baggages. On entering the little town from the Badajos side to the left of the church there was, and perhaps is now, a small posada or inn ; opposite its door-way Vos-me-say drew up, and came to a deatl stand-still. The batmen pulled before and pushed behind ; Pat Rooney arreed, thrashed, and poimded w ith his twitching stick ; it was to no purpose ; Vos-me-say had planted his feet firmly on the ground, and every effort to move him proved ineffectual. At length not relishing probably the treatmeflt he had un- dergone, he set up a loud roar that made the tympanum of every ear crack, and presently appeared at the portal one well acquainted with the voice — " Carracco ! cietito mille demonios ! Viego ! que quieres tu ? por amor de Dios f (For the love of God, thou old devil, what dost thou want? art thou again at thy old home?); and in a few minutes he was surrounded by mine hostess and her tribe, crossing themselves amidst Paternosters and ejaculations at his unlooked-for appear- ance. Vos-me-say in name was Portuguese, by birth a Spaniard, and Puebla his native place ; he had recoonized the road between the two towns, his ancient avocation having been the conveyance of tomatos, cibolis, and pumpkins to Badajos. The French had extended the conscription laws to animals in Spain, and Vos-me-say had fallen under their ordeal. On ihe retreat from l*ortngaI he became a follower of the red coats. Jt is hardly neces- sary to state that Vos-me-say was rehtored lo his old master. OF FARRIKRY, 44; CHAPTER XII. THE HUNTEK AND HACKNEY— RIDING IN THE FIELD.— OBSEKVA- TIONS ON THE CHASE, ETC. THE HUNTER. The English hunter is generally a Horse between fifteen and sixteen hands in height, from the half-bred to the thoroua-h-bred speries i and ought to be of a lofty forehand, and shoulder well formed for action, with wide and substantial loins, moderately short legs and pasterns, and sound feet. The fasliion of riding full-bred and speedy Horses, so prevalent of late years, was equally preva- lent in the beginning, indeed original in the | system. But this chiefly takes place in light I land counties. Upon strong and heavy soils, a powerfid well-shaped half-bred Horse may perform satisfactorily, and make a good figure ; but upon light lands and downs, the speed and rate of the high-bred courser are too much above his powers, and he cannot long hold way in such superior company. On a general consideration, the three part or seven-eiglith bred Horse is best adapted to the purpose of huntin;;, since, at the same time, acknowledg- ing the superiority of the tliorough-bred Horse, it is so extremely difficult to obtain Jiira of that make and form, which shall suffi- ciently constitute strength with speed, as to adapt him for the purposes of hunting. Hunting is obviously one of the most severe j labours of the Horse, yet one that is so [ generally attractive to him, that there are well authenticated anecdotes of old hunters inspired : by the music of their fellow-sportsmen the j hounds, breaking pasture over the most dan gerous fences, following the chase, and coming first in at the death. The joints of a Horse cannot be sufficiently fixed until six years old, to go through with safety a season's hunting ; although at five he should be cautiously and moderately used in the field. His education consists chiefly in being taught to leap the bar, standing, since generally, all Horses will take a flying leap, in some form or other. The practice of the leaping bar furzed around, is well known ; but some grooms are too harsh and hasty with the young Horse, whence many of irritable tempers can never be afterwards made staunch ieapers. The first property of a good hunter is, tliiit he should be light iu hand. Eor this purpose his head must be small ; his neck thin ; and 5 T 442 THE MODERN SYSTEM especially thin beneath ; his crest firm and arched, and his jaws wide. The head will then be well set on. It will form that angle with the neck, which gives a light and plea- sant mouth. The forehand should be loftier than that of the racer. A turf Horse may be forgiven if his hind quarters rise an inch or two above his fore ones. His principal power is wanted from behind, and the very lowness of the forehand may throw more weight in front, and cause the whole machine to be more easily and speedily moved. A lofty forehand, how- ever, is indispensable in the hunter ; the shoulder as extensive as in the racer ; as oblique and somewhat thicker ; the saddle ^vill then be in its proper place, and will con- tinue so, however long may be the run. The barrel should be rounder to give greater Toorn for the heart and lungs to play, and send more and purer blood to the larger frame of this Horse ; and especially more room to play when the run may continue unchecked for a (ime that begins to be distressing. A broad chest is an excellence in the hunter. In the \ iolent and long continued exertion of the chase, the respiration is exceedingly quickened, and al)\indantiy more blond is hurried through the lungs in a given time than when the animal is at rest. There must be sufficient room for this, or the Horse will be blown, and pi)s.sil>ly destroyed. The majority of the ! lorscs that perish in the field are narrow 'liested. The foot of the hunter is a most material point. It is of consequence in the racer, yet it is a notorious fact, that many of our best thorough-bred Horses have had very indiffer- onl feet. The narrow contracted foot is the curse of much of (he racing blood The work of the racer, however, is all performed on the turf, and his bad feet may scarcely in- commode him ; but the foot of the hunter is battered over many a flinty ro.id and stony field, and if not particularly good, will soon be disabled and ruined. The position of the feet requires some attention in the hunter. They should if pos- sible stand straight. If they turn a little out- ward there is no serious objection ; but if they turn inward his action cannot be safe particularly when he is fatigued or over- weighted. The body should be short and compact, compared with that of the race-horse, that he may not in his gallop take too extended a stride. This would be a serious disadvantage in a long day and with a heavy rider, from the stress on the pasterns ; and more serious when going over clayey poached ground, during the winter months. The compact short-strided Horse will almost skim the sur- face, while the feet of the longer-reached animal will sink deep, and he will wear him- self out by efforts to disengage himself Training the hunter is a simple process, all that is required being to bring him into good wind, without, at the same time, reducing him too low in flesh, or injuring his sinews ; since, on a long chase, more especially over a heavy country, a Horse needs the aid of his full bodily strength, and of his unimpaired tendinous and muscular powers. It is ex- tremely dangerous to ride a Horse over the country, which is weak in his joints, or has the common hurt in his back sinews ; but the danger is tenfold, in taking a flying leap upon such a Horse, where the opposite descent is considerable, and the stress upon his lower limbs in his landing, with a heavy weight OF FARRIERY. 443 upon Ins back, must be excess! v^e. Training must commence with two or three doses of physic, should the Horse be gross, and not have been previously trained. A young Horse, in his first training, will require most work ; but it is an error of the surest side, rather to under-do this business, than exceed, because, if a Horse come into the field rather under- worked, being full of good meat and heart, the easy remedy is to favour and ride him carefully the first week or two, but should youf training groom set you upon a Horse harassed and weakened by too much exer- cise, he will get worse as the season advances, and perhaps be totally ruined by the end ; exclusive of the probable disgrace of failing you in a long and important day. Old hunters from spring grass, which they ever ought to enjoy, can scarcely be trained too lightly ; the true test is, that their wind in its course be free and unembarrassed ; to that point, how- ever, their exercise must at any rate extend. The lighter the Horse's clothing the better, in view of the heats and colds he must neces- sarily undergo in the chase. An early morn- ing's gallop, at a good steady stride, but not speedy, of a mile or two, with a canter after water in the afternoon, is sufficient for the hunter, and two months ought to bring him into good condition. A young Horse may have, once a week, a tolerably sharp rally for one or two miles, a method which should never be practised with a seasoned hunter, to which, indeed, walking exercise may be often snlistituted for the gallop. Some think that even the simple process now described is not necessary, and that Horses that are taken up and worked in the day, and with a feed or two of corn, and turned out at night, with an open stable or shed to run into if they please, are as active, healtliv, and enduring, as those who are most carefully trained, and confined to the stable during the hunting season. Many a farmer has boasterl that he can beat the most numerous and the best-appointed field, and that his Horse never wants wind, and rarely tires. It is true that the farmer may enjoy a good day's sport on the Horse that carries him to market, or possibly, occasionally performs more menial drudgery ; but the frothy lather with which such a Horse is covered in the early part of the day evinces undeniable inferiority. There is, however, one point on which the untrained Horse has the advantage. Ac- customed to all weathers, he rarely suffers, when, after a sharp burst, there comes a sudden check, and the pampered and shiver- ino- stabled Horse is exposed with him for a considerable time to a piercing north-easter. The one cares nothing about it ; the other may carry home the seeds of dangerous dis- ease. The hunter may be fairly ridden twice, or, if not with any very hard days, three times in the week ; but, after a thoroughly hard day, and evident distress, three or four days' rest should be allowed. They who are merciful to their Horses, allow about thirty days work in the course of the season ; with gentle ex- ercise on each of the intermediate days, and particularly a sweat on the day before hunting. There is an account, however, of one Horse who followed the fox- hounds seventy-five times in one season. This feat has never been exceeded. We have before said the Horse fully shares in the enthusiasm of his rider. It is beautiful to watch the old hunter, who, after m;my a winters' hard work, is turned into the park to 444 THE MODERN SYSTEM enjoy himself for life. His attitude and liis countenance when, perchance, he hears the distant cry of the dogs, are a study for the contemplation of the artist. A Horse that had, a short time before, been severely fired on tliree legs, and was placed in a loose box, with the door, four feet high, closed, and an aperture over it little more than three feet square, and standing himself nearly sixteen hands, and master of fifteen stone, hearing the cheering of the huntsman and the ci-y of the dogs at no great distance, sprung through the aperture without leaving a single mark on the bottom, the top, or the sides. Then, if the Horse be thus ready to exert himself for our pleasure — and pleasure alone is liere the object — it is indefensible and brutal to urge him beyond his own natural ardour, 80 severely as we sometimes do, and even until nature is quite exhausted. We do not often hear of a " hard day," without being likewise informed, that one or more Horses either died in the field, or scarcely reached home before they expired. Some have been thoughtless and cruel enough to kill two Horses in one day. One of the severest chases on record was by the King's stag-hounds. There was an uninterrupted burst of four hours and twenty minutes. One Horse dro[)ped dead in the field ; another died be fore he could reach the stable ; and seven more within a week afterwards. It is very conceivable, and does sometimes happen, that, entering as fully as his master into the sports of the day, the Horse disdains to yield to fatigue, and voluntarily presses on, until nature is exhausted, and he falls and dies; but, much oftener, the poor animal has, iutelligil)ly enough, hinted his distress ; un- v\illiiig to give in, yet painfully and faulter- ingly holding on. The merciless rider, rather than give up one hour's enjoyment, tortures him with whip and spur, until he drops anu expires. Although the hunter may be unwilling to relinquish the chase, he who " is merciful to his beast" will soon recognize the symptoms of excessive and dangerous distress. To the drooping pace and staggering gait, and heav- ing flank, and heavy bearing on hand, will be added a very peculiar noise. The inex- perienced person will fancy it to be the beating of the heart ; but that has almost ceased to beat, and the lunsfs are becoming gorged with blood. It is the convulsive motion of the muscles of the belly, called into violent action to assist in the now laborious office of breathing. In this dangerous situation, life almost quivering at the Horse's nostrils, a celebrated writer in the work published by the Society of Universal Knowledge, entitled the " Horse/ says — Let the rider instantly dismount. If he has a lancet, and skill to use it, let him take away five or six quarts of blood; or if he has no lancet, let liim cut the burs with his pocket knife as deeply as he can. The lungs may be thus relieved, and the Horse may be able to crawl home. Then, or before, if possible, let some powerful cordial be administered. Cor- dials are, generally speaking, the disgrace and bane of the stable; but here, and almost here alone, they are truly valuable. They may rouse the exhausted powers of nature ; they may prevent what the medical man would call the re-action of inflammation ; although they are the veriest poison whon inflammation has commenced. A favourite hunter fell after a long burst. OF FARRIERY. 415 auil lay stretched out, convulsed, and appa- rently dying. His master procured a bottle ot'ffood sherry from the house of aneishbour- ing friend, and poured it down the animal's throat. The Hor.se immediately began to revive ; soon after got up, and walked home, and gradually recovered. The sportsman may not always be able to get this, but he may obtain a cordial-ball from the nearest farrier, or he may beg a little ginger from some good JTOUse-vvife, and mix it vvith warm ale, or he may give the ale alone, or strengthened with a little rum or gin. When he gets home, or it he stops at the first stable he 6nds, let the Horse be put into the coolest place, and then well clothed and diligently rubbed about the legs and belly. The practice of putting the aiiiraal, thus distressed, into " a comfortable warm stable," and excluding every breath of iiir, has destroyed many valuable Horses. We are now describing tlie very earliest treatment to be adopted, and before it may be possible to call in an experienced practi- tioner. This stimulating plan would be fatal twelve hours afterwards. It will, however, be the wisest course, to commit the animal, the first moment it is practicable, to the care of the veterinary surgeon, if such there be in the neighbourhood, in whom confidence can be placed. The labours and the pleasures of the hunt- insT season being passed, the farmer makes little, or no difference in the management of his untrained Horse ; but the wealthier sports- man is somewhat at a loss what to do with his. It used to be thought, that when the animal had so long contributed, sometimes voluntarily, and sometimes with a little com- pulsion, to the enjoyment of his owner, he ought, for a few months, to be permitted to seek his own amusement, in his own way, and he was turned out for a summer's run at grass. Some few years ago a long controversy took place in the Sporti7ig Magazine on the merits of summering the Hunter. Two celebrated writers were engaged in it; one under the signature of Nimrod, who recommended sum- mering the Hiinter in the stable ; the oppo- nent to this measure was the Veteran John Lawrence, who advocated the summerino- of the Hunter in the field as the best means of renovating him, and restoring him to his pristine vigour. The experience of Nimrod in horseflesh, and the influence which his writings generally possess, may have influenced some to have adopted his opinions on this subject, we do not doubt, and we refer our readers to the " Sporting Magazine" for 1822, &c., who may there see and judge for themselves. This con- troversy was carried on in no very measured or complimentary terms. The practice, however, of turning out the Hunter seems to us so natural as well as beneficial to the animal, that we feel surprised that a dispute upon such a nature could have arisen. The following remarks upon this subject seem so judicious, that we cannot with- hold tliera from our readers. They proceed from the same writer in the " Horse," to whom we have before alluded : — Fashion, which now governs everything, and now and then cruelly and absurdly, has exercised her tyranny over this poor quadru- ped. His field, where he could wander and gambol as he liked, is changed to a loose box, and the liberty in which he so evidently ex- ulted, to an hour's walking exercise daily. 5 u 4ld THE MODERN SYSTEM He is allowed vetches, or grass occasionally, but from his box he stirs not, except for his (lull morning's round, until he is taken into training for the next winter's business. In this, however, as in most other things, there is a medium. There are few Horses who have not materially suffered in their legs and feet, before the close of the hunting season. There is nothing so refreshing to their feet as the damp coolness of the grass into which they are turned in May ; and nothing so calculated to remove every enlarge- ment and sprain, as the gentle exercise which the animal voluntarily takes while his legs are exposed to the cooling process of evaporation, which is taking place from the herbage he tieads. The experience of ages has shewn, that it is suDerior to all the embrocations and bandages of the most skilful veterinarian. It is the renovating process of nature, where the art of man fails. The spring grass is the best physic that can possibly be administered to the Horse. To a degree, which no artificial aperient or diuretic can attain, it carries off every humour which may be lurking about the animal ; it fines down the roundness of the legs; and, except there be some bony enlargement, restores them almost to their orio;inal form and strensTth. When, however, the summer has thoroughly set in, the grass ceases to be succulent, ape- rient, or medicinal ; the ground is no longer cool and moist, at least during the day ; and a host of tormentors, in the shape of Hies, are, from sun-rise to sun-set, persecuting the poor animal. Running and stamping to rid him- self of his plagues, his feet are battered by the hard ground, and he newly, and perhaps more severely, injures his legs. Kept in a con-stant biiite of irritation and fever, he rapidly loses his condition, and sometimes comes up in August little better than a skeleton. Let the Horse be turned out as soon as pos- sible after the hunting season is over. Let him have the whole of May, and the greater part, or possibly the whole of June ; but when liie grass fails, and the ground gets hard, and the Hies torment, let him be taken up. All the benefits of Uii ning out, and that which a loose box and artificial physic can never give, will have been obtained, without the incon- venience and injury which attend an injudi- ciously protracted run at grass, and which arguing against the use of a thing from the abuse of it, have been improperly urged against turningr out at all. RIDING IN THE FIELD. Riding in the field requires very few pecu- liar instructions. After having acquired a good scat on horseback, and enabled himself to sit firmly and with presence of mind and circumspection upon his Horse in a jump, the rider would do well to select the steadiest and best reputed horseman in the field, and to follow his course, in all respects, as nearly as a fresh man shall be able so to do. The hunting-seat on horseback partakes of both those of the road and the turf, having little or nothing peculiar ; a long gallop or a canter in the field, requiring the same form as on the road. Perhaps the late Sam Chifney's seat, who rested more on his haunches than was the general custom w ith jockies, may be the most easy and convenient for the field. Some sportsmen ride a hole longer in the field than on the road. As to leaping, initiatory practice may be had at the bar, at school, or at any fences which may present. The rules for sitting a OF FARRIERY. 447 Korse in his leap, are precisely t!ie same as [ at the instant Lord Derby V stag-hoiinrls those which refer to him when nnquiet, and j passed in full cry ; the Horses started off and he alternately rears \ id kicks ; if flying, sit | joined the hunt, and had the gratification of a fast, give your nag his head, and have your | run of some length, until the hounds were wits about you. It may be often necessary to touch your Horse with the spur or whip tow- ards the finish of his leap, in order to make him clear his hind legs ; to the Horse much ought, indeed must, be confided in this affair. If seasoned and a staunch fencer, it is a peril- ous thing to drive him at a leap that he, most a?:suredly the best and safest judge, has re- fused ; and how many accidents have hap- pened from that vain-glorious practice ? Nor is it always successful to drive a raw Horse, by the force of whip and spur, at a fence that nas alarmed him, it may render him habitu- a'ily desperate and careless. The way to make a Horse a steady, prompt, and safe fencer, is to suffer him to take it by de£:rfies and spontaneously. Some very ex- cellent hedge-fencers are naturally shy of timber, in particular palings and hurdles , such Horses cannot be safely put to those of any considerable height. For leaping the Irish Horse is unrivalled. It is not, however, the leaping of the English Horse, striding as it were over a low fence, and stretched at liis full length over a higher one ; but it resembles the jump of the deer. The training of the Irish Horse must, we sup- pose, make this difference, as in riding in that country a horseman has to meet with fences very different from those of England ; stone walls are common. The passion of Horses for hunting was ex- emplified some years ago in a most extraor- dinary manner. Three of the Horses of the Brighton coach chanced to have finished their stasfe, and to have been standino; unharnassed whipped off. Even after which, they fol- lowed the s*;ag till they got up to his haunclies. and then chased him three miles on the hieh road, when the stag taking a high fence, left them snorting on the wrong side, to be se- cured by those in quest of them. This deer was more fortunate than one which was hunted by the same pack, as the result will shew. Some years since, the Earl of Derby turned out from the Oaks, a noble deer, for a day's sport with his friends ; which after having traced a very long tract of coun- try, entered the grounds of the late Mrs. Smith, of A.shted, near Epsom, Surrey, and being closely pursued by the hounds, it actu- ally leaped through the drawing-room win- dow, the sash of which was down, followed by the pack in full cry. The consternation occa- sioned in the family, by this strange event was indescribable. At that critical moment, no one was in the apartment, some ladies having quitted it about two minutes previously to the irruption of this novel and unexpected visitor, which entered with so little ceremony. The window was almost dashed to atoms, and every part of the room, with its rich carpet and corresponding furniture, covered with blood and dirt. The animal vvas soon dis- patched by the ferocity of the dogs, and per- haps so curious an event is not to be found in the annals of Sporting. As a companion, however, to the above, a stag graduatui^ towards the city of Oxford, at length took to one of the streets, through which he was fol- lowed by the hounds in full cry, into a chapel, and there killed, during divine service. 4^ THE MODERN SYSTEM THE HACKNEY. A Hack, in our modern stable phrase, sig- nifies a road Horse, and not merely a Horse let out to hire, as some of the uninitiated suppose. The road Horse ! more difficult to meet with in perfection than even the iiunter or the courser. There are many reasons for this. The price of the hackney, or the Horse of all work, is so low, that he who has a good one will not part with him ; and it is by mere accident that he can be obtained. There are also several faults that can be overlooked in (he hunter, but which the road Horse must not have. The hunter may start, may be awkward in his walk, or even his trot ; he may have thrushes or corns ; but if he can go a good slapping pace, and has wind and bottom, we can put up with him, or prize iiim: but the hackney, if he be worth having, must have good fore-legs, and good hinder ones too; he must be sound on his feet ; even tempered ; no starter ; quiet in whatever situation he may be placed ; not heavy in liand ; this country, the artificial paces of padding and racking have long since been out of use ; yet cantering is with us almost an artificial pace, our road Horses being so universally accustomed to the trot, that few will canter handsomely and steadily. The reverse of this is actually tlie case in other countries, where Horses, from disuse of the trot in work, almost forget that natural pace. In breaking the colt, it should not be neglected, as it usually is, to teach him a handsome, safe, and steady canter, more especially if he naturally incline to that pace, so useful and pleasant in a variety of respects : for example, as a lady's pad, or summer hackney ; and in case of the Horse having much blood and delicacy, an occasional canter of a mile, being a great relief from the shaking of the hard road in a trot. Nor is there any ground for the common apprehension that, being taught to canter, will render a Horse less steady in his trot ; that depends upoL good riding ; and the present writer has known capital trotters also handsome and good canterers. The exercise of Horses in constant work, should never be of the speedy or rattling kind ; their labour is, in general, sufficient to wear out their le^s and feet full soon enou&h. Walking exercise alone, will keep a hackney in good condition : beyond this, the slow trot, the moderate journey-trot, and the canter should not be exceeded. The nag may be accustomed and trained to that pace which is preferred and most used by the master ; and a skilful groom may act the part of the riding-master, and improve a Horse greatly in his mouth, paces, and habits Many Horses, good in nature and really valu- able, may have been rudely and imperfectly broken. Such are apt to mix and run tlieir paces one into another, shuffling between walk and trot, and between trot and canter. It is the business of a good groom during exercise, to correct these errors of progression, and to accustom the Horse to change freely and easily from one pace 'to the other. The vice of shying and starling also, may be, to a con- siderable degree, remeilied in exercise. The 5 X 450 THE MODERN SYSTEM high road is the proper theatre of exercise for these Horses ; but, as in London, there may be sometimes a necessity for exercising them on the pavement, where the pace should never exceed the slow trot. ladies' horses. Much care seems in general to be used in the selection of ladies' Horses, and our la- dies appear to be sufficiently attentive to that necessary accomplishmeKt, riding on Horse- back ; this is evident from the comparatively few accidents which happen to ladies when riding. This delightful exercise, to which our young and most gracious queen Victoria seems to have formed so great an attachment, will no doubt become still more fashionable ; for when did royalty set an example which was not followed, and extend its influence (whether for good or evil) in this country ? Happy are we to feel assured that this exercise combines health as well as pleasure to the riders, and shews both elegance and grace to the be- holders. For elegance, a lady's pad should have a considerable show of blood, and should sel- dom exceed fifteen hands in height ; the paces should not be rough ; and an easy slow trot, the pace of health, is a valuable qualifi- cation. The canter is of the cliief conse- ^^ucnce, and that it be formed naturally and handsomely, the neck gracefully curved, and the mouth having pleasant and good feeling ; these are natural canterers, they will last at it, taking to it, and on the proper signal drop- ping into the trot or walk, without roughness, boggling, or changing of legs. But the first and grand consideration is going safely ; for a Horse deficient in that respect, is perhaps always most liable to fall in his canter. The most graceful canterers may be observed to lead generally, with the off leg; but no doubt there is such an error, as a Horse, both in his canter and *aliop, going with the wrong leg first, to the considerable uneasiness of the rider ; this is most felt upon worn and bat- tered Horses, which change their legs to pro- cure a momentary ease. The person who attends for the purpose of assisting a lady to mount her Horse, must come close to her; must join his hands, by placing his fingers within each other, to form a stirrup for the lady's left foot, as near to the ground as possible; her left knee must be quite straight, which will facilitate the assistant's effort to place her in the saddle, which is also forwarded by a moderate spring from herself. She will perceive the necessity of the knee being held perfectly straight, and of her standing with her shoulder close to the saddle. Here one reason is apparent why a lady s paa ought not to be too lofty. Some masters teach their lady-scholars to ride on either side of the Horse, and recom- mend to have the pommel of the saddle made very low, that the knee may not be thrown too high ; and also that the pommel be made with a screw, to be taken off in case of a lady wishing to change sides on any particu- lar account. Ladies' riding-shoes should be always straight soled, as in case of accident, there is the risk of the foot hanging: in the stirrup, when the .sole, according to the old fashion, is hollow next tlie heel. A lady's pad should particularly be accustomed to walk off quietly ; and with respect to his im- provement in that pace, it is accomplished by touching him gently behind with the whip. In case a lady should have to dismouni OF FARRIERY 451 •with the assistance of only one person to hold her Horse, steps or a chair are requisite. If there be not this convenience, a lady springs from her seat, and should her pad, which is so often the case, be upvvards of fifteen hands in height, she has a good jump to make, and may sometimes meet with a strained ankle, as the consequence. Having an assistant, the lady gives him her left hand, supporting her- .«elf by that hold, and by the crutch of the saddle with the other as she alights. Her preliminary act, however, is gently to change her whip from the right to the left or bridle hand, leavins" its end to hang: down the Horse's near .shoulder, hanging the reins upon the upright horn of the saddle, on which also she rests her right hand ; l.er garments clear of giving any obstruction, she may then, turn- ing a little to the right, make her spring towards the assistant, who is ready to break her fall. She should be careful on quitting her stirrup, to keep her knee upon the crutch, as a security in case of the Horse starting. It must be needless to mention, that a gentle- man who attends a lad) on horseback, rides on her near side ; and that it is one of his first duties, ever to keep himself between the lady and any carriages or horsemen that may be met with. FEEDING AND MANAGEMENT ON THE ROAD. A good hack will perform fifty or sixty miles a day with ease ; but for long continued journeys, thirty to forty miles a day is as much as can be required. Let no man expect great performance, unless his Horse be full of hard meat, and in condition. Should a man 1)6 I'nrccd to ride a Horse a journey with his full burden of grass-flesh upon him, he must at first ride him moderately, and by virtue of good solid corn -feeds, he will in a month attain condition. Many persons ride long stages, for example, thirty or forty miles without feeding ; but it is inconsiderate, and is injurious to the Horse. Moderate feeds at the different stages, and an ample one at the last, are most beneficial ; a quartern of oats, with a handful or two of beans, are suflScient quantities during the day ; at night, half a peck of oats and a few hands- ful of beans ; so that a hack upon a journey of considerable length, may be allowed from a peck and a quarter, to a peck and a half of oats. Hasty travellers will yet find an advan- tage in starting at a very moderate pace, and in finishing the last three miles of a stage, especially in hot weather, as leisurely as their haste will admit, since by such means, they will save time ; as their Horses, on reaching the inn, will be the sooner dry, and ready to feed. On the road, the Horse may be in- dulged, every eight or ten miles, if he require it, with a few go-downs of water ; and in hot weather, over hard roads, and with fast tra- velling, when the shoes acquire a burning heat, it is most refreshing to the Horse, to ride him over his pasterns, momentarily, through any water that may be accessible. But a caution of much moment must have place here ; be the weather hot or cold, a Horse in a state of perspiration should never be kept standing any length of time in water. In fast travelling, every Horseman of com mon sense, will ease his hack up the hills ; w going down also, if he values his own neck and his Horse's knees, he will do the same. We recollect meeting in the travellers' room, at an inn in Birmingham, a re.spectable butcher, who kept some good Horses. He had a famous mare who carried him from 452 THE MODERN SYSTEM Tiirmino-ham to Nottingham and back within the twelve hours. We beheve his name was Allcock. It was on the occasion of voting for a member of that county. The sentiments he uttered did him honour for his integrity and independence. He said he always voted for the man of his choice without ever putting him to one farthing expence. This was no mean performance, the distance there and back being close upon a hundred miles. He spoke of it as not being much of an effort. He said his general pace was eleven miles an hour, and on going down hill, he sometimes dismounted, which he considered to be very refreshing to the mare, he being a heavy man. When a hack, always known to ride quiet, does not set off readily, or makes a stop on the road, the rider may be assured that it arises from some sudden painful bodily affection, or something misplaced and galling in his furni- ture. The rider should instantly dismount, and examine both Horse and tackle, at all points. He may be suddenly griped, or seized with a fit of stranguary, which will appear from his dilated nostril.s, sweating at the ear- roots, staring coat, and attempts to stale. Aged and worked hackneys are liable to the stranguary; in which case, all the rider can do is to lead him about gently, and give him time to void the dripping urine. Arrived at the inn, and the Horse cool, no extra care or solicitude is required, he may be led into the stable, stripped, rubbed over, whilst eating a lock of hay, and soon be ready for his feed of corn. There is nothing more refreshing to a hard- ridden Horse, and for abating the excessive and painful heat and tension in bis joints and sinews, than to have his feet and legs well washed and suppled in warm water. It is a good precaution used, if the inside of the saddle be made dry and comfortable. If the Horse should not feed well, nor eat his corn with an appetite, it is a hint that rest would be acceptable, and it should be complied with. It will be Mise to keep the old adage in view, " that a master's eye makes his Horse fat ;" either himself or his groom should at- tend at every feeding time, to see that the Horse has justice done in his food, as to qua- lity as well as to quantity. OF FIRRIERY. 463 CHAPTER XIII. ON BREEDING. ON BREEDING. TiiERE seerus to be an opinion formed, that there are fewer good hacks now than there were formerly. If such be the fact, it becomes important for breeders to take into their consideration the causes of this deterio- ration, and to adopt those means which may be the most likely to restore the breed which we formerly possessed, as well as to the gene- ral improvement of our Horses ; which, whether considered socially or nationally, is an object of too much importance to be neglected. [ sufficient apology for the repetition. We have I had proof upon proof, that blindness, roaring, thick wind, broken wind, spavins, curbs, ring- bones, and founder, have been bequeathed, both by the sire and the dam, to the offspring. It should likewise be recollected, that althouo'h these blemishes may not appear in the imme- diate progeny, they frequently will in the next generation. Hence the necessity of some knowledge of the parentage both of sire ana dam. Peculiarity of form and constitution will also be inherited. This is a most important, but Our observations are of a general nature, neglected consideration ; for how ever desirable and will be very simple ; and the first axiom we would lay down is, that "like will produce like," that the progeny will inherit the qualities, or the mingled qualities, of the parents We would refer to the subject of diseases, and again state our perfect conviction, that there is scarcely one by which either of the parents is affected, that the foal will not inherit, or, at least, the predisposition to it : even the con- sequences of ill usage or hard work will descend to the progeny. We have already or even perfect, may have been the confor- mation of the sire, every good point may be neutralized or lost by the defective form, or want of blood, of the mare. There are nice- ties in this, of which some breeders used to be aware, and they employed their knowledge to great advantage. When they were careful that the essential points should be good in l)oth parents, and that some minor defect in either should be met, and got rid of, by ex- cellence in that particular point in the other, mentioned this, but its importance will be a I the result was creditable to their judgment, O Y 454 THE MODERN SYSTEM and highly profitable. The unskilful or careless breeder will ol'ten so badly pair the animals, that the good points of each will be, in a manner, lost; the defects of both will be increased, and the produce will be far inferior to both sire and dam. Of late years, these principles have been much lost sio^lit of in the breedins: of Horses for general use ; and the following is the ex- planation of it. There are nearly as good stallions as tiiere used to be. Few but well- formed and valuable Horses will be selected and retained as stallions. They are always the very prime of the breed ; but the mares are not what they used to be. Poverty has induced many of the breeders to part with the mares from which they used to raise their stock, and which were worth their weight in gold ; and the jade on which the farmer now rides to market, or which he uses in his farm, costs him but little money, and is only retained l)ecause he could not get much money for her. It has likewise become the fashion for gentle- men to ride mares, almost as frequently as geldings ; and thus the better kind are taken from the breeding service, until old age or injury renders them worth little for it. We would wish, then, to impress it cm the minds of the breeders, that peculiarity of form and constitution are inherited from both parents ; that tlie excellence of the mare is a point of quite as much importance as that of the Horse ; and that out of a sorry mare, kt the Horse be as perfect as he may, a good foal will rarely be produced. All this is re- cognized upon the turf, although poverty or carelessness have made the general breeder neglect or forget it. It is recognized in the midland counties in the breed of cart-horses ; and the strict atten- tion which has been paid to it, has brought our heavy Horses to almost the same perfec- tion in their way as the blood-horse. It is strange that in our saddle-horses, our hunters, and, to a great degree, our carriage-horses, this should be left to chance. The breeder begins to care little about the quality of the mare, and the progeny is becoming compara- tively of little worth. Experience, it is said, will make fools wise, but experience will here be bought at a very dear rate, both as it re- gards the breeder and the community. That the constitution and endurance of the Horse are inherited, no sporting man ever doubted. The qualities of the sire or the dam descend from generation to generation, and the excellences or defects of certain Horses are traced, and justly so, to some peculiarity in a far distant ancestor. It may, perhaps, be justly affirmed, that there is more difficulty in selecting a good mare to breed from, than a good Horse, because she should possess .some what opposite qualities. Her carcase should be long, to give room for the growth of the foetus, and yet with this there should be compactness of form and shortness of lesf. What can thev expect who go to Smithfield Maiket to purchase a number of worn-out, spavined, foundered mares, about whom they fancy there have been some good points, and send them far into the country to breed from, and, with all their variety of shape, to be covered by the same Horse ? In a lottery like this, there may be now and then a prize, but there must be many blanks. " If horse-breeders, possessed of good judgment, would pay the same attention to breed and shape as Mr. Bakewell did with sheep, they would probably attain their wishes in an equal degree, itnd OF FARRIERY. 455 greatly to their advantage, whether for the collar or the road, for racing or for hunting." As to the shape of the stallion, little satis- factory can be said. It must depend on that of the mare, and the kind of Horse wished to be bred ; but if there be one point which we should say is absolutely essential, it is this, " coinpactness" — as much goodness and strength as possible condensed in a little space. If we are describing the reverse of the common race of stallions for hunters and coach-horses, the fault lies with the bad taste and judgment of the majority of breeders. Next to compactness, the inclination of the shoulder will be regarded. A huge stallion, with upright shoulders, never got a capital hunter or hackney. From him the breeder can obtain nothing but a cart or dray-horse, and that, perhaps, spoiled by the opposite form of the mare. On tlie other hand, an upright shoulder is desirable, if not absolutely necessary, when a mere draught Horse is required. It is of no little importance, that the parents should be in full possession of their natural strenglli and powers. It is a common error, that because a mare has once been good, she is fit for breeding when she is no longer capable of ordinary work. Her blood and perfect frame may ensure a foal of some value, but he will inherit a portion of the worn-out constitution of her from whom he sprung. Oil llie subject of breeding in and in, that is, persevering in the same breed, and select- ing the best on either side, much has been gaid. 'I'he system of crossing requires much judgment and experience ; a great deal more, indeed, than breeders usually possess. The bad qualities of the cross are too soon engrafted on the original stock, and once engrafted there, are not, for many generations, eradicated. The good ones of both are occasionally neu- tralized to a most mortifying degree. On the other hand, it is the fact, however some may deny it, that strict confinement to one breed, however valuable or perfect, produces gradual deterioration. The truth here, as in many other cases, lies in the middle ; cro.ssinff should be attempted with great caution, and the most perfect of the same breed should be selected, but varied, by being frequently taken from different stocks. This is the secret of the course. The pure south-eastern blood is never left, but the stock is often changed with manifest advantage. 'A mare is capable of breeding at three or four years old ; some have injudiciously com- menced at two years, before her form or her strength is sufficiently developed, and wiili the developement of which this early breeding will materially interfere. If she does little more than farm-work, she may continue to be bred from until she is nearly twenty ; but if she has been hardly worked, and bears the marks of it, let her have been what she will in her youth, she will deceive the expecta- tions of the breeder in her old age. The mare comes into heat in the early part of the spring. She is said to go with foal eleven months, but there is .sometimes a strange irre- gularity about tlii<. Some have foaled five weeks earlier, while the time of others has beeu six weeks beyond the eleven months. W e may take, however, eleven months as the average. In running-horses that are brought so early to the starting-post, and whether they are foaled early in January or late in April, rank as of the same age, it is of importance that the mare should go to cover as early as possible : in a two or three-year-old, four months woi-iJ 456 THE MODERN SYSTEM make considerable difference in tlie growth and strength ; yet many of (hese early foals are almost worthless, because they have been deprived of that additional nutriment which nature designed for them. For other breeds, the beginning of May is the most convenient period. The mare would then foal in the early part of April, when there would begin to be sufficient food for her and her colt, without confining them to the stable. From the time of covering to that of foaling, the mare may be kept at moderate work, and tliat not only without injury, but with decided advantange. The work may be continued up to the very time when she is expected to foal ; and of which she will give at least a day's notice, by the adhesive matter that will appear about the teats When this is seen, it will be prudent to release her from work, and keep her near home, and under the frequent inspection of some careful person. When nearly half the time of pregnancy has elapsed, the mare should have a little better food. She should be allowed one or two feeds of corn in the day. This is about the period when they are accustomed to slink their foals, or when abortion occurs : at this time, there- fore, the eye of the owner should be frequently upon them. Good feeding and moderate ex- ercise will be the best preventives against this. The mare that ha^ once slinked her foal is ever liable to the same accident, and therefore should never be suffered to be with other mares^bout the time that this usually occurs, which is between the fourth and fifth months ; for such is the power of imagination or of .sympathy in the mare, that if one of them stirturs abortion, the greater number of those in the same pasture will share the same fate. Farmers wash, and paint, and tar their stables tc prevent some supposed infection : — the infection lies in the imagination. If a mare has been regularly exercised, and apparently in health while she was in foal, little danger will attend the act of parturition. If there be false presentation of the foetus, or difficulty in producing it, it will be better to have recourse to a well-informed practitioner, rather than injure the mother by the violent, and injurious attempts which are often made to relieve the animal. As soon as the mare has foaled, she should be turned into some well-sheltered pasture, with a hovel or shed to run into when she pleases: and as, supposing she has foaled in April, the grass is scanty, she should have a couple of feeds of corn daily. The breeder may depend upon it, that nothing is gained by starving the mother and stinting the foal at this time. It is the most important time in the life of the Horse ; and if, from false economy, his growth be arrested now, his puny form and want of endurance will ever afterwards testify the error that has been committed. The corn should be given in a trough on the ground, that the foal may par- take of it with the mother. When the new grass is flush and plenty, the corn may be gradually discontinued. Our work is intended, principally, for fiirmers : they well know that the mare may be put to moderate work again a month after the foaling. The foal is at first shut in the stal)Ie durins: the hours of work ; but as soon as it acquires sufficient strength to toddle afler the mare, and especially when she is at slow work, it will be better for the foal and the dam that they should be together. The work will contribute to the health of the mother ; the foal will more frequently draw the miiK, OF FARRIERY. 457 and thrive better ; and will be liardy and tractable, and gradually familiarized with the objects among which it is afterwards to live. While the mother, however, is thus worked, she and the foal sliould be well fed ; and two feeds of corn, at least, should be added to the green food which they get when turned out after their work, and at night. The mare will usually be found at heat at or before the expiration of a month from the time of foaling, when, if she be kept principally for breeding purposes, she may be put again to the Horse. To retn.!n, however, to the foal : — It is not generally known that the refusing to suck, which is the cause of the death of many foals, as vvell as the scouring, which about the third day kills many more, are both produced by irritation, and consequent inflammation of the bowels, from the retention of a few small hard fajces in the rectum. These are generally more in quantity in proportion as the keep of the mare has been high. The cure is simple ; a few hours after the foal has been dropped, a tallow candle should invariably be passed into the rectum, and when the passage has been sufficiently soft- ened, the faeces can easily be extracted by the finger. In cases where scouring kills foals at a subsequent period, it is generally attributable to the foal heating itself by violent exercise ; consequently the mare, for the first day or two that she is let out (supposing her to be housed,) ousrht only to be walked about with a halter, and the same practice pursued at the time of her first horsing. Some mares will not allow their foals to suck. This arises from the tenderness of the teats ; and in this case they should have their heads tied up, and if necessary, be otherwise prevented from kicking, while they are milked by hand ; and the milk should be rubbca over the teats for some short time, after which they will allow the foal to suck. Should the mare's milk be o!>structed and fail, either from cold caught, or other cause, if out, she should immediately be taken up to the house, and enticed to lie down upon a large and deep littered bed of fresh stiaw, in a loose box, and every method taken to com- fort her, and to encourage the secretion of milk. To promote this end, as much warm mild ale should be allowed, as she would drink ; or should she refuse it, she may Ije drenched with a couple of quarts, to be re- peated as may appear necessary ; her food being the finest and most fragrant hay, sweet grains, with mashes of corn and pollard. In cases of chill, and great weakness, the old well known article, cordial ball, may be given in warm ale. Should, however, the case be inflammatory, from previous high condition and fulness of blood, cordial ball and all stimulants should be strictly avoided, and the regimen confined to warm water and gruel, in as copious quan- tities as can be administered. Should fur- ther measures of similar tendency be indicated, a mild solution of Glauber's or Epsom salts (ten or twelve ounces in a pail of warm water,) may be given, which she may be induced to drink by means of being kept short of water. A moderate quantity of blood may be drawn, should the symptoms demand it, not other- wise. Daily walking e\erci.sc abroad, the mare being clothed if necessary, should suc- ceed, until she be sufficiently recovered to be returned to her pasture. During the inability of the mare to give suck, the foal must be sustained on cow'3 6 z 458 THE MODERN SYSTEM milk. This alien milk will generally disorder and gripe the foal, for which the best remedy is two or three spoonsful of rhubarb in pow- der, with an equal quantity of magnesia, in warm gruel. This medicine should be given to tile foals of labouring mares, which are often griped by sucking pent milk. The dis- order arising from wet and cold, a table spoonful each, of the best brandy and syrup of white poppies, may be given several times. Mares that come early, and in bad weather, should invariably be brought to the house to fual. Mares travelling with young foals ought not to go above fifteen miles a day, and their pace must be entirely regulated by the natural pace of the foal, which must never be hurried or left behind. Every mile or two the mare should be allowed to stop a little, and the foa! be permitted to suck and rest itself Thus tlie journey ought to occupy the whole of the day. Mares having dead foals, ought to lose r little blood, be fed moderately on cooling mashes with a little nitre, and on no account be allowed corn. Moderate walking exercise is very desirable for mares before foaling ; and alternate mashes of plain and of scalded bran are much tn l)c recommended. It should be observed that geldings should not be admitted among the brood mares, as by leaping them, or harassing them about, abortion may be occasioned. Docking the sucking foal at a month old, is an operation which may then be performed with a sharp knife, and is attended with trilling pain, and no risk ; whereas both the pain and the danger of the operation on adults are considerable. In five or six months, according: to the growth of the foal, it may be weaned. It should then be housed for three weeks or a month, or turned into some distant rick-yard. There can be no better place for the foal than the latter, as affording, and that without trouble, both food and shelter. The mother should be put to harder work, and have drier meat. One or two urine balls, or a physic ball, will be useful if the milk should be trou- blesome, or she should pine after her foal. There is no principle of greater importance than the liberal feeding of the foal durinsr the whole of his growth, and at this time m par- ticular. Bruised oats and bran should form a considerable part of his daily provender. The farmer may be assured that money is well laid out which is expended on the liberal nourish- ment of the growing colt ; while, however, he is well fed, he should not be rendered delicate by excess of care. A racing colt is sometimes stabled ; but one that is destined to be a hunter, a hackney, or an agricultural Horse, should merely have a square rick, under the leeward side of which he may shelter himself, or a hovel, into which he may run at night, or out of the rain. The process of breaking-in should commence from the very period of weaning. The foal should be daily handled, partially dressed, accustomed to the halter, led about, and even tied up. The tractability, and good temper, and value of the Horse, depend a great deal more upon this than breeders are aware ; this should be done as much as possible by the man by whom they are fed, and whose management of them should be always kind and gentle. There is no fault for even harshness, towards the rising stock ; for the principle on which their after usefulness is founded, is early attachment to, and confidence in man, and obedience, im- OF FARRIERY. 459 plicit obedience, resulting principally from these attentions. BREEDING FOR THE TURF, ETC. Our remarks have hitherto applied more to the breeders in small farms, tlian to breeders for the turf. There has been lately some writers who have strongly recommended the breeding of thorough blood-horses as hunters, which tliey say would prove a profitable speculation, in consequence of the great diffi- culty to obtain substance sufficient in these Horses for carrying weight to fox-hounds. These writers contend that with a proper se- lection among thorough-bred Horses, such a breed can be obtained. They say that if race-horses of certain substance were allowed sufficient time to grow to maturity, and trained as hiKiters, there would be such a demand as would amply compensate the breeders who miffht be induced to enter on such an under- taking. To do this, however, would be gene- rally beyond the means of the small farmer, as brood mares of that class would not be very easily obtained ; yet we think it right to state the opinions of men, who though their writings may be considered somewhat specu- lative, still we believe them to be practical men, and well versed in hunting affairs. To create such an establishment upon a considerable scale, and in the first style of adaptation and convenience of every kind, the country chosen should be dry, hilly, and irregular, the soil calcareous, with sweet herbage, and good water in abundance. A .sufficient shelter of timber is advantageous. A number of well and high fenced paddocks and iiiclosures, commensurate with the extent of the stud, will, of course, be understood ; as also of sheds in those inclosures, for sheltering the stock in winter or unfavourable weather. From the nature of a soil and situation similar to the above, a correspondent effect may be rationally expected, on the feet, limbs, and tendinous system of the Horses bred there ; whilst a clear and elastic air will be equally productive of beneficial effects to their wind and animal spirits. Ample and separated yard room and stabling, with outhouses, and every convenience for the storing of provender, should, in conformity, not be neglected ; to add also a convenient residence for the stud- groom and his boys and assistants, will be important. There should be land sufficient in extent to produce the requisite quantities of corn, straw, and artificial grasses, and roots. At any rate, the stud should be joined bv land enouo-h, ou which might be cultivated the needful quan- tities of lucern for soiling ; and, should the soil be sufficiently deep, of carrots ; an indis- pensable article in this concern, for autumnal and early spring use. Our chief breeding establishments of first sized heavy dray and cart horses, chiefly for the metropolitan market, are found in rich and deep grassy soils ; since the same full bite is required for these, to rear them up to their utmost size and bulk, as is indispensable for the same purpose, in the large varieties of horned cattle and sheep. The best markets for brood marcs, whether in regard to price or quality, will be found in the London repositories, during the- months of September and October. All descriptions, one perhaps excepted, may then and there be met with, and many of good age, prematurely worked down, in our fljing stage work. Such mares, turned off for the winter, well kept with hay and carrots, and well sheltered iu 4Q0 THE MODERN SYSTEM dry straw-yards and sheds abroad, their con- stitutions being sound, will be in the best pos- sible state for breeding in the spring. The exception above, refers to draught horses of the first size and class, such mares are sel- dom seen in London ; but must be sought for in the midland counties and Lincolnshire. Our readers will recollect the account we j;Hve of some yearlings which belonged to Mr. Tliotrihill, of Riddlesworth. The sole object of Mr. Thornhill being the breeding and rear- ing of stock exclusively designed for racing, it is of course by mere accident that any thing suited for the field, or rather hinted at is to be found in his paddocks. The writer who advocates the breed of thorough-bred Horses for the purpose of hunting, says : — " I saw a four-year-old colt in one of the boxes, which from some cause that I did not investigate, had never been trained, then on sale, and described as ' likely to make a hunter,' his price being two hundred guineas. He was a fine powerful bay, with four rare black legs, and substance to the eye for four- teen stone over any country with any hounds ; in fact, he was just such a four-year-old as all iho yearlings I saw ought to make ; and vvhen 1 state that he never was put into training, it is because I shall offer him as an example of the theory (which I am more and "more be- coming; convinced experience is destined to prove no speculative imagination) that in our blood .stock is existent the seed, which only requires » system of treatment suitable to the object to supply the class of Horse fitted to the present condition of British fox-hunting." We shall see how the accusation, so un- sparingly brought against the men of the nineteenth century, of breeding weeds for the liiif, is supported by the testimony of com- petent and unprejudiced witnesses. The writer says : — " The father of Mr. Thomas Hindly, the stud-groom at Euston (old Charles Hindly,) rode for the first two-year old plate that was ever run for at Newmarket. Now what opi- nion did he hold for the last score years ? Why, that we have been gradually breeding with more size and substance every year within his memory. What said old Tyler when I questioned him upon this subject? " that at Riddlesworth they were con- tinually getting their stock with increased power and size ; and that nothing ever bred by the late Duke of Grafton could compare with the bone and strength now to be found in the paddocks of Euston!' I attach more importance to the opinions of these men, be- cause the force of prejudice would naturally lead them to lean to the side of ' lang syne !' Enough has been said, I think, to shew that the character of weediness, which I admit attaches to too many of our race-horses, is not a defect originating with, or derived from, blood. If, as 1 believe to be the case, the average height of thorough-bred yearlings at all the great breeding establishments is little under fifteen hands high, it is a natural consequence, that, unless by unnatural means the stamina be destroyed, when at maturity a corresponding substance would be added to the growth, and the symmetry of frame be completed by a just assimilation of size and power." The writer now sums up his conclusions as to the probable result of making hunters from thorough-bred stock, and the profits likely to accrue from it. He says : — " I am convinced that the quality of the thorough-bred Horse never before reached the OF FARRIERY. 461 perfection in vvnica ii is now bred ; and, that, were the fashion of the turf such as it was in the day of Childers, such Horses would be found in England as mankind knows not by experience or tradition. Racing, too, is yearly on the increase, and consequently, the produce multiplies in a similar degree. Here then, without the risk, and at half the expence, of breeding, a supply of the best blood is avail- able to all who would embark in a very pro- mising scheme of rural enterprise. " In the large breeding studs, the foals se- lected by the proprietors, or set aside at high prices for the turf, are those promising an early maturity, and possessing purely racing qualities. Neither of these will be required by the purchaser who has four years' law to allow his colt or filly, and who, under any cir- cumstances, is sure of finding pace enough for his purpose. Having procured one or two yearlings, or according to the room he has to spare, I would recommend that they be turned into the best upland pasturage his farm affords ; the exercise they will take up and down hill, giving an early freedom to the shoulder, so essential to a hunter. Plenty of room, too, will be very desirable ; and now and then an incentive to break bounds will not be amiss, provided the fences be not of a dangerous description. This practice it is that makes most of the Irish Horses perfect leapers before they are backed. The forcing system of the racing paddock will be by no means necessary where so much time will be allowed the fruit to ripen ; but corn, at inter- vals should be given, and much succulent food avoided. Coarse rushy bottoms inter- sected with drains, now and then alternated with an upland run where circumstances will permit, is the treatment which I should re- commend as the best adapted for young blood stock. " Jn the second winter I would put a head- stall upon them in the straw-yard, and use them to be handled. In the thirJ, 1 would occasionally have them led with the head tied up in a cavesson across the fallows, and if tF drain offered, they should be made to jump it ; but by no means should they be backed till the autumn of their fourth year : they will then be four years and a half old, and ren- dered tractable by the course already pur- sued. It is needless to say that no false economy should bias the selection of a person for this most important oflSce. It is at this crisis of his fate that in most cases a Horse is made or marred. Not only is his temper jeopardised, and that ruined he is worthless ; but if allowed to be, as it is technically called scretoed (for which his transition from idleness to labour peculiarly disposes him), rarely, if ever, can the machine be again restored to order. " Your colt then being broken by the end of his fourth winter, you have the succeeding spring to make him fit for sale, and at five years old bring him into the market; enough that it be whispered that a farmer has a thorough-bred five-year-old fit to carry twelve stone to hounds, to ensure him more purchasers than he can deal with. Say Iiis yearling costs him fifty pounds; his four years' keep and all incidental expences, one hundred more ; this is over-rated ; and at the prices such mer- chandise now commands, he will have no cause to regret iiis speculation. Let nothing induce a breeder to send a colt with a breaker on him to hounds. Such an exhibition is e.xe- crated in every field, and is the sure road to unpopularity. Let him sell his Horse as 1 6 A 462 THE MODERN SYSTEM have above counselled ; or, if he can do him justice himself, then let him shew him with fox-hounds, after a course of proper treatment and training." The writer seems to infer that young blood- ^^ck, unless with decided early pretensions ^lor racing, miglit be bought worth the money for a farmer to speculate upon. This we think very probable ; for when men act upon artificial or conventional rules, how often may they be deceived ? If a colt does not come up to their standard of perfection, he is con- sidered worthless. The very form which they object to, may be designed by Nature to fur- nish, at maturity, a most splendid animal. It would he interesting to trace the lives of those animals who may have been turned out of the stud through fashion or caprice. We have no doubt in many cases, between those turned off and those kept, it would prove as often in the favour of the " disowned," as the retained. We have often been surprised to see the difference in prices fetched by blood-stock. We have noticed brood-mares stinted to capi- tal stallions, in sales, knocked down for the contemptible price of eighteen pounds ! At such prices no farmer could run any risk, if he could make a hunter of her progeny. If a farmer could procure dams of undoubted pedigree, at moderate prices, he will always find stallions enough to put them to. There is no difficulty in the present diffusion of racing- blood to prevent a farmer taking the oppor- tunity of watching the sales of racing-stock, where he might find dams at moderate prices ; which, even should they not be of the prevailing fashionable blood, they are quite equal for all his purposes. He might select his stallions from those of the greatest substance. It never entered into the calculation, we suppose, of farmers breeding hunters from thorouffh-blood stock : therefore we have thought it our duty to lay before them the opinions of a writer, whom we believe quite competent to give advice, and leave it to the judgment of our readers to decide upon adopting it or not, should they have the op- portunity of trying it. OF FARKIERY. 463 CHAPTER XIV. BREAKING.— CASTRATION. BREAKING. There is nothing more important to the owner of the Horse than his being well broken. To ensure this, great care should be taken to put the animal into the hands of a man well qualified for this undertaking ; for nothing is easier than to spoil a Horse's mouth, if left to the management of an injudicious person. It has been observed that more Horses are spoiled in the breaking, than can ever be re- covered afterwards, even if mounted by the most judicious riders. After the second winter, the work of break- ing-in may commence in good earnest. He may tirst be bitted, and a bit carefully selected that will not hurt his moutli, and much smaller than those in common use ; with this he may be suffered to amuse himself, and to play, and to champ for an hour, on a few successive days. Having become a little tractable, portions of the harness may be put upon him, and, last of all, the blind winkers; and a few days afterward he may go into the team. It would be better if there could be one before, and one behind him, beside the shaft Horse. Let there be first the mere empty waggon. Let nothing be done to him, except that he may have ao occasional pat or kind word. The other Horses will keep him moving, and in his place ; and no great time will pass, sometimes not even the first day, before he will begin to pull with the rest; then the load may be gradually increased. The agricultural Horse is wanted to ride as well as to draw. Let his first lesson be given when he is in the team. Let his feeder, if possible, be first put upon him : he will be too much hampered by his harness, and by the other Horses, to make much resistance ; and, in the majority of cases, will quietly and at once submit. We need not repeat, that no whip or spur should be used in giving the first lessons in riding. When he begins a little to understand his business, backing, the most difficult part of his work, may be taught him ; first to back well without anything behind him, then with a liffht cart, and afterwards with some serious load ; and taking the greatest care not seriously to hurt the mouth. If the first lesson causes much soreness of the gums, the colt will not readily submit to a second. If lie has been rendered tractable before by kind usage, time and patience will do all that can be wished 464 THE MODERN SYSTEM here. Some carters are in the habit of blind- ino- the colt vviien teaching him to back : it may be necessary with the restive and obsti- nate one, and sliould be used only as a last resort. It is an admirable plan to teach a Horse to Jpack without blinkers. How many accidents riave occurred from Horses having had their bridles slipped off, and through not being ac- customed to see the carriage behind them, become terrified, and set off at full speed, to the destruction often of themselves and what- ever they may come in contact with. The colt having been thus partially broken- in, the necessity of implicit obedience may be taught him, and that not by severity, but by firmness and steadiness ; the voice will go a great way, but the whip or the spur is some- times indispensable — not so cruelly applied as to excite the animal to resistance, but to con- vince him that we have the power to enforce submission. Few, we would almost say, no Horses, are naturally vicious. It is cruel usage which has first provoked resistance ; that resistance has ''een followed by greater severity, and the stubbornness of the animal has increased ; open warfare has ensued, in which the man seldom gained an advantage, and the Horse was frequently rendered un- serviceable. Correction may, or must be used, to enforce implicit obedience after the educa- tion has proceeded to a certain extent, but the early lessons should be inculcated vvith kind- ness alone. Young colts are sometimes very perverse ; many days will occasionally pass before tliey will permit the bridle to be put on, i»r the saddle to be worn ; one act of harshness will double or treble this time. Patience and iiiiidness will, alter a while, prevail. When llie Horse is in better humoui than usual, the bridle will be put on, and the saddle will be worn ; and this compliance being followed by kindness and soothing on the part of the breaker, and no inconvenience or pain being suffered by tlie animal, all resistance will be at an end. The same principles will apply to the break- ing-in of the Horse for the road or the chase. The handling, and some portion of instruction, should commence from the time of weanins. The future tractability of the Horse will much depend on this. At two years and a half, or three years, the regular process of breaking- in should come on. If it be delayed until the animal is four years old, his strength and obstinacy will be more difficult to overcome. We cannot much improve on the plan usually pursued by the breaker, except that there should be much more kindness and patience, and far less harshness and cruelty, than these persons are accustomed to exhibit, and a great deal more attention to the form and natural action of the Horse. A headstall is put on the colt, and a cavesson (or apparatus to confine and pinch the nose) affixed to it, with long reins. He is first accustomed to rein, then led round a ring on soft ground, and at length mounted and taught his paces. Next to pre- serving the Horse's temper and docility, there is nothing of so much importance as to teach him every pace, and every part of his duty, distinctly and thoroughly. Each must consti- tute a separate and sometimes long-continued lesson, and that taught by a man who will never suffer his passion to get the better of his discretion. After the cavesson has been attached to the headstall, and the long rein put on, the first lesson is, to be quietly led about by the breaker ; a steady boy following behind, by occasional threatening with the whip, but OF FARRIERY. 465 never by an actual blow, to keep the colt up. When the animal follows readily and quietly, he may be taken to tiie ring-, and walked round, right and left, in a very small circle. Care should be taken to teach him this pace thoroughly, never suffering him to break into a trot. The boy with his whip may here again be necessary, but not a single blow should actually fall. Becoming tolerably perfect in the walk, he should be quickened to a trot, and kept steadily at it ; the whip of the boy, if needful, urging hira on, and the cavesson restraining him. These lessons should be short. The pace should be kept perfect and distinct in each ; and docility and improvement rewarded with frequent caresses, and handsful of corn. The length of the rein may now be gradually increased, and the pace quickened, and the time extended, until the animal becomes tractable in this his first lessons, towards the conclusion of which, crupper-straps, or some- thing similar, may be attached to the clothing. These, playing about the sides and flanks, accustom him to the flapping of the coat of the rider. The annoyance which they occa- sion will pass over in a day or two ; for when the animal finds that no harm comes to him on account of these straps, he will cease to regard them. Next comes the bitting. The bit should be larare and smooth, and the reins should be buckled to a ring on either side of the pad. There are many curious and expensive machines for this purpose, but the simple rein will be quite suflficient. The reins should at first be slack, and very gradually tightened. This will prepare for the more perfect manner in which the head will be afterwards got into its proper position, when the colt is accus- tomed to the saddle. Occasionally the breaker should stand in front of the colt, and lake hold of each side rein near to the mouth, and press upon it, and thus begin to teach him to stop and to back at the pressure of the rein, rewarding every act of docility, and not being too eager to punish occasional careless- ness or waywardness. The colt may now be taken into the road or street to be gradually accustomed to the objects among which his services will be re- quired. Here, from fear or playfulness, a con- siderable degree of starti ng and shying may be exhibited. As little notice as possible should be taken of it. The same or a similar object should be soon passed again, but at a greater distance. If the colt still shies, let the distance be farther increased, until he takes no notice of the object ; then he may be gradually brought nearer to it, and this will be usuallv effected without the slightest diflficulty : whereas, had there been an attempt to force the animal close to it in the first instance, tlie remembrance of the contest would have been associated with the object, and the habit of shvinff would have been established. Hitherto, with a cool and patient breaker, the whip may have been shown, but will scarcely have been used ; the colt must now, however, be accustomed to this necessary instrument of authority. Let the breaker walk by the side of the animal, and throw his right arm over his back, holding the reins in his left ; and occasionally quicken hi.s pace, and, at the moment of doing this, tap the Horse with the whip in his right hand, and at first very gently. The tap of the whip and the quickening of the pace will soon become associated together in the mind of ihe animal. If necessary, the tups may gradually 0 n 466 THE MODERN SYSTEM fall a lillic Heavier, und the feeling of pain be the monitor of the necessity of increased ex- ertion. The lessons of reining in and stop- ping, and backing on the pressure of the bit, may continue to be practised at the same time. He may now be taught to bear the saddle. Some little caution will be necessary at the first putting of it on. The breaker should stand at the head of the colt, patting him, and engaging his attention, while one assistant, on the off-side, gently places the saddle on the back of the animal ; and another, on the near side, slowly tightens the girths. If he sub- mits quietly to this, as he generally will, wben the previous process of breaking in has been properly conducted, the ceremony of mounting may be attempted on the following or on the third day. The breaker will need two assist- ants to accomplish this operation. He will remain at the head of the colt, patting and making much of him. The rider will put his foot into the stirrup, and bear a little weight upon it, while the man on the off-side presses equally on the other stirrup-leather; and, according to the docility of the animal, he will gradually increase the weight, until he balances himself on the stirrup. If the colt be uneasy or fearful, he should be spoken kindly to and patted, or a moutiiful of corn be given to him : but if he offers serious re.vi->t- ance, the lessons must terminate for that day ; he may probably be in better humour on the morrow. When the rider has balanced himself for a minute or two, he may gently throw his leg over, and quietly .seat himself in the saddle. The breaker will then lead the animal round the ring, the rider sitting perfectly still. After a few minutes he \^ill lake the reins, and handle them as gently as possible, and guide the Horse by the pressure of them ; patting him frequently, and especially when he thinks of dismounting — and after having dismounted, offering him a little corn or green meat. The use of the rein in checking him, and of the pressure of the leg and the touch of the heel in quickening his pace, will soon be taught him, and the education will now be nearly completed. The Horse having thus far submitted him- self to the breaker, these pattings and rewards must be gradually diminished, and implicit obedience mildly but firmly enforced. Sever- ity will not often be necessary ; in the great majority of cases it will be altogether ^^ un- called for : but should the animal, in a moment of waywardness, dispute the command of the breaker, he must at once be taught that he is the slave of man, and that we have the power, by other means than those of kindness, to bend him to our will. The education of the Horse is that of the child. Pleasure is, as much as possible, associated with the early lessons ; but firmness, or, if need be, coercion, must confirm the habit of obedience. Tyranny and cruelty will, more speedily in the Horse than even in the child, provoke the wish to dis- obey ; and, on every practicable occasion, the resistance to command. The restive and vicious Horse is, in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred, made so by ill-usage, and not by nature. None but those who will take the trouble to try the experiment are aware how absolute a command the due admixture of firmness and kindness will soon give us over any Horse. The breaker should keep in his mind continually the latin proverl), " qitod factum est, bis /actum es/," what is well done, is twice done. OF FARRIERY. 467 The case of shying should be particularly attended to by the breaker. Many broken limbs and lost lives might thence have been saved. It arises from three causes ; actual fear, skittishness, and roguery. The more racing blood a Horse has, the less he is subject to this infirmity or vice. The only remedy in the case is, hold hard and be quiet. As to the whip and spur, and the silly checking a really leaifi.l Horse with a sharp curb, as thoug-h the iiiteut were to break his jaw bone, it is truly a noodlingv unthinking, as well as cruel practice. It is, in fact, an excellent re- cipe to advance the nag in the noble accom- plishments of shying and starting, since, in association with the object, he naturally expects the whip and spur. Mr. Lawrence says : — " Witli affected shyers, some severity may be necessary. These chaps generally fix upon some particular shying but : for example, I recollect having, at different periods, three hacks, all very powerful ; the one made choice of a windmill for the object or but, the other a tilted waggon, and the last a pig led in a string. I was once placed in a very dangerous predicament by this last, on a road filled with carriages. It so happened, however, that I rode the two former when amiss from a violent cold, and they then {wiid no more attention to either windmills or tilted waggons, than to any other objects, couvlncing me that their shying, when in health and spirits, was pure affection. It is a thing seldom, perhaps never, thouglit of or attended to, which however detracts nothing from its consequence, to accustom colts, during their breaking, to all the chief object of terror, which occasion the vice of shying. After a colt shall have been i considerable time in hand, and his education nearly finished, should he be a careless and blundering goer, not sufficiently bending his kness, he should be frequently, but with great care, (beware broken knees) exercised daily in a slow trot, over rough and uneven roads. "To connect vices with their anomalies together, I once had a fine hunting mare, an incorrigible biter; as a proof of which, before she came into my possession, but I was un- apprised of it, she had killed a stable boy ; yet her biting was entirely confined to the stable, nor did she ever show either that or any other kind of vice abroad, riding perfectly quiet," CASTRATION. The period at which this important opera- tion will be best performed depends much on the breed and form of the colt, and the pur pose for which lie is destined. For the common agricultural Horse, the age of four or five months will be the most advisable, or, at least, before he is weaned. Very few Horses are lost when cut at that age. The weather, however, should not be too hot, nor the (lies too numerous. We enter our decided protest against the recommendation of some valuable, but incautious agricultural writers, that "colts sliould be cut in the months of .lime or July, when fiies pester the Horses, and cause them to be continually moving about, and thereby prevent swelling.'' IMie moment's reflection will convince the reader that nothing can be more likely to produce inflammation, and con sequent swelling and danger, than the torture of the flies hovering round and stinging the sore part. If the Horse is designed either for ttic carriage or for heavy draught, the larmer should not think of castrating him until he be at least a twelvemonth old ; and, even then, i6>s THE MODERN SYSTEM tlie colt should be carefully examined. If he is thin and spare about the neck and shoulders, and low in the withers, he will materially im- prove by remaining uncut another six months; but if his fore-quarters are fairly developed at the age of a twelvemonth, tlie operation should not be delayed, lest he become heavy and gross before, and perhaps have begun too de- cidedly to have a will of his own. No specific age, then, can be fixed ; but the castration shouM be performed rather late in the autumn, when the air is temperate, and particularly when the weather is dry. No preparation is necessary for the suckling colt, but it may be prudent to bleed and to physic one of more advanced age. In the majority of cases, no after treatment will be necessary, except that the animal should be sheltered from intense heat, and more particularly from wet. In temperate weather he will do much better runninsT in the field than nursed in a close and hot stable. The moderate exercise which he will take in grazing will be preferable to per- fect inaction. A large and well-ventilated box, however, may be permitted. The manner in which the operation is per- formed will be properly left to the veterinary surgeon ; although we must confess that we are disposed to adhere to the old way of opening the bag on either side, cutting off the testicle, and preventing bleeding by searing the vessels with a hot iron. There is at least an appearance of brutality, and, we believe, much unnecessary pain inflicted, when the spermatic cord (the vessels and the nerve) is tightly compressed between two pieces of wood, as in a powerful vice, and left there either until the testicle drops off, or is removed on the following day by the operator. To the practice of some farmers, of twitching their colts at an early period, sometimes even so early as a month, we have stronger objection. When the operation of twitching is performed, a small cord is drawn as tightly as possible round the bag, between the testicle and the belly ; the circulation is thus stopped, and, in a few days, the testicles and the bag drop off: but the animal suffers sadly — it is occa- sionally necessary to tighten the cord on the second or third day, and inflammation auc death have frequently ensued. OF FARRIERY. 4fi9 CHAPTER XV. DIRECTIONS TO THE YOUNG HORSEMAN, l^ RIDING, ETC. HORSEMANSHIP. We have not spoken of, or alluded to what IS called the grand menage, in training the Horse, but have confined ourselves only to that brandi of breaking, which constitutes the training cf the English Horse for the pur- pose of the field and the road; leaving those Horses which require a higher dea^ree of per- fection in the menage, to the care of those professors of the riding-schools, whose busi- ness it is to teach Hor?es to become astonish- ing to the beholders in their caprioles, &c. The horsemanship of which we shall speak of, will then be confined to the modern Eng- \\<\\ school. We do not wish to depreciate ihe talents of those masters who can so hiijhlv dress their Horses, as to afibrd amusement to thousands of sftectators, as well as profit to them.sclves; still, nothing can be more obvi- ous than that the menage is chiefly orna- mental ; and that the thoroughly dressed Horse is rather an object of luxurious parade than of real utility. Adams (a writer on Horsemanship) says, the body must always be in a situation, not only to preserve the balance, but to maintain the seat. The distinction betvveen the ba- lance and the seat may be thus marked. The balance is the centrical or erjuilibrium position of the body, whatever may be the motion of the Horse. The seat is tlie Horseman's firm hold of the saddle, when he is liable to be thrown over the Horse's neck, or to fall back- ward over his tail. To preserve the balance, it is evident ifae body of the rider must keep in the same di- reclion as the Florse's legs ; e. «/., if the Horse work straight and upiiglit on his legs, the rider's body must be in the same upri'>ht di- rection ; but n hen the Horse bends or leans, as when working on a circle, or trotting round a corner, (he rider must lean in the .same di- rection or proportion, or his balance will he lost. The balance, indeed, may lie preserved by a different seat ; but the seat will not be secure. Mr. Adams says, that if (he hand be held steady, as the Horse advances in the trot, the fingers will feel by the contraction and dilata- tion of the reins, a small sensation or tug, oc- casioned by the measure or cadence of every 6 c 470 THE MODERN SYSTEM step. This, which is reciprocally felt in the Horse's mouth, by means of the correspond- ence, is called the appui; and while the appui is preserved between the hand and the mouth, the Horse is in perfect obedience to the rider, the hand directing him with the greatest ease, so that the Horse seems to work by the will of the rider, rather than the compulsion of the hand. The hand then possesses a con- siderable power, itulependently of other aids and assistances, more than sufficient to con- trol and direct a Horse that is broken and obedient. Berenger gives five directions on the func- tions of the hand. Hold your hand three firgers breadth from your body, as high as your elbow, in such manner that the joint of* your little finger be upon a right line with the tip of the elbow ; let your wrist be suflUciently rounded, that your knuckles may be kept di- rectly above the neck of the Horse ; let your nails be exactly oppo ite your body, the little (inger nearer to it than the others ; your thumb quite flat upon the reins, which you must separate by putting your little finger between them, the right rein lying upon it ; this is the first and general position. Does your Horse go forward ; or rather would you have him go forward, yield to him your hand, and for that purpose, turn your nails downward in such manner as to bring your thumb near your body ; remove your little finger from it, and bring it into the place where your knuckles were in the first position ; keeping your nails directly above your Horse's neck : this is the second po- sition. If you would make your Horse go back- warfl, (|iiit tlic first position; let your wrist be quite round; It your thumb be in the place of the little finger in the second position, and the little finger in that of the thumb ; turn your nails quite upward, and towards your face, and your knuckles will be towards your Horse's neck : this is the third position. If you would turn your Horse to the right, leave the first position, carry your nails to the right, turning your hand upside down, in such a manner that your thumb be carried out to the left, and the little finger brought to the right: this is the fourth position. Lastly, if you would turn to the left, quit again the first position ; carry the back of your hand a little to the left, so that the knuckles may come under a little, that your thumb may incline to the right and the little finger to the left : this makes the fifth po- sition. These different positions (says Be- renger,) however, alone are insuflScient, unless the Horseman be able to pass from one to another with readiness and order. THE NECESSITY OF EXAMINING THE HORSE's TACKLE. When the Horse is led out, saddled and bridled, it is well always for the rider to exa- mine with his own hands and eyes the state of his Horse's equipment, and to ascertain that every part of the furniture has been so placed as to ensure his own safety as well as the comfort of the Horse. The first object will be the bridle, to see that the headstall be of a proper length, neither too loose, nor so short as to gall the Horse's jaws ; to see the curb-chain hooked in its proper place, leav- ing the snafi9e above, and clear ; the fore-top hair placed under the band of the bridle, and the reins untwisted and even. The saddle should be placed perfectly even and centrical on the Horse's back, so OF FARRIERY. 471 pkiced as not to impede the motion of his shoulders, and tlie girths, buckled one over the other, be sufficiently tight to retain the saddle firmly in its place. The real Horse- man inspects every thing ; he leaves nothing to chance. When a groom once knows that his Horse has to undergo the critical exami- nation of his master, it will have a tendency to make hi:n careful in bringing his Horse out in a perfect state. MOUNTING. In giving advice to young Horsemen, we are indebted to Mr. John Lawrence for many -if the directions, whicii are so pertinent to this subject, and which from his experience may he considered better advice tlian we could give. Some persons, perliaps, may think this niinutiffi unimportant; but no man will be considered a complete Horseman who neglects them. The nag being led out and held, our jockey that is to be, approaches the near (left) shoulder, and gathering up the reins between the finders in his left hand, the thumb up- wards, at the same time weaving- the fingers uito tlie Horse's m.ine, he acquires a lioldfast and purchase. Tlie whip is held with the reins, in the left hand. With his right hand he then takes hold of the stirrup, the flat .side of the leather being placed towards him, and into the stirrup in'^erts his left foot. Next placing his rioht, hand on the cantle or after- part of the sadiile, and making a moderate spring or vault, being cautious at the same titne to keep his foot and spur clear of the Horse, he seats liimself, and the left hand still retaining hold of the mane, with the right he adjusts the stirrup to that foot. Being seated at his ease, as in a chair, and looking forward between the ears of his Horse, he will find himself in a square and even position with the animal. The two forming a perfect cen- taur. His next object is to adjust the reins, sup- posing them the bridoon or snaffle, and curb, which .should be done by leaving the riin of the latter rather slack, the chief pressure bein"- upon the snaffle rein ; the curb being reserved for occasional use, when a more than on! i nary command over the Horses mouth may be needful, the curb rein may then be drawn with the requisite force. The right foot beiuir fixed in the stirrup, the whip, its liandle being upwards, is gently withdrawn from the left to the right hand, and its usual place is down behind the calf of the leg. As to the seat, a man will sit upright, as in his chair, but in the common, and more particularly the sport- ing seat on horseback, the spine is bent in a small degree oiitward, being directly contrary to the form in military equitation, in which we are no professors. The stirrup leathers should be of such length as to admit of the knee being sufficiently bent to retain a firm hold of the saddle, but not to that degree as to hoist the rider much above it when he stands in his stirrups : nor should they be so long as to exhibit him a straight-kneed jockey, wiiich detiacts from his power on horseback, and is dangerous in the respect of that pressure \\hich has sometimes occasioned rupture in the belly of the rider. The foot, for a road or sporting, indeed the most secure seat, is placed home in the stirrup, the toe rather elevated and turned somewhat outward ; thence arises a centre and union of force between the foot and the knee, the toe being turned out and the knee inward, pressing the saddle, which assures a firm seat, indeed is the very isMnce 472 THE MODERN SYSTEM and groundwork of the seat in the speedy trot and gallop ; this, with the firm grasp of the thighs and the hold on the bridle, assures the stability of the seat on horseback. In military riding the seat is said to depend entirely on the equipoise, or balance, a point of consequence, no doubt, but which, on trying occasions, can only be maintained as above stated. It has been observed of bad horsemen, that they can scarcely keep their spurs from their Hors^e's sides, but such can never be the case with the above seat, in which the greater difficulty is to reach the Horse's sides with the spurs. The act of spurring, contrary to the military mode, is performed with a kick, the toe being some- what more turned out. In dismounting, the left hand inclosing the reins, resumes its former place in the Horse's mane, and the rider lands from the same side on which he mounted, with his Horse safe in hand. Particular situations may render it, necessary to mount on the offside. The con- venience is considerable when a Horse will stand still, unheld at the head, to be mounted ; a point of obedience, however, to which some spirited and impatient Horses can scarcely be reduced. When a Horse is held for mountins", it should be by the checks of the bridle, not the reins, least of all by the curb rein. Being mounted, the rider may find the stirrup leathers too long or too short. In applying the remedy the attendant should be careful to draw the buckle of the stirrup leather to the top, and to leave the pad of the saddle smooth and even. The arras shonid hang easily down the waist, and, though the elbows be l)eMt, they must not be awkwardly elevated or protruded. The bridle is held about level with, or rather above the pommel of the saddle, at a length somewhat beyond it, towards the rider. The reins should not be held so long and loose as to diminish the rider's power of supporting the Horse by a pull, in case of a false step. Few are left now, I apprehend, of the school of Bakevvell, who taught that the rider, being upon the Horse, could afford him no possible support in case of stumbling, but that, by pulling at him, would rather accelerate his fall. The Horse, well aware of the purpose for which he is mounted, will, in general, proceed, on his head being loosed ; if not, an intimation by the rider gently moving the reins, or press- ing the Horse's sides with the calves of his legs, will be sufficient. If a steady and quiet hack, and on such only should a tyro be mounted, he will commence with a walk, and, in all probability, continue that pace till put forward by his rider. Horses, indeed, full of good keep, high spirited, and having had little work, will, at starting, be impatient of a slow pace and cut a few capers, on which the rider has nothing to do but to sit quiet with a mild and steady hand, until his nags merry fit be over. The proper starting pace, the walk, being continued at the rider's option, the inti- mations above described, or a gentle touch on the Horse's buttock with the whip or stick, will cause him to advance to his next pace, the slow or jog-trot, the best pace of the Horse perhaps, to those who ride for their health's sake, granting the motion be not too rough. In the walk, the slow trot, and the canter or slow gallop, the rider sits on his saddle as in his easy chair ; in the speedy trot he makes more use of his knees, hitching, or his body riding and falling in unison with the motion of the Horse : in the svvifl gallop the rider stands in his stirrups, chiefly depending OF FARRIERY. 473 on the grasp of his kness and thighs. For- merly it was the practice to ride a galloper with stirrup leathers too short, which made the seat unsteady, and too much dependence was placed for support on the reins. Ft is obviously impossible to lay down a precise rule in this case. The length at which to ride a racing pace, whether trot or gallop, must be left to the judgment and convenience of the rider, with the remark that, of the extremes, riding too short is the worst. Rising in the trot, and lifting and working the Horse along with the reins in the gallop by the jockey, are, no doubt, practices purely English. Beyond the slow trot the motion of few Horses is sufficiently smooth and easy to encourage the rider to sit upon the saddle, nor is the appearance of such a seat very seemly ; it is preferable then, if more speed in the trot be desired, to advance to tiiat degree in which the rider may rise in his stiirups; in order to perform this easily and gracefully, the rate must be somewhat con- siderable. To put the Horse into a canter, a touch of the left heel, and a gentle pull of the right rein, for which the right hand may be used, is the proper method. On any critical occasion, whether of em- barrassment on the road, or from unquietness in the Horse, the reins may be taken separately in each hand; and it is much practised both in riding and driving. It obviously increases the rider's power over the Florse, and is use- ful in case of startinu' and shying, or the attempt in the animal to turn round, in plung- inir, kicking, or rearing. In the latter case, common sense will inform the rider that he appertain to Horsemanship, Whilst leanino forward, he should apply his spurs sharply to the Horse's sides, which punishment will cure the Horse of this vice, granting it be curable. In the opposite habit of kicking out be- hind, which some Horses have the knack of doing very high and hard, with jerks not over comfortable to the rider's back-bone, the pre- cisely opposite course is dictated, in order to avoid a somerset over the Horse's shoulders The rule now is, sit back, sit fast, pull hard, holding the Horse's head as high as possible, and spur with all your force at every interval of kicking ; and finding the opportunity, use your whip effectually on the thigh, the belly, and if necessary, on 'he jaws of the animal. In a confirmed case of vice, nothing short of in- timidation and absolute conquest will succeed. Such severity indeed, instead of a cure, may sometimes produce desperation ; and when patience and mild measures will succeed, they are infinitely preferable. We would always recommend that spurs be worn ; with a res- tive Horse they are indispensable, and in the case of being placed between two objects, one of which alarms the Horse, and the other dangerous for him to come in contact with ; the spur on the dangerous side is of unspeak- able u.se, as the rider's chief dependence ki aid of his hand, to k'^ep the Horse in his safe and proper place. W^e have spoken of terrifying the vicious Horse into subordination by severity ; but a man of right feeling and rt'llection will always endeavour to render his Horse's labour as little irksome, and as comfortable to him as may be possible, and will therefore give him must lean forward with slack reins, or he may his rein, and bear as lightly on his moulh as pull the Horse over ; certainly one of the most | is consistent with such a hold upon liitn as dangerous accidents among the many which I may be necessary upon any emergency ; and 6 D 474 THE MODERN SYSTEM if, as with holding- the reins sufficiently short, we have laid much stress on the fixedness and grasp on horseback, we intended that grasp, hke the curb of the bridle, for occa- sional use ; but by no means that the rider sliould be a mere fixture, as though nailed to the saddle. On the contrary, he should learn to sit at his ease, pliable to the motions of his Horse, and in full possession of that equipoise, so much the boast of the schools. The cus- tom of forcing a shying Horse up to the object which causes it, with severity, seems an un- reasonable way to make the Horse better, as he may be apt to confound the punishment he receives as connected with the object he shies at. It is flir better to go on with him, hold firm in hand, to scold him, and suffer him to deviate as little as possible from the road. In speaking of bridles, we should observe that the curb alone, and with single rein, is an unfair bridle for the Horse, and entirely de- ceptious to the rider, since its first effect is to torture, and ullimatcly to harden the Horse's mouth, depriving it of that sensibility which is the basis of what we should call a gootl mouth. The curb beside, is an awkward bit wherewith to turn a Horse, it being only cal- culated for pulling straight forward. In former days the snaffle was deemed the severest bit, no doubt from its having been made small and sharp. Since then we have changed the snaffle into a mild bit ; not but that the folly yet remains with ingenious bit-makers and inconsiderate Horsemen, of using hard and sharp snaffles. Young Horses should be first put to work with mild bits, and chiefly ac- customed to the snaffle, which will ensure a good mouth, sufficiently hard for fair pulling, yet with a due share of sensibility and lia- bility to be affected and acted on by the occasional use of the curb. The snaffle bit should be of considerable thickness, particu- larly at the ends next to the reins, and net made so long that the joint would work into the bars of the Horse's mouth. Many riders prefer a good snaffle bridle Horse to any "ther ; still we think there is an additional convenience in the double-reined bridlj, 'Q case of a rein break inar OF FARRIERY. 475 CHAPTER XVI. REMARKS ON THE PURCHASING OF A HORSE. REMARKS ON THE PURCHASI.VG OF A HORSE. Wk now come to the difficult subject, of raal-t satisfied till they see his money fairly deposited in his watch-fob pocket; they only lose their con- fidence when they find out thev have been cheated, and discover they have been made the dupes of conduct, which their simplicity might lead them to suppose proceeded from 6 F 482 IHE MODERN SYSTEM generosity finil kindness. It is impossible to contemplate such debasement in the human character, without experiencin»5f a melancholy regret that the feelings of those servants, who come home elated with having made what they considered a good sale for their masters, should meet with so disagreeable a disap- pointment as to be told the money they received was of no value. Some time ago we remember an instance of this kind having taken place in Somersetshire. A farmer sent his man to Stafforddale-fair, to sell a Horse, which he speedily sold for 24/., being the price he asked. Elated with his success, he returned in great good humour with himself, and laid the money on the table before his master. The farmer was equally pleased ; "but on a little closer examination, however, he soon found out that poor John had been duped by sharpers. The notes paid him were a ten pound note and a five guinea note (of banks which had stopped payment,) and a one-pound Dorsetshire note, altered into ten. John attempted to trace the swindlers, but without success. The same gang passed a ten-pound note of a bank that had stopped nearly fifty years. There seems some fatality to persons con- nected with horse-flesh, that immediately leads to roguery. We never saw any directions given for the purchase of a Horse, but that one of almost the first cautions was, " never buy one of a friend." Such seems the over- whelming contamination of this traffic, that friendship itself, is no security against rascality, and the moment a man has a Horse to sell, he becomes a suspicious character. Now, if the sale of one Horse places a man in such an equivocal situation as to character, what must that man be who becomes a dealer in Horses? Why, by common consent, he is placed out of the pale of respectability, and if his conduct were to be in a parallel with his character, he would be a most accom- plished deceiver. Notwithstanding the opinion entertained against horse-dealers, however, if we were in want of an animal suddenly, or were not possessed of suflficient judgment to warrant a confidence to purchase one, we should immediately apply to some eminent dealer, upon the same principle that we should to an eminent jeweller for any article which we were not accurate judges of, and sliould rely on the same justice on one side as the other. A dealer in a large way, has generally a stock of Horses on hand, from which it may be easy to select. If not, his general re- sources are such, that he will very quickly supply you with what you want. To the un- iniated in buying Horses, we should recom- mend them to go to a respectable dealer, as a place less likely for disappointment, than to depend on less responsible judgment. When we reflect on the catalogue of dis- eases, imperfections, vice, &c., which a Horse may be liable to, and left for the tyro to dis- cover, when he runs the risk of purchasing for himself; we believe the most economical com- mencement of his study to buy should be with a dealer in a large \\ay. Although he may give a good price for the Horse, even more than its value; still, in our opinion, he runs less risk than in buying from strangers. If he may have paid a top price, he is unlikely to be so cheated as he might be by the chnuut- iiuj tribe. The dealer has a residence, and if there be any thing to complain of, you know where to find him. By buying of a dealer of respectability, under a warranty, you have a OF FARRIERY. 483 security that he is, at least, not a man of straw. It is natural to suppose that a dealer has an opportunity of selling a Horse at a better price than most other individuals, and it beins his trade, it is but reasonable that he should have his profit. It is an expensive undertaking, accompanied with very consider- able risk ; for the Horses must be kept in saleable condition, however long they may lie on hand, and we have no doubt there may be many instances in which the dealer may sus- tain an actual loss. In recommending a tyro to commence his buying from a dealer, we do so on account of believing it to be the least hazardous of any other ; for we will not in- dulge the aspirant for obtaining knowledge of the Horse, in the hope that he may gain it without suffering some pecuniary losses, as well as disappointment. After he has gained some experience, it will be quite time enough for him to enter the bazaars and repositories, to trade on his own judgment. If he has a taste for this pursuit, he will not rest satisfied till he has matured his judgment, and he will find no greater pleasure than in exercising it Dealers never like to take a Horse back, and whenever this is done, the purchaser must expect to make some considerable sacri- fice. No man likes to return money for any article that he may have sold in his shop; but to a dealer in Horses, it is particularly ob- jectionable. Persons who discover a Horse returned, may naturally enough suppose that it was from some fault ; and although the fact might be from sheer caprice, still his value would be decreased in the opinion of those who knew it, and before tiie Horse can be sold for his former value, he must wait tlil a stranger comes, who may know nothing of IjIs being a returned Horse. Persons conversant with buying and selling Horses, never think of returning them, unless from unsoundness ; but the unskilled, or those persons not being in the habit of disposing of Horses, may natu- rally apply to the party to take them back again, and think him, perhaps, an unfair dealer if he refuses, on their allowing him a few guineas to boot. The fact is, a quick re- turn is tlie very soul of horse-dealins ; for without it, the expence soon eats the profits up. A fresh Horse is more likely to meet with a purchaser, than those which may have lain longer in his stables ; hence the dealer's re- pugnance to returned Horses. A dealer has enough to do to give satisfac- tion to all the various claimants upon him. It is not enough that he has to please the master or purchaser of the Horse ; but he has too often to please the master's master (the groom) ; he is often the most unreasonable of the two. A douceur, from one to ten guineas, is given by the dealers. Of course, the influ- ence of grooms is too powerful to be treated with indifference ; and consequently they are propitiated by sharing in the profits of the dealer, according, we suppose, to the implied agreement. In going to look out for a Horse in a dealer's stables, you will no doubt soon attract the notice of an attendant, who will soon endea- vour to put the Horses inter a fidgetty state by his presence, in all probability with a whip in his hand. Restrain all this; your object is to see the animal in a state of repose, and as far from any exciting cause as possible. It may be difficult to take a quiet survey ; for the attendant is not always obedient to you, but often will persevere in exciting, what you want to see in a quiescent state, and you are 484 THE MODERN SYSTEM compellefl sometimes to leave the stable in flisgnst. if, however, you have seen any thing likely to suit your purpose, return the next day, and fake an opportunity of seeing him in the stable. To see a Horse in his stall is one of the most satisfactory examinations we can have, as far as it goes. By watching the motions of his legs and feet, lameness may be easily detected, should it exist ; as well as his quietness in the stable be tested. Much knowhdge of the disposition of the animal may be traced from his countenance. There is not a surer index. Before, however, ffoins: into the Horse's stall, it will be highly proper to make the inquiry if the Horse be quiet to go up to? We suppose the price may have been as- certained, or nearly so; and the ceremony of examining for purchase will now commence. On being assured that he is quiet to approach, you will give some gentle warning with your voice, and go up to him on his near (left) side, and laying your hand on his forehand (to regard his height,) you will proceed from thence to examine his eyes, mouth, and coun- tenance ; still holding his head, and turnino- your own to the right about, you have a view of the curve of his neck, the height of his forehand, the position of his shoulder, and the substance of his forearm. Returning: to his proceeding to his hind-quarter, and the set« ting on of his tail. You will judge how far he agrees in each and every respect with those rules of proportion already laid down. The hinder legs and feet will demand a share of attention equally minute as the fore ones ; nor should the inside or hollow of the hock be passed by without due notice, since it often happens, that the injuries of hard labour are most apparent in those parts. A survey of the other side of the Horse will complete the stable examination. Some prefer examining the Horse's eyes in the stable, and place hira in such a position that the light may fall only in one direction, and see that they are of the same size, and equally full ; that the haws are not prominent, and that one does not pro- ject more than the other; that the eyes are perfectly clear and transparent, and that the pupils, or apples of the eye, are exactly alike in size as well as colour. Mr. John Lawrence, in speaking of the too common practice of dealers using the whip, gives the following caution, as wells as expresses his honest indignation at its prac- tice, which does honour to his humane and enlightened mind. He says : — " Suffer no person belonging to the seller to be with you in the stall (unless you know and are well satisfied with the dealer's cha- racter) during your inspection, that the Horse forehand, you descend to his legs and feet, may not be rendered unquiet, either design- minutely examining with your fingers every I ediy, or at the mere presence of an habitual part, from above, below, withinside, and with- out. You will not forget the knees, as the value of the animal so much depends on their perfect state. Having satisfied yourself respecting his fore-parts, your eye will glance over his back, girthing place, carcass, and loins; thence tormentor. A short time since 1 had occa- sion to examine a Horse, for a friend, at the stable of a considerable dealer ; it was a very beautifid and well shaped nag, but, as is com- monly the hard fixte of such, he appeared to have done too much work. The attendant, from a superabundant share of regard to ray OF FAKRIERY. 4H5 safety, must needs hold the Horse's head whilst 1 examined his legs, still assuring me iie was perfectly quiet ; nevertheless, every time I attempted to feel below his knees, the Horse started, and flew about the stall in a strange manner, to the no small risk of my toes and shins. Whilst I stood musins' and wondering wliat beside the devil could pos- sibly ail the animal, I discovered a short whip under the arm of the jockey, with which he iiad, no doubt, tickled the neck and chest of the Horse, whenever I stooped down with the inlent of handling his legs. I wished this adept good morning. " A good quiet stable survey is a material prelude, the Horse being under none of that e.xcitement which will probably have place in him when abroad upon the show. Unless, indeed, he should have been previously subject to that most barbarous stable dicipline which I too often witnessed in days of yore, but which, I hope, does not in the present days, at least, not in so great a degree or so usually disgrace the conduct of our dealers. 1 reftr to the daily, too probably almost hourly, at- tendance of a fellow with a whip, who flogs and cuts the Horses up and down in their stalls, causing tliem to jump and fly about as if mad, keeping them in such a constant state of miserable apprehension, that they dread the approach of any human being. The motive of this was to render them active, ready, and lively on a show, and to hide defects ; and, as an exaggeration of this monstrous barbarity, the unfortunate cripples had even an addi- tional share of this discipline, being whipped and beat most cruelly for putting ont, in order to ease, a crippled limb. 1 vouch as an eye witness. It was a constant practice at the and post hacks, and I iiave related, in my old treatise, the case of a beautiful mare, so totally worn out, that every step she took was ob- viously attended with acute torture, whipped, and out, and beat, and checked with the curb, with all the force that a powerful ruffian could exert, whilst the tears were dropping from her sightless eyes." To return, the Horse being led out, he will most probably be placed upon rising ground, for the purpose of showing his fore quarters to advantage, which also affords the buyer an opportunity of another examination in a good liyht. Now is the time for regarding whether he be sound or not ; for though the dealer may declare, that he is as sound as a bell, still we should disregard what he may say on that subject, and judge for ourselves. We have already spoken of the eyes ; but there is one point which we should regard with equal impoi tance to them ; we allude to his wind. If good and sound, on being nip- ped in the gullet, he will utter such a sound as cannot fail to strike the ear as the emission of a good pair of lungs ; but if his lungs are touched, he will g^ive vent to a drv, huskv, short cough. We have, however, seen a strong man sometimes pinch the gullet of a Horse with all his might, without being able to make him cough. There is another way (f detecting a broken-winded Horse, and that is by directing your attention to his flanks ; which, under such circumstances, will work either much quicker than ordinarily, or heave deeply, and with great irregularity. There are also two other defects in Horses, which though not any thing like so distress- ing to the animal it elf, are disagreeable to hear. They go repositories, with the poor worn out machiners " whistlers under the denomination of and " roarers ;" the first mav 0 G ^86 THE MODERN SYSTEM be known by the ptculiar wheezing he is ad- dicted to, when put to sudden or long con- tinued exertion : the latter maives a roaring noise under similar circumstances ; and either may be made to display itself, by the pur- chaser giving him a smart cut, or even feign- ing to do so, with his whip. In anol her part of our work, we have spoken at length on the age of the Horse from his teetii ; and those rules should now be applied. Great care should be taken to see that there is no enlargement of the glands, and that the nostrils are free from any foetid smell ; as under such circumstances, that most terrible of all diseases, glanders, may be apprehended. We cannot leave this subject without ad- verting concisely to the animal's limbs : If, in passing our hand down his legs, we find any unnatural protuberance or puffiness, or if in feeling first one leg and then the other, we discover any difference between them, disease more or less is present ; he may not be lame, but he is not clean upon his legs. Splents, windfalls, and ringbones, may be present without occasioning lameness ; but they are all unnatural, are considered blemishes, and are ail to be regarded with a suspicious eye, as either denoting past hard work, or betoken- ing future evils. On the same principle, a Horse may have a spavin, and be only stiff from it at starting, or he may have a curb, or a thorough-pin, and be perfectly sound ; but these are still bicmisiies, and as such, detract from the intrinsic value of the animal. The Horse is next trotted in hand, or rode ; during which the first look-out will be to dis- cover whether he bends his knees suflRciently, and goes clear of both hind and fore-legs ; whether he goes wide enough behind, and whether his feet stand straiyrht. His reinin": may be then observed, to see in what state be carries his head, whether he appears light in hand, or otherwise. Should he thrust out his head, he will go heavy in hand. The mode in which he is shod should be well observed, to guard against those knavish tricks which are too often played in that respect ; or i o forget the exquisite barbarity known to he practised by miscreants upon a Horse lame of one foot, by driving a nail or peg into the other, so that by the force of whip and spur, tlie Horse going alike with both, may mo- mentarily assume the appearance of sound- ness. A second-hand Horse, or one which has been a considerable time in work, may be warranted sound, but care should be used to observe whether he knuckles w'ith bent knees, or has any other impending cause of unsound- ness. Horses which appear stale and dingy in their coats, with perhaps a mixture of grey hairs ; and a Horse, low in flesh and dull, with his coat dead, may be suspected of rot- tenness. We should not object to buying a Horse, merely because he was low in con- dition ; the appearance of such a Horse, with those described above, will be readily per- ceived ; and a Horse merely suffering from not having had a kind and generous master, ought not to prove an impediment to his again having one. Indeed, we have often felt great pleasure in restoring a Horse who has suffered from neglect and poor keep, to good condition. There have been many Horses restored even from the knackers. We were shown one, a beautiful pie-balled Horse, which had been sent to a knacker's, in Friar Street, and whose owner has since refused seventy pounds for him. A naturally vicious Horse will shew it in the leering and designing glances from his eyes, OF FARRIERY. 487 and by laying back his ears. It is true, the kind and playful Horse will lay down his ears, Ijut he will not be a very skilful physiogno- mist \\lio cannot easily discriminate between tlie countenance of a vicious and a playful one. The sour and sullen expression of the vicious Horse is generally so determinedly in- dexed, that there are but few men who will not instantly discover it. We need hardly caution our readers against the purchase of so dangerous an animal, as the naturally vicious Horse. These various examinations of the intended purchase may probably give satisfaction, as far as the eye is concerned ; yet there may be solid objections to be adduced against their being made final. The Horse, at present, has been shewn to every advantage by the seller. He has been ridden by a jockey, accustomed by his profession to make the most of any ani- mal he has to show ; by one whose ablfi hands and habitual use of the spurs, do not fail to command the Horse's most implicit obedience, and which will make him put hi* best foot forward. A buyer, expecting to find the accomplishment of all this under his own management of the Horse, may find liimself very unpleasantly deceived. We know that many Horses are occasionally resti\e, when mounted by a timid rider, and who have cun- ning enough, very soon, to ascertain that fact ; while, with a good and fearless rider, he will go quietly. We should always recommend before the buyer pays his money, that he should claim the privilege of riding the Horse several miles on the high road, in his walk, trot, canter, and gallop, and then judge for himself vvhether he is likely to suit him in his paces or not. It should be remarked that the wind and con- dition of Horses made up for sale, must not be put to immediate and too severe tests ; and if wanted for hard work, should have suflRcient preparation by moderate daily exercise, and purging, if necessary. 488 THE MODERN SYSIEM CHAPTER XVII. ON TIIS RESTIVE HORSE; WITH AN ACCOUNT OF JUMPER AND SULLIVAN, TWO CELEBRATED HORSE-TAMERS. Ir has been said of naturally vicious Horses, that however they may have been cowed and temporarily subdued by some master-spirits, tliey are never to be depended upon ; but will return to their dangerous practices on any opportunity which their caprice may dictate. The following statement of facts, quite bear out this opinion, and show the danger of keeping any naturally vicious Horse, under the impression that they may become quiet and harmless animals. Restiveness may be considered the effect of bad temper, and perhaps, worse breaking ; and like all other habits founded on nature nnd stamped by education, it may be con- sidered inveterate. Whether it may appear in the form of kicking, rearing, plunging, or bolting, or in whatever way it may threaten danger to the animal, or its rider, it rarely ad- mits of a cure. It may be true, that a resolute and determined rider may. to a certain de- gree, subjugate the animal ; or the Horse may form his attachments, and with some particular person he may be comparatively or perfectly manageable ; still we believe it to be a rule that admits of very few exceptions, ill it he neither displays his wisdom, nor con- sults his safety, who attempts to conquer a restive Horse. An excellent veterinary surgeon, and a man of great experience in Horses, Mr. Castly, truly says, in Tlie Veterinarian, " From whatever cause the vicious habits of Horses may originate, whether from some mismanage- ment, or from natural badness of temper, or from what is called in Yorkshire a mistelch, whenever these animals acquire one of them, and it becomes in some degree confirmed, they very seldom, if ever, altogetiier forget it. In reference to driving, it is so true, that it may be taken as a kind of aphorism, that if a Ho''sc kicks once in harness, no matter from what cause, he will be liable to kick ever after- wards. A good coachman may drive him. it is true — and may make him go, but he cannot make him forget his vice ; and so it is in riding. You may conquer a restive Horse ; you make him ride quiet for months, nay, almost for years together, but I affirm, that under other circumstances, and at some future opportunity, he will be sure to return to his old tricks ajrain." Mr. Castly gives tv,o singular and conclu- sive instances of the truth of this doctrine. OF FARRIERY. 489 **When a very young man," says he, " I re- member purchasing a Horse at a fair in the north of England, that was offered very cheap on account of his being unmanageable. It was said that "nobody could ride him. We found that the animal objected to have any- thing placed upon his back, and that, when made to move forward with nothing more than a saddle on, he instantly threw himself down on his side with great violence, and would then endeavour to roll upon his back. "There was at that time in Yorkshire, a famous colt-breaker, known by the name of Jumper, who was almost as celebrated in that country for taming vicious Horses into sub- mission, as the famed Whisperer was in Ireland. We put this animal into Jumper's hands, who took him away, and in about ten days brought him home again, certainly not looking worse in condition, but perfectly sub- dued and almost as obedient as a dog : for he would lie down at this man's bidding, and only rise again at his command, and carry double or anything. I took to riding him myself, and may say, that I was never better carried for six or eight months, during which time he never sliewed the least vice whatever I then sold him to a Lincolnshire farmer, who said that he would give him a summer's run at grass, and shew him a very fine Horse at the great Horncastle fair. " Happening to meet this gentleman the following year, I naturally enough inquired after my old friend. ' Oh,' said he, ' that was a bad business — the Horse turned out a sad rebel. The first time we attempted to mount him, after getting him up from grass, he in an instant threw the man down with the greatest violence, pitching him several yards over his head ; and after that he threw every one that attempted to get on his back. If lie could not throw his rider, he would throw himself down. We could do nothing with him and I was obliged at last to sell him to go in a stage-coach." ' In the next story. Jumper's counterpart and superior, the Irish Whisperer, is brought on the stage, and, although he performs wonders, he cannot radically cure a restive Horse. " At the Spring Meeting of 1804, Mr. Whalley's King Pippin was brought on Curragh at Kil- dare to run. He was a Horse of the most extraordinary savage and vicious disposition. His particular propensity was that of flying at and worrying any person who came within his reach, and if he had an opportunity, lie would get his head round, seize his rider by the leg with his teeth, and drag him down from his back. For this reason he was always ridden in what is called a sword ; which is nothing more than a strong flat stick, having one end attached to the cheek of the bridle, and the other to the girth of the saddle, a con- trivance to prevent a Horse of this kind from "ettino: at his rider. " King Pippin had long been difUcult to manage and dangerous to go near, but on the occasion in question he could not be got out to run at all. Nobody could put the hridle upon his head. It being Easter Monday, and consequently a great holiday, there was a large concourse of people assembled at the Curragh, consisting principally of the neigh- bouring peasantry ; and one countryman, mor* fearless than the rest of the lookers-on, forget- ting, or perhaps never dreaming that the better part of courage is discretion, volunteered his .services to bridle the Horse. No sooner had he committed himself in this operation, than King Pippin seized him somewhere about 6 H 490 THE MODERN SYSTEM the slioulders or chest, and says Mr. Watts, (Mr. Castley's informant), ' I know of nothing I can compare it to, so much as a dog shaking n rat.' Fortunately for the poor fellow, his body was very thickly covered with clothes, for on such occasions an Irishman of this class is fond of displaying his wardrobe, and if he has three coats at all in the world, he is sure to put them all on. " This circumstance in all probability saved the individual who had so gallantly volunteered the forlorn hope. His person was so deeply enveloped in extra-teguments, that the Horse never got fairly hold of his skin, and I under- stand that he escaped with but little injury, beside the sadly rent and totally ruined state of his toggery. " The Whisperer was sent for, who having arrived, was shut up with the Horse all night, atid in the morning he exhibited this hitherto ferocious animal, following him about the course like a dog, lying down at his command ; suffering his mouth to be opened, and any person's hand to be introduced into it ; in short, as quiet as a sheep. " He came out the same meeting, and won a race, and his docility continued satisfactory for a long time ; but at the end of about three years his vice returned, and then he is said to have killed a man, for whicli he was des- troyed." It may be interesting to give some ac- count of this extraordinary tamer of quadruped vice. The Rev. Mr. Townsend, in his "Sta- tistical Survey of Cork," first introduced him to the notice of the public generally, although iiis fume had long spread over that part of Ireland. He is mentioned also in " Croker's Fairy Legends and Traditions of Ireland." 'I'lie following is an extract from that work : " He was an awkward, ignorant rustic of the lowest class, of the name of Sullivan, but better known by the appellation of the Whis- perer ; his occupation was Horse-breaking, The nickname he acquired from the vulgar notion of liis being able to communicate to the animal what he wished by means of a whisper, and the singularity of his method seemed in some degree to justify the attribute. In his own neighbourhood, the notoriety of the fact made it seem less remarkable, but I doubt if any instance of similar subjugating talent is to be found on record. As far as the sphere of his control extended, the boast of vent, villi, vici, was more justly claimed by Sullivan than by Caesar himself " How his art was acquired, and in what it consisted, is likely to be for ever unknown, as be has lately (about 1810) left the world without divulging it. His son, who follows the same trade, possesses but a small portion of the art, having either never leained the true secret, or being incapable of putting it into practice. The wonder of his skill con- sisted in the celerity of the operation, which was performed in privacy without any appa- rent means of coercion. Every description of Horse, or even mule, whether previously broken or unhandled, whatever their peculiar habits or vices might have been, submitted without show of resistance to the magical in- fluence of his art, and in the short space of half an hour became gentle and tractable. This effect, though instantaneously produced, was generally durable. Though more sub- missive to him than others, they seemed to have acquired a docility unknown before. " When sent for to tame a vicious beast, for which he was either paid according to the distance, or generally two or three guineas, ne OF FARRIERY. 491 directed the stable, in which he and tl\e object I his disposition, and nothing could induce him of the experiment were, to be shut, with orders | to quit Duhaliow and the fox hounds." not to open tlie door until a signal was given. After a tete-a-tete of about half an hour, during which little or no bustle was heard, the signal was made, and, upon opening the door, the Horse appeared lying down, and the man bv his side, playing with him like a child with a puppy dog. From that time he was found willing to submit to any discipline, how- ever repugnant to his nature before." "J once," continues Mr. Townsend, "saw his skill tried on a Horse, which could never before be brought to stand for a smith to shoe him. The day after Sullivan's half hour's lecture, I went, not without some incredulity, to the smith's shop, with many other curious spectators, where we were eye-witnesses of the complete success of his art. This, too, had been a troop Horse, and it was supposed, not without reason, that after regimental dis- cipline had failed, no other would be found availing. I observed that the animal appeared terrified whenever Sullivan either spoke or looked at him ; how that extraordinary ascend- ancy could have been obtained, is difHcult to conjecture." " In common cases this mysterious prepara- tion was unnecessary. He seemed to passess an instinctive power of inspiring awe, the re- sult, perhaps, of natural intrepidity, in which, I believe, a great part of his art consisted ; thoush the circumstance of the tele-a-tete shows that, on particular occasions, something more must have been added to it. A faculty like ihis would in some hands have made a fortune, and I understand that great offers were made to him, for the exercise of his art abroad. But hunting was his passion. He lived at home in the style most agrctable to IMr. Castley vvitnessed the total failure of the younger Sullivan. He says, '* we have in the regiment a remarkably nice Horse, called Lancer, that has always been very difficult to shoe, but seven or eight years ago, when we first got him, he was do.vnright vicious in that respect. When the regiment was sta- tioned at Cork, the farrier-major soujjht out the present Sullivan, the son of the celebrated Whisperer, and brought him up to the barracks in order to try his hand upon Lancer, ami make him more peaceable to shoe ; but I must say this person did not appear to possess any particular controlling power over the animal, more than any other man. Lancer seemed to pay no attention whatever to his charm, and, at last, fairly beat him out of the forge. Time, however, and a long perseverance in kind and gentle treatment, have effected what force could not. The Horse is now pretty reason- able to shoe." Mr. Townsend has said enough of Sullivan, to make us wish to know more about him. It does seem almost incredible that a man being left only one night in King Pippin's stable, should have produced such an alteration in that animal's ferocity, and partakes more of the marvellous than we are in the habit of giving credence to. Still the evidence of the fact seems so overwhelming, that we cannot but consider it one of those extraordi- nary farts, for which we cannot account, without the aid of admitting some unknown and mysterious agency. It is said some have the power of disarming the rage of the most savage dogs ; and the " Whisperer " seems to have found out the same charm for the vicious Horse. 402 rUh iMODERN SYSTEM Jumper seem*' lo have had extraordinary power over other animals beside the Horse ; for he is said to have tamed a buffalo for the saddle, for Mr. Tempest, and a pair of rein- deer for harness, for Lord Fitzwilliam. The manner of Jumper's treatment seems intel- ligible ; his charm consisted chiefly in fear- lessness and brute force. He would gene- rally try rough measures first ; and in his perilous encounters with some of these trou- blesome animals, had nearly every bone of his body fractured. Jumper, however, seemed to have some sort of magic about him ; for it is said, when he had, by dint of punishment, striven in vain to conquer an unruly Horse in the market-place of VV^akefield, Jie alighted, stood on the near side of the Horse, brought the animal's head almost back to his off/- shoulder, by forcibly pulling at Iiis off-rein, and then sternly gazing at him over the withers for two or three minutes. The ani- mal began to tremble, and broke out in a pro- fuse perspiration. Jumper then loosened his hold of the rein, and patted and caressed the Horse, who immediately followed him round the market place perfectly subdued. Jumper is described as having been em- ployed in the contested elections for York- shire, covered with orange plush from top to toe, and scampering in every direction over the county. Sometimes he would exchange this costume for a bear-skin, enveloped in which, and mounted occasionally on a buffalo, he was indeed a most formidable looking object. We have been speaking of a naturally bad tempered Horse ; but we would inquire how many really good-tempered Horses have been ruined by bad and passionate breakers ? How often have we witnessed some young Horses refuse to take the collar at starting, and begin to back ; the whip is applied, which sometimes does not produce the desired effect, but flurries the animal, and instead of putting a stone be- hind the wheel, the driver loses his temper, flogs the Horse, and puts him in a fair way to become a gibber. When the Horse finds it more difficult to back than to go forward, he is apt to adopt the least impediment of the two, and goes forward. It would be advan- tageous, as often as it could be managed, so to start that the Horse should ha^e to back up-hill. The difficulty of accomplishing this will soon make him readily go forward at once ; and a little coaxing, or leading, or moderate use of the whip, will assist in ac- complishing the cure. When a Horse first begins to gib, persua- sion should be first tried ; and afterwards, reasonable coercion, but no cruelty : for the brutality which is often exercised in attempt- ing to compel a gibbing Horse to throw him- self habitually in the collar, never yet accom- plislied the purpose. Such a Horse may be put in a stage-coach as a wheeler, and par- ticularly as the near-wheeler ; or in the middle of a team at agricultural work, he may be serviceable. It will be useless for him to at- tempt to gib there, for he will be dragged on by his companions whether he will or no ; and finding the inutility of resistance, he will soon be induced to work as well as any other Horse in the team. This reformation will last while he is thus employed ; but, like restive- ness generally, it will be delusive when the Horse returns to his former occupation. Some instances of complete reformation have taken place ; but they are the exceptions to the rule. When a Horse, not accustomed to gib, be- trays a reluctance to work, humanity will OF FARKlERY. 493 demand that some examination should take place, before measures of severity be resorted to. Sometimes the withers are wrung, and the shoulders sadly galled ; and the pain, which may be intense on level ground and with a fair draught, becomes insupportable when going up a steep acclivity. These things should be seen into, and if possible, rectified ; for, under such circumstances, se- vere punishment might produce obstinacy and vice, but not willing obedience. A Hor5;e, whose shoulders are raw, or that have frequently been so, will not start with a cold collar. When the collar has acquired the warmth of the parts on which it presses, the animal will go without reluctance. Some determined gibbers have been reformed by constantly wearing a false collar, or strip of cloth round the shoulders, so that the coldness of the collar should never be felt ; and others have been cured by keeping on the collar night and day, although the animal is not able to lie down so completely at his ease, as without it, and which a tired Horse ought always to be able to do. When a Horse gibs at his work, it has been sometimes useful to line his collar with cloth instead of leather ; the perspiration is more readily ab- sorbed, the substance which presses on the shoulder is softer, and it is more readily eased off at a tender place. Bilino- may be often the consequence of natural ferocity ; but it is a habit also ac- quired from fhe foolish and teasing play of grooms aad stable-boys. Whcu a Horse h lickled and pinched by thoughtless and mis- chievous youths, he will first pretend to bite his tormentors ; by degrees he will proceed farther, and actually bite them, and very soon afler thnl. he will l»e the first to challenge to the combat, and witho'JC provocation seize some opportunity to gripe the incautious groom ; and then, as the love of mischief is a propensity too easily acquired, this war which commenced half playful and half in earnest, will become habitual to him, and will degene- rate into absolute viciousness. Nothiuff cat* here be done in the way of cure ; kindness would aggravate the evil, and no degree of severity will correct it. Prevention is in the power of every proprietor of Horses. While he insists on gentle and humane treatment of his cattle, he should systematically forbid this horse- play. It is that which can never be considered as operating as a reward, and thereby rendering the Horse tractable ; nor does it increase the affection of the animal for his groom, because he is annoyed and irri- tated by being thus incessantly teased. Kicking-, as a vice, is another consequence of the culpable habit of grooms and stable- boys of teasing the Horse. There is no cure for this vice ; and the owner of kicking Horses cannot be justified in keeping them. Some Horses acquire a habit of kicking at the stall, and particularly at night, from mere irrita- bility and fidgetiness. This is productive of considerable inconvenience, as disturbing the other Horses, and frequently the kicker does himsalf some injury. Mares are more subject to these freaks than Horses. This is a habit very difficult to correct. It is attempted by fastening a thorn-bush, or a piece of furze against the partition or post. When the Horse finds himself pricked by the bushes, it has a tendency to prevent his kicking, and pcrhapx in the end may cure him of this very dis- agreeable and dangerous habit. Should this method, however, fail, recourse is had to the log, though the legs are often not a little 6 I 494 THE MODERN SYSTEM bruised by it. A. rather long and heavy piece of wood, attached to a chain, is buclvled above the hock, so as to reach above half way down the leg. When the Horse attempts to kick violently, his leg will receive a severe rap from the log, and the repetition of the blow M'ill induce him to be quiet. Kicking in harness, however, is a much more serious vice, and those Horses that are so fidgety in the stable, are the most apt to do this. From the least annoyance about the rump or quarters, some Horses will kick most violently, and dej^troy every thing within their reach. These Horses can only be tolerated in stage-coaclies, where between hard work and daring attendants, they are the least likely to do mischief. Cautions may certainly be used ; if the shafts are very strong and with- out flaw, or if they are plated with iron under- neath, and a stout kicking-strap used, which wiil barely allow the Horse the proper use of his hind limbs in progression, but not permit him to raise them sufficiently for the purpose of kicking, he may be prevented from doing mischief Still there may be possibility of accident; the strap may break, and extreme danger may ensue. A Horse that has once begun to kick, whatever may liave been the original cause of it, can never be depended on again ; and he will be very unwise who ven- tures to sit behind him. Mounting. When the difficulty of mount- ing arises not from eagerness to start, but from unwillingness to be ridden, the sooner such a Ho-se is disposed of the better. He may be conquered by a determined rider, but a skilful horseman only will manage him ; and even he will not succeed without frequent and even dangerous contests, that will mar all the plcadures of the rider. Rearing may sometimes proceed from mere playfulness, carried to an unpleasant and dan- gerous extent ; but it is oftener a vice, and is a desperate effort to unseat the rider. Some- times it may proceed from using a deep curb and sharp bit. Some of the best Horses will contend against this curb ; and if his rearing proceeds from this cause, it may be prevented by using a snaffle bridle. It is otherwise a vice of that dangerous description, that no rational man would think of mounting a Horse addicted to it, a second time. The horse-breaker's remedy of pulling him backward on a soft piece of ground, is a dan- gerous and brutal one. Many Horses have been injured in the spine, and others have broken their necks, by being thus suddenly brought over; while even the horse-breaker, who fears no danger, is not always able to ex- tricate himself from the falling Horse. Running-away. Some headstrong Horses will occasionally endeavour to bolt wiUi the best rider. Others, with their wonted sagacity, endeavour thus to dislodge the timid or un- skilful. Some are hard to hold, or bolt only during the excitement of the chace ; others will run away, prompted by a vicious propen- sity alone. There is nb cure here. That method which affords any probability of suc- cess, is to ride such a Horse with a strong curb and sharp bit ; to have him always firmly in hand ; and if he will run away, and the place will admit of it, to give him (sparing neither curb, whip, nor spur,) a great deal more running than he likes. Vicious to clean. There are a great many Horses quiet to ride, that arc very difficult to clean. The origin of this is probably some mal-treatment. In young Horses the skin is very delicate ; if they have been curried with OF FARRIERY. 4&5 a too sharp comb, or rubbed too hard with an uneven brush, the recollection of the torture they may have felt, makes them impatient, and even vicious, during every succeeding operation of the kind. Many grooms, like- wise, seem to delight in producing these exhibitions of uneasiness and vice ; although when they are carried a little too far, and en- danger the limbs of the grooms, the animals that have been almost ao^gravated into these expressions of irritation, are brutally kicked and punished. This, howevcv, is a vice which may be con- quered by care. If the animal is dressed with a light hand, and whisped rather than brushed, and the places where the skin is most sensitive be avoided as much as thorough cleanliness will allow, the Horse will gradu- ally lose the recollection of former ill treat- ment, and may become tractable and quiet to be cleaned. Vicious to shoe. Nothing can be more an- noying to a traveller than having a Horse of this description meeting with an accident on the road, which demands the attention of the smith. The smith is no better pleased than the Horse's rider, who has got to perform a job which he would rather be without; and this vice, nine times out of ten, has been caused by want of patience, and by injudici- ^ ous management at the commencement of the Horse being shod. This is a very serious vice, for it not only exposes the animal to occasional severe injury from his own struggles, but also from the correction of the irritated smith, whose limbs, and even whose life being in jeopardy, may be forgiven, if he is sometimes a little too heavy-handed. Such a Horse is very liable, and without any fault of the smith, to be pricked and lamed in shoeing; and if the habit should be confirmed, and it becomes necessary to cast him, or put him in the trevis, the owner may be assured that no long time will elapse before some formidable and even fatal accident will take place. If there- fore, mild treatment will not correct the vice, the Horse cannot be got rid of too soon. Horses have many unpleasant habits in the stable and on the road, which cannot be said to amount to vice, but which materially lessen their value. Crib-biting. The only remedy is a muzzle, with bars across the bottom, wide enough to enable the animal to eat his corn and pull his hay, but not to grasp the edge of the manger. If this be worn a very long time, the Horse may possibly forget the habit ; but in the majority of cases, the desire returns with the power of gratifying it. 4S6 THE MODERN SYSTEM CHAPTER XVIIT WARRANTY.— ON SOUNDNESS OF THE HORSE. WARRANTY. \\ HEN there are every day disputes arising out of the consideration of the soundness of the Horse, we think it of importance to lay before our readers tiiose points wiiich consti- tute it, as well as those which do not ; it being of equal importance to both purchaser and seller. We have consulted the best authorities. The Editor of the " Horse " says : That Horse is sound in whom there is no disease, nor any alteration of structure in any part which impairs, or is likely to impair his natural usefulness. That Horse is unsound that labours under disease, or that has some alteration of structure that does interfere, or is likely to interfere with his natural usefulness. One Horse may possess great speed, but is soon knocked up ; another will work all day, but cannot be got beyond a snail's pace : one with a heavy forehead is liable to stumble, and is continually putting to hazard the neck of his rider; another, with an irritable consti- tution and a washy make, loses his appetite and begins to scour if a little extra work is exacted from him. The term unsoundness cannot be applied to either of these ; it would be opening a door to endless wrangling, 'i'lie buyer can discern, or ought to know, whethe-r the form of the Horse is that which will render him likely to suit his purpose, and he should try him sufficiently to ascertain his natural strength, endurance, and manner of goin^. Unsoundness, we repeat, has reference only to di.sease, or to that alteration of structure which is connected with, or will produce disease, and lessen the usefulness of the animal. These principles will be best illustrated by a brief consideration of the usual supposed causes of unsoundness. Srokcn-knces certainly do not constitute unsoundness after the wounds are healed, un- less they interfere with the acti'^n of the joint, for the Horse may have fallen from mere acci- dent, or through the fan 't of the rider; but no person would h\iy a Horse with broken- knees until he had thoroughly tried him, atid satisfied himself as to his form and action. Capped Hocks may be produced by lying on an unevenly paved stable with a scanty supply of litter, or by kicking ; in neitlier of which cases would tiiey constitute unsound- ness, though in the latter they would be an indication of vice ; but in the majority o* OF FARRIERY. 497 instances, they are the consequence of sprain of the hock, and when accompanied by en- largement, there would be unsoundness. A special warranty should always be taken against capped hocks. Contraction is a considerable deviation from the natural form of the foot, but not neces- sarily constituting unsoundness ; it requires, however, a most careful examination on the part of the purchaser or veterinary surgeon to ascertain that there is no heat about the quarter, or ossification of the cartilage ; that the froff, althou2:h diminished in size, is not diseased ; that the Horse does not step short and go as if the foot were tender, and that there is not the slightest trace of lameness. Unless these circumstances, or some of them, lire detected, a Horse must not be pronounced to be unsound because his feet are contracted, for many Horses with strangely contracted feet, are never lame : a special warranty, however, should be required where the feet are at all contracted. Corns manifestly constitute unsoundness. The portion of the foot in which they are situated will not bear the ordinary pressure of the shoe ; and any accidental additional pressure from the growing down of the horn, or the introduction of dirt or gravel, will cause serious lameness. They render it necessary to wear a thick and heavy shoe, or a bar shoo, to protect the weakened and diseased part ; and corns are very seldom radically cured. CoHs-h. This is a disease, and conse- quently unsoundness. However slight may be its degree, and of whatever short standing it is, although it may sometimes seem scarcely to interfere with the usefulness of the Horse, a change of stabling, or slight exposure to wet and cold, or the least over-e.xertion, may at other times cause it to digenerato into many dangerous complaints. A Hor.se, therefore, should never be purchased with a cough upon him without an especial warranty ; or if the cough not being observed, he is purchased under a general warranty, he may be returned as soon as it is discovered Roaring, Wheezifig, Whislling, High-hlow ing, and Grunting, being the result of altera tion of structure or disease in some of the air pas-^;.ges, and interfering with the pcrffct freedom of breathing, and especially when the Hor~e is put on his speed, without doubt con- stitute unsoundness. There are decisions to the contrary, which are now universally ad- mitted to be erroneous. Broken wind is still decidedly unsoundness. Crib-biting. — Althongli there is some dif- ference of opinion among veterinary surgeons on this point, crib-biting must be regarded as unsoundness. This unnatural sucking in of the air must be to a certain degree injurious to digestion, must dispose to colic, and so iuterfeie with the strength, and usefulness, and health of the Horse. Some crib-biters are good goers, but they probably would have possessed more endurance had they not ac- quired tliis habit; and it is a fact well estab- lished, that as soon as a Horse begins to become a crib-biter, he, in more than nine cases f)ut often, begins to lose condition. He is not, to the experienced eye, the Horse he was before. It may not lead on to absolute disease, ot it may rarely do so to any consider- able degree ; but a Horse that is deficient ij condition, must, to that extent, have his capability for extraordinary work diminished, althon:.'li not so oden as to be apparent in ordinary work, and so far, the Horse is un- sound. \V(re there no other consideration. 6 K ibS THE MODERN SYSTEM the wear of the front teeth, and even the fre- quent breaking of them, make a Horse old before liis time, and sometimes render it diffi- cult or almost impossible for liim to graze, when the state of the animal or the con- venience of the owner require that he should be turned out. Curb constitutes unsoundness while it lasts, and perhaps while the swelling remains, although the inflammation may have sub- sided ; for a Horse that has once thrown out a curb, is, for a while at least, very liable to do so again on the slightest extra exertion. A Horse, however, is not returnable if he should spring a curb five minutes after the purchase, for it is done in a moment, and does not necessarily indicate any previous unsound- ness or weakness of the part. Cutting, as rendering a Horse liable to serious injury of the legs, and indicating that he is either weak, or has an awkwardness of gait inconsistent with safety, should be con- sidered as unsoundness. Many Horses go lame for a considerable period after cutting themselves severely ; and others have dropped from the sudden agony, and endangered them- selves and their riders. As some doubt, how- ever, exists on this subject, and as it is a very material objection to a Horse, cutting, when evident, should have its serious consequences provided against by a special warranty. Enlarged Glands. — The enlargement of the glands under the jaw iias not been so much considered as it ought, in our estimate of the soundne.ss of the Horse. Simple catarrh will occasionally, and severe affection of the chest will generally be accompanied by swelling of these glands, and which does not subside for a considerable time after the cold or fever ha.s apparently been cured To a slifi-ht eniarire- ment of the glands under the jaw much alteTi- tion need not be paid ; but if they are of con- siderable size, and especially if tender, and the gland at the root of the ear be enlarged, as well as the membrane of the nose be red- der than it should be, we should hesitate in pronouncing that Horse to be sound. We should fear the insidious lurking of disease. Enlarged Hock. — A Horse with enlarged hock is unsound. The structure of this com- plicated joint being so materially affected, that although the Horse may appear for a con- siderable time to do ordinary work well, he will occasionally fail even as to that, and a few days' hard work will always lame him. T/ie Eyes. That inflammation of the eye of the Horse which usually terminates in blindness of one or both eyes, has the peculiar character of remitting or disappearing for a time, once or twice, before it fully runs its course. The eye, after an attack of inflamma- tion, regains so nearly its former natural bril- liancy, that a man well acquainted with Horses will not always recognize the traces of former disease. After a time, however, the inflammation returns, and the result is un- avoidable. If a man buys a Horse actually blind, he may repent of his bargain, but he cannot get rid of it. He should be more careful, and the law will not protect him if he does not use common precaution. Lameness, from whatever cause arising, is unsoundness. However temporary it may be or however obscure, it lessens the utility o. the Horse, and renders him unsound for the time. How far his soundness may be after- wards affected, must depend on the circum- stances of the case. A lame Horse is for the time an unsound one. OF FARRIERY. 409 Neurotomy. A question lias arisen how far a Horse that has undergone tlie operation of the division of the nerve of the leg, and has recovered from the lameness with which lie was before affected, and stands his work well, may be considered to be sound. In our opinion there cannot be a doubt about the matter. A Horse on whom this operation has been performed may be improved ; may cease to be lame, may go well for many years ; but there is no certainty of his continuing to do so, and he is unsound. Pumi( eel-foot . When the union between tlie horny and sensible lamellae, or little plates of the foot, is weakened, and the coffin-bone is let down, and presses upon the sole, which yields to this unnatural weight, and becomes rounded, and comes in contract with the ground, and gets bruised and injured, that Horse must be unsound, and imsoiuid for ever, )ecause there are no means by which we can lift up the coffin-bone again into its place. Quidding. If the mastication of the food gives pain to the animal, in consequence of soreness of the mouth or throat, he will drop it before it is perfectly chewed. This, as an indication of disease, constitutes unsoundness. Quidding sometimes arises from irregularity in the teeth, which wound the cheek with their sharp edges ; or a protruding tooth renders it impossible for the Horse to close his jaws so as to chew his food thoroughly. Quidding is unsoundness for the time ; but the unsoundness will cease when the teeth are properly filled, or the catarrh relieved, or the cause of this imperfect chewing removed. Quittor is unsoundness. Ring-bone. Although when the bony tu- mour is small, and on one side only, there is little or no lameness, and there are a few instances in which a Horse with ring-bone has worked for manv years without lameness ; yet, from the action of the foot, and the stress upon the part, the inllammation and the for- mation of bone have such a tendency rapidly to spread, that we must pronounce the slight- est enlargement of the pasterns or around the coronet, to be a cause of unsoundness. Sandcrack is manifestly unsoundness ; but it may occur without the slightest warning, and no Horse can be returned for one that is sprung after purchase. Its usual cause is too great brittleness of the crust of the hoof; but there is no infallible method of detecting this, or the degree in which it must exist to con- stitute unsoundness. When the horn rounounds of oats and two of beans should be added to every twenty pounds of chaff; and ♦ liirty-four or thirty-six pounds of the mixture «''ill be sufficient for any moderate-sized Horse even with hard work. The drav and very large waggon horses may requiro some* thing more. Hay in the rack at night is, in this case, to bo omitted altogether. The rack, however, may be useful to contain tares, or other green meat, which may occasionally be given. In order to prevent the Horses from turning the chaff out of the manger in their search for tlie oats, small iron bars may be placed at in- tervals across it, and the provender may be sprinkled with water ; but the water should be applied only at the moment of feeding, as the wetted mixture would soon become sour and mouldy. Horses eat this provender very greedily ; but we would, however, caution the owners of them not to put damaged hay for the ma- nufacture of chaff. The corn contained in the chaff may tempt a Horse to eat, even if it be not good. More injury is done by the eat- ing of damaged hay or musty oats, than is generally imagined. The advantage of this system of manger-feeding, will be entirely counteracted, if it be made the vehicle for the consumption of unwholesome hay or musty corn. The principal importance to be attached to manger-feeding, arises from the Horse being compelled in a very considerable degree, to masticate and prepare his food more by this mixture for his stomach, than he would if left to eat his oats whole, which he might swal- low, without deriving one half the benefit he does from their being bruised. Another most important advantage derived from it is, that the Horse by this union of eating nutri- tious matter with the more bulky material (hay-chalT,) fills his stomach sooner, and has, consequently, more time for rest, a very con- siderable consequence to a Horse on the road. OF FARRIERY. 507 OATS. In almost every part of Great Britain, the oat has been selected as that portion of the food which is to afford to the Horse liis prin- cipal nourishment. It contains seven hundred and forty-three parts out of a thousand of nu- tritive matter. The oat should be old, heavy, dry, and sweet. The new oat will weigh ten or fifteen per cent, more than the old oaX ; but the difference consists principally in watery matter, which is gradually evaporated. The new oat is not so easily ground down by the leetli as the old one, and forms a more glutin- ous mass, difficult to digest, and when eaten in considerable quantities, is apt to become so unwholesome, as to occasion colic, and even staggers. Oats should be plump, bright in colour, and free from unpleasant taste or srat^ll. The musty smell of wetted or damaged corn, is caused by a fungus which grows upon the seed, and \\hich has an injurious effect on the urinary organs, and often on the intestines, producing profuse staling, inflammation of the kidney or colic, and inflammation of the bowels. This musty smell may be removed by kiln-drying the oat, but care should be used that too great a degree of heat is not employed. It should be sufficient to destroy the fimgns, without injuring the vitality of the seed. The kiln-burnt oat, however, is not so grateful to the animal ; it acquires a heating quality, and not unfrequently produces inflam- mation of the eyes, and mangy affections of the skin. If the unthreshed oat-straw were cut for chaff, it would save the expence of threshing. Oat-straw is better than barley- straw, but docs not contain so much nourish- ment as that of wheat. >Mien the Horse is fed on hay and oats, the quantity of the oats must vary with his size and the work to be performed. Nine or ten pounds of oats a day will be a fair allowance for a Horse of fifteen hands one or two inchis high, in moderate work, with a proportionate quantity of hay. In summer, when the Horse is given o-reen food daily, reduce his corn one half. BARLEY. Barley is a common food of the Horse on various parts of the continent, and, until the introduction of the oat, seems to have consti- tuted almost his only food. It is more nutri- tious than oats, containing nine hundred and twenty parts of nutritive matter in every thousand. There seems, however, to be something necessary besides a great propor- tion of nutritive matter, in order to render any substance wholesome, strengthening, or fatten ing. Except where Horses are very hardly worked, barley does not seem in our country to agree with them so well as oats. They are more subject to inflammatory complaints, and particularly to surfeit and mange. When barley is given, the quantity should not ex- ceed a peck daily. It should be always bruised, and the chaff should consist of equal quantities of hay and barley straw, and not cut too short. If the farmer has a quantity of spotted or unsaleable barley which he wishes thus to ffet rid of, he must verv eraduallv ac- custom his Horses to it, or he will probaljl produce serious illness among them. Foi Horses that are recovering from illness, barley, in the form of malt, is often serviceable, as tempting the appetite and recruiting the strength. It is best given in mashes; water, considerably below the boiling heat, being poured upon it, and tlie vessel or pail kept covered for half an hour. ne truss of hay to two of straw. Wheaten Jlour, boiled in water to the thickness of starch, is given with good effect in over purging, and especially if combined with chalk and opium. There is no grain that seems to affrce so well vith the constitution of the Horse as the oat. BEANS. Beans. — These form a striking illustration of the principle, that the nourishing or strengthen- ing effects of the different articles of food de- pend more upon some peculiar property which they have, or some combination which they form, than on the actual quantity of nutritive matter, yet they add materially to the vigour of the Horse. There are many Horses that will not stand hard work without beans being mingled with their food, and these not Horses whose tendency to purge it may be nece.ssary to restrain by the astringency of the bean. There is no traveller who is not aware of the difference in the spirit and continuance of his Horse if he allows or denies him beans on his journey. They afford not merely a temporary stimulus, but they may l)e daily used without losing their power, or producing exhaustion. Two pounds of beans may, with advantage be mixed with the chaff of the agricultural Horse, during the winter. In summer, the quantity may be lessened, or the beans alto- gether discontinued. Beans are generally given whole. This is very absurd ; for the young Horse, whose teeth are strong, seldom requires them ; while the old Horse, to whom they are in a manner necessary, is scarcely able to masticate them, swallows many of them whole, which he is unable to break, and drops much corn from his mouth in the iu- eft'ectual attempt to break them. Beans should not be merely split, but crushed ; they will even then give sufficient employment to the grinders of the animal. Some f)Ostmasters use chaff with beans instead of oats. With hardly worked Horses they may possibly be allowed ; but in general cases, the beans, without oats, would be (oo binding and stimuliting, and OF FARRIERY. 609 would produce costiveness, and probably megrims or staggers. PEAS. Peas are occasionally given. They appear to be in a slight degree more nourishing than beans, and not so heating. They contain iive hundred and seventy-four parts of nutri- tive matter. For Horses of slow work they may be used; but the quantity of chaff should be increased, and a few oats added. They have not been found to answer with Horses of quick draught. It is e.-sential that they should be crushed ; otherwise on an account of their globular form, they are apt to escape from the teeth, and many are swallowed whole. Ex- posed to warmth and moisture in the stomach, they svA'ell very much, and may painfully and injuriously distend it. Many Horses have died after gorging them- selves with peas, and the stomach has been found to have been burst by their swelling. If a small phial is filled with peas, and warm water poured on them, and the bottle tightly corked, it will not remain many hours before it bursts. Where the manger system of feeding is not adopted, or where hay is still given at night, and chaff and corn in the day, there is no error into which the farmer is so apt to fall as to give an undue quantity of hay, and that generally of the worst kind. If the manger sy.stem is good, there can be no necessity for hay, or only for a small quantity of it ; but if the rack is overloaded, the greedy Horse will be eating all night, instead of taking his rest; and when the time for the morning feed arrives, his stomach will be already filled, and he will be less capable of work, from the want of sleep, and from the long-continued distention of the stomach rendering it impossible for the food to be properly digested. It is a good practice to sprinkle the hay with water in which salt has been dissolved. It is evidently more palatable to the animal, who will leave the best unsalted hay for that of an inferior quality that has been moistened with brine ; and there can be no doubt that the salt very materially assists the process ot digestion. The preferable way of salting the hay would be to sprinkle it over the different layers as the rick is formed. From its attrac- tion for water, it would combine with that excess of moisture which, in wet seasons, is the cause of too rapid and violent fermentation, and of the hay becoming mow burnt, or the rick sometimes catching fire, and it would become more incorporated with the hay. The only objection to its being thus used is, that the colour of the hay is not so bright ; but this would be of little consequence for home coo- sumption. TARES. Of the value of tares, as forming a portion of the late spring and summer food of the stabled and agricultural Horse, there can be no doubt. They are very nutritive, and they act as a kind of medicine. When surfeit lumps appear on the skin, and the Horse begins to rub himself against the divisions of the stall, and the legs swell, and the heels threaten to crack, a few tares, cut up with the chaff, or given instead of a portion of the hay, will often afford immediate and perfect relief. Ten or twelve pounds may be given daily, and half that weight of hay subtracted. It is an erroneous notion, that, given in mo- derate quantities, they either roughen the coat or lessen the capability for hard work. 6 N f i 510 THE MODERN SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. RYE GRASS. Rye Grass affords a valuable article of food, but is inferior to the tare. It is not so nutri- tive ; it is apt to scour ; and occasionally, and late in the spring, it has appeared to become injurious to the Horse. CLOVER. Clover, for soiling the Horse, is inferior to the tare and the rye grass, but neverthe- less, is useful when they cannot be obtained. Clover hay is, perhaps, preferable to meadov*' hay for chaff; it will sometimes tempt the sick Horse, and may be given with advantage to those of slow and heavy work ; but custom seems properly to have forbidden it to the hunter and the hackney. LUCERN. Lucern, where it can be obtained, is prefer- able even to tares, and sainfoin is superior to lucern. Although they contain but a small quantity of nutritive matter, it is easily di- gested, and perfectly assimilated ; they speedily put both muscle and fat on the Horse that is worn down by labour, and they are almost a specific for hide-bound. Some farmers have thought so highly of lucern as to substitute it for oats. This may do for the agricultural Horse of slow and not hard work ; but he from whom speedier action is sometimes re- quired, and the Horse of all work, must have a proportion of hard meat within him. The Swedish Turnip is an article of food the value of which has not been sufficiently appreciated, and particularly for agricultural Horses. CARROTS. The virtues of this root are not too greatly esteemed. There is little food of which the Horse is fonder. Some farmers allow a bushel of carrots a day, with chaff, without any oats ; and the Horses are said to be equal to all slow or agricultural work. POTATOES. Potatoes have been sliced with advantasre in their raw state, and mixed with the chaff ; but, where there has been convenience to boil or steam them, the benefit has been greater. Some have given boiled potatoes alone, and Horses have preferred them even to the oat ; but it is better to mix them with the manger feed, in the proportion of one pound of pota- toes to two and a half of the other ingredients. CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE NUTRIMENT CON- TAINED IN THE FOLLOWINa VEGETABLES. 1000 parts of wheat contain 955 parts of nutritive matter ; barley, 920 ; oats, 743 ; peas, 574 ; beans, 570 ; potatoes, 230 ; red beet, 148; parsnips, 99 ; carrots, 98. Of the grasses, 1000 parts of the meadow cat's tail contain at the time of seeding: 98 parts of nutritive matter ; narrow-leaved mea- dow grass in seed, and sweet-scented soft grass in flower, 95 ; narrow leaved and flat- stalked meadow grass in flower, fertile mea- dow grass in seed, and tall fescue, in flower, 93 ; Swedish turnips, 64 ; common turnips, 42 ; sainfoin, and broad-leaved and long- rooted clover, 39 ; Mhite clover, 32 ; and lucern, I'd. THE MODERN SYSTEM OF FARRIERY. PART IV THE VETERINARY PHARMACOPEIA; OR, MEDICINES USED IN HORSE PRACTICE. The weights made use of in compounding medicines are troy, which are divided, and characterized as follows . — The pound (lb.) cont.ains 12 ounces 3 xij Ounce - Eight drachms 3 viij Drachm - Three scruples 3 iij Scruple - Twenty grains gr xx The measures made use of are wine, and are thus divided and characterized : Tlie Gallon (longum) contains 8 pints Pint - 16 fluid ounces fl I Fluid ounce 8 fluid drachms fl 3 tluid drachm 60 minims viij xvj viij Ix ACACIM GUMMI. GUM ARABIC. This is a natural exudation from the trunk and branches of the pinosa tree, which grows, plentifully in all parts of Africa. It appears to be the produce of disease. It is gathered in July and August. Medicinal Uses. — Mucilaginous, chiefly used to form a vessicle for the exhibition of active remedies, one to two ounces being dissolved in about one and half-pint of water. ACIDUM ACETICUM FORT'^TS. STRONG ACETIC, OR PYROLIONEUS ACIU. This is prepared from wood, distilled dry in iron chambers. One part of this acid 612 THE MODERN SYSTEM ruixeJ with seven parts of water, form the greater part of the distilled vinegar of the shops. Medicinal Uses. — See vinegar. ACIDUM ACETICUM IMPURUM. IMPUHE ACETIC ACID. VINEGAR. This is made by exposing infusion of malt, wines, or any fermentive saccharine mixtures, to the action of atmospheric air, after having induced the fermentation process by heat. Medicinal Uses. — Refrigerant — relaxant. — Applied externally, in combination with mu- riatic ammoniae. Used for making infasium cantharidis. ACIDUM MURIATICUM. MURIATIC ACID.— SPIRITS OF SALTS. Take Dried common salts - - 2 drach. Sulphuric acid (by weight) 20 grains. Distilled water - - - - 1|- pint. Mix the acid with half a pint of the water in a glass retort, and to these when cold, add the common salt ; pour the remainder of the water into the receiver, which adapt to the retort, and let the muriatic acid gas distil into the water from a sand bath, with heat gradu- ally raised, until the retort becomes red hot. Decompoxition. — Common salt is a chloride of sodium, the chlorine of which on the ad- mixture unites to the hydrogen of the water of the sulphuric acid, forming hydrocloric, or muriatic gas, whilst the oxygen of the water unites with the sodium, and forms oxide of sodium, or soda. On the application of heat, ilie water used in diluting the acid, rises in vapour, and with it combined the muriatic acid gas, and becomes condensed into the receiver, forming liquid muriatic acid, whilst the dry sulphuric acid unites with the soda, and forms sulphate of soda, which^emains in the retort. Medicinal Uses. — Caustic applied exter- nally ; but most commonly used as a solvent for oxymuriate of mercury in the liquor hy- drargyris oxymuriates. ACIDUM NITRICUM. NITRIC ACID. DOUBLE AQUA FORTIS. Take Dried nitrate of potash - 2 pounds. Sulphuric acid (by weight) 2 do. Mix them in a glass retort, distil the nitric acid off by means of a sand bath, till a red vai)our arises ; then having added another ounce of the dried nitrate of potash, continue the distillation Decomposition. — When these are heated together, a double decomposition takes place. The dry sulphuric acid unites to the potash, and forms sulphate of potash of what remains in the retort ; whilst the nitric acid disen- gaged, unites with the water, rising in the state of vapour, these become condensed in the receiver, and form liquid nitric acid. Medicinal Uses. — Caustic and stimulant ; as the former, applied alone ; as the latter, in combination with tar, for t'nrushes, &c. ACIDUM SULPHURICUM. SULPHURIC ACID. — OIL OF VITRIOL. Into a chamber, lined with sheet-lead, hav- ing no opening but a small door placed a few inches from the floor, and made to shut very close ; water is then poured so as to cover the floor, and x'\»g upon it to the height of one or two inchesj A stand is then introduced, on which is plciced an earthen pot, containing nine parts of refined Sicilian sulphur, and one part of Hitrate of potash. This is kindled by OF FARRIERY. dl3 means of a red-hot iron, and the door in- stantly closed. Decomposition. — The sulphur burning in the atmospheric air of the chamber, forms sulphuric acid gas. The nitre gives rise to the nitric oxide, which with the oxygen of the air produces nitrous acid gas. These two gases, from the moisture present, form a white solid, which is instantly decomposed in the water, when the nitrous acid reverts to the state of nitre oxide, having transferred one additional proportion of oxygen to the sulphu- reous acid, forming sulphuric acid, which uniting with the water, forms liquid sulphuric acid. 3Iediciiial Uses. — Caustic and stimulant, applied externally, but not very often used alone, entering more into combinations. alumintE et potasS/E super SULPHAS. SUPER SULPHATE OF ALUM AND POTASH. This is a salt of alum. Potash and sulphu- ric acid is found native in some places ; but the greater quantity of the alum commerce is prepared from alum ores; by exposing them to the atmospheric air, the oxygen of which uniting to the sulphur of the suiphurite of iron present, becomes converted into sulphuric acid, and the combining with the aluraine, the alum effloresces ; this is subsequently evaporated, and then set aside to crystallize. Medicinal Uses. — Astringent, this is only used for the Horse as any external applica- tion in the formula. ACONITI FOLIA. LEAF OF ACONITE, OK MO.NK's HOOD. This is a perennial plant, cultivated in our gardens, flowering in June, but found native in the mountainous parts of Germany. Jt should be gathered when the flowers appear. Medicinal Uses. — This, like all the other narcotics of the human subject, produces no such effect in the Horse. In doses of one and a half to two drachms, repeatedly given, it will produce efforts to vomit, accompanied with much general irritation. ADEPS. THE FAT OF HOGS. Its uses are emollient, and used for the for- mation of ointment. ALOES CABALLINA. HORSE ALOES ARE CAPE ALOES. ALOE SPICATA. SPIKED, OR SOCOTRINE ALOES. ALOE VULGARIS EXTRACTUM. CO.MMON, Ott BARBADOES ALOES. The general nature of these three kinds of aloes are nearly the same, the diflTerence being the different proportions of the extracted gummy matter compared with the resinous. The smell and taste reside principally in the extracted matter as to their virtues, the resin being nearly inert. The leaves of the plant are cut off, ex- pressed, and the juice evaporated in the sun till of a fit consistence, which is then put into packages. True Socotrine aloes are very scarce. It comes over into this country wrapped in skins from the island of Socotra. That which is now sold for Socotrine, is the produce of the spiked aloe of the Cape of Good Hope. 'Ihe term Caballina applied to the Cape aloes, is for the sake of distinction, although if is thought the same plant yield', this, and 60 514 THE MODERN SYSTEM what is now sold as Socotnne, differing only in quality. Cape aloes come over in chests of two to four hundred pounds weight each, enveloped in buffalo hides. The finest Bar- badoes come in gourds, or calabashes, from the island of the same name, and contain from twenty to fifty-six pounds each. An inferior quality comes in casks. Medicinal Uses. — Purgative and alterative ; the first in doses of four to eight drachms ; the latter in doses of one to three drachms. Cape aloes are the variety made use of at the Col- lege, and its effects seem equal to any of the others. AMMONITE MURIAS. MURIATE OF AMMONIA, SAL AMMONIAC. A saline concrete, formed by the union of muriatic acid with ammonia. It is obtained from several sources. First, found native; second, prepared from camels' dung; third, which is the principal, from soot, bones, ani- mal matter, known to contain the volatile alkali, as horn, &c. The process is as fol- lows : the animal matter is placed in an iron cylindrical still, to which is attached a leaden receiver, cooled by a refrigeratory, which is its cover, and contains abtuit four inches in depth of water, heat being applied, distilla- tion is allowed to go on. The oil which arises on the surface of the distilled liquor being re- moved,to the residue, which is impure alka- line solution, is added sulphuric acid, and a sulphate of ammonia is formed ; to this is added common salt, when a double decompo- sition takes place, muriate of ammonia, and sulphate of soda, being formed through chemi- cal agency. These being in solution, the last salt is crystallized, and the first sublimes into cnkes. Medicinal Uses. Refrigerent, applied ex- ternally, dissolved in vinegar, in inflammatory swellings, when cold is the required object. It may not be irrelevant to observe here, that a solution of any neutral salt in water, lowers the temperature of it by robbing it of a portion of its caloric, to liquify the salt ; but the solution will acquire a mean of tempera- ture equal to the surrounding medium in which it is placed, in the course of time, therefore it should be used as soon as made. ANTIMONII SULPHURETUM. SULPHATE OF ANTIMONY. Medicinal Uses. Alterative and vermifuge ; but of very little effect. Much used amongst grooms, combined with sulphur and nitrate of potash. Dose from J ss to J j. ANTIMONII TARTARIZATUM. TARTAKIZKD ANTIMONY. EMETIC TARTAR. Medicinal Uses. Febrifuge in doses of 3 ss to 3ij, generally in combination with nitre, &c. Large doses will not in the Horse produce nausea, even to the quantity of an ounce. ANCHUSvE RADIX. ALKANET ROOT. The root of the plant, which is a perennial, growing in the south of Europe. Medicinal Uses. It is merely used for the sake of its colouring matter, which it readily yields to oils, fats, spirits, &c. ; but not to water. ARGENTI NITRAS. NITRATE OF SILVER. LUNAR CAUSTIC. Take Silver - - 1 ounce. Nitric acid - 1 fl do. Distilled water - 2 H do. OF FARRIERY. 515 Mis the nitric acid with the water, and dis- solve tlie silver with the mixture on a sand bath ; then gradually raise the heat until the nitrate of silver becomes dry ; melt this in a crucible over a slow fire until ebuUition ceases ; then pour into moulds. Decomposition. Nitric acid is composed of oxygen and azote, and when the silver is dis- solved, a portion of the acid is decomposed, its azote escaping into the air with the oxy- gen, which with it forms fumes of red nitrous acid gas. The oxygen of the decomposed acid unites with the silver to form into an oxide, whilst the undecomposed acid dissolves, and converts it into nitrate of silver. Medicinal Uses. — Caustic. This appears to have given place to less expensive prepara- tions, such as the nitric acid, and the sulphate of copper BOLUS ARMENIil?. ARMENIAN BOLE. A friable earthy substance of the clay kind, which comes from America. Medicinal Uses. — Slightly astringent and absorbent. It is chiefly used for colouring ointments and powders, and for lowering the effect of other active remedies, as sulphate of copper and alum, when used as astringent powders, in case of grease, &c., &c. CAMPHOR.^. CAMPHOR. This concrete matter is obtained from the roots and smaller branches of the camphor tree, which grows in Sumatra and Borneo, by distillation ; afterwards it is sublimed into glass vessels with quick lime, and ultimately it is pressed into cakes. Medicinal Uses.— Fehnfuge, inttrnally ; stimulant, externally ; in doses of j j to 3 ij, combined with nitre and tartarized antimony ; as an external application it is used in the compound soap liniment. CANTIIARIS. BLISTERING FLY. This fly is found plentifully in Spain, Italy, and France, on several kinds of trees. Those from Spain are obtained by shaking the trees on which they are found, and catching them in a cloth spread underneath. They are then killed by the steam of boiled vinegar, and iJried by the sun or stove. The active principle appears to reside in an oil which they contain. Medicinal Uses. — Vesicant, applied in the formulae unguentum canlharidis infjsium, &c., «&;c. CATECHU EXTRACTUM. EXTRACT OF CATECHU. CATECHU. This extract, prepared from the inner wood of the tree, which grows in Hindos, by boilii.g the water, straining the decoction, and after- wards evaporating in the sun. Medicinal Uses. — Astringent. Dose from 5 ij to 3 iv, in combination with creta preparala. CRETA PREPARATA. PREPARED CHALK. This is made by washing common chalk in water, allowing the grosser particles, as sand, &c., to fall to the bottom, whilst the firm par- ticles floating on the water, is poured tiff with it into another vessel, and then is allowed to subside, which is afterwards made into nobs and dried. Medicinal Uses. -^Ahsorheni, anti-acid. It is either given alone, or in combination, with kino, catechu, &c., in quantity from I ivtolvi, in diarrhcea. 516 THE MODERN SYSTEM CROTONI SEMINA. CROTON SEEDS. These are the produce of a tree in the East Indies. Medicinal Uses. — Cathartic, in doses, from X to XXX grains in a ball. It appears from experiment, that the meal, or rather cake, which remains in the press after the expression of the oil from the seeds, that the active prin- ciple does not reside so much in the oil, as in a peculiar resin. Its effects are rather un- certain. CUPRl SUBACETATIS. JERUGO SUBACETATE OF COPPER. VERDIGRIS. This salt is principally made in the south of France, by putting plates of copper among the residuum of the grape, after the expression of its juice. Frequently sprinkling them with water, and allowing the grape-stalks to fer- ment ; after some time a thick coating of ver- dijrris forms on the surface of each plate, which is scraped off by means of a knife, and then put into bags, and exposed to the sun and air to dry. Medicinal Uses. — Detergent and escarotic, and externally in the compound linimentum elrugimis. CUPRI SULPHAS." SULPHATE OF COPPER. BLUE STONE. This salt is obtained from the evaporation of the water of copper mines. It is also pro- cured by washing copper pyrites, and expos- ins them to the action of air and moisture. When required for these purposes, it may be made in the same manner as sulphate of zinc, by putting pieces of copper into diluted sul- phuric acid, contained in a glass vessel, and when the effervescence has ceased, filtering the solution through paper, and after boiling it down till a pellicle appears on the surface ; then setting it aside that crystals may form, which are to be dried in bibulous paper. Decomposition. — Concentrated, it does not act on the metals at the ordinary temperature of the atmosphere ; they require to be diluted when action goes on rapidly ; the water is de- composed, its oxygen unites to the copper, and converts it into an oxide, which is dis- solved by the sulphuric acid, and forming sulphate of copper, whilst its hydrogen esi- capes in the form of gas. Medicinal Uses. — Tonic, internally; stimu- lant and escarotic, externally ; this is given in doses, from one to two drachms, combined with ginger, as a general tonic, in the form of balls ; but when given, as at the College, in cases of glanf'ers and farcy, in doses from four to eight drachms, it is advisable to make it into a draft, by dissolving it in about two pints of water, and adding an ounce of linseed meal to the solution. Externally, it is applied either in solution, or in powder. DIGITALIS FOLIA. FOX-GI.OVE LEAF, OR DIGITALIS. This plant is indigenous, and flowering from June to AugtiJst. The leaves are the part of the plant used medicinally, which should be gathered just as the plant is in flower, dried quickly in the shade; or what is still better, secluded entirely from light. Let them be powdered, and kept in well stopped bottles for ujic. Medicinal Uses ■ -Sedative, given in doses from 3 ss to 3 ij, in ihe form of ball. OF 1 ARRIERY .'317 i^XI^RACTUM BELLADONNiE. KXTRACT OF DEADLY NIGHTSHADE. This is prepared by bruising the leaves of the plant in a stone mortar, sprinkling a little \vater on them, then pressing out the juice, and evaporating ; it must stand until it ac- quires a thick consistency. Medicinal Uses. — Stimulant. It is only used as an application 1o the eye. to cure a morbid contraction of tiie iris, or rather its circular fibres, in quantities from two to five EUPIIORBII GUMMI RESINI. EUPHORB'UM. The plant which yields this gum (resin) is perennial, succulent, and shrubby. It is ob- tained by making incisions in the branches, from which a lartious gum exudes, and con- cretes into tears. Medicinal Uses. — Stimulant. Rubefacient. It is only used externally, entering into the compound unguentimi cantharides. FERRI SULPHAS. SULPHATE OF IRON. SALT OF STEEL. Take of iron (by weight) Sulphuric acid Water - - - - - 8 ounces. - - 8 do. - - 4 do. Mix the sulphuric acid with the water, in a glass retort, and to this add the iron in the form of filings ; then when bubbles cease to escape, filter (he solution through paper, and evaporate over a slow fire, so that as it cools crystals may form. Having poured off the 8u;)cr natant fluid, dry the crystals upon bibu- lous paper. Decompositi(m. — Water consists of oxyo-en and hydrogen, and a portion of it is decom- posed by the action of the sulphuric acid and iron, its oxygen unites to iron, converling it into an oxide of iron ; before wliicli the sul- phuric acid will not act upon it, whilst its hydrogen beir.g set at liberty, escapes in the form of gas. The oxide of iron is then di.s- solved by the sulphuric acid, and sulphate of iron is formed. Medicinal Uses. — ^Tonic ; combined wifh ginger. GLYCYRRHIZ/E RADIX. LIQUOKICK ROOT. This plant is a native of the south of Eu- rope ; but for the London market it is cul- tivated in large quantities, at Mitcham, in Surrey. Medicinal Lses. — Demulgent. It possesses little, if any virtue ; and is, when dried and ground, more used for giving bulk, than for any other purposes. HYDRARGYRUM. QUICKSILVER. MKRCTJRY. Native quicksilver is generally found in globules, disseminated on the surface, or col- lected in the crevices of other mercurial ores, &c. ; but the greater portion of quicksilver of commerce is obtained from Cinnabar, by mix- ing this ore with quicksilver, and then distil- lin very great advantage. Our finest quality comes from Jamaica ; the root is dug up aftei the herbaceous part of the plant is withered in January, and dried in the sun. Tiier are many sorts in the market, but they all pos- sess the like qualities, differing slightly in strength, but none in flavour and appearance Mediciyml Uses. — Carminative, in dose?' from .Iss to 1 ij ; in the form of ba.l it is the active ingredient in the formulae, bolus car- Jeavie tifu I &Nn