‘ i i. : ee - orgs ry : : y - ; 1) 7 : CoN ' “ - ‘ . ' i ‘ . 4 8 fl “i : Ae Se : ‘ : “ ' A ub ¢ i : ; een ' et ao Fae | , vm reer oe awed rere - tae vas bee : ake pees: “oe hee he ease t ' Pry ch a Ree ee eet Ses 7 ei wg ‘ bene, wee zee) ' eg ees ede He or eon oo ee em — a= Cee wee we SOU ae ee nn) a ’ : bees ; Pee aet babe eee aes Bese Rm Rent ORE Cr kg or a one Seon dee ace be 1 . 4? ef ve Division of Mollusies Sectional Library SE dvalsalsdedlay Naeasalivals valve [ni aes WIR ' I iam Healey ee) 7 Vol. 14, No. 2,\pp. 199-452, pls. 14-60 SPACER a A (UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS - aa cat Ae : IN 7 ZOOLOGY September 12, 1918 BY E: L, PACKARD ; par UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS BERKELEY ~. MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM SAN FRANEISCO BAY “= -Volunie 18,,1914-1916, 529 pages, with 39 Plates Ze UNIVERSITY OF. 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McEwen. © “Pp. aiG 4 text figures: and. map ie July, 1915- See 2. Continuation. of Hydrographic, Plankton, and =pradeine ‘Records- of the») = Scripps Institution for Biological Research of the University of Cali- fornia (1913-1915), compiled and arranged under the supervision of W. “E. Ritter, by Ellis Li Michael, Zoologist and Administrative Assistant, George F, McEwen, Hydrographer. -Pp. 207-254, 7 figures in text. Novem: G85) yee! ASD NS Page ed on Re CR RE LE I CROSS SMR UO mL RY tee oops op SN ne FSS \ _ 8; Summary and Interpretation of the Hydrographic Observations.made - -_ the. Scripps. Institution for Biological Research of the University of Oall-- : “fornia, 1908 to 1915, by George F, McEwen, ‘Hydrographer. Pp. 25) “806, aot plates 1-38. ‘December, 1916 \.\ Index in-preparation. ~~ ; a : ~ Vol. ae 4, An Outline of the: Morphology and Life Hlsviry. ‘of Orithidia leptonoriata a ’ ~ gp, nov., by. Irene McCulloch. Pp. 1-22, plates: 14,1 text figure. Sep- .) tember, 1915. . Vege ee eras Pere ct aise: bP oe ie Sen eT RC 95 ~-2.'On Giardia: ‘microti, SD. nov, from the. Meadow ‘Mouse; by “Charles. Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. Pp. mea at Acar. in text. . . A\5 CAPA hy \A\SZ UNIVERSITY OF CAL ORNIA PUBLICATIONS ; IN Mo LL ZOOLOGY Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 199-452, pls. 14-60 September 12, 1918 = ae 2 =, d 2 < - rae MOLLUSCAN FAUNA FROM SAN FRANCISCO BAY yo ee ds “ VISIO} Of Mol lusting E. L. PACKARD sechonc!) Library CONTENTS Nore.—Species marked with asterisk (*) were not obtained by the Survey. PAGE BEBE ESN Oo VEL UO 10 game a ae on ons Sock vse be cokes ac adn tcesmnt se uO Seo teccatccenseE aca dhconi dena .nnaveee deeeate 207 TENE GERI GA CR OEM LIT oS ET = a Ne aS ne one PS 209 Bry EROn Oem OL) bier OLS Cem LALO Be ccee cence eae coco cncece tee: encecerances eee cs netcee annonce 210 San Francisco Bay ........-.------0-0-++ .- 210 TES ROLY eee eee pe eer eo eee ee oer ern es eee 210 TESOL OAUG AU ees ore ccna exes alas ee case eae pe Sac ccuath Papa a escasts-absciebetedterbe 213 BIEN ON GT: O CGAL ces cn ceases cox sosctae cup cseecns savant tan eesec tena gig om Oe gue e ceeded aostantcetede 214 Re eatetr snl CH eUrel HOTT Oc. yO wit ALI by oocs sok sastsas deca cb coe eres nee eee tase as ent ce eee Set consbacae 214 Distribution of the mollusks ... 226 General distribution ... 226 Influence of depth ........... 5 EPA WMH eTOMIcem Ole LOUIS TALI G sy pec tees ce casks etree eects ctletee eae dusucepnce@eereeee cs 230 STGTGER CHS HUG Cok O fiat UR ANA Ty Veo ee oe eee ce npn ees tac SER re Bot ancsterecnanenst 234 Influence of the character of the bottom .............-.2.--c---cc-cscsse-cencneee seseecneeseneee 235 Onantitativeranalysis Of the fauna —..--.-<...ccce<<-csscccasceerceeneesease-- Bede ee eens toe BSA) onc ccc te acc apwsseenceanetsanbecenscenencsons - 244 BLO REN OL) SPCCLCS! esac nas ens cnc cams cass cen case nneatmen conc Sncreweeveie anna nan cuadenens ncaeeacsdesee 245 BE SEN SUN Sacto cc -ncebe cvoscng Sct ache ap copot ae eatagatentebs Seed de cunsovtandeatiniecenstes SAP Ase 246 SU UTCERPILD CED) a eae ee ae Be oon Re nS pipes 246 TSCA Eo a RS 2 Re Zon me RPO est Ns nee eee or eR Be 246 Nucula Lamarck .-. 246 UNECE CORTRIB (MUOLIDA SU) ono cee cscs ce carn sarc catdet reese anc nG scare cenanoes 246 ENCE UNG EIEOS) aes ee ee a ae SR 246 PA Clan CAR EREMESAM CELUINGS)))- s2ee ese eerosee ne teces et ane shee Seth acteacwusdcuceusce seca 246 TUTE NIG EVN eee Roe ee ce 247 ... 247 DUETS Chen hr eh 4T oh em OSG EMIS MEN esac ec ewe eee caso ce oe nsoeccadnenvenner nen 247 TOGO EI ER aE Re IDEN oo 2 Ne ee eee eae eee 247 TE XSL N Eo) cheer git Ev |) 2 eee eer CE eee ee 248 BY LOIN ea HV LL OT: cee eaeee yee areca nc cae adeeb acoen ston doce 248 .. 248 249 Yoldia cooperi Gabb ... Yoldia ensifera Dall .... 200 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.14 PAGE ATCACCA wis ccc ee ee eee ce oe 250 BBO Gc Pe Soo a nc OT Oe 250 CA mG ay Teyana es oa ee ae re ed osteo ed 250 ATCO, | LLANISVET Sal Sayer eee ea cece acecctes nt ee 250 Glyicy merisvD aC osteo ce ere ree teee nee e 250 Glycymeris swhobsoleta (Carpenter) * —2.--2---ecceeecceeeeeeeeeeeeeoes 250 5 ES tin ae a ee eee Eee Sl 251 Ostreidae ........-...--. -. QoL Ostreauimnale us pase see earns, sacs ances ce eee cece eat : .- 251 Ostreay lumiday Campent ery secs see --- 201 @streamelon'ealians.ol ad ery geese ee ee 252 HSL eXOU HOCK S12 ne ER Ooctcrncace 253 TIE GUAM CVC ea ce eens ee 2a 253 ipammites De franc eyes seen tee ss cee oe ate 253 TSU WRANUEGISS PMTCT) (CALI ecto ce cert scoceceroercratecere ecencececcese 253 PCG b CTE Cre et ee Ea sees ae Se 253 EAC GUC TUM IOS UCILULS ENS OVC Diy nies a 253 IP Groen Tee UMAM TS! (CONTEC! sececerecsecoccsescecencocenecocsoccecacorareateoneneneeneenenoce 254 PU SNGOM OS INWEEK OGY cere ce oe .-- 200 Anomidae .......... --. 255 Amomia Mailer -22.-2.-2.-cceecceeeeee --- 250 Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny ............-.-.-..-.-. Proeere Steen =e B55) SWIM as Grr easy rete se sees ten i vk See see .-- 259 Monta macroschisma)(Meshiaiyes))) seen 255 AMiy GUL AUG Ce teeta eet ere ener Ved Le he Sie ee 256 Minti haley eee Se eee ee i AL a la fads ceed ee ee 256 Maytals; Tin aes) -siss.cee. ec No ee 256 Mytilus californianus Conrad _-.-------.cc-cc cee ceceee ccc eeeeeee ee eeeeneeeenee 256 SEA eA oa A See 256 Modiolus Lamarek ............-........-. 257 Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn)* .. 257 BMA cLa OTS Bir. Citi San © co Tan 2 Clee see 258 Modiolus politus Verrill and Smith — 258 Modiolus modiotus (Mimnaeus)* 2.2... cc. 22ceceeece secon seen ceeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 259 Mio diols) pos eee 2f- saan connecter ceee eens te ee ee 259 Mressensivd aes esc ee ae al ee ie ae 259 Septifiers Peel wz yy soar EO eae tere See 259 DS CDI U FG TAM DIL TL TC CLE/LUS EG Cy © eae 259 Adula H. and A. Adams ............ Adula falcata (Gould) * Adula stylina Carpenter SSRUEVES YEN OY KS Hi sc ee ee ae SEE eae EP ne ree Camsctes Pandoridae Pamidora, IBrwouwienre: 25 sce eee ca ooo chen eee eee Pandora filosa (Carpenter) Tuyonsildiae eee ease strc ce dane deecc 2 eeu cance cece ee Wbiyoms a WM tart Om fsa eee ase eee eo Lyonsia californica Conrad ABS rt © le ian eae hp eee meee Entodesma saxicola (Baird) .- Poromyacea 1918] = Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 201 PAGE (Oi pore oan EP eee ee one eon Gaeta, ieee 262 Cuspidaria Nardo .... = 262 Cuspidaria californica Dall - 262 MQ SINAC OA asec ee ae cee etc cata on cve ea pneminc at cewseeis tas accu cSiscnspecnstaceastatceeed 263 (QU EATS EERE) ae eR Eo ree gt ES ee . 263 (GUE Tech Ua aaEE XV ene eo ee eee era rs ee 263 Ghamanpelleerda ((BLOderip)))*) paceceacscecescc cece: Noeeccaececescseneeesscncutecassenees 263 BUENEY UK SC Reger ce ne 2a ac ee teh astm canes Samea ene Sebacane nce y fuateeseuwandecseetn) OS: SMU COUNT EN eg aN re ee ge ecco dep accecvcatensds cransicwGundeoctans 263 na coudess (bilayer ay oes tet sa ecce cece accra an cweeoce cea ctense Vesscedasnticncasce 263 Phacoides annulatns: (Reeve) 2. eecceccss cnc csccecsbadeastacecactosececencevees 263 Phacoides tenuisculptus (Carpenter) -...........-.-.--------::-cc0- cceoseeoseees 264 MEDD SUNG BG eae ce nese e cee eae ects a nat os ewer basco ecioe een nek emwencstepaviunawouaceeeeeee eeenneceest 264 Whygeria, Weachy <-.-.--.s<2-se-osc-- 264 Thysaria gouldi (Philippi) - 264 MOF SONU CUC GB gee ccs ce care ntear a tot wen Saas ecmtooca 265 SPETESY SST EUG Bosca occ nate cco wo scepter ae ieee cept aeon Senate pcan cease conse eatscsacee 265 1 CET PA Bo 0s epee eo dE os ean Rr ee ore oy 265 elisa erovsi (DESH ayCS)) aor. ns cesencsecscecesdeenece = een a toneennste es OD DCU org WH ACE Yada a cette ae ety se Sent Meee Eee eoeee ee 265 MEOCMET OTE RTT UTOS OL) UU sce ececae e e pe ae ecee 265 TAS OR TAC RCD 2.25 cha cerca cas accu ceecs eraser daseencsnscter ttase a ckavenedee dveeanntcachuesctadueast 266 Toasaes) rubra (Mime) cece cance cece cence ence ace roeteeesnseneescsore 266 MATA COR cies. basics: —cncccccsccccce nec aseesccetace wouseceiteue sbece ccaevexsasonvosiabreben ante) «tcebuvacauscensancse 266 CO} MG EVEN ER eco ee Ba Saat Seep ee EESS 50. 2 E SN NER paN ee eRe eo - 266 am inimn) Wma e Mg? << ace ceo n cen scan ceryasen es ee Bee Se DE So Neem -t" 14) ELSES Ear bY Cea coe Sea em eee ee PE eR eS BN Tn ae ee 299 Katharina tunicata Wo00d* .............--+--+-00:.--+00- Cryptochiton Middendorft Cryptochiton stelleri (Middendorff) * WEAR GOP OG Ap cee cees secs cts ve erences sn sceesb ose anscpenaesazeacesencnses Docoglossa ... LNT ETSY Es a oe rR nS = ne bin See rr Ee PNT Yee BISCO) 1ST C0) ITY A eee ce Snr er eee Acmaea asmi (Middendorft)* ........c.cscceccccceccssscceeeonssenececnsessneecenecese Acmaea limatula Carpenter ................-.--::----- Pee een Saas sce PA CIMAE A peubU Ne EISCOSCHOLGZ aeceareeeeeeeeeaececetecccnenar eit setan cera cseazoccasoannea Acmaea putina var. pintadina Gould® .......2..2.....2...22-1e1ceeeeeeeeee Acmaea pelta Eschscholtz* ...............-.. Aemaea persona Eschscholtz ...............-...-..-. Acmaea persona var. wmbonata (Nuttall) * Acmaea mitra Eschscholtz™ ...............--.200-+-+ . 204 University of California Publications in Zoology Vou. 14 PAGE Totten) Giray cess ok sc see oe ee ee 304 Lottia gigantea (Gray) Carpemter®* 2 eee cc eee 304 hepeta; (Gray: < Nassa fossata Beer eG Nassa perpinguis ... x Nassa mendica — Ba he ek ees Ostrea lurida SEC KN BEC SGD I a Psephidia ovalis x pac Paphia staminea x OK OX Petricola carditoides Sea ta 4 Pholadidea penita : fees Saxicava arctica ee ey 2S Saxidomus nuttalli .. Ee Ta Schizothaerus nuttalli x Kx e Siliqua nuttalli eS Eee Spisula catilliformis -.. = x Solen sicarius Jee 6 SUE ae Tellina buttoni was x Tellina salmonea x p Seneca PS Thais lamellosa Pee ome cath Turbonilla franciseana ... et anaes SRCVLO GIs yiel yy Se ese renee 2 Xs GRATES: (EPI ON ceecereenocscnmcneec teases Gat Jel eat SK 1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 241 In this section an attempt has been made to segregate a few of the more important factors from the diversified environments in which the mollusk lives. Depth as far as the local fauna is concerned does not appear to have any great significance in determining the distri- bution. The deeper waters of the Golden Gate yield faunas nearly identical with those obtained from the shallower. The apparent re- striction, in a few instances, to certain bathymetric zones appears to be due to other factors. Low salinity certainly prevents the marine mollusks from ranging much above the lower end of Carquinez Strait. It appears to be the most conspicuous factor in accounting for the meagerness of the San Pablo Bay fauna in contrast to those from the other divisions of the bay. It is not improbable that low salt concen- tration prevents certain species like Spisula catilliformis and Mytilus californicus from entering the Golden Gate farther than Fort Point. The importance of temperature is more uncertain. The greater per- centage of predominately southward ranging species in the outside fauna may be due to the more uniform temperature for the year, or possibly it is to be correlated with the relatively warmer temperature during the winter months, which may later be found to correspond to the reproductive periods of the majority of the molluscan species. The influence of the bottom upon the distribution of the mollusks is the most conspicuous of the factors considered. As has been noted, cer- tain forms are capable of living under a variety of conditions of bot- tom. Several of them were shown to be able to endure marked ex- tremes of temperature and salinity as well. A composite bottom, com- prising two or more types of materials, offers a greater variety of local conditions, and it supports, therefore, a greater number of molluscan species than the other types. It is seen that mud supports the greater number of individuals per station, but this may be due in part to the fact that the dredge sinks deeper in the softer sediments, and thus obtains a more complete representation of the life from such a bottom. QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE FAUNA Forty-three dredge hauls were made within San Francisco Bay by means of the orange-peel bucket dredge. Such a type of dredge had not previously been used for biological purposes. This apparatus has an advantage over the various types of trawl dredges in that it permits the taking of large masses of mud from a single spot, besides rendering possible the capture of deeply burrowing 242 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14 organisms. Its capacity is 2.5 cubic feet, and it encloses a circular area of 7.8 square feet. The material collected by means of this apparatus was carefully sorted and all of the macroscopic organisms were preserved in form- alin or alcohol. The record of the molluscan material include the following items: the name of the species, the number of individuals of each species, the condition of each specimen at the time of dredging, and the maximum, minimum, and modal lengths of each species from each haul. The fauna obtained in this manner comprises 23 pelecypods and 12 gastropods. This number represents about 43 per cent of the bay fauna. The list of prevalent species given on page 221 includes the most adaptable forms found in the local fauna. These species have a gen- eral distribution throughout the bay, bemg also conspicuous because of the wide geographic ranges, which in several instances are circum- polar. It has been shown in another paper (Packard, 1918) that the aver- age quantitative haul is richer in bivalves (4.8) than in univalves (1.0). On the average 45.4 living mollusks occur within the area coy- ered by the jaws of the orange-peel bucket dredge. The most produc- tive haul yielded 16 species, 4 of which were represented by living specimens. The relative abundance of molluscan species and indi- viduals for the different divisions of the bay was found to be 2.3 species per haul in the upper bay, 7.5 in the middle, and 6.9 in the lower, or 91.5 individuals per haul in the upper, 315 in the middle, and 107.5 in the lower bay. The mollusks obtained in the quantitative hauls show little rela- tionship in distribution to depth, although the average number of living individuals is greater in the deeper portion of the bay. How- ever, this has little significance, since the deeper hauls were made within the middle division of the bay, where this apparent relation- ship may be accredited to other factors. The character of the bottom is an important factor in distribution. It can be shown that the number of individuals per unit area is largely dependent upon the particular type of bottom. A bottom characterized by sand and shells yields on an average 174 individuals, while a bottom of mud and shells yields only 82.5. This conclusion does not harmonize with the one given above (p. 240) that the muddy bottom supports the larger num- ber of mollusks. This discrepancy may be due to the trawl dredge not sinking deep enough in sand to capture a representative fauna. 1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 243 A comparison of the lists of the species obtained from the several types of bottoms shows that most of the species were taken from more than one type of bottom. This indicates that the mere occurrence upon a particular type of bottom does not necessarily prove that such a bottom represents its normal habitat. The relative abundance per unit of area for the different types of bottom probably more nearly indicates the optimum habitat of a given species. Thus the average per haul for each species should give some clew to the most favorable environment of that species. Cardiwm corbis, Macoma nasuta, Mya arenaria, and Zirfaca gabbi are, according to such reasoning, predom- inately mud dwellers. On the other hand, Mya california, Macoma balthica, M. inquinata, Ostrea lurida, and Thais lamellosa predominate on the sandy bottoms. Here again the conclusion drawn from the quan- titative work does not agree with that based upon the qualitative hauls. It has already been stated (p. 239) that Cardium corbis, Macoma nasuta, Mya california, and Ostrea lurida do not show a distribution pattern that appears to be related to any particular type of bottom. In this case it is not unlikely that the latter conclusion is the more nearly correct. A standard specimen curve, showing the number of living indi- viduals obtained at the dredging stations that are the equivalent of the hydrographic stations of the regular series, has been made in order to compare it directly with the temperature and salinity curves pub- lished by Sumner et al. The specimen curve shows little relationship with the mean annual salinity curve. The seasonal range of salinity eurve (Sumner et al., 1914, p. 68, fig. M) shows a certain correspond- ence with the specimen curve, indicating that there is in general an increase in the number of living individuals per haul with decrease in the annual range of salinity. One of the six curves showing the mean salinity for the different periods of the year suggests that the low salt concentration during the period from April 23 to May 6 may possibly be a factor limiting the abundant molluscan life to the middle and lower divisions of the bay. This same specimen curve when compared with the published tem- perature curves for the same stations shows that the regions where the annual range is high are low in the number of mollusks. It also indicates that the cooler regions of the bay during the summer months support a greater number of specimens per unit area. However, these apparent relationships are not considered as being necessarily causal ones. 244 University of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14 The quantitative work by Rankin and Kofoid indicate that the plankton of the bay is everywhere rich enough to supply the mollusk with the requisite amount of food. The conclusions of the quantitative work parallel in the main those derived from the less accurate qualitative work; the differences in results are generally to be accounted for on the basis of the differ- ences of procedure followed in the two cases. SUMMARY San Francisco Bay receives the discharge of the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers. This affects the salinity, temperature, and the bottom conditions prevailing within those waters. These factors have elsewhere been shown to vary considerably within the bay, producing a number of environments. Only the more important physical factors have been considered in this paper. The molluscan fauna taken by the Survey comprises 112 species and 3 varieties. This number equals but 65 per cent of the reported fauna from San Francisco and immediate vicinity. The fauna obtained in the open ocean off San Francisco comprises 64 determined species, of which 30 are pelecypods, 32 gastropods, and 2 scaphopods. : A consideration of the average number of species per station in- dicates that the waters of the open ocean are more favorable to a varied mollusean life than those of the bay. The average number of individuals represented by living specimens per station is more than three times as great in the group of stations in the former region as it is within the upper division of San Francisco Bay. ‘The fauna obtained by the Survey within San Francisco Bay comprises 81 species and varieties, of which 43 are pelecypods, 31 gastropods, and 7 chitons. Fifty-nine per cent of this fauna was taken exclusively within those waters. Since 76 species of the entire fauna obtained by the ‘‘ Albatross’’ are predominately northward ranging, whereas only 53 are predomi- nately southward ranging, the San Franciscan fauna appears to be more closely related to the northern one. Two new mollusean species that were taken by the Survey have been described by Dr. Bartsch (Odostomia franciscana Bartsch and Turbonilla franciscana Bartsch). Two heretofore unreported exotic species were obtained by the ‘‘ Albatross.”’ 1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 245 The three bathymetrie zones represented in these waters are not divisible into subzones upon the basis of the molluscan life. The large proportion of the predominantly southward ranging species are restricted to the waters of the open ocean, where the winter temperatures are higher than they are in the bay. The influence of salinity may be noted within Carquinez Strait, where the low salt concentration acts as an effective barrier to the marine species. The salinity factor is considered to be the major one in accounting for the meagerness of the fauna from the upper in contrast to that from the other divisions of the bay. The character of the bottom appears to have the greatest signifi- cance in determining the local distribution of the mollusks. The stations at which both precise bottom data and faunas were obtained are grouped into seven classes, each representing a particular type of bottom. The lists of prevalent species for these bottom groups shows that the distribution of several of the species is unrelated to any par- ticular type of bottom. There are other species, however, that are characteristically found upon one of these types of bottoms. A bottom of pure sand or pure mud is not as favorable to a varied mollusean life as is one comprising two or more types of materials. A mud bottom appears to support a larger number of living individ- uals than does any of the other types. Sand is shown to be the least favorable to an abundant mollusean life. CATALOGUE OF SPECIES This catalogue includes the forms taken by the Survey and those that have previously been reported from San Francisco Bay and the adjacent waters outside the Golden Gate. The synonyms given in- clude the name under which the species was described and the more common ones found in the literature dealing with the Mollusea of the San Francisco region. The dimensions given represent the maximum and the minimum lengths of all of the specimens obtained by the Survey. The italicized number in the parenthesis following the num- ber of the dredging station indicates the number of living specimens obtained at that station, while the arabic number indicates the number of valves in the ease of the peleeypods, or the number of specimens of other shell-bearing mollusks that were dead at the time of the dredging. In a few cases the specimens were not counted, only an estimated number being given. Occasionally a fragment that could be determined specifically is recorded by the letter ‘‘f’’. 246 Unwersity of California Publications in Zoology (Vou. 14 PELECYPODA NUCULACEA NUCULIDAE Nucula Lamarek Nucula tenuis (Montagu) Plate 14, figure 4 Arca tenuis Montagu (1808), pl. 29, fig. 1. Nucula tenwis, Gould (1841), p. 155. Description.—This species was originally described as follows: “«Shell sub-cordate, smooth, white, covered with an olivaceous epidermis: umbo very small: beaks slightly inflected, and placed near to one end. Inside smooth, white, and somewhat nacred; margin thin and entire: hinge pectinated with about fifteen elevated teeth placed within the margin, six on one side and nine on the other, divided by a small concave plate that projects inward. Greatest diameter a quarter of an inch; the length not quite so much.’’ Length, 4 to 8 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5787 (9), D5786* (2), and D5788 Gaye This mollusk was dredged by the Survey in the vicinity of the Farallon Islands, at a depth ranging between 39 and 68 fathoms from a bottom comprised of dark greenish sand. Range.—Cireumpolar. Arctic Sea to Coronado Island, California (Dall). Acila Adams Acila castrensis (Hinds) Plate 14, figures 1 and 2 Nucula castrensis Hinds (1843b), p. 98. Acila castrensis, Carpenter (1863), p. 664; Gabb (1869), p. 102; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 95. Description.—This species was described by Arnold, R. (1903), as follows: “Shell small, trigonal, convex, of medium thickness; umbones posterior to the center, turned posteriorly; anterior end longer than posterior, rounded; posterior end short, truncated; surface divaricately sculptured; hinge with prominent internal cartilage-pit and numerous sharp teeth on each side.’’ Length, 4 to 11 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (1,1), D 5788* (15), D 5789* (3). As far as is known this species has not hitherto been reported from this region. It is restricted to the collections from the open ocean. Living specimens were dredged off San Francisco by the Survey at *Specimens for stations thus designated were determined by Dall. 1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 247 three localities, being the most abundant at station D5788. It is associated with Nucula tenwis at two of these stations. Dredged in depths ranging from 39 to 68 fathoms on bottoms composed of fine dark green sand. Range.—Bering Sea to San Diego, California (Dall). LEDIDAE Leda Schumacher Leda hamata Carpenter Plate 14, figure 5 Leda hamata Carpenter (1863), p. 644; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 97, pl. 17, fig. 4. Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1903) as follows: “*Shell small, elongate, trigonal, convex, thin; umbones anterior, turning slightly toward the posterior end; short, rounded anteriorly; much lengthened, narrowed and abruptly truncated posteriorly; surface sculptured by strong, concentric raised lines; a raised band, strongly transversely sculptured by con- tinuations of the concentric ridges, passes from the umbo, around the escutcheon, to the posterior end; on the interior of the posterior end is an elongated, raised process; escutcheon deep-set, smooth.’’ Length, 3 to 10 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (2), D 5789 (4), west of Farallon Islands (7). This species has been obtained by the Survey at three dredging stations outside the Golden Gate. It was taken in depths, ranging from 39 to 815 fathoms, on bottoms that are predominately sandy. Range—Puget Sound to Panama (Dall). Leda navisa Dall Leda navisa Dall (1916b), p. 395. Description—This species is described by Dall as follows: ‘*Shell elongate, arcuate, inequilateral, with slender recurved rostrum and well-marked smooth impressed escutcheon, but no lunule; base convexly arcuate, rostrum obliquely truncate, anterior end evenly rounded; beaks obscure, 5.5 mm. from the anterior end; sculpture of numerous sharp concentric low ridges, with wider flat interspaces, obsolete toward the rostrum; anterior teeth about twelve, posterior about twenty, the resilifer minute, subumbonal, not projecting; in- terior chalky, a small medial ridge near the end of the rostrum. Height, 7; length, 16; diameter, 5 mm.’’ This species was obtained by a previous survey in 191 fathoms of water off the Farallon Islands. Range.—Known only from the vicinity of the Farallon Islands, which is the type locality for the species. 248 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.14 Leda taphria Dall Plate 14, figures 7a, 7b, and 8 Leda taphria Dall (1897a), p. 7, pl. 2, figs. 6 and 8. Leda coelata Hinds, Carpenter (1863), p. 644; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 98, pl. 17, fig. 5. Description.—This species is described by Arnold (1903) as follows: “¢Shell small, trigonal, oblong and rounded in front, produced and pointed behind; surface sculptured by numerous sharp, concentric, raised lines; umbones central, turned toward posterior end; escutcheon long, narrow and concentrically striated; hinge with prominent internal cartilage-pit, and about twenty sharp teeth on each side; pallial line with a small sinus; umbonal area with a linear impression joining the anterior adductor.’’ Length, 4 to 20 mm. Occurrence—At stations D 5772 (1), D5785* (10, 7), D 5786 (5, 3), D 5787 (2, 1), D 5789 (5), D 5790 (1), D 5791 (38, 6), D 5792 (2, 1). Carpenter lists this species from this region. Living specimens were dredged by the Survey at eight stations, all but one of which are situated outside of the Golden Gate. The exception is a single living specimen recorded from station D 5772, near Sausalito. The depth of the water at that station is but 114 fathoms, whereas those occurring in the open ocean lived in water ranging from 19 to 68 fathoms. The bottom consists of fine dark, green sand, which differs markedly from the soft mud bottom found at D5772. This species appears to be more abundant than Leda hamata, with which it is associated. . Range Bodega Bay to San Diego, California. Yoldia Miller Yoldia cooperi Gabb Plate 14, figure 9 Yoldia cooperii Gabb (1865), p. 189; Gabb (1869), p. 31, pl. 9, fig. 54; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 99. : Description—The following is the original description of this species as given by Gabb (1865): ‘¢Shell thin, somewhat compressed, very inequilateral, beaks placed about a third of the length from the anterior end, minute; anterior end narrow; sub- acuminate, posterior end broadly rounded; base most prominent just posterior to the middle of the shell; surface sculptured by numerous small concentric ribs, rarely dichotomous or anastomosing on the widest part of the shell; these ribs are flat and abruptly truncated on the side nearest the beak, giving the 1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 249 surface, under a glass, the appearance of an overlapping. Epidermis shining, olivaceous; internally a bluish white; muscular sears large, the anterior tri- angular; posterior a third the largest, broadly suboval.’’ Gabb confused the terms posterior and anterior as applied to this shell. These words should be interchanged in the above description. Length, 55 mm. Occurrence.—At station D 5788* (1). This species is represented in the ‘‘Albatross’’ collections, by a single specimen, that was dredged alive outside the Golden Gate, in 68 fathoms and on a bottom composed of a dark green sand. This specimen differs somewhat from the type of the species which is in the collections of the Department of Palaeontology of the Uni- versity of California, in that it is less produced anteriorly. Range—San Francisco to San Diego, California. ? Yoldia ensifera Dall Plate 14, figure 6 Yoldia ensifera Dall (1897a), p. 9, pl. 2, fig. 4. Description.—This species was originally described by Dall (1897) as follows: “‘Shell large, thin, compressed, with a brilliant olivaceous periostracum, usually showing darker and lighter zones; valves nearly equilateral, moderately convex, rostrate, subarcuate; sculpture of fine lines of growth more or less evident, and on the anterior two-thirds of the shell numerous irregularly flue- tuating, distant, incised grooves (like those of Y. scisswrata) which are absent on the posterior third; base arcuate, anterior dorsal profile rounded evenly from the beaks; a slight inward wave of the margin is visible anteriorly near the pedal gape; lunule absent; the escutcheon impressed, and the posterior dorsal margins of the valves, projecting vertically, blade-like, and slightly pouting; rostrum pointed, slightly recurved, beaks low, inconspicuous; valves internally whitish; pallial sinus deep, rounded; chondrophore wide, hardly projecting; teeth narrow A-shaped, slender, about 30 in front of and 24 behind the chon- drophore.’’ Length, 10 to 30 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5785 (1), D 5789 (7, 4). This species has not before been reported from this immediate vicinity. The two stations at which it was dredged are outside the Golden Gate. Living specimens were dredged at depths ranging from 39 to 46 fathoms on a bottom composed of fine, dark green sand. Range.—Southeastern Alaska to San Luis Obispo, California (Dall). 250 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14 ARCACEA ARCIDAE Arca Lamarck Arca transversa Say Plate 14, figures 38a and 3b Arca transversa Say (1822), p. 269; Gould (1841), p. 96; Sumner, Osborn, Cole, and Davis (1913), p. 684, chart 132. Scapharca transversa, Dall (1898c), p. 645. Description.—This species is described by Gould (1841) as follows: “«Shell transversely oblong, rhomboidal, with from thirty-two to thirty-five ribs placed at nearly the length of their own diameters distant from each other. Apices separated by a long narrow space, and situated at the termination of the posterior (anterior) third of the length of the hinge margin; extremities of the hinge margin angulated; anterior (posterior) edge, the superior half rectilinear; posterior (anterior) edge rounded; inferior edge nearly rectilinear, or very obtusely rounded; on the hinge space, one or two angulated lines are drawn from the apex diverging to the hinge edge.’’ Length, 12 to 25 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5781* (4), D 5811 (5), D 5818 (1). This species is represented by several old valves obtained from three dredging stations at the extreme southern portion of the bay. Tt is an eastern species that has not hitherto been reported from this coast. It was probably introduced with the eastern oyster, with which it is associated. No living specimens have as yet been obtained, so it is not certain that it has gained a foothold in these waters. Range.—San Franciseo Bay. Glycymeris Da Costa Glycymeris subobsoleta (Carpenter) Axinea subobsoleta Carpenter (1846b) p. 425. Description.—Professor H. A. Clark of the University of Oregon has kindly translated the original Latin description as follows: “*Shell similar to A. septentrionalis, slightly inequilateral, not tumid, um- bones obtuse, broad, quite prominent; ash-colored, variegated with reddish chestnut; epidermis thick, somewhat laminated; ventral and posterior margins quite rounded, anterior margin produced, dorsal straight, sculptured by sub- obsolete radiating grooves, often disappearing dorsally; ventral margin strongly and anterior and posterior internal margins slightly crenulated; cardinal plate subangular, with a few strong, compressed teeth; abductor scar chestnut- colored; ligament furrowed.’’ This species was not taken by the Survey, although it has been reported from the local waters. Range.—Vanecouver Island to Santa Cruz, California (Orcutt). 1918 | Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 251 OSTRACEA OSTREIDAE Ostrea Linnaeus Ostrea lurida Carpenter Plate 14, figures 10a and 10b, and plate 42 Ostrea lurida Carpenter (1863), p. 645; Carpenter (1865c), p. 187; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55; Dall (1898¢), p. 687; Arnold, R. (1903), p-. 102. Ostrea lurida var. laticaudata Nuttall, Carpenter (1863), p. 646. Description—Arnold’s (1903) description of this variable species is as follows: ‘‘Shell of medium size, irregular, suborbicular, ellipsoidal, or elongated; surface laminated and sometimes irregularly plaited; beak prominent; hinge toothless.’’ Length, 3 to 60 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5700 (4), D5701 (2), ae Se D 5711 (2), D 5712 (10), D 5718 (14), D 5714 (8), D 5725 (8 (3), ID BGO) (GD IDBEP) (aD); ID SEM aAD)s ID EVENT (als 1Dys D 5744 (1), D5754 (6), D5755 (15), D 5764 (6, 13), D 5766 (30), D 5767 (4, 24), D5768 (208, 35), D5779 (1), D5780 (1), D5781 (18, 22), D 5782 (17, 19), D 5788 (12, 8), D 5784 (20, 44), D 5792 (2), D 5798 (2), D5794 (7), D5795 (9), D5796 (10), D 5800 (7), D 5801 (3), D5802 (1), D5805 (1), D5808 (2), D5810 (77, 50), D 5811 (116), D 5812 (57, 51), D 5818 (41, 70), D 5814 (60), D 5821 B (1), D 5824 B (6), D 5825 (2), D5826 A (f), D5826 B (large numbers), D 5827 (2), D5827 A (2), D5727 B (1), D5829 (1), D 5829 A (21), D 5832 (large numbers), D 5833 (large numbers), D 5835 (large numbers), D 5836 (2), D 5839 (2), D 5841 (several), D 5843 (1), D5846 (1), D 5847 (500), D5848 (200), D 5849 (4), Standard Oil Pier, Richmond (4), Red Rock (6, 11), Sausalito (1), and questionably at D 5729, D 5731, D 5746, D 5778, D 5798, D 5799, D 5809. This native oyster has been reported by various writers under several varietal names from the vicinity of San Francisco. It is a hardy species, having a general distribution within the bay besides occurring in the shallower waters outside the Golden Gate. It is apparently restricted by the distribution of a type of bottom that affords a suitable support for the young. The relatively small number of localities at which shells were obtained is due largely to the fact 252 University of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.14 that the operations of the ‘‘Albatross’’ were confined to the deeper region of the bay. Living specimens were dredged in depths ranging from less than 1 to 4 fathoms. Shells were encountered frequently within the Golden Gate in 19 fathoms. The shells being hght are quite easily shifted by the currents from the shallow waters to regions of deeper water, thereby accounting in part for great numbers of dead specimens dredged at certain localities. This species is associated with Ostrea elongata (O. virginica), which has been introduced from the Hast. The western species possesses a much thinner shell than does the eastern form. The denticulate hinge- margin and the more elongate adductor muscle sear also serve to dis- tinguish O. lurida. It is used quite extensively as food for man, being harvested in the lower ‘portion of the bay by several oyster companies. Range.—Sitka, Alaska, to Cape Lucas, Lower California (Dall). Ostrea elongata Solander Plate 15, figures 3a and 3b Ostrea elongata Solander (1786), p. 151; Dall (1914a), p. 1. Ostrea virginica Gmelin, Gould (1841), p. 137. Description—This oyster was described by Gould (1841) in the following words: . ‘Shell narrow, elongated, gradually widening, moderately curved, for the most part with a long and pointed beak at the apex, and rounded at the other extremity. Upper valve, the smallest, flattest and smoothest surface; when not worn, presenting. everywhere leaf-like scales, of a somewhat leaden color. The hinge presents the usual channel in the beak of the lower valve, longer or shorter according to the age of the shell, and marked with lines exhibiting the successive removes of the cartilage; and in the upper valve we have the corresponding elevation, which is also continued back to the point of the shell. The muscular impression is nearly central, of a dark chestnut, or sometimes dark violet color.’’ Length, 10 to 100 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5781 (11, 15), D 5782 (5, 23), D 5808 (1), D 5810 (1), D 5811 (9), D 5812 (10), D 5814 (2, 6). This is the eastern edible oyster which is grown here from seed oysters shipped from the East. This species does not reproduce to any extent in these waters. Range.—Known on the Pacifie Coast from San Francisco Bay and Puget Sound, where it has been introduced. 1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 253 PECTINACEA PECTINIDAE Hinnites Defrance Hinnites giganteus Gray Plate 17, figures la and 1b Hinnites giganteus Gray (1826), p. 103; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55. Pecten giganteus, Arnold (1906), p. 93, pl. 29, figs. 1, 2, 2a. Description—Arnold (1906) described this species as follows: ‘‘Shell averaging about 75 millimeters in altitude, usually not quite so long as high, irregular, inequivalve, generally inequilateral on account of attachment to irregular surface; shell quite thick; margins smooth. Right valve more ven- tricose than left, ornamented by 9 to 18 narrow, irregular, prominently squamose ribs, between which in the flat interspaces are less prominent raised lines simi- larly sculptured; hinge line more than one-half length of disk; ears subequal, and more or less prominently sculptured by fine, squamose, radiating lines; byssal sinus sometimes visible. Left valve less ventricose than right, otherwise similar. Hinge rather narrow and heavy; fosset deeply excavated, oblique, narrow, and angular; hinge is dark purple in living shells.’’ Length, 7 to 75 mm. Occurrence —At stations D 5701 (1), D5702 (f.), D5712 (1), D 5735 (1), D5795 (2), D5800 (2), D5827 A (f.), D 5843 (2), D 5846 (7, 2), and questionably at D 5773, D 5801. This common West Coast species was reported by Wood and Ray- mond (1891) from San Francisco. It has been taken by the Survey at eight stations. It is restricted in its distribution to the open waters outside the Golden Gate and the middle portion of San Francisco Bay west of Alcatraz and north of Angel Island. The only living specimen was obtained at station D 5846 at a depth of 10 fathoms on a stony bottom. Shells were obtained in depths up to 19 fathoms from bottoms which were prevailingly stony. This correlation with a rocky bottom is due to the fact that this species becomes sessile at any early age, attaching itself to some foreign object. Range—Aleutian Islands to Magdalena Bay (Dall). Pecten Miiller Pecten hastatus Sowerby Pecten hastatus Sowerby (1842-87), p. 72, pl. 22, fig. 236; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55; Arnold (1906), p. 108, pl. 41, fig. 4, pl. 42, figs..1, la, 2, 2a. Description.—Arnold (1906) described this species as follows: “‘Shell averaging about 64 millimeters in altitude, slightly shorter than high, inequivalve, equilateral (except for ears), compressed and with serrate 254 Unversity of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14 margins; base evenly rounded below; sides slightly concave above. Right valve with nine pairs of narrow, elevated, spiny ribs, along the sides of which are a pair of smaller spiny riblets; major interspaces much wider than ribs, concave- bottomed and ornamented by one or three thread-like, spiny, intercalary riblets; whole surface sculptured by microscopic imbricating lines, of which the spines on the ribs and riblets are only modifications; hinge line equal to one-half length of disk; ears unequal, the anterior being about two and one-half times the length of the posterior; anterior ear with seven or eight prominently spiny radials and minor riblets, and imbricating incremental lines; byssal notch deep and almost as wide as ear; posterior ear small, and sculptured by fine, spiny radials and imbricating incremental lines. Left valve with about nine narrow, very prominently spiny ribs; interspaces wide, concave-bottomed, and orna- mented by a single prominent, central imbricated riblet, on each side of which are minor thread-like riblets; whole surface of disk with fine incremental sculpture as in right valve; ears similar to those of right valve except that the anterior one has more ribs and riblets and no byssal notch. Hinge with almost obsolete cardinal erura. Color, golden yellow to pink, the left valve being the darker.’’ This species is occasionally found in the vicinity of San Francisco. It is not among the Survey collections. It is listed from this region by Wood and Raymond (1891). Range.—Puget Sound to San Pedro, California. Pecten latiauritus Conrad Pecten latiauritus Conrad (1837), p. 238, pl. 18, fig. 9; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 111, pl. 12, figs. 2 and 2a; Arnold (1906), p. 115, pl. 46, figs. 2, 2a, 3, 3a. Description.—This species was described by Arnold (1906) as follows: “Shell averaging about 25 millimeters in altitude, about as long as high, inequivalve, compressed, inequilateral, disk obliquely produced posteriorly, thin; sides straight; margins smooth. Right valve more compressed than left, with 12 to 16 low, rather squarish ribs, separated by equal, more or less distinctly channeled interspaces; whole surface sculptured by numerous fine concentric lines; hinge line nearly as long as disk; ears subequal in length; anterior ear long and narrow, with 5 or 6 prominent radials and numerous fine concentric lines; byssal notch deep and distinetly separating ear from disk; posterior ear from rectangularly to acutely pointed, sculptured by obsolete radials and con- centric lines. Left valve somewhat more convex than right, otherwise similar to it; anterior ear generally shorter and more prominently sculptured than posterior.’’ Length, 7 to 8 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5702 (1), D 5825 (1). Two immature specimens of Pecten that appear to belong to this species were dredged within the middle division of the bay. Range—San Francisco, Monterey to San Diego, California (Orcutt). 1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 25 ol ANOMIACEA ANOMIDAE Anomia Miiller Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny Plate 15, figures 2a and 2b Anomia peruviana d’Orbigny (1835-43), p. 673; Dall (1910b), p. 148, pl. 28, fig. 4. Anomia lampe Gray, Arnold, R. (1908), p. 117. Description.—Dall described this species as follows: “‘Shell very thin, pearly; white or copper brown on the upper valve, bluish green internally and on the central part of the lower valve; sessile on other shells or smooth objects adhering by a prominent byssus which passes through a large hole in the lower valve. The scars of the muscles in an area on the inside of the upper valve form a nearly even straight row radiating from the direction of the hinge.’’ Length, about 26 mm. Occurrence.—At station D 5811 (3). Three worn valves dredged within the lower part of the bay have been referred to this species. Its association with the eastern oyster suggests the possibility of it bemg Anomia simplex d’Orbigny, an eastern form closely resembling our West Coast species. However, Anomia peruviana has recently been reported by Clark (1914, p. 25) from Bolinas Bay, so it is not improbable that it is living within San Francisco Bay. The specimens were obtained from a muddy bottom at a depth of 3 fathoms. Range—Bolinas Bay, California (Clark), Paita, Peru (Dall). Monia Gray Monia macroschisma (Deshayes) Plate 15, figures la and 1b Placunanomia macroschisma, Carpenter (1863), p. 646; Wood and Ray- mond (1891), p. 55. Pododesmus macroschisma, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 116. Description—This species is described by Arnold (1903) as follows: ‘‘Shell adherent, subequivalve, irregular, flattened; hinge with two thick, divergent, elongated lamella in the inferior, corresponding with two long pits in the upper valve; upper valve with only two muscular impressions; the pedal sear radiately striated; surface with incremental laminae and sometimes radial ridges.’’ Length, 15 to 80 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5700 (1), D5702 (2), D5775 (1), D 5795 (£.), D 5796 (1), D 5800 (2), D 5809 (f.). 256 Umversity of California Publications in Zoology [Vou.14 This common bivalve has been reported by Carpenter and by Wood and Raymond from this region. Obtained by.the Survey at six stations, which are restricted to the Golden Gate and Raccoon Straits. The single living specimen was dredged from a rocky bottom near the north shore of the Golden Gate in 10 fathoms of water. Shells were dredged in 1234 to 53 fathoms. » This being a sessile form it occurs only where suitable support exists, such as stones or large shells. Range.—Unalaska to Lower California. MytInacEa MYTILIDAE Mytilus Linnaeus Mytilus californianus Conrad Plate 18, figure 2 Mytilus calfornianus Conrad (1837), p. 242, pl. 18, fig. 15; Carpenter (1863), p. 643; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55. Description.—This species was described by Conrad (1837) as follows: ““Shell ovate elongated, inflated; anterior margin straight; posterior side emarginate; ribs not very numerous, slightly prominent, broad, rounded; lines of growth very prominent.’’ Length, 2 to 90 mm. Occurrence.—At stations D 5776 (2), D5808 (1), D5809 (1), D 5842 (1), Presidio shore (149), Bonita Point (72, 1). This common edible mussel has been reported by various authors from this region. It appears to be restricted to the intertidal areas outside the Golden Gate, extending inward as far as Fort Point and Lime Point. Living specimens were obtained by the Survey only at the shore stations at Bonita Point and Fort Point. Shells were dredged at three stations in water ranging in depth from 31% to 53 fathoms. Range.—Unalaska, Aleutian Islands, to Socorro Island (Dall). Mytilus edulis Linnaeus Plate 15, figure 4; plate 43 Mytilus edulis Linnaeus (1758), p. 705; Carpenter (1863), p. 643; Dall (1898c), p. 788; Wood and Raymond (1891), p. 55; Arnold, R. (1903), p. 118. Mytilus edulis var. glomeratus Gould, Carpenter (1863), p. 643. Mytilus trossulus Gould (1850), p. 344. Description.mArnold (1903) describes this species as follows: “Shell of medium size, wedge-shaped, rounded behind, thin; surface smooth, except for concentric, incremental lines; umbones terminal; dorsal margin slightly depressed in middle; hinge-teeth minute.’’ Length, 2 to 60 mm. 1918] Packard: Molluscan Fauna from San Francisco Bay 257 Occurrence.—At stations D 5705 (1), D 5709 (1), D 5710 (1, 1), Di5t14 (7), Disil5 (2), D'5716 (2), D 5719 (2), D'5720.(5), D'5721 (10), D 5722 (4), D'5728 (1), D 5726 (2), D 5727 (5, 2), D 5728 (2), D 5729 (5), D 5730 (f£.), D 5742 (1), D 5744 (9), D 5748 (f.), D 5749 (1) DisTbl (6), .DibT52) (6). D'S753 (1), Di57154 (1), D'5755 (1), D5i56 (8). Wibtat (i. 5). DibT5s (2). D 5762) (7), D'5764 (77, 13)), D 5765 (1), D 5766 (13), D 5767 (24, 1), D 5768 (185, 5), D 5769 (1), Dibiiom Gap Dion ion (k)DinitiGn(en1) in oteo (Lb). DBTsil (250), D 5782 (162, 1), D 5783 (3), D5784 (105, 1), D 5789 (31), D 5790 (5), D 5793 (8), D5794 (9), D5795 (1), D5796 (1), D 5805 (2), D 5810 (18, 1), D 5811 (6, 36), D5813 (1), D5815 B (38), D 5816 (24), D 5817 (25), D 5817 A (6), D 5817 B (2), D 5818 A (1), D 5819 (4), D 5821 A (f.), D 5821 B (f.), D 5822 B (3), D 5828 (1), D 5823 A (7), D 5824 A (f.), D5824 B (1), D5826 A (5), D 5826 B (f.), D 5830 A (4), D5881 (5), D5832 A (7), D 5883 (2), D5839 (1), D 5841 (27), D 5847 (1), D 5848 (1), Standard Oil Pier, Richmond (35, 2), Red Rock (85), Key Route Pier, Oakland (62, 1), Cement sewer (numerous specimens), Sausalito (31, 1), Bonita Point (72, 1), and questionably at D 5739. This cireumpolar species, recognized by all conchologists writing of this region, is one of the most adaptable of our West Coast mollusks. It may be found attached by means of its byssus to almost any object in situations ranging from the brackish waters of Carquinez Strait to the saline waters of the open ocean. Living specimens were dredged in 46 fathoms, but the majority were obtained at depths of less than 4 fathoms. Range—Cireumpolar, Arctic Sea south to San Diego, California. Modiolus Lamarek Modiolus demissus (Dillwyn) Plate 18, figure 1 Modiolus demissus Dillwyn (1817), p. 314. : Modiola plicatula Lamarck, Gould (1841), p. 126; Dall (1889a), p. 38; Stearns (1899e), p. 86. Modiolus demissus, Sumner, Osburn, Cole, and Davis (1913), p. 683. Description.—Gould (1841) described this eastern mussel as follows: “‘Shell transversely oblong-ovate, much elongated, narrow before and widen- ing backwards, somewhat falciform or arched; beaks moderately prominent, not curving outwards, and nearly in contact, very near the anterior extremity, which is small and rounded; and the shell is much compressed at this part; the lower margin is generally curved or arched upwards, and gaping before 258 Umwversity of California Publications in Zoology [Vou. 14 the middle for the passage of the byssus; hinge margin straight, and ascending for about two-thirds the length of the shell so as to give it additional height, then, by a regular downward curve, it produces an obliquely rounded termi- nation to the shell; a broad, elevated ridge crosses obliquely from the beaks to this termination, above which the shell is compressed; surface ornamented with numerous radiating, somewhat undulating, occasionally branching ribs, most conspicuous above and behind, very fine on the anterior third. Shell silvery-white, the muscular impressions and margins of a livid color; margin of the posterior half and anterior side crenulated by the ribs.’’ This exotic species was first reported from a point ‘‘three miles north of Stanford University’’ by Stearns in 1899. Although it was not taken by the Survey, it is reported to occur within the lower division of the bay in sufficient numbers to be marketed occasionally. On the Atlantic coast, Sumner et al. (1911) report this species as being abundant along marshes and sandy shores. Range—Known on the Pacifie Coast only from San Francisco. Modiolus rectus Conrad Modiola recta Conrad (1837), p. 243, pl. 19, fig. 1; Carpenter (1863), p. 643. Modiolus rectus, Arnold, R. (1903), p. 120. Description.—This species was originally described by Conrad (1837) as follows: “‘Shell produced, smooth, thin, anterior margin elevated; posterior side cuneiform; color brown, with a broad pale strip extending from the beak to- wards the posterior margin; within very glossy and iridescent.’’ Occurrence.—At station D 5723* (f.) and questionably at D 5723 (3), D 5738 (8), D 5828 B (1). A fragment of a shell that was determined by Dall as belonging to this species was dredged by the Survey in the northern portion of the lower division of the bay. Several small living specimens have been referred to this species. Range.—Puget Sound to Magdalena Bay, Lower California. Modiolus politus Verrill and Smith Modiola polita Verrill and Smith (1880), p. 400. Description.—This species was originally described as follows: “ ‘ Py $ eet ¥ : -— af ahd Ai ay x ae of vu “ae ewig a ) : Are i ee : e at! : } J a : : ISS i os r <> - a >, ,7 ' > ; ‘ i 7 i, at Ik iy 7 * ‘ nie é 4 PLATE 36 Fig. la. Tegula funebrale (A. Adams). X 1. Altitude 33 mm. Bonita Point.* Fig. 1b. Tegula funebrale (A. Adams). X 1. Fig. 2. Calliostoma annulatum (Martyn). X 1. Altitude 25 mm. University of California Collection. Fig. 3. Tegula brunnea (Philippi). X 1. Altitude 33mm. Uni- versity of California Collection. Fig. 4. Tegular brunnea (Philippi). XX 1. Altitude 21 mm. University of California Collection. Fig. 5. Calliostoma canaliculatum (Martyn). X 1. Altitude 18 mm. Half Moon Bay. Fig. 6. Calliostoma costatum (Martyn). X 2. Altitude 11 mm. Station D 5770. An immature specimen. Fig. 7. Calliostoma costatum (Martyn). X 1. Altitude 19 mm. Station D 5770 B.* Fig. 8. Turbenilla franciscana Bartsch. X 5. Altitude 5.6 mm. Station D5743.* This species was recently described from this region. Fig. 9. Turbonilla franciscana Bartsch. X 5. Altitude 5.8 mm. Station D 5743.* Fig. 10. Margarites pupilla (Gould). X 5. Maximum diameter 3mm. A small specimen. Fig. 11. Melanella (Zulima) micans Carpenter. X 4. Altitude 7.3mm. Station D 5788.* Fig. 12a. Turbonilla keepi Dall and Bartsch. X 2. Altitude 10.6 mm. Station D5785.* Fig. 126. Turbonilla keepi Dall and Bartsch. X 2. Fig. 13. Epitoniwm sawinae (Dall). X 134. Altitude 15 mm. Station D 5785.* Fig. 14a. Epitonium hindsi (Carpenter). X 2. Altitude 9.6 mm. Station D. Fig. 14b. Epitonium hindsi (Carpenter). X 2. Fig. 15. Odostomia franciscana Bartsch. X 4. Altitude 2.6 mm. Station D 5729.* Fig. 16. Odostomia franciscana Bartsch. X 4. Altitude 2 mm. Station D 5729.* [404] UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 ; [PACKARD] PLATE 36 PLATE 37 Fig. la. Murex (Ocinebra) interfossa (Carpenter). XX 4. Alti- tude 8mm. Station D 5770. Fig. 1b. Murex (Ocinebra) interfossa (Carpenter). XX 4. _ Fig. 2. Chrysodomus tabulatus Baird. X 1. Altitude 86 mm. Station D5789.* The tip of the spire has been broken. Fig. 3. Chrysodomus dirus Reeve. X 1. Altitude 40 mm. Pigeon Point. Fig. 4a. Murex (Ocinebra) lwrida (Middendorff). X 2. Altitude 13.5 mm. Bonita Point. Fig. 4b. Murex (Ocinebra) lurida (Middendorff). xX 2. Fig. 5a. Olivella biplicata Sowerby. X 1. Altitude 22 mm. Station D 5731. Fig. 5b. Olivella biplicata Sowerby. X 1. Fig. 6. Bathytoma carpenteriana (Gabb). X 1. Altitude 77 mm. Station D 5788. Fig. 7. Olivella intorta Carpenter. X 2. Altitude 11mm. Sta- tion D 5735 Fig. 8a. Urosalpina cinereus (Say). X 1. Altitude 21 mm. Sta- tion D 5787.* Fig. 8b. Urosalpinx cinereus (Say). X 1. [406] [PACKARD] PLATE 37 UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 a7 we 7 \ rte A be A ts PLATE 38 All figures approximately natural size Fig. 1. Polinices lewisi (Gould). Slightly reduced. Altitude 112 mm. Station D 5738. Fig. 2a. Polynices draconis (Dall). Slightly reduced. Altitude 56 mm. West of Golden Gate 30 fathom line. Fig. 2b. Polinices draconis (Dall). Slightiy reduced. [408] UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. I4 [PACKARD] PLATE 38 eo. is in + Ye wy eee an ee < ; ae aS ly els fe. ties vo i Sey ee ie ak 7 a exc Ps PLATE 39 Fig. 1. Turris (Bela) tabulata (Carpenter). X 4. Altitude 9 mm. Station D5788.* 5 Fig. 2. Thais emarginata var. ostrina (Gould). X 1. Altitude 17 mm. Presidio.* Fig. 3. Thais emarginata var. ostrina (Gould). X 1. Altitude 17.5 mm. Presidio.* Fig. 4. Thais emarginata var. ostrina (Gould). X 1. Altitude 18 mm. Presidio.* : Fig. 5. Thais emarginata var. ostrina (Gould). X 1. Altitude 20 mm. Presidio.* Fig. 6. Monoceros engonatum Conrad. X 1. Altitude 27 mm. Pigeon Point, San Mateo County. Fig. 7a. Murex foliatus (Martyn). X 1. Altitude 58 mm. Bo- linas. Fig. 7b. Murex foliatus (Martyn). X 1. Fig. 8a. Cerithidea californica (Haldeman). X 1. Altitude 38 mm. Lake Merritt, Oakland. Specimen from the collection of Pro- fessor Wm. 8S. Raymond. Fig. 8b. Cerithidea californica (Haldeman). X 1. Fig. 9a. Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall. X 1. Altitude 20.5 mm. Station D 5789. . Fig. 9b. Cancellaria crawfordiana Dall. X 1. Fig. 10a. Mangilia augulata Carpenter. X 4%. Altitude 10 mm. Station D 5786. Fig. 10b. Mangilia augulata Carpenter. X 41%. [410] [PACKARD] PLATE 39 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 PLATE 40 All figures approximately natural size Fig. 1. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 44 mm. Station D 5781. Tabulated and rough. Fig. 2. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 45 mm. Station D. Cream-white and rough. : Fig. 3. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 44 mm. Banded and rough. Fig. 4. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 41mm. White and smooth. Fig. 5a. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 52 mm. Station D 5801. White and smooth. Fig. 5b. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Fig. 6. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 38 mm. Red rock. Tabulated and smooth. Fig. 7. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 37.5 mm. Station D 5796. Banded and smooth. Fig. 8. Thais lamellosa (Gmelin). Altitude 38 mm. Station D 5796. Banded, smooth, high spire. [412] UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. |4 [PACKARD] PLATE 40 PLATE 41 Fig. la. Columbella gausapata Gould. X 2. Altitude 9 mm. Station D 5790. Fig. 1b. Columbella gausapata Gould. X 2. Fig. 2a. Turris incisa Carpenter. X 2. Altitude 25.5 mm. Sta- tion D5791. Enlarged to show detail. Fig. 2b. Turris incisa Carpenter. X 1. Fig. 3a. Turris perversa (Gabb). X 1%. Altitude 19 mm. Sta- tion D 5785.* Fig. 3b. Turris perversa (Gabb). X 1%. Fig. 4a. Amphissa corrugata (Reeve). X 2. Altitude 12 mm. Farallon Islands, University of California collection. Fig. 4b. Amphissa corrugata (Reeve). X 2. Fig. 5a. Bittiwm subplanulatum Bartsch. X 1%. Altitude 6 mm. Station D5788.* Tip of spire broken. Fig. 5b. Bittiwm subplanulatum Bartsch. X 1%. Fig. 6. Actaeon puncteoelatus (Carpenter). X 1%. Altitude 8mm. Station D5791.* §& Fig. 7a. Volvula cylindrica Carpenter. X 2. Altitude 8.7 mm. Survey collection. x Fig. 7b. Volvula cylindrica Carpenter. X 2. Fig. 8a. Acteocina cerealis (Gould). X 2. Altitude 7.8 mm. Survey collection. Fig. 8b. Acteocina cerealis (Gould). X 2. oe Wie 5 Cybichma able (Syswerw, [414] UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 41 3b 5a 3 6 PLATE 42 Chart showing the distribution of Ostrea lurida Carpenter (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [416] [PACKARD] PLATE 42 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 ¢ i N PLATE 43 Chart showing the distribution of Mytilus edulis Linnaeus (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [418] UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 43 uit lala 4 ta "1ee3o" PLATE 44 Chart showing the distribution of Cardium corbis (Martyn) (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [420] UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 44 PLATE 45 Chart showing the distribution of Paphia staminea (Conrad) (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [422] UNIV, CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 1!4 [PACKARD] PLATE 45 \ x 2 BS ees PLATE 46 Chart showing the distribution of Tellina salmonca (Carpenter) (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the cirele indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [424] [PACKARD] PLATE 46 UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 PLATE 47 Chart showing the distribution of Macoma balthica (Linnaeus) (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [426] UNIV, CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 47 PLATE 48 Chart showing the distribution of Macoma inquinata (Deshayes) (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the cirele indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [428] UNIV, CALIF PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 48 ANNUAL INCREAS neAaR * ~~ + t Son Quentin’ pt ‘ a. °o® \ 6 *. “BERKELEY KEY ROUTE PIER OAKLAND - . fe al ic -SAN FRANCISCO at CALIFORNIA e WauTicac mices 7 T ee STATA S niLOMETERS 3 1 2.8 4 S697 52,08 > PLATE 49 Chart showing the distribution of Macoma nasuta (Conrad) (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the cirele indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [430] [PACKARD] PLATE 49 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 eae PLATE 50 Chart showing the distribution of Solen sicarius Gould (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [432] UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. I4 [PACKARD] PLATE 50 MARTINEZ + sk ee Sonali AWM UAL. increas Mate SAUSALITO | a SAN FRANCISCO BAY GALIFORNIA \ NAUTICAL MILES ' z s 4 s KILOMETERS 12 3 4,5, 697 6 8 90 + "7 Pt San Pedro fr : e *s ; FREO WS BLANCHARD BEL. ¢ et Sane h , . . . 1 PLATE 51 Chart showing the distribution of Schizothaerus nuttalli (Conrad) (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the cirele indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [434] UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL, I4 [PACKARD] PLATE 5 MARTINEZ + CALIFORNIA NAUTICAL MILES r 2 3 * KILOMETERS Tek 34S 8? 89 10 PLATE 52 Chart showing the distribution of Mya arenaria Linnaeus (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [436] UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 52 PLATE 53 Chart showing the distribution of Mya (Cryptomya) californica (Conrad) (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [438] [PACKARD] PLATE 53 UNIV, CALIF PUBL, ZOOL. VOL. 1I4 Se PLATE 54 Chart showing the distribution of Zirfaea gabbi Tryon (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [440] UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 54 z k i : Chart showing the di ribution of Crepidula nivea Adams = ny (The dot indicates the stations at which living ‘specimens were ah } and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were | [PACKAKD] PLATE 55 14 UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. i Se PLATE 56 Chart showing the distribution of Columbella gausapata Gould (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [444] [PACKARD] PLATE 56 UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 PLATE 57 Tee Chart showing the distribution of Nassa fossata (Gould) (The dot indicates the stations at which living ‘specimens were dred: and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtaiz ‘ i - Vir ee at 4 + UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 57 PLATE 58 Chart showing the distribution of Nassa mendica Gould (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were dredged, and the circle indicates the stations at which only dead shells were obtained.) [448] [PACKAKD] PLATE 58 UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. I4 PLATE 59 Chart showing the distribution of Thais lamellosa (Gmelin) (The dot indicates the stations at which living specimens were and the circle indicates the stations at UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 59 \ i 2 as aon = otis atm Chart showing the Sumner et. al., 1914.) _ PLATE 60 distribution of ‘‘Albatross’’ dredging | ) Ws UNIV. [PACKARD] PLATE 60 nent i NALA IO OBE BI LIN EA SEALE LIEN ITED SASS PAE EO NOO - EL PS EM q= a] Pen He : °F Ww ; Wi “ ‘ » \ Fo : aren - 3 q - mort: a i _ ee = . & \ St Ye OF ER OD ae ot ei oe s P .2 eee ee ee Eee ee i cam ; ' : ; ? Se ee ee weal | rw 2,4 “ - rr : ee eee Ne ed pom ——* - > Oe op was = oh’ gees re“ » Ww . = oe eee Oe £ iy UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL. VOL. 14 [PACKARD] PLATE 60 A Roe LU 7 6. MARTINEZ -- ANNUAL INCREASE —~ = = S oO i=) 1S’ SS Io} ~ 5) Ss sare (B) >, . \ i> ; | “sourmaneron coy SHOAL, UT \ >: \ SAUSALITO f / O fever pagateat yPt Bonita nk 5827_ OB avcaraat ies Sy OE en Pos712 ra \ y G id a LoS OAKLAND Alesina? SI : < Saga S.PPIER KEY ROUTE PIER CALIFORNIA 1912 —1913 NAUTICAL MILES | Ls \ oe ie SAN FRANCISCO BAY - 2 3 4 Ss KILOMETERS BASED ON C.*G.S. CHART 5530 ———— ) FREDO W.S. SLANCHARD PLL, | =_—_—___ 1 >= tor by JOY AOOS” GEUS STR OAC Ore LORRAINE NOTA ER NCATE Nt SETAE TEARS HTH SENSEI ALTE TEINS REED Nom en ‘ ie NR Of er i , - speagho ist FE UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS— (Continued) 3, On Binary and Multiple Fission in Giardia. muris (Grassi), by Charles Atwood Kofoid and. Elizabeth Bohn Christiansen. Pp, 30-54, ates: 5-8, 1 figure in text, Nos. 2 and 8 in one.cover. November, 1915 - ae letecicecens OU : 4, The Cultivation of Tissues from Amphibians, by J obn | C. Johnson. Pp: 65- = 62, 2 figures in text. November, 1915.02.00 es 10 5. Notes on the Tintinnoina, 1. On the Probable Origin of D ‘yocysta tiara :: Haeckel. 2, On Petalotricha entzi,-sp/ nov., by Charles Atwood generac Pp, 63-69, 8 figures'in text. December, $995 og Nt 5 05 7, On a New Trichomonad Plagellate, Trichomitus parvus, from the Intestine of Amphibians, by.Olive Swezy. Pp. 89-94, plate 12. Nos. 6 and 7 in one cover. December, 1915 pa Abe 2 2 pa: Ra Sea Th 25 8. On Blepharcorys equi, sp. noy., a New Ciliate from the Caecum of the Horse, by Irwin OC. Schumacher. Pp. 95-106, plate 13. December, 1915.: 10 9. Three New Helices from California, by S. Stillman Betry. Pp. 107-111. ELSES SEL pein ales ena e pO nigh ROE wD aa aoe CEE keys ee 05 10,-On Trypanosoma triatomae, a New Fiagellate from a Hemiptéeran Bug from the Nests of the Wood Rat Neotoma fiscipes, by Charles Atwood Kofoid ; and Irene McCulloch.. Pp. 113-126, piates 14-15. February, ROLG os es 15 11. The Genera Monocercomonas and Polymastix, by Olive Swezy, Pp. 127-133, Plates 16-17, — February, 1916 ono censedsseegusniensecockonssee teas devas 10 12. Notes on the Spiny Lobster (Panulirus interruptus) of the California Coast, by. Bennet M,-Allen, Pp. 139-152, 2 figures in text...March, 1916 ............ 15 13. Notes on the Marine Fishes of California, by Carl L. Hubbs.. Pp. 153-169, plates-18-20)."Mitarch, 1916 -c2 SS see en ee a 15 14, The Feeding Habits and Food of Pelagic Copepods and the Question of - Nutrition by’ Organic Substances in Solution in the Water, by Calvin O. : Esterly. Pp. 171-184, 2 figures.in text. March, 19160 <0 .s oo .cineecceeseeeeeeee 15 16, The Kinetonucleus of Flagellates and the Binuclear Theory of Hartmann, by Clive-Swezy. Pp. 185-240, 58 figures in text. March, 1916 2200000... 60 16. On the Life-History of a Soil Amoeba, by Charlie’ Woodruff Wilson. Pp. PAT 292 plates 18-28, July, WIG ie ah A a i eee 60 17. Distribution of Land Vertebrates of Southeastern “Washington, by Leo Ee. Raymond: Diese. Pp. 293-348, plates 24-26. June, 1916 2.0. ckeccctieece ene 60 18, The Anatomy of Heptanchus maculatus: the Endoskeleton, by J. Frank Daniel.. Pp, 349-370, pls. 27-29, 8 text figures... December, 1916 2:02... 25 ~ 19, Some Phases of Spermatogenesis in the Mouse, by Harry B. Yocom. Pp. : $71-380;—plate:.80; > Sannary, 1917 Sng the, Years 1912 and 1913, by F. B. Sumnez,'G. D. Louderback, W. L. ja nie sty Schmitt, Ey c on gAir a . Pp. Leh a plates 115, 20 text’ figures, sul vieokeey ta sy penanyey LDP) “told - ‘Mol. 15. “Introduction, ait of Marine Biology upon Hydrography and Neces- t beat sity of Quantitative Biological, Research.’ Pp. i-xxiiiy- June, 1916 ¢......... 1.) Hydrographic,” Plankton, and Dredging Recerds /of| the Scripps Tustitution Gs : vet © for Biological Research of the University jof* California,’ 1901 to 1912, SARIN EY Mes FRc AR RL ‘compiled and | arranged under ‘the ‘supervision of ‘W. EB. Ritter by’ ‘Ellis’ bey { is ee Michael and GEOreR F. McEwen. Pp, eos Aext figures and: DIAD. ~ July, TOTS Wah 2, Continuation: of ye grap ny 2 Dredging } i Scripps Institution for’ ‘Biological. Research of the Uaiebaley, br, Cali-; 1) ’ fornia (1913+ 1915), compiled ‘and arranged under the supervision | of WwW. iB.) Ritter, by, Ellis’ 1... Michael, Zoologist and Administrative’ Assistant, George Fi. McEwen, Hydrographer Pp: 207 254,'7 figures in text. ‘Novem: $5.00 ae, grap ye -the Scripps Institution for Biological essareh of the “University of Cali. | eS fornia, 1908 to 1915, by Ceatee: F ‘Mobwen, Hydrographer, Pp, 255+ 356, He ‘ Plates 1-38, December, Be Isa Ro soe Sel ATT ORE ad ‘ Vol. 16. 1. An Outline of the Motphology ida Life History ‘Of Crithidi dp sooohaee per So sp. nov., by) Itene’ McCulloch. Pp, 1- 22, ees 14, 1 text BUTE Ss ii i /*<~ tember, 1915 vy a » 2.:0n Giardia ‘microti, sp. nov., from the ‘Meadow Mouse, “by. Charles Atwood Py Kofoid and Elizabeth ‘Bohn’ ‘Christiansen. Pp, 23-29, 1. figure in’ text, i4 \ + $, On Binary and Multiple Fission\in Giardia muris (Grassi), by Charles My Ui hd “| )Atwood Kofoid and Elizabeth, ie ea ‘Christiansen, — he 30-54; at 5: Bait y ) < | J. figure in text. | Nos.,2 and 3 in one cover: *eoternbar; 1915 nls : 4, Ths Cultivation of Tissues from Amphibians, by John C. “Fohinson, Pp, 55- | 62, 2 MeUtee in seme facibiaiel iat pratans ASUS AA EIS ERD SU CReM EP eae LEN It UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN ZOOLOGY Vol. 18, No. 13, pp. 299-336, plates 12-13, 6 figures in text April 20, 1918 A QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF SAN FRANCISCO BAY BY E. L. PACKARD re CONTENTS PAGE UB AVS NCO) AON ap ee Se SPO ree Ree en Os 9 Pee rer ERP OCT Eeever ret, Me -Le General distribution of the Mollusca ...................... Pisa oes bee AB aces Kash raes onda sae es 301 Physical characters of San Francisco Bay .......-.2..--.-.-:-0s---:.css+sseesestensenenneeneae 301 The molluscan fauna of San Francisco Bay ................-..-.--.-. WIGONOWIC CONSIMETATONS <..5- 2222-2 enccaroneneedorasscaveseceecsantccsascectavecsoncnane Factors governing the distribution of the Mollusca 2 PEG EVO GON OCP GU eesesec ae cacresenann st cstacecenes ac entansenspossnectsncessunnaceutescescenasds-udceUscorade never 318 PROM TNOMEGONE YE, OLN DOLGOUL co sectce cece ce ccer tances nencn cee cee wance ceaceaee Aron otveentesacsseaeesecvica= 318 PEGS NEMO Fina Om SEL UNI TA ye rere wae sexe c a atc eae ees hon asc cune cba cease sono tan tae ene uae eeencothanesoraucons) OME IRIS HUEIOTUBUOUGONE DORAN ULE, ha AT a, oe i. Os is-4i - (m= ‘ Reeth ere ar oe sae aie Suis ORG 2 CHEK BYSED Ot Os “i SiapRs2 0: “s AR ie a F Mire x Tess asy SVPHOKMIY: | a sBVAGTAGO BYK ie! lee 2LEVWEB YPBVLNOe2 ae EDCIMC alvLIOve UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. ZOOL VOL. 18 0 4 $781. MARTINEZ + 1 V % ANNUAL = INCREASE —~_= 3’ > S ota, . 270 “A oseva S812 (AO. KEY ROUTE BIER S 59/2 (8)0 OAKLAND 122°05” DREDGING STATIONS FISHERIES STEAMER ALBATROSS CALIFORNIA 1912 —1913 NAUTICAL MILES 2 3 BASED ON C.¥ G.S. CHART 5530 j iy PLATE 13 Diagram showing the relative abundance of mollusks per unit area of 7.8 square feet within the three divisions of the bay. The circles of different size stand for the different species and the number of circles for the number of living individuals obtained in the average dredge haul for the indicated region. The number of old shells is not represented. [ 336 ] UNIV. CALIF, PUBL, ZOOL. VOL. 18 [PACKARD] PLATE 13 MARTINEZ x q Mee! i IESE ie + Oy a ear sen4 = Tie pros ss ‘ ny inoneare™—~ = Resor dug tin\ CR \ ¥ i Ss Phyo ent eat mienmond ‘SAUSALITO KEY ROUTE PIER OAKLAND SAN FRANCISCO BAY GALIFORNIA NAUTICAL MILES v 2 By} 5 KILOMETERS Wpaty, 354) 5556 Tey Oa SREDWS. BLANCHARD BEL, Os 6. Sy 2 2 10, “‘Wol.17. 1. 2. 4, UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS— (Continued) Notes on the Tintinnoina. 1. On the Probable Origin of Dictyocysta tiara Haeckel. 2. On Petalotricha entzi, sp. nov., by Charles Atwood Kofoid. Pp. 63-69, 8 figures in text. December, 1915, Seen a aS es 2ST TED TAC 11.4'9) On a New Trichozonad Flagellato, Trichomitus parvus, from the Intestine of Amphibians, by Olive Swezy. Pp, 89-94, plate 12. Nos. 6/and 7 in one cover: December, 1915 20 On Blepharcorys equi, sp, nov., a New Ciliate from the Caecum of the Horse, by Irwin C. Schumacher. Pp. 95-106, plate 13. December, 1915... Three New Helices from California, by S. Stillman Berry.) Pp. "107- 111, PAM AEM LOLS sel NCA pe AE Ta at mr I Ni ae Ue UN NG On 7'rypanosoma triatomae, a’ New Flagellate from a Hemipteran Bug from the Nests of the Wood Rat Neotoma fuscipes, by Charles Atwood Kofoid and Irene McCulloch. Pp. 113-126, plates 14-15, February, 1916-0000... . The Genera, Monocercomonas and Polymastiz, by Olive Swezy..) Pp. 127-138, plates 16-37. February, "19165 A ne a il eee TE a yo . Notes on the Spiny Lobster Chanatlira interruptus) of the California Coast, by Bennet 'M. Allen.) Pp; 139-152, 2 figures in text. March, 1916 0... . Notes on the Marine Fishes of California, by Carl L. Hubbs, Pp. 153-169,. plates, 18.20.77; Maren sTGue oe ee lk cone ae pee 2 . The Feeding» Habits and Food of Pelagic Copepods and the Question of Nutrition by Organic Substances in Solution in the Water, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 171-184, 2 figures im text. March, 1916. 000 . The Kinetonucleus of Flagellates and the Binuclear Theory of Hartmann, by Qlive Swezy. Pp, 185-210, 58 figures in text. March, 1916 2.000000... . On the Life-History of a Soil Amoeba, by Charlie Woodruff Wilson. Pp, 241-292) plates 18-291 Ulp, LONG 3 ke oo cee a CN ay: Te he . Distribution of Land Vertebrates of Southeastern Washington, by. Lee Raymond Dice. | Pp. 298-348) plates 24-26. June, 1916 ieee The Anatomy of Heptanchus maculatus: the Endoskeleton, by J, Frank Daniel. Pp. 349-370, pls. 27-29, 8 text figures. December, 1916 200000000. Some Phases of Spermatogenesis in the Mouse, by Harry B, Yocom. Pp. 371380," plate SO). daniiary, 1On trois ele oy ee Pee Specificity in Behavior and the Relation between Habits in Nature and Reactions in the Laboratory, by Calvin O. Esterly. Pp. 381-392. March, 1917 The Occurrence of a Rhythm in the Geotropism of Two Species of Plank- * ton Copepods when Certain Recurring External Conditions are Absent, by Galvin O. Bsterly.. Pp. 393-400; “March, 1917 oie tee » On Some New Species of Aphroditidae from the Coast of California, by » Christine Essenberg. Pp. 401-430, plates 31-37. ‘March, 1917 _.00..c.c.le Notes on the Natural History and Behavior of Emerita analoga (Stimpson), ‘by Harold Tupper Mead. Pp, 481-438, 1 text figure. April, 1917 2.00002..2 . Ascidians of the Littoral Zone of Southern California; by William E. Ritter and Ruth A. Forsyth. Pp: 439-512, plates 38-46. August, 1917 000s... Diagnoses of Seven. New Mammals from East-Central California, by Joseph ‘Grinnell and Tracy I. Storer. Pp. 1-8. A New Bat of the Genus Myotis from the High Sierra Nevada.of Cali- fornia, by Hilda Wood Grinnell. » Pp. 9-10. } Nos, 1 and 2 in one cover.’ August, 1916 0... Rd LANE ae Shey ae MOAT Eta . Spelerpes platycephalus, a New Alpine Salamander from the Yosemite National Park,. California, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp, 11-14. Septem- “der, DONG CE Cae RE AS hel ea SL SoM oak Ss Ns al) Sees A New Spermophile from the’San Joaquin Valley, California, with Notes on’ Ammospermophilus nelzoni nelsoni Merriam, by Walter P. Taylor.’ Pp. 45-20,-1) figure in’ text: Oetober, 1916025 fe 7 Dog cece htaateee Habits and Food of the Roadrunner in California, by Harold C. Bryant. Pp. 21-58, plates 1-4, 2 figures in text. “October, 1916 20-0 5 Description of Bufo canorus, a New Toad from the Yosemite National Park, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 59-62, 4 figures.in text. November, 1916...... The Subspecies of Scecloporus occidentalis, with Description of a New Form from the Sierra Nevada and Systematic Notes on Other. California Lizards, by Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 63-74. December, 1916.................... , Osteological Relationships of Three Species of Beavers, by F. Harvey | Holden... Pp. 75-114, plates 6-12, 18 text figures, : March, 1917 ..0......0.......-. Notes on the Systematic Status of the Toads and Frogs of California, by ' Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 115-125, 3 text figures. February, 1917 ......... a, 05 10 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS — (Continued) 10, A. Distributional List of. the Amphibians and Reptiles of* California, by ‘Joseph Grinnell and Charles Lewis Camp. Pp. 127-208, 14 ares in text. July, 1917 85 11, A’Study of the Races of the White-Fronted® Goose (inser: a ring in California, by H. S. Swarth and Harold C. Bryant. “Pp, 209- 222, pass 2 figures in text, plate 13. October, 1917 15 12. A Synopsis of the "Bats of California, by. Hilda Wood Grinnell. Pp. 223-404, ; plates.14-24, 24 text figures, January $1, 1918 2.000 2.00 — ~ 13. The, Pacific Coast Jays of the Genus Aphelocoma, by H. S. swarm ED: : 405-422, 1 figure in text. February 23, 1918 20.0.0... ee 20 Vol, 18. 1. Mitosis in Giardia Microti, by William ©. Boeck, Pp. 1-26, plate 1: ‘Octo- - De ee oeee eee (ear Mie naci aiey sek da ena ea eu ets, Me SR Ss Sara 85 2, An Unusual Extension of the Distribution of the ciipecen in San: Pran- eae cisco Bay, California, by Albert L, Barrows. Pp. 27-43. December, 1917. .20 20 Description of Some New Species of Polynoidae from the Coast of Cali- fornia, by Christine Essenberg. | Pp. 45-60, plates 2:3. October, 1917... j 4, New Species of Amphinomidae. from the Pacific Coast, by Christine Essen- f berg.» Pp. 61-74, plates 4-5. October, 1917 02sec esses eccccccecennestnueeecaene 15 « Crithidia Euryophthalmi, sp. noy., from the THedipteean Bug, Euryophthalmus i convinus Stal, by Trene McCulloch. Pp.. 75-88, 35 text RENTED Decent- oa 1-7 il SW LY GaN A SO AAT ee a cL ARs DLP EB ssl ey a aE cia Baste nem some Mae wn yrs aid 15: 6. On the Orientation’ of "Erythropsis, by Charles Atwood Kofold and Olive Beer Swezy. Pp. 89-102, 12 figures in text. December, 1917 2. ~ Lb 7. The Transmission of Nervous Impulses in Relation to ‘Locomotion ih the . Earthworm, by John F. Bovard. Pp. 103-134, 14 figures in'text. ri onch tes pS fMRI EUS Ran, cS PRPIAORN Seeger ESE TEs eetbet ea my ir NOR UNM MCN are SA Cy WR eas Se, “ , 8. The Function of the Giant Fibers in Earthworms, by John F.. Bovard. Pp. /. "185-144 1 figure in text. January, 1918 9. A Rapid Method for the Detection of Protozoan Cysts in ‘Mamm tian, ; Faeces, by William C. Boeck. \Pp. 145-149, December, 1917 0.2.2... 05 - 10. The Musculature of Heptanchus maculatus, by Pirie Davidson. =e 151-170, 12 figures in text, March, 1918 .o.c.. ccc sees eccbecctaseecspscecegeeeceesezseencecaneenenere 125, 11. The Factors. Controlling the Distribution of the Polynoidae of the Pacific —, ; Coast of North América, by Christine tid lainey Pp) 171-238, plates 6- 8 iS ‘2 figures in text. March, 1918-.2.00 02 ub ee "15 12. Differentials in. Behavior of the Two Genera: Salpa demo Pi Relative to the Temperature of the Sea, by Ellis L. Michael. Pp. 259-298, plates 9-11, 1 figure in text. March, 1918 222 65 13. A Quantitative ‘Analysis of the Molluscan Fauna of San'Francisco Bay, by «EB... Packard. Pp. 299-336, ‘Plates 12-13,.6 figs..in text, Apel 1918..... ~ 40° fo he | iy Yah Draeane Hy types fs 4, - cn RARE ite hy ; Prt A ND SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES : i . 3 9088