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Department of Zoclogy
REFERENCE BOOK

THIS BOOK MUST NOT BE TAKEN FROM
THE LABORATORY

William Healey Dall

Division of Mollusks
Sectional Library

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Tue Cuicaco Acabemy OF SCIENCES pL

THE MOoLLUSCA OF THE CHICAGO AREA

THe PELECYPODA

FRANK COLLINS BAKER

CURATOR OF THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

BULLETIN No. III.
PART I.

OF

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY

ISSUED SEPTEMBER 1, 1898

pr.

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

CuicaGco, ILuinois, June 1, 1898.

Dear SIR:

By direction of the Board of Managers of The Natural History
Survey of The Chicago Academy of Sciences, I herewith submit to you for
publication, as Part I. of Bulletin No. III. of the Survey, the report on The
Mollusca of the Chicago Area, prepared by Frank Collins Baker, Curator of
The Chicago Academy of Sciences, to be issued under the rules of the Academy
governing such matters.

Respectfully,
WILLIAM K. HIGLeEy,

THomas C. CHAMBERLIN, Chairman.

President of The Chicago Academy of Sciences.

¥
. ee ae ke:
The Board of Managers of The Natural History Survey 0

The Chicago Academy of Sciences: ee a!

s ‘ . ‘>?

b F ah i
WILLIAM K. HIGLEY, Chairman,
CHARLES S. RADDIN,’Secretary. = ~§
THOMAS C. CHAMBERLIN.
GAYTON A. DOUGLASS. ae
THOMAS T. JONSTON.

; . 4 I ‘ fe

Hat

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY.

The Mollusca, the title of Bulletin Number III. of The
Natural History Survey, will be issued in two parts. The sub-
ject of the present report is the Pelecypoda, and a later
publication will treat of the Gastropoda.

The work has been prepared by Mr. Frank Collins Baker,
Curator of The Chicago Academy of Sciences, who has not only
illustrated all species described, by half tones or zinc etchings
made from original photographs and drawings, but has also
placed in the collection of the Academy a large number of
specimens showing the development of and variations in each
species found in the area covered by the Survey.

The territory embraced by the publications of the Survey
includes Cook and DuPage Counties and the nine north town-
ships of Will County in Illinois, and a portion of Lake County,
Indiana. This area gives a surface of about forty-eight or fifty
miles square, or a land surface of nearly 1,800 square miles.

All species have been described and keys prepared,
in order that the work may be used as a text-book for the local
forms of the Mollusca, thus making the subject available to many
students who are deterred from pursuing the study because of
the high price and rarity of most of the text-books on this
subject.

For the reason that Part II. will soon be issued, it has been
thought best to withhold the bibliography, glossary and index
until the second part is published, and to then make them com-
plete for both parts. It was found that in making the plates,
illustrations of three species of Pisidium had been included
with a number of gastropods, hence this plate has been reserved
for Part II., and the references to it have been made accordingly.

The Board of Managers of the Survey takes pleasure in
acknowledging its obligation to Mr. Charles T. Simpson, of the
Smithsonian Institution, who not only examined the manu-
script of the bulletin, making many valuable suggestions, but
reviewed the family Unionidae and added original matter of his
own which is here published for the first time. The board also
wishes to express its appreciation of the valuable suggestions

that have been made by various conchologists throughout the
country, acknowledgment of which has been made by Mr.
Baker in the text.

A most attractive feature of the publication is the excellent
work done on the photographs, which was made possible by the
use of a very valuable camera furnished by Messrs. John
Wilkinson and Son, and the skillful work of Mr. Thomas
J. Staley, who photographed the shells and developed the
negatives.

Finally, it is again a pleasure to make mention of the pa-
trons of The Natural History Survey, whose generosity has
tended so much to its success and to make recognition of the
arduous labors of Mr. Baker, which have made it possible
to issue a work which is most creditable to himself and enables
the Survey to make another contribution to the advancement of
science.

CONTENTS.
PAGE
MU EIS UNCER sere ict erty eee SPRY ns Sere awe saya aed ade) ve BYaLareS Stee 9
ieee Generac haractersvor, the Molinscae. 382/050. ste ss ls bots o sleet ee 1]
HEM UOPOR EAM WOL thet ATCA lenses cteiais cia sraicie and lebst clove dantahs cre ola epiaas 12
Si peseaities ee Special Interests.) i.e bats « ole devise v's vole aiatee 13
HVE COREA DEIGH MOISTEDULLONL non ae .ttietastate orgie) e venice sh cieseicicie'sin.o ohephieatabale: + 16
NS ORG Sic alle DD ISELA DUPLO score ta enced ss creed a eanib Saale: « she sa cls sfeyevo are oalata 23
Wieetustrictious tor Collecting, Mollusksiase. ccc ecrsie. 2 das bedi netes 25
emp ectri(l. 9 PECLES yee Narre Serna ene eR lors S siete initial: © &: > «cameron 25
Paresh water SPEClec meri, oer ere re Saisie, 6 Sf. \ha:24 wis era oars eeroemtane 27
Be PEeSeLV ALON OL MGONECEOUS. + Ase. 6 oat cSt elses ce cic place ales areeltiee’s 29
PSO Presenvd om Tor ANAtomiGal SCs. 08h. %,¢ 20 stds ni ewes deme : 3]
Nie Econom ons ther NLOMUISCAL inc ou nelcta ts 2a: + cs o's) on ee sid aimaaeavele ees 33
RPE Homers AE OS UNE Meret arene oui ros, aie NF ote Visio Arye) Ske 6) drakid Sa eheninl's) Auwtere, «-eVSieve | dele p Bhs)
een UANT A FeaaAN ICR EMEM SME Loar cralsterctaye pats <x 2/8 a eiaseiel oeulere tie, oles eicgiole talib. 36
ke Description of Species......... PRC, they sere faan sheet rane haf eWaClate ota 44
eee CLASS CICGVPOU Aa rie/wrole sta) ecare ecieciae feeia a aile mers ss erboeNeyetataretiage 45
Ogder PE CiONOMCSMIAGEA yO e)s. cle. o:ahs jessie evave efsinipie sin leb latele.e’e Gale wah 46
Se pentamMy RIN ATAGAGEA i. cigs s crosdese' > olejeis gis 8s Hie aleve ejelwie 46
Barmily Uniorides, 3.7.5 2).5-2 0. ces oc os EA Nt ME Se Ree 47
OtdepelP lee siMACEA se <istave vleianics ese nia ovine wala wares mat elas 111
Superfamily Cyrenacea..... i SS AE wu Sho RTRROMT “UxtN: 6. Niele a 111

RATE tea PIE CELL CE s we ale al citiel ele woyateny eve alecareiaip]4is/2 malo 9) 918/je1ehd 111,

ERRATA.

In the generic descriptions of the Unionidz Mr. Simpson has described both shell
and animal. This statement is made in view of the fact that on page 50 Mr. Simpson's
name is placed after both shell and animal descriptions, and follows only that of the
animal in the descriptions of the other genera.

Page 11, third line, for Glenn read Glen.

Page 17, eighteenth line, for oarolinensis read carolinensis.

Page 17, thirty-sixth line, omit Quadrula pustulata (not found in our area).

Page 18, tenth line, for Quadrula parva read Lampsilis parvus.

Page 18, et al, in place of Elimia use Goniobasis. (See Part II.)

Page 22, No. 117, for complanatus read campanulatus.

Page 23, twenty-seventh line, for decisium read decisum.

Page 28, forty-third line, for albolabris read thyroides.

Page 26, ninth line, for Vitrze read Vitrez.

Page 28, fifteenth line, for Anadonta read Anodonta.

Page 33, footnote, for Witmerstone read Witmer Stone.

Page 35, No. 24, for Lymnza read Limnza.

Page 44, twenty-second line, insert a comma after the word elongated.

Page 44, thirty-fifth line, insert a comma after the word small.

Page 46, last line, for Part I., 1890, read Part III , 1695.

Page 47, fifteenth line, for radiacal read radial.

Page 62, twenty-first line, for fig. 4 read fig. 3.

Page 62, twenty-second line, for Anadonta read Anodonta.

Page 64, twenty-ninth line, for U. read A.

Page 67, ninth line, for pl. xii., read pl. vii.

Page 69, last line, add (Simpson).

Page 73, twenty-fifth line, for bronchiz read branchize

Page 73, last line, for pressus, read pressa.

Page 100, for Section Euryma read Eurynia.

Page 103, thirteenth line, omit reference to pl. xxvii (Anodonta grandis).

Page 109, for Section Corunculina read Carunculina.

Page 111, thirty-first line, add the word ‘‘as"’ after the word laterals.

Page 116, nineteenth line, for Sarratogea, read sarratogea.

Page 120, twenty-seventh line, for spherium, read Sphezrium.

Explanation of Plate VII., for Alasmodonta edentula read Strophitus edentulus.

Explanation of Plate XIX., No. 3, for coccina, read coccinea.

Explanation of Plate XX., Obliquaria cornuta Barnes, read Obliquaria reflexa Raf.

Explanation of Plate XXVII., No. 8, for Sinsley, read Linsley.

ee

10 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

are in millimeters and the numerals following the former are the
accession numbers of the specimens in the museum of The
Chicago Academy of Sciences. In the description of the
species, the diagnosis of the shell and animal refers only to
specimens found in this area. Distribution and geological dis-
tribution signify their dispersal throughout time and space, out-
side of as well as within our territory. Habitat refers only to
the area covered by this report.

The following collections have been examined in preparing
these pages: Mr J. H. Ferriss, Joliet; Mr. T. Jensen, Chicago;
Prof. W. K. Higley, Chicago; and the local collection of |
The Chicago Academy of Sciences, which numbers about 4,000
specimens, representing almost every prominent locality in the
area. ‘The writer has personally collected in all parts of the
territory, and very few notes of station or locality have been
accepted until personally examined. The writings of Messrs.
Call, Prime, Pilsbry, Simpson, Tryon, Haldeman, Stimpson, etc.,
have been freely used for information, and the source of such
information has been indicated in the text.

The writer wishes especially to acknowledge his indebted-
ness to the following persons, who have given him very much
valuable assistance and advice:

Prof. Henry A. Pilsbry, Conservator, Conchological Section,
Academy of Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia, Penn., who has
identified the Amnicole, Ancyli, etc.; Mr. Charles T. Simpson,
Department of Mollusks, United States National Museum,
Washington, D. C., who has revised the Unionide, identifying
many of them as well as a number of gastropod mollusks; Prof.
R. Ellsworth Call, Superintendent of Schools, Lawrenceburg,
Ind., who has identified many of the Unionide and all the Cam-
pelome; Dr. V. Sterki, New Philadelphia, Ohio, who has exam-
ined the Pupe, Spheria and Pisidia, and given valuable notes
on their classification. The following persons have also very
materially assisted, either by notes, advice or specimens: Mr.
Charles W. Johnson,Curator, Wagner Free Institute of Science,
Philadelphia, Penn.; Dr. W.S.Strode, Lewistown, Ill.; Mr. Wit-
mer Stone, Conservator, Ornithological Section, Academy of
Natural Sciences, of Philadelphia; Messrs. J. H. Ferriss and
J. H. Handwerk, Joliet, Ill.; Mr. Paul Bartoch, United States
National Museum, Washington, D. C.; Prof. W. K. Higley,
Messrs. Frank M. Woodruff, T. Jensen, Paul Favour, Otto
Spiedel, C. S. Raddin, C. M. Higginson, W. W. Calkins, Carl

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 11

Dilg, Dr. Howard N. Lyon, Miss Grace M. Hall, Mrs. Agnes
Chase and Mrs. Lillian M. Baker, Chicago; Mr. B. T. Gault,
Glenn Ellyn, Ill.; Prof. Oliver Marcy, Northwestern University,
Evanston, Ill.; Mr. Eliot Blackwelder, Morgan Park, Ill., and
Mr. Edward H. Baker, of Providence, R. I.

The author’s thanks are also due to Messrs. Arthur and
John Wilkinson for the use of a valuable camera, with which
the plates in this volume were made, and the authorities of the
United States National Museum, who kindly opened the way
‘for the examination of a large quantity of material from the
collection of The Chicago Academy of Sciences.

I. GENERAL CHARACTERS OF THE MOLLUSCA.

It is very difficult to prepare an exact definition of the
Mollusca. That generally given—laterally symmetrical, un-
jointed body protected by a shell and with a creeping disk, etc.
—is hardly correct, since in the majority of forms the lateral
symmetry is effaced by torsion (snails) and by attached forms
(oyster). The writer would define a mollusk as a body com-
posed of cells which form a double sac, the outer being the
body wall and the inner the covering of the digestive tract, the
space between these two sacs being a ccelum or blood lymph
space. The body is differentiated into a head (prostomium) and
a dorsal and ventral surface and right and left sides, thus giv- .
ing rise,in the more primitive forms, to bilateral symmetry.
In all forms there is a creeping disk or foot, which is really the
most characteristic part of this group. A pallium or mantle is
always present, which secretes, in the shelled forms, the calca-
reous exoskeleton or shell. The gills (ctenidia) are develop-
ments from the body-wall and contain two blood vessels. The
nervous system consists of paired ganglia or nerve masses
which are more developed about the head than in any other
region, and which send off other ganglia with connecting com-
missures to other parts of the body. The circulatory system
consists of a ventricle and one or two auricles, situated within a
pericardium. Paired or single nephridia (renal organs) are
present, and a more or less complicated reproductive system,
which is in many cases hermaphroditic. In one group (Gas-
tropoda) the mouth is provided with a manducatory apparatus
(odontophore, radula or tooth bearer).*

*For an excellent account of the Mollusca, see Lankester, ZoGlogical Articles, p. 95, to
which the author would acknowledge his indebtedness for much information.

12 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The subkingdom Mollusca is placed by most authors be-
tween the worms (Vermes) and the crustaceans and insects
(Arthropoda). By some it is considered an offshoot of the
worms, and there is, in some respects, a strong similarity in the
developmental history of the two subkingdoms. The group is
somewhat related to the Vertebrata through the Cephalopoda,
where the brain is protected by a cartilaginous covering and the
eye is developed to a wonderful degree. The subkingdom is of
quite recent date geologically, not appearing in any numbers
until the Silurian period. From that time to the present they
have greatly increased in numbers; there are at present known
about 50,000 living and the same number of fossil species.

Il. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE AREA.*

The area in question is one of great interest to the malacol-
ogist, since it has been very little written upon and almost noth-
ing is known concerning the extent of its molluscan fauna. The
area included is embraced in two drainage systems, one drain-
ing into Lake Michigan through the lakes in the southern part
of the region and the Chicago River, and one into the Mississippi
River through the Desplaines, DuPage, Fox and Illinois rivers.
The area includes all of Cook and DuPage counties, the nine
northernmost townships of Will County, Illinois, and a small
portion of the western part of Lake County,Indiana. The Jand
and water area comprises about twenty-five hundred square
miles, or eighteen hundred square miles of land surface. A
remarkably low divide runs north and south between the north
branch of the Chicago River and the Desplaines River, which at
its lowest level is scarcely more than twelve feet above Lake
Michigan. It is so low, in fact, that many times during high
water the surface water from the Desplaines overflows its banks
and runs into Lake Michigan through the north branch of the
Chicago River. In this manner numerous species found in the
Desplaines River are also found in the small ponds and creeks
between it and the lake.

In the southern portion of the region there are five small
. lakes, lying partly in Cook County, Illinois, and partly in Lake
County, Indiana. These are the Calumet (31%4x1% miles),
George (21%4x,', miles), Wolf (3x1% miles), Berry (2x% miles)
iapop as extended account of the geology and topography of the area, see ‘‘ Th@ Flora of

Cook County, Illinois, and a Part of Lake County, Indiana,’’ by Messrs. Higley and Raddin,
and ‘' The Pleistocene Features and Deposits of the Chicago Area,’’ by Frank Leverett.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 13

and Hyde (134x34 miles), The lakes are all connected with
each other and with Lake Michigan by sluggish bayous and the
Calumet River. The entire southeastern region is drained by
the Grand Calumet and Little Calumet rivers into Lake Michi-
gan. The northern part of the area is drained into Lake
Michigan by the branches of the Chicago River, and the central
and western portionis drained into the Illinois River, and finally
into the Mississippi by the Desplaines River and its small
branches, and the DuPage River with east and west branches,
which empties into the Desplaines in the western part of Will
County. Inthe northwestern portion of Cook County there are
several small streams which drain into Fox River. Most of the
area outside the lake basin has a black prairie soil and the
streams are bordered by more or less dense woodlands. ‘‘With-
in the lake basin there is a clay surface upon which are sand
and gravel ridges covered with oaks, and between which are
swamps and beds of peat.” (Higley & Raddin. )

ii LOCALITIES OF SPECIAL INTEREST.

There are a number of particularly interesting localities in
the area, of which the following are the most important:

Morcan Park.—Just west of Morgan Park, in the township
of Worth, lie a number of sloughs and small ponds in which a
variety of species of mollusks abound. The soil here is of a
black, clayey loam, from ankle to knee deep. The waterin the
ponds in summer is from knee to waist deep. The whole
country in this region is rolling, the ridges being separated by
slough covered prairies. During the spring, when floods occur,
the region is converted into a miniature sea. Numerous species
of birds gather here to feed upon the mollusks, and the locality
is one equally as well suited for the ornithologist as for the con-
chologist. The drainage is into the Little Calumet River and
thence to Lake Michigan.

Maywoop.—This locality is situated ten* miles west of
Chicago, in Proviso Township, on the Desplaines River. The
banks here are from two to fifteen feet in height, and well
wooded. The soil consists of a clayey loam, which is covered
with dead leaves and sticks. The river is very turbid, the water
being contaminated by the sewage which is discharged into
the river at several points in the vicinity. West of Maywood

*These distances are reckoned from the city hall, in the center of the business district of
the city. =

14 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the country is a vast prairie upon which no mollusks are to be
found. The whole length of the Desplaines River is good terri-
tory for this class of animals.

BowMaNVILLE.—This is one of the best localities in the
entire area. It is situated seven miles northwest of Chicago
near the north branch of the Chicago River, in Jefferson Town-
ship. The region is well wooded with a forest of large trees,
and the ground is strewn with dead leaves and fallen logs and
sticks. The forest occupies two hillsides sloping to meet a
small stream, which empties into the north branch of the Chicago
River. An old wooden bridge which crosses this stream is the
best single locality. No less than ten species have been col-
lected beneath this bridge within a radius of eight feet. The
soil in the woods at this locality is moist and generally covered
with a thick mould in which the mollusks love to bury them-
selves. Twenty-five species have been recorded from this very
prolific habitat and more will probably be found when the
ground is more carefully explored.

Wo.tr, Hype, CALUMET, GEORGE AND BERRY LAKEs.—This
chain of lakes lies partly in Lake County, Ind., and partly in
Cook County, Ill., principally in Hyde Park Township. They
are from twelve to eighteen miles from Chicago in a south-
easterly direction. The shores about these lakes are generally
bare of woodlands, although a small patch of woods occurs here
and there which yields an abundant supply of mollusks. These
woodlands are moist and, as usual, carpeted with a layer of
mould covered with logs. The shores of the lakes are sandy or
muddy and are shallow; in fact one may wade across them
in many places. The northern portions of these lakes are
the best for collecting purposes. At Roby there is a little ditch
by the electric car line in which a number of species of Limnzids
flourish.

Of the lakes just mentioned, Berry is now thoroughly spoiled
as a collecting locality on account of the Standard Oil Works,
and by being partly filled up and drained. The timber has also
been cut from its shores. This last statement is also true of
Hyde and George lakes, the different railroads making embank-
ments through them and cutting the lakes into ditches. Wolf
and Calumet lakes are now the only bodies of water left in which
good collecting may be done.

Jo.tier.—This very prolific locality is situated thirty-three
miles from Chicago, on the Desplaines River, in Joliet Township,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 15

Will County. Numerous small streams empty into the Des-
plaines in this vicinity and afford excellent localities for mol-
luscan life. The river bottom land is low and swampy, but
outside of this the ground is higher and supports a good forest
of large trees, affording protection to many species of land
snails. The bed of the streams and creeks is composed of a
soft, black mud, very conducive to the growth and perfection of
mud-loving species, such as Unio and Sphzrium. All of the
species found here are exceptionally large and fine, owing prob-
ably to the large quantity of limestone in the vicinity. The
drainage is into the Illinois River via the Desplaines River.

LiverpooL, Inp.—This interesting locality is situated
twenty-seven miles from Chicago, near Deep River, in Lake
County, Indiana. The drainage is into Lake Michigan through
the Little and Grand Calumet rivers. The upper part of Deep
River sometimes drains into the Desplaines drainage in times of
particularly high water. The Little Calumet River runs through
low swamps and meadowland, where there is an abundance of
black loam and mud. To the east, near Tolleston, there are
numerous sand hills on high ground, and to the west an abun-
dance of tall timber on high land. The ground is covered with
a rich mould, very conducive to the growth of Helices. Deep
and Little Calumet rivers have a muddy bottom and the water
is quitedeep. Unios (rectus, undulatus, luteolus, etc.) are found
here in great abundance and of large size and fine development.
Limneids, Physz and other fresh water shells thrive abundantly.

Liste.—This locality is about a mile north of the town of
Lisle and lies partly in Lisle and partly in Milton townships. It
is twenty-three miles from Chicago. The drainage is by the
east branch of the DuPage River into the Desplaines River. The
soil is a black loam and the bed of the river is covered witha
slimy, black mud. The region isnot well wooded. Fresh water
mollusks are very abundant.

Evanston Bic Woops.—This locality is situated three
miles west of North Evanston and thirteen miles north of
Chicago. This is the largest patch of woodland in the area,
and is noted for its good collecting. The ground in the spring
is flooded, making small lakes here and there which abound
in mollusks, particularly the genus Spherium. The ground is
carpeted with a heavy mould and is strewn with fallen tree
trunks and branches. Nettles also abound and are much sought
after by the land shells as food. About two miles east of the

16 THE. CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

woods there is a small stream in which a great diversity of
Physez may be found.

CaLtuMET River.—This river runs through Lake County,
Indiana, and Thornton and Hyde Park townships, Cook County,
Illinois, in a north and westerly direction and empties into
Lake Michigan. The only portion in which collections have
been made is that part lying in Hyde Park Township. It is
from eleven to fifteen miles from Chicago. The banks are
muddy and at the present time are denuded of woodlands. The
water is of considerable depth, but along the shores there are
shallows in which mollusks are numerous.

Other good points which may be mentioned are Avondale,
Edgebrook, Blue Island, Riverdale, the south branch of the
Chicago River, Riverside, Dunning, Lemont, Hickory Creek,
Rock Run, the Illinois and Michigan Canal, Naperville, Lock-

port, Willow Springs, Romeo, Salt Creek and Thorn Creek.

In several parts of the area under discussion the natural
drainage has been much affected by artificial canals; in the
southern region the old canal feeder connects the Desplaines
River with Stony Creek, which causes the waters of the Little
Calumet River to mingle with those of the Desplaines River. In
the middle of the area the waters of the Illinois and Michigan
Canal and the south branch of the Chicago River mingle with
the waters of the Desplaines River and Lake Michigan. These
facts probably account to some extent for the similarity of the
Mississippi Valley and Great Lake faune.

IV. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The geographical distribution of the species within the
area is interesting. The present lakes and ponds of large size
are the relics of the glacial period and were once included in
the area of Lake Michigan, or Lake Chicago, as it is called
geologically (Fig. 1). The receding of the lake has left a
peculiar distribution of the molluscan fauna, especially the land
snails. Thus we find that there are certain species found in the
northern part of the area which are not found in the southern
part, and vice versa. Polygyra albolabris, P. tridentata, Pyram-
idula solitaria and Pupa fallax are not found in the northern
region, but are abundant in the southern region. So also with
Planorbis campanulatus and P. bicarinatus which are abundant
south, but so far as known, absent north. The Unios are all

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abundant south, but are generally absent north, and the same
may be said of the Spheria and Pisidia. In the western part
of the area there are several species which are not found in
either of the other two regions.

The writer, from a study of the material at hand, would
divide the area embraced in the survey into three regions, as
follows:

First.—The region lying north of the mouth of the Chicago
River and east of the Desplaines River, including in its territory
the north branch of the Chicago River and its tributaries. The
ground is generally high and free from swamps. The drainage
is into Lake Michigan by the Chicago River principally, but also
by several small creeks about Evanston. The district is heavily
wooded in many places and is especially favorable to the devel-
opment of land shells; but few fresh-water species are found.
The following species inhabit this region and, so far as known,
are not found in the other regions:

Philomycus oarolinensis. Limnza columella.

Pupa corticaria.

Seconp.—The region lying south of the Chicago River and
east and south of the Desplaines River, including the townships
of Lake, Hyde Park, Calumet, Worth, Bremen, Thornton, Rich
and Bloom, and all of the territorial region in Lake County,
Indiana. The land here is generally low and swampy and con-
tains the chain of lakes before mentioned. Woodlands are
scattered about and the region is equally as well suited for land
as for fresh-water shells. The drainage is into Lake Michigan
through the small lakes and the Grand and Little Calumet rivers.
The Illinois and Michigan Canal somewhat mingles the two
systems of drainages. Unios are particularly abundant. The
species tabulated below appear to be peculiar to this region.

Obliquaria reflexa. Polygyra inflecta.
Quadrula trigona. Polygyra tridentata.
Quadrula verrucosa. Gastrodonta ligera.
Quadrula lachrymosa. Gastrodonta demissa.
Quadrula pustulata. Physa ancillaria.
Plagiola elegans. Pleurocera subulare.
Plagiola donaciformis. Campeloma ponderosum.

Lampsilis multiradiatus.
Lampsilis gracilis.
Sphzrium fabale.
Tuirp.—The region lying west of the Desplaines River,
including the river, together with the townships of Palos, Or-

e

18 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

land, Frankfort, Lemont, Homer, New Lenox, Lockport and
Joliet. The territory consists principally of rolling prairies;
swamps, except near the rivers, are absent. The drainage is
into the Illinois, thence to the Mississippi River through the
DuPage, Desplaines and tributaries of the Fox rivers. Wood-
lands are found along the river banks which afford a retreat for
the land snails. The fresh-water forms are abundant. The fol-
lowing species are peculiar to this region: -

Anodonta imbecilis.
Quadrula parva.
Quadrula plicata.
Quadrula coccinea.
Alasmodonta pressa.
Unio hildrethianus.
Lampsilis anodontoides.
Lampsilis ligamentinus.
Lampsilis spatulatus.

Sphzerium transversum.
Spherium truncatum.
Spherium securum,

Pisidium politum.

Omphalina fuliginosa.

Vallonia parvula.

Pupa procera.

Pupa holzingeri.

Pleurocera elevatum intensum.
Elimia livescens depygis.

We find the following species to be equally distributed

throughout our area:

Anodonta grandis.

Anodontoides subcylindraceus.

Strophitus edéntulus.

Alasmodonta complanata.

Lampsilis luteolus.
Unio gibbosus.
Quadrula rubiginosa.
Quadrula undulata.
Sphzrium stamineum.
Spherium striatinum.
Sphzrium partumeium.
Pisidium abditum.
Vitrea arborea.
Vitrea hammonis.
Vitrea indentata.
Conulus fulvus.
Gastrodonta nitida.
Gastrodonta minuscula.
Limax campestris.
Pyramidula alternata.
Pyramidula striatella.
Pyramidula lineata.
Vallonia pulchella.
Polygyra thyroides.
Polygyra profunda.
Polygyra hirsuta.
Pupa contracta.

Pupa curvidens.
Succinea obliqua.
Succinea avara.
Succinea ovalis.
Carychium exiguum.
Carychium exile.
Limnza desidiosa.
Limnza humilis.
Limneza caperata.
Limnza cubensis.
Limnza palustris.
Limnza palustris michiganensis.
Limnea reflexa.
Planorbis trivolvis.
Planorbis parvus.
Segmentina armigera.
Ancylus rivularis.
Physa heterostropha.
Aplexa hypnorum.
Pleurocera elevatum.
Elimia livescens.
Amnicola limosa.
Valvata tricarinata.
Vivipara contectoides.
Campeloma rnfum.
Campeloma decisum.
Campeloma subsolidum.

19

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY.

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THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 23

V. GEOLOGICAL DISTRIBUTION.

The geological distribution of the land and fresh-water
species in the area is but imperfectly known. The shells of
Unio, Elimia, Limnza, Planorbis and Ancylus have been found
in considerable abundance in the beach at Evanston, near the
University. In the township of Worth, three miles west of
Morgan Park, the shells of Limnza, Planorbis and Physa have
been found buried to the depth of several feet, and the speci-
mens were perfectly preserved. The following species have
been found and are in the collection of the Academy:

Quadrula trigona—Corner Wrightwood Avenue and North Clark Street:
excavations for building.

Quadrula undulata—Corner Frederick and North Clark Streets: excava-
tions for building.

Quadrula sp. (apparently between trigona and rubiginosa)—Hall Street;
excavations for building.
Polygyra thyroides—Foot of Argyle Street, near the Lake.
Limnza caperata—Worth.
Limnza cubensis—-Worth.
Limnza palustris—-Worth.
Limnza reflexa—-Worth, and foot of Argyle Street.
Limnza stagnalis—Near Calumet Lake.
Physa heterostropha—Worth.
Pleurocera elevatum—In beach, corner Sheffield and Lincoln Avenues.
Elimia livescens—In beach, corner Sheffield and Lincoln Avenues.
Elimia livescens—In beach, Balmoral Avenue north of Bowmanville.
Campeloma decisium—Near Calumet Lake.

©

At Willow Springs, in the river bank, the following species
were collected by Mr. Jensen:

Anodonta grandis. Planorbis trivolvis.

Unio gibbosus. Physa heterostropha.
Quadrula rubiginosa. Cincinnatia obtusa.
Sphzrium stamineum. Cincinnatia cincinnatiensis.
Spherium simile. Amnicola limosa.

In the sand banks east of Sheridan Drive and north of Grace-
land Avenue, Mr. Jensen collected the following species:

Spherium striatinum. Planorbis bicarinatus.
Pisidium virginicum. Elimia livescens.

Limnza desidiosa. Somatogyrus subglobosus.
Limnza cubensis. Campeloma subsolidum,

The same collector found the following species in a sub-
fossil condition (buried in loam) at Bowmanville:

Polygyra albolabris. Pyramidula alternata.
Polygyra profunda.

24 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

At Evanston, in the beach near The Northwestern Univer-
sity, the following species have been collected by Prof. Oliver
Marcy:

Unio of various species. Physa heterostropha.
Limnza palustris. Ancylus sp.

Limnza caperata. Elimia livescens.
Limnza reflexa. Pleurocera elevatum.

Planorbis trivolvis.

The fossils are sometimes found in clay and sometimes in
carbonaceous earth. The following section* shows the general
position of the strata in relation to the fossils:

SECTION OF BEACH AT EVANSTON MADE IN 1864.

FEET
Ls Sourlace sor esate yiceren tourna einese va Su einer eu s Patermele 1%
2. ee BEOWNISANG ANC MRE STAVE] ness 6 ocietisiee he below cei oes 2%
DB. uCoarserigravel: sStratitedrs 200 vical cess odes ats eos 2%
AOI CRSATICG er sm cn ciehochee Gia oir oe a score oaloly aepalsae wales crae tices @2
0.) ‘Gravel; containing ‘bones Of deer... [5 22. o<-ieicisiels'» se & 1%
6. ehine sand scontaming oak JOpS)- 5 eee. o clyeire ee siete oe ote 1%
7. Peat or carbonaceous earth with a marl bed containing
molluscan shells in the lower portion or interstratified
WHEL ENe Deals: © sic: ates oye eles eyornsaete stoner nebo Bete eres 1%
SN MGTAVE Ser iisrne cota ttedsiat ie the oie ee alee ae iets S escae ous tanatat 3
9. Humus soil, with stumps and logs (coniferous)......... %
10. Yellow clay, laminated and contorted, containing pock- <
Sts iO Mera Vel ete corer stig ate, ci oka ane loyancolers a custo etoicasat Patan 3%
11:, (BIne SpePDLVaClAay aa ache cece iGreen ater ciald eae Grace elt 2
EXCISE: GE g UUM ioe oc ops nu aos aed = pew ep SB ae abe ae 22

Mr. Carl Dilg has found a number of fossil shells in exca-
vations for the foundations of flat buildings and has made
collections at the corner of Wrightwood Avenue and Clark Street,
corner of Frederick and Clark Streets, on Hall Street, corner
Sheffield and Lincoln Avenues and on Balmoral Avenue south of
Bowmanville. The genera found were Unio, Pleurocera and
Elimia.

It is probable that many additional species of fossil mol-
lusks will be found when the area is more systematically sur-
veyed for this purpose.

*From Leverett, after Marcy, Pleistocene Features, p. 76.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 25

VI. INSTRUCTIONS FOR COLLECTING MOLLUSKS.*

Before proceeding to discuss the particular species found
within the limits of the area, it may not be out of place to briefly
consider the methods of collecting and preserving specimens of
this group.f Mollusks may be found in all parts of Illinois in
almost every situation; in the woodlands, the swamps, the
creeks and rivers and the lakes. Even the prairies have given
us several species of this type. For convenience we will divide
the group into two sections, viz.: 1. Land species. 2. Fresh-
water species.

I. LAND SPECIES.

The land mollusks cover a variety of widely separated
forms; some are with, others without shells; some are herbiv-
orous and others are carnivorous.

a. Hasirat.—Land mollusks exist under almost all condi-
tions. In an old forest they will be found under dead leaves
and decaying logs. The bark of old trees which is “starting,”
and old, rotting stumps will be found prolific collecting sta-
tions. The shelter of loose stones and boulders is also good
ground for these animals. Other forms live on the leaves of
sedges, grass and shrubbery. During the winter months these
animals bury themselves in the soil at the base of these grasses
and shrubs. A limestone region is the most conducive to the
life and growth of land snails, and in this kind of a region they
are very plentiful, while in a country composed of quartz (flint)
they will not thrive and are seldom found. Where coniferous
or resinous trees abound few if any mollusks will be found,
while in a locality made up of deciduous or soft-wooded trees
the snail fauna will be abundant and varied. Pungent herbs
are inimical to snails, while the nettles are favorite localities
for them. No pulmonate mollusk will live where sand, ashes
or lime in a pure state are found. x

The spring months are the best suited for the active life of
snails, but it is not until midsummer that they reach their max-
imum development. During the winter months they bury
themselves in the ground, closing the aperture of the shell with
a leathery secretion called an epiphragm; the naked slugs cover

*For much of the information used in this topic the author is indebted to Dr. Wm. H.
Dall’s ‘‘ Instructions for Collecting Mollusks, and Other Useful Hints for the Conchologist,"’

being part G of Bull. No. 39, U. S. National Museum,

+The writer has inserted this topic for the reason that works upon this subject are not
always to be obtained, and principally so that the reader of this report might have all the
necessary information before him without consulting other works.

Qe THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

themselves with this secretion much as a caterpillar does with
acocoon. Many times several epiphragms will be found in a
single snail. Most land mollusks live but two or three years,
although some exotic forms, like the desert snails of Africa, live
for a much longer time.

6. CoLLectinc Outrir.—Among the most useful collecting
tools needed may be mentioned a pair of small spring forceps;
the points should be slender and meet together perfectly. They
are indispensable in picking up minute Pupze and Vitre, as well
as for sorting over the collection after the day’s work. The com-
mon homeopathic vial is also an invaluable adjunct to store
small forms as collected. The cork, however, should be at-
tached to the neck of the vial by a thread, so that it will not be
lost in the underbrush. A couple of wide mouthed two ounce
bottles serve well for large species. A tin box, like a mustard
box, which fits the pocket well, is often found very useful to
carry snails the size of Polygyra thyroides; care should be used in
putting the snails in the box or they will get broken. A piece
of cotton in the bottom of the can will prevent this. When the
small species like Pupa and Vitrea are desired simply for their
shells, it will be a good plan to fill the homceopathic vials half
full of thirty per cent. alcohol. This will abstract the moisture
and keep away any offensive smell which might arise from
them. This also prevents them from adhering to the sides of
the bottle and to themselves, when it is a difficult matter to
remove them without breaking. In collecting species inhabit-
ing bushes, an insect net will be found of great value in which
to catch them as the bushes are shaken. The writer has used
an open umbrella, inverted, for the same purpose. A small
trowel and a large knife are always of great use in digging
about rotten logs and tearing the bark from decaying trees. A
pocket lens of about ten diameters is an invaluable addition to a
collector’s outfit, and a large reading glass is very useful in aid-
ing in the preliminary sorting of the day’s catch. A stout
wooden rake with a long handle will be found of great value in
raking hillsides and under bushes.

c. FavoraBLe Loca.ities.—Pulmonate mollusks may be
looked for in the following localities: The under surface of old,
weather-worn pieces of board, bones or leather; the earth about
rotting stumps and under stones and fallen logs; moist moss
under rocks; under overhanging ledges; in marshes and the
margins of brooks and ponds. If the débris left by freshets

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. pid |

along the borders of a stream be examined it will frequently
yield a rich harvest of small snails. In other words any cool
place where there is plenty of shelter and moisture will be
found a good locality for these animals. In forests mollusks
will be found abundantly where soil is plentiful and where
there are numerous open spots. They will not be found in
woodlands of spruce or pine.

When search is being carried on for the animals and shells
the eggs should not be forgotten, for they are of great impor-
tance. These will be found in about the same localities as the
mollusks themselves, in cool, moist places. They may be
known by their white color, leathery texture and the pellucid
membrane in which they are enclosed. They resemble little
balls of jelly, and are generally found in a mass, although de-
posited singly. Since the embryological development of but
few mollusks is known, any careful student may find here a
wide field for original investigation.

If it is found desirable to keep some of the animals alive
they may be put ina box filled with moist earth. A large fish
globe is very useful for this purpose. Everything done by the
animals should be noted, especially the manner of eating and
kind of food taken.

2. FRESH-WATER SPECIES.

Both gastropods and pelecypods are found in fresh water.
Any region having ponds, streams, ditches, brooks, etc., will
support a fresh-water molluscan fauna.

a. Hasitat.—A body of water with a quantity of lime in
solution and with a muddy bottom will yield the largest variety
of mollusks, since lime is essential to the building up of the
-shell. A coarse crystalline gravel is less adapted to them than
is soft, less gritty sands and mud. ,

A rapid current is not favorable, although a number of
mollusks (as the Pleuroceridz) are found on rocks over which
a rapid stream is flowing. A stream filled with decaying vege-
tation is unsuited to molluscan life from the presence of car-
bonic acid (CO,) arising from its decay. This not only affects
tne life of the animal, but causes an excessive erosion of the
shell, in the repair of which the animal is weakened by the
enforced secretion of shelly matter.

Gill-bearing mollusks will not voluntarily inhabit a stream
holding impalpable mud in suspension, nor in waters charged

28 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

with salts of various kinds. Many times, however, some hardy
species survive in even brackish water; the effect of such a
habitat is to dwarf and otherwise distort the shell. Some salt
water species are known to inhabit both brackish and fresh water.

The small bivalves, Pisidium and Spherium, prefer mountain
pools, wet meadows, ponds and ditches. Anodonta prefers large
ponds and slow moving streams, while the stouter Unio lives best
on a hard, rocky bottom; in sandy bottoms they may be seen
pushing themselves about quiterapidly. In pondsand sluggish
streams the genera Physa, Limnza, Planorbis and Amnicola are
found abundantly. Lily pads are good habitats for small mol-
lusks, as are also the roots of trees and blades of swamp grass.

6. CoLLtectinGc Outrit.—A fish basket makes a good collect-
ing receptacle. A large basket is invaluable to carry the larger
species like Unio and Anadonta. A dip net will be found useful]
to dredge for those species which inhabit a muddy bottom. The
small or minute species may be put in small vials, as mentioned
for land shells. A flat bladed knife, or small trowel, and a pair
of tweezers will complete the outfit. A scoop made of fine wire
gauze will make a useful dredge to scoop the mud of shallow
ponds and rivers.

A small dredge, similar to those used in deep sea dredging,
is of great value in collecting in the larger lakes. A strong man,
or better, two men should row the boat and the one having
charge of the dredge should be ever on the alert for obstructions
on the bottom so that the dredge may not be damaged. A lead
should be prepared with a hollow base in which to place some
kind of grease to ascertain the character of the bottom, whether
sandy or muddy, and should be attached to a stout line marked
off in feet, to record the depth. These points should always be
carefully noted with each haul, together with the distance
from the shore.

c. FavoraB_Le Loca.ities.—In (a) a number of good locali-
ties have been given. Muskrat burrows are always good
localities for the Unionide and the shells may frequently be
found perfectly cleaned. The drift along the shore will yield a
goodly number. As spoken of under land shells, so with fresh-
water species, the eggs should be collected and preserved for
study during development. These resemble drops of transparent
jelly. For the preservation and study of the eggs, as well as
small forms of adult mollusks, a small fish globe will serve as an
excellent aquarium. Any jar of medium size will do equally as

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 29

well, however, and even a good sized tumbler will answer the
purpose.

Care should be taken to record all observations, as much
information is needed concerning the embryological ‘develop-
ment of the fresh-water mollusks.

38. PRESERVATION OF COLLECTIONS.

The preservation of the collections obtained on each day’s
trip is of great importance, for upon this depends the appear-
ance and value of the collector’s cabinet. When the specimens
are collected they are covered with mud and growths of various
kinds, and must be thoroughly cleaned. In the case of land
and fresh-water shells, they should first be washed clean of
mud, etc.; this may be rendered easier by the aid of a tooth-
brush. The soft parts may be removed by putting the animal
for a few seconds in boiling water. If they are first placed in
lukewarm water for a few minutes and then transferred to the
boiling water it will prevent cracking and preserve the polish
which is frequently lost when delicate shells are immediately
placed in boiling water. Theanimal may be extracted from the
shell with a crooked pin or wire, or better still, a small pair of
tweezers. Those species having an operculum should have
it carefully removed and attached to a piece of cotton, which
may be placed in the aperture of the shell. Some opercula
warp out of shape while drying, and it will be found a good
rule to place them between two boards during this process.
Some of the shells may be covered with incrustations of lime
and peroxide of iron, and to remove these an old file or small
bone scraper will be found useful. The file should be
ground to a point. Naked mollusks (slugs) may be pre-
served in alcohol or formalin. The internal shell of Limax may
be extracted and preserved if desirable, but the better method
is to prepare the whole animal. Shells that are stained with
iron or other matter may be perfectly cleaned by placing for a
few moments in a solution of oxalic acid.

Unios and other bivalves should have the animal removed
with a flat-bladed knife. To do this the two adductor muscles
must be cut, after which the valves will open and the animal
may be entirely cut away. If the shells are left in the sun for a
few hours they will gape and the animal may then be easily
removed. The two valves should be tied together in their nat-
ural position. Care should be used in cleaning the shell so

30 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

that the hinge ligament will not be injured. In the case of
shells having an epidermis, they may be greased with vaseline
to prevent cracking when dry. Care should be used not to
apply it ‘in too large quantities or the shells will feel greasy.
After applying the vaseline it should be thoroughly rubbed in
with a flannel rag and all surplus grease removed. Small gas-
tropods need not be removed from the shell, but may be put in
alcoho] for fifteen or twenty minutes, after which they may be
dried and placed in the cabinet. The collector will undoubtedly
find numerous ways of improving his cleaning and preserving
methods, as experience dictates.

The methods of labeling need not be dwelt upon here. All
manner of schemes are used by conchologists in mounting and
preparing specimens for the cabinet. Some use cardboard
labels with a space for the specimens and another for the name,
etc.; others simply use pasteboard trays, allowing the shells to re-
main loose instead of attaching them as in the case of the card-
board tablets. In the collections of The Chicago Academy of
Sciences all specimens are attached to these tablets and they
present a handsome appearance; but this is hardly feasible for
the cabinet of a private collector, for lack of room. A good
cabinet of drawers three inches in depth will suffice for most of
the land and fresh-water shells, although several deeper draw-
ers may be found useful for large unios. In writing the labels
the generic and specific names and the authority for the name
should occupy the first line, and the locality and name of the
person from whom the specimens were received may occupy
the balance of the label; the bottom of the latter might be
used to advantage for short notes relating to the habits or
peculiarities of the individuals in the tray.

The following sample shows the manner of doing this:

No. 197. Sex Date 6-14-95.

Unio LUTEoLUS Lamarck.
Set showing variation due to age.
Calumet Lake near Pullman.

Coll. by John Smith.

Found in a muddy bottom on a sloping shore,
in two feet of water. Specimens plentiful.

It is always a good idea to keep a catalogue of the collec-

*

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 31

tion. Each tray of specimens should be numbered and entered
in the catalogue, together with all possible information. A
card catalogue is also of great value.

4. PRESERVATION FOR ANATOMICAL USE.*

It is sometimes desirable to preserve the soft parts of mol-
lusks for anatomical and microscopical use. This may be done
in the following manner: Land and fresh-water gastropods
may be killed by drowning, which can be done by putting them
in an air-tight vessel filled completely with water so as to ex-
clude all the air. By this means the soft parts will be more
extended than if killed by boiling water, as recommended for
cabinet specimens. They should then be gradually hard-
ened as follows: Thirty per cent. alcohol, twenty-four hours;
seventy per cent. alcohol, thirty hours, and eighty-five per cent.
alcohol for final preservation. A one per cent. solution of
chromic acid makes a good reagent, and the object, if not too
large, may be left in it for twenty-four or thirty hours, after
which they should be thoroughly washed in running water for
twenty-four hours until the acid is removed.

It is of great importance that the radula or lingual ribbon
should be preserved for study. This is a strap or belt of chiti-
nous or horny matter, occupying the place in the mouth of the
animal analogous to that occupied by the tongue in the verte-
brates. The apparatus is protrusile and may be studied .by
feeding a snail, Limnza stagnalis for example, soft crumbs of
bread. In the larger forms it may be found with but little
trouble, but the smaller forms must be boiled in caustic potash.
This is accomplished as follows: Extract the animal from its
shell and place in a test tube containing a tablespoonful of
caustic potash which has become liquid by the attraction of
atmospheric moisture. Hold the test tube at the side of the
flame of an alcohol lamp until it boils, being careful not to let
it boil over and that the animal matter is not thrown out of the
liquid on to the dry side of the tube; if this happens dislodge
it by shaking the liquid over it. Boil slowly until the animal
matter is dissolved, then pour it out quickly into a watch crys-
tal, refill the test tube with water and pour into another watch
crystal. Give the first crystal a rotary motion, not too violent,
so as to bring the solid particles to the center. Examine with
a powerful hand lens; a sheet of white paper under the watch

*See Dall, |. c., p. 43.

32 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

crystal will greatly aid in discovering the radula. This will be
recognized by its curved, elongate shape and apparently reticu-
lated surface. If the radula is not found in the first crystal,
examine the second. When found, in either one of the two
crystals, transfer to a glass slide and examine under the micro-
scope with powers ranging from one inch to one-eighth inch.
It had best be examined by transmitted light.

After examining and sketching the form of the radula, it
will be necessary to tear the ribbon up so as to get separate
rows and individual teeth, since they lie over one another like
shingles on a roof. The whole of one tooth cannot always be
seen under one focus, because the recurved cusps of the teeth
are higher than the base. When the teeth are very transparent
it will be found necessary to stain the radula. To do this, first
carefully clean the radula, then put it in a drop of strong solu-
tion of chromic acid; this stains it yellowish brown. It may
then be mounted in glycerine jelly. Canada balsam is not a
desirable medium, since it makes the object tco transparent.

The teeth are disposed upon the radula in five principal
longitudinal rows, which are easily distinguished. There is
always one median longitudinal row of unpaired teeth, with
several rows on either side. The central tooth is called the
median or rhachidian. The teeth on either side are called
laterals or admedian, and when there is an outer row of different
teeth they are called marginals or wncinmi. In describing the
teeth notes should be made of the form of the base of attach-
ment, especially in the central tooth; also other special charac-
teristics, such as simple, straight, curved or compound. Each
tooth (as the central) may be made up of anumber of project-
ing cusps, and great care should be used in describing and
sketching these. In describing the radula, a dental formula is
used to express the number and situation of the teeth and cusps;
thus, if a radula has a single central, three lateral and twelve
marginal teeth, and the first series has five cusps, the second
series four and the third series one cusp, the formula would be
expressed as follows:

Y+itstit

The unit representing the tooth is written as a numerator
and the number corresponding to the cusp asa denominator.*

*For further information on this subject, the reader is referred to the paper of Dr. Dall
spoken of above, from which the present information has been drawn.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 30

VII. ECONOMY OF THE MOLLUSCA.

While the land and fresh-water species of the area are of
no particular economic use to man, save as bait for fishing, yet
in an indirect way they are of great benefit to him in furnishing
food for birds and fish. Ducks and wading birds are particu-
larly fond of such species as Bythinella nickliniana, Amnicola
limosa, and other small univalves, not to speak of numerous
small forms of Pisidia and Spheria. Passerine birds are fond
of Pupa, Vertigoand small Limaces. Fish eat mollusks as large
as Campeloma decisum,and even extract the animal from Unios.*

Limax campestris is said to be eaten by the red salamander
(Plethodon erythronotus, Greeny) and it is probable that many
animals, of whose food supply nothing is known, feed upon mol-
lusks. It not infrequently happens that a too inquisitive animal
gets caught in trying to obtain molluscan food, an instance of
which passed before writer’s notice some time ago. This was a
western painted terrapin (Chrysemys marginatus) whose right
hind foot had been caught and tightly held by a vigorous speci-
men of Unio luteolus. A similar case of a sora rail (Porzana
carolina) has been noted, although the bird was probably not
seeking the Unio for food. t

There are many forms of mollusks (Pulmonata) which are
hurtful to man by injuring his plants or gardens. Our green-
houses are infested with several European species, which have
been introduced into the country by means of imported plants.
These are Limax maximus, L. flavus and Vitrea cellaria. In
the greenhouses they are sought after daily and killed by being
placed in boiling water. It is probable that many of our larger
species prey upon cultivated fields, although the writer has not
heard of such being the case in the present area. A good way
to keep them out of a cultivated patch is to spread a layer of
dry ashes, some two feet in width, around the plot of ground.
When the mollusk meets this obstruction it will secrete mucus
so fast that it will soon die from exhaustion.

Will, STATISTICS.

The following tables have been introduced to enable the
reader to compare the molluscan fauna of this area with that of

*See The Nautilus, Vol. V., p. 128.
+Witmerstone, The Nautilus, Vol. III., p. 19.
+The Nautilus, Vol. IX., p. 49.

34 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

other areas. The total number of species and varieties is 153,
distributed among twenty families and fifty genera. These
may be primarily grouped as follows:

tT LANALIVE SPECIES AAC VARICES, c1.u+-.0 > vs <.;s +s 0 a.2 piv a0 ae a ae pad
2. Introduced species........... JAG Bo MORESO Hoe TES. 6. Wate tans sie i ee a 6
Total number of species.............. eet oe 153

1. SYSTEMATIC DISTRIBUTION.

GROUP. Orders. Families. Genera. Sp. & Var.
Gastropoda «neato oe 3 18 38 108
Pelecypoda..... Sid byes Shs 2 2 12 50

Motals eee eieaos 5 20 50 153

GROUP. Chicago. Wises
UGTA! ree ie ee crs ty cada ER oe STR Ee 20 35
GeONErAY sls mers aici ceo ene been eltele rere eee 50 98
SPECIES cl. Byetaraterstes telsus coe clovmben hah see Ree ice ee 147 3000
PIVATIOHES Oo Ate cele cities 2 sete eel: hee ee 6 300

3. COMPARISON WITH MICHIGAN.

GROUP. Chicago. Michigan. +
MAMIIES Si Goes he eh. c bcs Ohls D ee eee - 20 17
SEDO A e.g Kiely, | Sieve lets ere ie leket ero ue eae ecto aal «gau 50) 49
SPECIES ios 225 o.o'n, sts ho 0s ect embnleete cnet oereptemeraloats 147 246
MAEICEIOS oi oh lcidie e chele te | Ree ae or ny aes ee ee 6 19

4. COMPARISON WITH PENNSYLVANIA.

| Philadelphia
GROUP. Chicago. | Quceneny |, and
ONS Envivonis
Pamilies so ws ngs seb Rea eens 20 15 19
i) AINE ere Merge sys 2 Sis) 50 30 40
Species: sie: ite eee 147 91 84
WArlGeS 5. Lia scp on yee eee 6 2 3

*The numbers for the United States are only approximate, as there is no recognized
catalogue of the mollusks of this region.

+ ‘‘The Shell-bearing Mollusca of Michigan,’’ by Bryant Walker, The Nautilus, Vol. VI.,
PP. 13, 31, 42, 63, 135. In all these tables, some species and varieties considered distinct by
the authors are here considered synonyms, the better to compare with the present list.

¢ ‘Land and Fresh-Water Shells of Allegheny County, Pa.,’’ by S. H. Stupakoff. The
Nautilus, Vol. VII., p. 135; Vol. VIIL., p. 116.

\| ‘*Mollusk Fauna of Philadelphia and Environs,” by Morris Shuck. The Nautilus,
Vol. VIII., p. 133.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 35

5. COMPARISON OF GENERA.

In this table all the species of each genus found within the
two limits are given.

: Cincinnati,
GROUP. Chicago. Ohio. *
ATIOG ONE Alcia sae dale cats ns setls aspire Shewelaas ety aiece 3 3
me LANIER 1. = cays pinnate seirere'e Sea ss , 10 13
RPPE MIO one auld ie asic iene had Mgt sho gs wed ig a Poe 24 67
Bie Me apace AMAA coh he dee a coater eh eA Speed She. g ooncks. 9 8
Bea be Se REIRAREN Sry Srey ric eh ceva, at onC rs, wD sue.'o's 2 ecw, Ae 4 ul
Gan Bleurocernlce ts Babes coae meee Eee 4 5
Mey Uertgentesrastsy (EMA) he oy ekraita de evikca'e «xs 2 3
Spake SEEN srs Sos“ ROE OR pl eo noe ae ee Pere eee 2
ty Ueiittiiopsism eres sees cae OMe. Lae lias. « 2 a!
PE OI TeV ORS e kaiciyt deine clk nee tinen-o o eotd - 2 2
Rs MANA RISA cad oo strates ate alles ain Hiei aoa: «see o's rae tna hesetins Hitec eo:
em eC IMCIMM ALP.) devi wat Ba cek raw e cs 2 hala | 2 1
ian Gampeltoma(Melantio)i..4.02<.4¢0..5 08>. - 2 4
HEM MAN ATS Tt, Pee cS tee ocho Soa one us wasnt. dtd wudyn uo BO inne Gia aan ae
We Tre ape NE EEE org cher pia, a2y vio Tee FA's Sa alord Abin he Loam aS os Shayalt es 1
THE | AUB EIEN cor es hr ce RE eR Od 2 1
peta LMNHET Ee) c's Gio 8 aekactopeclaean dss cae a De oo ane ora
Sem Eny Ea IMcees WA ete he Scher k AS Lee dw cietoh et Bech) | ekehaaeeenoges
18 ly The LS a |e rr 3 2
Pp METI EIIUTLEL, 5 i300) lagi iste Nasi vin. Ghecans oan ee ee os 1 1
PMLA MOR Sie snes Pehle bceccks RRS kh a Gale e's 7 5
PM ee SCAR ek ea RR LE NAR ee ES aac g 2 2
PE PREM 5S) AT has ta 9 ae ube banks Solera ae WSR yee tot re CO
Bee EVA Tired art hh Maumee ae Ae tinted Hele cian « 11 4
PEE MMA AEMCIMAEN 10 Sao ha i ie okays he care, ay «Hd «sae 2 1
RR MDT aan pT eRe Pe het. av ala eeu a's arate & s 3 a)
BL NYG Bo Oe Se ee a ne 1 2
2s SAGER Oe 5 eo ae a 9 7
MeeeREeMasaGt, (CMGUEN A ee W caieaegav cee co 1 1
PPP EUMUNDI #5 74 katie diva cS cack laced 1 1
SL Strobilops (Strobila), 2264s. .2 ssc .0-+-<h so 1 1
Bo etecidaria .(MACTACYCNIS). 5.0 0/2. sa Se wee dace So 1 1
perm AIM ER (TAVANNAY O24 o0cldicin “ogvless secs ace’ 4 4
34. Omphalina (Zonites)........... OR EDI See 1 3
ar ee Caeerdonitar (ZOMiteS). . 53... ssl ees s oiccten 4 7
Demian (EA WANA Spiced cane aes ica ene dee 1 U
See MORNE ape ea ons sin ale) oleieieie, oie ora op ime «a 1 1
Soave rain (Patho)... 220d. s cats enscuet 3 4
39. Polygyra (Stenotrema, Mesodon, etc.)....... 14 18
aN AINT ES MMA ah bai dioie! v eleic whe seen we #8 «ys 3 2
EI I De ass aiiwisl'a sw sveis dx’ tu ene 3 3
42. Philamycus (Tebennophorus)............... 1
eae eM MI hsletn are cd ech ssw alten as 1 0
ee eM Me Geol s ce scscnceeccn cote en’ 153 189

*** Catalogue of Land and Fresh-Water Shells Found in the Vicinity of Cincinnati, Pre-
pared for the Use of Beginners,”’ by George W. Harper, A. M. Journal Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. VIII., p. 89.

36 THE CHIGAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

IX. ANATOMY OF THE,SHELL.

For the benefit of those who may npt be familiar with the
different parts of the shell, but who may desire such a knowl-
edge to aid them in understanding the relation of the terms
used in this report to the objects, the following brief discussion
of the external anatomy is presented:*

The pelecypods (or lamellibranchiates) are characterized
(so far as the area under consideration is concerned) by pro-
counced bilateral symmetry. Two mantle-lobes form the sides
of the mollusk, and secrete the two flattened, subconical shells.
These two mantle-lobes are prolonged into tubular siphons.
The two valves are connected dorsally by a firm ligament, and
the dorsal portion of the shell is specialized into teeth and
sockets. Two large adductor muscles close the shell; these
muscles are plainly indicated on the interior of the shell by the
scars which theyleave. The exterior of the shell is always cov-
ered with a thick epidermis.

In a specimen of Unio luteolus (Plate I.) we will notice the
following characters: The anterior end (A) short and rounded,
the posterior end (P) long and quadrate, the ventral margin (V)
sharp, and the dorsal margin (D) rounded; the ligament (1),
which holds the valves together; the lines of growth (1g), which
mark resting stages in the growth of the shell; the lunule (lu),
a portion of the hinge just above the teeth, and the umbo (u),
(plural umbones), the nucleus (protoconch), or first part of the
shell; this will be seen to be wrinkled and corrugated. The
whole shell viewed from above (middle figure in plate) shows
an elongated outline, with the ligament (1), lunule (lu), and um-
bones (u) in the center; the latter are frequently called the
beaks.

- On the interior of the shell we notice the following charac-
ters (lower figure): The long, external ligament which binds
the valves tightly together, just above the lateral teeth (It); this
ligament acts as a spring to force the valves apart, the opposite
from the muscles which pull them together. It is very brittle
in the dried shell, but in the living animal is tough and firm.
Beneath the ligament the two lateral teeth (lt) are seen, two
long, ridge-like processes; in the right valve there is but one
lateral tooth, which fits in between the two in the left valve. In
front of these are placed the cardinal teeth (ct), two in number,

*In preparing this topic the writer has made frequent use of Tryon’s Structural and Sys-
tematic Conchology, Vol. I., to which he would acknowledge his indebtedness.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 37

which interlock with a single tooth in the right valve. These
teeth are pyramidal in form. The lateral and cardinal teeth
form the hinge, which with the ligament serve to guide the two
shells in opening and closing. Above the cardinal teeth the
umbo (u) is seen. At either end of the shell there is a scar
which represents the basis of attachment of the anterior (a)
and posterior (b) adductor muscles. A second smaller scar is
seen posterior to the former, and is known as the anterior foot
retractor muscle scar (c). Above the posterior adductor mus-
cle scar there is a small scar which represents the attachment
of the posterior foot retractor muscle (e). These scars arealso
known technically as cicatrices (singular cicatrix). In the cav-
ity of the beaks are situated a number of small scars, the dorsal
muscle scars, which represent the attachments of the small

Fie. 2.

Diagram of a section of Unio, showing method of opening and closing the
valves. I., ligament; II., III., the umbones; IV., V., lateral teeth in the left
valve; VI., lateral tooth in the right valve; VII., VIII., left and right valves
of shell; IX., adductor muscle; X., XI., ventral surface of shell, or long arms
of the lever. (After Lankester.)
muscles which hold the umbonal and dorsal part of the animal
to the shell; they are numerous and deeply impressed.

As before remarked, the mantle or pallium secretes the shell
substance (carbonate of lime); the edge of the pallium deposits
new shell matter and adds to the size of the mollusk, It is
firmly attached to the shell along a line which runs from the
posterior to the anterior muscle scar, about half an inch from
the ventral margin. This attachment is called the pallial line
(pl) or pallial cicatrix.

The method of opening and closing the shell may best be
represented by the accompanying diagram (Fig. 2, after Lan-
kester) which is a transverse section of Unio, cutting through
the ligament and adductor muscle. The two shells of a pele-
cypod form a double lever with the hinge teeth (IV., V., VI.) asa

38 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

fulcrum. The ligament (I.) acts upon the short arms of the lever
(the umbones, II., III.) as a spring, tending to keep the valves
apart, or gaping. The adductor muscle acts upon the long arms
of the lever (X., XI.) and by its contraction tends to keep the
valves together. It will readily be seen that the mollusk is not
at rest when the valves are tightly closed, for this requires some
exertion on the part of the animal to pull them together and
overcome the spring of the ligament. The period of rest is
when the shells are slightly gaping.

The study of the structure of the shell is of great importance
in understanding its formation and relation to the animal. If
the shell of a Unio be broken so as to show a fractured edge, and
studied with a powerful hand lens, the following structure will be
seen (Fig. 3): An outer or epidermal layer, composed of almost

Fie. 3.

Diagram of a section of the shell of Unio TUBERCULATUs, Barnes, showing
the shell layers. a, epidermis; b, columnar layer; c, prismatic or inner
layer. (Original.)

black tissue (a); a layer of columnar tissue (b) set at right
angles to the epidermal layer; anda prismatic layer (c) forming
the inner surface of the shell, and composed of thin plates of
membrane and carbonate of lime placed alternately. The func-
tion of the epidermis is to protect the more calcareous portion
from erosion by the carbon dioxide (CO,) in the water. The
effect of this acid is seen on the umbones of the shells where
the epidermis is thin or'deficient. In most of the Unios the
epidermis is green, olive green or black in color, and frequently
rayed. It is formed by the cells on the edge of the mantle.
Breaks which occur in the edges of the shell are easily supplied
with the epidermal covering, but when they occur in the body
of the shell, as at the upper third, no epidermal matter is
deposited, but only nacreous matter, showing that it is the mar-
gin of the mantle which forms the epidermis.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 39

In the gastropods (univalves) orsnails the shell is in but one
piece and is in the form of a spiral, except in Ancylus and
Limax. In a specimen of Polygyra albolabris the following
characters will be noticed (Fig. 4): The evenly wound, closely

PoLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS, showing parts of shell (after Binney, L and F-W,
Sh; Figs. 227, 229). a, apex; ap, aperture; d, denticle; lw, last whorl; p,
peristome; pw, parietal wall; s, suture; sp, spire; u, umbilicus.

coiled whorls; the small, light horn colored apex (a); the deeply
impressed sutures (s); the large and swollen last whorl (lw); the
wide aperture (ap); the white, reflected peristome’ (p) and the
umbilicus (u) which-is wide and deep in the young shell, but
covered by the reflected peristome in the adult. The shell is
also seen to be covered with rather coarse growth lines and also
fine lines running parallel to the whorls. The parietal wall
(pw) is covered with a spreading callus and has frequently a
well-developed tooth or denticle upon it, situated near the upper
part of the reflected peristome. In the gastropods, as in the
pelecypods, the shell is a protection to the soft parts of the
animal, which is attached to it only by the columella muscle.
The structure of the shell substance is essentially the same as
that described under the pelecypoda, except that the inner layer
is not nacreous, and the outer layer, or epidermis, is not so
heavy, except in some of the fresh-water forms.

As in the pelecypods, the shell is secreted by the mantle
and conforms closely to the shape of that organ. The spiral
shells are nearly mathematically correct, as much so as a living
body can be. Most gastropods, excepting Pulmonata, are pro-

40 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

vided with an operculum which is situated on the posterior
dorsal portion of the foot, and.is secreted by a portion of the
skin known as the opercular mantle. The operculum is horny
in the fresh-water shells and is used to close the aperture of the
shell when the animal withdraws. The shell is, with but few
exceptions (Limax) external and capable of holding the entire
animal within it. The epidermis in most fresh-water gastro-
pods is thick and heavy and protects the shell from the erosive
agency of the carbon dioxide. The effect of such erosion is
seen in the truncation of the spire of such mollusks as Elimia,
Pleurocera and Campeloma. Land mollusks are not so much
affected by this gas. In Limnea and other shells with long
spires, the parts of the shell appear a trifle different, although
the names applied are the same. These are sufficiently shown
in the cut (Fig. 5) and need not be dwelt upon.

Fic. 5.

Limna, showing different parts of shell. a, apex; sp, spire; s, suture;
ap, aperture; p, peristome ; c, columella; lw, last whorl; u, umbilical
region.

The external appearance of the animal presents the follow-
ing characters (Fig. 6): The body is long and narrow and is
differentiated into a head (h), tail, foot (f) and back, the latter
covered with glandular tubercles arranged longitudinally. The
head is connected with the body by a broad neck (n), and sup-
ports two eye-peduncles (ep), which bear at their extremities
black, rounded eyes (e). Beneath the eye-peduncles are two
short, blunt tentacles (t). The mouth is situated on the under
side of the head in the middle line. The anal aperture is sit-
uated just above the mouth, a little to the right and a trifle to
the rear.

The radula has now become such a factor in the study of
the Mollusca that a knowledge of its characters is quite essential.
As this organ is described for nearly all the gastropods cited in

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 41

this report, a brief discussion of the seweral parts of the teeth is
here presented.

The buccal-body is placed either at the end of a rostrum or
in the body of the head; in the former it is nonretractile. The

PoLyGYRA ALBOLABRIS, showing parts of animal. (After Binney, L. and
F-W, Sh., fig. 280.) e, eye; ep. eye-peduncles; f, foot; h, head; n, neck; sh,
shell; t, tentacles.

odontophore (or radula) is formed in the radula sac (Fig. 7, 18),
where it is pushed forward as needed. Anteriorly the ventral
portion of the pharynx forms a stout cartilage (5) which is pro-
vided with protractor (6) and retractor (7) muscles, by which
the cartilage is moved backward and forward. The radula

————> tH
Re ee

Buccal organs of Hexix (Guides for Science Teaching, Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., VI., fig. 26). 1, cesophagus; 2, radula; 3, core of radula; 4, new
teeth forming; 5, cartilaginous substance beneath the radula, serving for sup-
port and for the attachment of muscles; 6, posterior cartilage muscles;
7, anterior cartilage muscles; 8, cartilage bearing jaw; 9, jaw; 10, outer
surface of mouth; 11, upper lip; 12, lower lip; 18, under surface of lip;
14, orifice of mucous glands; 15, mucous glands; 16, mouth; 17, cells
lining under surface of radula; 18, radula sac.

(2) rests upon this cartilage, being strongly fastened at the an-
terior end, and is brought down between the two fleshy lips
(11, 12) and there exerts a backward and forward movement, -
rasping off with its sharp teeth particles of food as they are

42 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pressed against the top of the mouth. The horny jaws serve to
cut the food into small pieces for the radula to act upon. The
chitinous radula is constantly growing forward from the core or
diverticulum (3) in the same manner that the human finger nail
grows upon its bed, and ceases to grow as the anterior end is
reached. As fast as the front end wears out from use it is
replaced by fresh material from the core. A layer of cells lines
the under surface of the radula which carries the latter forward.

The radula is a belt of chitinous, transparent, yellowish or
colorless material, and its upper surface is beset with a large
number of siliceous teeth, arranged in parallel rows (Fig. 8).

Two complete rows of teeth on the left side of a membrane of PoLycyra
TRIDENTATA Say (Binney & Bland, L. and F-W. Sh., fig. 220).

The portion of the radula nearest the mouth (anterior) is the
most developed, and at the same time the most worn, while the
posterior portion, or that part nearest the radula sac, is the least
developed. The radula is usually divided into five longitudinal
rows, each row differing from the one next toit. Thus we have a
central row, on each side of this a lateral row, and on each side
of this a marginal row (Fig. 9). Each tooth in each row is

Fie? 9.

Diagram of teeth on the molluscan radula. a. median; b, lateral; c,
uncinal or marginal. (Original.) 1., base of attachment to radula; 2., re-
flected portion; 3., side cusps; 4., median cusps; 5., cutting points of side
cusps; 6., cutting point of median cusps.

made up of a number of different parts which, in their diversity,
‘serve to distinguish the different groups of mollusks. Thus the
central tooth has a strong, quadrate base of attachment (1) to

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 43

the radular belt; the rest of the tooth is reflected (2) and pro-
vided with three cusps, a median (4) and two lateral (3), and
each cusp has a cutting point (5,6). The lateral and marginal
teeth may be divided in the same manner into cusps and cutting
points (b,c). The lingual teeth of all pulmonate mollusks are
divisible into two types (1), the quadrate (a) and (2) the acule-
ate (c). The latter has no reflected portion, but a single thorn-
shaped cutting point arises from its sole-shaped base of attach-
taent (Fig. 9, c, i, 6).7

*Those who desire a detailed account of the anatomy of the Mollusca may consult the
following works:

Bronn and Keferstein: Klassen und Ordnungen der Weichthiere.
Tryon: Structural and Systematic Conchology.

Lankester: ZoGlogical Articles.

Fischer: Manual de Conchyliologie.

44 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

Note.—The writer has not been able to make a satisfactory key to the
genera for the reason that a number are founded upon anatomical characters.

KEY TO FAMILIES IN THIS REPORT.
A. Shell bivalve.
a. Shell large, pearly, lateral teeth placed posterior of car-

GInAITEeth en pei yetler sas siefe cisic; Vela) ieip o.s acorsteaiseefemeterets Unionide
b. Shell small, not pearly, lateral teeth placed both anterior
and posterior of cardinalitecth (2.5. .25.0 9. ose Tee ee Sphertide
B. Shell univalve. 4

a. Inhabiting land and breathing air; tentacles invertible
and eyes at their tips.
1. Shell heliciform, smooth, shining.
*Shell flat, concave, smooth and shining, but
not vitreous, umbilicus very wide and deep

ao ole Pip tatese See ere Wd’ aoe iw he le SR gM Circinariide
**Shell flat to orbicular, smooth, shining and
vitreous, umbilicus generally narrow........ Zonitide
2. Shell heliciform, dull, generally coarsely ribbed.
*Edge of aperture simple, sharp........... Endodontide
**Edge of aperture reflected .2 2.2 Jc..c. sca Helicide
3. Shells small, elongated aperture about one-third
of length.
*Apetture with teeth ior foldsy...3-.... -.s2se— Pupide
<¥Anectnre withoutteeth’.\s0 515). 2a oleae Achatinide

4. Shell large, oval, aperture two-thirds of length. . Succineide
5. Animal without external shell.
*Mantle covering only pulmonary cavity, shell

INLEELT AY coi octes yp erate ee oie .al soot ees arene .....Limacide
**Mantle covering entire body, no shell..... Philomycide

6. Animal with small, ear shaped shell placed at
the posterior end of the body............... Testacellide

b. Inhabiting land; tentacles contractile, but not invertible;
eyes placed at their bases,
1. Shell small columella with a fold, and parietal
wall with one or two denticles............... Auriculide
c. Inhabiting fresh water, but coming to the surface for air,
which is necessary for respiration.
1. Shell dextral; in one genus patelliform.......... Limneide
2. Shell senistval vos ea ce e's ».¥ (0:2 s:3» one Physide
d. Inhabiting and breathing in fresh water; does not come
to the surface for air.
1. Shell large, spire very long and pointed; aper-
ture about one-third of length ............. Pleuroceride
tExcepting Pupa fallax, which has no teeth.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 45

2. Shell large, globose; spire short and obtuse;

aperture and spire about equal in length..... Viviparide
3. Shell small, variable in form.

1. Shell globose or elongated.............. Amnicolide

Ao Shellsnatancs discoidally.\),,..2.!<s1<to cise aon Valvatide

A. CRASS PELECYPODA,

“Aquatic, bilaterally symmetrical, acephalous mollusks, pro-
tected by a pair of shelly valves secreted by the lateral portions
of the mantle, connected by a ligament, and moved by the con-
traction of muscles which connect the inner faces of the valves;
feeding by ciliary action and destitute of a radula or jaw; breath-
ing by lateral gills, the type of which is a midrib or stem, with a
row of transversely oriented leaflets or filaments depending from
each side of the stem, single, or mutually combined to form a
direct or reflected plate; imperfectly sensible to light and rarely

I) ape)
) Nae

Ohh

|]

Diagram showing position of Unio while ploughing its way through the
bottom of a lake or river. (After Morse.) cl, cloacal siphon; br, branchial
siphon; f, foot; s, shell; b, surface of mud at bottom. ~<—— direction in
which the animal is moving. ——>, currents of water to and from the gills.

provided with peripheral visual organs; possessing olfactory
organs (osphradia), auditory and equilibrating organs (otocysts),
tactile papille and a nervous system composed of (usually
three principal pairs of) ganglia united by nerves, but withouta
pedovisceral commissure; provided with an extensive tactile or
locomotor organ (foot); a closed, though partly lacunary, circu-
latory system, containing (usually colorless) hemolymph, and
operated by a single or paired cardiac ventricle and two auri-

46 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

cles; a more or less convoluted intestinal canal, with its oral
and anal extremities at opposite ends of the body; a stomach;
paired nephridia, connected with the pericardium, and discharg-
ing independently of the rectum; reproducing without copula-
tion, by eggs and spermatozoa; moncecious or dicecious; devel-
opment external to the ovary; the post-larval young protected
by a prodissoconch, and sometimes exhibiting a nepionic stage;
with a distribution in geological time from the Cambrian to the
present day.” (DALL.*)

Fig. 9A shows the position of a fresh-water pelecypod in
life, while ploughing its way through sandy or muddy bottoms.

ORDER PRIONODESMACEA.

«‘ Pelecypods having the lobes of the mantle generally sep-
arated, or, when caught together, with imperfectly developed
siphons; the soft parts in general, diversely specialized for par-
ticular environments; the shell structure nacreous and prismatic,
rarely porcellanous; the dorsal area amphidetic or obscure,
rarely divided into lunule and escutcheon, and when so divided
having an amphidetic ligament; ligament variable, rarely opistho-
detic; armature of the hinge characterized by a repetition of
similar teeth upon the hinge-line, or by amorphous schizodont
dentition; habits active, sessile, or nestling, not burrowing;
moncecious or dicecious.’”’ (DALL.*)

Superfamily Naiadacea.

‘Shell of varied form, normally equivalve, inequilateral and
dimyarian; rarely alate; shell substance nacreous and prismatic,
with a conspicuous epidermis; area obscure or amphidetic; lig-
ament parivincular, usually opisthodetic and external; ventricle
embracing the rectum, with anterior and posterior aortas; gills
reticulate, with direct and reflected laminz, one or both pairs
frequently utilized as a marsupium; pleural ganglia fused with
the cerebral; otocyst impervious; pallial lobes usually free,
except for an anal siphon; the pallial line simple; foot nor-
mally long, compressed, keeled, the byssus obsolete; anal end
of rectum adherent; young usually with a distinct nepionic
stage; station usually fluviatile.” (Da.ty.)

*Trans, Wagner Free Institute of Science, Vol. III., Part 3, p. 511, 1895.
+ Contr. to Tertiary Fauna of Florida, etc., Trans. Wagn. Free. Inst., Vol. III., Part 1, 1890

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 47

FAMILY UNIONID-.

The author is greatly indebted to Mr. Charles T. Simpson, of the United
States National Museum, Washington, D. C., who has revised the manuscript
of this family and has made many valuable suggestions regarding the classifi-
cation and anatomy of the species and genera of the region covered by this
work. In some groups Mr. Simpson has not fully worked out the anatomy
andsynonymy. In those cases where Mr. Simpson has described a genus or
section, or has added notes regarding the anatomy, his name has been placed
in parenthesis after such description or note.

«Shell usually equivalve and inequilateral, smooth or va-
riously sculptured, angular or rounded, symphynote or nonsym-
phynote, covered with a thick epidermis, which may be green,
brown, yellowish, black, rayed, or variously painted; deaks usually
sculptured with concentric ridges, corrugations, chevron shaped
or radiacal patterns, or pustules, offen showing remains of the
nuclear shell; ligament opisthodetic, well developed, external
except when the shell is symphynote. Interior nacreous; with
or without hinge teeth, dut showing vestiges of them in every genus;
when present always schizodont and arranged as cardinals, laterals
(pseudocardinals and pseudolaterals), or doth; adductor scars
generally distinct, the anterior commonly impressed; pallial line
simple and generally well marked; prismatic border usually nar-
row and not conspicuous.

“Animal: Ladial palpi almost always wider than long, having
the upper parts of the posterior margins united; anal opening usually
separated from the superanal. Mantle either free or closed pos-
teriorly to form a branchial opening. Zmbdryo a glochidium, the
soft parts being inclosed in a pouch shaped bivalve shell, either
with or without hooks, and borne in the inner or outer, or in all
four leaves of the branchiz, which are modified to form a mar-
supium.”’*

Of the 1,000 recent species of this family, over one-half
inhabit the rivers and lakes of the United States. Like most
fresh-water shells, the umbones of this group are nearly always
eroded by the carbonic acid gas (CO,) which is dissolved in the
water. The Anodontas are generally found in still bodies of
water, on muddy bottoms, while the Unios prefer, as a rule, the
bed of running streams. The Mississippi Valley is the metrop-
olis of this interesting family of mollusks, and it is here that
they are found in their greatest development, beauty and variety.
The present area, with its numerous lakes and streams, affords
an excellent locality for this group and the species found are

* Simpson, Classification of Pearly Fresh-water Mussels, p. 318.

48 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

generally large and finely developed. The beautiful develop-
ment of the shells is due, probably, to the abundance of lime in
this region. Geologically the family dates back to the Triassic
Period.

Pearls are frequently found in our fresh-water bivalves
(Unio) and are caused by some irritating substance which be-
comes lodged between the mantle and shell. These pearls are
similar in structure to the shell, consisting of threelayers. The
beautiful iridescence is due to light falling on the edges of
transparent plates. The nucleus of the pearl may be any for-
eign substance, like a grain of sand, piece of food particle or
parasitic worm. Spherical pearls are frequently found loose in
the soft parts of pelecypods, particularly in the muscles. The
pearls of our fresh-water shells are usually of but little value.

Parasites commonly infest the Unionide, and Asfpidogaster
conchicola is found in colonies in the pericardium of Unio and
Anodonta. Another species, Cotylaspis insignis, is found in the
upper branchial cavity of Anodonta. Unio may also be consid-
ered a scavenger, since it feeds on dead animal matter whenever
it is within reach.

It is not generally known that in the North American
Unionide the genital organs may be divided into three groups.
The first group includes such species as /igamentinus Lam.,
rectus Lam., alatus Say, etc., in which the posterior part of the
outer branchi@ are used as ‘branchial uteri.” In this group
the females are readily distinguished by the dilated postero-
ventral surface, and the uteri are filled with embryones from
late summer to the beginning of or even through the winter,
and in the early summer the embryones are discharged. Inthe
second group all four branchie are used throughout as bran-
chial uteri, and there is no striking differences between the
sexes. Examples of this group are pustulosus Lea, @sopus
Green and wndulatus Barnes. In this group, also, the uteri are
free from embryones during the fall from about August, and prob-
ably all winter. During the early summer the branchiz are
filled with embryones and are discharged some time during
July.

Ina third group, which has plain oval to elongated shells, the
embryos are found in the outer gill alone, filling the whole or
the greater part of the length of it. In this division may be
placed the true Unios, the Anodontas and some smaller groups.
Besides these three great sections there are several smaller ones

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 49

containing aberrant forms which are peculiar to North Amer-
lea. *

The embryo of Unio is called a glochidium (Fig. 10) and
as the latter is frequently found in the gills of Anodonta and
Unio, it may be well to briefly outline the characters of the larva,
that it may be identified when seen. It is quite important to
record the date upon which specimens are seen with embryos
in the branchial uterus, and also whether the outer or all four
gills are used as a marsupium.

The young of the Unionide develop to a certain stage
called, as above, the glochidium. After fertilization the mantle
and shell develop rapidly, but the digestive organs are not
developed until six months or a year afterward. When the
embryo, or glochidium, leaves the parent it has the form shown
in Fig. 10. It is encased in an egg shell (e) in which are

Fia. 10.

Anterior view of ‘‘Glochidium” of ANoponTa, enclosed in the eggshell,
X100 (W. K. Brooks, Handbook of Inv. Zodl., p. 330, fig. 174). b, byssus;
bg, byssus organ; e, eggshell; h, hooks, ls, left valve of shell; m, posterior
adductor muscle; rs, right valve of shell; s. setze; v, velum.

enveloped the two she//s (ls, rs) united by a stout hinge whichis
so elastic that the two valves are frequently seen in the same
plane. The ventral edge of the shell forms a toothed hook or
hooks, which are movable and from which *the larva receives its
name. ‘The valves of the shell are lined by large spherical cells
from some of which large see (s) project into the mantle
cavity. There is a stout adductor muscle (m) and the space
between the two sides of the mantle is filled by a long, elastic,
brown, coiled, thread-like dyssws (b) which is formed in the tub-

*For further information the reader is referred to the most interesting articles (to which
the author is indebted for the notes used) by Dr. V. Sterki, in ‘‘ The Nautilus,"’ Vol. IX
No. 8, p. 91 (November, 1895), and by Mr. Chas. T. Simpson in ‘The Nautilus,” Vol, XI.

No. 2, p. 18, June, 1397.

50 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ular dyssus organ (bg) situated in the left side of the mantle
between it and the shell.*

In this stage there are no auditory organs, gills or velum
and the digestive cavity is a simple pouch with thick walls and
a single large opening. The embryo of Anodonta reaches this
stage in a few days after fertilization and remains in this stage
without change until the following spring, when the parent dis-
charges them through the cloacal siphon into the water. Here
the embryos attach themselves by the byssus to the fins or gills
of small fishes, close the valve of the shell onto the body of the
fish by driving the hooks of the ventral surface of the valves
into it, The fish covers the larva with a growth of epithelial
cells and the embryo becomes encysted. Here it develops
gills, esophagus, stomach, intestine, renal organs and heart, and
finally escapes from the cyst, falls to the bottom and completes
its growth. +

Ovules filling the entire outer gill of the female; ovisacs
not separated by a sulcus. (Simpson.)

Genus ANODONTA (Bruguiére £m) Lamarck, 1799.

Shell: Generally thin, oval or oblong, inflated, without sculp-
ture, anterior end evenly rounded, posterior dorsal region ele-
vated or developed into a wing which meets the posterior end at
a greater or less angle; epidermis generally smooth and nearly
or quite destitute of rays; beaks concentrically sculptured; hinge
line regularly curved, edentulous, wot incurved in front of the beaks;
nacre generally dull; muscle scars not impressed. (Simpson.)

Animal: Much like that of Unio, but the anal opening is
always destitute of papille; outer gill of female when gravid
enormously thickened and pad-like. (Simpson.)

Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia and North
Africa, north of the Desert of Sahara.

KEY TO SPECIES OF ANODONTA.
A. Shell large.

1. Breadth generally moderate, compared with length; color
dark green or blackish, more or less distinctly rayed;
umbonal sculpture: Very COarsSe <5 ieee > sia» «i+ os as ere ines grandis

*The byssus is sometimes retained after the mollusk is well on its way to maturity and
such an organ has been found in Unio ligamentinus Lam., eight inches in length, the shell
being 27 mill. long. The mollusk was found attached toa stone by the byssus. See Sterki,
The Nautilus. Vol. V., p. 73.

+See Brooks, pp. 330-332.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 51

2. Breadth generally great, compared with length; color
light green or brownish horn, not generally distinctly
rayed; umbonal sculpture fine; attains but two-thirds
EAEYSI ZEON LA aor ermere neta kete Niet erse e's. cette e's ere e heave Navel a ates footiana
B. Shell small.
1. Elliptical or cylindrical, umbones flush with the hinge
line; color greenish, with faint rays; very thin and
ETc OR vy ree Rene ie rosa sa suc 1a.e! a= diesels Siw 'eleSisrmeae hes imbectlis

GROUP OF ANODONTA GRANDIS.

Shell large, inflated; umbonal region swollen beak; sculpture
consisting of somewhat doubly-looped ridges which are often
nodulous at the extremities of the loops. (Simpson.)

1. Anodonta grandis Say, pl. ii., pl. iii., fig. 1, pl. iv., fig. 1.
Anodonta grandis Say, New Harmony Disseminator, Vol. II., No. 22, p.
341, 1829.

Anodonta plana LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 2d series, Vol. V., p. 48, pl.
ii., fig. 18, 1834.

Anodonta declivis CONRAD, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol.
XXV., p. 841, pl, i., fig. 11, 1884.

Anodonta salmonia Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. VI., p. 45,
pl. xiv., fig. 41, 1836.

Anodonta decora Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. VI., p. 64,
pl. xx., fig. 68, 1836.

Anodonta gigantea Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series. Vol. VI., p. 1,
pl. i., fig. 1, 1888. (Variety, including the wide forms known as
plana, decora, etc.)

Anodonta ovata LrEA,Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. VI., p. 2, pl.
il., fig. 2, 1888.

Anodonta harpethensis Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. VIII.,
p. 224, pl. xix., fig. 42, 1840.

Anodonta inornata ANTHONY, American Journal of Conchology, Vol. II.,
p. 145, 1866. TZeste Lea.*

Shell: When adult, rather solid; when young, thin and frag-
ile; elliptical, more or less ‘nflaned, well rounded before and
triangular behind, the point of the triangle rounded; dorsal
margin straight in the young but slightly curved in the adult,
ventral margin generally straight, but sometimes very much
rounded, posterior margin forming an ellipse in the male and a
ram shape in the female; surface strongly marked by growth
lines, which become elevated ridges as the shell increases in
age; umbones not much elevated (generally), of a greenish
golden or bronze color in the young, but becoming dark brown-
ish or greenish with age, frequently eroded, and marked by five

*Some of the synonymy adopted for the Unionid@w is taken from Prof. Call’s work on
Arkansas Unionide in Trans, Acad. Sci., St. Louis, Vol. VII., No. 1, 1895.

or
ws

THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

strong, elevated, wavy wrinkles, which are arranged in two par-
allel rows, forming a double loop; ligament strong, dark horn
color; epidermis variable in color, in the young it may be light
greenish with faint indications of rays (sometimes stronger),
while in the adult it is dark green, blackish or (rarely) reddish,
with very faint diverging rays; umbonal slope rounded; hinge
line slightly curved, a trifle thickened; adductor muscle scars
and pallial line distinct but not impressed, iridescent; protractor
pedis muscle scar distinct; dorsal muscle scars situated on the
anterior face of the cavity of the beaks, deeply impressed and
strongly striate; cavity of the beaks shallow, inflated; nacre
silvery white in the young, but changing to purple in old speci-
mens; iridescent.

Length, 128.00; height, 71.00; breadth, 52.00 mill. < ( 9297).*
Ke 128.00; f 74.00; sid 55.00 ‘' 3 ( 9528).
~ 96.00; a 48.00; a AZ OG 208 3 ( 9528)
w 75.00; Le 48.00; oe 29.50 *' di ( 9842)
ch 116.00; Ky 67.00; “ 45:50 " © ( 8419).
ue 76.00; d 46.00; os 29.00 " — (12417).

Animal: Generally pinkish white, sometimes yellowish,
spotted with blackish dots about the abdomen; liver brown; —
gills yellowish white; tentacular portion of mantle dark brown-
ish black; labial palpi yellowish brown, not large, tongue-
shaped, united only for a short distance along the dorsal
margin; gills (cfenidia) large, the outer one smaller than the
inner, united above throughout their entire length, rounded
anteriorly and posteriorly; adductor muscles large and power-
ful; mantle transparent, somewhat vitreous; branchial and
cloacal siphons large, the former lined with numerous dark
brownish black tentacles, the latter plain. The pericardium,
containing the heart, is situated somewhat toward the posterior
end, and the pulsations are somewhat peculiar in some of the
specimens examined; there is first a short, quick pulsation, fol-
lowed immediately by a long, slow pulsation; the writer counted
thirteen short and thirteen long pulsations, twenty-six in all.
In several other specimens fifteen regular pulsations were
counted. The latter is probably normal.

A curious little parasite belonging to the genus Diplodontus
(family Hydrachnidz) infests the mantle cavity of this species.

*In measuring the pelecypods in this report the distance from the anterior to the posterior
is called length, that from umbones to ventral border, height, and the diameter between
the valves at their widest part, breadth. This differs from Dr. Lea’s method, he calling the
present height the length.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 53

As many as half a dozen individuals have been found in a single
Anodonta. (9668. )

Distribution: Western New York, west to Arkansas; Brit-
ish America south to Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hfabitat: In lakes and rivers where there is little or no
current. Prefers a muddy bed.

Remarks: The above description is drawn from a collec-
tion of over a hundred specimens from various localities. It is
a very variable species, particularly in its corpulency, but may
be distinguished from all other species found in this region by
its large size and general dark green or black color. The
peculiar undulate character of the umbones will also distinguish
it from related species. This mud loving species is frequently
found buried in the mud to the depth of eight inches or more.
The young are somewhat alate, but lose this character as they
mature. The rays are very variable; sometimes in the young
shell they are very strong, grass green in color over a yellowish
green background, and again appearing very faint on a dark
green background. The specimens found in the northern re-
gion show more diversity of form than do those from the south-
ern and western regions. In the former region the variation is
from long and narrow to short and stumpy, in this respect ap-
proaching 4. footiana.

On October 26, 1897, while the south pond in Lincoln Park
was being cleaned, a colony of this species was found which
surpassed anything hitherto found in the area in size and per-
fection. The epidermis was bright grass green, with fine,
darker rays; the umbonal region was of a purplish or pink color,
which in some examples reached far down the shell. Thelines
of growth on the larger specimens were very coarse and wrinkled
about the margins of the shell. The larger specimens meas-
ured as follows:

Length, 171.00; height, 98.00; breadth, 68.00 mill.

Tey OOo At 100.00; a 65.00 '
ae 165.00; h 96.00; 4 62.00 *'
ui iG. DOs © 95.00; 4, 59.00 ''
nd 130.00; ~{, 75.00; ps 54.00 ''
nf SOO He 71.00; ay 54.00 ''
Be 14.00%. % 89.00; me 58.00 ‘'
- 152.00; " 78.00; 4 58.00

The specimens were found in a black, sticky mud, and were
buried a foot beneath the surface.

54 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A large number of specimens were dissected to ascertain if
any tangible differences could be found in the shell between the
sexes, but with a decided negative result. No differences could
be found, excepting that the females were generally larger. A
male and female of equal size gave the following measurements:

Length, 108.00; height, 67.00; width, 50.00 mill. J
“408.00; 65.00; ‘ 48.00 “ Q

In all the females the outer branchium only was used as a
marsupium and this was of a dark brown color, very much
swollen and so heavy that the least touch caused it to rupture.
The glochidia were fully developed and very active, and seemed
ready to be discharged into the water.

2. Anodonta footiana Lea, pl. iii., figs. 2, 3, 4; pl. iv., fig. 2; pl. viii.,

fig. 5.

Anodonta footiana Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. VIII., p.
225, pl. xx., fig. 44, 1843.

Anodonta marryattana LEA, |. c., Vol. VIII., p. 226, pl. xx., fig. 45, 1843.

Anodonta opalina ANTHONY, Amer. Journ. of Conch., Vol. I., p. 159, pl.

xiv., fig. 2, 1865.

Anodonta subangulata ANTHONY, Amer. Journ. of Conch., Vol. I., p. 158,
pl. xiii, fig. 1, 1865.

Anodonta McNeilit ANTHONY, Amer. Journ. of Conch., Vol. II., p. 144, pl.
vi., fig, 1, 1866.

Shell; Thinner than A. grandis, much inflated, suboblong
rounded before and triangular behind, the apex of the triangle
truncated; dorsal margin straight; ventral margin straight or
slightly rounded; posterior margin elliptical in the male and
plough shaped in the female; surface marked with growth lines
as in grandis; umbones not much elevated, light yellowish green
in color, but generally eroded and pearly, and marked by four
distinct, elevated, wavy wrinkles, arranged as in grandis, but
very much finer; sometimes there isa fifth, very faint ridge;
ligament strong, dark horn color; epidermis generally light
greenish straw colored, varying to straw colored, horn or reddish,
and generally without rays of any kind (sometimes very faintly
rayed); umbonal slope very much rounded, owing to the greatly
inflated umbonal region; hinge line very slightly curved, a trifle
thickened; adductor muscle scars, protractor pedis muscle scar
and pallial line distinct but not impressed; dorsal muscle scars
as in grandis, small, slightly impressed; cavity of the beaks deep,
inflated; nacre silvery white, iridescent, sometimes light mauve

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 55

or salmon colored. In some specimens the hinge line and edge
of valve are mauve while the interior is salmon colored.

Length, 100.00; height, 63.00; breadth, 55,00 mill. J (7165).

us OSOOR sas bbe: ns AACO0 at 3 ($299).
ss S1O02 > ets 48.00; ot 31.50 ‘' © (1698).
os 51.00; ae 32.00; L 21 b0" — (9844) Juvenile.

Animal: Not differing essentially from Anodonta grandis.

Distribution: Northern part of the United States and Can-
ada. A species of the St. Lawrence drainage, but sometimes
found in the Mississippi drainage.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

ffabitat: Similar to that of 4. grandis.

Remarks: The present species is very closely related to
A. grandis and would, perhaps, be more correctly placed as a
variety of that species. I am much opposed to the idea of vari-
eties in this family, from the fact that it is difficult to find con-
stant characters within the species. It seems to me that when
tangible characters are present the form should rank as a spe-
cies. The specimens before me show the following distinctive
characters: In /footiana the umbonal region is very much in-
flated and the anterior and posterior angles are very sharp; in
grandis the umbonal region is more flattened and the angles are
more gentle; in /footzana the umbones have four fine, distinct
wrinkles while in grandis there are five coarse ones; /ootiana is
generally light green or brownish horn in color, while grands is
generally dark green or black. /votiana belongs to the St. Law-
rence drainage, while grandis belongs to the Mississippi drain-
age. The two species frequently overlap, however, and there are
many forms which are difficult to place. Gyvandis is by far the
most common of the two species in this region. The specimens
from Berry Lake (No. 7165) are unusually corpulent, those
found at Winnetka (Nos. 9298-9299) being more typical.

GROUP OF ANODONTA IMBECILIS.

Shell rather thin, smooth, shining; umbonal region usually
flattened, often rayed with delicately waved fine lines. (Simp-
son.)

3- Anodonta imbecilis Say, pl. v., fig. 1.
Anodonta imbecilis Say, New Harm. Diss., Vol. II., No. 23, p. 355, 1829.
Anodonta incerta Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. V., p. 45, pl. vi.,
fig. 16, 1832.
Anodonta hordea Gou pn, Proc. Bost. Soc., N. H. Vol. V., p. 229; 1855.

56 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Shell: Very thin and fragile, more or less elliptical, some-
what inflated, broadly rounded before and triangular behind,
where it is much produced; dorsal margin obsoletely straight,
ventral margin slightly rounded; surface smooth and shining,
lines of growth very faint, excepting on the alate portion of the
postero-dorsal margin and at the posterior end; here and there
there is a black line which marks a heavier growth line than
usual; umbones perfectly flush with the hinge line, brownish
horn in color and marked by several concentrically arranged
ridges of small size; the umbones are placed pretty well toward
the anterior end; posterior slope subexcavated, anterior slope
rounded; ligament thin and weak, light brown in color; epi-
dermis bright grass green, brownish horn about the umbones,
with numerous darker green rays extending to the ventral mar-
gin; hinge line simple and thin; muscle scars and pallial line
rather faint; beaks without cavity; nacre silvery white, very
iridescent.

Length, 59.00; height, 29.00; breadth, 21.00 mill. (12454).

“50.00; ‘ 26.00; “ 18.00 " (12454).
i 41.00; + 2200s " 12.00 ‘* (12454). (Young.)

Animal: Anal opening small, outer rather large, with many
brown papille; branchie slightly curved below, nearly equal in
size, free nearly the whole length of the abdominal sac, marsu-
pium occupying the whole of the outer gill. (Simpson.)

Distribution: Western New York to Arkansas, Canada to
Texas and Louisiana.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found on a muddy bottom in creeks, small rivers
and ponds.

Remarks: This is one of the most beautiful and one of the
most distinct of all Anodontas. Its beautiful grass green, fragile
shell, so delicately rayed, its umbones flush with the hinge line
and its peculiar shape at once distinguish it from all other forms.
The young are frequently somewhat alate and some specimens
are lighter in color than others, and they may be rayed or ray-
less. The only locality at present known is at Willow Springs,
on the Desplaines River, where it is said to be quite abundant.

Genus ALASMODONTA Say, 1819.

Shell: Solid rhomboid with a posterior ridge more or less
biangulate behind, with a smooth, hard, shining epidermis, which
is usually rayed; beak sculpture consisting of a few coarse

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. sh

parallel ridges, which usually nearly follow the growth lines,
but sometimes become somewhat double looped with fine radi-
ating ridges behind the beaks and often in front of them; hinge
teeth imperfect; one large, curved, compressed, irregular cardi-
nal under the beak of the left valve which is often reflected
upward, and a compressed, sometimes rudimentary tooth in
front of it, the large tooth cutting off the hinge plate in the right
valve; one cardinal in the right valve which falls between the
two in the left valve; laterals blurred, generally having irregular
ridges sloping back and downwardly on the hinge plate.

Animal: Much as in Unio; inner gill either wholly free from
the abdominal sac or more or less united to it. Outer gill of
female filled entirely with embryos when gravid; anal opening
smooth or only slightly cornulate. (Simpson. )

KEY TO SPECIES OF ALASMODONTA.
A. Shell large.

a. Shell compressed.

ie) Eleight nearly equal toilength..02....5.002<: sa 0x complanata
Peet hiatal lEWetie. < os. fe sisson c kesee oe 2 rugosa
3. Similar to 2, but lateral teeth well developed
qed aimbonal sculptire finer. 202... 05 0... let ed pressa
b. Shell inflated.
Pee bresdtmone-halfvol length! 25/5. \fas +. 6s,celats + sieida be marginata
PyeSHel sMmiallpaie UAC CALL es ccis hale Ac oclacs ooeciieesssacceaees deltotdea

GROUP OF ALASMODONTA RUGOSA.

4. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes, pl, viii., figs. 3, 4, pl. vii., figs. 1, 2.
Alasmodonta rugosa BARNES, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 1st series, Vol.
VI., p. 278, pl. xiii., figs. 21a, 21b, 1828.

Shell; Elliptical, rather thick, not inflated (the female is a
trifle inflated), rounded before and obtusely angulated behind;
dorsal margin straight, ventral margin straight in the male and
curved in the female; umbonal slopes almost flat in the male
and slightly rounded in the female; surface marked by heavy
growth lines which form strong wrinkles on the dorsal part of
the posterior angle; umbones neither elevated nor inflated,
light brown in color, frequently eroded, and marked by three
strong, almost straight, elevated ridges, the apex directed
anteriorly; ligament long and narrow, dark horn color; epider-
mis yellowish green, delicately rayed with dark green; cardinal
teeth thick and heavy, more or less pyramidal, striated on the
upper surfaces; lateral teeth rudimentary, being little more
than a thickening of the hinge plate; anterior adductor muscle
scar very wide, deeply impressed, slightly striate and irides-

58 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

cent, confluent ; posterior adductor muscle scar wide, not much
impressed, confluent, iridescent; protractor pedis muscle scar
wider than long, not muchimpressed ; dorsal muscle scars situ-
ated on the posterior face of the cardinal teeth, pit-like; pallial
line slightly impressed in the anterior part of the shell; cavity
of the beaks shallow; nacre silvery bluish white, iridescent,
salmon tinted toward the beaks, In old specimens the interior
of the valve is bordered by a wide band (6-8 mill.) of dark pur-
ple or violet.

Length, 104.00; height, 57.00; width, 27.00; mill. ¢ (9333).

i) 951.0:00; SN OROO O's 5 88:00;! | “=~ 2 {abel
‘162.00; B1,005<- ** 46.00; “* Gi(eoll. fensen):

Animal: Generally flesh colored or salmon, inclining to yel-
lowish brown in places, yellowish white on abdomen and black
on tentacular part of siphons; ctenidia short and wide, the
inner one the largest, rounded before and pointed behind, united
to each other and to the opposite pair for their entire length, the
outer filled throughout with embryos in the female; labial palpi
not large, rounded—triangular, united and attached at base and
partly above; siphons yellowish white inside, shading into
brownish and jet black on the edge of the tentacular portion,
the tentacles being short; foot thin, dark flesh color; liver
brownish, tinged with yellow; mantleratherthin. Heart pulsa-
tions slow and regular—thirteen per minute.

Distribution: Southern Canada south to Texas and Ala-
bama, New England west to Kansas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat; About the same as 4. complanata.

Remarks: A species at once distinguished by its rugose
posterior margin. A. fressa Lea has a general resemblance,
and is frequently confounded with the present species by many
conchologists, but the character of the umbones will at once
distinguish the two species. See remarks under fressa. A.
rugosa seems to be an abundant shell and is a lover of muddy
rivers, at least in this region. It is found in great variety of
form and size in Thorn Creek and the Little Calumet River.
Specimens from the former locality. are very rugose.

GROUP OF ALASMODONTA PRESSA.

5. Alasmodonta pressa Lea, pl. vi., fig. 3; pl. x., fig. 4.
Unio pressus LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II., p. 237, 1843.
Symphynota compressa Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., p. 450,
pl. xii., fig. 22, 1830. (Preoccupied.)

Ee

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 59

Shell: Of good size, quadrangular, compressed, thin; rounded
before and squarely truncated behind; dorsal margin straight,
ventral margin slightly rounded; surface roughened by the lines
of growth, which are more or less sharp and elevated on the
borders; umbones small, very much depressed, compressed,
reddish brown, marked by about six well-developed, large, ele-
vated, undulating ridges; anterior umbonal slope gently
rounded, posterior slope rounded and slightly excavated; liga-
ment short, wide, dark brown or black; epidermis reddish, cor-
neous, yellowish or greenish, sometimes blackish, frequently
covered with a deposit of foreign matter and rayed similar
to A rugosa; cardinal teeth double in both valves; in the
left valve there is an elevated, rounded tooth just below the
apex of the umbo, then a smaller, long and narrow tooth
in front of this; in the right valve there is a very large,
long and narrow tooth anterior to the umbo, and a very small,
long and narrow thickening of the hinge line above this; some-
times, in very old specimens, there is a third prominent tooth
between the two just mentioned in each valve; the cardinals are
peculiar in being long, narrow, elevated and thin; they are
smooth, or only very slightly roughened at their apices; lateral
teeth weak, long, thin, lamelliform, smooth; there is frequently
an indication of a second lateral in the right valve; anterior ad-
ductor muscle scar longer than wide, impressed, smooth; pos-
terior adductor muscle scar not very distinct, confluent, diam-
eters equal; protractor pedis muscle scar wider than long;
slightly impressed; dorsal muscle scars scarcely visible, situated
on the posterior face of the cardinal tooth; pallial line distinct,
crenulated, impressed anteriorly; cavity of the beaks very shal-
low; nacre pearly white, very iridescent, inclining in some speci-
mens to flesh color.

- Length, 85.00; height, 50.00; breadth, 26.00 mill. (12811).
us Gore i 39.00; e ASG) ee (12411).

Animal: Generally dirty white, black on tentacular portion
and edge of mantle; ctenidia large, rounded before and obtusely
pointed behind, generally short and wide, attached above as in
A. rugosa; labial palpi small, subtriangular, united at base and
partly above; siphons dirty white inside, blackish on the edge;
branchial opening large with papilla; cloacal opening small
without papillae; foot thin, dirty white in color; mantle thin,
somewhat thickened on the border. The whole outer bran-
chium is occupied as an uterus.

60 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distribution: New York to Iowa, Michigan to Kentucky.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In creeks, buried in black, slimy mud to the
depth of five or six inches. In this area it is found only in
creeks, never in rivers or ponds.

Remarks: This species strongly resembles A/asmodonta
rugosa Barnes, and is taken for that species by very many con-
chologists. In pressa the posterior margin is seldom rough-
ened and the lateral teeth are generally more developed than in
rugosa; the purple band on the edge of the valve in rugosa is absent
in pressa. The characters of the cardinal teeth are very peculiar,
and will at once distinguish this species. Specimens from
Hickory Creek, where the species is abundant, have a yellowish
epidermis beautifully rayed with deep grass green, and the um-
bones are distinctly marked. Just beneath the cardinal teeth,
and posterior to the anterior muscle scar, the shell is thickened
by a heavy deposit of shelly matter.

GROUP OF ALASMODONTA COMPLANATA.
6. Alasmodonta complanata Barnes, pl. viii., figs. 1, 2; pl. ix., figs. 1,
2, 8, 4.
Alasmodonta complanata BARNES, Amer. Jour. Sci. & Arts, 1st ed., Vol. VI,
p. 278, pl. xiii., figs. 17a, 17b, 1823 (preoccupied by Unzo complanatus
Solander).
Margaritana katherine Lea, Synop. Fam. Naid., 2d ed., 1839.

Shell: Very large and thick, heavy, subquadrate, alate, espe-
cially in the young; compressed in the male and inflated in the
female; rounded before and triangulate behind; the angles
straight; in the young shell this division is not so pronounced,
the posterior border being broadly rounded; dorsal margin but
slightly curved, ventral margin with a gentle curve in the male
and a pronounced curve in the female; umbonal slopes almost
flat in the male but strongly rounded in the female, the posterior
slope a trifle excavated; surface marked by coarse lines of
growth, which are generally raised into sharp ridges; umbones
not elevated or inflated, light yellowish in color in the young,
but changing into brown and black in old shells, and marked by
four coarse, elevated ridges arranged in a double loop, the apex
directed anteriorly; the umbones are frequently eroded; ligament
very strong, long, narrow, dark brown or black in color; epi-
dermis variable, yellowish brown marked by darker rays in the
very young, changing to black or greenish, slightly rayed in the
half grown forms, and deep reddish black or jet black in the

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 61

adult, the red color predominating in the region of the umbones;
in some specimens the alate portion of the postero-dorsal por-
tion is strongly wrinkled; cardinal teeth very thick, elevated,
compressed, longer than wide, striated, two in the left and one
in the right valve; a single female examined had a second rudi-
mentary cardinal in the right valve; the posterior cardinal in
the left valve is wider, thicker and more elevated than the an-
terior cardinal; lateral teeth represented by elevated ridges;
that in the right valve is very thick and long and fits into a de-
pression in the left valve, the ridges on each side corresponding
to the lateral teeth in typical Unzo; posterior adductor muscle
scar excavated, striated, confluent, very wide; anterior adductor
muscle scar oval, wide, not so much impressed, confluent;
protractor pedis muscle scar very wide, impressed, striate; dorsal
muscle scars small; very deeply excavated, situated on the pos-
terior face of cardinal teeth; pallial line not much impressed;
cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre silvery white with a bluish
tinge, iridescent; in some specimens the whole en inside of
the pallial line is a deep salmon color.

Length, 135.00; height, 96.00; breadth, 39.00 mill. ¥ (9692).

y's 150.00; on 12 00: 3 48.00 “' © (From Milwaukee, Wis.)
a 108.00; “ 79.00; s PLS Uy gut d (9691).

x 45.00; =p 40.00; os IPA juvenile (10086).

gh 177.00; se 182.00; at 30.00 *' ov (13488).

mg 111.00; ss 76 00; us 53.00 ‘' Y (coll. Jensen).

u 120.00; uf 94.00; as paso: ws co (13084).

Anima/: Generally dark flesh color or salmon; ctenidia long
and narrow, outer crowded throughout with ova in the female,
half-moon shaped, rounded at both ends, scalloped on the
ventral border, chocolate brown in color, united above ajfid to
the opposite pair for their entire length; labial palpi tether
long, tongue shaped, color similar to the gills, united at base;
foot large, thin, rich salmon color; the abdomen pale salmon or
flesh color; siphons yellowish white inside, the tentacular
portion brownish black; mantle whitish, edged with black or
brownish; liver and cardiac pouch brownish.

Distribution : Mississippi and Ohio drainages; Great Lakes.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

fTabitat: Found on a muddy bottom, generally in rivers,
in water from'knee to fifteen feet in depth.

Remarks: This is a very characteristic species, found
generally in the larger rivers. It is at once distinguished from

62 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

all species by its squarish, heavy shell and peculiar, double
looped umbonal sculpture, this last character being peculiar to
the species. The female may be known by its more swollen
shell, which is very much rounded on the ventral border. The
very young shell (museum number 10086) shows the character-
istic marking of the umbones better than the adult form. (Plate
ix., fig. 4.) Pearls are frequently found in these species.

A single female specimen, from the Little Calumet River,
was examined April 6,1897. This specimen was very broad
and extremely alate. In this specimen the entire outer gills
were used as brood pouches, and the glocidia were very numer-
ous and active, closing their delicate shells frequently with
a sudden jerk. They measured .30 mill. in length, and the
byssus, adductor muscle and hooks on the valves were very
much developed and conspicuous. There isa great difference
between the male and female shells, so much so that they might
easily be mistaken for different species. The Little Calumet
River is the metropolis of this form, where it is largely and
finely developed.

GROUP OF ALASMODONTA MARGINATA.
7. Alasmodonta marginata Say, pl. iv., fig. 4; pl. vii., fig. 7; pl. xxii., fig. 3.

Anadonta marginata Say, Nich., Encycl., ed. 1, Vol. II, pl. iii, fig. 5.
1816.

Shell: Smooth or slightly wrinkled, inflated, more or less
quadrangular, rounded before and triangular behind, the apex
truncated and placed near the ventral margin; dorsal margin
curved, ventral margin straight or curved imward; umbonal
slopes broadly rounded, the anterior angle short and the posterior
angle long, wide and almost flat; surface marked by lines of
growth which are raised in various places, especially on the
posterior angle; umbones large, a trifle elevated, inflated, dark
brown in color and marked by three very coarse, undulating,
elevated ridges, and a single feeble one, each ridge forming two
slightly curved loops, all directed anteriorly; ligament wide,
not very long, very dark horn color; epidermis brownish or
greenish, with wide darker rays, extending from the umbones to
the ventral border, and dotted with black spots and dashes in
various places; the rays are not soconspicuous in old specimens
as in young ones; cardinal teeth not heavy, thin, elevated,
striated, one in the right and two in the left valve; lateral teeth
represented by a thickening of the hinge plate; anterior adduc-

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 63

tor muscle scar long, rather wide, deeply impressed, marked by
lines of growth; posterior adductor muscle scar wide and
spreading, not much impressed; protractor pedis muscle scar
not heavily impressed, marked by lines of growth, wider than
long, and connecting with the anterior adductor muscle scar
without a break; dorsal muscle scars situated on the anteriorface
of the cardinal teeth and in the cavity of the beaks, large and
deeply pitted; pallial line impressed; cavity of the beaks shal-
low; nacre bluish white, pearly, and iridescent on the edges of
the valves.
Length, 75.00; height, 42.00; width, 34.00 mill. (7159).
“61.00; ' 87.00; ‘ 25.00 “ — (7160).
OSs OON mines 28.00% ite, J 20FO0. <S (7161).

Animal: Anal opening rather large, without papille;
branchial opening very small, with delicate brown papille;
palpi not united at posterior edges; branchie large, curved
below, inner much larger, united to abdominal sac all the way
or partly free. Outer gill of female occupied throughout with
embryos. (Simpson.)

Distribution: ‘Western New York west to Iowa, Michigan
south to Louisiana.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In rivers and lakes, ona muddy bottom, in from
two to fifteen or twenty feet of water.

Remarks: A species at once distinguished by its heavy,
inflated shell and peculiarly marked unbones, the latter being
larger in proportion to the size of the shell than in any species
found in the region. In margina¢a the lower posterior angle is
directed downward, or only very slightly turned up, and the
whole posterior region appears truncated. The rays are some-
times very wide, dark green over a yellowish green background,
and without the black spots. Apparently confined to the
southern and western regions.

8. Alasmodonta deltoidea Lea, pl. vi., fig. 2; pl. vii., fig. 4.
Margaritana deltoidea Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2 series, Vol. VI.,
p. 43, pl. xiii., fig. 38, 1836.
Margaritana calceola Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2dseries, Vol. VI., pp.
135, 143, 148, 1838.

Shell: Rather thick, not inflated, quadrate, compressed on
the sides, rounded before and obtusely angular behind; dorsal
and ventral margins straight; surface roughened by lines of

tae |

64 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

growth, which are raised into ridges on the ventral portion of
the shell; umbones a little elevated, prominent, brownish in
color and marked by four coarse, elevated ridges, the apex
directed anteriorly; ligament short, narrow, very dark brown or
chestnut in color; epidermis brownish, with numerous dark
green rays of variable width extending from the beaks to the
ventral border; cardinal teeth small, elevated, thick, striated,
that in the right valve large, thick, longer than wide, that in the
left valve smaller, narrow, saddle shaped; lateral teeth repre-
sented by a thickening of the hinge line; anterior adductor
muscle scar long and narrow, deeply impressed, striated; poste-
rior adductor muscle scar almost as wide as long, scarcely im-
pressed, confluent; protractor pedis muscle scar small, long and
narrow, impressed; dorsal muscle scars situated on the poste-
rior face of the cardinal teeth, large, deeply impressed; pallial
line distinct; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre bluish, tinged
with salmon or pinkish on the anterior portion, iridescent.

Length, 41.00; height, 23.50; breadth, 15.50 mill. (10085).

a Stop l]U | St PE UU Be aaa 15.00 ‘* (10085).
a 20,00; * 4 tS 00; s* 12.50 ‘* (10092)
se 7 | aia 16.50. a 11:50 2a (8384);

Animal; Yellowish white on foot, flesh colored on abdomen;
mantle yellowish white edged with black; liver dark brown;
ctenidia of medium size, rounded and united above for their
entire length; labial palpi rather long, rounded, tongue shaped,
narrow, flesh colored; siphons rather large, edged with black.

Distribution: Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found associated with U. marginata.

Remarks: After an examination of numerous specimens I
am led to place ca/ceola in the synonymy of de/toidea. They
occupy the same localities and have the same general shape,
and the description of one will answer as well for the other. In
the female the shell is more produced posteriorly and also
a little wider; there is a decided ridge where the umbonal slope
meets the sides of the shell. This is a common little mollusk
and one which is easily distinguished by its small size, solid
shells and bright green rays. The umbonal markings are large
and well developed. Old specimens become very solid, and the
epidermis changes to almost black.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 65

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF UNIO.*

I. Shell generally thin, cardinal teeth but slightly developed, hinge
line slightly thickened.
a. Shell large, 45 mill. or more in length.
1. Umbones large and coarsely wrinkled.
7Ground color of shell yellowish horn with
dark green rays sometimes uniform dark
brownish or blackish; posterior end
broadly rounded, almost truncated.......... edentulus
+7Ground color of shell greenish straw or light
green with light green rays; posterior end
acutely rounded. Umbones not so coarsely
SUSARCULSDESTURARL hyo Seas BY abdhin dicrauarnd oy ase i atta yx Sea IN pavonius
2. Umbones small and finely wrinkled. .
7Color light green or blackish horn, shell
elliptical, posterior end broadly rounded

J EADS CODER UGOS e SOD DR Chin. 15 oC OEE RENE Serussacianus
7TColor yellowish horn, shell subcylindrical,
posterior end acutely pointed........... subcylindraceus
b. Shell small, long and narrow, 35 mill. in length....... hildrethianus

II. Shell generally solid, cardinal teeth well developed and hinge
line with well developed lateral teeth.
A. Shell smooth, with distinct rays.
1. Length 2% times height.
a. Epidermis yellowish, plain or distinctly rayed with

bright green, nacre white or pinkish................ anodontoides
b. Epidermis very dark green or black, rays faint, nacre
FIGHHPULMleL ae sete A ateere cdc ee marae Wlattere wy stacaria ait of oiaane ates rectus

2. Length about twice height.
a. Shell large, inflated laterally, cylindrical, rays very
ABO aecahag 8.508 5 u(ceriiln sss bayrceeh ait aiaepeasaietsia upelatnipiare ks «s luteolus
b. Shell smaller and more pointed posteriorly than a; rays
wide; shell much compressed.

+Rays interrupted forming square spots............ iris
77Rays not interrupted, continuous; larger
Bed Micke SAUGEHANGT iy csja debi n > Cnc ek een spatulatus

3. Length one-third greater than height.
a. Shell alate.
*Shell rather thin, lateral and cardinal teeth
thin and weak; color light yellowish with

PETE OTC TAS), bie og Miehccin sjeialn y tivwlastacb\d sia welere gracilis
+tShell solid, lateral and cardinal teeth solid;
color dark green or black with fine rays......... alatus

b. Shell not alate, rays in straight lines.
tShell inflated.
*Shell large, rays wide and few innumber.. . . ventricosus

*For the purpose of simplifying the work of determining the species of Unio, Stroph-
itus, Anodontoides, Quadrula, Obliquaria, Plagiola and Lampsilis, the author has made a
single key to contain all the species of these genera, thus doing away with the confusion
which would follow the splitting up and placing of the key among these newly-recognized
groups.

66 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

**Shell small, rays narrow and very numer-

OUS Soe acces igidscie > alae ee ena multiradiatus
7tShell compressed, rays wide with namerous
finer-ones, between. . .... .c eae ee eenee ligamentinus

c. Shell not alate, rays made up of zigzag dashes.
+Shell elliptical, posterior end very pointed
atid with a‘slight shoulder. 325-3. sacra donaciformis
++Shell trigonal, posterior end not so pointed
as +, and with a decided shoulder and also
a heavy, elevated ridge, extending from the

umbones to the ventral margin................ elegans
B. Shell smooth without rays.
a. Shell large, long and narrow, laterally compressed......... gibbosus

b. Shell large, more or less quadrate, short and high,
umbones depressed.
1. Shell almost quadrate, generally compressed,
hinge teeth rather light, and cardinal teeth
widely ‘diverping.ccs cccec cease ce elec sine sees « rubiginosus
2. Shellroundly elliptical, produced at the posterior
end, hinge teeth solid and heavy, and cardinal

teeth placed near together...3........000ces0- coccineus

c. Shell large, trigonal, umbones very much elevated and
WA Ated so 2. wc nie aw alo Be ee aes ae ee ea trigonus
d... Shell. very small; elliptical, thiny 5 i351, 35s cepee tee neo parvus

C. Shell large, surface coarsely wrinkled.
a. Umbones much elevated and inflated, posterior end

truncated; shell inflated. 1.5 djce cece 1 eee cee eae plicatus
b. OUOmbones depressed, not inflated, posterior end triangu-
lar,‘shell.compresseds.22.o2-00c0~ so dav> ne cue Hele Swe undulatus
D. Shell pustulose.
a. Pustules few and in the form of nodules........... ......: reflexus

b. Pustules numerous.
1. Shell compressed, orbicular, ventral border
rounded, pustules scattered over the surface. .verrucosus
2. Shell compressed, quadrate, ventral border ex-
cavated, pustules arranged in two series on
either side of a depressed bare spot.......... lacrymosus
3. Shell inflated, orbicular, pustules scattered over
the shell with no regard to system; pustules
DICSEHMOT ADSENES. wham tes eee: iene pustulosus

Genus STROPHITUS Rafinesque, 1820.

Shell: Inflated, rounded, rhomboid, rather thin, with a hard,
shining, often rayed epidermis; beak sculpture consisting of a
few coarse subparallel ridges, which bend slightly upward pos-
teriorly and are heaviest at the posterior angle of the shell with
fine radiating lines in front of and behind these ridges; hinge
line bent inward in front of the beaks; teeth rudimentary,
usually consisting of an irregular compressed ridge, which is

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 67

* often reflected upward beneath the beak of the left valve, and
one or two faint ridges in front of it on the right valve; laterals
generally wanting.

Animal: Anal opening minutely papillose or crenulated;
inner gill wholly or in part united to the abdominal sac; outer
gill of the female filled when gravid with ovisacs which run
crosswise with it and which probably empty through the outer
wall of the gill. (Simpson. )

9. Strophitus edentulus Say, pl. xii., figs. 3, 5, 6; pl. xvii., fig. 3.

Alasmodonta edentula Say, New Harmony Disseminator, Vol. II., No. 22,
p. 340, 1829.

Anodonta tetragona LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. X., p.
82, pl. viii., fig. 25, 1845.

Anodonta shafferiana Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. X., p.
288, pl. xxvi., fig. 56, 1852.

Anodonta arkansasensis Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. X.,
p. 2738, pl. xxix., fig. 56, 1852.

Alasmodonta rhombica ANTHONY, Amer. Journ. of Conch., Vol.I., p. 158,

1865.
Anodonta annulata Sows, REEVE, Conch, Icon., Vol. xvii., Anodon, pl.

xviii., fig. 67, 1869.

Shell; Rather solid, not much inflated, long-ovate or elliptical
in form, rounded before and obtusely angled behind, dosal mar-
gin slightly curved, ventral margin rounded; posterior margin
obtusely rounded and posterior slope sometimes angulated;
surface marked by strong lines of growth; umbones not much
elevated, yellowish -brown in color, eroded in adult specimens,
and marked by three very large and coarse ridges, and one or
two less conspicuous ones; the apex of the umbo is directed
anteriorly; ligament strong, dark brown in color; epidermis
light horn or yellowish brown with wide rays of dark green on
the lighter background; the rays disappear in old specimens
which become almost black; hinge line near the umbones rein-
forced by a tooth-like deposit which is a rudimentary cardinal
tooth; adductor muscle scars, pallial line and protractor pedis
muscle scar distinct but not impressed; dorsal muscle scars
situated on the anterior face of the cavity of the beaks, the latter
of medium depth; nacre bluish white, the cavity of the beaks and
center of the shell, in some specimens, being strongly tinged
with salmon; more or less iridescent.

Length, 68.00; height, 43.00; breadth, 26.00 mill. (8052).
o> eee ee. Oe ** 19:00. ‘'*),(9801).

i 760.005. #4 4400; *' 29.00 ‘ (coll. Jensen).
a 84,005 —F 45.00; ty 29.00 ‘* (12418).

68 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Animal; Generally brownish or yellowish brown in color, the:
mantle spotted with dark brown; ctenidia wide, not long,
broadly rounded before and behind, united above and to the
opposite pair throughout their entire length, brownish white in
color; labial palpi of the usual shape, large, coarsely laminated
inside, attached at base, dark yellowish brown in color on the
inside, and light yellowish on the outside; foot large, dark
flesh color shading into whitish on the abdomen; siphons
yellowish white inside, changing to brownish and finally to
black on theedge of the tentacular portion; anal opening minutely
papillose; branchial with large papille: between the beaks and
the pericardium the animal is pinkish. Heart pulsations regular,
numbering ten to eleven per minute. The heart was seen beating
for nearly half an hour after the animal was removed from the
shell. The outer gill of the female is used asa marsupium and
is filled with “‘ ovisacs which run crosswise with the gill.”

Distribution: Southern Canada, northern and central por-
tions of the United States.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat; Found in the larger lakes and rivers, on a muddy
bottom, in water from two to fifteen or more feet in depth.

Remarks: A widely distributed species, at once distinguished
by the semidentate margin and coarse umbonal sculpture.
When the interior is tinged with salmon it is one of our most
beautiful shells. Some forms have the umbones a trifle ele-
vated, and when in this state they greatly resemble some forms of
pavonius (see remarks under that species). The rays are very
variable and may be very distinct or hardly visible, and there is
also considerable variability in width.

10. Strophitus pavonius Lea, pl. iii., fig. 5; pl. v., fig. 3.
Anodonta pavonia Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. VI., p.
78, pl. xxi., fig. 65, 1839. ,
Anodonta wardiana Lra, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. VI., p.
46, pl. xiv., fig. 42, 1889.

Shell: Somewhat solid, a little inflated, elliptical, rounded
before and acutely rounded behind; dorsal margin almost
straight, ventral margin slightly rounded; surface smooth,
marked by fine lines of growth; umbones elevated, inflated,
light straw colored, marked by three strong elevated undulations,
the apex directed anteriorly; ligament rather strong, dark horn-
color; epidermis yellowish green, with light green rays extend-
ing from the umbones to the ventral margin; hinge line thick-

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 69

ened with a distinct cardinal tooth in each valve, anterior to the
apex of the umbo; muscle scars and pallial line distinct but
not impressed; dorsal muscle scars situated on the anterior face
of the cavity of the beaks, deep and very distinct; cavity of the
beaks rather deep; nacre bluish white, iridescent; in old spec-
imens the interior of the shell is tinged with salmon. .

Length, 69.00; height, 87.00; breadth, 28.00 mill. (coll. Jensen).
Ss 49.00; ie 28.00; a 20.00 '* (12946).

Animal: Not differing essentially from S. edentulus.
Distribution: Mississippi and Ohio valleys; Great Lakes.
Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Similar to that of S. edentulus.

Remarks: This species may be distinguished from edentulus
(which it greatly resembles, and of which it may be but a color
variety) by the following points: The umbones are more
inflated, and are situated nearer the center of the shell; the sculp-
ture of the beaks is finer. and less conspicuous; the ground color
of the shell is greenish andthe posterior end is acutely rounded.
The cardinal tooth is also much more developed. In the young,
the rays sometimes form broad bands of green. It is not at
all impossible for the species to ultimately become a synonym
of S. edentudus, as it is quite difficult to distinguish some forms
of the two species. Pavonius is not common in the area under
discussion,

Genus UNIO Relzius, 1788.

Shell: Oval to elongated, rather solid, generally having a
more or less developed posterior ridge and becoming arcuate
with age; epidermis mostly dull colored and soft, rarely rayed;
beak sculpture consisting of a few coarse ridges, nearly parallel
with the growth lines, sometimes a tendency toward being
double looped or to break into nodules. Cardinals (pseudo-
cardinals), two in the left valve and one (sometimes a small
second tooth) in the right valve, laterals, two in the left and
one (sometimes a small second tooth) in the right valve,
laterals sometimes blurred or undeveloped, cavity of the beaks
shallow.

Animal: Much like that of Anodonta, but generally having
papille more or less developed on the anal opening. Embryos
filling the entire outer gill of the female and forming a smooth,
even pad, not so swollen as in Anodonta.

70 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

GROUP OF UNIO GIBBOSUS.

11. Unio gibbosus Barnes, pl. xiv., figs. 3, 4; pl. xv., figs. 1, 2, 3. 4.
Unio gibbosus BARNES, Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol. VI.,
jolee dt fig. 12, 1823.
Unio arctior Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI., p. 10, pl. iv., fig. 10,
1834.
Unio dilatatus RAFINESQUE, Conrad in monograph, pl. xxi., 1838.

Shell: Of medium size, elongately elliptical, thick and heavy,
compressed, rounded before and obtusely pointed behind;
dorsal and ventral margins slightly curved or rounded; surface
decidedly roughened by growth lines; umbones not elevated,
compressed, yellowish brown, marked by five or six large wavy
ridges; the umbones are directed anteriorly; anterior umbonal
slope rounded; posterior slope rather flat, forming an angle with
the sides of the shell; ligament long, rather wide, stout, dark
horn or black; epidermis brownish or blackish, plain, sometimes
reddish, and showing very light traces of rays; cardinal teeth
small, double in both valves; the anterior tooth in the right
valve very small, the posterior tooth elevated, triangular, thick,
serrated, in the left valve equal, elevated, pyramidal, striated;
lateral teeth long, lamellar, thick, serrated, sometimes tending
to become double in the right valve; anterior adductor muscle
scar large, deeply impressed, very strongly striated; posterior
adductor muscle scar longer than wide, rather lightly
impressed, concentrically striated; protractor pedis muscle scar
wider than long, deeply impressed, striated; dorsal muscle scars
situated below the hinge line posterior to the cardinal teeth,
deeply impressed; pallial line impressed on the anterior part of
the shell, crenulate; cavity of the beaks very shallow; nacre
silvery white, salmon or purple, the purple being frequently
confined to the center of the shell, below the hinge.

Length, 82.00; height, 36.00; breadth, 20.00 mill. ( (8423).

“ 66.00: “ 84.00; ‘ 20.00 “ Q (7388).
“73.00; “ 33.00; ‘ 19.00 “ (10087).
“85.00; =‘ 85.50; “ 19.00 @ (12412).

Animal: Yellowish brown in color, shading into creamy
white; near the anterior part, the mantle edged with black,
especially about the siphonal portion; anal opening of medium
size with small papilla; branchial opening larger with good
sized papille; ctenidia long, rather wide, ends rounded,
united above throughout their entire length, the outer ctenidium
the smaller; labial palpi small, triangular, united at base, and

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY, 71

for nearly the whole length of the posterior margin; liver dark
brown. Pulsations of the heart regular, twenty per minute.
Another animal examined had but fourteen heart pulsations.

Distribution: ‘Western New York to Minnesota and Kan-
sas; south to Texas and east to Georgia. (Call. )

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In muddy rivers, in from ten to fifteen feet of
water.

Remarks: A common and widely distributed species,
recognized by its dull brown shell. It varies greatly in its
length, some specimens being short and stumpy, and others
long and narrow, in this form much resembling ZLampsilis rectus.
The umbonal sculpture is very pronounced, and helps notalittle
to distinguish the species. In some specimens there are faint
indications of dark rays, but the typical form is entirely rayless.
The nacre varies from pinkish white to very deep purple, andin
this state very much resembles Lampszlis rectus. It is widely
distributed, being found in the northern, western and southern
regions.

GROUP OF UNIO HILDRETHIANUS.

12. Unio hildrethianus Lea’, pl. v., fig. 4.
Margaritana hildrethiana Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., Vol. IV., p.
49. *

Shell: Small, long, compressed, thin, rounded before
and broadly rounded behind; dorsal and ventral margins
straight; surface smooth, the growth lines distinct and consider-
ably elevated on the anterior parts; umbones small, prominent
but not much elevated, dark brown in color and marked by three
or four elevated wrinkles arranged in a double loop; ligament
rather short and narrow, light horn color; epidermis yellowish,
greenish or brownish, sometimes streaked with reddish brown,
perfectly plain; cardinal teeth very small, thick, depressed;
lateral teeth barely indicated by a thickening of the hinge line;
muscle scars very broad, scarcely impressed, lightly striated;
dorsal muscle scars very small, deep; pallial linea trifle im-
pressed; cavity of the beaks very shallow; nacre bluish with a
white patch on the anterior part, iridescent. There is a pecu-
liar “bulge”? extending from the umbones diagonally to the
postero-ventral border.

Length, 41.50; height, 19.50; breadth, 12.50 mill. (12949). ©
88.00; “ 18.00; ‘ 11.00 " (12049). g
*Mr. Simpson states that the generic position of this species is doubtful, and that it may

take generic rank by itself; Mr. Simpson has been unable, as has alsothe author, to find
specimens in a perfectly gravid condition.

3, THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Animal: Anal opening small, black, without papille;
branchial opening rather large with crowded papillze; mantle
border decidedly thickened; inner gill larger in front, free
from the abdominal sac a short distance posteriorly; gills not
united to each other to the posterior extremity, but joined to the
mantle to their posterior end. Outer gill contained a few ova
in the specimens examined. (Simpson. )

Distribution: Great Lakes and Mississippi Valley.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In rivers and creeks, under stones and other
objects. It is also found in mud which is free from débris.

Remarks: A small and characteristic species which is at
once distinguished from all other species found in this region
by its fragile shell, delicate hinge armature and minute beak
sculpture. Next to Lampsilis parvus, it is the smallest species
found in the region. The individuals from Hickory Creek are
wonderfully uniform in shape and are readily identified by the
peculiar swelling of the postérior part of the shell. This species
also seems to be restricted to the Desplaines River and its trib-
utaries, and is very abundant; when one is found, dozens or
even hundreds of individuals may be found near by.

* *K *K

Ovules filling the entire outer gill Of the female, ovisacs

short, running crosswise of the gill. (Simpson. )

Genus ANODONTOIDES* Simpson, 1898. New genus.

Shell: Elongate oval, inflated, thin, with a smooth, bright
epidermis, which is often faintly rayed; beaks full, beak
sculpture much as in Strophitus, but less developed and more
delicate, consisting of a few concentric ridges with slight radi-
ating ridges behind but not in front; hinge line slightly
incurved in front of the beaks; teeth wanting or reduced to mere
vestiges; nacre not brilliant.

Animal: Anal opening furnished with distinct papille; all
four gills filled with embryos; inner branchiz united, wholly or
in part, with the abdominal sac. (Simpson.)

13. Anodontoides ferussacianus Lea, pl. iii., fig. 6; pl. v., fig. 2.
Anodonta ferussaciana Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. V.,
p. 45, pl. vi., fig. 15, 1887.

Shell; Rather thin, moderately inflated (much inflated pos-

*The writer used the name Anodontopsis for this genus in his mollusks of Western
New York (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. VIII., p. 76); Mr. Simpson has since stated
that the name was preoccupied by McCoy for a genus of fossil Pelecypoda, hence the change
of the name as above,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 73

teriorly in the female); elliptical, rounded before and obtusely
angled, or rounded behind; dorsal margin straight, ventral mar-
gin rounded; surface marked by rather coarse lines of growth;
umbones a trifle elevated, inflated, greenish gold in color when
not eroded, and marked by three or four small, but well defined
ridges directed anteriorly; anterior umbonal slope short and»
rounded; posterior slope long and somewhat flattened; ligament
weak, light brown in color; epidermis light green, yellowish
green or brownish, with numerous wide, dark green rays,
extending from the umbones to the ventral margin; the umbones
are not rayed; there is generally a dark brown line near the
ventral border in the young, marking an old rest period; hinge
line straight, feeble, only very slightly thickened, the cardinal
teeth but slightly developed; muscle scars and pallial line very
faint; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre bluish white, iridescent.

Length, 56.00; height, 32.50; repens 21.00 mill. ¢ (9841).

i 55.00; ‘* 29.00; 21.00 ‘ Gy (9841).

< eee APP? CEOIGU,® e84 (o 27.00 ‘ of (8422).

3 81.00; ‘* 42.00; ch 40.00 ‘* ® (coll. Jensen).
‘s 74,00; 88,00; ‘ R00 4 Gh" a

Animal; Generally light flesh color or white and transparent;
ctenidia very wide but not very long, yellowish white, rounded
at both ends, united above throughout their entire length; right
and left pair not entirely united, leaving a space about half an
inch, where they hang free; all four bronchiz filled with ovules
in the female; labial palpi wide, large, tongue shaped, dark
flesh color with a patch of yellowish white on the dorsal margin,
united at base; siphons thick, papillose variegated with cinna-
mon brown, the extreme border edged with black; mantle white
and transparent, edged with black; liver dark brown; abdomen
pearly white; foot large and muscular; heart pulsation regular,
sixteen per minute.

Distribution: Mississippi River drainage and St. Lawrence
drainage. New York west to Dakota, Southern Canada south
to Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found commonly in lakes and rivers, on a muddy
bottom.

Remarks: Distinguished from all other species found in
this region by its grass green color, minute umbonal sculpture
and delicate rays. It is found associated with SS. edentulus, A.
grandis, A. pressus and L. luteolus, all of which are mud loving

74 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

species. As the shell increases with age, the greenish epidermis
is replaced by a brownish covering without rays. The females
generally have a more inflated shell posteriorly than the male.

Mr. Simpson remarks as follows on gravid examples of this
species which he has examined: “I found examples of 4.
ferussaciana in which all four of the gills were filled with
embryos, the outer enormously distended, the inner moderately
filled. I have found others in which only the outer gill was
filled, and still others with the outer gillonly partly filled. The
inner gill may empty first or it may be filled only under favora-
ble circumstances.”

14. Anodontoides subcylindraceus Lea, pl. iv., fig. 4; pl. vi., fig. 1.

Anodonta subcylindracea Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. VI.,
p. 106, pl. xxiv., fig. 117, 1839.

Shell: Somewhat thin, subcylindrical or elliptical, rounded
before and triangulate behind, the apex of the angle truncated or
rounded; dorsal and ventral margins nearly straight in the
female, and ventral border rounded in the male; surface marked
by distinct lines of growth, with several dark lines marking
former rest periods; umbones but little elevated, rusty brown
or greenish goldin color, but generally eroded, and with four
small distinct elevated ridges, directed anteriorly; posterior slope
almost flat, subangulated, but not much excavated; ligament
rather short, narrow, dark horn color; epidermis greenish or
greenish yellow, varying from plain to rayed, the green rays being
numerous, rather wide, and radiating from the umbones to the
ventral border; hinge line straight, a trifle thickened, with a bare
indication of cardinal teeth anterior to the umbones; muscle scars
and pallial line distinct but not impressed; cavity of the beaks
shallow; nacre silvery white, with a shade of bluish, sometimes
pure white under the beaks, iridescent.

Length, 69.00; height, 36.00; breadth, 26.00 mill. ¥ (12948).
4: 65/005..." “es 82.00; ‘ 24.50 ‘* © (coll. Jensen).
4 74.00; ‘ 38.00; 29.50 ‘* ¥$ (13032).

Animal; Generally whitish or yellowish; mantle white edged
with brownish black, the tentacular portion darker; ctenidia
long and narrow, rounded at both ends and united above their
entire length, yellowish in color; labial palpi rounded, not large,
united at base, yellowish in color; foot of good size, whitish or
yellowish; the abdomen whitish; tentacles small, blackish

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 75

brown. The outer gills were distended with young April 12,
1897, and were of a deep chocolate color. Glocidia, as well as
eggs in the morula stage, were very numerous, the former very
active. Normally all four gills are used as marsupia.

Distribution: Ullinois and Michigan to Ohio and western
New York.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In small rivers and creeks, on a muddy bottom.

Remarks: This species may be distinguished from 4.
' ferussacianus, with which it is very closely related and may be
but a variety, by the greenish gold color of the umbones and its
general cylindroid shape. The males are not so cylindrical as
the females, and have the posterior end very pointed while in the
female it is rounded. The species also varies in color, some
being plain yellowish brown, while others are greenish yellow
rayed with grass green. Itis not as common as /erussacianus,
and is found in the Desplaines River and its tributaries, the
north branch of the Chicago River and Lake Michigan. Some
forms are of a uniform yellowish horn color, without rays of any
kind.

* K **

Ovules filling all four gills of female, ovisacs not separated
by a sulcus. (Simpson.)

Genus QUADRULA Rafinesque, 1820.

Shell: Solid, triangular to rhomboidal with a well devel-
oped posterior ridge and generally dark or only feebly rayed
epidermis, and in age often showing a tendency to become
arcuate on the base; beaks high, usually curved forward, their
sculpture consisting of a fewrather heavy ridges, either nearly
parallel with the growth lines or showing a tendency to fall into
an anterior and posterior loop; hinge plate heavy, with the teeth
arranged much as in Plagio/a; cavity of the beaks deep and
compressed; muscle scars well defined, anterior scar deep.
There is often in this genus a decided lunule under and just in
front of the beaks which is most conspicuous in the more solid,
inflated forms.

Animal: Anal opening with only minute papille or none;
all four gills of the female being transformed throughout into
marsupia when gravid; ovisacs not separated bya sulcus; inner
gill generally free from the abdominal sac. (Simpson. )

76 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

GROUP OF QUADRULA TRIGONA.

15. Quadrula trigona Lea, pl. xv., fig. 5.
Unio trigonus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 110, pl. xvi.,

fig. 40, 1831.

Unio chunii Lea, Jour. Phil. Acad., Vol. V., p. 196, pl. xxvii., fig. 265,
1862.

Unio viddellii Lea, Jour. Phil. Acad., Vol. V., pp. 197-8, pl. xxvii., fig.
267, 1862.

Shell: Trigonal, thick and heavy, much inflated, broadly
rounded before and behind, the posterior margin being pro-
duced ventrally; dorsal margin curved, ventral margin more or
less sinuous; surface more or less shining, roughened by lines
of growth; umbones large, elevated, inflated, dark brown,
directed anteriorly and unmarked except by growth lines; ante-
rior umbonal slope short and flatly rounded, posterior slope
strongly angled, with an excavation on each side of the angle
which reaches from the apex to the ventral border, where it
forms a decided beak-like projection; viewed anteriorly the
shell is strongly heart shaped, resembling in this respect some
cardia, particularly /socardia cor; ligament short, wide, stout,
very dark brown or black; epidermis reddish or blackish horn,
unmarked by rays; cardinal teeth double in the left and single
in the right valve, very stout, generally not much elevated,
triangular, diverging, very deeply grooved and striated; lateral
teeth short, solid, elevated, lamellar, serrated, directed and
curved ventrally; the right lateral and the lower left lateral
have each a depression and rudiment of an additional tooth;
connecting bridge thick, wide, flat, smooth; anterior adductor
muscle scar forming a truncated oval, very deeply excavated,
striated; posterior adductor muscle scar oval, well impressed,
Striated; protractor pedis muscle scar wider than long, deeply
impressed, striated; retractor pedis muscle scar oval, very deeply
pitted, striated; dorsal muscle scars situated on the posterior face
of the cardinal teeth and the under side of the connecting bridge,
deep, large; pallial line impressed; cavity of the beaks ‘deep;
nacre silvery white, more or less iridescent.

Length, 47.00; height, 50.00; breadth, 40.00 mill. Mississippi River, Wis.
ap Bd 50 rk 45.00; aie aiUE 1 Une if: ff
“s 60:00; 9" 43.00; ‘s 380.00 ‘' Calumet River (Hybrid /).

ae

Animal; Anal opening smali, only slightly crenulated;
branchial opening with stumpy brown papille; inner gill the

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 77

larger, ashy salmon, free from the abdominal sac; all four gills
moderately filled with embryos throughout. (Simpson.)

Distribution: ‘Western New York to Minnesota, and
Iowa, and Kansas;to Texas, east to Mississippi and Ten-
nessee.”’ (Call.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In the larger rivers, on a muddy bottom, in
rather deep water.

Remarks: A very distinct species, at once recognized by
its heavy trigonal form, elevated umbones and cordate appear-
ance when viewed anteriorly. Specimens have been found
fossil on an old lake beach, now half a mile from the lake, while
digging foundations for new buildings. They were found at a
depth of from five to ten feet below the surface. One specimen
found while digging a cellar on Hall Street seems to be inter-
mediate between /rigona and rudiginosa; it has the length and
height of rudigimosa and the trigonal and inflated shape of
trigona. The cardinal teeth are more elevated and deeply
sulcated in some specimens than in others, and some forms are
longer in proportion to their height. So far as known it is
found only in the Calumet River, in which stream Messrs. T.
Jensen and H. B. Derr found each a single dead specimen. The
individual collected by Mr. Derr seems to be a cross between
rubiginosa and ¢rigona, having the length and general shape of
the former and the inflated and elevated umbones of the latter.
16. Quadrula rubiginosa Lea, pl. xix., fig. 2; pl. xx., fig. 1.

Unio rubiginosus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., p. 409, pl.

viii., fig. 10, 1829.

Unio flavus RAFINESQUE, Conrad in monograph, p. 74, pl. xli., fig. 2,
1837.

Shell; Elliptical or quadrate, rather thick, compressed,
sometimes constricted in the center of the shell, incrassate,
rounded before, squarely truncated behind; dorsal border
slightly curved; ventral border straight or curved; surface
roughened by lines of growth, which are elevated into sharp
ridges; umbones a trifle elevated, inflated, light yellowish
brown, marked by five or six heavy, elevated, rounded ridges;
anterior umbonal slope rounded; posterior slope angulated,
excavated in some specimens; ligament short, wide, solid, very
dark brown; epidermis dark horn colored or yellowish, darker
in old specimens, and with very faint indications of rays in
young specimens; cardinal teeth double in both valves, about

78 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

equal in the left valve, and the anterior tooth small and rudi-
mentary in the right, all stout, heavy, a trifle elevated,
triangular, very heavily sulcated; lateral teeth long, wide, thick,
heavy, pyramidal when studied in cross-section, serrated,
directed toward the ventral margin; connecting plate between
cardinal and lateral teeth flat, thick, not much spreading;
anterior adductor muscle scar mussel shaped, very deeply exca-
vated, concentrically and longitudinally striated; posterior
adductor muscle scar rounded, impressed, concentrically striated;
protractor pedis muscle scar wider than long, deeply impressed,
striated; dorsal muscle scars situated on the posterior face of the
cardinal teeth, deeply impressed; pallial line crenulated,
impressed; cavity of the beaks deep; nacre silvery white with a
tinge of salmon near the cavity of the beaks, and on the anterior
part, iridescent.

Length, 64.00; height, 45.00; breadth, 27.00 mill. (8869).

69.00; *" 49.00; = «80-50 (7764).
“40.00; ‘ 80.00; ‘ 22.50 ** (7764).
“ 7900; ‘ 60.00; ‘ 33.00 ‘* (18441).

Animal; Generally brownish slate color, except on the
foot which is dark flesh or salmon; ctenidia short and wide,
rounded before and behind, united above, and to the opposite
pair, throughout their entire length, the inner one the larger;
color of ctenidia bluish; labial palpi tongue shaped, united at
base and for a short distance posteriorly; foot very thick;
siphonal openings brownish, the anal small and almost smooth;
the branchial larger, with dark flesh or salmon colored papille;
edge of mantle brown; liver yellowish brown; between the
beaks and the pericardium the animal is bluish white. The
abdomen is of a beautiful pearl color, and the mantle is some-
times pink or salmon colored. Four gills used as marsupia.

Distribution: New York west to Iowa, Michigan south to
Louisiana and Alabama.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found rather plentifully in the larger rivers, on a
muddy bottom, in water from a foot to twenty feet or more in
depth.

Remarks: A species showing considerable variation, espe-
cially in the shape of the posterior portion, and in its corpulency.
It is always dark colored. Some specimens approach very
closely to ¢v/gona. The form is also confounded, by many con-
chologists, with coccinea, but that species is more rounded and

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 79

lacks the angulate character of the posterior slope; the cardinal
teeth also present some differences, being more massive and ¢
diverging in coccinea than in the present species. The plate of
the lateral teeth is also broader in coccinea. Specimens ex-
amined June 2, 1897, had both gills filled with embryos.
17. Quadrula coccinea Lea, pl. xiv., fig. 1; pl. xix., fig. 3.
Unio coccineus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI., p. 12, pl. v., fig.
12, 1884.
Unio gouldii (gouldianus) Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. X., p. 76, pl.
vi., fig. 16, 1845.

Shell: Roundly quadrate, or roundly elliptical, somewhat
compressed, thick and solid; rounded before, squarely truncated
behind, sometimes much produced; dorsal and ventral borders
curved; surface roughened by growth lines which are more or
less sharp and elevated; umbones elevated, rather compressed,
reddish brown, marked by three large, elevated, undulating
wrinkles and numerous fine growth lines; anterior umbonal
slope rounded, posterior slope flat, subangulated, and some-
times excavated; ligament short, wide, strong, very dark brown
or horn; epidermis brownish or reddish brown, shining; cardinal
teeth double in both valves, nearly equal in the left, the anterior
tooth but a rudiment in the right valve, all depressed, triangu-
lar, thick, heavy, strongly serrated, the anterior tooth in the left
valve being long and narrow; lateral teeth rather long, elevated,
lamellar, serrated, directed ventrally; the single lateral in the
right valve has a depression into which the ventral tooth in the
left valve fits; connecting plate between the teeth wide and
spreading, thin, flat, smooth; anterior adductor muscle scar a
Jittle longer than wide, deeply excavated, rounded below, trun-
cated above, striated; posterior adductor muscle scar roundly
quadrate, slightly impressed, striate, confluent; protractor pedis
muscle scar wider than long, very deeply excavated, striated;
dorsal muscle scars situated on the posterior face of the poste-
rior cardinal tooth in the left valve very deep, long and narrow;
cavity of the beaks shallow; pallial line barely visible; nacre
rose, pink or salmon pink, iridescent; in some specimens the
nacre is white.

Length, 52.50; height, 39.50; breadth, 20.00 mill. (10088).
a 1.0

61.00; ‘ 56.00; ot 33.00 ‘* (12992). Hybrid.
a THOO;) > 82. °60,00: te 28.00 '' (12944),
a 66.00; ‘ 54.00; 32.00. ** (12944),

Animal; Generally a delicate flesh color, shading to bluish

80 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

white about the adductor muscles anda part of the foot and
abdomen, which latter is yellowish; ctenidia short and wide,
rounded before and behind, united above and to the opposite
pair throughout their entire length; labial palpi triangular, yel-
lowish at base and bluish white at tip, united at base and partly
on the posterior side; foot large, flesh colored; siphonal open-
ings yellowish inside shading to brownish; anal opening slightly
crenulated, small; branchial with numerous brownish or blackish
papille; edge of mantle black; liver dark brown. Four gills
used as marsupia.

Distribution: Mississippi and Ohio valleys.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Flabitat: In rivers, in soft, black mud.

Remarks: This species is closely related to Q. rwbiginosa,
but may be distinguished by its inflated umbones, roundly
elliptical shell, produced postero-ventral margin and its heavy
cardinal teeth. In some specimens the pink nacre serves asa
distinguishing character, but only about thirty per cent are thus
colored, the others having awhite nacre. The young more nearly
resemble rudiginosa, but as they beome older the characters of
coccinea become more pronounced. In the DuPage River a
form is sparingly found, which Prof. R. E. Call says is a cross
between this species and either ¢vigona or rubiginosa. As rubig-
inosa is the only other form of this group found in the DuPage
River, the cross must be between these two species. The cross
has a thicker and more quadrate shell than the typical form.
This is a very significant fact, which may account for much of
the perplexity attending the identification of the Unionide. The
species seems to be confined to the Desplaines River drainage.

GROUP OF QUADRULA PLICATA.

18. Quadrula plicata Lesueur, pl. xxvi., fig. 1.
Unio plicatus Lesuzur, Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., p. 409,

1829.

Unio rariplicata LaMaRck, Animaux sans vertebres, ed. 1818, Vol. VI., p.
Wale

Unio hippopaeus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. X., p 67, pl.
i., fig. 1, 1845.

Shell: Broadly elliptical, plicate, very thick and solid,
inflated, rounded before and quadrate behind; dorsal and
ventral borders almost straight; surface heavily marked by
growth lines and by from four to six rather heavy plications
which extend in a diagonal direction across the shell, passing

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 81

from the upper part of the shell toward the ventral part; umbones
large, elevated, inflated, dark horn color, marked by about five
fine, diverging wrinkles; anterior umbonal sloperounded, short;
posterior slope long, obtusely angular, excavated; ligament
long, wide, stout, very dark brown or horn color; epidermis
black or reddish brown; cardinal teeth double in both valves,
the anterior smallest in both valves, but that in the right
valve much smaller; all depressed, stout, triangular, very
deeply grooved and channeled; lateral teeth long, stout,
thick, elevated, serrated, directed ventrally; connecting plate
thick, wide, smooth; anterior adductor muscle scar_ kid-
ney shaped, very deeply impressed, very strongly marked
by elevated ridges; posterior adductor muscle scar truncated-
oval, distinct but not much impressed, striated; protractor pedis
muscle scar wider than long, very deeply excavated, striated and
strongly pitted; dorsal musclescars large, very deeply impressed,
one in each valve situated on the under side of the connecting
bridge; pallial line crenulated, impressed; cavity of the beaks
deep; nacre silvery white, pearly on the posterior portion.

Length, 79.00; height, 64.00; breadth, 50.00 mill. (coll. Handwerk).
- SOG sac GasO0 a 52,00 '' (138003).

Animal; Analopening very large, only slightly crenulated;
branchial opening very large with many small papille; palpi
long and falcate, united above and behind; gills large, inner
much the larger, free from the greater part of the abdominal
sac; not gravid. (Simpson.)

Distribution: Western New York to Arkansas and Iowa,
Michigan to Alabama and Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In the larger rivers, in rather deep water, generally
on a muddy bottom.

Remarks: Plicata is generally confounded with wxdulata
Barnes, but there is no good reason for this, as they are quite dis-
tinct and easily separated. P/icata is always strongly inflated
at the umbones, which are much elevated, and the shell is gen-
erally broader than undulata. The undulations are fewer in the
present species and are differently arranged. In undulata the
umbones are flat and depressed, and the whole shell is com-
pressed. The cardinal teeth are proportionately heavier in the
present species. It does not seem to be very common in this
area, and is confined to the lower part of the Desplaines River.

82 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

19. Quadrula undulata Barnes, pl. xxii., fig. 1, 2; pl. xii., fig. 1.

Unio undulatus BARNES, Am. Jour. of Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol. VI.,
p- 120, fig. 2, 1823.

Unio costatus RaFINESQUE, Conrad, Monograph of Unio, p. 17, pl. vii.,
1836.

Unio latecostatus Lea, Trans. Am. Phil. Soc., Vol. X., p. 68, pl. i., fig. 2,
1845.

Unio pilsbryi Marsu, The Nautilus, Vol. V., p. 1, 1891; Vol. VII., pl. i.,
figs. 7, 8, 1893 (vide Call).

Shell: Quadrately elliptical, undulate, compressed, very
thick and heavy, rounded before and obtusely triangular
behind; dorsal margin straight, ventral margin slightly rounded;
surface roughened by lines of growth which are raised into thin
scales on the ventral border; umbones'‘not elevated, somewhat
inflated, brownish horn color, marked by five coarse, diverging,
rounded ridges; anterior umbonal slope short, rounded; poste-
rior slope long, flatly rounded; ligament long, narrow, thick,
reddish or blackish horn color; epidermis reddish brown or
blackish; the whole surface of the shell is marked by coarse
undulations extending in a diagonal] direction across the surface,
in most specimens bifurcating; five or six large undulations are
generally present with several smaller ones; cardinal teeth
double in both valves, about equal in the left, and the anterior
much the smaller in the right valve, all but the latter heavy,
thick, triangular, diverging, very deeply striated and grooved;
lateral teeth long, thick, more or less elevated, slightly
curved ventrally, serrated; connecting plate between the teeth
thick, flat, smooth; adductor muscles and frotractor pedis
scar as in p/icata; dorsal muscle scars numerous, of good
size, deeply pitted, situated on the posterior face of the
cardinal tooth and on the under side of the connecting plate;
pallial line very deeply impressed, crenulated; cavity of the
beaks broad, shallow; nacre silvery white, iridescent on the
posterior portion.

Length, 131.00; height, 88.00; breadth, 52.00 mill. (9321).

86.00; es 65.00; ‘ 33.00 ‘ (9347).
83:00;; .*? 60.00; . 31.50 * (9526).
a 150:00;) ,-%:) 108,00; = 60.00 *' (coll. Jensen).

Animal: Creamy white, light brown on abdomen and upper
portions; anal and branchial openings large, the former slightly
crenulated and the latter with numerous small papillz; poste-
rior part of mantle yellowish brown, edged with black,
especially near the two siphons; liver darker in color than the

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 83

abdomen; ctenidia short and wide, rather pointed behind,
rounded before, the inner ctenidium the larger, united above
throughout their entire length; labial palpi large, elongately
oval or tongue shaped, united as is usual in this genus; foot
large and muscular; pulsations of the heart very regular, eleven
to twelve per minute. Four gills used as marsupia.

Distribution: New York and Georgia west to Kansas and
Dakota, Michigan south to Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Sameas that of Unio gibbosus.

Remarks: ‘The writer has noted the principal differences
between this species and A/icata under the latter species. There
was considerable variation among the specimens of this species
examined. The second cardinal in the right valve may be
almost half as large asthe posterior cardinal or it may be
absent; there is also every degree of undulation, from a condi-
tion almost smooth (9347) to one in which the ridges are large
and finely developed. Unio pilsbryi Marsh seems to be founded
on one of these variations. This is a rather common species and
is widely distributed, being found in most parts of the area. It
has been found fossil in a cellar dug on the corner of Frederick
and North Clark Streets, about half a mile fromthe present lake
shore. Very large and fine specimens weighing 1 lb. 10 oz.
have been collected by Mr. Jensen in the Little Calumet River.
The specimens from this locality are very rugose and. show a
tendency toward Q. mu/tiplicata.

GROUP OF QUADRULA LACHRYMOSA.

20. Quadrula lachrymosa Lea, pl. xxiv., fig 1; pl. xii., fig. 2.

Unio lachrymosus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., p. 272, pl. vi.,
fig. 8, 1827.

Unio asperrimus LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 71, pl. v., fig.
3, 1880-1.

Unio guadratus, RAFINESQUE, Say, Amer. Conch., pl. lii., 1834.

Unio lunulatus Pratt, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., Vol. I., pl. xxxi., fig.
1, 1870.

Shell: Quadrate, compressed, solid and heavy, pustulose;
rounded before and squarely truncated behind; dorsal margin
straight or slightly curved; ventral portion with an excavation
near the posterior end; surface roughened by growth lines and
covered with pustules which are arranged in two series on either
side of a smooth depression situated in the center of the shell,
and extending from the umbones to the ventral border, at the

84 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

excavation spoken of above; the anterior set of pustules is
arranged in a narrow line, but the posterior set covers all of the
posterior part where they are long and narrow and directed
toward the posterior border; the majority of the pustules are
small and rounded, but there are one or two very large ones
near the ventral and central part which are longer than wide;
the pustules are more numerous about the umbonal region than
on any other part of the shell and the anterior part of the shell
is always free from them; umbones small, compressed, light
brown, marked by numerous small pustules; anterior umbonal
slope rounded, posterior slope pustulose, forming an angle;
ligament short, wide, solid, very dark brown; epidermis yel-
lowish green, obscurely rayed with dark green; cardinal teeth
stout, triangular, diverging, heavily grooved, double in both
valves as in vefiexa; lateral teeth long, narrow, serrated,
directed ventrally; connecting bridge solid, flat, smooth; anterior
adductor muscle scar forming a_ truncated oval, deeply
impressed, striated; posterior adductor muscle scar scarcely
visible, confluent; Avotractor pedis muscle scar oval, deeply
impressed, striated; dorsal muscle scars numerous, small (large
exceptionally), deeply pitted, situated on the posterior face of
the cardinal teeth and on the under side of the connecting
bridge; pallial line impressed, especially anteriorly, crenulated;
cavity of the beaks deep; nacre silvery white, iridescent, espe-
cially on the posterior part of the shell.

Length, 60.00; height, 47.00; breadth, 28.00 mill. (9696).

“68.00; = 58.50; ' 25.00 “ (18088).
“86.00; ‘ 70.00; ‘ 39.00 * (18442).
“30.00; 21.00; = 18.00 * (18442 juv.)

Animal: Pearly white, tinged with flesh color; ctenidia
small, long and somewhat narrow, rounded at both ends, the
inner one the larger, united above for their entire length, but
the opposite pair united to its fellow pair for but three-quarters
of the distance; color of gills light flesh; labial palpi of same
color as gills, large and wide, tongue shaped, united at base;
foot rather large, flesh colored; abdomen pearl colored, tinged
with flesh, sometimes iridescent; mantle pearly or flesh colored,
with a line of pearl colored vertical fibers running clear around
near the border; the ventral border edged with brown; anal and
branchial openings large, brownish, the former crenulated and
the latter papillose; liver brownish; heart very active and

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 85

regular, pulsations thirty-one to thirty-three per minute. Four
gills used as marsupia.

Distribution: ‘Western New York to Kansas and Minne-
sota, and south to Texas and Alabama. (Call. )

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found in the larger lakes and rivers, on a muddy
or sandy bottom, in somewhat shallow water.

Remarks: This is a characteristic and somewhat rare
species in this area, and it is one of our most beautiful Unios.
The pustulate character of the posterior margin is quite unique,
some of the larger pustules being shaped like the nodules in
Obliguaria rejiexa. So far as known, it is confined to the south-
ern region, and the specimens are of medium size, yellowish
green faintly rayed with grass green. In old specimens the
shell becomes a dark chestnut brown.

GROUP OF QUADRULA PUSTULOSA. ~

21. Quadrula verrucosa Barnes, pl. xxiii.
Unio verrucosus BARNES, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Art, lst series, Vol. VI.,
p. 123, fig. 6, 1823.

Shell: Ovately quadrate, thick, heavy, pustulate, com-
pressed, rounded before and squarely truncated behind; dorsal
margin nearly straight, ventral margin generally rounded but
sometimes nearly straight; surface strongly roughened by
growth lines and profusely covered with tubercles and pustules
on all but the anterior portion, the pustules being wider than
long and following the direction of the growth lines; the pus-
tules are more numerous in the center of the shell than else-
where; umbones small, prominent but not elevated, somewhat
inflated, strongly directed anteriorly, brown in color, marked by
numerous heavy, wavy ridges, which extend for a considerable
distance toward the ventral part of the umbonal slope; anterior
umbonal slope rounded, posterior flat, somewhat alate, or
slightly excavated, forming a shoulder; ligament long, wide,
stout, very dark horn color; epidermis uniform dark brown;
cardinal teeth single in the right and double in the left (there
is almost always a very small tooth-like projection in the right
valve, near the lunule, which is without doubt a rudimentary
second cardinal), flattened, large, solid, triangular, deeply
grooved, diverging in the left valve; lateral teeth short, very
strong, striated, directed ventrally; connecting bridge broad,
flat, smooth and solid; the shell extends above and posterior to

86 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the lateral teeth and forms a flat, alate projection; anterior
adductor muscle scar oval, deeply excavated, heavily striated;
posterior adductor muscle scar rounded, slightly impressed,
striated, confluent; protractor pedis muscle scar wider than long,
very deeply excavated, striated; dorsal muscle scars situated on
the posterior face of the cardinal teeth, under the connecting
bridge, numerous, rounded, deeply pitted; pallial line deeply
impressed anteriorly, crenulated; cavity of the beaks deep;
nacre varying between mauve and purple, iridescent on the
posterior portion, having a satin finish near the cavity of the
beaks.
Length, 83.00; height, 66.00; breadth, 35.00 mill. Q (8090).
“64.50; 58.00; 27.00 “ (8090).

Animal: Anal opening small with no papille; branchial
opening very large, with many small brown papille; palpi sub-
triangular, united one-half way posteriorly; branchiz not large,
nearly semicircular, inner one the larger, free nearly two-thirds
of the length of the abdominal sac; marsupia not developed.
(Simpson. )

Distribution: Found generally throughout the Mississippi
Valley and in the Ohio Valley.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

ffabitat: Found plentifully in the larger lakes and rivers,
on a muddy bottom.

Remarks: A characteristic species which bears no particular
resemblance to any other mollusk found in the area. It is con-
fined to the southern region, where it is found of large
size and fine coloration.

22. Quadrula pustulosa Lea, pl. xxiv., fig. 2; pl. xxv.; pl. xxvii., fig. 13.
Unio pustulosus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 64, pl. viii.,
fig. 7, 1880.

Unio schoolcraftensts (schoolcraftit) Lka, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. V.,
p. 37, pl. iii., fig. 9, 1832.

Unio prasinus CONRAD, New Fresh-water Shells of the United States? p.
44, pl. iii., fig. 1, 1834.

Unio dor feutltanus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI., p. 73, pl. xvii.,
fig. 54, 1836.

Unio mortont CONRAD, Monograph of Unio, p. 11, pl. vi., fig. 1, 1836.

Unio bullatus RAFINESQUE, Conrad, Monograph of Unio, pl. xl., fig. 2,
1838.

Unio pernodosus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. X., p. 71, pl. iii., fig. 8,
1845.

Unio asperatus Lea, Journ. Phil. Acad., 2d series, Vol. V., p. 68, pl. vii.,
fig. 218, 1861.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 87

Shell: Orbicular, sometimes inclining to quadrate, inflated,
thick, heavy; dorsal border slightly curved, ventral border
curved; rounded before, broadly rounded or truncated behind;
surface roughened by lines of growth and marked with pustules,
which may be very few or very numerous, and may fill the entire
valve or only asmall portion of it; the pustules vary in size and
are either small or rounded knobs or long and narrow ridges;
anterior umbonal slope rounded, posterior slope flattened or
rounded, sometimes excavated; umbones varying from elevated
to depressed, inflated, light greenish or brownish, marked by
about four elevated ridges and numerous fine growth lines; the
umbones are almost always eroded; ligament short, wide, stout,
very dark horn, sometimes striped with a still darker color;
epidermis varying from a uniform yellowish brown to yellowish
with a broad band of dark green extending from the umbones
to the ventral border, widening as it nears the latter region; in
some specimens the green color is disposed on different parts of
the shell in small patches; cardinal teeth double yn both valves,
equal in the left, the posterior the larger inthe right valve, solid,
triangular, deeply grooved, diverging; the cardinals are very
variable, being wide or narrow, elevated or depressed, single or
double, sulcated or almost smooth, and furnished with a number
of accessory toothlets; lateral teeth short, stout, lamellar, ele-
vated, serrated, directed ventrally; connecting bridge wide, thick,
smooth or sulcated; anterior adductor muscle scar elliptical,
very deeply excavated, strongly striated; posterior adductor
muscle scar rounded, impressed, confluent, iridescent; protractor
pedis scar as usual; dorsal muscle scars situated on the posterior
face of the cardinal teeth, numerous, arranged ina straight line,
deeply pitted; pallial line impressed, imbricated; cavity of the
beaks deep; nacre pearly white, iridescent onthe posterior region.

Length, 59.50; height, 58.00; breadth, 36.25 mill. (7763).
bebe ae 54.50; HI. 82.00 ' (7763).
oa O04 as 39.00: “ 32.00 ‘ © (18444).

Animal: Generally flesh colored, lighter and darker in
places; ctenidia short and wide, half-moon shaped, rounded at
both ends, chocolate brown in color, united above and to the
opposite pair for their entire length; the inner ctenidium is much
the larger, and both are thickened posteriorly; labial palpi short,
wide, ovate, adherent at base, in color like the ctenidia; foot
whitish, tinged with yellowish or salmon; anal opening small,

88 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

without papillz; branchial large with small blackish papille;
mantle yellowish brown, approaching to salmon, edged with
black; liver and cardiac pouch brownish; heart with very
regular pulsations, numbering twenty-three per minute. Four
gills used as marsupia.

Distribution: Ohio and North Carolina west to Kansas and
Iowa, Wisconsin south to Louisiana and Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found in the larger rivers and lakes, on a muddy
bottom.

Remarks: This is one of the most variable of North
American Unios, and has received a large number of names, as
the synonymy onthe previous page shows. The shell varies
from entirely smooth or with few pustules (schoolcraftii) toa con-
dition where the whole valve is covered with pustules, and the
pustules may be long and narrow or round. The umbones vary
from depressed to elevated and the cardinal] teeth show a dozen
or fifteen different modifications. The writer has before him at
the present time nineteen different varieties of this shell, from a
number of States. It is acommon and widely diffused species,
and with all its mutation, is easily recognized when once known.
It is quite common in the southern region, in Calumet Lake and
River, and is also found in the Desplaines River, near Joliet.

Ovisacs distinct, occupying a part of outer branchiz of
females. (Simpson.)

Genus OBLIQUARIA (Rafinesque) Simpson, 1898.

Shell: Solid, inflated, oval in outline, obliquely truncated
and pointed behind with a well developed posterior ridge; beaks
prominent, sculptured with a few strong ridges which are heay-
iest where they cross the posterior ridge; posterior slope and
sometimes the entire shell covered with wavy or chevron shaped
folds; a row of three or four strong elevated nodules, com-
pressed lengthwise, extends from the beaks down the center of
the shell and the region behind this is somewhat excavated;
epidermis bright and smooth, sometimes a little wrinkled, a
uniform yellowish brown or painted with delicate broken green
lines which often become zigzagged; left valve with two heavy
pseudo-cardinals and two laterals, right valve with one strong
pseudo-cardinal, with often a smaller one in front and behind it,

i

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 89

and a single lateralsometimes with a supplementary one below;
cavity of the beaks rather shallow; anterior part of the shell
very solid, posterior part much thinner.

Animal: Anal opening with only slight crenulations, branchial
opening having numerous papille; mantle very thin with a
broad, thick margin; branchiz small, round below, inner much
the larger, free nearly its whole length from the abdominal sac;
marsupium consisting of from six to ten distinct ovisacs about
the center of the outer gill or just behind it, which, when gravid,
project far below the rest of it. (Simpson.)

23. Obliquaria reflexa Rafinesque, pl. xiv., fig. 5; pl. xx., fig. 2.

Unio reflexus RAFINESQUE, Mon. des Coq. Biv. it Fluv. Ohio, p. 306, 1820.
Unio cornutus BARNES, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, lst series, Vol. VI., p.
122, figs. 5a, db, 1823.

Shell: Roundly ovate, thick, heavy, inflated, broadly rounded
before, triangular behind; dorsal border rounded, ventral border
with a profound bulge; surface smooth, the lines of growth
being very fine, ornamented by four large nodules which are
placed in the center of the surface on a line drawn from the
umbones to the central bulge; on the umbones the nodules are
rounded, but as they near the ventral border they become very
long and narrow; umbones elevated, inflated, ornamented with
four large nodules and numerous fine, concentric growth lines,
color light brown; anterior umbonal slope very broad and
rounded; posterior slope excavated, with a strong shoulder
extending from the umbones to the ventral border, making the
shell strongly angular; ligament short, very wide, strong, dark
brown; epidermis light grass green, yellowish greenor brownish;
some specimens are marked by numerous wide green or black
rays, which are made up of more or less interrupted lines or
zigzag shaped marks; cardinal teeth double in both valves,
équalin the left valve and the posterior tooth much the smaller
in the right valve, massive, heavy, broadly triangular, diverging,
very heavily grooved; lateral teeth short, thick, serrated,
directed ventrally; connecting bridge very thick, broad, flat,
smooth; anterior adductor muscle scar longer than wide, very
deeply excavated, strongly striated; posterior adductor muscle
scar rounded, impressed, striated, confluent, iridescent; jpro-
tractor pedis muscle scar wider than long, deeply excavated,
striated; dorsal muscle scars numerous, situated on the poste-
rior face of the cardinal teeth, small, deeply pitted; pallial line

90 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

impressed, crenulated; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre sil-
very white, iridescent on the posterior part. The anterior part
of the shell is much thicker than the posterior part.

Length, 49.50; height, 44.50; breadth, 29.50 mill. (1756).
y A200: 46.00; Js 30:00 3“ (1756).

Animal: Anal opening very small, apparently having small
crenulations; branchial opening small with small thick set
papille; branchie small, round below, inner the larger, free
nearly the whole length of the abdominal sac; marsupium
consisting of from four to six elongated ovisacs just behind the
center of the outer gill. (Simpson. )

Distribution: ‘Western New York west to Arkansas, Mich-
igan south to Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hfabitat: Found in rivers, in afew feet of water on a muddy
bottom.

Remarks: Reflexa is a very distinct species, not to be con-
founded with any other form. It varies very much in its orna-
mentation from plain to strongly rayed, but the nodules seem to
be very constant. Itis a rare and very restricted species, at
present only known from the Calumet River. The specimens
from this locality are yellowish with fine black rays made up of
small dashes of color placed longitudinally.

Genus PLAGIOLA (Rafinesque) Agassiz, 1852.

Shell: WRather solid, somewhat triangular in outline, pointed
posteriorly and having a sharply defined posterior ridge covered
generally with a smooth epidermis which is often beautifully
painted with wavy or zigzagged lines and markings; beaks
not prominent, the region often being compressed; beak
sculpture very faint, consisting of a few irregular corrugations;
hinge line curved with two cardinals (pseudo-cardinals) and
two laterals (pseudo-laterals) in the left valve, and one promi-
nent cardinal (pseudo-cardinal) with sometimes one or two
smaller ones, and one prominent lateral (pseudo-lateral), and
a smaller inner one in the right valve. The female shell is
generally slightly more inflated and developed in the postbasal
region than that of the male, but in some cases it is extremely
difficult to separate the sexes by the shell characters.

Animal: Branchial and anal openings provided with
papille; posterior part of the outer gill of female used as a

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 91

marsupium, having distinct ovisacs much like Lampsilis;
inner gill partly free from abdominal sac; mantle often fringed
in front of branchial opening. (Simpson. )

GROUP OF PLAGIOLA DONACIFORMIS.

24. Plagiola donaciformis Lea, pl. xiii., fig. 4.
Unio donaciformis Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., p. 266, pl.
iv., fig. 3, 1827. Male.
Unio zigzag Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., p. 409, pl. xii., fig.
19, 1829. Female.

Shell: Elliptically elongated, thick and solid, inflated; dor-
sal margin almost straight; ventral margin rounded; rounded
before, acutely biangular in the male and somewhat truncated
in the female; surface smooth and shining, lines of growth
indicated by obtuse ridges; umbones not much elevated but
much inflated, yellowish or greenish in color, marked by very
many fine elevated ridges; anterior umbonal slope rounded;
posterior slope long, slightly excavated, shorter in the female
than in the male, and forming a rounded ridge or shoulder;
ligament short, rather wide,dark horn color; epidermis light green
or yellowish green, with numerous rays composed of V-shaped
dashes; in the female the dashes are frequently larger and form
somewhat continuous rays; cardinal teeth double in the left and
single in the right valve, small, elevated, narrow, more or less
triangular, coarsely serrated; the single tooth in the right valve
is acutely triangular; lateral teeth long, directed ventrally,
lamelliform, almost straight, rather thick, striated; the right —
lateral has a small depression near the posterior end; bridge
between the teeth arched, narrow, thick; anterior adductor
muscle scar longer than wide, deeply excavated, striated; pos-
terior adductor muscle scar ovate, scarcely visible, confluent;
protractor pedis muscle scar wider than long, deeply impressed,
striated; dorsal muscle scar situated in the cavity of the beaks,
numerous, deeply excavated; pallial line slightly impressed;
cavity of the beaks rather deep in most specimens; nacre sil-
very white, iridescent, especially on the posterior part.

Length, 48.00; height, 32.50; breadth, 28.00 mill. © (8366).

Animal; Marsupium occupying posterior half of outer
gill of female in numerous distinct ovisacs; branchiz small,
inner much the larger, nearly semigircular; free from abdominal
sac only at posterior end; mantle with many brown papille on
postbasal edge; branchial and anal openings small, each with

92 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

many small brown papille; superanal opening rather large
papillose. (Simpson. )

Distribution: Mississippi Valley, Michigan to Louisiana.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Inrivers, ona muddy bottom.

Remarks: Donactformis is easily distinguished by its zigzag
epidermis. The males and females differ somewhat and have
been described as distinct species. Inthe female the anterior
end is rounded, projects beyond the umbones, which are ele-
vated; the posterior end is short, truncated or obtusely biangu-
lar and considerably inflated. Inthe male the anterior end is
short, while the posterior end is long and pointed, and some-
what compressed. It does not seem to be a common species,
and but few specimens have been collected in the present area,
where it is confined to the southern region.

25. Plagiola elegans Lea, pl. xxi., fig].
Unio elegans Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV., p. 83, pl. ix., fig. 138,
1830-1.

Unio truncatus RAFINESQUE, Say in American Conchology, p. 67.

Shell: Trigonal, somewhat inflated, thick and solid,
rounded before and obtusely biangulate behind; dorsal and
ventral margins curved; surface smooth and shining, growth
lines not prominent; umbones elevated, more or less inflated,
yellowish or greenish in color, marked by several undulating,
elevated ridges, generally eroded; anterior umbonal slope
rounded, heart shaped when the valves are closed; posterior
slope flat or excavated, separated from the sides of the shell by
a strong ridge or shoulder; ligament short, wide, stout, dark
brown or chestnut color; epidermis light yellowish green, with
numerous dark green, zigzag rays, which are finer and smaller
than in donaciformis (sometimes the rays are plain); cardinal
teeth double in both valves, those in the left valve nearly equal,
elevated, pyramidal or triangular, stout, serrated; those in the
right valve unequal, the anterior being but a thickening of the
hinge line, the posterior elevated, pyramidal, thick, striated;
lateral teeth short, thin, lamelliform, serrated, curved ventrally;
that in the right valve has a depression as in donaciformis,; ante-
rior adductor muscle scar squarish, deeply excavated, striated;
posterior adductor muscle scar ovate, lightly impressed, conflu-
ent; protractor pedis muscle scar’small, wider than long, deeply
impressed and striated; dorsal muscle scars as in donactformts ;
pallial line impressed; cavity of the beaks of good depth; nacre

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 93

silvery white, sometimes tinged with light lavender, iridescent,
especially on the posterior part.
Length, 36.00; height, 31.00; breadth, 17.00 mill. ( 1768).
iE BRO: (5 a eee OD ely fF) 1800-108 E-LZ6B),
of 22.005)? 39.00; a 24.00 (13440).

Animal; Anal opening small, with dark papille; branchial
opening with a few black papille; mantle thin, with a wide,
thickened border which is double and s//gh¢/y toothed below;
inner gill the larger in front, united throughout to the abdomi-
nal sac; outer gill larger behind; marsupia occupying the pos-
terior part of the outer gill in about fifty ovisacs with a longi-
tudinal fold far above its base. (Simpson. )

Distribution: Mississippi and Ohio Valleys and Lake
Michigan.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hlabitat: Similar to donaciformis.

Remarks: This is a species which is frequently confounded
with P. donaciformis. Ithasa much more trigonal shell and the
ziguzag character of the rays differs from donaciformis. In
the latter species the zigzags are large and coarse and the V-s
long, and scattered over the surface in connected festoons; in
elegans the zigzags are small, the V-s short and placed in a reg-
ular disconnected series of rays. When once known the two
species need never be confused. In some rare specimens the
rays are not composed of zigzag rays, but are straight and
thread like. It is not a common species, and is restricted to the
southern region.

Genus LAMPSILIS Rafinesque, 1820.

Shell: Oval to elongate, inflated, moderately solid, with-
outa clearly defined posterior ridge, and never becoming arcuate
with age, with a hard, bright, usually rayed epidermis; beak
sculpture consisting for the most part of delicate parallel ridges
which show a tendency to fall into an anterior and posterior
loop. Inthe female the postbasal part of the shell is swollen
opposite the part of the branchize which contains the embryos.
Hinge containing two cardinals (pseudo-cardinals) and two
laterals (pseudo-laterals) in the left valve, and one cardinal with
sometimes a small second one above, and one lateral in the
right valve.

Animal; Branchial opening papillose, anal opening gen-
erally having well developed papille; inner gills usually united

94 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

to the abdominal sac throughout their length; posterior part of
the outer branchie becoming developed into a marsupium, con-
sisting of distinct ovisacs whose lower ends are rounded; mar-
supium rounded on its base and projecting below the inner
ell. (Srmpson.) 7s

Section LAMPSILIS (typical).

GROUP OF LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSUS.

26. Lampsilis ventricosds Barnes, pl. xii., figs. 3, 4, 5.

Unio ventricosus BARNES, Amer. Jour. Sci. & Arts, Ist series, Vol. VI., p.
267, figs. 14a, 14b, 14c, 1823.

Unio accidens Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., p. 485, pl. x., fig. 16,

1829.

Unio cardium RAFINESQUE, Conrad, Monograph of Unio, p. 7, 1884.

Unio satur Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., 2d series, Vol. X., p. 265, pl.
xvii., fig. 19, 1852.

Unio canadensis Lea, Jour. Phil. Acad., Vol. I1V., p. 268, pl. xliv., fig. 148,
1859.

Unio subovatus Lea, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Vol., XVI., Uvzzo, pl. Ixxxv.,

fig. 456 (not the true swdovatus).

Shell: Large, inflated, subovate or elongately ovate, thick
and heavy, rounded before and broadly rounded behind, the
male being obtusely biangulate; dorsal margin slightly curved;
ventral margin curved; surface smooth and polished, growth
lines prominent; the height of the shell posterior to the umbones
is very much greater than immediately in front of them; um-
bones prominent, inflated, yellowish brown in color, marked by
six coarse, elevated ridges; anterior umbonal slope short, rounded;
posterior slope long, flat, forming a decided angle; ligament
rather short, wide, stout, dark chestnut; epidermis yellowish
or yellowish green, with a few rather wide (sometimes narrow)
rays extending from the umbones to the ventral border (the
posterior portion is almost without rays in some specimens); car-
dinal teeth double in the left valve and single in the right, longer
than wide, elevated, striated; the hinge line near the cardinal in
the right valve is slightly enlarged, and may represent a second
cardinal; lateral teeth strong, heavy, elevated, lamellar, crenu-
lated, slightly curved; connecting bridge arched, narrow,
smooth; anterior adductor muscle scar longer than wide, deeply
excavated, especially near the cardinal teeth, striated; posterior
adductor muscle scar rounded, as wide as long, concentrically
striated, not much impressed; protractor pedis muscle scar wider
than long, deeply impressed, coarsely striated; dorsal muscle
scars situated on the posterior face of the cardinal teeth and the

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 95

under surface of the connecting plate, large, deeply excavated;
pallial line deeply impressed anteriorly; cavity of the beaks
deep; nacre silvery white, only slightly iridescent.

Length, 117.50; height, 70.00; breadth, 51.50 mill. J (9819).

o OF O0r7 65.00; se 41.50 " © (8054),

4) RE OOs eh! 73.00; as AS a0 © (12425).

ee cleyes ear oe 93.00; Dt 62.00) 2u 3 (coll. Jensen).
aa POE Oke eh 72.00; os BoLOOs Q ae sis

Animal: Generally pearly white or flesh colored; anal and
branchial openings of moderate size, both papillose; ctenidia
long and wide, rounded before, pointed behind, strongly lami-
nated, united above and to the opposite pair throughout their
entire length; labial palpi long, wide, tongue shaped, united at
base, light pearly or flesh colored; foot large and muscular,
flesh colored; abdomen pearly and iridescent; mantle pearly
white, edged with brown; siphons yellowish white inside, edged
with blackish brown; in all of the specimens examined by the
writer the posterior part of the abdomen was supplied with a
small triangular appendage of unknown function; liver dark
brown; heart pulsations regular, seventeen to eighteen per
minute. The posterior half of the outer branchium is used as
a marsupium.

Distribution: New York west to Iowa, southern Canada
south to Louisiana.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

flabitat: In lakes and rivers of some size, generally on a
muddy bottom.

Remarks: A very distinct species, like no other in the
region, the peculiar slope of the posterior portion of the shell
at once distinguishing it. The female is more produced pos-
teriorly than the male, the latter having the posterior end much
sharper, and also having a peculiar bulge in the ventral part of
the shell, just posterior to the center. The rays vary from very
narrow threads to wide bands and are placed differently from
any other species. It seems to be rather widely distributed in
the area,and is fairly common. Aspecimen from the Little Calu-
met River, collected by Mr. Jensen, weighed one pound and one
and a half ounces when alive.

27. Lampsilis multiradiatus Lea, pl. xxi, figs. 2, 3.

Unio multiradiatus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., p. 409, pl. ix.,
fig. 15, 1829.

Shell: Subovate, of medium size, rather solid, inflated,

96 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

rounded before and broadly elliptical behind, the female broader
than the male; dorsal and ventral margins curved; surface
smooth and shining; growth lines prominent near the ventral
border; umbones not elevated, inflated, dark reddish brown in
color, and marked by five elevated, undulating ridges, causing
the umbo to resemble a miniature Quadruda plicata; anterior um-
bonal slope rounded, posterior slope broadly rounded; ligament
short, wide, stout, dark chestnut color; epidermis yellowish
green, tinged with dark red, and marked by very many dark
green rays, which are wavy in outline and vary greatly in width;
cardinal teeth double in both valves, nearly equal in the left,
and the anterior tooth very small in the right, elevated, triangu-
lar, serrated on the edge, all pointed forward; the anterior tooth
in the right valve is indicated only by a thickening of the mar-
gin; lateral teeth short, thin, lamelliform, more elevated in the
center than at each end, striated; anterior adductor muscle scar
much longer than wide, very deeply impressed, coarsely striated;
posterior adductor muscle scar rounded, as wide as long, not
deeply impressed, concentrically striated, confluent; protractor
pedis muscle scar wider than long, deeply impressed, striated,
longer at the anterior than at the posterior end; dorsal muscle
scars situated in the cavity of the beaks and on the posterior
face of the cardinal teeth, numerous, deeply pitted; cavity of the
beaks rather deep; pallial line very wide, impressed; nacre sil-
very white, iridescent, especially on the posterior part, showing
the rays through the shell on the ventral and posterior borders;
the center of the shell has what the silversmiths would call a
‘¢satin finish.”

Length, 52.00; height, 37.00; breadth, 23.00 mill. ¢ (7502).
“60.00; ‘ 45.00; « 30.00 ‘* 9 (7503).
he 43.00; ** 32.00; “ B0O0 =e" © (7501).

Animal: Anal opening rather large, with dark papille;
branchial opening large, with coarse, dark papille; mantle bor-
der greatly thickened and dentate below; inner gill much the
larger in front, united to the abdominal sac throughout; mar-
supium occupying the posterior half of the outer gill of the fe-
male, ovisacs large, dark below. (Simpson. )

Distribution: Mississippi and Ohio valleys and Lake
Michigan.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Sameas L. iris.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 97

Remarks: A species at once distinguished by its subovate
outline, inflated beaks and numerous rays, which radiate from
the umbones to the ventral and lateral margins. The umbonal
markings are very distinct and peculiar, and the wavy character
of the rays is not found in any other species which inhabit this
area. It seems to be confined to the lakes in the southern
region.

Section METAPTERA Rafinesque.

GROUP OF LAMPSILIS ALATUS.

28. Lampsilis alatus Say, pl. xviii.

Unio alatus Say, Nich. Encyc. Vol. IV., fig. 2 2, 1816.

Shell; Large, rather solid, symphynote, broadly oval in out-
line in old specimens but obtusely triangular in strongly alate
forms, somewhat inflated when adult but compressed when
young, rounded before and generally very broadly rounded be-
hind, although some specimens are triangulate; umbonal slopes
rounded; the alate postero-dorsal margin is very much com-
pressed, and when perfect is exactly triangular in shape, ex-
tending from the umbones to the posterior end of the shell; in
old specimens, or those in which the “wing”’ is not fully de-
veloped, the shapeis not soclearly defined; ventral margin slightly
rounded; surface smooth and shining on the central part of the
shell, with the lines of growth large and coarse on the anterior,
posterior and ventral margins and the alate portions; epidermis
black or greenish black, in the young yellowish horn, perfectly
plain and rayless in old specimens but distinctly rayed with
numerous fine green rays over a yellowish background in young
and half grown specimens; umbones depressed, flush with the
hinge line, ornamented by several very fine raised ridges; liga-
ment large, solid, light brown in color; cardinal teeth double in
both valves, those in the left valve about equal in size, long and
narrow, elevated, strongly grooved on their anterior faces; those
in the right valve unequal in size, the anterior tooth small, the
posterior tooth large and similar in form to those of the left
valve; lateral teeth long, thin, lamellar, elevated, very slightly
arcuate, smooth; anterior adductor muscle scar deeply im-
pressed, striated; posterior adductor muscle scar large, very in-
distinct, confluent; pro/ractor pedis muscle scar deeply impressed,
striated; pallial line distinct, impressed, somewhat crenulated;
dorsal muscle scars in the cavity of the beaks and arranged in
nearly a straight row, deeply pitted; there are from six to seven

98 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

small, rounded pits, followed by a single long and narrow scar
very deeply impressed; cavity of the beak wide, shallow; nacre
varying from deep purple, through mauve to salmon pink, iri-
descent.

Length, 114.00; height, 74.00; breadth, 36.00 mill.
uu LOO ot 92700 37.00 «
G SSL00 es: O00 me 19:00. **

Animal: Anal opening small, without papille; branchial
opening small with vestiges of papilla; palpi subtriangular,
united only slightly behind; inner gill united throughout to
abdominal sac; branchial uterus occupying posterior part of
the outer gill, very distinct, projecting below inner gill.
(Simpson). a

Distribution: Western New York west to Nebraska and
Iowa, Wisconsin south to New Mexico.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat; In the larger lakes and rivers, on a muddy bot-
tom, in water from five to twenty feet in depth.

Remarks: Alatus 13 avery distinct species, easily known by its
rich purple interior and very alate postero-dorsal margin. The lat-
ter is more pronounced in young than in old specimens, the lat-
ter becoming more oval in form and losing to some degree their
pronounced alate character. The division between the posterior
umbonal slope and the alate “ wing” is marked by an area of the
lines of growth which is raised in strong, wavy ridges. The rays
vary to some extent, the young shell having rather wide green,
rays on a yellowish background; half-grown specimens have
narrow rays on a yellowish green background, while old speci-
mens have a perfectly rayless epidermis. The cardinal teeth
also vary in some specimens, being rather long and narrow, with
sulcations on the anterior faces, while in others they are more
solid, wider, long, triangular, and the sulcations are extended
to the upper surface of the teeth, which are all directed toward
the antero-ventral border of the shell. The anterior adductor
muscle scar almost always has a heavy ridge between it and the
protractor pedis scar, the ridge bearing a portion of the adductor
scar. The alate portion of the shell extends far above the lateral
teeth. This species has been found in the southern region in
the Calumet River, and in the western region in the Desplaines
River. It does not appear to be common.

$
THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 99

29. Lampsilis gracilis Barnes, pl. xix., fig. 1.
Unio gracilis BARNES, Amer. Journ. of Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol. VI.,
p. 274, 1823.

Unio fragilis Ra¥., Conrad, Mon., pl. xxx., 18386.

Unio dolosus Lea, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. V., p. 75, pl. ix., fig. 224, 1861.

Shell; Elliptical, compressed, alate, rather thin; rounded
before and very broadly rounded behind (sometimes obtusely
triangular); dorsal margin straight, ventral margin rounded;
dorsal margin alate posteriorly and the shell produced postero-
ventrally; surface generally smooth and shining, the growth lines
very faint, excepting on the alate portion; in old specimens the
growth lines are more prominent; umbones very much de-
pressed, light or dark horn color, marked by four wrinkles
arranged in a double loop; in older specimens the umbones be-
come almost smooth or are eroded; anterior umbonal slope
almost flat, posterior slope long, subexcavated; ligament weak,
long and narrow, very dark horn color; epidermis yellowish,
with numerous grass green rays extending diagonally from the
umbones to the base and posterior end; some specimens are
plain yellow or yellowish horn; cardinal teeth weak, very thin,
elevated, striated on the inner face, single in each valve, that in
the right valve much the larger; Jateral teeth more solid than
cardinals, long, lamellar, elevated, minutely striated, very
slightly curved; no connecting plate between cardinal and lateral
teeth; anterior adductor muscle scar longer than wide, im-
pressed, striated; posterior adductor muscle scar very wide, not
much impressed, confluent; protractor pedis muscle scar wider
than long, impressed, striated; dorsal muscle scars arranged in
almost a straight line under the cavity of the beaks, six to eleven
in number in each valve, rather heavily impressed; cavity of the
beaks very shallow; pallial line more or less distinct; nacre sil-
very white, salmon tinged in the center of the shell, more or less
iridescent.

Length, 124.00; height, 78.00; breadth, 41.00 mill. (coll. Jensen).

“ 88.00; oD 61.00; a 26.00 ‘'* (12945).

Animal: Edges of anal opening very much thickened, with-
out papille; branchial opening small, with large, irregular
papille; mantle greatly thickened on its lower edge; palpi
long, elliptical, united over half way behind; inner gill much the
larger, rounded below, united the whole length of the abdominal
sac; Marsupium enormous, with forty ovisacs, occupying the
posterior three-fifths of the outer gill. (Simpson.)

100 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distribution: Ottawa River, Canada, to Minnesota, Iowa
and Kansas, and south to Central Alabama and Texas. (Call. )

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat; Found in rivers and sloughs where there is a
muddy bottom and not much current.

Remarks: This is a distinct shell and is quite readily iden-
tified. Its peculiar yellow surface, with green rays (sometimes
pure yellow, without rays), its depressed umbones and its alate
postero-dorsal margin will at once distinguish it. It may be
distinguished from Z. a/atus by its yellowish color, weak teeth
and thinner shell. Very old specimens lose the alate character
and become broadly elliptical in outline, and some specimens
have the posterior end very much produced. The very weak
hinge teeth allies this species to the members of the genus
Alasmodonta, and under very favorable conditions it might be-
come, by living in a quiet, muddy pond, an Anodonta by the
atrophy of the teeth. In some individuals the cardinal teeth
are so small that they appear as simple nodules. The posi-
tion of the protractor pedis muscle scar is quite peculiar. The
species does not appear to be very common, but is rather widely
distributed. A specimen from Thorn Creek weighed one pound
and one ounce when alive. ( Vide Jensen.)

Section EURYMA Rafinesque, 1820.
GROUP OF LAMPSILIS ANODONTOIDES.
30. Lampsilis anodontoides Lea, pl. x., figs. 1, 2, 3.
Unio anodontoides Lka, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV., pp. 81, 89, pl.
viii., fig. 11, 1830.
Unio teres RAFINESQUE, vide Conrad's monograph, pl. xxviii.
Unio floridensis Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. X, p. 274, pl. xxi.,
fig. 31, 1852.

Shell: Solid, very long, somewhat inflated, rounded before
and acutely pointed behind, the female much swollen and pro-
duced in this region; dorsal and ventral margins about straight;
surface smooth and shining, frequently highly polished; um-
bones placed anteriorly, prominent but not much elevated,
marked by from five to seven scarcely elevated wrinkles arranged
in along double loop; ligament elevated, strong, wide, dark chest-
nut color; epidermis varying from plain yellow without rays to
light green with dark green rays; in some specimens the pos-
terior umbonal slope is painted with dark green; anterior
umbonal slope rounded, short; posterior slope long, slightly ex-
cavated; cardinal teeth double in both valves, elevated, long

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 101

and narrow, compressed, serrated; lateral teeth very long, lamel-
liform, elevated, striated; connecting bridge between cardinals
and laterals narrow, thin; anterior adductor muscle scar as wide
as high, deeply impressed, striated, confluent; posterior adductor
muscle scar wide, distinct, confluent; protractor pedis muscle
scar long and narrow, deeply impressed; dorsal muscle scars
numerous, deeply impressed, situated in the cavity of the beaks;
pallial line impressed; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre silvery
white, pearly and iridescent.

Length, 79.00; height, 32.00; breadth, 26.00 mill. <j (12442).
Be 8/008) OU eee OO. Oo (eadey,

Animal: Anal opening small, with many light brown papille;
branchial opening small, papillose; palpi large, subtriangular,
united half way posteriorly; branchiz very long, curved below,
inner the larger, united the whole of its length to the abdominal
sac; posterior half of the outer gill of female used as a marsu-
pium, composed of large ovisacs with rounded bases which are
stained black. (Simpson. )

Distribution: New York to Kansas, Minnesota to Texas,
Alabama and Florida.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Prefers a muddy bottom where it can bury itself.
Found in rather deep water, generally.

Remarks: Anodontoides is frequently confounded with /uteo-
dus, but may be distinguished by the following characteristics:
Luteolus is never so sharply pointed posteriorly, but is rounded;
the shell of the present species is longer compared with its
height than is /uteo/us; the female of the /uteol/us is much more
swollen posteriorly than is that of anodontoides. The present
species is not as widely distributed throughout the region under
consideration as /ufeolus, and the individuals are not so numer-
ous. The Desplaines River and itstributaries is the only stream,
so far as known, in which this species is found. The epidermis
varies from a perfectly plain yellow to yellowish green, rayed
with dark green. Thus far it has only been found in the western
region.

31. Lampsilis rectus Lamarck, pl. xvii., figs. 1, 2.
Unio rectus Lam., Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., Vol. VI., p. 74, 1819.
Unio prelongus BARNES, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol. VI.,
p. 261, fig. 11, 1823.
Unio sageri CONRAD, Monograph of Unio, p. 53, pl. xxix., 1836.
Unio leprosus Mives, Ann. Rep. Geol. Surv. Michigan, p. 240, 1861.

102 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Shell: Large, elongated, compressed, thick and heavy,
rounded before, pointed-triangular behind; dorsal margin nearly
straight; ventral margin slightly rounded, much produced pos-
teriorly in the female; surface smooth and shining, growth lines
well marked, imbricated on the lower half of the shell and more
or less on the anterior and posterior ends; umbones depressed,
inflated, brownish, rather small, marked by numerous fine ridges;
anterior umbonal slope rounded; posterior slope rounded near
the posterior part of the shell, but more or less angular near
the umbones; ligament long, wide, stout, very dark brown or
black; epidermis corneous or blackish, with a reddish tinge,
obscurely rayed with broad, dark green bands of color, which
disappear in old specimens; cardinal teeth double in both
valves, those in the left valve about equal in size, the anterior
tooth in the right valve generally very small, but by an enlarge-
ment of the hinge line, sometimes quite large and elevated;
teeth generally posteriorly recurved and erect, stout, triangular
and heavily serrated, sometimes thin, sharp, very much elevated
and serrated; lateral teeth long, straight, lamelliform, elevated,
crenulated; anterior adductor muscle scar wing shaped, longer
than wide, very deeply excavated, striated; posterior adductor
muscle scar rounded, diameters equal, generally, distinct but
hardly impressed, concentrically striated; protractor pedis muscle
scar wider than long, very deeply impressed, striated; pallial line
crenulated, deeply impressed anteriorly; dorsal muscle scars
situated in the center of the cavity of the beaks, large, oval,
forming deep pits; cavity of the beaks very shallow; nacre sil-
very white or dark purple, and exhibiting all variations between
these two colors; some specimens are white about the ventral
and anterior and posterior portions, and deep purple or pink in
the region beneath the hinge teeth.

Length, 106.00; height, 45.00; breadth, 27.00 mill. ¢ (9718).
1176:00; . 0° /2-GR00: n 33.00 ‘ GJ (12440).

Animal: Anal opening small, without papille; branchial
opening moderate, with many irregular papille; mantle edge
thick and doubled; outer edge plain, inner with beautiful regu-
lar teeth on posterior half; inner gill the larger, united nearly
the whole length to abdominal sac; branchial uterus occupying
position two fifths of outer branchia in thirty-two distinct ovi-
sacs. (Simpson. )

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 103

Distribution: “New York west to Nebraska, Michigan south
to Texas and Georgia.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In lakes or rivers of considerable size, on a muddy
bottom, in from five to twenty feet of water.

Remarks: Avery distinct species, which can be confounded
with no other; the females have the postero-ventral portion
very much produced. It is one of the heaviest species we have.
The nacre of the shell is the most beautiful of any of our species,
varying from pure white to deep purple. It is confined to the
southern and western regions.

GROUP OF LAMPSILIS LUTEOLUS.

32. Lampsilis luteolus Lamarck, pl. xi.; pl. xxvii., fig. 12.

Unio luteolus Lam., Animaux sans Vertebres, Vol. VI., p. 79, 1818.

Unio siliguotdeus BARNES, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol. VI.,
p. 269, fig. 15, 1823.

Unio inflatus BARNES, Amer, Jour. Sci. and Arts, Vol. VI., p. 266, 1823.

Unio approximus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. X, p. 74, pl. v., fig.
13, 1848.

Unio afinis Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. X., p. 271, pl. xix., fig. 26,
1852.

Unio distans ANTHONY, Amer. Journ. of Conch., Vol. I., p. 156, 1865.

Shell; Large, elliptical, thin or very thick, more or less
inflated, symmetrically rounded before and elongately oval be-
hind, the female generally very obtuse; dorsal margin straight;
ventral margin very slightly curved in the male and much pro-
duced in the female; surface smooth and polished in some speci-
mens, roughened by growth lines in others; umbones promi-
nent, inflated, but not much elevated, brownish or greenish in
color, generally eroded, and marked by about fourteen fine, un-
dulating, elevated ridges, the apex directed anteriorly; ligament
short, rather wide, stout, dark chestnut color; epidermis vary-
ing from light, yellowish green to dark horn color or dark green,
and generally with numerous dark green rays, which radiate
from the umbones; the rays may be straight or crenulated and
vary in width from 0.25 to 2.00 mill.; in old specimens the rays
may be few in number, indistinct or wanting; anterior umbonal
slope gracefully rounded, posterior long and flat, or slightly ex-
cavated; cardinal teeth double in both valves; left anterior
cardinal elevated, tooth-like, striated, right posterior long and
narrow, not so much elevated, striated; right anterior cardinal
very small, posterior large, elevated, pyramidal, coarsely striated

104 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

and notched; laterals long and narrow, eleVated, striated; an-
terior adductor muscle scar excavated, longer than wide, coarsely
striated; posterior adductor muscle scar as long as wide, large,
not very deeply impressed, more or less confluent; protractor
pedis muscle scar wider than long, deeply impressed and marked
by strong crenulations; dorsal muscle scars numerous, situated
in the cavity of the beaks, the posterior scars the larger, all
very deeply excavated; pallial line well marked; cavity of the
beaks shallow; nacre white, inore or less iridescent.

Length, 116.00; height, 63.00; breadth, 48.00 mill. $ (9295).

“115.00; =‘ 56.00; ‘* 42.00 “ © (9294).
t 81.00; ‘43.00; “41.00 * Gp (10860).
“85.00; =“ 47.00; “ 8800 “ © (8058).
“ 61.00; ‘ 8900; ‘ 26.00 “ @ (9681).

Animal: General color whitish or cream, tentacular portion
of mantle brownish; anal opening small, without papille; bran-
chial opening larger with numerous papille; labial palpi large,
cream colored, triangular, almost as broad as long, united at base
and for ashort distance along the superior border; ctenidia large,
the outer one the smaller, rounded, united above, color pearly
white; foot large, white, plough shaped; liver brown; gills of
the female darker than the male. The heart may be seen very
plainly through the transparent walls of the pericardium; the
pulsations are wave-like, regular and number sixteen per minute.
The posterior part of the outer gill is used as a marsupium.

Distribution: British America, from Great Slave Lake south
to Texas; New York west to Montana and Dakota.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found plentifully in the larger lakes and rivers,
on a muddy bottom. In the DuPage River the specimens are
found in a black, sticky mud, in a few feet of water.

Remarks: This species is subject to very great variation, as
the synonymy shows. In the sets before me, representing every
portion of the area, there are specimens running from bright
green, beautifully rayed, to dark brown with scarcely an indica-
tion of rays. They vary in shape from short oval to a long
ellipse. In thickness the variation is also great, those indi-
viduals found in Lake Michigan being much more ponderous than
those from the smaller lakes and rivers. This variation is due
to the fact that Lake Michigan specimens are subject to rough
handling by the waves while those inhabiting the smaller lakes
and rivers are more or less protected from wave action. Speci-

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 105

mens from Wolf Lake are generally small, rather thin and deli-
cately and beautifully rayed. Specimens from Lisle, DuPage
River are more compressed and higher in relation to length
than are the specimens, generally, from other regions. The
present species is frequently confounded with anodontoides, but
is quite distinct from that species.

Specimens collected July 25, 1896, contained embryos in
the posterior third of the outer ctenidium measuring one-fifth
of a mill. in diameter. The ctenidia at this time were much
swollen and the embryos very numerous. The species in cap-
tivity is remarkably active, ploughing its way through the sandy
or muddy bottom with considerable speed. The writer has
noticed that the excurrent siphon continually opens and closes,
and at each closing a current of water filled with foetid matter is _
ejected. This operation is repeated on an average of twelve
times in a minute.

GROUP OF LAMPSILIS IRIS.
33- Lampsilis iris Lea, pl. xiii., fig. 1; pl. xiv., fig. 2.
Unio iris LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. III., pp. 409, 411, 421, 439,
pl. xi., fig. 18, 1829.
Unio novi-eboract Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI., pp. 127, 147,
1838. Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. IV., p. 47, pl. v., fig. 14, 1858.

Shell: Rather small, stout, compressed, elliptical, rounded
before, triangular behind in the male and broadly rounded in
the female; dorsal margin nearly straight, ventral margin
rounded; surface smooth and polished, marked by distinct lines
of growth; umbones depressed, compressed, the apex directed
anteriorly, dark reddish brown, marked by five elevated ridges
which are more or less broken up into nodules; anterior um-
bonal slope short and rounded; posterior slope long, flat, form-
ing an obtuse angle; ligament long, narrow, stout, dark horn
colored; epidermis yellowish or yellowish green, with numerous
wide, interrupted dark green rays extending from the umbones
to the ventral margin; cardinal teeth double in both valves,
about equal in the left; the anterior teeth in the right valve very
small, all elevated, triangular, serrated and striated; lateral
teeth long, thin, lamellar, striated, almost straight; anterior ad-
ductor muscle scar much longer than wide, deeply excavated,
striated; posterior adductor muscle scar large, as wide as high,
faintly marked, confluent; protractor pedis muscle scar wider than
high, deeply impressed, striated; dorsal muscle scars situated
in the cavity of the beaks, large, deeply excavated; pallial line

106 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

impressed; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre pearly white, iri-
descent, especially on the posterior part. ~

Length, 57 00; height, 30.00; breadth, 20.00 mill. (7386).
- 55.50; 1s 2 -B0.00; £ 20.00 ‘* (7385).
43.00; ‘+ 23.00; - 15.00 ‘* (7884). -

Animal: Generally whitish, inclining to flesh color; anal
opening rather small, not provided with papille; branchial
large, papillose; mantle yellowish or flesh colored, edged with
brown; ctenidia short and wide, elongately rounded behind and
obtusely rounded before, the inner gill the larger, united above
throughout their entire length; foot long and tongue shaped,
muscular; labial palpi tongue shaped, small, yellowish, united at
base; abdomen yellowish; siphons brownish; heart pulsations
fourteen, regular. The posterior part of the outer branchium is
modified to form a marsupium.

Distribution: New York west to Illinois, Michigan south
to Louisiana and Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found in lakes and rivers, in a few feet of water,
on a sandy or muddy bottom.

Remarks: A distinct little species, distinguished by the in-
terrupted rays, which appear to be concentric lines of square
dots in some specimens. In a few specimens examined the rays
were not broken, but were entire and gradually increasing in
width as they neared the ventral border. This is one of the
most common species found in this area, and also one of the
most beautiful. It is widely distributed.

34. Lampsilis spatulatus Lea, pl. x., fig. 5; pl. xiii., fig. 2.
Unio spatulatus Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. X , p. 80, pl. viii., fig.
22, 1845. F

Shell: Elliptical, compressed, thick and heavy, rounded
before, triangular behind; dorsal and ventral borders curved;
surface roughened by the lines of growth which form scales on
the ventral border; umbones depressed, inflated, light brown in
color, marked by seven or eight delicate, wavy ridges; anterior
umbonal slope rounded; posterior slope long and almost flat,
slightly angled; ligament short, wide, stout, very dark chestnut;
epidermis dark yellowish brown, or greenish yellow, marked
with rather wide, uninterrupted dark green rays, which are more
distinct on the center of the shell than elsewhere; cardinal

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 107

teeth double in both valves, equal in the left and the anterior
tooth very small in the right, thick, solid, triangular, deeply
serrated; lateral teeth rather short, thick, solid, not much
elevated, almost smooth, the lateralin the right valve very wide
at the base and rapidly coming to a point; connecting plate
very thin and narrow; anterior adductor muscle scar very
deeply excavated, longer than wide, coarsely striated; posterior
adductor muscle scar rounded, length and breadth equal, deeply
impressed, striated; protractor pedis muscle scar wider than long,
deeply excavated, striated; dorsal muscle scars situated on the
posterior face of the cardinal teeth and on the wall of the cavity
of the beaks, numerous, very deeply pitted; pallial line deeply
impressed, especially on the anterior end; cavity of the beaks
very shallow; nacre silvery white, iridescent, particularly on the
posterior portion of the shell.

Length, 82.00; height, 46.00; breadth, 28.50 mill. (9840).
ee GOOF us 39.00; ae 22:00) (9840).
ae 65.50; we 35.00; Be 20200 3 (12419).

Animal: Generally flesh colored; anal opening small, with-
out papille; branchial opening rather large, papillose; ctenidia
not large, wide, rounded before, pointed behind, yellowish
brown in color, united above for their whole length; labial palpi
not large, rounded, triangular, yellowish white, united at base;
siphons yellowish white inside, edged with a wide line of
brownish black; mantle whitish or brownish, edged with black;
liver dark brown; foot yellowish brown or dark flesh color;
abdomen pearly white, flecked with pure white near the dorsal
border. ‘The posterior part of the outer branchium is used as
a marsupium. Heart regular, sixteen beats per minute.

Distribution: Mississippi Valley.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Ponds and rivers, buried in black, slimy mud toa
depth of four or five inches.

Remarks: Spatulatus is not a common species and has only
been found in the DuPage Riverand Hickory Creek. It is fre-
quently confounded with zr/s, but that species is almost always
marked by interrupted rays while in sfa/u/a/us the rays are
plain and uninterrupted; it is also larger and heavier than 7r/s,
and the posterior end is more pointed. It seems to be confined
to the Desplaines River drainage.

108 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

GROUP OF LAMPSILIS LIGAMENTINUS.
35. Lampsilis ligamentinus Lamarck, pl. xvi.
Unio ligamentina Lam., Animaux sans Vertebres, Vol. VI., p. 72, 1819.
Unio ligamentinus Lam., Animaux sans Vertebres, Vol. VI., p. 533, 1888.
Unio crassus Say, Nich. Encyc., Amer. Ed., Art. Conch., pl. i., fig. 8, 1816.
Unio carinatus BARNES, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol. VI.,
pp. 126-259, pl, ii., fig 10, 1828.

Unio ellipticus BARNES, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol. VI.,
pl. xiii., fig. 19, 1828.

Unio fasciatus RAFINESQUE, Conrad, Monograph of Unio, p. 3, pl. i., 1836.

Unio upsont Marsu, Mss. vide Cau, Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, Vol.
VIL., p. 23, 1895.

Shell: Large, compressed, thick and heavy, elliptical,
rounded before and biangulate behind; dorsal and ventral mar-
gins rounded; surface smooth and shining in the young and
with raised line of growth in old specimens; the shell is much
thicker anteriorly than posteriorly; umbones not prominent, a
little swollen, brownish in color, and marked by seven or eight
fine, undulating, concentric folds; in old specimens the um-
bones are eroded; anterior umbonal slope rounded, posterior
slope forming an angle; ligament rather long, thick, very dark
chestnut color; epidermis yellowish or light greenish with nu-
merous dark green rays extending from the umbones to the ven-
tral border; old specimens are very dark; the rays vary in
width from very narrow to broad stripes; cardinal teeth double
in both valves, those in the left valve about equal, triangular,
crenulated; the anterior cardinal in the right valve very small,
the posterior large, triangular, crenulated; lateral teeth strong,
heavy, elevated, lamellar, crenulated, curved toward the ventral
margin; connecting plate smooth, arched, rather thick; anterior
adductor muscle scar deeply excavated, a trifle longer than
wide, strongly striated; posterior adductor muscle scar as wide
as long, lightly impressed, confluent; protractor pedis scar wider
than long, deeply impressed, striated; dorsal muscle scars situ-
ated on the posterior face of the cardinal teeth and connecting
bridge, numerous, large, deeply impressed; pallial line wide,
impressed; cavity of the beaks of medium depth; nacre white,
varying to bluish and pinkish, iridescent.

Length, 72.00; height, 41.50; breadth, 23.00 mill. (12442).
As 98 00; Do U0; “e 35.00 ‘' (12423, Kankakee River).
Animal; Anal opening large with an irregular crenulated
edge; branchial opening large with many small brown papille;
palpi small, subelliptical, united one-third of the way posteriorly;

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 109

branchiz very large, nearly circular below, inner larger, united
to abdominal sac or free; marsupium occupying two-thirds of
the posterior part of outer branchiz, greatly distended.
(Simpson. )

Distribution: New York to Dakota and Kansas, Michigan
and Minnesota to Louisiana and Alabama.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found in muddy and sluggish rivers, in soft mud.

Remarks: This is a variable species which is frequently con-
founded with /uteolus. It isa more elliptical shell in general,
but the ornamentation of the umbones shows the greatest differ-
ence; in /uteolus they are of good size, numerous and wavy,
while in /¢gamentinus they are small and fewin number. The
nacre is very variable, passing from pure white, through bluish
white, to pinkish. The epidermis of the present species varies
somewhat, some specimens being yellowish with wide dark
green rays, while other specimens are almost black, the rays
being represented only by darker bands. When at its best, it is
one of our most beautiful shells. It seems to be confined to
the Desplaines River drainage.

Section CORUNCULINA Simpson.
GROUP OF LAMPSILIS PARVUS
36. Lampsilis parvus Barnes, pl. xiii., fig. 3.
Unio parvus Barnes, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol. VI., p.
274, fig. 18, 1823.

Shell; Small, thin, inflated, elliptical, rounded before and
behind; dorsal border straight, ventral border very slightly
rounded; surface roughened by coarse lines of growth which
are more or less elevated; umbones large for the size of the
shell, not elevated, inflated, yellowish brown in color, marked
by five or six elevated, strong, parallel curved ridges, which are
nearer the hinge line posteriorly than anteriorly; anterior um-
bonal slope rounded, posterior slope rounded or with a slight
angle, excavated near the beaks; ligament long, narrow, fragile,
dark horn color; epidermis blackish or olive green, sometimes
with a golden luster, rayless; cardinal teeth small, single in the
right and double in the left valve, erect, thin, acuminate, ser-
rated, widely separated; there is sometimes a second very small
tooth in the right valve, near the hinge line; lateral teeth long,
slightly striate, smooth, lamellar; anterior adductor muscle
scar forming a truncated oval, impressed; posterior adductor

110 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

muscle scar roundly ovate, scarcely impressed, confluent; Aro-
tractor pedis muscle scar small, wider than long, deeply im-
pressed; dorsal muscle scars minute, placed in the cavity of the
beaks (which are large but not deep), deeply impressed; pallial
line distinct, impressed anteriorly; nacre pearly or silvery
white, iridescent, especially posteriorly.

Length, 21 00; height, 12.00; breadth, 8.50 mill. ¢ (10084).
A 21.00; oO? 2 9.00 ‘ of (10084).
a 30.00; Ee alas os BERR. oC. Ceatons

Animal: Generally whitish or yellowish white in color;
ctenidia not large, rounded at both ends, united above through-
out their entire length, pearly white in color, with a line of yel-
lowish at their junction; the posterior extremity is thicker than
the anterior; labial palpi rather large, whitish flecked with yel-
lowish, triangular, united at base and partly on the posterior
margin; anal and branchial openings rather large, edged with
dark brown; the female is provided with a caruncle supported
by a pedicel; mantle edged with black; foot large, pointed; ab-
domen yellowish white; liver greenish brown; heart pulsations
regular, thirty-six per minute; this is the largest number of.pul-
sations for the genus. Posterior part of outer gill used as a
marsupium.

Distribution: Minnesota south to Texas, Western New
York west to Iowa.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

ffabitat: Found buried in soft mud to a depth of from an
inch to six or seven inches. It prefers slow moving streams,
where there is a muddy bottom.

Remarks: This is the smallest Uno found in our region.
The female is distinguished from the male by a pronounced
swelling in the posterior portion. It is interesting to watch this
tiny species moving about the bottom of an aquarium; it will lie
for a long time on the bottom, its siphons extended to their full
length, a current of water continually flowing from the excur-
rent siphon; if it desires to move, the long and finger like foot
will be cautiously thrust out, extended its full length, and the
shell pulled after it with a jerk. The umbonal sculpture is the
coarsest of any Unio in this region, in proportion to the size of
the shell. The young sometimes have one or two broad green
bands, but the adult is completely rayless. The species is con-
fined to the Desplaines River drainage.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. at BE

ORDER TELEODESMACEA.

‘‘Pelecypods with reticulate gills, the ventricle of the heart
embracing the rectum; having the lobes of the mantle generally
more or less connected and usually possessing developed
siphons; the adductors practically equal; the shell structure
cellulo-crystalline (porcellanous) or obscurely prismatic, never
nacreous; the dorsal area, if present, always prosodetic or di-
vided into lunule and escutcheon; ligament opisthodetic, with
or without separate resilium; Saioin a lithodesma, rarely with
external accessory shelly pieces; armature of the hinge charac-
terized by the separation of the hinge teeth into distinct cardi-
nals and laterals, the posterior laterals when present are be-
hind the ligament; the animals active or nestling, sometimes
sessile, but rarely sedentary burrowers, rarely inequivalve, usu-
ally possessing a hinge plate and a pallial sinus. The sexes
usually separate.” (Dall.)

Superfamily Cyrenacea.

““Cypricardians which have become specialized for fresh or
brackish water conditions, and, as usual in such cases, have de-
veloped great variability of character.” (Dall.)

FAMILY SPHARIIDZ.*

‘“‘Anatomy much asin Cyrenide, except that the siphons are
separate and plain, the branchial sometimes not complete below;
the foot prolonged ventrally, narrow, grooved, byssiferous when
young; moneecious, the nepionic young incubated in a mar-
supium formed by the inner limb of the ctenidia; confined to
fresh water.

‘Shell asin Cyrenide, but small, with a feeble, short ligament,
a simple pallial line, no hinge plate; the cardinal teeth (usually
two in each valve) variable, very thin, often nearly parallel to
the hinge-margin or defective in part of the series; the laterals
in Cyrenide distinct; the nepionic stage of the shell often con-
spicuous on the beaks.”’ (Dall.)

Genus SPH/AERIUM alge iy & Oe
Spherium Scoroui, Introduct. ad Hist. Nat., p. 897, 1777.
Cyclas BruGuterE, Encyc. Méth.,, p. 301, 1792,
“Shell; Thin, oval or suborbicular, inflated, covered by a
greenish epidermis; cardinal teeth very small or rudimentary,

*Dall, Trans. Wagn. Free Institute of Sci., Vol. III., pt. iii., p. 540.

112 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

one more or less bifurcated, one in the right and two oblique ones
in the left valve; lateral teeth compressed, lamelliform, the an-
terior shortest; ligament short; margins plain; muscular im-
pressions scarcely apparent, submarginal; pallial impression
simple.

“Animal: Oval, subglobular; mantle margins plain; siphons
unequal, not ciliated, short, only united at the base, the bran-
chial one largest and longest; mouth small, oval, transverse;
branchie large, unequal, united behind, the inner ones largest;
foot tongue shaped, triangular, flattened, very extensible.”
(Tryon. )*+t

“Posterior part of shell somewhat longer than anterior;
shell and hinge comparatively stout; beaks rounded without
caps.” (Sterki, in lit.)

The cardinal teeth of Spherium (Fig. 10A) are very interest-
ing, and, generally, quite constant inform. In the right valve

Fie. 10A.

Cardinal Teeth of SpH#RIUM STRIATINUM Lam. (x 50). Upper figure,
right valve; lower figure, left valve.

there is a single, arched tooth, which is placed so that one end
of the arch is near the dorsal margin of the hinge plate, and
the other, somewhat bulb shaped, is near the ventral margin.
This tooth fits in between two peculiar teeth in the left valve.
One tooth (the upper) extends from the dorsal margin, in a slight
curve to the center of the hinge plate. The tooth is narrow and
elevated. Near the ventral margin is placed the second tooth,
which is elevated, pyramidal and larger than the upper one.
The lateral teeth are placed on either side of the cardinal in
each valve, two teeth (single) being in the left valve and four

*Structural and Systematic Conchology, Vol. III., p. 186.

tFor a good account of the anatomy of Sphzrium see Proc, Iowa Acad, of Sci., Vol.
III., p. 173, 1895, a paper by Mr. Gilman A. Drew.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. pals

(double) teeth in the right valve. They are generally long,
lamellar and elevated, and either straight or curved.

Distribution: North and South America, Europe, Oceanica,
Asia, Africa, New Zealand, East Indies and Madagascar.

The young of both Spherium and Pisidium are contained in
the inner gill and are of gigantic size as compared with that of the
parent, sometimes being one-sixth the length of the adult. When
born they ‘‘are very active, climbing about submerged plants and
often suspending themselves by byssal threads.” (Tryon.) The
genus is very plentifully distributed, the species being very
numerous in individuals. The group is hermaphroditic.

KEY TO SPECIES OF SPH/RIUM AND CALYCULINA.

A. Shell solid, epidermis dark.
a. Umbones situated anterior of the center of the shell,
giving it a transversely elongated outline.
1. Shell trigonal, umbones elevated and inflated,

almostvsnvooth jy vatac a conetersite Gia c etateserntsy tate atetan solidulum

2. Shell oval, umbones not as much elevated as 1,
very nll; coarsely writen) .c fe sc cd s.asig. 0s ceo stamineum

3. Shell transyersely elongated, umbones small, de-
Pressed almost SMOOEM ss). se acl ele viele te alee) striatinunt

b. Umbones situated near the center of the shell, depressed;
shellitransverselynovale ayer «ccs evclecte cts six. ash gare dee ie simile

B. Shell fragile, epidermis light.
a. Shell transverse.
1. Shell very transverse, umbones elevated and

placed well toward the anterior end......... transversuni
2. Shell transversely oval, umbones depressed and
placed centrally tices ate ata ae eee fabale

b. Shell rhombic.
1. Shell rhombic-ovate, posterior end squarely
truncated, umbones placed near the center..../runcatum
2. Shell muchinflated, rhombic-orbicular, posterior
margin truncated, very high compared with
the anterior margin, beaks a trifle anterior,

SAMS eae ae th ltaker aha Ne is avalava biesiale asi h aPee securum
c. Shell oval.
1. Shell somewhat inflated, small, ends rounded... occidentale
2. Shell compressed, large, posterior end trun-
PRM ae, ere Or Ae Cis Aicla-v'a brewed fie ow h partumeium

37. Sphzrium solidulum Prime, pl. xxvii., fig. 4.
Cyclas solidula Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. H. N., Vol. IV., p. 158, 1851.
Cyclas distorta Prime, |. c., p. 158, 1851.

Shell: Of good size, inflated, very solid, inequilateral, tri-
gonal; umbones inflated, somewhat elevated, placed anterior to

114 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the center of the shell, marked by rather coarse ridges; dorsal
margin strongly arcuate, ventral border rounded, posterior mar-
gin long, obtusely triangular, the umbonal slope rounded; an-
terior margin rounded; surface shining, growth lines coarse,
crowded; fine lines may be seen between the coarse ones when
viewed with a lens; color varying from dark horn to yellowish
brown, sometimes marked by large blotches of both colors on
the shell and with a yellowish line bordering the ventral margin;
ligament thin, dark brown; cardinal teeth very small, a single
lamellar, elevated tooth, which forms a long, arched projection
beneath the point of the beak in the right valve, and two ele-
vated, curved, thin teeth in the left valve, one just beneath the
beak and one midway between hinge margins; the hinge line in
both valves is thickened and extends from the lateral to the
cardinal teeth, rising to meet the latter; lateral teeth situated
on either side of the cardinals in each valve, short, elevated,
thick, curved, double in the right and single in the left valve;
muscle scars and pallial line distinct, the latter crenulated;
nacre bluish white, darker near the cavity of the beaks, which
are deep. s

Length, 11.00; height, 8.75; breadth, 7.00 mill. (12458).

Animal: Not observed.

Distribution: New York to Iowa, Wisconsin to Louisiana
and New Mexico.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Afabitat: Found in the smaller rivers and creeks, on a muddy
bottom.

Remarks; This species is easily known by its strongly tri-
gonal outline and solid shell. It is distinguished from
stamineum by its less distinctly marked umbones and more
trigonal form; s¢réatinum is much more transverse and is very
much more compressed, while the umbones are smaller, and
the shell is smaller than stamineum generally. It does not
seem to be a common shell, and is confined to the Desplaines
River drainage and Lake Michigan.

38. Sphzrium stamineum Conrad, pl. xxvii., fig. 1.
Cyclas staminea ConraD, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts, Ist series, Vol. XXV.,
p. 342, pl. i., fig. 5, 1834.
Cyclas fuscata RaFINESQUE, Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IV.,
p. 281, 1852.
Cyclas bulbosa ANTHONY, PrRimg, l. c., p. 283, 1852.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 115

Shell: Large, inflated, rather solid, inequilateral, oval; um-
bones depressed, inflated, placed anterior to the center of the
shell, marked by a number of coarse, rounded, even ridges,
which cause the beaks to stand out prominently; umbonal
slopes rounded; dorsal margin slightly arched, ventral border
rounded; anterior and posterior margins rounded or subtrun-
cated; surface shining, marked by very strong lines of growth;
color yellowish or brownish, sometimes dark horn color; liga-
ment weak, dark horn color; cardinal teeth very small, a single,
elevated arched tooth situated just beneath the beak, the two
arches of unequal length, in the right valve, and two narrow,
solid, elevated, pyramidal teeth which are placed asin solidulum,
the tooth near the ventral border being smaller and more ele-
vated, in the left valve; the hinge line is a trifle thickened;
lateral teeth on each side of the cardinals short, thick, solid,
elevated, serrated, double in the right and single in the left
valve; muscle scars and pallial line faint; nacre bluish white,
with zones of very dark purple or horn color.

Length, 14.00; height, 11.00; breadth, 9.00 mill. (9885).

OS Te.a0e - Pe ieee meal arg) 8) BETO).
the TOGO: 8) B.00F ce fF gg “8 . | (9882):
mm agg? he Sg O0-m) AP Sao. (S81).

Anima/; Bluish or whitish, transparent, yellowish about the
base of the siphons and brownish on the dorsal part near the
liver and heart; mantle lobes thin and transparent, edged with
brownish yellow or yellowish white, very muscular; siphons
long, united only at base, ventral very large and longest, not
ciliated; adductor muscles not large and rather weak; foot re-
tractor and protractor muscle well developed; foot long and
digitiform, transparent, and capable of extension more than the
length of the shell; it is thrust from a cleft in the mantle about
the center of the ventral border of the shell; ctenidia large, the
outer the smallest, rounded before and behind, united above;
labial palpi long and narrow, ciliated, united at base, bluish
white in color; pericardium situated well on the dorsal surface;
heart very plainly seen, beats regular, fifty-seven per minute.

Distribution: New England west to Arkansas and Iowa,
Illinois south to Alabama and Louisiana.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hlabitat: In small creeks, ponds and rivers, buried in black,
slimy mud to a depth of several inches.

116 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Remarks: This isa common and widely diffused species,
occurring in all parts of the area under discussion. Particularly
large and fine specimens are found in the DuPage River near
Lisle. Some little variation exists, principally in the relative
length and height. It may easily be recognized by its inequi-
lateral form and very heavily marked umbones.

On July 25, 1896, the writer found young in the inner gills,
measuring from two to five or six millimeters in length, three
or four being found in each gill. The animal is quite active,
moving by a series of jerks. Progression is effected by means
of the foot, which is thrust out to its fullest extent and the shell
drawn after it. It is very interesting to watch this species in an
aquarium and notice its quick, jerky motions. It thrives well
in captivity, and is very well adapted for anatomical investiga-
tions, owing to its large size.

39. Sphzrium simile Say, pl. xxvii., fig. 3.
Cyclas similis Say, Nich. Encyc., Am. Ed., Vol.-II., pl. i., fig. 9, 1817.
Cyclas sudcata LAMARCK, An. sans Vert., Vol. V., p. 560, 1818.
Cyclas Sarratogea LAMARCK, I. c., p. 560, 1818.
Cyclas lasmampsis RAFINESQUE, An. Gen. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Vol.V., p. 319,

pl. Ixxxii., figs. 19, 20, 1820.

Cyclas solida DeKay, Moll. of N. Y., p. 229, pl. xxv., fig. 265, 1843.
Cyclas gigantea PRIME, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IV., p. 157, 1851.
Cyclas ponderosa PRIME, |. c., p. 157, 1851.

Shell: Warge, inflated, rather solid, almost equilateral,
transversely oval; umbones depressed, inflated, placed a trifle
anterior to the center of the shell, marked by heavy ridges, but
not so coarse as in stamineum; dorsal margin very nearly
straight, ventral border broadly curved; anterior and posterior
margins almost equal, the posterior a little longer than the an-
terior, the two margins rounded; umbonal slopes rounded; sur-
face shining, growth lines coarse; color dark brown, sometimes
with a reddish tinge; ligament weak, very dark horn or black;
cardinal teeth small, a single, long, stout, elevated, arched tooth
in the right valve, and two stout, elevated teeth in the left valve,
the upper tooth being short and curved and the lower tooth
long and almost straight; one specimen (10882) seems to have
the teeth in the right valve double and placed like those of the
left valve; the teeth are sometimes very long and lamellar
(8513); lateral teeth double in the right and single in the left
valve, short, elevated, lamellar, nearly straight; muscle scars

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY, PW

and pallial line faintly impressed; nacre bluish; cavity of the
beaks shallow. .
Length, 16.50; height, 11.75; breadth, 9.00 mill. (8513).
“ 15.50; 12,00; © 9.00 “ (8513).
“18.00; “ 18.00; ‘ 10.00 “ (12460).

Animal: Not observed.

Distribution: United States and Southern Canada.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hlabitat: In rivers and lakes, in soft mud.

Remarks: The hinge teeth are arranged very peculiarly in.
this species, the laterals being in a direct line with the cardi-
nals, and not at right angles to them, as in the previous species.
It is one of the largest of the genus and distinguished from the
related species by its transversely oval outline, its peculiarly
placed teeth, and its umbonal marking, which is intermediate
between so/idu/um and stamineum. The umbones are also placed
very near the center of the shell. The species does not seem
common, although found in the southern, northern and western
regions, under circumstances which should be conducive to
their multiplication.

40. Spherium striatinum Lamarck, pl. xxvii., fig. 2.

Cyclas striatina Lam., An. sans Vert., Vol. V., p. 560, 1818.

Cyclas edentula Say, New Harmony Dissem., p. 356, 1829.

Cyclas albula PRiME, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IV., p. 155, 1851.

Cyclas tenuistriata PRIME, |. c., p. 156, 1851.

Cyclas acuminata PRimE, 1. c., p. 158, 1851.

Cyclas tnornata Prime, l.c., p. 159, 1851.

Cyclas simplex Prime, l.c., p. 159, 1851.

Cyclas modesta PRimE, 1|.c.. p. 159, 1851.

Shell; Of medium size, not much inflated, solid, transversely
elongated, very inequilateral; umbones depressed, full, placed
anterior to the center of the shell, marked by numerous fine
ridges, which are so fine in some specimens that the beaks
appear smooth; dorsal margin arcuate; ventral margin rounded;
posterior margin obtusely triangular; anterior margin broadly
rounded; umbonal slope rounded, the posterior inclined to
angular; surface shining, lines of growth coarse, but not so
much so as in s/amineum; color greenish yellow, varying to dark
horn in some specimens; ligament weak, dark horn colored;
cardinal teeth small, those in the left valve unequal, one placed
near the dorsal margin of the hinge plate, small, and extending
diagonally toward the ventral margin, and one placed near the

118 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ventral border of the hinge plate, large, pyramidal, elevated;
that in the right valve arched, the left angle of the arch being
shorter than the right, elevated, long, thick; lateral teeth
double in the right and single in thea left valve, short, elevated,
stout, but slightly curved; muscle scars very faint; cavity of the
beaks shallow; nacre bluish or whitish.
Length, 10.50; height, 7.50; breadth, 5.50 mill. (8510).
“ 1050; * 8.00; “ 6.00 “ (8510).
6 90D E es TREO R eo oe ih TO es Carta

Animal: Not observed.

Distribution: New England west to California, Canada south
to Louisiana, Alabama and Florida.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Same as for stamineum.

Remarks: This species is closely allied to stamineum
but may be distinguished by its depressed beaks, more
elongate outline and fainter growth lines, especially about the
beak, which is very coarsely sulcated in stamineum. The species
is as numerous in individuals as the latter species and resembles
it also in habitat, burying to a considerable depth in the soft
mud. It is universally distributed. It has been found fossil in
a sand bank near the lake shore, east of Sheridan Drive and
north of Graceland Avenue, by Mr. Jensen.

41. Sphzrium fabale Prime, pl. xxvii., fig. 7.
Cyclas fabalis Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IV., p. 159, 1851.
Cyclas castanea Prime, |. c., Vol. IV., p. 160, 1851.
Cyclas sulculosa DE CHARPENTIER, MSS, 1851.

Shell: Of good size, transversely oval, somewhat com-
pressed, almost equilateral, thin and fragile to quite solid; an-
terior and posterior margins rounded; ventral margin curved;
dorsal margin slightly curved; umbones depressed, almost
flush with the hinge line, placed near the center of the shell
and quite heavily marked and regular; umbonal slopes gently
rounded; surface smooth and shining in young or half grown
specimens but dull in old examples; lines of growth,typically
very coarse and distinct, but finerin some specimens; color light
green, yellowish or blackish, the Jatter a marked character in
old specimens; ligament weak, color varying with the shell;
cardinal teeth small, those in the left valve unequal, one
placed near the dorsal margin and extending from the latter
to a point midway between the dorsal and ventral margins of

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 119

the hinge plate, and one placed near the ventral margin of the
hinge plate; the dorsal tooth is nearly straight while the
ventral tooth is very arcuate; in the right valve there is a
single, large, arched tooth which extends from the center to
the ventral border of the hinge plate, it is large at either end
and small in the middle; lateral teeth double in the right and
single in the left valve, rather small, elevated, pyramidal,
slightly curved; hinge line rather solid; muscle scars indistinct;
cavity of the beaks shallow; anterior bluish.
Length, 11.00; height, 9.00; breadth, 5.50 mill.

ef 9:50; 5 StaeeAOs oF 5:00)

tt 95055 ee ea “K 4.75 |

Animal: Not observed. Siphons said by Prime to be
crimson.

Distribution: New England west to Iowa, Canada south to
Louisiana.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

ffabitat: Inthe large lakes, on a muddy bottom, in rather
deep water.

Remarks: Faébale has been found at but one locality thus
far, but probably occurs anywhere along the shore of Lake
Michigan. Its only locality, Miller’s, Ind., is at the extreme
southern end of Lake Michigan. This interesting region is said
by Prof. Garriott to be the most wind-»swept locality in the Chi-
cago area. This fact accounts for the enormous quantity of sea
wrack which lines the shore at this point and which is not to be
found in such profusion anywhere else along the shore. This
sea wrack has proven prolific collecting ground for molluscan
life. :

The present species is very variable, running from per-
fectly smooth to coarsely striated and varying in color from

yellow to black. It may always be known by its depressed
umbones.

42. Sphzrium occidentale Prime, pl. xxvii., fig. 10.
Cyclas ovalis Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IV., p. 276, 1852 (Pre-
occupied).
Spherium occidentalis Prime, |. c., Vol. V., p. 122, 1855.

Shell: Small, inflated, fragile, equilateral; umbones promi-
nent but not much elevated, inflated, placed centrally, marked
by very fine lines; dorsal and ventral margins rounded; anterior
and posterior margins rounded; umbonal slopes rounded; sur-

1z0 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

face shining, marked by very fine lines of growth; color light
horn, sometimes darker; ligament as usual; cardinal teeth
small, a single, elevated, lamellar, curved tooth in the right
valve, the posterior curve of which is longer than the anterior
and is club shaped, and two teeth in the left valve, that near the
ventral border of the hinge plate being elevated and pyramidal,
that on the dorsal border being long, lamellar, depressed, and
curved, as in the preceding species; lateral teeth short, elevated,
curved, single in the left and double in the right valve; muscle
scars scarcely discernible; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre
light purplish or bluish.
Length, 7.50; height, 7.00; breadth, 4.50 mill. (8456).
4600302 re BOOS! ow 8GDa “OAganED:

Animal: Transparent, whitish, reddish brown near the um-
bones; mantle white, thin and transparent; siphons of medium
length, united at base; ctenidia large, wide, rounded, united
above; labial palpi long and narrow, united at base; foot large,
long and narrow, extended from the center of the shell; the shell
is so transparent that most of the organs may be seen through
it when held between the observer and the light.

Distribution: New England west to Washington, Canada
south to Louisiana.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found in lakes and rivers, in soft mud, either on
the surface or buried.

Remarks: This species is distinguished by its oval outline,
which is more regular than that of any other spherium found
here. It is very common, and when found at all is usually rep-
resented by hundreds of individuals.

Genus CALYCULINA Clessin.

“Posterior part longer, or scarcely so, higher than anterior;
shell very thin and fragile; hinge very fine.” (Sterki in lit.)

43. Calyculina transversa Say, pl. xxvii., fig. 5.
Cyclas transversa Say, New. Harm. Dissem., Vol. II., p. 356, 1829.
Cyclas detruncata PRIME, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IV., p. 155, 1851.
Cyclas gracile Prime, |.c., Vol. IV., p. 156, 1851.
Cyclas constricta ANTHONY, l.c., Vol. IV., p. 274, 1852.

Shell: Thin, of good size, inflated, inequilateral, trans-

versely oblong, translucent; umbones elevated, not large, full,
calyculate, placed anterior to the center of the shell, smooth and

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY, 121

shining; dorsal margin straight; ventral margin broadly rounded;
posterior margin subtruncated; anterior margin rounded; um-
bonal slopes rounded; surface smooth and shining, lines of
growth very fine; color light yellowish, sometimes darker; liga-
ment very thin, light brown; cardinal teeth small,a single,
arched, elevated, lamellar tooth situated near the ventral mar-
gin of the hinge plate in the right valve, and two elevated teeth
in the left valve, of which the dorsal is situated near the center
of the hinge plate, arched, lamellar, and the ventral is situated
near the lower margin of the hinge plate, and is elevated, pyram-
idal and solid; lateral teeth lamellar, straight, elevated, single
in the left and double in the right valve; muscle scars very
faint; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre bluish white.

Length, 12.50; height, 9.00; breadth, 7.00 mill. (9965).
a 11.50; ae 8.00; Wi 6.00 ‘'~ (9965).

Animal: White, greenish about the liver; mantle lobes
very thin and transparent; siphons rather short, narrow, about
equal in size, united only at base, pinkish in color; foot very
long and narrow, white, capable of great extension, and extended
through a cleft in the mantle near the anterior end of the ven-
tral portion; ctenidia large, white, rounded, united above; labial
palpi long and narrow, united at base, white.

Distribution: New York west to Arkansas, Canada south
to Alabama and Louisiana.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found in rivers, ponds and lakes, in soft mud,
either on the surface or buried to a considerable depth.

Remarks: This is a distinct little shell, and can be con-
founded with no other. It is acommon and abundant species,
and may be seen on any pleasant day jerking its way over the
muddy bottom of our rivers. Its transverse outline differs from
that of any other species found in this area, and will at once
distinguish it. The species is found in the northern and west-
ern regions.

44. Calyculina truncata Linsley, pl. xxvii., fig. 8.
Cyclas calyculata DrapaRNaup, C. B. Apams, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts,
2d series, Vol. XL., p. 277, 1841.
Cyclas truncata Linstgy, Amer. Jour. Sci. and Arts., 3d series, Vol. VI.,
p. 234, fig. 3, 1848.
Cyclas lenticula Gouin, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. III., p. 256, 1850.
Cyclas pellucida Prime, Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 16, 1851.

—
bo
be

THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Shell: Very fragile, small, inflated, almost equilateral, rhom-
bic-ovate, translucent; umbones prominent, elevated, full,
calyculate, approximating, placed centrally, smooth and shining;
dorsal margin straight; ventral margin broadly rounded; anterior
margin rounded; posterior margin sharply truncated, rounded
on the ventral part; umbonal slopes rounded; surface smooth
and shining, lines of growth very fine; color light yellowish
green or greenish horn with a zone of yellow bordering the ven-
tral margin of the valve; ligament weak, light horn color; car-
dinal teeth small, a single, elevated, lamellar, arched tooth in
the right valve, and two teeth in the left valve, the ventral tooth
pyramidal, elevated, the dorsal tooth long, lamellar, curved,
and elevated; lateral teeth long, lamellar, elevated, straight, one
in the left valve and two in the right valve; muscle scars
scarcely visible; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre light bluish
with a yellow zone on the ventral border.

Length, 9 25; height, 7.50; breadth, 5.00 mill. (12464).
Paes ta 6.50; 7 B00 i (12464).

Animal: Not observed.

Distribution: New England west to Illinois and Wisconsin,
Canada south to Kentucky.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In small ponds and sheltered parts of rivers, in
soft, sticky mud.

Remarks: This species is very like S. ¢ransversa, but is
shorter in comparison with its height, is rhombic in form and
the beaks are placed centrally. The two species belong toa
natural group of which ¢ransversa is the leading form. It
is not as common as /ransversa and is confined to the lower
part of the western region.

45. Calyculina securis Prime, pl. xxvii., fig. 9.
Cyclas securis Prime, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. His., Vol. IV., p. 160, 1851;
Ann. N. Y. Lyceum, Vol. V., p. 218, pl. vi., 1851.

Cyclas cardissa PRiME, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IV., p. 160, 1851.

Cyclas crocea Lewis, |. c., Vol. V., p. 25, 1854.

Shell: Small, fragile, but stouter than the two previous
species, inflated, inequilateral, rhombic-orbicular; umbones
elevated, full, much inflated, calyculate, approximate, placed a
trifle anteriorly; marked by very fine lfmes of growth; dorsal
margin arched; ventral margin rounded; anterior margin
rounded, posterior truncated; umbonal slopes rounded, sub-

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 123

angulate posteriorly; surface shining, lines of growth very faint;
color varying from bright yellow to greenish horn, sometimes
very dark horn; ligament as usual; cardinal teeth very small,
a single, long, elevated, lamellar, arched tooth in the right valve,
which has a large pyramidal projection near the anterior end
giving the hinge the appearance of a double tooth, and two
teeth in the left valve, one near the ventral margin of the hinge
plate, elevated, pyramidal, and one near the dorsal border,
lamellar, depressed, curved, extending diagonally toward the
ventral border; lateral teeth long, lamellar, elevated, slightly
curved, one in the left valve and two in the right; muscle scars
faint; cavity of the beaks deep; nacre bluish white, darker near
the postero-ventral portion, lighter in yellowish specimens
Length, 6.00; height, 5.00; breadth, 3.00 mili. (12465).
EI STOP ty SAO i 20 (12465).

Animal: Not observed.

Distribution: New England west to Michigan, Canada
south to Kentucky.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Same as S. truncata.

Remarks: A species at once distinguished by its rhombic-
orbicular outline and inflated beaks and shell. It is the smallest
Sphertum found in this area, and is wider in proportion to its
length than any other species. It does not seem to be very
common, and, like the last species, is confined to the south-
western part of the western region.

46. Calyculina partumeia Say, pl. xxvii., fig. 6.

Cyclas partumeia Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II., p. 380, 1822.

Cyclas cornea, var. 2, Lam., An. sans Vert., Vol. V., p. 558, 1818.

Cyclas orbicularia Barratt, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, Vol. XLVIII.,

p. 276, 1845.

Cyclas mirabilis PriME, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IV., p. 157, 1851.

Cyclas cerulea Prime, |. c., p. 161, 1851.

Cyclas eburnea ANTHONY, I. c., p. 279, 1852.

Shell: Of good size, inflated, fragile, very nearly equi-
lateral, pellucid; umbones elevated, inflated, of good size, placed
near the center of the shell, calyculate, very finely marked by
growth lines; dorsal margin slightly arched, ventral rounded;
anterior margin broadly rounded, posterior roundly truncated;
umbonal slopes rounded; surface shining, polished, marked by
very fine growth lines; color greenish horn or yellowish, with
frequently a broad zone of dark purple on the ventral border;

124 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ligaments slight; cardinal teeth small, a single, long, elevated,
curved tooth placed near the dorsal border of the hinge plate in
the right valve, and two teeth in the left valve, the dorsal tooth
being long, elevated, lamellar and curved, and the ventral tooth
elevated, pyramidal and stout; lateral teeth long and straight,
elevated, lamellar, double in the right and single in the left
valve; the anterior part of the valve is rounded, but the pos-
terior forms a decided angle with the hinge line; muscle scars
barely visible; cavity of the beaks deep; nacre horn color, with
a blue zone on the ventral margin.
Length, 6.00; height, 5.50; breadth, 3.00 mill. (8458).
“550; §.00; “ 3,00 “ (10098).
if 8 50; See SCs (35 aS 4.50 ‘* (12466).
Animal: Similar to that of S. occidentale.
Distribution: New England west to Iowa, Wisconsin south
to Alabama, Louisiana and Florida.
Geological distribution: Pleistocene.
ffabitat: Found in ponds and rivers, buried in black mud.
Remarks: This species is closely allied to S. occidentale
Prime, but may be distinguished by its larger size, truncated
posterior border and general rounded oval outline. It is one
of our commonest species, and also one of the most beautiful of
the genus. /Partumeia is found in almost every part of the
area, and is the most widely distributed of any species in the
genus. It is a very handsome species when at its best, the shell
being so thin that the animal may easily be seen through it.

Genus PISIDIUM Pfeiffer.

‘“Shell: Small, rounded-oval, inequilateral, anterior side
longer; beaks terminal; cardinal teeth double, at times united,
situated immediately under the beaks; lateral teeth elongated,
lamelliform, double in the right valve, single in the left valve;
ligament always on the shorter side.

“Animal: Elongate-oval, compressed laterally; lobes of
the mantle without tentacles, united posteriorly into a single,
short siphonal tube; oral aperture small, tentacles of the
mouth triangular, elongated; gills of medium size; foot small,
tongue shaped, capable of great extension.’’ (Prime.*)

“Posterior part of shell shorter than anterior; siphons quite
short.” (Sterki, in lit.)

*Monograph of American Corbiculade, p. 59.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 125

Pisidium differs from Spherium principally in its siphonal
tubes, which are united in the former for their whole distance,
and in the latter are united only at the base. The foot also
differs, being similar in some respects to Cardium. (Prime.)
The beaks in Pis¢dium are placed near the fosterzor end, while
in Spherium they are placed centrally or near the anterior end.

Pre? lil

Cardinal teeth of Pisipr1umM COMPRESSUM Prime (x 40, original). Upper
figure, right valve; lower figure, left valve.

The mode of reproduction is the same in both genera. Pisidia
may be more profitably collected during the spring and sum-
mer, “from the middle of April to the early part of July,’’* this
being the breeding season.

The cardinal teeth are sometimes quite similar to (Fig. 11)
and again quite different (Fig. 12) from those of Spherium. The

Bre. 12:

Cardinal teeth of Pisip1um virGinicuM Bourg. (x 50, original). Upper figure,
right valve; lower figure, left valve.

teeth in Pistdium are generally more elongated than those of
Spherium. In one type (Fig. 11) the single cardinal in the right
valve is long, narrow and curved, the lower part of the curve
being thicker than the upper part, and placed near the ventral
border of the hinge plate. The upper tooth in the left valve is

*Prime, Monograph, p. 6r.

126 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

long, very narrow and curved, and extends to a point about the
center of the hinge plate; the lower toothis moreorless pyram-
idal, elevated and somewhat Jamellar. In the second type
(Fig. 12) the single right cardinal is very much arched, swollen
at both ends of the arch, the right arm being the longer. The
upper left cardinal is long and thick, elevated, lamelliform, and
extends nearly to the ventral border of the hinge plate; the
second left tooth is more or less rounded, pyramidal, elevated,
and extends well toward the dorsal margin of the hinge plate.

Distribution: North and South America, Europe, New
Zealand, India, Iceland, Greenland.

KEY TO SPECIES OF PISIDIUM.

a. Umbones placed very near the center of the shell, which
is clongated:oval.in form... sic «melon oe clerir cease Crier abditum
1. Differs from ‘‘a” in being smaller, shorter and
higher, the beaks less full, and the sculpture
finer‘and more: polishensi50 7. ks ioc ceee + tee ate politum
b. Umbones placed near the posterior end of the shell.
1. Shell very oblique, posterior end short, rounded,
anterior end long, obtusely triangular, larger
fhan)(2)i6.4..-c. Skee See ce ea isle Jee re virginicum
2. Shell trigonal and triangular, more compressed
than (1), posterior end short and rounded, an-
terior end much produced, beaks somewhat
elesated and ‘COntpressed: vo. scsi ew eben oe compressum

47. Pisidium Abditum Haldeman, pl. xxviii., fig. 1.
Pisidium abditum HALDEMAN, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 53, 1841.
Cyclas major C. B. ApaAms, Proc. Bost. Soe. N. H., p. 48, 1841.
Pisidium tenellum Gouip, Agassiz, Lake Superior, p. 235, 1848.
Pisidium minus Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 16, 1851.
Pisidium obscurum PRiME, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. IV., p. 161, 1851.
Pisidium kurtzi Prime, |. c, p. 162, 1851.
Pisidium zonatum Prime, l. c., p. 162, 1851.
Prisidium rubellum Prime, 1. c., p. 163, 1851.
Pisidium regulare PRIME, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., Vol. VI., p. 363, pl. xii.,
fig. 11, 12, 1852.
Pisidium notatum Prime, l.c., p. 365, pl. xii., fig. 20-22, 1852.
Pisidium arcuatum PRIME, |. c., p. 364, pl. xii., fig. 14-16, 1852.
Pisidium resartum INGALLS, in litt., 1855.
Pisidium rubrum Lewis, in litt., 1855.
Pisidium plenum LEwIs, in litt., 1855.

Shell: Large (for the genus), inflated, rather solid, some-
what inequilateral, elongate-oval; umbones slightly raised,
full, placed a little posterior of the center, very rough, some-
times showing growth lines plainly, but generally covered with

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 127
little prominences; dorsal and ventral margins rounded; an-
terior margin long, broadly rounded; posterior margin short,
rounded; umbonal slopes rounded; surface shining, lines of
growth faint; color very light horn or yellowish; ligament short,
dark horn; cardinal teeth small, a single, lamellar, elevated,
arched tooth in the right valve; the right arm of the
arch is longer than the left and reaches nearly to the ventral
border of the hinge plate; the left valve is armed with two car-
dinal teeth, the dorsal tooth being very long, lamellar, elevated
and peculiarly bent at the distal end; the ventral tooth is large,
elevated and more or less pyramidal; lateral teeth strong,
curved, elevated, but projecting much above the edge of the
valve, double in the right and single in the left valve; cavity of
the beaks shallow.

Length, 4.25; height, 3.00; breadth, 2.50 mill. (9883).

Animal: Not observed.

Distribution: New England west to California, Canada
south to Louisiana, Florida and Honduras. >

Geological distribution: Not known, probably Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found in the smaller lakes and streams, buried
in soft, black mud, or on aquatic plants.

Remarks: This isa distinct and abundant species, distin-
guished by its elongated ovate outline. It is quite abundant
and is universally distributed.

48. Pisidium virginicum Bourguignat, pl. xxviii., fig. 2.

Tellina virginica GMELIN, Syst. Nat., pp. 32, 36, pl. clix., fig. 15, 1788.

Tellina pusella (pars) Dittwyn, Cat., Vol. II., p. 106, 1817.

Cyclas dubia Say, Nich. Encyc., lst Am. Ed. II., p. 4, pl. i., fig. 10, 1817.

Physemoda aequalis RAFINESQUE, Ann. Gen. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Vol. V., p.
319, 1820.

Pisidium abruptum HaLpDEMAN, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 53, 1841.

Pisidium virginicum BOURGUIGNAT, Rev. Mag. Zodl., 1854.

Shell: Of good size, thick, not much inflated, inequilateral,
very oblique; umbones not much elevated, prominent, full,
placed near the posterior end of the shell, marked by growth
lines; dorsal margin almost straight; ventral margin rounded;
anterior margin broadly triangular, long; posterior margin short
and rounded, sometimes appearing as if truncated; umbonal
slopes rounded, sometimes inclining to angular anteriorly; sur-
face shining, marked by heavy growth lines which are faint on
the protoconch; color dark horn in old specimens, lighter in
younger specimens, and zoned with light yellowish, especially

128 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

near the ventral border; ligament as usual; cardinal teeth small,
a single, elevated, arched tooth in the right valve, of which the
right arm of the arch is the longest and reaches to the ventral
border of the hinge plate; both arms are swollen at the ends
and the arch forms as a whole, a letter V reversed; the left
valve is armed with two teeth, the dorsal being thick, long,
elevated and straight, and reaches nearly to the ventral edge of
the hinge plate; the ventral tooth is large, rounded and pyram-
idal; lateral teeth strong, curved, elevated, smooth or only
slightly striated, those of the left valve projecting strongly
above the valve edge, those of the right valve not so much so,
but projecting into the cavity of the shell; double in the right
and single in the left valve; cavity of the beaks shallow; nacre
glossy, inclining to purplish.
Length, 6.00; height, 5.00; breadth, 4.00 mill. (9879).

Animal; Not examined.

Distribution: New England west to Iowa, Canada south to
Louisiana. -

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Same as abditum.

Remarks: A species easily recognized ‘by its large size (it
is the largest of the genus) and oblique form. It is one of the
handsomest of the Pisidia. Thus far it has only been found in
the southern region. Found fossil in sand banks east of Sheri-
dan Drive and north of Graceland Avenue.

49. Pisidium compressum Prime, pl. xxviii., fig. 7.

Cyclas altilis ANTHONY, in litt., 1847.

Pisidium compressum PRIME, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. 1V., p. 164,

1851.

Pisidinm cicer PriME, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., Vol. VI., p. 65, pl. i., fig. 1, 1853.

Shell: Small, solid, inflated, subequilateral, very oblique,
trigonal; umbones elevated, drawn up and compressed, placed
near the posterior end of the shell, marked by lines of growth;
there is a wing shaped appendage on the summit of the beaks;
dorsal margin very arcuate; ventral margin rounded; anterior
margin long, narrow, produced; posterior margin short and
rounded; umbonal slopes rounded; surface shining, marked by
coarse growth lines; color yellowish, darker in old specimens;
ligament as usual; cardinal teeth small, a single, long, curved
tooth extending from near the ventral to the dorsal edge of the
hinge plate, the right arm of the arch being long and swollen;

.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 129

the left valve is armed with a dorsal long, narrow, lamellar, al-
most straight tooth, extending about half way to the ventral
border of the hinge plate, and a large, rounded, pyramidal tooth
placed near the ventral border; lateral teeth strong, elevated,
curved, the right valve teeth strongly projecting above the
valve edge, the left valve teeth not so much so; double in the
right and single in the left valve; cavity of the beaks deep.
Length, 3 50; height, 3.00; breadth, 2.50 mill. (9880).
= 4.50; oh 4.003 fs 200“ (12468).

Animal: Not observed.

Distribution: New England west to California, Canada
south to Arizona and New Mexico.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Flabitat: Similar to additum.

Remarks: The winged beaks are a peculiarity of this species
which will aid in its determination, although the appendages
are not always present. Its trigonal form is different from any
other species of the genus found in the region under discussion.
It is found in both the western and southern regions.

50. Pisidium politum Sterki, unfigured
Pisidium politum STERK1, The Nautilus, Vol. IX., p. 75, 1895.

‘Mussel of medium size, well inflated, rather high, beaks
slightly posterior, rather high and prominent, not full but well
rounded; scutum and scutellum slightly marked. Superior mar-
gin rather short, rather strongly curved; inferior well curved,
more so in front than behind; posterior margin distinctly trun-
cated, with a well marked angle where joining the superior, and
a less marked, rounded angle where joining the inferior margin;
anterior end forming a slight but distinct angle situated rather
high up. Surface very finely, irregularly striated, polished;
whitish or straw colored, often leaden grayish on the beaks, or
even all over. Shell moderately thick; nacre whitish; muscular
insertions not very distinct; hinge of essentially the same type
as that in P7s. abditum.

‘‘Length, 4.0; altitude, 3.4; diameter, 2.4 mill.; 4.7; 4.0; 2.9 mill. from
another place.

“Pis. politum is rather variable in size, and more so in color
as noted above, but so markedly constant in its several habitats
that a number of different local forms, or varieties could be
described. It has some resemblance with Ps. additum Hald.

130 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and is. variabile Pr.; from the former it is different by its
being somewhat smaller, comparatively shorter and higher, the
beaks being less full, the surface finer striated and more pol-
ished; from the latter it is distinguished by its smaller size, the
beaks being less full, the antero-superior margin less straight,
and the angle at the anterior end being situated higher up; the
shell is thinner and the hinge less strong, the coloration differ-
ent. With all these differences appearing only gradual, our
Pisidium is a good species beyond a doubt and will always be
recognized.” (Sterki. )

Distribution: This species has been found thus far at the
following localities: New Philadelphia, Ohio; Philadelphia,
Pa.; Grand Rapids, Mich.; Clearwater River and Dallas Lake,
Minn.; Joliet, Ill.

Habitat; Found in company with /is. abditum and com-
pressum.*

*Besides the foregoing there are a number of forms of Sfheria and Pisidia now in the

hands of Dr. V. Sterki, which he has not fully investigated. When these are determined, no
doubt many new forms will be added to our fauna.

: aa

t q
Tate

raat es a

Rargesla.
enn

cer eeee Le ee ee ee ee ee A A eee ae See
Sind a < de a Sar “> r ~~ « x

4 | Ans ~

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

CHICAGO, ILLINOIS, November 26, Igol.
DEAR SIR:

By direction of the Board of Managers of The Natural History
Survey of The Chicago Academy of Sciences, I herewith submit to you
for publication, as Part II of Bulletin No. III of the Survey, the report on
The Mollusca of the Chicago Area, prepared by Frank Collins Baker,
Curator of The Chicago Academy of Sciences, to be issued under the rules
of the Academy governing such matters,

Respectfully,
WILLIAM K. HIGLEY,
THOMAS C. CHAMBERLIN, Chairman.
President of The Chicago Academy of Sciences,

“The Bbard of MARBaae “f ee "eeplovial and
Survey of The ‘Chicago Academy of Sciences:

WILLIAM K. HIGLEY, Chairman.

CHARLES S, RADDIN, Secretary.
THOMAS C. CHAMBERLIN. © :
GAYTON A, DOUGLASS.
THOMAS T. JOHNSTON.

rhs

my eel Ti ae hey
i
;
CONTENTS
PAGE.
7 fee CAASSL CxASET OW Odes Miss oy cite Wve Sete hotel cra oH o's w Sesin dtd ae Ree 137
, Supe lacs ANIsOpleura = 77.1 tem keen ae Sok cde ilés sce cecee emacs 138
: SHPEFORUGE PSE AM AC NT lel nleiien shia A gill ot efclshe ore Sor wv cbeye ee ee, 0th 138
i Mrder -Paliniomatas dats sre ener te uaF ee chk genie ohc woeE OS 138
= suborder Stylommatophotay toma. ct alee fccma se 'Wcae we afte tres 139
- SVUGTIOLLE MAA ee a eae ee eaten ri eI oP ces g's a ARNE Ls 140
: VCORE LE Pears Saas Wyse eemanit teeta ls eh ad "aatehane 140
s Superiamiity FOlgmemde tt ck eels eee W os once a aaietbos 140
‘ Pauly Pele mlaar eshte rao oak oa sis e+ now ees 140
Supertannly wAonath ays iret ig take ee ea ces ome oo 169
Bamitl yb esta cel cet titi iehs oleh sac < awisiel aie a nies «1 169
Superfamily Acnathomoerphar.c Aocciecce vile lia sc ma sows 171
; INE Rand keh ivi: harzng Sy etter Regt Cb shee ARMA eae gee i Aaa 171
: SSPE E rem eA AC OTC err aid chat sistem Fotis not alae ote es 174
; POEUN POTICIG EOS SE Aaa te Mee srose aa Siagherelt ace'a Feared es 174
Amit yet maeid cena, varewers ats Wore. wad a» Lh laters oe 193
WarnalynP Dilomy yer cals «dh tke wate atc) cep 2k holm’ %s 200
I pea vi pgecyctaloyelehoiit st eh 5 me hea iia penne, aA aOR I 203
Fleterurethirat. cone csne ens dete ade aah cides pd Peidteiete ore eis 216
Superiamily Mlasmornata cove) cick ss jet ae caste 216
iF PUA AUGCIM ETC, ec rtavesa edie clench viske.e th nidiald ei, deity 216
CID MR GET case ac wae ln oe vine a oto ohare are: 225
(Mes va AR A ERT y VEE be Soorgk an ea CAL AC ae SL Ree 225
Familys COCHIEOPIGGSS kha tata <a artis o tlacew ate’ one 9 245
PALIN) Yor Vel TAIL AS sate twp faite dane! catered op Si hers 248
BUbOxraer BasomymapopNaraye: yen oc Mina oc ees seis wes eee 253
SapettamilyGebydrophilas.. 3.0215. lass nage ee 253
Ce PTE ERAT TALI Clear wie vial. dolls @ Soa aaurrn ea «igo ysslaie.< 8 253
PMI EMU ee OTA. Hare Gobos lel wrote aii crore ok. ayelasa 0.96 256
Tea NS AM) bs Usa ate <) a be 2 ean | PR aR oct i BRI 257
BD NS LLL ahh de cis ciety ea syn si boe sige ale st hie Nims 302
TeV ENE ala th icy ith dad eee nea aduade wo eee 307
CMRI EC Mite MMOUCUT ES Ct yee viaeihs solaeicve Calas av.ae he asia toa oy ne 319
ICME Ne CONCHA IIC IMAL eiaiains sma sina ni aie’ae a 4/p ev c.n i Soe WE © 44 wis ult 319
PPLONG eR ERE PUOMON ar, wns cadv acti nedece te date ey He heres vg betas 319
Siewert, MOMIGLIOSSH. ariain'siclesie dt sine «a nuedsn ee dar 319
ema ALOIS OEIC Ranta a tains ms alae r Vadlbie Who) Che's 319
ARIAL y PRBKIALCO MIELE Panic wis dn. phy of OP vohh cid’e Sos Pl wige ervtenn 327
UD ITLDINT aN, ALOAEIGEDY oo wires esta. v.0'o's sai plelniale mae ws 346
APL VAVI ANIC 4) bis nyiabt yb ss’ ds aabiele hat Gea ip 352
XI, CAG IIORLATIOY . oaiscd owen aiprtilslties sc n0 cep eheuje® simian hae 368
XII.: Bibliography of Works Referred to in this Publication....... 366
Me te AIEEE APL UST'D Gk aye" Wie ie & sin iva eB Md -ae oie a diet disse us «WW wip delete ain 381
eMC IMU TUN oh s.aG MCLs os onre Oks gue pe 0p veo hengdaane va 391
| ORCEE te MA Mees re CAC Ltn meres d Hwee’ MU up eea R ote aly 8 411

B. CLASS GASTROPODA.‘

“Head distinct, usually furnished with eyes and tentacles;
body mostly protected by a spiral or conical univalve shell;
lower surface of animal developing a thickened, expanded,
‘creeping disk or foot.’’*

\

‘ Fie.: 13.

Generative apparatus of HELIX. (Semi-diagrammatic, after Lan-
kester.) a, ovotestis; b, hermaphrodite duct; c, albuminiparous gland;
d, spermatheca; e, uterine portion of hermaphrodite duct; f, f, accessory
glands of female duct; h, dart sac; i, vas deferens; k, penis; m, flagel-
lum; n, prostate gland.

The radula, which is a characteristic organ of this class,
has been described on pages 41, 42 and 43 of Part I.

ySince considerable reference is made in the following pages to the genitalia (sexual
organs), the annexed cut is introduced to explain the names of the different parts of the
system of a hermaphroditic gastropod mollusk (Fig. 13).

*Tryon, S. & S. Conch., Vol. II, p. 99.

138 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

SUBCLASS ANISOPLEURA.

Gastropoda in which the head and feet are bilaterally sym
metrical, but the visceral dome and mantle-fiap, with all the
containing organs, have been subjected to a rotation, bringing
the anus from its posterior position to a point above the right
side of the animal’s neck, thus causing the shell to incline to
the right side of the animal. Asa result of this torsion the
organs of one side become atrophied.

Superorder Euthyneura.

Gastropoda anisopleura in which the nervous loop of the
viscera, being sunk below the body-wall, is not affected by the
torsion of the visceral hump, but remains straight.

ORDER PULMONATA.

Gastropoda with a well-developed foot and (usually) a
large, spiral shell, inoperculate (Amphibola excepted), capable
of containing the entire animal; some forms, however, are with-
out an external shell; the lungs are simple, being a pouch lined
with a network of respiratory vessels; respiratory orifice small;
sexes united in the same individual, but reciprocal union neces-
sary; the genital orifices may be contiguous or distant. The
lingual membrane is very variable, being in some forms short
and broad and in others long and narrow; the mouth is further
armed with one or more horny jaws. The Pulmonata are prin-
cipally terrestrial; but several large groups are aquatic, inhab-
iting fresh water, while some (Auriculidz) live in the neigh-
borhood of the sea and follow the ebb and flow of the tide.

The pulmonates are typically vegetable feeders, although
some few genera are carnivorous (Circinnaria, Glandina). They
thrive best in warm, humid localities, and in desert countries
are stunted in size and few in number.

The life history of a pulmonate gastropod is as follows: In
May or June they lay their eggs, to the number of forty or
more, in a moist locality, sheltered from the sun’s rays, under
old leaves or by the side of logsorstones. After about twenty
or thirty days the young mollusk appears. It takes two or
three years for a snail to reach maturity. In October or No-
vember the snail ceases to become active and prepares to hiber-
nate. This it does by secreting a membrane and placing it

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 139

over the aperture. The formation of this membrane (epi-
phragm) is as follows: ‘‘The animal being withdrawn into the
shell, the collar is brought to a level with the aperture, and a
quantity of mucus is poured out from it and covers it. A small
quantity of air is then emitted from the respiratory foramen,
which detaches the mucus from the surface of the collar, and
projects it in a convex form, like a bubble. At the same mo-
ment, the animal retreats farther into the shell, leaving a vacuum
between itself and the membrane, which is consequently pressed
back by the external air to a level with the aperture, or even
farther, so as to form a concave surface, where, having become
desiccated and hard, it remains fixed. These operations are
nearly simultaneous and occupy but aninstant. Asthe weather
becomes colder the animal retires farther into the shell and
makes another septum, and so on, until there are sometimes as
many as six of these partitions.’”*

During hibernation the heart almost ceases to beat, and all
the functions of the body cease, the animal becoming torpid,
to be awakened only when the warm days of April or May ap-
proach. Thereason for hibernation is seemingly only to enable
the organism to withstand the cold climate, and to exist during
a period when the food supply is cut off. When kept in con-
finement they do not generally hibernate, but live during the
winter as in the summer. 3

The comparative speed of snails while in motion does not
seem to have been studied to any great extent. Asa matter
of curiosity the writer timed a few species, with the result as
tabulated below:

EVITA PALI ELTS hy clk ada a4 Diets Pym: diole a8 2inchesin 45 seconds.
“s PADELACA a ctarite yes tance: oe biti, atlas a Drives or) oy
bd GUDEDSISeer desc aa ips w9k Gig sels e0 7. le tre 30, me
a RRR Ny Paechian hana nce ok 2g aActs, 1 hase BW nt ois 3) Z

PY DELCTOREFODA iin ceibip ns poe ee ee ae Sse Siezao s

WAWI DATs COMLCCLOIGES iii 05 «04 0/00 0's bee woe ite Pe ** 120 a

OCR) PORE FIN h. oes s oe ene werelcale al sail) x
‘ ERACEMAIDET ate Gis, 3 Sig hs Oia ky pw i aus 60 s
¥ BONO 8 la Ala har geese oo ar aenn? “ 120 u
oe GIOPMONURES Vcd 5 ROS so ie yoo w' bach aw 0M ota “ 60 ig

SECU ATIA CONCAVA 6 cotnt lect ina des verdes Ce e090 iy

SUBORDER STYLOMMATOPHORA

Tentacles four in number, the superior retractile, with eyes

*W. G. Binney, ‘‘A Manual of American Land Shells, p. 10-11.’’ Bull, U. S. Nat.
Museum, No. 28, 1885.

140 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

at their tips, and the inferior very short; animal generally ter-
restrial.

Monotremata.

Common or contiguous external male and female orifice
(Binney).
Sigmurethra.

Ureter abruptly reflexed from the apex of the kidney,
passing to the posterior end of the lung-cavity, where an open
groove or closed tube continues across to the last fold of the
intestine, which it follows forward to the mantle-edge (Pilsbry).

Superfamily Holopoda.

Animal without pedal grooves; jaw always present, dis-
inct; none of the teeth of the aculeate type (Pilsbry).

FAMILY HELICID#.

‘“‘Foot-edges without pedal grooves; no tail gland. Mar-
ginal teeth with wide, short, squarish basal-plates and one or
several cusps, the outer cusp never elevated on middle cusp.
Shell usually with expanded or reflexed lip.’*

Subfamily Polygyrine.

“Genitalia simple; vas deferens inserted directly on the
well-developed, long penis, which has no epiphallus or flagel-
lum; no dart sack or mucus glands; no diverticulum on sper-
matheca duct; eggs small and numerous. Jaw solid, ribbed or
smooth; marginal teeth with more than one cusp. Shell with
lip thickened within, expanded or reflexed, the embryonic

9d

whorls not distinctly differentiated.’ T

Genus POLYGYRA (Say) Pilsbry.

Polygyra Say, Nich. Encycl., 3d Am: ed., Vol. IV, p.7, 1818.

Stenotrema RAFINESQUE, Amer. Mon. Mag. and Crit. Rev., Vol. IV,
p. 107, 1818. (Stenostoma.)

Triodopsis RAFINESQUE, l. c., p. 107, 1818.

Mesodon RAFINESQUE Enumeration, etc., p. 3, 1831.

Neohelix V. IHERING, 1892.

Polygyra PILSBRY, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1889, p. 193; Guide to Study of
Helices, p. 68, 1894.

*Pilsbry, Guide to Study of Helicis, p. XXVIII, XXXII, XXXIII, etc.
TPilsbry, Guide to Helices, p. XXXII.

7 y :
(62 de -

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 141

“Shell; Helicoid, varying from globose or depressed-glo-
bose to lens-shaped or planorboid, the periphery carinated or
rounded; umbilicus either open or closed. Surface striated or
hirsute; corneus, yellow or brown, generally unicolored, but
sometimes with many bands, ¢he most constant being supra-periph-
eral the others when present being wholly indefinite in number
and position. Lip well reflexed; aperture typically obstructed by
the teeth,—one parietal, two upon the lip; but any or all teeth often
wanting.”

“Animal: (Fig. 14). Externally as in Helix, the mantle
subcentral, foot rather long and narrow, not distinctly tripartite
below, and without longitudinal grooves above the lateral mar-
gins, although a sort of foot-margin is produced by the tessel-
lated granulation of the edge. Surface rather coarsely irregu-

Animal of PoLyGyra. (After Binney.)

larly granulated, the granulation finer posteriorly; back with
a pair of indistinct grooves extending from mantle to facial
area; szdes of foot, and sides and top of tail without any atstinct ob-
lique or longitudinal lines, irregularly granulated, tail rounded
above, obtuse behind. Mantle edges reflexed to correspond
with the lip of the shell, its edge even; shell lappets none;
body-lappets small, the right one long, giving off a short as-
cending branch behind the lung-pore; left lappet very small,
short.”

“Genitalia: Completely lacking accessory organs ; retractor and
vas deferens inserted at the apex of the penis. Spermatheca
oval or oblong, situated upon a short simple duct. The penis is
divided internally into two parts: (1) a lower, invertible por-
tion, the inner surface of which shows few or many longitudi-
nal folds, which are smooth and may be either weak or strong
and acute; and (2) an upper portion the cavity of which has
finely corrugated walls and is partly filled by one or two fleshy
pillars adherent along the sides.’’* ( Fig. 15.)

*Pilsbry, Guide to Helices, pp. 69 and 70; see also Proc. Phil. Acad. 1892, p. 400.

142 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

For jaw and radula see the various species described.t

Distribution:- North America (exclusive of some parts of
the southwestern U. S.), Cuba, Bahamas and Bermuda.” ( Pils-

bry.)

Fie. 15.

Genitalia of PoLtyGyra. (P. ANDREwSI, after Binney, Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., Vol. XI, No. 8, pl. iii, Fig. E.) ag, albuminiparous gland; e,
duct from testicle; gb, genital bladder; 0, ovary; ov, oviduct; or, orifice; pr,
prostate gland; ps, penis; r, retractor muscle; t, testicle; vd, vas deferens.

KEY TO SPECIES OF POLYGYRA,

A. Aperture without heavily developed teeth.
a. Shell encircled by color lines.
1. Perforate,.. .cce- ob anos peter ree pra eaeee ie FPR profunda
% AImpertorates oi. 2 Ues bees che Wa dle eee Lissette multilineata
b. Shell plain horn-colored.
*Shell large.

1. Perforate, a small denticle on the parietal wall........ thyroides
2. Imperforate, globose, parietal wall toothed, aperture

widely duntate s,..|, Soc ive. sae PUR sealed chide ine sym eames exoleta
3. Imperforate, depressed globose, tooth generally lack-

ing, aperture narrowly lunate............ Lease albolabris

**Shell small, less than half size of (*).

l. Perforate 3.35, 5> spy hie tba ree whe eee bait Gan aes Om clausa
2. Imperforate ......... Vuutic x otis tp kieie obs ape ---...Dennsylvanica

tFor a general consideration of the jaws and radule of pulmonate mullusks, see.an ex-
cellent paper by W. G. Binney in Proc. Phil. Acad., 1875, pp. 140-243.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 143

B. Aperture with well-developed teeth.
a. Parietal wall with one, peristome with two teeth.
1. Perforate.
*Spire depressed, parietal tooth depressed, curved,

| ey Wa eee pra Mee SS oo 8 LS a TA oe ih UA 6 bi es A he tridentata
**S pire rather elevated, parietal tooth elevated, almost

Stratoht ath ie lowe em weer seats Sarele beverchaterate Jraudulenta
De LPATIGREORALE Surg an Septet Le wisi al otk SroruiaSda oh ane Baie d aupioe Rode infiecta

b. A single large tooth on the parietal wall.
1. Imperforate; peristome notched and continuous with

parietal toot... ee sate et acwis 6 elie easton des vee hirsuta
2. Perforate to imperforate; peristome simple, not contin-
SOUS Wit parietal fail wich cited oF digesta aie tase ok monodon

Section TRIODOPSIS Rafinesque.

“Shell: Varying from depressed to globose-conoidal, um-
bilicate or imperforate; surface generally striated; whorls five
to six, the last wider, more or less deflexed in front. Aperture
lunate, typically obstructed by three teeth, two on the lip, one
on the parietal wall; but any or all of the teeth often absent.”

(Pilsbry, l. c., p. 74.)
51. Polygyra inflecta Say, pl. xxx, fig. 5.

Flelix infiecta SAY. Journ., Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 153, 1821.

flelix clausa FERUSSAC. Tab. Syst., p. 38, No. 104; Hist., pl. xlix, fig. 2.

Shell: Depressed, solid, imperforate; surface covered with
coarse striz, the spaces between the striz being twice or three
times the width of the striz, and the shell with numerous hair-
like projections scattered over the surface; apical whorls
minutely striate; periphery subangulated; sutures impressed;
whorls five, convex, rather closely coiled, the last whorl consid-
erably constricted behind the reflected peristome, so that the
edge of the reflected lip is on a level with the body-whorl;
spire very much depressed, slightly convex; aperture con-
tracted, armed with three teeth; the tooth on the outer lip is
tubercular and situated just below the periphery, a little deep-
seated; the tooth on the basal lip is also tubercular, and placed
at about the center, not deep-seated; the points of both teeth
point inward, and there is a marked circular sinus between
them; the parietal tooth is long, white, narrow, curved, elevated,
begins at about the center of the parietal wall, and extends in
an oblique direction until it meets the reflected peristome and
the umbilical region; peristome thick, white, reflected; umbili-
cus closed, but the region indented; base of shell flat-convex.

Greater diameter 11.00; lesser, 10.00; height, 6.00 mill. (8446),

144 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Animal; As usual in the genus; generally dark bluish or
slate colored, but blackish on the head and eye-peduncles,
which are long and slender; foot long and narrow, broadly
rounded before and acutely pointed behind.

Faw: Of the usual form, rather thick and broad with four
teen heavy ribs.

Radula formula 1++43+1+4+1, (22—1-—22); teeth of the
same type as tridentata, but the inner cusps of the marginal
teeth are all simple. Occasionally a stray tooth will have a
bifid inner cusp, as the twentieth in one membrane and the
twenty-first and twenty-third in another (vide Binney for the
last).

Genitalia: “Generally resembling those of tridentata, but
distinguished by the genital bladder, which is small, globular,
on a duct of equal width throughout its course, not swelling as
it approaches the vagina.” (W. G. Binney.)

Distribution: Pennsylvania west of the Alleghany Moun-
tains, west to Illinois, south to Sea Islands of Georgia, Ala-
bama, Mississippi and Indian Territory. (Pilsbry.) Michigan.
( Walker.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Similar to that of P. tridentata.

Remarks: This species is at once distinguished by its ap-
erture and closed umbilicus. It seems to be the rarest of our
Helices, and it may be that the two specimens collected by
Professor Higley at Miller’s, Ind., were introduced from some
point in Michigan. It has not yet been found in any other
locality.

52. Polygyra tridentata Say, pl. xxx., fig. 6.
Helix tridentata SAy, Nich. Ency)l., pl. ii., fig. 1, 1817, 1819.
Triodopsis lunula RAFINESQUE, Enumer., p. 3.
Polygyra tridentata juxtigens PILSBRY, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 20, 1894
(Variety.) :

Polygyra tridentata edentilabris PILsBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. VII.
p. 140, 1894. (Variety.)

Polygyra tridentata complanata PivsBRyY, |.c., Vol. XII., p. 22, 1898.
(Variety.)

Polygyra tridentata bidentata BAKER, Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis,
Vol. VIII., p. 85, 1898. (Variety.)

Polygyra tridentata unidentata BAKER, |. c., p. 85, 1898. (Variety.)

Shell: Depressed-globose, rather solid, umbilicated; sur-
face covered with very heavy raised oblique striz, the apical
whorls smooth; color, horn, inclining to reddish; periphery

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 145

rounded; suturesimpressed; whorls, five and one-half, convex,
closely coiled, the last deflected above the aperture and con-
stricted behind the peristome; spire depressed, a little convex;
aperture lunate, lobed by the teeth on the peristome; the tooth
on the upper part of the outer lip is broad and low, placed
squarely on the peripheral portion of the lip; the one on the
basal portion of the lip is small and tubercular; the parietal
tooth is of good size, elevated, narrow, oblique, and extends
from the upper part of the parietal wall almost to the basal ter-
mination of the peristome; the parietal tooth is directed toa
point between the two teeth on the outer lip; peristome reflected,

Fig. 16.

Apertures of PoLyGyra. (After Pilsbry.) A, TRIDENTATA Say; B,
FRAUDULENTA. Pilsbry.

white, thickened, sometimes grooved; umbilicus widely open,
exhibiting all the volutions; base of shell convex (Fig. 16, A).

Greater diam., 15.00; lesser, 15.00; height, 7.00; umbilicus, 2.75 mill. (8447.)

Animal: As usual in the genus; color yellowish-white on
foot, darker on sides of body and neck, and jet black on eye-
peduncles and tentacles; mantle collar yellowish; the foot is
not very long and is rather wide, and the lateral expansions
are very pronounced; posteriorly it terminates rather acutely
and anteriorly it is truncated; the animal appears much too
small! for the shell. The foot measures about 20 mill. in length
and about 4 mill. in width when the animalisin motion. Heart
pulsations regular, eighty-five to ninety per minute. Whenthe
animal was partly retracted within its shell the heart beat thirty-
three to fifty-five times per minute.

Faw. Arched, low, wide, ends blunt; anterior surface
with eleven ribs which denticulate both margins.

Radula formula: %$+149+4+19+14) (25—1—25). Central
tooth with a rather wide base of attachment, the’ lower outer
corners expanded and the lower margin excavated; reflection
tricuspid, the center cusp long, reaching to the lower border

ae Re eae Pa 3
OO ee, Sn
: : Pathe eam s

146 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the base of attachment, the side cusps short; lateral teeth
similar to the central tooth, but bifid, the inner cusp long and
wide; marginal teeth at first resembling laterals, but the inner
cusp soon lengthens, becomes bifid, and assumes the usual
form of marginal.

Genitalia: ‘‘The penis sac is long, cylindrical, receiving
the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its summit; genital
bladder small, globular, with a long duct, which is narrow
above but below its middle gradually enlarges to greater than
the width of the bladder.” (W. G. Binney.)

Distribution: Southern New York to Michigan, Canada to
North Carolina, Alabama and Kentucky. (Pilsbry.) -

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: In open woodlands in the vicinity of water, under
and about logs, and débris of various kinds.

Remarks: Aspecies distinguished from znflecta by its open
umbilicus and larger size. It is quite rare, and has thus far
been found only in the southern region, and the specimens are
rather small. The shell is carried ata slight angle during pro-
gression, which is rather slow.

53- Polygyra fraudulenta Pilsbry, pl. xxx, fig. 7.
Flelix fallax W.G. BINNEY. (non Say.) Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 292.
Polygyra fraudulenta PiItsBry, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 20, 1894.

Shell: Differing from tridentata in having “a compact shell
of a reddish-brown color (varying to white in some localities) ;
the spire is low-convex, composed of six closely coiled whorls,
the last being notably deflexed in front and strongly con-
stricted behind the lip. The aperture is strongly “dished” or
basin-shaped; the outer lip bears a broad tongue-shaped in-
flected tooth, situated at the position of the periphery of the
shell. The middle part of the basal lip bears a small squarish
tubercle, which is often laterally compressed. The parietal
wall bears an elevated oblique blade which is typically almost
straight and never much curved.” (Pilsbry.) (Fig. 16, B.)
Greater diam., 15.00; lesser, 13.50; height, 8.50; umbilicus, 3.50 mill. (8448.)

= tS WA ODs SRS ES aes 8.50; & 3.50 “ (8455.)

Animal: As in tridentata, but generally a little darker.

Faw: As usual, with twelve ribs. Binney gives fourteen
ribs.

Radula formula:* 1$3+§+13+4413+4+12 (27—-1—27).

*This radula is from a Southern Illinois specimen. See The Nautilus, Vol. XI., p, 30,
1897.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 147

The teeth are like those of #identata, excepting that there are
eleven perfect laterals, and all the inner cusps are simple until
the seventeenth marginal, which is bifid. Binney (Manual,
p. 292) gives 40-I-40 teeth with twelve perfect laterals. The
writer is certain that his count was correct, as the teeth were
recounted several times, always with the same result. The
membranes were perfect (Fig. 17).

Fia. 17.

Radula of POLYGYRA FRAUDULENTA Pilsbry. (Original.) c, cen-
tral tooth; 1, first lateral; 10, outer lateral; 15, first marginal; 16, 20, mid-
dle and outer marginals.

Genitaha: Similar to that of #identata,.but ‘the duct of
the genital bladder is of equal size throughout its length—an
unimportant, even if a constant difference.” (Binney.)

Distribution: Ontario, Canada, to Michigan and Illinois,
south to Georgia. (Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as tridentata, and frequently associated
with that species.

Remarks; This species has long been known under the
name “fallax Say,” but Professor Pilsbry has shown (I. ¢c., p. 21),
that this is not the true fa//ax of Say, that species being the
introferens of Bland. It is easily distinguished from ¢ridentata
by its elevated spire and strongly armed aperture, and is more
common than that species. The animal is very timid in cap-

148 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tivity, taking a long time to come from its shell, even when
immersed in water for a considerable time. When extended it
will retract at the slightest jar. It does not readily crawl about,
as do many of the smaller species of Polygyra, but rests
half extended from its shell, twists its head about, raises its
body high in the air, and constantly feels about with its eye-
peduncles and tentacles. This species is found in the southern
and western regions.

My friend, Mr. George H. Clapp of Pittsburg, Pennsylva-
nia, has questioned the propriety of changing this well-known
name and has offered very weighty reasons for the rejection of
fraudulenta, With a view to prove or disprove the validity of
the change I hunted up all the references to this species in
American works (Tryon, the two Binney’s, Pilsbry, etc.), andalso
carefully read the original descriptions of Say. After a care-
ful perusal of these, and a comparison of numerous specimens,
I am of the opinion that the change is valid, although Say’s
description is rather ambiguous. I believe the curved parietal
tooth refers to zntroferens rather than to fallax. It is my opin-
ion that Say had before him specimens of both fal/ax and intro-
ferens, and that he intended his type to be the zntroferens-like
shell. It may be remarked, however, that the truth of the
matter is that without the actual type, which is not now in ex-
istence, nothing can be definitely settled concerning what Say
really meant by his description, as it will fit pretty well both
fallax and introferens.

54. Polygyra profunda Say, pl. xxix, figs. 8, 10, 11.

Helix profunda SAy, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II., p. 160, 1821.

Flelix richardi FERUSSAC, Tab. Syst., p. 43; Hist., pl. lxx (three lower
figures).

Helix bulbina DESHAYES, in Ferussac Hist., Vol. I, p. 108, pl. Ixxxv,
figs. 14-18. (Junior?)

Polygyra profunda alba WALKER. Terr. “Moll. Mich., p. 12, 1899 (va-
riety).

Shell: Depressed, rather solid, widely umbilicated; sur-
face covered with numerous coarse, oblique, rib-like growth
lines which are crossed by numerous very fine spiral lines;
nucleus without markings; periphery rounded; sutures deeply
impressed; color yellowish horn, with one well-defined brown
band above the periphery, and one wide or two narrow fainter
bands below the periphery; the shell may also be uniform horn-
color, brown, albino, or there may be a peripheral wide band

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 149

and five or six narrow bands below and one or two above the
peripheral band; whorls six, convex, rapidly increasing in size;
aperture very nearly circular; somewhat contracted by the
reflected peristome, and showing the bands of color through
the shell; peristome reflected, very thick, white or pinkish,
with anobtuse tooth on the base; terminations deflected toward
each other and connected, in some specimens, by a thin callus;
the reflection near the columella partly covers the umbilicus;
umbilicus profound and wide, showing all the volutions to the
apex, which may be easily perforated; base of shell convex.
Greater diam., 29.00; lesser, 25.00; height, 15.50; umbilicus, 5.00 mill. (10118.)
)

. Se SOs) AO 225.00, eee oe ees © SOK swe Uta
5 ae OOS >: 2A ob eee re kenod: 2 5.00 “ (7780.)
< eal 1 2b.oOs ok asoU; Ne C008 = (7729;)

Animal: Witha long and narrow body; color light brown,
darker on eye-peduncles and head, uppersurface of foot flecked
with white; foot thick, long, narrow, acutely pointed behind;
eye-peduncles long and slender, cylindrical, the black eyes on
prominences at the tip; tentacles short, cylindrical, blunt; re-
spiratory orifice large, on the right side under the peristome.
The heart is plainly seen just below the largest brown band and
about 5 mill. from the aperture. Anexamination of the pulsa-
tions of a dozen individuals gave the following data: 70 (3 spec-
imens), 65 (4 specimens), 62 (3 specimens), 58 (1 specimen),
56 (1 specimen). The heart beat much slower when the shell
was held tightly in the hand, and much faster (70) when the
animal was extended and crawling over the hand. Length of
foot 41.00 mill., width 10.00 mill. Another specimen gave 57
by 11 mill.

Faw: Strongly arched, ends squarely truncated; ten stout

Fie. 18.
Jaw of POLYGYRA PROFUNDA Say. (Original.)

ribs on anterior surface which denticulate both margins of jaw
(Fig. 18).

Radula formula: *%§+14*+4+ '4+%9° or *$ +1" +4+ 1" +28
(40—1—40); central tooth with a squarish base of attachment,
much expanded on the lower outer edges; reflected portion

EST RES oa eR PE
el il Pe a, . / 2! : ™

150 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

with three cusps, of which the central one is very long and the
side cusps are (generally) subobsolete, the cutting points well
developed; lateral teeth similar to the central tooth, but with
side cusps distinct; marginal teeth with a small base somewhat
quadrangular in shape, and with irregularly shaped cusps, the
inner being several times longer and broader than the outer
cusp; both have well developed cutting points. The transition

Fie. 19.

Radula of POLYGYRA PROFUNDA Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 18, intermediate lateral; 22, 27, 28, 32, marginal teeth.
from lateral to marginal teeth is very gradual, and it is diffi-
cult to determine just where one set ends and the other begins
(Fig. 19). Several teeth in one membrane examined (37-I-37)
had the inner cusp bifid (27-32 in figure). Mr. Binney says:
“but the change from laterals to marginals is very gradual,
being made without splitting of the inner cutting point, which
is simple on the extreme marginals even.’”’*

This membrane was undoubtedly a pathological specimen.
There are over 120 rows of teeth.

Genitalia: ‘The penis sac is not very stout, long, receiv-
ing the retractor muscle at about the middle of its length, and
tapering very gradually towards its summit into the vas defer-
ens; genital bladder large, globose-oval, on a long, narrow
duct.” (W. G. Binney.)

Distribution: Western New York to Minnesota, south to
Virginia and Mississippi.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Haiitat: Found in large numbers in woodlands where
there is moisture, under dead underbrush and old logs.

*Manual Amer. Land Shells, p, 318.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. iG

Remarks: Profunda closely resembles multilineata Say when
both are young, being umbilicated and with numerous spiral
color lines. In mu/tlineata the band just above the periphery
is narrow, while in profunda it is very wide. When adult the
former is zmperforate while the latter is wedely umbilicated. This
is one of our most abundant mollusks, and is the finest and
largest of the Helices inthis region. Itis very bold in captiv-
ity, allowing its captor to pick it up without retracting into its
shell. If the term could be applied to mollusks, I should say
that it was of an inquisitive turn of mind, for it investigates
everything within reach. A single specimen (Pl. xxix, Fig. 8)
was found at Wolf Lake by Prof. W. K. Higley, in 1888, which
is very curiously distorted; the superior part of the peristome,
near the body-whorl, is very much bulged, and the lip at
this point projects in a tooth-like manner; the periphery, from
the aperture to a point half way around the last whorl, is con-
cave, or grooved. Theanimal must have suffered some injury,
probably from the pressure of some foreign object. This is,
next to Pyranudula alternata, our most common species, and is
found everywhere. It may be collected in the Bowmanville
woods by hundreds, about old moss-covered logs, and particu-
larly about old camp-fires where there is some charred wood
It varies greatly in coloration, from light colored to very dark
with a wide band.
54a. Polygyra profunda alba Walker.

Polygyra profunda alba WALKER, Terr. Moll. Mich., p. 12, 1899.

The variety differs from the type in being pale horn colored
without bands. Variety a/ba is not common inthis region, and
has been found only at Joliet and Bowmanville.

55. Polygyra albolabris Say, pl. xxix, fig. 6.
- Helix albolabris Say, Nich. Encyl., Am. ed., pl. i, fig. 1, 1817.

Felix major BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., Vol. I, p. 473, pl. xii,
1837. (Variety.)

Hlelix rufa DE Kay, N. Y. Moll., p. 44, pl. iii, fig. 30, 1843. (Vide
W. G. Binney.)

Polygyra albolabris maritima PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. V, p. 142,
1892. (Variety.)

Hlelix trahsversensis LEACH, Mss., The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p. 94, 1898.

Polygyra albolabris minor STERKI, Land & Fr., W. Moll., Tuscar.
Co., Ohio, p. 2. (Variety.)

Polygyra albolabris alleni WETHERBY, The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p. 94,
1898.* (Variety.)

*The original reference to this variety has not been found in any work to which the
author hasaccess. This is also true of P. thyroides pulchella ckll.

“tal

152 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Shell: Depressed globose, rather solid, imperforate; sur-
face covered with numerous fine, oblique striz which are obso-
lete on the apical whorls, and the whorls are encircled by very
numerous fine, wavy, spiral lines, which give the surface a lat-
ticed aspect under the glass; color yellowish-brown, sometimes
darker, without bands; periphery rounded; sutures much im-
pressed; whorls five to six, rounded, regularly increasing; spire
but littleelevated; aperture lunate, contracted by the peristome;
peristome widely reflected, white, flattened, with sometimes a
small callosity near the columella, which is nearly straight;
umbilicus covered in the adult shell by the reflection of the
peristome, which formsa spreading callus; base of shell convex.

Greater diameter, 32.00; lesser, 26.00; height, 19.00 mill. (7972.)

is BOLD s 2 HSS AE aoe 18.00 “ (8091.)

Animal: With a long foot which is wide and spreading at
the base, and slopes up to meet the rounded body and neck;
posterior extremity of foot flattened and spreading, acutely
pointed, and rising to meet a central dorsal keel. Color yel-
lowish-brown, with a dark stripe extending down the center of
the neck and head to the shell; tentacles and eye-peduncles
almost black; sometimes darker along sides of body; the
animal is sometimes whitish or cream-colored, and may be
almost black. Eye-peduncles very long, bearing the black
eyes; tentacles short and cylindrical, tubercles on the back very
prominent and arranged longitudinally. The foot of a large
specimen measured 60 mill.in length and 14 mill. in width, and
the eye-peduncles measured 13 mill. in length. The heart
pulsations are as follows: 50-56-61 (adult); 69 (half-grown);
106 (very young); 48 (animal dormant).

Radula formula: 42+14$+19+44+19+%+9 (44-—1-—44)
(sometimes 45—1—45). Central tooth with a long and narrow
base of attachment, the lower outer corners expanded and the
base excavated; reflection reaching below the margin of the
base of attachment, with the cusps similar to those of ¢”dentata,
but narrower; lateral teeth similar to central; marginal teeth
at first like lateral teeth, but soon (28) the inner cusp becomes
bifid, the cusp becomes wider (30—35) and extends far below
the base ofattachment. Thirty-eight is a marginal of abnormal
form; one row had all of the thirty-eighth teeth of this form
(Fig. 20). There are over 120 rows of teeth.

Jaw: Similar to that of thyroides, but very arcuate and with

a ;
Bi a Td eae

THE, NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 153

ten ribs of somewhat unequal size. The ends of the jaw are
smooth on their anterior surface.

Genittaha: ‘The penis sacis stout,rather short, cylindrical,
with a median prepuce; it receives the vas deferens at its sum-
mit; the retractor muscle is inserted on the vas deferens near
its junction with the penis sac; the genital bladder is long,
stout, blunt at itssummit; its duct is very narrow at its entrance
into the bladder fora short portion of its course, then becomes
suddenly expanded into very much the shape and still greater
size of the bladder.”* This peculiar arrangement of the geni-
tal bladder and duct distinguishes albolabris from all related
species.

Fic. 20.

Radula of POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 12, twelfth lateral; 24, 28, first marginals; 30,35, outer mar-
ginals; 38, abnormal marginal.

Distribution; Canada, Eastern and Central United States.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found under and about old logs in open wood-
lands, and in wet weather crawling over the vegetation.

Remarks: Distinguished by its large size, imperforate
base, and white lip. This is our largest and handsomest snail,
and is found only in the southern and western regions. The
animal is slow in movement, but not at all timid, readily allow-
ing itself to be handled without withdrawing into its shell.
When crawling up the side of a glass jar the shell is so heayy
that it hangs almost to the extremity of the foot. The eye-
peduncles are pointed straight ahead during locomotion, the
shell is carried almost flat, and the tentacles are directed
straight downwards. When eating, the head is drawn partly

*W.G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p, 200.

154 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

in and the tentacles are laid back and half contracted. The

writer timed a large specimen of this species and found that it
progressed 24 inches in 14 minutes.

55a. Polygyra albolabris dentata Tryon.
Mesodon dentata Tryon, Man. of Conch., Vol. III., p. 150.

Differs from a/bolabris in possessing a tooth on the parie-
tal wall. The variety is rare, but is found associated with the
type in all localities.

56. Polygyra exoleta Binney, pl. xxix, fig. 5.
Flelix exoleta BINNEY, Terr. Moll. U.S., Vol. II, p. 181, pl. x.
Flelix zaleta BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., Vol. I; p. 492, pl. xx.

Shell: Globose, solid, imperforate: surface shining,
marked by numerous fine, oblique growth lines, which are
faintly marked on the apical whorl; the growth lines are
crossed by very fine spiral lines as in albolabris; color yellow-
ish, sometimes dark horn; periphery rounded; sutures well im-
pressed; whorls five to six, globose, the last ventricose, rather
closely coiled; spirea little elevated, convex; aperture roundly
lunate, contracted by the body-whorl, the base of the aperture
forming an angle with the base of that portion of the body-
whorl contracting the aperture; peristome broadly reflected
white, sometimes a trifle grooved, with a small callosity near
the base, terminations separated and connected by a thin cal-
lus; parietal wall armed with a long, narrow tooth or denticle
about midway between the terminations of the peristome;
umbilicus covered (in the adult shell) by the white reflection of
the peristome; base of shell rounded.

Greater diameter, 24.00; lesser, 21.50; height, 16.50 mill. (7973.)

x ‘i 27.00; “ 22.00; Fe ce (7973.)
2“ a 28.00; ‘“ 23.00; 6 SEO ae (8092.)

Animal: Resembling a/bolabris in general form. Color
dirty white or yellowish-white, darker above; eye-peduncles
jet black, a light zone surrounding the eyes; tentacles yellow-
ish-white at base and black at tip; mantle yellowish-white; the
animal may also be brownish or blackish.

Heart situated near the upper junction of peristome with
body-whorl: pulsations quite regular, seventy-five to seventy-
seven per minute.

Jaw: Of usual form, rather narrow, arcuate, attenuated
at the ends; thirteen ribs,present.

Radula formula: $#8,+$+$+4+4+8+5(60—1-—60);

eee

~

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY, 155

central tooth long and rather narrow, base of attachment exca-
vated on the lower border; reflection long and narrow, unicuspid,
but there are side bulgings representing the side cusps; first six
lateral teeth similar to centraltooth, but wider; next seven teeth
with asmall outer wide cusp; the fourteenth tooth hasa bulging
on the lower part of the inner cusp; from this point the teeth
become narrower to the forty-second tooth, when they widen
and develop an inner small cusp and two outer side cusps; the
marginals are very variable, and the outer side cusps may or
may not be developed; the forty-first tooth was very peculiar
on a membrane having but 47-1-47 teeth (some of the mar-
ginals probably torn away), and this tooth was found on all the

Fie. 21.

Radula of PoLYGYRA EXOLETA Binney. (Original.) c,central tooth
1, first lateral; 7, lateral tooth, showing appearance of outer cusp; 14,
marginal tooth; 23, 32, intermediate marginal teeth; 41, 42, 45, outer mar-
ginal teeth.
rows of teeth and on both sides of the membrane. The outer
cusp of the lateral teeth is very variable. Binney found
eleven perfect laterals, but remarked that the eighth tooth
showed some modification (Fig. 21).

Genitalia: ‘‘The penis sac is very stout, long, cylindrical,
receiving the retractor muscle and vas deferens at its summit;
genital bladder subconical, on a short, small duct; the vas def-
erens is convoluted as it leaves the prostate.’ These organs
are specifically distinct from those of albolabris, and serve as a
sure method of distinguishing the two species.

Distribution: Western New York west to Iowa, Michigan
south to Alabama and Georgia.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene of central United States;
Loess.

Habitat: Same as that of albolabris.

156 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Remarks: The present species very closely resembles
albolabris, but differs in its smaller, more globose shell, the
almost universal presence of the tooth on the parietal wall and
the less contracted and rounded aperture. The two species
are almost always found associated together. The shell is car-
ried sightly tilted over the back during locomotion. This spe-
cies is found only in the southern and western regions.

57. Polygyra thyroides Say, pl. xxix, figs. 2, 7.

Flelix thyrotdes Say, Nich. Encycl., Am. ed., 1817, 1818, 1819; Jour.
Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 128, 1817.

Helix bucculenta GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, p. 40, 1848.
(Variety.)

Polygyra thyroides pulchella CKLL. The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p. 95, 1898.
(Variety.) ;

Polygyra thyrotdes sanctistmonis Pilsbry, The Nautilus, Vol. XV. p. 8,
1901. (Variety.)

Shell: Depressed, thin, umbilicated; surface covered with
numerous crowded, oblique lines of growth which are crossed
by very fine spiral lines; the nuclear whorl is almost smooth;
color light yellowish, brownish, horn color or russet, sometimes
inclined to pinkish; periphery rounded; sutures well impressed;
whorls five, depressed-globose, rapidly increasing in size; spire
somewhat elevated; aperture lunate, spreading, contracted by
the peristome; peristome widely reflected, thin, grooved, white,
terminations connected by a thin callus; parietal wall with a
more or less well developed, white tooth, which is longer than
wide, placed obliquely to the plane of the aperture; columella
flexuous; umbilicus open, partly covered by the reflected peri-
stome; base of shell rounded.

Greater diameter, 28.00; lesser, 23.00; height, 18.00 mill. (9920.)

e = 7c} |) pai || Ma 16.00 “ (8404.)
.3 *y 2600; * A SL2a se is 17.00 “ (10668.)
; a 24.805 (SS 2 OOe: a att 16.50 “ (7733.)
rs as 21.505 0 AB DOSS set 15.00 “ (8374.)

Animal: Grayish or yellowish-white, darker on the head
and eye-peduncles, dirty white on base of foot; eye-peduncles
long, tapering, thin, eyes black; foot long and narrow, the
length of a good-sized individual being 43 and the width 5 mm.;
the posterior extremity of the foot terminates in an acute an-
gle; the heart is situated near the junction of the upper part of
the peristome with the body-whorl; the pulsations are irregular
and number from seventy to seventy-three when the animal
is drawn into its shell, but become regular and number eighty-

LA Sey te

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. Nay

two when the animal is extended. One specimen gave eighty-
eight beats in a minute.

Jaw: Very long and narrow, slightly arcuate,"the ends
knob-shaped; the anterior and posterior surfaces are armed

Brien22:

Jaw of POLYGYRA THYROIDES Say. (Original.)

with thirteen stout ribs which denticulate both dorsal and ven-
tral margins (Fig. 22).

Radula: With 58-1-58 teeth; central tooth with a long and
narrow base of attachment, laterally expanded at the lower
outer corners; reflection as long as base, unicuspid, the cusp
being long and narrow; lateral teeth similar to centrals but
asymmetrical (eleven perfect laterals); marginal teeth at first
similar to laterals, but soon the cusp elongates, an outer side

E1G; 233

Radula of PoLyYGyRA THYROIDES Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 13, second marginal; 27, sixteenth marginal; 42, 45," thirty-
first and thirty-fourth marginals, 49, thirty-eighth marginal.
cusp is developed, the larger cusp becomes bifid, and toward
the end of the membrane the marginals become short and wide
and two outer side cusps appear. All of the cusps are pro-
vided with very long and stout cutting points"(Fig. 23).

158 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Genitalia: ‘‘The penis sac is short, stout, cylindrical, re-
ceiving the vas deferens and retractor muscle at its summit;
the genital bladder is small, elongated, bluntly tapering at its
apex, on a short, narrow duct; the oviduct is greatly convo-
luted.” (W. G. Binney, I. c.)

Distribution: Canada to Minnesota, south to St. Simons
Islands, Georgia, and Texas. (Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found under rotten logs and pieces of wood in
forests where there is more or less moisture, particularly near
the edge of the woods. On rainy days or just after a rain, it
may be seen crawling over the ground, on tree trunks, etc.

Remarks: Thyroides is distinguished from all others of the
group by its open umbilicus, thin, spreading peristome and
wide aperture. The parietal tooth is frequently wanting, and
a variety of the ducculenta form is imperforate. In habits the
animal varies, some specimens being shy in captivity and re-
quiring a great amount of persuasion to induce them to crawl
over the hand or on a table; other individuals are bold and
will readily crawl over the extended hand, and will even allow
themselves to be picked up by the shell without withdrawing
into it. It is found in all parts of the area.

58. Polygyra clausa Say, pl. xxix, fig. 4.

flelix clausa SAY, Journ, Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 154, 1821.

Helix ingalisiana SHUTTLEWORTH, Fischer's Notitiz, Vol. II, pl. iii,
fig. 5.
Shell: Semi-globose, varying from thin to rather solid,
umbilicated; surface with very numerous crowded, oblique,
rib-like lines of growth, crossed by numerous fine spiral lines;
the nuclear whorl is smooth; color yellowish to greenish-horn;
periphery broadly rounded, sutures deeply impressed; whorls
five to five and one-half, rounded, convex, rather closely and
regularly increasing, the last a little spreading; spire varying
from somewhat depressed to elevated and sub-conical; aperture
diagonally lunate, expanded above, narrowed below, the colu-
mella a trifle dilated; peristome contracted behind the narrowly
reflected portion, which is white and rounded in old specimens;
the terminations widely separated and connected by a very thin
callus; umbilicus of good size, partly covered by the reflected
columellar portion of the peristome; base of shell rounded.

Greater diameter, 17.00; lesser, 15.00; height, 10.50; mill. (11910,)
y: a 18.00; domain IK 0 1 “12,003 "8s (1 2406")

i a a Cae | ahd cedars i — \

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 159

Animal: Blackish above and on head and eye-peduncles,
yellowish-white on base and foot; foot long and narrow, 32
mill. long and 4 mill. wide (1I1g10); eye-peduncles long and
slender, tapering; heart situated on direct line drawn trom the
umbilicus to the upper termination of the peristome, beats
eighty-eight per minute regular.

Jaw. Similar to that of siyrotdes, with ten ribs. |

Radula formula: ?2+12+4-4+13+% (43—1—43); similar
to that of P. thyroides, but without side cusps on any of the
teeth.

Genitalia: ‘The penis sac isthe conspicuous feature of the
system; it is longer than the oviduct and almost as stout, of
about equal size throughout; it has the entrance of the vas
deferensand the retractor muscle at its bluntapex. The geni-
tal bladder is small, lengthened oval, with a long, slender duct.
The prostate is narrow, stout, prominent, cord-like. The vas
deferens is large. The other organs present no peculiar fea-
tures.” (W. G. Binney.)

Distribution: Western Pennsylvania to Minnesota, south
to Wyandotte, Kan., Jackson County, Alabama, and Sea Is-
lands of Georgia. (Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found in moist woods under logs and débris of
all kinds.

Remarks: Unless care is taken this species will be con-
founded with small forms of “#yvoides. Indeed, it has much
the aspect of the form known as ducculenta. The aperture in
clausa is always larger (in comparison to its size) and rounder
than in ¢hyroides, and the shell is always more globose and there
is never a tooth on the parietal wall. The animal is very rapid
in movement, is most inquisitive, and very readily crawls over
the hand. It is amost uniform species, showing almost no va-
riation. The specimens from Joliet are unusually large and
fine. The species is not very common, except in the region
around Joliet, and it is confined to the southern and western
regions,

59. Polygyra pennsylvanica Green, pl. xxix, fig. 3.

Helix Pennsylvanica GREEN, Contr. to Macl. Lyc., Nos. 1, 8, 1827.

Shell: Obtusely conical, elevated, imperforate; surface
sculpture as in c/ausa; color light yellowish, straw or dark horn;
nuclear whorls smooth; periphery rounded; sutures well im-

160 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pressed; whorls five and one-half to six, rounded, convex,
rather closely coiled; spire elevated, obtusely conical; aperture
forming a triangle with rounded base, contracted behind the
peristome, which is thickened, roundly reflected, white, with a
small callosity near the umbilical region; the upper part of the
peristome is more reflected than the rest, so that ina front view
of the aperture this part presentsa thin edge instead of a broad
curved surface; terminations widely separated, connected bya
very thin callus; umbilicus closed but the region indented; base
flatly rounded.

Greater diameter, 18.50; lesser, 15.50; height, 12.00 mill. (12395.)
as us POs tO BL 002 18005 fs a3s05))

Fic. 24.

Radula of PoLYGYRA PENNSYLVANICA Green. (Original.) c, cen-
tral tooth; 1, first lateral; 9, second marginal; 16, 18, ninth and eleventh
marginals; 25, eighteenth marginal; J, jaw.

Animal: With a long and narrow foot, 27.50 mill. long
and 4 mill. wide; color blackish or lead color on head, neck
and eye-peduncles lighter on base of foot; heart situated near
junction of peristome with body-wall; pulsations regular,
eighty-five per minute. /

Jaw: Arched, ends squarely truncated; anterior surface
armed with eleven wide, heavy ribs which denticulate the upper
and lower margins. The jawis of the same width throughout
its length (Fig. 24, J).

ee ya” a ee ee

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 161

Radulaformula: §+49+%4+4+3+149+4 (28—1—28); cen-
tral tooth with a base of attachment a little longer than wide,
the lower outer corners expanded; reflection long and wide,
reaching almost to the lower edge of the base of attachment,
with a large and well-developed central cusp and subobsolete
side cusps; lateral teeth similar to central tooth, the outer lower
angle of the base of attachment expanded, the side cusps rep-
resented by bulgings; marginal teeth variable, at first with a
long and narrow spear-shaped inner cusp and a small outer
cusp; the inner cusp soon becomes bifid (16-18), and finally
the tooth becomes wider than long and with four sharp cusps;
all of the teeth have well-developed cutting points (Fig. 24);
there are about 120 rows of teeth. Binney gives 40-I-40
and Morse 39-1-39 teeth. The membranes examined were per-
fect.

Genitalia: - ‘‘The penis sac is longand slender, with the vas
deferens and retractor muscle entering its apex and its orifice
entering the vayina near its base. The genital bladder is long,
stout, cylindrical, with a median contraction; its duct is hardly
distinct from it, with an entrance opposite that of the penis sac.
The prostate is very large.” (W.G. Binney.) _

Distribution: Western Pennsylvania to Virginia, Illinois
and Tennessee.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as that of clausa.

Remarks: This species isat once distinguished from clausa,
the only species with which it is likely to be confounded, by its
imperforate umbilicus, its triangular aperture, and its elevated,
subconical spire. In confinement the animal is rather slow
and careful initsmovements. The shell is carried well balanced,
a trifle back of the center of the animal, and lies almost flat.
A variety occurs with a dark shell and purple lip. The species
does not seem to be very common, and those found by the
writer have beensolitary inhabit. It is confined to the southern
and western regions.

60. Polygyra multilineata Say, pl. xxx, fig. 2.

Flelix multilineatus SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 150, 1821.

Shell: Globosely depressed, rather fragile, imperforate;
surface sculpture as in profunda; nuclear whorls smooth; color
yellowish-horn or russet, with from fourteen to twenty reddish-
brown bands of variable width; periphery rounded; sutures

="

162 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

very deeply impressed; whorls five to six, rounded, regularly
increasing in size, the last ventricose; spire depressed, convex;
aperture broadly lunate, slightly contracted by the peristome;
peristome thin, reflected, not much expanded; the upper por-
tion near the body whorl is not expanded, but is a direct con-
tinuation of the last whorl, separated by a constriction; the
peristome is sometimes grooved; terminations widely sepa-
rated, connected by a thin callus; umbilicus closed by the re-
flection of the peristome near the columella, the region indented;
base of shell flatly convex.

Greater diameter, 25.00; lesser, 21.00; height, 15.00 mill. (7714.)
= + 21.00; Fe 08 7:00 613.0005 8TH

Animal: Similar in form to profunda ; color blackish all over,
but the protuberances are lighter colored: the foot is very
long and narrow, and the eye-peduncles long and tapering.
Heart pulsations twenty-seven to thirty-four per minute; four
specimens examined gave 27, 28, 31, 34 per minute. Theanimal
is very slow and rather timid.

Jaw: As usual, slightly arcuated, with ten ribs of good size
which denticulate both margins; the ends are almost square.
The jaw resembles that of Polygyra pennsylvanica.

Radula formula: 33,+ 37 +4+ 3% +25 (42—1-—42); the
teeth resemble those of Folygyra profunda, excepting that all
after the twenty-fourth tooth and all beyond have the inner
cutting point bifid. Some membranes have the formula
v4,+3f+4+15+4 (40—1—40), there being but sixteen per-
fect laterals. One apparently perfect membrane had 130 rows
of teeth.

Genitalia: ‘‘Penissac long, stout, with a very highly devel-
oped prepuce on the greater part of its course, then tapering
to its summit, where it receives the vas deferens and retractor
muscle; genital bladder long, subcylindrical, its duct but
slightly smaller, short, swollen at its entrance into the vagina;
oviduct greatly convoluted.” (W.G. Binney.)

Distribution: Western New York to Minnesota and Iowa,
south to Kentucky, Kansas and Virginia.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

. Habitat: Marshy woodlands and meadows in the vicinity
of streams.

Remarks: This species may usually be distinguished by
its imperforate shell and numerous spiral color-bands. The

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THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 163

young are difficult to distinguish from profunda,; the bands,
however, are more numerous in the present species than in pro-
Sunda (see the latter species for additional remarks). This is
not a common mollusk and is limited in distribution to the
southern and western regions. It frequents marshy woodlands
and loves to be where there is plenty of water, moisture seem-
ing to be a necessity to its existence. It is one of the most
beautiful of the larger Helices. At Joliet it ranges in color
from almost pure white, without bands, through various shades
of horn to dark purplish or blackish, with bands; the latter
exhibit every variety of width and number.
60a. Polygyra multilineata alba Witter.

Helix multilineata var, alba WITTER, Journ. of Conch., Vol. I, p. 384,

1878. |

60b. Polygyra multilineata rubra Witter.

flelix multilineata var. rubra, WITTER, l. c., p. 384, 1878.

The varieties alba and rubra are found somewhat sparingly
at Joliet. The first has a perfectly plain horn-colored shell
and the latter a plain reddish or chestnut-colored shell, which
is very beautiful.

Section STENOTREMA Rafinesque.

Shell: “Small, compact, imperforate or umbilicate; sub-
globose, globose-depressed or lens-shaped the periphery vary-
ing from rounded to acutely keeled; surface dull, smooth, gener-
ally hairy. WNhorls 5-6, closely revolving, the last suddenly de-
flexed in front. Aperture basal, narrow, obstructed by an oblique
blade-like parietal tooth parallel to the refiexed basal lip, the latter
often notched in the middle. Last whorl generally having in
its last fourth a short transverse partition on the axis.” ‘Gen-
ital system having the penis notably longer than the recep-

taculum semmis and its duct, the latter quite short.’ (Pilsbry,
fies, pie77.)
61. Polygyra hirsuta Say, pl. xxix, fig. 9.
Helix hirsuta SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 17, 1817.
Hlelix ? porcina Say, Long's Exped., Vol. II, p. 257, pl. xv, fig. 2, 1824.
(Young.)
Helix fraterna Woop, Index, Suppl., p. 21, pl. viii, fig. 16, 1828.
Flelix sinuata GMELIN (teste Pfeiffer).
Flelix tsognomostomos GMELIN (teste Pfeiffer).
Polygyra hirsuta altispira PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. VII, p. 141,
1894. (Variety.)
Polygyra hirsuta pilu/a PicssBry, Proc. Phil. Acad., p.132,1900. (Va-
riety.)
Polygyra hirsuta uncifera PILSBRY, |. c., p. 453, 1900. (Variety.)

ee Oe Fo oy SO ear ee ee

x

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164 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Shell: Subglobose, rather solid, imperforate; surface cov-
ered with numerous short, stiff hairs, beneath which may be
seen fine growth lines; nuclear whorl without hairs; color red-
dish-brown or chestnut; periphery subangulated; sutures very
deeply impressed; whorls five, rounded, slowly and regularly
increasing, the last deflected near the aperture and constricted
behind the peristome; spire a little elevated, convex; aperture
nearly closed by the thickened peristome and parietal tooth;
parietal tooth long and narrow, elevated, extending from the
center of the base of the shell into the aperture near the upper
part; peristome narrow, thickened, reflected against the whorl
with a small, well-marked notch near the center of the base
of the aperture; umbilicus covered and the region indented;
base of shell convex; within the base of the shell, situated be-

Jaw and radula of POLYGYRA HIRSUTA Say. (Original.) c, central
tooth; 1, first lateral; 12, intermediate tooth; 16, 20, marginal teeth; J, jaw.
yond the line of sight, is a transverse tubercle, which starts
from the apex; this cannot be seen without breaking the whorls.

Greater diameter, 7.75; lesser, 7.00; height, 5.00 mill. (8451.)
a es SOs ot TEs 00; ccf TOKE
s s/ 9.00;°. *- 8.00; “ . 5.00“ (12899,)

Animal; With a long, narrow foot, truncated before,
pointed behind; head distinct, blackish or slate color, as well
as the tentacles and eye-peduncles; tentacles short, blunt; eye-
peduncles long, thick, cylindrical, the eyes on enlargements
at their tips; the foot and a part of the body is semi-transpa-
rent; foot 13 mill. long and 2 mill. wide. Heart situated to
the left of the center of the parietal tooth, pulsations regular,
eighty per minute.

Jaw: Similar to Polygyra monodon, but with eight stout
ribs ( Fig. 25, J).

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 165

Radula formula: 19+3+19+4+49+3+12(25—1-—25);
central tooth with a base of attachment a trifle longer than wide,
the outer lower corners expanded; reflection tricuspid, the
central cusp very long, reaching to the margin of the base of
attachment, side cusps very small; lateral teeth similar to cen-
tral tooth, bicuspid, the inner cusp very long, the outer very
short. The marginal teeth begin at the eleventh tooth and may
be known by the splitting of the inner cusp; from the sixteenth
tooth the outer cusp is split and the whole tooth becomes
wider (Fig. 25).

Genitalia: ‘Penis sac long, cylindrical, blunt above, where
it receives retractor muscle and vas deferens; genital blad-
der narrow, elongate-ovate, on a short, narrow duct; the con-
volution in the epididymis commences near thetesticle.” (W.
G. Binney.)

Distribution: Canada, Eastern and Interior regions of the
United States, Yaqui River, Guaymas, Mexico.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found in damp places under fallen logs, in rot-
ten wood, under stones, etc.

Remarks: A species at once distinguished by its con-
tracted aperture, notched peristome and heavy parietal tooth.
It is one of our most abundant Helices, and in some localities
is the predominating species. Inits movements /zrsufa resem-
bles P. monodon. At Bowmanville it may be collected very
abundantly in the woods just west of Lincoln Avenue. The
species is widely distributed, being found in all the regions of
the area.

62. Polygyra monodon Rackett, pl. xxx, fig. 4. ;

Helix monodon RACKETT, Linn. Trans., Vol. XIII, p. 42, pl. v, fig. 2,
1822.

flelix convexa CHEMNITZ, part (excl. syn. et tab. LXVI, figs. 24, 27),
pl. x, figs. 17, 18.

Flelix leaiti WARD MSS, teste Binney.

Flelix cincta LEWIS, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 162, 1874. (Variety.)

Polygyra m2nodon alice PiLspry, The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p. 105, 1898.

(Variety.)

Polygyra monodon albida WALKER, Terr. Moll. Mich., p. 15, 1899.
(Variety.)

Polygyra monodon friersoni PiLsBry, The Nautilus, Vol. XIII, p. 36,
1899. (Variety.)

Polygvra monodon imperforata PiLsBRY, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 455, 1900.
(Variety.)

op REGS. Say eae Pfc ae MNO, PD

166 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Shell: Subglobose, solid, umbilicate or imperforate; sur
face covered with very fine, oblique growth lines which are so
minute as to be scarcely visible even when viewed with a pow-
erful glass; the surface is also set with short hairs scattered
over the whorls; nuclear whorls smooth; periphery rounded;
sutures well impressed; color yellowish to reddish horn;
whorls five to five and one-half closely coiled, flatly rounded,
the last gibbous on the last half and constricted behind the
peristome; spire somewhat elevated in some specimens, but flat
in others, convex; aperture narrowly lunate, no teeth or notches
on the peristome; parietal wall with a long, narrow, more or less
elevated tooth, which begins near the center of the parietal wall
and extends generally to the umbilical region in a line parallel
with the basal reflection of the peristome; peristome white,
thick, reflected, umbilicus widely open, or wholly imperforate;

Fic. 26.
Jaw of POLYGYRA MONODON Rackett. (Original.)

the region strongly depressed; base of shell rounded, with a
transverse internal tubercle.
Greater diameter, 8.50; lesser, 8.00; height, 4.50 mill. (8454.)
. 4 TAT, Ei it i» P13 6,20 ({B458,)
yy x B00 32 TM of PTs peters! t Dipab beens (2) o'-1)
Animal; Witha long, narrow foot truncated before, pointed
behind; head distinct; tentacles short, cylindrical, thick; eye-
peduncles long, thick, not much tapering, the black eyes situ-
ated on large swellings at the tips; color brownish-yellow, al-
most black on head, neck, tentacles, and eye-peduncles, lighter
on the foot; respiratory orifice not large. Heart situated be-
tween the tooth on the parietal wall and the junction of the
upper part of the peristome with the body-wall. Pulsations
regular, seventy-one to seventy-six per minute. Length of
foot 11, width 2 mill. a
Jaw: Arched, ends blunt, rounded; anterior surface with
seven stout ribs which denticulate both margins (Fig. 26).
Radula formula: #+4,9+43+4+4+13+19+3(24—-1—24);

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 167

central tooth as in var. fraterna ; lateral teeth similar to those in
var. fraterna, the inner cusp becoming elongated toward the
tenth tooth; marginal teeth similar to those of var. fraterna, but
the last three teeth with three outer cusps and two inner cusps,
the second from the left being much the larger. There are
about Ioo rows of teeth.

Genitalia: See var. fraterna.

Distribution: Ohio and Michigan to Minnesota, south to
Nashville, Tenn., and Neosho County, Kan. (Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene of the Mississippi Val-
ley; Loess. !

Habitat: Found under dead logs and chips in most locali-
ties, Associated with Gastrodonta arborea, Vitrea electrina, Pyra-
midula striatella, etc.

Remarks: This species is distinguished from all others
found in the area by its white, entire peristome, large parietal
tooth and its (generally) open umbilicus. In a recent paper
(Proc. Phil. Acad., 1900, p. 454), Mr. Pilsbry has rearranged
the nomenclature of this species, making the shell formerly
known as ‘‘/eaii Ward” the typical Monodon, the forms hereto-
fore known under that name becoming variety fraterna. Mon-
odon is one of our most common species and is generally found
in little colonies of from six to a dozen or fifteen individuals.
It has been collected in the southern and western regions only,
but will no doubt be found in the northern.
62a. Polygyra monodon fraterna Say, pl. xxx, fig. 3.

Helix fraterna Say, Long’s Exped., Vol. II, p. 257, pl. xv, fig. 3, 1824

Shell; Differing from Monodon in being larger, more hir-
sute, in having the umbilicus frequently partly closed or wholly
imperforate and in being less convex than the type.

Greater diameter, 11.50; lesser, 10.50; height, 7.50 mill. (9964.)
a 4 TOO eS UO ee 00%. (9964.)
i < 10,005. > 4"? Ors 8 "7.00. * +. (8449.)

Animal; With a long, narrow and cylindrical foot, trun-
cated: before and pointed behind; color yellowish-white on
foot and sides of body, darker on head, tentacles, eye-pedun-
cles and top of head; eye-peduncles very long, cylindrical;
tentacles short, blunt; foot 22 mill. long, 5.50 mill. wide. Heart
pulsations regular, one hundred per minute. The pustules on
the body stand out very prominently.

Faw: As in Monodon with seven ribs.

Radula formula: 414+4+4+4,°+4+42+ 4+ (31-—1—31);

168 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

central tooth witha base of attachment longer than wide, the
base excavated and the lower outer corners much expanded; re-
flection tricuspid, the central cusp long and wide, very nearly
reaching the lower margin of the base of attachment, side
cusps very short; lateral teeth similar to the central tooth, but
bicuspid, the inner cusp much the larger; marginals variable,
at first similar to laterals, but soon the inner cusp (twenty ) be-
comes bifid, changes into a perfect cusp (twenty-three trifid),
and finally the reflection becomes very narrow and with three
cusps, of which the central one is the largest (Fig.27). There
are about 100 rows of teeth. Binney gives 21-1-21 and Morse
28-1-28 teeth.

Genitaa: ‘‘The characteristic feature of the genitalia is
the penis sac. It is unproportionally long, club-shaped, and
greatly enlarged above, where it receives both vas deferens
and retractor muscle. The genital bladder is small, elongate-

Fre. 27:

Radula of POLYGYRA MONODON FRATERNA Say. (Original.) c, central
tooth; 11, first marginal tooth; 16, 17,20, intermediate marginal teeth; 23,
27, 29, outer marginal teeth.
oval, on a short, delicate duct. The epididymis is convoluted
in its whole length.” (W.G. Binney.)

Distribution: Canada to Minnesota, south to North Caro-
lina and San Antonio, Tex. (Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene of the Mississippi Val-
ley; Loess.

FHlabitat: Found sparingly under pieces of bark, chips, logs,
etc.,in open patches of woodland or in meadows. The variety
in this area does not congregate together but is found either
singly or with one or two companions. Associated sometimes
with P. éhyroides and Pyramidula alternata.

-
aw *

i . P n
ty 52), err, <1

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 169

Remarks: The variety (which was formerly known as typ-
ical monodon) may be distinguished from the typical form by
its larger shell, more hirsute surface and generally less widely
open umbilicus. It is very abundant in the Big Woods west of
Evanston, where it attains a large size and great perfection.
It is rather widely distributed but has not yet been found in
the southern region. The forms having an imperforate um-
bilicus are rare and have only been found in the western re-
gion.

Superfamily Agnatha.

Mouth without jaw; radula with numerous sharp, aculeate
or fang-shaped teeth, the center tooth wanting or rudimen-
tary; neck generally elongated and furrowed along the back;
cerebral ganglia separated, connected by arather long com-
missure.

FAMILY SESTACHKELID:.

“Animal slug-like, bearing a small ear-shaped shell near
the posterior extremity of the body. Nojaw. Lingual teeth
_long and narrow, sharp-pointed, in oblique series.”*

Genus TESTACELLA Cuvier.

“Animal: Limaciform, subcylindrical, tapering anteri-
orly; tentacles simple; mantle small, posterior, quite near the
tail, covered with a small external shell; no longitudinal fur-
rows above the margin of the foot, and no caudal mucus pore;
no distinct locomotive disk; external respiratory and anal ori-
fice at the posterior right edge of the mantle under the peris-
tome of the shell; combined generative orifice behind and be-
low the right eye-peduncle.”

“Shell; External, rudimentary, imperforate, ear-shaped,
with a subspiral, posterior nucleus.” (Tryon.)

Distribution: Europe, Canary Islands, United States (in-
troduced).

63. Testacella haliotoidea Fer., pl. xxxi, fig. 24.
Testacella haliotoidea FER., Hist. Nat. Des. Moll., pl. viii, Figs. 5-9,
1820.

Shell: Small, ear-shaped, partly spiral; apex small, sub-

spiral, posterior; columella broad, flat, excavated; surface

*Tryon,S. and S. Conch., Vol. 3, p. 11.

170 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

roughened by growth lines; interior white and pearly, exterio
chestnut brown.
Length, 7.00; breadth, 4.50; aperture, length, 6.00; breadth, 3.50 mill. (16652.)

Animal: Limaciform, broad and rounded at the posterior
end, tapering toward the anterior end; eye-peduncles cylin-
drical, rather long, the eyes at their. tips; tentacles simple,
short; mantle placed near the posterior end, very small; sur-
face of body roughened by small folds and furrows; no pedal
grooves present; color brownish on back and sides of body,
light yellowish on base and sides of foot.

Jaw: Wanting.
Radula: 20-0-20; central tooth rudimentary or wanting;
lateral teeth long and narrow, with a barbed point and a swell-

Ya sat cy ES

Fic. 28.

Lateral tooth of TESTACELLA HALIOTOIDEA Fér. (Original.)

ing on the center of the posterior side. There are about 50
rows of teeth (Fig. 28).

Distribution: Southern Europe; Great Britain and Amer-
ica (introduced); Canary Islands.

Geological distribution: Unknown.

Habitat: So far as known this species has only been found
in this country in greenhouses, where it has been introduced
on plants.

Remarks: Testacella is one of the few truly predaceous
pulmonates. It is nocturnal in habit and feeds upon worms,
other mollusks and even upon its own species. It will pursue
an earthworm through its many subterranean burrows or gal-
leries with a persistency that recalls the ferocity of the tiger.
During the day the animal buries itself deep in the ground,
and in winter it forms a cyst or cocoon by the exudation of
mucus. It is common in Southern Europe and has been intro-
duced into Great Britain, where it has multiplied very rapidly.
At the present time it is known in this country in the green-
houses at Nova Scotia, at Roxborough, Philadelphia, Penn., and
one specimen has been found in the greenhouses at Lincoln
Park, Chicago. It will probably be found in the greenhouses
of other cities.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. Ere

Superfamily Agnathomorpha.

Mouth provided with jaw; radula with aculeate teeth;
mouth frequently developing finger-like appendages; cerebral
ganglia concentrated, in close contact.

FAMILY CIRCINARIID-.

‘“‘Foot-edges with no trace of pedal grooves; no tail gland;
sole undivided. Side teeth unicuspid, thorn shaped, with nar-
row basal-plates. Shell with simple lip and without opaque
markings.’’*

Genus CIRCINARIA (Beck, 1837). Pilsbry.

Macrocycls Beck, of Authors.

Selenites Fischer, 1878 (non Hope). Haplotrema Anc.

“Shell; Thin, widely umbilicated, depressed, striate or
wrinkled, color uniform; whorls 4%-5, the last broad, de-
pressed, moderately deflexed in front; aperture obliquely
ovate; peristome somewhat thickened or expanded, the mar-
gins approximating, the basal shortly reflexed.”

“Animal: Heliciform; mantle posterior, covered with a
shell; eye-peduncles long, slender; foot narrow, twice as long
as the diameter of the shell, tail pointed, scarcely reaching
behind the shell; respiratory and anal orifices on the right ot
the mantle, under the peristome of the shell; generative orifice
behind the right eye-peduncle; no distinct locomotive disk or
caudal mucus pore. Carnivorous.”

‘Jaw: Crescentic, ends sharply pointed, anterior surface
striated; cutting margin smooth, with a median projection.’’**

Radula: With numerous rows of teeth arranged en chev-
von. For detail of the radula see concavus.

“Genitalia: The epididymis is extremely long and very
large, forming the peculiar feature of the system. The geni-
tal bladder is oval, with along duct, which is very much broader
at the end nearer the vagina. The penis sac is long, gradually
tapering at its apex, where it receives the vas deferens. Upon
the side of the vagina, about the middle of its length, is a wart-
like protuberance, which may be a dart-sac or a vaginal pros-
tate." **

Distribution: North America.

*Pilsbry, Guide to Helices, p. XXVIII.
**#\W. G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, pp. 79 and 83.

172 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

64. Circinaria concava Say, pl. xxviii, fig. 4.
Flelixiconcava SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 159, 1821.
Helix planorboides F ERUSSAC, Hist. Nat. Des. Moll., pl. 1xxxii, fig. 4.
Helix dissidens DESHAYES, in FERUSSAC, Hist. Nat. Des. Moll., Vol. I,
p. 97, pl. Ixxxiv, figs. 1, 2.

Shell: Depressed, rounded, almost flat on the upper sur-
face; color light yellowish-horn, withatinge of greenish; sur-
face shining, covered with numerous crowded, raised lines of
growth; whorls five, rounded below, flat above, the outer whorl
somewhat spreading as it approaches the aperture; spire flat
or only slightly convex; sutures very deeply excavated as they
approach the aperture; aperture rounded-oblique, flattened
above by a deflection of the peristome; the aperture is fre-
quently tinged with brownish; peristome flattened and de-
flected above its junction with the last whorl, the portion near
the columella subreflected; columella witha rather thin callus,
which connects the two extremes of the peristome; umbilicus
wide, deep, spreading, showing all the volutions to the apex;
base of shell rounded.

Greater diameter, 15.00; lesser, 12.50; height, 6.50; umbilicus, 5.00 mill.
(10094.)

Greater|diameter, 14.00; lesser, 12.00; height, 6.50; umbilicus, 4.50 mill.
(7766.)

Animal; (Fig.29.) With a narrow body; anterior portion
much in advance of shell; color blackish, mottled with light

FiG. 29.
Animal of{CIRCINARIA CONCAVA Say. (After Binney.)

horn; eye-peduncles long, cylindrical, bluish, eyes at tip, on
rounded protuberances; tentacles comparatively long and slen-
der, cylindrical; foot obtusely rounded behind, blunt before;
creeping disk long andrather broad; head prominent; respira-
tory orifice on right side just beneath a point where the per-
istome meets the body of the last whorl; contractions of foot
strongly marked when viewed through a glass; base of animal
dirty white; collar reddish-orange. Length of foot 14.25 mill.,
with 4.00 mill.

The heart is situated 5 mill. from the edge of the aper-
ture, and is very plainly seen through the transparent shell,

<A

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 173

especially if it be moistened. The pulsations are very regular,
but vary in number, being more numerous when the animal is
extended, as during locomotion, and few when the animal is
contracted. From twenty experiments the following data are
taken, ranging from the smallest to the highest number: 50,
56, 72, 75, 78, 82. Temperature greatly affects the heart, cold
causing it to apparently cease, while heat accelerates its action.

Faw. Crescent-shaped, with bluntly rounded ends; con-
cave margin smooth, supporting a median projection; striated
on its anterior face (Fig. 30, B).

Radula formula: 18+§+14+4+8+19(25—1—25) in 32 rows;
central tooth small, triangular, with a rather large base of at-
tachment which is much expanded on the outer lower corners;
the apex of the triangle is truncated and incurved, the cut- —

c

lm

Fie. 30.

A, teeth, and B, jaw of CIRCINARIA CONCAVA Say. (Original.) c,
central tooth; 1, first lateral; 6, sixth lateral. 19, thirteenth marginal; 24,
nineteenth marginal.

ting point long and well-developed, with subobsolete side
cusps; lateral teeth with as ole-shaped base of attachment, the
lower lateral expansions angular; cusps long and slender, cut-
ting points long and narrow, with subobsolete side points;
marginals (all after the first six) long and aculeate, base of
attachment sole-like with long and narrow cusps and cutting
points (Fig. 30, A). Binney gives 20-1-20 and 23-1-23 teeth.

Distribution: Maine west to Minnesota and Iowa, Canada
south to Georgia and Mississippi.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Hatitat: Found buried in the soil under dead and decaying
logs, fallen underbrush and rubbish. It prefers a forest that is

174 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

cool and damp, and affording shade from the sun’s rays. The
banks of rivers are good localities.

Remarks: This species is so distinct that it cannot be con-
founded with any other. It is rather shy in captivity and
quickly retracts within its shell when disturbed. It is nota
common species with us, and has thus far been found in but
few localities. Those in this area do not seem to congregate
together in large numbers, as do many of our snails, but are
found either singly or only two or three together. It is a per-
fect cannibal, and will very quickly ‘clean out” a snailery of
half a dozen or more common Helices. Thrusting out its long
body it crawls into the shells of its victims, and no matter how
far the latter may contract within their shells, it is of no avail
against the carnivorous appetite of Czvcomaria. It may well be
termed the tiger of the Molluscan kingdom. It preys uponits
own as well as upon other species, thus being in truth a canni-
bal. Thus far it has only been found in the northern and
western regions. Concava has been found at Bowmanville
under ‘‘starting” bark at a height of four feet from the ground.
The animal is very nervous in progression, constantly extend-
ing and retracting its eye-peduncles, the shell swaying from
side to side with a wabbly motion.

On May 18, 1897, two individuals were seen in copulation;
the coitus lasting over ten hours (from 8 o’clock a. m. until 6
o’clock p. m.); the eye-peduncles were almost drawn into the
head, and the foot was contracted to form a long oval; the
heart beat very slowly, nineteen pulsations being counted per
minute (about eighty being normal) and the beats were very
long.

Superfamily Aulacopoda.

‘Animal with well-developed pedal grooves. Shell sharp-
lipped.” (Pilsbry.)

FAMILY ZONITID.

‘Marginal teeth with narrow, elongated basal-plates, and

either unicuspid and thorn-shaped by suppression of side cusps,

or bicuspid by elevation of outeron middle cusp. Tail gland

often present, and sole frequently tripartite.’”’* |
*Pilsbry, Guide to Helices, p. XXVIII.

>

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 1 85

Subfamily Zonitine.
GrEnus OMPHALINA Rafinesque.

Omphalina Rafinesque, Enum., etc., p. 3, 1831.

Mesomphix (in part) BECK, Index Moll., p. 7, 1838.

“Shell rather large and solid but thin, umbilicated, smooth
below, lacking teeth or folds within; the lip simple and sharp.”

“Foot double grooved above its margin, the grooves meet-
ing above the tail in a mucus pore; sole tripartite; dorsal sur-
face from head to mantle entirely lacking longitudinal grooves.”

“Genital system lacking dart sac and other accessory
gland. In O. fuliginosa the penis (P.), is a rather short stout

Genitalia of OMPHALINA FULIGINOSA Griffith. (After Pilsbry, Proc.
Phil. Acad. Sci., 184, pl.i, Fig. 5.) P, penis; agl, albumen gland; ovd,
oviduct; rp, retractor muscle of penis; sp, spermatheca; spd, duct of
same; vag, vagina; vd, vas deferens.

sac, with the retractor muscle (rp.) inserted at its apex, and
attached distally to the floor of the lung. Internally the distal
half of the cavity of the penis is densely, finely and rather
sharply granulated; the opening of the vas deferens is near the
apex of the cavity, and is not provided with a papilla. The
lower portion of the vas deferens (vd.) is enormously swollen;
and for a short distance from its insertion it is firmly bound to
the penis itself.” ;
“The vagina (vag.) is curiously swollen near the base. The

176 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

spermatheca (sp.) is large, subglobular, and together with its
rather long duct, is bound firmly to the oviduct. The albumen
gland (a. gl.) is uncommonly large’’* ( Fig. 31).

Jaw and Radula: See O. fuliginosa.

Distribution: North America.

65 Omphalina fuliginosa Griffith, pl. xxviii, fig. 15.

Flelix fuliginosa GRIFFITH in Letters; BINNEY, Terr. Moll., Vol. II,

p. 222, pl. xxxi, 1851.
Helix capillacea PFEIFFER, Symbole, Vol. II, p. 24, not FER., teste
PFR.

Omphalina cuprea RAFINESQUE, Enum., etc., p. 3.
Omphalina fuliginosa polita Pilsbry, The Nautilus, Vol. XI, Pp. 129;
Vol. XII, p. 86, 1898. (Variety.)

Shell: Depressed above, globose below, thin, umbilicated;
surface shining, covered with very fine lines of growth, which
seem to disappear on the apical whorls; color greenish-horn or
chestnut; periphery rounded; sutures little impressed, but
well marked; whorls six and one-half, rounded, rapidly increas-
ing, the last very large and expanding; spire almost flat; aper-

FiG. 32.
Animal of OMPHALINA FULIGINOSA Griffith. (After Binney.)

ture large, oblique, lunately ovate, frequently showing irides-
cence within; peristome simple, very thin and brittle, a thin
testaceous deposit within; columella slightly reflected, termi-
nations of the aperture approaching, often connected by a
light, testaceous deposit; umbilicus narrow, deep; base of shell
globose.

Greater diameter, 16.00; lesser, 14.00; height, 10.50; umbilicus diame-
ter, 175 mill. (7782.)

Animal: (Fig. 32). With a long, narrow foot, broad be-
fore and obtusely pointed behind; color black; head, neck and
eye-peduncles very dark; eye-peduncles of medium length,
widely separated, tapering, with the eyes placed at their ex-
tremity; under part of foot whitish or grayish, the locomotive
portion separated from the upper part by several scarcely dis-
tinguishable furrows; pedal grooves extending along the sides
“?)8Pilsbry, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1894, p. 14.

ste

~

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 177

of the foot from the head to the posterior extremity, the two
ends meeting above the tail where a rounded and prominent
mucus gland is formed. This gland has the power of closing
and expanding.

Jaw: ‘Very arcuate, of almost uniform breadth, ends
blunt; anterior surface with transverse strie; concave margin
simple, with a well developed, blunt, median projection.” (W.
G. Binney.)

Radula: ‘Lingual membrane very broad, composed of 87
rows of 129 (64-I-64) long, slender teeth each; centrals tri-
cuspid; laterals 4, bicuspid, in a straight, transverse row; mar-
ginals aculeate, in a somewhat crescentic row. Another mem-
brane had 57-1-57 teeth.” (W.G. Binney.)

Genttaha: See under Omphalina.

Distribution: Southern Canada south to Florida, west to
Michigan and Arkansas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: In moist, somewhat open woodlands.

Remarks: A species easily distinguished by its large size
and glossy surface. The only locality from which authentic
specimens have been obtained is near Maywood, in 1892. Dur-
ing the last three years the writer has carefully searched all
about that region but without securing a single specimen. It
is, therefore, a doubtful species for this region.

Genus VITREA Fitzinger.

Vitrea FITZINGER, Syst. Verzeich, p. 99, 1833.

Hyalinia AGASSIZ, in CHARPENTIER, Nouv. Mem. Soc. Helv., Vol. I,
p. 18, 1837.

Hyalina of BINNEY, TRYON, and other authors.

Polita HELD, Isis, p. 916, 1837.

Glyphyalinia MARTENS, Biol. Cent. Amer. Moll., p. 117, 1892.

Animal of VITREA CELLARIA Miiller. (After Binney.)

Shell; Small, thin, glassy, shining, heliciform; spire gen-
erally depressed; aperture rounded or lunate; peristome very
thin, acute.

Animal: With no accessory organs upon the genital sys-
tem; dart sac not present; other characters as in Omphalina

(Fig. 33).

178 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distribution: Europe and America.

KEY TO SPECIES OF VITREA.
A. Shell large, exceeding 10 mill. in diameter; widely umbili-

cated; aperture much expanded.................draparnaldi
B. Shell small, less than 10 mill. in diameter.
a. : Shell umbilicated o.'> 4.4. cn a eee ene hans fy ee hammonis
b. Shell imperforate, but indented about the umbilical re-
1) (Peep Peter gem tnbrens pe SW, 208, ol See ae So Nts” inden tata

66. Vitrea draparnaldi Beck, pl. xxviii, fig. 5.
flelix draparnaldi BECK, Index Moll., p. 6, 1837.
Shell: Of good size, depressed, thin, but solid when adult,
pellucid, umbilicated;surface smooth, polished, shining, marked

by numerous very fine, oblique lines of growth; color greenish- —

horn, sometimes lighter; periphery rounded; sutures very dee ply
impressed; whorls five to fiveand one-half,rounded, convex very
regularly increasing, the upper surface flatly convex; aperture
a little oblique, transverse, not dilated, the transverse diameter
much longer than the height; peristome simple, thickened, ter-
minations widely separated; umbilicus round, broad, deep, ex-
hibiting a few of the volutions; base of shell rounded, thick-
ened within by a deposit of bluish-white testaceous matter.

Greater diam., 15.50; lesser, 15.00; height, 8.00; umbilicus diam., 2.75 mill.

(10108.) '

Greater diam., 7.00; lesser, 5.75; height, 3.00; umbilicus diam., 1.50 mill.
(10148. )

Animal: With a long, narrow foot, long and slender eye-
peduncles, and short tentacles; color slaty-blue, indigo-blue or
blackish above, darker on head, eye-peduncles and neck; collar
greenish; animal much lighter beneath; a locomotive disk pres-
ent and pedal grooves meeting above the tail, much as de-
scribed in V. fuliginosa. Heart situated as in Zonztoides arboreus,
pulsations regular, numbering as follows: 46, 51, 52, 57, 61, 71,
84. In some specimens the beats were quite irregular and
may be represented by the following diagram (Fig 34) in which
the dash represents the interval between each heart-beat:

eccemeness 6 tenes © ape 8 eee Oe Oe 0 as OT SE OS Re ES

Fic. 34,
Diagram showing heart-beats of VITREA DRAPARNALDI Beck.

The smallest number of beats is when the animal is con-
tracted,and the largest when extended. pair of foot 25.50
mill., width 3.00 when fully extended.

ta ag Se Pe
* re
t

~

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 179

Jaw: Arched, ends bluntly rounded; dorsal margin
rounded, ventral margin with a sharp median projection; ante-
rior surface striated (Fig. 35, J).

Radula formula: }3+4+34+1+2+14+11 (14—1—14); cen-
tral tooth very long and narrow, lower outer corners of base
of attachment expanded and the lower border with a central
projection; reflected portion tricuspid, the central cusp rather
long and narrow, the side cusps almost obsolete, the central

{NY Ay:

PiGeoo.

Teeth and jaw of VITREA DRAPARNALDI Beck. (Original.) c, cen-
tral tooth; 2, second lateral; 3, third-lateral; 4, first marginal; 10, seventh
marginal; J, jaw.

‘cusp only having a cutting point; laterals similar to central but

wider, tricuspid, the central cusp short and wide, the inner cusp
the same and the outer cusp, small, placed higher up on the
reflection, only the central and inner cusp having cutting
points; the outer cusp of the second lateral is placed higher up
than on the first lateral, and on the third lateral has disap-
peared; marginal teeth of the pure aculeate form (Fig. 35).
There are about 40 rows of teeth.

Distribution: “Europe, America and Australia (introduced).
Found in the United States in the greenhouses at Seattle,
Washington, Oakland and San Francisco, Cal., Chicago, Ill.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In greenhouses on plants, but more generally
under or about old boards in damp places.

Remarks: This species is somewhat new to the snail fauna
of the United States, and has been found only in California,

180 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Washingtonand Chicago. It is the largest species of the genus
found in the United States, and may be known by its flat form,
very transverse aperture, deep umbilicus and indented umbili-
cal region. It has been found somewhat plentifully in the
greenhouses at Lincoln Park, Chicago, but is particularly large
and fine in the greenhouses at Washington Park, where it is
found beneath old boards under the flower pot shelves. Speci-
mens have been found here measuring over half an inch in di-
ameter. It has not been found outside of the greenhouses.*

Fic. 36.

Comparative figures of VITREA and ZONITOIDES. (After Morse,
Amer. Nat., Vol. 1, Nos. 8 and 10.) Enlarged. 1, ZONITOIDES ARBOREUS
Say; 2, VITREA HAMMONIS Strém; 3, VITREA INDENTATA Say; 4, ZON-
ITOIDES MINUSCULUS Binney.

67. Vitrea Hammonis Strom, pl. xxviii, fig. 10.
flelix hammonis STROM, Act. Nedross., Vol. III, p. 435, pl. vi., fig. 16,
1795.
Helix radiatula ALDER, Cat. North and Durh., p. 12, No. 50, 1848.
Flelix viridula MENKE, Syn. Méth., ed. 2, p. 127.
Flelix striatula GRAY, non Linné, nec Miller; undescribed.
Flelix nitidosa FERUSSAC; undescribed.
FHlelix electrina GOULD, Inv. Mass., p. 188, fig. 111, 1841.
Flelix pura PFEIFFER, Binney, non Alder.
flelix viridula PFEIFFER, ex parte, 1848,'‘non 1881; Binney apud Pfeif-
fer, non Menke.
flelix hammonis \WESTERLUND, Morch, Pfeiffer, 1881.
Hyatina pellucida LEHNERT, Science Record, June, 1884, p. 141.
Shell: Small, depressed, thin, umbilicated; surface shining,
the lines of growth well marked, impressed, more or less equi-
*Mr. W. W. Calkins has reported the finding of Zonites alliarius Miller in Chicago
greenhouses, but thus far the record has not been substantiated. All of the specimens
have been draparnaldi.
{From Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1885, p. 269.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. - 181

distant; color brownish-horn, transparent; periphery rounded;
sutures well impressed; whorls four, rapidly enlarging, the last

half of the last whorl very rapidly enlarging as it approaches

the aperture; spire flat or a trifle convex; aperture large, trans-
versely rounded, somewhat expanded; peristome simple, with
thickened edge; umbilicus small, round, deep, showing several
of the volutions, the umbilical region strongly concave; base
of shell convex (See Fig. 36).

Greater diam.,4.25; lesser, 3.75; ht.,2.50; umbilicus diam., 0.50 mill. (10103.)

irramete es ANNO BibOe MOE. a “ 0.50 “ (10104,)
eee eT: S800" 20d tae ©” 0.50 <*> (0652)
Pte SAAD; A00r, Mh 2 SUR es i, OUR 2 S(T 2gGS

Anmal: With a long, narrow, transparent foot, with pedal
grooves as in arvboreus, head, neck and upper part of animal
black or blackish, lighter on the side of the foot; the other
characters as in ardoreus. Heart situated as in the previous
species; pulsations regular and rapid, gs§ per minute when con-
tracted and 130 when extended. Length of foot 6.00, width
1.00 mill. (Shell 4.25 mill. greater diameter.)

Jaw: Strongly arched, wide, roundly pointed at the ends,

Fic. 37,
Jaw of VITREA HAMMONIS Strém. (After Morse.)

which are a little upturned; concave margin with a good sized,
rounded median projection, and two or three smaller projec-
tions on either side (Fig. 37).

Radula formula: 2%4+3+4+3+22 (27—1-—27); teeth of
the same general type as those of Zonitoides arboreus ; central
narrow, tricuspid; laterals of same type, but bifid; marginals
aculeate. There are about 55 rows of teeth.

Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia. In North
America from British America and Northern United States
south to South Carolina and Colorado.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as Zonitoides arboreus and usually asso-
ciated with that species.

Remarks: This species is very closely related to Zonitoides
arboreus but may be distinguished by its darker color, the more
rapid enlargement of the last whorl and its different shape

182 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

when viewed from the aperture. As in Z. avboreus the head
and neck are carried far in advance of the shell, when in mo-
tion. This is also acommon species, although not as numer-
ous in individuals as 7. arboreus. It seems to occupy about the
same localities as that species.

SecTion GLYPHYALINIA Martens, 1892.

68. Vitrea indentata Say, pl. xxviii, fig, 11.
Helix indentata SAy, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. IJ, p. 372, 1822.
Hyalinia subrupicola DALL, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of Terr.,
Vol. III, p. 163, 1879.
Zonttes indentatus var. umbilicatus SINGLEY, British Naturalist, April,
1893, p. 81.
Shell: Small, depressed, thin, pellucid, subperforated, fre-
quently almost imperforate; surface shining, polished, covered
with strong, impressed striz which are equidistant, the spaces

on the last whorl being much wider than the striz; color, yel-

lowish or dark horn; periphery rounded; sutures impressed;
whorls four and one-half, rapidly increasing, the outer whorl rap-

ie Ge

FG. 38.
Jaw of VITREA INDENTATA Say. (Original.)

idly enlarging as it approaches the aperture; spire flat, a little
convex; aperture large, transversely oval; peristome simple,
thin, acute, the lower portion extending clear to the umbilicus;
umbilicus not perforated, but the region is strongly indented;
base of shell convex (Fig. 36).*

Greater diameter, 5.00; lesser, 4.50; height, 2.50 mill. (10221.)

P = 5.00; “ 4,50; opt hs BS (10222.)

Animal: Similar to Z. avboreus and V. hammonis; black-
ish above, lighter below and on the sides; foot g mill. long,
2 mill. wide, shell 5 mill., greater diameter. Heart as in the
other species of the genus, puisations regular, 160-162 beats
per minute. When the animal is emerging from the shell the
heart almost stops beating.

Faw: Long, narrow, somewhat bow-shaped, ends bluntly
pointed; upper margin rounded, lower margin with a broad,
median projection (Fig. 38).

*These figures are introduced to enable the student to perceive the differences between
these minute shells.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 183

Radula formula: %§+%-+41+2- 48(39—1— 39); teeth of
the same type as others ie: the genus; central tooth longer than
wide, the base of attachment with widely expanded lower outer
corners, tricuspid, the central cusp very long and reaching
much below the edge of the base of attachment, side cusps
small; lateral teeth similar to central, bicuspid; marginals acu-
leate, the first one or two modified. There are about the same
number of rows as in hammonis.

Distribution: Canada to Texas; Dakota to Maine and
Florida; ‘‘Lower California and states of Jalisco and Morelos,
Mexico.” (Pilsbry.) Manitoba (Hanham).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as arboreus and hammonis.

Remarks: This species may be distinguished from the last
by its subperforate umbilicus and peculiar equidistant im-
pressed striz. The two species, though resembling each other
when casually viewed, are readily separated when the charac-
ters are once understood. The animal is very rapid and
more bold than the other species. Jndentata is as widely dis-
tributed as the last species, but is not nearly as common, only
a few individuals being found together.

Genus EUCONULUS Reinhardt.
Conulus, F1Tz, 1853; non Rafinesgue, 1814 (vide Pilsbry, The Nautilus,
Vol. XIV, p. 81). ;

“Shell: Imperforate,or very narrowly perforate, turbinate,
arcti-spiral; whorls 5 to 6, rather convex; aperture depressed-
lunar, the penultimate whorl strongly excided, somewhat ob-
lique. Peristome with margin separated.”

“Ammal (of C. fulvus): Bluish-black upon the head, neck,
and eye-peduncles, lighter on the sides and base; foot very
narrow, tnread-like. A distinct caudal mucus pore.” (Bin-
ney.)*

69. Euconulus fulvus Draparnaud, pl. xxviii, fig. 17.
Helix fulva DRAPARNAUD, Hist. Moll., 1805,
Helix egena SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. V, p. 120, 1825,
Conulus fulvus mortoni JEFFREYS (vide Pilsbry). (Variety.)
Conulus fulvus alaskensis Pitspry, The Nautilus, Vol. XII, p. 116,
1899. (Variety.)

Shell; Subconical, turreted, thin, pellucid, convex above,

rounded below, subperforate; surface shining, smooth, marked

*W.G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 67.

184 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

by very fine, oblique, crowded growth lines, which disappear
on the large, rounded, flat nucleus; color light yellowish-horn;
periphery rounded; sutures deeply impressed; whorls six, nar-
row, rounded, very regularly increasing; spire generally ele-
vated, sometimes a little depressed, convex; aperture trans-
verse, wider than high, somewhat moon-shaped in some speci-
mens, contracted by the body-whorl; peristome thin, acute,
simple, the terminations widely separated; umbilical region
indented, but the umbilicus closed or minutely perforated; base
rounded; last whorl angular in front, the angularity becoming
obsolete on the latter part of the whorl.

Greater diameter, 2.25; lesser, 2.00; height, 1.75 mill. (10648.)
gS «s 2.95: AB iC Al DOGS)

* es 2.90; © BOSS BADR 4 Cree.
“ © 3.00; « 250; ~~ 250. ©" (12295)
% * 3.00; BRD 2a AGelS lene

Animal; With a long and narrow foot, with distinct cau-
dal mucus pore and pedal grooves; tentacles short and blunt;

aa,
» j / /
: ) my /
| / /
| i f : \bv
CG i as

FIG, 39,

Teeth of EucoNuLUS FULVUS Drap. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 15, fifth perfect marginal; J, jaw.
eye-peduncles long and tapering; color blackish on head, neck
and eye-peduncles, rest of body dirty white; a black stripe
extends from each eye-peduncle over the back to the shell.
When viewed dorsally the animal is almost hidden by the shell,
which is large in comparison with the foot. Heart situated
near the umbilical region, pulsations variable, ranging from
one hundred and thirty-five to one hundred and fifty per minute.
As in all mollusks, warmth accelerates the action of the heart.
A specimen measuring 4 mill. in length was almost jet black
in color.

Jaw: Strongly arched, very wide in the middle and taper-
ing at either end, which is rather pointed; margins smooth, no

/

a ae tet Sa See

\
eh

Se,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 185

ribs; inferior margin with a large, well-developed median pro-
jection (Fig. 39, J).

_ Radula formula: 18+32+8+4+44+2+4+13 (28-—1—28);
central tooth with a base of attachment almost as wide as high,
much produced at the outer, lower corners; reflection tricuspid,
the central cusp very long, reaching below the edge of the base
of attachment, wide, the side cusps short and wide; lateral
teeth similar to central tooth, but the inner lower angle of the
base of attachment suppressed and the reflection bicuspid, the
inner cusp long, reaching below the base of attachment, and
the outer cusp short, but longer than in the central tooth; the
transition teeth similar to the laterals but the cusps shortening
and becoming more equal; marginal teeth narrow, long, bicus+
pid, the cusps of equal size. All of the teeth have well-devel-
oped cutting points (Fig. 39). There are about 80 rows of
teeth. <-

Genitalia: Unknown.

Distribution: Europe, Asia, United States south to Texas ;
Southern Canada and Alaska. Palzarctic.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found associated with Zonitoides arboreus, Punc-
tum pygmeum, Bifidaria curvidens, etc., under stones and sticks,
in old and rotting logs. It requires a moist locality.

Remarks: Thisis oneof our most common mollusks. The
specimens from this region are very constant, exhibiting little
or no variation, and may be easily known by their rounded
spires and closely coiled whorls. The animal is rather shy and
crawls about with a wabbly motion as though the shell were
too heavy forit. The writer has found it particularly abundant
in the woods about Bowmanville, under and crawling over
chips and fallen pieces of bark. Prof. Pilsbry has shown* that
there are two species of Conulus which are generally mixed
together, viz., the present species and C. chersinus Say, which
is a shell with a much more turreted spire ‘and more closely
coiled whorls. The teeth of the two species are widely differ-
ent, the present species having the formula 28-I-28 (original),
30-1-30 Binney, while chersimus has 18-1-18 according to Morse.
I feel certain that Morse had chersinus when he examined the
dentition, for the reason that a number of personal examina-
tions of undoubted fulvus a// gave 28-1-28. The present
species is found throughout the area.

*The Nautilus, Vol. XII, p. 113.

186 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Subfamily Ariophantine.
Genus ZONITOIDES Lehmann.

Whorls rounded below, polished; aperture without callus;
otherwise similar to Gastrodonta.
KEY TO SPECIES OF ZONITOIDES.
A. Shell large, polished, smooth.
1. Shell 6-7 mill. in diameter,spire elevated; aperturelunate . .1z¢idus
2. Shell5 mill.in diameter, spire depressed; aperture trans-
versely roUndEeG, ;*)2 555. ote cs nctet ne eke eeamen '.,..arboreus
B. Shell small, striated.
1. Shell less than 3 mill. in diameter, umbilicus spreading,
Hotideep.. fA Pipe De ade tenn Seale hehe Peas ae minusculus
70. Zonitoides nitidus Miiller, pl. xxviii, fig. 16.
Helix nitida MULLER, Hist. Verm., Vol. II, p. 32, 1774.
Flelix hydrophila, INGALLS, Mss.

Shell: Orbicularly depressed, thin, umbilicated; surface
shining, covered with rather strong lines of growth; color
smoky-horn; periphery rounded; sutures impressed; whorls
five, convex, regularly increasing, except the last, which is
very large in proportion, and obtusely angled on the periphery
as it approaches the aperture; spire rather elevated, convex;
aperture lunate, oblique; peristome simple, acute, the basal
margin bow-shaped; terminations of aperture not approaching;
umbilicus round, broad, deep, exhibiting the volutions to the
apex; base of shell concave about the umbilicus, convex on
the last whorl.

Gr. diam., 6.00; lesser, 5.00; height, 4.00; umbilicus diam., 1.25 mill. (10224.)
rf 6.25; “ 5,50; pee LIE af 1.50 “ (12294.) :

6.003 5°" 08; #65 3,00; ¥ 1.25 “ (12224.)

Animal; Blackish or grayish, otherwise similar to Z. ar-
boreus Say. The heart is situated in a direct line with the in-
ferior portion of the peristome, to the left of the umbilicus;
pulsations regular, one hundred and one per minute when
crawling on glass and one hundred and twenty-three to one
hundred and thirty-eight when held in the hand; holding the
shell in the hand seems to irritate or excite the animal, and
cause the pulsations to increase. Length of foot when ex- |
tended 9.00 mill., width 1.50 mill.

Faw: Similar to that of arboreus.

Radula formula: 149+4+4+4+19(24—1—24); central
tooth with a base of attachment which is longer than wide; re-
flected portion tricuspid, the central cusp very long, the side

(ge koa) ea ee ees

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 187

cusps very short; lateral teeth (five in number) similar to cen-
trals, but bifid, with the inner cusp the longest; marginals acu-
leate. The cusps all have well-developed cutting points. The
radula is similar in type to that figured under Z. arboreus.

Distribution: Circumpolar. Northern United States and
British America, Northern Europe and Asia. Introduced into
the United States.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as Z. arboreus.

Remarks: This is a neat little species, distinguished from
its congeners by its large size, elevated spire and its rounded
aperture. It, like arboreus, loves company, and is always found
in little colonies. The animal is peculiar in being so very black.

_ It is widely distributed.

71. Zonitoides arboreus Say, pl. xxviii, fig. 9.
Helix arborea Savy, Nich. Encycl., pl. iv, fig. 4, 1816; BINNEY’s ed., p.
5, pl. lxxii, fig. 5.
Flelix ottonits PFEIFFER, Olim. Weigm. Arch., Vol. I, p. 251, 1840.
Helix brewert NEWCOMB, Proc. Cal., Acad. Sci., Vol. III, p. 118, 1864:
flyalina viridula COCKERELL, Science Gossip, p. 257, 1889.

Shell: Depressed, thin, umbilicated; surface shining, the
lines of growth being so fine that the surface appears smooth
unless examined with a powerful glass; color amber, some-
times whitish; periphery rounded; sutures impressed; whorls
five, regularly and evenly increasing, rounded; spire depressed,
a trifle convex; aperture rounded,a little transverse; peristome
simple, thin; umbilicus deep, narrow, the region indented;
base of shell convex (see Fig. 36).

Gr. diam., 5.00; lesser, 4.75; height, 2.75; umbilicus diam., 0.75; mill. (10095.)

a cera Si Ose. 51M 3.00; ct 0.85; “ (10649.)
a PO ee AN ()s ane es 2.50; 4s 0.85; “ (10096.)
és en eeirn ered 5()= a 3.00; rf 1.00; ‘ (10098.)

Animal: With a long, narrow, transparent foot, with
longitudinal furrows; head, neck and eye-peduncles jet black,
the rest of the body white and transparent except near the
upper part, where it is bluish; eye-peduncles long and slender,
with the eyes at their extremity; inferior tentacles very short,
blunt; length of foot 6.00 mill.; width 0.75; pedal grooves
and mucus pore, as usual in the genus; eye-peduncles 2 mill.
in length (shell 5 mill. in greatest diameter). The heart is
situated to the left of the aperture on the outer edge of the
body-wall. The pulsations are rapid and regular; one hundred

188 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pulsations per minute were counted when the animal was con-
tracted, and one hundred and forty-eight to one hundred and
sixty when it was extended.

Yaw: Long,narrow,bow-shaped, the ends bluntly pointed;
upper margin with a median depression, lower margin with a
very wide, blunt median projection (Fig. 40, J).

Radula formula: 3+8+8+1+5+4+8+32 (16—1I—16); cen-
tral tooth squarish, a little longer than wide, tricuspid, the cen-

J

Fic. 40

Radula of ZONITOIDES ARBOREUS Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 6, first marginal; 10, fifth marginal; J, jaw.

tral cusp very long and wide and reaching below the base of
attachment, lateral cusps short; lateral teeth five in number,
similar to,central, but bicuspid, the inner cusp very long, the
outer cusp short; marginal teeth eleven in number, thorn-
shaped, all but the first three (which are bicuspid, the outer
cusp being very small) unicuspid; the teeth decrease in size as
the side of the membrane is approached (Fig. 40). . There are
about 80 rows of teeth. Morse gives 21-12! teeth.

Distribution: Entire United States; British America.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Hatitat: Found plentifully under dead leaves, rotten logs,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 189

in crevices of rotting wood, and under the bark of fallen, rot-
ten logs.

Remarks: This is the most common of our small land
snails. When in progression the shell is carried on the back
at an angle of 45 degrees, tipping to the left side of the body,
and the head and neck are stretched far in advance of the aper-
ture of the shell. The eye-peduncles are always nervously
thrust about as though searching for danger, and the least
noise or jar will cause them to be drawn into the body. Arédo-
reus is infested by a curious parasite, Destoma appendiculata
Leidy,* which is sometimes found in considerable numbers.
Arboreus is more widely distributed than any other (excepting,
perhaps, Pyramidula alternata) in this region, and there is prob-
ably not a single locality where it is not found. It loves com-
pany and is generally found by the dozen under the bark of
decaying trees or under chips of wood.

Section PSEUDOHYALINA Morse.

Surface of shell strongly striated.

72. Zonitoides minusculus Binney, pl. xxviii, fig. 12.

Helix minuscula BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, p. 435, pl.
xxii, fig. 4, 1840.

Flelix minutilis MORELET, nec. FERUSSAC, Test. Nov., Vol. II, p. 7.

Flelix apex ADAMS, Contr. Conch., p. 36.

Helix lavelleana D’ORBIGNY, Moll. Cub., in text, p. 161, excl. pl. 1853.

Helix mauriniana D’ORBIGNY, 1. c., in pl. viii, figs. 20-22, excl. text. 1853.

Zonites minusculus var, alachuana DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p.270,
1885. (Variety.)

Shell; Small, depressed, thin, umbilicated; surface shin-
ing, lines of growth strong; color white, periphery! rounded;
sutures deeply impressed; whorls four, convex, slowly and regu-
larly increasing in size; spire almost flat, a trifle convex; aper-
ture very nearly circular, not expanded; peristome simple,
acute, the. basal margin rounded; terminations of aperture not
approaching; umbilicus very large, deep, exhibiting all the vo-
lutions to the apex; columella with a thin, testaceous deposit;
base of shel! convex (see Fig. 36).

Greater diameter, 1.50; lesser, 1.30; height, 0.75 mill. (10235,)
oi. $ a oS SR et C1 A Ny ts Sa a

Animal; With a narrow foot of medium length; eye-pe-

duncles not very long, cylindrical; color bluish-white; mucus

*Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 202, 1877.

190 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pore placed on the upper surface of the extremity of the foot;
pedal grooves distinct.

Faw. Similar in shape to that of Vitrea indentata, with a
broad, inconspicuous median projection (see Fig. 38).

Radula formula: %+414+3+4+3+4+ (12—1—12); teeth
similar in form to those of arboreus, excepting that they are a
little wider; the fourth lateral is modified, There are over 50
rows of teeth.

Distribution: ‘Ontario to Florida, west to Montana, Ari-
zona and New Mexico, Bermuda.” (Pilsbry.) West Indies,
Japan. (Binney.) Manitoba. (Hanham.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Yound in and about rotting logs in damp woods.

Remarks: A common species, distinguished by its small
size, flattened spire and very wide umbilicus. The animal is
very timid in captivity, hesitating a long time before starting
to crawl over the surface upon which it has been placed. Like
the Vitreas which itsomewhat resembles, this little species is
widely distributed, and will ultimately be found to be as com-
mon as Z. arboreus, when all parts of the area are thoroughly
explored.

Genus GASTRODONTA Albers.

Gastrodonta ALBERS, Die Helicien, p. 88; Malak. Blatter, Vol. IV, p.
91, 1857.

Ventridens BINNEY & BLAND, Land and Fr. Wat. Shells, N.A., Part I,
p. 292, 1869,

Shell; Usually umbilicated, rather thin; horn-colored,
glassy, covered with coarse strie#; whorls five to seven; aper-
ture lunate, exhibiting two modifications: (1) with teeth or lam-
inz on the base (gularis Say); (2) with a strong white callus
on the floor of the last whorl (4gera Say); peristome simple,
acute.

Animal: Generally blackish; head, neck and eye-pedun-
cles much darker, the latter very long; mucus pore a longi-
tudinal furrow, situated on the upper surface of the extremity
of the foot, and opened and closed at will. Locomotive disk
furrowed above the margin of the foot. Genitalia provided
with a dart sac, in which is contained a long, curved, calcareous
dart upon the vagina.*

*Pilsbry, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1894, p. 16.

4 ra aes > hab ile ns ky ae

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 191

Distribution: Europe and America.
KEY TO SPECIES OF GASTRODONTA.
A eonell depressed, spire almost Mat neycmtis «oes (hae) cs he eas demissa
Bsanell elohular, spire Much Clevated tis oivem enact ex re viele ce ana ligera
73. Gastrodonta ligera Say, pl. xxviii, fig 14.
Felix ligera Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II,'p. 157, 1821.
Helix rafinesguea FERUSSAC, Tab. Syst., p. 50, Hist. pl. li, a, fig. 5; pl.
l, a, figs. 4, 5, 1822. .
Helix wardiana LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vo). VI, p. 67, pl. xxiil,
fig. 82, 1839.
Gastrodonta ligera stonet PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. III, p. 46, 1889.
(Variety.)

Shell: Umbilicated, orbicular, convex; epidermis shining,
straw-colored or yellowish-horn color, deep yellow onthe base
of the last whorl, the color frequently running high up toward
the suture; whorls seven, covered,with closely crowded, trans-
verse striz, which disappear on the base of the shell; umbil-
icus small, rounded and deep, appearing to extend clear to
the apex of the shell; umbilical region impressed; sutures
impressed; aperture rounded, semilunate, the base and side of
the last whorl being covered by a thick, white deposit of tes-
taceous matter, greatly thickening that portion of the shell;

Animal of GASTRODONTA LIGERA Say. (Binney, fig. 68.)

peristome thin, acute; spire elevated, exhibiting nearly all the
whorls in a lateral view.

Gr. diam., 12.00; lesser, 11.00; height, 9.50; umbil. diam., 1.00 mill. (8460.)
Ss ie Bikes wrt se PLO smart 6.50; es SS Oo MES. Yeah)

Animal (Fig. 41): With-a long and narrow foot, acutely
pointed behind; color slaty-black on the upper surface, lighter
on the base and posterior extremity, grayish on the collar;
eye-peduncles tapering, slender, frather long, eyes placed as
usual; other characters as described for the genus.

Yaw: Not examined. Said by Binney to be “strongly
arcuate, ends rounded; anterior surface striated; concave mar-’
gin with a well-developed median projection.”

Radula formula: %$+'4+4+43¢+77 (38—1—38); centrals
tricuspid, the central cusp long, the side cusps short; lateral
teeth similar, but bicuspid, the inner cusp the longest; mar-

192 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ginal teeth aculeate. The teeth are similar in type to those of
the Zonitide.

Genitalia: Genital bladder ‘small, oval, on a long, deli-
cate duct, from about the middle of the length of which there
is a connecting duct to the middle of the penis sac and a second
duct to the apex of the dart sac.” Penis long, large near the
vagina, “tapering above, and furnished below its apex with an
accessory, short, delicate, cylindrical gland, terminating in a
small pyriform bulb. The dart is long, delicate, strictly arrow-
shaped with pointed, enlarged head and much thickened at
the posterior termination. The penis sac is stout, short, re-
ceiving at its apex the vas deferens, on the commencement of
which the retractor muscle is inserted.” *

Distribution: Ontario, Canada, to Michigan, south to In-
dian Territory, Louisiana, Virginia and Tennessee. (Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene of the Mississippi Val-
ley; Loess.

Halitat: Found rather sparingly in moist situations near
bodies of water of greater or lesser size. Prefers the under
side of old logs and the depths of dead brush heaps.

Remarks: Easily recognized by its globose form, some-
what elevated spire and deeply impressed base. It is nota
common species, and, so far as known, is confined to the south-
ern region, about the chain of lakes.

74. Gastrodonta demissa Binney, pl. xxviii, fig. 6.
Flelix demissa BINNEY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, p. 361, pl.
xvi, fig. 16, 1843.
Gastrodonta demissa britist? PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p. 132,
1898, (Variety.)

Shell: Umbilicated, depressed, convex; epidermis as in
ligera; whorls six, covered with coarse, closely crowded, trans-
verse striz, disappearing on the base; umbilicus small, round,
deep; umbilical region impressed; suture impressed; aperture
transverse, oblique, the base of the last whorl with a deposit as
in Zigera; peristome thin, acute; spire very much depressed, so
that all the whorls cannot be seen when viewed laterally; base
of shell flat, smooth; last whorl but little expanded toward
the aperture.

Greater diameter, 8.50; lesser, 7.25; height, 4.00; umbilicus diameter,

0.50 mill, (8459.)

Animal: Not differing in general form from d¢gera, color

~ *W. G. Binney, Man. Am. Land Shells, p. 214.

Ay’ i Ace eS peas

eo

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY, 193

dirty white, blackish or bluish on head, tentacles and eye-
peduncles; pedal grooves and mucus pore as in /igera.

Jaw: Similar to that of Agera.

Radula formula: §9+45+1+15+% (45—1—45); charac-
ters of the teeth not differing essentially from those of Ligera.

Genitalia: Differing from “gera in having a second acces-
sory pyriform gland to the dart sac. (Binney.)

Distribution: Western Pennsylvania to Georgia, west to
Arkansas and eastern Texas. (Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as that of digera. .

Remarks: Distinguished from dgera by its smaller size,
more depressed spire and transverse aperture. This is nota
common species and seems to be confined to the southern
region, as no specimens have thus far been collected in any
other part of the territory. |

FAMILY LIMACID.

“Shell rudimentary, a calcareous plate, not spiral, concealed
under the mantle,and covering the respiratory cavity. Foot
with or without mucus pore; jaw oxygnathous, arcuated, with-
out ribs, with a rostriform projection on the inferior margin;
lingual plate with a tricuspidate central tooth, the middle cusp
long and narrow, laterals bi- or tricuspidate, marginals narrow,
sharp, uni- or bicuspidate.” (Tryon.)*

Genus LIMAX Linné, 1758.

“Animal attached its whole length to the foot, subcylin-
drical, tapering behind, bluntly truncate anteriorly; tentacles
simple; mantle small, anterior, enclosing a shelly plate; no
caudal mucus pore; a distinct locomotive disk; external anal
and respiratory orifices at the right posterior margin of the
mantle; orifice of combined generative organs behind and be-
low the right peduncle.”

“Shell-plate testaceous, thin, flat, longer than wide, with
concentric striz of increase, internal.”’

“Jaw smooth with median projection. Lingual membrane
long and narrow; central teeth tricuspid, laterals bicuspid, mar-
ginals aculeate, often bifid. Considerable variation is found in
the dentition of the genus; the centrals and laterals are some-
times unicuspid.” (Tryon.)*
~~ #*Struct. and Syst. Conch., Vol. III, p. 78.

194 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Genitalia (Fig. 42): Testicle round or oval, partially
concealed by the liver, brown in color and apparently com-
Z ee

hg ( os wy

Tm

Fic, 42.

Genitalia of LIMAX MAXIMUS Linné. (After Scharff.) ag, albumin-
iparous gland; hg, ovotestis; hd, hermaphrodite duct (epididymis); n, pros-
tate gland; os, uterine portion of hermaphrodite duct; sp, vas deferens;
rm, retractor muscle; ov, oviduct; p, penis; rec, receptaculum seminis.

posed of rounded acini (lobulated in favus); epididymis an .-

undulating tube leading from the testicle to the inner side of
the junction of the ovary with the prostate gland, and opening
into a groove in the oviduct, which is continuous at its inferior
extremity with the vas deferens; prostate gland whitish, stri-
ated ‘in appearance, occupying the inner side of the whole
length of the oviduct; vas deferens comparatively short, pass-
ing from the prostate gland to the penis, in some forms (maz-
mus, flavus, etc.) joining the latter at its summit, and in others
(agrestis and campestris) at its base; penis generally long, cylin-
droid and irregular, lying at the right anterior part of the vis-
ceral cavity, and joining at its termination a short cloaca; a re-
tractor muscle is inserted into its summit, which arises from
the muscular investment of the visceral cavity, posterior to the
position of the pulmonary cavity; in some species the penis

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 195

is elongate-conical (agrestis) and in others spiral (campestris);
ovary large, white, semi-elliptic, more or less curved and lobu-
lated, placed at the summit of the oviduct, which is a long,
wide, soft, white, tortuous, sacculated tube, passing from the
ovary to the vagina; generative bladder generally large, pointed
and oval, opening bya short, wide duct into the vagina; in
agrestis it is large, elongated, oval,and opens by a short duct
into the angle formed by the junction of the vagina with the
male portion of the generative apparatus; in campesiris it isa
small oval sac, with a longer, narrow duct, opening into the
tube leading from the penis to the cloaca.* The character of
the generative apparatus differs considerably in the various
species, and will be treated under each.
Distribution: World-wide.

KEY TO SPECIES OF LIMAX AND AGRIOLIMAX.
A. Slug large.
a. Tubercles inconspicuous; color arranged on body in

longitudinal stripes, dots or dashes, d/ack............maximus
b. Tubercles large and conspicuous, body with oblong-
OVER ULE DIO CUPS POLS as cre cits clone tnttiarslstateistel sr ole hantwlelsi«iaceialk avus

B. Slug small.
a. Body of various shades of amber, or blackish, with-
GUL SPOS OL COLOK MARKINGS... yew iaie es owe ofa sw vee tee campestris

75. Limax maximus Linné, pl. xxviii, figs. 3, 8.

Limax maximus LINNE, Syst. Nat., 1758.

Limax antiquorum FERUSSAC, Podr. 20; Hist., p. 68, pl. iv, pl. viii, A,
fig. 1, 1819.

(Vulgaris Moq., cedlarius D’Argentville, acudatus Picard.)

Shell: Elongately quadrate, thin, silvery white in color,
convex lines of growth rather coarse. Length, 13.00 mill.;
width, 7.00 mill. (9316.) Theshell is only arudiment and pro-
tects the lungs (Fig. 3).

Animal; With an elongated body, with a strong dorsal
carina terminating the posterior end and covered with longi-
tudinal, elongated tubercles of large size; color ashy or light
brown, with several uninterrupted black stripes extending from

. the mantle to the posterior end, and with numerous alternate

rows of round spots, which are placed longitudinally; the sides
are much lighter in color and the foot and under parts are
dirty white; mantle large, oval, with the tubercles arranged
concentrically, color light brown with irregular blotches of
black scattered over the surface; respiratory orifice very large,

*W.G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 236,

196 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY. OF SCIENCES.

situated on the right side near the posterior end of the mantle;

locomotive disk narrow; tentacles short, blackish, blunt, placed

very near the lower surface; eye-peduncles long, tapering,

rather stout, the eyes placed on prominences at the tip, eyes

blackish; animal exuding mucus from its entire surface (Fig. 8).

Length, 167.00; width, 19.00; height, 13.00 mill. (10091.) Animal fully ex-
tended.

Faw: Long,arched, narrow, endsattenuated and rounded;
cutting edge with a strong median projection, and a central
vertical carina or ridge; striated longitudinally and vertically
(Fig. 43, J).

Radula formula: 13 +49+37+4+47+45+18 (75-—1—75);
central tooth with a subquadrate base of attachment, with the

Fic. 43.

Radula of LimMAx MAXIMUS Linné. (Original.) c, central tooth; 1,
first lateral; 15, fifteenth lateral tooth; 50, thirty-third marginal tooth; J, jaw.

lower, outer corners attenuated; reflected portion large, longer
than wide, the cutting point about half the length of the reflec-
tion, and trifid; lateral teeth 17 in number, similar to central
tooth; marginals of the aculeate type, the first forty-five being
bifid and the last thirteen of the pure aculeate form (Fig. 43).

Genitaha: ‘With a strongly lobulated ovary; penis sac
long, cylindrical, tapering to its apex, where it receives the re-

tractor muscle and the vas deferens; genital bladder small, on -

a short duct.” pane

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 197

“The eggs are globular, transparent, over two hundred in
number, laid in a compact mass.’’*

Distribution: Europe, Asia Minor, Corsica, Sicily, Sardinia,
Azores, Madeira, New Zealand and United States. (Intro-
duced.)

Habitat: Found principally in greenhouses under boards :
and along the sides of the drains. In Rochester, N. Y., the
species is found plentifully under board sidewalks and in cel-
lars, in any part of the city. In Europe it is solitary in habit
and is found chiefly in the woods, under fallen trees and stones
and near the seashore.t

Remarks: The present species is the largest of the genus
and isa voraciouseater. Its food consists principally of fungi,
or, if living in acellar, of meat and vegetables. It is said to
rarely eat green plants (vide Scharff). Instances are known
of its committing cannibalism, especially when very hungry and
when several specimens are together. The writer has several
times noted a peculiarity in the mucus of this slug, viz., that
it is sticky and will entangle the legs of flies or other insects
which alight upon the animal, and will act in the same manner
as fly-paper. Several flies have been noted in this predicament.
This species, as well as others of the genus, is principally noc-
turnal inhabit. Like Vitvea draparnaldi it has been introduced
from Europe. It has not been detected, as yet, outside of the
greenhouses, where, however, it may be found in considerable
numbers.

76. Limax flavus Linné, pl. xxviii, fig. 27.
Limax flavus LINNE, Syst. Nat., ed. X, Vol. I, p. 652, 1758. (non Miiller,
1774.
Limax sa DRAPARNAUD, Tab. Moll., p. 108 (1801).

Shell: Rudimentary, oblong-oval, thin, concave below,
convex above; upper surface covered with a delicate periostra-
cum. The plate increases in thickness with age.

Animal: Brownish or yellowish-brown in color, orna-
mented by numerous oval or oblong spots without color;
mantle rather large, oval, rounded before and behind, spotted
with large rounded blotches, and marked with fine, concen-
trical strie; eye-peduncles long, slender, tapering, blue in

‘color and semi-transparent; head and neck of same color as

eye-peduncles; tentacles short, white; general form of body

* Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 451.
+ Scharff, The Slugs of Ireland, Sci. Trans. Roy. Dub. Soc., Vol. 1V, Series II, No. 10, 1891.

198 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

(when extended) elongate cylindrical, with a short, prominent
keel; dorsal portion of body covered with numerous long, nar-
row, well-marked tubercles; foot long and narrow, yellowish
white in color; sides of body without spots. The spots some-
times extend down the center of the back.

Length, 86.00; width, 10.00 mill., extended. (9355.)

Faw: Strongly arched, horn-colored, anterior surface
with a strong carina; ends square or only slightly rounded;
concave margin smooth, with a well-marked median projection;
anterior surface strongly striate vertically, and faintly striate
longitudinally (Fig. 44).

Fic. 44,
Jaw of LIMAx FLAvus Linné. (After Binney.)

Radula formula: 44+148-+4+15+44 (60—1—60); the teeth
are in all essential respects like those of maximus, except that
the cutting points are longer. There are about 100 rows of
teeth.

Genitalia: ‘The testicle, composed of a globular mass of
aciniform cceca, is not imbedded in one of the lobes of the
liver. The penis sac is long, stout, cylindrical, receiving the
vas deferens and the retractor muscle at itsapex. The genital
bladder is small, elongated-ovate, with pointed apex and short
duct.” (W. G. Binney.)

Distribution: Same as maximus, with the addition of Bale-
aric Islands, Brazil and Australia.

Habitat: Similar to maximus, but not so common.

Remarks: This species is at once distinguished from maz-
zmus by the absence of color spots and by the larger size of the
tubercles. It is an introduced species and is fast spreading
over the United States. Its habits are like those of maximus.

Genus AGRIOLIMAX Morch.

“Animal keeled only posteriorly. Mantle concentrically

striated, the center of striae being somewhat to the right of
the median line. There are no bands, and if spots are present

: + <a m
tite ey pag, MER
WR ane ne

J
Pe
-

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 199

they are irregularly scattered over the body. Pulmonary open-
ing behind middle of mantle, and genital pore near tentacles.
The intestine has four convolutions, and there is asolid internal
shell;{no,caudal gland.’’*

Genitaha: Differing from Limax in having the vas def-
erens join the penis at its base, and in the shape of the penis
and the genital bladder.

77- Agriolimax campestris Binney, p). xxviii, fig. 13,

Limax campestris BINNEY, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., p. 52, 1841.

Limax occidentalis J.G.COOPER, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 146, pl. iii, fig. C,
1872.

Limax montanus INGERSOLL, Bul. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. of
Terr., No.2, Second Ser., p. 152, 1875.

Limax castaneus INGERSOLL, l. c., ed. 2, p. 396, 1876.

Limax ingersolli W. G. BINNEY, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1875.

Limax campestris, form intermedius COCKERELL, The Nautilus, Vol.
III, p. 100, 1890.

Limax campestris, form tristis COCKERELL, I. c., p. 100, 1890.

Limax hyperboreus \WESTERLUND, Sibirien Land och Sétvatten Mol-
lusker, p. 21.

Jaw and radula of AGRIOLIMAX CAMPESTRIS Binney. (Original.)

Shell: Rudimentary, very small and fragile.

Animal: With along and narrow body, terminating pos-
teriorly in a short carina and covered dorsally with large, elon-
gated tubercles; color blackish, without spots, lighter on head
and eye-peduncles; foot whitish, long and narrow; mantle not
prominent, oval, ornamented with fine, concentric lines; eye-
peduncles not long, cylindrical, the black eyes at their tips;

* Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, p. 525.

A" o. . ’
OMe, Re "eA er

200 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

respiratory orifice situated on the right side of the body, near
the posterior margin of the mantle; exudes mucus as in ZL.
maximus.

Length, 25.00; width, 3.00; height, 2.50 mill. (9303) extended.

Faw: Arched; ends pointed; median projection sharp and —
anterior border generally serrated; anterior surface striate (Fig.
45, J).

Radula formula: 1)+12+4+48+4+418+124+41 (36—1—36);
central tooth longer than wide, the lower corners of the base
of attachment attenuated, tricuspid, the central cusp long and
spear-shaped, the side cusps small, all provided with strong
cutting points; lateral teeth (thirteen perfect) similar to the cen- —
tral tooth, but bicuspid, or with only a faint indication of the
inner cusp, the central or inner cusp the largest, and all with cut-
ting points; marginals aculeate, the first twelve bifid and the
balance thorn shaped ( Fig. 45).

Distribution: Northern and Central parts of the United
States, Canada, Alaska and Siberia; Santa Fe, New Mexico.*

Habitat: Under stones and rotting logs or old boards,
either in the woods or in pastures. It is found in the green-
houses about the tanks of water.

Remarks: This is our most common and only native
Limax. It appears to be distributed over the entire area under
consideration. It is noted particularly for its habit of suspend-
ing itself by a thread of mucus from some object. In the
woods at Bowmanville this species is very common, but two
specimens are seldom found together, although every chip and
piece of wood in the vicinity may support an individual.

FAMILY PHILOMYCIDz.

Animal limaciform. Mantle covering whole body; jaw with
or without ribs, and median projection to cutting edge; lingual
membrane of Helicidz; no shell. (W.G. Binney.)tT

GENus PHILOMYCUS Ferussac, 1821.

Philomycus FERUSSAC, Tab, Syst., p. 15, 1821.
Tebennophorus BINNEY, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist., Vol. IV, p. 171, 1842.

“Animal limaciform. Body somewhat flattened, terminat-

*Vide Cockerell, The Nautilus, Vol. VIII, p. 57.
+ Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 53.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 201

ing obtusely or in a somewhat truncated form, obtuse ante-
riorly. Back convex, more flat when fully extended. Integ-
uments with irregular vermiform glands, anastomosing with
each other and,having a general longitudinal direction. Man-
tle covering the whole body. Foot expanded at its margin,
and visible beyond the sides of the mantle; no locomotive
disk. Respiratory orifice near the head, some way to the rear
of the right eye-peduncle. Anal orifice contiguous to anda
little above and in advance of the pulmonary orifice. Orifice
of organs of generation behind and below the right eye-pe-
duncle. Without terminal mucus pore. No external or internal
shell.” (W.G. Binney.)* Jawarched, ends blunt, median pro-
jection strong, anterior surface with a carina and either ribbed
or striate. Lingual membrane (see below). Pedal grooves
present.

78. Philomycus carolinensis Bosc., pl. xxx, fig. 1.

Limax carolinensis Bosc, Vers de BUFFON de DETERVILLE, p. 80, pl.
iii, fig. 1.

Limax togata GOULD, Invert. of Mass., p. 3, 1841.

Limax marmoratus DEKaY, N. Y. Moll., p. 831 (no desc.), 1839.

Shell: None.

Animal; With a long, rounded or flattened body, trun-
cated anteriorly and obtusely pointed, and somewhat flattened
posteriorly; mantle covering the entire body except a small
rim on the edge of the foot; color whitish, spotted and clouded
with blackish spots which form three scarcely distinguishable
longitudinal bands, one in the-center and one on either side;
the spots are irregular and anastomose with each other in va-
rious places along the bands; the lower margin of the mantle
is yellowish and the foot is yellowish-white; mouth encircled
by a row of papille; eye-peduncles not long, stout, blackish,
eyes situated on the upper part of the bulb-shaped enlarge-
ment at their extremity; tentacles short, stout, whitish, more or
less conical; the cuticle is beset with numerous vermiform
glands which anastomose more or less with each other, and
extend ina longitudinal direction. When the animal is in lo-
comotion these glands contract and a thin, watery mucus is
exuded, giving the surface a glistening, undulatory appearance,
which is peculiar to this species. The foot is not very broad
and extends a trifle beyond the mantle posteriorly. Genera-

*Man. Amer. Land Shells, p, 239.

td Me Pir oy ocak TA ee ee
. ; ns Seertl ris. > Baa 4
Me, aot
‘>; s

4

202 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tive orifice on the right side, behind and below the eye-pedun-.
cle. Other orifices as described in the genus.

Length, 59.00; width, 10.00 mill.

Yaw: Arched, ends blunt or slightly rounded; cutting
edge with a rounded median projection; anterior surface
covered with both transverse and vertical lines. The jaw is
very thick (Fig. 46, J). ;

Radula formula: 33+2%!+1+421+35 (56—1—56); central
tooth with a very long and narrow base of attachment, some-
what widening at the lower extremity and with parallel lines

Fie. 46.

Radula of PHILOMYCUS CAROLINENSIS Binney. (Original.) c, cen-
tral tooth; 1, first lateral; 12, twelfth lateral; 24, twenty-fourth marginal;
25, twenty-fifth marginal; 35, thirty-fifth marginal; J, jaw.

of reinforcement on the lower portion; reflection about one-
fourth to one-third the length of the base of attachment, with
a short, stout cusp which bears a blunt cutting point; lateral
teeth of same type, but asymmetrical, the reflection and cut-
ting point longer, and the superior border with a peculiar tri-
lobed form; the outer laterals have a’single small, rather sharp
outer cusp; marginal teeth a modification of the laterals, the

;
y

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 203

cutting points of the cusps being very broad and oblique, and
bearing one or two small outer side cusps. (Fig. 46). There
are about II5 rows of teeth.

Genitalia: ‘‘The testicle lies upon the right side, partly
concealed by the liver; it is round andlobulated. The epididy-
mis is tortuous. The vas deferens is very long, tortuous, and
muscular. It joins the penis sac at its summit, and has the
retractor muscle inserted into the length of the penis above
the latter. The penis sac is irregularly cylindrical, bent at its
summit. The ovary is exceedingly lobulated. The oviduct is
tortuous, wide, and very much sacculated. The prostate gland
is longer than in Lzmax or Arion. The generative bladder is
large, globular, or nearly so. Its duct is rather less than half
the length of the oviduct. At its junction with the neck of the
latter an oval muscular organ exists, the dart sac. Within the
latter, at the bottom, is a hemispherical papilla, upon the sum-
mit of which is placed a white, calcarate dart. At the junction
of the vagina, common to the neck of the oviduct, duct of the
generative bladder, and dart sac, with the penis, there are two
short retractor muscles inserted. The cloaca is narrow and
cylindrical, and has surrounding two-thirds of its middle a
thick, glandular organ. Interiorly the penis sac, cloaca, etc.,
have a longitudinal rugose surface.” (W. G. Binney.)*

Distribution: ‘‘Canadato Florida, west to lowaand Texas.”
( Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Unknown.

Habitat: Under the bark of decaying trees, in forests of
more or less density. Solitary in habit.

Remarks: This species is quite variable in coloration,
some having the spots regularly arranged in rows, others
clouded, and still others blackish, grayish, or whitish, with
spots, dots or lines of color. Unlike Lzmax this species has no
slit from the respiratory opening to the edge of the mantle,
but has a furrow or canal of considerable depth. It ascends
trees to a height of over fifty feet, and is most frequently found
under bark which has become ‘‘started.’”’ So far as known it is
restricted entirely to the northern region, and has only been
found at Bowmanville.

FAMILY ENDODONTIDz,
Shell; Ribbed or striated, patuloid, umbilicated; aperture

*Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 244.

“

a er
< 2 oP" 7 N

7 1% ey

- 3

“

204 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

simple, or armed with folds or denticles; color horn, with vari-
ous zigzag, reddish flames.

Animal: With a well-developed caudal mucus gland and
supra-pedal furrows. Genitalia lacking accessory appendages.
Jaw ribbed or striated. Central tooth quadrate, with side
cusps and distinct cutting points; lateral teeth similar; mar-
ginal teeth low, wide, crowded, with one or more cusps, “the
outer cusp never elevated on middle cusp.’”’*

Subfamily Endodontine.

“Jaw soldered into one piece.’ (Pilsbry.)

Genus PYRAMIDULA Fitzinger, 1833.

Pyramidula FITZINGER, Syst. Verzeich, 1833.

Discus FITZINGER, Syst. Verzeich, 1833,

Patula HELD, Isis, 1837.

Anguispira MORSE, Journ. Port. Soc., Vol. I, p. 11, fig. 15, 1864, ‘

“Shell: Openly umbilicated, varying in contour from flat-
tened and disk-like to conoidal. Generally opaque, often rib-
striate. Unicolored, spirally banded or flammulate. Whorls
subcylindrical or keeled, the apex generally smooth. Aperture
rounded-lunate; lip simple and thin.”

“Animal: Having the sole undivided; lateral margin of the
foot with a distinct border bounded by a groove, the grooves meet-
ing above the tail. No caudal mucus pore. Eye-peduncles
long and slender. Genital system lacking accessory organs;
vas deferens and retractor muscle inserted near or at the apex
of the penis; duct of the spermatheca very long; hermaphro-
dite duct very long, but shortened by its extreme convolution.
Jaw arcuate, its component lamine generally compactly sol-
dered, and indicated only by fine striz which diverge slightly
from the middle. Radula (1) having only the mesocones de-
veloped upon central or inner lateral teeth, or (2) having the
centrals tricuspid, laterals bicuspid lacking the ectocones, mar-
ginal teeth similar but with short basal-plates; this being the
usual form. In some species the marginal teeth are multicus-
pid by the splitting of their ectocones.” (Pilsbry.)T

KEY TO SPECIES OF PYRAMIDULA AND HELICODISCUS. »°
A. Shell large. °

a. Subglobose, periphery rounded, striz very fine, last
whorls with two spiral, reddish bands............... solitaria

*Pilsbry, The Nautilus, Vol. IX, p. 110.
+Guide to Study of Helices, pp. 42, 48, 49.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 205

b. Depressed, periphery slightly carinated, striz rib-like,
whorls marked by reddish flames placed‘longitudin-

Fh ie RS et ee As LO oN MA a Sha LT alternata

B. Shell small.
a. Aperture devoid of teeth, spire slightly convex ....... striatella
b. Aperture with from one to three teeth, spire flat.’........ lineata

Suscenus PATULA Held, 1837.

“Shell: Rather Jarge and solid, with convex spire and
open umbilicus; whorls rounded or carinated at the periphery.
Surface striate, ribbed-striate or spirally ribbed, obliquely
flamed, unicolored or spirally banded; lip thin, simple.”

“Anmal: Having a large foot, its length greater than the
diameter of the shell, the tail rounded; sole without any traces

i

rel

Fes

STS

Fic. 47.

Genitalia of PyRAMIDULA. (Pilsbry, Guide to Helices, pl. xi, figs. 20,
21.) A, P. ALTERNATA Say. B, P.sSTRIATELLA Anthony.

of longitudinal divisions; the foot margins having a wide bor-
der above, bounded by a distinct groove, the grooves meeting
overthe tail. Eye-peduncles long and slender, tentacles minute.
Mantle edge thick. Genitalia system (Fig. 47) simple, lacking
accessory organs. Penis receiving vas deferens and retractor
muscle at its summit. Spermatheca bulbous, its duct very
long. Ovisperm duct very much convoluted, the ovo-testis
consisting of small groups of large club-shaped follicles. Eye-

206 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

peduncles retracted between the branches of the genitalia.”
( Pilsbry.)
For jaw and radula see the following species:

79. Pyramidula alternata Say, pl. xxviii, figs. 19, 21, 22 25, 24.
Helix alternata SAY, Nich. Encycl., pl. i, fig. 2, 1817-1819.
Helix scabra LAMARCK, An. sans. Vert., Vol. VI, pt. 2, p. 88.
Felix mordax SHULT, Bern. Mitt., p. 195, 1853. (Variety.)
Helix strongylodes PFEIFFER, Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 53, 1854.
Helix infecta PARREYSS, MS., Pfeiffer, Mal. Blatt., p. 86, 1857.
Flelix dubia SHEPPARD, Trans. Lit. Hist. Soc. Quebec, Vol. I, p. 194.

flelix fergusoni BLAND, Ann. N. Y. Lyc., Vol. VII, p. 421, 1862. (Va-
riety.)

Flelix alternata var. costata Lewis, Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. VI, p.
188, 1871. (Variety.)

flelix alternata alba TRYON.
Pyramidula alternata carinata PILSBRY, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 490, 1896.
(Variety).
Pyramidula alternata rarinotata PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. XIII, p.
114, 1900. (Variety.)
Pyramidula alternata knoxensis PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. XV, p.
6, 1901. (Variety.) |
Shell: Depressed, rather thin, widely umbilicated; sur-
face dull, covered with strong, oblique, rib-like striz; color yel-
lowish horn with numerous reddish flames which extend ob-
liquely from suture to suture, sometimes broken but generally
entire; on the base of the shell the flames are interrupted so
that a light yellowish or horn-colored band is formed, although
in some specimens this is not developed; periphery slightly or
heavily carinated; sutures very deeply impressed; apex of shell
smooth; whorls five and one-half, gradually increasing, rather
flat; spire elevated or depressed; aperture obliquely rounded,
showing the color of the outer surface through the shell; peris-
tome simple, sharp, terminations connected by a thin callus;
columella subreflected; base rounded; umbilicus large, wide
and deep, showing all the volutions to the apex.
Greater diam., 22.00; lesser, 19.50; height, 15.00; umbilicus diam., 6,00 mill.

‘ 6O El OOS ts Sit Pe a 14.00; $ 6.00 *
3 Bn A ge Soe 13.00;55. © 12.50; ) a 5.00 “
i i 20.00 Se ROB ree ss TALS sf i 5.00 “
ry = 20,005 © eo BGS oy es 10.00; ae o 5.50

(All measurements from set 10142, showing variation in height of spire.)
Animal: With a long and narrow body; color of back,
brown, of rest of upper surface brownish, with a tinge of or-
ange, collar saffron-colored; eye-peduncles and head slaty,
with the black eyes at the extremity of the former; tentacles

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 207

short, cylindrical; foot grayish white in color, truncate before,
bluntly rounded and flattened behind; a lateral groove runs
from the head to the posterior part, just at the edge of the foot,
and meets in anacute angle behind; respiratory orifice on right
side, just beneath the peristome of the shell and near its junc-
tion with the body-whorl; mantle colored like shell. Length
of foot 26.00 mill., width 6.00 mill.

- The heart is situated 3 mill. from the junction of the per-
istome with the body wall, and the pulsations are very regu-
lar. Fifteen experiments gave the following number of pulsa-
tions per minute: 84, 82 (twelve specimens), 61, 50. The last
two figures were taken when the animal was contracted, and
the heart-beats much slower.

Jaw: Arched, broad, ends broadly rounded; concave mar-

Fic. 48.
Radula of PyYRAMIDULA ALTERNATA Say. (From nature, after Pils-
bry, Guide to Helices, pl. xi, figs. 18,25.) C, central tooth; 1, first lateral;
11, first marginal; 27, sixteenth marginal; J, jaw.

gin not very much crenulated, with a rounded median projec-
tion; anterior surface marked by vertical striz (Fig. 48, J).

Radula formula: 24+149+}4+19+2+ (34-1 — 34); central
tooth with a subquadrate base of attachment, somewhat ex-
panded on the lower outer corners; reflected portion with one
long central cusp reaching below the lower edge of the base
of attachment, and two very small side cusps with small cut-
ting points; lateral teeth (ten perfect) longer than wide, bicus-
pid, the inner cusp long and narrow witha long, narrow cutting
point, and the outer cusp.short and wide with a short cutting
point; marginals variable, at first like the laterals, but becoming
wider toward the margin (twenty-seven) and with one long inner
cusp and ashort outer cusp. The cutting point is generally
one-third the length of the cusp (Fig. 48). There are about 120
rows of teeth.

208 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Genitalia: See generic description.

Distribution: Eastern and Central United States, and Can-
ada; west to Minnesota.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene of the Mississippi Val-
ley; Loess.

Habitat: Very abundant under logs, underbrush, and in
crevices or under loose bark. Sometimes found buried in the
earth. Dry situations are not favorable to it, and it prefers
moist localities in wooded districts.

Remarks: This is our most abundant species, and, unlike
most of our Helices, is gregarious, being generally found in
colonies of from twenty to a hundred or more. Theanimal is
sluggish in its movements, but is not at all shy, allowing itself
to be picked up and examined without withdrawing into its
shell. Its locomotion is slow and careful. The species is very
variable in the height of its spire, some specimens having an
elevated, convex spire, while others are perfectly flat. This
variation is ina great measure due to the habit of crowding
itself into narrow crevices, which causes the shell to assume a
flat-whorled aspect. The convex forms are generally found,
in wide, open crevices or under logs, while the flat-whorled
forms are found in small, narrow crevices or under loose bark.
The albino form is found very sparingly. The measurements
and figures show well the variation in the spire. The striation
of the species varies from almost smooth (/ergusont) to very
coarsely ribbed (mordax). It is fond of climbing trees and is
often found at a-considerable height from the ground.

Egg laying begins about the first week in June and the an-
imals are then in their best condition. From twenty to eighty
pure white, opaque eggs are laid, agglutinated together in soft
clay (Fig. 22). About thirty days are required for them to
hatch, and about the middle of July young snails are found
with two perfect whorls. The eggs measure 2.75 mill. in diam-
eter and when dry become hard and brittle.

80. Pyramidula solitaria Say, pl. xxix, fig. 1.

Felix solitaria SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 157, 1821.
Pyramidula occidentalis VON MARTENS.
Pyramidula solitaria limitaris DAWSON, L. and F. W. Moll. coll. Sum-
mers, 1873, 1874, pp. 347-350, 1875.
Patula solitaria albina W. G. BINNEY.
Shell: Depressed-globose, rather solid, diaphanous, deeply
and widely umbilicated; surface slightly shining, covered with

coarse, crowded, oblique striz; color dark horn, with two re-

-

‘
4
j
.
;
|
%
r

to tsi a
‘

—_" >

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY, 209:

volving brownish bands, one just above and one just below the
periphery, the latter being gracefully rounded and never cari-
nate; suturesimpressed; apex of shell smooth, without strie,
which begin toappear on thesecond whorl; whorls six, rounded,
regularly increasing; spireelevated, convex; aperture rounded,
somewhat lunate, white and pearly inside, with the two revolv-
ing bands showing distinctly; peristome sharp, simple, the
terminations connected by a thin callus; columella somewhat
dilated, subreflected; base rounded; umbilicus round, deep,
showing the volutions very plainly to the apex.
Gr. diam., 26.00; lesser, 23.00; height, 20.00; umbilicus diam., 5.50 mill. (7716.)
as POS Se ae OO fe 19.00: Re ? 5.00 ‘ (7718.)
+e Paes 28 21-00% 228 15.505 iz me 5.00 ‘ (12398.)
Animal: Not examined (Fig. 49), but similar in form to
alternata.

Fie. 49.
Animal of PyRAMIDULA SOLITARIA Say. (After Binney.)

Jaw: ‘Long, low, slightly arcuate, ends but little attenu-
ated, anterior surface striate, but without ribs; a median pro-
jection to the cutting margin.”

Radula: ‘‘The lingual membrane has 25-11-25 teeth, with
14 perfect laterals. The transition to marginals is very grad-
ual.” (Binney, Man., p. 255.) The teeth are similar to those
of alternata.

Genittaha: ‘The penis sack is short, stout, receiving near
its apex the retractor muscle, above which it rapidly decreases
in size, and at its apex receives the vas deferens; the last named
organ is very peculiar in being greatly convoluted before enter-
ing the penis sac; the genital bladder is small, globular, ona
long duct, which becomes swollen at the lower end; the epididy-
mis is convoluted in its entire course.’’*

Distribution: Mississippi and Ohio Valleys; Northern
Idaho; Eastern Oregon, etc. (Pilsbry); Washington (Hemp-
hill), ;

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

* #*Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p, 255.

210 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Habitat; The specimens in this region have been found
in rather low, damp or marshy ground.

Remarks: This species is at once known by its semi-glo-
bose form and its two brown bands. It is a rare shell in this
area and the writer has been unable to obtain living specimens
for study. The onlylocalities at present known are near Berry
Lake, at Maywood andat Joliet. The-species is said to have a
strong fetid odor.

SuscGENus GONYODISCUS Fitzinger, 1833.

“Shell: Rather small, depressed, with low but convex
spire and open umbilicus. Apical 1% whorls smooth, the rest
obliquely rib-striate, rather tubular, rounded or keeled at the
periphery, unicolored or flamed with reddish. ele wide-
lunate, the lip simple.”

“Animal: Longand narrow, the foot white, head and back
dusky blue. Sole equal in length to the diameter of the shell,
undivided (having a central longitudinal sulcus when entering
the shell or in alcohol); margins of foot having a wide border,
bounded by a distinct groove, the grooves meeting above the
tail. Upper surface coarsely granulated. Eye-peduncles long
and slender, from one-third to one-half as long as the foot.
Genital system lacking all accessory organs. The penis short,
having the retractor and the vas deferens inserted at its apex.
Spermatheca small, situated upon a very long simple duct,
which enters the vagina very low. At the base of the albu-
men gland there is a rather large talon. The albumen gland is
small and adherent to the lower part of the hermaphrodite
duct; the latter being large and very much convoluted.” (Pils-
bry.)*

For radula and jaw see following species.

81. Pyramidula striatella Anthory, pl. xxviii, fig. 18.

Helix striatella ANTHONY, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, p. 278, pl.
iii, fig. 2, 1840.

flelix ruderata ADAMS, Silliman’s Journ., lst Ser., 40, 408, not STUDER.

Flelix cronkhitei NEwcComB, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., Vol. III, p.
180, 1865. (Variety.)

Pyramiduta striatella catskillensis PILsBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p.
141, 1898. (Variety); Vol. XII, p. 86, 1898.

Pyramidula striatella alba WALKER, Terr. Moll., Mich., p. 22, 1899.

Shell; Flattened, thin, widely umbilicated; surfacecovered
with crowded, oblique ribs, which are large and distinct, and

*Guide to Studv of Helices, p. 46.

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THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 211

are as much developed on the base as on the upper surface;

color uniform dark horn, paler in some specimens; periphery

rounded; sutures very deeply impressed; apex large, smooth,
without strie; whorls four, regularly increasing, the last in-
flated; spire a little elevated and convex; aperture nearly cir-
cular; peristome sharp, simple, the terminations approaching
each other but not connected by a callus; columella rounded;
umbilicus widely open, spreading, exhibiting all the volutions
to the apex; base slightly rounded.

Gr. diam., 5.75; lesser, 5.00; height, 2.50; umbilicus diam., 1.50 mill. (10229.)
Mf Bom 5 tp sey cL) rs eho os ernmay 2b warns 8 AU) 2455)
: on o0s wt 408 ah tPO0 Ke Set Le (AO Bere)

Animal: With a rather short foot, truncated before and
rounded behind, the margins having the same wide border and
groove as in the other species of the genus; tentacles short,
thick, blunt; eye-peduncles long, cylindrical, not much taper-
ing, the eyes on large swellings at their tips; color blackish or
dusky bluish above, dirty white beneath, including all of the
foot. Heart situated as in Zonitotdes arboreus, the pulsations
regular, numbering eighty-seven to ninety beats per minute.
Length of foot 5.00, width 1.00 mill. (Shell 5.75 mill. diameter.)

Jaw: Arched, with a small median projection; anterior
surface striated; ends bluntly rounded.

Radula formula: 12+8+4+8-+ 12 (20—1—20); central tooth
with a base of attachment a little longer than wide, not much
expanded at the outer lower corners; reflection tricuspid, the
central cusp long and narrow, the side cusps very short and
thick; lateral teeth similar to central but bicuspid, the inner
cusp long and narrow, reaching below the base of attachment
and the outer cusp very short; marginals variable in form, all
bicuspid, the inner cusp long and pointed and the outer cusp
short, the base of attachment becoming very broad. All cusps
have well-developed cutting points. There are about 100
rows of teeth.

The radula and jaw do not differ materially from those of
alternata (Fig. 48), excepting that the bases of attachment are
more square and not so much produced as in adternata.

Genitalia: See generic description.

Distribution: ‘Ontario to Winnipeg, Manitoba, Montana
and Vancouver Islands, south to New Mexico and Arizona.
Kern River Region, California. (Pilsbry.) Northern China,
Kamchatka and Alaska. (Randolph.)

212 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: In moist localities, under fallen logs and sticks,
or buried in the earth beneath them. Associated with Vitrea
electrina, Zonitoides arboreus, etc. :

Remarks: A very distinct little species which is at once
distinguished by its strongly ribbed surface and very wide um-
bilicus. The animal is not rapid in movement but is slow and

hesitating, seeming to calculate every motion. It isa widely |

distributed species, and is fully as common as the Vitreas. It
is frequently mistaken for P. perspectiva Say, a species not found
in this territory, which is a much larger shell.

Genus HELICODISCUS Morse, 1864.

Mantle posterior, thin, simple; shell discoidal, widely um-
bilicated; aperture with several pairs of tubercles at intervals
within, on the inner surface of the outer whorl; peristome
simple.*

a
QWo—

Fig. 50.

Animal of HELICODISCUS LINEATUS Say. (After Binney.)

ee

82. Helicodiscus lineatus Say, pl. xxviii, fig. 25.

Helix lineata Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 18, 1817.

Planorbis parallelus Say (?) Proc. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 164, 1821.

Shell; Small, flat, discoidal, widely umbilicated; surface
roughened by numerous equidistant, parallel, raised lines re-
volving about the whorls, the spaces between the lines show-
ing fine, wavy lines of growth; color greenish horn; periph-
ery broadly rounded; sutures deeply impressed or channeled;
apex large, without revolving lines; whorls four and one-half,
rounded, discoidal, the last not at all expanded; spire flat,
showing all the whorls distinctly; aperture in the same plane
as the whorls, narrow, semilunate, the outer lip bearing several
(one to three) pairs of very small, conical teeth, and situated
from the region of the peristome to the inner part of the last
whorl; peristome simple, thin, acute, the terminations con-
nected by a thin callus; umbilicus forming a concave depres-

*W. G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 74.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. Pan We

sion, and exhibiting all the volutions almost as clearly as on
the upper surface, and showing also very distinctly the oblique
lines of growth.
Gr. diam., 3.75; lesser, 3.50; height, 1.50; umbil. diam., 1.75 mill. (10929.)
ar wie: AON ee BB.) = P50. “195 © — (10126.)
Anmal: With a long and narrow foot, deeply furrowed
on the dorso-posterior portion; tentacles short and thick; eye-
peduncles not long, thick and club-like; mantle thin, simple;
color whitish, with pure white patches scattered about causing
a mottled appearance. Shell placed well toward the posterior
part_of the body, and carried almost flat (Fig. 50).

To

Fig. 51.

Radula of HELICODISCUS LINEATUS Say. (From nature, after Bin-
ney.) c, central tooth; 1, first lateral; 5, fifth lateral, modified; 8, 11, mar-
ginal teeth,

Faw: Long and narrow, ends sharply attenuated; dorsal
border rounded, smooth; ventral border with a large, rounded,
median projection; anterior surface striate, the striz con-
verging toward the median projection (Fig. 51, J). Professor
Pilsbry (Guide to Helices, Pl. xv, Fig. 1) figures a jaw with
rounded ends and very arcuate. The specimens examined by
myself seemed to be more like Morse’s figure, although there
was some variation.

Radula formula: $+%+4+4+4+4+4+ 9+3 (12-11-12);
central tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide, the
lower outer corners produced into small, narrow projections;
reflection narrow, tricuspid, the central cusp longer than the
two side cusps; lateral teeth with a wide base of attachment,
almost square in fact, the lower right outer corner with a

214 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

small, narrow projection; reflection tricuspid, the central cusp
very long, rather wide, and reaching to the border of the base
of attachment; side cusps short and wide; the fifth tooth is a
modified lateral, with a much shortened central cusp; marginal
teeth wider than long, reflection with three cusps, the inner
cusp being longer than the outer and bifid; the outer cusps are
small and narrow; the eleventh and twelfth marginals have
three outer cusps instead of two; all.the cusps have rounded,
well developed cutting points (Fig. 51). There are over 75
rows of teeth.

Distribution: ‘Ontario and Quebec to Florida, west to Rio
Chania and White Oaks, New Mexico (Pilsbry). Manitoba
(Hanham).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: In damp situations, under loose bark, in rotting
wood, and under sticks, stones and leaves. Associated with
Pyramidula striatella, Zonitoides arboreus, etc.

Remarks: A small species, at once distinguished by its
flat whorls and armed aperture. The teeth within the aperture
are placed as follows: one pair near the aperture; a second
pair is placed within the aperture, a third or half a whorl from
the opening, anda third pair(when present) still farther within
the aperture. Each pair is placed one above the other, the
superior tooth being at or a trifle above the periphery, and
the inferior between that point and the base of the aperture.
When the animal is in motion the shell is carried almost flat,
the eye-peduncles and tentacles pointing upward at an angle
of 85 degrees. The anterior part of the animal is much in
advance of the shell, the latter being placed almost on the
posterior extremity. This species is fully as abundant as the
last, and is almost always found associated with it. It is one
of the neatest of the smaller Helices.

Subfamily Punctine.
“Faw composed of'sixteen to twenty-four separate pieces.”
(Pilsbry.)
Genus PUNCTUM Morse, 1864.
Shell: Small, discoidal, aperture subcircular, peristome

thin. Jaw composed of numerous separate plates, which partly
overlapeach other. Radula with a unicuspid central tooth and

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 215

bicuspid lateral teeth, all longer than wide. ‘Genital system
lacking all accessory appendages.” (Pilsbry.)

Distribution: ‘“Holarctic realm.” (Pilsbry.)

83. Punctum pygmzum Drap., pl. xxviii, fig. 20.
flelix pygm@um DRAP., Tab. Moll. p. 114, pl. viii, figs. 8-10, 1801.
Flelix minutissima LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soo., Vol. 1X, p. 17; Proc.,
Vol. II, p. 82, 1841.

Shell: Subglobose, rather strong, umbilicated; surface
dull or shining, marked by numerous strong, rounded, ele-
vated striz and very fine spiral lines, which are stronger on the
base than elsewhere; color reddish or brownish; periphery
rounded; sutures very deeply impressed, especially between
the last. two whorls; whorls four, convex, regularly and gradu-
ally increasing in size; spire elevated, convex; aperture some-

_ what oblique, crescentic, ample; peristome simple, rather solid;

columella subreflected, the terminations of the aperture widely
separated; umbilicus wide, deep, showing all the velutions to
the apex.

Greater diameter, 1.00; height, 0.50 mill. (11457.)

Animal: Not observed.

Genitalia: Not observed.

Faw: ‘“Arcuate or horse-shoe shaped, composed of thir-
teen to nineteen separate rhomboidal plates, more or less

Fig. 52.
Jaw of PuncTuM PYGM#uM Drap. (After Binney.)

overlapping, the outer imbricating over the inner plates; the
median two or three plates slightly separated, not overlap-
ping.” (Pilsbry.)* (Fig. 52.)

Radula formula: 13+4-+13 (13—1—13); central tooth with
a long and narrow base of attachment, the lower outer corners
somewhat expanded, but the lower edge straight or only
slightly concave; reflection tricuspid, the central cusp short,
wide, rather sharp, reaching about a third of the distance from
upper to lower edge of basal plate, side cusps very short and
wide, rounded; lateral teeth with a base of attachment almost
as wide as long, squarely truncated at the lower edge; reflec-

*Guide to Study of Helices, p. 7.

p AAT TA? e, or A eee ok

216 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tion large, bicuspid, the inner cusp wide and reaching more
than half way to the lower margin of the base of attachment;
outer cusp short, wide, widely separated from the inner cusp;
the outer laterals and marginals are similar to the first lateral,
excepting that the inner cusp first becomes longer, and then
(on the extreme marginals) becomes equal in size with the
outer cusp, and the base of attachment becomes short and
wide. This description is from the form known as mznutissi-
mum, in which there are 54 rows of teeth. The typical pyg-
maum has 114 rows of 1g-I-I9 teeth (Fig. 53). All of the
teeth are more or less separated. ;

Distribution: Circumpolar. Northern United States and
Southern Canada south to Texas and west to California.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found rather plentifully under chips and pieces
of wood on the edge of forests.

Fig. 53,
Radula of PUNCTUM PYGMUM Drap. (MINUTISSIMUM Lea.) c, }
central tooth; 1, first lateral; 8, transition tooth; 12, marginal tooth.

Remarks: This is one of-our smallest shells, and is easily
distinguished from all others by its subglobose form and dis-
coidal whorls. Thus far it has only been collected in the
northern and western regions, but it will probably be found,
after careful search, in the southern region.

Heterurethra.
Superfamily Elasmognatha. :
Jaw provided with a superior, quadrangular plate.

FAMILY SUCCINID.

Shell: Thin, transparent; aperture very large; spire very
small and short.

Animal: WLarge, scarcely able to withdraw into its shell;
foot very broad; eye-peduncles but little developed; tentacles

a2 4
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‘
“t,t
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THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. Pu |

very small; jaw provided with an accessory plate; lingual
membrane with ‘a high, narrow, central tooth, tricuspid; lat-
erals of same size, bi- or tricuspid; margins with narrow bases,

‘multicuspid.

Genus SUCCINEA Draparnaud, 1801.

Shell: Very thin and fragile, imperforate, ovate; -aperture
very large, occupying the greater part of the shell; columella
acute, simple; peristome straight, simple.

Animal: Elongated, truncated before, pointed behind;

Fig. 54.
Animal of SUCCINEA OVALIS Say. (Original.)

mantle protected by a shell, but not concealing the entire

animal as in Helix; respiratory and anal orifices on right of

mantle edge, just beneath the peristome; generative orifice be-
hind right eye-peduncle; caudal mucus pore absent; locomo-
tive disk (?) (Fig. 54).

Faw: Arched, with large, quadrangular accessory plate;
the ends (of jaw) acuminate or blunt; cutting edge with median
projection, frequently broken by ends of ribs. Lingual mem-
brane resembling that of Patula. The middle portion of the
lower edge of the base of attachment of the central tooth is
peculiarly cut away and thinned, as is also the inner lower
lateral angle of the base of the laterals and marginals. The
marginals are peculiarly constructed as regards the cusps,
there being two small outer side cusps, each bearing cutting
points; the reflection is quite small when compared to the size
of the base of attachment.

Genitalia: Mr. W.G. Binney thus describes the genitalia
(of S. ovals): ‘The testicle is not separated into distinct fas-
ciculi by the parenchyma of the liver, as in He/zx, but forms a
single mass; the epididymis is very much convoluted, and ap-
pears always to be distended with spermatic matter; the pros-
tate gland is usually short, occupying the upper half only of
the length of the oviduct, and is thick, clavate, and more or
less covered by pigmentum nigrum cells upon the surface; the
penis sac is long, cylindroid, curved downward at its upper

218 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

part, and is joined at its summit by the vas deferens; the
retractor muscle is inserted into the penis sac a short distance
from its summit; the genital bladder is large and globular; its
duct is nearly as long as the oviduct, and is narrow; the vagina
is moderately long and muscular; the cloaca is short.*

Distribution: World-wide.
KEY TO SPECIES OF SUCCINEA.

A. Spire short, aperture occupying the greater part of the shell.
a. Aperture witle, oblique 1 ie. tia ch ask tna: sak eo wane ovals
b..' Aperture Jong) narrow, steaight.¢ 55 fcc. «rie aku cen ee on retusa
B. Spire long, aperture occupying a little over half of the shell....avara

84. Succinea ovalis Say, pl. xxx, figs. 22, 23.
Succinea ovalis Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 15, 1817.
Succinea obligua SAY, Long's Expedition, Vol. II, p. 260, pl. xv, fig. 7,
1824,

Succinea totteniana LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 32, 1841.

_ (Variety.)

Shell: Large (for the genus), thin, fragile, ovately-oblique,
pellucid; surface shining, marked by distinct lines of- growth,
sometimes raised in ridges; color yellowish green or amber,
sometimes very light, at others very dark; whorls three, rapidly
enlarging, the last being more than twice the length of the
others combined, very oblique and much expanded; spire
short, blunt; sutures well impressed; aperture obliquely ovate,
very large, occupying more than two-thirds of the entire shell;
columella thin, narrow, its margin slightly glazed with testa-
ceous matter; peristome thin, blunted, the terminations con-
nected by a thin callus; the shell is covered with a very fine
periostracum. I

Length, 22.00; diam., 12.50; aper. length, 15.50; diam., 9.50 mill. (10451.)

+ BGO Senet Leh O AME oc ot s 16.00; 9.75“ (10451.)
“ 2000s 9 So AB Soret a 14.00; “ 9.00 “ (10449.)
s Li aie ee LOO ot? Ly 12.50; “ 9.00 “ (10442.)

Animal: With a wide foot, truncate before, rounded be-
hind; color in general yellowish or saffron, with seven distinct
black lines on the anterior part, one in the center of the head,
one on the dorsal surface of each eye-peduncle, one on each
side of the neck and one on each side of the foot; the mantle
is grayish in color; tentacles white, small, inconspicuous; eye-
peduncles rather short, thick, blunt, the eyes placed as usual
at the tips; there is a deep furrow on each side, commencing

* Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 343. The author is also indebted to Mr. Binney for much
or most of the information used under the generic description of Succimea.

to et hs

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 219

at the anterior part of the mantle and extending downward
and forward to a point behind the tentacles; sometimes the
central stripe, which extends from the mouth over the head
to the mantle, is quite large and composed of small black
blotches. Length of foot 13.00, width 6.00 mill. Heart situ-
ated midway between the anterior and posterior borders of
the aperture, to the left of the columella, pulsations regular,
sixty-nine per minute. .

Faw. With the usual quadrate, superior appendage com-
mon to the genus; cutting portion arched, with a median pro-
jection to cutting edge; anterior surface with from three to
seven ribs which denticulate both margins (Fig. 55, J).

Radula formula: *2+1941+19482 (42—1—42); central
tooth with a subquadrate base of attachment, the lower outer

Fig. 55.

Radula of SUCCINEA OVALIS Say. (Original.) c, central tooth; 1, first
lateral; 17, 35 marginal teeth; J, jaw.

corners expanded and the base concave; reflection tricuspid,
the central cusp long and wide, nearly or quite reaching the
lower margin of the base of attachment, the side cusps very
short; lateral teeth similar to central, longer than wide, bicus-
pid, the inner cusp very long and wide, reaching below the
lower margin of the base of attachment, the outer cusp very
small; the third outer cusp on the first few laterals is rudimen-
tary; marginal teeth modified laterals, wider than long, tricuspid,
the inner cusp long and wide, acute, and the» two outer cusps
short, narrow and pointed. All of the cusps are provided with
well marked cutting points (Fig. 55).

Genitalia: See generic description.

Distribution: Eastern and Central parts of Northern United
States, west to Manitoba, south to Arkansas and Georgia;
Canada.

220 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found generally in moist localities, in the vicin-
ity of some body of water, crawling on the grass and rushes
along the margins. Also found on tree trunks to a consid-
erable height, at some distance from water.

Remarks: This is a species at once distinguished by its
large size and peculiar oblique aperture. It is a very common
mollusk and is found almost everywhere. At Bowmanville it
has been seen on the bark of elm trees over five feet from the
ground, where there was little or no moisture. There is some
variation in the obliquity of the aperture, some specimens hav-
ing the aperture long, narrow and straight. There is a form
found at Bowmanville which approaches var. fottentana Lea,
(pl. xxx, fig. 23); it is smaller, of a greenish tinge, and the
aperture is more oval and less oblique; the animal is much
darker, when alive, than typical ovals. The radula and jaw
are similar to those of ovals. During the summer the animal
is not able to withdraw completely into its shell, but as soon
as winter approaches, the animal becomes smaller and is found
in hibernation, withdrawn so far within the shell that half of
the last whorl is empty.

The species is universally distributed throughout the area.

Students of the Mollusca will no doubt be surprised that
ovalis is used in place of obligua. The writer believes, with Mr.
Bryant Walker, that the elder Binney had no authority for
using od/iqua instead of ovalis when the latter species has seven
years’ priority. This being the case, the writer has used that
name instead of obliqua.

85. Succinea retusa Lea, pl. xxx, fig. 24.
Succinea retusa LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, p. 117, pl. xix,
fig. 86, 1837.
Succinea ovalis GOULD, Invert. Mass., p. 194, fig. 125, 1841.
Succinea forsheyt LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 109, 1864, Obs., Vol. XI,
p. 154, pl. xxiv, fig. 107.

Succinea wilsont LEA, |. c., Obs. 1. c., fig. 105.

Succinea decampi TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. II, p. 287, pl. ii,

fig. 25, 1866.. (Variety.)

Succinea calumetensis W. W. CALKINS, Valley Naturalist, Vol. I, No.

2,p. 1, fig. St. Louis, Nov., 1878.

Succinea peortensis WOLF, The Nautilus, Vol. VI, p. 19, 1892. (Variety.)

Shell: Very ovate, elongated, thin, pellucid; surface cov-
ered with very minute lines of growth; color very light horn
or greenish-horn, sometimes tinged with rose; whorls three,

PO, ha ae

TAS -s - oh wee

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 4 221

very rapidly enlarging, not much expanded, the last whorl over
twice the size of the others combined; spire very short, acute-
conic; sutures very heavily impressed; aperture long-ovate,
Narrow, straight, wider below than above the center, where it
rapidly narrows to an acute point; the aperture occupies from
two-thirds to three-fourths the length of the entire shell and is
somewhat patulous; when the shell is viewed from below, all
the volutions may be seen within the aperture; peristome thin,
simple, terminations widely separated; columella simple; a
view from the side shows the shell to be more or less cone-

shaped.

Length, 19.50; width, 9.00; aperture length, 14.00; wide, 7.00 mill. (6891.)
guoap oe 53a amo 0 Pace ‘ 12005 G50. ** - .(9699))
af PWS sate CBO? 6h 8.50;. “' 5,00 “ (10124.)

Animal: Generally whitish or amber colored, the upper
part of the body covered with minute brownish or blackish
dots arranged in clusters; there is a black line on the upper
part, which extends from the ends of the eye-peduncles, along
the sides of the neck to the shell; eye-peduncles short, thick,
not much tapering, the eyes situated on bulb-shaped swellings
at the tips; tentacles very short, conical; foot longand narrow,
truncate before and pointed behind, 9.50 mill. long, and 2.00
mill. wide; the head is distinct and separated from the body by
a neck; respiratory orifice on the right side of the shell near
the peristome, about a fourth of the distance between the an-
terior and posterior borders of the latter. Heart situated to
the left of the aperture, midway between upper and lower mar-
gins; pulsations somewhat irregular, one hundred and fifty to
one hundred and fifty-five per minute.

Faw: “Arched, ends blunt; cutting edge with a central
projection and three smaller swellings on each side; anterior
surface smooth. The usual superior appendage is present.
A specimen examined by Morse had the anterior surface cut
up into several vertical furrows which modified the lower mar-
gin. Binney found a jaw with smooth anterior surface and
strong median projection (Fig. 56, J).

Radula formula: +8+%+4+4+%+ +48 (60—1—60); cen-
tral tooth longer than wide, the lower part of the base of
attachment produced at the outer corners, reflected portion
tricuspid, the central cusp very long but not reaching the
lower margin of the base of attachment, and the side cusps
small; lateral teeth almost as wide as long, similar to central,

Dae THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bicuspid, the inner cusp very large, the outer cusp very small;
there are g pure lateral teeth, followed by several modified
laterals with two very small outer cusps; marginals wider than
long, five-cuspid, the inner cusp small, the next large and the
three outer cusps small; all of the teeth are provided with
cutting points. The number of rows varies from 70 to 80 (Fig.
56). Mr. Binney found 60-I-60 teeth and Professor Morse
40-1-40. (Vide Amer. L.S., p. 389.)
Genttaha: Not examined.

Distribution: Northern and Middle United States and
Southern Canada; west to Manitoba and south to Georgia.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Hatitat: Found about marshy regions, on the stems of
water-plants and about wet stones and wood. Frequently
found on the leaves of flags (Js) and on lily pads (Wymphea).

Fig. 56.
Radula of SUCCINEA RETUSA Lea. (Original.) c, central tooth; 1,
first lateral, 11, intermediate lateral; 40, twenty-eighth marginal; J, jaw.

Remarks: A species easily distinguished by its narrow,
conic shell and straight aperture. Mr. Binney says: “It de-
posits its eggs, to the number of about twenty, enveloped ina
mass of thin, transparent gelatine, at the foot of aquatic plants.
These gelatinous masses are very numerous ...... inthe
warm days of June. The eggs are oval and transparent.” The
writer has observed these egg-masses about the middle of
June. This species, like others of the genus, is infested bya
parasite (Leucochlonidum paradoxum) which sometimes modifies
the eye-peduncles. This parasite changes into Distoma macros-
tomum in birds. Retusa is universally distributed throughout
the area.

; ies rat
ans Sale ius alae

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 223

85a. Succinea retusa magister Pilsbry.
Succinea retusa var. magister PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p. 143,
1898,
Succinea retusa magister PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. XII, p. 108, 1899.

Shell: Differing from redusa in being generally larger and
in the less developed spire and larger aperture.

Length, 19.00; width, 9.50; aperture length, 14.00; width, 7.00 mill.

Animal: Similar to type.

Faw and Radula: As in retusa.

Distribution: Northern Mississippi Valley.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as type.

Remarks: The variety does not seem to be as common as
the type, although it is equally as widely distributed.

86. Succinea ayara Say, pl. xxx, fig. 25.
Succinea avara SAY, Long’s Exped., Vol. II, p. 260, pl. xv, fig. 6, 1822,
Succinea vermeta SAY, New Harm. Diss., Vol. II, p.280, 1829. (Variety.
Succinea wardiana LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 31, 1841.
Succinea alba CKLL, The Nautilus, Vol. VII, p. 48, 1898. (Albino.)
Succinea compacta CKLL, 1. c., p. 44, 1898.
Succinea major WW. G. BINNEY, l. c., p. 44, 1893. (Variety.)

Shell: Elongate-ovate, thin and fragile, shining; surface
covered with minute lines of growth with here and there a line
raised into an elevated ridge, which are more pronounced on
the last whorl; color straw to greenish-horn, sometimes rosy;
whorls three, rapidly increasing, rounded, the last whorl a trifle
more than half the length of the whole shell; spire rather long,
acutely conic; sutures deeply impressed; aperture roundly
ovate, last whorl not much expanded, straight or slightly
oblique; peristome sharp, simple; columella simple, almost
straight; when young, the shell is frequently slightly hirsute.

Length, 11.75; diam., 7.00; aperture length, 7.00; diam., 4.50 mill. (8462).)
s P00» 46.00; a “4 6.50; “ 400 “ (10489.)

Animal: Dirty white or yellowish-white in color, darker
on head, neck and eye-peduncles; head distinct; eye-peduncles
blunt, conical, of medium length, eyes black, situated as usual;
foot long and narrow, somewhat flesh-colored, 8.00 mill. long
and 1.50 mill. wide. In some specimens the body is almost
transparent. The heart is situated one-sixteenth of an inch
from the middle of the columella, to the left, and the pulsations
number one hundred and thirty and are quite regular.

Faw: Very strongly arched, the ends much attenuated
and bent downwards; convex margin with two strong swellings

224 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

situated centrally; concave margin with a strong median pro-
jection; anterior surface smooth (Fig. 57, J).

Radula formula: §+3-+8+4+8+3+8 (21—1—21); central
tooth as usual, the central cusp not being as long as in the
other species mentioned; laterals eight in number, the outer
side cusp being longer than usual; marginals similar to those
of retusa, excepting that in the first five the inner cusp is not
bifid and there are but two outer side cusps; all of the cusps
are very long and bear sharp cutting points (Fig. 57).

Genitaha: Not examined.

Distribution: ‘Canada to Georgia, west to Minnesota,
Montana, Utah, Texas and California.” (Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess,

Uv

Fig. 57.
Radula of SUCCINEA AVARA Say. (Jaw after Binney, radula original.)
c, central tooth; 1,8, lateral teeth; 9, first intermediate marginal; 14 sixth
marginal; J, jaw. :

Habitat: Found plentifully under wet boards and logs
and at the roots of vegetation situated in moist or wet locali-

‘ties. The vegetation beneath old wooden bridges is always a

good locality for this species.

Remarks: Avarais distinguished from the previous species
by its long spire and nearly round aperture. The movements
of this species are always slow and deliberate, and it lacks the
energetic motions of its relatives, ovals and retusa. Thesutures
are sometimes very deep and somewhat channeled. The species
is not very common, except in a very few localities, but is found
sparingly everywhere.

ax
‘

’

j

:

;

}

r

Cg
ae f 4
US otter tae
LT aS, ie

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 225

Orthurethra.

Ureter passing directly forward from the kidney toward
the anterior of the lung. (Pilsbry.)

FAMILY PUPIDA.

Shell: Usually small, multispiral, generally elongated;
aperture frequently contracted by internal teeth.

Ammal: Tentacles small or wanting; foot very short, ob-
tuse or pointed behind; jaw smooth or finely striated, fre-
quently strengthened by the addition of a superior, arched
plate, giving it the appearance of a double jaw; dentition re-
sembling Hex, central and lateral teeth of same form and
size (generally), tricuspid; marginals quadrate, low, wide, den-
ticulated.

Genus STROBILOPS Pilsbry.

Strobtlops PILSBRY, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 408, 1892.

Strobtla MorRsE, Journ. Portl. Soc., Vol. I, p. 26, figs. 64-67, pl. ii, fig. 12,
a, b; pl. viii, fig. 68, 1864. (Non Szrodzla Sars, 1888; Strobzlus
Anton, 1859.)

Shell: Strongly striated, depressed-conic, umbilicated;
aperture lunate; peristome reflected; parietal wall armed with
several lamelle which are provided with sharp, spiny projec-
tions at regular intervals.

Animal: Similar to that of Pyramidula.

Faw: Long and narrow, arched, ribbed.

Radula: With numerous teeth similar to those of Puja.

Distribution: North America and some of the West Indies.
87. Strobilops labyrinthica Say, pl. xxx, fig. 14.

flelix labyrinthica Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 124, 1817.

Strobila morset DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 263, 1885. (Variety.)

Strobila strebeli PFEIFFER, Malak. Blatt., Vol. VIII, pl. i, Figs. 5-8.
Variety.)

Shell; Small, depressed-conic, umbilicated; surface cov-
ered with numerous heavy, oblique ribs, which are much finer
on the base than on the upper surface; the apex is smooth;
color brownish horn; whorls six, rounded, regularly increasing
in size, the last somewhat globose; sutures well impressed;
spire globose-conic or depressed; aperture lunate, a trifle ob-
lique; on the parietal wall there are three revolving ribs, two
of which nearly or quite reach the aperture while the third
lies between these and is more deeply seated; these ribs are

~

226 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

provided with swellings at regular intervals, which support a
number of sharp spines pointing toward the aperture; on the
columella there is also a smooth, heavy, revolving rib; on *
the base of the shell, placed far within the aperture, are two
smooth, heavy lamellz which extend only about a third of a
volution; the parietal lamellae are more or less granular in
texture; peristome narrowly reflected, slighty thickened, the
terminations widely separated; umbilicus narrow, open (Figs.

58, 59).

Fig. 58. Fig. 59.

STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA Say» STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA Say.
showing parietal lamellz. (Binney Parietal lamellz enlarged. (Binney,
Fig. 282.) Fig. 283.)

Greater diameter, 2.15; lesser, 2.00; height, 1.50 mill. (11994.)

“ ss 2.15; ene yA O10} a Lieve s (11994.)
Animal; Very small; foot rather short, narrow, rounded
beforefand behind; color white on the foot and sides of body
and jet black on head, neck and eye-peduncles; the head is
rather broad and the eye-peduncles are short, very thick and

J

Fig. 60.

Radula of STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA Say. (Original.) cc, central
tooth; 1, first lateral; 5, intermediate lateral; 10, fifth marginal; J, jaw.

bulbous at their end, where the eyes are situated; the tentacles
are very short and thick.
Yaw: Long and narrow, somewhat arched, ends blunt;

= ‘Sate
x was
=) oe Ansan

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 227

surface with about thirteen heavy ribs, which denticulate both
margins (Fig. 60, J).

Radula formula: 585+8+4+43+,8, (13—1—13); the cen-
tral tooth has a rather wide base of attachment, attenuated at
the lower outer corners and excavated on the lower border;
the reflection is tricuspid, of which the center cusp is long and
narrow, reaching to the lower edge of the base of attachment;
the side cusps are very short. Lateral teeth similar to central
tooth, but bicuspid, the inner cusp long and the outer cusp
very short; the fifth lateral is modified by the shortening of
the outer cusp. The marginal teeth are low and wide and
denticulated by from three to five teeth, of which the inner is
the largest and bifid. The cutting points of the central and
lateral teeth are very short (Fig. 60). There are over 75 rows
of teeth.

Genitalia: Unknown. .

Distribution: United States and Canada, from Maine to
Manitoba and south to Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess. Upper Eocene
of Isle of Wight.

Habitat: Found on the edge of woodlands under and
about pieces of wood and various kinds of débris.

Remarks; This is a most characteristic species, which
cannot be mistaken for any other. The peculiar parietal ribs
are different from any other species found in our region. The
animal is very slow and deliberate in movement and the shell
appears to be much too large for it. The latter is carried
perfectly flat and the animal moves about in a wabbly manner,
This species seems to be confined to the northern and western
regions. It has been seen by Mr. Jensen to prey upon Euconulus
fulvus.

KEY TO SPECIES OF PUPID&.*

A; Aperture without teeth or folds. ..i. 06... cece buena weeees marginata
B. Aperture with teeth or folds.
a. Aperture squarish or rounded.
1. Teeth few or wanting; never more than two, placed
on the parietal wall. sn. 0... cece ec ceue tare aneenene corticaria
2. Teeth numerous (five to seven), parietal tooth bifid
or bicuspidate; one or two basal teeth.
Teeth small, long, narrow, sharp, five in number, ;
never filling the aperture; onlyone basal tooth... .procera
+tTeeth large, massive, almost or quite filling
the aperture.
*Excepting Strobilops.

228 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

*Teeth five to seven, parietal tooth directed
toward the center of the outer lip; base of
Slrell' 7av2ded:..3 dis She oe ee ee ae (eae ofe oe armtifera
**Teeth three to four, parietal tooth. directed
toward the dase of the aperture; base of shell
keeled, an elevated callus connecting termi-
nations of peristomes <2 0b se cect Ua ee sice contracta
*** Teeth generally six in number, parietal tooth
directed toward the base of the aperture, bi-
furcated; no elevated callus connecting peri-
stome teriinationssc: 1745.4 Nes site hes ener ¢ holzingert
3. Teeth numerous, but small, three basal teeth; pari-
etal tooth simple.
+Parietal tooth small, straight; eight teeth...,.. pentodon
++ Parietal tooth larger, curved; six teeth........ curvidens
4. Teeth generally small; alarge, elevated, long,curved
gular lamina on the base of the aperture; two small,
pointed parietal teeth .oy eis es aces Poet eee milium
b.. Aperture much wider than long, triangular, with a pe-
culiar bulge at the upper, right hand corner; teeth
five to seven, one to three parietal, two columellar, two
basal, all small’and-very long 57, ohec ss. a aeeee eae ovata

GENus PUPOIDES Pfeiffer.

Shell: ‘Turriculate, aperture with a strong lip, without
any lamellze except a small, angular nodule.” (Sterki.)

Animal: Blunt before and tapering behind; no caudal
mucus pore or locomotive disk.

88. Pupoides marginatus Say, pl]. xxx, fig. 9.
Cyclostoma marginata SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 172, 1821.
Pupa fallax SAY, of most American authors.
Pupa arizonensis GABB,'Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. II, p. 331, 1866.

Shell: More or less tusiform, smooth; surface covered
with very fine, oblique lines of growth, the apex being smooth;
color brownish-horn, lighter on the apex; whorls six, convex,
regularly increasing in size from apex to base; sutures im-
pressed; aperture oval or rounded; peristome reflected, whit-
ish, the reflected portion lined with a thick callus; termina-
tions curved, the right one very much so; no denticles within
the aperture; umbilicus open, deep.

Length, 4.75; diameter, 2.00; aperture long, 1.30 mill. (10180.)

es 5.00; i 2.00; % _ 1.30 “ (12408.)

Animal: With the eye-peduncles, head, neck and fore

part of the body black, the balance lighter; the animal is

so)

wt Tan”
ont st. Sp:

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 229

otherwise similar to the rest of the family. The foot is very
long and narrow, almost, or quite, equaling the shell in length.

Jaw: Of the usual form, wide and slightly bent. The
ends are blunt. Surface without ribs but vertically striated.

Radwa formula: 38;+4+4+4+ 33, (I5—I—I5); some
membranes seem to have the following formula: ,8;+§+1+
$+ 78,(14—1—14). The centrals are narrow, the laterals very
wide, while the marginals are, as usual, low and wide with one
large inner cusp, and several (2-6) small outer cusps, which are
rather blunt.

Genitaha: Unknown.

Distribution: ‘‘Province of Ontario, Canada to Florida and
west to Minnesota, Texas and Arizona.” (Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found generally in open pastures or on the edge
of woods, under stones, on blades of grass and about old wood.
Seldom found in woods. |

Remarks: A species at once distinguished by its turreted,
fusiform shell’ and unarmed aperture. It is a rather common
mollusk and is widely distributed in the northern and western
regions.

Genus BIFIDARIA Sterki.*

Bifidaria STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. VII, p. 99, 1892.

“Shell; Cylindrical, turriculated, conical or oval; color
varying from whitish to chestnut; surface smooth and polished
or finely striate; sometimes lightly ribbed; aperture dentate,
the parietal tooth being generally large and bifid or bifurcate;
two (superior and inferior) palatal plice always present, gen-
erally deep-seated; a tooth is generally found at the base; ad-
ditional denticles may sometimes be found, one on the parie-
tal wall, between the parietal tooth and the columella, one
above the upper palatal and one between the two palatals;
columella somewhat complex.’ (Sterki.)

Section PRIVATULA Sterki.

“Shell cylindric; lamella few or none.’”’ (Sterki.)
89. Bifidaria corticaria Say, pl. xxx, fig. 10.
Odostomia corticaria SAY, Nich. Encycl., Vol. IV, pl. iv, fig. 5, 1817.
First edition.
Pupa corticaria Say, Nich. Encycl., Vol. 1V, pl. iv, fig.5, 1819. Third
edition.

*See The Nautilus, Vol. V1, p 2, 1892, fora list of the North American Pupide.

230 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

‘ Shell: Cylindrical, shining, smooth; surface covered with
fine, oblique growth lines, the apex being smooth; color whitish;
whorls five to six, convex, the apical obtuse, regularly increas-
ing in Size; sutures well impressed; aperture subcircular, wide,
two-thirds as high as the width of the last whorl]; there are one or
two small, white, pointed teeth on the parietal wall (sometimes
altogether wanting), and the columella is provided with a small
swelling or tuberosity; peristome reflected, white, terminations
separated and joined by a thin callus; umbilicus narrowly per-
forated (Fig. 61).

Fig 61.
BIFIDARIA CORTICARIA Say, showing variations of teeth. (Binney,
Fig. 356.)

Length, 2.25; diameter, 1.00; aperture long, 0.75 mill. (10240.)

Animal: Of the usual form; color generally whitish, of a
trifle darker color onthe eye-peduncles and head. The foot is
of unusual length.

Faw. Considerably arched and tapering to a blunt point
at either end; concave margin bearing a rounded median pro-

jection of considerable size. The anterior surface is longitudi-

nally striated (Fig. 62).

Fig. 62.
Jaw of BIFIDARIA CORTICARIA Say. (Original.)

Radula: Asusual; formula 38-+4+}1-+4+,8, (12—I—12);
three perfect laterals.

Genttaha: Unknown.

Distribution: “Ontario and Maine to Minnesota, south to
South Carolina and Mississippi.” (Pilsbry.)

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. yal

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found rather sparingly in the crevices of rot-
ting logs, under sticks, stones, etc., in damp places.

Remarks: Corticaria is distinguished by its obtuse apex
and peculiarly armed aperture. The latter is very variable,
being either simple or with one or two small conical teeth.
The shell is peculiarly long and cylindrical, resembling some-
what Cochlicopa lubrica in general form. It is widely distrib-
uted.

Section BIFIDARIA Pilsbry (Sensu stricto) 1900.
(Eubifidaria Sterki, 1893.)

“Shell cylindric to turriculate; lamellz typical.” (Sterki.)

90. Bifidaria procera Gould, pl. xxx, fig. 11.

Pupa procera GOULD, Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, p. 401, pl. iii,
* fig. 12, 1840.

Pupa carniata GOULD, Olizm, an abnormal shell.

Pupa gibbosa SAY, Kiister, and P. minuta Say Pfr. (non Say).

Pupa rupicola SAY, Binney, Man. Amer. Land Sh., p. 828, fig. 354 (non
Say).

Pupa Us PFR., Strebel, Beitr. Mex., Theil IV, p. 91, pl. iv, fig. 12;
pl. xv, fig. 10.

Pupa hordeacea GABB, Binney, Man. Amer. Land Sh.,, p. 178, fig. 165.

Bifidaria procera cristata P. & V., Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 595, pl. xxii,
figs. 4,5, 1900. (Variety.)

Shell: Cylindrical, long, shining; surface covered with
well-marked, oblique lines of growth, the apex smooth; color
brownish or chestnut-horn; whorls six, convex, the last three
about equal in size and the first three rapidly diminishing to
the nucleus, making an obtuse apex; sutures deeply impressed;
aperture ovate or semicircular, higher than wide; there are
generally five teeth placed as follows: one on the parietal
wall, large and somewhat compressed, long and bifid at the
end; one on the columella, near the upper third, short, coni-
cal; a third on the upper third of the outer lip, thick, conical,
short; a fourth on the base of the peristome, long, sharp; and
a fifth placed behind the columella tooth, large and massive;
peristome rather widely reflected, thickened, bluish- white; ter-
minations approaching and joined by a callus; umbilicus small,
open (Fig. 63).

Length, 2.50; diameter, 1.00; aperture length, 0.50 mill. (12821.)

Animal: Resembling that of corticaria.

eee! ht od
pr oes piay

232 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Yaw: Rather wide, arcuated, ends slightly attenuated but
blunt.

Radula formula: 785+3+4+3+,5, (11—1—11); teeth of
the usual form.

Genttalia: Not known.

Distribution: Eastern United States west to Minnesota
and south to Texas and South Carolina.

Geological Distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Similar to corticaria,

Fig. 63,
BIFIDARIA PROCERA Gould. (Binney, Fig. 354.)

Remarks: This species may be known by its peculiar
aperture and five teeth. The parietal tooth isalmost bifid and
turns in toward the tooth on the columellar wall. /Pvocera is
very rare and has been found only in the southwestern part of
the western region.

Section ALBINULA Sterki.

“Shell oblong or conic-ovate or cylindrical, colorless.”
(Sterki.)
91. Bifidaria armifera Say, pl. xxx, fig. 15.
Pupa armifera SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. IJ, p. 162, 1821.
Pupa armigera POTIEZ et MICHAUD, Galérie, Vol. I, p. 159, pl. xvi,
figs. 1, 2.
Bifidaria armifera rutdosensts CKLL., The Nautilus, Vol. XIII, p. 36,
1899.

Shell: More or less cylindrical, obtuse, inflated, transpar-
ent; color very light horn, vitreous; surface smooth and shining,
lines of growth oblique, numerous, crowded; apex rounded,
almost concealed by the succeeding whorls, light horn color;
sutures well impressed; whorls six to seven, convex, the last
three being about equal in size, and above these the shell tapers
to an obtuse point; aperture ovate, narrowing toward the bend
(throat) where there are from four to six teeth, arranged as fol-
lows: a single, sometimes bifid, lamelliform tooth which begins
on the upper margin of the aperture, near the junction of the

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. PES)

peristome with the upper margin; this tooth extends downward —
into the throat of the aperture; a second tooth, thick, rounded
and massive, is situated far within the aperture, just where the
throat turns into the body whorl and also where the umbilicus
is placed; two teeth are placed on the peristome, one near the
base and one on the right side; both are conical and tooth-like
and are directed toward the center of the aperture; two other
teeth are frequently developed, one conical but small near the
junction of the peristome and body-whorl, and one rounded
and massive situated on the base near the larger one before
mentioned; peristome thin, terminations approaching, broadly
reflected and connected bya thin callus; base of shell com-
pressed to form a keel, which extends from the edge of the
aperture to the umbilicus; umbilical region indented, opening

small (Fig. 64).

BIFIDARIA ARMIFERA Say, showing variations. (After Binney, Fig. 353.)

Length, 4.00; width, 2.25; aperture length, 1.60; width, 1.25 mill. (10288.)
« 450; « 295: « «“ 160; “ 125 “ (10288)
Animal: Of the usual form; color whitish on foot; head,
neck, and eye-peduncles black. The eye-peduncles are very
long and tapering, and the whole animal is large and graceful.
The foot measures 2 mill. in length and 1 mill in width, and is
sometimes spotted with white.

Faw: Not examined.

Radula formula: 37;+4+4+4+32; (1I4—1—14); teeth of
the usual form; the central tooth is small, long and narrow,
with a small tricuspid reflection; lateral teeth rather wide and
bicuspid; marginal teeth as in the other members of the genus.

Genitalia: Unknown.

Distribution: Provinces of Ontario and Quebec, Canada,
United States from Atlantic to Pacific.

234 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.
Habitat: Yound in stations similar to the other Pupide.

Remarks: Armifera is one of our most characteristic spe-
cies, distinguished by its cylindrical, swollen shell and large
denticles in the aperture. It is the largest species of the genus
(in this region) and is very common, being found in little colo-
nies. Its habits resemble those of contracta. The animal is
very slow and deliberate in movement and does not readily
crawl about. It is found in the southern and western regions.
92. Bifidaria contracta Say, pl. xxx, fig. 8.

Puparontracta SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 374, 1822.
Pupa deltostoma CHARPENTIER in CHEMNITZ, ed. 2, p. 181, pl. xxi, figs.
17-19.

Shell: Subconical, smooth, shining; growth lines very

fine, oblique, apex smooth; color whitish; whorls five to six,

Fig. 65.
BIFIDARIA CONTRACTA Say. (Binney, Fig. 35334.)

convex, forming a pretty regular cone from the last whorl to
the apex; the last whorl is a little ventricose, and is impressed
behind the reflected peristome; apex obtuse; sutures deeply
impressed; aperture somewhat triangular, narrow and long,
expanded at the peristome and diminishing in size toward the
throat, four-dentate, as follows: one large, entering tooth on
the parietal wall, which is concave (bifid?) at its lower ex-
tremity, and almost fills up the aperture; a small, conical tooth
placed near the peristome about midway between base and
summit of aperture; two teeth, large and massive, placed deep
in the throat, one, larger, situated near the umbilical region,
and the other, smaller, placed near the parietal tooth; per-
istome widely reflected, somewhat thickened, white, made con-
tinuous by an elevated deposit of shell which connects the
terminations; umbilicus small, open; the base of the shell has
a sharp ridge or keel separating the umbilical region from the
outer base of the shell (Fig. 6s).

_*

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 235

Length, 2.50; diameter, 1.30; aperture long, 1.00 mill. (10289.)

eer iOs ave Oe ORES ieee “110 “ (10646.)
Here DOr Scie... ah me whe «90. « (10287.)
Goo N Fo Aamir st pb tah Sa “110 “ (11995.)

Animal: Small, white and transparent, except head, neck
and eye-peduncles which are black; foot narrow and long; eye-
peduncles long and slender; tentacles conical,short. Respira-
tory orifice prominent, placed at the angle of peristome and
body whorl.

Faw: Long and narrow, slightly arched, the ends a little
narrower than the central portion and rounded; convex mar-
gin smooth, concave margin notched, and anterior surface ver-
tically striated (Fig. 66, J).

Radula formula: 31,+4+4+4+,2, (11—1—11); central
tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide and with the

Fig. 66.
Radula of BIFIDARIA CONTRACTA Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 7, third marginal; 9, fifth marginal; J, jaw.

lower outer angles expanded; reflection small, narrow, tricus-
pid, the central cusp long, wide, blunt, the side cusps shorter
and sharper; lateral teeth with a wide base of attachment, ex-
panded on the lower outer angle; reflection narrow, bicuspid,
the inner cusp very long and wide, almost reaching the lower
margin of the base of attachment, the outer cusp about half
as large and sharp-pointed; marginal teeth low, wide, with
from three to seven cusps, the single inner being very large
and sharp, and the outer cusps short. The fifth marginal has
three cusps, the seventh five cusps and the ninth seven cusps;

236 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

all of the cusps have well developed cutting-points (Fig. 66).*
Genttaha: Not examined.

Distribution: Entire Northern United States, Ontario,
Canada, and Eastern Mexico.
Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hatitat: Found plentifully under chips and stones, in rot-
ting logs, etc., on the edge of forests.

Remarks: Distinguished from &. armifera by its smaller
size, triangular aperture, and especially the massive parietal
tooth which nearly fills up the aperture. The keeled base is
also a distinguishing feature. From BS. holzingerz it is separated
by its carinated base, fewer teeth in the aperture and their dif-
ferent form. It is a very abundant species and of much inter-
est when studied alive. The shell is carried well upright and
the motions of the animal are generally slow and methodical.
Frequently when crawling over a table it will lift up its head
and a portion of its body until only the tail rests on the sur-
face. It is very widely distributed, being found in all the
regions.

93-' Bifidaria holzingeri Sterki. Text, fig. 67.
Pupa holzingert STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. III, p. 37, 1889.
Pupa holzingeri fordiana STERK1, The Nautilus, Vol. VI, p. 4, 1892.7
(Variety).

Shell: Small, cylindrical, turreted, shining, minutely um-
bilicated; growth lines (striz) minute, oblique; nucleus smooth;
color whitish, vitreous; whorls five, convex, regularly increas-
ing, the last two of about equal size and the first three forming
a rather pointed apex; the last whorl is narrowed and descends
slightly toward the aperture, and the base is considerably com-
pressed but not keeled as in contyvacta; just back of the aper-
ture there is an oblique, elevated ridge formed by a white
callus, which follows the direction of the growth lines, and ex-
tends from the suture to the base; behind this ridge the body
whorl is flattened and impressed by one of the teeth; sutures
well impressed; aperture lateral, ‘inverted subovate, with a
slight sinus at the upper part of the outer wall;” six-dentate as
follows: one on the parietal wall, large, long, high, curved out-
ward about the center, bifurcated, “the outer branch reaching
the parietal wall;” one on the columella, high, longitudinal,

*The descriptions of some of the radulz here enumerated were first given in Journ. Cin.
Soc., N. H., Vol. XIX, No. 3, pp. 81-89, 1897.

+ This“is the only reference the writer is able to find concerning this variety.

yeh Stl ie eae

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 237

‘its upper end turning in nearly a right angle toward the ap-
erture, but not reaching the margin;” one on the base, small,
conical; three on the outer lip, as follows: one just above the
basal denticle, rather long, narrow, curved downwards; one in
the middle of the outer lip, short, conical; and the third near
the upper part of the lip, very small and conical; peristome
reflected, the terminations joined by a very thin callus; um-
bilicus small, open* (Fig. 67).
Length, 1.75; diameter, 0.75; aperture length, 0.30 mill. (12322.)

Animal: Not seen.

Faw: Not examined.

Radula: Not examined.

Gentaha: Unknown.

Distribution: Ohio to Manitoba, New Mexico, Kansas.
(Sterki.) Put-in-Bay Island, Lake Erie. (Bryant Walker.)

BIFIDARIA HOLZINGER! Sterki. (After Binney, Bull. Mus. Comp.
Zool,, Vol. XIX, No. 4, p. 194.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Similar to that of B. contracta.

Remarks: This species is closely related to both armifera
and contracta. Dr. Sterki says: “Our species ranges beside B.
armifera and B. contracta Say, standing nearer the latter. Yet
it is different from this species by the shape of the aperture,
the wanting callous connecting the margins on the body whorl,
by the longer crest behind the aperture, which in contracta dis-
appears in about the middle of the (height of the) whorl, and
by the wanting constriction, especially in the columellar wall,
not to speak of the size and shape of the whole shell. The
lamellz also show some marked differences, such as the pres-
ence of a high basal, the shorter columella not reaching the

*See Sterki, The Nautilus, l.c.,and Binney, Third Supplement, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Harv. Coll., Vol. XIX, No. 4, p. 193, to which the writer is indebted for much assistance.

238 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

base, but with relatively larger horizontal part, the bifurcation
of the parietal and the presence of a supra-palatal” (on the up-
per part of the outer lip) “the last just as it is in B. armifera.”
The species is very rare and is confined to the western region.

Section VERTIGOPSIS (Cockerell) Sterki.

“Shell small, vertigo-like, albino; parietal lamelle rather
short and almost simple; palatals near the margin.” (Sterki.)

94. Bifidaria pentodon Say, pl. xxx, fig. 12.

Pupa pentodon Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 476, 1822.

Pupa tappaniana ADAMS, Silliman’s Journal, ed. i, Vol. XL, Suppl.
Shells of Ver., p. 158, 1842.

Pupa pentodon curta STERKI, Land and F. W. Moll., New Phil., Ohio,
1894, (Variety.)

Pupa montanella CKLL., MSS., PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p. 118,
1898.

Shell: Elongately ovate, shining, minutely umbilicated;
growth lines minute, oblique; apex smooth; color spermaceti-

Fig. 68.
BIFIDARIA PENTODON Say. (Binney, Fig. 347.)

white; whorls five, convex, regularly increasing in size, the lasta
little swollen and slightly impressed behind the peristome; apex
obtusely pointed; sutures well impressed; aperture rounded or
semicircular, scarcely oblique, eight-dentate as follows: asingle,
rather long, cylindrical tooth on the parietal wall, which is al-
most straight and directed toward the base; a small, conical
tubercle on the columella; three small, conical tubercles on the
base of the aperture, two small tubercles placed squarely on
the base, and one, longer and narrow, placed on the turn of
the outer lip; three small, conical tubercles on the outer lip
(palatal), the upper and lower being very small and the cen-
tral tubercle longer; one or more of these smaller tubercles
may be wanting; all of the teeth are placed ona ridge of callus
which encircles the inner surface of the aperture; peristome
somewhat reflected, sharp, the terminations separated but con-
nected by a thin callus; umbilicus very minutely perforated;
base of shell rounded (Fig. 68).

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 23

Length, 2.00; diameter, 1.15; aperture length, 0.85 mill. (11996.)

Ammal: Of the usual form; color grayish white under-
neath and blackish above and on eye-peduncles. The foot is
quite long and rather wide; eye-peduncles rather long and
somewhat tapering; tentacles rather long, blunt, cylindrical.

Faw: Similar to thatof V. milum, slightly arcuate, width
uniform, ends broadly rounded; concave margin notched and
anterior surface striated longitudinally.

Radula formula: 3$,+4+4+4+,5, (10—1—10); central
tooth long and narrow, the tricuspid reflection very small;
lateral teeth very wide, reinforced at the lower outer corner bya
very small appendage to the base of attachment; marginals
as in the other species. There are over 60 rows of teeth.

Genitaha: Unknown.

Distribution: “Ontarioand Quebec, Canada, to Minnesota,
south to Georgia. and Texas; Lincoln Co., Nevada; Laggau,
B. C.” (Pilsbry.) Manitoba. (Hanham.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found about dead leaves under sticks, stones
and rubbish, and about the foot of trees in low, moist locali-
ties.

Remarks: This species is distinguished from all our Pupe
by the small size and number of the teeth in the aperture, and
also by the teeth being simple, especially the parietal tooth,
which is small and narrow. It seems to be quite common and
loves to congregate under leaves in little colonies. It is found
in both the northern and western regions. One of the best
times to collect this species is after a rain, when they will be
found crawling over fallen trees, leaves and old débris.

95. Bifidaria curvidens Gould. Text figure 69.
Pupa curvidens GOULD, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 476, 1822.
Pupa curvidens floridana DALL, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., p. 251, pl. xvii,
fig. 11, 1885. (Variety.)
Pupa curvidens gracilis STERKI, L. and F. W. Moll., New Phil., Ohio,
1894, (Variety.)

Shell: In general form like that of pentodon but smaller;
aperture more rounded than in fenfodon and six-dentate, as
follows: a single large, curved tooth on the parietal wall, which
descends for a considerable distance into the aperture; a large
columellar tooth, conical, placed about the middle of the col-
umella; a third very small, conical tubercle placed at the left-
hand turn of the peristome; a fourth, small, conical tubercle

240 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

placed squarely on the base of the aperture; a fifth, larger,
conical tubercle placed at the right-hand turn of the peristome
and almost reaching the parietal tooth; and asixth, small, con-
ical tubercle placed at about the middle of the outer lip; the
callus connecting the terminations of the peristome is narrower
and more curved than in pentodon,; other characters the same
as in the other species (Fig. 69).

Length, 1.50; diameter, 0.90; aperture length, 0.50 mill. (10645.)

cor) SO: ty O.F0e) oi 4 0.40-. “* , (11998.)

Animal: As in pentodon.

Jaw: Not differing from that of pentodon.

Radula: \o—1—10, in all respects like that of pentodon.

Genitalia: Unknown.

Distribution: Massachusetts to Minnesota; Ontario and
Quebec, Canada, to Florida.

Fig. 69.
BIFIDARIA CURVIDENS Gould. (Binney, Fig. 347.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: In elevated localities, where moisture is reduced
to a minimum.

Remarks: This species is distinguished from B. pentodon
by its smaller size and peculiar apertural armature, the teeth
being fewer in number, and the parietal tooth larger and curved
inwards. It is always smaller, the whorls less rapidly increas-
ing, and generally has a decided crest on the parietal wall. It
is not as common as the last species, but is more widely dis-
tributed, being found in the three regions.

Genus VERTIGO Draparnaud.

“Animal as in Pupa, but tentacles wanting.”

‘Shell deeply rimate, ovate,apex acuminate, obtuse; whorls
5-6, the last rounded; aperture semioval, with 4 to 7 folds;
peristome scarcely expanded, white-lipped;”* Jaw arched,
ends squarely truncated, anterior surface striate, cutting edge

with median projection. Radula with a central tooth almost.

square, tricuspid, as large as or larger than the laterals, which

*Binney, Man. Amer. L, S., p. 333.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 241

are similar, narrower, and bi- or tricuspid; the marginals are
low, wide and serrated.
Distribution: Universal.

SuscEeNnus VERTILLA Mog.—Tand. 1855.
(Angustula Sterki. 1889.)

This group is ‘mainly characterized by the long and high
gular lamina.” (Sterki.) |
96. Vertigo milium Gould, pl. xxx, fig. 16.
Pupa milium GOULD, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist., Vol. III, p.402, pl. iii, fig.
23, 1840.
Shell: Small, subcylindrical, smooth shining; growth lines
very fine, a little oblique; nucleus smooth; color dark chest-

Regt (sty Ne

Lavatceae chil)

i)
~

VERTIGO MILIUM Gould. (Original.)

nut; whorls five, rounded, somewhat regularly increasing,
decreasing to a bluntly rounded apex; sutures impressed;
aperture obscurely semicircular, lateral, truncated above; the
“circumference” of the aperture is “made up of two curves of
different radius uniting in the peristome, where the junction
causes an angle projecting inwards, the smaller curve compris-
ing about one-fourth part and forming the superior portion of
the peristome;’’? aperture six-dentate as follows: two sharp,
projecting teeth of about equal size placed on the parietal wall
and dividing that region into three nearly equal parts; one on
the columella, large, massive, broad; a third placed on the
outer lip above or at the junction of the two radii, long, curved,
ridge-like, pointing directly between the two parietal teeth; a
fourth on the base of the lip, small, conical, tubercular; and one
large, entering, elevated, long lamina, which begins on the
base of the lip and curves backward until it disappears behind
the columella tooth (this is the ‘gular lamina” of Sterki); per-
istome white or brownish-white, reflected, the terminations
separated, but joined by a prominent callus; umbilicus well
marked, open, deep; base of shell rounded (Fig. 70).

*Binney, Man. Amer. L.S., p. 332,

242 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Length, 1.40; diameter, 0.90; aperture long, 0.30 mill. (11997.)
Sy Laas aS 0.80; > « 0.25 “ (11997.)
Animal: Similar in form to the other species of Vertigo;
color dirty white, darker on the upper surface; foot very broad,
posterior of the center, from whence it tapers rapidly to a
point; the foot is thick and fleshy and well able to support the
light shell; eye-peduncles of medium length, somewhat en-
larged at the tips, where the eyes are placed.
Jaw: Very slightly arcuate, the ends a trifle rounded;
concave margin notched and anterior surface lightly striated.
The jaw is of equal width throughout its length (Fig. 71).

Fig. 71.
Jaw of VERTIGO MILIUM Gould. (Original.)

Radula formula: 32!7+4+}3+4+3!, (11—1I—11); teeth as
inthe other members of the genus, and resembling closely those
of B. contracta but somewhat wider. There are four perfect
laterals and the first marginal similar but with a second outer
cusp; from this point the marginals become wider, the inner
cusp remains always the larger, and the outer cusp develops
from five to seven small cusps or denticles.

Genitaia: Unknown.

Distribution: Maine to Minnesota, Ontario and Quebec,
Canada, to Florida and Texas. ( Pilsbry.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Hatitat: Gregarious. Found plentifully under leaves,
stones and sticks, in moist situations.

Remarks: This is the smallest of our Pupe and is a very
beautiful species, the peculiar gular lamina, dark chestnut
color and globose-fusiform shape serving to distinguish it ata
glance. There are sometimes several small accessory tubercles
developed, but these do not affect its general specific charac-
ter. It is confined, so far as known, to the northern and west-
ern regions. ,

Suscenus VERTIGO Drap. ( Typical.)

97. Vertigo ovata Say, pl. xxx, fig. 13.
Vertigo ovata SAY, Journ. Phil, Acad., Vol. II, p. 375, 1822.
Pupa modesta Say, Long’s Exped., Vol. II, p. os, pl. xv, fig. 5, 1824.
Pupa ovulum PFEIFFER, Olim. Symbolz, Vol. I, p. 46.
Zonites upsoni CALKINS, Valley Nat., Vol. II, No. 4, p. 53, fig. 1880.

eee ey ee ee et

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 243

Shell: Small, ventricose, ovate, smooth and shining;
growth lines fine, oblique; nucleus smooth; color light horn;
whorls five, well rounded, the last inflated; apex obtusely
pointed; sutures impressed; aperture semicircular, lateral,
truncated above, the circumference made up as described
under V. milium, six to nine dentate, as follows: One to three
sharp, pointed teeth on the parietal wall, of which the central
tooth, always the largest, is constant; one, constant, small,
pointed, placed on the middle of the columella; one, constant,
at the turn of the peristome, left corner, small, conical; two
long, narrow teeth, constant, placed on the oblique base and
outer lip; there is sometimes an eighth tubercle, small, conical,
rather deep seated, placed between the two teeth on the base,

Fig. 72.
VERTIGO OVATA Say, showing variation. (Binney, Fig. 363.)

and a ninth, very small tubercle placed above the highest tooth
on the outer lip; peristome a trifle expanded, thin, grooved
behind, the terminations widely separated and connected by a
thin callus, whitish or brownish; umbilicus open, deep, some-
what expanded; the last whorl is peculiarly indented as it ap-
proaches the aperture (Fig. 72).

Length, 2.25; diameter, 1.50; aperture length, 0.50 mill. (12327.)

Animal: With a rather thick, short foot, trilobed in front
and broadly rounded behind, the two antero-lateral lobes being
very large and the central lobe small; eye-peduncles rather
short, thick, club-shaped, swollen at their extremity, which
bear the black eyes; color generally a cherry-red or blackish,
fading into bluish or light blackish on the posterior end of the

244 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

foot; the base of the foot is whitish; length of the foot 2.00
mill., width 1.00 mill.

Yaw: Very much arched, the ends square and the whole
length very uniform in width; the concave portion bears a very
well-developed median projection; the anterior surface is lon-
gitudinally striated (Fig. 73, J).

Radula formula: 75;+3+8+4+§+3+,25 (14—I1—14);
central tooth with a base of attachment a little longer than
wide; almost rectangular, with a broad reflection which bears
the short cusps, rather stout, of which the center cusp is the
longest; the lateral teeth (6) are similar but asymmetrical,

Safes a3!

J

Fig. 73.

Radula of VERTIGO OVATA Say. (Original.) c, central tooth; 1, first
lateral; 5, fifth lateral, modified; 11, typical marginal; J, jaw.

tricuspid, the inner cusp’being large and the two outer cusps
small, the inner cusp reaching half way to the lower border of
the base of attachment; the outer laterals (3) are somewhat
modified, the inner cusp becoming shorter; the marginal teeth
(5) are low and wide and serrated, the inner cusp being quite
large and the outer cusps (3-5) being quite small. There are
about go rows of teeth (Fig. 73).

Genitaha: Unknown.

Distribution: North America and parts of Europe.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hlabitat: Found rather plentifully under sticks, stones,
leaves, etc., in moist places, especially along the banks of riv-
ers, ponds and creeks.

Remarks: This species is at once distinguished by its
dentate aperture and the peculiar constriction of the last whorl.
Zonites upsont Calkins is probably nothing but the young of this
species. Most, or all, of the Pup are very small when young.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 245

It is quite common, but has thus far been found only in the
western and northern regions. The animal is very sluggish in
movement and does not move about like the Pupez. It varies
greatly in the number of teeth on the parietal wall, some hav-
ing one, some two, and some three teeth, the percentage of
each of these ina hundred being 3, 7 and 90. Specimens from
Riverside have two teeth, the one placed in the center of the
parietal wall being always the larger. When in progression
the shell rolls from side to side in a very peculiar manner.

PA MILY-COCHLEICOPEDZE:

Shell: Elongated, polished, white or horn-colored; spire
turreted, aperture rounded, one-third to one-half the length of
the shell; columella short, arcuate to subarcuate, truncated or
scarcely so; peristome simple, straight, somewhat thickened
within.

Anmmal: (See below under Cochhcopa),; radula differing
from Achatinidz by the wide central tooth, which is narrow in
the latter family.

Distribution: World wide.

Genus COCHLICOPA (Fér.) Risso, 1826..

Shell: Elongated, imperforate, shining, smooth, pellucid;
whorls rounded; aperture one-third the length of the shell;
columella more or less truncated; margins of peristome joined
by a callus.

Animal: Foot truncated before, roundly pointed behind;
mantle thin; respiratory and anal orifices on right of body,
just beneath the peristome of the shell; generative orifice be-
hind the right eye-peduncle; no caudal mucus pore or locomo-
tive disk.

Jaw: Long, low, wide, arcuate; ends blunt; cutting edge
with a single large median projection; anterior surface not
ribbed, but striate. Lingual membrane with central tooth long
and narrow, tricuspid; laterals as wide as high, bi- or tricuspid;
first marginals modified laterals; outer marginals wide, low,
multicuspid. Genitalia with a short, stout penis sac “with the
retractor muscle near its base; the vas deferens enters at its
apex, and near its entrance into the vagina it receives a curious
flagellate appendage, swollen below, narrow above, as long as
the whole system, with a large, narrowly ovate bulb at its end;

246 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the genital bladder is large, ovate, on a long, narrow duct.”
(W. G. Binney.)*
Distribution: North America, Europe, Madeira, Australia.
98. Cochlicopa lubrica Miiller, pl. xxx, fig. 17.
Helix lubrica MULLER, Verm. Hist., Vol. I, p. 104, 1774.
Bulimus lubricoides STIMPSON, Shells of N. E., p. 54.
Cionella (Zua) morseana DOHERTY, Quart. Journ. Conch., Vol. I, p. 342,
pl. iv, fig. 2, 1878. (Variety.)
Helix (Ferussacia) subcylindrica AUCT., non LINNE.
Ferussacia lubrica of various authors.

Shell: Small, elongate oval, pellucid, smooth, shining,
transparent; surface covered with very fine growth lines, apex
smooth; color smoky-horn; whorls six, convex, gradually and
somewhat regularly increasing in size, each whorl being about
twice the size of the one preceding, and the last being almost
one-third the length of the entire shell; sutures impressed;

Fig. 74.
Animal of COCHLICOPA LUBRICA Miiller. (Binney, Fig. 199.)

spire conical, apex obtuse; aperture long-oval, the plane of
the aperture parallel, or nearly so, with the axis of the shell;
peristome simple, thickened, tinged with reddish; its termina-
tions separated and connected by athin callus; columella trun-
cated at base, and somewhat sinuous at its junction with the
peristome; umbilicus closed; base of shell rounded.

Length, 5.75; diam., 2.00; aperture length, 2.00; diam., 1.00 mill. (10282.)
« 6.25; “ 2.25; : sf Cates att 125 “ (10131.)
ss 6.0); -“ 2.00; dy s da 3 saan ts ler 2; abana r (Np 13h |

Animal: With a short, wide foot, truncate before and
pointed behind; color bluish-black above, lighter below, espe-
cially on the foot; eye-peduncles long, thick, cylindrical, the
eyes placed on prominences at their tips; tentacles very short,

blunt; other characters as in the genus. Length of foot 6.00,

width 2.00 mill. (Fig. 74).

Jaw: As described in the genus (Fig. 75, J).

Radula formula: 78,+$+8+4+4+4+ 58, (23—I—23):
central tooth with a base of attachment much longer than wide,

*Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 195.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 2479

the lower margin concave and the outer corners expanded;
reflection small, low, tricuspid, the center cusp reaching about
half way to the margin of the base of attachment, the side
cusps very small; lateral teeth almost as wide as long, bicus-
pid, the inner cusp long and wide, reaching below the base of
attachment, the outer cusp short and blunt; marginal teeth at
first a modification of the lateral teeth, the base of attachment
being wider than high and the inner cusp gradually shorten-
ing; as the margin is reached the teeth become eight-cuspid
(serrated) and are very wide and low (Fig. 75). The cusps are
all provided with strong cutting points. There are about go
rows of teeth.

Genitalia: See generic description.

Distribution; North America, Europe and Asia; Point Bar-
row, Alaska. (Lehnert.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: . Found plentifully under dead leaves and twigs,

Fig. 75.

Radula of COCHLICOPA LUBRICA Miiller. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 11, third marginal; 18, eighth marginal; J, jaw.

under decaying bark of fallen trees, in moss, etc., at the base
of very old trees. It prefers the open forest.

Remarks: A species at once known by its cylindrical,
shining, glossy shell. The young shell of this species might
easily be mistaken for a small Hedx,; it is short and stumpy
and the thickened peristome, so characteristic of the adult, is
not developed. In many forms the edge of the lip of the
adult shell is colored reddish-brown, and there is a yellowish-
white line or band around the penultimate whorl, where the
liver shows through the shell. It is an interesting species in
captivity, the animal being very bold and readily crawling over

248 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

one’s hand. In progression it is very rapid, probably exceed-
ing, in comparison with its size, all other species in the rapidity
with which it crawls. It seems to be confined to the northern
and southern regions.

FAMILY VALLONIIDA*

For general characters of the family, see the description
of the genus Vallonia, below.

Genus VALLONIA Risso, 1826.

Shell: ‘Minute, openly and widely umbilicate, depressed,
the spire low-convex, consisting of 3 to 4% whorls, color light
and uniform; surface smooth or ribbed; periphery rounded;
last whorl usually descending infront. Aperture oblique, circu-
lar or short-oval; peristome continuous or nearly so, expanded
or reflexed, often thickened within.” (Pilsbry.)

Fig. 76.

Genitalia of VALLONIA PULCHELLA Miiller. (Pilsbry, Guide to Heli-
ces, pl. Ixili, Fig. 9.)

Animal: ‘Foot small, short, with no pedal grooves; edges
of sole somewhat crenulated; sole undivided; eye-peduncles
cylindrical, not enlarged distally; tentacles short; labial lobes
well developed. Genitalia (Fig. 76) having the penis short,
‘with terminal retractor; epiphallus short, bearing a flagellum.
Dart sack present, single, containing a straight, bladeless dart.
No mucus glands. Duct of spermatheca long, branchless.”
(Pilsbry). For jaw and radula see V. pulchella.

Distribution: ‘North America south to Texas; Japan and
middle China to Europe and Atlantic Islands.” (Pilsbry.)
Found fossil in the Eocene and Miocene.

*The position‘of this family, as well as that of Cochlicopide, is very uncertain, and it is
placed here provisionaily.

Rae

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 249

KEY TO SPECIES OF VALLONIA.
A. Shell with fine, oblique striz.
L. Lip-refiected, shell ight hor colored.) 6.2 .i0.,.00 = 26. pulchella
B. Shell coarsely costate.
1. Color reddish horn, last whorl descending a little in front. ..costata
2. Color reddish, smaller than 1; last whorl not descending. . .darvudla

99. Vallonia pulchella Miiller,* pl. xxviii, fig. 26.

Helix pulchella MULLER, Verm. Hist., Vol. II, p. 30,1774.

Helix paludosa DACostTA, 1780.

Helix crystallina DILLWyYN, 1817.

Felix minuta SAy, Journ. Phil. Acad., p. 128, 1817.

Flelix pulchella var. levigata MOQUIN-TANDON, 1855, a. o.

Vallonia pulchella var. enniensis GREDL., Tiroi’s Conchylien, 1856.

Vallonia pulchella var. persica ROSEN., Nachrichtsbl, D. Mal. Ges.,
p. 128, 1892.

Vallonia pulchella var. hispanica, STERKI, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 251,
1898.

Shell: Small, depressed conic, rather solid, umbilicated;
surface shining, marked by numerous fine crowded oblique

Fig. 77.
Jaw of VALLONIA PULCHELLA Miiller. (Pilsbry, Guide to Helices, pl.
79, Fig. 29.)

striz, which are obsolete on the large, knob-shaped nuclear
whorl; color light horn, opaque to transparent; periphery
rounded; sutures deeply impressed or even excavated; whorls
four, the last two rapidly increasing, rounded, the last whorl
little, if any, descending at the aperture; spire plano-convex;
aperture very nearly circular, a little oblique; peristome re-
flected, white, thickened, the ends approaching; umbilicus
open, large, spreading, exhibiting all the volutions; base of
shell convex.
Greater diam., 2.50; lesser, 2.00; height, 1.25; umbilicus, 0.80 mill. (10125,)
y- 2.30; Jeera S10) We AEG e 0.80 ‘“ (10125.)
4 ty 2.60; mM hd eho: i! 0.80 “ (10125.)
Animal: With a small, short foot, marked on the sides
and back by several fine longitudinal lines; tail with a mucus
pore; eye-peduncles long and slender, tentacles short and

*See Sterki, Observations on Vallonia, Proceed. Phil. Acad., 1893, p. 246.

250 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

blunt. The animal is colorless, translucent, so that the in-
ternal organs (jaw, etc.) may be seen through the body; heart
beats irregular, ranging from twenty-five to one hundred
(Sterki says 20 to 110) pulsations per minute. The heart is
much affected by temperature and activity. For further notes
see generic description.

Faw: Wider than high (about four to one); ends slightly
angular; anterior surface marked by numerous (twenty-five)
crowded ribs which denticulate the superior and inferior cut-
ting edges; no median projection; a posterior accessory plate
is present which extends from the inferior edge (Fig. 77).

Radula formula: 775+3+4+4+4+3+4+,4!, (13-1-—13);
central tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide, the
lower border being somewhat expanded and produced into
lower lateral projections; reflection short, tricuspid, the central

MM yw nl WA ThA im
} | \ ss \ 8

b- ;
Fig. 78.

Radula of VALLONIA PULCHELLA Miiller. (Original.) c, central
tooth; 1, first lateral; 6, second transitional tooth; 8, second perfect mar-
ginal.

cusp short, wide, the lateral cusps smaller; lateral teeth almost
as wide as long, bicuspid, the inner cusp long and wide, the
outer cusp quite small, with only an indication of a cutting
point, which is well developed in the inner cusp; the base of
attachment is provided with lower lateral appendages as in the
central tooth; the fifth and sixth teeth are transition teeth, con-
necting the laterals with the marginals; these differ from the
true laterals in having two small, narrow outer cusps (some-
times unicuspid), and the inner cusp is-shorter; marginal teeth
wider than long, four to five cuspid, the inner cusp generally
larger, the outer cusp smaller and comb-like (Fig. 78). There
are 65 to 70 rows of teeth.

Genttaha: See generic description.

Distribution: Europe, Northernand Western. Asia, North-
ern Africa, Azores, Madeira, North America, and Mauritius,
Bermuda, New South Wales (introduced?). Not found on
the Pacific coast of North America. (Sterki.)

7 : .
-
fA, Fe. ee

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 251

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess of North Amer-
ica, Europe and Asia.

Habitat: Found plentifully under wood, leaves, stones,
old logs, in moss and on the banks of streams. Gregarious.

Remarks: This is our most common Vallonia, and cannot
be confounded with any other in this region, where the shell
always has a transparent or translucent horn color. The aper-
ture and deflection of the last whorl varies to some extent,
but with all this variation it is a species which will be at once
recognized whenseen. It is frequently found on flower-pots in
Chicago residences, and is the most widely distributed species
of the genus, being found in each of the three regions. It has
been found in large numbers west of the poor farm at Dunning
under board walks.

100. Vallonia costata Miiller,
Helix costata MULLER. Verm. Hist., Vol. II, p. 31, 1774.

Vallonia rosalia, 1826 (ex. WESTERLUND, Fauna, Vol. I, p. 14).

Vallonia costata var. helvetica STERKI, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 262, 1893.

Vallonia costata var. amurensis STERKI, |. c.

Vallonzacostata var. pyrenaica STERKI, l. c.

Vallonia costata var. montana STERKI, l. c., p. 263.

Shell: Small, depressed convex, rather solid, umbilicated;
surface shining, with regular membranous ribs of good size,
the intercostate spaces being finely striate; color reddish-
horn; periphery a trifle angled; sutures deeply impressed;
whorls three and one-half, rapidly increasing, the last expand-
ing and descending, somewhat angular on the periphery; spire
flat, apex finely striate; aperture nearly circular, a little ob-
lique, flattened above, angular below; peristome reflected,
white, terminations approaching and connected by a thin
callus; umbilicus open, large, spreading, exhibiting all the vo-
lutions.

Greater diameter, 2.70; lesser, 2.25; height, 1.30; umbilicus, 0.85 mill.

Animal; Similar to pulchella.

Faw: Similar to that of puchella, ribs sixteen to eighteen,
ends of jaw smooth, cutting edge denticulated.

Radula formula: 78,+4+4+4+4+4+33, (13-—1-—13);
central tooth as in pulchella; the side cusps very small; laterals
with a long, thin inner cusp and a very small outer cusp, with
cutting points as in fulchel/a; transition teeth (five) with the
outer cusps split; the first marginals have but three cusps, but

: :
Oe OP ae ee ee eee

252 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

they soon assume the form of those in pulchella. There are
about 70 rows of teeth.

Genitalia: As in pulchella.

Distribution: Europe, Northern Africa, Asia, North Amer-
ica, Australia. (Sterki.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as pulchella.

Remarks: This species is distinguished from pulchella by
its numerous heavy ribs and darker color. It does not seem
to be a common species in this area and has thus far been
found only in the northern and southern regions.

101. Vallonia parvula Sterki.
Vallonia parvula STERKI, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 265, 1893.
Vallonia americana ANCEY, STERKI, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 266, 1893.

Shell: ‘Small, widely umbilicated, especially for the last
one-third to one-half whorl, quite flat above or with very little
prominent apex, thin, horn-colored to nearly colorless, with
fine, dense, membranous ribs (about thirty to thirty-eight on
the last whorl), and microscopic, intercrossing lines between
them; nucleus with fine revolving lines; whorls a little over
three, slightly flattened above and below the periphery, with a
deep suture; the last much wider than the penultimate, rather
rapidly expanding toward the aperture and descending only
at the suture in front; aperture very oblique, tangential and
rather inclined, almost circular, with ends of margin much ap-
proximate; peristome with a rather strong, pale horn-colored
lip.4; Diameter major, 2.00; min., 1.6; altitude about 0.8 m.”
(Sterki.)

Greater diameter, 2.00; lesser diameter, 1.40; height, 0.90 mill. (12318.)
ie “ BAD eH ‘ 1.60; Or L005 a PZB LBD
Animal: As in costata.
Jaw: Withabout eighteen ribs, otherwise as in costata.
Radula formula: 725+4+3+44+34+444'5 (1I—I—I11);
the teeth are all like those of costata, the same in the number
of cusps on the marginals, and in the rapid transition from
laterals to marginals.
Genitaha: Same as in pulchella.
Distribution: Wllinois, lowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Ter-
ritory. (Sterki.) Bay Island, Lake Erie. (Bryant Walker.)
Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess of Mississippi
Valley.

f
Oh AEN \,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 253

Habitat: Same as costata.

Remarks: This species is very rare. It may be distin-
guished from costata by its smaller size, wider umbilicus, and
by the last whorl being straight, while it is descending in cos-
tata. It is extremely local, and the only specimens found
were from one locality on the Du Page Feeder. It is by some

considered a synonym of cosfata, but seems to be sufficiently
distinct.

SUBORDER BASOMMATOPHORA.

“Tentacles flattened-triangular or subcylindrical, contrac-
tile (but not invertible); eyes at their bases, sessile.”

Shell usually covered by a corneous epidermis and oblong,
few whorled, without operculum. Mostly aquatic or littoral.”*

Superfamily Gehydrophila.

“Teguments rugose; terrestrial, but usually inhabiting sea-
shores” (or bodies of fresh water).*

FAMILY AURICULID&.

“Shell spiral, covered by an epidermis, solid, usually thick;
spire more or less elevated; whorls sometimes flattened; aper-
ture elongated, contracted by columella teeth, and often also
by teeth within the lips.”

“Lingual membrane broad and elongated; teeth numerous,
in slightly bent cross-series; central tooth equilateral, narrow,
tricuspid; lateral and marginal teeth also tricuspid, rather ine-
quilateral, diminishing in size toward the outer edge. Head
ending in a snout; mouth with a horny, lunate upper jaw, and
with two dilated buccal lobes, united above, separate below;
tentacles subcylindrical, contractile; eyes sessile at the inner
sides of their bases. Mantle closed, with a thickened margin;
respiratory orifice posterior, onthe right side. Sexes united.’*

Animal frequenting salt marshes or fresh bodies of water
(inland).

Genus CARYCHIUM Miller, 1774.

Shell; Thin, few whorled, pupiform; columella armed
with a fold (sometimes absent); parietal wall armed with one or
two denticles; peristome expanded, with a denticle on the in-
side.

*Tryon, Syst. and Struct. Conch., Vol. III, p. 9a.

204 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Animal: (Fig. 79.) With a short, stout foot, which is
divided into two portions, the anterior with the head and ten-
tacles, and the posterior with the balance of the body; anterior
portion bilobed and projecting, when the animal is in motion,
in front of the head proper; body colorless; tentacles about a
third the length of the foot, cylindrical, obtuse, with the eyes
placed near the base of the tentacles, on the back. Genitalia?
Jaw arched, with no ribs or denticulations, Radula with rows
of teeth ina slightly bent series; the central tooth is narrow,
equilateral and unicuspid, the laterals broad, short, and den-
ticulated. Animal terrestrial.

x

Fig. 79.
CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM Say. (Binney, Fig. 9.) Animal showing head
and lower surface of foot. ;
Distribution: United States, Europe and Africa.
KEY TO SPECIES OF CARYCHIUM.

a. Shell cylindrical, aperture over one-third of total length,

whorls four dnd one-half ic'sjyo 62, canlee fe + tad na ohare exiguum
b. Shell elongated, aperture one-third of the total length,
whorls “ive and’one-half& /.8s1 9. eo ae ete oe eee exile

102. Carychium exiguum Say, pl. xxvi, Fig. 4.
Pupa exigua SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 375, 1822.
Carychium existelium BOURGUIGNAT, Mag. de Zodl., p. 220, 1857.
Carychium eupheum BOURGUIGNAT, l. ¢c., p. 221, 1857.

Carychium exiguum mexicanum PILSBRY, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 319,

pl. xiv, Figs. 7, 8, 9, 1891. (Variety.)

Shell; Cylindrical, pupiform, translucent, spire long and
conic; color pearly white, surface shining, somewhat pol-
ished, lines of growth numerous, crowded, minute; whorls four
and one-half, regularly increasing, convex, somewhat oblique
in position; spire very long, conic, less than two-thirds the
length of the entire shell; apex obtuse; sutures very deeply
impressed, making quite a perceptible v-shaped depression
between the whorls; base of shell rounded, exhibiting a round
and deep umbilicus; aperture ovate, rounded below, narrowed
at the upper part, more than one-third the total length; parietal
wall with a large plait midway between the terminations of the
peristome; there is a somewhat prominent callosity on the base

YAS Sar ae ee ae
Serie ee

arr ay sy eee

ini fl
a

| eg

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 209

of the aperture (or peristome) near the umbilicus; peristome
thickened, flat, reflected, the terminations joined by a thin
callus; outer lip sinuous, strongly arcuate at the upper portion;
interior of aperture pearly-white. .

Length, 1.50; width, 0.75; aperture length, 0.50; width, 0.80 mill. Berry Lake.

Animal: See generic description.

Faw: Arched, dorsal and ventral margins smooth; ante-
rior surface smooth or only slightly striated.

Radula formula: 418+4+3%; central tooth long and nar-
row, expanded considerably at the lower outer corners; reflec-
tion small, short, heart-shaped, blunt, unicuspid; lateral teeth
a little longer than wide, reflection very low, serrated (Fig. 80).
The writer was unable to make out clearly the character of the
lateral teeth, but they appeared as indicated in the figure.

Genttaha: Not examined.

Distribution: United States west to Manitoba south to
Mexico. :

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Fig. 80.

Radula of CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, lateral tooth.

Habitat: Found plentifully under and about old logs,
sticks, twigs and vegetation in the vicinity of ponds and creeks.
Frequently found in wet moss.

Remarks: This is quite a peculiar little species, distin-
guished by its light color and peculiar shell. It loves com-
pany, and when one is found dozens are always sure to reward
a patient search. The species is widely distributed in the area.
103. Carychium exile H. C. Lea, pl. xxvi, fig. 3.

Carychium extle H.C. LEA, Am. Journ. Sci., 1 series, Vol. XLII, p.
109, pl. i, fig. 5, 1841.

Carychium exile jamaicensis P1ItsBry, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 320, pl.
xiv, figs. 15, 16, 1891. (Variety.)

Shell: Similar to exiguum but differing in the following

particulars: the shell is elongated instead of cylindrical; there

256 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

are five and one-half whorls; the aperture is just one-third the
length of the shell, instead of over one-third, and the surface
is “regularly and very distinctly striated.”

Length, 1.75; width, 0.75; aperture length, 0.50; width, 0.25 mill. (12474.)
Animal: Faw and Dentition apparently as in C. exiguum.
Genitalia: Not examined.

Distribution: Evidently the same as exiguum.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as and associated with C. exiguum.

Remarks: Exile is not as common as eazguum, the ratio
being about 3 to 1in favor of exzguum. Thewriter has always
found the two species associated together (in Illinois). In
view of this fact it may be possible that one is a variety of the
other, instead of a distinct species, as the two forms may inter-
breed. This, however, is a subject for future study. Like
exiguum the present species is widely distributed.

The genus Carychium is of great interest to the student of
evolution, as it is more than probable that the Mollusca be-
came terrestrial air-breathers through a form similar to Cary-
chium, Alexia or Melampus. They are almost, but not quite,
amphibious. Cavychium is almost as frequently found in water
as out of it, that is, under logs and stones in such moist locali-
ties that the animal is immersed in water. It has never been
found, so far as known to the writer, in ponds or creeks, as is
Limnea.

Superfamily Hygrophila.*

“Teguments smooth; living in fresh water and only com-
ing to the surface occasionally to renew their supply of air.
Tentacles contractile, with eyes at their base. Jaw simple in
Physa and compound in Limng@a and Planorbis, composed of
three pieces corresponding to the three lips of the mouth, and
not completely separated (Fig. 81). Central and lateral teeth
as in Helicide, marginals pectinate or serriform.”

“Male orifice near the tentacle, female at the base of the
neck, near the respiratory opening. Eggs contained together
in a gelatinous, transparent capsule. Phytophagous (Physa is
sometimes carnivorous). Swimming ina reversed position at
the surface of the water.’’T

_ *The writer is greatly indebted to Mr. Bryant Walker, of Detroit, Mich., for much as-
sistance in preparing the account of the fresh water Pulmonates.

Tryon, Struct. and Syst. Conch., Vol. III, p. 99.

\«
4 4
OPP Abas) ¢

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 257

FAMILY LIMNAID/.

Shell; Varying from long and pointed through oblong-
ovate and obtuse to discoidal; whorls numerous, varying from
_ planorboid to sharp pointed; aperture thin, lip simple, sharp.
Animal; With a wide foot, rounded behind; velar area
preserved in the adult where they form two side lobes on the
head; tentacles rather long, triangular or filiform; eyes placed
on swellings at the inner bases of the tentacles; breathing
orifice on right side. Mantle prominent. Buccal apparatus
consisting of one median jaw and usually two or more lateral
accessory jaws. Radula with either a very small, simple cen-
tral tooth (Zzmne@a) or a larger bicuspid tooth (Planorbis), and
numerous lateral and marginal teeth of variable form, being at
first bi- or tricuspid, then tricuspid, and finally the reflection
lengthens and narrows, and becomes four or five cuspid, the

CGT.
EERE EREE Lara

apie

Fig.-81.
Mouth parts of LIMN#A REFLEXA Say. (Original, from drowned
specimen.) A, superior jaw; B, lateral jaws; C, radula; D, lips.

cusps being confined to the extreme distal part of the reflec-
tion, or serrating the outer edge (Planorbis). .
The genitalia may be thus described (for L. emarginata var.
mig helst):
Male organs: (Pl. xxxiii, Fig. E): As in the Lzmneide gen-

- erally, the male and female organs are separate (with the ex-

ception of the hermaphrodite gland) and open by separate
orifices, that of the male being behind the right tentacle and
that of the female at the base of the neck near the pulmonary
opening. The penis sac (PS) is very large, of great length and
large diameter; it is wide at the exterior opening but narrow
at the end where the penis is attached. The penis (P) is half as
long as the penis sac, very long and slender, wifh a rounded
head, about two-and-a-half times the diameter of the neck of the

258 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

penis. The penis and penis sac are retracted by a set of pow-
erful muscles (RM, PSM, VD). A nerve starts from the cerebral
ganglion (CG) and after extending for a short distance divides,
one branch running to the head of the penis and the other
entering the penis sac(PN, PSN). The penis is generally yel-
lowish in color, sometimes very bright, while the penis sac is
grayish (in alcohol) or yellowish (living). The muscles are
white in color.

The vas deferens is long and hairlike (F), and extends from
the head of the penis to the base of the penis sac where it be-
comes lost in the muscular tissue; it reappears at the opening
of the vagina where it becomes the duct of the prostate (PD);
this duct is rather long, very narrow and enlarges on the side
of the vagina into the prostate gland (PR), a cylindrical, fleshy
organ, well supplied with blood vessels and of a yellowish or
amber color. Posterior to the cylindrical portion, the prostate
becomes very much narrowed and flattened, whitish in color,
and near the albuminiporous gland it again enlarges into a
much folded organ of a grayish color. From this point the
hermaphrodite duct passes to the hermaphrodite gland.

Female organs: (Pl. xxxiii, Fig. D): The hermaphrodite
gland or ovotestis is made up of a number of rounded or lobu-
lated follicles, which are yellowish in color. The oviduct (or
hermaphrodite duct (OD) extends from the lower part of the
ovotestis to the albuminiparous gland, from which it divides,
one part forming the prostate and the other the uterus. The
albuminiparous gland (AL) is large and rounded and of a green-
ish color. The uterus (U) is at first trilobed, then becomes
smaller and rounded, then swells into a large, fleshy, cylin-
drical sack, the vagina (V), then contracts to form the vesti-
bule or atrium (A) and finds its exit behind the male orifice and
near the respiratory orifice. The uterus and vagina are yel-
lowish in color. The walls of these organs are made up of
strong muscular tissue. The spermatheca or receptaculum
seminis (S) is elongate-ovalin form, of a pearly white color, and
connected with the vagina by a long, narrow duct (SD) which
enters the latter near the cylindrical portion of the prostate,
just above the atrium. The vagina is supplied with two stout

retractor muscles (VM). In the natural position the ovotestis

is folded in the lobes of the liver and is very strongly attached
to that organ.*

*For an extended account of the anatomy of Limnza see the writer’s paper, Bull. Chi.
Acad. Sci., Vol. II, No. 3, from which the above description was mainly drawn.

Be 9 oa

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 259

Subfamily Limnzinz.

“Lateral jaws present. Rhachidian tooth simply pointed:
laterals provided with numerous denticles. Tentacles flat-
tened. Genitalia on right side.” (Dall.)+

Genus LIMN4AEA Lamarck.

Shell: Spiral, generally thin, corneous, ovately-oblong or
elongate; spire long, sharp; aperture oval, generally small;
columella with an oblique plait across the middle.

Animal: With short, wide, rounded foot; head support-
ing a vela area; front edge of mantle much thickened, simple,
not projecting beyond the plane of the aperture; tentacles
much flattened, triangular, the eyes sessile upon the inner
bases; other characters as in the subfamily (Pl. xxxiii, Figs. A,
B, C); ova deposited in a jelly-like mass without apparent en-
velope.

Distribution: World-wide, but preferring temperate re-
gions.

KEY TO SPECIES OF LIMNZA.*
A. Shell 50 to 60 mill. in length.
a. Aperture and spire about equal in length, the former
MIC ER AMMEN. Corea hake oe ed dhe wate ge won snack stagnalis
B. Shell 20 to 40 mill. in length.
a. Spire attenuated, longer than aperture, the latter
strongly reflexed; surface very rarely malleated......... reflexa
: b. Spireand aperture about equal in length; surface nearly
always heavily malleated; shell wider in proportion to
length than (a)...................4. RA rec palustris
C. Shell 15 mill. or less in length.

1. Surface distinctly striated, with coarse, raised, spiral

ULIRGS eptes rer terereh eater stare cles Be ater iaioneate Tonto telat na lalcieeerete en's caperata
2. Surface with fine, impressed spiral lines.
a. Spire equal to aperture, shell fusiform............ catascopium

c. Spire one-third to one-half the length of the aperture.
{Spire sharply conic, aperture two-thirds of length
SMa ctor aires toc oleh etetioter trriags Ca aareticn Rive arate y ecayacse ale 6s columella
+tSpire depressed conic, aperture three-fourths of
MSIE EM ea tl ae He A oa cig MLZ Nog Goel cite ee wrest Bako ood) avd woodrufi
d. Spire two-thirds the length of the shell, whichis sca-
PAN UE CUS YTPeM aot inate re eit a ctr late aie xie’anus eo havefel kccvo/laye; owl’ a's Serrisst
3. Surface without spiral lines.
a. Spire short conic, aperture roundly ovate, not pro-

GUGEM AE LECMOWEL DATE. sadn ci i vole cecuss ce egne en humilis
b. Spire long and pointed, aperture long-ovate, pro-
MIUCHU AL AHEAOWOF PATEG v4 40 orcis cts dv ake t pales slows» desidiosa

+Ann. and Lyc. Nat. Hist., Vol. IX, p. 348, et sec. All quotations of Dr. Dall are from
this work.

*The account of the genus Limnaa is a modification of the author’s paper in Trans
Acad. Sci., St. Louis, VoL. IX, No. 1, 1901.

260 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

A recent study of numerous species of this genus has
convinced the writer that some classification other than the
one in use must be found. The present grouping by shell
characters is totally unsatisfactory on account of the extreme
variability of the individuals. For example, different forms
of L. emarginata Say var. mighelsi Binney, recently examined,
can be placed in all of the so-called ‘subgenera usually recog-
nized (Radix, Bulimnea, Limnophysa, etc.), and in fact the typ-
ical emarginata is typical of Limnophysa, and the variety
mighelst of Radix; all of the intermediate forms occur and
absolutely connect the extremes. In view of this fact the
writer has discarded all subgenera, using simply the generic
term Limnza. Some divisions of value will undoubtedly be
found when all of the species are examined anatomically for
the genitalia, radula, etc. There is abundant work in this line
for a naturalist having the time and material at his command.

104. Limnza columella Say, pl. xxx, fig. 26.
Limnea columella Say. Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 14, 1817.
Limnea navicula V ALENCIENNES, Rec'd. Obs., Vol. II, p. 251, 1833.
Limnea chalybea GOULD, Am, Journ. Sci., ed. 1, Vol. XXXVIII, p. 196,
1840. (Variety.)
Limnea acuminata ADAMS, 1. c., Vol. XXXIX, p. 374, 1840.
Limnea strigosa LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IJ, p. 33, 1841.
Limnea coarctata LEA, |. c¢., p. 83, 1841.
Limnea casta LEA, |. c., p. 33, 1841. (Variety.)

Succinea pellucida LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 109, 1864.

Limnea columellaris ADAMS, Amer. Journ. Sci., ser. 1, Vol. XXXVI,
p. 392, absq. descr.
Limnea succiniformis ADAMS, MS., teste Haldeman.

Shell: Ovate, somewhat pointed, thin, fragile, transpar-
ent; color light greenish or yellowish horn; surface shining,
covered with rather coarse growth lines, and encircled by im-
pressed spiral lines; whorls four, rounded, rapidly enlarging,
the last one three times the size of the rest of the shell; spires
sharply conic, rather short; apex small, very dark brown; su-
tures impressed; aperture ovate, dilated, expanded at the lower
part; the aperture varies from long and narrow to wide and
somewhat expanded; peristome thin, acute; columella narrow,
twisted; terminations of peristome connected by a thin callus;
umbilicus generally closed but sometimes very narrowly per-
forate where the callus is not fully developed; the columella
is so narrow that a view may be taken from the base nearly to
the apex, as in Succinea retusa.

7 ees rie ts
. - .

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 261

Length, 16.00; width, 8.50; aperture length, 11.40; width, 6.00 mill. (10440.)
“ ~ 14.00; =Cieehiea (a 45 ee ie OinOsy ee °5.605 “2 0440.)

Animal: Almost transparent, with a short, wide foot,
bluntly rounded behind; head separated from foot by a con-
striction, wide, bifurcated; tentacles short, thick, triangular,
transparent; eyes black, situated on small prominences at the
inner base of the tentacles; color dirty white, darker on the
body which is covered with white spots, seen through the
transparent shell; edge of mantle transparent, simple; head
above lilac-tinted; respiratory orifice on right side of body,
near the junction of the upper part of the columella with the
body whorl; the head is not much in advance of the edge of
the shell when the animal is in motion; the animal appears
much too large for the shell. Length of foot 8.00; width 5.50
mill. The heart is situated on the left side of the animal, as
in destdiosa. The pulsations are rather irregular, three or four
being quick, followed by a pause; they vary from fifty-three to
sixty per minute.

Fia. 82.
Jaws of LIMN4%A COLUMELLA Say. (Original.)

Faw: Three, the median elliptical, smooth, the lateral
jaws irregular; finely striated; cutting edges brownish black,
shading into yellowish brown as the base of the cartilege is
reached (Fig. 82).

Radula formula: 3%+4+4+2+1+2+1-+4 45 (35 —1—35); cen-
tral tooth as in the genus; lateral teeth with a quadrate base
of attachment; reflection long and rather wide, reaching below
the base of attachment, bicuspid, the inner cusp very large and
long, the outer cusp small and sharp; the tenth tooth is trifid
and connects the lateral and marginal teeth; marginal teeth
much longer than wide, generally four-cuspid, the outer cusp
placed about midway of the reflection; the other three placed
at the distal end; there are generally several small denticles

262 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

on the upper outer edge of the reflection; the outer marginals
have all the cusps placed at the distal end and the margins are
simple (Fig. 83).

Genitaha: Not examined.

Distribution: New England to Iowa, Canada to Georgia;
Tepic, New Mexico.*

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found abundantly in small ponds and creeks

1% 413 16
[/P [- Lui
25 go ie
Fie. 83.

Radula of LIMN2ZA COLUMELLA Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 10, first marginal; 12, 13, 16, typical marginals; 25, 30, 35,
outer marginals.

where the water is more or less stagnant. Particularly fond
of a locality where lily pads are in abundance.

Remarks: This species is very variablein the shape of its
aperture, and several distinct species have been made from
these variations, which will stand simply as varieties. It is
very frequently taken for a Swccginea, and the shell bears a
very strong resemblance to that genus. The animal, however,
is quite different, and shows that it is a genuine Limnea. The
raised spiral lines are very beautiful and resemble those found
on many land shells. So far as known it has only been col-
lected in the greenhouses and lily ponds in Lincoln Park.

*Vide J. G. Cooper, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser., Vol. V, pt. 1, p. 167, 1895,

yo De

rE ig he Ting

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 263

105. Limnza catascopium Say, pl. xxxi, fig. 5.

Limnea catascopium Say, Nich. Encycl., ed. 1, pl. ii, fig. 3, 1816.

Limnea cornea V ALENCIENNES, Recueil d’Observ. Zool., etc., Vol. II,

p. 251, 1883,
Limnea sericata ZIEGLER, Rossmassler Iconog., Vol. I, p. 98, 1737.
Limnea intertexta CURRIER, MSS., vide Bryant Walker, in letter.
Shell: Rather solid, ovate, inflated; color light horn to
blackish; surface dull to shining, lines of growth numerous,
‘fine, crowded, wavy, crossed by numerous impressed spiral
lines; apex small, rounded, chestnut colored; whorls’ five,
rounded, subinflated, the last large and somewhat inflated; spire
- sharp to obtuse, conic; sutures impressed; aperture roundly
ovate, large, from half to three-fourths the length of the en-
tire shell, rounded below; somewhat narrowed above; peris-
tome thin, sharp, thickened by a light, whitish callus just within
the edge; columella oblique, with a heavy plait across the mid-
dle; the lower part of the columella has a flexure caused by
the heavy plait; the lower part of the peristome and the whole
of the columella is sometimes covered by a heavy coating of
white, testaceous material, which is reflected over the umbili-
‘cus, completely closing it.
Length, 15.00; width, 7.50; aperture length, 8.00; width, 4.50 mill.

a T2004 Ae 00> m “ COO SAN ore
ee 15,00< - o%.*" 6.50 sf ts GOOr aia At
a YA | eee 1 i came eae: 1 Ue

Animal, jaw, radula and genitaha not examined.

Distribution: New England to Utah, British America to
Virginia.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Flatitat: In the larger lakes and rivers, attached to sticks,
stones and débris.

Remarks: Catascopium is readily distinguished by its large
aperture, and well rounded whorls. The height of the spire
varies, in some specimens being one-half the length of the
aperture (var. pimguis) and in others they are about equal.
In the typical form the spire is gracefully conical, and the
aperture and lower part of the shell are evenly rounded. The
only species with which this species can be confounded is
Limnea palustris, but that species is generally larger, the spire
is sharper and generally longer, and the surface is malleated,
while catascopium is not. A comparison of the figures of the
two species will suffice to separate them. Catascopium seems

.
wh i neh. =

:. .
eS Te Ae

264 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

to be confined to the Northern and Southern regions, and has
thus far been found only in Lake Michigan at Winnetka, Chi-
cago and Miller’s, Ind.
1o5a. Limnza catascopium pinguis Say, pl. xxx, fig. 27.
Limnea pinguis Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. V, p. 128, 1825.
Limnea catascopium BAKER (non SAy), Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis,
Vol. XI, p. 4, pl. i, fig. 9, 1901.

Shell: Solid, thick, inflated; color light to dark horn; sur-
face dull to shining, lines of growth numerous, fine, crowded,
crossed by many impressed spiral lines; apex of good size,
rounded, dark chocolate colored; whorls five, rounded, much in-
flated; spire short, conic; sutures impressed; aperture subovate
or roundly ovate, half the length of the entire shell; peristome
thin on the edge, thickened within by awhite callus; columella
reflected so as to cover the umbilicus, and with a rather heavy
plait across the middle.

Length, 13.50; width, 8.75; aperture length, 8.00; width, 5.00 mill. (8388)

- 14:50 3 £8) GOs & < 9.505 — *°).6,)0 8s (BABS)

2: 14.00; “ 9.00; “ s 8.75; “ 5.00 ‘ (8388)

Animal, jaw, radula and genitaha: Not examined.

Distribution: Apparently the same as typical catascopium.

Habitat: Evidently similar to catascopium.

Remarks: Variety pinguis may be distinguished from typ-
ical catascopium by its shorter spire, more swollen whorls and
generally heavier shell. It is not common in the Chicago area,
and has been found only in the Calumet River. In a pre-
vious paper it.was referred to typical catascopium but it is
without doubt the short-spired variety pumguis; specimens re-
ferred to Mr. H. A. Pilsbry were so identified.

106. Limnza woodruffi Baker, pl. xxxi, fig. 8. .
Limnea woodruffi BAKER, Bull. Chi. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, No. 4, p. 229,
1901.

Shell: Ventricose, very much inflated, solid; color green-
ish-horn or olivaceous; surface shining, growth lines distinct;
rough in some specimens, crossed by numerous fine impressed
spiral lines; apex small, rounded, light horn colored; whorls
three to four, rounded, inflated, the last occupying nearly the
whole of the shell; spire depressed; sutures impressed; aperture
very large, roundly ovate, occupying about four-fifths of the
length of the entire shell, roundly shouldered at the upper part;
peristome thin, sharp; columella thickened, spreading, with a
plait or fold in the middle; the lower part of the aperture is

wer

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 265

expanded, the columella callus making a ridge which is re-
flected over the umbilical region; umbilicus open, deep.

Length, 12.50; width, 8.00; aperture length, 8.50; width, 5.50 mill.

6 1,005. s-* "8.00: “i ng SOO ts 00S
“ LES hata S:00- ue as PAU UE oe garreme: BY 155 LG

Animal, jaw, radula and genitalia not examined.

Distribution: Southern part of Lake Michigan.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hatitat: Probably similar to catascopium and emarginata,
but inhabiting rather deep water.

Remarks: This species has been a puzzle for several years
and has been referred to both decollata and catascopium.* It
certainly is not any form of catascopium, and judging by the
figures in Binney, Haldeman and Tryon it is not decollaia.
Specimens of the latter received from the Philadelphia Acad-
emy of Sciences are decidedly different, the spire being longer,
the number of whorls less and the shape of the aperture dif-
ferent. The principal characteristics ot woodruffi are its very
short spire, rapidly increasing and swollen whorls, and its
roundly oval aperture with its broad shoulder at the upper part.
It looks not unlike a miniature Lizun@a emarginata var. mighelst.
Specimens sent to Mr. Bryant Walker were declared by him to
be distinct from anything he had seen. The present species
has been described as new, for the reason that in a lot of some
two hundred specimens no individuals have been found con-
necting it with any known form. It has been found at Miller’s,
Ind., and along the lake shore, in Chicago, by Mr. F. M. Wood-
ruff, to whom the species is dedicated.

107. Limnza desidiosa Say, pl. xxx, fig. 20; pl. xxxi, fig. 7.
Limnea desidiosa SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 169, 1821.
Limnea modicella Sav, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. V, p. 122, 1825.
Limnaa acuta LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, p. 114, pl. xix, fig.
81, 1837.

Limnaa philadelphica LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 82, 1841.

Limnea plica LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 38, 1841.

Limnea rustica LEA, |. c., p. 38, 1841,

Limnea planulata LEA, |. c., p. 38, 1841.

Limnea jamesit LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 118, 1864.

Limne@a desidiosa var. decampi, L. H. STRENG, The Nautilus, Vol. IX,
p. 123, 1896. (Variety.)

Shell; Subconic, pointed, oblong, rather thin, sometimes

*In the writer’s paper on Limnza before mentioned, pl. i, fig. 12, this form was referred
to variety Jimguis Say. The receipt of a large number of specimens has demonstrated that
it is not that form.

Sie 4 -
OS a a eee =

- . ro a

266 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

inflated; color light or dark horn; surface shining, covered
with numerous crowded, fine lines of growth, which can
scarcely be discerned on the apex; whorls five, somewhat
shouldered in some forms, the shoulder being near the suture;
the last whorl is very large, half the length of the entire shell;
each whorl is double the size of the one preceding; spire
sharply-conical; sutures very deeply indented; aperture elon-
gately ovate, somewhat expanded; peristome thin, acute; col-
umella thickened by a testaceous deposit, and bearing a heavy
plait across the middle; the columella is reflected at the lower
end, the reflection almost covering the umbilicus, which is
narrowly open; the umbilical region is somewhat indented.
The surface is sometimes broken up by coarse, spiral semi-
ridges into facets, forming a somewhat reticulated surface.

Length, 12.00; dicate 6.00; aperture length, 6.00; width, 3.00 wali (8457.)

“12.00; 5.25; 6.00; “ 3,50 (8457.)
“ 40.00; “ 400; « “ 550; “ 250 “ (8457.)
« 975; « 500; « “ 450; 29.50 “ (8457.)
«1300; “ 5.95; “750; “ 400 “ (8468)

Animal (Fig. 84): With a very small, more or less oblong
foot, when viewed from the base, the anterior and posterior
borders rounded; color dark gray or blackish, lighter below;

Fie. 84.
Animal of LIMN2ZA DESIDIOSA Say. (Binney, Fig. 25.)

the whole surface is dotted with whitish, which is specially
noticeable about the eyes; tentacles triangular, flat, short, more
or less transparent; the black eyes are placed on prominences
at the inner base of the tentacles; respiratory orifice on the
right side, near the angle of the peristome and body whorl.
Length of foot 5.00, width 3.00 mill. The heart is situated near
the umbilicus and the pulsations are very rapid; the writer
counted one hundred and fifty to one hundred and fifty-five
per minute.

Jaw: Asusual.

Radula formula: 32+3+4+1+4+3+2° (46—1—46); cen-
tral tooth as usual; lateral teeth with a subquadrate base of
attachment, the reflection very broad, bicuspid, the inner cusp

Ma hs eee ee

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 267

long, reaching below the lower margin of the base of attach-
ment, the side cusp smaller; the eight to sixteen laterals are
tricuspid, the inner cusp very small; these may be called inter-
mediate marginals; marginals at first (seventeen to twenty)
modified laterals, with a long, bifid inner cusp and two very
short outer cusps; balance of marginals long and narrow, ser-
rated, generally three short cusps at the distal end and two
short cusps at the outer side; these latter disappear toward the
outer part of the membrane (28-45); all have cutting points,
especially well developed on the laterals and first marginals
(Fig. 85).

Genttaia: Not examined.

Distribution: New England to Iowa, Canada, Manitoba
and California, south to Virginia, Kentucky and New Mexico.

7-20

17

45-46 A427

Fig. 85.
Radula of LIMN#A DESIDIOSA Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 8, lateral tooth; 17-20, modified marginals; 21-45, various
types of marginals.

£4

Geological distribution : Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: In small bodies of water, clinging to submerged
stones and sticks. It occasionally inhabits the larger rivers.
Prefers still water, and has been dredged in Lake Superior at
a depth of 8 to 13 fathoms.

Remarks: This species is subject to some little variations
and numerous names have been given to these forms.* In the
main, however, it may be recognized by its long, pointed apex,

*It is evident from a study of present material and the original figures and descrip-
tions, that several other species will have to become synonyms of desidiosa; L. obrussa Say
and L. fusiformis Lea may be considered doubtful species.

he fa a 7
oT mI ; P '
ETE Si Oe YOO Oe ea

268 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

andelongately-ovateaperture. ItapproachesZ. hwmilisin some
of its forms, but that species is much smaller, has a shorter,
more obtuse spire, and a more rounded base and aperture; the
lower part of the latter is not produced as in desidiosa. When
in motion the animal is slow and deliberate, the shell being
pulled forward by aseries of jerks. Itisa very common Limn-
nea, and is found in all parts of the area. Fossil forms occur
in sand banks on the lake shore north of Graceland avenue.

The spire and shell vary greatly in length and width, in
some cases being long and narrow while in others they are
shorter and the whorls more rounded. So great is this varia-
tion that, did not intermediate forms occur, the extremes would
be worthy of specific distinction. The rounder, more graceful
forms are figured on PI]. xxxi, Fig. 7.

108. Limnza humilis Say,* pl. xxx, fig. 21.
Limnea humilis Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 378, 1822.
Limnea parva LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 33, 1841.
Limnea curta LEA, |. ¢c., p. 33, 1841.
Limneaexigua LEA, |. c., p. 33. 1841.
Limnea grifiithiana, LEA, |.c., p. 33, 1841.
Limnea linsleyi DE KAY, Moll. of New York, p.72, pl. iv, fig. 74, 1843.
Limnea lecontii LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 113, 1864.

Shell; Thin, transparent to translucent, ovate-conic; color
light horn, sometimes reddish: surface shining, covered with
numerous crowded lines of growth, which are not much ele-
vated and which disappear on the apex; whorls five, well-
rounded, the last being a trifle longer than the spire in most
specimens; spire obtusely conic; sutures impressed, sometimes
indented; aperture oblong-ovate, somewhat expanded, nar-
rowed at the upper part, generally a little longer than the
spire; peristome thin, acute; columella oblique, covered with
a thin testaceous deposit; the columella is reflected along the
lower third, the reflection nearly covering the umbilicus which
is narrowly open.

Length, 8.50; width, 4.00; aperture long, 4.50; width, 2.75 mill. (10488.)
- 8.00; “450: Re «ADD. 8 BR Ae
Be y fs eee Fa, cf 6) eee See 2.00 “ (10488.) -

Animal: In general form similar to destdiosa,; color light
brown or blackish, lighter on the foot, translucent about the
edges of the body. Heart situated as in the last species, pul-

*It is probable that some names here given as synonyms will be found to constitute

goad varieties when a revision of the genus is made from abundant and authentic material,
he same is true of L. desidiosa.,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 269

sations regular, one hundred and forty to one hundred and
forty-six per minute.

Jaw: As usual.

Radula formula: +2+4+8+1+4+4+4+}2 (22—1—22); cen-
tral tooth as usual; lateral teeth bicuspid, the inner cusp very
long and wide, bifid, the outer cusp smaller; marginal teeth long
and narrow, the distal end four-cuspid, and two small denticles
on the center of the outer margin (Fig. 86). Asecond example
gave IS-I-15 teeth with six laterals. This latter was probably
an incomplete membrane, as several examinations gave the
result recorded above.

Genitaha: Not examined.

Distribution: New England to California, Canada to Geor-
gia, Texas and New Mexico.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Similar to that of destdiosa. It seems to prefer
the under side of boards, sticks and lily pads.

1

Fig. 86,
Radula of LIMN&A HUMILIS Say. (Original.) c, central tooth; 1,
first lateral; 15, ninth marginal.

1S

Remarks: As remarked under the last species, humilis is
closely related to des:diosa. It is always smaller (about one-
half), is xavely malleated, and the spire is shorter and more
conic and the aperture more rounded. This is one of our most
abundant species and may be found by the hundred in any
small pond or ditch, attached to submerged sticks, stones or
vegetation. It is, like all the Limnzids, very sociable, and is
always found in communities. JL. destdiosa, caperata and palus-
tris are almost always found associated with the species. It is
as frequently out of water as init, and this fact has led some
conchologists to identify it as Pomatopsis. Not long ago a
number of specimens were given to the Academy by a gentle-
man who said they were found in wet moss, but not in the
water at all. He thought, from this fact, that they must cer-
tainly be a land mollusk. The writer has had this species

270 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

crawl over his desk like some of the land snails, which fact is
true, in a lesser degree, of L. caperata and desidiosa. A form
occurs at Berry Lake in which the spire is quite short, and the
aperture longer than inthe typical form. It is universally dis-
tributed.

/
109. Limnza caperata Say, pl. xxx, fig. 18.
Limnea caperata Say, New Harm. Diss., Vol. II, p. 280, 1829.

Shell: Ovately elongate, rather solid, translucent; color
yellowish horn to brown, sometimes black; surface shining or
dull; lines of growth numerous and very fine; shell encircled
by numerous irregular, raised spiral lines, which give the shell
a somewhat latticed appearance; these spiral lines are placed
on the epidermis and may be rubbed off with a brush; whorls
five to six, convex, the last less than half the length of the shell;
spire long, somewhat acute; sutures very heavily impressed;
aperture ovate, its terminations more or less rounded, fre-
quently reddish or purplish; peristome thin, sharp; columella
strong, white, reflected so as to cover the umbilicus; there is a
small fold crossing the center of the columella; umbilicus small,
narrow, deep, frequently covered by the reflected columella.

Length, 12.00; width, 5.50; aperture length, 5.50; width, 5.00 mill. (10656.)

+; 10,80; 2%. -7:00; 3 e BOOS FN ae Be ert (10656. )
ra 9.00;" ~4.50; ? . 2D ic AEE Os at (10656.)
‘e 11,003) (68 os eg # hs DO oe io ee ae (10437.)
x 13.00; “ 6,00; ef i fl tt Pama enia es ror: | cy (12857.)
ys D500 ey oon. ry “ Be OOS (12687.)

Animal: Black or bluish black, lighter below and minutely
flecked with small, whitish dots, which are scarcely visible ex-
cept on the top of the head; head distinct; tentacles short, flat,
triangular; foot short and wide, 8 mill. long and 3 mill. wide.
Heart placed a trifle below the center of the columella, the
pulsations ranging from one hundred and twenty-nine to one
hundred and thirty-three, somewhat irregular in movement.

Jaw: As usual.

Radula formula: $3+3+4+4+4+44+3+43 (32—1— 32); cen-
tral tooth as usual; lateral teeth with a subquadrate base of at-
tachment, the reflection longer than wide and bicuspid; the
inner cusp very large, the outer cusp short; the eighth to tenth
teeth are modified from laterals to marginals by the bifurcation
of the inner cusp, and the splitting up of the upper part of the
outer cusp into small denticles; the tenth tooth is trifid on the

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY 271

inner cusp and the eleventh and all that follow are of the usual
form (Fig. 87).

Genitalia: Not examined.
Distribution: New England to California and Hudson Bay
to Louisiana; Alaska (Randolph).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Flabitat: Found in small colonies in ditches and clear
patches of swamp. It prefers submerged pieces of wood.

Remarks: This species is distinguished by its heavy spiral
lines and long, acute spire. The animal is very rapid and de-
cisive in its. movements. Several specimens, kept together in
captivity, ate holes in each other’s shell for the lime for their
own shells. This was at first attributed to cannibalism, but

c k Ky ,
ghee y 8 ste
b, ; tp é 4 17 “20 Ab

Fig. 87.

Radula of LIMN#A CAPERATA Say. (Original.) c, central tooth; 1-7,
lateral teeth; 8, 9, modified marginals; 10, first true marginal; 12, 14, 17,
intermediate marginals; 20, 25, outer marginals.

upon investigation this supposition was found to be incorrect. °
It is quite abundant and is one of the neatest Limnzids found
in this area. An egg mass of this species was laid March 16,
1897. It contained forty-five eggs, distinctly nucleated, and in
a jelly-like mass measuring 11 by 2 mill. _

‘On March 18th a second egg mass was laid, and on the
Igththree more masses. On the 22d three individuals were seen
in coitu, each one endeavoring to play the active part. Of the
five egg masses laid each contained the following number of
eggs: 42, 42, 35, 45, 28. The eggs were spherical in shape and
very distinctly nucleated. One set of eggs was laid the morn-
ing of the tgth, and at noon of the 20th embryos were seen
slowly rotating about, propelled by numerous cilia. The
writer regrets that through some accident which occurred while

/

) 35 ah ¢
oF, ae oe _ oe

272 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. )

moving from one house to another, the eggs became lost, so
that he is unable to record any exact observations on the em-
bryology of caperata.

109a. Limnza caperata umbilicata Adams, pl. xxx, fig. 19.
Limnea umbilicata ADAMS, Amer, Journ. Sci., ed. 1, Vol. XXXIX,
p. 374, 1840.
Limne@a cubensis BAKER (non PFR.), Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci.,
Vol. XI, p. 12, pl. i, fig. 1, 1901.

Shell; Ovate, solid, translucent; color yellowish or brown-
ish horn; surface shining, growth lines fine and numerous; shell
encircled by raised spiral lines; whorls five, very convex, the
last whorl inflated, occupying from one-half to three-fifths of
the total length of the shell; spire short, obtuse; conic, sutures
much impressed; aperture roundly ovate, one-half to three-

Fie. 88.

Radula of LIMN&A CAPERATA UMBILICATA Adams, (Original.) c,
central tooth; 1-4, lateral teeth; 5, 6, 7, transition teeth; 8, 9, 12, 20, mar-
ginal teeth.

fifths the length of the shell, the terminations rounded; peri-

stome thin, sharp, thickened inside by a reddish deposit; ,
columella strong, reflected over the narrowly open umbilicus;
columella with a small fold.

Length, 10.00; width, 5.00; aperture length, 5.50; width, 2.75 mill.- (10655.)

ch G.00e27 S72 <4 00: ‘s % ee 2s 2.00 “ (10655.)
3 6.7550: 29" 0; x " BOs vit 2.00 ‘* (10492.)
6 SVR s oe ieee % S 6.00408 3.50 “ (12475.)
tS TAOO ce oa Es “4 7.00; “ 3.00 “ (12686.)

Animal: Similar to that of caperata.
Jaw: As usual, striated.

Radula formula: 23+43+4+4+4+4+44+34 22(30—1— 30);

a poards —-

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 273

central tooth as usual; first four laterals with a quadrate base
of attachment, about as wide as high; reflection bicuspid, the
inner cusp very large, the outer cusp smaller; fifth to seventh
transitory, the inner cusp becoming split up into two cusps
and asmaller cusp appearing on the outer side of the outer
cusp; eighth, and all after true marginals, long and narrow,
with from five to seven cusps; at first two of the cusps are
situated some distance up the outer margin of the cusp, but
finally (20) they appear only on the distal end (Fig. 88).

Genitalia: Not examined.

Distribution: Same as caperata.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Similar to and almost always associated with
caperaia.

Remarks: This variety was formerly identified as cudbenszs
Pfr., but that species has a smooth shell and is more robust,
grouping with Zwmels and destdiosa rather than with the caperata
section. Umbilicata is doubtless a form of caperata, but seems
distinct enough to constitute a separate variety characterized
by ashort spire and swollen whorls. Like caperata, the variety
is universally distributed throughout the area, but is not quite
so common. Fossil specimens have been found in sand banks
along the lake shore north of Graceland avenue.

110. Limnzea palustris Miiller, pl. xxxii, fig. 1.

Limnea palustris MULLER, Zool. Dan. Prodr., 2984, 1776.

Limneus elodes SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 169, 1821.

Limnea umbrosa SAY, Amer. Conch., pl. xxxi, fig. 1, 1832.

Limnea plebeta GOULD, Invert. of Mass., 1841.

Limnea fragilis HALDEMAN (non Linné), Mon. p. 20, pl. vi (non figs.
10, 11), 1842.

Limne@a sumasst BAIRD, Proc. Zodl. Soc., London, p. 68, 1863.

Limnea palustris var. zebra J. W. TAYLOR, British Mollusca (vide
Walker, in letter).

Shell; Varying from elongate to elongate-ovate, rather
thin; color varying from pale brown to almost jet black; sur-
face dull to shining, covered with numerous crowded growth
lines crossed by several elevated spiral lines and by numerous
very fine impressed spiral lines, which give the surface a mal-
leated aspect; the whorls are sometimes encircled by coarse
wrinkles, and frequently the epidermis is so arranged as to
show longitudinal stripes of white and horn color, alternating;
whorls six, rounded, the last varying in its rotundity; spire
sharp and pointed, varying from over half to three-fifths the

274 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

length of the entire shell; sutures well impressed; aperture
roundly-ovate, more or less expanded; peristome thin, acute,
sometimes expanded, in old specimens thickened by a heavy
deposit within; the peristome is white and there is a band of
very dark brown which edges the callus deposit; columella
oblique, reflected, with a large fold across the middle, and cov-
ered by a heavy, whitish, testaceous deposit which is more or
less spreading; umbilicus closed by the spreading callus and
reflected columella, but the region is indented and the umbili-
cus is sometimes narrowly open,

Length, 27.50; width, 9.50; aperture length, 12.00; width, 5.00 mill. (9323.)

“93.00; 9,00; 11.00; “ 5,00 “ (8114.)
“ 9400; “ 10,00; “11.50; “ 5.50 “ (9884,)
«30.00; “ 12.00; «“ “1400; “ 710 “ (8115,)
«96.00; “ 12.00; “1995: 7.00 “ 8115.)
“90.00; “ 900; « “9.00; = 4.50“ (9695.)
ORE Le, | apie Eo, RI Stee “850; “© 8.50 “ (9695.)
“ 96.50; “ 11.00; “11.00; “ 6.00 “ (9695.)

Animal: With ashort, wide foot, rounded before and be-
hind; tentacles short, triangular; color black, lighter below,
the body spotted with white which shows through the shell.
Heart situated as usual, pulsations regular, eighty to eighty-
one per minute. Length of foot 8.00, width 3.00 mill.

Jaw: As usual.

Radula formula: ¥4+$+$+4+$44+4 (34—1—34); cen-
tral tooth as usual; lateral teeth of the usual type, bicuspid;
transition teeth at first like laterals but tricuspid, the central
cusp the largest (eleven) but soon (thirteen) the inner cusps
become more equal and the outer cusp small; marginal teeth
of the usual type (Fig. 89). In one membrane examined
(Fig. 90) the first lateral to the right of the central tooth hada
bifid outer cusp. This was observed in all the first laterals in
this membrane.

Genitalia: Not observed.

Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia; circumpolar.
Alaska (Randolph).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found in small streams and rivers, ponds and
lakes, attached to floating sticks and submerged water plants.

Remarks: This is a very common and also a very variable
species. It is always a wide, more or less fusiform species,
with the aperture and spire equal, or the latter a trifle longer,

ree |

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 275

but never twice as long, as in vefexa. The malleation is usually,
though not always, present. There seem to be no geographic
races to this form, as several varieties may be found ina single
small pool, as is the case near Bowmanville. The lip may be
thin or thickened, without regard to size. Some forms are
ornamented by numerous fine, incremental lines, much as in
some land shells.

The food of the Lzmneids is supposed to be exclusively

Fig. 89.

Radula of LIMNHA PALUSTRIS Miiller. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 7,seventh lateral: 12-13, intermediate teeth; 14, 15, 24, 26,
30, marginal teeth,

vegetable, but from some recent observations and from late
notes of other naturalists it would seem that the group is car-
niverous as well as scavengiferous. The writer has noted this
species feeding upon dead carcasses (dogs, cats, etc.), and

Fic. 90.

First lateral tooth of LIMN#A PALUSTRIS Miiller, with bifid outer
cusp. (Original.)
Dr. Sterki (The Nautilus, Vol. V, p.94, 1891) has seen it in the
act of eating a living leech. Thespecies is found in almost all
parts of the area and in some localities is the predominating
form.

276 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The animal of palustris is very rapid in movement. It
crawls out of the water and will remain in this position for a
long time. When crawling, the shell is frequently moved rap-
idly from side to side, and is carried at all conceivable angles.
It is a very rapid feeder and will soon clear up the sides of an
aquarium. Like other species of the genus, palustris has the
habit of rising very suddenly from the bottom to the top of the
water where it will then float shell downward.
110a. Limnza palustris michiganensis Walker, pl. xxxii, fig. 5; pl. xxxi,

fig. 25.
Limnea atte michiganensis WALKER, The Nautilus, Vol. VI, p. 33,
pl. i, figs. 9, 10, 1892. '

This form is characterized by the aperture being about
one-half the total length, the outer lip is thickened within by a
bluish-white callus edged with brownish black; this shows as
a white longitudinal band on the outside of the shell; spire
acute, sutures impressed. Mr. Walker mentions very fine spiral
lines, but these are as fully developed in the typical forms as
in thevariety.

Length, 20.00; width, 8.00; aperture length, 9.00; width, 4.50 mill. (12083.)
“ 17.00; “ 7.00; « “ 850; © 4,00 “ — (12088.)
BS ESO Es FSO Os “ y 6.00; 0 (12082.)

Habitat: Associated with the type, but not as numerous
in individuals, and found from Michigan to Washington.
110b. Limnza palustris nutalliana Lea, pl. xxxi, fig. 6.

Limnea nutalliana LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 33, 1841;
BINNEY, L. & Fr., Wat. Sh. N. A., p. 42, fig. 62, 1865.

Several specimens apparently referable to this form (which
would appear to be a good variety of palustris) were collected
recently by Mr. J. H. Ferriss, at Rock Run, near Joliet. The
whorls in this species are more swollen and the sutures less
impressed than in typical palustris. The epidermis is also
peculiarly banded, the bands showing very plainly in the aper-
ture. It has been found only at the above locality.

Length, 20.00; width, 8.50; aperture length, 10.00; width, 5.00 mill. (12843.)
‘A 18,005. 1%. &* 5:50: “ 4 9.50; 5-500 o> (12aas.)

Mr. Lea’s description is appended for comparison.

“Shell ovately conical, rather thin, striate, subdiaphanous,
pale brown, imperforate; spire rather short; apex red; sutures
impressed; whorls six, convex; aperture ovate, inflated; banded
within.”

The original specimens were from Oregon.

LVRS hi SS

Ee BS ohn’

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. Pa |

110c. Limnza palustris expansa Hald., pl. xxxii, fig. 2.

Limnea expansa HALDEMAN, Mon., p. 29, pl. ix, figs. 6-8, 1842.

Limneus suffiatus W. W. CALKINS, MSS.

This form seems distinct enough to constitute a variety.

It is characterized by the spire and aperture being of equal
length, the whorls inflated and the aperture expanded and
shouldered at the upper part: In this area it has been found
only in the Calumet River. The figure is from Calkins’ type of
suffiatus.
Length, 26.00; width, 138.00; aperture length, 15.00; width, 8.00 mill. (8875.)
1i1. Limmneza ferrissi, N. Sp., pl. xxxi, fig. 26.

Shell: Rather thin, elongated, scalariform, rimate; color
light horn; surface dull to shining, lines of growth conspicuous,
crossed by impressed spiral lines; whorls six, regularly in-
creasing, convex, the last almost round; spire sharply conic,
two-thirds the length of the entire shell; sutures deeply im-
pressed; apex rounded, deep wine color; aperture roundly
oval, one-third the length of the shell, brownish within; peri-
stome thin, sharp, continuous; columella reflected, thickened
by a callus, and with a faint plait; umbilicus narrow, deep.

Length, 11.00; width, 5.50; aperture length, 4.50; width, 3.00 mill.

Animal, jaw, radula and genitaha not examined,

Distribution: Rock Run, Joliet, Ill.

Habitat: Similar to Limnea palustris.

Remarks: Ferrisst has a strong resemblance to Limnea hol-
bolla Beck and MOIl., and if collected in Siberia or Greenland
would certainly be so identified. The specimens under con-
sideration were collected by Mr. J. H. Ferriss in Rock Run,
near Joliet, and seem to constitute a very distinct species,
characterized by rounded, scalariform whorls. It does not
seem to be common and has been found only in Rock Run.
112. Limnza reflexa Say, pl. xxxii, fig. 6; pl. xxxi, fig. 1.

Limnea reflexus SAY, Journ, Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 167, 1821.

Limnaus elongatus SAY, 1.c., p. 167, 1821.

Limneus palustris var. distortus ROSSMASSLER, Icon., Vol. I, p. 97,
pl. ii, fig. 52, 1835,

Limnea lanceata GOULD, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. III, p. 64, 1848.
(Variety.)

Limnea zebra TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. I, p. 228, pl. xxiii,
fig. 4, 1865.

Shell: Very much elongated, narrow, thin, sometimes
scalar; color honey-yellow to black, sometimes obscurely lon-

Oe are
i a 29%

is
278 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

gitudinally banded; surface shining, covered with numerous
closely crowded growth lines, sometimes showing very fine
impressed spiral lines which reticulate the surface; the growth
lines are also wavy and elevated, in some specimens forming
elevated ridges of considerable size; apex smooth, brownish
or blackish; whorls six to seven, elongate-rounded, last whorl
dilated (compressed in some forms), reflexed; spire very long
and pointed, occupying about two-thirds of the entire length
of the shell; sutures impressed; aperture lunate or elongate-
ovate, narrowed at the upper part, very oblique in some speci-
mens; peristome whitish, thin, sharp, thickened by a heavy
callus on the inside, the callus chocolate or purplish in color;
lower part of peristome dilated; columella oblique, with a
heavy plait across its center, running up into the whorl and
extending to the apex; the columella callus is heavy, wide and
spreading, and, with the columella, is reflected so as to com-
pletely cover the umbilicus; umbilical region indented.

Length, 36.50; width, 11.00; aperture length, 14.00; width, 7.00 mill. (8111.)

34.00; “ 10.00; ss 13.00? 0-5 6.00" “2. (BETS
ve 30.50; “ 9.50; - <i 12.50; .“ 5.50. “ — (8109.)
¥ AOD LEE AZ OOF ie oo % 15.00; “ 850 “ (8109)
- DOUG; s. 10.00: s 13.50; “ 650 “ (8110.)
re 01.00; “ 9.50; 7 12.003 5 5" 1.00) > > ABE

Animal: Bluish-black or black; foot short and wide, 12.50
mill. long, 6.50 mill. wide; other characters as in palustris. The
head is carried but little in advance of the edge of the shell.

Jaw: As usual.

Radula formula: 34+8§+19+44 19+8+#4 (40—1— 40);
central tooth as usual; lateral teeth with a subquadrate base of
attachment; reflection large, a little longer than wide; bicus-
pid, the inner cusp very large and sub-bifid, the second part
represented only by a swelling on the inner side of the cusp;
the outer cusp is short and narrow, and pointed; intermediate
laterals and marginals tricuspid, the center cusp long, the outer
cusps short; as the marginals are approached the reflection
becomes narrow and the outer cusp is placed nearer the top of
the tooth; marginal teeth long and narrow, of the usual type
(Fig. g1).

Genttaha: Not observed.

Distribution: Northern United States and Canada, from
the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 279

Habitat: Yound plentifully in creeks, ponds, lakes and
rivers, attached to pieces of floating wood, submerged vegeta-
tion, stones, etc. Also found attached to floating garbage,
such as decaying apples, vegetables, etc.

Remarks: This is one of our most common species, and,
excepting L. stagnalis, is the finest and largest Limnca we have.
It is always characterized bya long and attenuated spire which
is generally twice as longastheaperture. In palustris the spire
and aperture are nearly equal, and the shell is wider in propor-

V L4¥ 1 A+ eh

37

Fie. 91.

Radula of LIMN#@A REFLEXA Say. (Original.) c, central tooth; 1,
first lateral; 11, 14, intermediate teeth; 18, 24, 29, 87, 39, marginals.

Mey

tion to its length-than in veffexa, and the latter is very rarely
malleated. There is great variation in the attenuation of the
spire, which the figures well illustrate. The lip is sometimes
continuous and entirely separated from the body whorl, and
the whorls are swollen and separated by a deep suture, as
shown on plate xxxi, Fig.1. This is intermediate between the
typical form and variety scalars.

The animal is generally rather sluggish in movement, but
sometimes moves with considerable rapidity, especially when
feeding. The species is as widely distributed in the present
area as palustris.

Dr. Howard N. Lyon has raised this species from the egg

280 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and has presented the set showing age-development to the
Academy. Considerable variation is shown in the form ot the
shell, the young (twelve to sixteen weeks) looking very like Z.
palustris, the characteristic “twist” of refexa not appearing until
the twenty-first week. The measurements of the successive
stages are as follows:

6 Weeks; length, 2.00; width, 1.50 mill.

12 iy * 5.00; pee A) Ti This set shows that some indi-
12 “ “10.00; “ 500 « viduals grow faster than others.
16 * 4, 1800)": - Sn60e—*
16 MOO; 72 Bae
4 ee ae «“ 2150; -* 9100 “
a2) 4 * 2600; #9002 4
33 3 “26.50; o, BO
52 e «26.00; “, ASD
52 < « 28.50; 4 1050>7

Another remarkable set showing development was pre-
sented by Dr. Lyon. The tablet contains fifteen specimens
which were all killed when seventeen weeks old, yet the small-
est is 4 mill. long and the largest 27 mill. All were fed on
lettuce and contained ina 4-quart battery jar, under equal con-

ditions of heat and light, and the brood was from a single egg
capsule.

112a. Limnza reflexa jolietensis Baker, p]. xxxii, fig. 4.

Limnea attenuata BAKER (non SAy), Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Vol.

IX, p. 20, pl.i, fig. 4, 1901.
Limnea reflexa jolietensis BAKER, The Nautilus, Vol. XV, p. 17, 1901.

Shell; With an attenuated spire, which is more pointed
than in reflexa; whorls seven, somewhat loosely coiled, very
convex; leaving a well-marked suture; apex small, rounded,
prominent; aperture about a third the length of the entire
shell, lunate, thickened on the inside bya heavy callus; peri-
stome thin; columella covered by a heavy callus and with a
prominent plait; color light horn, sometimes darker, aperture
dark horn, the callus yellowish, bordered with dark brown;
other characters as in refiexa.

i ai 24.00; width, 8.00; aperture length, 9.50; width, 5.25 mill. (12309.)
23.00; mig {5 * - 9.00; « 5.00 “ (12309.)
se 22.00 5 SOO; ce 4 8.75; “« 4.75 “ (12309.)

“< 29.00; mill. (Walker collection).

Animal, jaw and dentition as in reflexa.
Genttalia: Not examined.

er ee ee NS ee a eee ee eS ee oy

eo. >

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 281

Distribution: Joliet, Illinois ( Ferriss); Saginaw River, Mich.
(Walker).

Habitat: Same as reflexa.

Remarks: This variety was erroneously identified as aften-
uwata Say ina paper on Limnza in the St. Louis Academy. Mr.
Bryant Walker called the writer’s attention to this error and
suggested its description as a new variety, characterized by an
attenuated spire, rounded whorls and a general scalariform as-
pect. It is fairly common at Joliet, but has not been found in
any other part of the area.

Jolietensis has a close resemblance to variety szrtlandiana,
but in the former the whorls are more rounded, increase more
rapidly in size and the last whorl is differently shaped. The
varieties scalaris, kirtlandiana and jolietensis are very closely re-
lated but seem to be easily distinguished.
112b. Limnza reflexa walkeri Baker, pl. xxxi, fig. 2.

Limnea reflexa var. scalaris BRYANT WALKER, The Nautilus, Vol. VI,

p. 33, pl. i, fig. 7, 1892.

Not scalaris VAN DEN BROECK (Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., Vol. V, p.
37, pl. ii, fig. 1, 1870, Vol. vii, p. 89, 1872), a variety of Limnea
stagnalis.

This form is intermediate between the typical veflexa and the
variety jolietensis. It is in reality ascalariform condition, the
whorls being well rounded and divided by a deep suture. The
variety does not seem to bevery common, and is always found,
at least in this area, associated with the type. It may be col-
lected sparingly in Lake Calumet and near Joliet.

Length, 37.00; width, 11.00; aperture length, 12.00; width, 6.00 mill.
28.00; “ 9.00; sg oh 10.00; Cakes | ea

_t12c. Limneza reflexa kirtlandiana Lea, pl. xxxi, fig. 4.

Limnea kirtlandiana LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 33, 1841.

“Shell: Turreted, thin, irregularly striate, pale horn color,
imperforate; spire attenuated; sutures impressed; whorls six,
slightly convex; aperture narrow-elliptical. Diameter, .26,
length .7o of an inch.” (Lea.)

A number of shells answering in a general way to Lea’s
description were collected by the writer in Mud Lake, near
Grand Crossing. They are small, none of them exceeding
four-fifths of an inch in length. The whorls seem to be more
rounded in some individuals than Lea’s figure (Binney, Fig.
111) would indicate, but aside from this they agree very well.
In some specimens the outer lip is thickened within by a heavy,

282 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

white callus, bordered internally with very deep red or chest-
nut. The original locality was Poland, Ohio, and it has since
been found in Michigan, Utah and Nebraska, which distribution
shows that it is likely to be found anywhere within the area
bounded by these localities. In the present region it has been
found in Mud Lake, Berry Lake (collected by Prof. W. K.
Higley), and in a ditch at Robey.
Length, 20.00; width, 7.00; aperture length, 7.50; width, 3.75 mill. (8382.)

“ 18.00; “ 600; « “700; «2.50 “ (8382)
112d. Limnza reflexa exilis Lea, pl. xxxii, fig. 3; pl. xxxi, fig 3.

Limnea exilis LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, p. 114, pl. xix, fig.
82, 1837.

Limnea reflexa variety BAKER, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Vol. 1X,
p. 19; pl. i, fig. 3, 1901.

Shell: Elongated,attenuated, thin; color light corneous or
honey-yellow; surface shining, growth lines distinct, crowded,
crossed by numerous very fine incremental striz; apex smooth,
very dark brown; whorls six to seven, flat-sided, rapidly in-
creasing in size, the last a little over one-third the length of
the entire shell; spire long and very much attenuated; sutures
impressed, margined below bya white band which is frequently
edged with chestnut; aperture elongate-ovate, slightly con-
tracted at the upper part; peristome sharp, thin, a rather heavy
callus within which is dark chestnut colored, the remainder of
the aperture being brownish or horn color; this color shows on
the outside as a light band; umbilicus closed; columella oblique,
not twisted, covered with a thin callus and with a light plait.

Length, 37.00; width, 11.00; aperture length, 14.00; width, 6.00 mill.

ss 30.00; “ 9.00; eS - 13,00; 45. -6,00-*
te 24,00; ** 7.50; s Me LO 50s Done

Distribution: Mississippi Valley, occurring also in Michi-
an.

: Remarks: This variety in its typical form is almost dis-
tinct enough to constitute a species, and might be so designated
did not intermediate forms occur. The most pronounced dis-
tinguishing characters are the flat-sided whorls, particularly
the last, the long, steeple-shaped spire and the shallow sutures.
The peculiar twist, so characteristic of typical vef/exa, is absent,
as is also the wide aperture. The animal is similar to reflexa;
the radula has the formula }#+§+12+1+419+6+34 (40-1-40),
the teeth being the same as those of veflexa.

This very distinct variety has been found only in the Cal-
umet River, so far as at present known.

pe '

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 283

Among a lot of specimens from Calumet River, the indi-
vidual which is here figured (Pl. 31, Fig. 3) was found. Itis the
slenderest specimen of veflexa yet seen, the whorls (seven and
one-half) are just a trifle convex, the sutures somewhat im-
pressed, and the spire very attenuated.

Length, 36.00; width, 9.50; aperture length, 14.00; width, 6.00 mill.
113. Limnza stagnalis* appressa Say, pl. xxxiv, fig. 1.

Limnea appressa SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 168, 1821.

Limnea speciosa ZIEGLER Of ROSSMASSLER, Icon. und Siissw. Moll.,
pt. I, p. 96, pl. ii, fig. 50, 1835.

Limnea jugularis SAY, Nich. Encycl., Amer. ed., 1816. (Variety.)

Limne@a stagnalis var. occidentalis HEMPHILL, The Nautilus, Vol. IV,
p. 26,1890. (Variety.)

Limnea stagnalis var. sanctemari@ WALKER, |. c., Vol. VI, p. 31, pl. i,
figs. 4,5, 1892. (Variety.)

Shell: Elongated (or oval), ventricose at the anterior end,
thin; color yellowish-horn to brownish-black; surface shining,
growth lines numerous, crowded, more or less elevated, crossed
by numerous fine, impressed spiral lines; apex smooth, brown-
ish horn color; whorls six and one-half, rapidly increasing, all
but the last two rather flat sided; last whorl very large, con-
siderably dilated and inflated; spire long, pointed, acute, occu-
pying about half the length of the entire shell (sometimes very
short); sutures distinct, sometimes impressed; aperture large,
broadly ovate, dilated, particularly at the upper part; peris-
tome thin, acute, in some specimens thickened by an internal
callus; lower part rounded; columella crossed in the middle by
a very heavy plait, which starts from the base of the aperture
and runs obliquely into the aperture of the shell about 10 mm.
from the junction of the peristome with the body whorl; there
is a spreading callus on the columella and labrum, which com-
pletely covers the umbilicus.

Leth., 48.00; width, 21.50; aperture lgth., 26.00; width, 14.00 mill. (8118.)

pao 33 Dy 10 a aa ice rl | ay EA ered. LaODen = (8113.)

SUES eS ie os PLO tga Tiere hs 50) same ea (8113.)

Se OOH en OOO 2% eS Fr OOO S| i tlh ee LE OO (8113.)

ee OO Mae 5 Ma ees ae iy UU es a Mac OU ) 54 (COL, [eEMSEn.)
pF Mi) 700, VC gt tet /7:07 01 eka BL Uk es oo LADO 9 (12315.)

*It seems hardly necessary, or worth the time expended, to name the numerous varie-
ties of this species recognized by European writers, and yet it may be of some interest to
tabulate the names of some of these varieties as recorded in the Annales de Ja Société Mala-
cologique de Belgique, Vol. VII, 1872, p. 81, et seq. These are: sinistvosa, Jeff. (reversed),
lutea, maxima, expansa, gquadrangulata, alba, erosa, regularis, distorta, aperta, biplicata,
costulata, all of Collin; minima, gibbosa, illaqueata, aquarii, arenaria, froducta, all of J.
Colb.; rosea Gass., subfusca, major, pumila, turgida, a\l of Mogq.-Jan., var, roseo-/abiata
Wolf (Moq.), fragilis L. (Moq.), scalaris Broeck. This list sisi shows to what extent
the system of varietal naming may be carried. ‘

284 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Animal: Dark horn-colored, tinged with bluish on the
foot; head distinct, separated from the body by a constriction
or neck, and produced into /ateral flaps or vela; tentacles tri-
angular, rather long, flat, the eyes placed on their bases; foot
short and wide, truncated before and roundly pointed behind,
20.00 mill. long and g.oo mill. wide; respiratory orifice very
large, placed near the junction of the peristome with the body

Fia. 92.
Animal of LIMN2A STAGNAEIS Linné. (Canadian Naturalist, Vol. II, p. 196.)

whorl. Heart situated midway between upper and lower ends
of columella, pulsations varying from thirty-seven to forty-
eight per minute (Fig. 92).

Faw: As usual.

Radula formula: $2+543+13+14+13+,513+4#2 (46-1-46);
central tooth as usual, a single membrane examined had the cen-
tral tooth abnormal in possessing a denticle on the left side of
the reflection (Fig. 93, c.); lateral teeth with a quadrate base
of attachment, the reflection very large, reaching far below the
base of attachment, bicuspid, the inner cusp very large, the
outer cusp very small (the first lateral has a bifid inner cusp);
intermediate teeth very long and narrow, bi- or tricuspid; mar-
ginal teeth very long and narrow, four or more cuspid, the cusps
being very blunt and small and extending irregularly along
the outer edge of the teeth. The number of teeth seems to
vary in different individuals: the writer has counted from 46-
1-46 to 54-1-54; Binney (L. and F. W. Sh., p. 28) gives 40-1-40
and (p.1§5) 47-1!-47 teeth; Bland and Binney (Am. Journ.

Conch., Vol. VII., p. 161) give 40-1-40. It is probable that ©

the membrane having 54-1-54 teeth was abnormal. 46-1-46
is the number generally counted by the writer (Fig. 93).
Genitalia: Not examined.
Distribution: North America, from the Atlantic to the
Pacific Oceans,

'
r 7
A ae a

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 285

Geological distribution : Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found generally in stagnant spots of ponds and
rivers about decaying vegetation. Rotting fruit or vegetables
floating in the water will be found a good habitat for this spe-
cies. Dredged from a depth of ten meters at High Island
Harbor, Lake Michigah. (Vide Bryant Walker.)

Remarks: This is our largest and finest Limnea, easily
distinguished by its great size, pointed spire and ample aper-
ture. It varies to a great extent, principally in the form and
size of the aperture, which is normally about the same length
as the spire, but may be twice its length; it may also be elon-
gately rounded or spreading and flaring. With all its variation,

A3

Fic. 93.

Radula of LIMN#A STAGNALIS Linné. (Original.) c, central tooth
(abnormal); 1, first lateral; 2, second lateral; 14, fourteenth lateral or first
intermediate tooth; 19, 25, marginal teeth.

however, it is easily identified and cannot be mistaken for any ©
other shell. This species may be classed with /alustris, under
the remarks on the latter species, in regard to its food. It has
been seen about dead carcasses of a number of animals. So
far as known it is confined to the southern and western regions.

Mr. Bryant Walker has called the writer’s attention to the
fact that the typical stagnalis of Europe is not found in Amer-
ica. Astudy of numerous specimens has convinced the writer

286 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

that this is true and that the typical American forms should be
called var. appressa, as distinguished by Say years ago.
Subfamily Planorbine.

“Lateral jaws present,” “Tentacles filiform.” ‘‘Foot short.”
( Dall.) Genitalia on the right or left side.

Genus PLANORBIS Guettard, 1756.

Shell: Dextral or sinistral, discoidal, with a flat, depressed
spire which is visible from both sides; aperture crescent shaped
or oval; peristome thin, simple, more or less expanded.

Animal: (Fig. 94.) With a short, ovate foot; tentacles
slender, filiform, the eyes sessile at their inner bases; genitalia
on left or right side; lateral jaws present; radula with sub-
quadrate teeth, the central being bicuspid, the laterals tricuspid,
and the marginals serrated; ova deposited in a thin envelope.

Gentalia: (Planorbis corneus, Bronn, Klassen und Ordnun-
gen der Weichthiere, taf. ciii, Fig. 10.) The ovotestis is long

Fie. 94.
Animal of PLANORBIS. (Binney, Fig. 175.)

and made up of a number of minute tubes; it is buried in the

liver, as in Limnza; the ovisperm duct is very long, convoluted ©

at its upper part and terminates just below the albuminiparous
gland, which is rounded and made up of rather large cells; the
vas deferens is very long, thick at its upper part and narrow
at its lower part, and enters the penis near its summit; the
prostate is placed near the center of the vas deferens, and is
about three times as long as wide; the oviduct is rather long,
swollen at its lower part, where it enters the cylindropyriform
vagina; the receptaculum seminis is cylindrical, and its duct is
short and thick and enters the atrium near the female oriface
(Fig. 95).

Distribution: World wide.

KEY TO SPECIES OF PLANORBIS.

A. Shell large, sinistral.

a. Aperture not expanded.

1. Apex sunk below the last whorl...................... trivolvts
2. Apex flush with the last whorl....................55- truncatus

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 287

b. Aperture expanded or bell-shaped.

1. Both upper and lower surface forming a cone-shaped
depression, the edge of the last whorl, above and be-
low, bordered by a sharp carina................... bicarinatus
2.

Upper and lower surface on same plane, not form-
ing a depression; all of the whorls visible aboveand

two rounded whorls visible below. No carina. ..campanu/atus

Fic, 95.
Genitalia of PLANORBIS CORNEUS. (Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen

der Weichthiere, Malacozoa, taf. CIII, Fig. 10.) dh, ovisperm duct; gh,

ovotestis; gal, albuminiparous gland; od, oviduct; p, penis; pr, prostate;
rs, receptaculum seminis.

B. Shell small, dextral.
a. Periphery acutely keeled.
1, Umbilicus narrow and rather deep

REX ra stile Sicusih's hee exacutus
b. Periphery rounded or obtusely keeled.
1. Umbilicus shallow and broad.
+Whorls well rounded, aperture ovate................. parvus
+tWhorls angular, aperture deflected................ deflectus

SusGENnus HELISOMA Swainson, 1840.

“Shell ventricose, whorls angulated. Spire sunk below
the body whorl.” ( Dall.)

a ee Ce

288 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

114. Planorbis trivolvis Say, pl. xxxii, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10.
Planorbts trivolvis Say, Nich. Ency., pl. ii, fig. 2, 1817.
Bulla fluviatilis Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 178, 1821
Planorbis lentus GOULD, Invert. of Mass., p. 202, fig. 1382, 1841. (Not of
Say.)
Planorbis regularis LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 6, 1841.
(Juvenile?)

Planorbis megastoma DE Kay,N.Y. Moll., p. 61, pl. iv, figs. 60, 61, 1843. —

Physa planorbula DE Kay, N. Y. Moll., p. 76, pl. v, fig. 83, 1848 (juve-
nile).

Planorbis trivolvis var. fallax HALDEMAN, Mon., p. 15, pl. iii, figs. 1-3,
1844,

Planorbis macrostomus WHITEAVES, Can. Nat., Vol. VIII, p. 113, fig.
1853. (Variety.)

Planorbis plexata INGERSOLL, Survey of the Terr, p, 402, 1874.

Planorbis distortus W. W. CALKINS, MSS.

Cochlea trium orbum LISTER, Conch., pl. cxl, fig. 46.

Shell: Sinistral,* discoidal, flat, carinate above, subcari-
nate below; color brownish or chestnut horn; surface shining,

Fic. 96.

Radula of PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 8, intermediate marginal; 14, seventh marginal.

lines of growth oblique, numerous, raised, equidistant; apex
almost submerged in the coils of the whorls; whorls four, dis-
coidal, rounded, subcarinate below, carinate above; spire flat,
in the young perfectly flat, but in the adult sunk below the level
of the last whorl, always exhibiting all the volutions; sutures
rather deeply indented; periphery rounded; base of shell in-
dented, showing from two and a half to three volutions, which

*There seems to be no question concerning the sinistral character of the majority of the
genus Planorbis. The young of all the larger species are sinistral and very much resemble
some species of Physa. For a detailed study of this subject see STEARNS, Proc. Phil. Acad.,
p. 92, 1881, and BAKER, Jour. Cin. Soc., N. H., Vol. XIX, p. 45, 1896.

3
3

.
4
*
4
a
¥

3
si
ie
q
3

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 289

are rounded and have very deep sutures between them; aper-
ture broadly lunate, somewhat expanded below, and with a
v-shaped angle above; the apertureis exactly the height of the
body-whorl; peristome acute, thin, rounded, a little thickened
on the inside and bordered within by a wide chocolate or yel-
lowish band extending from one termination to the other; ter-
minations approaching and connected bya very thin callus;
interior of aperture bluish-white or horn colored; umbilicus
narrow, deep, funnel-shaped.

°

Length. Width. Aperture Length. Width, Mills.

9.50 26.00 9.50 8.00 (8118.)

8,00 23.00 850 7.50. (8118.)

9.00 20.00 8.50 5.00 (8116.)
7.00 18.00 6.50 5.90 (8396.) (distortus.)
8.50 18.00 7.00 5.50 (8119.)

8.00 17.00 7,00 6.50 (8119.)

7.50 21.00 7.00 7.00 (8117.)

8.00 22.00 8.00 7.00 (8117.)

8.50 17.00 7.00 6.50 (8389.)

4,50 5.50, 4,25 2.00 (8782.). 1 Age
6.50 7.00 6.00 2.50 (8782.) \ develop-
1.25 12.00 7.00 4.50 (8732,) | ment.

Animal: Dark brown, sometimes dotted with yellowish;
foot short, wide, rounded before and behind; tentacles long,
filiform, always in motion; head not separated from the rest of
the body by a constriction; eyes situated on prominences at
the inner base of the tentacles. Length of foot, 13.00, width
4.50 mill.; tentacles 11.00 mill. in length. Mantle margin sim-
ple. Heart pulsations seventy to seventy-four, very regular.

Jaw; With a median arcuated, crenulated plate and two
narrow accessory plates.

Radula formula: 32%,+4+4+4+34% (t9—1—1I9); central
tooth witha base of ea aaa vent longer ened wide, swollen and
rounded on the lower half; reflection bicuspid, broad, the cusps
long and narrow, fang-like; lateral teeth with a quadrate base
of attachment and a large, square reflection which is tricuspid,
the center cusp being very wide and blunt and the side cusps
long and narrow; intermediate teeth similar to laterals, but
varying in the number and arrangement of the cusps; some-
times the change from laterals to marginals is abrupt, at others
it is very gradual, and in some membranes there appear to be
no two marginals alike; the large, blunt, central cusp in the lat-
eral teeth becomes a long and narrow cusp in the intermediate

o

290 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

teeth and the side cusps become much larger, so that all three
cusps are about equal; in addition to this the outer edge of the
cusp develops several small denticles; marginal teeth long and
narrow, with three small cusps at the distal end, and several
(three to four) small denticles on the outer edge ( Fig. 96).

Genitaha: Not examined.

Distribution: Eastern North America, west to the Rocky
Mountains; Manitoba. (Hanham.)

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found abundantly in the small streams and
large bodies of water, either crawling on the muddy bottom or
on sticks or other submerged objects, including vegetation.

Remarks: This is the most common, and at the same
time one of the most variable, species found in the area under
consideration. It is subject to much distortion, and several
malformations have been given specific names (p/exata, distorta);
its size is extremely variable, and giant, or especially corpulent
specimens, or those with an expanded peristome, have been
described as distinct (macrostomus). It may always be distin-
guished by its sharp, simple lip, and by both sides showing al-
most the same number of whorls. The young shell looks like
a Physa with the apex cut off. The animal is quite rapid in
movement, and it is an interesting sight to observe one of these
creatures moving along the glass side of an aquarium, with
its long, filiform tentacles waving about, and its shell carried
perfectly perpendicular. Dr. Sterki (Nautilus, Vol. V, p. 94),
speaks of the peculiar “stepping” of this species. He says:
‘He goes a ‘step,’ as far as he conveniently can, with the shell
deep down and close to the head; then he pushes it forward
and upward, thus shoving the sand away and making room for
another ‘step.’ It is more than probable that this digging is
done not merely for locomotion—for he could do it much
easier—but in search of food.” The other species also per-
form this “stepping” act. The species is universally distributed
throughout the area. During progression the shell is carried
almost perfectly perpendicular, and the spire and base become
the right and left side.

115. Planorbis truncatus Miles, pl. xxx, fig. 28.
Planorbis truncatus MILES,in WINCHELL’S Geological Survey, Mich.,
p. 238, 1861.

Shell; Sinistral, orbicularly discoidal, angulated and flat
above, subcarinated and rounded below; color light chestnut or

|
|
|
|
|

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 291

brownish; surface shining, lines of growth numerous, vertical,
raised, equidistant, crossed by raised, equidistant spiral lines,
giving the surface a latticed aspect; these spiral lines are de-
veloped on the lower, rounded surface and on the peripheral
portion of the whorl, but not on the flat upper surface; apex
distinct, pearly, a little raised above the whorls; whorls four,
carinated above, subcarinated below; periphery rounded; spire
flat, as though cut off, exhibiting all the volutions in the same
plane; sutures separated by a raised carina; base of shell
rounded, last whorl strongly keeled; umbilical opening round,
wide, rather deep; aperture ovate, deflected and rounded at the
lower part, flat and shouldered at the upper part; peristome
thin, acute, not expanded, thickened by a heavy, white callus
on the inside, which is bordered by a purplish band; interior of
aperture whitish, showing the spiral and growth lines.
Length, 6.00; width, 11.00; aperture length, 6.00; width, 5.00 mill. (8397.)
* G:00 5." 10.50; P: 3 BeOS Sr 4,00 “ (8397.)
a ODE fo 9° 11.00; < ‘: 6:5055>\" 4.00 * (8397.)

Ammal: Brownish in color, lighter on sides of foot and
tentacles; tentacles one-half the length of foot, rather thick
and blunt; foot wide, short, rounded at both ends (4.50 mill.
long, 2.00 mill. wide, small specimen); head broad, auriculated;
respiratory tube very large.

Jaw: As in ¢rivolvis.

Radula formula: 42+28+44+44+44+34+13 (22—1—22); the
teeth seemed to be in all respects like “#ivolvis.

Gemtalia: Not examined.

Distribution: Saginaw Bay, Mich. (Miles); Elk River,
Antrim County, Mich. (Walker); Miller’s, Ind. (W. K. Higley);
North Branch Chicago River (T. Jensen); George Lake (T.
Jensen); Chicago Drainage Canal, Summit, III. (Baker).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found under conditions similar to P. ¢rivolvis.

Remarks: This seems to be a very distinct species and is
quite rare. While examining young specimens of ¢r7volvis the
writer was struck by the very close similarity between them and
truncatus. his fact leads him to believe that the present spe-
cies is a recent offshoot or variation from ¢vivo/vis, which is the
parent stock. The truncated spire and latticed sculpture serve
to distinguish this very beautiful species. It seems to be an
inhabitant of deep water and only a very few specimens have

thus far been collected in this area. The animal is very slow
.

292 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

in movement and carries its shell at an angle of 45°. While
watching this species (as well as others) feeding upon the
glass sides of a jar, it seems evident that the entire radula is
exserted when eating the growths on the glass, in exactly the
same manner that a cat laps up milk. While feeding, the su-
perior jaw may be plainly seen, as well as the radula.

116. Planorbis bicarinatus Say, pl. xxxii, fig. 12.
Planorbts bicarinatus Say, Nich. Encycl., pl. i, fig. 4, 1817.
Helix angulata RACKETT, Linn. Trans., Vol. XIII, p. 42, pl. v., fig. 1,

1822.
Planorbis engonatus CONRAD, N. Fresh Sh. Suppl., p. 8, pl. ix, fig. 8,
1854,
Planorbis antrosus CONRAD, Amer. Journ. Science, I ser., Vol. XXV,
p. 343, 1834.

Planorbis lautus H. ADAMS, Proc. Zo6l. Soc. London, p. 145, 1861.
Planorbis bicarinatus corrugatus CURRIER, Walker, The Nautilus, Vol.
VI, p. 186, 1893. (Variety.)
Planorbis bicarinatus major WALKER, 1. c., p. 136, 1893. (Variety.)
Planorbis bicarinatus var. aroostookensis PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol.
VIII, p. 115, 1895. (Variety.)
Planor bis bicarinatus striatus BAKER, |.c.,Vol. XV, p. 120, 1902. (Variety.)
Shell:—Sinistral, discoidal, angulated; color yellowish or

brownish horn, sometimes dark brown or reddish; surface shin-
ing, lines of growth oblique, numerous, strong elevated, crossed
by very minute striz; apex small, but visible at the base of
the cone-shaped depression formed by the spire; whorls three,
discoidal, sharply carinated above and below; periphery
rounded; spire exhibiting all of the volutions but forming a
cone-shaped depression; sutures impressed; base of shell form-
ing a deep umbilical depression which exhibits all of the volu-
tions; aperture lunately-ovate, rounded below and v-shaped
above, where it rises far above the body whorl; the aperture
(usually) forms a slight bell-shaped enlargement, higher than
wide; peristome thin, acute, expanded, thickened ‘within by a
bluish-white callus, and with a band of reddish-brown just back
of this; extending from the termination above to the v-shaped
depression below; terminations connected by a thin callus; in-
terior of aperture whitish or brownish; sometimes there are
two whitish spiral bands within the aperture, where the superior
and inferior carinations make a shoulder, and extend far within
the throat.

Length, 6.50; width, 15.00; aperture length, 6.00; width, 5.00 mill. (8487.)
Wet eO.DUs 4) eo eeaentte ae 4.00; «3.00 (8488.)
Ms) 5.508 noe Ons are 5.00; CO BOO of” (B486.)
% 5.50; a 10.00; s 5.50; se A000 1 #0) (9849:)

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 293

Animal: With a rather wide foot (6x34 mill.) rounded be-
fore and behind; tentacles rather long and filiform, as long as,
or longer than, the foot; head rounded and not so much auric-
ulated as in ¢#zvolvis; color blackish, flecked with white on the
foot and tentacles; respiratory tube large, blackish, flecked
with white; eyes placed as usual.

Jaw: As in the genus.

Radula formula: #1+3+4+8+44+44+ 4421 (30—1—30); cen-
tral tooth as usual; lateral teeth of the usual shape, but reflec-
tion with a large, squarish central cusp, a large, rounded inner

14

Fic. 97.

Radula of PLANORBIS BICARINATUS Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 9, intermediate tooth; 12, third marginal; 25, outer marginal.

cusp and a smaller outer cusp; intermediate teeth with three
nearly equal, rather sharp cusps; marginal teeth as usual ( Fig.
97). The writer counted 136 rows in one membrane.

Genitalia: Not examined.

Distribution: United States and Canada, from New Eng-
land to Manitoba, and south to New Mexico.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hlabitat: In rivers and ponds, in water from two to ten or
fifteen feet in depth, on a muddy bottom:

Remarks: Bicarinatus is at once distinguished by Shee pecu-
liar, cone-shaped depression on both the upper and lower sur-
face, and by the characteristic v-shaped part of the aperture
which rises above the body whorl. The species is quite abun-
dant but is difficult to obtain alive on account of its preferring
deep water. The animal is rather slow in movement, the head
is carried much farther in advance of the foot than in “#zvolvvs.
It is an interesting sight to see one of this species crawling up

294 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the side of an aquarium, eating everything in its path. Ifa
morsel that is distasteful is taken into the mouth, it will be
immediately “spit out.” In one specimen examined, the man-
tle cavity was infested by a small parasite (or messmate)
which came out and went into the mantle chamber without
causing the snail any apparent discomfort. Azcarinatus is found
in all regions of the area, and has been collected fossil in sand
banks on the lake shore, north of Graceland avenue, by Mr:
Jensen.

SuBGENUS PLANORBELLA Haldeman, 1844.

‘Shell few-whorled, aperture campanulate.” (Dall.)

117. Planorbis campanulatus Say, pl. xxxii, fig. 11.

Planorbis campanulatus SAy, Jour. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 166, 1821.

Planorbts bellus LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 32, 1821.

Planorbts bicarinatus SOWERBY, Genera, pl. iv (non Say).

Helix angulata SHEPPARD, teste J. de C. Sowerby, Fauna Boreali-
Americana, Vol. III, p. 315.

Planorbis campanulatus minor CURRIER, Walker, The Nautilus, Vol.
VI, p. 187.

13
y, ;

Fre. 98.

Radula of PLANGRBIS CAMPANULATUS Say. (Original.) c, central be
tooth; 1, first lateral; 9, intermediate tooth; 15, third marginal. |

Shell: Sinistral, discoidal, more or less rounded; color
brownish-horn, sometimes reddish; surface shining, lines of 5
growth oblique, very numerous, raised, equidistant for the
most part; whorls four, discoidal. rounded above and below, ,
rarely subcarinated; spire flat, on a level with the general plane
ot the whorls, exhibiting all the volutions; sutures deeply im-
pressed; periphery rounded; base of shell rounded, showing
two volutions with a deep umbilicus in the middle; aperture Lg

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 295

lunate, the terminations of about the same shape, but rather
more expanded below; the mouth of the aperture dilates to a
great extent, forming a bell-shaped projection, a little wider
than high; peristome thin, sharp, somewhat expanded, the ter-
minations joined by a distinct callus; just within the aperture
there is a heavy ridge, where the bulging begins; the diameter.
of the aperture, where the dilation begins, is but one-half that
of the aperture at the ending of the dilation; interior of aper-
ture bluish-white.

Length, 6.00; width, 11.00; aperture length, 5.00; width, 4.00 mil]. (8481.)
ue Geol ee 10.00; ce es SOO sr O00. “9 B481,)
3 TAO ee 15.50; ‘ os DLO tm Oy nasi (B404,)
ss OOS tess 14.50; by gs Aaa eta) Aon" | (BABS)

Animal: Similar to that of wivolvis; color blackish all
over; tentacles rather short and blunt; head very wide and
auriculated; foot rounded before and rather pointed behind;

) a =
Fie. 99.

Under surfaces of the animals of PLANORBIS, showing variation in the
shape of the foot -~while in progression. (Original.) 1, BICARINATUS;
2, TRIVOLVIS; 3, CAMPANULATUS; 4, TRUNCATUS.,

8 mill. long and 4 mill. wide. Heart beats seventy-two per
minute. Some specimens appear of a greenish color when
viewed through the shell.

Faw: As usual.

Radula formula: 43+3+4+4445434+19 (251-25); cen-
tral tooth as usual; lateral teeth with three very nearly equal
cusps; intermediate teeth and marginals as usual. The lateral
teeth of this species differ considerably from those of “zvolvts,
bicarinatus and truncatus in having three very nearly equal cusps.
Several examinations have been made to verify this statement
and there seems to be no doubt of the accuracy of the same
(Fig. 98).

Genitalia: Not examined.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

296 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Habitat: Same as dbicarinatus.

Remarks: Campanulatus is distinguished from all other
Planorbes by its curious bell-shaped aperture. The flatness of
the whorls will also help to distinguish it. This species, like
' bicarinatus, is an inhabitant of rather deep water and it is diffi-
cult to obtain alive without a dredge. It is universally dis-
tributed throughout the area. The animal of campanulatus is
slow in movement and the shell is carried almost perpendicular.

In studying the last four species the writer has noted that
there is considerable variation in the shape of the foot and

head. Sicarinatus has a long foot and a large, rounded head, ©

both flecked with white, and the tentacles are very long and
filiform; trivolvis has a broad, rounded, blackish foot, a wide
head and rather short, thick tentacles; in campanulatus the foot
is pointed behind and is very black; and in truncatus it is nar-
rower behind than before and is of a brownish color (see
Fig. 99). If these four species be placed side by side these
differences may be plainly seen.

Suscenus MENETUS H. and A. Adams, 1855.

“Shell depressed, whorls rapidly increasing. Periphery
angulated.” (Dall.)

118. Planorbis exacutus Say, pl. xxvi, fig. 5.

Planorbts exacutus Say, Jour. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 165, 1821.

Planorbis lens LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, p. 68, pl. xxiii,
fig. 83, 1839.

Paludina hyalina LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. VJ, p. 17, pl. xxiii,
fig. 81,1839. (Monstrosity.)

Planorbis brogniartiana LEA, |. c., Vol. 1X, p. 24, 1844; Proc., Vol. II,
p. 242, 1842.

Planorbis lenticularis LEA, |. c., Vol. 1X, p. 6, 1844.

Shell; Dextral, very much depressed, with an acute per-
iphery; color pearly white; surface shining, slightly polished,
lines of growth numerous, oblique, slightly elevated; apex dis-
tinct, on a level with the spire; whorls four, rapidly increasing,
sloping in a well-rounded curve to the acutely keeled per-
iphery; spire very flat, all the whorls in the same plane, or
very slightly depressed at the apex; sutures impressed; base
of shell flatly convex; umbilicus rather narrow, deep, exhibit-
ing all the volutions; aperture obliquely ovate, sometimes
obtusely triangular; peristome thin, acute, the superior part
produced very much over the inferior part and expanded near

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 297

the periphery; peristome a little thickened on the inside; inte-

rior of aperture pearly.

Length, 1.50; width, 5.00; aperture length, 1.40; width, 2.25 mill. (10278.)
" 200s #1,00; fs Ce p(s iSpceabaeias F(a (12359.)

Animal; Similar to P. parvus ; color brownish; the foot is
very short and rounded.

Faw: As usual.

Radula: In all respects like that of parvus.

Genitalia: Not examined.

Distribution: Northern, Middle and Western States and
Canada, south to New Mexico.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found quite abundantly in rivers and ponds in
water from four to five feet in depth, either on a muddy bot-
tom or crawling among alge.

Remarks: This is a distinct species easily known by its
narrow umbilicus and very acute periphery. It is subject to
considerable variation, and a number of names have been given
to the different forms. Some of these forms are pure mon-
strosities and others simple local variations. In the present
area it is found in the southern and western region.

SusGENus GYRAULUS Agassiz, 1837.

“Shell: Rounded above, flat beneath, whorls few, rapidly
increasing.” (Dall.)
119. Planorbis parvus Say, pl. xxvi, fig. 7. °
Planorbis parvus Say, Nich. Encycl., pl. i, fig. 5, 1817.
Planorbis vermicularis GOULD, Proc. Bos. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II, p.,
212, 1847. (Variety.)
Planorbis billingsit LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad., Vol. III, p. 109, 1864.

Planorbis circumstriatus TRYON, con. HALDEMAN’ Ss Mon., p. 212, pl.
vii, figs. 14-16, 1870. (Variety.)

Planorbis concavis ANTHONY, Cat. of Shells of Cin. (No descr.), 187-.

Shell: Small, dextral, depressed, with a well-rounded per-
iphery; color bright horn to jet black; surface shining in the
light colored specimens but dull in the black examples; lines
of growth oblique, numerous, fine, slightly elevated, frequently
crossed on the base by several raised spiral lines; apex not dis-
tinct, generally, but on a level with the rest of the spire; whorls
four, rapidly enlarging; periphery rounded; spire flat, all the
whorls in the same plane; sutures very deeply impressed; base
concave, sometimes with raised revolving lines; umbilicus very
wide, shallow, exhibiting all the volutions; aperture broadly-

298 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ovate, expanded, very nearly in the same plane as the last
whorl; peristome acute, thin, the superior margin produced
very much over the inferior margin, and expanded near the
junction with the body whorl; interior of aperture yellowish-
white or whitish; terminations of peers connected by a
thin callus.

Lene 1.00; width, 3.00; aperture ic hee 95; we, 1.30 mill. (10242.)

As oe EE ‘a 1.10; 1.25 “ (10243.)
4 1.25; oY tees s 3 Lee eee (10245.)
‘3 1.50; “ 5.00; * rs £585 ae sore (12560.)

Animal: Dark brown, lighter below; toot short, rounded;
tentacles filiform, whitish, with a dark line on the center of the
dorsal surface; respiratory groove long and narrow, whitish.

Jaw; With lateral plates present.

Radula formula: 2°;+§+4+8+ 7% (18 — 1 — 18); central
tooth with a base of attachment longer than wide, produced at

Fie. 100.

Radula of PLANORBIS PARVUS Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 9, first marginal; 10, 13, marginals.

the lower outer corner and excavated in the center of the lower
margin; reflection bicuspid, the cusps short and wide; lateral
teeth with a subquadrate base of attachment; reflection wide,
tricuspid, the center cusp long and rather wide, the side cusps
shorter; marginal teeth modified laterals in being low and very
wide, the outer cusp splitting into 2-3-4 small cusps (Fig. 100.)

Genitalia: Not examined.

Distribution: Whole of eastern North America, west to
Manitoba and California. Dredged in Lake Superior, at a
depth of eight to thirteen fathoms.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found in great abundance on the stems of water
plants, submerged objects and among floating vegetation, such
as Spirogyra.

Remarks: This is our most common small Planorbis, dis-
tinguished by its rounded aperture and periphery. It is so

oo ee

tN i etl ed le) ow ek a.

om

a le ee a

——" eS ae

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 299

common in some localities that several thousand may be gath-
ered in a few hours; the writer has observed them by hundreds
in tangled masses of Sfervogyra. The animal is quite active
when temperature and external conditions are favorable. It
progresses by a series of ‘‘steps” or jerks and pulls the shell
after it, the latter being carried almost flat. Parvus is infested
with two species of flukes which occur in great numbers in the
muscular tegument of the lobes of the liver and the folds of
the intestines. They have been named Monostoma lucanica and
Distoma ascoidea by Dr. Leidy (Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 200-201,
1877.) It has been found invthe ditches at East Chicago on
submerged parts of Utricularia vulgaris Linné.

Several erratic forms (monstrosities) of this species have
been found. Dr. H. N. Lyon found three specimens at the
Chicago Avenue Water Works among some ten thousand nor-
mal specimens examined. The monstrosities are scalar for
the most part, although one specimen was normal to the last
half of the last whorl, when it suddenly became deflected.
These erratic forms seem to be very rare.

120. Planorbis deflectus Say, pl. xxvi, fig. 6.
Planorbis deflectus SAY, Long’s Expedition, Vol. II, p. 261, pl. xv, fig.
8, 1824.
Planorbis obliguus DE Kay, N.Y. Moll., p. 62, pl. iv, fig. 57, a, b, 1843.

Shell: Small, dextral, depressed, with an obtuse keel at
the periphery; color light to dark horn, rarely jet black; surface
shining, lines of growth numerous, fine, oblique; apex not dis-
tinct, sunk below the level of the whorls; whorls four to four
and one-half, rapidly enlarging; periphery obtusely keeled; spire
flat, all of the whorls, excepting the apical, in the same plane;
sutures impressed; base concave; umbilicus wide, shallow, ex-
hibiting all the volutions; aperture suboval, deflected, much
wider than high (or long); peristome acute, thin, the superior
portion produced as in parvus, thickened on the inside; termin-
ations connected by a heavy white callus; interior of aperture
yellowish-white or brownish.

Lgth., 2.00; width, 6.00; aper. Igth., 1.50; width, 2.00 mill. (12120.)
Penne So oh cee kate eee AEE TBs es DOG, (12120.) distorted.
DRM: tana co CRM err mR Ln ed tO 2 (12362.)

Animal: Similar to that of parvus; color blackish above,
lighter on base of foot.

Faw: As usual.

Radula: Similar to that of parvus. In a number of exami-

300 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

nations the writer failed to note any differences of importance in
the radule of these small species. The number of teeth seemed
to be always 17-I-17 or 18-1-18.

Genitalia: Not examined.

Distribution: Maine west to Nebraska, Great Slave Lake
south to Maryland.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Sameas parvus, but preferring sticks and stones,
and frequenting deeper water.

Remarks: This is the largest of our small Planorbies, dis-
tinguished from P. parvus by its obtuse peripheral keel and de-
flected aperture. Some distorted specimens show a scalariform
tendency (No. 12120). Particularly large specimens have been
collected at Bowmanville.

Genus SEGMENTINA, Fleming.

Shell: Dextral, discoidal, depressed; spire on a plane with
all the whorls; the interior of the whorls with numerous trans-
verse teeth; aperture circular or oval; peristome simple.

Animal; Similar to that of Planorbis; foot narrow ante-
riorly, but wider and larger behind.

Faw: Narrow, arched, pointed. For Radula, see under
armigera.

Distribution: Europe, Asia, Australia, North America.

SuspGENus PLANORBULA Haldeman, 1844.

All of the teeth in the aperture, except the last row, ab-
sorbed in the adult.
121. Segmentina armigera Say, pl. xxx, fig. 32.

Planorbis armigerus SAY, Journ, Phil. Acad., Vol. 11, p. 164, 1818.

Shell: Dextral, flat, somewhat carinated above and be-
low the periphery; color pearl-white to reddish-brown, some-
times black; surface smooth, shining, lines of growth very fine,
oblique; apex sunken below the level of the whorls, very small!
and rounded; whorls four, regularly and slowly increasing, ob-
tusely carinated above and below the rounded periphery; spire
concave, exhibiting all the whorls; sutures impressed; base of
shell rounded; umbilicus round, deep, rather wide, concave,
showing nearly all the volutions; aperture subovate, a trifle
oblique, armed with five teeth, one on the parietal wall long,
thin, S-shaped, extending in an oblique direction from a point
near the upper carination of the body-whorl to a point near

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 301

_the lower carination; three on the peripheral wall, the two

upper ones being prominent, short, thick and triangular, and the
lower one more or less lamelliform and situated on the base
of the aperture, and one small conic tooth near the superior
junction of the peristome with the body-wall; peristome thin,
acute, slightly thickened inside, the superior margin a trifle
produced; interior of aperture pearly-white, with a band of
reddish just within the aperture extending parallel to the edge
of.the aperture. In some specimens there is a sixth tooth,
small, acute, elevated, just below the large one on the parietal
wall; this, however, is not always developed (Fig. Ior).

Length, 2.50; width, 6.00; aperture length, 2.50; width, 1.25 mill. (8473.)

“ 900; “ 5.00; « «“ 900; * 1.00 “ (8478.
« 975: « 6.00; « “« 995; 150 « — (8474.)
i B00: 3. BOD « 950; “© 2.00 “ (12368.)

Animai: With a rounded foot which is rather wide; head
distinct, somewhat auriculate; tentacles very long and fili-

Ere, Lot

Aperture of SEGMENTINA ARMIGERA Say, showing number and posi-
tion of teeth. (Original.)

form, one and one-half-times as long as the foot; eyes placed
as in Planorbis ; color blackish, lighter on edge of foot and ten-
tacles; respiratory groove long and pointed, thin and transpar-
ent. The foot measures 2% by % mill.

Faw: Not differing from that of Planordis.

Radula formula: #,.+3+4+3+2, (18—1-—18); central
tooth with a long, narrow base of attachment, expanded on the
lower, outer corners; reflection wide, bicuspid; lateral teeth
wide, a trifle longer than wide, tricuspid, the center cusp long,
wide and sharp, and the side cusps short and sharp; marginal
teeth at first similar to laterals with the addition of a second
small outer cusp; the marginals become wide and low toward
the margin and three small outer cusps are developed (Fig.
102).

Genitaha: Not examined.

302 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distribution: Eastern, Middle and Western States and
Canada.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess

Habitat: Found plentifully in the smaller streams, crawl-
ing over submerged sticks, stones and water plants.

Remarks: Thisinteresting species is at once known by the
denticles within the aperture, which can only be seen witha
good lens. It is quite a common species, under favorable cir-
cumstances congregating by hundreds. Its movements are
rather rapid, and when in progression its tentacles are con-
stantly moving about. When eating, the mouth opens and

41 45

Fie. 102.

Radula of SEGMENTINA ARMIGERA Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 10, first marginal; 11, second marginal; 15, outer marginal.

closes very rapidly. It is found in the three regions of the

area.
FAMILY ANCYLID.

“Lateral jaws present. Teeth resembling Zzmn@a. Shell
patelliform. Hermaphrodite, but not capable of simultaneous
reciprocal impregnation, as in the Limnzans.” Dall.

Genus ANCYLUS Geoffroy, 1776.

Shell: Patelliform, thin, conic; apex turned to the left,
posterior; aperture as wide as the whole shell; peristome en-
tire, simple; interior of shell with a subspiral muscle-scar.

Animal (Fig. 103): Withavery large foot, oval in shape;
tentacles short, stout, triangular, eyes situated at their inner
bases; mantle margin simple; pulmonary orifice protected bya

h, ioe

pes

ae ew

a a o

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 303

small lobe; genitalia on the left side; jaws three, thin, lateral
plate fused with the superior jaw, ornamented with papille;
lingual membrane broad, with numerous, crowded teeth; cen-
tral tooth small, narrow, simple; lateral teeth broad, bicuspid,
the inner cusp much the larger and bifid; marginal teeth ser-
rated, longer than wide.

Genittaha: The genitalia of Ancylus is peculiar; the ovo-
testis is globular and the albuminiparous gland is very large,

F 14. 103.
Animal of ANcyLus. (After Binney.)

tubular, and placed very near the ovotestis; the oviduct and
vas deferens are long and the penis is very long. The figure,
from Bronn, is sufficiently characteristic without further de-
scription ( Fig. 104).

Distribution: North and South America, Europe and Aus-

tralia.
KEY TO SPECIES OF ANCYLUS.
fin Apex placed centrally, shell came ys: oss pe oes Seale dus wa tardus
B. Apex placed posteriorly and directed to one side.
a. Apex placed near the posterior end and a little to one

side of the center. Shell depressed-conic............... rivularis
b. Apex placed near the posterior end, at or close to the
margin of one side. Shell very oblique.................. shimekti

F 1G, 104,

Genitalia of ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS. (Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen
der Weichthiere, Malacozoa, taf, CIII, Fig. 16.) gh, ovotestis; gal, albu-
miniparous gland; nb, radula sac; p, penis; rs, receptaculum seminis;
s, salivary glands.

122. ANCYLUS RIVULARIS Say, pl. xxx, fig. 29.
Ancylus rivularis Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 125, 1819.

304 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Shell; Small, depressed-conic, fragile, sides nearly parallel,
a trifle rounded but narrowed posteriorly; anterior slope long,
convex, with a decided “hump” toward the apex; posterior
slope short, concave; sides convex; apex prominent, elevated,
obtuse, directed posteriorly and a little to the right side; the
apex divides the shell into about three equal parts, one poste-
rior and two anterior; aperture as large as the shell, narrowed
posteriorly; peristome entire, simple, acute; color light horn;
interior of aperture whitish. _

Length, 3.00; width, 2.00; height, 1.25 mill. (12143.)

a Og Us e COO" (12143.)

PEs wee GS iN 2.00 “ (13051.)
Animal: Witha rather short and wide foot, emarginate in
front, rounded behind; color plumbeous, finely dotted with
white, with a yellowish line extending longitudinally on the
head; head emarginate in front with lateral flaps; mantle

Fie. 105.

ANCYLUS RIVULARIS Say. (Original.) Animal viewed from the under
side (enlarged).

simple, of good size; tentacles short, tapering, eyes placed near
the inner bases of the tentacles; shell attached by a single
large muscle in the apex of the shell. The foot measures 3.2
mill. in length and 1.co mill. in width in an animal contained
in a shell 5.00 mill. in length by 2.75 mill. in width (Fig. 105).

Faws: Thin, covered with papillz; the lateral jaws are
fused with the large upper jaw.

Radula formula: Pra +37 +1 432 +35-5 (16—1—16); the
central tooth is simple as in Limnza; the lateral teeth have a
base of attachment longer than wide, the lower outer angle
expanded; the reflection is very broad and bicuspid, the in-
ner cusp being very large and semibifid while the outer cusp
is smaller; there are also two very small denticles on the edge
of the upper part of the outer cusp; the fifth lateral is some-
what narrower and the inner cusp is decidedly bifid, making
the tooth practically tricuspid; the marginal teeth are very
narrow, with a long, narrow reflection which is distally tri-

3
es
Steet &- ee” ££) we

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 305

cuspid, the central cusp being the larger, and the outer edge
of the reflection serrated by about five small denticles. The
bifurcation of the inner cusp of the lateral teeth is difficult to
see, but the writer is certain of the fact, as it has been dis-
tinctly seen on a number of teeth. The cutting points are very
well developed but are also difficult to see clearly. go rows
were counted, and in one individual 20-1-20 teeth (Fig. 106).
Genitalia: Not examined.

Distribution: Northern, Middle and Western United States
and Southern Canada south to New Mexico.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found on living and in dead shells and on
stones in small ponds and streams.

Fie. 106

Radula of ANCYLUS RIVULARIS Say. (Original.) c, central tooth;
1, first lateral; 5, fifth lateral; 9, fourth marginal; 13, eighth marginal.

Remarks: This small but distinct species may be known
by its almost straight lateral outline and its apex, which is di-
rected posteriorly and to the right side. It is quite abundant,
but is almost always overlooked owing to its peculiar shape and
inconspicuous habitat. The animal is very slow in movement
and progresses similar to Planorbis,; it is able to turn its body
half way around without moving its shell. The buccal organs
can be plainly seen while the animal is feeding. This species
was noticed using its lingual membrane with a “lapping” mo-
tion, as described tor some of the Planorbes. Large specimens
have recently been found by Mr. F. M. Woodruff, in the
sloughs back of Miller’s, Ind.

123. Ancylus tardus Say, pl. xxx, fig. 30.
Ancylus tardus Say, New. Harm. Dissem., Jan. 15, 1830; Mrs. Say’s
reprint, p. 26,

Shell; Small, conic, fragile, sides rounded; anterior a
trifle longer than posterior, convex; posterior slope straight
or a trifle concave; sides rectilinear; apex prominent, elevated,
obtuse, rounded, alittle posterior of the center but not directed
laterally; the apex very nearly divides the shell into two equal

306 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

parts; aperture as large as the shell, rounded; peristome sim-
ple, entire, acute; color greenish-horn.

Length, 6.00; width, 4.00; height, 3.00 mill.

Animal; Not examined.

Faw: Not examined.

Radula: Not examined.

Genitalia: Not examined.

Distribution: Same as rivularis.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Similar to vtvularis.

Remarks: This species is wider and more conical than
vivularis, and the apex is more central and of directed later-
ally. Itseems to be very rare and has been found only in the
DuPage River. °
124. Ancylus shimekii Pilsbry, pl. xxxi, figs. 9, 10.

Ancylus obliqguus, SHIMEK, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. of Iowa, Vol. I,
Nos. 3, p. 214, pl. iii, figs. 58, 5b, 5¢, 1890. (Preoceupied.)
Ancylus shimekii PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. IV, p. 48, 1890.

“Shell: Elevated, thin, transparent, horn-colored, with a
yellowish-brown epidermis; aperture ovate, conspicuously wider
anteriorly,in many (especially young) specimens slightly reni-
form by a barely perceptible incurving of the right margin,
the anterior, left and posterior margins regularly rounded, the
right slightly incurved, straight, or but slightly convex; apex
somewhat acute, elevated, strongly deflected posteriorly and
to the right, and curved downward, in most specimens quite
overhanging the posterior right margin of the shell; the apical
portion of the shell (one-half or more) is strongly laterally, or
rather, obliquely, compressed, a character which makes the
young appear proportionally much narrower than the adults;
the anterior slope of the shell is long and strongly convex, the
posterior being short and concave. The surface is marked by
fine lines of growth.” (Shimek.)

Length,3.50; width, 1.80; height, 1.50 mill. (Shimek.) Large specimen.

6. DOs ee ees «1.20 “ (Shimek.) Average measurement.

6. ay LO sa ana Oe “- 110 “ Joliet specimen.

Animal: “Uniform bluish-white color; the foot is ovate,
wider anteriorly, and rather narrow for an Ancylus.”’ (Shimek.)

Radula: ‘Rather narrow, the dental formula being 12-1-

12.” (Shimek.)
Distribution: Five miles east of Lincoln, Neb., in Dead

ite

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 307

Man’s Run (Shimek); Rock Island, Ill. (Pilsbry); Rock Run,
Joliet, Ill. (Ferriss).

Geological distribution: Unknown.

Habitat: Found at all seasons of the year adhering to
shells of Anodonta plana, sticks, leaves, etc. (Shimek.) Found
at Rock Run on sticks and leaves.

Remarks: This comparatively rare species is known by its
very oblique shell; in some individuals the apex fairly over-
hangs the margin. It has been found only at Rock Run, Joliet,
but will probably be discovered at other localities by careful
and patient search. The shell has some resemblance to the
genus Gundlachia, and Mr. Pilsbry (Nautilus, 1V, 48) says of it:
“Certain indications led me at the time of finding this shell”
(speaking of a specimen found at Rock Island, Ill.), “to refer
it to Gundlachia instead of Ancylus ; and it may be worth while
to follow this clew further. If my supposition proves to be
correct, Gundlachia will furnish the most extraordinary case of
dimorphism known among American mollusks.’’*

FAMILY PHYSID#.

“Foot: Pointedbehind. Buccal plate (when present) with-
out accessory laterals. Lateral teeth comb-like, alternating
with simple cusps. Base of central tooth broad, bifid; cusp
with several denticles.” ‘( Dall.)

‘“‘Genttaha: On the leftside.” (Dall.)

Genus PHYSA Draparnaud, 1801. —

Shell: Thin, polished, sinistral; spire more or less acute;
aperture oval, rounded in front; columella provided with a cal-
lus which is spread over the last whorl; peristome acute.

Animal: With a long foot, rounded before, pointed be-
hind; mantle reflected over a portion of the shell and fringed
with finger-like filaments; tentacles long, slender, pointed;
eyes situated at their inner bases; genitalia on left side; jaw
chevron-shaped or absent, finely striated, with acentral fibrous
projection; radula as described for the family (Fig. 107).

The Physz are the most difficult to study of the fresh
water shells. So variable are their specific characters that no
less than seventy species have been described, and the sub-
ject is in such confusion that few students care to attempt their
study or collection.

Pil a also The Nautilus, Vol. IX, p. 63, 1895, for further notes on this subject by Mr.
ilsbry.

308 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The writer has attempted to revise the species found in
Northern Illinois, and the late Mr. O. A. Crandall, of Sedalia,
Mo., has published some very valuable notes on the American
Physz in The Nautilus for 1901. This gentleman believed that
the most reliable characteristics for determination were tex-
ture, structure and sculpture. He also considered that the
length of time required for a species to reach maturity might
also serve as a character of importance. He found, as have
other students of this family, that some species attain their full
growth in one year while others require two or three. He
therefore proposed the terms annuan, biannuan and triannuan
for the species which reach maturity in one, two and three
years. As a whole, the writer agrees with the conclusions of
Mr. Crandall.

Fig. 107.
Animal of Puysa. (Binney, Fig. 123.)

Distribution: North America, Europe, East Indies.

KEY TO SPECIES OF PHYSA.

Shell smooth, broad, spire short. Annuan.............. heterostropha
Shell with impressed spiral lines. ;
a. Shell rather broad, ovate, spire short, acute; aperture

wide and spreading; whorls four and one-half to five;

shell thinner than b; peristome callus bordered by red.

ATINUARE A SE '5 ee fcc RRA ete een eee te ETO TREE oe Sayit
b. Shell elongated or cylindrical, narrow, spire generally

long; aperture very narrow; whorls five to six; peri-

stome callus bordered by red. Triannuan................-. gyrina
c. Shell broad, inclining to be shouldered; spire sharply

conic; aperture roundly oval; peristome callus white,

without red border: Biannuan.; 05 )65% fone yes cba ae Sahat integra

o>

125. Physa heterostropha Say,* pl. xxxiv, fig. 2.
Limnea heterostropha Say, Nich. Encycl., Amer. ed., pl. i, fig. 6, 1817.
Physa fontana HALDEMAN, Mon., pt. 2, p. 3 of cover; Physa, p. 26,
1841.
Physa heterostropha alba CRANDALL, The Nautilus, Vol. XV, p. 29,
1901.

Shell: Polished, subovate, whorls four to four and one-
half; spire moderately elevated, acute, the whorls slightly con-

z *The greater part of the subject-matter on Physa was published in The Nautilus, Vol
XIV, pp. 16-24, 1900.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 309

vex; color varying from light horn to greenish; sculpture con-
sisting only of fine growth lines (Fig. 108); sutures impressed,
margined by a white line which is frequently bordered by a
dark chestnut line; protoconch consisting of one whorl, which
is smooth and varies from porcelain-white to rather dark horn
color; aperture rather large, oval, occupying from two-thirds to
three-fourths of the length of the entire shell; peristome thin,
acute, thickened on the inside by a whitish or bluish callus,
which is bordered on the inside with red; columella almost
straight, with a whitish callus which is sometimes lined with
red.

Length. Width. Aperture Length. Width.
14.00 8.50 10.00 4.00 mill. (Rochester.)
13.00 8.50 10.00 4,50 “ (Rochester.)
13.50 9.00 10.50 4.50 “ (La Porte, Ind.)
9.00 6.00 6.50 3.00 “ (18361.)

Animal: Similar to that of gyrina.

ys

Fie. 108.
Surface sculpture of PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA Say. (Original.)

Faw and Radula: Inall respects like those of gyvina.

Genitalia: Not observed.

Distribution: Eastern and: Southern States; Maine to
Georgia and west to Michigan and Illinois; Southern Canada.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Hatitat: \n ponds and streams, adhering to sticks and
stones and crawling over the muddy bottom.

Remarks: During a visit to the Philadelphia Academy of
Sciences some time ago, Mr. Pilsbry called the writer’s atten-
tion to the fact that eterostropha had a smooth shell, while
gyvina and some others had a shell with raised (or, as the writer
would describe them, impressed) spiral lines. Following up
this suggestion a large number of Phys@ have been examined
with the result that instead of there being two species in the
present area, as was at first supposed, there are four, with one
or more varieties. Heterostropha is an annuan, attaining full
maturity in one year.

310 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Only a single lot of sheils has been found which could be |

referred to this species, and that was collected in the drift
along the shores of Lake Michigan, at Miller’s, Ind. The
nearest of typical keterostropha have been found living in Pine
Lake, La Porte County, Ind. It is very probable that this spe-
cies is not found in any abundance west of Indiana, its place
being taken by gyrina, sayii and integra. Under distribution,
above, only those states are given from which the writer has
seen authentic specimens.
126. Physa sayii Tappan, pl. xxxiv, fig. 3, 7; pl. xxxii, fig. 13.

Physa sayit TAPPAN, Amer. Journ. Sci. (i), Vol. XXXV, p. 269, pl. ili,

fig. 3, 1889.

Physa warreniana LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 115, 1864.

Shell: Sinistral, polished, ovate, whorls five to five and
one-half; spire elevated, very acute, the whorls moderately
convex; color light horn to light chestnut; sculpture consist-
ing of rather coarse growth lines, crossed by numerous fine,
impressed spjral lines, giving the surface of the shell a wavy
appearance, as figured for P. gyrina; sutures slightly impressed,
bordered as in heterostropha,; protoconch consisting of one and
one-half smooth, glossy whorls of a dark chestnut color; aper-
ture very large, long-oval, three-fourths to four-fifths the length
of the whole shell; peristome thin, generally not very much
thickened within, whitish, sometimes bordered with reddish;
columella slightly twisted and covered with a spreading callus;
the lower part of the aperture is somewhat produced.

Length, 22.00; width, 13.50; aperture length, 16.00; width, 7.50 mill.
sh TOO0 8 es Fae Os se HE. CPALAEDO FREE SOU ee
mi 16.005° 70%" =< 11,00: ef a6 a0 pe Dee

Animal; Similar in external appearance to all Physide.

Faw and Radula: As in gyrina.

Genitaha: Not observed.

Distribution: Northern United States and Southern Canada
west to the Rocky Mountains and south to the Ohio and Mis-
souri Rivers.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: In stations similar to heterostropha and gyrina.

Remarks: This species was at first identified as P. ancal-
laria Say, but that species, while having the same surface sculp-
ture as sayz, is more inflated, the outer lip more spreading and
the body whorl more gibbous, the spire being a/ways much
shorter and the whorls more convex. The surface,sculpture is

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 311

very beautiful and precisely as described for gyvima. This spe-
cies has been found in all the regions, at Joliet, Maywood,
Lake Calumet and Lake Michigan near Oak street. Sayzz is
apparently closely related to P. ampullacea Gould, a Pacific
Coast species. ;
Sayit appears like gyvina and some other species, to be

dimorphic, having a short- and a long-spiral form. Were it
not for the closely connecting individuals, the short-spiral form
would be worthy of varietal distinction; see plate xxxii, fig. 13,
and plate xxxiv, fig. 7, where the short-spired form is figured.
Sayit is an annuan.
127. Physa gyrina Say, pl. xxxiv, fig. 4.

Physa gyrina Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., PhiJ., Vol. II, p. 171, 1821.

Physa striata MENKE, Syn. Meth., ed. 2, p. 32, 1830.

Physa hildrethiana LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IJ, p. 32, 1880.

Physa cylindrica NEWCOMB in DE Kay, N. Y. Moll., p. 77, pl. v, fig. 82,

1845,
Physa plicata DE Kay, 1. ¢., p. 78, pl. v, fig. 85, 1843.
Physa hawnit LEA, Proc, Phil. Acad., p. 115, 1864,

Physa parva LEA, 1. ¢., p. 115, 1864.
na
Sie ee 1) DML
Fie. 109.

Surface sculpture of PHYSA GYRINA Say. (Original.)

Shell: Elongated, generally polished, whorls five to six;
spire always very long, as compared with the last two species,
acute, the whorls in some cases almost flat, and at best but
slightly convex; color varying between light greenish horn
and brick red; sculpture consisting of well-marked growth
lines, crossed by numerous fine impressed spiral lines, giving
the shell a wrinkled appearance (Fig. 109); these lines appear
at first to be raised, but when viewed through the microscope
are seen to be impressed between two wrinkled ridges, as
shown in the cut; sutures scarcely impressed, bordered by
a porcelain-white line which is rarely edged with chestnut;
aperture rather long, long-oval in form, much narrowed at the

312 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

upper part, more than a half and less than two-thirds the length
the entire shell; peristome thin, thickened on the inside by a
callus which is either bordered by a dark chestnut band or else
is itself of that color; columella thickened with a decided
white callus or plait; the lower part of the aperture is produced;
the periods of winter hibernation are frequently marked by a
whitish band in the body of the shell; protoconch consisting
of a trifle more than one smooth, rounded, dark chestnut-col-
ored whorls.

Length, 17.00; width, 9.00; aperture length, 11.00; width, 4.50 mill. -(9331.)

eel 68! Umea rey bs es ': 14,00; « 5.50 “ (8493.)
SS) D002 « PS ETDs sg - 13.00; “ 5.00 “ (8498.)
$e 1900s “18,00; s “ 12.00; « 5.00 “ (8493.)
Me eee UO hy OOD: < r 12.50; "BOR" 8 (BETES

Animal: Witha long, rather narrow foot, acutely pointed
behind and rounded before, where it is produced into two lateral

Fie. 110,
Animal of PHysA GYRINA Say. (Original.)

lobes (vela); the foot does not extend much beyond the edge
of the shell, color blackish or yellowish gray, dotted or flecked
with whitish or yellowish, the dots being distinctly seen through
the transparent shell; the front of the head is ornamented
with two yellowish spots of good size, composed of numerous
minute dots; the mantle is brown, spotted with yellowish, is
reflected over a portion of the shell on the right side and pro-
duced into 4-10 filiform digitations arranged in two series
apical and columella; tentacles very long and slender, taper,
ing to a point; head distinct, separated from the foot by a
short neck; mouth large, in the lower plane of the head, show-
ing plainly the jaw and radula while the animal is grazing
along the side of an aquarium; eyes placed on swellings at the
inner base of the tentacles; respiratory cavity on left side of
shell at the lower point where the peristome meets the body
whorl, Length of foot, 15.00 mill.; width, 4.00 mill. (Fig. 110).

Jaw: In one piece, arched, striated, provided with a cen-

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 313

tral fibrous projection from the superior surface; ends rounded
( Fig.-1171).

Radula formula: %3+-93+-5-15+42+% (190—1—190);
central tooth more or less quadrate, the lower outer corners
being very much attenuated; cusp nine-dentate, five denticles
being long and narrow and two on each side small and blunt;
laterals in two alternate series, the primary teeth large, ob-
liquely inclined, comb-like, five-dentate, with a varying num-
ber of small denticles between the five large cusps. The sec-
ondary teeth are long and narrow, with a wide, blunt cusp.
These latter, as also the central tooth, are very difficult to ob-
serve (Fig. 111).

Genitalia: Not observed.

Distribution: Probably inhabits the whole of the Northern
and Central parts of the United States and Southern Canada.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Fie. 111.

Radula and jaw of PHYSA GYRINA Say. (Original.) c, central tooth
1, 2, 5, 4, various types of principal marginal teeth; a, secondary teeth; {J;
jaw.

Habitat; Found very abundantly in ponds and streams of
greater or lesser size, adhering to sticks or stones and crawl-
ing over the muddy bottom.

Remarks: This is a very common and handsome species.
Its habits are active, moving with a rapid, steady, gliding mo-
tion. It is very interesting to watch a number of Pkyse@ in an
aquarium. As they are crawling along the bottom one will be
seen to suddenly rise to the top of the water and move along
with the foot applied to the surface, the shell hanging down.
Again, they may be seen descending, suspended by a thin
thread of mucus. When the animal rises suddenly, the bran-
chial cavity opens with a faint clicking sound, probably due to
the pressure of air in the lung. Physa frequently inhabits

314 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

water as cold as the freezing point, and may be observed in
winter gliding along the bottom of a pond when the surface is
frozen. The eggs are deposited on stones, the under side of
sticks, etc., and are composed of large, glairy, transparent
masses.

Several Phys@ kept in captivity laid four egg masses on
April 23, 1897. These measured 20 by 4 mill., and contained
from 130 to 200 eggs (one membrane 130, one 160 and one 200,
Fig. 112). On April 24, ten additional egg masses were laid,
the jar containing fifteen individuals. On June 3, in the after-
noon, the writer noticed a number of young in a jar containing
egg masses probably deposited in the latter part of April. The
young were half a mill. in length, vitreous in appearance and
perfectly transparent. They were very lively, crawling about
the jar and eating voraciously. The heart pulsated one hun-

:

b

Fie. 112.

_Egg-mass of PHySA GYRINA Say. (Original.) a, egg-mass, showing
position of eggs in envelope; b, single egg, much enlarged, showing posi-
tion of rotating embryo.
dred and twenty times per minute. On June Is, the young
had increased to 1 mill. in length. Unfortunately, about a
week later the whole lot died, so no further notes could be
taken. -

Physa gyrina is by far the most common species of the
genus (I might say of any genus) found in the area, and has
been found in all parts of the region. It was at first confused
with eéerostropha, but that species has a smooth shell (see
above) and is not found in any numbers in the area; it is very
probable that Heferostropha is not found west of the Mississippi
River, and the quotations of this species from western locali-
ties were probably founded on gyrina, sayit, gabbi, integra, etc.

rs he,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 315

This species is very variable in this region, some forms
approaching ampullacea Gould, while others might be taken for
gabbt Tryon or virginea Gould, so far as form goes. It is prob-
able that some west coast names will be added to the above
synonymy, when more study has been given to this genus.
This species is a triannuan.
127a. Physa gyrina var. elliptica Lea, pl. xxxiv, fig. 5.

Physa elliptica LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. V, p. 115, pl. xix, fig.
83, 1837.

Physa aurea LEA, |. c., Vol. VI, p. 18, pl. xxiii, fig. 106, 1839.

Physa troostiana LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 32, 1841.

Physa nicklinit LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 114, 1864,

Physa altonensis LEA, |. c., p. 114, 1864.

Physa febigeriz LEA, |. c., p. 114, 1864.

Physa oleacea TRYON, Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. II, p. 6, pl. ii, fig. 6, 1866.

Physa elliptica minor CRANDALL, The Nautilus, Voi. XV, p. 55, 1901.

Shell; Differing from typical gyvina in being more ellip-
tical, having a shorter, more rounded spire, and hence more
convex whorls, the spire, as described by Tryon, ‘‘with the out-
line not elevated above a continuation of the general curve
of the body.” The shell is also more solid and the outer lip
thicker, with a very heavy, bluish-white callus. The surface
sculpture is the same as in gyvina.

Length, 15.00; width, 7.50; aperture length, 9.50; width, 3.50 mill. —_ (8504.)
5 TY OOS), &/$25) 6.005 %5 ¥s TADS teh s BooO S (8504.)
- E200. 2 Tabs a % A CR ais 1 Sea (8502.)
Animal, Jaw, and Radula: As in gyrina.
Distribution: Evidently the same as gyrina.
Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.
Habitat: Almost always associated with gyrina.
Remarks: he typical form of this variety seems at first
quite distinct from gyrvima, but in a multitude of forms (the
writer has examined several thousand specimens) is seen to
fade imperceptibly into gyrima. From observations in the
present area, gyvina would seem to be dimorphic, consisting of
the typical gyrina with long spire and the,variety ed/iptica, with
short, dome-like spire. This belief is strengthened by the fact
that the two forms are always associated together. It is not
quite as common as the typical form.

128. Physa integra Haldeman, pl. xxxiv, fig. 6.
Physa integra HALDEMAN, Mon., p. 33, pl. iv, figs. 7, 8, 1841.

Shell: Oval, whorls four and one-half to five; spire short,

316 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pointed, the whorls convex; sutures well marked, sometimes
bordered by a faint white line; color varying from light yel-
lowish horn to pale brown; sculpture as in gyvina, the lines being
very deep and the wrinkled ridges very convex; protoconch
consisting of one and one-half smooth, rounded, wine-colored
whorls; aperture oval, rather wide, produced at the anterior
end, about two-thirds the length of the entire shell; peristome
thin, thickened within the aperture by a heavy white or
yellowish-white callus, which shows through the shell very
plainly; it is never bordered by a color stripe; the callus of
two or three former peristomes may always be seen on the
body whorl and sometimes one or two on the spire; columella
broad, flat, white, a callus spreading over the parietal wall.

Length, 12.00; width, 8.00; aperture length, 7.50; width, 3.00 mill. (12352.)

“ 10:50; “7.80; bs a THES FET SS Me (12352.)
if 10.00; “ 6.00; ‘ y OSS hte eRe ee (12352.)

Animal: Not differing essentially from gyrina.
Jaw. Similar to that of gyvina.

Radula: Similar in form to that of gyrina, but differing &

in having six large, nearly equal cusps, instead of five, in the
general absence of small cusps between the larger ones, and
in the reflection being wider than in gyrina or heterostropha.
The radula of this species is remarkably uniform in the form
of the teeth and in the number of the cusps. The central
tooth and secondary teeth appeared to be the same as in the
species previously described.

Distribution: Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River; I[n-
diana, Illinois, Tennessee, Michigan, and Wisconsin.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: At stations similar to gyrina.

Remarks: This species has been generally confounded
with heterostropha, but will at once be separated from that spe-
cies by the spiral lines; the general form is also different from
that of any shell found in this area, and the white callus on the
lip is peculiar. It is a common shell at Hickory Creek, Lock-
port and Joliet, and has been found more sparingly at Calumet
Grove, Maywood, and Edgewater. It is more common than
sayit, but less so than gyrima. The specimens from Hickory
Creek are quite typical, resembling closely Haldeman’s figures
(Pl. 4, Figs. 7, 8) in his monograph of fresh-water Mollusca.
This species is a biannuan.

hey

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 317

Genus APLEXA Fleming, 1828.

Shell: Sinistral, narrow, elongated, thin, polished; spire
long; aperture narrow, long; peristome acute; columella lip
simple.

Anmal: With a rather long foot, rounded before and
pointed behind; mantle not reflected over the shell and witha
simple edge; tentacles long and slender, eyes at their bases;
genitalia?; jaw cartilaginous, arched, brown; radula with multi-
cuspid central tooth and comb-like lateral teeth resembling
those of Physa.

Distribution: Europe, North America, Northern Asia,
Mediterranean region, West Indies, Oceanica.*

129. Aplexa hypnorum Linné, pl. xxxii, fig. 16.

Bulla hypnorum LINNE, Syst. Nat., p. 1185.

Physa elongata Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 171, 1821.

Physa glabra DE Kay, N. Y. Moll., p. 80, pl. V. fig. 83, 1843.

Physa elongatina LEwIS, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. V, pp. 122,
298, 1855.

Physa turrita J. DE C. Sows., Fauna..Bor. Am., Vol. III, p. 315.

Bulinus tyront CURRIER, Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. III, p. 112, pl. vi,
fig. 2, 1867. (?)

Shell: Very much elongated, thin, oblong; color yellow-
ish-horn, with sometimes a zigzag, longitudinal band of bright
yellow on the last whorl; apical whorls brownish, next black-
ish and last yellowish-horn; apex broadly round; surface pol-
ished, shining, diaphanous, growth lines numerous, but faint;
whorls six, somewhat regularly increasing, flat-sided, convex;
spire long, acutely conic; sutures but slightly impressed, mar-
gined; aperture elongate-ovate, narrow, contracted above,
somewhat rounded below and somewhat expanded, occupying
about half the length of the entire shell; peristome thin, sharp,
rounded, no callosity on the inside; columella narrowed near
the base, simple; no umbilicus; a view from the base of the
shell shows a perforation (through the aperture) from the base,
part way to apex.

Length, 15.00; width, 6.00; aperture length, 8.00; width, 2.75 mill. (8507.)

ef 10.50; «4,75; 2 cs Dour a. aaa. 2th" (B506;)
f 15.00; v7.00; WOU NT 8.50 eos (12514)
oe 17.25; hos Cup ee - * SU CP DOr Ge

Animal; With a rather wide foot, rounded before and
pointed behind; head prominent, separated from the foot by a
*Tryon, S. and S. Conch., Vol. III, p. 103.’

318 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

constriction, and auriculated; tentacles long and slender, taper-
ing to a fine point, eyes placed on bulgings at their inner
bases; head and neck distinguished from foot by a lateral con-
striction; color blackish, lighter on base and about the eyes
andend of tentacles; mantle margin simple, not reflected over
the shell. Genital orifice on left side.

Faw: Not examined thoroughly, but apparently as in
Physa, and cartilaginous, with no accessory plates.

Radula: With a central tooth as in Physa/(?) excepting
that it has the cusps differently arranged; teeth on either side
serrated (comb-like) as in Physa (9-10 serrated), with a very
long, pedunculated base of attachment, and without interme-
diate smaller serrations, as in Physa. The writer counted 78

Fie. 118.

Radula of APLEXA HYPNORUM Linné. (Original.) c, cusp of central
tooth; L, lateral teeth.

teeth (39-1-3g9) in a single row and counted 230 rows ina mem-
brane which was somewhat broken on the edges. The upper
part of the pedunculated base has a peculiar lateral attachment
in the form of a long, narrow projection. This membrane dif-
fers from Physa principally in lacking the small cusps between
the longer ones and in the absence of secondary teeth. These
peculiar lateral attachments may be the secondary teeth, but if
so they are very long and narrow ( Fig. 113).

Genitalia: Not observed. Ova deposited without en-
velope.

Distribution: North America, Europe, Asia.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found in the smaller rivers and lakes on a
muddy bottom.

Remarks: A beautiful species, easily known by. its long
and narrow shell, which is highly polished. It has a strong
resemblance to some forms of Physa, but may always be dis-

een

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 319

tinguished by the simple mantle margin of the animal. It is
found in the three regions of the area, but is not common ex-
cept in a very few localities.

Superorder Streptoneura.

In this group the nerves called the ‘visceral loop,” being ad-
herent to the body wall, shared in the torsion of the visceral
hump, forming a figure-of-eight, the left cord crossing beneath
the right. (Lankester.)

ORDER CTENOBRANCHIATA.

Animal breathing by acomb-like gill-plume (or ctenidium)
which is situated on the right side of the body, the left cten-
idium having become atrophied by the torsion of the visceral
hump. The organs on the right side only are well developed.
Sexes distinct.

SUBORDER STREPTODONTA.

Lingual membrane with curved teeth, generally broadly
reflected.

Superfamily Tenioglossa..

Radula provided with numerous rows of teeth, with three
laterals on either side of a central tooth (formula 3-1-3).

FAMILY PLEUROCERID/.

Shell: Turreted, smooth or with rings and knobs; epider-
mis olivaceous; aperture channeled. Operculum paucispiral.

Animal; With a broad, short muzzle, which is not retract-
ile; foot short, wide, angulated near the anterior end; mantle
margin not fringed, plain; tentacles of medium size, cylin-
drical; eyes situated on short peduncles united to the outer.
sides of the tentacles; lingual membrane with 3-1-3 teeth, of
which the central is wider than high, multicuspid, and the lat-
erals are long and narrow and multicuspid. The first lateral
is generally wider than the two outer teeth. The family is
oviparous.

Genus PLEUROCERA Rafinesque, 1819.

Shell: With a long and conical spire; aperture rather
small, the outer lip produced into a canal about the middle;
columella without callosity.

320 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Animal: See under P. subulare.
Distribution: Ohio, Tennessee, Alabama, Illinois, Indiana,

etc.
KEY TO SPECIES OF PLEUROCERA.

a. Last whorl rounded or subangulated; whorls rounded; aper-

ture OValy 304645 VF Sioa ss xmas ee eee ee ae subulare
b. Last whorl strongly carinated, whorls flat-sided, often heav-
ily spirally striated; aperture triangular.................... elevatum

130. Pleurocera subulare Lea, pl). xxxv, figs. 1, 2.
Melania subularis LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, p. 100, pl. xv,
fig. 30, 1834.

Shell: Smooth, elevated, acute, turreted; color pale brown-
ish horn, with a yellowish band encircling the whorls just below
thesuture; there is sometimes an indication of a purplish band
just above the periphery; apex rounded, smooth, horn-colored,
bent in toward the whorls; surface shining, polished, lines of
growth oblique, crowded, here and there more elevated than
the average; sutures deeply impressed; whorls eleven, regu-

Fie. 114.
Operculum of PLEUROCERA SUBULARE Lea. (Original.)

larly increasing, the upper seven carinated just above the su-
ture, the last four rounded; base of shell broadly conic, suban-
gulated; imperforate; aperture ovate, narrowed above, white
or bluish-white within, sometimes showing two spiral, brownish
bands, produced and somewhat canaliculate below; peristome
acute, sinuous, rather.thick; columella bluish-white, twisted;
terminations of peristome and columella joined by a thick,
somewhat spreading callus. Operculum paucispiral, chestnut
brown, the nucleus on the lower margin of the left side. The
lines of growth rather coarse, showing under a lens that the
operculum is made up of small plates or lamine (Fig. 114).

Length, 22.00; width, 8.00; aperture length, 6.50; width, 4.00 mill. (9967.)

“ 9100; « 7.00; 7.00; “ 350° “ ((9967.)
“ 9400; « 8,00; “7.00; “ 400 “ (9967.)
“ 18.00; “ 7.50; « “ 700; « 4,00 “ (9967.)
“ - 9050; ° 750; 2 © 9,00; 9.98. 85 MO 067.)

Animal: With a wide, short, thick foot, truncated before
and rounded behind; color blackish above, yellowish under-

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. ael

neath; there is a black patch on the top of the rostrum and
about the eyes, and the sides of the foot and body are dark,
mottled with light yellow; there is also a yellow band from

the back of the eyes to the shell; mantle dark or blackish.

Operculigerous lobe conspicuous; head prominent, with large,
somewhat elongated rostrum, subconical in form, which pro-
jects far in advance of the foot, particularly when the animal
is in motion; on the upper surface it is spirally wrinkled when
the animal is at rest, but is almost smooth when the animal is
in motion; the mouth is placed at the tip of the rostrum, which
is disk-like, and is represented by a long, longitudinal slit,
which makes the snout-end look like a double disk; the radula
may be plainly seen in the mouth when the animal is feeding;
tentacles of medium length, somewhat tapering; eyes black,
placed on prominences at the outer bases of the tentacles.

‘Mantle simple, folded on the right side to form the respiratory

cavity. Generative duct on right side, opening at the junction
of back with mantle, the duct is composed of two lamine
placed close together; anus placed above the generative duct.
The gills (branchiz) are two in number, placed, as usual, upon
the under side of the mantle, and are composed of a primary

(comb-like) and secondary (feather-like) gill; the former being

very long and gradually narrows toward the posterior end, and
the latter very simple and running parallel with the primary
gill, and composed of a midrib, with bare indications of the
“feathers.” In one specimen the foot measured 6.00 mill. in
length and 3.50 mill. in width.*

Faw.: Elongately ovate, the surface covered with numer-
ous small, rounded or polygonal scales.

Radula formula: 35+4+4+44+44444+4 yy (3-1-3); cen-
tral tooth with a low, wide base of attachment, the reflected
portion seven-dentate, the central cusp very large, side cusps
very much smaller; intermediate tooth almost square, five-
dentate, the inner cusp small, the next cusp very large and the
three. outer side cusps small; lateral teeth more or less sole-
shaped, longer than wide, the first eight- and the last ten-den-
tate; the outermost lateral flares a little at the upper part. In
one membrane the writer counted 43 rows of teeth. The teeth
are in all respects like those of P. elevatum.

Genittaha: Notexaminedthoroughly. The sexes are dis-

: *The writer has been very materially assisted in making the anatomical examinations
of this group by an article by Dr, William Stimpson, in, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, 2nd
series, Vol. XX XVIII, p. 41, 1864.

322 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tinct, but there is a total absence of copulatory organ in the
male. In the present species there is a peculiar sinus in the
female, on the right side of the foot, between the operculiger-
ous lobe and tentacle; the male is without this sinus. The
only way to be absolutely sure of the sexes is to crush the
body and examine with a microscope, when, if a male, sperma-
tozoa will be found, and, if a female, ova will be found.

Distribution: New York to Great Lakes, south to Ohio
River drainage.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found generally on a sandy or rocky bottom in
shallow water, where there is little or no current.

Remarks: This species is subject to no little variation in
its obesity and ornamentation; the typical form is almost
smooth but the variety zwfensum is more strongly keeled on the
periphery and has several additional spiral lines. It is sepa-
rated from P. e/evatum by its more rounded whorls, particularly
the last, and by its aperture, which is oval instead of triangu-
lar. The animal is slow and very sluggish in movement, and
in an aquarium spends most of the time on the bottom of the
tank, with its body half protruding from its shell and with its
rostrum and tentacles slowly moving about. The species
seems to be confined to the southern region and has thus far
been found only in Wolf Lake.
130a. Pleurocera subulare intensum Anthony, pl. xxxyv, fig. 3.

Melania intensum ANTHONY, REEVE, Monog. sp. 371.

Shell: Differing from the typical form in being of a much
darker greenish-horn color, and in having the carina above the
suture extending in a more prominent manner to the base of
the last whorl. There are also seven subobsolete spiral lines,
especially on the base, which are not developed in sudbulare.
Length, 24.00; width, 8.00; aperture length, 7.00; width, 4.50 mill. (8735.)

Antmal, Dentition, etc.: As in subulare.

Distribution and Habitat: As in subulare. (?)

Remarks: The variety does not seem to be as common as
the typical form and has been found only in the, Desplaines
River. It approaches e/evatum in form, particularly when there
is a decided keel on the periphery.

131. Pleurocera elevatum Say, p). xxxv, fig. 4.
Melania elevata SAY, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 176, 1821.

Melania tracta ANTHONY, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. III, p. 361,
1850.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 323

Melania elongata LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IV, p. 121, pl. xv,
fig. 29, 1834.

Shell: Elevated, acute, turreted on the upper whorls;
color yellowish-horn, olivaceous or greenish-horn, encircled by
a yellow band just below the suture, and with two purplish
bands encircling the whorls just above and below a line drawn
about the center of the whorl; apex sharp; surface shining and
polished, encircled by from three to five fine spiral raised lines,
of which the lower one is the larger, situated just above the
suture, giving the shell a carinated aspect; this carina is espe-
cially noted at the periphery; the base of the shell is encircled
by five spiral ridges of greater or lesser prominence; lines
of growth numerous, crowded, oblique, giving the surfacea
wrinkled aspect; sutures impressed; whorls ten to eleven, flat
sided, regularly increasing, the upper ones doubly carinated
and the lower ones with a single carina, although in some ex-
amples the carina almost disappears on the lower whorls; spire
very long, long-conic; base of shell broadly conic, angulated,
imperforate; aperture obliquely triangulate, produced at the
lower part into a short spout; yellowish-horn within, with a
broad, reddish-brown band encircling the base near the col-
umella and descending the spout-like projection in the lower
part of the aperture, with another band near the center; peri-
stome thin, sharp, simple, sinuous; columella thickened by a
heavy white callus which is reflected over the columellar region
and columellar lip. Operculum similar to that of subulare.

menety, 21.00; width, 8.00; Speetare length, 8.00; width, 4.00 mill. (8743.)

22.00; “ 8.50; . 7.60; “ 4,00 “ (8740.)
ef BLOOD: 4°) 4. 12,003 is “i 8.00; “ 4.00 “ (8748.)
* 39.00; ‘“ 12.00; se i yt AUD ht ee alee. (Oaee,)
¥s vi S.) eeia 9.50; sf He 9.50; “ 4.50 ‘“ (9966.)

Animal; Similar in general form to sudulare; color yel-
lowish, streaked with black. on top of rostrum and foot; the
rostrum is rather long and much roughened by spiral ridges;
foot wide, short and whitish beneath; eyes placed on swellings
on the upper surface of the base of the tentacles. The speci-
mens examined were mostly females, with the lateral sinus
very prominent.

Faw. As in subulare.

Radula formula: ~¢taqig ttts-teetiteotet 3-—!
—3); teeth generally as in swbu/are,; the intermediate tooth has
five outer cusps instead of three, as in swbudare; the inner lat-

324 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

eral has seven to nine cusps, all large, and the outer lateral has
eleven small cusps. All the teeth seemed to have well devel-
oped cutting points (Fig. 165, Mus. no. 12770).

Genitalia: Notexamined, but external appearance as in
subulare. ‘

Distribution: Lake Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Ken-
tucky, Tennessee.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess,

Habitat: Found in rivers and ponds, in more or less clear
water, on a sandy bottom. Does not like a muddy habitat.

Remarks: This species is distinguished from sudulare by
its very pronounced peripheral carina and flat-sided whorls. It

A 3

Fie. 115.

Radula of PLEUROCERA ELEVATUM Say. (Original.) C, central
tooth; 1, intermediate tooth; 2, 3, lateral teeth.

also attains a much larger size. When browsing on the glass
side of an aquarium, e/evatum thrusts out its rostrum to its full-
est length, the tentacles are drooped and it slowly proceeds
in this manner, the radula being plainly seen in action at the
endof the rostrum. This species does not seem to be as com-
mon in individuals as sudulare. It has been found fossil in a
cellar on the corner of Sheffield and Lincoln avenues.

131a. Pleurocera elevatum lewisii Lea, p)]. xxxv, figs. 5-6.

Trypanostoma Lewisit LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 172, 1862.

Shell: Differing from the typical form in being strongly
striate, the strie being raised into heavy ridges. The form is
also heavily banded with brown, and the satures are strongly
impressed.

Length, 27.50; width, 10.00; aperture length, 8.00; width, 5.00 mill. (8745.)

. 27,0052" 0) e 8:003'5, (f° °F ARG Fer (BT4R.)
i 39.00; 15.00; 6 ARO tO ae He eee aa)
i ZtOOy ee 13.00; . Oo EDs, ho SOOT Ser el eee

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 325

Animal, Radula, etc.: As in the typical form.

Distribution: As in the type.

Remarks: This,variety does not seem to be as common as
the typical form. It is connected with e/evatum by almost im-
perceptible degrees, and is simply a striate form, but is worthy
of varietal distinction. It is found in the southern and western
regions.

Genus GONIOBASIS Lea, 1862.

Elimia* H. & A. ADAMS, Genera, Vol. I, p. 300, 1854.
Gontobasis LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad. Sci., p. 262, 1862.

Shell: Generally elongated, spire long and more or less
pointed; aperture produced in front, but not canaliculate or
notched.

Animal: Resembling that of Pleurocera; jaw and radula
same as in the last genus.

Distribution: Entire United States.

132. Goniobasis livescens Menke, pl. xxxv, fig. 7.

Melania livescens MENKE, Syn. Meth., p. 135, 1830.

Melania niagarensis LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IJ, p. 12, 1841.

Melania napella ANTHONY, Proc. Bost. Soc., Vol. III, p. 362, 1850.

Melania cuspidata ANTHONY, l.c., p. 362, 1850.

Melania correcta BROT., List, p. 39.

Goniobasts milestzt LEA, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 154, 1863.

Goniobasis translucens ANTHONY, Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. I, p. 36,

pl. i, figs. 1, 2, 1865.

Shell; Varying from elongate to ovate, acuminate, fre-
quently turreted on the upper whorls; color varying from blu-
ish flesh to light corneous, sometimes greenish, and frequently
with two dark brown bands; apex sharp, rounded, turned down-
wards; surface shining, with no spiral lines save a carina which
encircles the center of all the whorls{but the last two, and is
obsolete in the more bulbous forms; lines of growth oblique,
wrinkled, crowded; satures well impressed; whorls seven to
nine, more or less rounded, regularly and rapidly increasing in
size, the upper whorls carinated; spire elevated, either sharp-
conic or obtuse-conic; aperture large, ovate or subrhomboidal,
produced at the lower part, brownish-purple to purple inside;
peristome sharp, thin on the edge, but thickened by a callosity
within the outer lip, more or less sinuate; columella thick, solid,

*In the first pages of this work the writer used A/imia for this well-known group of mol-
lusks, following Mr. Pilsbry’s suggestion (Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 496; 1896); after these pages
were in print Mr. Pilsbry, in a letter, again suggested that it was very probable that Elimia
would not stand after all, being but a heterogeneous assembly of different forms, in the
presence of Lea’s excellent and well-characterized diagnosis.

326 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tinged with blue or purple, and reflected over the columellar
region and columellar lip; last whorl usually very convex, in-
clined to bulbous. Operculum not essentially different from
that of Pleurocera.

Length, 16.50; width, 7.00: aperture length, 6.50; width, 3.50 mill. (8748.)

« 18.00; “7.50; 7.00; “ 400 “ (8748)
“12.00; “ 600; « “ 6.00;° * 3.00 “ (8748)
“11.00; « 600; « “600; “ 350 “ (8748)
« 13.00; “ 6.00; « “550; * 300 “ (8748)
“15.50; “ 700; « “700; « 400 “ (8746)
« 90.00; «© 950; “900; “ 5,00 “ (12869.)

Animal: Similar to Pleurocera in form; color bluish- white
on base of foot and sides; body yellowish, darker in places;
rostrum blackish on middle portion, yellowish at the tip; neck

yellowish; the rostrum is not as heavy as in the last genus.

There seems to be little generic difference between the animals
of these two genera.

Faw: Like that of Pleurocera.

Radula formula: ys +4+44+4+44+44+4 (3—I1—3); the
teeth are similar to those of Pleurocera subulare, excepting that
the central tooth has four small cusps on each side of the cen-
tral cusp; the cusps are a little rounder in the present species
than in the one mentioned.

Genitalia: Not observed.

Distribution: New York to Great Lakes, south to Ohio
River drainage.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found rather plentifully on a muddy (some-
times sandy) bottom, in water from two to tenor more feet in
depth. Prefers a bottom with water weeds.

Remarks: A very distant species, at once known by its
bulbous form, convex outer lip and bluish or purplish aperture
and columella. The spire is very broadly conic. G. milesiz is
simply a smooth, extra bulbous form of /vescens, not entitled
to even varietal rank. There is considerable variation in the
carination of the upper whorls, but all of these different forms
may be connected with the type by aseries of specimens. The
individuals from Lake Michigan are always heavier and more
solid than those from the smaller lakes and rivers.

The animal moves slowly, pushing its foot forward a short
distance and then drawing the shell after it. This is particu-
larly noticeable when crawling up the side of a glass jar.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. aek

While moving about, the rostrum is kept constantly in motion,
as well as the long, filiform tentacles, and the lingual apparatus
may be distinctly seen, as in Linea, the mouth being a long,
vertical slit in the end of the rostrum. The animal frequently
comes to the top of the water and, pushing its rostrum above
the surface, will remain in this way for hours.

Livescens has been found in a fossil. state on Balmoral
avenue, north of Bowmanville, on the corner of Sheffield and
Lincoln avenues, and in sand banks on the lake shore, north
of Graceland avenue. ~

132a. Goniobasis livescens depygis Say, pl. xxxv, fig. 8.
Melania depygis Savy, New Harm. Dissem., p. 291.
Melania occulta ANTHONY, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 5, 1860.

Shell: Differing from typical “vescens in being narrower,
the two color bands brighter and more conspicuous and the
columella not tinged with purple.

Length. Width. Aperture Length. Width.
23.00 8.50 9.00 4.50 mill. (coll. Ferriss.)
17.25 7.75 8.00 4.50 “ (coll. Ferriss.)

Animal, Jaw and Dentition: As in livescens.

Genitalia: Not observed.

Distribution: Same as livescens.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as ivescens.

Remarks: After the examination of several thousand
specimens from Northern Illinois, and after consulting with
several conchologists, it seems imperative that depygis must
become a variety of /vescens, and it is an open question if it
is entitled to even varietal rank. The writer has before hima
set of Goniobasis in which there is a perfect gradation from the
heavy, swollen /vescens, with dark shell and purple tinged col-
umella, to the most graceful depygis, with light shell and dark
spiral bands, and white columella. The variety has been found
only at Hickory Creek.

FAMILY AMNICOLID&.

“Tentacles elongated, with eyes at their outer bases. Oper-
culum subspiral or concentric. Shell small, globular or elon-
gated, spiral. Aperture broadly oval, lip continuous. Gener-
ally umbilicated.’’*

*Tryon, continuation of Haldeman’s monograph, No. 1, p. 8.

328 . THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

‘Lingual teeth 3-1-3; the rows being more transverse and
less arcuated than in the Lzttorinid@. Rhachidian tooth broader
than long,and armed with basal denticles (so-called by Troschel)
on each side, which may be either on the basal margin, or on
the anterior surface of the tooth above the base; cusp recurved
and denticulated. Intermediate tooth more or less hatchet-
shaped, having a handle-like process (peduncle) projecting out-
wardly from the base of the broad body which is denticulated
at the upper margin. Lateral teeth generally slender and
armed with numerous minute denticles at their superior mar-
gins. Verge (male organ) exserted, situated on the back ata
considerable distance behind the right tentacle. Gills both
pallial; the right or principal one usually rather short and broad,
and composed of few laminz, which are much broader than
high. Foot oblong, truncate before, rounded or pointed be-
hind. Operculigerous lobe well developed.” (Stimpson.)*
“Inhabits fresh water in all parts of the world.” (Tryon.)

Subfamily Bythiniine.

“Shell small, conical; peristome simple or thickened.
Operculum calcareous or concentric. Fresh water.” (Tryon.)T

Genus BYTHINIA Gray.

“Shell: Oval, turbinated, thin, invested with a thin epi-
dermis, peritreme continuous.” (Tryon.)
133. Bythinia tentaculata Linné, pl. xxx, fig. 34.

Turbo tentaculata LINNE, Syst. Nat. Ed. XII, p. 1249.

Shell: Globose, rather thick, transparent to opaque; color
ranging from yellowish to greenish, sometimes brownish; sur-
face shining, smooth, lines of growth very fine; sutures very
deeply impressed; whorls five, convex, the last rapidly en-
larging and equaling all the others combined; spire elevated,
broadly conic; apex small, round, reddish-brown; aperture
broadly rounded-ovate, narrowed above; peristome thin,
rounded, simple, continuous, thickened a little on the inside,
bordered all around with yellowish; base of shell rounded,
imperforate.

Length, 9.50; width, 6.00; aperture length, 4.50; width, 3.00/mill. (10663.)
2 11.00; “6.50; Fh ag eae Wh Mom CMT Se (13517.)
“ 900; "600; “ 450; “ 3850 “ (18517,)

*Binney’s Land and Fresh Water Shells N. A., part III, p. 65.
+S. and S. Conch., Vol. II, p. 260.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY, 329

Animal; Color yellowish-white on foot and body; head
and rostrum black with several yellow or golden-yellow spots,
the tip of the rostrum yellowish-white. Rostrum rather large,
rounded. Tentacles long and filiform, the black eyes placed
on swellings at their lower outer base. The body appears
speckled with black and yellowish-white through the shell.
Foot wide, rather short, slightly auriculated before, whitish on

Fie. 116.
Operculum of ByTHINIA TENTACULATA Linné. (Original.) Enlarged.

edge with a yellowish part near the center and toward the an-
terior end. Cervical lobes (lappets) round, wide, short, rather
fully extended. Verge rather large, placed as usual in the
family. Operculum placed toward the posterior part of the
foot, calcareous within, concentric; the rings of growth stand
up in the form of ridges or scales, and their arrangement is
quite regular (Fig. 116). The foot measures 6.50 mill. in length
and 4.00 mill. in width.

Radula formula: pstpeytttetetttistis (3-1-3);
central tooth wider than high, ends produced and rounded,
lower edge concave and with a rounded process extending
from its center; lateral lobes armed with six to seven denticles

7

Fie, 117.

Radula of BYTHINIA TENTACULATA Linné. (Original.) C. central
tooth; 1, intermediate tooth; 2, 3, lateral teeth.

which are rather long and roundly pointed, the denticulate
portion extending from just beneath the reflection to the end
of the lobes; reflection wide and low, seven-cuspid, the center
cusp large and roundly pointed and the lateral cusps sharply
triangular; intermediate tooth squarish, the lower outer corner
produced; reflection wide and low, seven-cuspid, the third cusp

330 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from the left very large and roundly triangular, the side cusps,
two onthe left and four on the right, sharply triangular; lateral
teeth long and narrow, the lower ends rounded, the reflections
very wide and low, the first twelve-cuspid and the second six-
teen-cuspid (Fig. 117).

Distribution: Europe and America (the latter introduced),
New York, Ohio, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Inthe larger lakes, onasandy or muddy bottom,
and attached to sticks, stones, and other submerged objects.

Remarks: This is the largest species of Ammnicolide found
in this region. It may be easily distinguished by the size of
the last whorl, which more than equals in length that of all
the rest. The species was introduced into this country many
years ago and is now found from Vermont and New York to
Wisconsin. It is particularly abundant in Lake Michigan.
While in motion the animal of Bytiinia is rather slow, the ten-
tacles move about nervously and the rostrum is thrust out to
its fullest extent, Thus far it has been collected only in Lake
Michigan.

Recently the Lake View water supply has been seriously
threatened by the presence of this snail. The small service
pipes became choked and in many private houses a tumbler-
ful of these animals was taken from the faucet. Investigation
at the Lake View crib showed that the screens were provided
with such a large mesh that the eggs gained access to the main
tunnel and there developed, the force of the water drawing
them farther and farther into the tunnel until they finally ap-
peared in the service pipes. Besides this species, Pleurocera
elevatum and Goniobasis livescens were found about the crib,
but none on theinside. These were collected in August, 1898.

Subfamily Hydrobiine.

Shell: Small, elongated or globose, umbilicated or rimate;
aperture rounded or ovate; peristome continuous; operculum
paucispiral, corneous (Tryon), without internal process. Foot
without lateral sinuses. (Stimpson.)

Genus AMNICOLA Gould and Haldeman.

Shell: Small, thin, smooth, globose, umbilicated; spire
broadly conic; aperture broadly ovate; outer lip thin; opercu-
lum subspiral, corneous.

ev le ee
rar (
in

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 331

Animal: With a short, broad foot which is broadly
rounded behind; rostrum short; tentacles cylindrical, blunt at
their tips; verge short, bifid, with a globular base; jaw present;
lingual dentition of A. porata; rhachidian tooth very short and
broad, with a tongue-shaped process from the middle of the
anterior surface, reaching beyond the base; intermediate tooth
with a short, broad body having a strongly projecting infero-
interior angle, and a very long peduncle; formula of denticles:
rhachidian, 72,; intermediate, five; first lateral eighteen; sec-
ond lateral thirty. (Stimpson.)*

“Ova-capsules semilenticular in form, with a lamniform
limb. Each contains but one egg.” (Stimpson.)*

Distribution: North America.

KEY TO SPECIES OF AMNICOLA.
A. Shell 5 mill. or over in length, whorls swollen, spire some-

WineSlomo ated). Weer Ae sere a et. ect ec wee rd ra, cincinnatiensts
B. Shell 4 mill. or less in length.
a. Shell swollen, diameter and length about equal............. limosa
b. Shell narrow, diameter about half of length.
PO pite OtusSe, WHOIS FOIE ft. Mi ct oa yack eels wie emarginata
SOMITE DOME ewHOTiS AVE «sesso ide Gass Shee sage ote hee lustrica

134- Amnicola limosa Say, pl. xxx, fig. 35.

Paludina limosa Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 125, 1817.

Amnicola schrokingeri FRAUENFELD, Pric. Zoé]. Bot. Gesell, Vienna.

Amnicola ferruginea CALKINS, Valley Naturalist, Vol. II, No. I, p. 6,

1880.

_ Shell: Conic, bulbous, subimperforate, nearly as broad as
high; color light or dark brown, without bands of color; sur-
face shining (except when covered by deposit of foreign mat-
ter, as is frequently the case), lines of growth numerous, fine,
wrinkled, crowded; sutures well impressed; whorls four to five,
more or less inflated, regularly increasing; spire obtusely conic,
swollen; aperture orbicularly ovate, rounded above and below,
dark horn-color within; peristome sharp, simple, a little thick-
ened on the inside, almost continuous; columella lip covered
with a thin callus; base of shell rounded, subumbilicate.
Lengtb, 5.00; width, 3.25; aperture length, 2.10; width, 1.50 mill. (10498.)

ie BOO asc *s 4.00; k & 2.60r ey ALO"

x: D00 Here 54.005 a “ A002 ie. 2.10 ‘ (18052.)

Animal; White and transparent, brownish on the head;
foot short, rather wide, about two and one-half times as long as
broad, auriculated before, rounded behind and constricted in

*Binney, I. c., p. 80-81.

7 gE ne Ret ORL DA ee a
< é‘ = ° ; v i¥ sow tity a yikes F

332 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the center; operculigerous lobe oval, broader than the foot;
operculum horny, thin, subspiral, striated spirally and longi-
tudinally, except on the older part which is striate spirally
( Fig. 118, 1); rostrum short, broad, emarginate in the middle;
tentacles long and slender, cylindrical, blunt; eyes placed at
the inner base of the tentacles, in front of a prominent tuber-
cle; mantle simple on the edge; verge placed on the right side

of the back, behind the right tentacle, bifid, one part being —

short, thick and truncated at the extremity, and the other long,
aa
Bir
i A
3

Fie; 118.

AMNICOLA LIMOSA Say. (Il, Binney, Fig. 159; 2, 38, Stimpson, Fig. 7.)
1, operculum; 2, 8, egg-capsule, dorsal and side views. (Enlarged.)

pointed, and partly coiled about the first, generative organ in
the female generally found “at the junction of the body with
the mantle, a short distance within the margin of the latter’*
( Fig. 119). /

“The ova are deposited, in this latitude, during the months
of Apriland May. The ova-capsule is thin, corneous, of a
semilenticular shape, and attached by the cut face of the lens,
which formsthe base. The free limb is margined witha broad,

: A
Fic. 119,

Animal of AMNICOLA LIMOSA Say. Enlarged. (Stimpson, Figs. 1
and 2.) 1, dorsal view; 2, ventral view.

thin lamina of the same delicate, horny texture as the envel-
ope of the capsule itself. In size these ova-capsules are a
little larger than the head of the animal. They are deposited
singly and each contains but a single egg, which floats freely

*The writer must acknowledge his indebtedness to the splendid work of Dr. William

Stimpson (Researches upon the Hydrobiinz, etc.), from whose pages much information has
been gleaned. (See pp. 13-16).

Bee RS Ne ee
aha fee ct

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 333

about inthe fluid surrounding it. Those which occurred to me
were found sticking to the shell of a female, although they
were probably ot deposited by the same individual but by
some other, as they were huddled together in groups accord-
ing to their practice at this season.”* (Fig. 118, 2, 3).

_ Radula formula: gotqsthtatatitistes 3-1-3);
rhachidian (central) tooth very wide, low, the ends much
rounded and produced, lower edge concave; center of concave
portion supporting a large, tongue-shaped process; ends sup-
porting, upon the anterior surface, four denticles, the two cen-
ter ones small and the outer ones larger; the ridge supporting
the denticles extending trom the distal end of the lateral lobe
almost to the reflected cusp; reflection small, seven-cuspid, the
cusps very small except the center one, which is rather large;

“NI

Fie. 120.

Radula of AMNICOLA LIMOSA Say. (From nature, after Stimpson.)
A, central tooth; 2, 3, lateral teeth.

intermediate tooth subquadrate, the peduncle very long and
somewhat enlarged at the distal end; body of tooth, at the
inner side, with a peculiar knob-shaped projection; reflection
low, wide, five-cuspid, the cusps subequal; inner cusp bluntly
rounded, the rest acute; lateral teeth very long and narrow,
the reflections small and multicuspid, the first having eighteen
and the second thirty cusps (Fig. 120).

Distribution: New England to Utah and Manitoba, Hud-
son’s Bay to Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found plentifully in lakes and streams, on the
muddy bottom, or on aquatic plants and submerged objects,

Remarks: This abundant little species is easily recognized
by its globose form. The animal is ‘very interesting in cap-
tivity and wanders rapidly about the aquarium with a wabbly

334 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

gait. It is widely distributed throughoutthearea. At several
points in Chicago it has been found among Pleistocene fossils.

134a. Amnicola limosa parva Lea, pl. xxxi, fig. 11.
Amnicola parva LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 34, 1841;
TrRyON, Con. Haldeman’s Monograph, pl. xvii, fig. 2.

Shell; Smaller than typical /zmosa, the whorls shouldered
and tumid below the suture. Otherwise like mosa.

Length, 3.50; width, 2.75; aperture length, 2.00; width, 1.50 mill. (10218.)
js S200 4 8 200s f aes 5, | en Ng age 2 ON (10218.)

Animal and Dentition: Same as /imosa.

Distribution: Atlantic and Middle States.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Flabitat: Same as limosa.

Remarks: This form is found at Joliet, Salt Creek and
Berry Lake; the writer has admitted it to varietal rank for the
reason that it seems to be always recognizable, although it is
apparently only a stunted form of “mosa. It is not common.

134b. Amnicola limosa porata Say, pl. xxvi, fig. 13.
Paludina porata Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 174, 1821,
Amnicola orbiculata LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 34, 1841.

Shell differing from dmosa in being generally widely um-
bilicated, in the whorls being more swollen and the spire
shorter.

Length, 5.00; width, 4.00; aperture length, 2.80; width, 2.10 (13357.)
y: 5.00; “4.50; be Ao. ae 2.05 (18357.)
This variety is the most common and is universally dis-
tributed.
135- Amnicola lustrica Pilsbry, pl. xxvi, fig. 12.
Amnicola lustrica PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. IV, p. 53, 1890 (not A.
lustrica SAY—Pomatiopsis lapidaria SAY).

Shell: Narrow (for the genus), thin, translucent; color
waxy, light brownish or greenish; surface smooth and shining,
lines of growth very fine, but distinct when viewed with a lens;
sutures very deeply impressed; spire elevated, conical; whorls
five, rounded, regularly increasing in size; aperture roundly
ovate, slightly angled above, waxy inside; peristome continu-
ous, thin, appressed to the body whorl only for a short distance
near the upper terminations; base broadly rounded, with a

narrow and deep umbilicus. Operculum similar to that of
A. limosa. | .

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 335

Length, 4.00; width, 2.00; aperture length, 1.50; width, 1.10 mill. (10497.)

Animal and Radula: Similar to A. lmosa.

Distribution: New York to Illinois and Minnesota. (Pils-
bry.)
Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Flabitat: Same as A. limosa.

Remarks: This species is distinguished from all others of
the genus by its narrow, elongated whorls and rather acute
spire. It is said by Mr. Pilsbry to be the narrowest of the
genus. JLwustrica does not seem to be at all common and has
only been found at Berry Lake and Joliet. ,

SuspcEnus CINCINNATIA, Pilsbry, 1891.

Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 327, 1891,

Radula more minute and denticulations finer than in the
typical form.

136. Amnicola cincinnatiensis Lea, pl. xxvi, fig. 14.

Cyclostoma cincinnatiensis LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., I, p. 289, 1840;
Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., VIII, p. 229, pl. vi, fig. 62, 1843.

Amnicola sayana ANTHONY, in HALDEMAN, Mon., p. 19, pl. i, fig. 4,
1844? (Figs.4 and 11 are misnamed in Haldeman; 4 is the present
species and 11 is Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis Anthony.)

Shell: Of good size, swollen, umbilicated, rather solid;
color ranging from greenish to yellowish-brown, translucent;
surface smooth and shining, lines of growth well developed,
crowded; sutures forming deep channels between the whorls;
apex small, rounded, smooth, brownish; spire broadly conic, ele-
vated; whorls five to six, rapidly increasing, swollen, rounded,
the last somewhat loosely coiled so that the aperture is continu-
ous and separated from the body-whorl; aperture roundly ovate,
bluish-white within; peristome continuous, simple, thin, sharp,
appressed to the body-whorl only at the upper ‘part; base
rounded, with a small, rounded umbilicus of great depth.

Length, 5.00; width, 4.00; aperture length, 2.00; width, 1.75 mill. (10653.)

ww Dio ewes * 4.00; A “s CAN) aaa AG a (10653.)

Animal: Yellowish-white above, whiter on base of foot;
subtransparent; foot short and wide, auriculated before, rounded
behind and constricted in the center; operculigerous lobe and
operculum as in /mosa,; rostrum short; tentacles long and slen-
der, blunt; eyes, mantle and verge as in /mosa.

Radula formula: $s3-+?¢sthtslatttestrs (3 — 1 — 3);
(Mus. No. 12769); central tooth similar to that of “mosa, but ends

336 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

supporting only two denticles, and a bulge near the lower end;
process on concave margin large; intermediate tooth of the
usual shape, but the denticles longer and narrower than in
limosa and the central denticle rounded and blunt, the others
sharp; inner and outer lateral teeth denticulated as in Amosa
(Fig. 121). The figure of this species in Binney’s ‘‘Land and
Fresh Water Shells” (Fig. 162), taken from Troschel, must bean
error, for it does not at all correspond with the specimens ex-
amined by the writer, which are undoubted cincinnatiensts.
The species is peculiar in having the cusps of the intermediate
tooth long and sharp, and in the central cusp being wide and
blunt. The figure in Binney’s is probably the radula of some
Pomatiopsis, perhaps P. lapidaria.*

Fie. 121.

Radula of AMNICOLA CINCINNATIENSIS Lea. (Original.) C, central
tooth; I, intermediate tooth.

Distribution. New York to Utah, south to Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Same as limosa.

Remarks: This is the largest species of Ammicola found
in this region and attains a lengthof five or six mill. Its large
size, swollen whorls, and elevated conic spire will at once dis-
tinguish it from related species. It is rather common, espe-
cially at Joliet, where it is the prevailing species.

137- Amnicola emarginata Kiister, pl. xxvi, fig. 10.
Paludina obtusa LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, p. 34, 1841, non
Troschel, 1837,

Paludina emarginata KUSTER, Paludina, Conch. Cab., p. 50, pl. x, figs.
3, 4, 1852. :
*It should be noted here that the present figure is drawn to a larger scale than that of

the radula of Amnicola limosa. The radula of A. cincinnatiensis is smaller and the den-
ticulations are smaller, narrower and sharper than in A, dimosa.

oe be

-

eR Pe
. rr,
.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. Saye

Amnicola cincinnatiensis BINNEY, L. and F. W. Sh.,N.A., p. 85, fig.
169, 1863.

Shell: Small, globose, rather solid; color, different shades
of green; surface smooth, polished, lines of growth very faint;
sutures well marked; apex very obtuse, comprising one and
one-half whorls; when viewed from the front the shell appears
to have a truncated spire; spire very broadly truncate-conic;
whorls four to four and one-half, very convex; aperture nearly
round, appressed to the body-whorl; peristome continuous,
rather thick, simple; base rounded, with a small umbilicus.

Length, 4.00; width, 2.00; aperture length, 1.50; width, 1.10; mill. (10241.)
" Eos Ca ee ay n fs tees stim. (10241.)

Anmmal: Not examined.

Radula: Not examined.

Distribution: New York west to Iowa and Winnipeg, Can-
ada, south to Kentucky.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: In rivers and ponds, on a muddy bottom.

Remarks: This species at first sight might be taken for
A. lustrica, but the spire is very obtuse, while that of /ustrica is
acute,and the last whorl is appressed to the body-whorl, at the
aperture in obtusa, while in Justrica it is entirely free. The
species seems to be very rare, and living specimens have been
found only in the DuPage River. It has been collected on
the recent beach in a subfossil condition. Several dead speci-
mens were obtained in the North Branch of the Chicago River
and in beach drift at Miller’s, Ind.

Genus PALUDESTRINA Orbigny.

Bythinella Moquin-Tandon.

Shell: Small, elongately-ovate, smooth and shining, with
an elevated spire; sometimes decidedly pupiform, rimate or
imperforate; apex generally obtuse; aperture ovately-rounded;
peristome continuous, outer lip thickened. Operculum corne-
ous, the nucleus large and placed rather near the basal margin.

Animal; With a narrow foot which is rounded behind;
tentacles tapering to a blunt tip; verge bifid; lingual dentition,
(of B. nickliniana) ; rhachidian tooth nearly as wide as long,
with the lower lateral angles very much produced, basal teeth
two in number, situated one on each side, reflected portion
seven-denticulate; intermediate tooth much longer than broad,

338 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

with a long process extending laterally from the base, which
is also provided with a central cavity and a projection on the
inner side of the base, the reflected cusp with six denticula-
tions; the inner lateral has a long projection or shank to the
base, which is greatly thickened on the outer margin, and the
reflected cusp is twelve-denticulate; outer lateral very long
and narrow, arcuate, apparently very finely denticulate on the
summit (when magnified seven hundred diameters.) With
low powers it is apparently smooth. Troschel found the for-
mula of B. thermalis, a European form, to be as follows: rha-
chidian, ;2;; intermediate, 6; middle lateral, 18; outer lateral
smooth (0). (Vide Stimpson.)
Distribution: Europe and America.

138. Paludestrina nickliniana Lea, 1839. Pl. xxvi, fig. 11.

Paludina nickliniana LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., VI, p. 92, pl. xxiii,
fig. 109, 1839.

Amnicola attenuata, HALDEMAN, Monograph, pt. 4, p. 3 of wrapper,
pl. i, fig. 18, 1844. (Variety.)

AX

Fie, 122.
Radula of PALUDESTRINA NICKLINIANA Lea, (After Stimpson.) C,

central tooth; 1, intermediate tooth; 2, 3, lateral teeth.

Shell: Elongately ovate, turreted; color greenish-horn;
surface shining, lines of growth numerous, crowded, raised so
as to roughen the surface of the shell; sutures deeply im-
pressed; whorls four to four and one-half, very convex; spire
elevated, rather sharply conical; apex small, round, almost
concealed in the volution of the second whorl; aperture roundly
ovate; peristome sharp, a little thickened on the inside, con-
tinuous, the columellar lip being covered with a raised callus
which connects the terminations; base of shell rounded; um-
bilical region rimate and indented.

Length, 4.00; width, 2.00; aperture length, 1.25; width, 1.10 mill. (9690.)
ea 4.50 5° ee iQ: a as Loss YT 1 (9691.)
“ 4,25; “ 2.00; Ty “ 1.25: “ 1.00 “ (9691.)

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 339

Animal; Not thoroughly examined, but with a narrow,
rounded foot, tapering, blunt-pointed tentacles and general
blackish color.

Radula formula: 4+-5+3+7247+44+735:+4 (3-1-3). See
generic description (Fig. 122).

Distribution: Eastern part of the United States from
Michigan to Florida.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Inthe smaller pondsand rivers, clinging to water
weeds and alge.

Remarks: Nickliniana is a common little species, easily
recognized by its narrow, turreted shell and well-rounded
whorls. The animals are gregarious, congregating together
by hundreds. Frequently a piece of water-cress will be found
literally black with the shells of this species. It has been
found only in the southern region.

Genus SOMATOGYRUS Gill, 1863.

“Shell: Short, thin, simply striate, distinctly umbilicated
and with 4-6 whorls; the body-whorl subglobose, more or less
shouldered above; the spire small and the suture impressed.
Aperture oblique (upper part most advanced) rhombo-ovate,
narrowly rounded in front and behind; peritreme thin and
acute, appressed behind, below the upper angle, to the whorl,
and with its entire margin in the same plan. Operculum sub-
spiral, corneous, but comparatively thick and strong and with
its inner margin convex.”

“Animal: Foot short. Snout robust and considerably
longer than in Ammicola. Tentacles tapering, pointed. Verge
(of S. zsogona Say =subglobosus Say) compressed and bifid, the
inner branch being much larger than the outer, but no longer
than the basal part; while the outer is short, somewhat trian-
gular and pointed, and contains the canal, which is conspicu-
ous from its white color.”

“The lingual dentition of the type is as follows: Rhachid-
ian tooth short and:very broad and trilobed below, with the
outer angles much produced and narrow; cusp armed with
seven denticles; basal denticles four on each side, the inner-
most largest but not reaching the inferior margin of the tooth,
and the others gradually decreasing in size outwardly, the
outermost being obtuse and rather a lobe than a denticle. In-

ne LS 2S ae eta ee

340 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

termediate tooth with the body perforated, and the peduncle
more than twice as long as the body; cusp 7-denticulated, the
third denticle (counting from within) being twice as broad as
the others. Inner lateral tooth with fourteen denticles at the
summit. Outer lateral tooth also with fourteen denticles.”
(Stimpson.)*

Distribution: Central parts of North America. ;
139. Somatogyrus subglobosus Say. Text figure 123. at

Paludina subglobosa Savy, Journ, Phil. Acad., Vol. V, p. 25, 1825.

Melania tsogona SAY, New Harm. Diss., Vol. II, p. 227, 1829.

Paludina pallida LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. VI, p. 22, pl. xxiii, :

fig. 104, 1639. (Young.) ;

Shell: Subglobose, solid, somewhat depressed; color yel-
lowish-horn; surface shining; lines of growth fine, oblique,
crowded; sutures much impressed; apex small, rounded, sub-

Fic. 123.
SOMATOGYRUS SUBGLOBOSUS Say. (Original.)

hyaline; aperture orbicularly-ovate, somewhat produced at the mt
lower part, whitish inside; spire short, depressed, rounded; 4
whorls four, convex, the last swollen and all rapidly increasing;
peristome simple, sharp, rather thick, the terminations joined
by a light callus; base rounded, umbilicus small, narrowly open.

Length, 7.00; width, 6.50; aper. length, 5.00; width, 4.75 mill. (coll. Jensen).

Animal: Not examined.

Radula formula: ~y+4+->2+4+12 (3-1-3); the cen-
tral tooth almost square, the lower outer corners very much
produced and the basal margin with a projection of asquarish
shape; reflection seven-cuspid, the central cusp very long and
sharp, reaching almost to the basal margin of central projec-
tion, side cusps shorter; the lateral projections of the base of
attachment are armed with three blunt, rounded denticles, of
which the highest is about three times the length of the other -

* Researches upon the Hydrobiinz, p. 21, 22. Stimpson remarks that the holes in the

appendage of the intermediate tooth may be simply pits. I have not been able to either
prove or disprove this statement.

itn ed
a” oe

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 341

two; intermediate tooth similar to that of zfeger, excepting
that the perforation has a little lid or door which hangs below
the basc of attachment; lateral teeth as usual, with about
twelve denticles, those of the first tooth larger than those of the
second (Fig. 124). (Stimpson.)

Distribution; Ohio Valley; Ohio to Iowa, Michigan and
Wisconsin south to Kentucky. ;

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found in small ponds, ditches, sloughs and riv-
ers where there is a muddy or clay bottom.

Remarks: This is the largest species of the genus found
in the area under consideration; this fact, together with its
subglobose form, will distinguish it. It is three or four times

Fia. 124.

Radula of SOMATOGYRUS SUBGLOBOSUS Say. (Stimpson, Hydrobiinz,
Fig. 14.) C, central tooth; 1, intermediate teeth; 2, 3, lateral teeth.

the size of S. integer. Subglobosus is fairly common and has
been found by Messrs. Ferriss and Jensen, the former at Joliet
and the latter on the lake shore and in George Lake. The
animal has not been observed. The spire of the shell varies
considerably in height, some being much more elevated than
shown in the figure.

It has been found fossil by Mr. Jensen in sand banks on
the lake shore north of Graceland avenue.
140. Somatogyrus integer Say, pl. xxvi, fig. 2.

Melania integra SAy, New Harm. Diss., Vol. II, p. 276, 1840.

Amnicola depressa TRYON, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 452, 1862. (Variety.)

Shell; Orbicular, solid, depressed; color subhyaline, some-
times inclining to dark horn; surface shining, lines of growth
oblique, fine, numerous, crowded, somewhat raised; sutures
rather deeply impressed; apex small, rounded; aperture roundly
ovate, somewhat produced at the lower part, subhyaline in-
side; spire short, rounded; whorls four, convex, the last swol-

342 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

len, all rapidly enlarging in size; peristome sharp, simple,
rather thick, the edge placed obliquely to the axis of the shell;
columellar lip thickened by a somewhat heavy callus which
covers the umbilicus, leaving only a faint indication of perfor-
ation; base of shell rounded.
Length, 3.50; width, 3.00; aperture length, 2.50; width, 1.50 mill. (10286.)
“4.00; « 3,00; a" “> 2,00; Creeks onan (10236.)
Animal: Withashort, rounded foot; tentacles of medium
size, rather thick at the base and tapering to a point; eyes
placed on swellings at the outer, upper side of the tentacles;
rostrum short, blunt, very large; verge very large, swollen, the

re, 125:

Head and verge of SOMATOGYRUS INTEGER Say. (From Stimpson
Res, on Hydorb., Fig. 13.)

extremity bifid, one bifurcation being longer than the other;
the inner bifurcation is the shorter and contains the canal.
(vide Stimpson.) (Fig. 125.)

Fic. 126.
Radula of SOMATOGYRUS INTEGER Say. (Stimpson, Hydrobiine, Fig.11.

Radula formula: ~yt+qpetiteaigtit dati (3-1-3); see
generic description (Fig. 126).

Distribution: Ohio Valley; Ohio west to Iowa, Michigan
south to Kentucky.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found on muddy on clayey bottom in water
from five or six inches to five or six feet in depth.

Remarks: S. integer is known by its globose shell and pe-

cS
AG
i

4

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 343

culiar aperture. Thespire isatrifleelevated. The S. depressus
can be considered only a variety. This species is rather com-
mon and widely distributed, being found in both the southern
and western regions.

Subfamily Pomatiopsine.
Shell: Elongated, perforated; peristome continuous.
Foot with lateral sinuses. Operculum paucispiral, without in-
ternal process. Amphibious. (Tryon.)

Genus POMATIOPSIS Tryon.

Shell: Elongated, turreted, smooth, subumbilicated; aper-
ture roundly ovate; peristome reflected; operculum corneous.

Animal: With a broad foot, truncated before, rounded
behind; tentacles short, pointed,subulate; rostrum large, round,
blunt; verge large, broad, rather flat, coiled one and one half
times on itself.. Jaw as in Ammnicola, but smaller. Radula
formula 3-1-3; central tooth rather small, square, but a little
broad at the base, where are two denticles, reflected cusp tri-
dentate; laterals long and somewhat narrow, the inner lateral,
however, being broader than the two outer, reflected cusp den-
ticulate. The intermediate lateral is four-dentate, and the
outer laterals five-dentate.

Distribution: Eastern North America.

KEY TO SPECIES OF POMATIOPSIS.

pia SUE GlORsAtCH, ACUTE WHORIS SIK\<..6%. 4 scnae gees weak ns cen 6 lapidaria

B. Shell conical, proportionately wider than A, whorls four
dia test tay A ee Torey ROE iy tihtia neato hte Ghee als Re TSF cincinnatiensts

141. Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis Anthony, pl. xxvi, figs. 8, 9.
Paludina cincinnatiensts ANTHONY, Bost. Journ, Nat. Hist., Vol. III,
pt. land 2, p. 279, pl.iii, fig. 3, 1840.

Shell; Conical, turreted; color greenish or brownish horn;
surface shining, lines of growth crowded together; apex well
rounded, obtuse, nuclear whorls smooth, polished; spire short
conic in the male but more elongated in the female; sutures
deeply impressed; whorls four, well rounded, somewhat ven-
tricose; aperture orbicular; peristome rather thin, continuous,
appressed to the body-whorl; last whorl very ventricose in the
male but not so much so in the female; base of shell rounded;
umbilicus narrow, deep.

Length, 4.50; width, 2.30; aperture length, 1.50; width, 1.25 mill. (12478.) 9

“ 5.00; “ 350; « “910; * 150 “ (12478)9
CPB OO 62 VOID. ee “ 150; “ 125 “ (12478)

344 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Animal: Similar to that of P. lapidaria.

Radula: Not examined.

Distribution: Western New York west to lowa and Min-
nesota, Northern Michigan south to the Ohio River.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Hatitat: Similar to P. lapidaria, but clinging to stones -

when in the water.
Remarks: Cincinnatiensis is more common than /apidaria,
at least in the area under consideration. This species may be

distinguished from Japidaria by its fewer whorls and more

robust shell; the spire is also longer and more attenuated in

lapidaria than in the present species. The male shell is much

wider than that of the female, the last whorl of the former
being much enlarged to accommodate the extraordinarily large
verge. The females have rather long and elongated shells.

(Compare figures.) This species has been found only at Joliet,

in the western region.

142. Pomatiopsis lapidaria Say, pl. xxx, fig. 33; pl. xxxi, fig. 12.
Cyclostoma lapidaria Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 15, 1817.
Paludina lustrica SAY, Journ, Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 175, 1821.

Shell: Elongated, turreted; color dark brownish-horn;
surface shining, lines of growth crowded, slightly wrinkled,
numerous; apex rounded and depressed, two nuclear whorls
smooth, polished, horn-colored; spire long-conic, turreted; su-
tures very much impressed; whorls six, well rounded; aperture
roundly ovate, dark colored inside; peristome thin, continuous,
reflected so as to form a rounded rim for the aperture; the last
whorl, near the aperture, is almost free from the body-whorl;
base of shell rounded; umbilicus round and deep.

Length, 7.00; width, 3.50; aperture length, 2.00; width, 1.75 mill. (10226.)
50; «Ale B00 Pea af BONE to UBO Ce

Animal; With a short, broad foot, slightly produced at

the anterior outer corners; rounded behind; foot provided with
three sinuses, of which one separates the foot into an anterior
and a posterior part; above this there is a sinus at right angles
with the first, which separates the foot from the body, the up-
per fold of which merges into the operculigerous lobe poste-
riorly; above this there are two folds, one extending from the
lower base of the rostrum to the base of the tentacle, and the
other from the former point to and beyond the constricted
portion called the neck; rostrum rather long, blunt, containing

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 345

the mouth on the lower side; tentacles short, pointed, taper-
ing, carried resting by the side or base of the rostrum, never
elevated as in the pulmonates; eyes situated on the outer side
of swellings at the base of the tentacles; verge very large, sit-

Fig. 127.
Animal of POMATIOPSIS LAPIDARIA Say. (Binney, Fig. 187.)

uated in the middle of the back, some distance behind the
head, coiled one and one-half times, end pointed, outer margin
smooth, inner margin wrinkled (Fig. 127). Operculum thin,
horny, subspiral, not differing materially from Azunicola imosa
Say.

Radula formula: 44+4+44+535+444+44 (3—1-—3); central
or rhachidian tooth as broad as high, tridentate, denticles on
base of attachment two on each side, directed inward; inter-

al

Fic. 128.

Radula of POMATIOPSIS LAPIDARIA Say. (From Nature, after Stimp-
son.) C, central tooth; 1, intermediate tooth; 2, 3, lateral teeth.

mediate tooth longer than wide, four-denticulate; lateral teeth
narrower than intermediate, five-denticulate the denticulations
subequal (Fig. 128).

Distribution: New York to Iowa, Michigan to Missouri and
Georgia.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Living in fresh water or on land (amphibious),
frequenting, when in water, the vicinity of fresh-water plants;

346 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

when on land preferring moist localities. Though essentially
terrestrial, the gills are of the usual pectinated form.

Remarks: Pomatopsis is immediately distinguished from
the allied group Ammnicola by the peculiar “stepping” mode of
progression. This is accomplished as follows: The anterior
part of the foot is placed firmly on the ground, then the poste-
rior part is pulled forward; next the rostrum is firmly attached
to the ground and the posterior part is also attached, allowing
the anterior part of the foot to be placed forward. In this
manner the mollusk “steps” along at a lively gait. The author
has seen this species traveling in the water with the rostrum
bent downward, moving about like a hound on the scent.*

A species of worm (//tstrionella pomatiopsidis Stimpson)
infests the branchial cavity of Pomatiopsis.

The species is confined to the southern and western regions,
and seems to be quite rare. It is sometimes found associated
with P. cincinnatiensis. See remarks under that species.

FAMILY VALVATID&.

“Lingual membrane with teeth in seven series (3—1—3);
the central tooth broad, with hooked and denticulated apex,
the laterals lanceolate-hooked and denticulated. Rostrum
produced; tentacles cylindrical, eyes sessile at their exterior
bases. Mantle simple in front; gill plumose, exposed, the

ey

Fic. .129.

Animal and operculum of VALVATA TRICARINATA Say. (Binney, L.
and Fr. Wat. Sh., pt. III, Figs. 10, 11.

lamina primate, spirally twisted, protected by a long, slender
respiratory lobe. Foot bilobed in front. Operculum horny,
orbicular, spiral, many whorled; whorls with a thin, elevated
edge (Fig. 129). Shell spiral, turbinate or discoidal, covered
with an epidermis; aperture with the peritreme entire.” (Bin-
ney.)T

*For a full account of the “‘stepping’’ or “‘looping” of Pomatiopsis, see Stimpson’s

‘“‘Researches upon the Hydrobiine and Allied Forms,” Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec-
tions, No. 201, pp. 29-36.

Land and Fresh Water Shells, N. A., Part III, p. 8.

mas ¥

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 347

The genitalia is very interesting; the ovotestis is very long
and is buried in the folds of the liver; the ovisperm duct is
very long and narrow and enters the uterus near the upper
part; the albuminiparous gland is long-oval in shape and hasa
long, narrow duct which empties into the uterus near the ovi-
sperm duct; the receptaculum seminis is long and rather thick,

Fie. 1380.
Genitalia of VALVATA CRISTATA. (Bronn, Klassen und Ordnungen
der Weichthiere, Malacozoa, pl. xxxviil, Fig. 23.) dal, duct from albu-
miniparous gland; dh, ovisperm duct; gal, albuminiparous gland; gh, ovo-
testis; p, penis; rs, receptaculum seminis; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens.
and the upper part is attached to the albuminiparous gland;
the uterus is very large and very wide, narrowing toward the
opening (atrium); the vas deferens is very short, narrow, and
enters the uterus near the lower third; the penis is very large,
long, thick and fleshy, and appears like a third tentacle on the
right side of the animal, behind the right tentacle (Fig. 130).

CunstVALVATA Ov. Fs Miller,

Shell, Animal and Dentition: As in the family.
Distribution: WWorld-wide.
KEY TO SPECIES OF VALVATA.
Ara LE! EW iti POUT EO NV MOTIS a aalr state) nin dicks unhia vrs cb eheca hy alqresd set eral sincera

\
348 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

b: “Shell: bis Of tricarinate.. wisi ngs re eee ee anlar eS
Lo” Spirepdepressea. oo. 5 sen suai ee enone ee eee Saianihaly Sines bicarinata
2. opine elevated’: i. < ceawete stakes aiGtt tame acewe anit ts tricarinata

143. Valvata sincera Say, pl. xxx, fig. 31; pl. xxxii, fig. 15.

Valvata sincera SAY, Long’s Expedition, p. 264, pl. xv, fig. 11, 1824.

Valvata depressa, KUSTER (pars) in CHEMN., ed. 2, p. 88, 1852.

Valvata striata LEWIS, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 260, 1856.

Valvata lewisti CURRIER (descr. ?)

Shell; Depressed, more or less discoidal, rather solid;
color brownish, transparent to opaque; surface shining, lines
of growth numerous, regular, crowded, sometimes encircled
by a few spiral lines; apex large, round, almost concealed in
the succeeding whorls; spire very flat, almost discoidal; whorls
three and one-half, rounded, rapidly increasing, the last consid-
erably deflected; sutures impressed; aperture round, continu-
ous, whitish or brownish inside; peristome rather thick, simple,

pas

Fie. 131

_ Radula of VALVATA SINCERA Say. (Original.) C, central tooth; 1,
intermediate tooth; 2, 3, lateral teeth.

3

continuous, the columellar portion being simply appressed
against the body-whorl; base rounded, umbilicus round, deep,
exhibiting all the volutions.
Length, 2.50; width, 4.50; aperture length, 1.60; width, 1.75 mill. (10496.)
ss Dimon , EOS RY “ 74 1 genet pis i U0 Bali (12141.)
a DFO Si, OD: bi “ ri aa At ig (12141.)
Animal: With short, wide foot, bifurcated before and
rounded behind; head large; rostrum of good size, with a
black line extending down the center of the upper surface;
color yellowish-white, transparent; branchia plumose, trans-
lucent; eyes black, situated at the base of the tentacles; tenta-
cles long and tapering, terminating obtusely. The branchial
filament is yellowish-white in color, and is protected by a re-
spiratory lobe; the branchial cavity is brownish or blackish.
Kadula formula: 44+-3--y=t=5 +3 +3 3—1=3); (Mus. No.
12772); central tooth wider than high, concave on the base
and with somewhat attenuated ends; reflection fifteen-cuspid,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY, 349

the center cusp the largest; intermediate tooth squarish, much
produced at the outer, lower angle, and with the cusp finely
denticulated; lateral teeth long and narrow, finely denticulated
at the apex and partly down the sides (Fig. 131).

Distribution: New England to Great Slave Lake, south to
Georgia and Louisiana. Dredged in Lake Superior at four to
thirteen fathoms. Alaska. (Randolph.) Manitoba. Ss ek

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat; Found plentifully in lakes, ponds and rivers,
where there is little or no current.

Remarks: This is a very common species, easily distin-
guished by its discoidal form and rounded whorls. Like the
Limneids it delights to float on the surface of the water, shell
downwards. It is very active and not at all timid in activity.
It seems to be confined to the southern and northern regions.
Hundreds of this species, as well as others, are thrown up on
the shore in North Chicago after a storm from the north.

144. Valvata tricarinata Say, pl. xxxii, fig. 14.
Cyclostsma tricarinata SAY, Jour. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 18, 1817.
Valvata carinata SOWERBY, Gen. Sh., pl. xli, fig. 2.
Valvata unicarinata DE Kay, N. Y. Moll., p. 118, pl. vi, fig. 129, 1844.
(Variety.)

Valvata tricarinata var. simplex GOULD, Invert, Mass., p. 226, fig. 126,
1844. (Variety.)

Tropidina carinata CHENU, Man. de Conch., Vol. II, p. 312, fig. 2282.

Valvata tricarinata var. confusa WALKER, The Nautilus, Vol. XV,

p. 124, fig. 2, 1902. (Variety.)

Shell: More or less turbinate, thin; color varying from
dirty white to horn-colored, translucent; surface shining, lines
of growth faintly marked, crowded; apex large, rounded, whit-
ish (or sometimes reddish), almost concealed in some speci-
mens by the volutions of the post-nuclear whorls; spire gener-
ally elevated; whorls three and one-half, strongly carinated,
rapidly increasing; the carinze are normally three in number,
one on the periphery, one on the shoulder of the whorls and
one on the base of the shell, but one or all of these may be
wanting; sutures very pronounced; aperture rounded, in some
specimens angled by the carine, made continuous by a some-
what elevated columellar callus; columella straight, simple;
base rounded or keeled; umbilicus round and deep, funnel-
shaped when the base is carinated.

Length, 4.00; width, 4.00; aperture length, 2.00; width, 2.00 mill.

Animal: Similar to dicarinata.

350 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Radula: Similar to that of stacera. The writer could dis-
cover no differences of importance.

Distribution: New England to Iowa, Michigan and Mani-
toba.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Same as sincera.

Remarks: This very distinct species is easily known by
its elevated, tricarinate whorls. It is very variable, and occurs
from barely unicarinate to very stronglytricarinate. The vari-
ation, however, does not seem to be confined to any particu-
lar locality and for this reason the names given tothe different
degrees of carination cannot stand, except as varieties.

This species lays from ten to thirty eggs of a green color,
and about fifteen days are required for the development of the
egg. When hatched, the young are very active and float shell
downwards on the surface of the water. Egg laying extends
from: March to July. TZvicarinata is widely distributed in the
area butis most common in Lake Michigan.

145. Valvata bicarinata Lea. Unfigured.
Valvata bicarinata LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II, pp. 81, 85, 1841
WALKER, The Nautilus, Vol. XV, p. 122, fig. 6, 1902.

Shell: Depressed, solid, orbicular; horn-colored above
and whitish beneath; surface shining, lines of growth distinct;
apex large, horn-colored; spire much depressed, flattened;
whorls three and one-half to four, rapidly increasing; the car-
inz are normally two in number, but a third is frequently de-
veloped; one carina encircles the shoulders of the whorls and
one the middle of the base, the periphery being sharply
rounded; sutures pronounced; aperture rounded, angled more
or less by the carinz, continuous as in “#vicarinata,; base keeled;
umbilicus widely opened.

Length, 3.50; width, 5.00; aperture length, 2.00; width, 2.00 mill. (12365.)
. 3.00; “ 4.00; ‘6 BUD FONTS (12365.)

“t 3.50; “ 5.00; - ~ J | edibeageeer Ft Ebr, (12366.)
Animal: Theanimal of d¢carinata differ considerably from
that of “#carinata. Dr. Lea described the animal as follows:
“Body rather short and white, head large, tapering, slightly
enlarged at the anterior termination, with a black mark pass-
ing from the neck between the eyes, tapering off and reaching
nearly to the end of the snout, where there are two oblique
black marks bordered in front by white, and accompanied be-

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. Bol

hind by several irregular white spots, the anterior ones being
the larger. Branchia translucent, superior portion blackish,
bordered with white spots and occasionally obtruded; eyes
round and deep black, placed at the posterior base of the ten-
tacula, surrounded by a white area; tentacula long, rather
tapering, obtuse at the end; filament rather short, translucent
with longitudinal white lines; foot wide and furcate anteriorly,
where minute white spots may be observed. Operculum thin,
semitransparent, light horn color, increment circular and
rather coarse.”

“The head of the “vzcarinata is more cylindrical and en-
larged at the termination, where it somewhat resembles the
snout of the hog, while that of the dzcarvinata is more conical
and without so sudden an enlargement at the end. The color
of the dzcarinata is lighter. In the black markings they also
differ. In the ¢#zcarvinata there is a single blotch anterior to
the area between the eyes. In the dzcarinata this extends also
behind this area; and in addition may be observed two quite
black marks above the mouth, which the “#carinata does not
seem to have. The tentacula of the dccarinatfa are larger and
more filiform. When in motion, the anterior portions of the
lobes of the foot are pointed, and recurved or hooked.”

Radula: Apparently not differing from “#carinata.
Distribution: Apparently the same as ¢ricarinata.
Geological distiibution: Pleistocene; Loess.
Habitat: Same as tricarinata.

Remarks: In a recent letter Mr. Bryant Walker an-
nounced that in his opinion dzcavinata should be considered a
distinct species from “#icarinata, since the shells of the two
forms are always distinguishable. Uponreceipt of Mr. Walk-
er’s letter, the writerexamined all of the material in the Acad-
emy’s collection, besides carefully reading the descriptions
of Say and Lea. The two species are undoubtedly distinct,
tricarinata being elevated, the width equaling the height, while
bicarinata is depressed and the height is four-fifths of the
width. The former is normally tricarinate while the latter is
bicarinate, although both bi- and tri-carinate forms occur in both
species. In “#icarinata the upper surface slopes upwards from
the carina to the suture, while in dzcarinata it slopes downwards,
giving the upper surface a concave appearance. .

Bicarinata is found in the Desplaines River and in Lake

352 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Michigan. Beautiful and typical specimens may be collected
at Joliet.
145a. Valyata bicarinata normalis Walker. Unfigured.
Valvata bicarinata normalis WALKER, The Nautilus, Vol. XV, p. 125,
fig. 5, 1902.

The shell in the variety differs from Jdzcarinata in being
tricarinate, the middle carina very strong and placed on the
periphery. The variety occurs at Joliet, Ill.,and at Miller’s,
Ind.

The curious larva case of Phryganea, named by Mr. Lea
Valvata arentfera, is found in considerable numbers in various

Fie. 182.
Genitalia of PALUDINA VIVIPARA Linné. (Bronn, Klass. und Ord.
der Weich., taf. LXXXVIII, Figs.5 (2), 6(¢). A, female; B, male; gal,
albuminiparous gland; ov, ovaries; p, penis; rs, receptaculum seminis; t,

testicles; ut, uterus; vd, vas deferens; vg, vagina; vs, seminal or genital
bladder.

parts of the region. The case is of exactly the same shape as
that of a Valvata,and might be mistaken by an amateur for V.

‘sincera. For a very interesting account of this larva case, see
Thos. Bland, Ann. Lyc. N. H., Vol. VIII, p. 144.

FAMILY VIVIPARID.

Shell: Globular or conical, either banded or plain and
with a greenish epidermis; aperture round; peristome con-
tinuous, entire; operculum horny, annular, frequently with a
spiral nucleus.

Animal: With a large, simple foot, and short, simple ros-
trum; tentacles short, the right one, in the male, modified to

x
;

Te ot

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 353

form a verge, and very large; eyes situated on peduncles at
the outer bases of the tentacles. Radula with the formula
3-1-3; central tooth broad, with rounded edges on base, re-
flected cusp denticulated; lateral teeth longer than wide, the
two inner denticulated on their reflected portions; and the
outer tooth simple or denticulated.

The genitalia may be thus briefly described: In the male
the penis is lodged in the right tentacle and is large and cylin-
drical; the seminal or genital bladder follows, being a very
large, cylindrical sac, from the end of which extends the vas
deferens, which terminates in two testicular lobes, one ante-
rior and one posterior. In the female the ovaries are small
and digitiform, and lead by a long, narrow oviduct into the
uterus; at this point the receptaculum seminis and albumin-

Fia4. 183.

Animal of VIVIPARA. V.INTERTEXTA Say, Binney, Figs. 30, 31.) Fe-
male and male.

iparous gland are placed, both being quite large; the uterus
is much swollen and gut-like, and opens by a contracted por-
tion, the vagina. The testes and ovaries are embedded in the
liver (Fig. 132).
Genus VIVIPARA Lamarck.

Shell: With rounded whorls frequently banded; aperture
ovately rounded; peristome continuous. Operculum annular,
horny.

“Animal: With a long muzzle and very short eye-pe-
duncles; neck with a small lappet on the left side anda larger
on the right, folded to form a respiratory siphon; gill comb-
like, single; tongue short; teeth single, oval, slightly hooked
and denticulated; uncini 3, oblong, denticulated. The Vivipa-°
vid@ are viviparous, the young continuing for some time after
they are hatched within the parent shell.” (Tryon).* (Fig.
133.)

*S. and S. Conch., Vol. II, p. 274.

354 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The number of denticles on the cusps varies in different
species as follows: central, 7-18; intermediate, 7-12; inner
lateral, 5-10; outer lateral, 5—16.

146. Vivipara contectoides W. G. Binney, pl. xxxvi, figs. 1, 2, 3.

Limnea vivipara SAY, Nich. Encycl., Amer. ed., pl. ii, fig. 5, 1817.

(Paludina of later editions.)
Vivipara contectoides W.G. BINNEY, L. and Fr. W. Sh., Part III, p. 28,
figs. 41-44, 1865.

Shell: Rather thin, rounded, swollen; color greenish-
horn, either plain or with four revolving brown bands, of
which three are on the body of the whorl and one on the base,
the upper whorls showing but two bands; surface shining,
smooth, lines of growth numerous, fine, crowded, a trifle ob-
lique; surface broken in one or: more places by the mark of
the former peristome, which leaves a black line; spire rather
short, subconic; apex small, knob-shaped, elevated; sutures
very deeply impressed; whorls five, regularly increasing in
size, swollen; aperture nearly circular, oblique, entire, the in-
ner wall of the aperture being placed against the body-whorl,
bluish-white inside, showing the four bands through the shell;
peristome entire, thin, sharp, bordered with black, reflected
near the umbilicus; base of shell rounded; umbilicus narrow,
deep, in some examples almost covered by the reflection of
the peristome.

Length, 28.00; width, 21.00; aperture REE 14.50; width, 11.50 mill. (8840.)

“80,00; “« 24.00; « 16.00; “ 13.00 “ (8845.)
“81.00; “ 26.00; - “ © 15.00; “12.50 « (884h)
“38.00: 25.00; “16.00; “ 13.00 “ (9180.)

Animal: With a short and very wide foot, expanded lat-
erally before and rounded behind; tentacles short and trian-
gular, the eyes situated on prominences on their outer sides;
color dark brown with lighter patches here and there; rostrum
short and thick, cylindrical, blunt; there is a short siphon on
the right side and a small lappet on the left side; operculum
concentric, horny, rather thin, concave, the nucleus a little
below the center of left side (Pl. xxxvi, Fig. 2); operculigerous
lobe on right side of body, near the center of the hinder end
of the dorsal surface of the foot. Length of foot, 22.00; width,
14.00 mill. In the male contectérdes the right tentacle is pro-
duced into a thick, cylindrical, copulatory organ, or verge,
with a small hook at the end.

Radula formula: 4+4+4+4+44+4-4++4 (3-1-3); central

ont a ee

pa 9
Trey

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 355

tooth with a quadrangular base of attachment, rounded above
and below, reflected portion small, nine-dentate, the central
cusp the largest; intermediate tooth longer than wide, some-
what sole-shaped, nine-dentate, cusp wider than high; lateral
teeth longer than wide, the second nine-dentate and the third
seven-dentate. The writer counted 55 rows of perfect teeth in
one membrane (Fig. 134).

Distribution: Eastern United States from Michigan to
New York and Florida, and from South Carolina to Arkansas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found in lakes and rivers, where there is a
muddy bottom, more frequently where there is a quantity of
grass, in water from a foot to two or three feet in depth.

Remarks: This.is a very common and beautiful species.
It is unlike any other mollusk found in this region, the four
spiral bands easily distinguishing it. In some localities it is

rad My, \ yn

L

Fie. 134.

Radula of VIVIPARA CONTECTOIDES, W.G. Binney. (Original.) C,
central tooth; 1, intermediate tooth; 2, 3, lateral teeth.

the predominating form, and thousands of dead shells may be
found upon the shores of such localities as Wolf and Calumet
lakes. It is most interesting in an aquarium, and readily
moves about, its long tentacles and rounded rostrum extended
to their full length, the latter bent downward, the former feel-
ing about nervously and the shell swinging from side to side.
The young have a foot almost black in color, with large, irreg-
ular white spots on the under side; they are very active. The
shell is very variable in regard to the presence of the bands,
some specimens being perfectly plain and others but faintly
banded. It seems to be pretty widely distributed, but is most
common inthe southern region, in the chain of lakes.

356 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Genus CAMPELOMA Rafinesque, 1819.

Paludina, Vivifara and Melantho of authors.

“Shell: Thick, solid, ovate, imperforate, spire produced;
whorls rounded, smooth, covered with an olivaceous epider-
mis; peristome simple, continuous.” (W. G. Binney.)*

Animal; With a large, broad, rather thin foot, “much
produced beyond the snout and slightly auricled in front.
Color rather light, in reddish (orange) spots on a palish white
ground. Head of moderate size, snout small. Lingual teeth
smooth or only minutely crenulated at their apices. Cervical

lappets of moderate size, but not forming regular tubular .

aquiferous ducts; the right one plicated. Branchial lamine
elongate-triangular, equal in size and arranged in a single
straight row both at base and tips.” (Stimpson.)tT

“The operculum is elongately-ovate, somewhat produced
anteriorly and curved; thin, corneous, subconcentric, with sim-
ple nucleus near parietal wall; reddish or light brown.” (Call.)

Disribution: The United States east of the Rocky Moun-
tains.

KEY TO SPECIES OF CAMPELOMA.

A. Shell reddish or pinkish under the epidermis, especially the
APSR: 5's siscFs oeha y eaght spas aula where ke etal Sipe ely tae i rufum
B. Shell dark olivaceous or greenish, chalky-white beneath the
epidermis.
a. Spire very short, stumpy; aperture longer than spire,
produced into a sort of channel at the upper (poste-
rior) part; shell'very ponderous’... (4... Js. v<h. eae ponderosum
b. Spire rather long, aperture and spire of equal length,
aperture not produced.
1. Whorls rounded; shell generally ovate, rather thin,

spire somewhat depressed, aperture rounded ...... decitsum
2. Whorls rather flattened; shell generally elongated,
solid; spire produced, aperture sigmoid.......... subsolidum

147. Campeloma ponderosum Say, pl. xxxv, fig. 9.
Paludina ponderosa Say, Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. II, p. 173, 1821.
Paludina regularis LEA, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IX, p. 15, 1844.
Melantho nolani Tryon, Con. Haldeman, Mon., p. 25, pl. xii, figs.
10-11, 1870.

Shell: Very heavy and solid, globosely ovate; color gen-
erally greenish, but blackish in old specimens and showing
old peristome scars; surface shining, polished, smooth, lines of

*L. and Fr. W. Sh., pt. 3, p. 36.
tSee Bull. Washburn Coll. Lab. N. H., Vol. I, No. 5, p. 153.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 357

growth numerous, fine, crowded, crossed by delicate spiral
lines; beneath the green or black epidermis the shell is pure
white; apex always eroded in old specimens but in young ones
showing a small, round, sunken nucleus, which is light horn
color; spire generally depressed, short, conic; sutures well im-
pressed; whorls six, rounded, bulbous or inflated, the last
whorl very large, equaling over half the length of the entire
shell; aperture elongately-ovate, rounded below and con-
tracted above, where it is produced into a sort of canal; aper-
ture bluish-white within; peristome sharp, thick, simple, mar-
gined with black; columellar lip covered by a thin coating of
callus, which is bordered with black and which makes the peri-
stome entire, joining the terminations; base of shell rounded,
imperforate.

Length, 21.50; width 15.00; aperture length, 138.50; width, 8.00 mill. (8848.)
3 S00 ee lS. 50% & Saal tt (0) remeniee emma (OK) mice (8848.)

Animal: Not examined. Operculum longer than wide,
much narrowed above, convex, horny, thin on the edges, sub-
concentric; the nucleus near the left margin; reddish brown
incolor. Length 12.50, width 7.comill. (Shell 21.50 mill. long.)

Radula: Not examined.

Distribution: New York west to Illinois, south to Ala-
bama and Texas.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

L[Tabitat: In the larger rivers on a muddy bottom.

Remarks: Distinguished by its heavy, solid shell and
peculiar channeled aperture. The species is not generally
known to inhabit this region, being usually found farther
south, but the specimens before the writer are certainly pon-
derosum and they were said to have been collected in the Calu-
met River some years ago by Dr. J. W. Velie. The specimens
were sent to Prof. R. Ellsworth Call, the well-known student
of this intricate genus, who wrote as follows concerning them:
“The specimens are certainly Campeloma ponderosum, mostly
juniors, and one about two-thirds grown. They are typical of
that form. I seriously question that your collector found
them in the place indicated. It willbe very interesting indeed
to have this settled by additional specimens, which will be the
only proof beyond doubt.” The region has been very care-
fully searched for additional specimens but up to the present
time none have been found. It has been admitted to this list

358 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

only for the reason that others may identify it, if collected in
this region by any student.

148. Campeloma rufum Haldeman, pl. xxxvi, figs. 4, 6.
Paludina rufa HALDEMAN, Mon., p. 3 of wrapper, pt. 3, pl. iii, fig. 1,
1844,
Melantho gibba CURRIER, Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. III, p. 112, pl. vi,
fig. 3, 1867.

Shell; Thick, but not heavy, elongately ovate or globose;
color olive green to light horn, especially near the sutures,
showing old peristome marks as in ponderosum; beneath the
epidermis the shell is pinkish or reddish and the apex is pink-
ish; surface shining, polished, smooth, linesof growth numer-
ous, raised into conspicuous ridges here and there, crossed
by more or less distinct spiral striae; sometimes malleated on
body-whorl; apex small, rounded, pinkish, eroded in some
specimens; spire obtusely conic, somewhat elevated; sutures
well impressed; whorls five and one-half to six and one-half,
convex on the sutures but rather flat-sided on the peripheral
portion of the whorl; last whorl (at the aperture) from two-
fifths to one-half the length of the entire shell; aperture ob-
liquely ovate, narrowed above, pinkish within, bluish-white on
the columella and near the peristome; peristome acute, sim-
ple, sigmoid, terminations joined by a bluish-white callus,
which is reflected over the parietal wall and covers the umbil-
icus; base of shell rounded. Operculum as in decisum.

Length, 29.00; width, 17.00; aper. length, 14.00; width, 9.00 mill. (8859.) 3)

«9850; “- 14.50; “ 9 1800; “ 800 °° (ole
“90.00; “ 18.00; « “1150; © 8.00 “01ND
“9050; “ 18.00; “ 9 “ 1150; “ 7.95 “ (10115) g
“97.00; «©. 19.00; “ “ 1450; “11.00 “ (12866.)9

Animal; Not differing materially from deczsum.

Radula: As in decisum.

Distribution: Connecticut and Massachusetts west to
Iowa, south to Tennessee and Alabama.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found rather plentifully on muddy bottoms in
rivers and lakes.

Remarks: This distinct and beautiful species is generally
confounded with deciswm, but may always be distinguished by
the peculiar pinkish tinge of the substance of the shell beneath
the epidermis, and the pinkish apex. In form the shell much
resembles both decisum and obesum, as well as some forms of

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 359

subsolidum. The females are very globose and may easily be
distinguished from the males, which are comparatively slen-
der. The interior of the aperture is frequently bluish or pur-
plish, and the pinkish substance of the shell cannot be made
out until the shell is examined by transmitted light. An ex-
cellent method of identifying this species isto scratch the epi-
dermis from a spot on the shell, when the beautiful pink tint
will be seen. This seems to be a rather widely distributed
species and is found in all parts of the territory. Mr. T. Jen-
sen has a very fine, large, reversed specimen in his collection.

149. Campeloma decisum Say, pl. xxxvi, figs. 5, 7.
Limnea decisa SAY, Nich. Encycl., ed. 1, 1817.
Paludina incrassata LEA, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. IJ, p. 243, 1842.
Paludina decapitata ANTHONY, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 71, 1860.
Melantho melanostoma CURRIER (MSS.?)
Melantho geniculum CONRAD, N. Fr. W.Sh., U.S., p. 48, pl. viii, fig. 3,
1854. (Variety.)

Shell: Elongate-ovate, rather solid, subfusiform; color
dark green, generally very uniform, but with here and there
a brown streak representing a former edge of the aperture;
surface smooth, shining, lines of growth numerous, very fine,
crowded, crossed by numerous microscopic revolving lines;
beneath the green epidermis the shell is chalky white, apex
(when present) very small, rounded, color light horn; spire
elevated, conic, obtuse near the apex, frequently truncated;
sutures well impressed; whorls six, rounded, the upper whorls
of the spire being frequently eroded; aperture elongately-
ovate, very nearly entire, rounded below and a little contracted
above, bluish-white within; peristome acute, simple, a dark
brown band bordering it on the outside; the columellar wall
of the aperture is covered by a callus which is bordered with
dark brown and connects the terminations of the peristome;
the parietal wall and columella form almost a straight line in
typical (male) specimens; base rounded, made imperforate by
the reflection of the aperture.

Lgth., 28.50; width, 17.50; aper.lgth., 15.50; width, 10,00 mill. (10110.)

“ 96.00: “ 1250; “ “ 414.50; “ 9,00 “ (8858,) Reve ed
“ 93.00: “ 16.00; “ “ 18,00; “ 9,00 “ (8853.)
“ 91.00; “ 15.50; “ “ 12.00; “ 850 “ (8856.)

Animal; Pale or bluish white, covered over thickly with
salmon-colored spots, under portion of foot pale bluish-white;
head small, distinct; rostrum small, cylindrical; tentacles

360 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

rather long and tapering, the eyes situated on the outside on
an enlargement of the tentacles one-third the distance be-
tween the base and tip; in the male the right tentacle is modi-

Fic. 135.
Animal of CAMPELOMA DECISUM Say. Female. (Binney, Fig. 68.)

fied to form the verge; foot very large, broad, produced in
front, and much in advance of the head and tentacles. Length
of foot, 39.co; width, 19.00 mill. Foot truncated in front and
slightly auriculated, rounded behind, translucent (Fig. 135).
Operculum longer than wide, convex, subconcentric, with the
nucleus near the left margin; dark reddish brown in color.
Length, 11.00; width, 6.00 mill.

Radula formula: 3-1-3, central tooth very broad, the
lower corners of the base of attachment attenuated; reflection
simply hooked, without denticulations; intermediate tooth

a 3
Fic. 136.

Radula of CAMPELOMA DEcISUM Say. (Original.) C, central tooth;
1, intermediate tooth; 2, 3, lateral teeth.

similar to central, but narrower; second and third lateral teeth
very long and narrow, somewhat fang-shaped, simple (Fig. 136).

Distribution: Massachusetts to Illinois and Minnesota,
south to Tennessee and Virginia. In British America from
Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan River.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found generally on a muddy bottom almost

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 361

buried from sight. Sometimes, when found ina quiet nook,
they may be seen crawling over the surface of the mud. They
seem to prefer large bodies of water.

Remarks: This species is rare in this region, and the
specimens found are not typical. Professor Call remarked that
of a lot of Campeloma sent him only 5 per cent were decisum,
the others being sabsolidum. Many specimens are similar to
vufum, but the pink shell will always distinguish that species.
It is always confounded with subsolidum, and many of its va-
rieties are difficult to distinguish from that species. Decisum
has well-rounded whorls, a somewhat depressed spire, broadly
conical, and the epidermis is of a beautiful green. Swbsolidum
has always a more solid shell, with a longer spire, more flat-
sided whorls and (in this region) a greenish horn-colored shell.

In a lot of specimens from Wolf Lake, the females (July
16, 1896) were filled with ova in an advanced stage of devel-
Opment. One specimen had twenty ova measuring 5 mill. in
diameter, and the yolk was of a beautiful transparent horn
color.

The oviduct of this species is infested by a parasite, Heter-
ostromum echinatum Diesing, which is found in considerable
numbers, and the intestine is tenanted by another parasite, Ano-
plophrya vermicularis.

On February 23, 1897, a specimen of this species gave
birth to six young which were very active. A few days later
she added twelve more to that number, making eighteen in all.
The young all died three weeks after birth. When born the
animal is very transparent and vitreous, with a very large foot.
The shell is 3 mill. in length, and consists of about two whorls.
The operculum is very thin and transparent, almost structure-
less, and measures 1% by 1 mill. The shell might easily be
mistaken for Ammnicola imosa. No reversed specimens occurred
in this brood. (Mus. No. 12353.)

Decisum is found, rather sparingly, however, in all parts of
the territory. On the old lake beaches it may be found ina
fossil condition.

150. Campeloma subsolidum Anthony, pl). xxxvi, figs. 8-12.
Paludina subsolida ANTHONY, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 71, 1860.
Paludina exilis ANTHONY, 1. ¢c., p. 71, 1860.

Paludina milesit LEA, |. c., p. 156, 1863.

Shell: Elongate, very solid, more or less malleated; color

362 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

horn or light green, showing former peristome marks as in
decisum, surface polished, smooth save for the somewhat ele-
vated, crowded growth-lines which roughen the shell to some
extent; the shell beneath the epidermis is chalky white; apex
small, similar to decisum, but more prominent; spire elevated,
elongated, conic; suturesimpressed, almost channeled; whorls
six to seven in fully adult specimens, rather flat-sided, sloping
near the sutures, where they are almost angular; the whorl oc-
cupies three-fourths of the entire length of the shell, and the
periphery is perceptibly flattened; aperture broadly ovate,
rounded below and contracted above; forming a sort of “bay”
at the columella, white or bluish-white within; peristome thin,
acute, simple, the terminations connected by a rather heavy
columellar callus which is reflected over the umbilicus; the
parietal callus is bluish-white and is sometimes bordered by a
black stripe; base rounded, imperforate, somewhat wrinkled.
Operculum similar to that of decisum.

Length, 32.00; width, 20.00; aper. esieet, 17.00; width, 11.00 mill. (10113.)

rf S10s) 5 1808 “: 16.5055 74" 11.00 “ (10113.)
os 29.00; se VtDO; ce moeay 8 | Raa 10.00 “ (8857.)
“ 30.00; “ 18.00; e poe ees UP 7 | ae 10.00 “ (8844.)
“5 40.00; “ 25.00; ©. LUOe ete. hE ee (9343.)

Animal; Similar to decisum.

Radula: Same as that of decisum.

Distribution: Massachusetts to Illinois and Michigan,
south to Central Ohio.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Similar to decisum.

Remarks: This species is almost always confounded with
decisum. It is a more heavy shell, the spire is more produced,
the aperture is more sigmoid and the whorls are more flat-
sided. The two species are almost always found associated
together and it is a question whether they do not interbreed.
It is certainly very difficult to separate some of the forms of
these two species. This is the most common Campeloma in
this region and grows to a large size. In Wolf Lake it is very
plentiful, and in the North Branch of the Chicago River it is
quite common and very typical. It is universally distributed
and has been found fossil on the old lake beaches and by Mr.
Jensen in sand banks on the lake shore north of Graceland
avenue,

‘ev. Bea
eae

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 363

XI. CHICAGO BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The writer has been able to find but three papers (besides
his own) relating to the Mollusca of the area under considera-
tion. All available works have been carefullyexamined. The
Chicago drainage area seems to have been but little studied.

1. CATALOGUE OF ANIMALS OBSERVED IN Cook County, ILL.

Prepared for the Illinois State Agricultural Society by
Robert Kennicott, The Grove, West Northfield, Ill. (Transac-
tions of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, Vol. I, 1853-
1854, Pp. 595.)

“ MOLLUSCA.

flelix monodon Rackett.
flelix profunda.
Planorbis campanulatus Say.
Planorbis trivolvis Say.
Limnea reflexa Say.
Limnea fragilis Linne.
Limnea emarginata Say.
Physa heterostropha Say.
Paludina decisa Say.
Melania carinata,
Melania semicarinata Say.

Unio alatus Say.
Unio costatus Raf.
Unio tris Raf.

Unio bullatus Raf.
Unio fragilis Raf.
Unio luteolus Lam.
Unto dilatatus Raf.
Unto coccineus Hild.
Unio cardium Raf.
Unio parvus Barnes.
Alasmodonta calceolata Late.
Cyclas simtlis Say.

Of the above, U. costatus=undulatus Barnes; U. tris=tris
Lea (7); U. dullatus=pustulosus Lea; U. fragilis=gracilis Barnes;
U. dilatatus=gibbosus Barnes; U. cardium=ventricosus Barnes;
A. calceolata=calceola Lea; L. fragilis=stagnalis Linné; L. emar-
ginata=catascopium Say; M. carinata=semicarinata Say, the
latter a species not found in the present territory. The list
shows how little was known at that time concerning the varied
molluscan fauna of this region.

2. NoTEs ON FRESH-WATER MOLLUuSCA FOUND IN THE VICINITY
oF CuicaGo, ILL.
BY W. W. CALKINS.

Cincinnati Journal of Science, Vol. I, pp. 242-244, 1874.
This paper lists the species of fresh-water shells and adds

valuable notes on their habits and variability. The following
species are listed:

Limnea reflexa Say.
Limnea zebra* Tryon.
Limnea appressa* Say.

Spherium simile Say.
Spherium partumetum Say.
Spherium transversum Say.

364 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Limnea palustris Miller. Pistdium abditum Prime.
Limnea caperata Say. Pisidium compressum Prime.
Limne@a umbrosus *Say. Unio cornutus Barnes.
Physa gyrina Say. Unio gracilis Barnes.
Physa heterostropha Say. Unio gibbosus Barnes.
Planorbis campanulatus Say. Unio luteolus Lam.
Planorbis trivolvis Say. Unio occidens* Lea.
Planorbis bicarinatus Say. — Unio rectus Lam.
Planorbisparvus Say. ' Unio pustulosus Lea.
Segmentina armigera Say. Unio pustulatust Lea.
Valvata tricarinata Say. _ Unio rubiginosus Lea.
Valvata sincera Say. Unio elegans Lea.
Vivipara contectoides W.G. Binney. Unio undulatus Barnes.
Melantho* subsolidus Anthony. Unio verrucosus Barnes.
Melantho* coarctatat Lea. Unio ellipsist Barnes.
Bythinella obtusa Lea. Unio tuberculatust Barnes.
Somatogyrus depressus* Tryon. Margaritana complanata Barnes.
Amnticola cincinnatiensis Anthony. Anodonta footiana Lea.
Pleurocera subulare Lea. Anodonta imbecilis Say.
Gontobasis livescens Menke. Anodonta plana* Lea.

3. PAPER BY W. W. CALKINS,

In Valley Naturalist, Vol. I, No. 2, p.1, Nov., 1878, and Vol.
II, p. 53, 1880, published at St. Louis, gives descriptions of the
following species from the Chicago area, besides valuable notes:

Succinea calumetensts,
Zonites upsoni.
Amnicola ferruginea.

4. COLLECTING ABOUT CHICAGO.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Sports Afield, August, 1897, Vol. XIX, No. 2.
The following species are listed from the southern region:

Anodonta footiana Lea. Limnea palustris Mill.

Unio luteolus Lam. Limnea caperata Say.

Unio pustulosus Lea. Limnea reflexa Say.

Unio gibbosus Barnes. Limnea stagnalis Linné.

Spherium striatinum Lam. Planorbis trivolvis Say.

Vitrea arborea Say. Planorbis campanulatus Say.

Vitrea indentata Say. Planorbis parvus Say.

Conulus fulvus Drap. Segmentina armigera Say.

Pupa contracta Say. Vivipara contectotdes W. G. Binney.

Campeloma decisum Say.
Campeloma subsolidum Anthony.
Pleurocera subulare Lea.

*For the correct position of these names, which are synonymous, the reader is referred
to the body of this work.

tThese species have not as yet been found in the territory under consideration.

“> ease ee

D~ ft

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 365

5. A Day ON THE CHICAGO DRAINAGE. CANAL.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.
The Nautilus, Vol. XII, No.6, p. 63, October, 1898.

The following species are enumerated from the western
region: .

Anodonta grandis Say. Planorbis trivolvis Say.
Anodonta imbecilis Say. Planorbis bicarinatus Say.
Alasmodonta complanata Barnes. Planorbis campanulatus Say.
Alasmodonta deltoidea Lea. Planorbis truncatus Miles.
Lampsilis luteolus Lam. Planorbis deflectus Say.
Sphaerium simile Say. Physa heterostropha Say.
Spherium stamineum Conrad. Aplexa hypnorum Linné.
Calyculina truncata Linsley. Gontobasts livescens Menke.
Succinea retusa Lea. Amnicola limosa Say.
Limnea desidiosa Say. Ammnicola lustrica Pilsbry.
Limnea palustris Mill. Amnicola cincinnatiensts Lea.
Limnea caperata Say. Vivipara contectoides W. G. Binney.
Limnea humilis Say. Valvata tricarinata Say.

6. A New SPH&RIUM.,
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
The Nautilus, Vol. XII, No. 6, p.65, October, 1898.
Description of Spherium lilycashense Baker, from Lilycash
Creek, western region.
7.. NOTES ON THE MOLtusks OF LILYCASH CREEK.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.
The Nautilus, Vol. XIII, No. 3, p. 30, 1899.
The following species are listed from the western region:

Spherium staminium Conrad. Pisidium sp.

Spherium lilycashense Baker. Pistdium roperi Sterki.

Spherium striatinum Lam. Limna@a humilis Say.

Spharium simtle Say. Limne@a desidiosa Say.

Spharium occidentale Prime. Planorbits parvus Say.

Calyculina transversa* Say. Physa heterostropha Say.
Calyculina truncata* Linsley. Pleurocera elevatum Say. .
Pisidium abditum Haldeman. Amnicola limosa Say.

Pisidium compressum Prime. Ammnicola limosa var parva Lea.
Pisidium walkeri Sterki. Cincinnatia cincinnatiensts Lea.
Pisidium cruciatum Sterki. Pomatiopsits cincinnatiensis Anthony,
Pisidium punctatum Sterki. Campeloma rufum Haldeman.
Pisidium fallax Sterki. (Reversed.)

Pisidium splendidulum Sterki.
Pisidium variabile Prime.

*Mr. Handwerk, who sent the specimens for identification, says, in a letter of recent
date, that the two Calyculina were from the Desplaines River and not from Lilycash

Creek.

366 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

8. A REVISION OF THE PHyS# OF NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIs.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
The Nautilus, Vol. XIV, No. 2, p. 16, 1900.
The following species are described and figured: Physa
heterostropha, P. sayu, P. integra, P. gyrina, and variety elliptica,

9. A REVISION OF THE LIMN2%AS OF NORTHERN ILLINOIS.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. 1-24, pl. i, 1901.

All of the species found in the Chicago area are described
and figured.

10. NEw VARIETIES OF FRESH-WATER SHELLS.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.

The Nautilus, Vol. XV, p. 17, 1901.
Description of Limnea reflexa jolietensis.

II. DESCRIPTION OF A NEw SPECIES OF LIMN/A.
BY FRANK C. BAKER.
Bull. Chi. Acad. Sciences, Vol. II, No. 4, p. 229, 1901.
Description of Limnea Woodruffi.
12. Limn#A AURICULARIA IN AMERICA.

BY FRANK C. BAKER.
The Nautilus, Vol. XV, No. 5, p. 59, 1901.

XII. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF WORKS REFERRED TO IN
THIS :PUBLICATION.*2-*

In the following list the abbreviations used for the author are given,
and following this a list of the abbreviations used for the several publica-
tions.

ADAMS, CHARLES B. (C. B. Ad.) Catalogue of the Mollusca of Middle-
bury, Vt., and Vicinity; with Observations. (From Amer. Journ. Sci., I
series, Vol. XL, pp. 266-267, 1841.)

....Descriptions of Shells. (l.c., Vol. XX XIX, I series, pp. 575-375, 1840.)

.... Fresh Water and Land Shells of Vermont. (From Thompson’s History
of Vermont, Vol. I, 1842.)

... Shells of Fresh Pond. (From Amer. Journ. Sci., I series, Vol. XXXVI,
p. 392, 1889.)

...., CHITTY AND BLAND. Contributions to Conchology. Vol. 1, New York,
Oct., 1849; Nov., 1852,
*The writer wishes to express his appreciation of Mr. W. G. Binney’s raphy of

North American Conchology, to which he has made frequent reference. The catalogue of
Corbiculide of Temple Prime (Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. V, pt. 2, 1869-70) has also been of
great service. The writer would also express his obligations to Mr. Charles W. Johnson,
Curator of the Wagner Free Institute of Science, Philadelphia, Pa., and to Mr. George W.
Clapp, Pittsburg, Pa., for very valuable assistance in making up this bibliography.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 367

ADAMS AND MIGHELS, J. W. (Ad. & Migh.) Descriptions of twenty-five
new species of New England Shells. (From Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H,,
Vol..I, pp. 48-50, 1841.)

ADAMS, HENRY ANDARTHUR. (H. & A. Ad.) Genera of Recent Mollusca.
Two Volumes, London, 1858.

ADAMS, HENRY. (H.Ad.) Inthe Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society
of London, p. 145, fer

ALBERS, JOHANN CHRIST. (Alb.) Die Heliceen Nach Natiirlicher Ver-
wamttschaft systematisch geordnet. Leipzig.

.... Malakozoologische Blatter, Vol. IV, p. 91, 1857.

ALDER, JosHUA. (Ald.) A catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland
and Durham. (From The Transactions of the Tyneside Naturalists’
Field Club, Newcastle-on-the-Tyne, 1848.) (Cat. North. and Durh.)

ANTHONY, JOHN G. (Anth.) Descriptions of three new species of shells.
(From the Bost. Journ. N. H., Vol. III, pp. 278-279, 1840.)

..Descriptions of New Species of American Fluviatile Gastropods.
(From Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 71, 1860.)

.. Descriptions of two New Species of Goniobases. (From Amer. Journ.
Conch., Vol. I, p. 36, 1865.)

.. Descriptions of New Species of North American Unionide. (From
same, Vol. I, pp. 155-164, 1865.)

.... Descriptions of New American Fresh-water Shells. (From same, Vol.
II, pp. 144-147, 1866.)

.... List of Land and Fresh-water Shells found chiefly in the vicinity of
Cincinnati. (No date or descriptions.)

..In Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Vol. III, pp. 160-163, 1850.)

ANoNYMovs. Descriptions a some of the Fresh-water Gastropoda Inhab-
iting the lakes and rivers of Canada. (From the Canadian Naturalist
and Geologist, and Proceedings of the Natural History Society of
Montreal, Vol. II, pp. 195-215, 1857.)

AUGHEY, SAMUEL. The Superficial Deposits of Nebraska. (From the
Report on the Geological and Geographical Surveys of the Territo-
ries for 1874. Reprinted, pp. 1-31.)

BAIRD, In the Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society of London,
p. 68, 1863.

BAKER, FRANK COLLINS. A Catalogue of Conchological Abbreviations.
(From The Nautilus, Vol. IV, pp. 89-91, 1890; 115-117, 1891.)

..A Day on the Chicago Drainage Canal. (From the same, Vol. XII,
No. 6, p. 63, October, 1898.)

....A New Spherium. (From the same, p. 65.)

..Collecting about Chicago. (From Sports Afield, Vol. XIX, No.2, Aug.,
1897.)

.... Notes on Radulz. (From Journ. Cin. Soc. N. H., Vol. XIX, pp. 81-93,
1897.)

_.On a Collection of Mollusks from Grand Tower, Ill. (From The Nau-
tilus, Vol. XI, No. 3, p. 28, July, 1897.)

..On the Correct Position of the Aperture in Planorbis. (From The
Journ. Cin. Soc. N. H., Vol. XIX, p. 45, 1896.)

....On the Pulsations of the Molluscan Heart. (Fromthe same, pp. 73-78,
1897.)

oo eT ee Dei tn pet Sy | Bie tors inal ele A ;
. . 7, Pe 2 ee PAT ay

we

368 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

BAKER, FRANK COLLINS. The Molluscan Fauna of Western New York.
(From the Trans. Acad. Sci., St. Louis, Vol. VIII, No. 5, pp. 71-94, 1898.)
..The Gross Anatomy of Limnza Emarginata, var. Mighelsi, Binney. 4
(Bull. Chi. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, No. 3, pp. 191-211, 1900.)
.. Notes on the Mollusks of Lilycash Creek. (From The Nautilus, Vol.
XIII, No. 3, p. 30, 1899.)
..A Revision of the Physz of Northeastern Illinois. (From the same,
Vol. XIV, No. 2, p. 16, 1900.)
..A Revision of the Limnzas of Northern Illinois. (From Trans. Acad.
Sci., St. Louis, Vol. XI, No. 1, pp. 1-24, 1901.)
.. New Varieties of Fresh-water Shells. (From The Nautilus, Vol. XV,
No. 2, p. 17, 1901.)
... Description of a New Species of Limnza. (From Bull. Chi. Acad. Sci.,
Vol. II, No. 4, pp. 229-280, 1901.)
.... Limnza auricularia in America. (From The Nautilus, Vol. XV, No. 5,
p. 59, 1901.)
..Planorbis bicarinatus striatus, n. var. (The Nautilus, Vol. XV, No. 10,
p. 120, 1902.)
BARNES, D. W.(Barnes.) On the Genera Unio and Alasmodonta; with In-
troductory Remarks. (From Amer. Journ. Sci., I series, Vol. VI., pp.
118-126, and 259-279, 1823.)
BARRATT, ——— (In Amer. Journ. Sci., I series, Vol. XLVIII, p. 276, 1845.)
Beck, H. (Bk.) Index Molluscorum, 1838, ¥
BINNEY, Dr. Amos. (Binn.) A Monograph of the Helices inhabiting the
United States. (From Bost. Journ. N. H., Vol. I, pp. 466-494, 1837;
Vol. III, pp. 405-486, 1841.)
.. Descriptions of some of the species of naked Air-breathing Mollusca
inhabiting the United States. (From the same, Vol. IV, pp. 163-174,
1842.)
.. Descriptions of two undescribed species of North American Helices.
(From same, Vol. IV, pp. 160-161, 1843.)
..On some of the species of naked Pneumonobranchous Mollusca of the
United States. (From the Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., pp. 51-52, 1841 )
..AND A. A. GouLD. (Binney and Gould.) The Terrestrial Air-breath-
ing Mollusks of the United States, and the adjacent Territories of North
America, described and illustrated by Amos Binney; edited by A. A.
Gould. Boston, Vols. I, II, 1851; Vol. III, 1857. (Terr. Moz.)
BINNEY, W. G. (W.G. B.) A Manual of American Land Shells. (Bulletin
of the United States National Museum, No. 28, 1885.) (Man. Amer.
Land Shells.) f
.. Bibliography of North American Conchology previous to the year 1860.
Part I, American authors. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections,
1863.) (Bzb. N. Amer. Conch.)

...Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Part IJ. Pulmonata
Limnophila and Thalassophila. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collec-
tions, 1865.)

.. Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Part III]. Ampullar-
iidz, Valvatide, Viviparide, etc. (Same, 1865.) (L. G& Fr. W. S. N. A.)
..Notes on American Land Shells, No. II]. (From Proc. Phil. Acad., 1
pp. 114-116, 1858.)

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 369

BINNEY, W.G. On the Jaw and Lingual Membrane of North American
Terrestrial Pulmonata. (From the same, pp. 140-245, 1875.

.. The Terrestrial Air-breathing Mollusks of the United States, Vol. IV.
New York, 1859; Vol. V, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative
Zodlogy at Harvard College, Vol. IV, 1878. Supplements to the above
have been issued in the same publication as follows: First supple-
ment, Vol. XI, No. 8, 1888; Second, Vol. XIII, No. 2, 1886; Third, Vol.
XIX, No. 4, 1890.

..AND BLAND, THOMAS. (Binney & Bland.) Land and Fresh-water |
Shells of North America. Part I. Pulmonata Geophila. (Smithsonian
Miscellaneous Collections, 1869.)

BLAND, THomAS. (Bld.) Descriptions of New Species of North American
Land Shells. (From Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. II, pp. 371-374, 1866.)

....Note on certain Insect Larval Sacs, described as species of Valvatez.
(From Annals N. Y. Lyc. N. H., Vol. VIII, pp. 241-242, 1867.)

....Remarks on certain Species of North American Helicide. (From
same, Vol. VII, pp. 26-39, 115-142, 420-448, 1862.)

Bosc, L. A. G. (Bosc.) Vers de Buffon de Deterville.

BourGuiGnat, J. R. (Bourg.) (Revue et Magazin de Zodlogie, Paris, p. 20,
1857.) (Rev. Mag. de Zool.)

Brooks, W. K. Uandbook of Invertebrate Zodlogy for Laboratories and
Seaside Work. Boston, 1890.

Brot, A. Catalogue of the genera, species and varieties of Melanide.
New York, 1868. (Zzsz.)

BRONN AND KEFERSTEIN. Klassenund Ordnungen der Weichthiere. Mala-
cozoa. Leipzig, 1861-1866.

BRUGUIERE, M. (Brug.) Encyclopédie Méthodique. Paris, p. 301, 1792.
(Encycl. Méth.)

CALKINS, WILLIAM WIRT. Notes on Fresh-water Mollusca found in the
vicinity of Chicago, Ill. (From Cin. Quar. Journ. Sci., Vol. I, pp. 242-
244, 1874.)

....In Valley Naturalist, St. Louis, Vol. I, p. 1, 1878; Vol. II, p. 58, 1880.

CALL, R. ELLSworTH. (Call.) A Study of the Unionidz of Arkansas, with
Incidental Reference to their Distribution in the Mississippi Valley.
(From Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, Vol. I, pp. 1-65, 1895.)

..On the Quarternary and Recent Mollusca of the Great Basin, with de-
scriptions of New Forms. (Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv., No. 11, 1884.)

..On the Genus Campeloma, Rafinesque, with a Revision of the Species,
Recent and Fossil. (Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab., Vol. I, pp. 149-165, 1886.)

..A Descriptive Illustrated Catalogue of the Mollusca of Indiana. (From
Annual Report Department of Geology and Natural Resources of In-
diana, Vol. XXIV, pp. 335-536, 1899.)

CHARPENTIER. (Charp.) Nouveaux Mémoires de la Société Helvétique
des Sciences Naturelles, Neufchatel. Vol. I, p. 18, 1887. (Aouv. Wém.
Soc. Helv.)

CHEMNITZ, J. H. AND MARTINI. (Chemn.) Systematischen Conchylien
Cabinet. Conducted by H.C. Kiister. Nurnburg, 1852-1896. (Conch.
Cad.)

CHENU, J.C. Manual de Conchyliologie. Two volumes, 1859-1862. (A/an.
de Conch.)

}

PT Pe NEST ap oe Ee ee
‘ Pty. , ete SS

370 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

COCKERELL, T. D. A. (Ckll.) A List of the Mollusca of Colorado. (From
The Nautilus, Vol. III, pp. 99-103, 1890.)

..Agriolimax campestris in New Mexico. (From same, Vol. VIII, p. 57,
1894.)

.. Notes on the North American Species of Succinea. (From the same,
Vol. VI, pp. 21, 29, 1892; Vol. VII, p. 43, 1893.)

..In the British Naturalist, April, 1895, p. 81. Also The Nautilus, Vol.
XII, No. 10, p. 120, Feb., 1899.

..In Science Gossip, p. 257, 1889.

.. Bifidaria armifera var. novruidosensis. (The Nautilus, Vol. XIII, p.
36, 1899.)

COLLIN, G. Sur la Limnea Stagnalis Linné et sur ses variétés observées en
Belgique. (From Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., Tome VII, pp. 81-94, 1872.) |

CONRAD, Timotuy. (Conr.) Description of Some New Species of Fresh-
water Shells from Alabama, Tennessee, etc. (From. Amer. Journ. Sci.,
I series, Vol. XXV, pp. 338-343, 1834.)

.. Monograph of the Family Unionidz, or Naiades of Lamarck, of North
America. Philadelphia, Pa., 1835-1838. (Mon. Unio.)

.. New Fresh-water Shells of the United States, with colored illustrations
and a Monograph of the genus Anculotus of Say; also a Synopsis of
the American Naiades. Philadelphia, 1834. (New /. W. Sh.)

CooPER, J. G. (Coop.) On New Californian Pulmonata, etc. (From Proc.
Phil. Acad., pp. 143-154, 1872.)

COOPER, WILLIAM. (Coop.) List of Shells Collected by Mr. Schoolcraft in
the Western and Northwestern Territory. (From Narrative of an Ex-
pedition through the Upper Missouri to Itasca Lake, etc., under the di-
rection of Henry B. Schoolcraft. Appendix. New York, 1854.) (AZZ.
Narr. Exp.)

Cox, E.T. Snails Injurious to the Strawberry. (From the American Natu-
ralist, Vol. II, No. 12, Feb., 1869.)

CRAGIN, FRANCIS W. A New Species of Unio from Indian Territory.
(From Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab. N. H., Vol. II, p. 6, 1887.)

CRANDALL, O. A. The America Physe. (The Nautilus, Vol. XV, Nos.
3, 4, 5, 6, 1901.)

CURRIER,A.O. (Curr.) Descriptions of New Species of Fresh-water Shells
from Michigan. (From Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. III, pp. 112-118,
1867.)

DALL, WILLIAM HEALY. (Dall.) Contributions to the Tertiary Fauna of
Florida, with especial reference to the Miocene Silex beds of Tampa
and the Pliocene beds of the Caloosahatchie River. (From Trans.
Wag. Inst. Sci., Vol. III, part 3, 1895.)

.. Instructions for Collecting Mollusks and other Useful Hints for the
Conchologist. (Part G, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 39, 1892.)

.... Notes on some Floridan Land and Fresh-water Shells, witha Revision
of the Auriculacea of the Eastern United States. (From Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., pp. 255-289, 1885.)

..On the genus Pompholyx and its allies, with a revision of the Limnz-
idz of authors. (From Ann. N.Y. Lyc. N.H., Vol. IX, pp. 333-361, 1870.)

.-Preliminary Report on the Collection of Mollusca and Brachiopoda
obtained in 1887-1888. (Scientific Results of Explorations of the U.S.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. ( ail

Fish Commission Steamer Albatross. (From Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., Vol.
XII, pp. 219-860, 1889.)

DALL, WILLIAM HEALY. In Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Surv. Terr., Vol.
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372 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

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THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. ote

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..Descriptions of fourteen new species of Melanidze and one Palu-
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.. Description of a New Genus (Trypanostoma) of the Family Melanide,
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.. Descriptions of Twelve New Species of Uniones and other Fresh-water
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..Description of Eight New Species of Naiades from various parts of
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.. Description of New Fresh-water Shells from California. (From same,
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.. Description of a new genus of the family of Naiades, including eight
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.. Descriptions of six new species of the genus Unio, embracing the
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.. Description of new Fresh-water and Land Shells. (From same, Vol.
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.. Description of new Fresh-water and Land Shells. (From same, Vol.
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..Continuation of same. (From same, Vol. IX, pp. 30-34, 1841.)

.. Description of new Fresh-water and Land Shells. (From same, Vol.
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.
}

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 375

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376 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

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3
v,
4 e
a ee ee

Rey Ue ee

.#

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 377

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.. Descriptions of Univalve, Terrestrial, and Fluviatile Shells of the
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.. Descriptions of some new species of Fresh-water and Land Shells of
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..Descriptions of Univalve Shells of the United States. (From same,
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.. The Complete Writings of Thomas Say on the Conchology of the
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OF * oF ¢. >. ry =e | “eo Ae
e. ; TAT at Pee ES ee
° 4

378 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

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...-On the Mississippi Valley Unionidz, found in the St. Lawrence and
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.... Observations on Planorbis. (From Proc. Phil. Acad., pp. 92-110, 1881.)

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.. Bifidaria; a new subgenus of Pupa. (From same, Vol. VI, pp. 99-101,
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....Descriptions of New Pisidia. (From same, Vol. IX, pp. 74-76, 1895.)
... New Pisidia. (From same, Vol. XJ, pp. 112-114, 124-126, 1898.)

....New Pisidia. (From same, Vol. XII, pp. 77-79, 1898.)

.... Note on Planorbis Trivolvis Say. (From same, Vol. V, pp. 94-95, 1891.)
.. Observations on Vallonia. (From Proc. Phil. Acad., pp. 284-279, 1893.)
.. Preliminary List of North American Pupidea. (From The Nautilus.

Vol. VI, pp. 2-7, 1892.)
.. Pupa Holtzingeri, n.sp. (From same, Vol. III, pp. 37-39, 1889.)
.. ome notes on the genital organs of Unionidz, with reference to sys-
tematics. (From same, Vol. IX, pp. 91-94, 1895.) ;
..(The Land, and Fresh-water Mollusca of New Philadelphia, Ohio,
1894.
....Pisidium handwerki,n.sp. (From The Nautilus, Vol. XIII, p. 90, 1899.)
STIMPSON, WILLIAM. (Stimp.) {On the Structural characters of the so-

~

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 379

called Melanians of North America. (From Amer. Journ. Sci., 2d series
Vol. XXXVIII, p. 41, 1864.)

STIMPSON, WILLIAM. Researches upon the Hydrobiine and allied forms;
chiefly made upon the materials in the Smithsonian Institution. (Smith-
sonian Miscellaneous Collections, 1865.) (Res. Wydrobin.)

....Shells of New England. A revision of the Synonymyof the Testace-
ous Mollusks of New England. Boston, 1851. (SH. of WV. £.)

STONE, WITMER. Limix Eaten by Salamanders. (The Nautilus, Vol. III,
pp. 19-20, 1889.)

STRONG, L. H. A New Variety of Limnza. (The Nautilus, Vol. IX, p. 128,
1896.)

STUPAKOFF,S.H. Land and Fresh-water Shells of Allegheny County, Pa
(The Nautilus, Vol. VII, pp. 135-136, 1894.)

TAPPAN, BENJAMIN. Description of some New Shells. (From Amer. Journ.
Sci., Vol. XX XV, pp. 268-269, 1839.)

TRYON, GEORGE W., JR. Catalogue of the Species of Physa Inhabiting
the United States. (From Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. I, pp. 165-173,
1865.) ;

..Catalogue of the Species of Limnza Inhabiting the United States.
(From same, Vol. I, pp. 247-258, 1865.)

..Continuation of Haldeman’s Monograph of the Fresh-water Mollusca
of the United States. (Four numbers, Philadelphia, 1870.) (Cow. Halde-
man's Mon.) ;

.... Descriptions of New Species of North American Limneidze. (From
Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. I, pp. 223-281, 1865.)

.. Descriptions of new Fresh-water Shells of the United States. (From
Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. II, pp. 4-7, 1866.)

..Land and Fresh-water Shells of North America. Part IV, Strepoma-
tide. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 1875.)

.. Monograph of the Terrestrial Mollusca of the United States. (From
Amer. Journ. Conch., Vol. II, pp. 218-277, 1866, et seq. ad interim.)

.. Notes on American Fresh-water Shells, with descriptions of two New
Species. (From Proc. Phil. Acad., pp. 451-452, 1862.)

.. Structural and Systematic Conchology; an Introduction tothe Study of
the Mollusca. 3 Volumes. Philadelphia, 1882-1884. (Struct. and Syst.
Conch., or S. S. Conch.)

VALENCIENNES, M.A. (Val.) Coquilles Marines, Bivalves l’Amerique
Equinoxiale. (From Recueil d’Observations de Zodlogie et d’anatomie
comparee, etc., etc., 1883.) (Rec. d’Obs.)

WALKER, BRYANT. The Shell-bearing Molluscaof Michigan. (From The
Nautilus, Vol. VI, pp. 31-35, 42-47, 63-67, 1892.)

.. Vallonia Parvula and Pupa Holznigeri. (From The Nautilus, Vol. XI,
No. 7, p. 82, 1897.)

.. The Terrestrial Mollusca of Michigan. (Published by the author, De-
troit, Mich., 1899.)

.. The Synonymy of Bythinella Obtusa Lea. (From The Nautilus, Vol.
XV, No. 3, p. 30, 1901.)

..A Revision "of the Carinate Valvata of the United States. (The Nau-
tilus, Vol. XV, No. 11, p. 121, 1902.)

WESTERLUND, C. A. (West.) Fauna der in der palzarktischen Region

380 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

lebenden Binnen-Conchylien. 2 Volumes with supplements. Berlin,
1886-1890. (/auza.)

....Siberien Land och Sétvatten Mollusker. (Szberien L. och Sot. Mold.)

WETHERBY, A. G. Notes on some New or Little Known North American
Limnzidz. (From Journ. Cin. Soc. N. H., Vol. II, pp. 95-100, 1879.)

WHITEAVES, J. F. On the Land and Fresh-water Mollusca of Lower Can-
ada. (From The Canadian Naturalist, Vol. VIII, pp. 98-118, 1863.)

WITTER. . In Journal of Conchology, Vol. I, p. 384, 1878. (The author has
not been able to consult this reference.)

WOLF, JOHN. Descriptions of Three New Species of Shells. (From Amer.
Journ. Conch., Vol. V, p. 198, 1869-1870.)

Woop, WILLIAM. Supplement to the Index Testaceologicus. London,
1820. (/udex Test. Supple.)

WRIGHT, BERLIN H. New Varieties of Unionide. (From The Nautilus,
Vol. XI, No. 11, pp. 123-124, 1898.)

The principal abbreviations of Society publications, together with the
full titles, are as follows:

Amer. Journ. Conch. American Journal of Conchology.:

Amer. Journ. Sci. American Journal of Science and Arts.

Am. Nat. American Naturalist.

Ann. N. Y. Lyc. Annalsof the New York Lyceum of Natural History.

Ann. Rep. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. Annual Report of the
United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories.

Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg. Annales de la Societe Malacologique de Belgique.

Bost. Journ. N. H. Boston Journal of Natural History.

Bull. Chi. Acad. Sci. Bulletin of the Chicago Academy of Sciences.

Bull. U.S.Geol. Survey. Bulletin of the United States Geological Survey.

Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr. Bulletin of the United States
Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories.

Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum.

Bull. Wash. Coll. Lab. Bulletin of the Washburn College Laboratory
of Natural History.

Can. Nat. Canadian Naturalist and Geologist.

Cin. Quar. Journ. Sci. Cincinnati Quarterly Journal of Science.

Contr. to Conch. Contributions to Conchology.

Gen. Rec. Moll. Genera of Recent Mollusca.

Geol. Surv. Mich. Geological Survey of Michigan.

Journ. Cin. Soc. N. H. Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural
History.

Journ. Phil. Acad. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia.

Journ. Portl. Soc. N. H. Journal of the Portland Society of Natural
History.

Mal. Blatt. Malakozodlogische Blatter.

Nich. Encycl. Nicholson’s Encyclopedia of Arts and Sciences, first
edition, 1816; sec. ed., 1818; third ed., 1819. Philadelphia.

Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H. Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 381

Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. Proceedings of the California Academy of Sci-
ences,

Proc. Daven. Acad. Sci. Proceedings of the Davenport Academy of
Sciences.

Proc. lowa Acad. Sci. Proceedings of the lowa Academy of Sciences.

Proc. Phil. Acad. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia.

Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. Proceedings of the United States National
Museum.

Proc. Zod]. Soc. or P. Z.S. Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society of
London.

Quar. Journ. Conch. Quarterly Journal of Conchology.

Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis. Transactions of the Academy of Sciences
of St. Louis.

Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. Transactions of the American Philos ophical
Society, Philadelphia.

Trans, Ill. State Ag. Soc. Transactions of the Illinois State Agricult-
ural Society.

Trans. Wagn. Inst. Sci. Transactions of the Wagner Free Institute
of Science, Philadelphia.

Ver. Moll. Vermont Mollusca.

MII GROSSARY:

In the following pages the technical and other terms used in the body
of this work are defined. References are also made to illustrations where
they will in any way add to the understanding of a word. Terms which
are adequately explained in the text are not here included:

Abdominal sac. That portion of the Unionidz which contains the
stomach and to which the gills are sometimes suspended.

Acephalous. Headless.

Acinose. Full of small,bulgings; resembling the kernel in a nut.

Aculeate. Very sharply pointed, as the teeth on the radula of some
snails.

Acute. Sharp or pointed, as the spire of a shell (pl. xxxv, fig. 1), or
the lip of a shell (pl. xxviii, fig. 15).

Acuminate. Long and tapering, as the spire of some shells (pl. xxxii,
fig. 3).

Admedian. Next to the central] object, as the lateral teeth on the lin-

gual membrane.

Afferent. To bring in; when relating to a vessel or duct, indicating
tbat it brings in its contents.

Alate. Wing-like, as the dorsal part of some Unios (pl. xviii).

Amceboid. Shaped like an Amceba,a small animalcule.

Amorphous. Without distinct form.

Amphibious. Inhabiting both land and water.

Amphidetic. With the ligament on both sides of the umbones.

Analogue. A likeness between two objects when otherwise they are
totally different, as the wing of a bird and the wing of a butterfly.

Anastomosing. Coming together.

382 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Annular. Made up of rings.

Anterior. The front or fore end.

Approximate. Near together, as the umbones of some Unios (pl. xxi
fig. 1).

Aquatic. Inhabiting the water.

Arborescent. Branching like a tree.

Arched. Bowed or bent in a curve.

Arcti-spiral. Tightly coiled, as some spiral shells (pl. xxx, fig. 7).

Arcuated. Bent in a bow or arched, as the ventral edge of some bi-
valves (pl. viii, fig. 1).

Asphyxiating. Causing suspended animation; apparent death.

Assimilation. Act of converting one substance into another, as the
changing of food-stuffs into living bodies.

Asymmetrical. Not symmetrical.

Atrophied. Wasted away.

Attenuate. Long and slender, as in some shells (pl. xxxv, fig. 1).

Auditory. Connected with the hearing.

Auricled. Eared, or with ear-like appendages.

Basal. The bottom or lower part.

Biangulate. With two angles.

Bicuspid or bicuspidate. Having two cusps.

Bifid. Having two arms or prongs.

Bifurcated. Having two branches.

Bilateral. With two sides.

Bilobed. With two lobes.

Bivalve. A mollusk with two valves or shells, as the Unio.
Branchial. Referring to the lower or ventral siphons in Pelecypods.
Bulbous. Swollen.

Byssiferous. Attached by a byssus, as in some Unios.

Calcareous. Composed of carbonate of lime.

Callosity. A hardened and raised bunch, as the callus on the colu-
mella of some shells (pl. xxxv, fig. 9).

Callus. A deposit of shelly matter.

Calyculate. Cup-like, asthe umbo when separated from the rest of the
shell by a distinct mark, as in Calyculina.

Campanulate. Formed like a bell.

Canaliculate. Resembling a canal, as the deep sutures in some shells
(pl. xxxv, fig. 9).

Cancellated. Formed of cross-bars, as the longitudinal and spiral
lines which cross in some shells.

Cardiac pouch. Containing the heart and placed near the umbones of
the shell.

Carinate. Keeled (pl. xxvi, fig. 5).

Cartilaginous. Like cartilage.

Caudal. Tail-like, or with a tail-like appendage.

Cellular. Made up of cells.

Cerebral. Pertaining to the brain.

Channeled. Grooved or formed like a channel.

Chitinous. Formed of chitin, as the radulz of snails.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 383

Ciliary. By means of cilia.

Ciliated. Having cilia.

Cilium (plural cilia). A lash; used to designate the hairs onthe man-
tle, gills, etc.

Cirrated. Having movable hairs, as thesiphons of Unio.

Clavate. Club-shaped.

Cloacal. Referring to the upper or dorsal siphon in pelecypods.

Coarctate. Pressed together, narrowed.

Compressed. Flattened out, or pressed together, as some bivalves
(pl. ix, fig. 2).

Concave. Excavated, hollowed out.

Concentric. From the same center, as the lines of growth on Sphe-
rium, which are parallel with the umbo,

Confluent. To run together, or intosomething else, as the muscle scars
of some Unios (pl. xix, fig. 1).

Conic. Shaped like a cone.

Connective. A part connecting two other parts, as a muscle connect-
ing two parts of the body, or anerve connecting two ganglia.

Constricted. Narrowed.

Contractile. Capable of being contracted or drawn in, as the tentacle
of a snail.

Convex. Bulged out, as the whorls of some snails (pl. xxxvi, fig. 1).

Convoluted. Rolled together.

Cordate. Heart-shaped.

Corneous. Horn-like, as the opercula of some mollusks.

Corrugated. Roughened by wrinkles, as the shells of some Unios (pl.
ix, fig. 1).

Costate. Having rib-like ridges.

Crenulate. Wrinkled on the edges.

Crescentic. Like a crescent.

Cylindrical. Like a cylinder.

Decollated. Cut off,as the apex of some shells (pl. xxxvi, figure next
to fig. 8).

Decussated. With spiral and longitudinal lines intersecting, as the
sculpture of some shells.

Deflexed. Bent downward, as the last whorl in some snails (pl. xxxii,
fig. 15).

Dentate. With points or nodules resembling teeth, as the aperture of
some snails (pl. xxx, fig. 7).

Denticulate. Finely dentate.

Depressed. Flattened, as the spire in some snails (pl. xxviii, fig. 4).

Dextral. Right-handed (pl. xxxii, fig. 1).

Digitiform. Finger-like.

Dilated. Expanded in all directions, as the aperture of a shell.

Dimorphism. With two forms or conditions.

Dimyarian. Having two distinct adductor muscle impressions or
scars, as in Unio.

Dicecious. Having the sexes in two individuals, one male and one
female.

*
384 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. i.

Distal. The farthest part from an object.
Discoidal. Shaped like a flat disk (pl. xxviii, fig. 25). :
Diverging. Separating from each other, as the cardinal teeth insome
Unios (pl. xviii).
Diverticulum. A pouch or hole, as the pouch containing the radula,
or that containing the dart in helices.
Dormant. Ina state of torpor or sleep.
Dorsal. The back. In bivalves the hinge portion, and in univalves
the opposite to the aperture. ,

Ectocone. The outer cusp on the teeth of the radula.
Edentulous. Without teeth or folds, as the hinge plate in some Unios,
and the aperture in some gastropods.
Efferent. Carrying out.
Elliptical. With an oval form (pl. xii, fig. 5).
Elongated. Drawn out, as the spire of a shell (pl. xxxii, fig. 6).
Emarginate. Bluntly notched.
Encysted. Enclosed in a cyst.
Entocone. The inner cusp on the teeth of the radula.
Entire. With even, unbroken edges, as the aperture of some shells
(pl. xxvi, fig. 4).
Epiphallus. A portion of the vas deferens which becomes modified
into a tube-like organ and is continued beyond the apex of the penis; it
frequently bears a blind duct, or flagellum. (Pilsbry.)
Epithelium. All tissues bounding a free surface.
Equidistant. Equally spaced, as the spiral lines on some snail shells.
Equilateral. Equal sided, as in Unio or Sphzrium when the umbones
are placed in the center (pl. xxvii, fig. 3). |
Equilibrating. Balancing equally. .
Equivalve. With both valves of the same size and shape. “i
Eroded. Worn away, as the epidermis on some shells. \
Erosive. Capable of erosion.
Escutcheon,. The region behind the umbones in opisthodetic pelecy-
pods.
Excavated. Hollowed out, as the columella of some snails (pl. xxxvi,
fig. 10).
Excurrent. Referring to the siphon which carries out the waste matter
of the body.
Exoskeleton. The outer skeleton; all shells are exoskeletons.
Exserted. Brought out.
Expanded. Spread out, as the lip of some shells.

Falcate. Scythe-shaped. “i
Fasciculus. A little bundle. ‘
Flagellate. Animals with a flagellum or lash. : v
Flexuous. Formed ina series of curves or turnings, as the columella “=
in some shells. ¥

Flocculent. Clinging together in bunches. (See anatomical portion
for the application of this word.)

Fluviatile. Living in running streams.

Fusiform. Thick in the middle and tapering at each end.

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 385

Gelatinous. Like jelly, as the eggs of some mollusks.

Gibbous. Very much rounded, as the whorls in some snails (pl. xxxvi,
fig. 1).

Glandular. Like a gland.

Globose. Rounded.

Granulated. Covered with little grains.

Gravid. A female mollusk (as Unio) with ovaries distended with young:

Gregarious. Living in colonies.

Gular. Relating to the windpipe or palate. In mollusks, referring to
the innermost part of the aperture.

Habitat. Locality of a species.

Hemolymph. Molluscan blood.

Heliciform. In form like Helix.

Hemispherical. Half a sphere.

Herbivorous. Subsisting upon vegetable food.

Hermaphrodite. Having the sexes united in the same individual.

Hibernation. The act of hibernating or going to sleep for the winter
months.

Hirsute. Covered with hairs, as some snails.

Hispid. Same as hirsute.

-Homologous. Having the same position or value, as the wing of a bird

and of a bat.

Hyaline. Glassy.

Imperforate. Not perforated or umbilicated (pl. xxix, fig. 8).

Impressed. Marked by a furrow, as the impressed spiral lines on
some univalve shells.

Incequipartite. When one end of a shell is longer than the other, as
the two ends in Pisidium.

Incrassate. Thickened.

Incurrent. The siphon in Unio which brings in the food-stuffs.

Incurved. Leaned or bent over, as the apex in some snails.

Indented. Notched.

Inequivalve. When one valve is larger than the other.

Inflated. Swollen, as some bivalve shells (pl. iii, fig. 2).

Inflected. Turned in, as the teeth of some snails.

Inhalent. Same as incurrent.

Inoperculate. Without an operculum.

Intercostate. Between the ribs or ridges.

Invaginate. One part bending into another, as the tentacles of some
land snails.

Invertible. Capable of being inverted, or drawn in, as the eye-pedun-
cles of a land snail.

Keeled. With amore or less sharp projection at the periphery (pl.
xxvi, fig. 5).

Labial. Pertaining to the lips, asthe labial-palpi in Unio.
Lamellated. Covered with scales.

Lamelliform. Having the form of scales.

Laminated. Consisting of plates or scales laid over each other.

386 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Lanceolate. Gradually tapering to a point (pl. xxxii, fig. 3).

Lateral. Pertaining to the side.

Latticed. (See decussated.)

Lenticular. Having the shape of a double convex lens, as some bi-
valves.

Lithodesma. An accessory shell plate near the umbones, in those
shells having a “cartilage” or resilium, as in Mactra.

Lobulate. Composed of lobes.

Longitudinal, The length of a shell.

Lunate. Shaped like a half moon (pl. xxxvi, fig. 7),as the aperture
in some shells.

Malleated. Appearing as though hammered (pl. xxxii, fig. 1),

Manducatory. Relating to the apparatus for masticating food. In
snails, the jaws and radula.

Marsupium. A part of an animal used asa pouch to contain the young,
as the gills of Unio.

Median. Middle, as the middle tooth on the radula.

Mesocene. The middle cusp on the teeth of the radula.

Moncecius. Having the sexes united in the same individuai.

Multifid. Made up of many lobes or projections, as the cusps on some
radulz.

Multispiral. Consisting of many whorls, as some fresh-water snails
(pl. xxxv, fig. 4).

Nacreous. Pearly or iridescent, as the interior of some Unios.

Nave. The interior coating of Pisidium and Spherium.

Nepionic. The second stage of the embryonic shell, as the glochidium
of Unio.

Nodulosus. Provided with small knobs or projections, as the surface
of some Unios (pl. xx, fig. 2).

Notched. Nicked or indented, as the anterior canal of some gastro-
pods (pl. xxxv, fig. 5).

Nucleus. The first part or beginning, as the apex in a univalve and
the umbo in bivalves.

Nucleated. Having a nucleus.

Obconic. In the form of a reversed cone (pl. xxxv, fig. 6).

Oblique. Slanting, asthe aperture of some shells when rot parallel
to the longitudinal axis (pl. xxxiv, fig. 7).

Oblor g. Longer than high, as some Unios (pl. x, fig. 1).

Obovate. Reversed ovate, as some shells when the diameter is greater
near the upper than at the lower part.

Obtuse. Dull or blunt, as the apex of some univalves (pl. xxxv, fig. 9).

Olfactory. Pertaining to the smell.

Olivaceous. Colored like an olive.

Opisthodetic. With the ligament behind the umbones.

Orbicular. Like an orb or disk, as some Spheria (pl. xxvii, fig. 10).

Organism. An organized being, or living object made up of organs.

Ovate. Egg-shaped.

Ovately conic. Shaped like an egg, but with a somewhat conic apex,
as some univalves. A,

ey ee fy

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 387

Oviparous. Bringing forth young in an egg which is hatched after it
is laid.

Ovisac. A pouch in which the eggs or embryos are contained.

Ovoviviparous. In this case the young are formed in an egg but are
hatched inside the parent.

Papillose. Covered with many little bulgings or pimples (pl. xxiv,
fig. 2).

Parallel. Having the same relative distance in all parts, as when the
spiral lines in univalve shells are the same distance apart all the way
around (pl. xxviii, fig. 25).

Parivincular. A ligament “which may be compared to acylinder split
on one side, attached by the several edges, one edge toeach valve.’ (Dall.)

Patelliform. Shaped like a flattened-out cone, as an Ancylus (pl. xxx,
fig. 29).

Patulous. Open and spreading, as the aperture in some univalves (pl.
XxxIv, fig. 1).

Paucispiral. Only slightly spiral, as some opercula.

Pearly. Having a substance like pearl, as the interior of Unio.

Pectinate. Like the teeth of a comb, as the gills of some mollusks.

Pedal. Pertaining to the foot.

Pedunculated. Supported on a stem or stalk, as the eyes of land
snails.

Pellucid. Transparent orclear, as the shells of some snails; e. g. Vit-
rea,

Penultimate. The whorl! before the last in univalve shells.

Pericardium. The chamber containing the heart.

Periostracum. The epidermal covering of some shells, as Succinea.

Pervious. Very narrowly open, as the umbilicus in some snails.

Phytophagus. Vegetable-feeding.

Pilose. Covered with hairs.

Pinnate. Branched like a feather, as the gills of some mollusks.

Plaited. Folded.

Planorboid. Flat and orb-like, as some snails (pl. xxxii, fig. 7).

Pleurz. Relating to the side of a body.

Plexus. A network of vessels, as the form of the lungsiin snails.

Plicated. Made up of folds (pl. xxii, fig. 2).

Plumose. Resembling plumes.

Polygonal. Having many angles.

Porcellanous, Like porcelain.

Post-basal. Beyond or near the base, as the posterio-ventral part of
Lampsilis.

Prismatic. Likea prism.

Prodissoconch. The embryonic shell.

Prosodetic. A term applied to the area in opisthodetic ligaments,
lying in front of the umbones and forming the lunule.

Protoconch. The embryonic shell.

Protract. To push out.

Protractor pedis. The foot protractor muscle.

Protrusile. Capable of being pushed out.

388 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Proximal. The nearest end of an object.

Pseudocardinals. False cardinal teeth.

Pseudolaterals. False lateral teeth.

Pulsation. A throb, as the throbbiug of the heart.

Pupiform. Like a pupa; one of the stages in the development of an
insect.

Pustulate. Covered with pustules or little pimples (pl. xxiv, figs. 1, 2).

Pustulose. Same as above.

Pyramidal. Having the form of a pyramid.

Pyriform. Shaped like a pear.

Quadrangular. Having four corners, as some Unios.

Radiated. Extending from a common center, as the rays on some
Unios.

Reflected. Bent backward, as the lip in some snails (pl. xxviii, fig. 26),
or the cusps in the lingual membrane.

Reflexed. Same as above.

Renal. Relating to the kidneys.

Reticulated. Resembling a network, as when the longitudinal and
spiral lines cross in a snail.

Retractile. Capable of being drawn in, as the eye peduncles in land
snails. ;

Retractor pedis. Foot retractor muscle.

Revolving lines. Spiral lines on a snail shell which run parallel with
the sutures (pl. xxxv, fig. 5).

Rhombic. Having four sides, the angles being oblique.

Rhomboid. Four-sided, but two of the sides being longer than the
others.
Rimate. Provided with a very small hole or crack, as some snails in
which the umbilicus is very narrowly open.

Roundly lunate. Rounder than lunate (which see).

Rostriform. Inthe form of a rostrum.

Rudimentary. Not fully formed; imperfect.

Rugose. Rough or wrinkled, as parts of some shells (pl. ix, fig. 1).

Sacculated. Somewhat like a sac, or composed of sac-like parts.

Scalar. Resembing a ladder.

Schizodont. With few teeth, consisting of one or two cardinals or lat-
erals, as in Unio.

Scutellum. The projecting or pinched parts in front of the umbones
in Pisidium. !

Scutum. The pinched parts behind the ligament in Pisidium.

Secreted. Produced or deposited from the blood or glands, as the
shell material in mollusks.

Semicircular. Half round or circular, as the aperture in some snails.

Semidentate. Half toothed, as the parietal wall in some land snails.

Semielliptic. Half elliptical.

Semiglobose. Half, or not quite globose.

Semilunate. Half lunate.

Semioval. Half, or not quite oval.

cn Ges Ne

4a eee,

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 389

Serrated. Notched, like the teeth on a saw.

Serriform. In the form of series.

Sessile. Attached without a stem, as the eyes in some water snails.
Shouldered. Ridged, as the whorls in some snails (pl. xxxv, fig. 9).
Sigmoid. Shaped like the letter S.

Siliceous. Made up of silex.

Sinistral. Having the aperture on the left side (pl. xxxiv, fig. 3).
Sinuous. Curved inand out, as the edge of some bivalves and the lips

of some snails (pl. vii, fig. 7; pl. xxxii, fig. 6).

Spatulate. In the form of a spatula, a flat-bladed instrument used by

druggists in pulverizing drugs.

Spherical. Shaped like a sphere.
Spiral. Wound about a central’cavity, as the whorls of snails.
Striated. Marked by lines or striz.
Subangulated. Moderately angled.
Subcarinated. Moderately carinated.
Subcentral. Not quite in the center.
Subcircular. Not quite circular.
Subconical. Moderately conical.
Subcylindrical. Moderately cylindrical.
Subequal. Not quite equal.
Subexcavated. A little excavated.
Subfusiform. Moderately fusiform.
Subglobose. Moderately globose.
Subglobular. Moderately globular.
Subhyaline. Moderately glassy.

- Subimperforate. Not much perforated.

Suboblong. Moderately oblong.

Subobsolete. Almost disappearing.

Subovate. Nearly ovate.

Subparallel. Almost parallel.

Subperforated. Almost perforated.

Subquadrate. Almost four-sided.

Subreflected. Moderately turned back.

Subrotund. Moderately round.

Subspiral. Moderately spiral.

Subtriangulate. Moderately or almost triangular.
Subtrigonal. Moderately three-angled.

Subtruncate. Moderately cut off.

Subumbilicated. Moderately umbilicated.

Sulcated. Grooved.

Sulcus. A longitudinal furrow.

Superanal. Above the anus.

Supra-peripheral. Above the periphery.

Symmetrical. Alike on both sides or uniform in all parts.
Symphynote. Having the posterio-dorsal{portion of the shell flat-

tened and produced, as in Symphynota complanata.

Terrestrial. Living on the land.
Testaceous. Composed of shelly matter.

390 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Torsion. A twisting around.

Tortuous. Twisted or winding.

Torpid. Half unconscious or asleep, as a snail during hibernation.

Translucent. Not quite transparent; light is seen through the thin
edges of the object.

Transparent. Objects may be seen through the substance.

Transverse. Referring to the form of a sheil when it is wider than
high.

Tricuspidate. Having three cusps.

Trifid. Having three branches,

Trigonal. Having three angles.

Trilobate. Having three lobes.

Tripartite. Divided into three parts, as the foot of some snails.

Truncate. Having the end cut off squarely, as some Unios (pl. xiv,
fig. 1).

Tuberculate. Covered with tubercles or rounded knobs (pl. xiv, fig. 1).

Turbinate. Having the form of a top.

Turriculated. Having the form of a tower.

Turreted. Having the form of a tower.

Umbilicated. Having an opening in the base of the shell (pl. xxviii,
fig. 21).

Undulated. Having undulations or waves, as the surface of some
Unios (pl. xxil, figs. 1, 2).

Univalve. Having the shell composed of a single piece, as a snail.

Varicose. Swollen or enlarged.

Vascular. Containing or made up of blood vessels.
Vermiform. Formed like a worm.

Ventral. The lower border or side.

Ventricose. Swollen or inflated on the ventral side.
Vibratile. Moving from side to side.

Vitreous. Resembling glass, as some snails.

3S Male. The astronomical sign for the planet Mars.

@ Female. The astronomical sign for the planet Venus.

ie
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APPENDIX.

The following pages include a number of species which
have been added to our fauna since the foregoing pages were
put in print. Several of these are old species recorded for the
first time within the limits of the area, while others are new
species recently discovered. Several additions and corrections
are also made to the introductory and other portions of Part I.

The writer is indebted to the following persons for addi-
tional information: Dr. W. H. Dall, United States National
Museum, Washington, D. C.; Mr. George H. Clapp, Pittsburg,
Pa.; Mr. Bryant Walker, Detroit, Mich.; Mr. Edward W. Roper,
San Diego, Cal. (now deceased).

p. 11. Lower part of page. The last sentence should be
changed so as to read: “In all groups except the Pelecypoda
‘the mouth is provided with a manducatory apparatus (odonto-
phore, radula or tooth-bearer’’).

p.12. The sentence stating that ‘‘the subkingdom is of
quite recent date geologically” should be changed to read, ‘tis
geologically of very ancient date,’ as the Mollusca are known
as far back as the Cambrian.

p. 16. Llanorbis bicarinatus has been found in the North
Branch of the Chicago River by Mr. Jensen, thus bringing it
in the northern region.

p. 18. Lampsilis parvus has been found in the North Branch
of the Chicago River and in the Little Calumet River, and
hence belongs to the three regions of the area. Calyculina
transversa has also been found at Edgebrook and at Blue Island,
and belongs with the universally distributed species. A/asmo-
donta rugosa has been found in the North Branch of the Chicago
River, and should be placed among the species common to all
regions. The following species are to be added to the univer-
sally distributed species:

Alasmodonta deltoidea. North Branch Chicago River and
Edgewater.

Polygyra monodon, Wolf Lake.

Polygyra lean. Evanston, Bowmanville, Edgebrook, etc.

Bifidaria armifera.. Edgebrook.

Circinaria concava. Wolf Lake, Hammond, Roby, etc.

(301)

392 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Planorbis deflectus. Bowmanville.

Planorbts bicarinatus. Edgebrook, Avondale, Lincoln Park,
Cte:

Somatogyrus subglobosus. Lincoln Park.

Valvata sincera. Maywood, Riverside and Salt Creek.

p- 33. Economy or THE Motiusca. Leucochila fallax Say
has been found injurious to the strawberry, eating the stems
and crowns, rasping off the outer coating (epidermis) and suck-
ing the juices, thus causing the fruit to decay. Several thou-
sand specimens were picked from a patch of strawberries, and
forty specimens were found upon one plant.*

p. 34. Under Statistics. No. 4. Comparison with Penn-
' sylvania. Mr. Clapp writes the author that the number of spe-
cies quoted from Allegheny County, Pa.,ismuchtoosmall. Mr.
Clapp has very kindly forwarded a complete list of the Mol-
lusks of Allegheny County, and the figures on page 34 must be
changed to read as follows: families, 23; genera, 46; species,
131; varieties, 4.

p. 54. Anodonta foottana is now considered a variety of
Anodonta grandis.

p- 57. Alasmodonta rugosa Barnes should now be called
Symphynota costata Rafinesque (Ann. Gen. Sci. Brux., Vol. V,
p. 318, pl. Ixxxul, figs. 15, 16, 1820); vide Simpson.

p. 58. Alasmodonta pressa should be called Symphynota com-
pressa lea.

p. 60. Alasmodonta complanata should be called Symphynota
complanata. Alasmodonta should be changed to Alasmidonta, as
spelled by Say in Journ. Phil. Acad., Vol. I, p. 459, 1818.

p. 62. <Alasmodonta marginata Say should be changed to
Alasmidonta truncata, B. H. Wright. (See The Nautilus, Vol.
XI, p. 124, 1898.) The true marginata is confined to the Atlan-
tic drainage.

p. 63. Alasmodonta deltoidea should be called Alasmidonta
calceola, the reference being Trans, Amer. Phil. Soc., Vol. II],
p. 265, pl. iii, fig. 1, 1830.

p. 71. Unto hildrethianus Lea should be changed to Hemz-
lastena ambigua Say. The genus Hemilastena (Agassiz, 1852)
Simpson, differs from Unio in the sculpture of the umbones
and in the teeth. The gills are united to the mantle posterior
to their ends. The name ambigua was used by Say in Journ.

*Vide E. T. Cox, in the Amer. Nat., Vol. II, No. 12, p. 666, Feb., 1869.

ne ee

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 393

Phil. Acad., Vol. V, p. 131, 1825, and must displace that of Lea
published in 1834.

‘ACRE
11a. Unio gibbosus delicatus Simpson, pl. xv, figs. 2, 4.

Unio gibbosus var. delicatus SIMPSON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol-

XXII, p. 704, 1901.

Differs from typical gzbdosus in being thin, greatly com-
pressed and with an evenly elliptical outline and very dark nacre.

p. 74. Anodontoides subcylindraceus is a variety of ferussact-
anus.

p. 79. Quadrula coccinea should be credited to Conrad, who
described it in his monograph, p. 29, pl. xili, fig. 1, in 1836.
Lea’s name not appearing until June 15,1838. (Vide Simpson,
in letter.)

p- 80. Quadrula plicata Lesueur should be credited to Say,
who really described the species. (Unio plicata Say, Nich.
Encyc., Vol. II, pl. iii, fig. 1, 1816.)

p. 85. Quadrula verrucosa Barnes should be called Quad-
rula tuberculata Rafinesque, the reference being Oddiguaria (Ro-
tundaria) tuberculata Ra¥F., Ann. Gen. Sci. Brux., Vol. V, p. 103,
1820.

p. loo. The following species is distinct from anodontoides,
which is figured on plate x, figs. I, 2.

150. Lampsilis fallaciosus (Smith) Simpson, pl. x, fig. 3.
Lampsilis fallaciosus SMITH, Bull. U. S. Fish Com., 1899, p. 291, pl.
lxxix.
Figured and name given, but not described nor authority given.

Lampsilis fallaciosus (Smith) Simpson, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 74, pl. ii,
fig. 5, 1900.

“Shell elongate elliptical, subsolid, inflated, rounded in
front, and ending in a rather sharp point behind, at two-thirds
the height of the shell, with a moderate, rounded posterior
ridge; beaks not prominent, their sculpture consisting of a few
delicate parallel ridges, somewhat doubly looped, the hinder

loops generally open behind; epidermis very smooth and shin-

ing, ashy straw color, often brownish on the back of the shell,
generally feebly rayed with green; female shell decidedly
swollen in the postbasal region, so that the base line is often
incurved in front of the swelling; teeth rather delicate, there
being one compressed pseudo-cardinal and one lateral in the
right valve, and two pseudo-cardinals and two laterals in the
left; beak cavities not deep; nacre brilliant, silvery.”
“Length, 90; height, 40; diameter, 32 mill.”

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VE ee aaa Ren
¢ . 4 ' 5 *

394 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

“Upper Mississippi drainage; south to the Cumberland
and Arkansas rivers; Red River of the North.”

“This species has generally been confounded with its near
ally, Lampsilis anodontoides Lea. It is a smaller, more inflated,
and in every way a more delicate form than the latter, is not so
high, the epidermis is brighter and more glossy, and generally
rayed. The postbasal inflation of the female is usually more
pronounced, and the posterior point is higher than in anodon-
toides. The latter is usually more yellow or tawny than /edlla-
closus, and is, on the whole, a heavier shell.”

‘In ZL. fallaciosus there is a horny, brown, raised streak on
the inside of the mantle behind, that I do not find in anodon-
toides, and the palpi of the former are shorter.’ (Simpson.)
It is confined to the western region, and has been collected
only in Hickory Creek, near Joliet.

p. 106. Lampsilis spatulatus Lea should be called Lampstls
ellipsiformis Conrad (Uno ellipsiformis CONRAD, Monograph,
Vol. VIII, p. 60, pl. xxxiv, fig. 1, 1836).

p. 109. Lampsilis parvus Barnes. This species has been
found in the Little Calumet River and is abundant in a creek
near Blue Island. Mr. Jensen has given the following measure-
ments of a specimen in his collection: length, 41.00; height, 24;
breadth, 19.50 mill.

p. 113. Species No. 37 should be changed as follows:

37- Sphzerium vermontanum Prime, pl. xxvii, fig. 4.

Spherium vermontanum PRIME, Proc. Phil. Acad., p. 128, 1861.

Shell: The description on pages 113 and 114 holds good.
The following additional measurements have been made:

Length, 12.00; height, 10.00; breadth, 7.00 mill. (Lyon coll.)

8 MBO ch > BOGE A N BoO cA apie
Be DED) AE tT N05 SMT ITB ae ake
6) SAS BO. Toe DD BQ Poe PCR OO Me

Animal: Not observed.

Distribution: Lakes Champlain and Memphremagog, Ver-
mont (Prime); Shoreham, Vt.,and Holland, Mich. (E. W-Roper,
in letter); Michigan (Bryant Walker, after De Camp); Lake
Michigan, at Miller’s, Ind., and Chicago, Ill. (Dr. H. N. Lyon);
Hickory Creek (J. H. Ferriss).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Found generally in the larger lakes.

Remarks: This species was at first identified as solidulum
Prime, but specimens submitted to Mr. E. W. Roper, a short

a ow,
‘ S +f

-

,
write “> ¢ 4
SE i a Oe Se ae

“

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 395

time before his death, were pronounced by him to be vermon-
tanum. It is one of the commonest Spheria found in the area,
ranking next to fadalein this respect. It is easily distinguished -
from the related species by its triagonal form and less dis-
tinctly marked umbones.

p.113 et al. Allreferences to solsdulum should be changed
to vermontanum.

p. 114.
38. Sphzrium stamineum Conrad.

This species is very common in Lilycash Creek, near Joliet,
Ill., where it has been collected by Mr. J. H. Handwerk. The
specimens from this locality are very variable, some being typ-
ical in form, yellowish in color and with the ends of the shell
broadly rounded, while others are very dark horn color, the
ends more rounded, and the ventral part more regularly in-
flated; the umbones are more coarsely sulcated. Some speci-
mens from this locality have a wholly inversed hinge. S. stvza-
tinum and S. simile have also been found in large numbers in
Lilycash Creek.

p. 117. After S. seme add the following:
151. Sphzrium lilycashense Baker. Text figure 137.

Spherium lilycashense BAKER, The Nautilus, Vol. XII, No. 6, p. 65,
Oct., 1898.

Shell: Of good size, inflated, rather solid, although not
so solid as either staminium, striatinum or simile, subequilateral,
indistinctly quadrangular; umbones slightly elevated, well
rounded, a little anterior of the center of the shell, marked
by numerous rather heavy ridges, the beaks closely approxi-
mate; dorsal and ventral margins slightly curved; anterior end
rounded, posterior end very broadly rounded; umbonal slopes
very much rounded; surface shining, growth lines numerous,
coarse, closely set; color varying from light yellowish horn to
rather dark horn, with an occasional zone of yellowish; liga-
ment weak, light brownish in color; cardinal.teeth small, simi-

_ lar in shape and position to those of striatinum, lateral teeth

quite solid, double in the right and single in the left valve,
short, lamellar, nearly straight, the single left valve teeth much
more elevated than the double right valve teeth; muscle scars
and pallial line faintly visible; nacre bluish, the portion near
the umbones transparent; cavity of the beaks rather deep.

Length, 14.00; height, 11.00; breadth, 8.50 mill.
h 1S.00 es f 10.00; i 8.00 “
af 12,50; °°“ 9.75; ss ps

396 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Animal: Not examined.

Distribution: Lilycash Creek, near Joliet. (Collected by
J. H. Handwerk.)

Geological distribution: Unknown.

Habitat: Ina small creek, in soft mud.

Remarks: This variety was referred to Dr. V. Sterki by
Mr. Handwerk, and considered by him to be an unusual form of
striatinum, but he did not consider it distinct from the typical
form. After examining a large number of specimens, the writer
has concluded that it is a form distinct enough for a specific
name. Its beautiful polished surface and inflated shell will at

Fic. 187.
SPH#ZRIUM LILYCASHENSE Baker. Natural size.

once distinguish it from striatinum. It is shaped differently
from stamineum and the beak sculpture is very much finer.

Another form is found associated with the variety which
is in a sense intermediate between the typical form and the
variety, having a more oval shell than the type, but not being
so much inflated; it is very dark chestnut or dark brown incolor.
Several specimens of this form had the hinge wholly or partly
inverse.

p. 120.

43. Calyculina transversa Say.

This species has been found abundantly in the Desplaines
River (J. H. Handwerk), and in Lake Michigan (Dr. H.N.
Lyon).

p. 126.

47. Pisidium abditum Haldeman.

This species has been found in large numbers in Lilycash
Creek and at Smith’s Bridge, eleven miles southwest of Joliet.

“a
.

bn

<5

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 397

The specimens from these localities are exceedingly variable
as to size, shape, color, shape of beaks, etc. (vide Sterki).

p. 127.
48. Pisidium virginicum Gmelin (not Bourguignat).

Large specimens of this species have been collected in
Lilycash Creek.

_Length, 7.50; height, 6.00; breadth, 4.50 mill.
§ OO seaars 5.50; uf 4.50 *‘
S00 wee 7.00; ss d.00

p. 128.
49. Pisidium compressum Prime.

This species has been found abundantly in Lilycash Creek
and afew specimens in Lake Michigan, Dr. Sterki says that
it varies very much in size, shape, prominence of beak, and in
their ridges, striation, etc.

p. 129.

50. Pisidium politum Sterki, pl. xxxi, fig. 13.

Dr. Sterki has very kindly forwarded figures of this spe-
cies. He also remarks that the specimens from Joliet are the
most beautiful ones he has thus far seen.

The following species have been described or collected
since the publication of Part I:

152. Pisidium variabile Prime, pl. xxxi, fig. 19.
Cyclas nitida MIGHELS, Linsley, Amer. Journ. Sci., Vol. XLVIII, p.
276, 1845.
Pisidium vartabile PRIME, Proc. Bost. Soc. N.H., Vol. IV, p. 163, 1851. °
Pisidium grande \WHITTEMORE, in litt., 1855. (vide Prime).

Shell: Small, solid, inflated, inequilateral, oblique; um-
bones very much elevated; full, very prominent, placed poste-
riorly, smooth and polished to the naked eye but marked by
fine lines when viewed with a lens; all margins rounded, the
anterior being somewhat pointed or triangular and quite long,
while the posterior is short and very broadly rounded; umbonal
slopes rounded, the anterior subexcavated; surface shining,
marked by rather heavy, regular growth lines; color varying
from light yellow or straw to greenish or brownish, with azone
of light or dark color near the ventral margin; in some speci-
mens two zones are present, while in others the zone is hardly
visible; ligament small and weak; cardinal teeth small, a sin-
gle long, arched tooth in the right valve, and two more or less

398 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

pyramidal teeth in the left valve; the right valve tooth is con-
stricted in the center of the arch and gradually enlarges to-
ward the distal end of the arch, the right arm of arch being
the longer and reaching nearly to the base of the hinge plate;
the upper left valve tooth is somewhat gourd-shaped, begin-
ning small at the uppér margin of the hinge plate and gradu-
ally enlarging to about the center of the plate; the lower left
valve tooth is large, solid and pyramidal; lateral teeth elevated
above the valve edge, triangular; the entire hinge plate about
the lateral teeth is enlarged, thick and heavy; cavity of the
beaks deep and full; nacre bluish-white, shining. ‘
Length, 4.50; height, 4.50; breadth, 3.10 mill.
0 BDO oS SOO eas FE 3.00 “

Animal: Not observed.

Distribution: New England west to Washington, Michi-
gan south to Virginia and Kansas.*

Geological distribution : Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: In soft mud in creeks, rivers and lakes.

Remarks: Variabile does not appear to be common in
this region, although it has been found rather widely distrib-
uted, specimens having been collected in Lake Michigan, Lily-
cash Creek, Du Page River and Rock Run. It is therefore
found in the southern and western regions. It is quite a dis-
tinct shell, distinguished from compressum by its less trigonal
form, and being more oblique than virginicum. Some speci-
mens are higher than others and in this form approach com-
pressum.

3- Pisidium cruciatum Sterki, pl. xxxi, figs. 20, 21.
Pisidium cructatum STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. VIII, p. 97, pl. ii, figs.
1-6, 13, 18a, 1895.

Shell: ‘‘Minute, inequipartite, oblique, subtriangular in
outline, high, ventricose, regularly and comparatively coarsely
striated, straw-colored; anterior part moderately long with
an oblique, nearly straight edge above and the end rounded;
posterior part short, the end somewhat obliquely truncate,
superior margin rather strongly curved, scutum scarcely, scu-
tellum little marked, the latter forming arather distinct angle;
inferior part moderately curved; beaks prominent, each with
two ridges diverging at nearly right angles, together forming
a cross on the upper aspect of the shell, each of the ridges

. Ks writer has not been able to satisfactorily trace the distribution of this species in
e South.

es ee)

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 399

ending in a nodule of which the posterior is larger and more
prominent; nave rather thick, whitish; hinge very stout, list
strong; cardinal teeth rather large, and strongly projecting in-
ward from the hinge list; in the right valve one, strongly
curved, posterior part thick, anterior thin, lamellar, the ends
united by a lamella soas to form a deep groove into which the
posterior tooth of the left valve articulates; in the left valve
two, the posterior (inferior) stout, massive, the other, superior
and a little anterior, rather short, fine, lamellar, oblique, little
curved; lateral teeth large, high and pointed in the left,
strongly projecting inward in the right valve, the latter with
no (or only traces of) outer teeth, and a deep groove; between
the cardinal and the lateral teeth the hinge-list is rather deeply
excavated, so that all teeth are markedly isolated; muscle in-
sertions visible; ligament short, strong.” (Sterki.)

Length, 1.90; height, 1.90; breadth, 1.40 mill.
Ceti Maesteg ore in AEBS
{Era aris beers hb i: aOare,

Animal: “Soft parts slightly yellowish.” (Sterki.)

Distribution: Tuscarawas River, New Philadelphia, Ohio
(Sterki); Joliet, Ill. (Ferriss); Lilycash Creek (Handwerk).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Lower Loess of IIli-
NOW, {seerki.)- 2

Habitat: ‘Living in mud among aquatic plants and dead
leaves, and as arule covered witha black or brown coat, some-
times so thick that they appear to be globules of dirt.”’ (Sterki.)

Remarks: ‘‘The singular shape of the umbones is so char-
acteristic that this species will be recognized at once, and can-
not be mistaken for any other. And also in the formation of
the hinge it is quite unlike any other Pisidium, so that it holds
a peculiar position in the genus. In the hinge structure it is
very illustrative and instructive for the understanding of the
different forms of teeth.” ....

“Our species is rather variable, even so that all specimens
from one place in the river are different in size and shape
from those of another place scarcely half a mile distant. It
measures from 1.60 to 2.10 mill., I.go0 being about the aver-
age; the margins may be rather obtuse or somewhat acute,
the beaks more or less prominent, and the anterior nodule
more or less marked. Asarule there are no outer lateral teeth
in the right valve, yet traces of them may be seen in some spec-

400 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

imens. Also in the formation of the cardinal teeth there is
some variation, as the one in the right valve may be indented
in its middle at the angle, and so there are apparently two
teeth.” (Sterki.)
154. Pisidium splendidulum Sterki, pl. xxxi, fig. 23.

Pisidium splendidulum STERK1I, The Nautilus, Vol. XI, p. 113, 1898.

Shell; ‘*Mussel small, well inflated, rather ovoid in out-
line, scutum and scutellum rather well marked, the former
often prominent; beaks slightly posterior, somewhat promi-
nent, moderately large, rounded; color pale to deep horn, sur-
face polished, with very fine, somewhat irregular striz; shell
thin, transparent; hinge rather fine but well formed, plate nar-
row; cardinal teeth longitudinal, lamellar, the right one rather
long, slightly curved, most so at both ends, more or less thick-
ened at the posterior end, and often with a groove; the two in
the (left) valve nearly equal, parallel, little curved, the superior
is anterior for about one-third of its length; lateral teeth com-
paratively strong, all projecting into the interior of the mus-
sel, pointed; ligament rather long.” (Sterki.)

Length, 2.80; height, 2.40; breadth, 1.70 mill. (Sterki.)

Animal: Unknown.

Distribution: Caribou, Saco and Old Orchard, Maine;
Grand Rapids, Mich.; Washington, D. C.; Virginia, near Wash-
ington (Sterki); Lilycash Creek, near Desplaines River, Illi-
nois (Handwerk).

Habitat: Increeks, brooks and rivers, buried in soft mud.

Remarks: ‘Our species cannot be mistaken for any other
Pisidium. In shape it has some resemblance with P. abaitum
and politum,; but its small size, the color and transparency of
the shell, and the shape of the cardinal teeth, will readily distin-
guish it. In size, color and transparency of the shell, and the
polished surface, it resembles P. ventricosum and vesiculare; but
both the latter are much more inflated, their beaks are quite
posterior and larger. Itis, however, rather variable in size and
coloration, and inthe striation of the surface.” (Sterki.)

This new species is very common wherever it has been
found in the Eastern states, and it may be looked for in con-
siderable quantities in our Western states.

155. Pisidium fallax Sterki, pl. xxxi, fig. 16.
Pisidium fallax STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. X, p. 20, 1896.

Pistdium fallax var. septentrionale STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. XII,
No. 7, p. 78, 1898. (non Prime.)

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 401

Pisidium fallax ae boreale STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. XIII, p. 12,
1899.

Shell: ‘Mussel rather small; it is of the same type with
P. compressum Prime, but smaller, more rounded in outline, the
upper margin is less strongly curved, not angular, the ridges
on the beaks are comparatively larger and situated less high
up; the striation is finer, crowded, somewhat irregular and
sharp; the color commonly greenish or yellowish-horn in the
younger, more yellow in older specimens; the hinge is strong,
more regularly curved than in compressum, the hinge plate
broad, the cardinal tooth of the right valve more oblique, the
lateral teeth strongly projecting inward; nacre more glassy-
whitish; ligaments strong.” (Sterki.)

Length, 3.20; height, 2.90; breadth, 2.10 mill.

Animal: Unknown.

Distribution: Tuscarawas River and Sugar Creek, Ohio
(Sterki); Joliet, Ill. (Ferriss); Lilycash Creek, Ill. (Hand-
werk); Wisconsin, Michigan, Maine (Sterki).

Habitat: Found in company with P. compressum and cru-
ciatum.

Remarks: This isa distinct littlespecies. Dr. Sterki says
it has been found in the stomach of the fish known as “Buffalo
Sucker,” with P. cruciatum and other shells. ‘Old specimens
of P. fallax are almost always badly eroded, and covered with
a thick, blackish coat, while Pvs. compressum from the same
places were intact and clear.” (Sterki.)

This species is common about Joliet, but has not been
found in any other part of the area. Specimens of compressum
should be carefully compared with the above description to
separate the two species.

156. Pisidium walkeri Sterki, pl. xxxi, fig. 15.
Pisidium walkert STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. IX, p. 75, 1895.
Pisidium walkeri var. mainese STERKI, |. c., Vol. XII, p. 79, 1898.

Shell: ‘*Mussel of medium size, elongated, rather inflated,
resembling P. abditum, but is smaller than good-sized exam-
ples of that species; it is also more elongated, and the smaller
and moderately prominent beaks are more posterior; thus the
anterior part is comparatively long, with the end rounded, the
posterior quite short, truncated at the end; scutum and scutel-
lum well marked. The shell is very thin, translucent, the sur-
face very finely, and sharply striated, often somewhat scaly,
dullish, or with a silky gloss; color grayish, along the margin

402 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

more or less yellowish-horn. Hinge moderately strong, of the
same type as in /%s. abditum,; cardinal tooth of the right valve
moderately curved, its posterior part thickened and with a
deep furrow; below this tooth, there is a deep groove formed
by the inferior edge of the hinge list raised; and the same
formation is in the left valve below the deep groove be-
tween the twocardinal teeth; ligament comparatively strong.”
(Sterki.)
Length, 4.50; height, 3.70; breadth, 2.80 mill.

“In outline our species has some resemblance with P. var-
ginicum, by its elongate shape, the beaks situated posteriorly,
the long and below somewhat sacciform anterior part. But it
is much smaller, its shell quite thin, the hinge finer, the stria-
tion finer, and the beaks are much smaller.” (Sterki.)

Animal; Not known.

Distribution: Northeastern Maine (Nylander); Kent
County, Utica, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Columbia, Pa.; Mohawk,
N. Y.; Clearwater and Mississippi rivers, Minn. (Sterki); Du-
Page River, Ill. (Ferriss); Lilycash Creek, Ill. (Handwerk);
Francis Creek, Joliet (Ferriss). '

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess.

Habitat: Found on a muddy bottom in company with
P. compressum and P. abditum.

Remarks: This is a rare species and has been found only
in the western region. It may be looked for from both south-
ern and western regions.

157- Pisidium scutellatum Sterki, pl. xxxi, fig. 14.

Pisidium scutellatum STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. X, No. 6, p. 66, Oct.,
1896.

Shell: ‘‘Mussel of medium size, rather high, oblique,
markedly protracted downward in its anterior part, well
rounded, rather strongly inflated; beaks much posterior, rather
large, prominent, rounded; superior margin short, little curved,
or almost straight, scutum and scutellum well marked, form-

ing projecting angles; the other margins well curved, or the -

posterior very slightly truncated, anterior end well rounded,
or with a slight indication of an angle; surface polished, with
irregular strize and some coarse lines of growth; shell thin,
transparent, of a yellowish-horn to amber color, often gray-
ish or brownish-horn in older specimens, and whitish on the
beaks; nacre glassy, inner surface microscopically rugulose;
hinge fine, short, cardinal teeth lamellar, the one in the right

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 403

valve moderately curved, its posterior end thicker; the infe-
rior in the left valve curved, the superior little so or almost
straight; lateral teeth very short, very abrupt, pointed, thin, lit-
tle projecting into the cavity of the mussel; ligament small.
(Sterki.)
Lgth., 4.00; height, 3.60; breadth, 2.80 mill.

aes ho (0 ee mi 2.80; as 2.40 “ orless(deepwaterform). Sterki.

Animal: Not examined.

Distribution: ‘Pine Lake, 5-11 meters; Lake Michigan,
off New York Point, 24 meters; also taken from the stomachs
of whitefish of Lake Michigan; various parts of Michigan and
Minnesota” (Sterki); Lake Michigan near Chicago (Baker);
Huntley, Ill. (Ferriss). ‘Sterki says of these specimens that
they are smaller and much less full than the typical examples
from Lake Michigan” (in letter).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Collected at considerable depths in the larger
lakes, and in numerous small lakes and rivers.

Remarks: ‘This is one of our most characteristic Pisidia,
distinguished, besides its surface features, color, and the con-
figuration of the hinge, by its oblique shape and the much
larger anterior part. This character it has in common with
Pis. virginicum Gmel. and walkeri; the former of these is out of
the question; the latter species is much more angular and the
surface dull, from microscopic lamellz, but even.”

“Pts. scutellatum is somewhat variable; the largest speci-
mens seen, from Orchard Lake, Mich., are 4.5 mill. long. Those
from deep water are the smallest and most inflated, and their
beaks are commonly more prominent; some of them have
crowded striz of growth.” (Sterki.)

The specimens from Chicago were found in drift along
the lake shore at Miller’s, Ind., and were probably washed up
from deep water.

158. Pisidium punctatum Sterki, pl. xxxi, figs. 17, 18, 22.
Pisidium punctatum STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. VIII, No. 9, p. 99, Jan.
1895.

Shell; ‘Minute, inequipartite, high, oblique, strongly ven-
tricose, almost globular, regularly and sharply striated, micro-
scopically rugulose, whitish; anterior part moderately long,
the edge above oblique, almost straight, end slightly angled,
rather inferior; anterior part short, truncate, slightly angular

404 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

above, rounded below; superior and inferior margins moder-
ately curved, the former rather short, the latter long; scutum
little, scutellum moderately marked, both forming slight an-
gles; vertical section heart-shaped, horizontal, short, lanceo-
late-rhombic; margins very slightly acute; beaks moderately
full and prominent, with a longitudinal, slightly oblique ridge
(sometimes obsolete) below the culmination; nave moderately
thick, whitish, with crowded, small pits, from which it appears
as if dotted; hinge moderately strong; cardinal teeth fine, in
the left valve two, lamellar, longitudinal, about equally long,
a little curved, almost parallel, the upper little anterior; in the
right valve one, longitudinal, little curved, lamellar, the poste-
rior end slightly thickened; lateral teeth rather small and thin,
in the left valve one, pointed, in the right valve two, the outer
quite small; hinge-list fine, rather regularly formed; ligament
rather long and fine.” (Sterki.)

Length, 1.80; height, 1.60; breadth, 1.80 mill. (Sterki.)

Animal: ‘Soft parts colorless, rest whitish.” (Sterki.)

Distribution: ‘Ohio; Tuscarawas River, Bear Run, tribu-
tary to the Mahonig River, Portage County, a spring brook
at Rootstown Station, Portage County, emptying into Cuya-
hoga River (Lake Erie and St. Lawrence drainage) (Sterki);
Lilycash Creek, near Joliet, Ill. (Mississippi drainage) (Hand-
werk).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene: Loess.

Habitat: In creeks, pools and rivers.

Remarks: “This species resembles somewhat Fis. com-
pressum Prime, in having a ridge or appendage, but not in the
same place, as it stands on the outside, below the culmination
of the beaks, while in the mature P. compressum it has its place
rather on top. The shape of the shell is different and the size
is very much smaller, its bulk being only about one-tenth of
that shell. And while the upper part of the posterior margin
in P. compressum is rounded or flattened, it is sharp, somewhat
“pinched” in P. punctatum. In this the shell is purely whitish,
or light straw-colored, the latter more so when dry, while the
mature P. compressum is always more or lessgrayish. A marked
feature is the finely and densely pitted interior surface of the
shell, the dots being distinctly perceptible through the shell
from the outside. Yet this is not unique, as I have also seen
it in other Pisidia. Some specimens show not a trace of the

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 405

appendages on the beaks, yet they are evidently identical.”
(Sterki.)

This Pisidium is not common in this area, and only a few
specimens have been found in Lilycash Creek, near Joliet,
(western region) by Mr. Handwerk. Further search will proba-
bly bring more to light, not only in that locality, but in others.
Heretofore it has been found only in the Ohio and St. Lawrence
drainages, but we must now add the drainage of the Mississippi. -
159. Pisidium roperi Sterki. Unfigured.

Pisidium ropert STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. XII, No. 7, p. 77, Nov.,

1898.

Shell: ‘Mussel rather large, strongly inflated when ma-
ture, very little so when young; oblong to ovoid in outline,
margins regularly curved with no projecting angles (in the
adult); scutum and scutellum scarcely marked; beaks moder-
ately posterior, very broad, surface somewhat glossy, with ir-
regular, not sharp, strize and some strongly marked lines of
growth; color of the dry shell straw to yellowish-horn, often
with one to seven fine, concentric lines of purple; shell rather
thin, nacre whitish, muscle insertions scarcely marked, hinge
comparatively fine and short; cardinal teeth quite small, the
right one moderately curved, slightly thickened at the poste-
rior end; the left ones very short; the inferior slightly angular,
truncated or pointed on top, the superior sometimes almost
obsolete; lateral teeth short, small, scarcely projecting into
the interior; ligament rather fine.” (Sterki.)

Length, 5.50; height, 4.40; breadth, 3.80 mill. (Sterki.)
450, B03. *\ 8.00.4 “

Animal; “Soft parts pink, especially so the foot and man-
tle edges; the living mussel appears pale red, but the color
soon fades away after the death of the animal; it is also very
pale, scarcely noticeable in the young, becoming more intense
with the age of the animal.” (Sterki.)

Distribution: _‘‘Maine, Rhode Island, Indiana, Illinois and
Minnesota; probably also Utah, California and Washington.”
(Sterki.) .

Geological distribution: Pleistocene; Loess?

Habitat: ‘The largest and most beautiful specimens were
collected in Higginbotham’s Spring, near Joliet, Ill., by Messrs.
J. H. Ferriss and J. H. Handwerk.”’ (Sterki.)

Remarks: ‘“Pis. vopert cannot be mistaken for any other

406 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

species, except some forms of P. abditum Hald.; but it is at
once distinguished from the latter species by its comparatively
very broad beaks, the more elongated and more regular out-
line, the different appearance of its surface, usually the lighter
color, the comparatively fine and shorter hinge, and, in the liv-
ing animal, by the pink color of the soft parts shining through
the shell. It is the only species in which that color has been
noticed so far, yet it remains to ascertain whether this be a
constant character. But, however that may be, the species is
valid. From several places specimens were obtained in com-
pany with P. abditum, and at once recognized as distinct.”
(Sterki.)

Thus far this species has been found in this area only at
Higginbotham’s Spring, near Joliet, inthe western region. Ad-
ditional localities will undoubtedly be found when the streams
and springs are more carefully searched.

160. Pisidium handwerki Sterki. Unfigured.
Pisidium handwerki STERKI, The Nautilus, Vol. XIII, p. 90, 1899.

“Mussel small, rather rounded in outline, rather high,
moderately inflated; beaks moderately large, somewhat papil-
liform; superior margin strongly, inferior moderately curved;
posterior rounded or slightly truncated, anterior end rounded
or with a slight indication of an angle; surface with dense,
almost regular and sharp striz, and with a silky gloss, tops of
beaks smooth and shining, slightly flattened; color of epiconch
pale to yellowish-horn; shell rather strong, nacre colorless or

whitish, hinge stout, strongly curved, plate moderately broad,

lateral teeth stout, rather high, short; cardinal teeth small, fine;
the right one angular, with the posterior part somewhat thicker,
inserted in a longitudinal groove on the hinge plate; posterior
cardinal tooth of the left valve rather long, longitudinal, nearly
straight, its ends sloping; anterior oblique, quite small or almost
obsolete; ligament rather small.” (Sterki.)

Length, 2.40; height, 2.20; breadth, 1.70 mill. (Sterki.)

Animal: Not examined.

Distribution: VLilycash Creek, Joliet, Ill. (J. H. Handwerk).

Geological distribution: Pleistocene?

Habitat: Living in soft mud with P. compressum, etc.

Remarks: ‘Probably it has been overlooked in materials
from other places, owing to its resemblance to immature speci-
mens of some forms of P. compressum Pr. When once known

“= 0 SE
te er ee eed ”

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 407

it will always be recognized. It also resembles some forms of
P. pauperculum Sterki, in size and shape, but its comparatively
coarse striation will distinguish it at once. /%s. handwerk? is
not a showy Pisidium, with striking features, but nevertheless
a good species.” (Sterki.)
161. Pisidium kirklandi Sterki. Unfigured.
Pisidium kirklanai STERK1I, The Nautilus, Vol. XIII, p. 11, 1899.

“Mussel of medium size, somewhat oblique, well inflated
when mature, very little so in the young, high, rather oval in
outline; superior margin strongly, inferior moderately curved;
posterior slightly truncated, passing into the superior by an
obtuse, rounded angle, antero-superior slightly curved or al-
most straight, sloping toward the rounded anterior end; scutum
well, scutellum slightly marked;‘beaks somewhat posterior,
high and prominent in the mature, low in the young mussel,
with stout ridges, highest at the posterior and slanting toward
the anterior ends, slightly sinuous on the outer sides; surface
with very coarse, rather regular striation, dull, rugulose, straw
colored in young, slightly grayish in the adult with alight zone
along the margin; shell rather thick, nacre almost glossy, ap-
pearing bluish in old specimens, muscle insertions distinct;
hinge stout, hinge plate broad; cardinal teeth of moderate size,
rather high up on the plate, the right one angular, its posterior
plate thickened, with or without a groove; below it is a deep
excavation; left cardinal teeth: the anterior rather stout but its
edge acute, the posterior oblique, slightly curved; lateral teeth
stout, the outer ones of the right valve quite small; ligament
strong.” (Sterki.)

Length, 4,00; height, 3.80; breadth, 2.70 mill.

Animal: Not examined.

Distribution: Michigan, Illinois and Ohio.

Geological distribution: Unknown.

Remarks: “Pts. kirklandi is related to P. compressum Pr.,
and more so to fallax St. From the:former it is at once dis-
tinguished by the more rounded outlines of the adult speci-
mens; the young are higher in the anterior part and the mussel
is nearly square, while the young of compressum are more tri-
angular; and in the latter the beaks are higher, the (young)
mussel is of comparatively larger diameter. From P. fallax it

. differs by its large size, the coarse striation, the shape of the

ridges and the grayish color.” (Sterki.)

408 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

This species is known only from Berry Lake, in the south-
ern region.

Dr. Sterki reports that among fossils from the lower Loess
at Freeport, Ill., he found Pistdium virginicum, variabile, com-
pressum, fallax, cruciatum, punctatum, walkeri and (?) abdtitum.
Pisidium virginicum, P. abditum and P. compressum have been
dredged in Lake Superior at depths ranging from four to four-
teen fathoms.

162. Limnzaauricularia Linné. Text fig. 138.
*Timne@a auricularia LINNE, Syst. Nat., Ed. XII, p. 1249.

Shell: Roundly ovate, inflated, thin; color horny to pale
gold; nucleus consisting of one and a half spermaceti-colored,
smooth, rapidly increasing whorls; surface shining, lines of

Fie. 138.
LIMNZA AURICULARIA Linné. Natural size.

growth fine, wavy, crowded, with occasionally a heavy ridge
representing a rest period; whorls four, convex, inflated, the
last large and spreading; spire short, conic, very small com-
pared with the body whorl; sutures deeply impressed, chan-
neled in some specimens; aperture very large, ovate, occupy-
ing four-fifths of the length of the entire shell, rounded above
and flaring in old specimens below; peristome thin, sharp;
columella sigmoid with a plait across the middle, which is
reflected over the umbilicus; umbilicus narrow, deep, nearly
closed. The epidermis is sometimes marked by light and dark
lines of color, alternating.
Length, 23.00; breadth, 17.00; aperture length, 18.00; breadth, 11.00 mill.
ef 20.00; 3 15.50; fe os 15.50; os 9.50.“
. 18.00; i 12.50; ‘ . 13.50; 2 8.50 “
Animal. Body flecked with small white spots on back of
head and tentacles, but not on foot; mantle marked by many

*No attempt has been made to include the synonymy of this species.

UGA ae Ag Wy ag Me iP,
Stl

THE NATURAL HISTORY SURVEY. 409

black, irregular spots which show through the shell; foot
roundly elongated, 18 by 11 mill., head broad, auriculated; ten-
tacles large, flat, long, triangular; heart pulsations slow and
regular; thirty-four per minute. The animal is slow and de-
liberate in its movements.

Jaw and radula: Not examined.

Genitalia: Not examined.

Distribution: European; greenhouseand lily-pond in Lin-
coln Park, Chicago.

Geological distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Similar to that of the larger Limnzas.

Remarks: Some time ago Mr. Herbert E. Walter, In-
structor in biology in the North Division High School, Chi-
cago, brought to the writer several specimens of a Limnza
which was new to the fauna of the United States. Upon
inquiry the locality was given as the propagating greenhouse
in Lincoln Park. Several days later Miss Marie La Grange, a
pupil in the North Division High School, found a number of
the same species in a lily pond in the Park, the water of which .
was artificially heated to give the necessary warmth for certain
tropical plants, the temperature being above 90° Fahr.

Comparison with the shells in the Academy’s collection
showed the species to be Limmea auricularia, and an inquiry of
the park gardener brought to light the fact that certain plants
had been recently imported from Belgium. This information
at once removed the mystery surrounding the sudden appear-
ance of this shell in the Park, and shows how easy it is at the
present time to transport a species from one continent to an-
other, especially if it be a pulmonate. Theshells of auricularia
are about an inch in length, of a deep corneous color, and are
rather thin. When alive, the mantle of the animal is seen
through the shell to be made up of dark and light spots ar-
ranged irregularly. The animal appeared rather active, mov-
ing about the aquarium with a steady, gliding motion.

163. Amnicola walkeri Pilsbry.
Amnicola walkert PILSBRY, The Nautilus, Vol. XII, p. 438, 1898.

Shell: “Thin, narrowly umbilicate, conic, shaped like Lyo-
gyrus browni Carpenter; slightly yellowish corneous; thin,
smooth, with faint growth-lines. Whorls four, very convex, sep-
arated by deeply constricting sutures, the last whorl rounded
below; apex obtuse. Aperture oblique, rather small, mainly

oon . in! ? SS i ab haa ™y * i.
e et re acs, SBN ARSE, ot
, BS Lites RN it ea
Ne oon Bona s:
* yar 4 eee ee ta
410 THE CHICAGO ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

basal, a little longer than wide, but nearly circular, the inner
margin a trifle straightened above; peristome continuous, in
contact with the preceding whorl for an extremely short dis-
tance above. Operculum Amnicoloid.”’

Alt.5, diam.2; length of aperture, 14%; width 1% mm.

Oe LAG t AU WURDE LAs oe «. > Pilepiye

Animal: Not examined.

Radula: Amnicoloid. (Pilsbry.)

Distribution: ‘‘Lake Michigan at High Island Harbor,
Beaver Island, at 19 meters depth; Reed’s Lake, Grand Rap-
ids, Mich.; River Rogue, Wayne Co., Mich.; the types from the
first locality mentioned.” (Pilsbry.)’ Joliet, Ill. (J. H. Fer-
riss.

A distribution: Pleistocene.

Habitat: Similar to other Amnicola.

Remarks: This, one of the smallest of Amnicolze, has re-
cently been found at Joliet by Mr. J. H. Ferriss. It will be
easily known by its small size and peculiar shape.

~

INDEX.

Synonyms are printed in z¢adics,

‘genera, subgenera, families, etc., in

SMALL CAPITALS; the page number indicating reference to a diagnosis is

in 2talics.

AGNATHBA, J69.
AGNATHOMORPHA, 7712.
AGRIOLIMAX, 195, 708.
Agriolimax campestris, 194, 195, zgo.
ALASMIDONTA, 392
Alasmidonta truncata, 392.
ALASMODONTA, 56, 100.
Alasmodonta complanata, 57, 58, 60.
deltoidea, 57, 67, 64.
marginata, 57, 62, 63, 64.
pressa, 51, $8, 60, 73.
rhombica, 67.
rugosa, 57, 58, 59, 60.
ALBINULA, 232.
ALEXIA, 256.
AMNICOLID&, 327.
AMNICOLA, 370, 331, 339, 348, 346.
Amnicola attenuata, 338.
cincinnatiensis,
336, 337.
emarginata, 331, 376.
Serruginea, 331.
depressa, 341.
limosa, 33, 3??7-336, 361.
lustrica, 331, 334, 335, 337.
orbiculata, B34. s!
parva, }?4.
sayana, 335.
porata, 301, 334.
shrokingeri, ce
walkeri, zoo.
ANCYLID2, 702.
ANCYLUS, 702, 303, 306, 307.
Ancylus fluviatilis, 303.
obliguus, 306.
re 303, 304, 305, 306,

shimekii, 303, 706.
tardus, 303, 705.
Anatomy of the shel), 36.
Anguispira, 204.
Angustula, 2A1.
ANISOPLEURA, /38.
ANODONTA, 48, 19, 50, 69, 100.
Anodonta annu/ata, 67.
arkansasensts, 67.
declivis, 51.
decora, 51,
footiana, 51,53, 54, 55.
gigantea, 51, ;
grandis, 49, 50, 57, 54, 55, 75.
harpethensts, 51.

381, 725,

Anodonta ordea, 55.
imbecilis, 51, 55.
incerta, dd.
tnornata, dl.
mc netlit, 54.
marryattana, 54.
opalina, 54.
ovata, 51.
plana, 51, 807.
salmonia, 51.
shafferiana, 67.
subangulata, 54.
tetragona, 67.
waratana, 69.
ANODONTOIDES, 72.
Anodontoides ferussacianus, 65, 72, 74,
75.
subcylindraceus, 65, 74.
Anodontopsis, 72.
Anoplophrya vermicularis, 361.
APLEXA, 3/7.
Aplexa hypnorum, 377, 318.
Appendix, 391.
Arion, 203.
Aspidogaster conchicola, 48.
AULACOPODA, /74.
AURICULID&, 253.

BASOMMATOPHORA, 253.
Bibliography, 366

BIFIDARIA, 220, 231.

Bifidaria Steet 228, 272, 233, 236,

4.
ray 228, 274, 235, 286,
ise
: corticaria, 227, 229, 230.
cristata, 231.
curvidens, 185, 228, 239, 240.
holzingeri, 228, 276, 257.
pentodon, 228, 278, 239, 240.
procera, 227, 277, 232.
ruidosensis, 282.
Bulimnea, 260.
Bulimus lubricotides, 246.
Bulinus tryoni, 317.
Bulla fluviatilis, 288.
BYTHINIA, 328, 330.
Bythinia tentaculata, 728, 329.
Bythinella nickliniana, 33,

CALYCULINA, 720.
Calyculina partumeia, 113, 723, 124.

INDEX.

Calyculina securis, 113, 722.
transversa, 113, 720, 122,
396.
truncata, 113, 727, 123.
CAMPELOMA, 350.
Campeloma decisum, 356, 358, 359,
360, 362.
ponderosum, 3756, 357,
358, 359, 361.
rufum, 356, 758, 361.
obesum, 358.
subsolidum, 356, 767.
CARUNCULINA, 109. °
CARYCHIUM, 253.
Carychium euphaum, 254.
exiguum, 254, 255, 256.
exile, 255, 206.
extstelium, 254.
jamaicenseis, 255,
mexicanum, 254,
Chicago bibliography, 363.
Chrysemys marginatus, 33.
CINCINNATIA, 335.
Cionella morseana, 246.
CIRCINARIA, 777, 174.
Circinaria concava, 139, 171, 772, 178,

CIRCINARIIDZ, 7712.
COCHLICOPA, 245.
Cochlicopa lubrica, 246, 247.
COCHLICOPIDA, 245.
CONULUS, 78.

Conulus alaskensis, 183.
chersinus, 7&5.
mortoni, 183.

Cotylaspis insignis, 48.

CTENOBRANCHIATA, 7/0.

Cyclas, 111.

Cyclas acuminata, 117.

albula, 117.
altilis, 128.
bulbosa, 114.
caerulea, 123.
calyculata, 121,
cardissa, 122.
castanea, 118.
constricta, 120.
cornea, 123.
crocea, 122.
detruncata, 120.
distorta, 113.
dubia, 127.
eburnea, 123,
edentula, 117.
Suscata, 114.
gigantea, 116.
gracile, 120.
znornata, 117.
lasmampsis, 116
lenticula, 121.
major, 126.
mirabilis, 123.

| Cyclas modesta, 117.

) nitida, 397.
orbicularia, 123.
ovaltts, 119.
pellucida, 121.

/ ponderosa, 116.

sarratogea, 116.

simplex, 117.

solida, 116.

/ sulcata, 116.
sulcosa, 118.
tenutstriata, 117.

CYRENACEA, ///.

CYRENID&, //1.

| Diplodontus, 52.

Discus, 204.

| Distoma appendiculata, 189.
ascoidea, 299.
macrostomum, 222.

| ELASMOGNATHA, 2/0.

| Elimta, 325.

| ENDODONTID2, 203.

| Eubifidaria, 231.

EUCONULUS, 183.

Euconulus fulvus, 787, 184, 227.
Eurynlia, 100.

EUTHYNEURA, 738.

Ferussacia subcylindracea, 246.

GASTRODONTA, J90.
Gastrodonta arborea, 167.
brittsii, 192.
demissa, 191, 792.
gularis, 190.
ligera, 190, zgz, 192, 195.
stonei, 191
GASTROPODA, 737.
Geographical Distribution, 16.
Geological Distribution, 25.
GEHYDROPHILA, 253.
Glochidium, 49.
Glossary, 381.
GLYPHYALINIA, 177, 782.
GONIOBASIS, 325.
Goniobasis depygis, 727.
livescens, 725, 326, 327, 330.
milestt, 325, 326.
translucens, 325.
GONYODISCUS, 270.
Gundlachia, 307.
GYRAULUS, 297.

Haplotrema, 171.
HELICID#, 770.
HELIcopIscus, 204, 272.
Helicodiscus lineatus, 205, 272, 213.
HELISOMA, 287.

| HELIX, 137, 217.

| Helix alba, 206.

apex, 189.

‘

Bins WAN held ocak

INDEX.

Helix dreweri, 187.
bucculenta, 156,°158.
bulbina, 148.
capillacea, 176,
cincta, 165.
clausa, 143.
convexa, 16d.
costata, 206.

“ cronkhitei, 210.
crystallina, 249.
adisstdens, 172.
dubia, 206.
egena, 185.
electrina, 180.
fallax, 146, 147.
fergusoni, 206.
Sraterna, 163.
hydrophila, 186.
infecta, 206.
ingallsiana, 158.
zsognomostomos, 163.
laevigata, 249.
lavelleana, 189.
leaii, 765, 167.
major, 11.
mauriniana, 189,
minuta, 249.
minuttlis, 189.
minutissima, 215.
mordax, 206.
nitidosa, 180.
ottonts, 187.
paludosa, 249.
planorbotdes, 172.
porcina, 163.
pura, 180,
radtatula, 180.
rafinesquea, 191,
richard, 148.
ruderata, 210.
rufa, 151,
scabra, 206.
sinuata, 163.
striatuda, 180,
strongylodes, 206.
transversensts, 151,
viridula, 180.
wardiana, 191.
zaleta, 154.

HEMILASTENA, 392.

Hemilastena ambigua, 792.

Heterostromum echinatum, 361.

HETERURETHRA, 2/6.

Histrionella pomatiopsidis, 346.

HOLOPODA, 770.

Hyalinia, 177.

Hyalina pellucida, 180.
subrupicola, 182.
virtdula, 187.

HYGROPHILA, 256,

Instructions for collecting mollusks, 25

LAMPSILIS, 91, 93, 94.
Lampsilis alatus, 48, 65, 97, 98, 100.
anodontoides, 65, zoo, 101,
105, 394.
ellipsiformis, 394.
fallaciosus, 793.
gracilis, 65, 99.
iris, 65, 96, zo5, 107.
ligamentinus, 48, 66, 708,
109.
luteolus, 65, 73, 101, 797, 109.
multiradiatus, 66, 95.
parvus, 66, 73, 209, 394.
rectus, 48, 65, 71, zoz.
spatulatus, 65, 706, 107.
ventricosus, 65, 94.5
Leucochloridium paradoxum, 222.
LIMACID, 793.
LIMAX, 793, 195, 199, 203.
Limax agrestis, 194, 195.
antiguorum, 195.
castaneus, 199.
cellarius, 195.
flavus, 33, 194, 195, 797, 198.
hyperboreus, 199.
intermedius, 199.
maculatus, 195.
marmoratus, 201.
maximus, 33, 194, 795, 196, 198,
200. +
montanus, 199.
occidentalis, 199.
togata, 201.
tristis, 199.
variegatus, 197,
vulgaris, 195.
LIMNEA, 256, 257, 759.
Limnza, acuminata, 260.
acuta, 265.
alba, 283.
aperta, 283.
appressa, 257, 286.
aguarit, 283
arenaria, 283.
attenuata, 280, 281.
auricularia. 408, 409.
biplicata, 283.8> 9
caperata, 139, 159, |269, '270,
271, 262, 273.
casta, 260.
catascopium, 259, 267, 264,
265

chalybea, 260.

coarctata, 260.

columella, 259, 260, 261,' 262.
columellarts, 260,

cornea, 2638.

costulata, 283.

cubensis, 139, 272, 278.
curta, 268.

decampii, 265.

decollata, 265.

ae OP tag Ph vb a? Sg
Dp ye Set te ee a
ae ve 4 Ris

Limnea desidiosa, 259, 261, 265, 266| Limnzea s¢rigosa, 260. ;
267, 268, 270, 273. subfusca, 283. 7
distorta, 283. succiniformis, 260.
distortus, 277. suffiatus, oe .
elodes, 273. SUPE: ;
elongatus, 277. turgida, 288.
emarginata, 257, 260, 265. umbilicata, 272, 273,
or0sa, 283 umbrosa, 273.
pb sei 68 vivipara, 304.
exilis, 282, walkeri, 287.
exnaneu, 277, 923. woodruffi, 259, 264, 265.
ferrissi, 259, 277. LIMNAI sebra, 218, 21%.
fragilis, 273, 283. FT itnob hve 6
fusiformis, 267. pata 2a: Aber
gibbosa, 283. ocalities of special interest, 13.
grifithiana, 268. Macrocyclis, 171.
holbollii, 277. Margaritana calceola, 63, 64. A
humilis, 259, 268, 269, 273. hatherina, 60. ig
tllagueata, 283. Melampus, 256.
intertexta, 263. Melania correcta, 325.
Jamesit, 265. cuspidata, 325,
jolietensis, 280, 281. elongata, 323.
jugularis, 283. napella, 325.
kirtlandiana, 287. niagarensis, 325.
paaeengen 7. vein Hae ; >
econii2, a tracta, :
linsleyz, 268. Melantho, 356.
lutea, 283. Melantho geniculum, 359.
major, 283. Melantho gibba, 358. ,
mean 283. P ste S Ag 359, +
michiganensis, 276. nolant, 306.
mighelsi, 257, 366, 265. MENETUS, 296. ‘i
minima, 283. Mesodon, 140.
modicella, 265. Mesomphix, 175.
navicula, 260. METAPTERA, 97.
nuttalliana, 276. Monostoma lucanica, 299, ;
obrussa, 267. MONOTREMATA, 740. ;
occidentalis, 283. iz
palustris, 139, 259, 263, 269,| NAIADACEA, 40.
273, 275-280, 285. Neohelizx, 140. a
parva, 268. . OBLIOU 88
pellucida, 260. ‘Hier cepiieny de
‘thiladelphica, 265. Obliquaria pense: 66 eae $9, 90.
pinguis, 263, 267, 265. OMPHA 2 aie :
planulata, 265. mae a etl wey 176 H
plebeia, 23. mphalina cuprea, m
dlica, 265. Sy Sit 175, 776, 178.
polita, 176.
Sain tee ORTHURETHRA, 225.
guadrangulata, 283. Paludina, 356.
bes 8 257, 259, 275, 277,| Paludina ee 359.
-288. extlis, 361.
renee 288. MoE are 359, :
rosea, 283. ustrica, 344, ;
roses 283. pore es
rustica, 265. obtusa, 336, 337.
sanctemarie, 283. pallida, 340, c
scalaris, ak 281, 288. regularis, 306. ¢
sericata, 263. vivipara, 352. isd ©
sinistrosa, 283, Palubesrerke 337- er
* speciosa, 288. Paludestrina nickliniana, 337, 738, 339, o2
stagnalis, 259, 279, 284, 285. thermalis, 338. a

INDEX,

PATULA, 204, 205, 217.
Patula albina, 208.
PELECYPODA, 45.
PHILOMYCUS, 200.
Philomycus carolinensis, 207, 202.
PHILOMYCID, 200.
Phryganea, 352.
Physemoda egualis, 127.
PuysA, 256, 707, 308, 317, 318.
Physa adda, 308.
altonensts, 315.
ampullacea, 811, 315.
aurea, 315.
cylindrica, 311.
elliptica, 775.
elongata, 317.
elongatina, 317.
Sebigeriz, 315.
Sontana, 308.
gabbi, 314, 315.
Llabra, 317.
gyrina, 777, 308-316.
hawniz, 311,
heterostropha, 139, 708, 309, 310,
314, 316.
hildrethiana, 311.
integra, 308, 510, 514, 975.
minor, 31d.
nicklinit, 315.
oleacea, 315.
parva, 31l.
plicata, 31).
sayii, 308, 7zo, 311, 314, 316.
striata, 811.
troostiana, 315.
turrita, 317.
virginea, 315.
warrentana, 310.
PHYSID#, 307.
PIsiDIum, 1138, 724, 125.
Pisidium adruptum, 127.

abditum, 726, 129, 130, 396,| .

400, 401, 402, 406, 408.
arcuatum, 126,
boreale, 401.
cicer, 128.
compressum, 125, 126, 728,
397, 398, 401, 404, 406-408.
cruciatum, 398, 401, 408.
fallax, zoo, 401, 407, 408.
grande, 397.
handwerki, 06, 407.
kirklandi, 407.
kurtzt, 126.
mainese, 401.
minus, 126.

notatum, 126.
obscurum, 126,
pauperculum, 407.

' plenum, 126,
politum, 126, 729, 897, 400.
punctatum, 07, 404, 408.
resartum, 126,

Pisidium roperi, 405.
rubellum, 126,
rubrum, 126.
regulare, 126.
septentrionale, 400.
scutellatum, o2, 403.
splendidulum, yoo.
tenellum, 126.
variabile, 130,
ventricosum, 4
vesiculare, 400.
virginicum, 125, 126, 727, 397,
398, 402, 403, 408.
walkeri, zoz, 403, 408.
zonatum, 126.
PLAGIOLA, 75, go.
Plagiola donaciformis, 66, gz, 92.
elegans, 66, 92, 93.
PLANORBIS, 256, 257, 256, 305.
Planorbis angu/ata, 292, 294.
antrosus, 292.
aroostookensis, 292.
‘bellus, 294.
bicarinatus, 287, 292, 293-
296.
billings, 297,
brogniartiana, '296,
campanulatus, 287, 294, 295,
296.
circumstriatus, 297.
concavus, 297.
corneus, 286, 287.
corrugatus, 292.
deflectus, 287, 299.
atstortus, 288-290.
engonatus, 292.
exacutus, 287, 2906.
fallax, 288.
hyalina, 296.
Zautus, 292.
lens, 296.
lenticularts, 296.
lentus, 288,
macrostomus, 288, 290.
major, 292.
megastoma, 288.
minor, 294,
obliguus, 299.
parallelus, 212.
Fay 287, 297, 298, 299,
planorbula, 288.
Plexata, 288, 290.
regularis, 288.
striatus, 292.
trivolvis, 286, 288, 291, 293,
295, 296.
truncatus, 286, 290, 291, 295,
296,

rid 398, 408.

vermicularis, 297.
PLANORBULA, 300.
Plethodon erythronotus, 33.
PLEUROCERA, 3/0, 325, 326,

y vi

> “a. «3 PT eal » & | inl 3. S ‘ar
1 ORE RN OG) AN tees Rare
Sais i Rae eer uo

INDEX. 3 Fact,

Pleurocera elevatum, 320, 321, 722, 824, | Pupa arizonensis, 228, ae

intensum, 322.
lewisii, 724.
subulare, 320, 322-326.
PLEUROCERID#, 3/9.
Polita, \T%
PoLyGyRA, 770, 141, 142.
Polygyra alba, 148, 757, 763.
albida, 165.
toolatnis 39, 41, 189, 142,
151, 153-156.
alice, 165.
allen, J51.
altispira, 163.
andrewsi, 142.
bidentata, 144.
clausa, 142, 143, 758, 161.
complanata, 144.
dentata, 754.
edentilabris, 144.
exoleta, 142, 754, 155.
fraterna, 767, 168.
fraudulenta, 143, 144, 746,
147.
friersoni, 165.
hirsuta, 145, 767, 164.
imperforata, 165.
inflecta, 743, 146.
introferens, 147,
juxtigens, 144.
maritima, 151.
minor, 151.
monodon, 139, 145, 164, 765,
166, 167.
multilineata, 142, 151, z6z.
pennsylvanica, 142, 759, 160.
pilula, 163.
profunda, 139, 142, 78, 149,
150, 151, 161, 162, 163.
pulchella, 151, 156.
sanctisimonis, 156,
rubra, 763.
thyroides, 139, 142, 152, 153,
156, 157, 158, 159, 168.
tridentata, 42, 143, 144, 145,
146, 147, 152,
uncifera, 163.
unidentata, 144.
POMATIOPSIS, 269, 747, 346.
Pomatiopsis cincinnatiensis, 395, 343,

344, 346.
lapidaria, 336, 343, 3z4,
345.

148.

PRIONODESMACEA, 46,

PRIVATULA, 22

PSEUDOHY ALINA, 189.

PUNCTUM, 274.

Punctum minutissima, 215, 216.
pygmzum, 185, 215, 216,

PULMONATA, 738.

PUPA, 225, 240,

armigera, 232, ek
carinata, 231. “a
curta, 238,

deltostoma, 234.
Sallax, 228. :
fordiana, 236. ~ te
floridana, 239. aa
Libbosa, 231. x
gracilis, 239. ee
hordeacea, 231.
minuta, 231.
modesta, 242.
montanella, 238.
ovulum, 242.
pellucida, 231.
rupicola, 231. SN
tappaniana, 238.
PUPIDA, 225.
PUPOIDES, 228,
Pupoides marginatus, 297, 228..
PYRAMIDULA, 204, 205, 295,
Pyramidula alba, 210.
alternata, 151, 168, 189,
205, 206, 207, 211, 212.
carinata, 206.
catskillensis, 210.
fergusoni, 208.
knoxensis, 206.
limitaris, 208.
mordax, 208.
occidentalis, 208.
perspectiva, 212.
rarinotata, 906. awry,
solitaria, 904, 208, 209. in
striatella, 167, 205, 270, }

QUADRULA, 75.

Quadrula coccinea, 66, 78, 79, 80, 393.
lachrymosa, 66, 8}.
plicata, 66, So, 81, 33, 96, 393.
pustulosa, ‘48, 66,
rubiginosa, 66, 77, 80,
trigona, 66, 76, 77, 78, 80.
tuberculata, 38, 393.
undulata, 48, 66, 81, 82, 83.
verrucosa, 66, 85, 393.

Radix, 260. ) ieee
SEGMENTINA, 300. < 5
Segmentina armigera, 700, 301, 303. re,

SIGMURETHRA, /70. & ;
Selenttes, 171. BS:
SOMATOGYRUS, 339, Sx
Somatogyrus integer, 77, 342, “je

isogona, 339, 340, ss

subglobosus, 339, 340, >
SPHERIID, J//. f

SPHARIUM, 772, 112, 113, 125. 5

Sphzrium fabale, 115, 778, 119.
lilycashense, 795, 396.

occidentale, 113, zzg, 124.

simile, 113, 776.
solidulum, 7z3, 115, 117.

stamineum, 1138, zzz, 116,

117, 118, 395.

Striatinum, 112, 113, 114,

ri.
vermontanum, 394, 395.
Spirogyra, 298, 299,
Statistics, 33.
STENOTREMA, 140, 763.
STREPTODONTA, 770.
STREPTONEURA, 7/9.
Strobila, 225.
Strobila morsei, 225.
strebeli, 225.
STROBILOPS, 225, 228.
Strobilops labyrinthica, 225, 226.
STROPHITUS, 66.
Strophitus edentulus, 65, 67, 6°, 73.
pavonius, 65, 68, 69.

STYLOMMATOPHORA, 739.
SUCCINEA, 277, 218,
Succinea alba, 223.

avara, 223, 224.

calumetensts, 220.

compacta, 223.

decampi, 220.

Sorshey?z, 220,

magister, 223.

major, 225.

obligua, 218, 220.

ovalis, 217, 275, 219, 220, 224.

pellucida, 260.
peoriensis, 220.
retusa, 220, 222, 224, 260.
totteniana, 278, 220.
vermeta, 223
waradtana, 223.
wzlsont, 220.
SUCCINID, 2/6.
SYMPHYNOTA, 392.
Symphynota complanata, 392,
compressa, 58, 392,
costata, 392.

TA£NIOGLOSSA, 379.
Tebennophorus, 200.
TELEODESMACEA, ///.

Tellina pusilla, 127.
TESTACELLA, 769, 170.
Testacella haliotoidea, 769, 170.
TESTACELLID&, 769.
Topography, 12.

TrRIoDoPsIs, 140, 743.
Triodopsts lunuda, 144.

Unio, 48, 49, 65, 69

Unio zsopus, 48.
affinis, 103.
approximus, 103,

INDEX.

Unio arctior, 70.
asperatus, 86.
asperrimus, 83.
bullatus, 86.
canadensis, 94,
cardium, 94.
carinatus, 108.
chuntii, 76.
cornutus, 89.
costatus, 82.
crassus, 108.
delicatus, 39}.
ailatatus, 70.
adtstans, 103.
dolosus, 99.
dorfeuillianus, 86.
ellipticus, 108.
Jasctatus, 108.
fiavus, 77.
flortdensts, 100,
Sragilis, 99.
gibbosus, 66, 70, 83.
gouldianus, 79.
gouldii, 79.
hildrethianus, 65, 77.
hippopeus, 80.
inflatus, 103.
latecostatus, 82.
leprosus, 101.
lunulatus, 83.
luteolus, 30, 33, 36.
mortont, 86.
novieboract, 105.
occtdens, 9A.
pernodosus, 86.
pilsbry?, 82, 83.
prelongus, 101.
prasinus, 86.
guadratus, 83.
rariplicata, 80.
riddelliz, 76.
sageri, 101,
satur, 94.
schoolcraftensts, 86.
schoolcraftiz, 86, 88.
stliguoideus, 103.
subovatus, 94,
teres, 100.
truncatus, 92.
upsont, 108.
zigzag, 91.

UNIONID&, #7.

Utricularia vulgaris, 299.

VALLONIA, 248.
Vallonia americana, 252,
amurensis, 251.

costata, 251, 252, 253.

enniensis, 249.
helvetica, 251.
hispanica, 249,
montana, 251.
parvula, 252.

Vallonia persica, 249.
pulchella, 248, 249, 250, 251,
252. a
renaica, 251.
thn ret 251.
VALLONIID&, 248.
VALVATA, 377.
Valvata arentfera, 352.
bicarinata, 348, 349, 750, 351.
carinata, 349.
confusa, 349.
cristata, 347.
depressa, 348.
yaelog ast
normalis, 752.
simplex, 319,
sincera, 347, 748, 350, 352.
striata, 348.
Ae aaey es 346, 348, 749, 350,
ol,
unicarinata, 349.
VALVATID, 7/0.
Ventridens, 190.
VERTIGO, 240, 242.
Vertigo milium, 228, 239, 247, 242, 243.
ovata, 228, 272, 243, 244.

VERTIGOPSIS, 238.
VERTILLA, 247.
VITREA, 777, 178, 180.
Vitrea cellaria, 33, 177.
draparnaldi, 778, 179, 180, 197°
electrina, 167, 212.
hammonis, 178, 7So, 181, 182,
183.
indentata, 178,
190.
VIVIPARA, 353, 306.
Vivipara contectoides, 139, 754, 355. _
intertexta, 303.
VIVIPARIDA, 352.

180, 782, 183,

Zonites alachuana, 189.
alliarius, 180.
umbilicatus, 182.
upsont, 242, 244,
ZONITIDA, 174.
ZONITOIDES, 180, 786.
Zonitoides arboreus, 178, 180-186, 787,
188, 190, 211, 214.
minusculus, 180, 186, 739.
nitidus, 786.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII.

Figure]. Pisi1pruM ABDITUM Hald. Prime, Monog., fig. 72. Enlarged.
“2, PISIDIUM VIRGINICUM Bourg. Prime, Monog., fig. 61.
Enlarged.
«3. Limax MAXIMUS Linné. Shell. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll.,.
pl. xvi, fig. 2.
4, CIRCINARIA CONCAVA Say.
5. VITREA DRAPARNALDI Beck.
“ 6. GASTRODONTA DEMISSA Binney.
7. PISIDIUM COMPRESSUM Prime. Monog,, fig. 67. Enlarged.
8. LIMAX MAXIMUS Linné. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll., pl. xvi,
fig. 2. :
‘9, ZONITOIDES ARBOREUS Say. Binney, Man. Am. Land Sh.,
fig. 15. Enlarged. :
“ 10. VITREA HAMMONIS Strom. Binney, Man. Am. Land Sh.,
fig. 21. Enlarged.
“ 11. ViITREA INDENTATA Say. Binney, Man. Am. Land Sh.,
fig. 15. Enlarged.
“12. ZONITOIDES MINUSCULUS Binney. Binney, Man. Am. Land
Sh., fig. 18. Enlarged.
“ 18. AGRIOLIMAX CAMPESTRIS Binney. Tryon, Mon. Terr:
Moll., pl. xvii, figs. 12, 18.
“ 14. GASTRODONTA LIGERA Say.
“ 15. OMPHALINA FULIGINOSA Griff.
“ 16 ZONITOIDES NITIDUS Miller. Binney, Mon. Am. Land Sh.,
fig. 12. Enlarged.
“ 17. EucoNULUS FULVUS Drap. Binney, Mon. Am. Land Sh.,
fig. 26. Enlarged.
“ 18. PyRAMIDULA STRIATELLA Anth. Binney, Mon. Am. Land
Sh., fig. 28. Enlarged.
“ 19. PyRAMIDULA ALTERNATA Say. Juvenile.
“ 20. PUNCTUM PYGM#uUM Drap. Binn., Man. Am. Land Sh.,
fig. 31. Enlarged.
“« 21, PyRAMIDULA ALTERNATA Say. Albino.
“ 22. PYRAMIDULA ALTERNATA Say. Eggs.
“ 23. PYRAMIDULA ALTERNATA Say. Variation in height of spire.
“ 24. PyRAMIDULA ALTERNATA Say.
“ 25. PyRAMIDULA LINEATA Say. Binney, Man. Am. Land Sh.,
fig. 37. Enlarged.
“26. VALLONIA PULCHELLA Miiller. Binney, Man. Am, Land 7
Sh., fig. 39. Enlarged. ; .
“ 27. LiMAX FLAVuS Linné. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll., pl. xvi, nim
fig. 3. ,

All natural diameter, except where otherwise mentioned.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Unio Lutgo.us Lamarck, showing different parts of shell.
Upper figure, right valve, exterior; middle figure, both valves
viewed from above; lower figure, left valve, interior. A, Anterior
end. P, Posterior end. D, Dorsal margin. V, Ventral margin. R,
Right valve. L, Left valve. a, Anterior adductor muscle-scar (or
cicatrix). b, Posterior adductor muscle-scar. c, Anterior foot .
retractor muscle-scar. e, Posterior foot retractor muscle-scar. ct,
Cardinal teeth. It, Lateral teeth. 1, Ligament. lg, Lines of

growth. lu, Lunule. p!, Pallial line. u, Umbo.

PLATE |.

le
0
«
’
‘
0

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Figures 1, 2, 3. ANODONTA GRANDIS Say.
Figures 4, 5. ANODONTA GRANDIS Say. Juvenile.

34 natural diameter.

PLATE Il.

- f

Pi i ah

yr aa
an ‘e ;
>

fe

\ .
‘ea PA Bis
> MN

yh
Mt hf te.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Figure 1. ANODONTA GRANDIS Say. <j
‘« 2. ANODONTA FOOTIANA Lea. Q
3. ANODONTA FOOTIANA Lea. <j
‘* 4. ANODONTA FooTIANA Lea. Juvenile.
5. STROPHITUS PAVONIUS Lea.
6. ANODONTOIDES FERUSSACIANUS Lea. Juvenile.

3 natural diameter.

PLATE III.

°°

Ss oC »

ety

Figure 1.
2.
3.
4.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

ANODONTA GRANDIS Say. 9

ANODONTA FOOTIANA Lea. j'
ALASMODONTA MARGINATA Say.
ANODONTOIDES SUBCYLINDRACEUS Lea. Q

3 natural diameter.

PLATE IV,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Figure 1. ANODONTA IMBECILIS Say. The upper figure
is a female, the others are males
Figure 2. ANODONTOIDES FERUSSACIANUS Lea.
‘© 3. STROPHITUS PAVONIUS Lea.
‘© 4. UNIO HILDRETHIANUS Lea.

4 natural diameter.

o

PLATE V.

a
‘

he
.

J
’
- 7.
~<
\

De

a

_ ‘ay
Ala

~ ease
yw
é

= |

7"

r
i.
na
7”

é

-
.

Vier Oe in

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI.

Figure 1. ANODONTOIDES SUBCYLINDRACEUS Lea.
‘© 2. ALaSMODONTA CALCEOLA Lea (deltoideus Lea.)
‘« 3. ALASMODONTA PRESSA Lea,

+ natural diameter.

2

PLATE VI.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Figure 1. ALASMODONTA RUGOSA Barnes, % natural
diameter.

Figure 2. ALASMODONTA RUGOSA Barnes. Showing dark
border on edge of interior. 34 natural diameter.

Figure 3. ALASMODONTA EDENTULA Lea. Natural size.

‘* 4, ALASMODONTA DELTOIDEA Lea. 4 natural

diameter.

Figure 5. ALASMODONTA EDENTULA Lea. <f ¥% natural
diameter.

Figure 6. ALASMODONTA EDENTULA Lea. Q % natural
diameter.

Figure 7. ALASMODONTA MARGINATA Say. % natural

diameter.

PLATE VII.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII.

Figure 1. ALASMODONTA COMPLANATA Barnes. % natural
diameter.

Figure 2. ALASMODONTA COMPLANATA Barnes. Q %
natural diameter.

Figure 3. ALASMODONTA RUGOSA Barnes. % natural
diameter.

Figure 4. ALASMODONTA RUGOSA Barnes. ¥% natural
diameter.

Figure 5. ANODONTA FOOTIANA Lea. 2% natural diameter.

PLATE VIII.

aha

nade

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX.

ALASMODONTA COMPLANATA Barnes. 1, 2, 3, males. 4,

Juvenile.
3% natural diameter.

IX

PLAT

ao * . ivi . Ww) eet * ae
‘ Pe Ley te, a 4
’ . 2. Cmts St ite orp ak Lids eae ‘
, TT ea ae AS ee
it - ha mt
tee f,
. 2 A ws :
Show | i
mt is com
A pe
. if
oi Pa
ie
ree <a
#3
+
fad
eae ‘
Be ;
Pad
ae 2
ae)
bi
E F
Ae,
pe"
er
7 <2
ae
7 4
> .
Ret EXPLANATION OF PLATE xX.
¥ uf
i "ged : :
ame > +2 Figure 1. LampsiLis ANODONToIDEs Lea. 2

fe

cin)

m ‘ ex
. LAMPSILIS ANODONTOIDEs Lea. G~
LaMPSILIS ANODONTOIDES Lea. jj

ae
t

_ ALASMODONTA PRESSA Lea.

on wm os

LAMPSILIS SPATULATUS Lea.

4h - 34 natural diameter. |

"ha

?
¥ ‘<
‘Ss 4 Ld
’ ’ ‘
7 ’
. s
; *
; ‘ .
ts
“
4 Oe > 5
. ec ct
¢ s +&
As. Fis ne
‘ ai eee od 4 2
o hs ae iy
fe derag te eet it ams
Tc hark Sap rarae oa y Pr Wate
“a ¥
» -ay ¥ fe oh a » mae’
cae ahr is sea
+ et Mss Be bab hes

i

#

=
#*

2
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Figures 1, 2, 8, 4, 5, 6. Lampsitis LuTEoLus Lam. <j
of 7, 8,9, 10,11. Lampsitis turzoLtus Lam. 9
12,13. LampsiLis LUTEOLUs Lam. Juvenile.

3% natural diameter.

PLATE XI,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Figure 1. QUuADRULA UNDULATA Barnes. Undulations
almost obsolete.

Figure 2. QuaDRULA LACHRYMOSA Léa.

i

?
‘* 4. LaMPSILIS VENTRICOSUS Barnes. J

oe _

5. LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSUS Barnes.

ss 3. LAMPSILIS VENTRICOSUs Barnes.

24 natural diameter.

PLATE XII.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Figure 1. Lampsi tis 1r1s Lea.
‘« 2. LAMPSILIS SPATULATUS Lea.
‘« 3. LAMPSILIS PARVUS Barnes.
‘* 4. PLAGIOLA DONACIFORMIS Lea.

34 natural diameter:

PLATE XIII,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Figure 1. QvuADRULA COccINEA Lea.
‘- 2. LaAMPSILIS IRIS Lea.
3. Unio cipBosus Barnes. 2
‘* 4, UNto cipsposus Barnes. ~
5. OBLIQUARIA REFLEXA Rafinesque.

3{ natural diameter.

PLATE XIV,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV,

Figure 1. Unio aipposus Barnes. <j Juvenile.
‘* 2. Unio cipsosus Barnes.
‘* 3. Unio Gipposus Barnes. 2
‘* 4, Unio Gipsosus Barnes.
5. QUADRULA TRIGONA Lea.
34 natural diameter.

PLATE XV.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. |
Figures 1, 2, 8, 4. Lampsitis ticaAMENTINUS Lam.
34 natural diameter. _ tice

PLATE XVI,

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII. _

Figure 1. LampsiLis rectus Lamarck. ie
‘© 2. Lampsitis rectus Lamarck. Q

‘3. STROPHITUS EDENTULUS Say. _
3% natural diameter.

PLATE XVII,

-

a
r;
is
Lt
(Ate
ye

“

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII. Fk ¥

|

LampsILis ALATus Say. % natural diameter. he!

e
%
5 a
’
i
’
a
i
}
ry
=
-
t

PLATE XVIII.

Photographed by Mrs. Amelié Walson,

%

ee

&

BS EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.
a | Figure 1. LamPpsILis GRACILIS Barnes.

x ra Se er) QuaDRULA RUBIGINOSA Lea.

=. ‘* 3. QuapRua coccina Lea.

- 3% natural diameter.

PLATE XIX

: +
Ke a

og r . ih
4) EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.
Figure 1. QuapruLa RuBIGINOSA Lea. ay eA
‘© 2. OBLiguaRIA coRNUTA Barnes.

- natural diameter,

PLATE XX.

wer ewer Ke Me ewe eK

-7eee

oo ae
14 a = :

®
ee ee ee
Li

¥
'
t=

Say PERSP OTRALT O7T CAE) ge 5 CE SS Re eS
SAA RMU YA SS ib) oi 9 Vs ry

Tare

’ | 4
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.
Figure 1. PLaGIoLa ELEGANS Lea.
‘© 2. LaMpsiLis MULTIRADIATUS Lea. G)

eit ‘3. Lampsitis MULTIRADIATUS Lea. Q
; PRS tame Hf ranreh
Me cr : 34 natural diameter.
oo
;
eae
Ss ee
1%
Wd

PLATE XXI,

at hs raat ayes
Meret

hye ir ee a) :

=A : J
. =F ia

oo / |

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.

’

oe Figure 1. QuapruLa uNpULATA Barnes. Juvenile. =
| ; g baat 2
ty : ‘© 2. QUADRULA UNDULATA Barnes. | Kos

may ‘« 3. ALASMODONTA MARGINATA Say. —
; ; 34 natural diameter.

PLATE XXII.

. A

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII. _

Pe | QuapruLa verrucosa Barnes. Os UP rae
| 4 natural diameter.

2
o

PLATE XXIII,

nd fF

Nisa Ab yc Sl ph te TGR SR Se ede ra:
ace : , y t

rae 58 .

-_ ea] Se 4 & s

tive 7m p Jie ane” Poe : i j ree

nae > 2 Y ‘ & fie Pin) ties f ‘ , * . ”
Vay p tte

wd | i) a a ;
A a) Keer ‘ amas i Sati:
“ a at Hy he hee pee

i 4 ees @ r

7 be it b beat a)
i &*

+ 2

oa | rane

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

Mi
Figure 1. QuapRULA LacHRyMosa Lea. ee
‘© 2. QuaprRuLa pustuLosa Lea. Showing
_ lose variation. _ af tT Peeeente
: 3 natural diameter. 2
N Ry yes
Pai tei ?
' Pee. Cy i
a ,
may! ‘ *)
oy :
r f
e sd pat
+ ‘ ¥
a aes
Lae Me 2h
rt, Sane
. ¥ : é nies s 0G; burt

PLATE XXIV,

ye
Ata

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV.

QUADRULA PUSTULOSA Lea. Showing pustulose variation. _
34 natural diameter. "ee ee

“ f

t

PLATE XXV.

<
: % he, ree i
a

ante:

7
7

Pas

Lie
”
i

.
>

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.

Figure 1. QuapDRULA PLIcATA Le Sueuer. 3 natural
diameter.
Figure 2. SoMaTOGYRUS INTEGER Say. Enlarged.
ae

CARYCHIUM EXIGUUM Say. Enlarged.

CARYCHIUM EXILE H. C. Lea. Enlarged.

3
4
‘* 5. PLANORBIS EXACUTUS Say. Enlarged.
6. PLANORBIS DEFLECTUS Say. Enlarged.
7. PLANORBIS PARVUS Say. Enlarged,
8. POMATIOPSIS CINCINNATIENSIS Anth. j' En-
larged.
‘« 9. POoMATIOPSIS CINCINNATIENSIS Anth. @Q En-
larged. 4
‘* 10. CrncINNATIA OBTUSA Lea. Enlarged.
‘* 11. ByYTHINELLA NICKLINIANA Lea. Enlarged.
‘* 12. AmnicoLa Lustrica Pilsbry. Enlarged.
‘* 13. Amnicota Limosa Say. Enlarged.
** 14. CINCINNATIA CINCINNATIENSIS Lea. Enlarged.
Numbers 2 to 14 are photographs of camera lucida draw-

ings, by the author.

#

PLATE XXVI.

a

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.

Figure 1. SpH#RIUM STAMINEUM Conrad. _

‘2. SPH&RIUM STRIATINUM Lamarck.

‘« 3. SPHARIUM SIMILE Say.

‘ 4, SpH#RIUM SOLIDULUM Prime.

‘5. CALYCULINA TRANSVERSA Say.

‘« 6. CALYCULINA PARTUMEIA Say.

‘© 7%... SPH@RIUM FABALE Prime.

‘t 8. CALYCULINA TRUNCATUM Sinsley.

‘¢ 9. CALYCULINA SECURIS Prime.

‘* 10. SPH#RIUM OCCIDENTALE Prime.

‘* 11. ALAasMODONTA COMPLANATA Barnes. Juvenile.
‘* 12. ANODONTA GRANDIS Say. Juvenile. «

‘* 13. QuaDRULA PUSTULOSA Lea. Juvenile.

Natural diameter.

PLATE XXVII.

et

hs

>

~ PLATE XXVIII.

m

; OY a ae
Sora es rt,
eae 2s

—
FS SO OOS tae Cr SO DS TE

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

PYRAMIDULA SOLITARIA Say.
POLYGYRA THYROIDES Say.

POLYGYRA PENNSYLVANICA Green.
POLYGYRA CLAUSA Say.

POLYGYRA EXOLETA Binney.
POLYGYRA ALBOLABRIS Say.
POLYGYRA THYROIDES Say. Juvenile.
POLYGYRA PROFUNDA Say. Deformed.
POLYGYRA HIRSUTA Say. .

POLYGYRA PROFUNDA Say.

POLYGYRA PROFUNDA Say. Juvenile and adult.

All natural diameter.

oe

PLATE :XXIX.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

Figurel. PHILOMYCUS CAROLINENSIS Binney. Tryon, Mon. Terr.
Moll., pl. xvi, fig. 6.
2. POLYGYRA MULTILINEATA Say.
3. PoLYGYRA MONODON FRATERNA Say.
4. POLYGYRA MONODON Rackett.
«5, POLYGYRA INFLECTA Say.
6. POLYGYRA TRIDENTATA Say
7. POLYGYRA FRAUDULENTA Pilsbry.
8. BIFIDARIA CONTRACTA Say. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll. pl.
xv, fig. 16. Enlarged.
“ 9, PUPOIDES MARGINATUS Say. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll., pl.
xv, fig. 10. Enlarged.
“ 10, BIFIDARIA CORTICARIA Say. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll., pl.
xv, fig. 18. Enlarged.
“11. BIFIDARIA PROCERA Gould. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll., pl.
xv, fig. 17. Enlarged.
“ 12. BIFIDARIA PENTODON Say. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll., pl. xv,
fig. 5. Enlarged.
“13. VERTIGO OVATA Say. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll., pl. xv, fig.
22. Enlarged.
“ 14, STROBILOPS LABYRINTHICA Say. Binney, Man. Am. Land
Sh., fig. 150. Enlarged.
“ 15, BIFIDARIA ARMIFERA Say. Tryon, Mon., Terr. Moll., pl.
xv, fig. 15. Enlarged.
“ 16. VERTIGO MILIUM Gould. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll., pl. xv,
fig. 21. Enlarged.
“ 17. COCHLICOPA LUBRICA Miiller. Tryon, Mon. Terr. Moll.,
pl. xiv, fig. 14. Enlarged.
“ 18. LIMNAA CAPERATA Say.
“ 19, LIMNA&A CAPERATA UMBILICATA Adams.
« 20. LIMNZA DESIDIOSA Say.
“ 21, LIMN4&A HUMILIS Say. Haldeman, Mon., pl. xiii, figs. 4, 5.
A little enlarged.
« 22. SUCCINEA OVALIS Say. e
« 23. SUCCINEA OVALIS near TOTTENIANA Lea,
« 24. SUCCINEA RETUSA Lea.
« 25. SUCCINEA AVARA Say.
« 26. LIMN4A COLUMELLA Say.
“ 27. LIMNZA CATASCOPIUM PINGUIS Say.
« 28. PLANORBIS TRUNCATUS Miles.
“ 29. ANCYLUS RIVULARIS Say. Haldeman, Mon., pl.i, fig.1. En-
larged.
“ 30. ANCYLUS TARDUS Say. Haldeman, Mon., pl.i, fig. 3. En-
larged. Outline figures are lateral views.
“31. VALVATA SINCERA Say. Haldeman, Mon., pl. i, figs. 7,8.
“ 82. SEGMENTINA ARMIGERA Say. Haldeman, Mon., pl. iv, figs.
12, 18,
“ 38. POMATIOPSIS LAPIDARIA Say. Haldeman, Mon., pl. i, fig. 10.
“ 34. BYTHINIA TENTACULATA Linné.
“ 35. AMNICOLA LIMOSA Say.
- All figures natural diameter except where otherwise mentioned.

PLATE XXX.

ee ein te eee Fe Mee
he Pat Bb ete Bg nt
' ; Say eee tans
‘
¢ ~ x

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.

LIMNA REFLEXA Say. Near WALKERI Baker.

LIMNA REFLEXA WALKERI Baker. Only the center fig-
ure is typical.

LIMN/ZA REFLEXA EXILIS Lea. Variety.

LIMN4ZA REFLEXA KIRTLANDIANA Lea.

LIMN/A CATASCOPIUM Say.

LIMN#A PALUSTRIS NUTALLIANA Lea.

LIMN#A DESIDIOSA Say. Variety with rounded whorls.

LIMNZA WOODRUFFI Baker.

ANCYLUS SHIMEKII Pilsbry. Not so oblique as the type.
Enlarged.

ANCYLUS SHIMEKII Pilsbry. Type form. Enlarged.

AMNICOLA LIMOSA PARVA Lea. Enlarged.

POMATIOPSIS LAPIDARIA Say. Enlarged.

PISIDIUM POLITUM Sterki. Lateral, posterior, and dorsal
views.

PISIDIUM SCUTELLATUM Sterki. Lateral, posterior, and dor-
sal views.

PISIDIUM WALKERI Sterki. Lateral, posterior, and dorsal
views.

PISIDIUM FALLAX Sterki. Lateral, posterior, and dorsal
views.

PISIDIUM PUNCTATUM Sterki. Hinge. (The Nautilus, Vol.
VIII, pl. ii.) Enlarged.

PIsIDIUM PUNCTATUM Sterki. The Nautilus, Vol. VIII, pl
ii.) Enlarged. ;

PISIDIUM VARIABILE Prime. Mon. Am. Corbic., fig.69, En-
larged.

PISIDIUM CRUCIATUM Sterki. Hinge. The Nautilus, Vol.
VIII, pl. ii. Enlarged.

PISIDIUM CRUCIATUM Sterki. The Nautilus, Vol. VIII,
pl.ii. Enlarged.

PISIDIUM PUNCTATUM Sterki. Young specimen.

PIsIDIUM SPLENDIDULUM Sterki. Lateral and posterior
views.

TESTACELLA HALIOTOIDEA Fer. Shell, enlarged.

LIMNZA PALUSTRIS MICHIGANENSIS Walker.

LIMN#ZA FERRISSI Baker.

Figures 13-16 and 22-23 are outline drawings by Dr. Sterki, x10,

All others, except where otherwise designated, are natural diameter.

PLATE XXXI

teem ie ae 225

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.

Figure l. LIMN4A PALUSTRIS Miiller.

2. LIMN4A PALUSTRIS EXPANSA Lea. (SUFFLATUS Calkins).

3. LIMN4A REFLEXA EXILIS Lea.

4. LIMN4A REFLEXA JOLIETENSIS Baker.

5. LIMN4A PALUSTRIS MICHIGANENSIS Walker. Large va-
riety.

6. LIMN4A REFLEXA Say.

7. PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS Say. Age variation.

8. PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS Say.

9. PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS Say.

10. PLANORBIS TRIVOLVIS Say. (DiIsSTORTUs Calkins).

11. PLANORBIS CAMPANULATUS Say.

12. PLANORBIS BICARINATUS Say.

15. PHysaA sAyII Tappan. Short spired variety.

14, VALVATA TRICARINATA Say. Enlarged.

15, VALVATA SINCERA Say. Enlarged.

16. APLEXA HYPNORUM Linné,

All figures natural diameter except where otherwise mentioned.

-
ae

etehhe

‘3
4

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

A, B,C. Animal of Limanc@a emarginata Say, var. mighels, Binney.

A, from above; B, from below; C, from the right side, showing
extended velum.

D. Genitalia (principally female).

Tom

A, atrium or vestibule of vagina; AL, albuminiparous gland;
O, ovotestis; OD, ovisperm duct; PD, duct of prostate gland;
PR, prostate; S, spermatheca or receptaculum seminis;
SD, duct of spermatheca; V, vagina; VM, retractor muscles of
vagina; U, uterus,

Male organs.

CG, cerebral ganglion; CM, columella muscle; F, vas deferens;
P, penis; PG, pleural ganglion; PN, nerve to penis; PS, penis
sac; PSM, penis sac protractor muscles; PSN, penis sac nerve;
RM, retractor muscle of penis; VD, penis retractor muscle;
G, visceral ganglion; VN, nerve to vagina.

Portion of ovotestis, showirg blood vessels (x 519).
Cells from the albuminiparous gland (x 519).
Diagrammatic section of intestine; BLV, branch of lateral blood

vessel; ELO, epithelial layer of cesophagus; IC, intestinal cav-
ity; LV, lateral blood vessel; ML, muscular layer of cesophagus.

Portion of lung, showing two main vessels and several connective

vessels (x 519).

Portion of lateral blood vessel with one branch with its connective

plexus (x 519).
(Bull. Chi. Acad. Sci., Vol. II, No. 3, pl. iii.)

PLATE XXXIII.

FRANK C, BAKER, del.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.

Figure 1. LIMN#A STAGNALIS APPRESSA Sey) Meee eee ; eo,
“2. PHYSA HETEROSTROPHA Say. | Ses hres ‘oad
« 3. Puysa sayit Tappan. MAME CoA ites Poot hte.”

_ “ 4, PHYSA GYRINA Say. Bt ke ape ne
“ 5, PHYSA GYRINA ELLIPTICA Lea. | Cae

“6, PHYSA INTEGRA Haldeman.
“ %, PHYSA SAYII Tappan. poet eres variety.

All natural diameter.
Y ¢
¥
nd in
‘
€ WE
pan eS

PLATE XXXIV.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV.

Figure 1. PLEUROCERA SUBULARE Lea. Males.
PLEUROCERA SUBULARE Lea. Females.
PLEUROCERA SUBULARE INTENSUM Anthony.
“4, PLEUROCERA ELEVATUM Say.

5, PLEUROCERA ELEVATUM LEWISII Lea.
“6. PLEUROCERA ELEVATUM LEWISII Lea.

7. GONIOBASIS LIVESCENS Menke.
“ 8. GONIOBASIS LIVESCENS DEPYGIS Say.
« 9, CAMPELOMA PONDEROSUM Say.

All natural diameter.

PLATE XXXV.

«

of [oe ae

’ % “’ pet

2 ¥ as . e Wy
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI eh

EN Ae

Figure. VIVIPARA CONTECTOIDES Binney. Sate: peer

\

VIVIPARA CONTECTOIDES Binney. Operculum, _ ae
VIVIPARA CONTECTOIDES Binney. Without bands.
CAMPELOMA RUFUM Haldeman. Female. =~—
CAMPELOMA DECISUM Say. Females. =
CAMPELOMA RUFUM Haldeman. Males. oe
CAMPELOMA DECISUM Say. Males. _ Or.
CAMPELOMA SUBSOLIDUM Anthony. Reversed.
CAMPELOMA SUBSOLIDUM Anthony. Female. ye
CAMPELOMA SUBSOLIDUM Anthony. Male (wiLest I
CAMPELOMA SUBSOLIDUM Anthony.
CAMPELOMA SUBSOLIDUM Anthony.

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PLATE XXXVI.

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