EX LIBRIS | Wilham Healey Dall Division of Mollusks Sectional Library v wv - aw visit) DAN) \ —_ we # . 4 a _ | ( ( i eb ( \ : ’ ’ =. _—_ > — % —_ > 7 7 = ee : ‘te - a o AT ea —— <6 3 in me a ome a ty & i A ag ie iad ny * : . t ‘ , " ot Mollusca of the Southwestern States. 1: Urocoptide; Helicide of Arizona and New Mexico. Division of Mollusies Sectional Library BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. is From the Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, March, 1905. Issued May 18, 1905. oe lyghied fgee Ss hs Mt, | Se \ $1.3 YA Sonal Mysev i i, ‘ a he A 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 211 MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES, I: Uroooptidw; Helicide of Arizona and New Mexico. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. In these papers the mollusks collected by Mr. James H. Ferriss and the writer in the expedition made in 1903 and by Mr. Ferriss in two visits to Arizona in 1902 and 1904 will be discussed. The present contri- bution deals chiefly with Mr. Ferriss’ researches in Arizona, where an extraordinarily rich and varied snail fauna was found in the canyons of the Chiricahua and Huachuca Mountains. In the study of these mate- rials I have worked over many specimens received from the late E. H. Ashmun, who first made known to us the richness of the Arizona snail fauna, and from Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, whose unceasing labors on the fauna and flora of New Mexico are familiar to all naturalists. The treatment of the genus Ashmunella has been made practically mono- graphic. It is unfortunate that no good topographic survey of southern Ari- zona has been published. It is extremely difficult at present to deter- mine some localities given by previous naturalists, or to clearly indi- cate the positions of those explored by Mr. Ferriss. The accompanying sketch of the canyons explored in the Huachucas makes no pretensions to cartographic accuracy beyond showing the relative positions of the localities mentioned in the text. From Fort Huachuca to Ramsey Canyon is 10 miles; to Carr Canyon 14, and to Miller Canyon 20 miles. Manilla mine is 6 miles from Fort Huachuca. The range is about 30 miles long and 6 wide. Of the Chiricahuas, it may suffice to say that Bar or Bearfoot Park is on the summit, and is believed to lie at 8,500 feet elevation. There was a sawmill there in 1904. From it toward the southwest Sawmill Canyon leads, and Cave creek flows down from the opposite side. This must not be confused with Cave Creek Canyon in the Huachucas. Fly Park, the type locality of Ashmunella chiricahuana, is on the same mountain, farther south about two(?) miles. Cave creek is 30 miles from Nine-Mile Canyon, and 20 miles from Fort Bowie. Mr. Ferriss has given notes on the general conditions of collecting and on the coun- try in the Nautilus for September, 1904. Some considerations of general interest to evolutionists are touched 212 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., upon in the discussion of the composite nature of snail colonies (p. 226), since the conclusions reached from molluscan studies apply equally to communities of other comparatively sedentary animals. Throughout the preparation of this paper I have had the coépera- N My i. - HUACHUCA K3 ~ / / & My My) s > Ss Mfg, < av 5 4, % & a Vir o x Ne) : Vi "t, Ay A) © My = ee ee s te 3 My y ; Uy LIMES owl My, UNIS Wi i PH LES DTP FOOTHILLS ly, Sketch of Huachuca range, by J. H. Ferriss. tion of Mr. J. H. Ferriss. I would also gratefully acknowledge assist- ance lent by Dr. Wm. H. Dall, in the comparison of various species of Holospira, etc., with those described by him. The figures of shells were photographed and those of soft anatomy drawn by the author. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 213 Family UROCOPTID A: Pils. This family is represented in the Southwest by members of two very distinct subfamilies: EucALopIIN&® with the genus Holospira, and MIcROCERAMIN.® with the genus Microceramus. Holospira is an old genus, containing several highly specialized phyla. Our species fall into five groups as indicated below. The subgenera were formerly defined by the internal lamelle alone; but these are in some cases of less significance than the general form and sculpture. A.—Last whorl distorted, its last half turning sinistrally. I.—Internal column rather large, smooth throughout; last whorl sinuous, turning sinistrally. Aperture oblong, with a strong fold within the right margin and a vertical columellar cal- lous in the throat. Mrrastoma Strebel. One species, H. roemeri. B.—Last half of the last whorl straightened, normal. II.—Internal column small, smooth and simple throughout, or with a small axial lamella in the last whorl; very slender below, slightly wider above. Shell rather large, 19 to 29 mm. long, the individual whorls comparatively high; the last one or two more coarsely sculptured than the inter- mediate ones. Number of whorls much less than the num- ber of millimeters in the length of the shell. Haplocion Pils. Species, H. pasonis Dall, H. hamiltona Dall. I1I.—Penultimate whorl with a short, stout lamella on the axis, and a weaker one on the basal wall. Number of whorls decidedly less than the number of millimeters in the shell’s length. Distomospira Dall. Species, H. bilamellata Dall. TV.—Internal column moderate, one-fourth to one-sixth the diam- eter of shell. Shell 9 to 18 mm. long in known species, com- pactly coiled, ribbed or striated, the whorls short, their number about equal to the number of millimeters in the length of the shell, or exceeding that number. A short axial lamella is present within the penult. whorl, and sometimes short basal or parietal lamelle. Bostrichocentrum Strebel. Type H. tryon. V.—Cavity of the penultimate whorl obstructed by four strong lamelle, axial, basal, parietal and palatal. Hotosprra s. str. Species, H. goldjussi Mke. In addition to the species noticed below, the following species of Holospira are known from north of the Mexican boundary: H. (Bostrichocentrum) pilsbryi Dall, rather doubtfully recorded from New Mexico or Arizona, without definite locality, and known to inhabit the Mexican state Puebla. H. (Distomospira) bilamellata Dall, from the top of Hacheta Grande Mountain, Grant county, New Mexico. 214 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., H. (Haplocion) pasonis Dall, from Mule Canyon, El Paso county, Texas. H. (Haplocion) hamiltoni Dall, from Rio Grande Mountains, Brew- ster county, Texas, at an elevation of 3,500 feet, living on Selaginella lepidophylla, a common and conspicuous moss of western Texas. Subgenus HOLOSPIRA (typical group). Holospira goldfussi (Menke). Pl. X XVI, figs. 1-5. Like H. roemeri, this species belongs to the hill country bordering the Lower Cretaceous area in Texas. Mr. Ferriss and the writer found it above San Marcos, Hays county, Texas, in the flood-débris of Sinking Spring, and on ledges of its bordering limestone cliff. This is farther northeast than the species has hith- erto been found, for I have no doubt that the locality ‘“ Dallas,” cited by Strebel, is anerror. It is abundant under stones at the foot of the cliffs along the Guadalupe river, about six miles above New Braun- fels, Comal county. Also nearer the town, in the hills above the head of Comal creek. It varies a good deal in size: Length 14, diam.4 mm.; whorls 143. - Ovens: ities 2A “103. * May aly * < -124. The specimens figured are from the Guadalupe. New Braunfels is probably the type locality. At the Hondo river, two miles north of Hondo, Medina county, in the drift-débris, we also found H. goldfussi. This is the extreme west- ern range of the species as far as we know. It did not occur in the Devil’s river region, on the Pecos or westward. Internal structure of H. goldfussi. Subgenus BOSTRICHOCENTRUM Strebel. All of the species have a small, short lamella on the axis in the last part of the penultimate whorl, sometimes almost obsolete, and some of them have a very weak basal or parietal lamella, or both. These lamelle are always very much smaller and lower down than those of typical Holospira (goldjussi, etc.). The variations are as follows: 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 215 Species. Lamelle present. H. ferrissi: axial, parietal, basal. H., arizonensis: axial, ARISTA bon) tiie sexe! H. bilamellata: Bela pc tere So basal. H. mearnsi: CT EE ae oe In H. crossei the axial lamella is so weak as to be readily overlooked. Part of the species of this group have the terminal cone short, others having it very long; H. crosse: being somewhat intermediate. Other- wise they are very similar externally. They may be grouped thus: Cone of the spire short, rapidly tapering. Three internal Jamellea) ... ferrisst....cci.isicecc.sc00s0t Ribbed throughout. Two internal lamelle ...... CT UZOMCWSUS sachs, su dies Median whorls CT OSSCR ete tia) t smoothish. CLO Oe Goat ccicca ] | ; Spire slowly tapering. ame a TCOPR SY alatz tee Ribbed throughout. GOUTUS GRA NN acl ht chiricahuana.............+ WCORMCMEU Gere csannccacRetons Median whorls smoothish. Fig. 1.—Holospira goldfusst. 2.—H. ferrissi. 3.—H. cionella. 4.—H. chiricahuana. Holospira ferrissi n.sp. Pl. X XVII, figs. 22-25. The shell is rimate but imperforate, short and cylindric, rather thin, and very pale brownish-corneous. Whorls 94 to 11, the first whorl wider than the second, both of them smooth; all the rest of the whorls are regularly, evenly and closely rib-striate, the riblets as wide as their 216 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., intervals or a little narrower, except on the last whorl, where the sculp- ture is a little coarser and irregular. The whorls are all convex, the last 4 or 5 forming the cylindric portion, the preceding whorls forming the terminal cone, which is about one-third the total length of the shell. The last whorl is pinched or compressed laterally, but the very short straight “neck” is full again, and carries the aperture very shortly free. The aperture is rounded, but a little irregular, the upper margin being somewhat straightened. The thin peristome is narrowly ex- panded. The internal pillar is rather large and of equal calibre in the cylindric portion of the shell. At the end of the penultimate and beginning of the last whorl there is a short strong and blunt lamella on the pillar below the middle, a low, short lamella on the parietal wall and another on the basal wall. There is no palatal lamella. Length 7.5 to 9, diam. 3 mm. Manilla mine, Huachuca Mountains. This is a very short, thick-set species, unlike all others known in its internal armature. The even ribbing and short terminal cone are also characteristic. It is closely related to H. arizonensis Stearns, from Dos Cabezas, a place west of the Chiricahua range and not far from one of the localities of H. ferrissi; but besides the slight difference in inter- nal structure, H. arizonensis differs in being slightly larger with more whorls, and the riblets are subobsolete on the cylindric portion of the shell, while in H. ferrisst they are even stronger there than on the ter- minal cone. | This species occurred also at Fort Bowie, Arizona, where the shells average a trifle larger: Length 7.5, diam. 3 mm., whorls 93. Length 10, diam. 3 mm., whorls 114. This'species seems to partially connect typical Holospira with the sections Eudistemma and Distomospira. The lamelle are far shorter and weaker than in the typical section, in fact, might easily be over- looked. Holospira arizonensis Stearns. This shell is cylindric with a short, ribbed, terminal cone. The median whorls are smoother, only obscurely sculptured, and the last whorl is ribbed. Whorls 12 or 13. The internal axis is moderately large, and there is a short lamella on the axis and one on the parietal wall or roof in the penultimate whorl. Length:12.5 to 13, diam. 4 mm. Southeast Arizona, at Dos Cabezas, Cochise county. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 217 This species resembles H. ferriss: and H. cionella in shape, but differs by its larger size and the obsolete sculpture of the median whorls, as well as by the slightly different internal lamella. It is known by the original specimens only. Holospira cionella u. sp. Pl. XXVI, figs. 30-33. The shell is very shortly rimate but imperforate, cylindric with a short terminal cone, corneous-white. Whorls 113 to 124, convex, the first 24 smooth, second whorl narrow, the first wider and bulging. Subsequent whorls are sharply and closely ribbed throughout. The last whorl is compressed laterally, tapering downward, the base white, rounded and prominent; it is contracted, descends a little, and is shortly free infront. The aperture is very shortly ovate, the peristome thin and narrowly expanded. The axis is moderately large and cylin- dric, with a low, blunt lamella at the end of the penultimate and begin- ning of the last whorl. Length 10 to 12, diam. 3 mm. Fort Bowie, Cochise county, Arizona. The uniform ribbing throughout, the cylindric shape and short ter- minal cone are the prominent features of this species, which groups with H. mearnsi, cockerellt and chiricahuana. Holospira crossei Dall. Pl. XXVI, fig. 8. This species is closely related to H. cockerelli, but differs by its wider shorter form and much shorter terminal cone of the spire. At the end of the penultimate whorl there is a very weak prominence upon the axis near the basal wall, hardly to be called a lamella. The tapering portion of the spire is ribbed, the cylindric portion smoothish. Length 11, diam. 3.7 mm. New Mexico; top of Hacheta Grande Mountain, Grant county, with H. mearnsi and H. bilamellata. Figured from one of the original lot for comparison with the related species. It has not again been found. Holospira mearnsi Dall. The spire tapers gradually and is ribbed, the ribs somewhat weaker on the intermediate whorls, stronger again at the base. Whorls 14. The axis is small, with a short, strong lamella near the base in the pe- nultimate whorl, as in H. cockerelli and H. regis. Length 14.5 mm. Southwestern New Mexico, on the top of Hacheta Grande Mountain, Grant county, with H. crossei, a smaller species with less projecting aperture. 218 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {Mch., Holospira regis Pils. and Ckll., n. sp. Pl. XXVI, tig. 7. Shell small, the lower half cylindric, upper half slowly tapering in a long cone to the obtuse apex. Whorls 122, all convex, the first two smooth, the following whorls of the tapering portion of the spire rather strongly, obliquely rib-striate, the riblets slightly narrower than their - interstices; the penultimate and next earlier whorls are more closely and a little more finely sculptured, but on the last whorl the riblets become stronger again. The last half of the last whorl is compressed laterally, sloping to an almost subangulate but very obtuse base. Near the end the whorl becomes free, descends a little, and is flattened and excavated above. The aperture is obliquely piriform, its contour being compressed near the upper outer angle. The peristome is free throughout, expanded, the columellar and upper margins a little re- flexed. The upper margin is a little dilated inwardly. The axis is small and slender. Near the end of the penultimate whorl there is a short, stout lamella on the axis near the basal wall. Length 10.8, diam. of cylindric portion 3.3 mm. Near Kingston, Sierra county, New Mexico. Type No. 87,208, A. N.S. P., collected by Mr. O. B. Metcalfe. This species is about the size of H. chiricahuana, which, however, differs in the less projecting last whorl, contracted behind the lip, and in the smaller, differently shaped mouth. The more closely related H. mearnsi is larger with more whorls, but it is not unlikely that specimens intermediate in these respects will be found. Several broken shells of H. regis indicate dimensions smaller than those of the type. Holospira cockerelli Dall. Pl. XXVI, fig. 6. Holospira (Haplostemma) cockerelli Dall, Nautilus, XI, p. 61, October, 1897. Shell cylindric below, the upper half tapering in a long, very slowly tapering cone to the obtuse apex. Whorls 132, convex, the upper ones more so. The first 24 form the smooth embryonic shell, the second of them being wider and more swollen than the following one. Post-em- bryonic whorls of the tapering spire rather strongly rib-striate, the rib- lets oblique, narrower than the rather wide intervals. On the cylindric portion the riblets weaken to irregular growth wrinkles, but the base and the last half of the last whorl are strongly ribbed again. The last whorl is well rounded below, projects forward but very shortly, and descends to the mouth. The aperture is obliquely rounded-piriform, produced at the upper outer angle. Jip well expanded, the columellar and upper margins narrowly reflexed. The axis is slender. There is a low weak lamella on the axis in the last part of the penultimate whorl, close to the basal wall. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 219 Length 12.1, diam. 3.5 mm. The type was found in the débris of the Rio Grande at Mesilla, New Mexico. The specimen described above is from near Kingston, Sierra county, New Mexico, collected by O. B. Metcalfe, sent by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. H. cockerelli differs from the related H. regis and H. mearnsi chiefly by the smoothness of the intermediate whorls. It is not improbable that the original specimen found in the flood-débris of the Rio Grande was washed down from the region around Kingston, as Prof. Cockerell suggests to me. Holospira chiricahuana n. sp. Pl. XXVI, fig. 9; Pl. XXVII, figs. 26-29. Shell imperforate, shortly rimate, cylindric, the upper half tapering, thin, pale brownish-corneous. Whorls 11 to 12, all convex, the first slightly bulging and wider than the second, both smooth, the following whorls sharply sculptured with close riblets a little narrower than their intervals. The last whorl is compressed laterally, tapering downward, the base prominent and white. It is very shortly straightened and a little contracted in front, not carrying the aperture in front of the ven- tral plane of the shell, though the peristome is very shortly free. The aperture is shortly ovate, nearly round, the peristome very narrowly expanded. The axis is moderately large and of nearly equal calibre throughout, and at the end of the penultimate and beginning of the last whorl there is a low, short obtuse lamella below the middle on the axis. Length 10, diam.3 mm.; whorls 12. ys Sie iee tna | ze as re ole ce 8, ‘cc 27 (9 73 1a Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, southeast Arizona. Also Fort Bowie, at the southeastern termination of the same range. H. mearnsi Dall is a larger and smoother species. In H. cockerelli the sculpture is coarse on the early and last whorls only, the middle ones having a polished or at least smoothish surface with quite faint striation only. The spire in H. chiricahuana tapers more gradually than in most other species. Some of the specimens from Fort Bowie are larger, length 13, diam. 3.25 mm.; whorls 14; and one from Cave Creek Canyon, the type locality, measures evans 13.5, diam. 3.2 mm.; whorls 14. The riblets are strong and uniform throughout in all the specimens. 220 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., Subgenus METASTOMA Strebel. Holospira roemeri (Pfr.). Pl. XXVI, figs. 10-18. This peculiar snail ‘inhabits the hilly border of the 1,000 foot elevation which roughly defines the southeastern limit of the Lower Cretaceous area in Texas. It has not been observed northeast of New Braunfels. Thence it has been traced westward in Medina county, and near the Rio Grande, at Devil’s river and the Pecos. We know nothing of its distribution northward upon the “Edwards Plateau,” since only its lower scarps have been explored. Westward we have it from El Paso, where Ferriss got specimens on Franklin Mountain in 1902; and in New Mexico Rehn and Viereck found it in Alamo Canyon, near Alamo- gorda, Otero county, in the eastern range of the Cordillera. The specimens from El Paso are large, like those of the Pecos. An average one measures, length 15.5, diam. 4.5 mm.; whorls 14. Those from Alamo Canyon are smaller, 12 to 13 mm. long, 4 wide. They vary but little in size. In the canyon of the Pecos river, in Valverde county, Texas, above and below the High Bridge (figs. 16, 17, 18), the specimens are larger than at any other locality, and have more whorls for their length. The base is narrowly and deeply excavated, and the last whorl is very strongly sigmoid and projects in a longer neck than in the shells of central Texas. Most of the shells measure 15 to 16 mm. long, 4 wide, few being larger or smaller. Length 17, diam. 4.7 mm.; whorls 154. ‘cc 16, “ 4 “ ‘“ 15k. a 15.5, “og “ 6 143. « 15, ewe | “ 6 15. ce WO ie 4B, / “144, In the drift-débris of Devil’s river, Valverde county, Texas, about four miles from its mouth, a large majority of the shells are 14 to 15 mm. long, with 144 to 154 whorls. The base and neck are like the larger shells of the Pecos. Length 15.2, diam. 4 mm.; whorls 16. (zs 1 “ 4 (a9 fe 15. ag 1 a aia Ma an een Mido: Veg * a ae ” 1.5, 0 ae 4 SBEye “cc 13.8, ce 4 (73 (73 141, “““ 14, (73 ae ““ cc 14}, ce 12.9, ce 4 a3 ce 133. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 221 Hondo river, two miles north of Hondo, Medina county, Texas (figs. 10-15). The shells are much smaller than in western Texas, usually 11 to 12 mm. long, and the diameter is generally less than4 mm. A large proportion of the shells have ‘overhanging’ upper whorls. They were picked out of river-débris, and probably came from the hill country some miles farther north. The measurements of fifty adult shells, all the perfect ones I found, follow: Ree ha) dies wiser 1g were) myo.) ge) V7 1g Diam. BiG Ndi LOL R A LB BOI OR. G14 os lie Bedside 14 18. 18h 12 8) 128 19.5 138 tiene, nis 420 32° Tha aa 12 Diam. PN SN haat VE Bae | alae Ca a es 4 Mice tan Wie tee |e ae oe) 198" Ta” | 19: Poste ie oe ihe.) Th Tie VR iid d) 18 Diam. 4 4 Bo) SO) Bae, ana OF ah eA 3.8 Wioder 125 tae ioe 1an) Oe \ or ao. 2 fee Peete LEA MM ety Neots te, OMA, 61 Diam. oWete: its 2 ae 4 NOMA NA gee O38 Piherlehied2i eet de wee? dag sda $e yey) Pededuy vida G05 dh “10S 107° 107% 40." 10" ~~ ‘10 Diam. SOM ZG TS 1G A Pera a Psa ees Fiona! Hel So ME ds te TR) Aes. cas Length 10 9:9; |) 9.& | 93°) 8:5 mm: Diam. BO SiG (8:3. 4,8) 8.9)" Whorls 114 11 114 103 10 The lengths give the following curve, which, although of no great value on account of the small number of variates, is given for what it is worth. Genus MICROCERAMUS Pils. and Van. Nautilus, XI, p. 107; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1898, p. 281; Manual of Conchology, XVI, p. 151. 222 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., Microceramus comprises the species formerly referred to Macro- ceramus in works on snails of the United States. These, with their Antillean relatives, prove to have no near relationship to true Macro- ceramus, which belongs to a different subfamily, the Urocoptine, very unlike the Microceramine in dentition. Microceramus texanus (Pils.). Pl. X XVI, figs. 19-21. A species of the hill country inhabited by Holospira goldjussi, with which it is found. It was originally described from New Braunfels, Comal county, but the range has been extended both north and south by Mr. Ferriss and myself. Specimens were taken in the drift of the Hondo river, two miles north of Hondo, Medina county; in Comal coun- ty, on the rocky, wooded hillside above the head fountains of Comal creek, near New Braunfels, and along the Guadalupe river, some miles above (figs. 19-21). These last are the largest and best developed shells, but vary in size: Length 10.5, diam. 3.5 mm. cc a5. pee Ou ke iT: 8.3, i 8 ‘ The average is about 9 x 3.5 mm. In the débris of Sinking creek, near San Marcos, Hays county, they are smaller: Length 8, diam. 3.1 mm. & 7.3, ce 8 a: M. texanus is closely related to M. mexicanus (v. Mart.), a species extending from the State of Vera Cruz to Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, and to M. floridanus of Florida. The areas of the three are now widely separated. Family HELICIDZA. The following genera of Helicide are represented in Arizona and New Mexico: Ashmunella Pils. and Ckll. Thysanophora Strebel. Sonorella Pilsbry. Polygyra Say. Oreohelix Pilsbry. The first three of these, though degenerate in their reproductive organs, are believed to belong to the Belogona euadenia of my classifi- cation of Helices, and are therefore more nearly related to the Califor- nian and Mexican Helices than to those of eastern North America. Thysanophora is represented by two species, noticed below. The only Polygyra yet reported from New Mexico or Arizona is Poly- gyra triodontoides Bld., which has been reported from South Spring 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 223 creek, near Roswell, in the Pecos Valley, New Mexico (Nautilus, XIII, p. 84), but the specimens, now in my possession, proved to be a form of P. terasiana, near P. t. terasensis. This is farther west than _ any previous record of P. texasiana. ASHMUNELLA Pils. and Ckll. Pilsbry and Cockerell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 188; Nautilus, XII, p. 107; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 107; Ancey and Murdoch, Journal of Malacology, VIII, 1901, p. 73. Helicide with a Polygyra-like or Triodopsis-like shell, always umbili- cate and with a reflexed or recurved lip; aperture with 0 to 4 teeth. Genitalia with, on the o side, a short or moderate penis, an extremely long epiphallus, and an excessively short flagellum; ° side with a moderately long or very long spermatheca duct, but slightly or not dilated at the distal end; other organs as usual; no dart-sack, mucous glands or other accessory organs. Right eye-stalk retracted between the branches of the genitalia. Penis retractor muscle with a very long or double insertion near the base of the epiphallus, inserted distally on the lung-floor. Jaw ribbed. Teeth of the ordinary Helicid type, about 10 on each side being laterals. Type A. rhyssa miorhyssa. All known species are from the moun- tains of New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Only two of the 15 species and 10 subspecies now known had been recognized prior to 1895, and but one of these was published at the time the last treatise on American land snails was issued, Binney’s Manual of American Land Shells, 1885. The literature of the group is scattered through many volumes of several periodicals, and a large majority of the species have not been figured. In making substantial additions to the group, it seems timely to review and systematize the data accumu- lated. The soft anatomy has proved to conform closely to the generic char- acters originally set forth. Ten species and varieties have now been dissected by myself and one additional by Mr. Murdoch, none of them diverging in any important respect. The proportions of the organs vary in the several forms, showing specific variation and affording valu- able clues to the affinities of the species. To utilize these data it is neccssary to give the measurements of the organs, readily obtained by pulling them out straight. The measurements of the genitalia of ten species of Ashmunella follow: 1 The comparative lengths of the organs are not materially altered by different degrees of contraction owing to different methods of preservation; and even the absolute dimensions are less affected than might be supposed. All but one of the dissections noticed herein were made from drowned specimens preserved in alcohol, with but little contraction. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., 224 $I ST el | pI-er | SI-Zt | st oVZt | i! él 81 oF ree Teys Jo JoyoULBIG 1z0'z8 | ezo‘zg | sto‘zs | e9z'es | s6r‘9s | rz0'Z8 | 6sz‘92 | ozs'22 | 69822 | Leo‘eL |°"¥yep BuIdyddns wounoods jo "ON MLL | %0e | eo | Boe | Bez | Yeo | %s9 | Yoo | Bow | BOG po unypesey pue snypeyd | | -idea ‘stuad ayy yyIM poreduiod se | qonp pue wooyyeutieds jo qysuUe'T 9c Te es | Co | VE G61 Zo GOT OT G'0Z POeee EU OREO OC EE OOOO OS OOOO yonp Syl pue wooyyeuteds oy} Jo YySuaT 6 oe GP re G Gic Pee e eee aeeeereeesssssensseeereesesseussseeeeee (qonp | Boayyeutsods jo aseq 0} WNj}e WOIf padnsvout) BUISBA JO Y}ZUIT Lt I Cit ear GT T G)—c° I— Ti Pi sence cease eeesseresseseeee ulnyjesey jo yysue'T Gary Gui 8 6 II Wi CT ase eee nemn eee neeneneeseeees 10}9B1}01 yerued jo uonszosut soddn 0} wine WOT oF SG T 9 (|(2)9°% CT * (aoyasod uaTjoms) stued jo qysua'T e) ce GP Te 1g Te re 82 qnoqe OF TF Preeerr errr errr rere reer er un] [ese y pue snqeydide ‘stued jo YysueT [JO], DUDnY DID} Dihib DUlr suapva pupniuos | psshys | psshys ~powya LOPINSI | _D Bin Wi Aes aS “1 A D auaj.lod ~woyn “ol iy sr sawadsqns 40 saved "SuIpPWUU U2 vyopuay ay? fo squauLaunsDa W 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 225 The jaw and teeth of Ashmunella do not differ from those organs in Sonorella. The jaw is ribbed, the ribs variable and irregular, as is often the case in the Californian Helices. It is less strong and the ribs are less convex than usual in the jaw of Polygyra. The radula has from 24.1.24 to about 30.1.30 teeth. There are 9 to 12 lateral teeth. In nine of the ten species examined, both mesocone and ectocone are bifid on part of the marginal teeth. In A. duplicidens and A. chiricahuana the ectocone is usually simple, but on occasional outer marginals of the latter they are bifid, as in the other species. The number of teeth reckoned as laterals varies somewhat on different parts of the same radula, as I have observed in several species; so that the importance of variations from the counts of teeth given in the text must not be overestimated. Except in the case of A. chiricahuana, all of my prepa- rations of genitalia, jaws and radule are from specimens of the type lots. From the data now in hand, it seems in a high degree likely that the ancestral stock of all known Ashmunellas had a tridentate aperture. There was a tendency to split the basal tooth, perhaps not expressed in the original stock, but subsequently developed orthogenctically in most of the subgroups. This tendency culminates in the levettei group, where the original basal tooth has been divided into two distinct and often widely separated teeth. There has also been degeneration of the aperture-teeth, parallel in various stocks, and culminating in several toothless forms, astonishingly alike, though of undoubtedly diverse parentage. A. hyporhyssa Ckll., robusta Pils., chiricahuana Dall, esuri- tor Pils., ete., are convergent forms of this character. The true rela- tionships of such simplified species must be demonstrated by their internal anatomy. The idea that the toothless forms are primitive can: hardly be entertained in view of their anatomical diversity and their demonstrable relation to several groups of toothed species, the evi- dently homologous teeth of wnich, on this hypothesis, would have been independently evolved. This would be homoplasy on too extensive a scale to be readily believed. The aperture-teeth in Ashmunella curiously imitate those of Polygyra, a genus not in the least related. In Europe, /sognomostoma and Heli- codonta have evolved similar forms in still other phyla. There has been a tendency to overload Ashmunella with subspecifie names, which would logically end in naming every colony in existence. Ido not minimize the importance of noting and recording local differen- tiation. My appreciation of its omnipresence convinces me that it cannot all be stereotyped in nomenclature, and if it were, the result’ would be too unwieldy for any human intellect to make use of. 226 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., The range of individual variation in Ashmunella among specimens from one place is (with the exception of A. 1. heterodonta) not greater than in Polygyra. Among specimens I have measured or examined, I have seen no lot which would yield a markedly bimodal curve were the variations plotted. The variations betwcen different colonies or gens are often appreciable, sometimes conspicuous; but here also the case may readily be paralleled in Polygyra, although usually not in such restricted areas, for the reason that in the Polygyra country the topographic and climatic features are less emphatic, and the life-zones are not crowded upon one another as in the land of the Ashmunellas, but are spread over larger arcas. The conception of species in such sedentary animals as snails is far from simple. A “species” comprises a multitude of colonies or com- munities which at any one time are isolated one from the other by the existing topographic and other surface features of the country. This is and always has been the case, even with the common, widespread forms of the more level parts of the country; but the colonies there have always been subject to frequent mixture with their neighboring colo- nies, by the ever slightly fluctuating conditions of woodland and local moisture, so that their network over the country has been here and there made practically complete within comparatively short periods. As a consequence, we have in many cases no tangible difference between individuals from colonies hundreds of miles apart. In regions where the local physical features are more accentuated, the colonies or communities are often less subject to mixture. More- over, the range of conditions within a limited area is far greater. Thus snails of the same original stock living in the rocky talus on opposite sides of a canyon are often subject to very diverse conditions of heat, moisture and consequently cryptogamic food. They are often wholly unable to cross from one side to the other by reason of a wide, freshet- swept or arid space. Moreover, subsequent changes, such as the for- mation of lateral canyons and the localization of suitable stations in the talus, tend to further isolate the several colonies, and to preserve their individuality for long periods. Thus each colony follows its own bent; and differentiation ensues, cither by the cumulation of organic changes induced by varying conditions of growth and nutrition, determined by the local environment as mentioned above, or by the occurrence of diverse “mutations” in the several colonies, or by both causes. My idea of the practical isolation of snail colonies is bascd upon the experience of “many years. Similar views have been expressed by Hemphill, in the 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 227 account of his collecting in Utah, and by Ferriss, who in speaking of the Huachueas says, “Every colony in the canyon was liable to have some distinctive mark in size, color or form. .... No two colonies seemed exactly alike, and they did not visit back and forth, nor travel far from the best part of their own rock pile” (Nautilus, XVII, p. 51). When through some means two slightly differentiated colonies inter- mingle, as they occasionally must, hybridism follows, and a complex progeny issues, such as I have found in the Floridian Liguus. Who can unravel the tangled threads of affinity when the modified forms of two or more canyons reach each other across a divide! It is as complex as a modern human community, where subraces are mingling blood after centuries of pure breeding. Group of A. rhyssa. In species of this group, small basal and parictal teeth are often present, but there is no outer lip tooth. The spermatheca and its duct are about half the length of the penis, eprphallus and flagellum, or even less. The combined length of the penis, epiphallus and flagellum is decidedly less than three times the diameter of the shell. The penis is comparatively well developed. This group is especially characteristic of the Capitan, White and Sacramento ranges of southern-central New Mexico, east of the Rio Grande. The forms now known arrange themselves in three series, thus: robusta capitanensis hyporhyssa altissima ashmuni pseudodonta miorhyssa rhyssa townsendi . $e is oe ee Peed ‘ ee Tee oe tae The central and right-hand groups are known to be related by the genitalia. The group on the left is separated from these geographically, and its relationships must remain wholly uncertain until the soft parts can be examined. Ashmunella rhyssa (Dall). Pl. XI, figs. 1-4. Polygyra rhyssa Dall, Nautilus, XI, May, 1897, p. 2 Ashmunella rhyssa Dall, Pils. and CkIL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 192; Dall, Proc. U.S. N. Mus., XXIV, p. 500, Pl. 27, figs. 11, 14. 228 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., This is the senior name for a member of the group of closely related forms inhabiting the Sierra Blanca and adjoining Sacramento Moun- tains, in middle-southern New Mexico. The shell is more globose than any other known Ashmunella, having about the proportions of the large Eastern Mesodons. It is dull and roughly sculptured on the last whorl with coarse, curved irregular wrinkles, between and over which fine incised spirals may be traced. The rather small aperture is contracted by a wide, heavy lip, the outer margin of which is indistinetly thickened within. There is a low, in- distinet basal tooth or callous, and a very small, deeply placed, oblique parictal tooth, sometimes absent. The umbilicus is narrow and deep, but slightly enlarging at the last whorl. Whorls 53. Alt. 10, diam.17 mm. Leos wel = (Dall’s type). WO ey ate MS OD 6 SG rh oO 2 OR e A Bay ot hr (Ee geare a Se mt kf ray. ay FE BAD | of! Sicrra Blanca, New Mexico, collected by Rev. E. H. Ashmun. Ashmunella rhyssa miorhyssa (Dall). PJ. XII, figs. 5, 6. Polygyra miorhyssa Dall, Nautilus, XII, p. 75, November, 1898. Ashmunella rhyssa miorhyssa (Dall), Pils and Ckll., Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 193, figs. 1-3 on p. 189 (genitalia, jaw and teeth); Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 108 (anatomy). This form differs from A. rhyssa chiefly in being smoother, the coarse wrinkles of that being reduced to striz. The umbilicus is a little more open at the last whorl. In other respects there are no constant or even prevalent differences. Alt. 9, diam. 16mm. Sierra Blanca (Ashmun). Alt. 9, diam. 15.5 mm. Sierra Blanca (Ashmun). Alt. 10.6, diam. 16.8 mm., whorls 6 Alt. 9.9, diam. 16 mm., whorls 53. Alt. 10.3, diam. 16 mm., whorls 53. Sierra Blanea, Lincoln county, New Mexico (E. H. Ashmun). Near Eagle creek (C. H. T. Townsend). Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa (Ckll.). Pl. XII, figs. 7-18. Polygyra r. hyporhyssa Ckll., Nautilus, XII, November, 1898, p. 77. Ashmunella hyporhyssa (Ckll.) var. edentata, with mut. rufescens and alba, Ckll., Nautilus, XIV, p. 72, October, 1900 (Cloudcroft). A.r. hyporhyssa Ckll., Vanatta, Nautilus, XVI, p. 58, September, 1902 (High- rolls and Clouderoft); Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 108, fig. 1 (genitalia of Cloudcroft specimen). te Near Eagle creek, Sierra Blanca (Townsend). 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 229 “Like rhyssa in size and form, but umbilicus wider, exposing the penultimate whorl; sculpture finer, consisting of strie rather than riblets. One specimen, diam. max. 15, min. 123, alt. 9 mm.” Lower slopes of Sierra Blanca, New Mexico, above head of Ruidoso ereek, in aspen belt, about 9,500 feet altitude. (Prof. C. H. T. Town- send, August 14, 1898.) The original description is given above. The unique type specimen was lost. Prof. Cockerell subsequently described what seems to be the same race, or one excessively similar, as A. hyporhyssa edentata, with mutations rujescens and alba, from Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mountains. In the absence of any differential feature in the description or measure- 50% 45% 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% PSy lato 145 W425 5) 1525) 16 G.S) Lamm: 1 6 41 36 =686 13 10 5 2 variates ments, I assume that the Cloudcroft shells are identical with hyporhyssa. A somewhat large series was collected by Mr. H. L. Viereck in James Canyon, at Cloudcroft, Sacramento Mountains, at an elevation of 9,500 fect. Two lots were taken, one of a few large specimens (Pl. XII, figs. 7, 8), the other of many smaller ones. Compared with A. rhyssa the shells differ in the constantly more depressed last whorl, though the spire may be equally high; the umbilicus is wider at its opening, ex- posing more of the penultimate whorl; the basal tooth is obsolete or very weak, and the parietal tooth is present only as an extremely small vestige in less than 5 per cent. of the specimens. Finally, the 230 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., sculpture is less strong except just behind the lip, where the wrinkles generally are emphatic. The lot of smaller specimens (PI. XII, figs. 9-13) consisted of about 300 shells. 200 fully adult specimens were measured. The diameter varies between 13 and 17 mm., and gives the curve plotted on p. 229. The major mode is at 15 mm., 43 per cent. of the lot being within .2 mm. of that dimension. There is a minor mode at 14 mm.; but the lot is remarkably homogeneous, since over 80 per cent. are between 13.8 and 15.2 mm. diameter. The altitude bears no constant ratio to the diameter. It is individu- ally variable within wide limits. In the first 50 individuals of 18 mm. diameter (from my schedule of measurements of 200 specimens of all sizes) the following dimensions were found: Alt. in mm., 8 fae 80° | 8.7 8.8 se Dae 9.2 No. of variates, 3 2 3 3 5 3 15 2 Alt.inmm., Pees). 9:5 9.6 98:7) O8aae 10.2 No. of variates, 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 3 Alt. in mm., 10.6 No. of variates, 1 It will be noticed that the mode is at 9 mm., 30% of the whole num- ber having that altitude, while the number of more depressed individ- uals is as nearly as possible equal to the number more elevated. Speci- mens of the same lot, of other diameters, give altitude curves of the same symmetrical form, and need not here be detailed. There are 5 albinos in the 200 shells measured, though an uninter- tupted series from albinos to the darkest brown specimens makes a selection difficult. Nine shells in 200 show a very small parietal tooth, one being shown in fig. 12. The other lot, of larger shells (Pl. 12, figs. 7, 8), contains 2 albinos out of 14 shells. None has a parietal tooth. The measurements follow: Alt., 12 dt 10 10.3. TOS ao 10 10 10 Diam., 19.3 19 19 18.5. 183 183 182° is 17.5 Alt., 10 10 92 9.2 mm. Diamine ae 16.8...“ A small series from Clouderoft, 8,750 feet, collected by E. O. Wooton, received from Prof. Cockerell, contains also large and small examples, -1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 231 the diameters being, large, 18.5, 18, 17.3, 17, 16.2, and small, 15, 15 mm. These are part of Prof. Cockerell’s original lot of A. h. edentata. At Highrolls, in the Sacramento Mountains, at 6,500 feet elevation, Mr. Viereck obtained three specimens, 17.2, 17 and 16.8 mm. diam. They have the umbilicus a trifle narrower than in the larger Cloud- croft shells. In Alamo Canyon, 14 miles from Alamogorda, Mr. Ferriss picked up a few dead specimens. The umbilicus is decidedly narrower than in the Cloudcroft shells. One of five examined has a vestigial parietal tooth. The proportions of alt. to diam. are as in Clouderoft shells. Diam. 16.2, 16, 15.8, 13.7 mm. Ashmunella rhyssa townsendi (Bartsch). Ashmunella townsendi Bartsch, Smiths. Mise. Coll., MX XMOVIL, p.. 13, August 6, 1904. Described from two specimens. ‘Most nearly related to A. rhyssa Dall, but is much smaller than that form, and is uniformly more strongly sculptured.” Alt. 8.2, diam. 15 mm. Sierra Blanca, on the slopes of the ridge on the south fork of Ruidoso river, about 5 miles above the town of Ruidoso, Lincoln county, New Mexico, at an altitude of 8,500 fect. C. H. T. Townsend. A. rhyssa commonly varies from less than 15 to 17 mm. in diameter, and from 8 to over 10 mm. alt., so that the present form falls within its range of size. The coarser sculpture of “many strong sublamellar axial ribs”? seems to be its chief or only distinguishing character. It stands, apparently, between rhyssa and altissima. Ashmunella altissima (Ckll.). Pl. XII, fig. 14. Polygyra altissima Ckll., Nautilus, XII, p. 76, November, 1898. Ashmunella altissima (Ckll.), Pils. and Ckll., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 192. The shell is small and depressed, of 54 moderately convex whorls, the inner ones enlarging slowly, the last much wider, with the periphery above the middle, very obtusely subangular in front, elsewhere well rounded. The only specimens yet found are dead, bleached and some- what worn, having lost all of the cuticle. The embryonic 14 whorls are smooth; the first neanic whorl almost equally so. Then oblique strie set in which gradually become coarser. On the last whorl they become strong, rounded sigmoid ribs, very strong on the last half whorl. There are traces of fine spiral lines between the ribs. Behind the lip the whorl is moderately contracted, and it descends a trifle to the aper- ture. The aperture is very oblique, lunate. The peristome is thick- ened within and on its convex face, narrowly reflexed throughout. 232 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., There is a faint, hardly noticeable basal prominence, but nothing to be called a tooth. There is no parictal tooth, and the callous between the lip-ends is very thin. Alt. 5.5, diam. 11 mm. Sierra Blanca, on the highest summit, three found under a rock, elevation 11,092 feet (C. H. T. Townsend). One of the co-types of this very distinct form is figured, No. 73,558, sc a Se Ashmunella pseudodonta (Dall). Pl. XIU, figs. 15, 16, 17, 18. Polygyra pseudodonta Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1896, p. 343 (White Oaks, New Mexico). Ashmunella pseudodonta Dall, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XXIV, 1902, p. 500, Pl. 27, figs. 13, 15; Pl. 28, figs. i¢ Ashmunella pseudodonta Pils. and Ckll., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 192; Murdoch, Jour. of Malac. , VILL, p. 79, Pl. 7, figs. 1-7 (anatomy). Phislcdecies differs from those of the Sierra Blanca chiefly by its more depressed shape and the bifid basal callous, which is split into two low denticles like some of the subspecies of A. thomsoniana. The compara- tively short duct of the spermatheca shows A. pseudodonta to be much more closely related to A. rhyssa than to A. thomsoniana. Five speci- mens of the original lot collected by Mr. Ashmun at White Oaks, New Mexico, measure: Alt., i. Fe 6.5 6.4 6.4 mm. Diam., 13 WAN f2e7 12.2 gs Two specimens found with A. p. capitanensis measure: Alt. ~ “67am. Diam., 13.9 13.5 “ The internal anatomy has been well described and figured by Mur- doch. Ashmunella pseudodonta capitanensis Ashm. and Ckll. Pl. XII, figs. 21-23. A. p. capitanensis Ashmun and Cockerell, Nautilus, XII, p. 131, March, 1899. The shell is depressed, glossy, brown, with weak irregular growth- wrinkles and fine, close incised spirals. The spire is very low conic. Whorls 54, quite convex, the last wide, rounded peripherally, swollen above behind the deep constriction behind the lip. The aperture is quite oblique, the lip either brown-tinted throughout or white. Within the basal margin there is a low, very weakly bifid callous, often hardly noticeable. There is a very small parietal tooth in four out of six specimens examined. The umbilicus is small and deep within, enlarg- ing at the last whorl, rather broadly exposing the penultimate whorl. Alt., 9 9.5 9.2 9 9 9 mm. Diam., 18.5 18 17.8 17 ibs ee 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 233 Near Baldonado Springs, Capitan Mountains, Lincoln county,’ New Mexico, clevation 8,200 fect, collected by E. H. Ashmun. This form is at present well separated from pseudodonta by the uni- formly much larger size. The basal teeth are also less developed, and the lip comparatively narrower. It is to pseudodonta as robusta is to ashmuni. It has reached about the same stage of evolution as A. hypo- rhyssa, A. a. robusta and A. chiricahuana. In the lot of 100 specimens taken by Mr. Ashmun there is one pale greenish-corneous albino. Ashmunella ashmuni (Dall). Pi. XII, figs. 19, 20. Polygyra ashmuni Dall, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIX, p. 342, 1896. Ashmunella ashmuni (Dall) Pils. and Ckll., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 192; Ancey, Jour. of Malac., VIII, p. 76; Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXIV, p. 501, Pl. 28, figs. 4, 6, 9. This species is small, much like A. pseudodonta, but there is scarcely the trace of a basal tooth. The outer lip is well thickened within, and there is no parietal tooth. The usual wrinkle-like growth-lines are present, but spiral lines are very faint, not discernible in some speci- mens. Five of the original lot measure: Alt., 7.4 re 7 6.9 6.7 mm. Diam., 14.2 14 14 13.1 ay eas Bland, New Mexico. E. H. Ashmun. Ashmunella ashmuni robusta n. subsp. Pl. XII, figs. 24-26. Polygyra chiricahuana and Ashmunella chiricahuana, in part, of various authors, specimens from Jemez Mountains and at Jemez Sulphur Springs, New Mexico. The shell is similar in size and general contour to A. p. capitanensis; chestnut or greenish-chestnut colored, glossy, sculptured with low, irregular growth-wrinkles which are strongest below the suture, and weaker on the base, and very fine incised spirals, close and numerous but very lightly impressed. The spire is very low conoid. Whorls 4, convex, the last about double the width of the preceding, its last third decidedly swollen, inflated behind the deep constriction back of the lip. The aperture is roundly lunate, without teeth. The lip is coffee-tinted, rather narrowly reflexed, convex on the face, and a little thickened inwardly within the outer margin. There is no parietal tooth. The umbilicus is cylindric within and deep, rather broadly expanding at the last whorl, exposing the penultimate whorl. Alt., 9.2 8.6 8.7 9 mm. Diam., 19 17.2 17.6 1G. Jemez Mountains, near Bland, New Mexico, at higher elevations than A.ashmumi. E. H. Ashmun. 234 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., This form has hitherto been referred to A. chiricahuana, from which it differs chiefly in the greater inflation of the latter part of the last whorl. This is noticeable in a side view, and is seen prominently above the aperture in a front view. It differs from A. pseuwdodonta capitanensis chiefly by wanting basal teeth. In such simplified forms as this, it is not easy to determine the true relationships by the shell alone. When the genitalia can be examined the affinities of A. ashmuni and A. a. robusta will doubtless become clear. There is an albino in Mr. Ashmun’s collection. Group of A. thomsoniana. Aperture of the shell with parietal, outer and basal teeth, the latter often bifid, divided into two contiguous tubercles. Length of the sper- matheca and its duct 60 to 65 per cent. that of the penis, epiphallus and flagellum in known forms. These forms are from northern central New Mexico. They have been investigated chiefly by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell and his pupils. By their genitalia and shells they are related to the southeastern Arizona group. Three forms are perhaps sufficiently differentiated to require names: A. t. portere, A. thomsoniana and A. t. pecosensis. Ashmunella thomsoniana (Ancey). PI. XIII, figs. 27-30. Helix levettei Bland var. thomsoniana, and var. orobena Ancey, Concholo- gist’s Exchange, II, p. 64 (November, 1887). Ashmunella thomsoniana (Anc.) Pils. and Ckll., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 192; Ancey, Jour. of Malac., VIII, p. 75, 1901; Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p 108, fig. 2 (genitalia of specimen from Santa Fé canyon); Ckll. and Cooper, Nautilus, XV, p. 109, February, 1902, with mut. alba C. and C., 1. c., p.110 (Canyon Diablo) ; Ckll., Nautilus, XVI, January, 1903, p. 105 (Pecos Pueblo). Ashmunella thomsoniana coopere Cockerell, Nautilus, XV, p. 35, July, 1901. A. t. antiqua Ckll. and Coop., Science, December 27, 1901, p. 1,009; Nautilus, XV, p. 110 (Pleistocene, Las Vegas). Specimens from J. H. Thomson, part of the original lot from Santa Fé Canyon, are before me, and two are illustrated (Pl. XIII, figs 27, 28). It is narrowly umbilicate, brown and glossy, finely striate, with very faint traces of incised spirals on the last whorl. There are 5 whorls. The characters of the aperture are sufficiently shown by the figures, the only ones published to this time. The basal tooth is simple in all specimens I have seen from the type canyon. Alt. 6.9, diam. 13 mm.; whorls 5. ae “54. ‘oo, °° | toe Oe. The specimen I dissected in 1900, collected by Prof. Cockerell at 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 235 Monument Rock, Santa Fé Canyon, at 8,000 feet above the sea CPI. 13, fig. 29), is slightly larger with the wmbilicus wider at the opening. Alt. 7.2, diam. 14 mm.; whorls 53. The basal tooth is simple. An- other like it, taken by Ashmun in the same canyon, is figured CPI, 1s, fig. 30). In all the forms referred to A. thomsoniana and its subspecies no dis- tinct internal lip-rib is formed when a resting-stage occurred in the neanic period. Such growth-arrests are often indicated by a darker streak on the penultimate or beginning of the last whorl, but the shell is very rarely thickened within by a white callous, and when present, the callous is very thin. Distribution: Santa Fé Canyon (Thomson, Ashmun, CkIl.); Las Vegas and Las Vegas Hot Springs (Miss Cooper, Prof. Ckll.); Canyon Diablo, near Rowe (Mary Cooper) ; Old Pecos Pueblo, near Vallé ranch, Pecos (W. C. CkIL.). The form from Las Vegas Hot Springs, at about 7,000 feet elevation, called A. t. coopere, offers no tangible difference from Santa Fé thom- soniana. It is not yet evolved enough to be distinguishable from thomsoniana if the specimens were mixed. I do not think it desirable or practicable to name forms so very slightly differentiated. The umbilicus is a trifle more open than typical A. thomsoniana, like the Monument Rock shells or a little less open, being thus intermediate in size. The teeth are in the average slightly smaller. The basal tooth is quite feebly doubled in a minority of the shells secn, simple, small and tubercular in the others. The spire is, in the average, a trifle higher than in Santa Fé thomsoniana (Pl. XII, figs. 31-34, the last a co-type of A. t. coopere). Co-types of coopere. SS SSE Alt. 8 CO Noe! (69) ok ti 1.2 2) 4.) (6. mm, Diam. 13 its iss ets too Laan Ie. “ka Whorls 5+ 5+ 5+ 5% oF 5 54 5 43 A. antiqua Ckll. and Coop., from the Pleistocene at Las Vegas, New Mexico, is like the shells from Las Vegas Hot Springs noted above in size, but the basal tooth is a low, wide callous, slightly emarginate but not distinctly bifid. The rather heavy teeth and small umbilicus are like typical thomsoniana. A co-type measures 13.2 mm. diam. The parietal callous has scaled off, carrying the tooth with it: Lseetne valid reason for believing that it represents a divergent branch of thomsoniana. Such characters as this are merely individual. 236 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., Specimens from Canyon Diablo, near Rowe, New Mexico (Pl. XIII, figs. 35, 36, 37), are exactly like those from Las Vegas Hot Springs. | Alt. 8 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.3 mm. Diam. 14 12.8 12.3 12.3 12 « Whorls 5h 5h 5h 5h (Ost Ashmunella thomsoniana portere Pils. and Ckll. Pl. XIII, figs. 39-46. Ashmunella thomsoniana portere Pils. and Ckll., Nautilus, XIII, p. 49, Sep- tember, 1899; Cockerell and Cooper, Nautilus, XV, p. 109, February, 1902, with mut. alba, p. 110; Murdoch, Jour. of Malac., VIII, p. 82, Pl. 7, fig. 8 (genitalia); Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 559, footnote 4, Pl. 21, fig. 6 (pallial complex). A. t. coopere Ckll., Nautilus, XVII, p. 36, July, 1903 (Pecos). Shell larger than thomsoniana, light brown, glossy, a little translucent, with distinct growth-wrinkles and fine incised spiral lines. Whorls 54 to 6, convex, the last deeply constricted behind the lip, swollen behind the constriction. Lip brown-tinted above. Parietal lamina mode- rately developed. Outer lip-tooth long and concave. Basal tooth bifid, the inner denticle smaller, sometimes reduced to a low callous. Umbilicus rather broadly open, exposing the penultimate whorl more than in thomsoniana. Type locality, Upper Sapello Canyon, Beulah, New Mexico (PI. XIII, figs. 39-42, 46, Miss Wilmatte Porter, Dr. H. Skinner and others). Twenty-two specimens collected by Dr. Skinner measure as follows: Alt. 8 8.5 8 So 8 8 8 8 8.2 Diam. t¢ tie oe? TKS 15:3 15 15.6 14.8 15 Whorls 6 54 52 54 54 54 ot 54 5} Alt. $2: SeeGeeee 78 8 Lil We 7.8 Diam: ) 15.5. Gis Peeing (188. 14° 14:8 See Whorls - 5) 64.) Poa 5-5. Sp ee Ali 7.8 8 8 7.6 mm. Diam. 1441, 14 14,1. ase, * Whorls dt. «OF 54 54 Prof. Cockerell and Miss Cooper measured 40 specimens of portere from Beulah: 2 specimens are 14 mm. diam. iy “ec “ 144 a3 (a9 17 “ 73 15 ce “ce 6 as ce 15+ ce ce 3 “ “ 16 ce ce There is no appreciable difference in the comparative altitude among the specimens I have seen. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 237 Miss Mary Cooper collected specimens in Manzanares Valley, near Rowe, New Mexico, which have been reported on by Prof. Cockerell and Miss Cooper (Nautilus, XV, p. 109). They are in all respects like ‘those of the type locality except that the inner basal denticle is more obsolete, as in fig. 39. The curve of diameters is the same as in the Beulah lot. The specimens I have seen are from 15 to 16 mm. diam. A single specimen I have seen from Cooper’s Mill, near Rowe, New Mexico, measures 8.7 x 16 mm., with 5? whorls. The inner basal den- ticle is low, as in Manzanares shells. The shells from Pecos, New Mexico (Pl. XIII, figs. 48-45, collected by Cockerell), are intermediate between thomsoniana and portere; the size being that of the former, while in 14 out of 17 specimens before me the basal tooth is double, as in portere. In the others it is simple, as in thomsoniana. ‘The umbilicus is rather wide, as in portere. Prof. Cockerell refers the form to A. t. coopere. Its location depends upon whether size is more important than the teeth as an index of affinity; but the question of name is of minor importance in view of the intergradation of the whole series. Specimens measure: . Alt. aan RD ASA Bin 8 8 731 TRO Diam. Lar Ay TAG CAG 148) DS. Leds nae Whorls re OMA NOSeS wI5E StS ase Alt ANRC Tonle a ee a eR gO Diam. OW ARIE on IS IS By ABO ae Whorls Sul) a oe FM NG Facet 5 ees Sea a 2 it 6 There is practically no variation in number of whorls, or in the pro- portion of altitude to diameter. The variation in diameter is not great, but serves to connect thomsoniana and portere, but the skew of the curve is toward the larger size of portere. Ashmunella thomsoniana pecosensis Ckll. Pl. XIII, fig. 38. Cockerell, Nautilus, XVI, p. 105, January, 1903. Shell like thomsoniana in shape, size, the small umbilicus and the simple basal tooth; but differing in sculpture, a coarse, low costation being superposed upon minute growth-lines and microscopic spirals similar to those of A. thomsoniana. Aperture as in thomsoniana, the “lip and teeth strongly developed, the basal tooth single.” Alt. about 6.3, diam. 11.8 mm. Vallé ranch, Pecos, New Mexico. A Pleistocene fossil. Type No. 84,209, A. N.S. P., collected by T. D. A. Cockerell. 238 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., Some specimens of A. thomsoniana from Las Vegas Hot Springs are almost as strongly wrinkled or costulate. The subspecies cannot, there- fore, be considered to be strongly differentiated. Group of A. levettei. The aperture has four teeth, but sometimes the two basal teeth are contiguous, partially united. The length of the spermatheca and its duct is from 55 to 73 per cent. of that of the penis, epiphallus and fla- gellum in known forms. This somewhat heterogeneous group is characteristic of southwestern New Mexico and southeastern Arizona. Here are grouped about ten species and subspecies, some of them exceedingly specialized. Ashmunella levettei (Bld.). Pl. XV, figs. 72-78. Triodopsis levettei Bland, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, II, 1882, p. 115 (cuts); Binney, Manual of American Land Shells, p. 385; Sup- plement to Terrestrial Mollusks, Vol. V, p. 154, Pl. 1, fig. E, copy from Bland; Second Supplement, in Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIII, No. 2, p. 36, Pl. 1, fig. 15, December, 1886. Polygyra levettet Bld., Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, p. 341, 1896. Ashmunella levettei Bld., Ancey, Journ. of Malac., VIII, p. 74, September, 1901. This is a form of ample proportions, rich dark chestnut color and glossy surface. The periphery is rounded, or has a mere trace of angu- lation in front. The cylindrie umbilicus enlarges rapidly at the last whorl. The spire, while compactly convoluted, has more rapidly widening whorls than A. 1. angigyra. The spaces between the three lip-teeth are about equal. The parietal lamella has a “kink” or in- ward bend at the axial end in the type specimen, but this kink is often wanting; being a variable character in levette: and allied species. There are about 64 whorls, all convex. The first 14 are smooth and glossy except for short strie radiating from the suture; on the second whorl these striz extend across the whorl. The following whorls are very finely, irregularly marked with faint growth-lines. On the penul- timate and last whorls there is a faint, excessively fine and close spiral striation, too minute to be visible except witn a compound microscope ; and a fine malleation in spiral direction, or spiral impressed lines, readily scen with the hand lens or even the naked eye. The periphery is rounded. Bland’s type measured, alt. 6.5, diam. 16 mm.; aperture, including peristome, 7 x 8 mm., according to the original description. Bland evidently measured the altitude of the axis, not of the whole shell to the base of the lip. His type, which I have examined, agrees with the shells Mr. Ferriss found in Bear and Miller Canyons, in the Huachuecas. Figs. 72-75 represent shells from Bear Canyon, agreeing with type specimen in all respects. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 239 Huachuca Mountains, Cochise county, Arizona, in Bear, Miller and Carr Canyons (James H. Ferriss). It has been reported also from near Tucson, Arizona (Cox). Ihave seen no specimens from that place. Bland originally described levettei as from Santa Fé Canyon, New Mexico, but the researches there of Ashmun, Cockerell and others have failed to bring it to light. Indeed, no closcly related species is known to occur within hundreds of miles of that place, whereas some of the Huachuea shells agree perfectly with the type specimen of levetter which I have examined. There can be little doubt that Dr. Levette was mistaken in the locality. It is not known that he collected the shells himself. They may have been given him by some army officer who had served in the Southwest. There is, according to Mr. C. R. Biedermann, a Santa Fé Canyon in the San José mountains, just south of the Huachuca range, in Mexico. A series from Bear Canyon measures : Alt. 9, diam. 17.8 mm.; width aperture outside 8 mm. “cc 9, (a9 a2 ia ce 66 73 8 oe “cb 8.2, ce 17 “cc (73 ce ce 8 ce “c ipsy 73 16.7 cc “e “cc ce 8 cc ce G2, 6c 16 cc (79 “ce ce 7G, ce cc (eer cc 16.2 “ ce 73 73 8 73 The lip is either brown or nearly white. Mr. Ferriss’ largest speci- men from Bear Canyon measures 8 x 18 mm. Fig. 76 represents a beautiful albino found at the head of Bear Canyon, on the southwest side of the Huachuca range, at about 7,000 feet elevation. It is bluish white under a very thin caducious pale yellowish cuticle. A pathologic specimen from the same place (fig. 77) has suffered extensive breakage at the aperture. A new peristome has been formed and three of the teeth regenerated, typical in shape and position. The inner basal tooth, however, is only feebly represented by a low callous. The shells from Miller Canyon, on the north side of the Huachucas (Pl. XIII, fig. 78), are intermediate between the Bear Canyon levetter and the slightly different race from Carr Canyon, perhaps nearer the latter. They measure from alt. 8.5, diam. 16.3, aperture 7.8 mm. to alt. 7.5, diam. 14, aperture 6.3 mm. In Carr Canyon, about four miles farther eastward, at about 5,000 feet elevation, a form was found resembling angigyra in its close-coiled whorls and small aperture, but differing in being usually larger, hardly angular, with a larger umbilicus and deeper constriction back of the 240 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., lip. It differs from levettei in the smaller mouth, larger umbilicus and deeper constriction. Specimens measure: Alt. 7, diam. 15.2 mm.; width of mouth, outside, 7.3 mm. “ Od “ec 15.2 “ec ce ce cc fi “ce “ee 7.2, ce 152 ce cc “ cc 76 “cc “ce dis a3 15 ce ce ce ce ve “ec cc 6.3, (as 14 ‘c ce a3 ce 6.1 “ce cs 6.8, ce 13.8 as as a3 “e 6§ cc “ec 6.8, “c 14 cc ce (73 ce 6.7 (a4 ce 6:3; ce 12 a3 ce cc 73 5.8 “ This form is about intermediate between levette: and angigyra, but it has some slight special characters of its own. They seem hardly sufficient to require that it be named. See Pl. XV, figs. 92, 93. Ashmunella levettei angigyra n. subsp. Pl. XIV, figs. 47-54. The shell is brown, smaller and more depressed than levette: obtusely but distinctly angular at the periphery. The surface of the post- embryonic whorls is smoothish, under the lens seen to be very closely, irregularly marked with minute growth-lines, giving it a silky luster, and the last whorl is often finely malleate spirally, as in A. levettei. Whorls 6} to 7, very closely coiled and slowly widening, all of them convex above. The suture descends rather abruptly to the aperture. Behind the outer and basal lips the whorl is rather deeply, angularly guttered. The back of the lip is creamy. Aperture very oblique, smaller than in A. levettei. The teeth are arranged as in levettei. The notch between the two basal teeth is wider than that between the outer basal and the tooth of the outer lip. The inner basal tooth is smaller than the outer. The cylindric umbilicus rapidly enlarges at the last whorl. Alt. 6.5, diam. 13.6 mm. os, he learn bc 6, 7: 13 ‘ Huachuca Mountains, in Ramsey or ‘“‘ Conservatory ’’ Canyon, near Fort Huachuca. Types No. 83,269, A. N.S. P., collected by J. H. Ferriss, 1902 (figs. 47-49). This form was also found in the drift-débris of Barbakomari creek, near Huachuca station. The same form was collected by Mr. Mearns some years ago, and then referred to levettet. It differs from typical A. levette: in being smaller, with more closely coiled whorls, the last one angular at the periphery. The aperture is smaller and therefore more filled by the teeth. It resembles A. angu- 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 241 lata, but the whorls are not flattened above as in that species, and are not punctate. With a single exception mentioned below, no angigyra have been found on the south side of the range. On the north side it occurs in Brown’s Canyon (figs. 50, 54), varying much in size and degree of angu- lation, the smaller specimens being like the type lot, the larger ones less angular and approaching levettei. Five measure: Alt. 7.3, diam. 14.8 mm. bc ‘Bs; “ 148 « eaGuies S| Tab & Tf “ie Cy 2c “i 6, “ 12 6c At Ramsey Canyon, two miles east of Brown’s Canyon; similar forms were found at about 6,000 feet elevation. On the opposite side of the range, at the base of Bear Canyon, in the foothills, at about 5,000 feet, Mr. Ferriss collected a few small speci- mens Which do not seem to differ much from typical angigyra. Two before me measure 5 x 11 and 4.8 x 10 mm., with only 5? whorls (figs. 51, 52, 53). The genital system (Pl. X-XI, fig. 28) is somewhat peculiar. The penis is quite long, but the vagina is unusually short. This is unlike A. angulata of the Chiricahuas, some forms of which imitate angigyra in the form of the shell. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 14) has 8 very unequal ribs. The radula (Pl. XXII, fig. 12) has 19.10.1.10.19 teeth. The ecto- cones of central and inner lateral teeth are very short. The mesocone is bifid from about the 15th tooth out, but the ectocone only on the outer marginals. This approximates to the condition found in A. chiricahwana, ‘There are more teeth and more laterals than in A. angu- lata. Ashmunella levettei heterodonta n. vy. Pl. XV, figs, 80-91. In Cave Creek Canyon and the tributary Ida Canyon on the southern slope of the east end of the Huachuca range, Mr. Ferriss found an extra- ordinary series of Ashmunellas, in which the teeth vary from about as well developed as in A. levettet to completely obsolete as in A. chirica- huana. No other member of the genus was found in these canyons. The several stages occur together,? and the chain of mutations is unin- terrupted. *See also Mr. Ferriss’ notes on this race, Nautilus, XVIII, p. 51, below mid- dle of page. 242 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {Mch., So far as I know, such variability in a land snail among individuals living under the same conditions in one spot is elsewhere absolutely unknown. Most of the specimens measure from 15 to 18 mm. diam., but there is one pygmy of 12 mm. (fig. 88). In the general shape, etc., the race does not differ from A. levettei. There is no trace whatever of patho- logic or abnormal growth. The forms with well developed teeth and those with none were found much less numerous than the intermediate stages. The most abundant forms (figs. 84, 85) may be considered the types of the variety. The toothless examples have the lip slightly wider than that of A. chiricahuana. They constitute a race parallel to that, rather than iden- tical with it. The colonies of Cave and Ida Canyons are evidently undergoing rapid degeneration of the teeth, the parent form having been typical A. levetter such as occurs in the adjacent canyon westward, and that over the ridge. Examples of such degeneration are common enough at any stage of progress; but the unique feature about it in this particular colony is that the individuals have been so unequally affected that all stages of the process are present at one time and place. It does not seem to be a case of hybridism between A. levettei and A. chiricahuana, as I at one time suspected. The results are unlike hybrid colonies in the predominance of intermediate individuals. Figs. 80 to 87 of Pl. XV are a series from Ida Canyon, showing stages of tooth development. Figs. 89, 90, 91 are from the Cave Creek Canyon series. All of these figures are photographed from fully mature shells. Two specimens before me from Miller Canyon, or extreme head of Cave Creek Canyon, Huachucas, figured on Pl. XV, figs. 94, 95, may be toothless heterodonta, as Mr. Ferriss suggests to me; though from the narrower lip I had provisionally called them A. chiricahuana, to which they seem absolutely similar. If the latter be correct, these are the only specimens of that species I have seen from the Huachuca range. They,;measure 18.3 and 16 mm. in diameter. The smaller shell is an albino. Ashmunella levettei proxima n. subsp. Pl. XIV, figs. 65, 66, 70. 71. The shell is depressed, biconvex, strongly angular at the periphery, pale corneous-brown. Whorls 64, none with punctate sculpture, Aper- ture like that of A. angulata, except that the two basal teeth are nearer together, the space between them being smaller than that between the outer basal and the upper lip-tooth; though tthe two basal teeth are not united basally as in A. fissidens. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 243 Alt. 5.3, diam. 12 mm. Repo 1 BRS fF aor EN) RO Chiricahua Mountains, Sawmill Canyon. Types No. 86,498, A. N. S. P., collected by James H. Ferriss. Less carinated than the closely related A. fissidens which is appa- rently a member of the same series. It is difficult to decide on the rank to be given to the members of these chains of modifications of a single type. A. proxima will probably be considered a species eventually. There are 14.10.1.10.14 teeth. The side cusps are very short, almost subobsolete on the central teeth. The tenth to twelfth teeth are tran- sitional. Both cusps are split on the marginal teeth. The genitalia (Pl. XXI, fig. 24) of one of the type specimens figured has the atrium protruded. There seems to be an extremely short basal enlargement or penis in another individualopened. The retractor muscle of the penis is very weak. The proportions of the organs are given in the table on p, 224. The very short penis contrasts with A. l. angigyra, which also has more marginal teeth. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 17) is thin, with about 5 ribs, of which only two are well developed. Ashmunella fissidens n.sp. Pl. XIV, figs. 67-69. Shell depressed, lens-shaped, biconvex, with acutely angular pertph- ery; rather thin, brown. Sculptured with fine, irregular growth-lines, the penultimate and next earlier whorls more or less roughened with minute elevated points, as in A. angulata. Spire very low conoid. Whorls fully 6, closely coiled, moderately convex, the last usually a little impressed above the periphery, which is angular throughout. It is convex below, and deeply guttered behind the reflexed outer and basal margins of the lip. The suture descends a little to the aperture. The aperture is very oblique, much obstructed by four teeth; an oblique parietal lamella, curved in at its axial end, with, in old specimens, a very low converging ridge outside of it, the two arranged V-like; a long, Square-topped or concave-topped tooth within the outer lip; and two contiguous teeth on the basal lip, slightly united basally the outer one thick and higher, the inner low and more spreading. Parictal callous distinct. Alt. 5.3, diam. 12.3 mm. éc 5, 7 11.5 “ ire eae Chiricahua Mountains, in Cave Creek Canyon. Types No. 87,022, A. N.S. P., collected by James H. Ferriss, February, 1904. 244 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF. [Mch., This species differs from A. angulata by its contiguous basal teeth, but is"related to it by the punctate surface. It resembles A. duplici- dens in some respects, but the basal teeth are not nearly so closely united as in that snail, the periphery is carinate, not merely angular, and the whole shell is much more depressed. Ashmunella duplicidens n.sp. Pl. XVI, figs. 103-107. Shell depressed, umbilicate, brown or corneous-brown, glossy and sculptured with minute growth-lines only. The spire and base are convex, the periphery obtusely subangular in front, and situated above the middle of the last whorl. There are 52 to 64 closely coiled, narrow and moderately convex whorls, the last one very slightly descending in front. The aperture is ear-shaped, very oblique, the lip white, well reflexed, and convex on the face. Within the outer margin there is a somewhat" retracted broad tooth, prominent at its two ends, concave between them. Upon the basal lip there is a less widened, more emerg- ing double tooth, the outer cusp larger than the inner. The parictal wall bears an oblique, straight lamella. Alt. 6.5, diam. 13 mm. iti 5.9, 73 12 iz Bearfoot or “‘ Bar” Park, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, at an elevation of 8,500 feet. This species is an important link in the A. levette: chain, showing the origin of the two basal teeth by splitting of an original median one. It is less differentiated from the group of A. thomsoniana than the other known Arizona species. The genitalia (Pl. X- XJ, fig. 23) also resemble those of thomsoniana. The general proportions are shown in the figure and table of measure- ments. The penis is comparatively long. The duct of the sperma- theca is large, weakly varicose, and contracted where it joins the vagina. I did not make out any lower attachment of the penis retractor muscle. There are about 18.10.1.10.18 teeth, nine or ten being laterals, the next three or four transitional. The ectocone is not split on the mar- ginals, at least not on most of them. Ashmunella angulata n.sp. Pl. XI, fig. 11; Pl. XIV, figs. 55-61, 63, 64. The shell is lens-shaped, angular peripherally, rather narrowly um- bilicate, glossy, reddish-chestnut when unworn, paler and more cor- neous around the umbilicus and in the middle portion of the upper surface, but frequently dull throughout by slight wear of the surface. Sculpture of very fine and irregular growth-lines, and for a short space 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 245 behind the lip there are fine, sharp strie. The embryonic whorl is glossy, with fine radial strize on the outer side of the suture ; some part or parts of the third or fourth whorls are sculptured with very minute raised “points in quincuneial order. The spire is low conic-convex, very obtuse above, the first two whorls being almost in a plane. Whorls 63 to 63, very narrow, and very slowly increasing; the first three are convex, those following being decidedly flattened, only slightly convex. The last whorl és acutely angular at the periphery, the angle more obtuse on its last third. The base is convex. The suture descends a little to the aper- ture. The lip is preceded by a creamy stripe, and the base is deeply guttered behind the expansion. The aperture is very oblique, narrow and lunate, obstructed by four teeth: a more or less sinuous, oblique parietal lamella, two compressed, entering teeth on the basal lip, of which the outer one is higher and more compressed, and an oblique, square-topped tooth within the outer lip. The sinus or notch between the two basal teeth is slightly wider than that between the outer basal and the outer lip tooth. The umbilicus is about one-sixth the diameter of the shell. Alt. 14.3, diam. 6.5 mm, eee Shige fe) FGtot | ao Vseoyt | cer Ore & 13, “ 6 “ if 13, (a9 6 “ee Two other specimens of the type lot measure 14 and 14.3 mm. diameter respectively. Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, in the South Fork of Cave Creek, at the base of the mountain. Types No. 87,019, A. N.5. P., collected by Mr. Ferriss, February, 1904. The young shells show the characteristic punctation better than adults. At resting periods in the neanic stage of growth a callous rib is formed within the lip. When this occurs early (as in the specimen figured, Pl. XI, fig. 11, 8 mm. diameter) the rib is much thicker in the middle. When it occurs in the last whorl it is more equally thickened. , This species is closely related by shell characters, but not by its soft anatomy, to A. levettei angigyra of the Huachuca range, agreeing with that form in the close convolution of the whorls, the angular periphery and the general arrangement of the teeth. But all fresh specimens of A. angulata show a quineuncial punctation of some part of the neanic whorls, not present in the Huachuca form, and the two especially differ in the shape of the whorls, the upper surface of which is flattened 246 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., in angulata, convex in angigyra. Moreover, the genitalia of angigyra and angulata differ in important respects. As usual in Ashmunella and many other snails, the “species” is composed of a group of varying colonies, all living in Cave Creek Can- yon and its branches. The largest and best developed of these has been taken as the type lot, Pl. XIV, figs. 55-57. Another lot (87,015) from the South Fork of Cave Creek, ‘under cliffs”’ (fig. 58), has smaller shells of a paler dull brown tint. The whorls after the first 14 are flattened; and there is sometimes a low ridge making the parietal tooth V-shaped. Alt. 12.8, diam. 6.5 mm.; whorls 64. Gt BN tee Net te Gs 13 12, “ 5G & “ 64. Another lot, from a different spot from the above, also consists of small shells: Alt. 5, diam.11 mm.; whorls 6 (2 specimens). “ce 5.3, “ec 11 “ce 6c 64. “ 4.8, cc 99 * “ 53. The following lots are from Cave Creek Canyon (the preceding being from its south fork): No. 87,111 (fig. 61) is almost exactly like 87,015 (above). No. 87,020 (figs. 59, 60) varies more in size and shape, as follows: Alt. 6.3, diam. 11.2 mm.; whorls 64. “ 5, a3 11.9 8 cc 64. Tt: 5, ae ef iT ce 64. ce 4.8, (as 9.9 if ce (on The punctation of the spire is well developed. At the Falls in Cave Creek (figs. 63, 64) the shells are like the preced- ing lot, except that the punctation is less developed and the umbilicus frequently smaller: Alt.5, diam.11 mm.; width of umbilicus 2 mm. “é 4.4, ce 98 cc “cc ce 1.5 “cc c 5.5, ce mt ce “cc 73 2.5 ce The genitalia of A. angulata (Pl. XXI, fig. 26) are figured from a specimen from the south fork of Cave Creek, No. 87,015, A. N.S. P. The penis is very short (long in angigyra, see fig. 28); the epiphallus, on the other hand, is very much longer than in angigyra; while the spermatheca and its duct are of about equal length in the two species. The vagina in A. angulata is rather long, as usual in Ashmunella, while in A. l. angigyra it is much shorter than in any other Ashmunella I have dissected. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 247 The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 15) of the same specimen is thin, with per- haps as many as eight very weak, narrow, delicate unequal ribs. The teeth (P]. XXII, fig. 9, a group of lateral, transitional and mar- ginal teeth) number 16.8.1.8.16 to 18.9.1.9.18 on different parts of the same radula. There are 8 or 9 laterals and two or three transition teeth. Some of the outer marginals have the ectocone bifid. Ashmunella ferrissi n. sp. Pl. XVI, figs. 108-110, 113. The shell is biconvex and acutely carinate, narrowly umbilicate, brown, but slightly glossy, and sculptured with fine growth-wrinkles only. The spire is convex, of 6} very closely coiled and slowly widening whorls, the earliest two convex, the rest flat, with a narrow keel project- ing upward and outward above the suture. The last whorl is concave above and below the keel, and descends very shortly to the aperture. The aperture is very oblique and obstructed by four white teeth: a wide one slightly notched at the summit, just below the peripheral angle; two compressed teeth on the basal margin, connected by a low flange on the face of the peristome ; these three teeth stand about equi- distant. There is also a low prominence on the lip at the position of the keel. On the parietal wall there is a straight lamella, very obliquely placed and shortly, abruptly curved inward at the axial end. Alt. 5.5, diam. 11.3 mm. Ce De CG) i | 6 Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains. Types No. 89,232, AEN Se F: This extraordinary member of the group of A. levettez is at once dis- tinguished from all others known up to this time by the projecting keel above the sutures of the spire, somewhat like the Chinese Hulota tectum- sinense (v. Mts.), or like Helicodonta maroccana (Morel.). Ashmunella walkeri Ferriss. P). XVI, figs. 111, 112, 117. Ferriss, Nautilus, XVIII, p. 53, September, 1904, The shell is much depressed, lens-shaped, acutely carinate pervpherally, rather thin, and pale corneous-brown. The umbilicus, narrow within, enlarges rapidly at the last whorl. Surface lightly marked with growth- lines, but showing no trace of spiral striz or lines. The upper surface is but slightly convex. The apex is sculptured like that of A. levetter. Whorls 44, slightly convex, the last very shortly descending in front. Base more convex than the upper surface. The aperture is small and very oblique, the lip well reflexed, white, with an obtuse, squarish tooth in the outer margin and two compressed teeth in the basal margin, the inner one smaller; these three being nearly equally spaced, or the outer two may be nearer together. There is arather short, straight, obliquely 248 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., set parietal tooth, and in old shells a very low diverging ridge between it and the outer insertion of the lip. Alt. 44, diam. 134 mm. Florida Mountains, Luna county, New Mexico, in a rock talus near the top of the mountain, at an elevation of probably about 6,500 feet. Co-types in collections of J. H. Ferriss and A. N. 8. P., No. 87,101. Only a few specimens were found, and none living. While related to the carinate forms of the A. levettei group, and to A. mearnsi by the structure of the aperture, this species is flatter than any of them, and differs especially in the small number of whorls—less than in any other Ashmunella. It was named in honor of Mr. Bryant Walker, of Detroit. Ashmunella mearnsi (Dall). Pl. XIV, fig. 62; Pl. XVI, fig. 116. Polygyra mearnsi Dall, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895, p. 2 (‘‘Hachita Grande and Huachuca Mountains, New Mexico”); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1896, p. 343, Pl. 32, figs. 7, 8, 11; Cockerell, Nautilus, XI, October, 1897, p. 69 (Filmore Canyon, Organ Mountains, New Mexico). Ashmunella mearnsi Dall, Ancey, Jour. of Malac., VIII, September, 1901, p. 74. In this species an accessory parietal lamella, incipient or rudimentary in A. walkert and some forms of the levettei series, is well developed. The lip-teeth are arranged as in the A. levettei group. It is nearer A. walkeri than any other known species, but some specimens of A. angu- lata (fig. 58) have a weak upper arm of the parietal V. The geographic range is wide for a species of this group: the Hua- chuca Mountains, in southeastern Cochise county, Arizona, the Ha- cheta Grande Mountains, Grant county, southwestern New Mexico, and the Organ Mountains, Donna Ana county, New Mexico, east of the Rio Grande. All of these localities are near the Mexican boundary. The specimen figured is one of those collected in the Huachuca Mountains by the well-known ornithologist Edgar A. Mearns, for whom the species was named. The remarkable parietal armature is weakly foreshadowed in A. wal- keri, some forms of A. l. angigyra, etc. The soft anatomy remains unknown. Group of A. esuritor. Aperture of the shell without teeth. Length of the spermatheca and its duct about 90 per cent. that of the penis, epiphallus and flagellum, which do not much exceed twice the diameter of the shell. A single species from the Chiricahua Mountains differs strikingly from the levettet and chiricahuana groups in the proportions of the genitalia, the epiphallus being as short as in the thomsoniana group, while the spermathecal duct is much longer. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 249 Ashmunella esuritor 0. sp. Pl. XIII, figs. 23-26. The shell is rather solid, light brown, biconvex, angular at the periph- ery. The cylindric umbilicus is suddenly dilated in the last whorl. The surface is irregularly marked with slight growth-wrinkles, and on the last whorl there are impressed spiral lines, more or less irregularly developed and sometimes almost obsolete. Some intermediate whorls are indistinctly punctulate. Spire low-conic. Whorls 63 to 63, slowly increasing. The first three whorls are convex, the rest more or less flattened. The last whorl is distinctly but not acutely angular in front, but becomes rounded in its later half. The suture descends a little to the aperture, and the whorl is rather deeply guttered behind the lip. The aperture is very oblique, roundly lunate. The peristome is white, thickened within, and equably reflexed. In the middle of the basal margin there is a low, indistinct prominence, but there are no other traces of teeth. The parietal callous is thin except in old specimens, when it is thickened at the edge, forming a cord across the whorl. Alt. 7.7, diam. 15.5 mm. (a9 eae “cc 15 (a9 anes Fa 5, 6 15 6c ‘“ re 6c 14.5 “ 3 rind “ 14 “ Chiricahua Mountains, in Bar (or Bearfoot) Park. Types No. 87,023, A. N.S. P., collected by James H. Ferriss, February, 1904. At first glance this form seems to be a small angular race of A. chiri- cahuana; but upon closer study it seems far more likely that it is a terminal member of the A. angulata group, in which the teeth have degenerated. The slight flattening of the whorls, the shape of the mouth, and a faint punctation observable near the end of the third whorl in the freshest specimens, all indicate this relationship. Most of the fully adult and old individuals seen have lost much or all of the cuticle, and are dull flesh-tinted. The spiral engraved lines vary a good deal in different specimens, and when slightly corroded neither spirals nor granulation are visible, even in living shells. The smaller size, angular periphery and comparatively wider lip readily distinguish A. esuritor from A. chiricahuana.. The genital system (Pl. X XI, figs. 30, 25) resembles that of A. chiri- cahuana except that the ducts are very much shorter, both absolutely and in comparison with the size of the shell; and the spermatheca and its duct are nearly as long as the penis, epiphallus and flagellum. The extruded penis and atrium in another specimen are shown in fig. 25. 250 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., The penis has low, slowly spiral ridges. The entire length of the organs exserted is about 3.2 mm. The jaw has about 7 unequal ribs. The teeth number about 16.12.1.12.16, the tenth to thirteenth being transitional. Both cusps of the marginal teeth are bifid. Five shells taken in Sawmill Canyon, running from Bear Park, Chiricahuas, are like the types. The periphery in some is not quite so angular. The punctulation is identical. Two measure: Alt. io 7 mm. Diam. 16.3 14.8 Whorls 64 64 Group of A. chiricahuana. Aperture toothless. Epiphallus and duct of the spermatheca very much longer than in species of any of the other groups, the diameter of the shell contained four times in the length of the penis, epiphallus and flagellum. Ashmunella chiricahuana (Dall). Pl. XVI, figs. 96-100. Polygyra chiricahuana Dall, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 2, 1895 (Fly Park, Chiricahua Mountains); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIX, p. 341, Pl. 32, figs. 9, 10, 12, 1896. Ashmunella chiricahuana (Dall), Pils. and Ckll., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1899, p. 192; Ancey, Jour. of Malacol., VIII, September, 1901, p. 76, with var. varicifera, p. 77. This species has the general shape and rounded periphery of A. levettet. It varies from chestnut to rather light greenish-brown, and shells which have lost their cuticle are dull flesh-colored. It is very glossy and smooth, marked with weak growth-wrinkles and engraved spirals, which are distinct in some, almost obsolete in other specimens. Under the compound microscope fine spiral striz are seen to cover the surface between the spiral lines. Whorls about 54, slightly convex. The last descends a trifle in front, and is somewhat constricted behind the lip. The aperture is without teeth. The lip is narrow, reflexed, brownish above and at the edge, without trace of lip-teeth. The umbili- cus opens rather widely at the last whorl. There is almost always an opaque yellow stripe on the last whorl, marked inside by a strong white rib, and indicating a place of growth- arrest. Some shells have several such variceal streaks on earlier whorls also. The feature is a variable one in shells of the same lot, for reasons I have elsewhere discussed in full. In one lot of 16 specimens from Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahuas, there are 3 specimens with a single streak on last whorl, 8 with 2 streaks on last 2 whorls, 4 with 3 streaks on last 3 whorls, and 1 with 4 streaks on last 3 whorls. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 251 Type locality, Chiricahua Mountains, southeastern Arizona, in Fly Park, 10,000 feet altitude (Fischer); also in Cave Creek Canyon (Fer- riss, 1904). The locality ‘‘near Tucson” is also given for specimens collected by a Mr. Cox, many years ago. ? Huachuca Mountains, in Miller Canyon (see below). Dall’s type measured, alt. 7.7, diam. 18 mm.’ Three topotypes of the original lot collected by Fischer measure: Alt. 9, diam. 18 mm.; whorls 53. ‘ 8.5, (Biot gee 66 5d. Sixteen of the specimens collected by Mr. Ferriss in Cave Creek Canyon (PI. 16, figs. 96-100) measure: Alt. 10 95 10 9 10 88 85 9.5 Diam. 20.5 20 19 19 $85: / 99.5 185. 18 Alt. 9 9 9 ge (S38 82 9 8.5 Diam. 18 18 18 18 18 18 Lads) (EC5 The diameter curve from this small series has a strongly marked mode at 18 mm. (44% of the whole), with a skew toward the smaller diameter. There is a considerable variation in the height of the spire, shown in the measurements above and in the figures, of which figs. 99 and 100 represent about the extremes of variation in this respect. Two specimens from the head of Miller Canyon, in the Huachucas, measure 8.5 x 18.2 mm. and 8x 16mm. The smaller one is an albino, greenish-white. ‘These may be referable to A. levettei heterodonta, q. v. I have seen no Ashmunellas from Tucson, but no differential char- acters have been indicated for the variety varicifera Ancey, from that place. Nearly all the specimens from the Chiricahua range have varices. The genital system (Pl. XXI, fig. 29) is remarkable for the great length of the epiphallus, vagina and spermatheca duct. The penis is large and well developed. The specimens examined are from Cave Creek Canyon, in the Chiricahuas. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 13) is stronger than in most of the species, with 8 strong ribs and several weaker ones. The radula (Pl. XXII, figs. 10, central and lateral, and 11, groups of transitional and marginal teeth) has 16.13.1.13.16 or 16.14.1.14.16 teeth. The thirteenth to fourteenth or fifteenth teeth are transitional. ’ This measurement was not to the base of the lip, and hence is less than,in the shells from the same lot measured by me. 252 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., The fifteenth tooth has the mesocone bifid. As a rule, the marginal teeth have the ectocone simple, but I found a few teeth in some rows having a bifid ectocone. Ashmunella chirioahuana mogollonensis n. subsp. Pl. XVI, figs. 101, 102. Similar to chiricahuana but slightly more tumid, dull greenish-brown, not glossy. Surface sculptured with low, irregular, coarse wrinkles of growth, and distinct, clear-cut incised spirals all over the last whorl. Spire very low, the early whorls depressed. Alt. 9, diam. 17.5 mm.; whorls 53. West fork of the Gila river, near Mogollon Peak, in the southwestern part of Socorro county, New Mexico, in a pine region, collected by Prof. E. O. Wooton, August 7, 1900, sent by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell. Type No. 79,530, A. N.S. P. (fig. 102). A specimen has also been taken by Mr. O. B. Metcalfe near Kingston, Sierra county, New Mexico (fig. 101). In A. chiricahuana the spirals are very much weaker or obsolete, and the cuticle, when in unworn condition, is conspicuously glossy. | Group of A. metamorphosa. Shell edentulous, similar to A. chiricahuana. Genitalia peculiar, see below. Ashmunella metamorphosa n.sp. Pl. XVI, figs. 114, 115. Shell similar in form and color to A. chiricahuana and A. esuritor. Surface slightly marked with growth-lines and very minutely engraved spirally when unworn, but the spirals cannot be seen on slightly cor- roded living shells. Whorls 52 to 64, convex, slowly widening, the last rounded peripherally, slightly descending in front, contracted behind the reflexed and slightly recurved lip. Umbilicus a trifle less open than that of A. chiricahuana. Aperture like that of A. chirica- huana in shape, but in some specimens there is a low callous within the outer lip, and one or two indistinct callouses within the basal margin, while in others these are hardly noticeable. Alt. 9, diam. 17 mm., or slightly smaller alt. 8.9, diam. 16.5 mm. Bear (Bearfoot or Barfoot) Park, Chiricahua Mountains, Cochise county, Arizona. Types No. 88,885-6, A. N.S. P., collected by Mr. J. H. Ferriss, 1904. Genitalia (Pl. X XI, fig. 27) with a very short atrium. There is no differentiated penis, the co‘ organ being of equal calibre throughout, and evidently an epiphallus. It terminates in the usual very short flagellum. I can find no trace of a penial retractor muscle. The very long vagina consists of a very slender lower portion and an excessively thick, muscular 1905.] ' WNATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 253 upper part. The spermatheca is long and narrow, its duct rather short. The epiphallus and flagellum measure 22 mm.; flagellum 2 mm.; spermatheca and duct 20 mm. The specimens had been placed in alcohol without drowning. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 16) has seven ribs, grouped in the median half, the ends smooth. The radula (Pl. XXII, fig. 8) has about 38.1.38 teeth. The ecto- cones are developed on central and lateral teeth. From the twenty- fourth or twenty-fifth teeth outward from the middle the inner cusp is bifid. The ectocones are unsplit. A central and two lateral teeth are shown. This snail, so far as the shell is concerned, would be referred without hesitation to A. chiricahuana; the differences being less than the ordi- nary range of individual variation in Ashmunella or Polygyra; but the genitalia are so utterly unlike in the two forms that it is obvious that they are not even nearly related. From the granulation and the weak traces of teeth it seems that A. metamorphosa is probably a toothless derivative of the A. levettei stock; I regret that I have no alcoholic specimens of A. levetter or A. l. heterodonta for comparison. A. esuritor differs from metamorphosa by its angular or distinctly subangular periphery, rougher surface when perfectly fresh, and perhaps somewhat wider umbilicus; but it must be admitted that the two forms are so similar that their distinction may be difficult without an examination of the soft parts. The genitalia, however, are so very different that the two species cannot even be closely related. They must be inde- pendent derivatives from toothed ancestral forms. I dissected two of the three specimens received. They could be extracted only by breaking into the shell. Having been preserved in alcohol without drowning the specimens were much more contracted than the A. chiricahuana and A. esuritor I examined. A somewhat extensive experience with snails in all conditions of preservation has shown that beyond a moderate diminution of the absolute size, the characters of the genitalia are not altered by preservation of the animal in strong alcohol. Genus SONORELLA Pilsbry. Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 556 (definition, anatomy); Bartsch, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 47, p. 187, 1904 (monograph). The soft anatomy of this genus has hitherto been known in a single gpecies. The study of numerous specimens of several species enables me to extend the generic characterization. The shells in these Helices, while interminably modified locally in 254 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF ' [Mch., size and minor details of shape and sculpture, show with few exceptions no prominent specific differentiation. On the other hand, in the inter- nal anatomy there has been a good deal of divergence. A few forms, such as S. lohrii Gabb and S. wolcottiana Bartsch, seem to be quite dis- tinct conchologically, but in many cases the determination of speci- mens of the shells other than the type localities is so uncertain as to be little better than guesswork, even when types are available for comparison. In dealing with these ambiguous forms I have thought the interests of science best furthered by applying specific names only to those I am able to characterize anatomically, and thus put upon a secure basis. An illustrated monograph of Sonorella, dealing with the shells only, has been published by Mr. Paul Bartsch, who has devoted great industry to the elucidation of the numerous species and races. ‘The work is of permanent value for its exact descriptions and excellent figures, both of which I have had occasion to test; but it deals with selected or “type” specimens only, ignoring the fact of variation, and hence fails to give a just idea of the complex of varying forms which exist, or even of the variations of size, etc., occurring in the type lots. I would here express my indebtedness to Mr. Bartsch for his invariable kindness in comparing for me various forms of S. hachitana with specimens in the U.S. National Museum. Mr. Bartsch has made the valuable observation that the embryonic shells of Sonorella are sculptured, usually with oblique forwardly de- scending threads, or with two sets of intersecting threads, sometimes interrupted to form papille at their intersections. This sculpture may, I think, be the accelerated vestige of a somewhat similar sculpture characteristic of the Californian Helices in their adult stage, and which may thus have been common to the ancestral Sonorellas. The relationships of Sonorella are primarily with Oreohelix and Ash- munella. It differs from Oreohelix chiefly in the different proportions of the kidney and pericardium, but also in the structure of the shell, the oviparous reproduction, the unkeeled young shell, and in the dis- tinctly ribbed jaw. Sonorella stands nearer Ashmunella in internal anatomy, but there is a constant difference in the male organs, the penis being well devel- oped in Sonorella, while in Ashmunella it is more or less completely degenerate, the epiphallus being hypertrophic. The divergence between the shells of the two genera is conspicuous. So far as the shell is con- cerned, Sonorella stands nearer to the generally prevalent type of Belogonous Helices than do either of the other genera. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 255 Generic Characters of Sonorella. The genitalia (Pl. XX) show no accessory organs on the female side. The vagina is long; the spermatheca is globular or ovate on a very long slender branchless duct. The atrium is always extremely short. The penis is a well-developed, thin-walled tube, containing a large papilla, and terminating in a well-developed epiphallus. There is always a loose sheath or wide collar enveloping the base of the penis, and attached by muscular threads to the end of the epiphallus, which is thus held loosely in a reflexed position. This sheath has been removed in most of my figures, as it obscures the parts enveloped. The retractor muscle is attached to the epiphallus close to the penis, and is adnate to or envelops it to the apex of the latter. The fla- gellum is extremely short, or even absent. The details of structure are much varied in the several species as described below under each specific caption, and in the table of measurements. The free muscles, pallial complex and digestive tract have been de- scribed in these Proceedings for 1900, p. 558. No material differences have been observed in additional species examined. The jaw has four to eight ribs grouped in the median part, and either strong or weak, as in the Californian Helices (Pl. XXIII, figs. 18-23). The radula has unicuspid middle and lateral teeth, bicuspid transi- tional and inner marginal tecth and low, wide marginals with both cusps bifid. Exactly the same type of teeth occurs in the Californian Epiphragmophoras, in Ashmunella, Polygyra, etc. The upper surface of the foot is densely pebble-granose, with rather indistinct dorsal grooves; the genital furrow is undeveloped except near the mantle. The tail is depressed, rather long, and sometimes has a weak median impressed line along the top. In my original diagnosis of Sonorella I stated that the shell was “neither malleate nor spirally striate.” Mr. Bartsch has also asserted that “incised spiral lines are never present in this genus.”’ This state- ment must now be withdrawn, since several forms discovered by Mr. Ferriss show impressed spiral lines; but they are inconspicuous, and visible only under the lens.* To the eye, the shells of all known Sonorel- las appear nearly smooth, the sculpture, aside from slight growth- wrinkles, being microscopic. This is somewhat remarkable because they often live in the same rock-piles with rudely sculptured Oreohelices. 256 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., Up to this time, no carinate or even strongly angular species have been found. Such uniformity in the shell is unusual in a Helicid genus. The characters of the soft anatomy originally attributed to the genus have proved to prevail in the more extensive material now examined, except that in one species the flagellum is obsolete. The penis was incorrectly described in my original diagnosis, through my failure to open it, and thus ascertain the exact limits of penis and epiphallus. Measurements of the Genitalia in Millimeters. Free epi- u- Piaié Penis-| phallus | Fla- | Va- Cg seum Species papilla| and fla- \gellum | gina |" a ng num- gellum ber S. hachitana, 9 4 a 05 | 10:5 29 86,496 Florida Mountains S. h. ashmuni, it 6 7 0.7 9 29 79,409 Purtyman’s ranch S. h. ashmuni, 1 PE 6.7 0.7 8 35 79,409 Purtyman’s ranch S. h. bowiensis, 10 3 8.5 OG" | 10). 9 eee 86,497 Bowie S. rowelli, 5 2 5.5 |vesti-| 5.3 20 83,273 Sanford’s gial S. rowelli var. CRAM FRE I oe Want-| 4.55) 83,268 Patagonia Mountains ing S. granulatissima, 7.3 4.8 6 On| 2 24-25 | 83,257 Huachuca Mountains S. virilis, 34 29 23 1 16 24 79,622 Chiricahua Mountains S. v. circumstriatus yaa i Bee 21 oy Aig U0 a ae 2 87,026 Helix remondi Tryon belongs to another genus, still uncharacterized anatomically, of the Belogona Euadenia. A living specimen sent me by mail some years ago was crushed en route, partially decayed and dried hard when it reached me. I soaked up the remains, and found that the tail has a strong serrate keel above; there is a slender, cylin- dric-fusiform penis, but the rest of the genitalia were impossible to make out. The radula does not differ materially from the Epiphrag- mophora type. In Mexico, the genus Lysinoe and at least one species of Leptarionta have the same extremely unusual structure of the tail. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 257 Neither is much like H. remondi conchologically ; but further informa- tion on both H. remondi and Leptarionta is needed. Sonorella hachitana (Dall). Pl. XVII, figs. 1-8. Epiphragmophora hachitana Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 2, 1895; SSE. pi S38: Sonorella hachitana Dall, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 557 (as type of Sonorella). S. hachitana Dall, Bartsch, Smiths. Mise. Coll., XXXXVII, p. 190, Pl. oils fig. 2 (shell), and Pl. 29 (apex), 1904. Probably includes as subspecies S. ashmuni Bartsch, l. c., p. 190, Pl. Sly fig. 5; S. nelsoni Bartsch, l. c., p. 191, Pl. 31, fig. 3, and S. goldmani Bartsch, l. c., p. 192, Pl. 32, fig. 6. This is a widely distributed species in central and southeastern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. It varies in size, degree of depression, width of umbilicus, size of aperture, and in color-tone; also in some measure in the sculpture; but so multifarious are the connect- ing links that I do not now see my way to support the dismemberment proposed by Mr. Bartsch. It will doubtless be found useful to recog- nize by name a half-dozen or more local raccs. The internal anatomy of the types, from Hacheta Grande Mountains, Grant county, New Mexico, is not known, nor have topotypes been dis- sected. I have been able, however, to examine several specimens from other localities, which conchologically differ very little from the original lot of hachitana, some of which are before me. The name “hachitana” seems to be a perverted form of that of the locality, “Big Hatchet.” The Spanish name, locally in use, and appearing on most maps, is ‘‘ Hacheta Grande.” 1. Filmore Canyon, Organ Mountains, New Mexico (Pl. XVII, figs. 7, 8). A single specimen sent by Prof. Cockerell measures alt. 13.8, diam. 23.5 mm., umbilicus 3.2mm. The aperture is ample, 11.8 x 13.3 mm., as in the large shells from Florida Mountains. This specimen has been referred by Mr. Bartsch to his S. nelsoni, which measured 25.5 x 13.4, umbilicus about 4 mm., aperture 11.1 x 12.8 mm., and is said to differ from hachitana in being “more depressed and has a larger aperture.” The genitalia show that the specimen, while full grown, is not quite mature, the male organs especially being thread-like. The sperma- theca is globular, on a very slender duct. The specimen is No. 71,413, A.N.S. P. It has been referred by Mr. Bartsch to S. nelsoni. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 19) has eight narrow equal ribs. 2. Florida Mountains, near Deming, Luna county, New Mexico. Mr. Ferriss states that these specimens were collected in a very barren, arid locality. Very large specimens were taken measuring 28.3 x 15.9 258 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., mm., width of umbilicus 4.7 mm., or even larger 29.5x 15.5 mm. They exceed 8. ashmuni Bartsch in size, and are larger than any Sono- rella on record (Pl. XVII, figs. 1,2). The aperture is ample, 12.9 x 14.5 mm. Another lot (86,496, A. N.S. P.), figured on Pl. XVII, figs. 3-6, from the same locality, consists of smaller specimens. Some are typical hachitana in form and size except that the last whorl descends more deeply in front, making the aperture subhorizontal in some specimens (figs. 5, 6). In a few specimens the supraperipheral band is almost obsolete, very narrow and interrupted (figs. 3, 4), but most of them are pale reddish-brown, fading to white in the middle region of the base, and with a white or whitish band on cach side of the dark supra- peripheral belt. Alt. 14.5, diam. 25.4, width of umbilicus 4 mm. 6c“ 14.3, “ee 27 .t, cc cc 4 ce oe 13 “ 26.7, “ce co 3.9 ce cc 13.9, cc 26, “c ce 4 cc ce 13.7, ‘cc 26, cc “c 3.9 ce “ch 13.3, ce 23.5, cc cc 3 cc SU 2 ee Ban) 2:0 c 126; ce oD (a3 “cc 3.9 (a3 cc 10.7; ce 22, ‘cc ce 3.8 a3 Specimens of this lot were sent alive. The pale sole is indistinctly tripartite, extremely weak impressed lines dividing it in some specimens, not traceable in others. The back is slate or blue-blackish, the tail brown above, paler toward the foot- edges. The surface is finely pebble-granulate. There is a pair of indistinct dorsal grooves, and the genital furrow is traceable only near the mantle. The tail is depressed, with a very faint median groove. The genitalia (Pl. XX, fig. 12) show no differences of any moment from the form of hachitana from Purtyman’s ranch, Arizona, figured by me in 1900, except in the shape of the spermathcea, which, however, is not constant in the Purtyman’s lot. The individuals examined were partly not fully developed, and possibly older specimens will show a somewhat stouter vagina and penis than that figured. The penis papilla is long and slender, not convoluted in the specimen opened. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 20) has eight ribs. The radula is somewhat unlike other Sonorellas examined in the central tooth, which is narrower than the adjacent laterals. There are 55.1.55 teeth, an ectocone appearing on the fifteenth. Both cusps are bifid on most of the marginal tecth, the mesocone +entocone being 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 259 very oblique and unusually long in the inner marginals. This radula differs a good deal from that of the Purtyman’s ranch form, in both count of the teeth and in some details of their shape; but these features are admitted by all who have examined many radule to vary so widely among individuals that their value is largely discounted. The dis- erepancy between the forms should be controlled by the examination of several of each form. Sonorella hachitana ashmuni Bartsch. Pl. XVII, figs. 9-14. Sonorella hachitana, specimens from Oak creek, Purtyman’s, Arizona, Pils- bry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 557, Pl. 21, figs. 1-5 (anatomy). Sonorella ashmuni Bartsch, Smiths. Mise. Coll., Vol. 47, p. 190, Pl. 31, fig. 5 (1904). _Purtyman’s ranch, on Oak creek, 40 miles from Jerome, in the cast- ern edge of Yavapai county, Arizona. Collected by Rev. E. H. Ash- mun, 1900 (No. 79,409, A. N.S. P.). These specimens furnished the anatomical preparations described by me (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1900, p. 557, Pl. X-XI, figs. 1-5). Specimens of this lot have been examined by Mr. Bartsch and pro- nounced by him to be “a small race of S. ashmunt. They bear the same relation to ashmuni that S. mearnsi bears to S. dalli.”” I would prefer to make an immaterial change in this statement. I would say that S. ashmuni represents a large race or colony of S. hachitana, and the Oak creek lot is nearly typical hachitana. The specimens are well-developed shells, often larger than typical hachitana from Hacheta Grande Mountains. Nearly all are banded, whitish above and below the band; but 3 out of 350 collected by Mr. Ashmun at this place lack the dark band (figs. 138, 14). Speci- mens measure: Specimens: a b c (hachitana) d e ij Alt. 13 PEAY 13.5 ((ts.o. 02°) Ise “is 13 mm. Diam. 23 Boe!) eh M22. (22.2)' Ban zo 2a Alt..apert. 10.7 10 POSE CRO 9.0) OR) Ts OS Mam vapert. 12.9 105) 11.7 (G19 Loz) 16.7 12 ly Ropes Compare with the measurements in parentheses of topotypes of hachitana, part of the original lot, received from Dall. In general the aperture in the Purtyman ranch shells averages larger than in typical hachitana, but no hard and fast line can be drawn, and selected individual specimens of each are simply indistinguishable, either by measurements, color or any other character. The most we can claim for S. ashmunt is the rank of a weakly differentiated local race of S. hachitana, chiefly separable in actual practice by its geographic 260 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., distribution. The radula has fewer teeth in a transverse row than in the hachitana from the Florida Mountains near Deming, New Mexico; but only one radula from each locality has been examined. The color and other external features of the foot are as described for S. virilis. The internal anatomy was described and figured in my paper of 1900, Pl. XXI. The spermatheca in another specimen of the same lot was globular, as in other Sonorellas, not ovate with thick- ened duct as in the individual figured, which was stuffed with spermato- phores. The penis was wrongly described in my former article. I did not then open it, and considered its upper portion to be epiphallic. When opened (PI. XX, fig. 15) it is found to be a long, thin-walled sack, the upper half containing a long, slender, more or less convoluted papilla (p.p.). This is a little longer than in the hachitana examined from the Florida Mountains. Otherwise the genitalia are practically the same in the Florida Mountains and Purtyman’s ranch snails. Sonorella hachitana bowiensis n. subsp. Pl. XVIII, figs. 29-32. The shell is similar to hachitana but is much smaller, with 44 to 44 whorls. The supraperipheral band shows on about 24 whorls, above the suture on the spire; on the last whorl it has very faint, inconspicu- ous pale borders or none. Nospiral lines are present in most specimens, butjin two they may be scen very faintly, near the periphery. Seven fully adult shells measure: Alt. Gf 9.9 | (9.8 SO oo5 ey a arena Diam. ipeet 17 17:5 17 eae: a et Alt. apert. 82 78 8 Avan ey Mamie fue 5 S)e Diam. apert. 9.5 9 0:9. ae mca Bae etme Bowie, Cochise county. Types No. 86,497, A. N.S. P., collected by James H. Ferriss, 1904. Specimens were also taken by Mr. Ashmun at the same place. Mr. Ferriss writes that they were taken “in a situation exceedingly favorable for snails.” The genitalia (Pl. XX, figs. 10, 11) show externally only slight differ- ences from hachitana. The penis and epiphallus are comparatively a little longer. Internally, however, the penis differs in having a short, obtuse papilla, only about 3 mm. long (Pl. XX, fig. 10), while in the forms referable to hachitana the papilla is twice as long, slender and tapering. These features, which I have confirmed in a number of individuals, indicate a certain amount of racial differentiation which may properly be recognized in nomenclature. The jaw (Pl. XNIII, fig. 22) has four low, wide, unequal ribs and some minor riblets. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 261 The radula is like that of Purtyman’s ranch hachitana in general features. The twelfth lateral shows a small ecctocone, larger on suc- ceeding teeth. Sonorella rowelli (Newcomb). Pl. XVIII, figs. 33-35. Helix rowelli Newec., Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., III, p. 181 (January, een S. rowelli (Newc.), Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1902, p. Shell like S. hachitana, but small, with large mouth aid ae amb) cus. Corneous-brown, with a dark band above the periphery, indis- tinct pale borders above and below it; somewhat translucent, thin. Whorls nearly 44, convex, the first (embryonic) 14 whorls nearly smooth, sculptured with some slight radial wrinkles only; following whorl or whorl and a half showing some indistinct granulation in places ; last whorl with growth-lines only, rounded peripherally, descending a little in front. The aperture is large, subcircular, oblique, the thin whitish peristome being very narrowly expanded, columellar margin dilated. Umbilicus comparatively narrow, partially covered by the columellar lip. Alt. 9.9 9.6 mm. Diam. Lit G36, — Umbilicus 25 Pe ae aa Alt. apert. 8.5 Seine: Diam. apert. 9.5 eo a Sanfords, near the eastern border of Pima county, southeastern Ari- zona. No. 83,273, A. N.S. P., collected by James H. Ferriss, 1902 (figs. 33, 34). Genitalia (Pl. XX, figs. 13, 14). The penis is short, containing a short, cylindric, obtuse papilla. The free portion of the cpiphallus is about equal to the penis in length. The flagellum is reduced to a mere tubercle, being much shorter than in any other Sonorella yet dissected. The vagina is about as long as the penis, and the spermatheca and its duct are about four times as long. The jaw has 6 or 7 narrow, unevenly spaced ribs. The radula has 44.1.44 tecth, like those of S. granulatissima. The eleventh and twelfth are transitional. The last whorl is less deflexed than in S. h. bowiensis, the aperture is larger and the umbilicus smaller. Both penis and vagina are de- cidedly shorter, though their proportionate lengths do not differ ma- terially, and both have the penis-papilla short and obtuse; but in S. rowelli the flagellum is reduced to a minute vestige, unlike any of the other species. The remarkable constancy of this organ in the large number of individuals of Sonorella and Ashmunella which have been 262 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {[Mch., under my scalpel, gives reason for considering its modification in this species of importance. I have identified these shells with S. rowelli (Newe.), a species said to have been collected in Arizona by Frick, many years ago. SS. arizo- nensis (Dall), from Tucson, is more elevated, but is probably related to rowelli. A form collected by Dr. G. H. Horn, the coleopterist, at Fort Grant, Arizona, is closely related to the shells described above. In the Patagonia Mountains, a short distance castward from the locality of S. rowelli, a smaller form of the species was collected by Mr. Ferriss (Pl. XVIII, fig. 35), and also by Mr. Ashmun. The umbilicus is narrower and more covered by the dilated lip than in Sanford’s rowelli, and the last whorl descends more deeply in front. ‘The shells measure : 83,268, Ferriss coll. 73,604, Ashmun coll. Alt. 9 8 8 8 8 mm. Diam. 15.4 14 14 14 1s bo Alt. apert. 7.8 6.9 6.8 6.5.5 0) ieee ps Diam. apert. 8.5 1.8 dot 1.5, 2 eee 4 One of Mr. Ferriss’ specimens (fig. 35) was sent alive, and proves to be like the Sanford’s rowelli anatomically, differing merely in the smaller size of all the organs, except that there is no perceptible flagel- lum (Pl. XX, fig. 20, the terminal ducts only are drawn). The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 18) has about 6 narrow equal ribs. The type measurements of H. rowelli given by Newcomb are alt. .4, diam. maj. .6, min. .5 inch., about equal to 10,15, 12.5mm. The type is in the collection of Cornell University. ‘Sonorella granulatissima Pils. Pl. X VU, figs. 21-23. Nautilus, XVI, p. 32, 1902. Bartsch, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 47, p. 193, Pl. 32, fig. 4. The shell in the co-types of this species is thin, pale, with a rather wide dark chestnut band without white borders, and visible above the suture on the last 24 or 3 whorls. The surface is very minutely and very densely granulated over the usual low growth-wrinkles. Near the periphery some faint traces of spiral lines may be deciphered in places, but they are so slight that they would have been overlooked if not espe- cially looked for. The umbilicus is small. The two co-types measure ° 5 These measurements differ slightly from those given in the original descrip- tion, due to the fact that at that time I used sew! a flat millimeter rule, upon which it is, I find, impossible to read correctly the dimensions of globose shells. 1905.] “ - NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 263 Alt. 10.4 10 mm. Diam. 19 feen ya Alt. apert. 9.5 kt my Diam. apert. 10.4 Le oe Umbilicus 25 SY ia They are from ‘Spring Canyon,” near Fort Huachuca, No. 83,257, aN. S. P. The sole is indistinctly tripartite, the middle field ochraceous, the sides dusky; the colors separated by very faint lines. The upper surface is blackish-gray, evenly pebble-granose. A subobsolete dor- sal line is discernible, and a very weak line on the tail, not quite median. The two co-types were dissected. The genitalia (Pl. XX, figs. 16, 17, 18) are characteristic by the proportions of the penis and vagina. The penis is short, cylindric, composed of a thin-walled sack containing a large, fleshy, cylindric papilla (fig. 18). Epiphallus and flagellum (fig. 16) as usual. The vagina is large, very long and muscular, about three times the length of the penis. Its upper portion is swollen and sometimes fusiform. Other organs as usual (see table of measure- ments). The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 23) has four very wide, low, flat ribs. The radula has 36.1.36 teeth. the central and inner laterals unicuspid, the eleventh showing a minute ectocone. Most of the marginal teeth have both cusps bifid. 2. Brown’s Canyon. One specimen similar to those from Cave Creek, Ida and Bear Canvons, 11.8 x 19 mm. 3. Ramsey Canyon. ‘The shells are darker than the types, beauti- fully granulated, and show distinct spiral lines on the top of the last whorl. Umbilicus typical. 4. Carr Canyon (Pl. XVIII, figs. 51-54). These shells show the spiral lincs more or less distinctly. They are otherwise typical, but vary a good deal in size. 5. Miller Canyon (Pl. XVIII, figs. 41, 42,48). Of arich dark reddish color with a wide darker band, well granulated and showing weak or excessively faint spirals. More depressed than any other granulatissi- ma seen; and in some specimens the umbilicus is decidedly wider, 3 mm. in a shell 18.5 mm. diameter. There were also some much lighter, greenish-yellow shells taken in Miller Canyon (Pl. XVIII, figs. 39, 40, 44). They are much depressed, with a wide umbilicus and very distinct spiral striation (Pl. XI, fig. 10). They photograph abnormally dark. 264 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF ; [Mch., (Ramsey Canyon) (Carr Canyon) Alt. 10.7 17 144 11.8 10.8 10.2 11.3 Diam. 19.9 19.5 19.2 20.5 18.8 3 17.5 Lz (Miller Canyon) Alt. 115.0 Om 9 mm. Diam. 20 19.6 1S. 6. On the south side of the range, specimens were taken in Cave Creek Canyon, typical in form and sculpture, but larger, 12.6 x 20.8 mm. 7. Ida Canyon (Pl. XVIII, figs. 36, 37, 38). Typical in shape and color, but with slightly effaced granulation, very weak spirals, and variable size. Alt. 11.9 10.4 9.3 mm. Diam. 21,3. -~19Bet SES 8. Bear Canyon. Similar to the Cave creek form, 11 x 19.3 mm., or more depressed, like Miller Canyon shells, 10.7 x 20.8 mm.; umbilicus 2.9 mm. Sonorella granulatissima parva 0. subsp. Pl. XVIII, figs. 45-47. Shell with the sculpture of S. granulatissima, but much smaller, and subangular at the periphery. Whorls 44, convex, parted by well-im- pressed sutures, the last moderately descending in front. The band is wide, without pale borders, and is visible on two or two and a half whorls. Alt. 93° 10 9° mm, Diam. 16 16 15.2% Alt. apert. 7.4 = Diam. apert. 8.3 s Umbilicus 2.4 SS West end of the Huachuca Mountains, between Fort Huachuca and Manilla Mine. Types No. 87,114, A. N.S. P., collected by James H. Ferriss, 1904. Eleven specimens of this small form were obtained at the place men- tioned. Itis chiefly notable for the subangular periphery, very unusual in Sonorella. It is very similar to S. mearnsi Bartsch, differing in the wider umbilicus and more oblique aperture. S. mearnst may prove to be a subspecies of S. granulatissima, but its internal anatomy is unknown. Sonorella granulatissima latior n. subsp. Pl. XVIII, figs. 24-28. This form is very similar to S. granulatissima, from which it differs in the usually larger size and the more depressed last whorl. The granu- 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 265 lation is finer and less distinct than in typical granulatissima, and the umbilicus is slightly wider. The supraperipheral band is wide, and has no paler borders. There are 43 whorls, the last rather deeply defiexed. The embryonic shell is sculptured as in S. hachaitana. Alt. 12: 12 12.4 1 12 Diam. 23:6 23 22.6 22 22 Alt. apert. 1 10.5 10.8 9.8 10 Width apert. 17 122 12 11.4 12 Width umbilicus ee) ee 2.6 ou 3 Alt. ula ier H2 1% 12.2 mm. Diam. 22 21.9 Zee 20 Alt. apert. 10.7 10 9.8 oan" Width apert. 11.9 15 11.2 10.9." Huachuca Mountains, in Brown’s Canyon. Types No. 87,083, A.N.S. P., collected by James H. Ferriss. The soft anatomy is unknown, but the form, while not conspicuously differentiated, is yet readily distinguishable from S. granulatissima. Specimens sent to Mr. Bartsch were pronounced by him to “stand half way between S. dalli and S. granulatissima.” Sonorella dalli Bartsch. Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 47, p. 193, Pl. 21, fig. 1 (October 10, 1904). This form is somewhat larger and more depressed than S. g. latior. It is described as with “numerous microscopic granulations,’”’ but in one of the type lot kindly presented by Dr. Dall these are hardly appre- ciable. The type measurements are alt. 12, diam. 26.5, aperture 10.5 x 11.8 mm.; and Mr. Bartsch has kindly supplied the diameters of the rest of the scries in the U. S. National Museum, as follows: Type lot, Tanner’s Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 26.5, 26.1, 25.9, 24.1, 24, the last two not quite mature. Huachuca Mountains, 25.3 mm. Fort Huachuca, 24.6 mm. The smallest mature specimen of S. dalli slightly exceeds the largest latior by 1 mm., and the smallest adult latior measures the same as the largest granulatissima. S. mearnsi Bartsch, from the San José Moun- tains, 4 miles south of the Arizona boundary, measures 16 mm. diam., being 1.5 mm. smaller than the smallest adult granulatissima. It is quite conceivable that S. dalli and S. mearnsi are merely the extremes of dimensions in a continuous series of variations in size. Since S. granulatissima is the only form of the series known anatomically, the ultimate status of the others remains in abeyance. Some or all of them may prove to have valid anatomical specific characters. 266 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., Mr. Ferriss did not find S. dalla. He thinks that Tanner’s'is another name for Garden Canyon of the sketch map on p. 212. Sonorella virilis n. sp. Pl. XVII, figs. 15, 16. The shell is openly umbilicate; pale brown, lighter around the um- bilicus, with a dark band above the periphery, and visible on about 24 whorls above the suture, with borders a trifle paler than the ground color. Whorls 44, the earlicr 14 forming a slightly rugose embryonic shell. The next 1 or 14 whorls are striate, the striae appearing slightly broken into granules. The last whorl has the usual slight growth-lines, and near the end some spiral lines are visible, in the vicinity of the suture. The whorl descends rather deeply, and is well rounded peripherally. The aperture is rather large, oblique and rounded, the upper, outer and basal margins about equally arcuate. The outer and basal margins of the thin lip are slightly expanded. Alt. 11, diam. 19.5, umbilicus 3.1 mm.; aperture 9.3 mm. high, 10 wide. Chiricahua Mountains, at 7,500 feet elevation, collected by V. Owen. Type 79,622, A.N.8. P. There are no longitudinal lines on the sole. The pebbly-granose back and the eye-stalks are blackish-gray, becoming much paler dirty brown- ish-white on the sides and tail. Dorsal grooves are but weakly indi- cated, and there is no longitudinal median line on the tail. ' The kidney is wedge-shaped, 15 mm. long. Pericardium 5.5 mm. long. Genitalia (Pl. XX, figs. 21, 22). The penis is relatively enormous, more than double the length of the vagina, and much longer than the spermatheca and its duct. It has the usual thin wall, enclosing a fleshy “papilla” about 29 mm. long (fig. 21). ‘The epiphallus is also very long, slender and convoluted. The vagina is much convoluted. The spermatheca has the usual globular shape; and its slender duct, while long, is shorter than in other species of equal or greater size. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 21) has four broad ribs grouped near the middle. S. virilis is slightly smaller than S. hachitana, with more rounded aperture and weak spiral lines near the suture. From the shell alone I would not separate this form more than varietally from S. hachitana; but the enormously developed oc‘ reproductive organs indi- cate one of the most distinct species of the genus. The jaw has few ribs, asin S. h. bowiensis. It is not closely related to any other species I have dissected. The faint spiral lines of the shell are perbaps its most important differential feature. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 257 Several lots collected by Mr. Ferriss in the Chiricahua Mountains resemble S. virilzs in size, color and sculpture, but differ in having about one-fourth of a whorl more (43), and a noticeably smaller aperture. The spiral lines, while visible in some places on all of them, in a favor- able light, are often excessively weak. None of them, unfortunately, were sent in the flesh. In Bar (or Bearfoot) Park, at the summit of the Chiricahuas, the specimens taken show some very weak spiral lines below the last suture. Alt. 10.7 10.7 mm. Diam. 18.9 Leh In Sawmill Canyon, Chiricahuas, adjacent to Bearfoot Park, similar shells, diam. 18:7 to 19.9 mm., were taken (Pl. XVII, figs. 17, 18, 19, 20). Sonorella virilis circumstriata n.subsp. Pl. XVIII, figs. 48-50. In Cave Creck Canyon, Chiricahuas, the shells are darker throughout, reddish-brown, with a broad very dark chestnut band with wide pale borders, sometimes not very conspicuous. The last whorl shows weak but distinct spiral engraved lines above the periphery, in addition to the usual fine growth-strie. The umbilicus varies from about 3.3 to 3.8 mm. in width. A. N.S. P., No. 87,026. Alt. 11.6 ies) 11 10.8 mm. Diam. P| 20.3 20 LS ae Alt. apert. 9.7 9.2 9 S90 Diam. apert. 10.7 10.4 10 See The genitalia (Pl. XX, fig. 19) in two specimens dissected agree in having several minor differences from typical S. virilis. The penis, while still extraordinarily large, is only about two-thirds as long as in virtlis. The vagina is a fourth longer. The epiphallus is the same as in virilis. This form may prove to be connected with typical virilis by intermediate stages, in which case the subspecies may prove super- fluous; but at present the dark color, more distinct spiral striz, and small aperture of the shell, and the somewhat differently proportioned genitalia, seem worth recording. Sonorella virilis huachucana n. subsp. Pl. XVU, fig. 24. Shell slightly more elevated than S. hachitana, with much smaller umbilicus; more elevated than S. virilis, which also is more widely umbilicate; glossy, thin, striate but without granulation. The top of the last whorl, near the aperture, shows numerous weak spiral incised 268 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., lines. The supraperipheral band is rather wide and dark, with distinct white or whitish bands both above and below it. Above the upper white band the surface is pale reddish to the white sutural line. Below the lower white border the same reddish color prevails, but gradually fades on the base to whitish around the umbilical region. The dark band runs about 24 whorls up the spire. Apex with sculpture like S. hachi- tana. Whorls 43, the last rather deeply descending in front. Aper- ture rounded-oval, the peristome thin, expanded, the dilated columellar end partially covering the umbilicus. Alt. 12.4, diam. 20.6, alt. aper- ture 10, width 11.5 mm.; width of umbilicus 2.4 mm. Brown’s Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. Type No. 89,225, A.N.S.P., collected by James H. Ferriss, 1904. This beautiful snail is the only Huachuca form I have seen which seems closely related to S. virilis. Unfortunately, the soft parts were not preserved, and its exact relationships are thus uncertain. It is not very unlike S. hachitana, but I can see no spiral lines on some of the original lot of hachitana before me. The white bordering bands are particularly conspicuous. Only a few were taken by Mr. Ferriss. _ In Bear Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, Mr. Ferriss found a few Specimens similar to those from Brown’s Canyon, but noticeably more depressed, with a smaller mouth and obtuse lip. One measures, alt. 11.5, diam. 20, aperture 9.8x 11 mm., umbilicus 3 mm. wide. The shell is also somewhat more solid, and the spiral lines are more distinct. In both forms they are readily seen with a hand lens. Genus OREOHELIX Pilsbry. Helix, Patula and Pyramidula of authors. A new genus of Helicide, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1902, p. 511. Oreohelizx Pils., Nautilus, XVII, p. 131, March, 1904. The shell is umbilicate, varying from discoidal to pyramidal, with 4 to 6 tubular or carinate whorls; earthy, with thin cuticle or none. Embryonic whorls with radial and usually spiral sculpture and carinate periphery. Aperture rounded, oval or angular, oblique, the columel- lar lip dilated, the outer lip blunt or acute, unexpanded. The sole is undivided. Foot granulose and blackish above or smoothish tessel- lated with gray. A pair of dorsal grooves is present and usually a dis- tinct. genital groove. The tail is depressed above. No parapodial furrows. The lung has thin-walled venation, chiefly on the cardiac side. The kidney is short, but little longer than the pericardium; has a large lumen with coarsely plicate walls, and the usual reflexed ureter. The second- ary ureter is closed throughout in the species examined (Pl. XIX, fig. 1, O. strigosa var., Pecos, New Mexico). 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 269 The penis is well developed, its lower part being muscular, and pli- cate within, the upper part thinner and densely, finely papillose inside. The epiphallus is well developed, withfterminal vas deferens or with a terminal tubercle (representing the flagellum) and a sublaterally in- serted vas deferens. The vaginais rather long. The globular or ovate spermatheca terminates a slender duct nearly as long as the uterus. Reproduction is viviparous. The retractor muscle of the penis arises from the apex of the penis and base of the epiphallus, or from the epiphallus near its base, and is inserted on the lung floor. The right ocular retractor passes between the co‘ and @ branches of the genitalia. The jaw is strong, arcuate, its anterior face more or less distinctly striated vertically; and there are sometimes very weak traces of ribs. The radula is of the ordinary Helicid type. Insome species the median area has unicuspid teeth, the cutting-edges usually overhanging the sides of the mesocone; while in others distinct ectocones are developed in all the teeth. The marginal teeth are bicuspid, the cusps unsplit as a rule, though there are exceptions where the inner of the two cusps is bifid. Type Helix strigosa Gld. Distribution, Rocky Mountain region from the Canadian to the Mexican boundary. This dominant type of Helicide in the area indicated above formerly extended farther east, one species occurring in the loess of lowa, and there is one outlying species westward, O. avalonensis Hemph., on Catalina Island, California. In its present area the type has been in- terminably modified into local races of all grades of differentiation, more than fifty of these having received names.® It is true that in some ranges every canyon—I might almost say every rock-heap—has its own race; but in a broader view it is seen that a single strain usually extends over an entire range with numerous minor modifications, and with inereasing elevation a general diminution of size, loss of sculpture and often intensification of color. These reduced forms are probably due to the diminished food supply and especially the shorter growing season in the heights—factors subject to great local variation, even at equal $6 The number of species of Oreoheliz is uncertain. About fifty forms of all degrees of differentiation have been described and named. My treatment of the group in former publications (Manual of Conchology, VIII, p. 115, IX, p. 50; Catalogue of the Land Shells of America, etc., pp. 31, 82 (1898), was unduly influ- enced by the views of Binney and Hemphill, both of whom advocated the inclusion of the entire series as varieties of P. strigosa. The characters of the shells, penes and teeth indicate, in my opinion, that the species are somewhat numer- ous; but their notorious variability cautions us to beware of multiplying them without ample materials. 270 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., altitudes. To attain a true idea of the relationships of any given alti- colous dwarf it is essential to know the forms of the lower canyons of the same region. The first step toward a fundamental knowledge of the races and species of Oreohelix must be the study and definition of races in the broad sense above indicated. In my opinion, the minor modifications can be so overnamed that the wider distinctions become altogether lost, as in the Utah series. The field is vast, and for many years to come there will be plenty of room for work. Anybody who secures a good series of the forms of any district can materially help the cause by working them up. The sculpture of the embryonic shells and the genitalia seem to afford the most important characters for specific classification. It would take us too far afield to discuss the entire mass of data at hand. This must be reserved for another occasion. Only forms from central and southern Arizona and New Mexico are dealt with below.? The meas- urements of the genitalia in millimeters follow: Species Penis phi he Vagina tec and Gf aoe O. strigosa, Pecos 16.3 6.3 5 21 18.5 85,100 O. elrodi 17 6 8 19 22.5 79,475 O. s. huachucana 14 6:52, 4 5 22 21 83,370 O. barbata 6 SN TAY Bae. 13 13.5 87,011 O. yavapai ee 2 a | 15-16 | 79,415 O. y. neomexicana | 4 pai || ta | res 15 80,700 The species thus far dissected show considerable differences in the genitalia, chiefly in the proportions and shape of the penis, the forms falling into three groups, as follows: 7 For comparison with the southern forms I have, however, figured the anatomy of O. elrodi (Pils.), from Montana, Pl. XIX, fig. 2. The penis is like that of O. strigosa, from Pecos, the lower third having thick walls, densely plicate within; above that the walls are thinner, densely lined with long papillz, and in the upper third there are several low fleshy ridges, also papillose. There is an extremely short, conic penis-papilla in the apex. The vas deferens enters the epiphallus centrally. The vagina is much dilated and muscular above. The uterus is pro- vided with muscular strands forming an incoherent protractor muscle (fig. 2, r.u.). The embryos were packed in like coins except the two lower ones. The dimensions are given in the table. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 271 1. Penis long, the distal half strongly twisted, there being two dis- tinct kinks, resulting in convolutions variously disposed, and of course not always falling the same in the same species or variety. O. strigosa, from Pecos, and O. elrodi (Pl. XIX, figs. 3 and 2) belong here. 2. Basal half of the penis swollen and muscular, the distal half smaller, without distinct kinks. O.s. huachucana and O. barbata (PI. XIX, figs. 6 and 5) are of this type. 3. Penis small, short, the basal half not much larger than the distal portion, the latter not kinked. O. neomexicana and O. yavapai (PI. XIX, figs. 7 and 9) have penes of this kind. All the above have the penis longer than the epiphallus. In the subgenus Radiocentrum the epiphailus is as long as the penis or Jonger. As yet my observations have covered only about a dozen of the num- erous species and subspecies; and until more of the forms of the central and northern States are examined, characters of the soft anatomy cannot be fully utilized in classification. There are two types of dentition in Oreohelix. The ordinary forms have unicuspid central and inner lateral teeth. Here stand O. strigosa, cooperi, newcombiana, huachucana, yavapar, neomexicana and hayden. In the second type of teeth ectocones are developed on all of the teeth, the centrals being thus tricuspid, the lateral and marginal teeth all bicuspid. Of this kind are O. idahoensis, O. hemphilli, O. barbata, O. chiricahuana and O. clappi, but in the last species the ectocones are not well developed. The series of Huachuca Orcohelices shows that colonies of the same original stock vary greatly and often show parallel variations in differ- ent canyons. Those from the greatest altitudes are smallest (Pl. XXIV, figs. 25-27, 29-32, Limestone Mountain, 8,000 feet; Pl. XXIV, fig. 28, Carr Can- yon, 7,000 feet, ete.), though some large shells occur elsewhere at equal elevations. Conspicuously banded shells were taken only at high elevations (Pl. XXIV, figs. 17, 18, Brown Canyon, 7,000 feet), plainer ones occur- ring lower down in the same canyon; but not all the high altitude shells are so marked. Gerontic or senile individuals or colonies are common, manifested by deep descent of the last whorl in front, with a tendency to form a free or solute peristome (Pl. XXV, figs. 33-35, Ida Canyon). The carinate periphery is an ancestral character of O. strigosa and its allies, present invariably in the neanic stage. It will be noted that 272 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., in most colonies there is great individual variation in the extent to which it has been replaced in the adult stage by a rounded periphery. Oreohelix strigosa (Gld.). Various forms referable to strigosa occur in New Mexico, such as those sent from the Red river (Ashmun), Pecos (Cockerell), Canyon Diablo, near Rowe (Miss Cooper), and Big Spring, 5 miles east of Zufi (H. S. Conard). They are two-banded, with the periphery of the last whorl rounded, not differing from the forms commonly found farther north, but slightly unlike the typical Northwestern strigosa. The exact affini- ties of these forms await further investigations now in progress, I have examined the internal anatomy of specimens from Pecos, New Mexico. The shells are cither rounded or subangular at the periphery in adults. Sculpture of sharp, irregular growth-wrinkles or striae, decussatecd by slightly impressed spiral lines both above and below. The color varies from yellowish Isabelline to light reddish, with paler strie, always with two narrow bands, and in one specimen a third band around the umbilicus. The embryonic shell is strongly carinate. The first whorl is convex and almost smooth; then fine, regular, obliquely radial strize appear, and continue to the end of the embryonic shell of 2 to 24 whorls; over them there is an extremely minute regular spiral striation, and on the last half, whorl coarser, spaced spirals (Pl. XXV, figs. 45, 46, 47). The specimens examined were taken August 9, 1903. The penis is very long and strongly twisted. The basal third of its length is cylin- dric, the rest more or less lank, partially collapsed. Internally the basal third (5 mm.) is rather finely plicate longitudinally, thick-walled ; the rest has larger lumen and thinner walls, which are densely papillose within, the distal half having three low fleshy internal ridges. The penial retractor is inserted upon the end of the penis and the base of the epiphallus, which is decidedly less than onc-half the length of the penis. The vagina is subcylindric. The uterus is distended with embryos, of which there are 9, with shells 3 to 4 mm. in diameter (PI. XI, figs. 14, 15). Each is enclosed in a membranous capsule, ap- parently the podocyst. Some of them seem to have a small cephalic vesicle. The other 2 organs call for no especial notice (Pl. XIX, fig. 3). The pallial organs have been described above. The kidney is 6.7, the pericardium 4.6 mm. long. The foot is slate-blackish and finely granular above, the dorsal fur- rows distinct. The distinct genital furrow is duplicated on the left side. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 25) has fine vertical strie. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 273 The radula (Pl. XXII, figs. 1, 2, 3) has 29.1.29 teeth. Central and inner lateral teeth arc unicuspid. An ectocone appears on tne eighth or ninth tecth. The marginal teeth are all bicuspid (fig. 2). Mr. Binncy has figured the genitalia of a specimen of strigosa from Salmon river. Just what race it belongs to is not positively known. It differs from the Pecos form of strigosa by the shorter, apparently untwisted penis. The epiphallus and vagina are also shorter. He figures the teeth of strigosa with the ectocone split on an extreme mar- ginal, and the radula had 50.1.50 teeth—a far greater number than I have encountered in this genus. The tecth of O. haydeni as figured by Binney are like those of Pecos sérigosa, and 33.1.33 in number. O. elrodi has 28.1.28 similar teeth, the tenth with an ectocone, marginals bicuspid. ? Forms referable to Oreohelix cooperi have been found by Prof. Cock- ercll in central New Mexico. None were turned up in the regions explored by Mr. Ferriss. Oreohelix strigosa concentrata (Dall). Patula strigosa var. concentrata Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895, p. 1; XIX, p. 336. This was described from a dwarf form of the mountain tops, the types from the summit of the Huachuca Mountains, Cochise county, Arizona. Through the courtesy of Dr. William H. Dall, I have one of the typical lot (No. 89,237, A. N.S. P., from No. 129,999, Urs: Nat. Mus.), and a series from the top of Hacheta Grande, 9,000 fect elevation (No. 65,742, A. N.S. P.). 1. Typical concentrata is white with two dark red-brown bands, the lower one wider, and some livid clouding on the upper surface. The 5 whorls are convex, the last rounded peripherally, with a slight and inconspicuous trace of angulation at its origin. The umbilicus is widely open, very ample within. Sculpture of low, rude, nearly effaced wrinkles, with no trace of spiral lines anywhere. The type measures alt. 8, diam. 16 mm., the specimen before me 7.8 x 14.8 mm. with the umbilicus 4 mm. wide. O. s. concentrata is a relatively evolved form, having lost the keel on the last whorl. Tne embryonic whorl seems to be similar to that of huachucana. There are no spirals on the last whorl. Diam. 14 to 16 mm. The following lots from the Huachucas seem referable to concentrata. 2. Carr Canyon, 7,000 feet (Pl. XXIV, fig. 28). Similar to typical concentrata, with the same depressed shape, very ample umbilicus and nearly effaced sculpture, but fine radial ripples are visible on the em- 274 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., bryonic whorls in the least worn shells; broadly two-banded with chest- nut, blackish in places, the upper band sometimes extending to the suture. Alt. 9 8.7 10 mm. Diam. 15,2 15 Deg 3. Limestone Mountain, Huachueas, south side at 8,000 fect eleva- tion (Pl. XXIV, figs. 29-31). The shells are whitish with some fleshy or livid streaks or dots, and with two bands, or clouded and suffused with purple-brown. Similar to typical concentrata except that the umbilicus is decidedly smaller within. The last whorl descends to the aperture. They are like O. s. hwachucana, No. 3, from Brown Canyon, in miniature. They are rounded or slightly angular in front. The sculpture is subobsolete, without a trace of spirals. Alt. 8.9 8.4 9.5 mm. Diam. 15.2 15's 15 ad Whorls 5 4} 5 Scalariform monsters are not rare, but the inception of that abnormal condition seems to be invariably traceable to an injury of the shell. One such is figured (Pl. XXIV, fig. 31). 4, Limestone Mountain, south side, 8,000 feet. Like the preceding, but more elevated and fleshy white with pinkish apex. The last whorl descends rather deeply (Pl. XXIV, fig. 32). Alt. 10 9.7 8.7 mm. Diam. 15.3 15.5 VE 5. Limestone Mountain, north side, 8,000 feet. Similar to the two preceding lots in size and sculpture, but broadly two-banded with purple-black, or entirely of this color (Pl. XXIV, figs. 25, 26, 27). This lot resembles O. s. hwachucana, Nos. 11, 12, from Carr Canyon, which are also from a high altitude. No. 5 from 7,000 feet, Brown Canyon, has also similar coloring, but is much larger. This lot, like all seen from Limestone Mountain, does not have the umbilicus so wide within as in typical concentrata. Alt. 9 8.8 9.3 mm. Diam. 16.3 15.5 5 6. The series of five specimens sent by Dall as O. s. concentrata from Haeheta Grande Mountain, Grant county, New Mexico, one of which is figured on Pl. XXV, fig. 60, shows no appreciable divergence from the 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 275 co-type before me, having the same ample umbilicus and blunted sculp- ture. Whether these shells are to be regarded as really identical with the Huachuca concentrata, or as a parallel dwarf race independently evolved, is a question remaining to be determined by a study of the forms from the lower canyons of the Hacheta Grande Mountains. Oreohelix strigosa huachucana (Pils.). Pl. XXIV, figs. 5-7 (types). “ Pyramidula” strigosa huachucana Pils., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1902, yoy; eal le 1. The types are from ‘Conservatory Canyon,” otherwise known as Ramsey Canyon, on the northeastern slope of the Huachucas between Brown and Carr Canyons. They are depressed with a broad umbilicus, exposing more of the penultimate whorl than strigosa,® and it is also more ample within. There are 5 whorls, of which 24 are embryonic. The tip is a little de- pressed ; the first whorl is delicately striate or wrinkled in an obliquely radial direction. On the second whorl weak raised spiral lines usually set in; and the last embryonic whorl is rather coarsely, irregularly wrinkled radially, and finely striate spirally, with (in some shells) sev- eral raised threads on the last half whorl. These cease abruptly at the end of the embryonic stage. The following whorls are irregularly, obliquely wrinkled and have at most obsolete spiral lines or traces of them in places, often almost imperceptible. The base has no spiral striation as a rule, but in some specimens from Carr Canyon there are faint spirals there. Up to the end of the fourth whorl the periphery is strongly carinate, but in adult shells it is nearly angular in front, the last half or more becoming rounded. The suture follows the crest of the keel, and usually descends a trifle to the aperture. The shell is flesh-colored above, with irregular whitish streaks or maculze; beneath, the opaque white predominates more, and there is a purplish-brown band close to the periphery (but 4 or 5 of 25 exam- ined are equally flesh-tinted beneath, and lack the band, Pl. XXIV, fig. 8). The aperture is small, very oblique, with the ends of the lip approaching. The peristome is not expanded. Alt. 10.5, diam. 21.8, width of umbilicus 6 mm.; aperture 8.8 mm. wide. Types No. 83,370, A. N.S. P., collected by James H. Ferriss. The reproductive system of one of the types is figured (Pl. XIX, ®It was evidently this race which Dr. R. E. C. Stearns reported from Fort Huachuca as Helix (Patula) hemphilli Newe. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1893, p. 745), and Dall from the Huachuca Mountains, as P. strigosa (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1896, p. 335). ®The comparisons are with typical O. strigosa from the extreme Northwest, which is identical with Hemphill’s var. parma. 276 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., fig. 6). It was taken in February, during the inactive season, and the uterus is quite small. The dimensions of the organs are given in the table (p. 270). The lower half of the penis is much swollen, the upper half smaller and lank. When opened the basal narrower portion is found to have strong acute folds; these become weak in the swollen part, which contains a large fleshy process adnate to the upper side. The contracted upper portion of the penis is papillose inside, with three low ridges. The retractor muscle and epiphallus are as in Pecos strigosa. The 2 organs show nothing noteworthy. The radula (Pl. XXII, fig. 5, group of transitional teeth) has 30.1.30 teeth. Those of the median area are much as in Pecos strigosa, with overhanging mesocones only. The ectocone beg:ns weakly on the sixth or seventh, and is well developed on the eleventh tooth. The marginal teeth are all bicuspid, the cusps unsplit. O. s. huachucana is widely distributed in the canyons of the Huachueh Mountains, and nearly every colony has some individual features. “Sometimes only one form was found in a colony, but usually they vary in color and form. They are slow travelers and hence the dis- tinctive characteristics of the colonies. They had not encroached at all upon the ground burned over two years ago. Colonies on different sides of the divides between canyons were entirely different, even when but a hundred or two hundred feet apart’’ (Ferriss). Brown Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. Numerous colonies in this canyon vary in color, but in all the periphery of the last whorl may either be rounded, as in the type lot, or the acute keel of the young may extend upon the first third or half. The color-forms of the individual colonies are as follows: 2. Solid, opaque pinkish-white, with a few fleshy streaks and scattered dots. Sculpture weak (Pl. XXIV, figs. 9, 10). 3. Similar, but with a narrow band on the upper surface and on the base a band below the periphery, as in the typical form. Frequently the upper surface is largely fleshy-brown. This is an abundant form, differing from the Conservatory Canyon race only in the frequent retention of the keel in adults (Pl. XXIV, figs. 11, 12, 16). 4. Dull brown predominates throughout. Usually there are no bands (Pl. XXIV, figs. 18,14). This and all the preceding from Brown Canyon are from about 7,000 feet. Some specimens are like the following form. In one gerontic colony at 6,000 feet the peristome is contracted and continuous in old shells (Pl. XXIV, fig. 15). 5. A broad, blackish-chestnut band below the periphery, the rest 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 277 of the base whitish, often dotted. Upper surface also dark brown, usually with a light line below the periphery (Pl. XXIV, figs. 17, 18). 7,000 feet elevation. 6. Ramsey Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, collected in 1904, and evidently from a different colony from the types collected in 1902. Two specimens received are dirty whitish. The whorl descends very deeply to the aperture. They are markedly gerontic. Alt. 9.5, diam. 17.3 mm. “ 10, a3 16 ce Carr Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. In this canyon most or all colonies have the form with rounded periphery, and that with it acutely carinate on the first half of the last whorl. The spire is usually sharply striate obliquely, and the last whorl is frequently striate spirally. The special tendencies of this canyon are most strongly expressed in No. 12. 7. Carr Canyon, 5,500 feet. Similar to No. 4, Brown Canyon, except that the sutures are less impressed, nearly level, and margined very distinctly above by the keel. In some shells the last whorl is rather distinctly decussate by spirals above. In one specimen the suture is deeply deflexed above, as in the Ramsey Canyon shells. A basal band is sometimes present. Alt. 12 10.5 9.8 10.8 mm. Diam. 21 19.5 18 ie 8. Carr Canyon, 5,500 feet. One specimen is similar to No. 7; the other three, measured below, are more calcareous, resembling No. 2, but the whorl is deflexed anteriorly (Pl. XXIV, figs. 21, 22, 23). In one the keel extends to the aperture, though rather weakly. Alt. 10 9.8 8.6 mm. Diam. 20 18.8 13) & 9. Carr Canyon, 6,000 feet (figs. 19, 20). Shells like No. 3, Brown Canyon, but not so white, the ground color being light brown, and the oblique striation sharper. Two specimens show a second band on the base. Alt. 11 12 | 10 mm. Diam. 19.8 19 18.7 1 76e: SOh 10. Carr Canyon, 6,000 feet (fig. 24). Similar to the preceding, but the ground is much darker, like No. 4. Diam. 18.6 to 19.5 mm. 11. Carr Canyon, 7,000 feet. Blackish-chestnut, the inner whorls 278 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., paler; striation sharp; spirals well developed on the last whorl; not eari- nate. Alt. 8.8, diam. 14.7 mm. (Pl. XXYV, fig. 36). This lot is dwarfed, about the size of O. s. concentrata. 12. Another lot from Carr Canyon, altitude not stated, contains whitish bandless shells and brownish ones, uniform or banded like No. 7. One is carinated to the aperture and all are keeled in front. The sculpture consists of fine, sharp rib-strie on the spire, .and when fresh, young shells show cuticular lamine on the costule, larger at intervals and at the periphery. The base has a similar sculp- ture. The last whorl is spirally striate above and below. Diam. 21 mm. (Pl, XXV, figs. 37, 38, 39, 40). It may be noted that Dall has reported “a sharply carinated variety”’ from Tanner’s Canyon, Huachuca Mountains ties U.S. Nat. Mus., AIX, p. 305). Mr. Ferriss notes that the young are hirsute. This form diverges quite markedly from hwachucana and to some extent parallels O. bar- bata of the Chiricahuas. It was found in one small colony only (No. 79 of Mr. Ferriss’ coll., 87,132, A. N.S. P.). 13. Miller Canyon, 5,000 feet. Very large, depressed shells with 0, 1 or 2 bands, ground color fleshy-white or brown. Periphery rounded, or in one specimen angular in front (Pl. XXIV, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, the last immature). Alt. 14 13.6 13 12 mm. Diam. 24.5 23 23 4 2 14. Miller Canyon, 5,500 feet. Similar to the preceding. On the opposite side of the range specimens were taken in Cave Creek and Ida Canyons. 15. Cave Creek Canyon, 5,500 feet. Whitish or brown-banded specimens like Nos. 3 and 4 (Pl. X XV, figs. 41, 42, 43). 16. Ida Canyon. Whitish specimens, angular or rounded in front, and with or without a band. The whorl descends more or less in front, and some gerontic forms occur. Diam. 19.8 to 22 mm. (Pl. XXV, figs. 33, 34, 35). Oreohelix strigosa metcalfei Ckll. Pl. XXV, figs. 44, 48, 52. Nautilus, XVIII, p. 113, February, 1905. : The shell is calcareous, whitish with corneous and brownish streaks and dots, and a dark brown band below the periphery. The upper surface is rather rudely wrinkled obliquely, but scarcely shows spirals; but the base is closely and in most specimens rather distinctly spirally striate. Embryonic shell like that of O. s. huachucana. The whorls have an acute, projecting carina which continues to the aperture, and are 1995.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADKBLPHIA. 279 flat above it, forming a straightly conic spire. Suture not impressed. The last whorl descends in front. Aperture rather small, as in O. s. huachucana. Umbilicus ample within, as in hwachucana. Alt. 2 10.2 10.6 mm. Diam. 21 19.5 Pyrat ss Whorls 43 5t 54 Mountains near Kingston, Sierra county, New Mexico, collected by O. B. Metcalfe. This form stands close to the huachucana series, from which it differs only in the spiral striation of the base, which is usually quite distinct though very minute,” and in the persistence of the peripheral keel to the aperture. In the last feature it is less evolved than huachucana. In some specimens of the latter the keel also persists, though less strongly. Oreohelix strigosa socorroensis 0. subsp. Pl. XXV, figs. 49-51. The shell is thin, with 2} embryonic whorls closely and sharply obliquely striate, with a few low, coarse, indistinct spirals on the last embryonic whorl. Whorls 44 to 42, convex, the later ones rudely but not coarsely wrinkled, without noticeable spirals above, but the base is very densely and distinctly striate spirally. The last whorl is quite convex above and below a cord-like peripheral keel, which extends nearly or quite to the aperture. The last whorl descends a little and slowly in front. The umbilicus is rather small, but enlarges at the opening. Aperture as usual. Alt. 8 9.2 8 8.8 mm. : Diam. 15 14.8 tac3 feceser: Negra Mountains, Socorro county, New Mexico. Types No. 58,128, A.N.S. P., presented by Dr. W. D. Hartman, collector unknown. Related to O. s. metcaljei, its neighbor on the south, but that is a more strongly carinate shell with flat whorls and straightly conic spire. They agree in the beautiful circular striation of the base. Oreohelix barbata 0. sp- Pl. XXV, figs. 57, 58. The shell is broadly and openly umbilicate, depressed, biconvex, earinate, pale brown, lusterless; obliquely closely lamellose costulate, the lamella lengthened into a cuticular fringe at the periphery, and at several places on the base, forming circular fringes there. A similar 10 In some specimens of hwachucana from Carr Canyon, such as Pl. XXV, fig. 36 and figs. 37-40, the base is spirally striate, but it is not so in huachucana from other places. 280 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF |Mch., but less developed one runs in the middle of the upper surface of the last whorl. The embryonic shell of nearly two whorls is not distinctly defined from the subsequent growth; the first whorl is smoothish with some radial wrinkles only; the second is densely obliquely costulate, with cuticular lamelle on the fine riblets in perfectly preserved exam- ples. There are weak traces of a few coarse, low spirals. Whorls 4, rather rapidly increasing, the last slowly descending in front, very con- vex beneath. The aperture is very oblique, shortly pear-shaped, the peristome simple, upper and lower margins much converging and straightened, connected by a short and thin parietal callous. Alt. 7, diam. 13.5 mm., not including the cuticular processes. Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, Arizona, collected by J. H. Ferriss. Co-types No. 87,011 and 87,146, Coll. A.N.S. P. It lives in a moist situation, in stone talus near the falls of the stream. Cuticular processes or ‘“‘hairs”’ are generally present on the shells of very young Oreohelices, but in this one alone their development culminates in the adult snail. Their projection at the angle of the whorls of the spire makes the lamelle look continuous over the sutures. When denuded the shell is sharply striate, with some ill-defined spirals marking the positions of the more prominent cuticular wreaths. Besides those described above, there are some minor and variable spirals on the most perfect specimens. The processes are very efficient as gatherers of soil, which is probably glued on by the mucous of the animal, as usual. In the general plan of ornamentation, this bearded Oreohelix is not unlike Polygyra (Steno- trema) pilsbryv Ferriss. By its tricuspid central and bicuspid lateral teeth, as well as by the general form of the shell, O. barbata recalls O. hemphilli, especially ° when denuded of the “beard.” The embryonic sculpture is not very unlike some forms of hemphilli, but it most resembles that of O. s. socorroensis, though a little coarser. The insertion of the penis retrac- tor solely on the epiphallus is like Radiocentrwm, and unlike any of the typical Oreohelices. The foot of O. barbata is small, slate-blackish above, and finely granu- lated. No genital furrow is discernible, but there is a pair of dorsal grooves. The tail is flattened and pale above. The mantle edge is very thick and fleshy. The genitalia of one of the types are figured (Pl. XIX, fig. 5). The penis resembles that of S. strigosa huachucana, the lower half being much swollen, the upper half smaller and cylindric. Internally the larger portion has 4 or 5 large and some smaller longitudinal folds, the 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 281 upper part is densely papillose inside. The epiphallus bears the penis- retractor muscle, some distance from its base, and the vas deferens enters centrally at the end. The duct of the spermatheca is some- what swollen basally. The uterus contained neither eggs nor embryos, the specimens having been collected in February. The radula (Pl. XXII, fig. 6) has 23.1.23 teeth. The mesocones are long, and all the teeth have well-developed ectocones. The marginal teeth are bicuspid as usual, the cusps unsplit. Oreohelix yavapai n.sp. Pl. XXV, fig. 53. Shell thin, whitish more or less stained with brown, with a faint brown band above and another close below the periphery. The small periph- eral keel extends to the aperture, but is pinched up less than in neo- mexicana; the last whorl elsewhere is well rounded, the earlier whorls flattened. Embryo of 24 whorls, the first nearly smooth, convex, the next more flattened, finely, densely striate obliquely, and very strongly striate and ribbed spirally. At the end of the embryonic stage this spzral sculpture abruptly stops, and is succeeded by sharp oblique striation which becomes cut by a few spiral lines. On the last whorl there are more spirals, usually emphasized as series of granules or pits upon the oblique strie (indicating cuticular processes in perfectly fresh shells). _Whorls about 54, the last hardly descending in front. The umbilicus is ample, as in O. y. neomexicana. Aperture oblique, rounded, with thin lip. Alt. a A 9.5 mm. Diam. 152 1p: “ Purtyman’s ranch, on Oak creek, Yavapai county, about 40 miles from Jerome, Arizona (northwest of the center of the Territory), types No. 79,415, A. N. 8. P., collected by E. H. Ashmun. Also found on the summit of Mt. Mingus, near Jerome, and fossil in a road cutting in Walnut Gulch, near Jerome (Ashmun). Dr. R. E. C. Stearns reported a form probably identical with O. yavapar from Coon Mountain, a curious crater about 10 miles south of Canyon Diablo, and about 3 days’ travel from Flagstaff, Arizona (Patula strigosa Gld., Nautilus, VI, May, 1892, p. 1; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVI, p. 745). The embryonic voung shells, 2 mm. diameter with 24 whorls, are acutely carinate (Pl. XI, fig. 13). This species differs from O. strigosa in the form of the shell, which is more like O. hemphilli, and by the diminutive penis, while the epi- phallus is longer in proportion than in forms of strigosa I have exam- 282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch.., ined ; it differs from O. y. neomexicana chiefly by the stronger spiral sculpture of the embryonic shell and the abrupt change in sculpture at the inception of the neanic growth. The same differences and the wider umbilicus separate it from the northern O. hemphilli, which, moreover, differs by its dentition, as indicated below under O. y. neomexicana. The penis (Pl. XIX, fig. 7) resembles that of O. y. neomexicana except that it is larger, and the vas deferens enters the epiphallus centrally at the apex. There were 10 embryos in the uterus, each half enveloped in its podocyst. The jaw has longitudinal and vertical striae. The radula (Pl. XXII, figs. 7) has 26.1.26 teeth, those in the middle unicuspid; the ectocone distinctly appearing on the sixth. Marginal teeth bicuspid, the cusps unsplit. Oreohelix yavapai neomexicana un. subsp. P?. XI, figs. 8,9; Pl. XXV, fig. 59. The shell is thin, brown, acutely keeled, pinched in above and below the peripheral keel, which extends to the aperture, the whorls else- where convex above and below. Embryo of 2 to 24 whorls, convex except near the periphery where they are impressed; they are densely striate obliquely and rather obsoletely striate spirally. The junction with the subsequent neanic growth is often indistinct. Whorls 43 to 54, the later ones rudely, very obliquely wrinkled, and showing raised spiral striz, usually rather indistinct. The umbilicus is ample within and rather widely open, exposing the penultimate whorl. Aperture small with simple lip, the whorl descending slowly to it. Alt. 8.5 7.8 mm. Diam. 15.6 14.5 “ Canyon Diablo, near Rowe, San Miguel county, New Mexico. Types No. 84,297, A. N.S. P., collected by Miss Mary Cooper. This form differs from O. hemphilli (Newc.) by its less convex em- bryonic whorls, which are more impressed near the periphery, and by the more ample umbilicus; but it differs chiefly by the unicuspid teeth of the median part of the radula, those teeth in O. hemphilli having well- developed ectocones, as in O. barbata. It seems to be rather widely separated geographically from the range of O. hemphilli. It is also before me from Beulah, in the Sapello Canyon, San Miguel county, at 8,000 feet (Prof. Cockerell), small specimens only 10 mm. diameter, with 44 whorls, perhaps not quite adult. Similar small speci- mens come from Las Huartes Canyon, Bernalillo county, New Mexico (Miss Cooper). 1905. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 283 I have partially examined the internal anatomy of one of the speci- mens from Beulah. The penis (Pl. XIX, fig. 9) is bent in the middle, the lower half a little swollen, with muscular walls, the upper half slightly smaller, softer. There is a very small apical papilla, and the retractor muscle is inserted at the apex of the penis and root of the epiphallus. The epiphallus is large, shorter than the penis, and the vas deferens enters at the side, not the center of the apex. The radula has 19.1.19 teeth, similar to those of O. yavapai. On the fifth or sixth teeth the ectocone is developed. Marginals bicuspid, as usual. Subgenus RADIOCENTRUM nov. Oreohelices with an embryonic shell of 14 radially ribbed whorls, spiral striz in the intervals between ribs excessively weak or wanting. Penis rather short, with a hollow dilation at the distalend. Epiphallus club-shaped, as long as the penis, the retractor inserted near its base. Type O. chiricahuana Pils. This group differs from Oreohelix by the smaller number of embryonic whorls and their different sculpture, and in the somewhat different structure of the penis. It includes at present three species: O. chiri- cahuana, O. clappi and O. avalonensis. The genitalia are similar in the two species examined, the only difference being in the shape of the distal end of the penis, and in the absolute dimensions. ‘The pallial organs of O. clappi do not differ from those described above for Oreohelix strigosa. Key to Species of Radiocentrum. a.—Shell bluntly subangular or almost rounded at the periphery; coy- ered with a green or olive cuticle, largely worn from old shells. Alt: 8.5 to 9.7,diam.15mm., . . . O.clappi Ferriss. a’.—Shell carinated ; - earthy, without perceptible cuticle. b.— Whorls 4h, granulated above and below, the last one wide; aperture large. Alt. 6, diam. 11 mm.” \(H emphill). O. avalonensis Hemphill. b’.—Whorls 5, striated but not granulated, slowly widening; aperture small. Alt. 6.5, diam. 11 mm., O. chiricahuana Pils. Oreohelix chiricahuana n.sp. PI. XI, figs. 1, 2, 3. The shell is depressed, the altitude about .6 of the diameter, about equally convex above and below the peripheral keel. Umbilicus rather well-like, slowly contracting, and contained five or six times in the diameter of the shell. Whitish, with an indistinct gray band near 284 PRUCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., the middle of the upper surface and another immediately below the white keel, the early whorls dull brown; without perceptible cuticle. Sculpture of close but irregular and rather sharp growth-wrinkles, very indistinctly decussated with spiral strie. The embryonic shell consists of only 14 whorls. The first half whorl is nearly smooth, the next whorl is sharply and finely but very regularly ribbed radially. With the compound microscope some very weak spiral striation may be seen in- distinctly in the intervals. At the end of the embryonic period the rib sculpture abruptly gives place to a lower, less regular oblique striation. The spire is convexly conic. Whorls 5, convex, impressed above the suture, where the keel projects a trifle. At the periphery the keel projects somewhat, the surface being a little concave above and below it. Base convex. Aperture small, oblique, a little angular at the outer part. Lip simple, the ends approaching. Alt. 6.5, diam. 11 mm. 6s ‘B cc 10.5 * Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains. Types No. 87,012, A. N.S. P., collected by James H. Ferriss. ‘Occurred on a dry, clay hillside, under dead vegetation and stones, and was found nowhere else on the mountain.” This is a very distinct little species, closely related to O. avalonensis Hemphill of Santa Catalina Island, California, which has an apex of the same type. O. avalonensis differs, however, by its conspicuously decussate surface, wider last whorl and larger aperture, and it has a half whorl less. It is figured for comparison, Pl. XT, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7. The umbilicus is about equal in the two species. QO. chiricahuana differs conspicuously from O. yavapai and O. y. neomexicana by its peculiar apical sculpture, ete. The genitalia are figured (Pl. XIX, fig. 4). The penis is cylindric, a little flattened and protruding on one side at the distal end. The epi- phallus is longer than the penis, club-shaped, the retractor inserted upon it not far from its base. The lower part of the spermatheca duct is enlarged and muscular. The lengths of the organs are as follows: penis 4, epiphallus 4.7, vagina 3.5, spermatheca and duct 7.5mm. The foot is scarcely granulose, the integument smoothish, tessellated in rather coarse pattern with blackish or gray spots. No genital furrow is visible. The mantle edge is thin. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 24) is striate, somewhat less arcuate than that of O. clappi. The radula (Pl. XXII, figs. 10, 11) has 26.1.26 teeth. They are rather shorter than usual in Oreoheliz. The central and lateral teeth 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 285 have well-developed ectocones. The marginal teeth are bicuspid, as usual in Oreohelix, but the inner cusp is split. Oreohelix clappi Ferriss. Pl. XI, fig. 12; Pl. XXV, figs. 54-56, Nautilus, XVIII, p. 53 (September, 1904). This is a remarkable snail, slightly resembling Pyramidula solitaria on a small scale, but very different from any other Oreohelix by its rapidly narrowing umbilicus and green or olivaceous cuticle. The smoothish integument is blackish on the head and tail, and darker toward the foot margins, clsewhere tessellated with large poly- gonal gray pigment spots. Sole cream colored. There are two irregu- lar dorsal grooves. The kidney, 6.3 mm. long, is a thin-walled sack, its lumen large, with strongly corrugated walls. The pericardium is fully 4 mm. long. The reproductive system (Pl. XIX, fig. 8) resembles that of O. chiri- cahuana. The rather slender cylindric penis is enlarged at the summit, the protuberance on the upper side (in the figure) hollow. The epi- phallus enters through a very small acorn-shaped papilla. The walls of the penis are thin, with a minute oblique corrugation meeting V-like on one side. The penis measures 7, epiphallus 7, vagina 6, sperma- theca and duct 13 mm. long. The penis retractor is inserted about 1.5 mm. from the base of the epiphallus. The jaw (Pl. XXIII, fig. 26) is arcuate and striate vertically. The radula (Pl. XXII, fig. 4) has about 29.1.29 teeth, of the general form usual in Oreohelix. There are rudimentary ectocones on the central teeth, at least where they are unworn. ‘The laterals have simi- lar outer cutting points. The marginal teeth are bicuspid. In general, the teeth are between the unicuspid type and that with developed ectocones. EXPLANATION OF PLATES XI-XXVII. Pirate XI.—Fig 11 was drawn by the author; the others are reproduced from photographs. ; Figs. 1-3—Oreohelix chiricahuana Pils. X 34. Co-types. Figs. 4-6.—Oreohelix avalonensis Hemph. X &%. Santa Catalina Island, California. Fig. 7.—O. avalonensis. Early whorls. X 6. Fig. 8.—Oreohelix yavapai neomexicana Pils. Young specimen. X 3. Show- ing embryonic whorls and two neanic whorls. Fig. 9.—O. y. neomexicana. Segment of base. Only the coarser spirals are visible in the half-tone cut. Fig. 10.—Sonorella granulatissima Pils. No. 87,087. Miller Canyon. Por- tion of last whorl above the periphery. 7. Fig. 11.—Ashmunella angulata Pils. No. 87,113. Immature shell of § mm. diameter showing temporary lip-rib. 286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., Fig. 12.—Oreohelix clappi Ferriss. Early whorls. 6. Sculpture is very imperfectly shown. Fig. 13.—Oreohelix yavapai Pils. Young shell, showing embryonic whorls and about one-third of the first neanic whorl. X 6. Figs. 14, 15.—Oreohelix strigosa Gld. Pecos, N. M. Uterine young. X 6. The very fine, even spiral striation is not sufficiently enlarged to be visible in the reproduction, though shown in the photograph ; the radial ripples are also largely lost. Puiate XII, Figs. 1-4.—Ashmunella rhyssa Dall. Sierra Blanca. Nos. 73,561 and 73,575. Figs. 5, 6.—Ashmunella rhyssa miorhyssa Dall. Sierra Blanca, New Mexico. No. 73,577. Figs. 7, 8.—Ashmunella rhyssa hyporhyssa Ckll., larger form. James Can- yon, Cloudecroft, New Mexico. No. 89,201 Figs. 9-13.—A. r. hyporhyssa Ckll. James Canyon, Cloudcroft. No. 83,345. Fig. 14.—Ashmunella altissima Ckll. Co-type. Summit of Sierra Blanca. No. 73,558. Figs. 15, 16.—Ashmunella pseudodonta Dall. White Oaks, New Mexico. No. 73,589. Figs. 17, 18.—A. pseudodonta Dall. Capitan Mountains, New Mexico. No. 79,529 Figs. 19, 20.—Ashmunella ashmuni Dall. Bland, New Mexico. No. 73,599. Figs. 21-23.—A. pseudodonta capitanensis A. and C. Capitan Mountains, New Mexico. No. 74,556. Figs. 24-26.—A. ashmuni robusta Pils. ‘Bland, New Mexico. No. 73,576. Piate XIII, Figs. 23-26.—Ashmunella esuritor Pils. Types. Figs. 27, 28.—Ashmunella thomsoniana (Ancey). Part of the original lot, from J. H. Thomson. Santa Fé Canyon, New Mexico. Nos. 58,113 and 58,114. Fig. 29.—A. thomsoniana. Specimen from Monument Rock, Santa Fé Can- yon. Prof. Cockerell and Miss Porter. No. 77,870. Fig. 30.—A. thomsoniana. Santa FéCanyon. E.H.Ashmun. No. 76,709. Figs. 31-34.—A. thomsoniana (Anc.). Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico. oe 84,293, 80,750 and 83,946. Fig. 34 is a co-type of A. t. coopere Figs. 35-37.—A thomsoniana (Anc.). Canyon Diablo, near Rowe, New Mexico. No. 84,295. Fig. 38.—A. t. pecosensis Ckll. Type. Vallé ranch, Pecos, New Mexico. No. 84,209. Figs. 39-41.—A. t. portere Pils. and Ckll. Sapello Canyon, San Miguel county, New Mexico, 8,000 feet altitude. No. 81,983. Figs. 42, 46.—A. t. portere P. and C. Co-types. Beulah, Upper Sapello Canyon. No. 76,789. Figs. 43-45.—A. t. portere P. and C. Pecos, New Mexico. No. 85,099. PLATE XIV, Figs. 47-49.—Ashmunella levettei angigyra Pils. Types. Con- servatory Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. No. 83,269. Figs. 50, 54.—A. 1. angigyra. Brown’s Canyon. No. 87,093. Figs. 51-53.—A. l. angigyra. Foothills, Bear Canyon. No. 89,202. Figs. 55-57.—Ashmunella angulata Pils. Types. South fork of Cave creek, at base of mountain, Chiricahua Mountains. No. 87,019. Fig. 58.—A.angulata. South fork of Cave creek, under cliffs; showing weak upper branch of the parietal tooth. No. 87,015. Figs. 59, 60.—A. angulata. Cave Creek Canyon. No. 87,020. Fig. 61.—A. angulata. Cave Creek Canyon. No. 87,111. Fig. 62.—Ashmunella mearnst Dall. Huachuca Mountains. No. 65,736. Figs. 63, 64.—Ashmunella angulata Pils. Falls of Cave Creek. No. 87,112. Figs. 65, 66.—Ashmunella proxima Pils. Types. Sawmill Canyon, Chiri- cahua Mountains. No. 86,498. Figs. 67-69.—Ashmunella fissidens Pils. Cave Creek Canyon, Chirica- hua Mountains. Types. No. 87,022. Figs. 70, 71.—A. proxima. Topotypes. No. 87,102. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 287 Puate XV, Figs. 72-75, 79.—Ashmunella levettei (Bld.). Typical. Bear Can- yon, Huachuca Mountains, 6,500 feet. No. 87,089. Figs. 76.—A. levettei. Albino. Head of Bear Canyon, 7,000 feet. No. 87,098. Fig. 77.—A. levettei. Pathologic monster, same locality. Fig. 78.—A. levettei. Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 6,000 feet. No. 87,099. Figs. 80-88.—A. l. heterodon Pils. Ida Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. No. 89,203. Figs. 89-91.—A. l. heterodon. Cave Creek Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. No. 87,152. Figs. 92, 93.—A. levettei, var. approaching angigyra. Carr Canyon, Hua- chuca Mountains, 5,000 feet. Nos. 87,092 and 89,204. Figs. 94, 95.—A. l. heterodon Pils. or chiricahuana Dall(?), Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. No. 87,097. Puare XVI, Figs. 96-99.—Ashmunella chiricahuana (Dall). Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains. No. 87,096, A. N.S. P. Fig. 100.—A. chiricahuana. An elevated specimen from the same locality. No. 87,021. Fig. 101.—A. c. mogollonensis. Base of a larger specimen from Kingston, Sierra county, New Mexico. Fig. 102.—Ashmunella chiricahuana mogollonensis Pils. West fork Gila river, near Mogollon Peak, New Mexico. No. 79,530. Figs. 103-107.—Ashmunella duplicidens Pils. Bearfoot Park, Chiricahua Mountains. No. 87,024. Figs. 108-110, 113.—Ashmunella ferrissi Pils. Cave Creek Canyon, Chiri- cahua Mountains. No. 89,232. Figs. 111, 112, 117.—Ashmunella walkeri Ferriss. Co-types. Florida Moun- tains, near Deming, New Mexico. Figs. 114, 115.—Ashmunella metamorphosa Pils. Types. Fig. 116.—Ashmunella mearnsi (Dall). No. 65,736. PLate XVII, Figs. 1, 2.—Sonorella hachitana, var. Florida Mountains, No. 87,078. Figs. 3-6.—Sonorella hachitana, var. Florida Mountains. No. 86,496. Figs. 7, 8.—Sonorella hachitana, var. Organ Mountains. No. 71,413. Figs. 9-14.—Sonorella hachitana ashmuni Bartsch. Purtyman’s. Nos. 79,409 and 80,707. Figs. 15, 16.—Sonorella virilis Pils. Type. Chiricahua Mountains. No. 79,622. Figs. 17-20.—Sonorella virilis Pils., var. Sawmill Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains. No. 87,081. Figs. 21-23.—Sonorella granulatissima Pils. Types. No. 83,257. Fig. 24.—Sonorella virilis huachucana Pils. Brown Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. Pirate XVIII, Figs. 24-28.—Sonorella granulatissima latior Pils. Brown’s Can- yon, Huachuca Mountains. No. 87,083. Figs. 29-32.—Sonorella hachitana bowiensis Pils. Fort Bowie. No. 86,497. Figs. 33, 34.—Sonorella rowelli (Newc.). Sanfords. No. 83,273. Fig. 35.—Sonorella rowelli (Newc.). Patagonia Mountains. No. 83,268. Figs. 36-38.—Sonorella granulatissima Pils. Ida Canyon. No. 87,088. Figs. 39, 40, 44.—Sonorella granulatissima Pils. Miller Canyon. No. 87,087. Figs. 41-43.—Sonorella granulatissima Pils. Miller Canyon. No. 89,227. Figs. 45-47.—Sonorella granulatissima parva Pils. West end of Hua- chuca Mountains. No. 87,114. Figs. 48-50.—Sonorella virilis circumstriatus Pils. Types. Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains. No. 87,026. Figs. 51-54.—Sonorella granulatissima Pils. Carr Canyon, Huachuca Moun- tains. No. 89,226. 288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Mch., Pirate XIX.—Anatomy of Oreoheliz. Fig. 1.—Oreohelix strigosa, from Pecos, New Mexico. Pallial complex. Fig. 2.—0. elrodi (Pils.). Fig. 3.—O. strigosa (Gld.), from Pecos, New Mexico. Fig. 4.—O. chiricahuana Pils. Fig. 5.—O. barbata Pils. Fig. 6.—O. s. huachucana Pils. Fig. 7—O. yavapai Pils. Penis. Fig. 8.—0O. clappi Ferriss. Fig. 9.—O. y. neomexicana Pils. Penis. Puate XX [all figures X 2], Fig. 10.—Sonorella hachitana bowiensis Pils. Penis opened to show papilla. Bowie, Arizona. No. 86,497. Fig. 11.—S. h. bowiensis Pils. Genitalia of same specimen. Fig. 12.—Sonorella hachitana (Dall). Genitalia of individual from Florida Mountains, New Mexico. No. 86,496. The penis-papilla shows faintly through. Fig. 13.—Sonorella rowelli (Newc.). Penis opened to show papilla. San- ford’s, Arizona. No. 83,273. Fig. 14.—S. rowelli (Newe.). Genitalia of same individual. Fig. 15.—Sonorella hachitana ashmuni (Bartsch). Opened penis of a speci- men from Purtyman’s ranch, Oak creek, New Mexico. No. 79,409. Fig. 16.—Sonorella granulatissima Pils. 6‘ organs, showing epiphallus and flagellum of one of the type specimens. Spring Canyon, Huachuca Mountains. Fig. 17.—S. granulatissima Pils. Genitalia of same individual. Fig. 18.—S. granulatissima Pils. Opened penis of same individual. Fig. 19.—Sonorella virilis circumstriata Pils. Genitalia of No. 87,026. Cave Creek Canyon. Fig. 20.—Sonorella rowelli (Newe.). Terminal ducts of genitalia of a small form from the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona. No. 83,268. Fig. 21.—Sonorella virilis Pils. Opened penis of type specimen. Chiricahua Mountains. No. 79,622. Fig. 22.—S. virilis Pils. Genitalia of same specimen. PLATE XXI.— Genitalia of Ashmuwnella. Fig. 23.—Ashmunella duplicidens Pils. %23. No. 87,024. Fig. 24.—Ashmunella proxima Pils. X23. No. 86,498. Fig. 25.—Ashmunella esuritor Pils. Exserted penis. Fig. 26.—Ashmunella angulata Pils. 2%. No. 87,015. Fig. 27.—Ashmunella metamorphosa Pils. 2. No. 88,885. Fig. 28.—Ashmunella l. angigyra Pils. X23. No. 83,269. Fig. 29.—Ashmunella chiricahuana Pils. 2. No. 87,021. Fig. 30.—Ashmunella esuritor Pils. 2%. No. 87,023. PuiatTe XXII, Figs. 1, 2, 3.—Oreohelix strigosa, variety from Pecos, New Mexico. 1. Central tooth r, with three laterals; 2. Group of marginal teeth at the edge of radula; 3. Lateral and transitional teeth. Fig. 4.—Oreohelix clappi Ferriss. Central and two lateral teeth of a co-type. Fig. 5. Oreohelix strigosa hwachucana Pils. Group of lateral and transi- tional teeth of a type specimen. Fig. 6.—Oreohelix barbata Pils. Central tooth with laterals i-iii, vi and vii of a co-type. Fig. 7.—Oreohelix yavapai Pils. Co-type. Group of lateral and transitional teeth, with a central tooth on the extreme right. Fig. 8.—Ashmunella metamorphosa Pils. Central with two adjacent lateral teeth of a type specimen. Fig. 9.—Ashmunella angulata Pils. No. 87,015. Group of transitional and marginal teeth. Figs. 10, 11.—Ashmunella chiricahuana (Dall). Group of central and lateral teeth and two groups of marginal teeth of a typical specimen. Fig. 12.—Ashmunella levettei angigyra Pils. Conservatory Canyon, Hua- chuca Mountains. Half row of teeth, some of the marginals omitted. 1905.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 289 Puate XXIII.—Jaws of Ashmunella, Sonorella and Oreoheliz. Fig. 13.—Ashmunella chiricahuana Dall. Cave Creek Canyon, Chiricahuas. No. 87,021. Fig. 14.—Ashmunella levettei angigyra Pils. Type. No. 83,269. Fig. 15.—Ashmunella angulata Pils. No. 87,015. Fig. 16.—Ashmunella metamorphosa Pils. Co-type. Fig. 17.—Ashmunella levettei proxima Pils. Co-type. No. 86,498. Fig. 18.—Sonorella rowelli (Newe.). Patagonia Mountains, Santa Cruz county, Arizona. No. 83,268. Fig. 19.—Sonorella hachitana var. Organ Mountains, New Mexico. No. 71,413. Fig. 20.—Sonorella hachitana (Dall). Florida Mountains, New Mexico. No. 86,496. Fig. 21.—Sonorella virilis Pils. Type. No. 79,602. Fig. 22.—Sonorella h. bowiensis Pils. Type. No. 86,497. Fig. 23.—Sonorella granulatissima Pils. Co-type. Fig. 24.—Oreohelix chiricahuana Pils. Co-type. Fig. 25.—Oreohelix strigosa Gld. var. Pecos, New Mexico. Fig. 26.—Oreohelix clappi Ferriss. Co-type. Puate XXIV, Figs. 1-4.—Oreohelix strigosa huachucana. Miller Canyon, 5,000 feet. No. 87,144. Figs. 5-7.—Conservatory Canyon. No. 83,370. Type specimens. Fig. 8—Uniform brown specimen. Same locality. No. 83,371. Figs. 9, 10.—Brown’s Canyon, at 7,000 feet. No. 87,125. Figs. 11, 12, 16.—Brown’s Canyon, at 7,000 feet. No. 87,124. Figs. 13, 14.—Brown’s Canyon, at 7,000 feet. No. 87,126. Fig. 15.—Brown’s Canyon, at 6,000 feet. No. 87,122. Figs. 17, 18.—Brown’s Canyon, at 7,000 feet. No. 87,127. Figs. 19, 20.—Carr Canyon, at 6,000 feet. No. 87,135. Figs. 21—-23.—Carr Canyon, at 5,500 feet. No. 87,134. Fig. 24.—Carr Canyon, at 6,000 feet. No. 87,136. Figs. 25-27.—O. s. concentrata (Dall). Limestone Mountain, north side, at 8,000 feet. No. 87,128. Fig. 28.—0O. s. concentrata (Dall). Carr Canyon, 7,000 feet. No. 87,138. Figs. 29-31.—0O. s. concentrata (Dall). Limestone Mountain, south side, at 8,000 feet. No. 87,131. Figs. 32.—O. s. concentrata (Dall). Limestone Mountain, south side, at 8,000 feet. No. 87,131. PLATE XXV, Figs. 33, 34.—Oreohelix s. huachucana Pils. Ida Canyon, Huachuca Mountains, 7,000 feet elevation. No. 87,143. Fig. 35.—O. s. huachucana Ida Canyon, 7,000 feet. No. 87,142. Fig. 36.—O. s. hwachucana. Carr Canyon, 7,000 feet. No. 87,137. Figs. 37-40.—O. s. huachucana, keeled and hirsute form. Carr Canyon. No. 87,132. Figs. 41-43.—O. s. huachucana. Cave Creek Canyon, 5,500 feet. No. 87,140, 87,141. Figs. 44, 48, 52.—O. s. metcaljei Ckll. Co-types, 44 and 48 from bleached specimens, 52 from one collected alive. Figs. 45-47.—0. strigosa (Gld.). Pecos, New Mexico. No. 85,100. Figs. 49-51.—0. strigosa socorroensis Pils. Co-types. No. 58,128. Fig. 52.—0O. s. metcalfei Ckll. Fig. 53.—O. yavapai Pils. Co-type. No. 79,415. Figs. 54-56.—0O. clappi Ferriss. Co-types. No. 87,013. Figs. 57, 58.—O. barbata Pils. Co-types. No. 87,011. Fig. 59.—O. y. neomexicana Pils. Co-type. No. 84,297. Fig. 60.—O. s. concentrata (Dall). Hacheta Grande Mountain, at 9,000 feet. No. 65,742. 290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {Mch., Pate XXVI, Figs. 1-5.—Holospira goldfussi (Mke.). Guadalupe river, about six miles above New Braunfels, Texas. Nos. 89,209, 89,210. Fig. 6.—Holospira cockerelli Dall. Near Kingston, New Mexico. No. 9,211 Fig. 7.—Holospira regis Pils. and Ckll. Near Kingston, New Mexico. No. 89,208. Fig. 8.—Holospira crossei Dall. Hacheta Grande Mountain, Grant county, New Mexico, No. 65,738. Fig. 9.—Holospira chiricahuana Pils. Fort Bowie, Cochise county, Arizona, No. 87,118. Figs. 10-15.—Holospira roemeri (Pfr.). Hondo river, about two miles north of Hondo, Medina county, Texas. No. 89,207. Figs. 16-18.—H. roemeri. High Bridge of the Pecos river, Valverde county, Texas. No. 89,206. Figs. 19-21.—Microceramus texanus (Pils.). Guadalupe river, above New Braunfels, Texas. No. 89,205. Puate XXVII, Figs. 22-25.—Holospira ferrisst Pils. Manilla Mine, Huachuca Mountains. No. 87,115. Figs. 26-29.—Holospira chiricahuana Pils. Cave Creek Carfyon, Chiricahua Mountains. No. 87,119. Figs. 30-33.—Holospira cionella Pils. Fort Bowie. No. 87,117. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XI. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XII. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XIII. 43 44 PIcSERY. MOLLUSCA OF THE, SOUTHWESTERN. STATES. eee PLATE XIV. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XV. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. ty PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XVI. 10) 103 104 Nog} 108 17 14 he PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XVII. 93 24 PIESBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. 7 ° PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XVIII. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XIX. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XX. 21 KYalay del. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XXI. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PLATE XXII. LS Sass ase Se LB agg | Maar etans iow eo Pr PiLSsBRY) MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PVE Seg e PLATE XXIII. 25 MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XXIV. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. i ‘ ote egy, rit tin PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XXV. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. ee te WEP Rite ose 5 pee aig h i “< Ate wrth dl PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XXVI. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. ait oe F ut he re Le | jet eae ge PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1905. PLATE XXVIII. PILSBRY. MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. eo far. ; ae Sc te ba wee Pg és ES < . 4 > o Wi ¥e Sy van” BNE ah =, “> > * 1 @e , a) + DS nse, Cae | . Pe tak Ore ee a NT ; ° : - y - ist ; ' _* jt 7. PupPTS fe Fi . \ uh } j Bp * . tos ; = Y = ‘ i 6 a : ' f 5 T ' : : * a F Alf > ' a ' i ¥ eh ; { ; s 1 3 = — . oT a ~ Mollusca of the Bont wonerk es States. sa aan . = BY » « . H. A. PILSBRY AND J. H. FERRISS. 27 Prom the Proceedings of The Academy of Natural Sciences : a | of Philadelphia, March, 1906. A AERA OL essen sir ne 1 ie a } enw ity 2) Evie Via Mat 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 122 MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. II. BY H. A. PILSBRY AND J. H. FERRISS. The present paper deals with mollusks of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, collected chiefly by the authors in 1903, and not included in the first paper of this series.1 No attempt has been made to present complete faunas; but in connection with the previous paper, about all the reliable data extant upon the snail faunas of the Chiricahua and Huachuca ranges in southeast Arizona and the eastern and southern borders of the Lower Sonoran area in Texas will be found herein. It has not been thought expedient to repeat data elsewhere accessible. For the student of molluscan distribution, the life zones of the United States as mapped by Dr. Merriam * emphasize the secondary and not the primary facts of distribution. The laws of temperature control, which he has developed with keen insight, do not define transcon- tinental zones of primary import zoologically. These zones are sec- ondary divisions of vertical life areas of which the molluscan faunas were evolved in large part independently. The Sonoran fauna is probably intermingling more now with that of eastern North America than at any former time, at least so far as such sedentary forms as land mollusks are concerned. Similar conclusions have been reached by Mr. A. E. Brown in deal- ing with Texan reptiles.* The results of his study ‘‘establish three facts, hitherto not wholly free from uncertainty: first, that the bound- ary between the Austroriparian and Sonoran reptilian faunas lies ap- proximately between the 96th and 98th meridians of longitude in Texas; second, that the restricted Texan district of Cope is not Aus- troriparian but Sonoran; third, that transcontinental zones of distribu- tion cannot be maintained in the Medicolumbian region for reptiles.’ 1 Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 211. * Some New Mexican records, chiefly from material collected by Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell in the upper Pecos valley, are added. ’ Biological Survey, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 11, Map. North American Fauna, No. 25, Plate I. ‘Texas Reptiles and their Fafinal Relations, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1903, pp. 543-558. Post-Glacial Nearctic Centers of Dispersal for Reptiles, Proc. A. N. S. Phila, 1904, p. 464. 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, ‘f.. . the community in reptiles between the Sonoran and the Austroriparian is much less than that between the Sonoran and the Central; it is, in fact, limited to widely ranging genera .... the separate identity of these two faunas [Sonoran and Austroriparian], as far back as they can be traced, confirms the conclusion already reached, from their present distribution, that the association of the Sonoran with the Austroriparian into one transcontinental zone is unnatural.’’ This terse statement only requires the substitution of ‘‘mollusks’’ for ‘“reptiles’’ to serve as a summary of the results of our present in- vestigation. In land mollusks, as in reptiles, the Sonoran types have pushed farther into the humid Austroriparian than the eastern types into the Sonoran area. Bulimulus and the texasiana group of Poly- gyra are cases in point; while Eastern subgenera of Polygyra, and prac- tically all Austroriparian forms except the minute, widely ranging genera, stop short at the rise marking the approximate limit of the Cretaceous formation and the Sonoran area in Texas. The common boundary of the Austroriparian and Sonoran, while surprisingly sharp for continuous areas, is deeply accidented by the river valleys, which carry very narrow Austroriparian ramifications into Sonoran borders. Thus, along the San Marcos river in Hays county, the Guadalupe river in Comal county, and the San Antonio river in Bexar county, an Austroriparian fauna with such Eastern forms as Omphalina, Poly- gyra thyroides, P. monodon fraterna, P. auriformis, P. roemeri, Bulimu- lus d. liquabilis, ete., is found, while the fauna on the bluffs or away from the streams is frankly Sonoran. Farther southwest, the Aus- troriparian forms are wholly wanting, even where moist local condi- tions prevail, as in the immediate vicinity of the streams of Val Verde county. A list of the forms characteristic of the eastern or lower portion of the Sonoran in Texas (Texan District of Cope) follows: Praticolella berlandiervana Strobilops |. texasvanus Thysanophora hormi Zonitoides nummus Polygyra hippocrepis Vitrea indentata umbilicata Polygyra texasiana hyperolva Vitrea dalliana roemeri Polygyra t. texasensis Euconulus chersinus trochulus Polygyra mooreana’ Helicodiscus eigenmanni Bulimulus d. mooreanus Planorbis carus Bulimulus d. ragsdaler Planorbula obstructa 5 This species extends somewhat into the Austroriparian. or se 1906. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 125 Bulimulus d. pecosensis Gomobasis comalensis Bulimulus alternatus marve Paludestrina seemani Holospira roemeri Paludestrina diaboli Holospira goldfussr Ammicola comalensis Microceramus texanus Cochliopa riograndensis Euglandina singleyana Potamopyrgus spinosus Bifidaria procera cristata Valvata micra Nine genera of this list are not known to occur in the Austro- riparian or humid region of Texas. For list of the latter fauna, the student is referred to the catalogue of Mr. J. A. Singley, cited below, from which a long list of Austroriparian forms of Eastern type may readily be compiled. The first list of Texan mollusks of any extent was published by Romer in his excellent work on Texas, 1849. Numerous references to the terrestrial mollusks will of course be found in Binney’s successive volumes. In 1878 Mr. A. G. Wetherby® published some notes on the forms he found in eastern Texas (American Naturalist for 1878, pp. 184, 254). The principal source of information, however, is Mr. J. A. Singley’s Contributions to the Natural History of Texas, part I, Texas Mollusca, published in the Fourth Annual Rep. Geol. Survey of Texas, 1893. In this list Mr. Singley has included with the records of his own extensive collecting, others from many sources, so that the records are of unequal value. The Texan list stands much in need of revision and a good many names thereon are doubtless to be rejected, either because the forms do not occur in Texas, as in the case of Ampullaria, or because of wrong identifications; yet the work cannot be done until resident naturalists take it up. HELICINIDA. Helicina orbiculata tropica ‘Jan’ Ptr. Texas: San Marcos, Hays county; Comal county, around New Braunfels; San Antonio, Bexar county; two miles north of Hondo, Medina county; Del Rio, Devil’s river and High Bridge of the Pecos, Val Verde county. Some colonies are all white; others are mingled with red or blue shells. HELICIDA. Praticolella berlandieriana (Moric.). Figs. 1, 2. Texas: San Marcos, Hays county; Guadalupe river above New 8 By error Mr. Wetherby’s name was printed ‘‘W. G. Weatherby ”’ 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Braunfels, Comal county; San Antonio, Bexar county; Hondo river, two miles north of Hondo, Medina county; Del Rio, Val Verde county. Mr. Ferriss took some thin, translucent specimens, 8x 10 mm., at Smithville. The shell varies from 9.8 to 11.7 mm. diam. The pub- Fig. 2. lished figures do not show that there is frequently a short lamellar tooth or callous on the parietal wall near the suture, a short distance within, as shown in the figured specimen from the Guadalupe river near New Braunfels. Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). Texas: Hondo river, near Hondo, Medina county; Rio San Filipe, near Del Rio; Devil’s river, west of Del Rio, and Pecos river at the High Bridge, Val Verde county, all in river drift. New Mexico: Florida mountains, near Deming, Grant county. Arizona: Cochise county; Cave creek canyon in the Chiricahua mountains; Fort Bowie; drift of San Pedro river at Benson, and Manilla mine, at the west end of the Huachuca mountains. This small species is a typical Thysanophora, closely related to the type of the genus. It varies but little throughout its extensive range, unless it be in the cuticular lines and hairs, which are worn off of the river-drift specimens. It has not before been reported in this country from east of Cook’s, Grant county, N. M. Our collection of 1903 extended its known range in the United States more than 500 miles eastward, to the border of the Staked Plains in central-southern Texas. Further localities in Arizona are given in Nautilus, XII, p. 99. In Mexico, 7. hornii has been collected at Topo Chico, near Mon- terey, Nuevo Leon, and at Victoria, Tamaulipas (Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1903, p. 763). It is therefore one of the widely distributed species of the States both north and south of the international boundary in the Sonoran area. Polygyra auriformis (Bld.). Helix aurijformis Bland, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. of N. Y., VII, p. 37 (1858). ? Helix sayii Wood, Index Testaceologicus, Suppl., p. 22, pl. 7, p. 34 m (1828). Texas: Galveston (J. H. Ferriss); Calhoun county (Hubbard) ; 1906. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 127 Austin and San Antonio (Pilsbry, 1885); along the Guadalupe river, three or four miles above New Braunfels (Ferriss and Pilsbry). Sing- ley adds the localities Bastrop and Burleson counties. It is an Austro- riparian species which reaches into the borders of the Lower Sonoran area along the river bottoms. While the identity of Wood’s H. sayz with aurijormis is not estab- lished with sufficient certainty to make a substitution advisable, in our opinion, yet there can be no doubt that Wood had either that species or one of its immediate allies. Helix sayz of Binney, 1840, being a homonym, may be changed to Polygyra sayana (Terrestrial Mollusks, II, pl. XXIII). Polygyra hippocrepis (Pfr.). Figs. 3, 4. The known range of this curious snail is exceedingly restricted. It has been found only near New Braunfels, in Comal county, Texas. We found it in abundance in April, 1903, on the west side of the Guadalupe river about four to six miles north of New Braunfels, under stones near and at the foot of the bluff, with Holospira goldjussi. Another place much nearer the town is on the rocky wooded hillside above the springs of Comal creek, where we found a few living ones. This place is just beyond the pleasure gardens. The structure of the aperture of P. hippocrepis has never been fully described or figured. The parietal tooth is not V-shaped as in other Polygyras, but U-shaped, hence the name hippocrepis—horseshoe. There is an internal tubercle on the columella, as in P. mooreana. The upper and lower lip-teeth enter and arch towards each other, forming a U-shaped curve, which stands close to but a little deeper than that formed by the parietal tooth. Where the two entering teeth join there is a notch and a delicate slender hook with the point curved towards the adjacent basal wall projecting forward. The immersion of the originally lower lip-tooth gives room for a secondary callous ridge along the basal lip, as shown in fig. 4. 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, These structures form in their way a more perfect barrier perhaps than that produced by other means in P. awriculata and uvulifera. The species stands isolated at present. It is perhaps an aberrant and highly evolved relative of the Tennessee-Arkansas group of P. jack- sont, ete. Polygyra texasiana (Moricand). Pl. V, figs. 16, 17, 20. Specimens of typical P. texasiana were taken. by us in Hays, Comal and Bexar counties, Texas. Ferriss took it at Galveston. The type locality is ‘‘Texas.’’ In this widespread form the last two whorls are strongly rib-striate above, the riblets rapidly diminishing on pre- ceding whorls; the embryonic whorl is smooth and glossy. The ribs are strongest just behind the lip, and here continue upon the periphery or to the base, which is elsewhere nearly smooth or merely rippled. Fresh shells show a reddish peripheral band on the pale brownish- corneous surface. Specimens figured are from the west side of the Guadalupe river above New Braunfels, Texas. Alt. 5, diam. 11 mm. Along the Rio Grande P. texasiana occurs with transition forms to P. t. hyperolia. See below. Form with striate base. In some localities the ribs of the upper sur- face continue upon the base (pl. V, figs. 18, 19, Calhoun county, Texas), the other characters being unchanged. There are transitions to the normal sculpture of texasiana in some specimens, and we do not think it desirable to distinguish this form at present by a special name. Its distribution must be more fully worked out than we have been able to do. Calhoun county is on the Gulf coast near the southern angle of the State. P. texasiana hyperolia n. subsp. PI. V, figs. 13 14, 15. Shell more depressed than texasiana, glossy, very finely striate, almost smooth, above and below, with several riblets behind the lip-constriction. Uniform brownish-corneous or paler beneath, without a peripheral band. Aperture smaller and slightly more oblique than in texasiana. Alt. 4, diam. 9.3 to 10 mm. The type locality is the high land west of Devil’s river. This is the common Polygyra along the Rio Grande in Val Verde county, extend- ing north and northwest. The specimens from down the river, at Hidalgo, . . . . county, and Laredo, Webb county (collected by Singley), are either terasiana or transitional between texasiana and hyperolia in sculpture. At Del Rio, along the Rio San Filipe, Ferriss and I found still the terasiana and transition forms. On the high land west of the Devil’s river, Val Verde county, we found hyperolia in some numbers, under prostrate Yucca trunks and 1906. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 129 sometimes concealed in the shelter of the downward-drooping dead leaves on standing Yuccas. From this region they have been washed into the Devil’s river, where bleached shells are abundantly found in the drift débris. We also took specimens in the high land along the Pecos river, near the High Bridge (Viaduct, on some maps), east of the river, and in drift débris in the canyon. In the interior counties of Texas we took specimens in the drift of the Hondo river, Medina county, about two miles north of Hondo. Much farther northward Mr. Ferriss found hyperolia at Colorado City, Mitchell county, Texas. In New Mexico Prof. J. D. Tinsley collected it on South Spring creek, near Roswell, in the Pecos valley, where it occurred fossil in a bed of white marl, three to four feet below the surface. It is not now found living in that locality. We are indebted to Prof. Cockerell for these specimens.’ P.t. hyperolia varies about as much as texasvana in size. Specimens from west of Devil’s river measure from 3.8x8 mm., with 44 whorls, to 4.2x11 mm., with 5 whorls. This variety is not the Helix (Polygyra) tamaulipasensis of Lea, which is typical P. texasiana, as I have ascertained by a comparison of the type kindly made for me by Dr. W. H. Dall. Polygyra texasiana texasensis (Pils.). PI. V, figs. 11, 12. Polygyra texasensis Pils., Nautilus, XVI, p. 31, July, 1902. Similar to P. t. hyperolia in the depressed shape and smooth surface, without riblets above; but decidedly larger, with about 54 whorls, the umbilicus broader than is usual in the other forms of the species. Alt. 5.2, diam. 12.5 mm. Alt. 5.8, diam. 12.5 mm. Alt. 5.8, diam. 13.7 mm. Colorado City, Mitchell county, Texas; types collected by James H. Ferriss in 1902, No. 83,258, A. N.S. Phila. This is a large edition of P. t. hyperolia, and further collections from the almost unknown northwestern half of Texas are needed to deter- mine whether it is really distinct enough from that subspecies to call for recognition of the latter by name. In the large series of hyperolia collected there were, however, no forms as large as texasensis. Polygyra mooreana (W.G. Binn). Pl. V, figs. 4-10. This species stands close to P. texasiana, but the shell is smaller than 7 Reported as P. triodontoides in The Nautilus, XIII, November, 1899, p. 84. — ——— —_———— 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF (March, any but the smallest texasiana, and with about the same number of whorls (5 to 54) appears more closely coiled. It is constantly dis- tinct by the elongated columellar tubercle within the last whorl (shown in fig.9). This tubercle seems to be what Binney erroneously describes as “‘an internal transverse tubercle on the base of the shell’’—an ex- pression which would lead one to expect such a structure as that found in the Stenotremas. Binney states that the color is ‘‘white,’’ but fresh shells are brownish-corneous, a little paler and somewhat transparent at the base. The diameter varies from 6.5 to 8 mm. Variation in the degree of elevation is shown in the figures. P. mooreana was originally described from Washington county, Texas. We took specimens at Smithville, Bastrop county, San Mar- cos, Hays county, around New Braunfels, Comal county (figs 4-7), and on the Hondo river north of Hondo, Medina county (figs. 8, 9, 10), everywhere in copious quantity. There are also specimens before us from Washington county, Belton, Fort Worth, Waco, Austin and Lee county. Further records are given by Mr. Singley in his valuable catalogue. It was taken at Galveston by Ferriss. Polygyra mooreana tholus (W.G. Binn). Pl. V, figs. 1, 2, 3. Larger than mooreana, with the last whorl far more openly coiled below, exposing more of the penultimate whorl in the much wider umbilicus. Specimens from Washington county measure: Alt. 5.5, diam. 11, width of umbilicus 4.2 mm.; whorls 7. Alt. 4, diam. 8.2, width of umbilicus, 3 mm.; whorls 6. This form holds such a relation to P. mooreana as P. d. sampsoni to P. dorfeuilliana, being very openly coiled beneath, with a deep and very long groove on the last whorl within the umbilicus. The internal ridge is like that of P. mooreana. It seems to be comparatively local in distribution and is certainly rare. We have never seen a fresh specimen. It was described from Washington county, Texas, the locality of the specimens figured. It is in the collection of the Academy also from Calhoun county. Ferriss took a few specimens at Galveston, and Sing- ley found it in Fort Bend and Brazos counties. Von Martens reports a worn specimen found by Friedel at Vera Cruz, Mexico. Polygyra roemeri (Pfr.). Smithville, Bastrop county, Texas (Ferriss); San Antonio, Bexar county (Pilsbry and Ferriss); near New Braunfels, Comal county, one specimen (Pilsbry). BULIMULIDA. The genus Bulimulus in Texas has caused much perplexity to stu- dents. Many and diverse have been the views held as to the rank 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 131 and identity of the several forms. Several times since the first visit of one of us to Texas, in the winter of 1885-86, they have been carefully studied anew, with each time larger materials and better knowledge of the country. To the specimens already in the museum of the Academy about 1,000 were added by our expedition of 1903, from central and western Texas and Indian Territory. The series is divisible into two species, B. dealbatus and B. alternatus marie; the first further split into numerous local races or subspecies. The typical forms of B. alternatus and B. schiedeanus do not, so far as we know, extend into Texan territory; both were described from Mexico where they range over a large area. B. patriarcha W. G. B., unquestionably a form of schiedeanus, was also described from Mexico (Buena Vista), and we have seen no specimen of it from within our borders.® In the United States, Bulimulus has not been found west of the neighborhood of El Paso. We know nothing of what forms live in the State northwest of a line from Austin,to San Antonio, or north of the Southern Pacific Railroad from San Antonio westward to El Paso. Beyond some extension of the ranges of B. dealbatus mooreanus and B. alternatus marie, little is to be expected from the great unknown area. The following forms are now recognized: 1. B. dealbatus mooreanus W. G. B., Pfr. Arid region of central and south Texas. 2. B. d. liquabilis Rve. Eastern and southeastern Texas. . B. dealbatus Say. Alabama to Kentucky, west to Kansas. 4. B. d. ozarkensis P. and F. Northern and western borders of the Ozark uplift. 5. B. d. ragsdalei Pilsbry. Bluffs of Red river and southwestern Texas. . B. d. pecosensis P. and F. Southwestern Texas. . B. d. pasonis Pilsbry. El Paso, western Texas. . B. alternatus marie (Albers). Southern Texas. oN) CoN mS Of these forms, the anatomy of B. d. mooreanus, B. d. liquabilis, B. d. ragsdalei, B. d. pecosensis and the Val Verde county race of B. alternatus marie has been examined more or less fully. All agree in having a rather short, fusiform penis with a basal sheath which in- 8 We do not mean to deny that the forms mentioned occur in Texas. The coun- ties along the Rio Grande west of the mouth of the Pecos are still unexplored for shells, and B. schiedeanus especially may turn up in this region. 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, cludes the vas deferens; a rather long and slender epiphallus, and a flagellum. An atrium can scarcely be said to be developed, but the vagina is rather long in all the forms. The globular spermatheca is borne on a long duct, which is lightly bound to the oviduct and is usually somewhat swollen near the middle. The right eye-retractor passes between the & and 2 branches, and there is an excessively weak and short penial retractor about 1 mm. from the end of the flagellum, and inserted on the lung floor. B. a. marie differs strongly from all forms of B. dealbatus by the great length of the penis with its appendages, and of the duct of the spermatheca. Moreover, the penial organs are longer than the spermathecal duct, while in mooreanus and pecosensis the spermathecal duct is the longer. These differences confirm the opinion, derived Fig. 5.—A, Bulimulus a. marie. B, B. d. liquabilis. C, B. d. pecosensis. D, penis of a fully mature individual of same E, B. d. ragsdalei. F, penis of another individual. G, B.d.mooreanus. Fig. D < 22; the other figures x 2. from a study of the shells, that B. alternatus and dealbatus are well differentiated specifically. The measurements of the genitalia in millimeters follows: Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1906. Page 183—Under heading Length of Spermatheca with duct, first line of table, change 5 to 50. On last line of table change 1.5 to 15. L906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 133 } | Total length| Length | : é Length of penis, | of penis | Length j ae Masai | epiphallus ee insertion of cet initia (ah mien | and | of vas vagina. Hick 3 | flagellum. | deferens). Se | | B a. marie | Pecos river | 58 | 34 | @ | 5 84,627 Del Rio 45 29 | 84,635 B. d. liquabilis | | San Marcos | 36 | 29 | 11 27 | 91,396 | | | B. d. mooreanus | Guadelupe river 23 | 16 | 6 | 30 84,628 B. d. ragsdalet | nit Devil’s river 16 10.5 | 5 17 | 84,638 B. d. pecosensis 19 11.5 | 6 | 20 | 84,618 24 1.5 | | B. dealbatus mooreanus (‘W. G. B.,’ Pfr.). Pl. VI, figs. 1-6. Pfr., Monographia Hel. Viv., VI, p. 1438 (1868). Bulimus schiedeanus in part, W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., IV, p. 129, pl. 80, fig. 8. Bulimulus schiedeanus var. mooreanus W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., V, p. 392, figs. 277, 278; Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 400, figs. 438, 440. The shell is thin, ovate-conic, opaque white above, coffee-with-cream col- ored below the periphery, or sometimes either white or coffee-tinted throughout ; sometimes varied with a few gray streaks, or some scattered translucent-gray dots; surface smooth, with the spire more or less striate, apical whorls waxen or dark. Umbilicus narrow. Interior cream-white. Five specimens from New Braunfels measure: Alt. 26 22.5 25.5 23 22.5 mm. Diam. 16.5 13:05), 14 12 13 rf Aperture 15 12.8 12.6 11.8 £2.85 Distribution, eastern division of the Lower Sonoran in Texas. Originally described from ‘‘ Washington and DeWitt counties, Texas.’’ Specimens from both of these are before us, and also from Hays, Comal, Guadalupe, Bexar, Medina, Frio, Uvalde and Victoria counties. Some shells from Fort Worth and Waco, in northern Texas, are also like mooreanus, while others resemble B. d. liquabilis. B. d. mooreanus is smaller, thinner and smoother than the Mexican B. schiedeanus (Pfr.), but intergrades with B. d. liquabilis Rve. through certain specimens having ragged dark streaks, chiefly on the spire, such as fig. 5 of pl. VI. In the main, the subspecies is quite uniform 134 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, in characters, and easily recognized. It is the only Bulimulus found in the greater part of the region it inhabits, and is one of the com- monest forms in collections. The specimens seen from Fort Worth are not unlike those referred to B. d. liquabilis from Waco, and it is not easy to decide upon which race they belong to. They are undifferentiated forms. In Comal, Guadalupe, Bexar and Medina counties we found only typical mooreanus. In Frio county the shells are somewhat more solid and often whiter. In a series of 313 specimens from along the Guadalupe river above New Braunfels (pl. VI, figs. 2, 3, 4) I could find but one shell with any of the ragged stripes of B. d. liquabilis. In 165 taken along the river below San Antonio (pl. VI, fig. 1) there were 7 with some ragged stripes, at least on the upper whorls. A series of 55 mooreanus from Victoria had 4 striped shells (pl. VI, figs. 5, 6). The percentage of intergrading specimens is therefore small. B. dealbatus liquabilis (Reeve). Pl. VI, figs. 7-12. Bulimus liquabilis Reeve, Conch. Icon., V, pl. 57, fig. 387 (Dec., 1848). Bulimus confinis Reeve, Conch. Icon., V, pl. 86, fig. 643 (Feb., 1850). Bulimulus schiedeanus Pfr., W.G. Binney, Terr. Moll., V, p. 391, fig. 276, but not the description. The shell is thin, variable in shape but usually obese, the aperture half the total length or more. Translucent-corneous or brownish- corneous, more or less profusely marked with opaque whitish ragged streaks. Interior whitish or colored like the outside. This is the form of the humid Austroriparian zone in Texas, as B. d. mooreanus is of the arid division. Specimens are before us from the following counties: Dallas, McLennan, Coryell, Bell, Travis, Lee, Hays, Jackson, Nueces. Also from Limestone Gap, Indian Territory. Where the range of liquabilis adjoins that of mooreanus there is a belt of overlapping; but so far as we know the two do not actually occur together. At San Marcos, Hays county, for instance, B. d. liquabilis lives on the moist low alluvium along the San Marcos river, while B. d. mooreanus is found on the Cretaceous limestone hills above the town. It seems that the one form extends finger-like up some of the streams, while the other may occupy intervening upland or calcareous stations. B. liquabilis and B. confinis were both described from ‘‘Texas.’’ B. d. liquabilis differs from mooreanus by the predominance of corneous-brown coloring. It is also usually more globose and less smooth. It is more globose than B. dealbatus, with less convex whorls, as a general rule, yet there seems to be practically complete intergradation between the races, and some Texas shells are not dis- 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 135 tinguishable from those of Alabama, though most others could not be matched from east of the Mississippi. On the whole, the race has intimate relations to those east and west of it, yet seems in its own area to be sufficiently differentiated to be recognized. Specimens from Jackson county (collected by J. D. Mitchell) are typical of liquabilis. They aresmall (pl. VI, figs. 9, 10, 11), well striped as usual, variable in the length of the spire, and generally have a strong, narrow lip-rib. Alt. 18.7 20.5 18.5 118 21 mm. Diam. 12 12.5 ih 10 12 y Aperture 11.5 11.5 10 9.5 PED 1% Whorls 54 53 6 6 64 Shells from Lee county (J. A. Singley), are larger, more globose, cor- responding to Reeve’s B. confinis. The corneous-brown tint largely predominates over the reduced whitish streaks. Lip-rib present in adults (pl. VI, fig. 12). Alt. 19 22 25 17.6 mm. Diam. 14 14 15.2 eS 6 Aperture 12 13 14.8 103 WS Whorls — 6 64 6 Waco specimens mostly have the spire longer, as do those from Belton, Austin and San Marcos. In the series from the latter locality (Ferriss and Pilsbry, 1903) there are about equal numbers of typical striped shells and nearly unicolored corneous-brown ones, with indis- tinct whitish streaks alternating with pale reddish on the spire (pl. VI, figs. 7, 8). They measure: Alt. 25.5 25.0 26 mm. Diam. 14 15 tab Aperture 14 14 14 a The genitalia of one of the unicolored shells are figured (fig. B). The individual supplying the preparation was that shown in fig. 7 of plate VI. Fig. 8 of the plate, a streaked shell, was found similar anatomically. Judging by these shells, the race liquabilis is quite appreciably different from mooreanus in the proportions of the geni- talia. Some specimens from Limestone Gap, Indian Territory, evidently belong to this race. 136 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March: The shells figured by Binney as B. schiedeanus (Manual of American Land Shells, p. 399, fig. 437) are apparently B. d. liquabilis. They are certainly not the true schiedeanus, of which figures may be found in the Manual of Conchology. Bulimulus dealbatus (Say). PI.VI, fig. 13. Helix dealbata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, p. 159, 1821. Say gave the localities ‘‘Missouri and Alabama.’’ His specimens in the Academy Museum are labelled Alabama. One of these three, agreeing with the dimensions given by him, is figured (pl. VI, fig. 13), as the type of the species. The Alabama form has a globose last whorl and rather large umbilicus. The aperture is a little more than half the total length of the shell, but much less than the diameter of the shell. The shell is profusely striped with ragged white stripes on a pale brownish ground. The type measures, alt. 19.4, diam. 12.2, length of aperture 10.6 mm. The same form occurs in Tennessee, Kentucky (Warren county), and west to Kansas (Shawnee county). Some specimens from the humid portion of Texas also seem to belong here. B. d. ozarkensis 0. subsp. PI. VI, fig. 14, 15. B. dealbatus Say, Pilsbry, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1903, p. 204 (Seligman, Mo.). On the northern and western borders of the Ozark uplift this form has been differentiated. The whole shell, and especially the last whorl, is narrower, the aperture is smaller, ordinarily half the total length or less, and the umbilicus is narrower. The shape is about that of B. d. ragsdalei, but the last whorl is not rib-striate, though the spire is weakly so. Coloration as in dealbatus. Specimens measure: Locality. Seligman. Rogers Mam. Spring. Alt. 26 21.6 2) mam: Diam. 13.2 10.5 11 ty Aperture 12.8 10 1035S Whorls i 7 64 Limestone Gap, I. T. Alt. 22 21 20 20 17 mm. Diam. 11.3 11.2 9.7 10.8 9.4 Aperture 11 10.2 9.5 10.8 9 a Whorls 64 64 62 64 6 Distribution, northern and western outliers of the Ozark system: Mammoth Spring, Fulton county, Arkansas; Seligman, Barry county, southwestern Missouri (fig. 14); Rogers, Benton county, Arkansas (fig. 15); Limestone Gap, Choctaw Nation, Indian Territory. 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 137 While only weakly characterized, this form seems to range over a considerable area, and apparently deserves recognition by name. B. dealbatus ragsdalei (Pils.). Pl. VI, figs. 16, 17. Nautilus, III, p. 122; Man. of Conch., XI, p. 129. The shell varies from the ovate shape of typical dealbatus to a more lengthened and slender form, and is conspicuously rib-striate, the striz white on a tawny or white-blotched ground and weaker on the base of the shell. The lip-rib is strongly developed. Three adult specimens of the type lot measure: Alt. 21.5 18.5 16.5 mm. Diam. 10.8 10.3 Sao Aperture 10 9.3 Sheree Whorls 64 64 6 Only dead, more or less bleached shells have been taken from the top of the Red river bluff at the southern end of Warren’s Bend, twenty-five miles northwest of Gainesville, Cooke county, and a mile north of St. Jo, Montague county, Texas. Across the whole State of Texas nearly 400 miles distant, this form reappears on the Rio Grande river, in Val Verde county, in an area inhabited also by B. alternatus marie. We are quite unable to find any constant differences between these Southwestern shells and the Red river types, although the apparent absence of the form in the inter- vening territory suggests that the similar forms of the two areas are independent parallel modifications of dealbatus stocks, rather than actually connected genetically. Yet it is quite possible that the widely sundered colonies have been or still are connected through the great conchologically unknown area northwest of the oblique line across the State marking the limit of our explorations. Dead, bleached shells were found in abundance on the high land west of Devil’s river, but the living ones for some time eluded us. Finally we found them hidden under the dead reversed leaves which thatch the trunks of Yuccas, and sometimes under prostrate dead Yuccas—retreats they share with the smooth race of Polygyra texasiana (pl. VI, figs. 18 to 22). The proportions vary a good deal, a series of adult shells measuring : Alt. 26.5 20 20 21.5 19 16.5 17 mm. Diam. 12.5 9.2 10.3 10 10.8 10 eo i Aperture 12.5 9 10 10.5) LOL? 9.3 Socks Whorls 74 rf 62 64 6 54 64 138 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF {March, The average size of 78 living shells is about 19x9 to10 mm. Fig. 18 represents the largest shell taken, a dead one 26.5 mm. long. There is but little variation in sculpture among shells from this place. Along the Rio San Filipe, not far from the Rio Grande, in chapparal on the east side, we found numerous specimens differing from those of Devil’s river by having the rib-strie nearly obsolete on the last whorl except just below the suture. A large number of dead shells were found, but only very few living ones (pl. VI, figs. 23, 24). They have the dull reddish, white-streaked coloration and the shape of the Devil’s river ragsdalev. Bulimulus dealbatus pecosensis n. subsp. Pl. VI, figs. 26, 27. B. d. schiedeanus var., Pilsbry, Man. of Conch., XI, p. 132, pl. 17, fig. 6. The shell is conspicuously calcareous, whitish with some fleshy or sometimes corneous or ochraceous streaks; upper whorls striate, the last somewhat roughened by irregular growth-wrinkles. Spire long, composed of numerous short convex whorls, the suture nearly hori- zontal; apex white or pale; aperture small, usually ochre-tinted in the throat, lip strengthened by a rib within. Alt. 31 29.7 26.5 24 22.8 21 mm. Diam. 14.8 14 12.8 12 12.7 10.006 Aperture 15 14 TG 10.3 11.5 HOD e Whorls 74 it 74 (ke: 7 7 Type locality, on the mesa about 14 miles southeast of the eastern end of the High Bridge of the Pecos (Southern Pacific Railroad), Val Verde county, Texas. We found one small colony of this form, in the midst of the large dark-mouthed B. alternatus marie, and like that chiefly living on Agave. The extent of the colony was perhaps not more than 50 yards, but as the sun had already set, and we had just emerged from the labyrinthine side canyons of the Pecos, we had time to collect only about thirty-five specimens, each, most of them dead. Everywhere else in the region around the High Bridge we found only B. a. marie. This form is clearly a stunted race of the larger and less slender B. schiedeanus of the Mexican fauna. JB. schiedeanus has been con- sidered specifically distinct from dealbatus by Binney and all the older authorities, as well as by von Martens, who gives a series of good figures in the Biologia Centrali Americana; but while the typical schiedeanus is distinet enough, there are not lacking specimens sug- gesting intergradation with some forms of dealbatus. If schiedeanus 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 139 be retained as a distinct species, then the race pecosensis will be rele- gated to it as a variety. Some specimens of pecosensis taken about thirty years ago by Dr. H. C. Wood, probably, as he informs me, from somewhere in the ‘Great Bend’’ of the Rio Grande, were noticed in the Manual of Conchology, Vol. XI. Bulimulus dealbatus pasonis Pils. Pl. VI, fig. 25. Pilsbry, Nautilus, XVI, July 1902, p. 32. The shell is smaller and more slender than any other form of deal- batus, the diameter about half, the aperture less than half the total length of the shell; nearly smooth, being sculptured with irregular erowth-wrinkles only. The dead specimens are dull reddish-corneous with some streaks and mottling of opaque white. Whorls 5} to 6, quite convex. Aperture small, ovate, the insertions of the lip and columella markedly approaching, without an internal lip-rib in the specimens seen. Umbilicus comparatively large. Alt. 15.7 15.3 mm. Diam. 7.5 ie ea Aperture 6.8 GES Franklin mountain, near El Paso, Texas. (J. H. Ferriss.) This is the most distinct, as it is the most remote, of the races of B. dealbatus, and unless connecting forms come to light, it may well be given specific rank. The absence of regular striation on the spire, the converging ends of the lip and the diminutive size combine to give it individuality. As yet but few specimens have been found, and in a single place. Some individuals of the Val Verde county B. d. ragsdalei approach pasonis in size, but in a series of about 200 examined none approach the other characters of the present race. Bulimulus alternatus marie (Albers). Pl. VII. Die Heliceen, p. 162 (1850). Binney, Terr. Moll., V, p. 390, figs. 272, 273, pl. li a, upper and lower figs. ; pl. li 6, all figs. This species is recognized by its dense, solid, calcareous texture, oblong shape and colored, usually dark brown or purplish interior, and by the great length of the penis and spermathecal duct. Its range extends in a wide belt along the Rio Grande, from the Gulf at least to the Pecos river. How much farther west we do not know. B. marie was named by Albers for his daughter Mary, having been recognized as distinct on her birthday. The type, figured by Pfeiffer, is a ragged-striped shell with only a low prominence, hardly to be called 140 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, a tooth, on the columella. Shells of this exact form and coloringfoccur at Laredo, Webb county, on the Rio Grande (pl. VII, fig. 28). In a general way, the eastern (typical) form of marie from Frio county and Laredo eastward differs from the western (Val Verde county) form in several respects: Southeastern Form. Western Form. Smaller, more oblong; lip more Larger, more conic; lip less thick- thickened; columella frequent- ened within; no columellar ly toothed; often with ragged streaks, at least on the earlier whorls. Pl. VII, lower three lines of figures. tooth; often streaked, but with- out ragged or mottled streaks. Pl. VII, upper two lines of figures. We do not think it advisable at present to make a subspecific separa- tion, especially since none of the names proposed apply to the western race. The genitalia of this race are figured (fig. A). While almost every colony of the eastern race has slight peculiarities in shape, relative abundance or absence of the several color-forms, etc., yet with large series the intergradation is seen to be so complete that we can find no ground for dividing them into several races, as Prof. Cockerell proposes. His plan (Journal de Conchyliologie, 1891, pp. 23, . 24) is as follows: 1. With gray or brownish markings: a. Without a columellar tooth, b. Columellar tooth present, . 2. Without color markings: a. With no columellar tooth, . . . . . . albidus Taylor. b. A columellar tooth, . binneyanus Pfr. MS. W. G. B. [=in- termedius Singl., Ckll., Corpus Christi.] alternatus Say. marie Alb. The true B. alternatus (type in coll. A. N. 8.) has not been found north of the Rio Grande, and in all probability does not reach our limits. The name binneyanus is preoccupied, so that were the race valid, we should use for that form the name intermedius Singley MS. Ckll., based on Corpus Christi shells. The type locality of albidus Taylor MS. Ckll. is Derby, Frio county, Texas. Many perfectly adult Corpus Christi shells have no columellar tooth, and hence we should have to divide them between intermedius and albidus. Similarly, various specimens selected from the Derby, Frio county, series before me would be either alternatus, albidus or inter- medius; while from the Hidalgo series, all four of the supposed varieties 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 141 may be selected. The study of good series of shells taken at random and not selected shows that all lots of streaked shells are more or less mingled with white ones, and in colonies of toothed shells, fully adult and old individuals may be found without a tooth. On the other hand there seem, however, to be colonies without ragged-streaked individuals, and also communities in which no toothed shells are to be found. Perhaps the colonies containing mottle-streaked or toothed individ- uals are mixed or hybrid communities. It is a case where experiments on Mendelian lines by some one on the ground might be productive of valuable results. In illustration of the foregoing remarks, a few of the colonies repre- sented in the collection of the Academy may be noticed in more detail. In studying these races it is absolutely essential that the snails be col- lected alive. The colors, particularly of the interior, are evanescent and fade quickly on exposure to the sun and weather, though they change very little if at all in the museum. Corpus Christi, Nueces county (pl. VII, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16), collected by J. A. Singley. Of thick-set compact contour, strong, with a thick cream-tinted lip-rib, which is sometimes brown stained. Pinkish white, almost uniform with some very inconspicuous grayish or fleshy streaks. Not one ina lot of 43 1s marked with brown streaks outside. Interior varying from pale yellow to reddish brown, the darker tint exceptional. Columella varying from strongly toothed to nearly straight. Whorls 6, the earliest post-embryonic not distinctly striated. This form is the ‘‘binneyanus Pfr.’’ of Binney, intermedius Singley MSS. of Cockerell. Alt. 29 27.3 30 25 23 mm. Diam. 16 14.5 15 14 Pe Aperture 16.5 14 15.8 14 MESES At Hidalgo, Hidalgo county (pl. VII, figs. 17, 18, 19), the shells are more slender, white, rarely streaked throughout (fig. 17), but almost all of a series of 41 are variegated on the earlier whorls (fig. 18). Some are strongly toothed, but most shells have no columellar tooth. Interior brown. Alt. 30 29.5 29 28.5 mm. Diam. 13.5 - 13.5 13 1: eae Aperture 14 14.5 13.5 Lea * A series from Brownsville consists of similar but less elongated shells. 142 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, At Derby, Frio county (pl. VII, figs. 20, 21, 22, 23, 24), the shells are bluish white with bluish streaks, a few brown tinted with brown streaks. The columellar tooth is small or wanting. This form has been called albidus Taylor, Ckll. At Laredo, Webb county (pl. VII, lower line of figs.), the shells are large and mostly long. The lot consists of pure white, and of coffee- tinted, brown-streaked shells, with all intermediate forms. A colu- mellar tooth is exceptionally developed. At Del Rio, Val Verde county (pl. VII, figs. 9,10, 11,12), we found a more conic race. The shells are white, often with some very faint grayish streaks. Interior varying from ochre-yellow to dark brown. In the series of about sixty living shells before us, none has mottled markings, and while in a few there is a weak indication of the colu- mellar tooth, it is as arule absent. The larger ones measure 29 to 33 mm. long, 16 wide. Some of the dead shells found in the same place are larger, 35x 18.5 to 37x17 mm. A single albino was taken alive (fig. 12). These shells are from the plain along the San Filipe river, on the east side, not far from the Rio Grande. B. d. ragsdalei was found in the same place. On the mesa west of Devil’s river we found large dead shells like those from Del Rio but even larger, often with a low lump on the parietal wall, but no tooth on the columella. 39x 20.5 to 35x16 mm. At the Pecos High Bridge, on agaves, north of the railroad near the eastern end of the bridge, we found Bulimulus abundant and finely developed (pl. VII, figs. 1 to 7). The shape varies, but is always more conic than in the eastern localities. It is either nearly uniform white, or coffee-tinted varied with oblique brown or purplish streaks; these two color-forms in about equal numbers, found together on the same plants and connected by intermediate examples. Apex white. The interior is very dark purple-brown. The outer lip is usually but little thickened within, and the columella has no tooth, though often it is slightly salient in the middle. Whorls 7 to 7%. Alt. 36 37.0 33.0 34.5 36 83.3 937 jimm.: Diam. 19 kg) 17, 17 17) Ske Loss tok Aperture eset 8 , 16 16 16.1356 14.3 “ The last two measurements show the extremes of shape in a series of 150 living specimens (No. 84,627 A. N.5.). Another set from east of the Pecos canyon about a mile from the Rio Grande is similar. The largest one measures, alt. 38, diam. 20.3, aperture 19 mm. (pl. VII, fig. 8). 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 143 OLEACINIDA. Euglandina singleyana (W. G. Binn.). Glandina singleyana W. G. B., Fourth Supplement Terr. Moll., V, p. 163 (1891). Singley, Contrib. Nat. Hist. Texas, p. 302. Sinking Spring, near San Marcos, Hays county, Texas, young speci- mens only; New Braunfels, Comal county, and its environs; San Antonio, Bexar county; Hondo river drift, near Hondo, Medina county, and in the canyon of the Pecos at High Bridge, Val Verde county. The last locality is the extreme southwestern point known for the species. Mr. Singley reports it also from Guadalupe, Goliad, Gon- zales, Travis, Caldwell and Frio counties. PUPILLIDA. Pupilla muscorum (L.). Benson, Arizona. Pupilla blandi (Morse). Texas: Flood débris of Guadalupe river, about four miles above New Braunfels, Comal county. New Mexico: Pecos river drift at Pecos (Ckll.). The occurrence of this species near New Braunfels is anomalous; that place lies far below its normal zone, and the shortness of the Guadalupe river precludes the idea that it could have drifted any great distance. Mr. Singley also found one specimen at or near the same place. Pupilla hebes (Anc.). Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1900, p. 589, pl. 22, figs. 9, 10. Huachuca mountains, Cochise county, Arizona. Two out of about a dozen specimens are sinistral. They are readily separable from the sinistral P. syngenes by the absence of a crest behind the outer lip. Pupoides marginatus (Say). In Texas we took this species at San Marcos, Hays county; New Braunfels, Comal county; Hondo river, Medina county, and near the Rio Grande at Del Rio, Devil’s river four miles from mouth, and drift of Pecos river near High Bridge, Val Verde county. Arizona: Drift of San Pedro river at Benson. Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Texas: Drift of Sinking Spring, San Marcos, Hays county; Guada- lupe river about four miles above New Braunfels, Comal county; Hondo river, two miles north of Hondo, Medina county; Rio San Filipe near Del Rio, Devil’s river near its mouth, and Pecos river near 144 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, the High Bridge, all in Val Verde county. Arizona: Benson. New Mexico: Drift of Pecos river at Pecos (CklIl.). It varies somewhat widely in size, and is found in great quantity in drift débris along all the Texan rivers explored. Bifidaria pellucida parvidens (Sterki). Drift débris of Pecos river at Pecos, New Mexico (CkIL.). This sub- species has not before been reported from so far east. Bifidaria procera (Gld.). Texas: Drift of Sinking Spring, San Marcos; Hondo river drift, two miles north of Hondo, Medina county. The var. cristata Pils. and Van. was found copiously in the drift of Guadalupe river, Comal county; near Del Rio; Devil’s river; and Pecos river near the High Bridge, Val Verde county. Also Benson, Arizona. Bifidaria contracta (Say). Texas: San Marcos; Guadalupe river drift, near New Braunfels; Hondo river, near Hondo; Rio San Filipe near Del Rio; Devil’s river; Pecos river near High Bridge. Rather abundant in the river débris except on the Pecos, where but three shells were found. In 1885 Pilsbry took specimens at Galveston. Bifidaria armifera (Say). Texas: Drift of Guadalupe river four miles above New Braunfels, Comal county; Pecos river near High Bridge. New Mexico: Pecos, on the Pecos river, collected by T. D. A. Cockerell. Bifidaria pentodon (Say). Texas: Sinking Spring, San Marcos, Hays county; Hondo river, Medina county. Vanatta has figured one of the specimens from San Marcos. Nau- tiulus, XIX, pl. 6, fig. 11. Bifidaria tappaniana (C. B. Ad.) Pupa pentodon of authors, not of Sav. Texas: Guadalupe river about four miles above New Braunfels, Comal county (figured by Vanatta, Nautilus, XIX, pl. 6, fig. 12); Hondo river, Medina county; Devil’s river, Val Verde county. Bifidaria perversa Sterki. Drift débris of the San Pedro river at Benson, Arizona (Ferriss, 1904). Hitherto known from Nogales, Arizona. (E. H. Ashmun.) Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki. Huachuca mountains, Cochise county, Arizona (J. H. Ferriss.) Also from the following places, collected by E. H. Ashmun. Arizona: 1906.]/ NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 145 Near Jerome at Mescal Gulch, Walnut Gulch, Page’s ranch, Kirwagen’s ranch, and drift of Verde river; Navajo Springs; Santa Rita mountains; Oak Creek at Owensby’s; drift of Little Colorado river at Holbrook; Nogales, both north and south of the international boundary. New Mexico: Mountain station, Oscura mountains, Socorro county; San Rafael, Valencia county; White Oaks, Lincoln county. Subgenus CHANAXIS nov. The shell has a large hollow axis, open below, and about one-third the total diameter of the shell, the structure otherwise being like Bifidaria s. str.; peristome continuous and free. Type, B. tuba. The Bolivian Infundibularia infundibuliformis (Orb.)® resembles B. tuba in having a very large umbilicus, and we at first thought to asso- ciate the Arizonian species with it; but Infundibularia differs by the strictly conic shell, and in the aperture, which shows but one lamella, a very large angulo-parietal. Other lamelle or plice, if they exist, must be very deeply immersed, as in the group Immersidens. The type of d’Orbigny’s species has been lost, and its internal structure is unknown. It was found with Bifidaria nodosaria (Orb.), a minute species, imperfectly described and figured, but probably not distinct from B. pellucida (Pfr.). Bifidaria tuba n.sp. Fig. 6. Shell cylindric with a short apical cone, openly umbilicate, the um- bilicus nearly one-third the diameter of the shell, penetrating well- like to the apex. Pale brown, smooth, with light growth-lines only. Whorls 53, convex, the apex obtuse; last three whorls forming the cylindrical part of the shell. The last whorl is compressed around the umbilicus, and scarcely straightened in front. The aperture is short- oval, the peristome continuous, thin and well expanded. The angular and parietal lamellz are combined into one long lamella, notched on the summit; where the two join, the inner end of the angular projects a little on the right side. The columellar lamella is massive, slightly bifid, deeply placed, and enters about as deeply as the parietal. There are small, short, upper and lower palatal and basal folds, in the typical positions, a short distance within the lip, usually with a minute denticle between them, and another at the base. Length 3, diam. 1.5 mm. Drift débris of the San Pedro river, Benson, Cochise county, Arizona. Types No. 87,062 A. N.S. Phila.; cotypes in Ferriss collection. A *Voyage dans l’ Amérique Méridionale, Mollusques, p. 323, pl. 41 bis, fig. 7-10. 146 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March single immature specimen was taken by Rev. E. H. Ashmun in drift of the Salt river, at Tempe, Arizona. Remarkable for its ample umbilicus. -The freshest specimens are about the color of Pupoides marginatus. None were taken alive. In the adult shell opened (fig. 6) the parietal and columellar lamelle do not enter deeply, though they go so far that the inner end cannot be seen in the mouth. One broken shell from Tempe, taken by Mr. Ashmun, and which has been in coll. A. N.S. P. for some years, las a strong lamella on the columella, ap- parently at least a half-whorl long, but not pene- trating much farther than fig. 7 shows. This a lamella may perhaps be developed during the Fig. 7. latter part of the neanic stage, to be resorbed in the fully adult condition. Further material is needed to demonstrate this. It is possible that the Tempe shell represents a distinct species, It tapers slightly more than the types from Benson. 1906. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 147 Vertigo ovata Say. Benson, Arizona: Drift of Devil’s river, Val Verde county, Texas. Vertigo binneyana Sterki. Benson, Arizona (Ferriss). Vertigo oscariana Sterki. Drift débris of the Guadalupe river, about four miles above New Braunfels, Texas, a single specimen, a little larger and stronger than Eastern (Austroriparian) examples. Vertigo milium Gld. San Marcos, Hays county; Guadalupe river above New Braunfels, Comal county, and on the Hondo river, Medina county, Texas, in flood débris. Only one specimen from each place, among thousands of other Pupillide, etc. Strobilops labyrinthica texasiana n. subsp. Shell moderately elevated with dome-shaped spire, brown, whorls 53, the first 14 smooth, pale-corneous, the rest regularly ribbed obliquely, the last whorl rounded peripherally or a trifle and obtusely subangular in front, the riblets passing over undiminished upon the base, which is as strongly sculptured as the upper surface (or sometimes smoothish just in front of the aperture). Aperture with expanded, thickened peristome and strong parietal callus, a single strong parietal lamella emerging to the edge of the callus, a second weak one visible within. About half a whorl inward there is a series of about six lamine, the inner one upon the columella, the next short, strong and tongue- shaped, bending outward; the third nearly twice as long, high and sinuous; the fourth very minute and low, often wanting, leaving a space; the fifth and sixth long and low; and just above the periphery on the outer wall a very weak, low, long seventh plica may usually be traced. Umbilicus rather large. Alt. 1.5, diam. 2.2 mm. Types No. 91,330 A. N.S. Phila., from drift of the Guadalupe river about four miles above New Braunfels, collected by Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1903. Other localities in Texas are Austin (Pilsbry), San Marcos(Pilsbry and Ferriss), New Braunfels (Ferriss, Pilsbry and Sing- ley), Guadalupe river bottom, Victoria county, and Lavaca river, Jackson county (J. D. Mitchell), Lee county (Singley), Calhoun county (E. W. Hubbard), Gainesville (J. B. Quintard). A smaller form, diam. 2 mm., was taken in drift débris of the Hondo river about two miles north of Hondo, Medina county (Ferriss and Pilsbry). It also ranges northward into Indian Territory and to Kansas. 148 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, This form, which for the present we subordinate to the old S. laby- rinthica, is the only Strobilops except S. hubbardi which I have seen from Texas. It may be distinguished from S. virgo by the costulate base, wider umbilicus and far weaker inner parietal lamella. S. strebeli is a much more depressed cone. The statement by Woodward,’ copied into American works, that H. labyrinthica occurs in pretertiary European strata, is misleading, since the American species is really not identical with any from Euro- pean strata, though there are numerous allied forms in the European tertiaries. The genus became extinct in Europe, but survives in China, Helix diodontina Heude being a Strobilops. In America it has not been found in the Northwest or Pacific States, but extends south to Mexico, the West Indies and Venezuela, and a species apparently belonging to the genus has been described from the Galapagos. VALLONIID As. Vallonia excentrica Sterki. Galveston, under boards ina vacant lot. (Pilsbry, December, 1885.) Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Texas: Drift débris of Devil’s river, and of Pecos river near the High Bridge, Val Verde county. Arizona: Benson, in drift of San Pedro river. Vallonia gracilicosta Reinh. New Mexico: Drift of Pecos river, at Pecos (Cockerell!). Vallonia cyclophorella Anc. Arizona: Drift of San Pedro river, Benson, Cochise county, a single specimen. COCHLICOPID. Shell oblong, cylindric-oblong or narrowly tapering, smooth and glossy, with imperforate axis; aperture ovate or acuminate, thecolumella notched below or continuous with the basal lip. Foot without pedal grooves. Kidney with direct ureter, of the Basommatophorous type. Genitalia with a long appendix on the penis, as in Achatinella and the Pupillide. Jaw and radula about as in Pupillide. This group has usually been included in the Achatinide or Stenogy- ride, but the direct ureter removes it to a group of primitive snails represented only by minute species in America, but by the beautiful Achatinellide and Partulide in Polynesia. Cecilianella (Cecilioides) 10 Manual of the Mollusca, p. 286, edit. 2, 1868. 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 149 belongs to the same family, and probably Glessula also, but the pallial organs of that Indian genus are unknown. The group is not related to the Achatinide. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Bear Park and Cave creek canyon, Chiricahua mountains, and Fort Bowie (Ferriss); Carr canyon, Huachuca mountains (Dr. H. Skin- ner); all in Cochise county, Arizona. Drift débris of Pecos river, Pecos, New Mexico (CkIl.). ZONITIDZ. Omphalina extends to the western border of the Austroriparian area in Texas. The form taken by us will be discussed in the conclud- ing paper on Southwestern mollusks. Zonitoides minusoula (Binn.). Texas: San Marcos, New Braunfels, near Hondo, Del Rio, Devil’s river and Pecos river. Everywhere common in drift débris. The specimens all show a tendency to be more widely umbilicate than typical Northern minuscula, a large part of them being typical Z. m. alachuana (Dall). Those from San Marcos and Comal county are of the size of Northern minuscula, but westward the shells reach a decid- edly larger size, with the exception of the lot taken at Devil’s river, which show but little tendency towards a wide umbilicus. In Arizona, Ferriss took specimens of var. alachuana at Bear Park and Cave creek canyon, Chiricahua mountains, in the drift of San Pedro river at Benson, and in the Huachucas. Like other minutiz, these shells are very rare in the Chiricahua and Huachuca mountains. Helix mauriniana Orb., from Cuba, which has been put in the synonymy of minuscula, seems to be a Thysanophora close to or identical with 7’. saxicola (Pfr.), as Arango has already stated. Z. minuscula occurs also in Japan. Zonitoides minuscula neomexicana Pils and Ckll. This form is distinguished by the possession of minute and shallow spiral striation. It seems to be of somewhat common occurrence in New Mexico, and upon examining a set of seven specimens taken by me in Galveston in 1885 I find that they are similarly sculptured. They came from under boards in a lumber yard, and it may be that they were brought from New Mexico with lumber, though I do not know that any lumber was shipped from New Mexico twenty years ago. 150 _ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Zonitoides singleyana (Pils.). Zonites singleyanus Pils., Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1889, p. 84; 1888, pl. 17, fig. M. (New Braunfels). Hyalinia leviuscula Sterki, Nautilus, VI, p. 53, Sept., 1892 (New Braunfels). Texas: San Marcos, New Braunfels, Del Rio, Devil’s river and Pecos river above the High Bridge; everywhere in river débris. Arizona: Drift of San Pedro river at Benson. Zonitoides nummus Vanatta. Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1899, p. 524, figs. (New Braunfels). This species seems to be confined to the Texan Lower Sonoran. We took it at San Marcos, Hays county; Guadalupe river above New Braunfels; Hondo river, Medina county; and in Val Verde county near Del Rio; along the Devil’s river, and in the Pecos canyon above the High Bridge; everywhere in drift débris. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Texas: Galveston; Smithville, Bastrop county; Sinking Spring, near San Marcos, Hays county; near New Braunfels, Comal county. New Mexico: Drift of Pecos river at Pecos (Cockerell). Arizona: Cave creek canyon and Bear Park, Chiricahua mountains, Cochise county. Vitrea indentata (Say). Drift of Pecos river, Pecos, New Mexico (Ckll.). As usual, it is the Canadian and Carolinian form of the species which extends down the Rocky mountains into New Mexico, and not the Sonoran subspecies. Vitrea indentata umbilicata (‘Singl.,’ Ckll.). Ckll., Nautilus, XII, p. 120, Feb., 1899. Texas: San Marcos, Hays county; around New Braunfels, Comal county; Hondo river two miles north of Hondo, Medina county; Del Rio, Devil’s river and Pecos river at the High Bridge, Val Verde county; Alpine, Brewster county, Arizona: Cave creek canyon and Bear Park, Chiricahua mountains; Fort Bowie. Also Florida mountains, Grant county, New Mexico. Large specimens of this race are probably what has been reported from Texas as sculptilis Bld.,—a species which does not, we believe, occur in that State. This Sonoran race differs from indentata by its distinctly perforate axis and larger average size, yet the perforation varies so much in size in specimens from the Carolinian zone that I would not myself have named the Southwestern form. The name is ill-chosen, since the shells are not ‘‘umbilicate,’’ as that term is technically used, but ‘‘per- forate.’’ 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 151 Vitrea hammonis (Strém). Drift of the Pecos river at Pecos, New Mexico (Cockerell). The specimens scarely show a trace of spiral lines. The species is unknown in the Austroriparian and Lower Sonoran zones. Vitrea dalliana roemeri n. subsp. Fig. 8. Shell openly umbilicate, the width of umbilicus contained about 43 times in the diameter of the shell, pale whitish-corneous, in general shape resembling V. dalliana, V. wheatley: and V. petrophila. Sculp- ture of very close and regular radial grooves, on the last whorl of large specimens becoming crowded and less regular, giving a striate appear- ance. The flat intervals between the grooves show no spiral striz. The base is nearly smooth. Whorls 43, but slightly convex, slowly widening, the last about double the width of the preceding. Suture scarcely impressed, translucent-margined below. Base convex. Aper- ture lunate, slightly oblique; the insertions of the peristome are distant. Alt. 2, diam. 4 mm.; umbilicus .85 mm.; aperture 1.7 x 1.65 mm. Fig. 8.—Vitrea dalliana roemert. Sinking Spring creek, near San Marcos, Hays county, Texas. Types No. 91,318, A. N. 8. Phila., collected by Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1903. Also taken in several places around New Braunfels, Comal county; in the drift débris of the Hondo river, two miles north of Hondo, Medina county; in drift of the Rio San Filipe near Del Rio, and of the Devil’s river, Val Verde county. It has about the distribution of Holospira goldjussi and Helicodiscus eigenmannt. This very pretty little species has a slightly more ample umbilicus than V. wheatleyi or petrophila, and the sculpture is closer and more regular than in either. The last whorl, in dorsal view, is wider than in V. wheatleyi. It is much smaller than V. hammonis. V. dalliana roemeri attains a larger size than the Floridian V. dalliana and the shells have somewhat more regular and crowded grooves on 152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, the last whorl; it is less depressed, and the aperture is perceptibly less broad, more roundly lunate. The differences seem sufficient to call for subspecific separation. The Texan and Floridian areas of distribution seem to be separated, so far as our present data indicates. V. dalliana should be looked for along the northern border of the Gulf. It is known now from peninsular Florida only. Vitrea dalliana™ and roemeri are much smaller than V. hammonis, and seem to replace that in the Austroriparian and Lower Sonoran zones. When originally described it was compared with Zonitoides oe arborea (Say), but it is not really related to that but to the hammonis group. In fact V. hammonis, ve binneyana and dalliana form a group of very closely related species. In a large number of V. dalliana examined from several localities, the largest shell measures, alt. 1.6, diam. 3.2, width of umbilicus Fig. 9.—V. dalliana. -/9, aperture 1.4 mm. wide, 1.2 high. This shell, from Osprey, Manatee county, Fla., is here figured. The figures do not represent the fine and beautiful sculpture of the surface. Vitrea milium meridionalis n. subsp. Similar to V. malium but larger, diam. about 1.75 mm., with nearly 3% whorls, the first one finely, distinctly lirate spirally, the last whorl with oblique wrinkles much coarser than in miliwm, more or less an- astomosing, and fine spiral striz, the latter distinct on the base. V. milium with the same number of whorls is smaller and more finely wrinkled, and in Maine and Ohio shells spirals on the first whorl are excessively weak or wanting, not deeply engraved to the tip, as in Texas shells. Texas: San Marcos, in drift of Sinking creek, in the limestone hills; along the Guadalupe river above New Braunfels (type locality); Hondo river, Medina county ; drift of Pecos river. (Pilsbry and Ferriss.) New Mexico: Cloudcroft, Sacramento mountains (Viereck); Santa Fé (Ashmun). Arizona: Huachuca mountains (Ferriss); Walnut Gulch near Jer- ome (Ashmun). Specimens from Baldwin and Clarke counties, Ala. (C. B. Moore), 4 Zonttes dallianus Simpson, Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. 8. Phila., 1889, p. 83, pl. 3, figs. 9-11. 1906.]} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 153 seem to be referable to this race. In the Northwest another form of the species, Z. milium pugetensis Dall, replaces the typical miliwm. Neither of the subspecies differs much from milium, but what differ- entiation there is seems to be correlated with geographic range. This species was erroneously placed in Zonitoides in the Classified Catalogue of 1898. We are now convinced that it belongs, as Morse demonstrated, to the subgenus Striatura of Vitrea. Vitrina alaskana Dall. V. pfeifferi Newc., Proc. Cal. Acad., II, p. 92, 1861; not of Deshayes, 1852. Vitrina alaskana Dall, Land and Fresh-Water Mollusca of Alaska and Ad- joining Regions, Harriman Alaska Exped., XIII, p. 37. Arizona: Huachuca mountains (Ferriss), numerous rather small specimens, the only ones we have seen from Arizona. It seems to bea common species of the Canadian and Transition zones eastward, speci- mens being before us from the following places in New Mexico: Chi- corico canyon near Raton (Cockerell); Las Huastus canyon, Sandia mountains, near Albuquerque (Miss Maud Ellis); near Las Vegas (Miss Mary Cooper); White Oaks and Gilmore’s Ranch, Sierra Blanca (Ash- mun); Fort Wingate (Dr. E. Palmer); James canyon, Cloudcroft, Sacramento mountains (H. L. Viereck). The type locality of V. alaskana is Carson valley, Nevada; but it has a wide range, from Alaska to the Mexican boundary and probably beyond, southward occurring only at high elevations. Euconulus fulvus (Miill.). Drift of Pecos river, Pecos, New Mexico (Cockerell). Cave creek canyon, Cochise county, Arizona (Ferriss). Euconulus chersinus trochulus (Reinh.). Nautilus, XII, p. 116. Texas: Sinking Spring, San Marcos, Hays county; New Braunfels and vicinity, Comal county; Hondo river, north of Hondo, Medina county; Rio San Filipe near Del Rio, and Devil’s river, Val Verde county ; everywhere in drift débris. ENDODONTID&. Pyramidula cronkhitei anthonyi Pilsbry. n. n. Heliz striatella Anthony, Boston Journ. of Nat. Hist., III, p. 278, pl. 3, fig. 2’ 1840. Not Helix striatella Rang, 1831. This shell, well known under the preoccupied name H. striatella Anth., has typically a rounded periphery and moderately developed oblique and sigmoid rib-strie, 4 or 5 in the space of a mm. on the front of the last whorl at the periphery. There are 334 to 3? whorls. 154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Alt. 2.7,diam.5.25mm. Type locality, Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, near ‘‘Strawberry Mansion,’’ No. 68,899, A. N.S. P., collected by E. G. Vanatta. In my opinion the widespread Eastern race is not specifically dis- tinct from Helix cronkhitet Newc., of northern California, ete., of which specimens from Dr. Newcomb are before me, but it evidently requires separation as a subspecies. Arizona: Chiricahua mountains, Cochise county, at Fort Bowie, Bear Park and Cave creek canyon (Ferriss); Carr canyon, Huachuca mountains (H. Skinner). New Mexico: Drift of Pecos river at Pecos (CkIl.). Texas: In 1885 I dug a single specimen of this species from the bank of Comal creek, New Braunfels, where it occurred with several other land and fresh-water shells. Singley reports it from the Pleistocene of Swisher county. It is not known to occur living in Texas, or any- where in the Austroriparian zone. Its occurrence in the Texan Pleisto- cene is anomalous, like the presence of Pupilla blandi at New Braunfels. RADIODISCUS Pilsbry, n. gen. Minute, discoidal, openly umbilicate Patuloid snails with the first + whorls minutely engraved spirally, the rest of the shell densely radi- ally costulate; aperture lunate, but slightly oblique and as high as wide. Type, R. millecostatus. This genus is proposed for a group of tiny Pyramidula-like snails, various members of which have been found in Arizona, Mexico and South America as far south as Patagonia. In the spiral sculpture of the embryonic whorls these shells are like Helicodiscus; in shape and size they resemble Planogyra, but in that the embryonic shell is smooth. There are also some similar Polynesian forms, referred to Charopa, ete. In the Endodontide, where small differences in the shell characterize extensive series of species, it seems desirable to recognize as of generic value such readily recognizable groups as Radiodiscus. The species are chiefly distinguished by their dimensions and the degree of fineness of the sculpture. There are several undescribed forms in the collection of the Academy. Radiodiscus millecostatus nu. sp. Fig. 10. Shell very small, disk-shaped, chestnut-brown, the first whorl bluish- white. Whorls 3?, slowly widening, separated by a very deep, chan- nelled suture. The first whorl projects a little, and is microscopically striate spirally, the rest of the whorls are radially very densely costu- late, the riblets nearly straight, delicate and much narrower than 1906.) NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 155 their intervals, and about 21 in number in a millimeter measured at the periphery, in the front of the last whorl. The last whorl is rounded throughout. The umbilicus is widely open, its width contained about three times in the diameter of the shell. The aperture is slightly oblique and deeply lunate. Alt. 1.1, diam. 2 mm.; diam. of umbilicus .6 to .7 mm. Huachuca mountains, Cochise county, Arizona, (J. H. Ferriss) ; Carr canyon (Dr. Henry Skinner). Also in the State of Michoacan, Mexico, at Patzcuaro and Morelia (S. N. Rhoads, 1899). ‘'\ == —> This tiny Patuloid, of a group new to our fauna, is one of the most interesting recent finds. It is related to R. hermanni (Helix hermanni Pfr.), of central and eastern Mexico, but that species is larger and more coarsely sculptured. The two species occur together at the Mexican localities mentioned above, but are readily separable. Dr. Henry Skinner found one broken specimen of R. millecostatus in Carr canyon, Huachucas. Genus HELICODISCUS Morse. This genus has hitherto been considered to include two species, lineatus (Say) and fimbriatus Wetherby. The. accessions of Southwest- ern material show that several other forms must be recognized. ‘The species are not very conspicuously differentiated, and young shells by themselves are not always readily placed; yet with adults we find no difficulty. The salient characters of the forms follow: Es a.—Diam. of shell 3 to 3.5 mm., whorls 4 to 44; teeth almost always present. Eastern United States, . . - H. parallelus (Say). a'.—Diam. of shell 4.5 to 5 mm., whorls 4} to 53; often deficient in teeth. b.—Spiral strie obsolete. Idaho. . . H. salmonensis (Hemph.). _ eo. — 156 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, b'.—Spiral strize well developed, subequal; last whorl not deflexed at aperture. c.—Umbilicus very wide; last whorl narrow, aperture very small, Arizona and New Mexico, H. e. arizonensis n. subsp. c'.—Umbilicus smaller, more cup-shaped, last whorl wider. TES he i Mo H. eigenmanni Pils. b’.—Spirals coarse, some of them more conspicuous, with a cutic- ular fringe; last whorl in fully adult shells abruptly deflexed in front. East Tennessee, North Georgia, H. fimbriatus Weth. Helicodisous parallelus (Say). Pl. VIII, figs. 7, 8, 9, 10. Helix lineata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., I, p. 18 (1817); II, p. 373. Not Helix lineata Olivi, Zool. Adriatico, p. 177 (1792). Planorbis _arallellus Say, Journ. A. N.S. Phila., II, p. 164, (1821), corrected to parallellus in the Index, p. 407. (Upper Missouri.) Helicodiscus lineatus Morse, Journ. Portland Soc., I, p. 25, figs. 61, 62, pl. 2, fig. 3; pl. 7, fig. 63 (1864). Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 75. This common species has been well described by Binney and others. It has ordinarily four whorls, but there may be as many as 44 in excep- tionally large shells. At least one pair of tubercular teeth may be seen in most specimens. Shells of maximum size measure: Alt. 1.3, diam. 3.5 mm. (Grand Rapids, Mich.) Alt. 1.25, diam. 3 mm. (Philadelphia) The typical form of H. parallelus is before me from localities in Ontario, Maine, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, Virginia, North Carolina, Ohio, Michigan, Minnesota, Indiana, Iowa, Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama, Florida, Missouri, Kansas, Arkansas, Indian Territory. I have not seen Texan specimens of typical lineatus, but it doubtless occurs in northern and eastern parts of the State. In New Mexico, at Pecos, Las Vegas, Mesilla, Sandia mountains and other places, and in the Pecos river canyon near its mouth, Val Verde county, Texas, there is a form of H. parallelus with rather weak, sparse spirals, the intervals more distinctly striate radially than in typical parallelus. ‘This seems to be a form of the southeastern Rocky moun- tains and southward to the Rio Grande, occupying territory between the ranges of H. eigenmanni and H. arizonensis, with some overlapping on the territory of the latter. Say’s first name, Helix lineata, was preoccupied, but his Planorbis parallelus applies to the same species. In the text of the Journal the first letter of the name did not print up, but the space in place of it shows that it had been there, and the 7p is correctly supplied in the index. The type used in that volume of the Journal was old and full 1906. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 157 of ‘‘bad letters.’’? All authorities agree that such obvious typograph- ical errors should be corrected. Helicodiscus eigenmanni Pils. Pl. VIII, figs. 1, 2, 3. Nautilus, XIV, p. 41. August, 1900 (Beaver cave, near San Marcos, Texas). This fine species is easily recognized by its large size, the shell in all stages of growth being very much more robust than H. parallelus. It ~ is sculptured with numerous spiral threads as in H. parallelus, and when fresh is pale yellow. Alt. 2, diam. 5 mm., with 54 whorls. We took specimens in the drift débris of Sinking creek at San Mar- cos, Hays county; on the Guadalupe river above New Braunfels, Comal county; on the Hondo river, Medina county, and in the drift of Devil’s river, Val Verde county; Alpine, Brewster county. I have seen specimens also from Calhoun county (Hubbard), Lee county (Singley), and Navidad river bottom, Jackson county (J. D. Mitchell). It has not been reported from any place out of Texas, and seems to have about the same distribution as Holospira goldfussv. Helicodiscus eigenmanni arizonensis n. subsp. PI. VIII, figs. 4, 5, 6. Shell larger than H. parallelus with 44 to nearly 54 whorls, the spire flat or convex, the umbilicus wider than in parallelus or eigenmanni. Surface closely and strongly lirulate spirally. Aperture oblique, lunate, very small. Alt. 2, diam. 5 mm., whorls 53. (Fort Bowie.) Alt. 1.5, diam. 4.6 mm., whorls 44. (Cave creek canyon.) Arizona: Fort Bowie (type locality); Bear Park and Cave creek canyon, Chiricahua mountains; Huachuca mountains (Ferriss); Santa Rita mountains (Ashmun). New Mexico: Florida mountains, Grant county (Ferriss); Bland, Sandoval county (Ashmun); débris of Arroyo Pecos at Las Vegas (Ckll.). Readily distinguished from H. parallelus when mature by the greater size, with wider umbilicus, more whorls and proportionately smaller mouth. Some specimens are two-toothed. H. eigenmanni has a smaller umbilicus, whorls of markedly greater calibre and a larger aperture. Helicodiscus salmonensis (Hemphill). Helicodiscus fimbriatus Wetherby (salmenacca Hemphill), W. G. Binney, Third Supplement to Terr. Moll., V, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XIX, No. 4, p. 189 (May, 1890). Helicodiscus fimbriatus var. salmonensis Hemphill, in Binney, t. c., p. 220 (May, 1890). Helicodiscus fimbriatus Wetherby, var. salmonaceus Hemphill, Binney, Fourth Supplement, Bull. Mus..Comp. Zool., XXII, No. 4, p. 177, pl. 3, fig. 8. Distinguished by the absence of spiral striz, according to Hemphill. 158 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, I have not seen specimens. Mr. Binney in his first note considers the Salmon river form identical with what Mr. Simpson reported as H. fimbriatus from Indian Territory, and gives no separate or definite description of it, though he mentions that Hemphill had given the (MSS.) name ‘‘salmonacea.’’ The figure of one of the original speci- mens, given in Binney’s Fourth Supplement, represents a shell with wide umbilicus and small aperture, like H. arizonensis, from which it differs, according to published information, by the smoother surface, arizonensis being constantly very well sculptured. Punctum pygmeum (Drap.). San Marcos, Hays county; Comal county; Hondo river, Medina county; Devil’s river, Val Verde county. The form in this region is slightly larger than northeastern speci- mens, and is more strongly sculptured. There are barely four whorls, the first 14 smooth, the next striate; the last two whorls have striz at regular intervals much larger, with about six fine striz in each space, and the basal spirals are very distinct. This sculpture reminds one of the west coast forms, conspectum, pasadene and californicum, which however are decidedly larger and coarser shells of a dark brown color. SUCCINEIDZ. Succinea luteola Gld. Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., III, p. 37, June, 1848 (Texas); Terr. Moll., II, p. 75, pl. 67c, fig. 1. (Florida; Texas, especially Galveston.) Bin- ney, Terr. Moll., V, p. 419; Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 441. Succinea texasiana Pfr., Monogr., II, 526; Roemer’s Texas, p. 456, 1849 (Galveston). Succinea lutescens Sowerby, Conchologia Iconica, XVIII, pl. 10, fig. 67 a, b, 1872 (Texas). We took specimens in Texas along the Guadalupe river above New Braunfels, Comal county; San Antonio, Bexar county; near Hondo river about two miles north of Hondo, Medina county, and in Val Verde county at Del Rio, high land west of Devil’s river, and in the canyon of the Pecos near the High Bridge. In Gould’s original description the only locality given was Texas. In the Terrestrial Mollusks he states ‘‘found in Florida, and more abundantly in Texas, especially in the region of Galveston.’’ Speci- mens collected at Galveston by the author in 1885 agree perfectly with Gould’s figures, and that place may be taken to be the type locality. I have seen no Florida shells which I would refer with cer- tainty to luteola, though S. floridana is closely related. 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 159 Succinea concordialis Gld. Figs. 11, 12. Gould, in Terr. Moll. U. S., II, p. 82 (Lake Concordia). Moll. U. S., V, p. 419; Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 441. Succinea forsheyi Lea, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, p. 109; Obs. Gen. Unio XI, 134 (Rutersville, Texas). Succinea haleana Lea, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, p. 109 (Alexandria, La.). Succinea halei Lea, Obs., XI, 136 (n. n. for S. haleana). Binney, Terr. " Distribution, Gulf States from Florida to the Rio Grande, on mud or herbage near the water’s edge. Common from Louisiana west- ward, probably rare and local eastward. The type locality, Lake Concordia, is not in Texas, as Gould and Binney supposed, but in Louisiana. The lake is an abandoned ox- bow of the Mississippi river, opposite Naches, Mississippi. Some of Lea’s original lot of S. halei (haleana) before me show that to be merely the young of concordialis. S. forsheyt Lea, of which two cotypes are in the Philadelphia collection, is surely identical with concordialis. An adequate knowledge of the distribution of S. concordialis east- ward awaits further exploration of the Gulf coastal peneplain, which in Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia and Florida has been very imper- fectly examined for land mollusks. I have not seen S. wilsoni Lea, described from Darien, Ga., the figure of which looks a good deal like concordialis, though it seems to be less swollen basally. Specimens col- lected by Mr. A. A. Hinkley at Cypress creek, Ala., in 1895 are evi- dently concordialis; and a set of very pale shells, corneous instead of amber-colored, before me from Mayport, Florida, collected by M. A. Mitchell about twenty years ago, seems to agree with concordialis in everything but color. Northward it extends to Frierson (L. 8. Frier- son) and Bayou Pierre (George Williamson), in northwestern Louisiana, the specimens from these places being rather small. The species must also extend in a long lobe up the Mississippi and its tributaries, for typical specimens have lately been sent by Mr. A. A. Hinkley from Dubois, Illinois, and by Mr. T. Van Hyning from Des Moines, Iowa. Mr. Van Hyning notes that ‘‘the animal is black with small yellow dots.”’ These Northern shells may be distinguished from S. retusa by their pot-bellied figure and reddish apex. In Texas, specimens were taken by us in April at San Marcos, Hays county; New Braunfels, Comal county; San Antonio, Bexar county ; along the Rio Grande near and San Filipe river, at Del Rio, and along the Devil’s river, Val Verde county. We have seen it also from Lee county (Singley) and Spring creek, Victoria county (J. D. Mitchell). It lives on the moist earth immediately adjacent to the water’s edge, and where found is usually abundant. It is a thin shell, rather 160) PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, deeply amber-colored, with the apical whorls darker, reddish-orange. Whorls 34, the last deeply descending, somewhat flattened above, very convex basally, having thus a more sack-like contour than S. retusa; this being its chief peculiarity. The sculpture consists of rather coarse wrinkles and often some indistinct spiral impressions on the last whorl. The aperture is symmetrically ovate, the columella con- cave throughout, with a delicate fold above. Large specimens from San Marcos measure: Length 16.8, diam. 9, length of aperture 11.5, width 6.7 mm. Length 16, diam. 8, length of aperture 10.5, width 6 mm. The mantle is intensely black, dappled throughout in the last whorl with rounded yellowish spots. Those above the kidney are brighter, more conspicuous and usually larger, often more or less confluent. Fig. 11. Towards the edge of the mantle the spots are large and lengthened. The foot including head and eye-stalks is pale grayish-white, speckled with irregular grayish-black spots. The sole is pale yellow. Figs. 11 and 12 were drawn from specimens taken at San Marcos, Texas, near the river. Specimens from the Rio Grande and Devil’s river are of almost as large size; but in some situations it is much smaller, a set from along the San Filipe river at Del Rio measuring, length 12, diam. 6.7, length of aperture 8 mm. Those taken at San Antonio and New Braunfels are also of small size. Such variation in size is apparently not racial, but dependent upon local conditions of the food supply, ete. The color and markings of the mantle are substantially the same in all colonies we found, though there is individual variation in the size of the light spots, figure 12 representing one of the darker individuals. 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 161 Succinea grosvenori Lea. Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, p. 109 (Santa Rita Valley, Kansas?, and Alex- andria, Louisiana) ; Obs. Gen. Unio, etc., XI, p. 135, pl. 24, fig. 108. S. mooresiana Lea, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1864, p. 109 (Court House Rock, Platte river, on the California route); Obs., XI, p. 136, pl. 24, fig. 109. S. lineata W. G. Binney, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1857, p. 19; Man. Amer. Land Shells, p. 174. This species is characterized by its very full, rounded whorls and irregular sculpture, often with traces of spiral lines, though as frequently without them. Having part of the original specimens of the above synonyms before us, we are convinced that the three supposed species cannot be separated, although one would hardly expect the same form to range from the lower Mississippi to and throughout the arid great plains and the mountain region of Colorado and New Mexico. Succinea greerti Tryon, described from Vicksburg, Mississippi, is a little less swollen, with the suture not quite so deep, but it is doubtful whether the slight differences shown by the lot of eight specimens will prove constant. The species belongs to the campestris group. We took a few specimens of S. grosvenori at San Antonio, Texas, with S. concordialis and a large form of S. avara. Succinea avara Say. Texas: San Marcos, Hays county; Comal county; San Antonio, Bexar county; Devil’s river, Val Verde county. Arizona: Benson, Cochise county. AURICULIDA. Caryohium exile H.C. Lea. San Marcos, Hays county; New Braunfels, Comal county; Hondo river, Medina county, and Devil’s river, Val Verde county, Texas. Common in drift débris. Carychium exiguum (Say). Drift of Hondo river, Medina county; of Devil’s river, Val Verde county, and of Guadalupe river, Comal county, Texas. LYMN AIDA. Lymnea columella Say. New Braunfels, Comal county, Texas. A single slender specimen. Lymnea desidiosa Say. Texas: San Marcos, Hays county; New Braunfels, Comal county; San Antonio, Bexar county; Rio San Filipe, Val Verde county. Lymnea humilis Say. Guadalupe river, Comal county, Texas. 162 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Lymnea bulimoides cockerelli n. subsp. Figs. 13-17. Shell subglobose, pale yellowish-corneous, composed of 43 convex whorls which are finely striate but without spiral lines or malleation. Spire very short, last whorl and aperture very large. Aperture short- ovate, its length three-fifths to two-thirds that of the shell. Columella broadly expanded, not folded. Umbilicus large. Fig. 14. Fig. 15. Fig. 16. Fig. 17. Las Vegas, N. M. Arroyo Pecos. Ogalalla, Neb. Alt. 10 ao 8 S27 Bsa ge 8 9 mm. Diam. 7.2 6 622)" 30 6 1) 28 6.6% Aperture 6.7 ae 6 a =o 00, Ot, Osta New Mexico: Las Vegas (type locality, Miss Mary Cooper), and in the charcoal zone of the Pleistocene of Arroyo Pecos (T. D. A. Cockerell) ; near Farmington (George H. Pepper) ; Acama(Dr. E. Palmer). Colorado: Pool southeast of Denver (J. D. Putnam). Nebraska: Ozalalla (C. T. Simpson). Dakota: Lake Hermann (P. C. Truman). Fig. 19. This form differs from L. bulimoides and L. techella by-its more glo- bose shape and shorter spire, and so far as we have seen is readily separ- able from both. Figs. 138-15 represent the types from Las Vegas; 16, 17 are larger shells from Farmington, sent by Mr. George H. Clapp. L. bulimoides sonomaensis Hemphill, from Sonoma county, California, approaches cockerelli, but differs by the more rapidly expanding last 1906.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 163 whorl, narrower flat columella and narrower wmbilicus, which is like that of typical bulimoides. A specimen measures, alt. 10, diam. 7.7, aperture 7.2 mm. (figs. 18, 19). Lymnea bulimoides techella (Hald.). Figs. 20-23. Limnea techella Hald., Amer. Journ. of Conch., III, p. 194, pl. 6, fig. 4. (Texas.) Shell obese, with acutely conic spire, of five or six convex whorls; pale yellowish or light brown, finely striate and usually malleated, the flattened facets obliquely descending. Last whorl very ventricose, umbilicus large. Aperture short-ovate, about three-fifths the total length; basal lip expanded, columellar lip broadly dilated, without a fold. Umbilicus large. San Marcos, Texas. Tempe, Ariz. Length 8 Stony dest poke 14 12-7.) 12am, Diam. 5.1 5.1 7.9 7.6 9 7.8 7 i b 4 a ¢ es ’ Ie < oo precy pm gas: ~~ ee Te Soe om a Tree ees a } ae ake eas lk Ty En - LA — = a oe : i ® - - t * # = P- - r a in J Tue I”) - _ y f od a ‘i ‘ 7 ; 7 ry MW re » a L eo th Bias a 5 . Y or ea ae: A eae eh ehh eg eh ST? ae ee a ak Ss ee b by ’ { Ae i A . i { ‘ ' : ? 4 ‘ “ - 1 . . By ( -. > $ a ‘ . ci z — | oP: 7 PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1906. PLATE V. PILSBRY AND FERRISS. MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1906. PLATE VI. PILSBRY AND FERRISS. MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES. —_ Cal is » > . PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1906. PEATE Vill: PILSBRY AND FERRISS. MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES. pROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1906. PLATE VIII MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES. PILSBRY AND FERRISS. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1906. PLATE IX PILSBRY AND FERRISS. MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES. tains, Arizona. New Siierella from the Rincon Mountains, Arizona. HA. PILSBRY AND J. H. FERRISS. From the a tiaieigs of The Academy of Natural Sciences iH : bs 5 of Sc da November, 1909. ae E ee tal rel 1909.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 495 MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES, III: THE HUACHUCA MOUNTAINS, ARIZONA. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY and JAMES H. FERRISS. The Huachuca Mountains stand in the southwest angle of Cochise county, Arizona, their southern foothills reaching over the international boundary. The highest summits do not quite attain 10,000 feet. Northward the Whetstone range looms up, a fine if arid mountain mass, as yet unexplored for shells. On every side lies the desert, barren of molluscan life. Our purpose is to give an account, incom- plete as it now may be, of the molluscan life of this range.’ The Huachucas have not yet been accurately mapped. The sketch \\/ Z “ny, oes Ramsey Canon CarRR CANON CarRrR K MitteR Canon iccen PEAK pA Canon Ss SA Fig. 1. Sketch-map of Huachuca Mountains. 1 A few new records are added of species taken in river drift at Benson, Cochise county, some distance northward from the Huachuca range. These forms were derived from some other district. Other records from Benson may be found in our Mollusca of the Southwestern States, I1, 1906, and in Dall, Proc. U.S, Nat. Mus., XIX, 1896. 496 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov., here given shows the general positions of localities mentioned in the text. The first mollusks collected in the Huachucas were taken by a Mr: Cox, who sent some Helices to Dr. Isaac Lea many years ago, with the locality “‘Tucson.”’ These shells are what we now call Ashmun- ella varicifera. Nothing is known of Cox beyond his name on the label. At the time these shells were collected Tucson was no doubt the nearest settlement or post to the Huachucas, and hence was put down as the locality. It is not unlikely that Cox picked up these shells in the course of a chase from the army post at Tucson after marauding Apaches. Be this as it may, Ashmuwnella varicifera is an indubitable Huachucan snail, and was collected at a time when hostile and dangerous Indians occupied that country. On the death of Dr. Lea the specimens came into the possession of the National Museum, where they are now preserved. In 1880 Mr. Bland described a snail, T’riodopsis levettei (now Ash- munella levetter), collected by Dr. G. M. Levette, and thought to be from near Santa Fé, New Mexico. Explorations in that region have shown that the Ashmunellas there are of a somewhat different type, and the true habitat of the species was not known until Mr. Ferriss rediscovered the species in the Huachucas, where it is restricted to the heads of certain canyons. It is certain, therefore, that Dr. Levette had forgotten where he procured the original specimens, which are now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. The first snails actually reported from the Huachucas were collected by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U.S. A.,a member of the party surveying the Mexican boundary in 1892-1894. They were described by Dr. W. H. Dall in two papers,” published in 1895 and 1896. Six species were obtained in the Huachuca range 3 Polygyra levettei | = Ashmunella 1. angigyra]. Polygyra mearnsi [ = Ashmunella mearnsi]. Epiphragmophora hachitana, depressed variety from Tanner Canyon [ = Sonorella dallz]. Patula strigosa var. [ = Oreohelix s. huachucana]. if 2 Diagnoses of new mollusks from the survey of the Mexican boundary, in Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895, p. 1, and Report on the mollusks collected by the International Boundary Commission of the United States and Mexico, 1892-1894, same Proc., XIX, pp. 333-379. 8 Dr. Dall’s pioneer work on southern Arizona shells was published prior to the anatomical researches which led to the establishment of new genera for the Helices of that region. He had only dry shells to deal with, and hence followed. the generic nomenclature current at that time. 1909.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 497 Patula s. concentrata [ = Oreohelix s. concentrata}. Cionella lubrica [ = Cochlicopa lubrica]. Several Huachucan species were figured by Mr. Paul Bartsch in his monograph of Sonorella, 1904, and S. dalli n. sp. was described. The seven species of snails mentioned above sum up all that was known of Huachucan mollusks prior to the visit of Mr. Ferriss in 1902. In 1904 the range was again visited,‘ and again in 1907 Messrs. Ferriss and L. E. Daniels made extensive collections. Dr. Henry Skinner, the well-known entomologist, made a useful collection of shells in Carr Canyon, in August, 1905, and Mr. C. R. Biederman has contributed a few species from the same place. The present report is based upon practically all of the material ever collected in the Huachucas. Through the unfailing kindness of Dr. Dall, the series in the National Museum has been examined. Dr. Gratacap has permitted a re-examination of the types of Ashmun- ella levettei; and Dr. Bartsch has assisted with various helpful services. HELICID. Genus SONORELLA Pils. The Huachucan Sonorellas are all distinct specifically from those of other ranges. So far as known anatomically, they belong to groups special to this range; hence speak for a long isolation. Omitting S. huachucana, which is unknown anatomically, the species of the Huachuca and Patagonia Mountains can be determined by this key: a.—Penis long (about 40 mm. in a shell 27 mm. diam.), with a short hollow papilla containing a tube; epiphallus long, 49-60 mm. ; Haselbammypreseniby (5a no. ue" ) v4 QUEPHUR Se CANYON RUCKER CANYON Fig. 1.—Map showing positions of the canyons in the Chiricahua range. serves as cattle ranges. The conditions of molluscan life are likely to remain undisturbed for many years. We have herein given an account of the present status of the mollus- 46 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., can fauna as full as circumstances permitted. In many of the canyons we have endeavored to locate the individual snail colonies with suffi- cient detail to insure their recognition by subsequent observers, so that their further evolution may be followed. Large areas still remain to be explored, and neither author has had time to fully study the material collected. The first record of mollusks from the Chiricahuas was made by Dr. R. E. C. Stearns, who in 1890 describes specimens of Holospira arizonensis,* collected by Mr. Vernon Bailey for the U. 8. Department of Agriculturefat Dos Cabezas, in the western foothills of the Dos Cabezas Mountains. In 1895 Dr. W. H. Dall described Polygyra chiricahuana and subsequently (1897) he reported Pyramidula striatella, Thysanophora ingersolli and Zonitoides arborea,* all from Fly’s Park in the central Chiricahuas, collected by Dr. Fisher. No other species were known from the range prior to the first visit by Mr. Ferriss in February, 1904. Numerous new species were found during this brief visit, notwithstanding the unfavorable season. In November, 1906, both of us collected in the range, exploring the principal canyons from Buckeye in the north to Cave Creek and the parks about its head. In November, 1907, Messrs. Ferriss and L. E. Daniels spent two weeks in the Chiricahuas, and in 1908, from September 20 to November 15, Ferriss continued the work of exploring the southern canyons. I. ConpDITIONS DETERMINING THE ISOLATION OF SNAIL COLONIES. The faunas of the several mountain ranges of southern Arizona are separated one from another by the intervening nearly level mesa, where snails are absolutely wanting and cannot exist. This is due not alone to their greater aridity, higher temperature and xerophytic flora, but chiefly we believe to the absence of rocks, in the interstices of which snails might burrow below the dry surface to depths where a certain amount of moisture is retained. The mesa forms a barrier as impassable to land snails as an equal expanse of sea; and can be surmounted only by minute forms light enough to be transported by the wind. During the existence of the present conditions, which probably were initiated in the Pliocene, the larger snails of each range have been absolutely isolated. Owing to the general north and south trend of the ranges, the main canyons run eastward or westward, thus exposing a very hot slope 3 Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, XIII, 1890. “ 4 Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Museum, XVIII, 1895, and XIX, 1897. bal 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 47 with little vegetation northward and a more shaded slope on the south side, having more vegetation, but deeply interrupted by side canyons and ravines. These conditions may be illustrated by the map of White Tail Canyon (p. 75). It will be noticed thereon that on the southern side of the canyon the collecting stations are nearly all on northwestern slopes, none on northeastern. The latter are barren, and except near the top of the ridge form impassable barriers to mollusks. In the more arid portion of the range, snails are rarely found, often wholly wanting, on the slopes with mainly southern exposure. These conditions of exposure determine the limits of snail colonies, absolutely inhibiting migrations of much extent, though the anastomosing heads of adjacent canyons sometimes supply favorable slopes. The isolation of snail colonies is further favored by the habits of most of the Helices, which live deep in rocky talus or slides. They probably crawl about in the open only on rare occasions, and are wholly incapable of crossing slopes where shelter is lacking. We have never found living Helices on the surface in the Chiricahua Mountains, and with the exception of Oreohelix chiricahuana, living individuals were always found well buried in the rocks. Of some species, not even dead shells have been found on the surface. Some of these races apparently live and die under the surface. The progressive growth of the canyons by the deepening of lateral ravines and formation of new ones constantly accentuates the isolation of colonies by forming new slopes, of which one in each case is likely to be arid and therefore a barrier to the spread of snails. Moreover, the removal by erosion of stratified rocks, especially limestone, exposes ridges of granitic or eruptive rocks, in which snails are generally scarce, and some genera never present. Since the period of isolation of the several ranges, there has therefore been progressive isolation of colonies within each range. Il. INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENT ON THE SHELL, Relation of Climate to Shell-texture.—Notwithstanding the aridity of the climate, the Chiricanuan snails show none of the characteristics which some recent authors have considered to be the direct reactions to the desert environment. With the exception of Oreohelix chirica- huana, none of the species are conspicuously earthy, and none differ markedly in sculpture from snails of more humid districts. Rude, irregular sculpture and opaque chalky substance charac- terize land snails which live exposed to the sun. In such places their 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF |Feb., active life and periods of growth are certainly limited to dewy nights and times of rain,® whether they live in a reasonably humid region, as Cerion on the coast of Cuba, or in an arid region, as some Oreohelices of the Rocky Mountains. Pulmonate land snails which pass their lives hidden from the sun or shaded by dense foliage, do not have notably chalky shells, even in Arizona where a great part of the year is dry. We regard the opacity and cretaceous texture of exposed snails as in no way due to the direct action of climatic factors,® but as a protective adaptation to excessive sunlight, which would readily penetrate thin shells, or those composed largely of conchiolin.’ Oreohelix chiricahuana and in some cases Holospira are the only Chiricahuan snails which live on or close to the surface, uncovered or only partially protected; these are also the only snails which have the shell notably chalky and opaque. The snails of the dryest (Dos Cabezas) part of the range are not “desert snails” in appearance. They live where little light or none can penetrate. Relation of Exposure to Size.—The size of individual snails (excepting the heliophilous group discussed above) is almost wholly a function of the exposure. Snails living on northern or northwestern exposures are invariably larger than those from southern or eastern exposures, regardless of elevation,’ unless other conditions are conspicuously unfavorable. This is apparently due to the more abundant crypto- gamic or other plant food, the growth of which is favored by the more humid slopes,® as well as the greater duration of humid growing periods. As would naturally be expected, the difference in size of the snails is more marked in rather dry or semi-arid regions than in those abun- dantly watered and shaded. Our measurements of Sonorella support the observations already published on other species. In some cases the divergence has proceeded so far that diversity of size becomes an important specific character, as in the case of Sonorella leucura and micra, living on opposite sides of White Tail 8 Additions to the shell are made only when the animal is active, during humid periods, and thus exposed neither to arid winds or alkaline dust. Growth of the shell does not proceed when the snail is retracted and at rest, but only when it is in full activity, with the mantle fully produced. 6 As claimed by Dr. W. H. Dall, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1896, pp. 411, ete. 7A long list of conspicuously opaque, chalky snails which estivate in the full glare of the sun could be given. We may mention Leucochroa, Cerion incanum maritimum, ete., Bulimulus alternatus, Oreohelix strigosa huachucana. Allied species which live in more shaded places tend to lose their opacity ; cf. Oreohelix barbata and O. clappi. 8 At least within limits of two or three thousand feet. ® We have already given data in support of this facet in Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1906, pp. 552-555, and in other places. 1910. ] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 49 Canyon. Where snails are gathered from one limited region and those from various colonies are not kept separate, the measurements of such series when plotted may form conspicuously bimodal curves, due to the mixture of shells from different exposures. Such results are entirely worthless in the study of the relations of organism to environment. We have made no exhaustive series of measurements to ascertain whether the height of the spire varies with elevation of the station, but such observations as we have made indicate that it does not. In the helices there is rather wide individual variation in height of spire at all levels indifferently.'° Influence of the Character of the Rock.—Land snails are notoriously more abundant on limestone than where the country rock is igneous. They are also usually heavier, the shell-walls thicker, though this is not the case with all species. The individuals apparently reach at least as large a size where lime is scarce as where it is abundant, if other conditions (exposure and humidity) are about equal. In several cases the largest individuals occurred under granitic rock, as in the case of Sonorella bicipitis at Nine-mile water-hole. Enemies.—Field mice are apparently the chief enemies of the larger snails of the Chiricahuas. We often found unmistakable evidences of their destructive activity. The crevices of rock-piles which harbor most of the snails are often accessible to mice; and no protective device seems to have arisen effective against the latter. Oreohelix barbata, which from the dirt on its hairy coat is rather hard to see, we noticed on several occasions had been cruelly preyed upon by mice. We can offer observations upon predacious insects. Ill. Facrors In THE FoRMATION OF RACES AND SPECIES. The several modifications of the shells which we have noted above as correlated to some extent with external factors are only in minor part such features as serve to signalize species."' Thus in Sonorella the species are based mainly upon characters of the genitalia. In Ashmunella upon the teeth of the aperture and the shape of the last whorl. In Holospira the shape of the spire and its sculpture are the chief differential features. Moreover, in many cases, allied but * Bellini’s recent claim that on Capri the snails from greater elevations have higher spires, due to diminished atmospheric pressure, seems to us fantastic in the extreme. “In White Tail Canyon, however, Sonorella micra and Ashmunella lepiderma differ from their fellows on the more shaded side of the canyon by features mainly traceable to the different exposure and rock. 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., distinct species live under conditions which so far as we can see are identical. The subterranean Sonorellas, such as bicipitis, optata, bowiensis and leucura inhabit slopes having similar exposure, vegeta- tion, elevation, and rock cover, yet they differ characteristically in genitalia. At the same time, one style of genital organs seems to be as fit as another. Nearly all of the Holospiras live in very similar places. The local differences in the stations of the typical colonies of Oreohelix chiricahuana, obsoleta and percarinata are apparently less than the differences between the several stations of colonies of chiricahuana. If the conditions seem practically identical on parallel slopes of different canyons, it seems hopeless to search for differential conditions among several rock-piles or taluses along one canyon side, having the same exposure, composed of the same rocks, separated perhaps only by arid gulleys or barren ‘earth slopes; yet such taluses often harbor perceptibly different colonies of the same species. The facts developed in our Arizona work lead us to doubt the potency of environment as a direct agent in effecting specific. differ- entiation, or at least to assign such factors a wholly subsidiary role. The facts seem explicable only on the hypothesis of variations existing or arising in the constitution of the egg, leading to modifications of the adult organism which for the greater part are indifferent as affecting the well-being’of the race. Such adaptation as exists would apparently be due to selection. The isolation of small colonies in these moun- tains must favor the survival of what are currently called mutations occurring therein. The occasional mingling of neighboring colonies in which diverse variations have arisen seems to have led to such heterogeneous colonies as we have described in Holospira.” We have no definite evidence to offer bearing upon the amplitude of individual variations or ‘‘mutations,’’ yet we may again mention the fact that in many species nearly every colony has its minor pecu- liarities—peculiarities far below the grade usually called “specific,” yet appreciable to the trained eye.’* It may be inferred from this fact that the amplitude of “mutations” is ordinarily not great. IV. DiIstTRIBUTION OF CHIRICAHUAN MOLLUSKS. The snail fauna of the Chiricahuas consists of 51 species, falling into two main categories: 12 We believe this to be the explanation of the diversity of colonies in the polychromatic arboreal snails such as Partula and Liguus, in which some colonies of a given species are homogeneous, while others are heterogeneous, snails of several definite color-patterns being the offspring of a single mother. 3 Only the application of careful biometric methods can fully or definitely bring out these minute differences. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 51 1. Species peculiar to the range: all forms of the genera Sonorella, Oreohelix, Ashmunella and Holospira, 21 species with 14 subspecies. These are the larger snails of the fauna, without exception larger and heavier than any of the snails ranging also outside of the Chiricahuas. The members of this group of forms have probably been isolated in these mountains since the beginning of the present climatic cycle. They are too heavy to be transported across the mesa by wind, and the probability that they would be carried by birds or other accidental means is so remote as to be negligible. All of them were apparently derived from not more than six ancestral specific stocks; the species of Ashmunella and Holospira forming homogeneous groups probably of common ancestry, while in Sonorella and Oreohelix the species fall into two groups. 2. Species having a distribution outside of the range: all of them smaller than the preceding and many minute. (a) Alpine forms, mainly living above 7,500 feet, and elsewhere found only in the Canadian zone of the Rocky Mountains northward, Those found also in the Huachuca range are indicated by the letter H. Thysanophora ingersolli meridionalis. Vertigo columbiana utahensis. Vitrina alaskana, H. “« modesta parietalis, H. Euconulus fulvus alaskensis, H. ‘“< coloradoensis basidens. Pyramidula cronkhiter, H. (b) Transition zone forms chiefly having an almost continental distribution in that zone, also ranging into higher and lower zones. Zonitoides arborea, about 8,000 feet, H. Cochlicopa lubrica, 6,000-8,000 feet, H. Pupilla hebes, 7,500-8,000 feet, H. Vertigo milium, 8,000 feet, H. Succinea avara, about 6,500 feet, H. The species of groups (a) and (b) are forms which from their wide distribution must be of considerable antiquity, all probably having existed practically unchanged since before the initiation of present climatic conditions in Arizona. The absence of any form of the Oreo- helix strigosa group is remarkable, on account of the very wide distri- bution of this Transition zone type in the Rocky Mountains. (c) Upper Sonoran species, most of them widely distributed in the Southwest, some ranging into the Lower Sonoran. Those found also in the Huachuca and Florida ranges marked with the letters H. and F, 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.,. Thysanophora hornii,* H. F. Bifidaria pellucida hordeacella.. Agriolimax hemphilli ashmuni,” H. “« quadridentata,” FH. Zonitoides milium meridionalis, H. “ pilsbryana, H. F. dg minuscula alachuana, H. s perversa.4 Vitrea indentata umbilicata, H. ‘¢ ashmumi,4 HE: Helicodiscus eigenmanni arizonensis, H. . cochisensis,* H. Radiodiscus millecostatus,” H. it dalliana.“ Punctum californicum.” EY tuba. Vallonia perspectiva, H. F. Pisidium abditum huachucanum™, H. With the single exception of Agriolimaz, all of these are very small or minute snails, certainly capable of being carried long distances by cyclonic winds, and it is likely that their wide distribution may be attributed in part to such means, though it is not improbable that a considerable number of the forms may have existed before the isolation of the Arizona ranges. Twenty-two of the thirty species of groups 2 (a, b, c) have been found in the Huachuca range.'® These are indicated in the list above by the letter H. Four species, marked F in the list, occur in the far poorer fauna of the Florida Mountains. FAUNAL ZONES represented in the Chiricahuas are the Canadian, the Transition, and the Upper Sonoran. Zones dependent upon elevation are less distinctly marked in mollusks than in plants or vertebrates, local exposure and suitable conditions of moisture controlling the distribution of species to such an extent that the elevation zones are extremely irregular. It appears, however, that the Canadian zone forms are strictly confined to the high “parks”? and peaks. The characteristic Transition zone species are also for the most part high on the range, as are also five species which, from their distribution elsewhere, are considered to be Upper Sonoran. Seven of the eighteen Upper Sonoran species have been found only below 7,000 feet, while six have a general range. In the group of species peculiar to the Chiricahua range, and which must apparently be considered Upper Sonoran, many of the forms are very local in distribution and belong to the middle and lower zones of the range. Those having a wider distribution often have a great vertical range, as the following examples: 14 Found only low, below 7,000 feet. 4 As yet found only at about 8,000 feet or above, but none of them known from much further north than the Chiricahua range. 18 Proc. A. N. S. Phila. for 1909, pp. 498-516. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 23 Sonorella virilis, 6,000 to 9,000 feet. Oreohelix clappi, 6,000 to over 8,000 feet. Ashmunella chiricahuana, 6,000 to 8,500 feet. 4 angulata, 6,000 to over 8,000 feet. Sonorella virilis leucura, S. micra, Ashmunella proxima, A. fissidens and their subspecies, and Holospira, seem, in their several areas, to range from low to as high as suitable cover and slope-exposure are found. Ashmunella esuritor, metamorphosa and duplicidens belong to the higher levels (where the flora is very different), while A. jerriss? has not been found over 6,500 feet, if so high as that. In general, the specially Canadian and Transition species seem to be more sharply limited in their range downward than the Upper Sonoran forms are in their extension upward. We attribute this as much to the difference in plant life as to any more direct climatic conditions. The Lower Sonoran zone, in this area, has no land molluscan fauna, but Physa and Lymnea occur in the cienega east of the Chiricahuas. V. SysTeMATIC DESCRIPTIONS OF SPECIES. Family HELICID Zi. This family comprises four genera in Arizona: Sonorella Pils., Oreohelix Pils., Ashmunella Pils. and Ckll., and Thysanophora Strebel. Ashmunella is confined to a comparatively small area in the southeastern corner of the territory; but the other genera extend to the northern border, but they are only locally distributed, and some or all may be absent over areas of hundreds of square miles. Ashmunella and Sonorella are Upper Sonoran genera. Oreohelix belongs to the Transi- tion zone, often extending into the Canadian (where it is usually dwarfed), and sometimes into the Upper Sonoran zone, where it 1s mainly represented by special species. The genera Ashmunella and Sonorella are curiously diverse in modes of racial differentiation. In Ashmunella the shell has been most modified. In series of allied forms from successive canyons of a single range the shells will show much greater divergence than the soft parts. This is well illustrated by the Huachucan series, which, with conspicuous differences among the shells, shows hardly any in the soft parts. In Sonorella, on the other hand, the shells from a series of successive canyons may show barely perceptible differences, but the genitalia have been so modified in detail that the species are instantly recognizable from these organs. The conditions in Sonorella o4 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF (Feb., form astrong argument against modification by the action of environ- ment. The differentiation affects internal organs concerned solely in the act of reproduction, and only in the most remote manner con- nected with parts directly acted upon by external factors. Genus SONORELLA Pilsbry. Sonorella is the most characteristic Helicid snail of the mountains of southern New Mexico and Arizona. It is more widely distributed than either Ashmunella or Oreohelix, inhabiting mountains too arid to support either of the other genera, such as the Peloncillo, Dos Cabezas and Rincon ranges. In the Grand Canyon of the Colorado we dug them from the cruelly sharp rock-slides of the pre-Cambrian zone, in deep, sunless canyons where no other snails penetrate; and they exist equally on the plateau at the rim, 5,000 feet above the sea. This tolerance of untoward conditions is doubtless due in part to their deep digging habit. Sonorella is usually found well down in the rocky talus or slide, in the layer against the earth, where a certain degree of moisture remains. In some places Ashmunella accompanies Sonorella in the same slides. This is especially the case in the more verdant and humid canyons, such as Cave Creek in the Chiricahuas, where Sonorella, Ashmunella and Oreohelix clappi may be found together. Oreohelix (except O. clappi and O. barbata) lives on the surface, on or under the top stones, or around dead mescal, bear grass or yuccas. While apparently fitted to live in exposed and extremely arid places, yet in southern Arizona Oreohelix certainly does not inhabit the more arid ranges where Sonorella exists. Oreohelix and Ashmunella may sometimes be collected in copious quantity, but Sonorella is almost always rare. In the Dos Cabezas range a half dozen living adults would be a good day’s bag for any collector, and in dry weather, at least, this would mean very hard work. In less arid localities the snails are less scarce; but as a general rule to collect living Sonorellas successfully is the most strenuous physical labor, occasionally enlivened by danger of broken limbs from falling rocks or caving in of holes, in slides of heavy rock. Strong gloves are necessary in “quarrying” for Sonorella. In spite of strained muscles, bruises and bleeding fingers, the fascination of Sonorella hunting ts irresistible. The game gains in value from the hardihood brought out in the chase, and it is only after one has forgotten the labor that he can part with a single specimen of the rarer species. Chiricahuan Sonorellas belong to two very diverse groups distin- guished as follows: bw 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 55 Key to Chiricahuan Species of Sonorella. a.—Penis comparatively short, very much less than the diameter of the shell, and about + to 4 the length of spermatheca and its duct (Group of S. hachitana). b.—Penis-papilla annulate, the free end more or less pointed; epiphallus less than half the diameter of shell; whorls 43 to 54. c.—Flagellum wanting or vestigeal; diameter of shell 15.5 to Pra RUNMIM Dy eee Miter OI. as Se Psu en eee acevo apenan ee eaat S. optata. c'.—Flagellum distinct but minute; diameter of shell 18 to 725) 0d TaN OT CARE Ce ait REED aE RA Ra eS S. bicipitis. b'.—Penis-papilla plain, cylindric with obtuse end; epiphallus about half the diam. of shell; penis larger; whorls about 44. c.—Umbilicus contained about 54 times in diameter of the shell, which is depressed, 15 to 18 mm. in diameter. S. bowiensis. c'.—Umbilicus contained about 10 times in diameter of shell, which is subglobose, 13.5 to 20 mm. in diameter. S. binneyt. a'.—Penis very large, its length exceeding the diameter of the shell, and not differmg much from the length of spermatheca and duct; penis-papilla and vagina very long (Group of S. virilis). b.—Shell moderately solid, larger. c.—Diameter of shell 16 to 21 mm......0...0... cee S. virilis. c!.—Diameter of shell 18 to 25 mm. ; more depressed. S. v. leucura. b!.—Shell thin, smaller, diameter 12 to 15 mm.................. S. micra. Group of Sonorella hachitana. Sonorella bicipitis n.sp. Pl. I, figs. 1-5. Shell of the group of S. hachitana, the umbilicus about one-seventh ° the total diameter, and one-third covered by the dilated columellar lip; brown, fading to white around the umbilicus, encircled above the periphery with a dark chestnut band bordered above and below with white bands of about the same width; the brown band visible on about two whorls of the spire, the upper white band visible also on the penultimate whorl. Whorls 42 to 5, rather slowly increasing at first, the penultimate and last whorls rapidly widening. Surface nearly smooth to the eye, glossy. Embryonic shell consisting of 14 whorls. The first half whorl has distinct radial ripples; the next whorl has close, fine wrinkles in the direction of growth-lines, and interrupted by delicate, spirally descending threads. The third whorl shows some very sparse punctation. Later whorls are marked with fine growth-ripples, and usually show, under a strong lens, some exces- sively faint spiral lines above the periphery. The last whorl descends ~~ 5p) PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., moderately in front, and is well-rounded on periphery and base, as usual. The aperture is large, oblique, rounded, nearly as high as wide. Peristome thin, narrowly expanded outwardly, the basal margin a trifle reflexed, columellar margin dilated in a curved triangular plate 4 over about one-third of the umbilicus. Alt. 14, diam. 23mm.; aper- ture, alt. 12, diam. 13 mm. Bic EmiGRAnt CN. — pincry L HoRsesHoe CA. Zz “a Fig. 2.—Distribution of Sonorella in the Chiricahua Mountains: 1, S. bicipitis; 2, S. bowiensis (at point of the arrow); 3, S. optata; 4, S. micra; 5, S. virilis leucura; 6, S. virilis; 7, S. binneyi. Large areas between 1 and 2 and between 3 and 4 are unexplored. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 57 Fig. 3.—Principal collecting stations in the northern canyons of the Dos Cabezas range. Genitalia, Pl. III, figs.1,2,4,7. Penis of moderate length, somewhat less than one-third the length of spermatheca and duct, with a long retractor muscle; the penis-papilla (pp.) cylindric, annulated distally, with conic tip. Epiphallus somewhat shorter than penis; flagellum 0.6 or 0.7 mm. long. Vagina generally not much longer than the penis. Sole (in alcohol) ochre or dirty white, uniform or with slightly darker sides. Back gray, the flanks and tail very pale. Jaw with 6 to 8 ribs, grouped in the median half. Radula with 26,12,1,12,26 to 27,13,1,13,27 teeth, centrals and laterals without ectocones; some of the marginals with both cusps bifid. Type No. 94,328 A. N.S. P., from Buckeye Canyon, Dos Cabezas range of the Chiricahua Mountains, at Station 1, fig. 3. It ranges throughout Buckeye and Happy Camp Canyons, and at 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Nine-mile Water-hole, living deep under stones and rocks. Buckeye Canyon is the first from the northern end of the range. Its upper branches drain the eastern flanks of Dos Cabezas Peak. At the time of our visit in November there was water at intervals in the stony bed of the canyon as far down as our camp, near the reduction plant of the Buckeye gold mine. Tarbox and Happy Camp Canyons unite into a wide valley about a mile from the mesa. The mouth of this valley is half closed by a great reef of light gray granite rocks which forms a conspicuous landmark from the mesa. The country rock of these canyons is mainly metamorphic, but in part granitic. This species has the same apical sculpture as S. bowiensis and S. optima. It differs from optima in the shape of the penis-papilla, the presence of a flagellum, the shorter inner cusp of the marginal teeth, the larger aperture and narrower umbilicus. S. hachitana from the Big Hachet Mountains has a decidedly smaller aperture. In shell characters S. bicipitis stands nearest S. huachucana, but the apical sculpture of the latter is much less distinct, without the oblique threads on the last embryonic whorl which are characteristic of S. bicipitis and related forms. This species is represented by 48 adult shells, of which 17 were taken alive, and many young ones. The colonies are widely separated’’ and small; living shells are rare, and their collection involves the removal of much rock. The physical conditions are very similar in all the stations in Buckeye and Happy Camp Canyons. All the stations are on steep well-drained slopes facing northward, the earth very dry (in November), even under a couple of feet of rock, and scantily protected by low scrubby oak brush. At Nine-mile Water-hole the conditions are quite different as noted below. In the type locality, Station 1 (pl. I, figs. 1, 2, 3, and pl. ITI, fig. 7), we took 7 living adult and 6 young specimens measuring as follows: TTA ot ions on at ann 18 la 14 AS BS 1S ae ID Dairy Fatt a Me re che 24 Paro. Zo. 22... 22> (21°) Qiao wine This station is high on the steep south side of the canyon. In a lot of 23 from Station 3 (No. 94,326), 7 are adult living shells, measuring : 17 This must be understood in a comparative sense, as indicating that many apparently suitable situations examined were found barren. Doubtless a longer search would show that a large number of small colonies exist. We worked two days in Buckeye and several hours in Nine-mile. ay rn oh 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 59 2h CA es DIRT 2s2 nes te, 12 bias) Sie Sai Piertnien Ane ste. 21 Zak 20.5 20 19.2 19 18.5 mm. Ten adults from the slopes around the head of the southeastern branch of Buckeye Canyon, Station 4, vary from 18.7 to 22 mm. diameter (No. 94,325). Thirteen adults were taken at Station 5, near the head of Happy Camp Canyon, only one alive. 1 aera! 13 13 12.6 ips 12.3 ial 11.7 mm. Wram............ 22.0 21 2087 20 20.2 20 19 mm. Bee olere iil i ne? 11 10.5 mm. Len 1932 1922) wo 19.2 19 18 mm. At Nine-mile Water-hole we obtained a single living adult snail and 8 young (No. 99,324). These, with a specimen taken by Mr. Ferriss in 1905, indicate a large race at this place, with a slightly larger umbili- cus than the types, and more closely approaching lip-ends (pl. I figs. 4, 5). The soft anatomy, sculpture and color are like typical S. bicipitis. Whorls barely 5. Two adults measure: SPAMMER ER At EOIN bays dsc Odo ros we Roe le Wn ee 15 15° mm. “Sereda TULL a ai EAS ie eee ea i nee ees S220) OA Gaia SSSA NGS a ee ee ee eR EEE Ec 13 13 a ts Glam /s...)... ios ola Monk odes eae eae eae ee ‘ane ier 14 A ein The genitalia are figured pl. LII, fig. 2. : Nine-mile Water-hole is a shallow amphitheatre open eastward to the mesa, its slopes covered with great weathered boulders of coarse- erained light gray granite, among which ferns grow luxuriantly. A tiny stream trickles among the rocks, collecting into a stagnant pool at the base. A man can make his way in the interstices between and under the rocks, in some places, but as very few of them are movable, it is almost impossible to obtain the shells. Specimens were dissected from Stations 1, 3, 4,5 and from Nine-mile Water-hole. All have a distinct sheath at the base of the penis, attached also to the epiphallus and partially enveloping the latter throughout a part of its length. This sheath varies from about one- third the length of the penis in the type lot, to about a half in that from Nine-mile. The penis-papiila in transverse section (fig. 7, pp.) shows a group of minute ducts, but there seems to be a single terminal orifice. The vagina is longer in the types than in other lots ex- amined. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb. - Measurements of genitalia in millimeters. A, | st | ras} | ‘ = : ae 3 S 2 \|2 | 4 EER aed Ny i a | sus a - BU 2d bale Eecolity a | $ |S88| | 2] ee | es | 28) 8 5 pees SP eS ra eect ee 5 py a a" & Pol wm. | Sead = Station 1, fig. 7......... 8 |4.5|6.5|0.6/14.5| 29 /|long| 23 | 94,328 Station 3) fig. l..«:...:. 95 Bul"6 Veep ade sie wee hase 21 | 94,326 Station 4, fig. 4.......... 7 Gy) 1b) Ctrae GU eae tr | camel he: | 19 | 94,325 Nine-mile, fig. 2.......... 9 4.3 | 7 0.6 | 10 29 : 14 | 26 | 94,324 : | In the alcoholic specimen from Nine-mile, the sole is tripartite by faint longitudinal impressed lines, with a median groove due to partial folding of the foot. There are transverse lines as shown in pl. III, figs. 3 and 6. The granulation above is fine and pebble-like as usual in Sonorella. The cesophagus is short, expanding into a large crop, on which the loose and open salivary glands lie. The liver is reddish purple. The buccal retractor and left ocular retractor are united in their posterior third, the tail and right ocular retractors being free to their common insertion. The lung is like that of Sonorella optata. In the specimens from Stations 3, 4 and 5, no longitudinal impressed lines could be traced on the sole. The jaw varies a good deal; a specimen from the type lot has six wide ribs. From Station 4 and Nine-mile the jaw has eight narrow ribs. All of the radule examined agree in having decidedly fewer teeth in a transverse row than S. hachitana flora or S. optata. Sonorella optata n. sp. PI. I, figs. 6-12, 17-19. The shell is umbilicate, umbilicus slightly less than one-seventh the diameter, similar to S. hachitana, Pale brown, fading to whitish around the umbilicus, encircled by a rather wide dark chestnut band above the periphery, bordered above and below with paler, whitish bands. The spire is low conic. Whorls 54, slowly increasing to the last, which is much wider, and descends deeply in front. The embryonic shell consists of 14 whorls. The first half whorl has radial wrinkles, and begins in a smooth tip; then a small areolate area follows, after which there are curved, forwardly descending delicate threads reaching the suture below, but weak or obsolete on the summit of the whorl, which is irregularly roughened ; there are also some forwardly ascending threads in places. The first neanic whorl has sculpture of slight growth ripples and an indistinct roughening or punctation. Subse- 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 61 quent whorls are lightly marked with growth-lines only. The aperture is very oblique, subcircular ; peristome thin, a little expanded, narrowly reflexed below, the columellar margin dilated. Alt. 15, diam. 24 mm. ; alt. aperture 11.7, width 13 mm. Penis small, usually shorter than the vagina, and less than one-third as long as the spermatheca and duct. Epiphallus short, the flagellum apparently absent or reduced to a very minute adnate coecum (pl. IV, figs. 1, 2,3, 4,5,7). Radula with 35,1, 35 (summit of Cross J Mt.) +o 38,1, 38 teeth, about 14 laterals, an ectocone appearing on the 11th to 13th. The entocone is bifid on the outer 15 to 18 marginals, and the ectocone occasionally so on some teeth, though generally simple. Six radule from 5 stations examined. The jaw has 5 ribs in two, 6 and 7 in two other examples. The crops and cesophagus as far as the stomach are conspicuously sulcate or corrugated longitudinally. Type locality, head of Big Emigrant Canyon at Station 1, on a steep slope shaded by pinyons, under large stones (limestone). The species occurs in numerous colonies throughout Big Emigrant Canyon, except on slopes with southern exposure. See map on p. 121. This handsome species, like others of the hachitana group, 1s ill- characterized as far as the shell is concerned, but the genitalia are characteristic by the small penis and absence of a free flagellum. In the Chiricahua Mountains it 1s related to S. bicipitis of the Dos Cabezas range, but in that the penis is well developed and the flagellum, though small, seems to be invariably present. In all of the numerous exam- ples opened the crop and intestine to the stomach are deeply furrowed longitudinally, a condition observed in no other Sonorella. To what extent this corrugation may be due to the state of the specimens 1s uncertain. It happened that by some unaccountable oversight all of the Big Emigrant Sonorellas were cooked and pulled without drowning, and then were preserved in alcohol too strong to give the best results. All of the following colonies but one are on limestone. Type locality, Station 1. Thirty adult specimens were taken, ten of them alive. They measure as follows: Diam. in mm........ 26 25r a 225 25 25 25 2A. & “24.8 Al\Gmin mm............ Loar ae 1Gn3> ARO ee A Zale 15 Diam. in mm........ DAR SoA ae’ of) (24D 2a 2. 2A 24 24) Seis ate 00) 00 eee 15 Oe 4, wlo 14 16 15.2 Diam. in mm........ 24 (three) 24 24 24 (three) 23.3 23 Ae WAM......00.. 15 14.5 14.3 14 14 14 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Diam, in mm........ 23 23 23 23 22.8 Alf, ancmm) wike..3: 14 1355 (h38.d4 13 13.5 The total variation in diameter in this colony is 3.2 mm. The variation in altitude is comparatively greater, owing to the varying degree of elevation of the spire. 70 per cent. of the lot are from 24 to 25 mm. in diameter. Figures 6-9 were drawn from specimens of the type lot from this Station. Station 4. Cleft in the rocky summit of hill at fork oF Big Emigrant Canyon, facing mouth of canyon (pl. I, fig. 10). Ten specimens, two alive, measure: Diana MM ee... 26 25.5 25.5 25 25 25 24 23.7 23.3 2303 ult, AM TON Paces, 15 1G lea 61S bp ae haa hoes They differ from the type lot in having the aperture barely per- ceptibly larger, umbilicus smaller. In a specimen of the type lot 25 mm. in diam. the aperture measures 11.4x13.1 mm. In one of the same diameter from Station 4 it is 12 x 13.4 mm. Spirally striate forms.—The shells from Stations 2, 3, 5, 6—Big Emigrant Mountain and Cross J Mountain—usually show numerous spiral strize on the upper surface of the last whorl, but this character is variable; in some shells of each lot no spiral strize can be made out. Station 2. Close to the creek in the middle branch of Big Emigrant Canyon, under stones. Three dead shells measuring 23.5, 22.3 and 21.8 mm., and similar to those from Big Emigrant Mountain. This place is probably about 1,000 feet lower than the type locality. Station 3. Big Emigrant Mountain. This name is given to a mountain about four miles above the fork of Big Emigrant Canyon on the left side of the east branch. November 11 and 12 it was visited, On the side toward the canyon, under a rocky bluff, under stones among scrub oaks (Quercus hypoleuca?), in a situation resembling that of Sonorella bowiensis, numerous specimens of a small form were taken, almost all dead shells. Sixty-five adults taken measure in diameter as follows: Diana in min 20.5 20 1935 219.3 19°18. 8) Alero etees No: of shells.0.0.Gnicus: 1 il 4 1 6 A 7 6 iam. in MM. 3. 18° W7-8: Asoc L738" 17" TGs wiles No. sor shes. Ske if 4 4 5 ee es 4 if The shells are in the average more depressed than typical S. optata. The largest measures, alt. 10.5, diam. 20.5, aperture 9.2 x 11.2 mm. Another, alt. 10.5, diam. 18.5, aperture 8.3x9.9 mm. There are 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 63 about 44 whorls, the last with some spiral lines on the upper surface, sometimes very faint. From the west side of Big Emigrant Mountain (pl. I, figs. 11, 12, 18, 19) a lot of 32 living adults was taken, of almost equally small size (No. 94,320). Were In! TAM. .c......+:<: eA Ooms 20) O75) G5 1D 18s 7 18:3 INoror shells...:.2.:......! 2 2 Ae 6 ii as | it The degree of elevation is somewhat variable. In one specimen (pl. I, fig. 19) the dark band is wanting. This is the only case of the kind among our Chiricahua Sonorellas. Another lot of 35 living adult shells from another place on Big Emigrant Mountain average larger. Waa. tH MM: -...66sscn: eae. eo wae Sole vAP O20) sO 8 1:9 Moe OF ShHElIS....0./05...0:.2.- ies be ik Sed Cao! 1 Station 6, high in the valley north of Cross J Mountain, 42 adult shells, most of them ‘dead,’ measure: Diam. in mm........ 22.8 22.5 22.3 22 21.8 21.5 21.3 21 20.5 20 No. of shells.......... 2 3 2 6 3 4 a LOE 4 5 Most shells show spiral lines, as in those from Big Emigrant Moun- tain. The specimens were taken in the area indicated in the sketch on p. 87, but similar dead shells were seen throughout the valley, on both sides of the ravine. The rock of this valley is limestone. Eastward from this valley (Station 6) a rugged ridge of coarse crumbling granitic rock runs towards the mouth of the canyon (see map). Five dead shells found on the outer side of the crest of this ridge are like those from the valley, but smaller, diam. 18.5 to 20.5 mm. Station 5. Among rocks at and near the north side of the summit of Cross J Mountain. The rock here is angular, friable and cherty. The shells, 29 adults, mostly ‘‘dead,’’ resemble the larger colony from Big Emigrant Mountain, most of them showing fine spiral lines. The elevation is estimated at 8,000 feet. See sketch on p. 87. ram. 1 WM. 22404.) 23 228 29 2 22 2S 2 BlOw Of SMClIS)....... 03s. lsc esese 2 1 1 5 4 ; 1 Piet: MMs. cad. bench. Tk? 208 20.5 20:2. 20 19.8 Ol SHEIIS:. «2.05200. cet 5 1 4 1 1 3 Small form of S. optata (pl.1, fig. 17). Some very small specimens were taken near the head of Big Emigrant Canyon south of Station 1, 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., the exact spot not noted. Two living ones measure, alt. 9.8, diam. 16 mm., and alt. 9.2, diam. 16 mm. A bleached shell was found at Station 2; alt. 11, diam. 18 mm. Soft anatomy of S. optata. Specimens from four colonies have been dissected. In the type lot from Station 1, the sole is pale, unicolored. In some other lots the narrow side areas are a shade darker. The genitalia (pl. IV, fig. 1-4, 7) are characterized by the very small penis and absence of a flagellum, verified in several examples opened. The lung (fig. 4, right fig.) has venation much as I have Fig. 4.—Pallial region of Sonorella optata, two individuals. K, kidney; P, pericardium. described for S. ashmuni. The secondary ureter is open throughout, being defined by a thread-like ridge only. Length of lung 26, of kidney 14, of pericardium 5 mm. The foregut and crop are deeply sulcate longitudinally. In specimens from the cleft in Big ieee Canyon (No. 94,321), the penis is rather larger (pl. IV, fig. 4). It has a thin, rather short basal sheath and long retractor. The penis-papilla is slender, cylin- dric, weakly annulate, with obtusely conic end. There is an exces- sively short ccecum representing the flagellum, not free from the integument and hardly visible except by transmitted light. The 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 65 crop and foregut are longitudinally sulcate. Salivary glands long, united over the upper surface of the crop. The form from north side of Big Emigrant Mountain (Station 3, No. 94,322) is similar. Genitalia (pl. IV, fig, 1) with long penis- papilla, its end long-conic. Flagellum a barely perceptible bud bound in the integument. Lung with venation typical or (in one of several examined) the pulmonary vein has a large branch on the cardiac side, where the venation is otherwise very faint. Length of lung 27, of kidney 14, of pericardium 4.5 mm. (fig. 4, left fig.). The crop and foregut are deeply sulcate longitudinally. No. 94,320, from west side of Big Emigrant Mountain are similar. As usual in this species, the penis-papilla has a somewhat glans-like end (fig. 2). No, 94,323, from summit of Cross J Mountain, has the sole pale in the middle, shading into gray at the sides. No flagellum. Foregut corrugated. The penis-papilla is obtuse, but the specimen is not quite mature (pl. IV, fig. 7). A half-grown shell has very minute genitalia (pl. IV, fig. 5) with a very short papilla. Measurements oj genitalia of S. optata in mm. | | 1 3 = | @ $3 P= —| ee alg ee eg a. : Eaaleculban=: fey pi oa. Stadia ions viet ay am | ca = ic | 8 = = Station 1, fig. 3.0.00. Wat lige, ees O 8). tes |o5 “oa 315 Station 4, fig. /4..0...:.00... 17 | 4 3.5 |vestigeal| 8 | 26 | 7.5) 25.5 | 94,321 Station 3, fig. Lies. Paar ee eeu sien ar | 18.5 | 94,322 Near Station 3, fig. 2......)5 [2.6] 5 S La Dae, Ui ieee a 19.5 | 94,320 Station 5, fig. Too! 4.6|2.6| 2.75] 0 7 |... |long|20 | 94,323 Sonorella bowiensis Pils. Pl. I, figs. 13-16. Sonorella hachitana bowiensis Pils., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 260, pl. XVIII, figs. 29-32 (shell) ; pl. OG figs. 10, 11 (genitalia) : pl. XXII, ne 22 (jaw). Forty-one living and twenty-eight dead adult specimens were taken at the type locality in 1906. It is a very pretty shell, quite constant in all its characters. The shell is somewhat transparent, pale corneous-brown becoming lighter almost corneous-whitish near the umbilicus. There are usually one or two obliquely radial whitish streaks on the last whorl. The chestnut band above the periphery is about one millimeter wide, is visible on 24 to 3 whorls, and has a very faint paler border below, hardly visible; no noticeable pale border above the band. Whorls 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., 43, rather slowly widening to the last, which is nearly double the width of the preceding, and well rounded peripherally. The embryonic shell consists of 14 whorls; the apex is smoothish; then a radially wrinkled area follows to the end of the first half whorl; the next whorl has forwardly descending delicate threads on its outer or per- ipheral half, the inner half being irregularly, shallowly pitted and roughened. The succeeding neanic whorls are lightly striate obliquely and very slightly, minutely roughened. The last whorl descends rather deeply in front. The umbilicus is contained about 54 times in the diameter of the shell. : The aperture is very oblique, peristome expand- ed, the ends strongly converging, the columellar end dilated, slightly impinging on the umbilicus. Measurements of seven specimens were given in our former paper, with diameters of 15 to 17.8 mm. Sixty-nine adults taken in 1906 have the following diameters: Diam ..an Mim. eee 15 15.5 15.8 16 LGsZ 16.3 Nov ot shells. 247265 4 3 2 29 is x Dian anvwmm N, 16:55 16.7 16.8 17% 17238 18 Nozroisshelis.:.220). cas 5 4 6 12 13 1 About 84 per cent. are from 16 to 17 mm. in diameter, and the total range in diameter is only 3 mm.'* Otherwise variation is seen only to a very slight extent in the width and intensity of the band and in the degree of deflection at the aperture. Type locality.—Quartzite Hill, back of Dixon’s place, about a mile south of old Fort Bowie. It has been found nowhere else. The locality was wrongly given as ‘‘ Bowie’ in our former paper. Bowie is a station on the 8. P. Railway about 15 miles from Fort Bowie, and on the mesa where no snails live. Fort Bowie is now deserted, and only the roofless adobe buildings and the cemetery remain. Sonorella bowiensis was found only in one colony very limited in extent but prolific in individuals. This colony—the only place where we have ever found Sonorella in abundance—is in a small thicket of long-leaved scrub-oaks with some underbrush of service berries (Amelanchier sp.) under a low cliff, somewhat more than half way to 18 The concentration around the diameters 16 and 17 mm. is partly due to the fact that all shells more than 15.8 and less than 16.2 were counted as 16, and similarly with 17, giving a wider range than with any intermediate measure- ments. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 67 the summit of Quartzite Hill, back of Dixon’s place, shown at (1) in the photographic reproduction below. The snails were under small stones and dead leaves. The abundant shelter and food and favorable northeastern slope apparently led to an unusual multi- plication of individuals, but no environmental factor seems to account for their very small size. We searched the neighboring Bull Hill thoroughly for Sonorella, but without success. Probably a more extended exploration would result in finding other colonies in the Fort Bowie Valley. Bowie Mountain and Helen’s Doom should be examined. The single locality of S. bowiensis lies between the ranges of S. bicipitis and S. optata. Fig. 5.—Quartzite Peak and Bull Hill, from the ridge on east side of the creek, looking across Dixon’s place, showing type localities of Sonorella bowiensis (1) and Holospira cionella (2). S. bowiensis differs from S. bicipitis by the rounded end of the penis- papilla and the actually and comparatively longer penis, over half the length of spermatheca and duct, though the shell is smaller. The shell differs by its smaller size and the faintness or absence of white bands bordering the chestnut zone. The living animal is slate color on head and back, sides of foot pale blue, borders of the foot orange; liver brown. In alcohol the back is slate, sides, tail and sole whitish. The sole has slightly darker lateral areas marked off with faint grooves. The crop is long and smooth. I have figured the genitalia of a specimen (pl. IV, fig. 6) for com- parison with that previously published. The well-developed penis has a long basal sheath, the lower part of the penis itself being quite 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., slender. The papilla is cylindric, somewhat more than one-third the length of the penis, with a blunt, rounded end. The penis retractor is long. The organs measure as follows: length of penis 12 mm.; of penis-papilla 4.4 mm.; epiphallus and flagellum 12; flagellum 0.6; vagina 10; spermatheca and duct 21.5 mm. The atrium is extremely short. In its genitalia this species resembles S. binney: from the southern end of the range, and to a less extent S. rowelli. The embryonic sculpture is like that of S. bie¢pitis, but the spirally protractive threads are more numerous and closer. S. binney? differs from S. bowiensis by the very much smaller penis, only half the length of that of S. bowiensis in a larger shell; by the different shape of the papilla, and the absence or very minute size of the flagellum. The shell also is invariably larger than S. bowiensis, even in the most arid situations. Sonorella binneyi n. sp. PI. II, figs. 13-18. The shell is depressed globose, narrowly umbilicate, quite thin but moderately strong; pale brown with some whitish oblique streaks, and fading to opaque white around the umbilicus, encircled with a narrow chestnut band at the shoulder, narrowly showing above the suture on the penultimate whorl. Surface slightly shining, marked with fine, rather sharp growth-striz. Whorls 44, convex, the first minutely roughened but without distinct pattern of sculpture. The last whorl is very wide (viewed from above), inflated, rounded per- ipherally, very convex beneath. It descends in front. The aperture is very large, strongly oblique, elliptical, the ends of the lip converging. Peristome thin, very slightly expanded throughout, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt. 15, diam. 20; width of aperture 12.8, oblique alt. 11 mm.; width of umbilicus 1.7 mm. Alt. 11.5, diam. 18 mm. Alt. 10.5, diam. 16 mm. Horseshoe (Mo) Canyon, the types from Station 1, two miles up the Canyon. Also found near the red box of Horseshoe Canyon. The genitalia (pl. III, fig. 5). The penis is somewhat longer than the vagina. It contracts into a narrow neck at the base, and contains a cylindric papilla, obtuse at the free end, and from one-sixth to about 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 69 one-third the length of the penis. Epiphallus not very unlike the penis in length. Flagellum as usual in the genus. The vagina is short. Spermatheca oval, on a long duct. Two specimens of No. 97,414 measure: (ELE UL RCSLT SP a te a 11.5 mm. SEES CE TL SSR I MR Sa AR Se 9 8 f Derren cia 8k yy Me a 3 215 NNER TS Ce ene ee ee cr er 1 nh mee) Waeina.:........:... Cl ee nett a Bir) aes Be SPER NECA ATI” AUC 22 oe idscencncdd estas 6. catenee: The jaw has five ribs. The pericardium is about half as long as the kidney. In its soft anatomy, this species resembles S. bowiensis Pils. and also S. rowelli (Newc.), but differs from the latter by having a dis- tinct flagellum. The shell is more like S. rowelli, but differs from both species by its more inflated contour and very large aperture. In conchological characters the species is, for a Sonorella, very distinct, and unlike other known Chiricahuan snails. The smallest specimen seen measures, alt. 8, diam. 13.5 mm. This species is named in memory of William G. Binney. Group of Sonorella virilis. These forms are distinguished from all other Helices known to us by the enormous length of the penis and its papilla. Sonorella rincon- ensis, which has an equally long penis, but a comparatively short papilla, is apparently the most nearly related species. All other known Sonorellas have the penis short or of moderate length. All known species of this group are Chiricahuan. The sculpture of the embryonic shell resembles that of the group of S. hachitana, but usually the pattern is very indistinct. Sonorella virilis Pils. Pl. II, figs. 1-6. = S. virilis Pils., Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 266, with var. circumstriata, p. 267. This species was described from a single shell which so far as we can learn was probably taken in Rucker Canyon. The variety circum- striata was described from the talus at the foot of Reed’s Mountain, about a half mile below Reed’s place, Station 11 in Cave Creek. The series now available shows that this variety is scarcely distinct enough 70 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., for recognition, or at least that it is difficult to decide upon some specimens. Figures 1, 2, 3 represent specimens from Station 11, at the foot of Reed’s Mountain, Cave Creek Canyon. Figs. 4, 5 are from about two miles up the south fork of Cave Creek. All of these are of the form circumstriata. Fig. 6 is from Spring branch near Rucker Camp, head of Rucker Canyon. This shell, and others from the head of Rucker, has a broad conspicuous white border above the brown band, a narrower one below it; the brown band is broader than in Cave Creek shells. The spire, viewed from above, is narrower, the last whorl therefore wider, Specimens from further down Rucker have much less conspicuous white borders along the band, and are like the type of virilis. This species also occurs in Morse Canyon, tne foot of Bonito Canyon, and Shake Gulch, and in Horseshoe Canyon near the Red Box. In the Cave Creek Canyon Valley it may be found almost anywhere suitable rock cover exists, though there are large areas without it, where the slope is shght or with southern exposure. Rock “‘slides”’ or northern exposures with abundant rock are its chief haunts. It was taken at Stations 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 18, 14, also near the branch leading toward Paradise, in the ravines west of Reed’s Mountain, and various places throughout the South Fork as far as explored—about two miles up. None were taken on the great ridge where Stations 6 and 7 are situated, or on the ridge marked 10. The valley south of the stream from the falls has not been explored. The Sonorellas were also found in a great rock slide (trachyte?) on the south side of a peak near the sawmill, in Barfoot Park, Station 1, and in the head of the adjacent canyon running westward. See map on p. 107. S. virilis (circumstriata) was found also in Paradise Canyon about two miles below Paradise, and in Pine Canyon. Variation.—There is the usual variation in degree of elevation of the spire, and slight variation in ground color of the shell, in all of the lots examined, but various colonies differ in size, as may be seen by the table of measurements of specimens from four places. This size variation is not in the least correlated with elevation, but is invariably connected with the exposure to the sun. Thus it will be noted that at Stations 1 and 12 the mode is at 18 mm. diameter, the total range from 16 to 20 mm. Both of these stations are on sunny southern slopes, Station 1 being Barfoot Park at an elevation of over 8,000 feet, while Station 12 is only about 100 feet above the bottom of Cave 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. | 71 Creek, at an elevation of about 6,000 feet. These small specimens - contrast with those from Stations 13, from shaded slopes, where the mode is at 20 to 20.5 mm., and the range from 17.75 to 21 mm. _Large shells occur at Station 11, at the shaded and humid base of Ried’s Mountain, about 6,000 feet elevation, and at the head of Pine Canyon, at about 8,000 feet, also in a comparatively humid and well-shaded situation. The shells from other places, while too few to be worth tabulating, or to give reliable curves, support the above conclusions as far as they go. Diameter in Head mm. Sta. 1., Sta.4. Sta. 11. ‘Sta.12. Sta.13 Pine Canyon. 16.25...... al —_ ~J s~J or > ettnid: obo: : BEAICH — usp ented oi jot QO Or iw) —_ Sg At Pe peak a Te AS are pe gia a te bo (=) bo Wecrtaes eden tity fen sit te eet me OT The sole, in alcoholic examples, is yellowish in the central field, the lateral areas grayish, grooves rather indistinct. The back is blackish, sides pale. Specimens from numerous lots were dissected, genitalia of two being figured (pl. V. fig. 6, No. 94,335 from Station 13, South Fork of Cave Creek, and fig. 4, No. 94,332, from Station 11, Cave Creek). The penis is longer than in the original type specimen, but in about the same proportion to the length of the vagina, which varies considerably. This difference in length is perhaps due to the different modes of preservation. The basal sheath of the penis and its retractor are both quite short. The arcuate shape of the penis is due to its position near the periphery of the last whorl when the animal is retracted. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Measurements of the genitalia in millimeters. | | 3 os} : al . O43 a = S) EB We aes MPEP kc en § 8 a | 3 a | 89 | ge] 3 3 Ay Ay ie2) is > | nw 1 Ay A = DS PASeRDULLES, «2% .3s-.-:l ADO» i iDA rl AAG al crea Bei ile nee 655) 19 | 94,335 2 ues nce en 305) 29. 519) OF 126-5)" -B1:| 6) 2) yacaee 3 “ 1S SARS ND 2 Oh Mea eta oe ee 19.5 79,622 4. ce RE MPR ee ha 25 Dom She ceae 15) oe. pes 22 | 97,409 5. OFS ee da a eee ee bees pager. Led eon | 22 | 97,409 6. OS Oat ae ce SO ee eee (uieies| ete eee Ree | 19 | 97,408 Fc WS De LORCUTO cdots 20.3 iLiag pees | Le ORO lg ie Ne eek | 21° -/.94:331 8. areas POS RSIP OR We Oi-4 | <0 6eheie Ps o meet (23 99,682 9 eee anh 25 eA 2119.7) 006155. | 25 Wace 19 99,681 The specimens measured are from the following localities: 1. South Fork of Cave Creek. 2. Foot of Reed’s Mountain, Cave Creek. 3. Rucker Canyon (?). Original type of S. virilis. 4,5. Head of Rucker Canyon. 6. Rucker Canyon at mouth of Raspberry Gulch. 7. White Tail Canyon, Station 4. 8. White Tail Canyon, Station 14. 9. White Tail Canyon, Station 00. Sonorella virilis leucura subsp. noy. PI. II, figs. 7-9. The shell is decidedly more depressed than S. virilis or S. v. “cireum- striata,” though the spire is about equally convex; the umbilicus is wider; the aperture is smaller, and the ground-color is paler, sub- opaque, whitish, tinted more or less with brown, nearly white on each side of the dark band, and pale around the umbilicus. Embryonic and neanic stages—There are 132 embryonic whorls. The depressed tip is smoothish, followed by only a few radial wrinkles ; following embryonic whorl is roughened with low granules lengthened in a radial direction, or short, irregularly waved or vermiculate radial wrinkles; over these there is a pattern of grains in regular squares at first, but soon forming protractive rows, the grains becoming indis- tinct. On the first post-nepionic whorl the fine striae are more or less interrupted or minutely indented in places. The post-nepionie whorls as far as the fourth whorl are clothed with very short deciduous hairs, so delicate that the slightest attempt to clean the shell removes them, 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 73 and they probably never persist in the adult stage. All immature specimens taken by us in November, from diam. 10 mm. on, have a strong callous rib within the lip-edge. Adult stage-—There are 44 whorls in small, 42 in large individuals of the type lot, slowly increasing at first, the last whorl seen from above about twice as wide as the penultimate. The lip is blunt with rusty edge, but not thickened within. The outer margin is slightly expanded, the basal a trifle more so; parietal callus rather thick at the edge, straight. The umbilicus contained about 5.2 times in the total diameter. Alt. 11.8, diam. 23.5 mm.; aperture 10 x 11.3 mm. Distribution: Southern side of White Tail Canyon, Chiricahua Mountains, Stations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 12, 14. Type locality, Station No. 14. Also in Jhu Canyon. See map, fig. 6, p. 75. This is the only Sonorella on the southern side of White Tail Canyon, living on steep slopes varying from northeast to north or northwest. It occurs (in November) rather deep under rocks, and excepting on the more arid slopes and ridges, colonies may be found where suitable shelter occurs throughout the length of the canyon, generally rather high on the slopes, but in at least one case only about 20 feet above the bed of the canyon. The more favorable slopes, such as those Stations 5,14, 15 are situated on, are wooded with pinyon below, oak and a few long-leaf pine above. The ridges and slopes with southern or eastern exposure are barren or nearly so. The rock is limestone, mostly with covering of earth and fine stone, and there are no rock slides. Stations 1, 2, 4, and 9 are decidedly more arid and barren than 5 and 14, Station 5 being near the bottom of a deep narrow ravine, densely wooded, while Station 14 is on a steep shady northern slope. The lots taken show that the shells respond to more favorable conditions by reaching a larger size, as seen in the table of measurements. The shells from Station 5 have the spire somewhat more depressed than any other lot. Those from near Jim Artels’ old camp, near head of White Tail not far from Station 1, are the smallest. The table following shows the shells from high on the ridge (Stations 1 and 4) to be in the main smaller than those from the mid-slope; but this ridge becomes very dry above, with less shade, while the slope lower down is well shaded on northwest exposures (caused by the lateral washes and ravines, running northward), the northeast exposures being for the most part barren. The size of individuals in the colonies collected appear, therefore, to be related to the amount of shade and moisture. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Measurements of 152 shells from six stations foilow: Diameter in Near mm. Sta. 1. Sta. 4. Sta. 2. Sta. 5. Sta. 9. Sta. 14. — o > meWENRONNE bo o bo or — FRO vay kt eae mee ee — Li) o ~I or bo bo —_ Cal — yen SD macs on NSE SAO Py Cr a ee _ — bo wo no On bo bo bo SH Onwreowosn: : bo OC) ~J or : poco: Com: pet: 25.25... ig as: a a No. of shells... 25 15 8 26 22 56 Soft anatomy.—Several specimens were dissected, from three stations, 14, 4 and from near Station 1. The genitalia do not differ from these organs in S. virilis circumstriata. Measurements may be found on p. 72, An example from Station 4 (No. 94,331) is illustrated (pl. V, fig. 5). It shows the penis kinked in a way unusual in the species. The sole is tripartite in color, the central area, half the total width, being pale isabelline, the side areas gray. The foot is gray above, darkest on the back; top of the tail of a dirty yellow tint. Sonorella micra n. sp. PI. II, figs. 10-12. The shell is small, thin, the umbilicus contained about five times in the total diameter; pale brownish-corneous, a little paler around the umbilicus, and with scarcely perceptible pale borders above and below the dark chestnut band above the periphery; only slightly glossy. Spire very low. The embryonic shell consists of 14 convex whorls; after the smooth apex, there are a few arcuate radial ripples; and the 1910.) NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 75 HIGH RIDGE SUF | ex Ranch ees Fig. 6.—Collecting stations in White Tail Canyon. rest of the embryonic shell has irregular rugosities or asperities, short, but longest in a radial direction ; over these there are granules arranged as in S. v. leucura. When absolutely unworn they bear delicate hairs in young shells. The following post-embryonic whorls are delicately striate, and as far as the beginning of the fourth whorl, fresh and uncleaned young shells have close, short and very delicate hairs. The last whorl has delicate growth-lines, but no trace of spiral striae; it is rounded at the periphery and descends a little in front. The aperture is oblique, rounded. The peristome is thin, outer margin scarcely 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., noticeably expanded, basal margin somewhat more so; columellar margin rather broadly dilated and brought forward. The parietal callus is short, thin and transparent. Alt. 7.2, diam. 14.5 mm.; aperture 7.5 mm. wide, 7 high. Whorls 44, Distribution: North side of White Tail Canyon, in slides of igneous rock (rhyolite), at Stations 10, 11,15, 16,17. Type locality, Station 10. See map on p. 75. This is the smallest Sonorella yet known from the Chiricahuas. It is allied to S. virilis by the genitalia and the indistinct sculpture pattern on the embryonic whorls, but differs by its diminutive size, thin shell, comparatively narrower umbilicus and the absence of distinct white borders along the brown band. S. micra occupies the north side of White Tail Canyon to the exclu- sion of S. virilis leucura, which lives on the opposite or south side. It lives in “slides” of angular, dark purplish-gray rock (rhyolite), together with Ashmunella lepiderma, and can be found only deep in the rocks, where they rest on the earth below. ‘The slopes are mainly toward the south and west, hence exposed to the direct sun, rarely shaded to any extent by the small trees. The snails are found from the bottom of the canyon (Station 11) to perhaps 6,800 feet (Station 16), where they occur over the crest of the ridge, in an extensive slide sloping northward. The type locality, Station 10, is below the great cliffs along Indian Creek. The lower stations are easily accessible, but the higher call for arduous climbing and, from the nature of their haunts, the work of quarrying the snails out is severe. We secured but few living specimens, but many dead shells, more or less fresh, show the species to be remarkably constant. Besides a slight varia- tion in elevation of the spire, no variation in form is noticeable. Measurements of two lots follow: Digm/in mm... 125 ile toed. 1355) Wola Sie 14.25 Sato LO). cuz. osc, i 0 0 1 2, fe 4 Station L7isc.c00 0 1 0 4 4 10 4 Diam. in mm........ 14.5 14:75 ALD 15:25 Station 10.422" 4 7 7 1 Stationely fic eH ik oF 2 0 On the southern side of the canyon we found a few dead specimens among limestone rocks about 20 feet above the bed of the canyon, below the junction of Indian Creek. They}agree fully with those from the north side of the canyon. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 77 S. micra occurs associated with Ashmunella lepiderma in the same rock slides. Both are modified in the same manner, the shell differing from allied species in being smaller, thinner, dull, with a greater or less development of cuticular processes. The reduced size compared with the species on the opposite side of the canyon is without much doubt due to the sun-scorched exposure. We have not found that living on igneous rock has any tendency to dwarf Sonorellas, though the tenuity of the shell may fairly be attributed to that influence. The animal in alcohol is pale grayish, darker on the back. Sole with the usual pale central area and slightly darker side areas, not defined by lines. The genitalia of a drowned specimen in good condition from Station 10 is drawn in pl. V, figs. 1, 2. Unfortunately the penis was exserted in all of this lot. Except in being smaller and more slender, the organs resemble closely those of S. virilis. The penis in this figure is shown partially everted, the long papilla (pp.) projecting. In fig. 2 the epiphallus is shown partially uncoiled. The flagellum is well developed for a Sonorella, Pl. V, fig. 3, represents the organs of another speci- men, from Station 17, with the penis normally retracted. The end of the penis-papilla is shown in outline Measurements in millimeters of the genitalia of two specimens follow: | | | | E | | | | perma- | | Penis. Papilla. Ppiphallus. Flagellum. Vagina, eithees | tract pane Me oP enal 17 14 | 1Os50 4 O26) || 8 16 8+ 14.8 94 334 140)" Ad | 13 | One 1.9 17, 4.5 14 94,330 | | Genus OREOHELIX Pilsbry. The Chiricahua Mountains harbor two groups of Oreohelix with a well-developed nearly black, green or yellow cuticle, so far unknown elsewhere. In one of these, the barbata group, the shell is bi-convex, with whorls of small calibre, a wide umbilical cavity and numerous spiral wreaths of cuticular fringes. The other, the O. clappi group, has an orbicular shell usually banded, with large tubular whorls and a smaller, rapidly diminishing umbilicus. In one of the forms both the cuticle and the shell beneath possess well-defined spirals similar to the cuticular fringes of O. barbata; but here the likeness ends. In general appearance these Chiricahuan forms have little resemblance to groups of Oreohelix in the Huachucas or elsewhere. The clappi 78 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., group further differs from the O. strigosa group in possessing radially costulate apical whorls. Snails of both of these groups live immured in the shaded rocks of the mountain ‘slides,’ composed of broken rock or spawls tumbled down from the peaks above. O. clappz lives from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, and OQ. barbata from 7,000 to 10,000 feet above the sea. The dead shells are seldom found upon the surface. Oreohelix chiricahuana, in the same mountain range, requires but little covering, and is found in dry situations, often with but a single leaf or a small spawl for pro- tection. It agrees with the Oreohelices of other regions in having a very thin cuticle, often wanting. Dead agavas and yuccas furnish a home for these, the Holospiras and Succinea avara; but O. barbata and O. clappi, the Ashmunellas and Sonorellas require an atmosphere with more moisture, and dwell from one to two feet below the surface. He who finds must dig. ¢ All Chiricahuan Oreohelices are confined to that range, and none of them are closely related to species found elsewhere. All are con- spicuously variable in each colony and in different colonies, nearly every one of which shows a degree of racial differentiation, so that one acquainted with these shells, even as imperfectly known at present, could locate himself if lost in the Chiricahuas by digging for Oreohelices ! No adequate discussion of these shells can be entered into without more and better illustrations than are possible to us at this time, and long series of measurements. We.have merely indicated briefly the salient features of each colony. The Oreohelix clappi series. The group of local races which for taxonomic purposes is considered to compose the species O. clappi comprises about a dozen colonies, scattered over the range for a distance of about 44 miles. The relationships of the snails of these colonies may be expressed dia- eramatically thus: Emigrans—Onion Creek—Reed’s Mt.—type——-—Cataracta Horseshoe—Shake Gulch—Rucker Box The forms toward the left in this diagram are successively more roughly sculptured, toward the right they are smoother. The type happened to be of intermediate character, and near the central point of the range of the species. The upper line forms a variation-series extending from Big Emigrant Canyon (emigrans) to the Falls of li — 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 79 Cave Creek (cataracta). The lower line is a similar but independent chain from the southern canyons, a considerable distance from the nearest of the more northern group. From Big Emigrant Canyon to Shake Gulch the Stations mentioned above run in a general direction from northwest to southeast. From the emigrans station to Onion Creek station is about 16 miles; thence to Cave Creek, 4; to Cave Creek Falls (var. cataracta), 2; to Rucker Box, 12; to Shake Gulch, 12. Total, 44 miles as the crow flies ; but it is 55 by trail. One peculiarity runs throughout the entire clappi series: they are hard to catch. Except at Onion Creek they were grouped in small families and the families did not seem to be upon speaking terms. They were clannish and confined their travels to one particular rock slide. In only two instances was the same form found in two slides of rock, though the rocks were well explored for miles around. At Onion Creek they were plentiful; about 100 were collected there in an hour. Oreohelix clappi emigrans n. subsp. This shell is similar in outline to O. clappi, but more sharply angular at the periphery, or even carinate in front. Cuticle thicker, rough, usually persistent, dark olive brown in color, lusterless, not banded, coated and caked with a deposit of humus. The sculpture after the embryonic shell consists of oblique, uneven, rather sharp striw, and Fig. 7.—Oreohelix clappi emigrans. on the last whorl some coarse wrinkles. The stri# are sharper than in O. clappi and close together up to the last whorl; on the base they are thread-like, crimped and waved at the intersections of four or five circular rows of short cuticular appendages, which are usually retained only on the latter part of the base. In immature shells the thread- like striae are surmounted by delicate cuticular lamin, more or less felted together by the adhering dirt. The aperture is rounded- 80 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF |Feb., piriform, the lip margins converging, thickened at the ends and connected by a thin film across the parietal wall. Interior bluish white. Alt. 9, diam. 16 mm., whorls 5. Big Emigrant Mountain, on the south side of Big Emigrant Canyon, at about 7,000 feet elevation, taken in some numbers in a shattered column of stone and also in a rock slide. This place is about 20 miles across the mountains northwest from the Cave Creek Station for O. clappv. O. c. emigrans is the dirtiest of the group—in its natural state as black as the soil. It is well distinguished by the sculpture, and would be considered a separate species in a less variable group than Oreoheliz. Oreohelix clappi Ferriss. Oreohelix clappi Ferriss, Nautilus, XVIII, p. 53 (Sept., 1904). Pilsbry, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 285, pl. 25, figs. 54-56 (shell); pl. 19, fig. 8 (genitalia) ; pl. 22, fig. 4 (teeth); pl. 23, fig. 26 (jaw). The shell is moderately depressed, with tubular whorls and deep suture, the altitude about two-thirds the diameter and about equally con- vex above and below the peripheral angle. The umbilicus at the opening is about one-sixth the diameter and contracts rapidly, only-the penul- timate whorl visible. Calcareous layer of the shell is brownish white under a thin greenish-yellow cuticle with some darker oblique streaks, which become in mature shells darker and crowded near the aperture. Many possess two indistinct transparent olive spiral bands, one above, the other just below the periphery. In old individuals the cuticle remains only in ragged shreds. The first 14 embryonic whorls are strongly ribbed radially; these riblets are regular and narrower than their intervals. At the end of the embryonic shell the whorl shghtly widens abruptly, with sculpture of rather coarse irregular obliquely radial wrinkles and traces of fine spiral striz. The last whorl has unequal, irregularly spaced oblique wrinkles, weak and low at the base, which is densely covered with minute wavy spiral striz, obsolete in old individuals. Where the wrinkles pass over the angular periphery they are sometimes somewhat more emphatic, a little pinched up. There are no spaced circular threads or cuticular fringes on the base. Whorls 43, convex, the last double the width of the preceding. Base very convex. The aperture is very shortly ovate or nearly circular, very oblique, and about one-half the diameter of the shell. The ends of the lips converge. The short parietal callus is a thin transparent film, or in old shells the peristome is continuous, as a raised parietal ledge. Old age is expressed by a deeper descent of the last whorl and closer approach of the lip margins, as usual in the genus Oreoheliz. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. $l Seven fully adult shells of the original lot measure: Am 10, -diam.15 mm. 5 Aaa as 6 i ea ees 7,1 14.5. ce 9, ce 143 (73 ese 148 ras, “ ‘i449 * “cc 8.9 cc 14 “e ~ This exact form has been found only at the type locality on the south side of Cave Creek below the place marked Camp on the map, p. 107, where it was taken in 1904, deeply imbedded in rotten shale near the water’s edge. About 30 specimens. ’ In its native state O. clappi is covered with humus, perhaps attached by mucus. But few specimens were found except in the type Station. Its habit of burying deeply in the soil probably accounts for its rarity. Elsewhere in Cave Creek Canyon a slightly different form (see below) was found in 1906 at Stations 9, 11, 12, near 13, 14 and in the rayine west of Reed’s Mountain. These stations are all near the bottom of the canyon. It was not found higher up. Here it occurs with Sonorella, Ashmunella chiricahuana, A. ferrissi and A. angulata. 2. Lower Cavé CREEK Form.—The shells taken in 1906 at Stations 9, 11, 12 and near 13, 14, Cave Creek, are shghtly more angular at the periphery than the types, and the growth-wrinkles bear short cuticular lamellae where they pass over the peripheral angle in fresh and unrubbed individuals not fully mature. Often, but not always, there are three circular rows of inconspicuous granules at wide, equal intervals on the base, a weak or vanishing development of the basal sculpture of O. c. emigrans. The two brown bands (one at the outer third of the upper surface of the last whorl, the other below and near to the peripheral angle) are usually more distinct than in the type lot of clappi. A small series of fully adult shells from Station 12 measure: Alt. 9, diam. 15.5 mm. Basiiiiee puma: 16 smeeo ye (dana See S ahi Widest “ec 9, 6c 14.3 oe NS a ee seme) 6, 1h Bo ~ 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., 3. Onton CrEEK Form.—This form resembles the second form from Cave Creek and O. c. emigrans in shape. Compared with O. clappi the whorls are flatter, less convex, sutures not so deep. The last whorl invariably falls to the aperture further below the angle of the preceding whorl, and the peripheral angle continues strong as far as the lip-edge. Cuticle thin, persistent, not ragged or broken, light greenish olive, lustreless, with occasional dark oblique lines, which, near the aperture, become crowded. It is seldom banded spirally and then the bands are indistinct, obscure brown and transparent. The growth-strie are sharper, more distinct than in Cave Creek clappi. It is very densely and distinctly striated, spirally. Oblique waved riblets and traces of spiral wreaths on the base, as in O. c. emigrans, are shown in young shells, and sometimes upon the penultimate whorl of the mature shell within the aperture, but seldom persistent upon the exterior. There are nearly 5 whorls. The aperture is pear-shaped, its upper margin nearly straight (consequent upon the flatness of the whorls); Fig. 8.—Oreohelix clappi, lower Cave Creek, Station 12. not arched, as in typical O. clappi. The smaller shells measure about 8.8 X 15 mm.; the largest in about one hundred specimens measure: Alt. 104, diam. 174 mm. 4c 103, (a9 ib7¢ <3 ce 103, ce 17 (a9 ce 10, ce 17 ce “é 103, “ec 16 cc Found at the head of the main fork of Onion Creek, a branch of Turkey Creek, on the north side of the range. It was found in a shat- tered column of quartzite in company with Ashmunella, Sonorella, Succinea avara and two rattle-snakes, Crotalus pricei and C. lepidus. Oreohelix chiricahuana dwelt in the limestone over the ridge, less than a half mile distant. The station is about 4 miles from the locality of O. clappi and 16 from that of O. c. emigrans, and upon a direct 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 83 line between the two. This is the greenest in color of the group, the texture of the cuticle is the most harsh and it is the largest in diameter. 4, Form From Rucker Canyon.—The sculpture in this form is weak, the oblique wrinkles smooth, in part effaced, and lower on the base; spiral striation weak or subobsolete, hardly noticeable above. Cuticle glossy, persistent, varying from rather bright green or greenish- yellow to brownish-olive, the two brown bands distinct. There are sometimes two fainter bands, one above, the other on the base. The last whorl is only very obtusely angular, the angle, well rounded, usually falls less in front than in the Onion Creek lot. The aperture is con- spicuously longer than in typical O. clappi; upper margin decidedly arched. In old shells the lip-ends approach closely, but are not connected as in the typical O. clappi, the callus between them remaining thin and transparent. Up to 34 whorls the young carry five strong cuticular fringes below, one at the periphery and one above. The cuticle in larger shells is smooth. The largest in 45 measured: Alt. 10, diam. 164 mm. “cc 10, (as 163 (zs caters, 216k) nae iy ‘e 9 oe 154 oe This is the handsomest of the group in color and, with the exception of O. c. cataracta, the smoothest, the base being polished with somewhat of a varnish-like gloss. The last whorl is even more rounded per- ipherally than in typical O. clappi. In 1908 it was found in a deep gulch, the ‘‘box” of Rucker Canyon, at about 8,000 feet elevation, on both sides of the stream in sliding rock, where the atmosphere was as moist as the stations on Cave Creek, about 12 miles distant. It is a near neighbor with O. barbata, a small form of the latter being plenti- ful at the twin caverns in the box, while QO. clappi was found half a mile farther down the stream. 5. SHAKE GuLcH ForM.— The shell is sharply angular peripherally, the angle becoming obtuse near the lip; whorls flattened above; cuticle dull, lusterless, persistent, obscure olive at the base, the upper surface with a russet suffusion, peristome black-bordered. There are one or two faint bands. The surface is obliquely, rather obtusely, wrinkled, the base distinctly striate spirally, growth-lines low, not waved. The sculpture of the embryonic shell is very weak, and 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., seems closer than usual. Unfortunately, no young examples were taken. This form is usually more depressed than that from Onion Creek, with less sharp oblique sculpture. It resembles the remote Onion Creek colony in the lusterless cuticle. Fourteen of about 20 shells taken measure: Alt. 9, diam. 15.5 mm. (4 specimens) SC eae Rts ime 4 rues ot Sa Meee eerie cer A Sea 2 Nes Bap tesla tO Oem Sa Ie a3 10, 73 il7/ ce ra 9.5, c Ly rT: CO EEE dakar, ce 9.75, ce 16 ce oc 9.5, T3 16 73 (a3 (senile form). Cy (See Ou ou Shake Gulch, where these shells were found, is on the southwest side of the range at about 5,500 feet elevation about 12 miles from the Rucker “box.’!® They live in a rock slide near the stream. 6. Horse-sHor Canyon Form.—Similar to the preceding except that the peripheral angle is less acute; between the Shake Gulch and Rucker lots in form. Fragments of a long cuticular fringe remain in places in the suture from the third whorl to near the aperture, but there are no spiral series of granules or cuticular prominences on the base, thereby differing from O. ¢. emigrans, and like the forms geo- graphically nearest. Only two collected, both adult, measuring alt. 9, diam. 16 mm. Found in Horse-shoe Canyon about ten miles from the mouth, in slide rock, on the opposite side of the main fork from the Red Box, at about 7,000 feet elevation. Both shells taken were freshly dead. Oreohelix clappi cataracta n. subsp. The shell is depressed, nearly lens-shaped ; periphery strongly angular, bright olive green, thin, polished, translucent, occasionally marked with two transparent bands; 44 whorls, the last wider than in clappi, with the periphery near the flattened top, base strongly convex. Aperture nearly all below the periphery. Parietal callus short, 19 Shake Gulch is so named from the circumstance that ‘shakes’ (split shingles) are there made from the cypress. % 4 ' ’ ‘a 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. $5 merely a thin film on the penultimate whorl. Cuticle smooth and without “fringes” in young or old, very delicately striated spirally ; sculpture of the embryonic whorl delicate, usually worn off. Probably only the first of those measured is mature: Alt. 6.1, diam. 13.8 mm. ce 4, z3 iD ce (79 6, a4 ey cc (79 3, ar iT (a9 (a9 D, ce ih ce Found at the Cave Creek Falls in broken rock sprayed by the falls, and near the water’s edge, in company with a very small form of SS SS SSSQwssss Fig. 9.—Oreohelix clappi cataracta P. and F. Ashmunella chiricahuana. It was also found occasionally among the rocks higher up the slide with O. barbata and Ashmunella angulata. About 25 were found in two visits to the stations. None were alive, but some perfectly fresh. It is probably a deep burrower. This is the only station where O. barbata and O. clappi were found together. O. c. cataracta 1s quite a distinct race. The green, polished base reminds one of Omphalina. It is the smoothest and most depressed form of O. clappi. Oreohelix chiricahuana Pilsbry. Fig. 10. Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 283, pl. XI, figs. 1-3 (shell), pl. XIX, fig. 4 (genitalia), pl. X XIII, fig. 24 (jaw). The range or this species extends from Emigrant Canyon to Lime- stone Mountain, a distance of about 50 miles. Its range is mark- edly discontinuous towards the north and south ends, but from White Tail to Cave Creek Canyons the colonies are not widely separated. It is always found on limestone, never where the country rock is meta- morphic or igneous. The several races differ as follows: 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb. a.—Sculpture of sharp fine strize along the lines of growth, conspicuous on the base, where there are also spiral strize and some widely spaced larger spirals. b.—Sshell smaller, diameter about 11 mm., whorls 44 to 5; peripheral keel well expressed ee eer io ccbiasn «th. ceccan a eae ‘0. chiricahuana. b'.—Shell larger, diameter about 14 mm., whorls 54; peripheral keel strongly projecting, the whorl hollowed above and below Bs sds heteuspoc ed se ogee NE eR tacks TT ee eae ere O. c. percarinata Parca ene smoother ; spir ie Fans weak or wanting ; diameter usually 12 to 15mm., whorls 53 to 5$........ O. c. obsoleta. The type locality is on the slope with southern exposure below the cave in Cave Creek Canyon, Station 8 on map, p. 107. The dry ravine has steep sides of steeply dipping, more or less calcareous shale and earth formed by its decomposition. The dead shells are profusely scattered; living ones are under dead mescal (Agave), sotol (Dasyir- rion) and bear-grass, with Thysanophora horni, Succinea avara, Vitrea Fig. 10.—0. chiricahuana, Cave Creek, Fig. 11—0. c. percarinata P. and F., Station 8. Cross J Mountain indentata and Holospira. The colony here is about 250 yards long and perhaps 100 wide in the widest place. The shells are very uniform in size: INih erect veneer eae 6 6.8 6.5 6.5 6.8 6.8 mm. Dram 8 We aaiatmeege Me (NG a i i ih 10.5... ) 12s, The shells are white, with the earlier whorls flesh-tinted, a faint fleshy-corneous band at the outer third of the top of the last whorl, which has two grayish or fleshy corneous bands on the outer half of the base or a general fleshy corneous suffusion there. A scalariform mutation rarely occurs. From the cave we found large colonies at intervals westward nearly to the western rim of the valley, at Stations 5, 6 and 7 on map, p. 107. At Station 5, on a steep north slope along the creek, under rocks, about 3 miles west of the cave, the shells are similar but larger, 12 to 13 mm. in diameter. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 87 At Station 6, about half way up the north side of the limestone ridge, the shells were like those from the cave in size, but somewhat whiter, more calcareous. Near and at the top of the ridge, along the southern side, east and west of station 7, O. chiricahuana is widely distributed. The shells here are like those from Station 6, but smaller, the largest 10 mm. in diameter. This colony is probably 1,500 feet higher than the cave. The smaller size of the shells from Station 7 may probably be correlated with a dryer and hotter habitat. How far down the south slope it extends we did not learn. We found O. chiricahuana nowhere else in Cave Creek Canyon, nor has the typical form been encountered elsewhere. Oreohelix chiricahuana percarinata n. subsp. Fig. 11. The shell is larger than typical O. chiricahuana, whitish, clouded and suffused with flesh color, depressed, with a compressed, projecting peripheral keel, the last whorl excavated, concave above and below the keel, elsewhere strongly convex. Striation oblique, rather coarse and quite irregular above, sharper and strongly arcuate below. Spiral Fig. 12.—Summit Cross of J Mountain, seen from the mouth of Big Emigrant Can- yon, at X on map, p. 121. Entire range of O. c. percarinata shaded. At Station 5 and over much of the slope around Station 6, Sonorella optata was found. High granitic spur on left. threads few and fine or wanting on the upper surface; on the base there are two to four major spirals at wide intervals, with fine spiral threads over the whole base. The last whorl rarely falls far below the carina at the aperture. Alt. 8, diam. 14 mm.; whorls 5}. Summit of Cross J Mountain near the mouth of Big Emigrant Canyon, Station 5 on map, p. 121. November 12,1906. This locality is farther north than any other known colony of Oreohelix in the Chiri- cahua range. The Oreohelices were found around the summit, which is probably about 7,500 feet elevation, and along the ridge northward, down about 500 feet, but not in the valley (Station 6), where Sonorella 88° PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF - [Feb., lives. This slope of the mountain is limestone, becoming cherty above, but the summit is angular, friable quartzite (?), among the fragments of which the Oreohelices live. None were found on the ridge running toward the mouth of the canyon, which is composed of a disintegrating, coarse-grained granitic rock. There is little vege- tation of any kind on the upper part of Cross J Mountain. The station is rocky, barren and exposed. The snails are moderately abundant, though living ones are hard to get. Paradise Canyon. On the south side, about two miles below the town of Paradise, Oreohelix was found in some abundance, but owing to the snow which covered the ground at the time we camped there (November 20) but few living examples were taken. The form is almost identical with that of Cross J Mountain, the adult differing only in having the radial striation on the base a little more regular, and the major spirals, of which there are three or four, often somewhat stronger, though in some shells they are hardly noticeable. In young and half-grown shells a thin cuticular thread runs along the summit of each of the strie, and at the intersections of the major spirals these threads rise in short triangular processes. This feature was not observed in the shells from Cross J Mountain. Another similar lot was taken on the northern slope of the canyon. These places are probably not far from the 6,000 feet contour, being thus much lower than Cross J Mountain. The separation of these colonies from the Cross J Mountain colony of O. c. percarinata probably indicates independent evolution of the same characteristics, since an area occupied by O. chiricahuana obsoleta lies between Big Emigrant and Paradise Canyons. Oreohelix chiricahuana obsoleta n. subsp. Fig. 13. In White Tail Canyon, this form of O. chiricahuana was taken at Stations 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14—all on the southern side except 3, which is just over the crest of the ridge on the Pinery side. The sculpture is rather rude and blunt, the striation less sharp than in the Cave Creek form, being effaced or subobsolete especially on the base where spiral lines are wanting or rarely weakly indicated, while Cave Creek chiricahuana has sharp, subregular striation and distinct spirals. Two or three inner whorls are brown, the rest being white with some faint gray streaks and scattered dots. Whorls 54 to 54 (44 in typical chiricahuana), the last carinated as in chiricahuana. The shape varies from typical to decidedly more elevated, and the size everywhere exceeds that of Cave Creek shells. A series from the typical Station 14, where it is abundant, measures: EAPO See eee 2 cries tale nee NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 89 9 9.5 9 OS) MN: 15 14 4k 14.2 mm. 54 Die yd eee ee 9.2 9.8 9 8.7 mm. 14 1305 13 12 4 mm. ee oF 54 oF In these shells the peripheral angle is about as in Cave Creek types, but the base is smoother, the striation nearly effaced, and spiral strize are wanting or very rarely a few may be faintly seen under the keel. Shells from Stations 1, 2, 6, 7, 8, 12 agree with those from 14. These stations are on rather steep slopes with gener- ally northern exposure, and from somewhat over 6,000 to about 7,000 feet elevation. The distribution over this area is nearly or quite continuous. At Station 3, just over the crest of the ridge, on the Pinery Canyon side, probably a little over 7,000 feet elevation, the shells are smaller, 11.8 to 138 mm. diameter; otherwise similar. This station is very high and exposed, on a sunny slope, hence extremely dry and arid; but the following record shows that mere elevation is not a factor of impor- tance. On thesouth side of White Tail Creek, only Fig. 13.—O. c. obsoleta P.and F. A, White Tail, Station 14; B,C, Limestone Mountain. Drawn to same scale as figs. 10 and 11. 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., a few feet above the bed of the canyon, at and below the mouth of Indian Creek, the shells are equally small, 12 to 13 mm. in diameter. The station is deficient in herbage, more barren than higher up the slopes. In the Box Canyon of White Tail we found a colony which differed from all other lots of the White Tail region in sculpture, the striation being distinct and rather sharp on the base, as in typical chiricahuana, and with very weak traces of fine spiral lines. The peripheral keel projects more, approaching the shape of the race from Big Emigrant Canyon; otherwise the shape, size and number of whorls is as in O. c. obsoleta. The conditions at this station were unfortunately not noted particularly. No specimens of this shell were taken by Ferriss and Daniels in 1907, as they did not explore the limestone ridges. In 1908 Ferriss and Pomeroy found it again in Hand’s Pass, over the range from White Tail, in the head of Pinery Canyon. The embryonic shell is strongly, regularly ribbed. The shell has 5+ whorls, rounded, arcuate, keel nearly obsolete near the aperture in mature shells; aperture nearly round, the angle formed by the peripheral keel hardly perceptible. Ni). ee ee ent FOE: <1 reno 83 TDI «ass eee kee 16 144 144 154 14 They were found for several miles upon both sides of the trail in the scattered stone upon the hillsides and around the cliffs. In the head of Mackey’s Wash, sloping to the north, a few were found, but no aged shells. The major spirals upon the under surface are represented by very low, obtuse ridges. The keel becomes very obtuse on the last whorl near the aperture. O.c. obsoleta was also found in the head of Onion Creek (between Paradise and Jhu Canyons). In 1907 Mr. Ferriss passed over the wide part of the range from Paradise to the mouth of Rucker Canyon and Shake Gulch, some 25 miles from the Cave Creek Station, and here again O. c. obsoleta (fig. 13 6, c) was found in a foothill known as Limestone Mountain, about ten miles in length and some 7,000 or 7,500 feet above the sea. These are the largest specimens so far found, thick and rounded, opaque white or pink-white and very little clouded. The wrinkles were coarse but obtuse upon the upper surface, the base smooth, without a trace of spiral lines. )- AeReta PO eae mere LS 11 104 1 12 9 Dear ey ee ee 164 16 154 154 15 WWVROTIS. cs. eaketeed oeeteerc omer 5} {910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 91 In “Canyon No. 3” (not knowing a better name) the shells were sometimes specked with transparent dots. JIG LS ie Sn 114 113 114 104 10 | 164 16 16 153 Limestone Mountain is thickly covered with juniper, mountain mahogany and other trees and shrubbery, for it is in a U.S. Forestry Preserve. The shells were found in the upper part of the mesa before the rough ground was reached, in company with Holospira, but small in size. As the hill became higher the shells were larger and more numerous. Here also was found a toothed form of Ashmunella and also Pupe and other of the smaller species. The mountain is composed entirely of limestone, upon the northern slope at least. Rocky cliffs and talus gave the snails ample shelter. Between this station and the Cave Creek Station, about 25 miles distant, there are no limestone exposures and no Oreohelix chiricahuana. Oreohelix barbata Pils. Pl. VI, Figs. 1-3. Oreohelix barbata Pils., Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 280, pl. 25, figs. 57, 58 (shells); pl. 19, figs. 5 (genitalia); pl. 22, fig. 6 (teeth). Twenty colonies of this species have been found, all between the head of the southeast fork of Pinery Canyon and the Rucker “box,” at elevations of not less than 7,000 feet, and within a distance of twelve miles in length and two to three miles in width. They dwell upon all sides of these high peaks in the rock slides or talus, and among the rocks upon the slopes of the gulches and ravines. Ferriss and Daniels found the most robust specimens living under from two to three feet of rock well covered over with sod, with the most perfect specimens of Ashmunella chiricahuana, a toothed Ashmunella, Sonorella virilis and the little mountain rattle-snake, Crotalus pricet. In Cave Creek Canyon they often occur under one or two feet of rock. In their own territory Ashmunella, Sonorella and the other forms of Oreohelix are usually to be found wherever the conditions are favorable; but it is not so with O. clappi and O. barbata. These snails are found only by chance, in isolated colonies, and these colonies are usually divided into families, the old pair and their spring crop of all sizes when not fully matured live together. Every colony as a rule has some peculiarity. O. barbata ranges Fig. 14.—0. barbata, denuded shell from Cave Creek, Station 4. 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., in color from pale greenish to dark reddish brown, some with wide indistinct red bands. Many lose their fringes and part of the cuticle before maturity. In one colony the shells were entirely naked. The rows of cuticular fringes vary in number from five to ten. In size, the shells are from 144 mm. diameter down to 10 mm. in the race minima. Elevation above the sea apparently does not control size. The smaller forms usually dwell at 10,000 feet, and the largest at 7,000, but a pigmy form was found at the lowest altitude, and the most robust at about 8,500 feet. The deflection or dropping of the last whorl at the aperture is not uniform or consistent in any colony, but it has significance in connec- tion with the proportion of individuals so modified. In some colonies, as that in Cave Creek, the last whorl as a general rule drops very little, while in Barfoot Park it usually descends deeply. In Cave Creek Canyon this species is confined to the border and slope of the western escarpment. Ferriss (1904) took the types in the talus half a mile below the falls of Cave Creek. These have 44 whorls, and are pale greenish ; the cuticular lamine light russet. There are four to six, usually five, circular wreaths of triangular cuticular scales, one small one being midway between periphery and suture, but often wanting, one at periphery, and three or four on the base. The last whorl is strongly angular throughout, and usually does not descend very deeply in front. Parietal callus thin and moderately long. Alt. 7, diam. 13.5 mm., not including cuticular processes. ee eee DP rane In 1906 we found almost similar specimens at Station 4 (marked by two dots on the map, p. 107), darker in color, with sometimes as many as eight cuticular wreaths, sharply carinated or angular at the periphery. These were on a well-shaded northern slope, under rocks in a coarse talus. This place is two or three hundred feet above the bed of the “wash” and about one hundred below the cliffs, just opposite a little grove of aspens among the oak scrub, which form a conspicuous landmark near the head of the ‘wash,’ from their rarity in this canyon. The snails here had been preyed upon by the mice. In Turkey Creek near the head of one of the eastern branches at an elevation of about 8,500 feet, Ferriss and Daniels took fully devel- oped examples in 1907 (pl. VI, figs. 1, 2, 3). The shells are strongly angular to the aperture, and measure 13 to 144 mm. diameter, with + to 43 whorls. They have 7 beautifully developed wreaths in the best preserved individuals. The last whorl drops fully 2 mm. at the 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95 ‘aperture. They were found in a talus upon an eastern slope of a steep mountain side, and possessed the best developed, longest and most persistent cuticular wreaths. A second colony in the head of one of the eastern forks of Turkey ‘Creek, found in 1908, approaches more closely the Barfoot Park series. The shell is greenish under a pale brownish cuticle with a red band; five short cuticular wreaths; last whorl drops 1 mm.; margins of aper- ture connected by thick callus. Diam. 12, alt. 7 mm. These snails live in numerous colonies around the region of the Falls of Cave Creek and the heads of the branches northward as far as ‘Turkey Creek. As the original photographic figures do not show the shape clearly, a new figure has been drawn (fig. 14) of a shell denuded of cuticular fringes, from Cave Creek, Station 4. Blunt-edged Variety—In Barfoot Park, Rustler’s Park, at about 9,000 feet, a slide at the head of Turkey Creek, Ash fork of Cave Creek, Snow-shed Mountain at the head of Cave Creek, and the head of Rock Creek, a form occurs in which the shell is smaller than typical -O. barbata and in fully adult shells the last whorl often descends the full width of the former whorl; the periphery also is somewhat less sharply angular, and becomes almost rounded near the aperture. Alt. 5.5, diam. 11.3 mm., Station, Barfoot Park. “cc ; ‘ ill (73 “ ce a3 This is distinctly a decadent form, as denoted by the tendency of adult shells to assume the old-age feature of a very deeply descending last whorl. In Barfoot Park it lives in a deep slide of igneous rock having a southern exposure. In Rustler’s Park in a few stones on the hillside. On the Ash fork of Cave Creek a colony has 44 whorls, the shell is white under the cuticle, which is dark reddish brown above, lighter brown below; occasionally with five cuticular fringes; last whorl drops 1mm. Diam. 12, alt. 64 mm., aperture 44 mm. A colony at the spring branch of Rucker Canyon, north side and near the head, Station 10a, resembles the above closely (pi. VI, figs. 4, 5). The umbilicus is a little more open, cuticle dark reddish brown, banded with red above; six cuticular fringes. Diam. 125, alt. 6 mm. It is strongly angular to the aperture, and the last whorl falls much more in front than is usual in Cave Creek shells. In a slide of rock on the north side at the head of Raspberry Gulch (a tributary of Rucker Creek, which it enters at the Box Canyon) a colony had only 4 whorls. The umbilicus measured 34 mm. wide. ‘Cuticle dark reddish brown, with a short fringe on the periphery; last whorl drops 14mm. Diam. 12, alt. 63. 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., On the west slope of Snow-shed Mountain, at the head of Cave Creek, almost one continuous talus, was acolony similar to the preceding. Shell transparent when young, occasionally with 5 short fringes. Diam. only 104, alt. 5? mm. In a dry talus fully exposed to the sun and sloping to the south on the head of Rock Creek was a colony heavily covered at maturity with 9 or 10 black fringes, periphery rounded as in the Rustler Park and Barfoot Park specimens; aperture 44 mm. Margins connected by a thick callus; umbilicus varies from 3 to 34. Diam. 11, alt. 64. The five colonies above were found by Ferriss in 1908. In 1907 Ferriss and Daniels found a small heavily fringed form in the talus of a gulch in the head of the southeast fork of Pinery Canyon, that in fringes resembles the type of barbata. Like the above it had from 9 to 10 long fringes. The last whorl dropped but one mm. Diam. 11, alt. 6, aperture 4 mm. Oreohelix barbata minima n. subsp. PI. VI, figs. 6, 7. At the head of Rucker Canyon (Station 1144) and in the Rucker Box, Ferriss and Daniels found colonies in 1907 that were still further depauperate than the above. Ferriss relocated the latter colony in 1908. These shells possess 44 to 44 whorls, the last whorl regularly angular, the angle weakening near the aperture in oldshells. Toward the end the whorl falls deeply at maturity. There are from 6 to 7 spiral fringes in the best preserved examples, but adults generally are denuded or show only traces of the spiral wreaths. The margins of the lip converge and form a perfect union in maturity, being joined by a very short parietal callus, and the aperture is sometimes raised above and free from the penultimate whorl. The shells from the head of Rucker are uniform brown in color and measure: Alt. 5, diam. 10.3, umbilicus 3, | diam. aperture 3.5 mm.; whorls 43 ci, © aha, Ce: a ee et Those from Rucker Box are light brown, sometimes albinistic, light green. , Six specimens from the Box of Rucker Canyon, type locality, measure : HT RO eal a ere pean er a eet 5.8 9.25 6 5.25 5.25 5) 1D VEN aie select ane es 10 10.5 10 10 10 10 This is the most decadent race, being reduced in size in addition to the deeply descending last whorl and in old shells the nearly or quite free peristome. Colonies of larger forms of O. barbata occur at greater 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95 elevations than the Rucker Box (about 7,000 feet), so that the degen- eration is probably due to other local causes. SS Ss SSS Xi SA SS LTA Fig. 15.—0. b. minima P. and F., Rucker Canyon, Station 114a. Genus ASHMUNELLA Pils. and Ckll. A study of the genitalia of Chiricahuan Ashmunellas leads to the conclusion that all the species of that range are of common ancestry, and more closely related inter se than any are to New Mexican or Huachucan species. In other words, the specific differentiation has been mainly subsequent to the isolation of this fauna. In both Chiricahuan and Huachucan species the penis is bipartite, consisting of an upper and a lower portion separated by a submedian constriction. In the Huachucan series the wpper segment is enlarged like the lower (see plate XX, Proc. A. N. S. Phila. 1909). In Chiricahuan forms the upper seg- ment of the penis is very narrow, hardly larger than the epiphallus, but its distal end is invariably a little swollen, and _ contracts abruptly where it passes into the ee ; ‘ aes Ca ig. 16.—Terminal ducts of genitalia epiphallus”’. The penis retractor of Ashmunella p.albicauda, Station 4, is extremely short in Chiricahuan White Tail Canyon. Sp, base of spermathecal duct; Ovi, base of ovi- species, longer in Huachucan. duct; P, lower, swollen portion of The spermatheca is more or less _ penis, Pp. Upper end of penis. varicose in Huachucan species, but this is hardly apparent in Chiricahuan forms. The vagina in the Chiricahuan series is swollen and muscular in its upper part, smaller with thinner walls below. In other respects the organs are alike in the two series. These considerations lead to the conclusion that the whole Chiricahuan series of Ashmunella constitutes one phylum, the Huachucan series another. Doubtless the two phyla were of common ancestry; but their evolution on the two parallel mountain ranges has been independent. The extraordinary resemblances between some Chiricahuan and Huachucan species, which led us in 1905 to 2 The slender upper continuation of the penis was not always recognized in our former (1905) work on Chiricahuan snails, although once understood it is clear enough. 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., unite some of them specifically,?! are wholly due to evolution along parallel lines in the two stocks. This orthogenetic evolution has resulted in the most extraordinary parallelism. By degeneration of the teeth of the aperture, wholly toothless forms have arisen as terminal evolution products in both phyla; and these are so similar in shell-characters that they are indistinguishable. Other forms in both phyla have evolved a V-shaped parietal tooth, like that of Polygyra. While the shell is extremely conservative in Sonorella, in the related genus Ashmunella it appears to be the most plastic part of the organism. As in Polygyra and many other molluscan groups in which complex hard parts have been evolved, many races and species are characterized by varying degrees of degeneration of the teeth of the aperture. In the current phraseology, this may be due to the action of an inhibiting factor, earlier or later checking the development of teeth. This seems to have taken place independently in most of the centres of Ashmunella evolution. Toothless apertures are no doubt primitive in the Belogenous Helices, so that secondarily simplified forms, such as A. varicifera and A. chiricahuana, have completed an evolution cycle, returning to the primitive simplicity of aperture. Whether such forms can give rise to new series having dentate apertures remains uncertain. Key to Chiricahuan Ashmunellas. I.—Aperture toothless or with very small vestiges of teeth only. a.—Shell chestnut brown, glossy, the lip narrow, without traces Cle COTES Hae see ica te cos) wesc apna ce ee A. chiricahuana. a'!.—Shell light brown without much luster; usually with a callous ledge within the outer lip, or other weak vestiges of teeth. A. esuritor. b.—Penis normal. b!.—No penis; vagina long, much swollen above..A. metamorphosa. I1.—Aperture obstructed by three or four large teeth. a.—Very acutely carinate, the carina projecting above the suture; SVANOFIS OL CG SMES la orc c2css<-aestvaceecest eee oat eee A. jferrisst. a!,—Carina not projecting at sutures or wanting. b.—Surface papillose or scaly; shell thin, strongly carinate. A. lepiderma. b'.—Surface not scaly or conspicuously papillose. c.—Basal tooth single, bifid, or with two basal teeth nearer together than the outer one is to the outer lip tooth. d.—Periphery obtusely angular in front, becoming rounded; young with aslight lip-rib only.............. A. duplicidens. d'.—Periphery strongly angular or carinate. 21 In 1905 we considered the Chiricahuan Ashmunella proxima to be a sub- species of the Huachucan A. levettei, The Huachucan A. varictfera we thought identical with the Chiricahuan A. chiricahuana. r ’ 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 97 e.—Whorls fully 6; lip narrow, convex, not forming a projecting angle above................00.... A. p. fissidens. e'.—Whorls 53; lip wide, angulated above; young forming avery heavy lp aily..c3 5 ..2..cdteeeciceese. A. p. albicauda, c'.—Three lip teeth separated by nearly equal spaces. d.—Corneous or light brown; whorls of the spire convex; outer basal tooth not greatly compressed. e.—Corneous ; basal teeth subequal and well separated. A. proxima. e'.—Basal teeth somewhat united, the inner often reduced. young shells having a very heavy lip-rib. A. p. emigrans. d‘'.—Shell dark brown; whorls of the spire flattened; outer basal tooth strongly compressed, entering.A .angulata. The genitalia are very similar in all Chiricahuan species examined— so similar that we omit detailed descriptions and merely add here a table of measurements in mm. of the organs in examples of the several species. a ty ~ , 3 = : a 25 0.8 Species and locality. a a = aS ae ea Mires metas eel) ogee ET Ay ie > oes Aas & A. jferrissi: Wave @reel< 945115. ...........05 A525 4 19.5 12 | 0) Ma, a 07 A. angulata: | Waveoreel'S7.020.............2 } 31 Ae lee cn eel pl. X, f. 6 A. lepiderma: White Tail Canyon................ 5 25 4 7; 12 et « Se Uh ei ie ee 5 27 4 21 1s) a < an ig 2 eae 4.5 | 23.5 6 23.5 ial A. duplicidens: | Morse Canyon. ...5s jcc...) 6 39 4 =i) 48 #352) |, ple eet, 8 A, fissidens emigrans: OR Ate we etna tee fese seat cnt sawn dees 6 32 3.5 | 24 13 Ble XA E79 A, fissidens albicauda: | WMG wad ses21 2.8 sles ciesccks nogeets 5 29 4.5 | 24 12 A. chiricahuana | Plea@a OL, OAVE:...2.-260-ecsevescseess 9 70 6.5 58 19)75).| pl. X, f..4 Cave Creek Falls.................... 5.5 | 33 8 | 33 15 pl. X,f.1 | A. esuritor: | Barfoot Park, 94,432............ 7 51 GY 4 -S5 15-16.5| pl. X,f. 2 “ ; “cc Li Peta AN 8 40 i 42 “ec e vc ify Gents 8 42 6.5 | 42 3 ple 5 Topotype, 92,205...) 5 34 4 me 15 pl. X,4. 3 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Group of Ashmunella proxima. From Old Fort Bowie these forms extend southeastward to the end of the Chiricahua range. Northward beyond the depression at the Fort, in the Dos Cabezas end of the range, no Ashmunella has been found. The mountains here are apparently too barren and dry for Ashmunella, though they support the more hardy Sonorellas. The colonies seem to be small and widely separated in the area northwestward of White Tail Canyon, but much of that country remains to be explored, especially between Big Emigrant and White Tail Canyons, as well as the entire region of the southwestern watershed. A. ferrissi and A. angulata are distinct from the others by their flattened whorls and conspicuously compressed outer basal tooth. The other species are intimately related, and their variations make a complexly branching form-chain. An adequate study of the material in hand, some thousands of shells, would require more ample time than we can give. Since not half of the territory is adequately covered by our series, we must leave full consideration of the subject for another occasion. Our knowledge of the forms from Rucker and Horseshoe Canyons and the region around them is still very defective. The forms seem to be related somewhat, as shown in the following diagram: proxima emigrans lepiderma pomeroyt, albicauda—fissidens duplicidens If a single basal tooth is primitive, then A. duplicidens is the least evolved member of the series and of the whole Chiricahuan group of Ashmunellas. Then A. proxima and lepiderma would be the most evolved. All of the forms with more or less concrescent basal teeth are extremely variable in the degree of union of these teeth. Every colony of fissidens, emigrans, albicauda, pomeroy: and duplicidens shows great individual variation in this respect. There seems to be complete intergradation between the separated basal teeth of proxima and the united teeth or single tooth of fissidens and duplicidens. Ashmunella lepiderma n. sp. PI. VII, figs. 1-7. Shell umbilicate, the umbilicus about one-fifth the total diameter of the shell, much depressed, biconvex, acutely carinated peripherally, 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99 thin, corneous-brown. The surface is lusterless, sculptured with fine, unequal wrinkle-striz, and covered with a network of cuticular scales or processes (readily removed by cleaning). There are 53 whorls, the first one corneous and glossy, the first three convex; subsequent whorls convex above, impressed above the lower suture; last whorl is distinctly impressed above the projecting peripheral keel, the base convex; in front it descends slightly or not at all to the aperture, and is narrowly, rather deeply, guttered close behind the lip on the base. The aperture is lunate, contracted by four teeth: a wide one within the outer lip, two contiguous tubercles in the basal lip, and an oblique straight parietal tooth. Parietal callus thin and transparent. Alt. 4.8, diam. 11.7 mm. ogo © 12. ce i 73 11 ce Seer Oe ht Sh Bai White Tail Canyon, on the northern side only, at Stations 10, 11, 16, 17, etc., in “slides”? of igenous rock (rhyolite); type locality, Station 11, in a slide of angular rhyolite, coming down to the trail in the bed of the canyon, with Sonorella micra. See map on p. 75. Genitalia are of the type usual in the fissidens group. The epi phallus and spermatheca are a little shorter, proportionately, than in A. p. albicauda or emigrans. Measurements of the organs of three individuals may be found in the table on p. 97. The mantle within the last whorl is cream-white with a few inconspicuous gray dots; collar pale slate-tinted. This species, of which several hundred specimens were taken, inhabits suitable rock-slides over the whole northern side of White Tail Canyon. At Station 11 it occurs close to the bottom of the canyon, and only a short distance from where A. fiss¢dens is found on the opposite side. The slopes of this side of the canyon are steep, interrupted by cliffs, and the heights are difficult of access. At Station 16 there are extensive rock slides sloping northward towards the mesa, and perhaps 1,500 feet higher than Station 11. Here it passes over the ridge and inhabits the opposite slope. While belonging to the fissidens group, this species is very distinct by its sculpture of cuticular scales, the strong carination, thin texture, etc. The young shells form only a weak callous rib within the lip at resting periods. At all the stations there is considerable variation in size and, as in all Chiricahua Ashmunellas, the height of the spire varies a good deal among individuals of any colony. At Station 17 the shells average 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF gree [Feb., smaller than in other places, about 4x 10.3 mm.; but a few are as large as 11.5 mm. diameter and many as small as 9.6 mm. The seale-like sculpture is especially well developed “in shells from this station. In some colonies the cuticular scales are minute, sparse or even wanting in adult shells. At Hand’s Pass, at the head of Jhu Canyon, this species reappears. The surface is regularly very minutely pustulate, some perfectly fresh shells having minute cuticular appendages on the pustules in places. There are also some cuticular spiral hair-lines on the base. Alt. 5, diam. 12 mm., whorls 6. This colony is separated from the type locality by the whole southern slope of White Tail Canyon, where lepiderma certainly does not occur. We have considered the possi- bility that the Hand’s Pass form may be an independent convergent modification of the proxima stock; but in the absence of alcoholic material permitting a full comparison this hypothesis must remain in abeyance. Ashmunella proxima Pils. Fig. 17. ._ | Ashmunella levettei proxima Pils., Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 242. This species was described from ‘Sawmill Canyon,” otherwise known as Rige’s or Pine Canyon, where the senior author collected it in 1904. We did not find it there in 1906, but our search was impeded by snow. We found it near Fort Bowie in company with Sonorella bowiensis. The exact locality is a little thicket of long-leaved scrub oaks, just below a low rock-wall, somewhat more than half-way up ‘ Quartzite Hill,” on the side facing Dixon’s house, shown at (1) in the sketch on p. 67. This is about a mile from Old Fort Bowie. Similar shells were also taken at Crook’s Peak (Ferriss and Daniels) in 1907; only two specimens. In ranking A. proxima as a subspecies of A. levette’, a wrong estimate was made of its affinities. It is related to A. fissidens and duplicidens, but differs from both by having two distinctly separated teeth on the basal lip. A. levetter angigyra stands very near proxima in shell-charac- ters, but the lower end of the tooth within the outer lip runs inward in angigyra, while in proxima the free edge of this tooth runs parallel with the peristome. In angigyra the outer-basal and outer lip tooth are usually closer together than are the two basal teeth. This is not the case in proxima, in which the three teeth are about equally spaced, In soft anatomy the two are quite distinct. A. 1. angigyra has a far longer penis of different shape and a shorter epiphallus and vagina than A. proxima; moreover, angigyra has a radula with more teeth, and 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 101 there are more ribs on the jaw. The shell is cormeous-brown, sub- acutely angular at the periphery, the angle weakening on the last part of the whorl, behind the lip, where the surface is more strongly striate. Spire convex. There are 6} to 64 very slowly widening, slightly convex whorls, the last descending somewhat in front. The aperture has a rather long, concave-topped tooth within the outer lip, its face concave. The basal lip has two tubercular teeth, a little compressed laterally, the inner one smaller. These teeth divide the lower border of the aperture into three nearly equal bays. The parietal tooth is straight or slightly bent inward at the axial end; never V-shaped, as it frequently is in A. fissidens. Parietal callus thin. The umbilicus is rather wide, contained 4% times in the diameter of the shell. The surface is rather dull, finely striate, the strize appearing more or less Fig. 17.—Ashmunella proxima, Quartzite Peak, Station 1. irregular or interrupted under a strong lens. The size varies little from 12 mm. diameter. In perfectly fresh young shells a delicate pattern of minute low granules on the upper surface may be seen with some difficulty. Some very weak traces of spiral strie may sometimes be made out on the base. The young shells have a callous rib within the lip, at resting stages, but it is apparently not formed as frequently as in A. fissidens. The genitalia were figured in 1905, pl. 21, fig. 24. Having again examined the individual dissected, we note that the penis was incor- rectly drawn. The swollen basal half is everted (as in pl. 21, fig. 23), hence does not show in the figure. The slender upper portion of the penis is shown, its distal end indicated by a slight node, only indis- tinctly drawn in my figure. With these corrections, it will be seen that the organs are like those of emigrans, fissidens and albicauda, 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., The mantle within the last whorl is white, with the anterior vessels of the lung faintly traced in gray and having gray pigment along the periphery. Southern forms resembling A. procima.—Raspberry Gulch. A few specimens in poor condition are intermediate between proxima and fissidens as to the basal teeth, but the umbilicus is much narrower than in either, and the peripheral angulation is less pronounced, thus approaching A. duplicidens. There are over 6 whorls. Other southern localities for forms of A. proxima are Rucker Canyon and “Turtle Head,” a station between Crook’s Peak and the mouth of Rucker. A. fissidens should by rights be subordinated to proxima as a sub- species, on account of the various intermediate forms; yet the status of the races can be more clearly expressed by the artificial device of making it a ‘“‘species.” Ashmunella proxima emigrans n. subsp. Fig. 18. On Big Emigrant Mountain, Big Emigrant Canyon, a race was found having some characters of A. fissidens. The shell is somewhat larger Fig. 18.—A. p.emigrans. A,C,apertures of adult shells. B, young shell 11 mm. diam. Big Emigrant Canyon. than proxima, more robust, with slightly less than 6 whorls. The two basal teeth are less separated, somewhat united by a callus at their bases, and the inner one is generally smaller, frequently very small. There is often the weak trace of an upper branch, making the parietal tooth V-shaped. Fine spirals may be seen on the base of the shell. The young shell forms a very strong callous rib within the lip, as in A. fissidens. The umbilicus is narrow, contained five times in the diameter of the shell. Alt. 5.8, diam. 13.2 mm. This shell is like A. fissidens except in the single character of having the basal teeth more widely separated. As in that species, the inner of the two basal teeth is quite variable in size. It is a race intermediate in character between fisstdens and proxima. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103 Genitalia (pl. X, fig. 9) not materially differing from A. p. albicauda. The swollen basal portion of the penis is less than half the total length. The penial retractor is less than one millimeter long. Ashmunella fissidens Pils. - Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 248. This species was described from “dead’”’ and discolored specimens, thought to be from Cave Creek Canyon, collected by one of us (Mr. Ferriss) in the course of a flying trip through the mountains in the winter of 1904. In 1906 we collected extensively in Cave Creek; a year later Messrs. Ferriss and Daniels did additional work there, but nothing was seen of A. fissidens. The location of the type colony, therefore, remains uncertain. It is likely that the shells were picked up in White Tail Canyon, also hurriedly traversed in 1904. While the prevalent form in White Tail differs from fisstdens in several respects, yet near the head of the canyon some exactly similar shells were found by us in 1906. A lot from near the head of the left branch (going up) (near Jim Artel’s old camp) is typical fissidens; and we suggest that this be regarded as the type locality in case true fissidens is not hereafter found in Cave Creek. ’ In these shells the lip is not produced forward in an angle near the upper insertion, and the upper angle is not filled with a callus; the lip is narrow with rounded face; there is no upper branch developed on the parietal wall, unless very weakly in some old shells; there are fully 6 whorls; the young develop only a weak lip-rib at resting stages. Certain forms from much further south, in Shake Gulch, the foot of Bonito Canyon and Limestone Mountain, seem to be referable to A. fissidens; but they are less angular, becoming rounded behind the lip, and the umbilicus is decidedly smaller. More material is needed to fix their status. Ashmunella fissidens albicauda n. subsp. Fig. 19. The upper end of the parietal wall stands more or less free and the lip, near its upper insertion, runs forward in an angle; the posterior angle of the aperture is heavily calloused, and the parietal tooth is usually V-shaped by development of a weak upper branch. The young shells form a very thick and heavy callus within the lip at resting stages (fig. 19D). Adult shells are invariably acutely angular in front, the angle weakening and almost disappearing on the latter part of the whorl. Behind the aperture the striation is stronger and sometimes amounts 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., to an irregular costulation. There is an angular gutter behind the basal lip, and the reddish-brown color gives place there to a wide buff stripe which borders the lip. The whole base has a sculpture of extremely minute spiral lines in fresh examples; and under the micro- scope a very minute spiral lineolation is seen between these spiral lines, which are readily visible with a hand lens. The upper surface also shows very faint spiral lines in places, and there is often some —< ne . \\\\) \ ¥ Fig. 19.—Ashmunella f. albicauda P. and F. A-C, from Box’of White Tail (diam. 13.3mm.); D, Station 14 (diam. 7 mm.); E, Station 2 (diam. 12 myn.); F, Station 14. > interruption of the growth strie, giving a slight appearance of puncta- tion. Seven specimens from Station 14 measure: Alte, Sve smear butts 5 Buh. Bab... 4%. * 6.2 AS UD o deel ee: 12.5; A235. 42 11.5; D155 . das ee eee WIIG; ack te t.c oo ee 54 54 54 54 54 54 54 While variable in size and elevation of the spire, which may be nearly flat or low-conic, and in the shape of the basal teeth, the variations do not seem to differ in the several colonies. Terminal ducts of the genitalia are figured on p. 95, fig. 16, and the measurements are given in the table, p. 97. The epiphallus in the individual measured (No. 97,939, Station 4, in White Tail Canyon) is 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 105 shorter than in A. p. emigrans or A. duplicidens, but this may be an individual character. A. f. albicauda is found in White Tail Canyon almost everywhere on the southern side, but not on the opposite slope of the canyon. Speci- mens were taken at Stations 1 to 5, 9, 12, 14, on the south side of the Box Canyon and on the south side below Indian Creek, ranging from about 20 feet above the creek bed (at the last place) to about 7,500 feet elevation on the rim southward, where indeed it was taken at Station 3, which les across the acute divide and on the Pinery side. Not one single specimen was found on the north side of the canyon, where A. lepiderma replaces it, coming down to the bottom of the canyon. The range of A. fissidens in the Pinery and Pinery Canyon is un- known. The great Pinery Valley lay before us in splendid panorama from the ridge south of White Tail Canyon and again from the ridge north of Barfoot Park. Probably its ravines are inhabited by fissidens and perhaps forms connecting that with A. proxima. It may be noted that the large Sonorella of White Tail Canyon is a race of S. virilis, of Barfoot Park, etc. At all stations in White Tail Canyon where many shells were taken, the same variations in height of spire noted under A. duplicidens were noticed, Otherwise there is variation in the size of the outer lip-tooth and especially in that of the inner tubercle of the basal tooth. The parietal tooth may be either straight at its axial end or abruptly curved inward, and, when turned inward, a low ridge usually runs to the outer end of the lip, making the parietal tooth V-shaped. Ashmunella fissidens pomeroyi n. subsp. Fig. 20. In Hand’s Pass, head of Jhu Canyon, Ferriss and Pomeroy collected 2 eS ‘eau a SS IN NY SS e DB Fig. 20.—Ashmunella j. pomeroyi P. and F., Hand’s 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., in 1908. The shells are similar to those of White Tail Canyon in general appearance, but differ in certain particulars, constituting a minor race. They are in the average smaller, diam. 84 to 114 mm., rarely 13 mm., with 54 whorls; the umbilicus is noticeably wider; the lip is heavy and wide. The basal teeth vary from completely united to distinctly bifid, as in White Tail fissidens, or rarely they are almost separated. In most examples these teeth are more united than in White Tail specimens. The shape of the parietal tooth also varies from V-shaped to simple. All of the shells"are more angular and more depressed than A. duplicidens. Ashmunella duplicidens Pils. Pl. VIII, figs. 1-8. Proc. A. N.S. Phila. 1905, p. 244. After. the first 14 whorls the next four whorls more or less appear minutely punctate in the best preserved examples, though in most only an indistinctly interrupted condition of the striz can be made out. Under the compound microscope some very fine close spiral striation is seen on the base. The basal tooth is ordinarily doubled as in figs 5 and 8; but sometimes is simple, the inner tubercle being represented only by a sloping callus, as in figs. 1-3, 6, 17. Immature shells form only a thin narrow rib within the lip at resting stages, and have a wider, somewhat less angular, aperture than A. fissidens. This thin lip-rib is subsequently wholly, or almost wholly, absorbed, so that adult shells do not show whitish varix-streaks. Figs. 3 and 7 show the extremes of elevation and depression of the spire. All of these figures are from topotypes, from Station 1 in Barfoot Park—an extensive slide of coarse rock on a southern exposure. It is an abundant species in this place. In 1907 Mr. Ferriss found A. duplicidens in the head of Morse Canyon, large shells, 13 to 14mm. diam., with over 6 whorls; in Rucker Canyon, 7,000 to 8,000 feet; and on Rucker Peak, where they are also rather large. Small shells, 10.5 to 11.5 mm. diam., were taken at the Box of Rucker. A specimen from Crook’s Peak measures 14 mm. diam. Large and well-developed duplicidens was found in Cave Creek Canyon on the first branch west of the Falls fork of Cave Creek, diam. 14 to 15 mm., and at the Falls. é The genitalia of a specimen from the head of Morse Canyon are figured, pl. X, fig. 8. The penis tapers more gradually than in allied forms, the distinction between its swollen basal half and the slender distal portion being obscure. This was also the case in the individual figured in 1905 from the type lot, but in that preparation the enlarged basal portion of the penis was everted, hence does not show at all in 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, eli the figure. The lung is 18 mm. long, kidney 7.5 mm., pericardium 3.5 mm. The mantle within the last whorl is cream-colored with sparse black maculation. Earlier whorls have copious black pigmen- tation along the top of the whorls. Roar ss i 2, \pa Barroot 5 SH Z wy 3 Hee s . Pine s é < € 1 ¢ ' fS ‘ ‘ a 1 “x PARADISE (5 6900" ONG eer Ory 14 . ~~ Repos ' = J = IN Re, . <5. NG, as S, Lor = Fig. 21.—Principal collecting stations in Cave Creek and the Parks at its head. Stations marked A were explored in 1907-8 by Ferriss, the others in 1906 by Ferriss and Pilsbry. 108 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb. The specimens figured (topotypes) measure: Alt. 6, diam. 13 mm., whorls 63; alt. 6, diam. 12.2 mm., whorls 64. The smallest specimen seen is from Rucker Canyon, 7,000 feet, measuring alt. 4.9, diam. 10.5 mm., whorls 54. A. duplicidens stands very close to A. fissidens, but it differs by the more obtuse, though bluntly angular, last whorl, and by the young shells, which form only a very thin, narrow rib within the lip in resting stages, while in fissidens a very strong and heavy callus is deposited. The basal teeth are more united than in typical fisszdens. A. duplicidens, fissidens and proxima are terms of one series of forms differing chiefly, so far as the adult shells are concerned, in the degree of separation of the basal tooth, which in duplicidens is a single more or less bifid prominence, while in proxima there are two distinct teeth. When the canyons opening westward, between Rucker and Ft. Bowie, have supplied series of shells as copious as those we have obtained in the eastward canyons, another chapter may be added to the history of this group. Ashmunella angulata Pils. Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 244. In the south fork of Cave Creek we found this species abundantly. This is the type locality and here it attains the largest size. A few dead ones were picked up on a mountain-side southeast of Paradise, towards Cave Creek, and at Station 12, in Cave Creek. It reappears at the head of the canyon at the Falls, and at Stations 3 and 4 and in the head of Turkey Creek. At these places the shells are smaller. In 1907 Ferriss and Daniels took some specimens in Barfoot Park, Station la. They are much less angular at the periphery than the Cave Creek form. In 1908 it was taken in Horseshoe Canyon at the “Red Box’ (10 miles up the canyon) and at ‘5-mile camp’’; also in Rock Creek, at the head of Raspberry Gulch and in the Spring Branch of Rucker Canyon. These localities greatly extend the range of the species. The compressed outer basal tooth and less convex whorls readily separate A. angulata from A. proxima. Young shells deposit a lip-callus at resting periods. It is thick in the middle, tapering at the ends, as figured in our former paper, pl. XI, fig. 11. Our former figure of the genitalia of A. angulata (1905, pl. 21, fig. 26) is not satisfactory in one point, the slight enlargement marking the upper end of the penis being omitted. This enlargement is rather small yet distinct in the individual figured, which has been re-examined, and is present in all the specimens opened (seven) from several stations. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 109 A new figure is given, pl. X, fig. 6, representing a specimen from Cave Creek near Reed’s Mountain, No. 87,020. The penial retractor muscle is longer than in A. proxima and its allies. Ashmunella ferrissi Pils. Fig. 22. A. ferrissi Pils. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 247, pl. 16, figs. 108-110, 113. The type locality is in the talus at the foot of Reed’s Mountain, at Station 11, about a half mile below Reed’s house, where it is found with A. chiricahuana, Sonorella virilis, ete. Additional specimens were taken here in 1906. The figures represent an elevated and a depressed specimen. Fig. 22.—Ashmunella ferrissi, Cave Creek, Station 11 (topotypes). The embryonic shell seems to comprise the first 13 whorls. The initial half whorl is smooth and glossy; then growth-strie begin below the suture, gradually extending over the whole width of the whorl. The third and fourth whorls are very minutely indistinctly marked with subregularly arranged points, as though. hairy in the immature stage, though none taken retain any hairs. The rest of the whorls are finely striate. The base also is marked with very fine, unequal growth- strie, and under a strong lens shows faint, extremely fine and close spiral striz. These are also faintly- visible in places on the upper surface. The carina first appears above the suture at the end of the second whorl in some examples, in others at the end of the third. There is considerable variation in size and degree of elevation. Three of the specimens taken in 1906 at the type locality measure: Alt. 6.2, diam. 12.5 mm. BRO We 11.8. |“ ae Gs )ces 10)... 36 The punctation of the early neanic whorls, not noticed when the 110 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., species was first described, shows that A. ferrissi is related to A. angu- lata, a much more widely spread species. Genitalia as usual in the group. Basal half of the penis is swollen. As in A. angulata, the retractor muscle of the penis is longer than in A. duplicidens, proxima, etc. The mantle within the last whorl is white (pl. X, fig. 7). Group of Ashmunella chiricahuana. This group is distinguished by the very long spermatheca and epiphallus and the open aperture, which is either toothless or provided with minute vestigeal teeth which do not sensibly obstruct the opening. A. chiricahuana has never been found to have any trace of teeth. It varies in size and degree of elevation of the aperture. A. esuritor frequently retains minute vestiges of teeth, but they are variable and often hardly noticeable. It is less evolved than A. chiricahuana in | retaining this functionless reminiscence of the toothed ancestral form. The series is exactly parallel to the A. levettei-varicifera series in the Huachueas, but there the degeneration of teeth has been more recent and all stages of the process still exist. Ashmunella chiricahuana (Dall). Fig. 23. Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 250. This fine Ashmunella is widely distributed in Cave Creek Canyon, living on reasonably moist north slopes where there is good rock shelter, with Sonorella. In 1906 we took specimens at Stations 3, 4, 5, 11, and in the ravines west of Reed’s Mountain between that and Station 10. In 1907 and 1908 the following localities were added by Mr. Ferriss: Cave Creek Falls, head of Cave Creek near Long Park, Long Park at 8,000 feet. The types were from the adjacent Fly’s Park (No. 124,481 U.S.N.M.). The figures published by Dr. Dall represent A. varicifera, a Huachucan species, and we have therefore given new Ulustrations. The color varies from light brownish-corneous to light chestnut, and occasionally albinos are found. The surface is very glossy. Young specimens form a strong wide white rib within the lip when a resting stage occurs. This persists as a yellow blotch or stripe in the adult stage. Some specimens, as those from Cave Creek, Station 5, and the head of Cave Creek, show traces of punctation on the intermediate whorls not visible in most others. The chief variation, aside from tint, is in the elevation of the spire. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 111 Two examples, extremes of a continuous series, are figured to illus- trate this (fig. 23 c, d), from about the middle of the amphitheatre west of Reed’s Mountain. This variation is not peculiar to any special colonies, though greater in some lots than others. At the Cave Creek Falls there is a small form. Three specimens measure as follows: NEN 0 org Se ey, Mods abctapce ibaa: 8 7 6.7 mm een NA a aS ate ie eee: nce 16 16 (thes TOs i Ae a a Sa Noiep Fa ee | 54 53 54 The genitalia of two individuals are figured. PI. X, fig. 4, is from one of the very large shells of the head of Cave Creek at about 8,000 Fig. 23.—A. chiricahuana (Dall). A, B, Cave Creek Canyon; C, D, amphitheatre of Cave Creek. feet elevation, near Long Park, diam. 19.5 mm. ‘The ducts are very long in these large snails. Both penis and spermatheca adhere to the uterus throughout part of their length, the penis looping under the spermatheca. The vagina is stout down to its base. Pl. X, fig. 1, was drawn from one of the very small shells of the Cave Creek Falls, diam. 13.5 to 16 mm. The ducts are shorter and the base of the vagina is thin-walled. The penial retractor is longer in this species than in the toothed species, but not so long as in the Huachucan Ashmunellas. The collar and foot are slate-colored ; mantle-lining of the last whorl cream-white, not maculate. 112 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb.., In a former paper*! we mentioned a form of Ashmunella from Miller Canyon, Huachucas, which, so far as the shell is concerned, agrees exactly with A. chiricahuana. Specimens collected in 1907 have now been dissected. The Huachu- can form proves to be practically identical with A. levettei in the soft anatomy, and abundantly distinct from A. chiricahuana in the pro- portions of the organs, especially of the spermatheca and its duct, as will be seen by the following table: A, chiricahuana, Huachuca Mt. Chiricahua Mts. form. TPR OL VRP MIN SE cacnoe. seer tianseeetee 9 mm. 7.2 tom. ss ‘‘ spermatheca and duct.......... 56 : 26 i = rea O UNI Biot wd SONG, in aN Le oie 7 Maen = ‘“ epiphallus and flagellum.....68.5 “ 40 e The spermatheca in the Huachucan form has the long, cylindric, weakly sacculate shape of that of A. levettet, wholly unlike that of A. chiricahuana, This form has been fully described and figured in a former paper. It is undoubtedly the shell indicated as A. chiri- cahuana var. varierfera Ancey, and will now be called Ashmunella varicifera, 1 Ashmunella esuritor Pils. Pl. IX, figs. 1-8. Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 249, pl. 13, figs. 23-26 (shell); pl. 21, figs. 30, 25 (genitalia). The type locaiity is not in Barfoot Park proper, but in a small park of yeilow pine on the road from Paradise, about a mile before it crosses the ridge or divide going to Barfoot. This is the first grove of yellow pine on the road up. The type locality is a small conical pile of earth and rocks about ten feet to the left of the road.” It was covered with snow at the time of our visit, but a small series of living specimens was taken, No. 92,205 A. N.S. P. About a mile below this place, toward Paradise, where a few yellow pines first appear among the oak serub, we found a few examples. It will probably be found in many other suitable places in this immediate vicinity, reached by the road from Paradise to Barfoot Park. Our work in this place was impeded by a heavy snowfall, which lay knee-deep among the pines. In the topotypes (No. 92,205) the diameter varies from 14.5 to 16 mm., whorls 6 to 64. The degree of elevation of the spire is quite 21 Mollusca of the Southwestern States I, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, pp. 242, 251, pl. XV, figs. 94, 95. 2 We would ask future collectors to preserve this small type colony by taking only a moderate number of specimens there. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 113 variable, as in all the related species. Two of this lot are figured, pl. IX, figs. 1, 2, 4,5. In one or two shells there is the minute vestige of a parietal tooth (figs. 4, 5). The soft parts were partially spoiled when studied, but I have figured the terminal ducts of the genitalia, pl. X, fig. 3. The spermatheca was broken. Other organs agree with the type figured in 1905. The genitalia of two specimens are figured, pl. X, figs. 2, 5. The penis and vagina conform in shape to the usual Chiricahuan type. The retractor muscle of the penis is well-developed, but short, about 2 mm. long. The epiphallus is very long. Measurements of the organs may be found on p. 97. The penis and epiphallus are decidedly longer in three specimens of this lot dissected than in the type or topotype of esuritor. The spermatheca of the types of esuritor is unusually swollen distally, as correctly represented in the figure published in 1905. Additional specimens (pl. IX, figs. 6, 7, 8) from the east side of Barfoot Park, Station 1a, were taken by Mr. Ferriss in 1907. The penul- timate and two preceding whorls have the fine strie interrupted irregularly, in places forming minute granules, and there is besides some indistinct appearance of punctation on the spire. There are very fine spiral lines on the base. There is a wide prominence, hardly to be called a tooth, within the outer lip in most examples, but in some this is very low or wanting, and in none quite so prominent as in the type of A. metamorphosa. Edentulous specimens resemble A. chirica- huana closely, but they differ from that species by the slightly more depressed shape, by having a rather deep, narrow gutter behind the lip (almost wanting in A. chiricahwana), by the smaller aperture in shells of the same diameter, and by having the umbilicus wider within, though not at its mouth. Three adults, No. 94,432, measure: Re Loko casiccsied anche Anabarczeaacees. 50: 8 ie: 6.7 mm Ding SAR co CSE eee 17 16.3 15 ct 00 5) el CR 64 53 6 In 1906 we dug out asmall series of dead shells (No. 97,930) from under the snow and rocks in the head of Pine Canyon,” perhaps fifteen minutes walk down from Barfoot Park. The callous “tooth” within the outer lip is either weak or wanting in these examples, and four out of ten adults taken show the weak trace of a parietal tooth. The most *3'This canyon, which runs westward from Barfoot Park, is sometimes called Riggs’ Canyon, or Saw-mill Canyon. At its head a saw-mill stood, but it was removed in the spring of 1907. 114 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., elevated shell of this lot is drawn in pl. IX, fig. 3, Alt. 9, diam. 17 mm., with 64 whorls. The specimens measure: NC SEI A Bid Ri RR lea a So 4 8 9 7; 5° nin TVET aa eget AG a oe LZ 7 16:5 ibys 16 a WATTS = 25 02.4 cass hoteeees 6 6+ 4 eA 4 ela NS PIR Re eke SEE 8 ED 8 io ‘: mm. "ELT a ana pe os 16.4 NGGD" 16 ya 15 “ WV OTIS: 3758 .2h... tees ee 6 64 63 6 5} A single shell from Onion Creek has a distinct callous prominence within the outer lip and a low tooth in the basal lip. Anatomically it resembles the topotypes of A. esuritor so far as can be made out, the soft parts being mutilated in pulling. The mantle is white within the last whorl. Group of A. metamorphosa. Ashmunella metamorphosa Pils. Pl. IX, fig. 9. Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 252, pl. 16, fig. 115 (shell); pl. 22, fig. 8 (radula); pl. 23, fig. 16 (jaw); pl. 21, fig. 27 (genitalia). With one exception the original figures of this species, cited above, were taken from one specimen. Fig. 114 of plate XVI (1905) represents another shell, probably not conspecific. It is now pro- posed to restrict the type of A. metamorphosa to the broken shell represented on pl. XVI, fig. 115, the anatomy of which was figured. This is No. 88885 A. N. 8. P. This shell (pl. LX, fig. 9) resembles A. esuritor in contour. There is a deep furrow behind the narrowly reflexed basal and outer lips. The outer lip bears a long low callus on its inner edge. Above this callus it is brown, elsewhere white. Whorls 6. The surface is not well preserved and shows no minute sculpture, bemg somewhat worn. Alt. 8.8, diam. probably about 17 mm. It is a fully adult, but not old, individual. In pl. IX, fig. 9, the aperture of the type specimen of A. metamorphosa is drawn, the former photographic figure being unsatisfactory. Barfoot Park, collected by James H. Ferriss, February, 1904. We have nothing to add to the description and figures of genitalia jaw and teeth given in 1905. Having again examined the genitalia of the type, we see nothing to indicate that it is abnormal. The possibility that it is the 2 phase of a proterandrous form has been considered, but the absence of such a condition in the other species of the genus makes against such hypothesis. If normal, the genitalia 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 115 of this snail indicate one of the most distinct Chiricahuan species, a penis and its retractor being absent, as in some slugs. The lot originally referred to this species consisted of three specimens, two being included in Mus. No. 88,886. The soft parts of one of these were mutilated and not preserved. The other one has been dissected and proves to be A. esuritor. When we were in Barfoot Park near the end of November, 1906, snow lay almost knee-deep among the big pine trees and living snails were hard to find. Some dead shells (No. 97,930), taken in the head of Pine Canyon, may be metamorphosa, but we refer them for the present to A. esuritor. No shells known to have the anatomical peculiarities of A. metamorphosa have been taken since 1904. We have found no character in the shell to certainly distinguish A. metamorphosa from A. esuritor. The latter varies from forms with a nearly simple lip, like A. chiricahuana, to those with various callous vestiges of teeth, as shown on the plate, figures 1 to 8. Further collections of specimens in the flesh are needed. Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). Helix hornii Gabb, Amer. jour. of Conch., II, 1866, p. 330, pl. 21, fig. 5 (bad). Thysanophora hornii Gabb, Pilsbry, Nautilus XI, 1898, p. 105; XIII, Jan., 1900, p. 98; Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1903, p. 763; 1896, p. 126; Hinkley, Nautilus X XI, 1907, p. 172 (Tampico); Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1896, p. 336. Not Patula horni Gabb, W. G. Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, Bull. 28, U.S. N. M., 1885, p. 169. Chiricahua Mountains: near Dos Cabezas cave; near Lawhorn’s ranch, mouth of Big Emigrant Canyon; White Tail Canyon above Stations 4 and 11, rare; Cave Creek Canyon on the slope below the cave, at Station 6, and about a half mile up the South Fork. Thysanophora ingersolli (Bland). Fig. 24, A, B, C. Helix ingersolli Bland, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. of New York, XI, 1874. p. 151, figs. Microphysa ingersolli Bld., W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., V, p. 173, fig. 82 (shell) ; pl. ILI, fig. V (teeth) ; Man. Amer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 170, fig. 160. Thysanophora ingersolli Bld., Dall, Proc. U. S. N. Mus., XIX, p. 366 (Fly Park); Pilsbry, Nautilus XI, p. 105; J. Henderson, The Mollusca of Colo- rado, Univ. of Colo. Studies IV, No. 3, p. 169, This species differs from the typical forms of Thysanophora by the absence of cuticular lamin or hairs, the surface being clean and bright, with the appearance of a Vitrea. Under very high magnification some spiral strie are visible on the intermediate whorls, but not on the first. In the typical form, the aperture is narrowly lunate, the spire almost flat, umbilicus nearly one-fourth of the diameter, “ Height 2.5, diam. 4 mm.” In many Colorado examples the umbilicus is narrower, about one-fifth the diameter of the shell. 116 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., The localities for 7’. ingersolli in Colorado have been given by Henderson (/.c.). Specimens are in coll. A. N. 8. from Field, British Columbia (Stew. Brown). In New Mexico we have seen it from Sapello Canyon at Beulah (Cockerell); Sandia Mountains near Albuquerque (Miss Maud Ellis); Bland (Ashmun); James Canyon, Clouderoft, Sacramento Mountains (Rehn and Viereck). In Arizona we have it from Bill Williams Mountain near Williams (Ferriss and Pilsbry) and the top of Mt. Mingus, near Jerome (Ashmun). A specimen from this place is drawn in figs. 23, a, b, c, alt. 2, diam. 4.4, width of umbilicus 1.15 mm., whorls 54. It does not occur in the Chiricahua Mountains. Thysanophora ingersolli meridionalis n. subsp. Fig. 24, D, E, F. Shell with a wider aperture than 7’. ingersolli; whorls not quite as closely coiled, scarcely 5 in a shell of over 5 mm. diam.; umbilicus about one-fourth the total diameter; spire nearly flat. Alt. 2.3, diam. 5.2, width of umbilicus 1.3 mm., whorls 43. Chiricahua Mountains in Bear Park, Long Park, head of Cave Creek, Fig. 24.—A, B, C, Thysanophora ingersolli (Bld.), Mt. Mingus, near Jerome, Arizona; D, E, F, 7. 7. meridionalis P. and F., Long Park, Chiricahua Moun- tains, Arizona; G, H, I, 7. 7. convexior (Anc.), Weston, Oregon. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 117 8,000 feet, Pine Canyon, 7,500 feet, and ‘‘ Box” of Rucker Canyon. It has been listed by Dall from Fly’s Park. While not strongly differentiated, adult shells of this race are readily distinguishable. The aperture clasps the preceding whorl less deeply than in ingersolli. The microscopic spiral striation also is somewhat better developed in the examples compared. Thysanophora ingersolli convexior (Ancey). Fig. 24, G, H, I. Microphysa ingersolli var. convexior Ancey, Conchol. Exch. II, p. 64, Nov., 1887 (Logan Canyon, Utah). “Shell a little smaller; spire scarcely planulate, the apex not sub- immersed, distinctly convex; whorls 5, not 54, regularly but less slowly increasing, umbilicus smaller’? (Ancey). This form has not been figured. We have seen no topotypes, but examples from Weston, in eastern Oregon, collected by Henry Hemp- hill, evidently belong to the same race. One of these is figured (fig. 24, 9, h, 7). Thespecimen figured measures, alt. 2.5, diam 4.8, width of umbilicus 1 mm., whorls 53. The aperture is a little wider than in typical ingersollt. Family UROCOPTIDA Pils. Genus HOLOSPIRA von Martens. All of the Holospiras now known from Arizona belong to a single group of closely related species, characterized by the light brown shell, having a stout lamella on the axis in the penultimate and first part of the last whorl, often in addition a superior or parietal lamella, and sometimes a basal lamella also. In several of the forms the lamelle vary from one to three, as we have demonstrated by cutting from twenty to fifty individuals of a single colony. In colonies so varying, the number of internal lamelle is not correllated with age, size or any other external feature of the shells, so far as we can discover, after collecting and examining hundreds of shells from a great number of colonies. The subgeneric divisions (Hudistemma, Tristemma) based upon the number of internal lamelle in shells of this type have, there- fore, no basis in nature. While the Arizona species differ somewhat from the Mexican type of the subgenus Bostrichocentrum in texture and sculpture, it does not seem that the differences are of subgeneric importance, and for the present we will place them in that group. The variations in the internal lamelle recorded below are really less discontinuous than might be supposed by the tables. The axial lamella is invariably present, but it varies in strength and length. The superior lamella may be very strong and over a half whorl long, 118 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., but in other individuals of the same colony it may be small or barely observable, so that the series from a strong lamella to none is prac- tically a continuous one in some colonies, though usually this lamella is either distinctly developed or wholly wanting. The same statement applies to the basal lamella, except that it is never very large and usually quite small and short when present. The study of these races is extremely complex, and we have been unable to find time to enter upon it seriously. Any full record of a form should take into account the number of ribs on a whorl or their distance apart, as well as the proportions of the shell, number of whorls, length of cone, and the lamelle. (a) In many colonies a longer and a shorter form may be selected, with only few intergrading specimens; and there may also be a notice- able difference in sculpture. Such colonies may perhaps be hybrid, composed of two incipient races. (6b) Different colonies in the same district, often living under apparently identical conditions, and frequently in close proximity, may show differences in size, ribbing or comparative frequency of certain combinations of lamella, in fact, incipient racial divergence. The mingling of two or more such colonies by their spread, aided by changing conditions of surface, may have given rise to colonies of the (a) type. In some cases, where the colonies are widely separated, they have apparently evolved into reasonably distinct subspecies, probably in the absence of intermigration. The Cave Creek colonies of H. chiricahuana illustrate this. Holospira arizonensis Stearns. Pl. XI, figs. 1-4. H. arizonensis Stearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, p. 208, pl. 15, figs. 2, 3 (Cave at Dos Cabezas). Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Vol. 31, 1906, p. 134. This species has hitherto been known by fourteen fragments and one perfect specimen, the type No. 104,392 U.S. N. M. It measures, length 12.8, diam. at 10th whorl 4.2 mm., whorls 12. We did not visit Dos Cabezas Cave, but our guide and driver, Mort Wien, passed there and collected a series of shells from close to, almost in, the mouth of the cave.”* Fresh shells are pale corneous brown, glossy, bluish and subtransparent in places on the intermediate whorls. First 24 whorls smooth; following 6 whorls sharply striate, the striation grad- ually disappearing, so that two or three whorls preceding the last are smoothish. The last whorl is dull, coarsely striate, its outer wall *4Tt is stated that Mr. Vernon Bailey collected the types in the cave. They had doubtless been carried there by wind or mice. This accounts for the broken condition of all but one specimen of the type lot. No Arizonian Holospira lives in caves or shaded or damp places. They live in dry and sunny situations. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 119 flattened and tapering to the base, which is alittle gibbous and rounded. Its latter part is straightened and runs forward shortly beyond the preceding whorl, the upper wall descending slightly. Otherwise it is not noticeably contracted behind the aperture. The outer lip is narrowly expanded and revolute, and is lined within with a rather thin white callus. One living specimen in the lot is an albino, pure white with some bluish spots. The axial lamella is strongly developed; superior lamella variable, but usually strong and extending through the last half of the penultimate whorl. Basal lamella variable, usually wanting, but sometimes strong. Twenty specimens opened give the following data: Three lamellze: superior, axial and basal (15%)— Length 14, diam.4 mm.; whorls 125. 73 14, ce 4 (73 73 123. GG ie ey a a a 2 Two lamellz: superior and axial"(65%)— Length 14.8, diam. 4 mm.; whorls 133. ‘< 14.5, Cee: ‘“ “ 130 as 14, ce 4 cc “ 125. “ 14, 6th By Pea 6c 124. SSA BE Oe tela cd A ‘ pate rae (22, ee atege. 2 Se Qu 123. 73 13.3, Coy yal ‘“ ‘“ 124. ‘“ 13: COM YE ‘“ ‘“ iio Ss Ts 12. Tae | ‘ “ ie ‘c 12, GP ALS ian se 6c Ute ‘“ 12, Ca > Yt 0 ‘é 114. ‘ 11.5, sae. “ rT 114. 0 Pe aa eS ce One lamella: axial (20%)— Length 12, diam. 3.8 mm.; whorls 113. CL DOA gM Naty an es ee Yaa aie ae se i tile eet | Sal a tee) Ws OOTP cele an ¢f Sih! sath (spire broken). The above specimens were taken at random. Holospira arizonensis emigrans n. subsp. Pl. XI, figs. 5-8. The shell is in the average more slender than arizonensis, with more numerous whorls; striation slightly finer, and often extending weakly upon the smoother lower whorls; the last whorl has a broad contraction 120 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., behind the lip, preceded by an opaque white, very coarsely striate, inflation; base opaque white, projecting more than in the type; callus within the outer lip is very heavy. Color dull corneous brown, like the type. Head of Big Emigrant Canyon, in the region of pifion pine groves. Type No. 99,701 A. N. S. P. from Station 1; also taken at several stations eastward in the same neighborhood. The head of Big Emigrant Canyon is cut into numerous small ravines, the northern slopes of which are wooded with pifions. The rock is limestone. Here Holospira was found in large numbers. In the type lot 25 specimens, taken wholly at random from a series of some hundreds, were opened and measured. Three lamelle: superior, axial and basal (169%)—- Length 13.5, diam. 4 mm.; whorls 13. “ce 13, ce 3.9 ce 73 134. ‘ 12, OT eon ee ee ce 12, ce 4 73 (74 124. Two lamelle: superior and axial (24%)— Length 13.4, diam. 3.9 mm.; whorls 133. “ 13, ce 3.9 ce ce 134. Pegi eks oc eo R pany eS “ 13 ‘“ 3.10.4 6c 13. Fp een) Mises eS. ae sy iT: 1202) cc 4 ‘“ “ 113, One lamella: axial (60%)— Length 15.1, diam. 3.9 mm.; whorls 16. PASO a8 ee ae tes «13.9 .@3.8) | Pe dA, tie Sieg. | ees aR pe i. 14a. COA SS. ote Metei oat ini 3t, edo at ©. 8) a, ec Oa oa: a Bee mn Alea hs ‘é 13, ce 4 “ec 7? 123. ““ 13, ee ie Wi ‘c 134. G* ea Be IMaegs he «198, ia 12.4, ce 4 (<3 ce 123. to) aoe Pe ae ot ae AB “c 12, iT: Po Aye 1168 “ 123, Ge. a 2) per 4 Set i Ae. “ce hl ce 3.9 cc cc 114. es NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 121 1910.] The smallest individual in the lot measures, length 11, diam. 3.4 whorls 124. It has superior and axial lamelle. In another lot from a colony not far from Station 1, in 20 shells Pd opened the proportions are: Three lamellz, superior, axial and basal.................... 4 specimens, 20% Ee nt Mantel. 298: 10 ig 50% i a3 O7 6 30% Two lamelle, superior and axial emomamiella, Che axial... foe wok sce osdedinssacessee Two other small lots were taken a mile or two southeast from Station 1, the shells resembling the type lot, though perhaps there may be a greater proportion of slender specimens among them. H!GH RIDGE Plin Ydws \ ty « o a = & 2 & Fig. 25.—Principal collecting stations in Big Emigrant Canyon. 122 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., At Station 2, at the bottom of the canyon (middle branch), a few dead specimens sharply, but very finely, striate throughout were found (pl. XI, figs. 9, 10, 11, 12). On the tapering cone and basal whorl the striz are coarser. At the head of this branch a small series (about 25) of similar shells was found. They are hardly distinguishable from H. cionella. Holospira colonies are scattered profusely all over the head slopes of Big Emigrant Canyon. We doubt whether more than one specific stock is represented there, though when thoroughly worked several minor races might be mapped out. Holospira cionella Pils. Pl. XII, figs. 1, 2. Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1908, p. 217. The types of this species came from near Old Fort Bowie. The fort stands on the narrow and low neck which unites the Dos Cabezas range with the Chiricahuas proper. Only the adobe walls now stand; only the cemetery remains to be guarded! The ridge has here a minimum elevation of 5,500 feet. About a mile south Mr. Dixon’s place lies in the valley east of two conical peaks, known as Bull Hill and Quartzite Peak, the former of cherty limestone formation. Holo- spira cionella is found on the slope of Bull Hill facing the fort, the exact spot being along a tiny gully which crosses the trail to the fort. This place is indicated on the right at (3) in the photograph reproduced on page 67. It probably has an elevation of 6,000 to 6,200 feet. Another colony is on the lower slope of Quartzite Peak, toward Dixon’s house, also indicated in the photograph at (2). Specimens from this place agree most closely with the original types of cionella. The figured types (pl. XII, figs. 1, 2) are cylindric shells, evenly and rather finely but strongly rib striate, the strize not weaker on the latter whorls; they are coarser on the swelling behind the contraction preced- ing the lip. Out of 11 shells of the type lot opened, 9 have an axial lamella only; 2 have axial and superior or parietal lamelle. When originally describing this species only a few specimens were opened, and all happened to have one lamella only. The four specimens figured in 1905 measure as follows (the first three may be considered cotypes) : Length 12, diam. 3.1 mm.; whorls 123. cc ieiimay Ul: bplatan mn sey Deo read 9 sine 1 bi SE) ae. ra el. ce Ste ce 3 ce ce ie Bull Hill (pl. XII, figs. 4-8). Specimens from the locality facing the Fort are all smaller than the types, though a few individuals of the original lot, such as pl. 27, fig. 31, of our former paper, are entirely similar. 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 123 Twenty taken at random measure: Two lamelle: axial and parietal— Length 10, diam. 3 mm.; whorls 12. “i SU aes ol aaa ea “ce 8.6 (a9 3 (a9 (<9 Wik. ia 8.4, iz 3 “ce a9 103. (79 (eakcn “c 3 cc cc 104. One lamella, the axial— Length 9.8, diam. 3 mm.; whorls 113. pronase Ces ool Tia LS Lo XO le as PR alae eh OE COS AE a a a3 a (a3 3 ce cc 113. OR eo yeh AOe, a3 8.8, ce 3 ce ce 103. SES yas thet) eels: oe 8.5, ce 3 ‘c ce 104. (a3 8.4, ce 3 (a3 (as 104. “e 8.4, ce 3 a3 (a3 104. ce 8, ‘cc 3 ce ia 105. ins 8, cc 3 79 “cc 10. “cc Fiat iss 3 ce ce 93. 6c ee cc 3 cc “cc 94. Goodwin’s Canyon, near Lawhorn’s ranch, not far south of Nine-mile Water Hole, is the locality of a small series taken by Mort Wien (pl. XII, fig. 3). They are decidedly wider than Fort Bowie cionella, and have either two or three lamellce in the few examples opened. It is apparent- ly a subordinate race of cionella. The largest and smallest measure: Length 11, diam. 3.5 mm.; whorls 123. tag ne) Sco fh TE. Some specimens of similarly wide shape, but with only the axial lamella, in a few opened, were taken by Mort Wien “‘a half mile from Dos Cabezas Cave.” Holospira cionella intermedia n. subsp. PI. XIII, figs. 1-14. The head and southern slope of White Tail Canyon are inhabited by a race closely related to C. cionella, but remarkably polymorphic. The internal lamellae vary from one to three, but in most colonies there are one or two, the former number predominating. Thesculpture 124 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., is always coarse on the cone, but on the cylindric part it may be coarse, partially effaced, or fine, in specimens of the same colony, while in some other colonies one or other of these conditions may be developed separately. The White Tail series deserves far more study than we have been able to find time for. The shell differs from H. cionella by the perceptibly longer taper and coarser striation of the terminal cone, and slightly greater develop- ment of the basal crest. In the form selected as type (pl. XIII, fig. 3) the ribs continue throughout, but in many examples of the same lot they weaken more or less on the penultimate and next earlier whorls. The callus within the aperture is very heavy. Type locality on the south side of the ‘‘box”’ of White Tail Canyon. Types (pl. XIII, fig. 3,) No. 99,684 A. N.S. P. It also was taken at Stations 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 14; most or all of these colonies being of considerable extent, although the gathering in each case was made in a small area. The highest points are at Stations 1, 3 and 8; the lowest in the Box Canyon and between Stations 14 and 13. See map on p. 75. It was taken also in Jhu Canyon, Turkey Creek and Lime- stone Mountain. All of these stations are on limestone. There is variation in sculpture in the type colony, some examples being strongly striate throughout, but in most the strie are weaker on the penult whorl. Pl. XIII, figs. 3, 4 and 5, represent shells from the type colony. Thirty-seven specimens of this lot opened measure: (Shells with the ribs weak on penultimate whorl.) One lamella: axial— Length 18, diam. 3.9 mm. Eo RO EV tin fe RY We gee arihe sh iG ie Isere Bee aed eta, gee oe ehh COM AG) to ce i Me ce 3.6 “ce cc 1, cc 3.4 ce ce 10, ce 3.8 ec a 10 sei. DRO, bf Two lamelle: axial and superior— Length 12.1, diam. 3.4 mm. ce 1 ce 3 ; 4 a3 is3 10 (a9 3 ; 4 a3 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 125 Three lamelle: axial, superior and basal— Length 10, diam. 3.4 mm. (Shells with strong ribs throughout.) One lamella: axial— Length 12, diam. 3.3mm. (Type specimen, pl. XIII, fig. 3). Smet Obi = Foy Biot ce c i oc 3.4 ¢ “cc 1 ee “cc 3.4 79 79 i “cc 3.4 (73 Beale is aR) Sema OlaGes 08! BS a UG. «fk Sdn | eee. 6) Bki24 1 eat ny Beart) 6% Ba |e OOM VO Ae CB ay | ELS (ee SIM ee eG (73 10.3, a3 3 (<9 6c 10, (79 3.3 ce ee A) sk 2 Bi Oy (79 10, “ce ayy (73 (73 IOP (73 3:3 (a4 CUNEO RN Two lamell: axial and superior— Length 11.7, diam. 3.4 mm. (79 tt. “cc 3 i 4 “e PRO Gar we Bo! Day 6“ 10, 6b 8.5. || \ 6 i 9, sa ice) ‘“‘ Specimen figured, pl. XIII, fig. 5. Station 2.—Similar specimens occurred at higher levels at Station 2. A large proportion of these specimens are ribbed throughout. The lamelle in 15 shells opened are as follows: 10 shells have 1 lamella, the axial. 5 shells have 2 lamelle, axial and superior. Station 3.—Shells were taken under stones on the sunny side of the ridge, and another lot on the summit of the ridge. The majority of the shells are ribbed throughout, but some have the penultimate whorl nearly smooth. Most specimens are 10 to 11 mm. long. In 13 opened: 126 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., 8 shells have 1 lamella, the axial. 5 shells have 2 lamelle, axial and superior. Pl. XIII, figs. 1, 2, Station 4, northwest branch of ravine back of Gardner’s Mine, about three-quarters of the distance to summit. Some of the shells have the terminal cone slightly shorter than in the types. Sculpture variable, as shown in the figures. Internal lamelle 1, 2 or 3. In 20 specimens opened: 10 have 1 lamella, the axial. 8 have 2 lamelle, axial and superior. 2 have 3 lamellee, axial, superior and basal. Below Station 5, pl. XIII, figs. 18, 14. The shells are small and ribbed throughout, rarely over 9 mm. long. Box Canyon.—In the Box Canyon, at two stations, one some dis- tance below Station 5 (pl. XIII, figs. 6, 7, 8), the other at the mouth of Indian Creek, the shells are long and slender, strongly ribbed throughout. Axial and superior lamelle are present in a few opened. Length 13, diam. 3.2 mm.; whorls 14. (a9 10, cc 3.2 cc ‘c 114. Station 8.—A small series agrees, at least superficially, with those from Station 14, which lies about 800 feet lower. Station 14.—The shells do not differ much from the type lot. There is a longer and coarsely ribbed and a shorter, more closely ribbed, form. Of the longer form we opened 10 shells, 1 having three, 4 two, and 5 one lamelle. In seven of the shorter form opened 1 has two lamelle, 6 have one lamella. Forms from head of Onion Creek.—Two forms are represented in the small lot examined. Pl. XIII, fig. 9, shows a slender shell with coarse, very widely spaced ribs: length 12, diam 3.3 mm., whorls 123. It has one lamella, the axial. Pl. XIII, figs. 10, 11, 12, represents the prevalent form, shorter than the preceding, very finely and closely ribbed throughout, or the ribs may be weak or subobsolete on the penultimate next preceding whorls. In five opened, only the axial lamella is present. Length 10.5, diam. 3.5 mm.; whorls 114. geo! Saige ®) ace yay hgh Siecle Mae Sigg Jhu Canyon.—At the head of Jhu Canyon a gathering consists of two forms, similar to pl. XIII, figs. 9-12, from Onion Creek. The larger form is near typical intermedia, but the smaller may represent = 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 127 another race of the White Tail type. The material is not sufficient for a definite decision. Turkey Creek.—On the right (north) side, about two miles below Paradise (pl. XII, figs. 13, 14, 15, 16), Holospira apparently referable to intermedia was found in two colonies, very variable in size and sculpture. Internal lamelle one, two or three. Limestone Mountain.—Although very widely separated from the range of intermedia, the shells do not seem separable from that race. Four are figured, pl. XII, figs. 9, 10, 11, 12. Holospira cionella capillacea n. subsp. PI. XIII, figs. 15, 16. Similar to intermedia except that the intermediate whorls are very finely, closely striated; only the axial lamella developed, in a few opened. Length 11.7 to 12, diam. 3.5 mm. White Tail Canyon, Station 10, about half way to the summit of the ridge, below cliffs. This colony is the only one found in igneous rock (rhyolite). Sonorella micra and Ashmunella lepiderma occur in the same vicinity. Holo- spira was very scarce. Holospira chiricahuana Pilsbry. Pl. XIV, figs. 5-8. Proc. A. N. 8. Phila., 1905, p. 219, pl. 26, fig. 9; pl. 27, figs. 26-29; p. 215, fig. 4. The type locality of H. chiricahuana is on the steep slopes of a small dry ravine or wash tributary to Cave Creek, below and near the entrance of the cave. The slope faces the south and is composed of very steeply dipping friable calcareous shale and earth formed by its decomposition, with sparse vegetation, agave, sotol and bear grass, Dead shells are scattered in profusion, and the living ones lurk under bunches of dead bear grass, ete. The colony is about one-eighth of a mile long and perhaps 100 yards wide. This is also the type locality of Oreohelix chiricahuana. Map on p. 107, Station 8. A majority of the specimens (82 per cent.) have a superior or parietal lamella from + to 4 of a whorl long, on the roof of the penultimate whorl near its end, above the aperture or on the front side, but in some (18 per cent.) this is wanting. In those of the type lot formerly opened it was absent or very weak, but in others of the type lot, as well as in many topotypes opened, this lamella is more or less strongly developed. The interior of the outer lip is very heavily thickened with a white callus within. All forms of H. chiricahuana thus far found have the shell strongly ribbed throughout, with no tendency to become smoother on the cylindrical portion. While in the type form of H. chiricahuana the internal lamelle are inconstant, yet in several other colonies localized in various parts of 128 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., the Cave Creek Valley the lamelle seem to be constant, so far as we can judge from the limited material taken. It must be remembered that many other colonies doubtless exist. The additional locality, ‘Fort Bowie,” given in our original account, was evidently due to some mixture of labels or specimens. Thorough search in 1906 showed that it does not occur there. The large specimen represented in pl. XX VII, fig. 26, of our paper of 1905, was probably not from the type locality, but picked up somewhere else in Cave Creek Valley. Fifty specimens opened, taken at random from a lot of several hundred topotypes, measure as follows: Two lamelle: parietal and axial— Length. Diam, Whorls. Length. Diam. Whorls. 10.8 ol 124 9.2 3 112 10.8 3 124 9.2 2.9 114 10.4 ok 124 9.1 3 112 10.5 3 12 9.1 3 114 10:1 3 12 aa 3 114 10 3 124 9 3 114 10 3 12 9 3 114 10 3 12 9 5) 114 10 3 113 9 a 114 9.9 | 12 9 3 114 9.9 3 114 9 3 114 9.8 3 12 9 3 114 9.8 3 12 9 s 11 9.7 a 114 9 3 1a 9.6 3 12 9 3 11 O°5 oul 114 8.9 3 11 9.5 a 112 8.9 3 1a 9.5 3 114 8.7 3 103 9.5 3 114 8.6 20 11 9.5 3 114 8 2.9 104 9.3 3 114 One lamella: the axial— Length. Diam. Whorls. Length. Diam. Whorls. 10.6 ond 124 9 3 Lt 10 out 113 9 3 102 10 3 12 8.9 3 114 9.9 3.1 114 8.9 al 11 9.5 3 12 Holospira chiricahuana ternaria n. subsp. Pl. XIV. figs. 1-4. At the end of the penultimate whorl there are usually three internal lamellee: parietal, axial and basal. Shell usually larger with more whorls, but otherwise as in the type. EL ————— Se =u 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA, 129 Length 12.2, diam. 3.4 mm.; whorls 134. 6c 1 GOOF Sh epy 06 6 121. Baer Weleeatiot | 68 spe ae ou me Oh ys SO eps f ee Lae elORS. vie Mote Wp fon Te 66 9.4, COT VO PL 1 166 6c 1 Station 6, about half way up the northern slope of a long ridge which projects into Cave Creek Valley from the western border. Fifty-three specimens were taken from a single small colony. The frozen ground did not encourage a thorough investigation. Out of 20 opened, 17 have three internal lamelle and three have only one, the axial. Holospira chiricahuana optima n. subsp. Pl. XIV, figs. 13-15. The shell is larger and perceptibly more slowly tapering than H. chiricahuana, with more whorls, and only one internal lamella, the axial, in 20 specimens opened. Station 5, at the base of the north slope of the ridge mentioned above, close to the stream, under stones. The larger size of the shells might be thought due to the more humid and shaded situation than that inhabited by the typical form, were it not that Holospira prefers hot and arid places and does not exist at all in damp situations. A single colony found. About 75 shells were taken. Thirty-five of them, unselected, measure as follows: Length. Diam. Whorls. Length. Diam. Whorls. 14.3 oii 142 13 3.95 134 14 4 tae 13 3.0 122 14 3.9 132 13 3.0 154 14 3.7 144 13 3.0 134 13.9 3.7 133 13 3.4 134 13.9 3.9 132 13 3.2 134 13.9 3.9 132 2n9 3.6 123 13.8 3.6 14 12.8 3.9 154 13.8 3.0 144 1 Ta 3.0 134 13.6 3.0 143 12.7 3.0 13 13.5 3.8 14 1256 3.4 134 13.5 3.5 14 12.5 3.5 134 13.3 3.8 14 12.1 3.25 15 13.3 3.4 144 12 3.7 124 13 3.8 134 12 3.3 134 13 3.8 134 11.3 3.5 123 13 3.6 132 11.2 3.9 134 15 3.5 13 130 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Holospira chiricahuana gracilis n. subsp. Pl. XIV, figs. 9-12. The shell is more slender and tapers more slowly than the type, and has more whorls. It is more slender than H. c. optima, Only the axial lamella developed in 19 out of 20 specimens opened, the other one having a strong parietal lamella also. Found at Station 10, on the crest of a narrow ridge, a spur from the south wall of Cave Creek Valley, which terminates in a high conical hill standing not far from the creek. This is the only colony of the species found south of Cave Creek, the others being north of the créek. One colony of small extent. ; Thirty specimens measure: Length. Diam. Whorls. Length. Diam. Whorls, LEST oat 14 10.9 3 123 iB Berg 3 14 10.9 3 ibs TE.5 3) 14 10.8 3 13 ie5 > 134 LO) 3 124 1 Bi aes) 3 134 105 3 134 133 3 134 10.4 a 13 ih he 3 134 1003 3 124 PLSE aod 134 10°3 2.9 124 iat = 134 10.2 3 124 11 3 134 10.1 3 124 11 3 134 Loo. 3 124 11 3 124 10 3 124 11 3 Vhe4 10 3 12 11 2.9 134 9.9 3 12 10.9 S 13 9.9 2.9 124 LIMACIDZ2. Agriolimax hemphilli ashmuni Pils. and Van. Barfoot and Long Parks. The specimens vary from a pale yellowish- gray to the blackish color of the types. ZONITID A. Vitrina alaskana Dall. Long Park, 8,000 feet; Head of Cave Creek, at about thesame eleva- tion; Barfoot Park. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Head of Cave Creek, 8,000 feet; Long Park, Station 12 a; Rustler Park; Rucker Canyon. It is not commonly diffused, and seems to be absent in the dryer part of the range. Zonitoides milium meridionalis P. and F. Quartzite Peak, near Fort Bowie; head of Cave Creek, 8,000 feet; 1910.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 131 Rustler and Long Parks; head of Pine Canyon; Rucker Canyon, 7,000 feet. Zonitoides minuscula alachuana (Dall). Barfoot Park; Pine Canyon; Spring in lower Rucker Canyon. Vitrea indentata umbilicata (Ckll.). Chiricahua Mountains; Buckeye Canyon, in the Dos Cabezas range; Bull Hill and Quartzite Peak, near Fort Bowie; Big Emigrant Canyon at Stations 1, 2, 3, 5, 6; White Tail Canyon at about all the stations east of Stations 4 and 5, at all elevations; Jhu Canyon; Paradise Canyon, on the right side, below the town; Cave Creek Canyon, Stations 4, 6, 8, 11, 12,13, 14; Barfoot Park; Long Park; Rustler Park; Rucker Canyon; Horseshoe Canyon. Probably occurs wherever snails live in the Chiricahuas. Genus EUCONULUS Reinhardt. The term Euconulus was proposed by Reinhardt in 1883 for the typical group of Conulus, in which he included Kaliella. Conulus being preoccupied, Pilsbry in 1900?7 substituted Huconulus for the generic group, with fulvus as type. Dall, 1905,?* has given the generic synonymy and references in full. Mr. J. W. Taylor in his monograph of British land shells (1908) has discussed the varieties of H. julvus. His treatment of E. chersinus as a variety of fulvus was evidently due to the lack of specimens, for the two forms are much less alike than the several small British species of Hyalinia which he distinguishes, and in fact are unusually distinct as species go among the small Zoni- tide. One of the European forms is apparently close to chersinus; but an intelligible exposition and revision of the Euconulus of Europe remains a desideratum. ‘There is no trustworthy record of Euconulus fulvus from Japan, though LE. fulvus alaskensis may naturally be expected to occur in the Kuril Islands, Yesso and Saghalin. Euconulus fulvus alaskensis (Pils.). Conulus fulvus alaskensis Pils., Nautilus, XII, February, 1899, p. 116. Cf. Dall, Land and Fresh Water Mollusks, Harriman Alaska Exped., 1905, p. 40, and Pilsbry, Nautilus, XXII, 1908, p. 25. Chiricahua Mountains: White Tail Canyon, high on the northeastern side below the confluence of Indian Creek; Cave Creek Canyon at Stations 3 and 4 near the northeastern rim; Barfoot, Long and Rustler Parks ; head of Pine Canyon, 7,500 feet ; Box of Rucker Canyon. 27 Nautilus, XIV, Nov., 1900, p. 81. 28 Harriman Alaska Exped., Mollusks, p. 39. 132 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Feb., Chiefly or wholly found at high elevations, and very rare in the region north of Cave Creek. E, fulvus alaskensis differs chiefly from fulvus by having about one whorl less in shells of similar size. On the first whorl the radial strize begin at the first fourth, and are about as close as on the rest of the shell. There are no spiral strie on the first or later whorls. The last whorl has 90 to 105 strie inl mm. _ £. f. alaskensis was described from Dyea Valley, Alaska. It is also before us from Petropavlovsk, Kamchatka, collected by Dr. William H. Dall. It extends southward in the Rocky Mountains to the Chiricahua and Huachuca ranges, in southern Arizona, chiefly at high elevations. —— Mee imipilicus 4 Samus yee: ce 10. a3 9.0, (as iS °2 ee ‘é 2.9 ce “c Adult shells measure from 13 to 174 mm. diameter. The genitalia are figured (fig. 4). The lower half of the penis is much swollen, the upper half slender and cylindric, the retractor muscle inserted at its apex. The short epiphallus is rather stout. Vagina short and very large. The uterus in the individual figured contained four embryos; the shells 4,7 mm. in diameter, with 2? whorls and acutely carinate. periphery. The podo- cyst is larger on the upper embryos, but present in all. Length of penis, 6.7 mm.; epiphallus, 3mm.; vagina, 4mm.; spermatheca and duct, 17 mm. Out of 100 shells from the type locality, taken at random, 56 per cent. resemble : figs. 1-3, 44 per cent. being like figs. 4, 5. ac Sit aan a Pre” The race is therefore markedly senile. Grand Canyon, in ‘Spectacle Cove,” Station A, the head of a recess in the cross-bed sandstone south of where the Mystic Spring or Bass Trail zigzags down, in a talus resting on the red sandstone forming the Le Conte Plateau. Elevation about —— LL ULL CCC CCU Uhl lr! -—— res. —— S- 1911.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 185 5,700 feet. Cotypes, No. 103,234 A. N. 5. P., collected by Ferriss and Pilsbry, October, 1906. The embryonic shell, of 24 whorls, shows fine subregular ripples along the lines of growth, and in places some fine, very faint spiral strize may be traced ; on the base these spirals are more distinct. They continue there during the first part of the neanic stage, but disappear after a diameter of 8 or 9 mm. has been attained. The main spirals are widely spaced, as in QO. yavapai, but at all stages of growth they are very weak. The embryonic shell is light brown. Some maculze and streaks of opaque cream-white appear after the third whorl. In the adult stage the surface becomes dull white and somewhat chalky from loss of the very thin cuticle, which is present in the embryonic and early neanic stages. QO. y. projundorum and the allied races, extremitatis and angelica, differ from O. yavapai by the very weak spiral striation of the embry- Fig. 5.—Spectacle Cove (Station A), from opposite side below Bass Trail. Type locality of Oreohelix yavapat projundorum on the mound at left end of talus slope. onic shell. O. profundorum resembles O. yavapai, O. y. neomexicana and O. borbata in having a very short penis, its length about half the diameter of the shell or less. In the strigosa group, so far as known, the penis is long, two-thirds the diameter of the shell or more, in alcoholic examples. O. yavapat, neomexicana and profundorum are alike in genitalia, but O. borbata differs by having the retractor muscle snserted on the epiphallus, whilst in the others it is inserted at the apex of the penis. The type locality of O. y. profundorum is in an embayment of the cross-bed sandstone, where a talus at its foot rests upon the red sand- 184 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, stone. l[iving specimens were taken only on the last mound of the talus at the head of the wash, shown on the left in fig. 5. This mound is about 30 or 40 feet high, about 100 feet long, and has a great rock in the middle. Dead shells were scattered over the talus for about 200 yards westward, nearly as far as the large rocks shown in. the edge of the pifions. Except where pifions are shown, the slope is covered with shrubs. The Oreohelices live among moss and grass, around and under stones in great profusion. With them live Cochli- copa, Pupilla, ete., and Sonorella coloradoensis, the latter found over the whole talus shown in fig. 5, but everywhere very scarce. Numerous other taluses at and below the same level were searched, but no other colony of Oreohelix was found. All other colonies of Oreohelix seen are on the upper slopes only a short distance below the rim of the canyon. In the absence of any source on the lower levels, O. y. profundorum must have been derived from O. y. extremitatis, which inhabits the slope above the cross-bed sandstone, whence individuals have fallen into the abyss. The considerable divergence of the race on the lower level, and the fact that only one colony was found at that level, seem to indicate that most snails which are carried or fall over the cliff do not survive the terrific drop of several hundred feet. In the series of several thousand shells taken there was one sinistral example. That the colony of O. y. profundorum is decadent seems to be indi- cated by the fact that dead shells were found over an area many times greater than that now inhabited by living snails. The markedly senile character of the shells also foretells approaching extinction. Yet the local conditions appear altogether favorable and living indi- viduals are very abundant in a limited area. Oreohelix yavapai extremitatis n.subsp. Pl. XII, figs. 15-21. At Station 2, near Bass’s Trail, about 200 feet below the rim of the Grand Canyon, the Oreohelices (pl. XII, figs. 18-21) are more depressed than O. y. profundorum, less solid and less calcareous, invariably two- banded. The surface is more or less suffused with light brown, espe- cially on the spire, and the very thin pellucid cuticle is retained, so that the shell has a slight luster. The embryonic whorls are like profundorum; the first third or half of the last whorl is acutely carinate in front, and the latter part descends very little (as in fig. 18, 67 per cent. of the shells examined) or somewhat deeply (fig. 19, 33 per cent.). Widely spaced granose spirals (such as are characteristic of O. yavapat) 1911.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 185 are visible on the base in front of the aperture in most of the shells. The aperture is contracted less than in O. y. profundorum and the peristome is not thickened. The largest examples measure, alt. 8.2, diam. 16 mm., the smallest alt. 8.38, diam. 14 mm. About 60 adults examined. Fig. 18. Alt. 8.0, diam. 15.8 mm.; width of umbilicus 4.7 mm. (73 19. cc fess a3 14.5 ec as (73 4.0 a3 73 19. (a3 8.7, a3 14.2 ce ec ce 4.0 a3 Uae toro, cl EGO °° Ss ie 43 “ eee On. 5.5: HS i 4.3 Cotypes are No. 103,236 A. N.S. P., collected by Ferriss and Pils- bry, 1906. Similar shells occur on the upper slope at the same level, in a bay of the rim, about a half-mile west of Bass’s Camp, on the southern rim of the canyon (pl. XII, figs. 15, 16, 17). Fig. 15. Alt. 9.2, diam. 15.5 mm.; umbilicus 4.0 mm. wide. ie TUS) Caer i a i UF Oi . 4. Te ‘ eee l aaa. Rennie sh) pO Ope Me ss 45Or st e Oreohelix yavapai angelica. PI. XII, figs. 22-25. On the Bright Angel Trail, at Grand Canyon, from 100 to 400 feet below the rim, which has here an elevation of 6,866 feet, the shells resemble O. y. extremitatis in contour, except that the last whorl is somewhat more inflated. The color is light brown, usually with a brown band below the periphery, sometimes with another above, but this is often wanting. It is thinner and larger than extremitatis, and spaced spirals are more distinct, being well-developed on both the base and upper surface. The embryonic whorls have faint spiral lines. The first part of the neanic stage (up to at least 11 mm. diam., with nearly 4 whorls in some individuals) bears spiral rows of cuticular scales readily visible to the naked eye. There are about 8 spirals above, 10 below the periphery on the last whorl. The last whorl is but slightly deflexed in most examples, rarely (8 per cent.) more or less deeply so, approaching fig. 25, which is an extreme individual. Fig. 22. Alt. 9.0, diam. 17.0 mm.; width of umbilicus 4.5 mm. ce 23. a3 9:2: cc 170) zs ee “ce 49 ce cc 24. a9 9.2, ce 17.9 ce oe ce 48 “ce po ee NODE eg NBO" ~ ico eg Individuals with deeply descending last whorl occurred chiefly at the lower level. 186 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Alt. 9.5, diam. 18.3 mm. Oa eae) he Sa 1 early 1-8 BG ys CORR. camille Sasi lganr: This race occupies the same zone as O. y. extremitatis, in the Kaibab limestone. The stations are about 20 miles apart, but including the windings of the canyon, as the snail travels, the distance would be far greater. The embryonic stage is very much alike in O. y. profun- dorum, extremitatis and angelica, but the neanic and adult stages differ. Cotypes No. 103,239 A. N. 8S. P., collected by Pilsbry and Ferriss, 1906. Oreohelix strigosa depressa (Ckll.). Pls. XIII, XIV. [Patula strigosaj var. Cooperi Binney, Manual Amer. L. Shells, p. 166, fig. 153 (teste CkIl.). Patula strigosa cooperi var. depressa Ckll., Nautilus, III, p. 102, January, 1890, canyon near Durango, Colo. Oreohelix strigosa Gld., Pilsbry, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 272, pl. XXV, figs. 45-47 (shell); pl. XI, figs. 14, 15 (embryonic shell); pl. XIX, fig. 3 (genitalia); pl. “XII, figs. 1-3 (teeth); pl. XXIII, fig. 25 (jaw). New Mexican examples of O. s. depressa have been fully described and figured in a former paper of this series. In the country north of the Grand Canyon it is an abundant snail, varying widely in size, form, color, and to a less degree in sculpture not only in different colonies, but frequently among individuals of one colony. In some districts, as along the western escarpment of Powell Plateau, there is a marked tendency to lose the dark bands. In some other places beautiful albino shells occur in colonies composed chiefly of well-colored shells. There is a tendency in many places to produce more compactly coiled shells than typical depressa, the spire being higher and the total diameter and the umbilicus smaller in some of the shells. This culminates in a form of shell which is not distinguishable: from O. cooperi, found in a few stations. In some arid situations, especially the head of Quaking Asp Canyon, the shells are conspicuously dwarfed, their development arrested. No colonies are markedly gerontic, though in a few there is a tendency towards senile characteristics in occasional individuals, The spiral sculpture is generally distinctly developed, and some- times some larger, widely spaced spirals can be seen on the base of the shell. Specimens are illustrated on Plates XIII and XIV. Some 1911.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 187 comment on the several lots follows, beginning at the northern stations. ® (1) Jacob’s Canyon (Pl. XIII, figs. 1-5), Oreohelices were taken at Stations 68, 69, 70, 71. The typical form and coloring (fig. 1) prevail, but there is also one color-form not elsewhere encountered, in which the bands are purple-brown and very wide, the upper one spreading to the suture or leaving a white belt below the latter (figs. 2-4). There are also some pearl-white and dirty white shells (fig. 5). The same color-forms occurred at Station 67, below the mouth of ® Only one of us (Ferriss) collected P. S. depressa north of the Grand Canyon, being accompanied there by Mr. L. E. Daniels. His impressions concerning the relations of shell-characters to the environmental factors of elevation, humidity and direction of slope are given below. It must be remembered that the con- ditions in the Kaibab region are less accentuated than in the more arid moun- tains of the south. “At the time our observations in ‘Mollusca of the Southwestern States, No. IV,’ were written, enyironment seemed the controlling factor in the deter- mination of size of the shell, northern exposures, with an abundance of shade and plant life and a longer growing season, would produce the larger shells. In the region north of the Grand Canyon many apparent exceptions to this rule were noted. Often colonies of the same species but 100 feet apart varied 100 per cent. in size. Ina gulch facing north in the Powell-Kaibab saddle, in a box canyon with perfect snail conditions, the Oreohelix average 20 mm. in diam- eter. Above the box, in a more open country, they average 24 mm. and were more plentiful. “Tn the canyons and amphitheaters of these plateaux, with the same exposure, moisture, shade, elevation—mineral, plant and all other conditions equal so far as we could understand—-each colony stood out by itself in color, size and shape of the spire. These qualities seemed subject to mutation rather than con- trolled by environment. “Thus, in Two-Spring Canyon, the shells in a colony on one side of a rock were 25 per cent. larger than those of the colony upon the other side, less than 100 feet distant; and a colony on the west side of the stream, no farther away, was larger than either. In the center of a colony on Powell Plateau, a ‘family’ of larger shells was found. “Until we crossed the Kaibab Plateau, the collections of 1909 were at about the same elevation, in the limestone section. In Two-Spring and Quaking Asp Canyons, both heavily wooded, the Oreohelices at the top, among the quaking asp, were 14 mm. in diameter, gradually increasing in size, as we descended, to 25 mm., as would naturally be expected. “Tn Snake Gulch, however, the largest shells were at the top, on slopes facing either north, west or south, the diameters running 25 and 26 mm. at Castle Springs and vicinity. At Big Springs, with abundance of shade and humidity the year around, and a warm southern exposure, the largest measurements were 21, and at the lowest colony in the gulch less than 18 mm. “In Warm Springs Canyon, running from east to west parallel with Snake Gulch, the smaller colonies were midway in the canyon, those at both the top and bottom of the canyon being unusually large and robust, and it was the same in Jacob’s Canyon, another parallel canyon of this group running to the west. “We collected Oreohelix at 22 stations, elevation about 6,700 feet, in the saddle region of the Powell and Kaibab Plateaux; at 19 stations in Two-Spring and Quaking Asp Canyons in the Kaibab Plateau, at elevations between 6,500 and 8,250; at 20 stations in Snake Gulch, Kaibab Plate au, from 5,000 to 7 000 feet elevation; at 16 stations in Warm Spring and Jacob’s Canyons, Kabah, Plateau, from 6,000 to 6,750 feet elevation.” 188 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Jacob’s Canyon, in the second gulch north of Warm Spring Canyon. It was not noticed at Station 68. Fig. 1. Alt. 12.8, diam. 23.0, umbilicus 5.9 mm. 0D ae Sa eee rhe, oy ie Gol 8 Pe Spe ee Wee ee a tihy 3 Ce eer D2 ae alae ‘3 (S79 ale Ge, I at. DAN Aen ae (2) At Station 66 (Pl. XIII, figs. 6, 7), in the first gulch facing west, north of Warm Spring Canyon, the shells are smaller and usually more elevated, the last whorl at the aperture generally falling well below the lower band. Color and sculpture are normal. Fig. 6. Alt. 12.0, diam. 19, umbilicus 5.0 mm. rho AOD ae le 2 £0) ei (3) In the head of Shinumo Canyon (PI. XIII, figs. 10, 11, 12), Stations 50, 51,52, the shells are typical in form, but a majority of them have the bands weak, or one or both may be absent (figs. 10-12, Station 50, 5,500 feet elevation). Farther west, at Station 53, the bands are somewhat stronger. Beyond this, going west, the shells are smaller (Stations 54, 55, 56, 57), the last whorl falls more, and the ends of the lip approach—senile characters, doubtless indicative of unfavorable conditions leading to decadence of the race (Pl. XIII, figs. 13, 14, Station 55, at 5,500 feet). Fig. 10, diam. 20 mm. Fig. 11, diam. 19 mm. Fig, 12, diam. 17.7 mm. (Station 50). Fig. 13. Alt. 9.2, diam. 15.7 mm. (Station 55). cry, < RON Ae 0 umbilicus mam, Lb Oe te Nene (4) Moquitch Gulch, Stations 75, 76 (Pl. XIII, figs. 16-18). The ‘shells are of medium size, more or less brown, with typical bands. An albino form, white with greenish, translucent bands, appears here. Fig. 16. Alt. 11.7, diam. 18, umbilicus 3.9 mm. (Station 76). Fig. 17. Diam. 17.3 mm.: Fig. 18. Diam. 18.8 mm. (Station 75). (5) Continuing southward on Snake Gulch, we encounter snails essentially like those from Stations 49, 50 and 37 in Stations 35, 34, 33. At Station 78, boldly marked two-banded shells and beautiful albinos occur, as already figured from Moquitch Gulch. Aé Stations 32 and 77 most of the shells are large and dark, but a few are small. (6) Warm Spring Canyon (Pl. XIII, figs. 8, 9). Finely developed shells occur at Stations 59, 60, 61, 62, 64, 65 and 73 or 74, mostly with the normal color-pattern, but sometimes the bands are weak or almost absent, chiefly in shells from Station 61. ———eeo ee eee el .hlrtC Nt P c Pats by 2 hee) ray - rl i % % ' et ; “s m4, - ; Wa$ % Le ; kee < } NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 323 MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES, VI: THE HACHETA GRANDE, - FLORIDA, AND PELONCILLO MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY. I. Tur Bic Hacuet Mountains. The Big Hachet (or Hacheta Grande) Mountains are a short range in southern New Mexico in sight of the Mexican boundary. They may be reached from the station of Hachita, on the El Paso and Southwestern R. R., where provisions can be obtained. Water must be hauled in, unless the prospecting in progress at the time of our visit resulted in a successful well. There are no trails in the mountains. The extreme northern end of the range remains to be worked conchologically, as we could not reach it from our camp. A visit should be planned much earlier or later than ours (August), in order to have the advantage of what rain there is and also to avoid the excessive heat. The highest peak, Hacheta Grande, has an elevation of about 8,500 ft., and is considerably higher than any other in the group. Several large canyons dissect the range, two of them forming broad basins. There are no springs in the range, but sometimes after the infre- quent rains a little water remains for a time in rocky basins in narrow canyons. We found one such hole containing about half a barrel. It was foul with drowned insects, ‘yet most welcome, as our canteens were dry, towards the end of a two-day trip to Big Hachet Mountain. The colonies of snails here as in other desert mountains are usually of small area. As the mountains are uninhabited and too dry for cattle ranges, there are few local place names and no roads or ranches to aid in locating collecting points. In the absence of any topo- graphic map, wereproducea rough map made from our field notes, which should enable anyone to exactly locate nearly every colony of snails found. For convenient reference we have named several promi- nent landmarks, such as Daniels Mountain,! the highest peak north- ward as seen from Sheridan Canyon, and Teocalli Butte, west of our camp, both being inhabited by special races of snails. 1 Named for the writer’s companion on this somewhat arduous trip. 324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, i The Big Hachets are without timber. Only the higher peaks are in the pinyon zone. There are some scrubby cedars and old | gnarled pinyon pines, nowhere numerous. On some of the higher | slopes of Hacheta Grande Mt. there is a growth of very small scrub oak, sometimes so close as to impede travel, as it is mingled with a broad-leaved, black-spined agave. Elsewhere a small agave with white filaments is very abundant. There is also an agave zone surrounding the mountains, bounded outwardly by the zone of giant yuceas, both usual on the slopes leading to the mountains in this part of New Mexico. South of Daniels Peak the higher hills and buttes usually have Fouquieria and its characteristic society. The rock is hard limestone worn into holes and points, and containing few ill-preserved fossils, among which a Zaphrentis-like coral, crinoid stems and a spiral univalve are most abundant. Rattle- snakes, large centipedes, tarantulas and small brown scorpions are reasonably abundant. Birds and mammals are scarce, and owing to the absence of springs, the mountains are not available for cattle range. During the time we were there (August 20 to 26, 1910) the heat was intense from sunrise until after 9 P.M. Sky cloudless until midday, when small clouds gather, possibly covering 10 p. c. of the sky. There was very little wind. The annual rainfall is not known, but must be less than 9 or 10 inches, recorded from the region immediately northward. Previous to the visit of Mr. L. E. Daniels and the writer, in August, 1910, the mollusks of these mountains had been collected by Dr. Edgar A. Mearns, U.S. A., while serving on the survey of the Mexican boundary. Dr. Mearns started from Mesquite or Mosquito Springs, Chi- huahua, 6 or 8 miles east of the mouth of Sheridan Canyon. Enter- ing Thomson Canyon, he turned southward to get a practicable grade for mules up the steep ridge terminating in Daniels Peak. Passing near. or over the summit he camped at its north end. From here his route lay along the ridge to the summit of Big Hachet Mt.; thence eastward to near our Station 9, south past our Station 8, and back to camp, as plotted on the map, where his route is approximately indi- cated by small crosses.2 On this trip collections were made between | camp and the first rise indicated on the map, on the out-journey to the peak, and somewhere between our Stations 9 and 8 on the return. 2 We would here acknowledge Dr. Mearns’ kindness in plotting his route on our map and giving the above details of his visit. From the data it is now easy to determine the type localities of the species he found. © 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 325 BIG HACGHET MTo Prom field whetthes fF NA. (ilséry Seale about 35 ae4 boo riche 10 11 Big Hachet Mt: (Hacheta Grande) Teocalli Fig. 1.—Sketch of the Big Hachet Range, showing collecting stations. 326 ' PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Dr. Mearns returned to Mesquite Springs along the ridge running ~ from Daniels Mt. towards our camp in Sheridan Canyon, and along the wash running out of this canyon. Dr. Mearns found the following seven species, which were deter- mined by Dr. Wm. H. Dall:* Patula strigosa Gould, var. concentrata Dall. [Specimens reported — from summit of Hacheta Grande =Oreohelix hachetana.] | Epiphragmophora hachitana Dall [=Sonorella hachitana}. Polygyra mearnsii Dall [= Askmunella mearnsi]. : Thysanophora horni Gabb. Holospira crossei Dall. Holospira bilamellata Dall. Holospira mearnsi Dall. =| The relationships of the Big Hachet fauna are closest with the Florida and Organ ranges. Near related species of Sonorella and Ashmunella inhabit these three ranges, and Sonorellas very close to hachitana have been found in the Carrazolillo and Peloncillo Moun- — tains. The Oreohelices stand nearest to Chiricahua species. The Holospiras and Vallonia are special to the range, but the other small shells are common to most mountains of southern Arizona. Holospira is the most generally distributed snail in these moun- tains. Its abstemious nature is evidently satisfied with the scanty moisture supplied by the rare rains and light snow, which is said to whiten the mountains for brief periods in the winter. No doubt a great many colonies and other local races of Holospira remain to be found. Holospira lives only where there is limestone. We never found — but one colony on igneous rock, and this was on a dyke in a limestone ~ 1 | region. They are usually found on the hot slopes, east and south, where other snails are totally absent or very rare. The subgenus Radiocentrum of Oreohelix is represented by two new species, making five now known. The new forms agree in 4 genitalia and sculpture of the embryonic shell with those already known. In the large number examined? no embryos were found, so that there can be very little doubt that the species of this group 3 Diagnoses of new mollusks from the survey of the Mexican boundary, Proc. — U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895; Report on the mollusks collected by the Inter- —__ national Boundary Commission of the United States and Mexico, Proc. U.S. | Nat. Mus., XIX, 1896. - 4 Besides dissecting several individuals each of four of the species, we have pulled hundreds in cleaning the shells, without finding any embryos. Among ordinary Oreohelices it is rather exceptional to find an individual not gravid. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 327 are Oviparous—a further character distinguishing them from Oreo- helix, which is viviparous. It is also a more primitive feature. Sonorella hachitana (Dall). Plate V, figs. 4, 4a, 4b. Epiphragmophora hachitana Dall, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 2, 1895; XIX, p. 338, 1896. Sonorella hachitana (Dall), Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. 8. Phila. for 1900, p. 556, 1901; 1905, p. 257 (in part). Sonorella hachitana (Dall), Bartsch, Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 47, p. 190, Pl. 31, fig. 2 (shell of type); Pl. 29 (apex), 1904. As this species is type of the genus Sonorella,> the investigation of its soft anatomy had become a matter of importance, and to obtain living material was one of the chief objects of our quest in the Hachetas. We found it at Stations 7,8, 10 and 11. All of these stations are near or on Dr. Mearns’s route to the summit of Hacheta Grande. Station 7, on the western slope of a hill at the head of the northern branch of Western Canyon, was the most prolific locality. Here the Sonorellas may be found in some numbers under large stones on the steep slope near the hill-top, where there is some shade from the pion pines. Twenty-one adult shells from this station measure as follows: | SU ANSI 00) 6 ¢ eae ie} 22 22 23 Zo 24 Number of shells.......................... 2 8 2 2 1 1 The shells vary somewhat in the degree of deflection of the last — whorl, but very little in other respects. The last whorl descends more than in most related species. The color is pale fawn, fading to whitish in the middle of the base, and having a cinnamon-brown, shading into chestnut-brown, band above the periphery; this band is bordered with white on both sides. The aperture is rather small, its greatest diameter (including peristome) being 50 to 54 per cent. of the diameter of the shell. At Station 8 only dead shells were found, but these are more variable in size, the extremes in a lot of 8 measuring: Alt. 13.5, diam. 25.5 mm.; aperture diam. 13.6 mm. 6c ial a3 91.3 ce ce ce 10.8 ce 5 Epiphragmophora hachitana Dall was originally designated as the type of Sonorella, but the soft anatomy of the genus was described from New Mexican specimens of what was subsequently determined as a small form of S. ashumni Bartsch, a species which at that time had not been discriminated from S. hachi- tana. The dissection of topotypes of hachitana shows that the New Mexican form is specifically distinct, though closely allied. 328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, At Station 5 two broken examples, much weathered, were dug out of the soil. Though practically adult, the largest measures only 18.2 mm. diam- eter, the shell being quite as solid as in large individuals. It was probably dwarfed by the arid conditions be- fore it became extinct in this place. The genitalia are remarkable for the small size of the male organs. The penis is very slender, diameter 1 mm., tapering downward, and en- circled at the base by a short sheath. The penis-papilla is very slender, gradually tapering, and annulate. The retractor muscle is terminal, long and Gi & slender. Epiphallus a little shorter Fig. 2.—Genitalia of S.hachi- than the penis. The vagina is slightly tana, with detail of penis- 1 fhanth : Ouhenas papilla. onger than the penis. er organs as usual. Measurements of the organs of two individuals are given in the following table, with those of allied forms for comparison. | | a 3 - | = E = aa 3 ‘ | Etch, eee ee eet oe | “2 a = = Sy Og | ak | = Ld fee eae Bel Be BES oem a ae S. hachitana.......cc...0ch 6.25) 4 | 4.2] 1.25] 7.5 | 19 |.......| 108,098 ag OL eas tee: Sal oad gs AN Id eet LI tee a7 gy Ans Mee Ole oe 2 103,098 Ste lords ac eae: 10 4.3) 6:2 1.110. | 03:94 Sears 94,329 - eee ore 5.5 | 5 i Be 9 Tl eer ge Seeticee Seal es | 94,329 & on) 4 625 sO Sb at HOS ae ei Ome leaner | 86,4 S. h. peloncillensis........ ED ch 26 6224) oa Os seed 9.5 | 94,513 10 / Ors2| ant L 20) Oy tl See | eee ; The well-arched jaw has 7 or 8 ribs. The radula has about 22, 16, 1, 16, 22 teeth, both cusps becoming split on the marginal teeth. In my former work on S. hachitana (1905) I referred shells from the Organ and Florida Mountains and from central Arizona to S. hachi- tana, which at that time was not known anatomically. While it must be admitted that the shells are very similar, I find differential 1915.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 329 anatomical characters, which, though not great, seem to be constant in a considerable number examined, and which favor the more analytical treatment of the hachitana_group effected by Dr. Bartsch, —a view I formerly opposed. After examining many fresh specimens from both ranges, I separate the Florida and Hacheta Sonorellas subspecifically. : Whether the typical form of S. hachitana occurs outside of the Big Hachet range is doubtful. The Peloncillo range Sonorella (S. h. peloncillensis) is not easily distinguishable by the shell alone, but the proportions of the genitalia differ. On the Carrizolillo Mts., top of two peaks near the boundary line, numerous ‘‘bones”’ were collected by Dr. Mearns (No. 126,596, U. S. N. M.). They agree with S. hachitana in the rather wide umbilicus, small aperture and deeply descending last whorl, but differ by the average smaller size, from alt. 10.8, diam. 19.3 mm., to alt. 12.4, diam. 21.4 mm. It is apparently a small race of hachitana. The locality is about 30 miles east of Big Hachet Mountain. Specimens reported as S. hachitana from the Chiricahua Mountains will doubtless turn out to be one of the species already described from there. Several resemble hachitana more or less in the shell, but all differ in genitalia. The specimen reported from the Santa. Rita Mountains (No. 105,385, U.S. N. M.) is dead and broken. It is not hachitana, but probably an undescribed species near S. clappi P. & F. Ashmunella mearnsii (Dall). Plate V, figs. 1 to 1b. Polygyra inearnsii Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 2, 1895; XIX, pele43;, el. 32, figs. 7,8, 11, 1896: Up to this time A. mearnsii has been known from the original lot collected by Dr. Mearns about twenty years ago. We found it 6 The figured type of A. mearnsii and nine specimens in various conditions of perfection are Cat. No. 130,012, U. 8. N. M., said to be from the Huachuca Mts. In the adult shells of this lot the parietal wall of the aperture is built up and disjoined from the preceding whorl. In another lot, No. 130,013, U.S. N. M., three specimens, Hacheta Grande Mt., the parietal callus is appressed. This difference in the parietal callus is exactly what we have noticed between the specimens from our Station 5 (near Dr. Mearns’s camp site) and those from our Stations 10 and 11, near and at the top of Hacheta Grande Mt., a place also visited by Dr. Mearns. We conclude, therefore, that there was a mistake of “Huachuca” for ‘‘Hacheta”’ in the label of No. 130,012; and that A. mearnsii does not really live in the Huachucas. This seems the more likely because in several camping trips to the Huachucas this species was not found. A record of A. mearnsi from the Organ Mountains, N. M., has been published, on the authority of Professor Cockerell. We have not seen the specimen, but suspect that they are A. kochi Clapp. We suggest that our Station 5 in the Hacheta Mountains be accepted as type locality for A. mearnsi. 330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, in great profusion at Station 5 on the east side of Daniels Mountain, near the summit, with Holospira bilamellata.. Also at Stations 7, 10 and 11, the latter at the summit of Hacheta Grande. The specimens from Station 5 (not far from the site of Dr. Mearns’s camp) agree well with the original specimens, description and figure. Usually the parietal callus is raised from the surface as a thin, straight lamina, and in almost all of them the edge is more definite than in shells from other stations. The axial end of the parietal lamella is abruptly bent towards the columella and is more or less tubercular; Rarely the tubercle is almost free from the lamella. The spire is occasionally almost flat. The color in shells taken alive is translucent sayal brown. The diameter varies from 11.5 to 14.5 mm. In specimens from the summit of Hacheta Grande the parietal lamelle are a little shorter; the axial end of the longer branch is often straight, but more fre- quently is bent, or the bend is represented by a tubercle con- nected with, or almost free from the lamella. |The edge of the parietal callus is appressed to the surface, and is often arcuate. The aperture varies in obliquity, as the figures show. The penis is stout, bipartite. The epiphallus is strongly con- voluted just beyond the insertion : of the retractor muscle. It is Fig. 3.—Genitalia of A. mearnst. epi, MED) long. No flagellum seen. ~ PES Ne a eee The spermatheca is largest in the eens fa wes ' “middle, thin-walled. Length of penis 4.5 mm.; epiphallus 30 mm.; vagina 4mm.; spermatheca and duct 19 mm. A. mearnsi lives in the earth under stones, like A. walkeri in the Floridas, both being burrowing species. It is closely related to A. kochi Clapp and A. walkeri Ferriss, but quite distinct from both. A. levettei bifurca in the Huachucas is a less depressed shell with more whorls. Oreohelix (Radiocentrum) hachetana n. sp. Plate VI, figs. 1 to 1d, 6. The shell is depressed, umbilicate, the umbilicus about one-fourth the diameter of the shell; moderately solid, but thin, opaque whitish, obliquely streaked or smeared with various shades from light cinna- 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. dol mon-drab to pale ecru-drab, often having a band of the same below the periphery; embryonic whorls fawn color. Spire convex or very low conic, 12 embryonic whorls convex, sculptured with delicate, retractive radial rib-striz, a few very fine spiral lines in the intervals (fig. 6); following whorls irregularly marked with weak growth- lines, less convex, a little flattened or impressed above the suture, the last whorl convex, very indistinctly angular at the periphery, slowly descending to the aperture, convex beneath. The aperture is very oblique, about as high as wide. Peristome thin, the upper and basal margins somewhat prolonged and a little straightened, converging, joined by a thin, adnate parietal callus. Alt. 9, diam. 15 mm.; 53 whorls. Fig. 4—A. Genitalia of Oreohelix hachetana. B, Oreohelix ferrissi. Genitalia (fig. 4,A). The penis is very short, its distal half en- larged. The walls of the rather large cavity are densely papillose, the papillze long, arranged in oblique rows in some parts. Epi- phallus about equal in length to the penis, its distal half enlarged. Vagina equal to the penis in length. Length of the penis, epiphallus and vagina 5 mm.; length of spermatheca and duct 15 mm. Summit of Hacheta Grande Mountain, at Station 11, collected August 25th, 1910, by H. A. Pilsbry. Also Station 10, Pilsbry and - Daniels. This species was collected in considerable quantity—several hundred living specimens. The “bones”’ are seen all over the upper four or five hundred feet of the peak, between Stations 10 and 11 of the map. Living snails were all taken on the west side and were most 332 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, abundant at the summit near and north of the small stone ‘‘monu- ment” or cairn which marks the summit, on and under stones. Also. on the precipitous western slope at Station 10. The species is very uniform in all its characters. The size varies. from 14 to 16 mm. diameter, and in some shells the last whorl descends more than in others. Very few have the parietal callus thickened and a little raised. It differs from all forms of O. strigosa by its convex, radially costellate embryonic whorls, but in many adult shells this sculpture is effaced. O. ferrisst is probably the most nearly related species, though very different. Oreohelix hachetana cadaver n. subsp. Plate VI, fig. 2. The shell is larger than hachetana, the periphery rounded in adults except near the aperture in front, where it is distinctly angular. Umbilicus smaller, one-sixth the diameter of the shell. Alt. 11.5, diam. 18.5 mm.; barely 5 whorls. Station 5, below the cliffs on the north side of the summit of Daniels Mountain, Daniels and Pilsbry, August 22d, 1910. Only a few long-dead shells were found in this thirsty place, where, at the base of the cliffs there are a few small pinyon pines, mostly dead or moribund. Holospira and Ashmunella mearnsi live here in abundance. A young shell, long dead, found at Station 6, may belong to the same variety. Oreohelix (Radiocentrum) ferrissin.sp. Plate VI, figs. 4 to 5d. The shell is openly umbilicate, umbilicus conic, over one-fourth the total diameter; slightly convex above, base strongly convex; thin, light dull brown. The embryonic shell of 13 convex whorls is finely lamellose striate radially (fig. 5d). Post-embryonic whorls” have the surface densely lamellose along growth-lines, the lamellze rising in triangular cuticular processes where they cross the spiral ridges of the shell. When denuded, the shell has a blunt, projecting peripheral carina; the upper surface has a wide, somewhat angular spiral ridge upon all the post-embryonic whorls, sometimes with one or two minor ridges; the lower surface has three to five low spiral ridges and some minute, weak spiral strie; the whole shell being closely thread-striate along growth-lines. The last whorl usually does not descend in front. Aperture oblique, irregularly rounded, lip simple, the margins rather widely separated, parietal callus thin. Shells denuded of the cuticular processes measure: Alt. 6.5, diam. 14.5 mm.; 43 whorls. £56 pea eta bce 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. Bish) Genitalia similar to O. hachetana, except that the lower third of the duct of the spermatheca is more enlarged. Length of penis 5mm.; epiphallus 5.5 mm.; spermatheca and duct 9 mm. (fig. 4 B). Hacheta Grande Mts. at Station 3, on ledges of high cliffs opposite the mouth of Sheridan Canyon, under stones, Pilsbry and Daniels, August 21, 1910. Cotypes. No. 112,276, A. N. S. P. Also at Station 1, Teocalli Butte. O. ferrissi has much the appearance of the Chiricahuan O. barbata Pils., but this resemblance is superficial. When denuded of the cuticular fringes, the two are quite different, the Chiricahuan species being much smoother, without the strong spiral ridges of O. ferrissi. Moreover, the sculpture of the embryonic shell is different. The shape of penis and epiphallus in O. ferrissi is like O. chiricahuana and O: clappi, both organs being enlarged distally, while in O. barbata the lower half of the penis is enlarged, the distal portion slender. In well-developed shells the last whorl scarcely descends anteriorly, the upper margin of the lip being inserted on the peripheral carina. In some of the smaller adults, diam. 13 mm., the last whor! is bent downwards; the upper and columellar margins of the lip converge and are connected by a raised parietal lamina, the mouth having a somewhat triangular contour. These are to be regarded as decadent {gerontic) individuals. At Station 1, Teocalli Butte, the shells are all convex above, with a noticeably smaller umbilicus. The largest measures, alt. 7.8, diam. 15 mm., with 5 whorls (Pl. VI, fig. 4b). This small colony is probably extinct or nearly so, as no living shells were found. Our Station 3 is on ledges of high cliffs facing the mouth of Sheridan Canyon, and especially on a bench about half-way up. Here Ferriss’s Oreohelix lives on an almost inaccessible cliff looking out over the mesa into Mexico. There is little vegetation on the ledges. On the talus slope below the cliff there is a growth of dwarf oak about knee-high, charming big wild roses of a species which we saw nowhere else, Cylindropuntia, Opuntia, bisnagas, ete. On top, above the cliffs, the Fouqwieria, sotol, mescal society is found. The Oreohelix colony is of small extent; the ledges where they were observed living are probably not over a couple of square rods in area, with perhaps an equal area on the talus below the cliffs, where dead shells were found. These estimates are from memory, as I neglected to note the figures at the time. The locality on the east side of Teocalli Butte is more restricted, and if possible more arid. 334 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Oreohelix ferrissi morticina n. subsp. Plate VI, fig. 3. Differs from O. ferrissi by the more convex spire and by the weak- ness of the spiral sculpture, there being no such pronounced spiral ridge on the upper surface of the whorls, and only very weakly sketched spirals on the base, whilst in O. ferrissi these ridges are very ~ emphatie. Alt. 7.2, diam. 14.2 mm.; 4? whorls. Station 5, below the cliffs on the north side of Daniels Mountain, near the summit, with Holospira, ete. Only a few long-dead shells were taken, but these surely indicate a local race which has finally succumbed to the increasing aridity of their station. Of large shells only Holospira and Ashmunella survive on this mountain, both of them being burrowing animals. Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). Found at Stations 3 and 5. It is an almost ubiquitous Lower Sonoran snail. UROCOPTIDA. The study of a very large series of Hachita Holospiras has fully confirmed the results reached in our study of Chiricahuan species, that the number of internal lamellze is variable in each species and colony, among perfectly mature or even aged individuals. They vary in a way it was impossible to foresee at the time when Holo- spiras were so rare that only one or two of a lot could be opened. Very naturally, the number of internal lamelle was thought at that time to be of specific and even subgeneric value. In some colonies it appears that the largest shells have in the average the greatest development of lamella, so that it might be thought that only the most vigorous individuals attain the full number; yet other races or colonies give a contrary result. No external character is correllated with the number of lamelle. Usually most of the shells of any one colony resemble each other in size, shape and sculpture, so that each lot has a certain individuality, though all of the characters vary more than is usual among the land snails. We have never found two species of Holospira living in one colony, either in the Hachitas or in any other district, in the course of several years, collecting, in many places in Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. A comparison of the Holospiras of the Hachita Grande range with those of the Chiricahua range shows some interesting resemblances and differences. In both localities the internal lamelle present (in > 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 300 almost every form known by large lots) may be (1) Superior, axial and basal, or (2) axial only. In Hachita forms we have also the combination (3) axial and basal, which is never found in the Chirica- huan series, where it is replaced by the combination (4) swperior and axial. Every Hachita species has, therefore, in different speci- mens of the same colony, the characters of the supposed subgenera or sections Bostrichocentrum, Haplostemma, Distomospira, and Tri- stemma, while a Chiricahuan species will belong to Bostrichocentrum, Eudistemma, and Tristemma. In external form and sculpture there are no differences greater than specific between the Hachita and Chiricahua species. The Hachita Holospiras belong, if we accept the criterion of intergradation, to only one species, for which the prior name is H. crossei. Between this species and H. bilamellata there is a perfect series of intergrades in size, sculpture and number of whorls. We mean by this that some individuals of an H. crossez colony could not be distinguished from mearnsi; some mearnsi can be exactly matched in a colony of bilamellata, or of media; and certain slender shells of bilamellata would pass as longa. The other named forms are more distinct, probably because we did not happen to collect where the intergrading colonies live. The races are therefore based upon the forms dominant in each colony. One might easily define a half dozen species, if only a few shells from each place were in hand; or if the internal lamelle were taken to be of specific weight, it might be thought that there are between two and three times that number. é There are many colonies, most of which have some special char- acters. A thorough exploration of the northern end of the range will undoubtedly bring to light very many more forms, so that any treatment of the group must now be tentative. For our present purpose we consider the smallest form (crossez) and the largest (b7- lamellata) as species, ranking the others as subspecies, though in some cases they are more distinct than these two are from one another. Several thousand shells were collected. The colonies at Stations 1, 2, 3, 12, are of very limited extent, physical features restricting them. Station 5 is much larger. The other Stations, 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, merely represent collecting points in large areas where Holospira may be picked up almost anywhere over considerable tracts, while at the same time there are large areas in the region over which these stations are scattered where no shells can be found. 336 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Holospira bilamellata Dall. Plate VII, figs. 1 to 1d. Holospira (Distomospira) bilamellata Dall., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895, p. 4; XIX, p. 896, p. 349, Pl. 31, fig. 3.. Pilsbry, Man. of Conch., XV, 1902, p. 82, Pl. 16, figs. 5, 10, 11. Bartsch, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XXXI, 1906, p. 134. Daniels, Nautilus, XX VI, p. 41, Pl. 5, fig. 9 (normal) and fig. 8 (abnormal) shells. The first four references cited above pertain to specimens of the original lot, of which there are 8 perfect shells in Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. and 22in Coll. A. N.S. Phila: The species is distinguished from H. crossei chiefly by its greater size. It was found by Mr. Daniels and the writer in great abundance at Station 5, on the east side of Daniels Mountain under the cliffs close to the summit, with Ashmunella mearnsi and Oreohelix, in the pimon zone. In most of the shells the external ribs weaken or dis- appear on the penultimate and one or two earlier whorls, but in some they continue to the last, as in the type lot of bilamellata. Sixty examples from Station 5 opened, most of them measured give the following data: (1) One lamella, the axial. 13 specimens = 213%. Length 23, diam. 5 mm.; whorls 19 oe 2 ce ce ae 183 ce 19.5 cc 5 cc ce 163 cc 19 ce ANT cc 3 17 7s 18 “ce 5 ce cc 16 “cc 18 zs 5 ce a3 16 ee EH re ne fa eg Bie ec DN ML Te nck, aaa i eLO “e 16 ce 4.5 oe as 143 fy llc Oiaie ci UOIS k Pe aries (2) Two lamelle, axial and basal. 41 specimens = 682%. Length 2.2, diam. 4.9 mm.; whorls 183 ce AN) iz (a9 iz 163 cc 20 a9 49 a3 ce 163 6 O Oerse es ALB i es “c 19 ce 5 6é a3 16 a3 19 ce 5 igs (as 153 ce 19 ce 5 cc cc 163 <3 SSB wa eye dG “163 “ 19 z3 5 ce a3 117 “cc 18.6 “ee 5 ce ce 153 “cc 18.5 cc 5 ce ims 153 ce 18.2 “c 5 ce cc 163 fe BIDS ay WEAR Ae i Jae “ Le ce 5 ce cc ie ac 18 ce 5. 73 iz 153 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. BRYA Length 18, diam. 5 mm.; whorls 16 a3 177i (79 (73 (79 4.8 LG inne LZ: 4.2) Sas “ec ie (73 5 co a3 153 cc 7, (73 4.8 ce cc 153 oe lose. 2 458°“ ley. male bG.o ors i 4A oe ras ey NG. Sie) dt ame sé 16 a3 5.5 cc cc 134 “e 16 ve 4.5 (as (a9 143 “ 16 6c 4.5 (a3 cc 15 pal elrons. sa 2. 4.5F | Sie Ss paloma eek Got ee ala aC ae a “143 epee, ALAS "4 145 pete he AOS | gale 46 15 ce An) a3 ce 14 oka Le: 2 Ae ara: sae ghia ie (3) Three lamella, superior, axial and basal. Six individuals =A Length 20.5, diam. 4.9 mm.; whorls 17 73 20 “ (73 5 es 3 920 73 4.9 (a3 ce 1('7/ 0 gS) aa tae” eo Be ky ad 19 ce 5 ce ce 17 In size, sculpture and shape, we can find no external character correllated with the differences in internal structure. The speci- mens from Station 5 are from one colony. It will be seen that the typical bilamellata axial structure pre- dominates, nearly 70% having that arrangement of lamelle. The dimensions of this lot agree well with those given by Bartsch for § specimens in the U. 8. Nat. Mus., but our lot, being larger, includes shells both larger and smaller than any in the original lot. Holospira bilamellata longa n. form. Plate VII, figs. 2 to 20. Slender and pillar-like, the diameter contained four times or more in the length; whorls of the cone and last whorl costulate, 3 to 5 inter- mediate whorls usually smooth or nearly so. Aperture projecting laterally and forward; usually 3 internal lamelle, in the beginning of the penultimate whorl, therefore ventral in position, the superior lamella generally very strong, and larger and longer than the basal. Length 19.6, diam. 4 mm.; whorls 17 6é 19.2, 6c 4 (a3 6c 184 POUCIE VG eat ae yt mand 338 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF _[May, Length 17.9, diam. 3.9 mm.; whorls 17 “c ce 4 ce ins 17-2; | 17 eee arte 6 cones “ee 17, iz 3.9 cc iad 155 he hae a lesa “ce 16.3 ce 4 cc ce 153 Station 4, on the south slope of Daniels Mt. near the summit. Types Nos. 112,269, A. N.S. P., collected by Pilsbry and Daniels, August 22, 1910. Out of 20 shells opened, 16 have three lamelle and 4 have two, the axial and basal. The pillar-like shape, numerous whorls, and prevalence of a superior lamella, as well as the deeper position of the lamellz, are individually variable characters, yet in the aggregate they may suffice to define a race in this group. These Holospiras live among rocks where there is very little xerophytic vegetation and the heat is terrific. The type lot was picked up at about the same elevation as Station 5, but there the exposure is less calorific, the sparse pifions and the cliffs afford shade, so that the soil retains some moisture. Holospiras were seen scattered over a large area below and around Station 4. - Holospira bilamellata heliophila n. subsp. Plate VII, figs, 3 to 3c. The shell is small, rather slender, with a long cone; strongly costate throughout; usually having axial and basal lamellee within the middle part of the penultimate whorl. Peristome well expanded in the basal and columellar margins, but scarcely so near the upper angle. (1) One lamella, the axial. 3 specimens = 15%. Length 14.2, diam. 3.8 mm.; whorls 16 en WES ee on bk iby aise: “ce 13 “ec 3.9 (as a3 144 (2) Two lamellz, axial and basal. 13 specimens = 65%. Length 14.8, diam. 4 mm.; whorls 155 14.8 ce 4 “cc cc 15 “ 14.6 ce 4 ce a3 154 he A Dg i ogee aS: ce 14 a3 3.9 ce “e 15 “cc 14 ce B47/ “cc iz 154 “c 13.8 ce 3.9 a3 a3 143 cc 12.6 (a3 3.8 atk 6c 132 “ce ila tes “cc 4 “ce ce 12+ 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 309 (3) Three lamelle, superior, axial and basal. 4 specimens = 20%. Length 13.9, diam. 3.7 mm.; whorls 153 ag lis ce 4 c 73 14. Station 1, northern and eastern sides of Teocalli Butte, at the base of the cliff. Types Nos. 112,265, A. N.S. P. Twenty shells opened out of a series of over 250 show that the bilamellate form predominates. The largest shell noticed is 14.9 mm. long, the smallest 11.56 mm. There is rather wide variation in sculpture, but a large majority of the shells conform to fig. 3a in this respect. Holospira bilamellata insolata n. subsp. Plate VII, figs. 4 to 4a. The shell is slender, with a rather long terminal cone; very strongly ribbed throughout; composed of many (133 to 175) short, convex whorls, the last very shortly free in front. Peristome narrow, only very slightly expanded. Only the axial lamella developed in 14 out of 16 individuals opened, the other two having axial and basal lamelle. Length 15.5, diam. 3.6 mm.; whorls 175 (73 15, iz 3.8 a3 a3 i 53 cr elle LS SS Digicom ere ty ee DEEN Lee of bs) Voi =~ 165 cc 14.5, “cc 3.6 ce “cc 153 73 14, cc 3.8 a3 cc 153 (73 13.5, iz 3.8 iad (79 15 “ 13, cc B37) “cc “ 143 iz 13, ec 3.3 ec (a9 153 wy) pe 2220 ami 9 pega ke: 73 12. a3 3.9 a3 a3 133 Fn Cal sce Ra eS ‘‘ 134 (axial and basal lamelle). Station 6, on the southeastern slope of the mountain south of Big Hachet Mt. This form differs from crossei and mearnst by the more slender shape, long terminal cone, more numerous whorls and strong sculp- ture. It agrees with bilamellata in having many whorls, but differs by its slender form, longer cone, the prevalence of unilamellate shells, etc. H. b. heliophila stands nearest to insolata, but in that race the bilamellate form predominates. It is more conspicuously ribbed than any of the other Hacheta races. Holospira bilamellata media n. subsp. Plate VII, figs. 5 to 5c. The shell is cylindric with a long terminal cone; composed of many closely coiled, convex whorls, all after the embryo rather strongly, 340 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, sharply costulate; buff-whitish except where darkened by the presence of the soft parts, the last whorl shortly projecting; peris- tome narrowly expanded. Internal lamellz one to three, but axial - and basal most frequent. 75 individuals opened from the type locality. Southern and western portions of Sheridan Canyon, at Stations 2,12 and 3. Types Nos. 112,268 A. N. 8. P., from Station 3, at the base of a cliff near the mountain top, facing the mouth of Sheridan Canyon, in company with Oreohelix ferrisst. Specimens from the type locality measure as follows: (1) An axial lamella only. 22 individuals = 293%. Length 16.9, diam. 4 mm. ; whorls 16 16.6, + ifr “¢ 15; “ 4 “cc a3 154 6c 14.2, ““ 4 cc ““ 15 “cc 14, ce 27 “cr 6c 134 a3 13:9; “ 4 (as a3 143 Peas Came Ted) iq ae Galea meas SE l= wt cnamlds (73 12:2, vc 4 ce 6c 124 ‘c 12, a3 4 6c ce 123 (2) Axial and basal lamelle. 48 shells = 64%. Length 18.5, diam. 4.25 mm. ; ; whorls 173 . 16.5, 4.3 154 ce 16.5 te (73 4 a3 73 16! GENO, € 450 4On8 , panei a3 16, cc 4 ce ia 16 ce ae “ec 4 “ a3 154 ce ina! ie (a3 4 c¢ “ce 154 73 14.2, cc 4 a3 a3 15 a3 13:5, ‘a3 4 ce cc 14 “ce di, ce 4 ce cc 14 cc 13, ce “4 cc ¢ 133 cc 13, 6c 3.8 cc cc 14 SGD Bee Se age eg ee NTR BBR) MONG ae aden aman 73 12.1, ce 4 “ ce 13 “cc it: ce 4 “ “cc 133 (3) Three lamelle, superior, axial and basal. 5 shells = 62%. Length 18, diam. 4 mm. ; ; whorls 175 17, 4.3 17 “c 16.5, “c 4 “c “ 163 “ 16.4, tas 4 “cc 16 “cc Se ce 4.1 ce “c 14 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. _ 341 Also one shell which has two basal lamellae. The upper partition was broken away in opening, so that the presence of a superior lamella is uncertain. This form stands nearest to H. b. mearnsi, but the striation is sharper, not partially effaced on the later whorls and the cone is in the average longer. The habitats of mearnsi and media are rather remote from one another, and several other forms inhabit territory between them. The specimens from Station 12 are more like mearns?, the sculpture being weak on the penultimate and next earlier whorls. Out of 11 opened— _ ~ 2 have one lamella, axial. 9 have two lamelle, axial and basal. 1 has three lamelle, axial, basal and superior. Station 2 is on the northern slope of one of the ravines east of and running from Teocalli Butte, at the foot of an irregular pro- jecting bench of limestone. It is much the lowest station where shells were found in the Hachetas. The shells are partly as rough as those from Station 3, but some approach those of Station 12. Out of 21 shells opened— 15 have two lamellze, axial and basal. 6 have three lamelle, axial, basal and superior. In size the shells from Stations 12 and 2 are about equal to those from Station 3. Holospira bilamellata mearnsi Dall. Plate VII, figs. 6, 6a. Holospira (Haplostemma) mearnsi Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895, p. 4; XIX, 1896, p. 350, Pl. 31, fig. Le Holospira (Distomospira) mearnst Dall, Bartsch, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XXXI, 1906, p. 134. Six shells of the type lot, the measurements of which are given by Dr. Bartsch, measure 14 to 15.8 mm. long, 4.2 to 4.5 wide, with 14 whorls. Twenty shells were taken at our Station 8, on the eastern slope of Hacheta Grande Mt. (see map, p. 325). Ten were opened, 3 having only the axial lamella, which is very weak in two of them; 7 have axial and basal lamellae. Measurements follow. Length 17, diam. 4.5 mm. ; whorls 15; an axial lamella. 15; aetna) 15; axial and basal lamelle. ee ame ben Res) iz By) fF - 141 Pe rgilcio ke Aaa ff ro 14 ae calle patens* eae axial and basal lamelle. ce 13; iz 4 ce a3 131: 73 ce ce 13, 73 4 a3 73 13 ce iz3 ce “ec 13, 73 3.9 ce iz 123; ce ce ce 342 _ PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, Length 12.6, diam. 4 mm.; whorls 133 ec 12:5, ag 4 a3 ce 123 gp Shire! hs ere . ‘* 12; an axial lamella. These shells connect H. crossei and H. bilamellata. Specimens of intermediate size agree exactly with one of the type lot of mearnsi, kindly lent from the National Museum. The smallest shells are indistinguishable from crossei, while the largest could not be separated from small bilamellata. Yet the colony as a whole has a certain individuality by its intermediate size, and as the form has been named, we let it stand as a convenient place for crossei-bilamellata inter- grades. It is attached to H. bilamellata rather than to H. crossei, because the prevalent form, in the small lot opened, is bilamellate. All of the shells were collected in one spot where the writer sat resting. A large quantity could have been gathered had time and strength permitted. A few specimens are quite finely striate, while others are rather coarsely ribbed, like the type of mearnsi; still others being intermediate in sculpture. The sculpture in some shells becomes very much weaker on the penultimate and next earlier whorls. H. mearnsi served as monotype of the subgenus Haplostemma Dall, characterized by the possession of an axial lamella only. Bartsch, opening another specimen, found a basal lamella also, and concluded that that lamella had been broken away in opening the original specimen. Since some fully adult examples are known to have an axial lamella only, it is likely that Dall’s original diagnosis was correct for the specimen he opened, while Bartsch was also right as to the shell he examined and which we have seen. Holospira crossei Dall. Plate VII, figs. 7 to 7c. Holospira crosset Dall, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1895, p. 3; XIX, 1897, p. 348, Pl.31, fig. 2. Pilsbry, Man. of Conch., XV, p. 92, Pl. 28, fig. 75; Moll. S. W. States, ii, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1905, p. 217, Pl. 26, fig..8. Bartsch, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XX XI, 1906, p. 137. All of the above references were based upon the original lot, of which there are 11 perfect specimens in Coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. and 2 in Coll. A.N.S.P. One of these two has a very weak, hardly notice- able fold on the axis, the other has a very strong but short fold there. The writer collected H. crossei at the type locality, the summit of Hacheta Grande. The exact spot, Station 11, is just off the western edge of the small level tract at the summit, which is marked by a small stone monument. Being much higher, this station is less dry than Station 5, where the large H. bilamellata abounds, and weer Re aT eee 0 errs 4 ris Wines ae ee, is TFS oF aN ES 7 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 343 there is decidedly more vegetation. A few were picked up on the slope towards Station 10, dead shells being scattered all over the upper 500 ft. or more of this ascent. Sixty specimens were opened, measurements of 31 being given below. (1) No axial lamella, merely a callous or very inconspicuous node on the axis in the penultimate whorl. 15 individuals = 25%. Length 14, diam. 4 mm.; whorls 13; penult. whorl smooth. 12. 8, 3.9 te aigte Oa 3. cae faye. Ma” Sasol eae ‘¢ weak ribs. Caan bk ee) 8 as See be we ‘* smooth. Be ve Se hes ae ete ee ‘“ strong ribs. series, ne es) A. . Peete 2 ee ‘weak ribs. ing 13; ce 3.7 ce (73 12 (73 ia§ (7 ce ad ee ee lpr Sw id IE ek ‘* smooth. ce 10.5; (73 3.8 as 73 te é (a9 (73 (2) Axial lamella in penultimate whorl short and strong; no other lamellae. 30 individuals = 50%. Length 13, diam. 4 mm. ; ; whorls 123; penult. whorl weak ribs. 12, 4 COM £2: iG 3.8 e 66 12: oe 66 G a SP aS ERS tana oe Peale a ‘“ “smooth. ce 11.8, “cc 3.8 ce ce 113; ce ce ce “ 11:3; Ts 3.6 a3 6 12: c a3 73 (a3 if 6“ 3.9 6c cc 114; 6c a 6“ FSR aor 10 ae (Vere “weak ribs. 7 S/O OS Ra em es aoe De ‘““ smooth COUT Gia aig: te li «493, ‘strong ribs. 6c 10.5, ce 2) (a3 “cc i: ce cc cc ce (3) Axial lamella short and strong or rarely weak; a basal lamella within last half of penultimate whorl. 12 specimens = 20%. Length 13, diam.4 mm.; ; Whorls 132; penult. whorl smooth. 6c 1 ib mb: a 123; . weak ribs. (a4 tt iz 3.8 73 a3 133; ce ce ce Ay la aa ao aaa psa 2 oa ‘smooth. “ec 12.5, iz 3.8 ce ce 12: 6 as ce rt SI ty RA ak Mae 19 eee We ole 2k ee ‘ strong ribs. cc UAE igs Bite cc cc 148 c¢ cc ce ce ed 13.9: eee ae “weak ribs. (4) Axial, basal and superior lamellee in the last half of penulti- mate whorl. 3 individuals = 5%. Length 14, diam. 4 mm. ; whorls 13; penult. whorl weak ribs. fiat re, MA 121: He ‘* strong ribs, “ne all DTW een aeaien od: La oy tel ee ‘* smooth. 344 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [May, The embryonic shell, of slightly over 2 whorls, is smooth and projects nipple-like. The following whorls of the cone are strongly ribbed, but the ribs weaken more or less on the cylindrical part, so that on the penultimate whorl they are often inconspicuous or almost wanting (for brevity called “smooth” in the above tables). There is of course complete intergradation in this character, so that the classification in the table is more or less arbitrary. The size averages larger in shells with 2 or 3 lamelle, but there are exceptions. It will be understood that the measurements were based upon shells which to all external appearance are adult or old. After a careful study of the aperture and lip, I think that it may be accepted as certain that the variations in lamella recorded above are not depend- ent upon age of the individual. At Station 10, on the northern slope of Hacheta Grande Mt., a small series was taken. All of them have the whorls of the cylindric portion smooth or nearly so, glossy, the cone and the last whorl, or its last half, being ribbed as usual. Ten specimens opened measure as follows: Length 14.2, diam. 4 mm.; whorls 14; axial and basal lamelle. Baek zi De 125; ce 13, ce 4.4 ce 73 123; “é (74 (a4 “ec ce 13 cc AD ce “ce 123; ‘é “ec (74 “ce “cc 12:9, (a3 4 ce “ce 123; (a9 cc 79 ce git FS yA le i ee ‘¢ 12; axial lamella only. cc 115, ce 4 “ce ce 12; 73 ce ce “ce Tt.5; (73 4 ‘ce ce 12; (73 73 ce cc 113; 73 3 9 (79 ce 113; (74 (73 ce cc 10.3, a9 3 3 cc a9 113; (74 cc “ This lot, by the size of some individuals and the large number (50%) of bilamellate example, is intermediate between crosse: and mearnsi, as it also is in the elevation of the station. It has a feature of its own in the smooth median whorls, parallelled, however, by some individuals of crossei from the mountain top. None of the mearnsi seen are so smooth. ZONITIDA. Vitrea indentata umbilicata (CkIl.). Stations 3, 5 and 8. Zonitoides minuscula alachuana (Dall). Stations 8 and 11. FERUSSACIDA. Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill.). Station 8. Scarce. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 345: PUPILLIDA. Pupilla sonorana (Sterki). Station 11. Abundant on the summit of Big Hachet Mt. Bifidaria pellucidathordeacella (Pils.). Stations 3, 5,°8 and 11. A peculiar short cylindric form, having less convex whorls, less tapering spire and blunter summit, was taken at Stations 3 and 5. Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki. Stations 8 and 11. Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki. Stations 3, 5, 8 and 11. VALLONIIDA. Vallonia sonorana n.sp. Fig. 5. The shell is very broadly, openly umbilicate, width of umbilicus contained about three times in the diameter of shell; whitish corneous. First 13 whorls smooth, corneous, glossy; following whorls with sculpture of rather delicate riblets about 38-40 on the last whorl, in fresh specimens bearing irregular cuticular extensions; the spaces between ribs delicately striate, the strie irregularly anastomosing. Whorls 32, strongly convex, rather slowly widening, separated by a Fig. 5.—Vallonia sonorana. vi 7 hs AP 4; ome ve ae “= PEATEs Vile PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1915. STATES. SCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN MOLLU PIESBRY : proc. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1915. OLIN WAH PINSBRY: MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES. sien, sad Tucson | Ranges, Arizona. re rom the Proceings of The ‘Gunaaee of N atural a aeinnd of Philadelphia, June, 1915. NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 363 * “ MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES, VII: THE DRAGOON, MULE, “a SANTA RITA, BABOQUIVARI, AND TUCSON RANGES, ARIZONA. it ‘ BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND JAMES H. FERRISS. _ This paper and the preceding one (VI) contain the account of ‘mollusks collected in course of our explorations in 1910, from the middle of August to the middle of October. The forms obtained in the Santa Catalina Mountains will be described in connection with the collections made there by one of us (Ferriss) in 1913. We were ably assisted in the field by Mr. L. E. Daniels.t_ Besides the ranges enumerated in the title, some account is given of several minor hill groups, all in the region south of the Southern Pacific Railroad. While this paper, with those already published on the Chiricahua and Huachuca Ranges, is monographic for the mollusks of Arizona south of the Southern Pacific, yet the field is far from exhausted. Our work is a reconnaissance rather than a complete malacological survey. Further species will reward search in the southwestern end and outliers of the Chiricahuas, the southern _ Dragoons, the Whetstone Range, and the mountains around and 7 “south of Tombstone. Further west we have explored only small middle sections of the Santa Rita and Baboquivari Ranges. Many hill and mountain groups between Tucson and Nogales remain untouched, most of them doubtless inhabited by endemic species of Sonorella. In the nearly waterless region westward between the Baboquivari Range and the Colorado River, almost nothing has been done aside from some account of the snails of the Comobabi - Mountains, which we are now giving. _ Going westward in southern Arizona from the eastern limit of the State, the general level falls and the mountains become lower and smaller. There is a gradual elimination of snails requiring a reason- - able degree of humidity. Ashmunella and Oreohelix extend west to the Huachucas. Beyond that range they disappear. The small shells also abruptly diminish in number of genera and species, by i 1 We are indebted to Mr. J. C. Blumer, of Tucson, for several species from the a Comobabi and Cababi Mountains, which we did not visit. 364 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, elimination of the Transition Zone forms. Holospira, too, becomes rare. In the Santa Cruz River Valley it is known by one species— at the present time, one specimen; and none are known from further west. The spread of this genus is not controlled by humidity. _ It lives in the driest and hottest situations, often at low elevations, but it is confined to limestone tracts, and limited by volcanic or metamorphic rock. The mountains westward, in the region under consideration, are mainly voleanic, and the stony tracts are therefore unsuitable for Holospira. The progressive impover:shment of the fauna leaves, in the Santa Cruz Valley and westward, a few Lower Sonoran Pupillide, Zonitide, Thysanophora (hornit), and the true desert snail, Sonorella. Sonorella will live in the most arid places, where the rainfall does not exceed 5 or 6 inches, so long as there is abundant rock shelter and a certain amount of shade, such as the shadow of a cliff or a small bush. Northern slopes are preferred. In exploring a new mountain or hill in the really arid country one aims for the northern or northwestern slope under the highest crags. If coarse talus or rock ‘‘slides” are found, persistent quarrying should produce Sonorella. In less arid mountains, such as the Santa Ritas, the most productive collecting stations are in the deep, verdant canyons. The exact location of collecting stations, and especially of type localities, which we attempt in these papers, may seem meticulous to many zoologists. In humid areas, or in dealing with less sedentary animals, such exactness would hardly be worth while; if a type locality is fixed within a few miles, it is near enough. But here we deal with a region of intense local differentiation and with creatures which are often confined within narrow bounds by physical conditions. The hunt is difficult and laborious. The colonies are often so small, the country so vast, that, without careful directions, one might make a season’s campaign in the more complex ranges without relocating some former find which it might be important to investigate further. It is, moreover, important to show exactly what ground has been covered, in order that further exploration can be made to the best advantage, that the unexplored parts of the ranges may be gone over. In future it will be of interest to be able to trace the changes and fate of the smaller and more isolated colonies, such as that of Sonorella eremita, which covers an area of only a few square rods, many miles from any other snail colony. We suggest that future collectors continue our serial station numbers in each range, instead of beginning again at No. 1. iu‘ ee 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 365 I. THE DrRacoon MOUNTAINS. This range stands 25 or 30 miles west of the Chiricahua Mountains in Cochise County, Arizona. The well-known double-headed peak of Dos Cabezas is seen northeastward and the Whetstone Mountains westward, but the Dragoons are entirely isolated from other ranges. The Pearce mining district lies on the east side. To its proximity and the demand for mine timber the deforestation of the mountains is due. All of the timber was cut about 25 years ago, but the range, now forming the Dragoon Forest Reserve, shows good repro- duction in places. At present the mountains are almost as bare as the Dos Cabezas. The range is reached from Dragoon Summit, a station on the Southern Pacific R. R. at the northwestern foot of the mountains. North of the railroad the ‘“‘ Little Dragoons” form a low continuation of the range. There is a depression at Middle Pass (Middlemarch Canyon), where a road from Tombstone to Pearce crosses the range. We did not explore the southern half of the range, below Middle- march, nor the Little Dragoons north of the railroad. The mountains are formed of a complex of limestones and igneous rock, the granites forming wild labyrinths of narrow gorges abounding in cliffs and falls, separated by inaccessible crags and spires, which gave a refuge to the Apaches thirty or forty years ago. The lime- stones, forming a large part of the range, are accessible enough, though rather abrupt, and as usual they proved much more prolific of snails than the granitic and andesitic rocks. The range was visited by us (Ferriss, Daniels and Pilsbry) in October, 1910. A week was spent in Tweed Canyon, where there is a small stream. The map (p. 366) showing collecting stations from Stations 7 and 8 northward was sketched from high points around Tweed Canyon and its northern amphitheatre. After Pilsbry had left, Ferriss and Daniels moved south to Middlemarch Canyon, and the stations (28-36) south of Station 8 are located by notes and a sketch made by them.’ 2 The map is intended solely to show the positions of our collecting stations, many of which can probably be located exactly, and the others approximately, by the landmarks given. The contour lines merely show local relative elevation, not absolute altitude, and are not consistent on different parts of the map. The summit midway between Stations 5 and 12 on the northern ridge of the pene oatre above Tweed Canyon is visible from the railroad at Dragoon ummit. 366 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, A GHuzzar 4 29 \ ANYON CAVE © rs PEAK g SOREN'S 6 SKY SCRAPER PEA PART OF THE Fe CE DRAGOON MTS. (Ot 32 © - MILES ; ; = “cox, (©) 33 31M /DDL EMARCH ed a CAN 20) 2 Fig. 1—Collecting stations in the Dragoon Mountains. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 367 The fauna of this small range is strongly individualized, since all of the Holospiras and larger Helices are very distinct from species of other ranges, even the Sonorellas having well-defined conchological features. Like the Huachucas, there is (or was) an Oreohelix of the strigosa group, but hairy forms and the Radiocentrum group are wanting. The minute shells are all species common to the Chiri- cahua, Huachuca and other larger ranges, but the Transition and Canadian Zone species are very sparsely represented by Pyramidula cronkhitei, Cochlicopa lubrica and Vertigo coloradensis arizonensis only. Otherwise the fauna is purely Lower Sonoran. The collecting stations are as follows: Station 1. Slide of heavy, angular rock on west side of cataract branch of Tweed Canyon, below the crags of this side. Station 2. Near the foot of small ravine next west of the granite defile forming the outlet of the Tweed amphitheatre. Station 3. Near and at top of ridge above Station 2. Station 4. Rim of amphitheatre, western side. Station 5. Immediately north of small peak at N. W. of amphi- theatre. , Station 6. Crag about half way up mountain on east side of cataract branch, overlooking part of Cochise Stronghold. Station 63. West. of Station 6. Station 7. Limestone ridge at the head of Cataract Branch. Station 8. Higher up on the same ridge eastward. Station 9. East side of the rocky bed of Cataract Branch, near the foot of the (dry) ‘“‘falls.” Station 10. Bottom of eastward ravine in Tweed amphitheatre. Station 11. Part way up ridge northwest of 10. Station 12. High peak at summit of preceding ridge. Station 13. High peak southeast of 12. Station 14. Middle of ridge running from 13 to mouth of amphi- theatre. Station 15. Near bottom of ravine north of 14, and further up than 10. Station 16. Arroyo in mesa in the mouth of Tweed Canyon. Station 17. Third small ravine west of the large granitic spur in Tweed Canyon. Station 18. Above Station 17, and separated from it by granitic dyke about 50 yards wide. Station 19. Below Station 17. Stations 20-22. Second ravine from large granitic spur in Tweed Canyon. Station 22a. Second ravine west from Station 2, lower part of mountain. Station 23. Second ravine west from Station 2, near summit of ridge. This station and the preceding one were not visited by 368 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Pilsbry and are not plotted on the map. They are believed to be east of the granitic spur (dyke) on the north side of Tweed Canyon. Station 23a. Small hill in bottom of Tweed amphitheatre near an abandoned arrastra. Station 24. Gully on mesa, running westward out of Fourr ranch. Station 25. Foothill west of Fourr ranch. Station 26. Gully at south fence of Fourr ranch. Station 27. First ravine west of Cataract Branch in the igneous southern side of Tweed Canyon. Station 28. Bear Gulch, half way down. Station 29. Bear Gulch, near its head. Station 30. Ridge west of Bear Gulch. Stations 31, 32. East side of Soren Gulch. Station 33. West side of Soren Gulch. Station 34. Small limestone hill in Middlemarch Canyon. Station 35. Cochise Peak. Stations 36, 37. Small limestone hills eastward on mesa at mouth of Middlemarch Canyon. Station 38. North side of north ridge of Tweed amphitheatre, + mile west of Signal Peak. Stations 39-42. Successive stations between the northern crest of Tweed amphitheatre and the northern foothills of the range. HELICIDZA. Sonorella ferrissi Pilsbry, n. sp. Pl. VIII, figs. 3, 3a, 30. The shell is strongly depressed, umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained six times in the diameter of the shell), rather solid; of a pale brown tint, between cinnamon and wood-brown, fading around the umbilicus, having broad white bands above and below the narrow chestnut-brown shoulder band and crossed by one or several whitish streaks, reminiscent of former peristomes. The surface is semimat. The initial one-fourth whorl is smooth; a brief stage of coarse radial wrinkles ensues, followed by fine, short, interrupted radial wrinkles, so short as to be papillee near the upper suture, and sparse, short elevations, arranged in spiral, forwardly descending series. On the second whorl these elevations become distinct, rather regular papillze, which persist, in some examples, upon the third whorl. The last whorl has fine striz and microscopic wrinkling. The spire is but slightly convex. The whorls increase slowly, the last descends a little in front and is rounded at the periphery and base. The peristome expands very slightly in its lower half, and its edge has a rusty tint. It is thickened within by a rather wide but thin white callus, which shows as an opaque buff border behind the lip. The columellar termination is slightly dilated, and the parietal callus moderately thick in fully mature or old individuals. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 369 Height 7, diam. 14.2 mm.; 43 whorls. Genitalia (Plate XI, figs. 3, 3a).—The penis is somewhat slender, slightly shorter than the vagina, and a trifle longer than the epi- phallus. It contains a cylindric papilla nearly as long as itself, trans- versely wrinkled in the distal third and rounded at the end (fig. 3a). The retractor muscle is inserted on the epiphallus near its base. There is no flagellum. Length of penis 4 mm.; penis-papilla 3+ mm.; penial retractor 6 mm.; epiphallus 3+ mm.; vagina 53 mm. Dragoon Mountains, from the northern ridge of Tweed Canyon to the ridges facing the northern slope of the mountains; types No. 103,097, A. N.S. P., from Station 38. Also taken at Stations 3, 4, 5, 10, 12, 18, 14, 15, 21, 22, 38-41. The shell in this extremely distinct species reminds one a little of Trichodiscina. There is no other Sonorella like it. The embryonic sculpture is a modification of the hachitana pattern. In the genitalia it resembles S. bicipitis of the Dos Cabezas range as much as any- thing. It is abundant in the northern part of the Dragoon Range, but Tweed Canyon apparently forms an impassable barrier to its spread southward. We rarely found Sonorella ferrissi sealed to stones, forming small rings. Most living ones were seen loose under stones or in the earth, lying with the aperture up, like Eastern Helices, and sealed with a somewhat convex white epiphragm. It belongs exclusively to the limestone terrain. Sonorella dragoonensis n. sp. PI. VIII, figs. 1, 1a, 1b. The shell is rather depressed, umbilicate (the umbilicus contained 63 times in diameter of the shell), thin, somewhat translucent, pale buffy brown, with whitish bands on both sides of a chestnut-brown band at the shoulder. The spire is low, conic, whorls 43, moderately convex. First one-third whorl smooth, followed by a brief stage of coarse radial wrinkles, continuing longest near the lower suture, and succeeded by papille and short, vermiculate radial wrinkles, interrupted by short wrinkles in a spiral direction, which on the lower part of the whorl bear epidermal bristles, beginning on the latter half of the first whorl, and continuing throughout the embryonie and neani¢e stages as far as the end of the third whorl. It is suc- ceeded by an excessively minute vermiculate sculpture, which rapidly becomes fainter and disappears on the last two whorls, which are glossy and nearly smooth except for faint growth lines. Last whorl wide, descending in front. Aperture very oblique, round-oval. Peristome thin, very narrowly expanded throughout, 370 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, a little recurved below; the margins approaching, parietal callus short, thin except in old shells. Alt. 11.25, diam. 19.5, alt. aperture 10.5, diam. 9.25 mm. baie ei + eee tees . iia. "ar Oaeow sts Back dusky, tentacles dark, sole pale yellowish, with faint longi- : tudinal lines, demarking the areas, near the tail. Genitalia (Pl. XI, figs. 4, 4a, No. 103,093, from Station 29).— The penis is large, cylindric, encircled by a small muscular sheath at the contracted base, its retractor muscle inserted upon the apex of the penis and the base of the epiphallus. The walls of the penis are thin. Papilla (fig. 4a) nearly as long as the penis, stout, cylin- dric, having obliquely longitudinal corrugation near the end, the apex being obtusely conic with terminal pore. The flagellum is longer than usual. Epiphallus is about equal to the penis in length. The vagina is decidedly shorter than the penis. The duct of the spermatheca is very long. Length of organs in mm.: No. 103,093.—Penis, 10; epiphallus, 10; flagellum, 1.3; papilla, 8; vagina, 6; spermatheca and duct, 39. No. 103,094.—Penis, 11; epiphallus, 9; flagellum, 1.3; papilla, 7; Varma, 7. The jaw is highly arched, with five broad, unequal ribs. Dragoon Mountains. Types from Station 28, Bear Canyon, No. 103,094, A. N.S. P., collected by Ferriss and Daniels, November, 1910. Also at Station 29, south of the Huzzar Mine, in the same vicinity. — This species is related to Dos Cabezas species by the position of the insertion of the penis-retractor, the cylindric penis-papilla and the short vagina. It differs from all of these in its very large and differently sculptured penis-papilla, and the thin shell, with rounded aperture and minute granulation and hairs on the neanic whorls, and a different pattern on the embryonic whorls. It is not closely related to any species of the ranges further west. Other specimens, topotypes, from Station 28 measure,,, Alt. 11, diam. 21 mm. CHa eels 14 “cc 10.8, ce 19 ce Oe 2 eis ek ayp es Specimens from Station 29 measure: Alt. 10.9, diam. 20 mm. cc 10.3, ce 18 cc cc 10, “ 20 “ ce 9, (a9 17/83 “ - oe em Stu de ra ie a : rey 1915 | NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. oll Sonorella apache n. sp. Pi. VIII, figs. 2, 2a, 2b. The shell is depressed, with low, conoidal spire, umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained nearly 9 times in the diameter of the shell), extremely thin; mat isabella color above, paler below, glossy and diaphanous in the central half of the base, encircled by a narrow chestnut-brown band above the periphery. Whorls 44, the embryonic shell comprising 13; sculptured like that of S. dragoonensis. The neanic whorls are very minutely crinkled and closely set with short bristles in irregular oblique lines. About 110 of these bristles stand on one square millimeter, on the upper surface of the last whorl in front of the aperture. The bristles are rather delicate on the last whorl, and in cleaning the shell they are likely to be removed in large part. The last whorl is wide and descends rather deeply in front. The aperture is very oblique, subcircular. Peristome thin, the upper and outer margins very narrowly expanding, basal margin slightly recurved, columellar margin dilated, running forward. The ends of the peristome converge strongly, and are connected by a very thin, short, parietal film. Alt. 10.25, diam. 16.8, width of umbilicus 1.9, aperture 8.5 x 9.7 mm. eeLO fe Le nam, Genitalia (Pl. XI, figs. 5 to 5c).—The penis is short and very thick, cylindric, obtuse at the ends, much shorter than the vagina. It has very thin walls, and is filled by a thick, fleshy papilla (fig. 5a). This is thick-walled with a rather large cavity having plicate walls so that it is star-shaped in section (fig. 5b). At the upper end of its cavity there is a short, conic nipple (fig. 5c); at the distal end of the papilla the cavity opens by a transverse slit. The retractor muscle of the penis is inserted on the epiphallus near the penis. The epiphallus passes imperceptibly into the vas deferens. There is no flagellum. The lower end of the vagina is swollen, having thick, fleshy walls. The organs measure as follows: Penis 7, penis-papilla 5, retractor muscle 8, vagina 11 mm. Dragoon Mountains, the types from the southern or Cataract branch of Tweed Canyon, at Station 9, on the east side of the rocky bed near the foot of the “‘falls,’’ No. 111,529. Also found at Station 1, a large slide of heavy, angular stone further north on the same branch, rather high on the west side of the ravine, under the great crag. A few dead shells were found at Station 27, in a gulch of the rugged south wall of Tweed Canyon, and at Station 10, on the eastern ridge of the amphitheatre of upper Tweed Canyon. 372 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, This species is somewhat related to S. dragoonensis, but differs by its smaller size, thinner shell, decidedly smaller umbilicus, and by having the last whorl densely hairy, the hairs extremely short and close. S. apache differs from S. dragoonensis rather conspicuously in soft anatomy. The penis is shorter with a differently constructed papilla; there is no flagellum; the vagina is much longer and is - strongly swollen at the base. The anatomical characters of both have been examined in several specimens from different stations. The delicately hairy periostracum will serve to separate S. apache from other species of the genus. It is an extremely distinct species. Its home is among the great crags around Cochise Stronghold, a favorite resort of the Apaches. Station 10 is some miles northward of the other stations and at a somewhat greater elevation. S. apache was found only in igneous or metamorphic rock, never in the limestone. It was not found sealed to the rock, nor were any white circles seen on the rocks it inhabits, thus differing from nearly all other Sonorellas collected by the authors. Other specimens, from Station 1, measure: Alt. 10.5, diam. 17.5 mm. “ec iG “ce 174 “ce “ce 9.2, igs 15 “cc “ec 8.8, 6c 14 (a3 Station 1 is conspicuous from the hillside on the east side of the mouth of Cataract Branch, as a long, bare streak in the dense brush which clothes the slope below the crag at the west side, some distance up the ravine, and rather high on the side. One living shell and numerous ‘‘ bones” were found by quarrying in the heavy rock of the slide. More living shells were taken at Station 9, the type colony. The largest shell seen is a dead individual from Station 27, measur- ing 18.5 mm. in diameter. Oreohelix strigosa var. A young dead specimen was found at Station 2, under a stone, and two fragments of the last whorl at Station 13; both in the limestone region, but at very different elevations, Station 2 being only a hundred feet or so above the bed of Tweed Canyon, 13 on the highest peak of its rim. The largest fragment, half of the last whorl of an adult shell, has a diameter of 18.5 mm. It shows a slight peripheral angle, otherwise resembling O. s. depressa Ckll. This Dragoon species seems from the fragments to be a more depressed shell than the extinct Oreohelix of the Florida Mountains, but it may be the same as the Huachucan race. 19135.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 373 As we searched the range carefully for Oreohelix after finding one on the first day, it is probably extinct, not surviving the destruction of the woods. There remains a possibility that it may survive in some part of the mountains not covered by our collecting stations. Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). Stations 2, 3, 6, 63, 10, 11, 18, all in the limestone region north of Tweed Canyon. : UROCOPTID. Holospira is rarely if ever found on igneous or metamorphic rock; and as the Dragoons are traversed by many dykes, the limestone areas where Holospiras live are divided by tracts barren of these snails. This has resulted in the differentiation of several species which though variable do not intergrade, so far as we know. In the Hacheta Range the limestone is continuous, and while there has been a good deal of differentiation, the several extreme forms are connected by those intermediate in structure and location. It must be admitted that our knowledge of the Dragoon Holospiras is fragmentary. The whole foothill region, where they abound, needs attention. They are easily found, and in large numbers. Holospira danielsi n. sp. Pl. XIV, figs. 1 to 3a. The shell is cylindric, the upper fourth (or third) tapering to the slightly mamillar, obtuse summit. Tilleul-buff, becoming darker towards the summit. Nearly 2} embryonic whorls are smooth; then slightly retractive axial ribs appear, rather low and delicate on the first neanic whorl, after which they become strong, widely separated, oblique (retractive) on the conical portion, still more widely spaced and vertical on the cylindric portion of the shell, where the summits of the ribs are more or less irregular from breakage due to being in part hollow there. On the penultimate whorl there are 13 ribs (more or less). On the last half of the last whorl the ribs become closer (or many may be interposed). The whorls are rather strongly convex, the last one tapering downwards, being compressed below the periphery; base rimate but not perforated. The last fourth of the last whorl is somewhat straightened but not built forward beyond the level of the ventral face of the shell. Aper- ture rounded-ovate. Peristome narrowly expanded except at the upper outer angle, where it is simple and obtuse. The axis is rather slender, subequal except at the ends. In the last part of the penult and first part of the last whorl there is a strong, short, obtuse colu- mellar lamella close to the base; a parietal lamella, much longer and usually strong (and frequently a smaller basal lamella). 374 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Length 11.5, diam. 3.5 mm.; 123 whorls. Dragoon Mountains, Cochise County, Arizona, from Tweed Can- yon to the northern end of the range, on limestone, under stones, dead agaves, sotols, ete. Type locality Station No. 2, Tweed Canyon, No. 112,199, A. N.S. P. ) They live on the most exposed, hottest slopes, often in great profusion, but are not found on the mesa, where H. campestris occurs. This beautiful snail is very distinct from all of our species by its strong, rude, widely spaced ribs. One of the northwest Mexican Holospiras, H. minima, has the same type of sculpture, though less | coarse than in the typical H. danielsi, which is the most strongly costate species known. Like other Arizonian Holospiras, the internal lamellz are variable, _ two or three (parietal and axial, or parietal, axial and basal) being developed. Otherwise the chief variation is in the number of ribs, and also in size. Twenty specimens of the type lot, opened, taken at random, measure as follows: Length 12, diam. 3.6 mm.; whorls 13; lamelle 2. oo” MER Ra tg al pee ao hoe alton tl 0S eae ae ee olor It ge Fiske, est GE.) oa 3 a Re) ADE e beee age 2) he Ae ts ema Sag Sees Ode soe poe 8) aes eo ees ae, Hees easy ia ich ce Bt ce ce 113; cc 3. cc We cc 3.4 ce iss 123; ce 3. rag tM: ce 3.3 ce ce 12; ce 3. (<3 ros (as BU cc iss 123; igs Ds cc Li “ 3.3 cc iss 12; ce aH BE OB a hie as ode 0 eet smd) SOM ta he es OE ASL Ee ey nena POE oo ee ae rw eee PRED Shae is? aon ie geen cs ees pepe) (Es Lae re Nes ath icy | aero eo ame Ses hOtec takes et i» Meas at eens 2 eacpages hs Cy aoe ye be cc 10, “ ok “c iss 113; a3 Oe es OSES eta ts MG ee Spier The smallest shell noticed in the type lot measures 8.2 x 3.2 mm., with 10 whorls. The trilamellate shells are slightly outnumbered by those with two lamella, forming 45 per cent. in the lot measured; but this may be accidental. Three lamelle predominate in the larger shells, two in the smaller. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 375 The sculpture is less variable in this lot than in some others. Ten specimens, taken at random, have 10, 12, 12, 13, 13, 13, 15, 17, 17, 17 ribs on the penultimate whorl. These fairly represent the lot, so far as can be told without extensive counting. None counted have more than 17 ribs (see Pl. XIV, figs. 1, la, 1b). Station 3 (summit of ridge above Station 2), but west of where the trail crosses ridge). Shells exactly like those of Station 2, but perhaps a little more variable in size, length 9 to 123 mm. in extreme specimens. Station 4 (summit of ridge further northwest, several hundred feet higher than Station 3). These shells are conspicuously larger than at Stations 2 and 38. Part of the shells are typical in sculpture, but in most of them the ribs are much more numerous, closer, smooth, and more regularly spaced. These close-ribbed shells agree with those from Station 5 and from Station 12, a peak on the opposite (east) side of the rim of the amphitheatre of Tweed Canyon. Proba- bly the close-ribbed type of shell extends around the whole rim from Station 4 to Station 12. Two out of fifteen opened have 3 lamellz (both having many ribs), and three have only the columellar lamella (ribs few). The rest, including both many- and few-ribbed shells, have 2 lamellae. This lot was picked up in several places along the summit of the narrow ridge, perhaps in an area of 20x 100 yards. It therefore may com- prise several colonies, and we cannot now tell whether fine- and coarse-ribbed shells occur actually together or not. There may be 12-15 ribbed colonies and 20-30 ribbed colonies, or possibly both sorts may live together. The measurements give extremes of size and are from “‘selected”’ shells. Length 12.5, diam. 4.1 mm.; whorls 123; lamelle 3; ribs 21. ce a3 73 ce il ce a 86 a 4 123: 9-6 OA! cc PAs cc 4 “ce ce 123; cc ii: “cc 15 £6 12, (9 3.9 ce iad 125; ce 2 ce 14. 73 11.8, cc 4 ce “ 113; ce ft: ce Dee “cc 10.8; cc 4 cc a3 ae ce 2 ce 25 (zs Lt; iss 3.8 “ce ce is cc 2; i$ 13. ce th; (as 4 “cc ce 113; ce 2: ‘c DAF ce OZ: cc 4 ce cc 113; cc 2 as 30. Ho TOES i Eee a ese 1s gee cm ata 2 e Cie ae ato rap f(a ee tore ls Station 5 (north of summit of peak north of Station 4). Shells are like the fine-ribbed ones from Station 4. No really coarse-ribbed forms were taken. Extreme and average shells measure as follows: 376 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Length 12.3, diam. 4 mm. ; ; whorls 1 123; lamellee 1; ribs 27. 11.5, 3.7 114; 2: 16. eet Mee Dene hy Sr “c 11.2, “cc 4 “c “cc 22 “cc 2; “cc 38. 73 10.8, iz 4.2 “ce “e 113; ‘c 2; “ec 16. “ce iG; “ec 3.9 ce cc 113; ce iG “ce DATE Station 18 (Pl. XIV, figs. 3, 3a). In the third ravine west of the granitic spur on north side of Tweed Canyon, above a dyke of igneous rock about 50 yards wide. Below this dyke, at Station 17, Holospira campestris cochisei is found. A deep gulley or ‘‘wash”’ extends from the ravine upon the mesa. The shells at Station 18 are a little more finely ribbed than typical H. danielsi and to that extent approach H. campestris cochiset. Out of 16 opened, 9 shells have 3, and 7 shells have two internal lamellae. Measurements follow. Length 11.3, diam. 4 mm. ; ; whorls 123; lamellee rp ribs 22. 1.2 3. 12: 3; © 28. ¢ ie ce 4 “ce ce ja 73 PAE ce Tae ‘as ae ce 3.9 “c ce 123; “c 2; ce 16. ce 10, cc 3.5 cc “cc 1}: “ce 2; “cc ADA “cc 10, ce ae cc “c 113; “cc 33 “c 26. “cc 10, “c Bye, “cc “ce 112; ‘c af “cc 18. tre Oe a pee ee eee cee 22 pies ENE te ee OREN he Bao ee iam te in “ce 9, “cc Bi cc ce 103; ce a: “cc 94. Station 20 (mouth of the second ravine west of granitic spur, Tweed Canyon). Shells similar to the preceding lot. Station 22 (bed of the same ravine several hundred yards above the mouth). Shells similar, but averaging larger, though some are equally small; lamelle one or two. Length 12.5, diam. 4 mm.; whorls 123; ribs 16. Dek LOSE tae us? ere age piers) i ed ae 8 eval), ome Sia? the ee bs Ste ae Specimens from the southeastern part of the upper amphitheatre of Tweed Canyon have only one or two lamelle (parietal and axial), those with one slightly predominating. The parietal lamella is moderate or small when developed. They are also perceptibly | stouter in figure than the types, and the number of ribs is, in the main, greater. Station 10 (floor of the upper amphitheatre of Tweed Canyon, southeastern branch). Not a favorable station for Holospira, being shaded by a dense growth of shrubs and trees. A few specimens taken have one or two lamelle, and the aperture is built forward further than in the types. Ribs as in the following. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 377 Station 15 (further east on the same branch, a little higher). Rather stout shells, with the mouth built out shortly (nearly 1 mm.) ; about 15 ribs; lamelle one or two. 12x4 mm. Station 13 (eastern peak of the rim of Tweed Canyon). Fine- ribbed, like Pl. XIV, figs. 5, 5a. Station 11 (steep, stony, arid, southern slope of ridge projecting into amphitheatre, vegetation xerophytic). The shells are greater in diameter than the types, very uniform in sculpture, having 16 or 17 ribs on the penultimate whorl, the peristome built forward further than usual in the type lot. 10.5 x 3.7 mm. axial or axial and superior lamelle. Another lot, taken a couple of hundred feet higher, are similar in form, sculpture and lamelle; ribs 15 to 19. Station 12 (peak on eastern rim of amphitheatre). The shells are larger than at the preceding stations, with more ribs, 26 to 28 on the penultimate whorl. Half of those opened have one, half two lamelle, the superior lamella not very strong. These shells are like those from Station 4 and 5. See Pl. XIV, figs. 4 to 40. Length 13.7, diam. 4.2 mm.; whorls 13. ce 12, (a9 4 “c ce 112. Station 40 (between crest and foothills, north end of the range). Stout, rather large shells, with a strongly developed columellar lamella only in several opened. 37 to 48 ribs, nearly or quite as wide as their intervals. (Pl. XIV, figs. 5, 5a). Length 12.3, diam. 4. mm. SY CO es a These shells have more ribs than any other colony of H. danielsi, and they may be referable to H. campestris cochiset. The shells are, however, larger than the latter, some of the ribs are broken down, as in danielsi, and the locality is distant from other known colonies of H. c. cochisei. Only a very small lot was taken, and, pending further collections, its identity may be left undecided. Station 39 (between crest and foothills at north end of the range). Much larger than the typical form, stouter, with few, strong and widely separated ribs. Only the axial lamella developed. (PI. XIV, figs. 2 to 2c). Length 13.3, diam. 4.8 mm.; whorls 13; ribs 15. 13.5, 4.5 12>“ 45, ey ta a fa yg se AG Bae ee at el) gp Be 43, "Tate OS Aa 8 “49. © 492. 378 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Station 42 (further north than Station 39). Similar to the above, having the same rude sculpture, but a little smaller in the average, length 11 to 13 mm. Station 41. Shells like Pl. XIV, figs. 4-4b. Holospira campestris n. sp. Pl. XV, figs. 1, 2. The shell is shortly rimate, cylindric, with very short terminal cone and mamillar apex. 23 embryonic whorls smooth (the last half whorl very narrow), following whorls closely and finely striate, the strie of the conical portion narrower, hence appearing more widely spaced than those of the cylindric portion, on which they are as wide as the intervals. On the penultimate whorl there are about 70 striz. The last whorl is decidedly compressed below the pe- riphery, tapering downwards, somewhat more coarsely sculptured on the latter part. It is shortly rimate and built forward shortly from the preceding whorl. All of the whorls are very strongly convex. The aperture is angular at the upper outer part, elsewhere rounded. Peristome narrowly expanded. Axis cylindric, in the latter part of the penultimate and first part of the last bearing a stout axial lamella. There is also a long and strong parietal or superior lamella, and sometimes a basal lamella. Length 11.5, diam. 3.7 mm.; whorls 12. Mesa at western foot of the Dragoon Mountains at Station 26, along a ‘‘wash”’ or gulley at the south fence of the Fourr ranch, No. 112,214, A. N.S. P. Also Stations 24, 25, in the same vicinity, etc. Other specimens of the type lot (Pl. XV, figs. 1 to 1d) measure as follows. All but one of the specimens opened have two lamelle, one having three. Length 12, diam. 3.9 mm.; whorls 12. (a9 8, (79 3.9 cc ce 123. at) eka iS ERO kee fake gi Sms tA See ay eles te ale SF pes tO ese pares ell S OS Oe oe tee * 7s MAL he Eee ‘¢ 92 (a dwarf). At Station 24, a gulley running out of the Fourr ranch, the shells are 9 to 10 mm. long, otherwise similar. At Station 25, foothills west of the Fourr ranch (Pl. XV, fig. 2) the shells are smaller, with sculpture like the type. The peristome adheres for a short distance to the preceding whorl, or is very shortly free. The columellar lamella is within the front of the last whorl; 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 379 parietal lamella when present is very small, and most specimens lack tt. They are very uniform in size and sculpture, in a long series taken. Length 8.7, diam. 3.2 mm.; whorls 10; lamelle 1 “ce Sc0, ce 3 “ ce 103; ce 2 ce 8.1, cc 3 a3 a3 103; iz D). ce 7.9, ce oD (as ce 4; cc il ce co, ce 3 ce ce 3. cc il ce (ay ce 3.1 cc ce 4; ce 1 ce a0, ce 3.1 ce is 93; ce 1 ce 7 ce Sil ce ce 9; ‘ Holospira campestris cochisei n. subsp. PI. XIV, figs. 6 to 8b. Similar to campestris, but more slender, with fewer ribs (28 to 40 on the penultimate whorl, in the type lot), the intervals wider. Internal lamellee three, the parietal very long and strong. Length 10.5, diam. 3.8 mm.; whorls 12; lamelle 3. “cc 1 73 ell “ce 73 = ; 3 fee fh. 95 ce 9.8, a3 241 “ ce 113; cc 3 igs 9.7, a3 3 i! ce ce iL: ce 2 “ce 9.6, ce 3 1 ce ce is: ce 3 “ 9.3, “ 21 Ts “ ti: “ = ce 8, ce 3 1 ce iz iO); a3 3 Dragoon Mountains: along the sides of an arroyo or gulley on the mesa within the wide mouth of Tweed Canyon, Station 16; Types No. 112,219, A. N. S. P. Also Stations 17, 19-23, and 27, all in Tweed Canyon. The type locality, Station 16 (Pl. XIV, figs. 7—7f), is on the sloping sides of the arroyo, which is about 15 feet deep, and meanders across the mesa. Near the mountain the gully deepens to 30-40 feet, the sides become subvertical, and Holospira disappears. The mesa is grassy with some bunches of bear grass. There are some small oaks, juniper, catclaw, etc., in the arroyo. The shells are found under dead sotol and sometimes stones, etc. They reappear just below the igneous dyke near the base of the mountain, Station 17, but do not cross the dyke. Several other arroyos in the same plain were not examined, and there are doubtless many Holospira colonies in the neighborhood. Station 19, on the slope near foot of mountain, below the igneous dyke. The shells resemble types of H. c. cochisei except that they are more finely, closely ribbed, ribs 45 to 50 on the penultimate whorl. Ten specimens opened are trilamellate. Station 20. Mouth of second ravine west from granitic spur. 380 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Station 21, hillside, eastern slope of second ravine from granitic spur, up to about 600 feet above bed of ravine. The shells are variable, as would be expected in a lot gathered over a considerable area, having 35 to 50 ribs on the penultimate whorl. Out of 11 opened, one has 3 lamelle, ten have two, superior and axial. (Pl. XIV, fig. 6.) Station 22, in the bed of the same ravine. Shells having about 56 ribs on penultimate whorl. Eight opened have 3 very strong lamelle. Station 23. Between Stations 21 and 2, near top. Like the preceding, lamelle 2 or 3. Fig. 2.—Sketch to show positions of collecting stations west of the spur in Tweed Canyon. Contour interval about 400 ft. The granitic dyke about 50 yards wide between Stations 17 and 18 separates colonies of H. c. cochisei (below) from those of H. danielsi (above). Station 27. Rather large, length 11 mm. with 12 whorls and 36 ribs on the penultimate whorl to 13 mm. long, with 133 whorls and 28 ribs. (Pl. XIV, figs. 8 to 8b.) This station is in a gulch on the south side of Tweed Canyon, the nearest approach to the area of H. millestriata. It shows no approach to that species in sculpture, which is coarser than in most cochisei. Some of the ribs were hollow and are broken down, as in H. danielsi. This condition is also seen to a less degree in some specimens of cochiser from the type locality. Holospira millestriata n.sp. Pl. XV, figs. 3 to 5c. The shell is shortly rimate, tilleul-buff, composed of about 113 convex whorls, of which the last 5 form the cylindrical, those pre- ceding the conical portion. Embryonic 2 whorls smooth, somewhat nipple-like, the second whorl becoming very narrow. Succeeding 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 381 whorls of the cone somewhat more sharply striate than the cylindric portion, upon which the striz are very fine and close; typically about 90 fine, close strie on the penultimate whorl. The latter part of ~ the last whorl is slightly compressed and has slightly coarser, sharper strie. The aperture is carried very shortly free, is not calloused within, and has a narrowly reflexed lip. Within the latter part of the penultimate and first part of the last whorl there is a rather stout, obtuse lamella on the axis. No lamelle on the upper or basal walls of the cavity. Length 12, diam. 4 mm.; 12 whorls. Dragoon Mountains, south of Tweed Canyon, the types from Station 7, the summit of a limestone ridge separating the head of Cataract Gulch from the next canyon opening westward, south of Tweed Canyon, No. 112,225, A. N.S. P., collected by Ferriss, Pilsbry and Daniels, October, 1910. Also taken at Station 7, and Stations 29 to 37 southward from Stations 7 and 8. H. millestriata is related to H. campestris, from which it differs by having more numerous, finer striz, and by the absence of internal lamellz on the parietal and basal walls of the cavity, in a long series of shells opened. Its range is separated from that of H. campestris by the ridge of eruptive rock which runs from Cochise stronghold along the south side of Tweed Canyon westward to the mesa; no Holospiras being found on this ridge, so far as we know. The isola- tion of the two species seems, therefore, to be complete. The species is quite constant in hundreds of shells collected from many colonies, as noted below; but in two stations in small hills on the mesa east- ward of Middlemarch Canyon there is notable variation. Further study should be given to these small forms of the border between mountain and plain. In over a hundred shells opened from all the colonies, only one has a very weak trace of a superior lamella, all others having only a stout axial lamella. The type locality, Station 7, is on the divide, a ridge above an abandoned mine and cabin. It may be reached by ascending Cata- ract Gulch from Tweed Canyon, but much more easily along the mountains eastward, as the gulch is rather a neckbreaker. The specimens are quite uniform in sculpture. Length up to 12.2 mm., and very rarely as short as 9.8 mm., with 10 whorls. (Pl. XV, figs. 3, 3a, 3b). Out of twenty opened, one has a weak, hardly perceptible trace of the superior lamella, the others having the axial lamella only. A series of 1000 or more was taken. It occurs under stones, ete., in places where there is no shade. 382 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, At the adjacent Station 8, eastward and slightly higher, the shells average smaller—about 10.5 mm. long—but are otherwise similar. Station 29. Bear Gulch, near top, and Station 30, ridge west of Bear Gulch, typical shells. Stations 31, 32, on the east side, and Station 33 on the west side of Soren Gulch, typical shells. Station 34. A small limestone hill in Middlemarch Canyon. The shells have perceptibly coarser sculptures than in the types, about 70 riblets on the penultimate whorl. One internal lamella, the axial. Station 35. Cochise Peak. Similar to the shells from Station 34. Station 36. Small limestone hills eastward on the mesa of Middle- march Canyon. The shells here are smaller than typical millestriata, and vary from the typical fine ribbing to somewhat coarser (Pl. XV, figs. 4, 4a, the prevalent form), and a few are as coarsely sculptured. as H. campestris cochisei, the coarsest having 48 ribs on the penulti- mate whorl. The proportions of diameter to length also vary a good deal, as shown in the figures and measurements. All the speci- mens opened have a single lamella, the axial. Length 9.5, diam. 3.6 mm.; whorls 11. egy Sala oe Sys i rt) Gi ee ee We Repel ere OD. kt Ea “AGE, (73 8, ce Bo) (73 ; <9 (0): Station 37. Another colony near the preceding, consists of very small shells. (Pl. XV, figs. 5 to 5c.) Length 9, diam. 3.2 mm.; whorls 103. ce ims ce Be “e “ce 93. It is evident that H. millestriata, which is very constant in the mountains, varies in size, proportions and sculpture in the different ecologic conditions of the lower, more arid mesa. ZONITIDA. Vitrea indentata umbilicata Ckll. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1, 2, 3, 6, 63, 7, 10, 11, 15, 18, 25, 26, 28, 29, 35; therefore generally distributed, probably wherever snails live, as some of the stations were only hastily examined for the larger shells. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Dragoon Mountains: Station 28. Siar ntentrne ie Mn Meet fe OM ALLE ETERS ERS 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 383 Zonitoides minuscula alachuana (Dall). Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1, 63, 10, 15, 26, 28, 29. Striatura milium meridionalis P. and F. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1, 6, 10, 29. Euconulus fulvus (Mill). Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1, 10, 15, 28 and E. f. alaskensis, Station 29. ENDODONTID&. Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newc.). Dragoon Mountains: Stations 28, 29. Radiodiscus millecostatus Pils. and Ferr. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1 and 10; rare. Helicodiscus arizonensis Pils. and Ferr. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1, 63, 10, 28, 29. Punctum californicum Pils. Dragoon Mountains: Station 10, in the amphitheatre or upper basin of Tweed Canyon. The specimens are a little more openly umbilicate than the type, but the riblets are more unequal than in P. pygmeum, and spiral lines are scarcely discernible. SUCCINEIDZ. Succinea avara Say. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 2, 3; single dead specimens. FERUSSACIDA. Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill.). Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1, 6, 63, 10, 15, 28, 29. Abundant. PUPILLIDA. Bifidaria ashmuni Sterki. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1, 3, 6, 10, 11, 15, 25, 26, 29. Bifidaria perversa Sterki. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 2, 3, 22. Bifidaria dalliana Sterki. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 3, 6, 26. Bifidaria pilsbryana Sterki. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1, 2, 10, 11, 15, 18, 25, 28, 29. Vertigo coloradensis arizonensis P. and V. Dragoon Mountains: Station 25. 384 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, VALLONIIDZ. Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Dragoon Mountains: Stations 1, 6, 10, 15, 25, 26, 28, 29. In copious numbers. Il. Toe Mute Mountains. This group is between the southwestern outliers of the Chiricahua Range and the Huachucas, and is much lower than either, the highest summits about 7,000 feet. The greater part of the group is igneous rock, but the Escabrosa Ridge, running along the western and southern borders, is limestone. Collecting was done in the vicinity of Bisbee and Warren, August 29 and 30, 1910, by Daniels and Pilsbry. We found nothing in the igneous area, but Sonorella probably lives on the higher peaks. The Geological Survey has published a topographic sheet of this region. Sonorella bartschin.sp. Pl. VIII, figs. 4, 4a, 46. The shell is strongly depressed, rather openly umbilicate (width of umbilicus contained nearly six times in the diameter of shell), moderately strong, though thin; color between cinnamon and wood brown, fading to white around the umbilicus, and encircled above the periphery with a dark chestnut band, bordered above and below with white bands, as wide as the dark band or wider. Surface glossy; initial } whorl of the embryonic shell smooth; a few radial wrinkles follow, after which it has radial striae which become more or less interrupted, forming irregular, long granules; beginning with the second whorl, there are short hairs, subregularly placed in for- wardly descending rows; these continue to the penultimate whorl, where they weaken and disappear. The last whorl has a weak sculp- ture of growth wrinkles only. Whorls about 43, rather slowly increasing, convex, the last descend- ing well below the periphery in front. Aperture strongly oblique, subcircular. Peristome thin, expanded rather slightly above, strongly below, the ends approaching and joined by a very short but distinct parietal callus. Alt. 11.2, diam. 20 mm.; aperture 9.7 x 10.5 mm.; umbilicus 3.5 mm. wide; whorls 43. Alt. 10.2, diam. 18 mm.; aperture 8x 9 mm.; umbilicus 3.3 mm. wide; whorls 43. The back and tentacles are slate colored, sides gray. The sole shows no longitudinal divisions or areas. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 385 The penis is long, its lower half very slender, enveloped in a long sheath composed of glossy circular muscular tissue. The upper half is somewhat swollen. The penis-papilla (fig. 1a) is rather short, cylindric, very faintly wrinkled transversely, the distal end obtuse, rounded. The flagellum is about 0.8 mm. long. The vagina is about half as long as the penis. Other 2 organs as usual in the genus (Pl. XI, fig. 1, from Station 1, near Bisbee, No. 103,095). Length of penis 14 mm.; epiphallus 11 mm.; penis-papilla about 5 mm.; vagina 7 mm.; spermatheca and duct 22 mm. Mule Mountains: Mt. Ballard, in the Escabrosa Ridge; about 2 miles west of Bisbee, Arizona, on a ledge of the north side near the summit. Type No. 103,095, A. N. 8. P., collected by Pilsbry, August 31, 1910. It was also taken on the northern slope of a limestone hill about two miles east of Warren, Arizona. Other specimens from the type locality measure as follows: Alt. 10.8, diam. 20 mm.; umbilicus 3.8 mm.; whorls 43. LO; 18.8 ‘* whorls 43. “ce 9.8, ce 18 ce Boro. lisa cc 8, igs 16.4 6c fee dete ALB “ogmbilieus 2.9 mm; whorls 43. “cc ie c 14 ce (a9 3 “ce (74 4i. The shell is quite characteristic by its conspicuous white bands bordering the dark band at the shoulder, the rather open umbilicus, and the nearly circular, strongly oblique aperture. It is a handsome snail when fresh, not closely resembling any other species we have seen. Its nearest neighbor is S. mearnsi Bartsch, from San José Mountain, which lies just south of the international boundary near Naco, a railroad station on the El] Paso and Southwestern R. R. S. mearnst- has a narrower umbilicus, less conspicuous white bands, only 4 whorls, the periphery of the last somewhat subangular, and the surface is very minutely granular. The hairs of the neanic whorls are very delicate and fugacious; but when they are gone the spire still remains rougher than the last whorl, having an indistinct pattern of radial wrinkles or irregular, long granules. This disappears entirely on the last whorl. The embryonic whorl (beyond the initial half-whorl, which is alike in nearly all Sonorellas) is not marked with the protractive raised lines or series of granules of S. hachitana and its numerous group. By its genitalia S. bartschi resembles the Chiricahuan S. bowiensis, but that differs by having close, finely developed sculpture of threads 386 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, forming tangents and V-shaped figures on the last embryonic whorl, as well as in various features of the adult shell. We do not find in the shells of the Warren form any constant — difference from those of the type locality; but the genitalia (Pl. XI, fig. 2) and jaw (Pl. XI, fig. 2b) differ somewhat in the only living adult taken. The penis has scarcely any sheath; only a few fibres bind the epiphallus. Flagellum more minute. Penis-papilla (fig. 2a) nearly half the length of the penis, tapering and wrinkled. The penial retractor is inserted on the epiphallus near its base. The vagina is nearly as long as the penis. Length of penis 103 mm.; epiphallus 10 mm.; penis-papilla 5 mm.; vagina 9 mm. The jaw (PI. XI, fig. 2b) has about 5 weakly developed ribs. Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). : Limestone hill 2 miles east of Warren. Holospira arizonensis mularis n. subsp. Pl. XV, figs. 8 to 8e. The shell is very shortly rimate, cylindric, with short terminal cone, wood brown or avellaneous, the last half of the last whorl opaque white; composed of 103 to 13} whorls, the first two smooth. The last half of the second and first half of the third whorl are narrower than the preceding and following whorls, as usual, and the apex projects somewhat nipple-like. Following whorls of the cone are quite convex, and are sharply, closely and obliquely striate. On the cylindrical portion the whorls are only weakly convex, and gradually lose the striz, so that the penultimate and often one or two earlier whorls are smooth or nearly so, the last half-whorl becom- ing strongly, sharply striate again. The last whorl is compressed ’ laterally on the back but becomes rounded near the aperture, pre- ceding which it is somewhat contracted. The aperture is rotund- ovate, peristome shortly free of the preceding whorl, and quite narrowly expanded. Internal axis rather small, in the last part of the penultimate and the beginning of the last whorl becoming a moderate, obtuse lamella. Typically there are no other lamelle, but in a small number of specimens a superior lamella, or superior and basal lamelle are developed, both very weak. Length 13.1, diam. 4.2 mm.; whorls 12. 13.6, 3.9 133. ‘“ 13.8, « 4 6 « 13 ee) ae a Seki eee ge aeane seme ae ieee Ge: a ot AE. Mule Mountains, on the northern slope of the Escabrosa Ridge, west of Bisbee, Arizona, at about 6,000 to 6,500 feet elevation. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 387 Type No. 112,236, A. N.S. P., collected by Pilsbry and Daniels, August 29, 1910. The Escabrosa Ridge, or mountain side on the left, ascending the first left-hand ravine above Bisbee on the Tombstone Road, is the home of this Holospira. Extensive burning of the brush has narrowed their range and decreased their numbers, at least for the time, so that the series collected was not large.? Some very small scrub oaks remain in places; there are three species of agave, some sotol and bear-grass, a few cylindropuntias, and many herbaceous plants, now after the summer rains gay with flowers; over everything a little scarlet morning-glory, which we afterward found common in the ranges westward. Out of 20 shells opened, 18 have the axial lamella only; one has also a small superior or parietal, and one has superior and basal lamellz, both very low and small. This is a larger and longer species than A. ferrissi, and further distinguished by the smooth later whorls and deficient internal lamellae. The Chiricahuan H. arizonensis Stearns differs chiefly by having the internal lamelle larger. _ Holospira ferrissi fossor n. subsp. Pl. XV, figs. 6 to 6b. The short, cylindric shell is ribbed throughout, with about 47 ribs on the penultimate whorl. The last whorl is conspicuously flattened on the back, then gibbous (the gibbosity internally filled with white shelly material) and contracting to the aperture, the basal crest rather conspicuous. These features are more conspicuous than in H. ferrissi. There is an obtuse axial lamella in the front of the last whorl, and typically no other lamelle; but three specimens out of 20 opened show a weak parietal lamella also. The color is wood brown or avellaneous, with the usual white patch on the last whorl. Length 8.7, diam. 3.3 mm.; 103 whorls (type). An el Beael os 1) ae ‘““ (shortest shell). Berane Shai s) rocol.e <0) LOS ‘“‘ (largest shell). 7" i acolo as (Loe ‘‘ (slender shell). Mule Mountains: on slopes of a limestone peak about 2 miles east of Warren, Arizona. Type No. 112,238, A. N.S. P., collected by Pilsbry and Daniels, August 31, 1910. The town of Warren may be reached by a trolley line from Bisbee. It lies lower than Bisbee and is separated from the plain by a range *180 specimens in the lot taken by Pilsbry, probably as many or more taken by Daniels; most of them dead shells. 388 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF |June, of hills which reach about 5,500 feet elevation. On the northern and northwestern slopes of one of these, about two miles east of the town, we collected Sonorella, Holospira and some smaller shells. Holospira is very abundant (over 1,500 collected by H. A. P.), living in mellow earth under stones, in ‘‘nests”’ of from six to twenty or more, usually standing vertically, apex up, and buried in earth up to the summit. While the sculpture of this species is coarser than that of typical H. cionella, yet there are some equally coarse individuals of the latter. It is quite possible that H. cionella may eventually be ranked as a subspecies of H ferrissi. In the débris of the San Pedro River above the 8S. P. R. R. bridge, near Benson, Arizona, we found three specimens representing as many races of Holospira. One is the upper half of a slowly tapering species, evidently new. The others are probably races of H. ferrissi. One specimen has the appearance of a small H. f. fossor. It has the same sculpture, a low axial lamella, and measures, length 7.6, diam. 3.1 mm., 92 whorls. The other shell resembles H. ferrissi in having three internal lamelle, the superior and axial lamelle being strongly developed. The ribbing is as fine as in the most finely ribbed ferrissi—decidedly finer than in fossor. The form is more slender than in ferrissi. This shell apparently represents another subspecies or local race ~ of H. ferrissi. As it may have drifted a long distance, it had better — be left nameless until found in its natural habitat. Holospira ferrissi sanctecrucis n. subsp. Pl. XV, fig. 7. The shell is similar to the most slender and fine-ribbed examples of H. ferrissi in form and sculpture, except that the apical whorls are more mucronate. The three internal lamelle are lateral in posi- tion, strongly developed, especially the superior one, whieh is a half- whorl long. Length 8.5, diam. 3.2 mm.; whorls 113. Valley of the Santa Cruz‘*River, above Tucson, Arizona. Type No. 112,239, A. N.S. P., found in flood débris of the river a short distance above the Congress St. bridge, Tucson. This is some distance west of any other record of Holospira in the United States. In Mexico the genus extends to the Gulf of Cali- fornia. The lamelle are much stronger than in any of the lot of H. ferrissi which we have opened. Although there cannot be much doubt that this species inhabits — some limestone hill not far from the river, we failed to find it in the quite limited time we spent in the neighborhood. It may have 1915.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 389 floated many miles, as the river merits that name in time of flood, though usually reduced to a chain of infrequent pools or an insig- nificant rivulet. The term river, in the arid belt, refers to the bed and banks rather than to the water, which is often conspicuous for its absence during a great part of the year. ZONITIDA. Vitrea indentata umbilicata (CkIl.). Two miles west of Bisbee, and about the same distance east of Warren, on limestone hills, with Holospira. PUPILLID. Bitidaria pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Limestone hill about 2 miles east of Warren, Arizona. III. Benson, ARIZONA. Benson, Cochise Co., at the junction of the Southern Pacific and Ei Paso and Southwestern Railroads, is in a flat region, with no mol- lusk fauna in its immediate environs. The San Pedro River, flowing northward about a mile east of the town, brings down considerable flood débris containing shells. The source of these is probably in the foothills of the Whetstone Mountains, not far away; possibly also the hill country about Tombstone, or even further south. The San Pedro carries more water than any other stream in the lower tier of counties between the Rio Grande and the Colorado, and so far as we know it is the only one maintaining a constant flow. At Benson it is a turbid stream 20 to 30 feet wide, with vertical, dirt banks about 8 feet high (September 1st), meandering in a flood plain covered with mesquite. Mr. Ferriss collected a few shells from the river drift in 1904; and in 1910 Pilsbry and Daniels, having an hour or two between trains, collected a small bag of shell-bearing débris near the 8S. P. R. R. bridge. In this sample the most abundant mollusk is bifidaria procera cristata. The small Zonitoides, Bifidaria p. hordeacella, Pupoides marginata and Vertigo ovata are next in abundance. All the species except Vallonia gracilicosta are Lower Sonoran forms. THYSANOPHORA HORNII (Gabb). Ho.LosPIRA FERRISSI Pils. (variety). See p. 388. i F. FossoR P. and F. See p. 387. te n. sp. (spire only). VITREA INDENTATA UMBILICATA (CkIl.). ZONITOIDES MINUSCULA ALACHUANA (Dall). SINGLEYANA (Pils). 390 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, SUCCINEA AVARA Say. VALLONIA GRACILICOSTA Reinh. ce PERSPECTIVA Sterki. PUPILLA BLANDI Morse (8). ‘‘ HEBEs (Anc.) (1). SYNGENES (Pils.) (3). PUPOIDES MARGINATA (Say). se HORDACEA (Gabb). BIFIDARIA PROCERA CRISTATA (P. and V.). PELLUCIDA HORDEACELLA (Pils.). ASHMUNI Sterki. (1). PERVERSA Sterki. PENTODON (Say). TAPPANIANA (C. B. Ad.). TUBA P. and F. VERTIGO OVATA (Say). ce MILIUM Gld. (1). LYMN#A PARVA Lea. 2 BULIMOIDES COCKERELLI P. and F. PLANORBIS CARIBEZUS Orb. z LIEBMANNI Dkr. PARVUS Say. ARIZONENSIS Pils. and Ferr.? PHYSA VIRGATA Gld. AMNICOLA sp. (two dead specimens). SPH#®RIUM TRIANGULARE (Say). PISIDIUM COMPRESSUM Prime. cc ce ce Vertigo milium, Bif. tappaniana and Spherium triangulare (one valve) were obtained in 1904, not in 1910. The latter is new to the fauna of the United States, but having compared with the type specimens, we are satisfied of its identity. Part of the specimens we refer to Lymnea parva agree with cotypes of L. dalli; but we have been unable to make a satisfactory division of the material. Columella edentula (Drap.) in the Huachucas——We may add here a species accidentally omitted from the Huachuca list published in part III, of this series (1910). It was found at Wickersham’s, Miller Peak. IV. Tue Santa Rita Mountains. This fine and well-wooded range forms the eastern boundary of the Santa Cruz River Valley. We drove in from Siding No. 4 on the Sonora Railroad, camping at Agua Caliente, a large tepid spring flowing into an artificial pool at the mouth of the canyon of the same name, the elevation about 3,800 feet. Several Sonorella 4 Planorbis arizonensis, new name for P. edieaas Pilsbry and Ferriss, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1906, p. 165, not of Sandberger. ; a P| rt) 4 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 391 colonies were found near by. Our second camp was at the cabin in the saddle at the head of Agua Caliente Canyon, somewhat above 7,000 feet and close to collecting Station 6 of map. There is a good spring. The best collecting is in Walnut Canyon, Station 5, where three species of Sonorella live. From above this camp there is fine timber, but no land shells worth mentioning up to the summit of Mt. Hopkins. Good collecting stations were found in Madera Canyon which would be an excellent place to camp. “We also reached the head of Josephine Canyon from this camp. This canyon is not named on the topographic map. On it Stetson’s dam is situated, lower down. 392 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, The absence of the common western Sonorellas (santaritana and walker’) on the eastern slope, and the occurrence there of another species (\S. g. occidentalis) indicates a certain amount of local faunal differentiation, and it seems likely that work in the northern, southern or eastern parts of the range would result in a number of additional species of Sonorella. By the absence of Oreohelix and Ashmunella (in the parts we explored), the Santa Ritas differ remarkably from the Huachucas, the next range eastward. We obtained very few small shells. Vitrea indentata umbilicata (CkIl.), Stations 7, 12, 17. Euconulus fuluus (Miill.), Station 7. The locations of collecting stations follow. Station 1. In rock along banks of stream flowing from Agua Caliente Canyon, immediately south of the spring. Station 2. Northern base of bluff southeast of Station I Station 3. About half way up ‘Soldier Canyon,” a short canyon immediately north of the mouth of Agua Caliente. Station 4. Pool of Agua Caliente Spring (Physa humerosa (2), frogs, ete. collected). Station 5. Walnut Canyon or branch of Agua Caliente, which opens about 200 yards below the miners’ cabin midway of A Canyon. Shells abundant above and below the mine, in piles of heavy granite rock. None found in “ Walnut basin” higher up. Station 6. On the ravine south of cabin in the saddle, at head of Agua Caliente. Station 7. Madera Canyon, about half way down the steep slope from camp. Station 8. Madera Canyon, about 100 yards above “Old Johns Camp” in an extensive rock pile in the bed of the canyon, about 10 feet above the stream. This is opposite the saddle at head of Agua Caliente. Station 9. Head of Josephine Canyon, on the flank of Mt. Hopkins, in friable, angular, rocky banks of canyon. Station 10. Head of Josephine Canyon, a few hundred feet up the branch leading to the saddle next to Old Baldy. Station 11. About 100 yards west of camp in saddle. Station 12. Half a mile down (west) from camp. Station 13. About 10 rods above Station 12, on the branch leading to the spring near camp. Station 14. A short distance above Station 12 on the branch running near camp. Station 15. Bed of Madera Canyon near the fork. Station 16. Eastern (Madera) flank of Mt. Hopkins, about a mile south of Station 7. Stations 17, 173. Camperel Canyon, on the eastern slope of the range. —— ce 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 393 Sonorella santaritana n.sp. PI. IX, figs. 1 to 3. The shell is depressed, umbilicate (the width of umbilicus con- tained between 6 and 7 times in diam. of shell), solid, between cinna- mon-buff and pinkish-buff, becoming whitish on the base, and having a chestnut-brown shoulder band bordered with white. The surface is rather glossy. Embryonic shell of 14 whorls; after a very short initial smooth stage, the surface becomes radially rippled, then densely granular, the granules lengthened in an obliquely spiral direction, becoming longer with the growth of the embryo, the last 2 whorl of the embryo marked with threads forming V-shaped figures, their intervals densely, subregularly wrinkled radially. The post-embryonic whorls have very fine, inconspicuous growth lines and excessively faint spiral lines on the last whorl, above and at the periphery. The spire is very low conic. Whorls 43, convex; the last descends deeply in front. The aperture is very oblique, small; peristome narrowly expanding, pale brown at the edge, the margins con- verging, so that the thin, transparent parietal callusisshort. In the last whorl the umbilicus enlarges to about double its previous width. Alt. 13, diam. 238, width of umbilicus 3.6 mm.; aperture 10.5 x 12 mm. Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, in Walnut Canyon (a branch of Agua Caliente Canyon) at about 6,000 feet elevation, Station 5, Ferriss, Daniels and Pilsbry; 138-IX-1910. Type No. 112,105, A. N.S. P. Also taken at Stations 11, 12, 13, 14, between 6,000 and 7,000 feet, near the head of Agua Caliente Canyon; Sta- tions 7, 8, 16, in Madera Canyon, from about 5,700 to nearly 7,000 feet, and at Stations 9 and 10, in the head of Josephine Canyon, near the ridge connecting Mt. Hop- kins and Old Baldy, at about 6,500 feet. Genitalia (fig. 4).—The penis and vagina are extremely long. Penis is rather slender, Fig. 4.—Genitalia of S. santaritana. epi., and lies in three folds in the _ epiphallus; pp., end of the penis-papilla. 394 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF (June, body. It has a basal sheath, and a slender, conspicuously annulated! papilla, one-third the length of the penis or longer. The flagellum is well developed for Sonorella. The penial retractor is inserted at the apex of penis and base of epiphallus. The vas deferens is slender throughout. Measurements of the organs in mm. follow. : : Penial | Sperma-| Diam. Sta- -_| Penis- | Epiphal-| Flagel- . Pp . Penis. . 5 retrac- | Vagina. theca of pune papilla. lus. lum. | tor. andduct. shell. | 5 Sere (hs ce es 22, 1.5 14 29 28 23 5 40 13 Dia dl Soe 3, oh al aoe 5 YE os i 22:3 12 IT ee ar 26 1.8 15 Doi AVF 23.5 Dal OMe a| Pen ok ener ekg 18 cree MR a 20 10 41 Wr 18+ 2 15 36 27 22.5 Specimens from Station 11, and numerous others from Station 5, opened but not measured, were sufficiently examined to show that the specific characters—great length of penis and vagina—are con- stant. S. santaritana differs from other species of the same range by its wider umbilicus, the more approaching ends of the lip, and especially by the great length of penis and vagina. In the characters of the genitalia it is nearest to S. rinconensis P. and F. (these PROCEEDINGS: for 1909, Pl. XXII, fig. 5). That species differs by having a still longer vagina, and a more capacious shell with larger aperture and relatively smaller umbilicus. S. dalli and S. virilis are somewhat related, but differ in characters of both genitalia and shell. This is the most abundant and widely distributed Sonorella of the part of the Santa Rita Range which we explored. In size, specimens from Walnut Canyon (PI. IX, figs. 1-2b) measured from 19 to 25.8 mm. diameter, but only in one colony were such small ones found, the minimum size in other colonies is about 21.5 mm. In Stations 10, 11 and 14 they run from 20.4 to 22.5 mm. In other stations the size is about typical. A beautiful albino (PI. IX, fig. 3) was taken at Station 5. It shows. very faint traces of the shoulder band and the embryonic shell is faintly buff, but otherwise it is pure white. Genitalia as in the colored form. Sonorella walkerin.sp. Pl. IX, figs. 4, 4a, 46. . The shell is umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained about 9 times in the diameter of the shell), rather solid, pale cinnamon, 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 395 fading to white around the umbilicus and on both sides of the chestnut- brown shoulder band. The surface is glossy, lightly marked with growth lines, and under a strong lens showing impressed spiral lines on the upper surface of the last whorl (lacking, however, in many individuals). Initial 4 whorl radially rippled, granulation then beginning, the last 2 whorl having close protractively spiral threads, the intervals densely wrinkled radially. Spire very low conic. Whorls 42, the last descending in front. The aperture is rounded oval; peristome narrowly expanding, inconspicuously brown-edged, slightly thickened within, the margins converging, joined by a thin, brownish-edged parietal callus. Alt. 14, diam. 23 mm.; umbilicus 2.6 mm.; aperture 12 x 13 mm. Genitalia (Pl. XII, figs. 1-3, 5, 5a).—The penis is small and slender, at the base enclosed in a short but thick sheath. Penis-papilla cylindric, more than half the length of penis, tapering distally to a blunt or a somewhat pointed end. Retractor muscle inserted on the epiphallus near its base. Epiphallus as long as the penis or somewhat longer, terminating in a minute, bud-like flagellum. Lower part of the vas deferens large, its diameter equal to or exceeding that of the epiphallus. Vagina usually about twice the length of the penis. Santa Rita Mountains, the type from Station 5, Walnut Branch of Agua Caliente Canyon, at about 6,000 feet, with S. santaritana and S. clappi, type No. 112,164, A. N.S. P., collected by Ferriss, Daniels and Pilsbry, 1910. Also taken at Station 3, ‘Soldier Can- yon,” at about 4,500 feet, and in Madera Canyon at Stations 7, 8 and 15. This fine species, named for Dr. Bryant Walker, is not uncommon, though less generally distributed than S. santaritana. In the type locality it lives with S. santaritana and S. clappi, sometimes all under the same rock, sometimes in separate rock piles. The smallest specimens, Station 5, measure 20 mm. in diameter; the largest, Station 15, 24.3 mm. Station 3 is in a small canyon running in north of the mouth of Agua Caliente, opening to the mesa between two high granite crags. The rock is a coarse granite, and shells are not numerous. A single giant cactus growing here is further east than we have seen the species elsewhere. Many specimens have been dissected. The slender, short penis, with a short, thick basal sheath, and the enlarged free vas deferens 396 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF |June, are conspicuous characters. The smaller umbilicus and less de- pressed contour separate it from S. santaritana, which also differs — more fundamentally by its genitalia. S. walkeri is very much like S. clappi in soft anatomy. Its relation to S. huachucana Pils. remains to be defined when that species shall have been dissected. Measurements of the organs in mm. follow. Sta- : | Penis- Epiphal- Flagel- : Sperma- tion. | Penis. papilla. lus. lum. Vagina. theca | | and duct. 5 4.7 2.0 5 1 Sl on ae er 5 5 3 5 Minute 77 hee 8 4 2.3 6 i 10~. lana 15 4.3 2.8 1.3 Se 1Oa eee 3 4 3 6.5 iW eed Ree piste 7 5 6.7 Minute y ena Re Sonorella walkeri aguacalientensis n. subsp. PI. IX, figs. 5, 5a, 5b, 6, 6a, 6b. A form with the shell not constantly distinguishable from S. walkeri was found in some abundance at Stations 1 and 2, in the : mouth of Agua Caliente | } y Canyon. Station 1isin / rocks on the bank of the wash running out of the canyon, immediately southeast of the fine spring of tepid water which gives this canyon its name. This is the - lowest Station for any snail found in_ these mountains, the elevation being about 3,800 feet. All of the alcoholic speci- mens of this lot were lost after leaving the moun- tains, so that the ana- x tomical characters are Fig. 5. Genitalia of S. w. aguacalientensis, Sta- tion 2, with detail of penis-papilla (pp.). epi., unknown. The shells epiphallus; Pp.» penis; vag., vagina; v.d., vas measure 19 to 24 mm. in acer diameter and live in crevices or under fragments of a friable, shale-like rhyolite, of a dark vinaceous-drab color. See Pl. IX, figs. 6, 6a, 60. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 397 Station 2, at the base of bluffs southeast of Station 1 and somewhat higher, afforded a few similar shells (Pl. IX, figs. 5, 5a, 5b). One preserved in spirit differs from S. walkeri by having a decidedly longer penis, penis-papilla and epiphallus. There is no flagellum, and no penial retractor muscle was found. (Fig. 5.) These differ- ences, if confirmed by further dissections, in our opinion, indicate a distinct species; but to direct attention to it we now rank the race as a subspecies of S. walkeri. The diameter at Station 2 runs from 22.35 to 24 mm. The elevation of this Station is between 4,100 and 4,200 feet, according to the topographic map. Sonorella clappin.sp. Pl. IX, figs. 8, 8a, 8b. The shell is umbilicate (umbilicus contained about 8 times in the diameter), thin, depressed, semimatt, cinnamon, the base paler, fading to olive-buff in the middle, and with a chestnut-brown shoulder band having paler borders. Embryonic shell of 12 whorls, the initial } whorl smooth, the rest densely and evenly reticulate-granu- lous, having an indistinct zigzag pattern in some places, but without the spirally descending threads of the hachitana type. Subsequent whorls are lightly striate and microscopically wrinkle-granose, this sculpture becoming weaker on the base. Whorls 43, the last descend- ing in front, rounded peripherally. Aperture rounded-oval, the peristome thin, narrowly expanded. Alt. 10.8, diam. 19 mm.; umbilicus 2.4 mm. (type). erelUsoct hy LS ‘‘ (globose topotype). ri Meds ‘17.7. “ — (depressed topotype). Genitalia (Pl. XII, figs. 6, 7).—-Penis slender throughout, with a thick, short basal sheath and a long papilla. Epiphallus and vas deferens slender, the former terminating in a minute flagellum, the retractor muscle inserted close to its base. Vagina shorter than the penis. Measurements in mm. follow. | Sperma- St | Penis | Penis- | Epiphal- | Flagel- | Vagina. | theca tion. |. | papilla. lus:, | lum. and duct. | | 8 8.5 | 6 8.5 Minute yc WN ag CRee eee ct i 6.5 eatin toa 8 Minute 3 25 Santa Rita Mountains: Station 8, Madera Canyon, type No. 112,163. Also taken at Station 16, Madera Canyon; 6, 12, 13, 14 near the head of Agua Caliente Canyon; abundantly at Station 5, 398 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Walnut branch of Agua Caliente; and Stations 17 and 173, Camperel Canyon, on the eastern slope of the mountains, at about 6,500 feet. This is a smaller, thinner shell than other Santa Rita Sonorellas, and readily distinguished by its microscopic granulation and the beautiful sculpture of the embryo. It is variable in degree of eleva- tion of the spire, size of umbilicus and color. In Madera Canyon the shell has a russet hue. In Walnut Branch of Agua Caliente the color ranges from almost chamois in the thicker old individuals to nearly water green in those barely grown to full size. The microscopic granulation is sometimes typically developed on the last whorl, but more often more or less obsolete, sometimes only visible in a few places; and most specimens show incised spiral lines on the last whorl, occasionally quite distinct and numerous. Around the head of Agua Caliente Canyon the color is similar to the Walnut Branch lot. S. clappi resembles the Huachucan 8S. granulatissima and S. danielsi in the embryonic sculpture and the general appearance, but in those species the aperture is more oblique than usual in S. clappi and the genitalia are conspicuously different. Having dissected a good many individuals of all of these species, I feel confident that the genitalia afford the most reliable specific characters. S. clappi is very much like S. walkeri in genitalia. A couple of shells from Station 173, Camperel Canyon, on the eastern slope of the range, resemble the Agua Caliente form in being light colored. One from Station 17, in the same canyon, is the darkest of all, being nearly a sorghum-brown color, more vinaceous where the cuticle is worn off. The genitalia (Pl. XII, figs. 4, 4a) differ from typical S. clapp: by the longer penis and penis sheath, and the shorter vagina. Length of penis 13, penis-papilla 10, epi- phallus 10, flagellum 1, vagina 43 mm. A bleached Sonorella, No. 105,385, U. 8. N. M., collected, or at least sent to Dr. I. Lea in 1860, by H. C. Grovenor, is labelled “Santa Rita Mountains, 6,000 feet above the sea.” It is very thin and appears under the lens to have been granular. The lip-ends con- verge, as in S. clappi, from which this shell differs by its larger size and less depressed shape; diam. 20.5 mm. It is probably a distinct species related to S. clappz, but it is not in condition for description. The spire is broken. Sonorella granulatissima occidentalis n. subsp. Pl. IX, figs. 7, 7a, 7b. Similar in sculpture to S. granulatissima, but differmg by the narrower last whorl, which is less convex above; the light borders of the chestnut-brown band, and the less depressed spire. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 399 Alt. 12, diam. 19.6 mm.; umbilicus 2.8 mm.; 42 whorls. Santa Rita Mountains at Station 17 (Camperel Canyon), on the northeastern flank of Old Baldy. Type No. 112,165, A. N.S. P. We regret that the jar containing the soft parts of this species proved leaky, and its contents were lost. It seems to be related to S. granulatissima, as the sculpture is very similar. VY. SMALL RANGES AND HILLS OF THE SANTA CRuUz RIVER VALLEY. Between Tucson and Nogales and the Santa Rita and Baboquivari Mountains there are many buttes and ranges of hills or small moun- tains, a few of which we visited, finding in each a special species of Sonorelia and sometimes a few small shells. Among the more important ranges which should be investigated we may mention the Tumacacori (or Atascoso) range, an extensive mass of arid looking mountains, extending south to the Mexican line, and probably supporting little but Sonorella. They are easily accessible from the Sonora R. R., being about 6 miles from “Siding No. 4.” These mountains on the south pass into the Sierra de los Pajaritos, which lie west of Nogales—‘‘a confused mass of rocky crags, peaks, flat-topped mountains with vertical sides, enormous trachyte dykes, steep narrow ridges and deep canyons.” They are covered with “‘a fine growth of oak, juniper and manzanita, while magnificent walnut, sycamore and ash trees line the canyons.” Water supply precarious except in the wet seasons. These fine mountains are unknown to the conchologist. Various species reported from Tucson were certainly brought there from more or less distant localities. Sonorella granulatissima, reported by Bartsch, Smiths. Misc. Coll., Vol. 47, p. 193, and Ash- munella varicifera Ancey are Huachucan species. The following ‘species were taken in the drift débris of the Santa Cruz River, near Tucson, chiefly above the bridge. The fresh-water shells are mainly fossils, washed out of, or exposed upon the low dirt banks, where the stream has cut down through a former cienega. Part of the land shells probably washed in from the Tumamoc and other eastern foothills of the Tucson Range. We found Bifidaria tuba and Thysan- ophora hornit on the Tumamoc Hills, and with other minutie, in .débris washed down from the hills at the hill terminus of Congress St. THYSANOPHORA HORNII (Gabb.). HOLosPIra FERRISSI SANCTZCRUCIS P. and F. (see p. 388). ZONITOIDES SINGLEYANA (Pils.). JSSUCCINEA AVARA Say. 400 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, PUPOIDES MARGINATA (Say). BIFIDARIA PROCERA CRISTATA P. and V. 5 PELLUCIDA HORDEACELLA (Pils.). TUBA P. and F. VERTIGO OVATA Say. LYMNA PARVA Lea. = OBRUSSA Say. BULIMOIDES COCKERELLI P. and F. PLANORBIS TENUIS Phil. . CARIB&HUS Orb. PARVUS Say. ARIZONENSIS P. and F. Puysa virGaTa Gld. PALUDESTRINA PROTEA (Gld.). PISIDIUM PAUPERCULUM (Sterki).® 3 COMPRESSUM Prime (KIRKLANDI Sterki). ANODONTA DEJECTA Lewis, fossil and recent, fragmentary. iz ce as e In the drift débris of the Santa Cruz River at Amado’s Ranch (not far from the mouth of Sopori Creek) we took the following: ZONITOIDES SINGLEYANA (Pils.). ne MINUSCULA (Binn.). \PUPOIDES MARGINATA (Say). BIFIDARIA PELLUCIDA HORDEACELLA (Pils.). pe PERVERSA Sterki. PROCERA CRISTATA P. and VY. (one specimen). PENTODON (Say). VERTIGO OVATA Say. VALLONIA PERSPECTIVA Say. Puysa HUMEROSA Gld. “t -“NIRGATN ‘Gld: 73 a3 On Sopori Creek, five miles west of Amado’s Ranch. THYSANOPHORA HORNII (Gabb). PUPOIDES MARGINATA (Say). PHYSA sp. undet. Sonorella arizonensis (Dall). Epiphragmophora arizonensis Dall, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, p. 1, 1895. Sonorella arizonensis (Dall), Bartsch, Smiths. Mise. Coll., XLVII, p. 198, Pl. 33, fig. 6. This is a rather globose species with narrow umbilicus, quite — unlike anything we found. The type is a bleached specimen found ~ in the Santa Cruz River at Tucson, which no doubt drifted down — from above. As no Sonorella lives at or near the river level, it must — have been washed down from some mountain or rocky hill in the 8 The species of Pisidiwm in these lists were determined by Mr. E. G. Vanatta. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 401 river valley, and will eventually be found again. Great quantities of the drift débris of the Santa Cruz which we looked over did not produce a second specimen, though minute shells were abundant. Only by a rare chance would so turbulent a stream as the Santa Cruz in flood carry Sonorella very far. In its ordinary condition there is a succession of small pools connected, in places, by a slender rivulet; but after heavy rain we have seen turbid water from bank to bank for a brief time. Sonorella tumamocensis n. sp. Pl. X, figs. 4, 4a, 4b. The shell is depressed, umbilicate (umbilicus contained about 6 times in the diameter of the shell), thin, light pinkish cinnamon, fading to whitish on the base, and having indistinct whitish borders above and below the rather narrow chestnut-brown shoulder band. Apical sculpture is of the hachitana type, but usually very weak, the initial half-whorl smooth, without the usual radial ripples; the rest of the embryonic shell is marked with a few delicate, interrupted tangential (protractive) threads, on a nearly smooth ground, having weak growth ripples only. The subsequent neanic and last whorls have weak growth lines. Whorls 43, convex, the last slowly de- scending in front. Aperture rounded, nearly as high as wide. Peri- stome thin, the outer and basal margins very narrowly expanded. The columellar lip, in basal view, shows very little dilation. Alt. 10.5, diam. 17.5 mm.; aperture 8.7 x 9.5 mm.; umbilicus 2.8 mm. wide. Other specimens measure: Alt. 10.5, diam. 18 mm. 73 9, ce 17 “cc ce 9, “ 16 ce Genitalia (Pl. XIII, fig. 5)—The penis is about as long as the vagina, slender in its lower part, somewhat swollen above. Around the base there is a very short sheath of very loose open texture. It contains a slender, slowly tapering papilla about one-third as long as the penis, its surface closely grooved spirally, the apex obtuse but small. The epiphallus is slender, terminating in a vestigeal, bud- like flagellum. The retractor muscle is inserted on the epiphallus, Other organs as usual. Top of the head and back are slate-colored, shading into gray on the sides, whitish towards the edges of the foot. Tail and sole white. Faint lines define the three areas of the sole. Jaw (Pl. XIII, fig. 8) has 3 or 4 very weak ribs. 402 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, Tumamoc Hill, near Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona. Types No. 112,245, A. N. S. P., collected by Ferriss, Pilsbry and Daniels, October 1, 1910; topotypes in collections of Ferriss and Daniels. Specimens were taken by Mr. J. C. Blumer under volcanic cliffs on the northeast side of Cat Mountain, in the Tucson Range. The shell closely resembles S. eremita of the Mineral Hill group, but it is much thinner with the peristome decidedly less expanded and the embryonic whorls smoother. The penis is very much ~ longer than in eremita. A comparison with the unique type of S. arizonensis Dall, kindly made by Dr. Paul Bartsch, shows that that species is quite distinct. We would be disposed to consider twmamocensis a subspecies of S. rowelli were it not that in individuals having the shell about the same size as rowelli the penis, penis-papilla, epiphallus and vagina are about twice as long; the spermathecal duct remaining about equal in the two species. The shape of the penis-papilla is different, that of twmamocensis being longer, slender and tapering. For comparison we have added measurements of the organs of S. rowelli to the table on p. 408. The columellar lip dilates much less than in S. comobabiensis or S. sitiens. The penis is very much longer, its papilla both absolutely and relatively much shorter than in S. papagorum. The Tumamoc Hills are an outlying spur of the Tucson Range, about a mile from Tucson west of the Santa Cruz River. There are three hills: Tumamoc, 3,092 feet, on the northern slope of which the Desert Botanical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution of Washington stands; Sentinel, 2,885 feet, and a lower nameless hill of 2,672 feet elevation. The hills are voleanic, formed of an old andesite flow, largely covered by rhyolite (which is the characteristic rock of the Tucson Range) and later flows of basalt.7 Sonorella occurred in great piles of black basalt, on the north slope of Tumamoce Hill, from just below the flat summit down half way to the Desert Laboratory. Most of them were taken not far from the 2,750-foot contour (our Station 35). Living snails are very scarce and hard to get. None were found on the other slopes of Tumamoc Hill, nor could we find them on Sentinel Hill. On the 2,672-foot hill, at the end of Congress St., we took only Bifidaria tuba. 7 Topographic and geological maps of these hills, with accounts of their physical features and vegetation, may be found in the following publications of the Carnegie Institution of Washington: D. T. Macdougal: Botanical features of North American deserts, 1908. Volney M. Spalding: Distribution and movements of desert plants, 1909. z - Le feed el th, etith Beei aaa. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 403 Except for the specimens of S. twmamocensis, taken by Mr. Blumer at Cat Mountain, the Tucson Range, about 25 miles long, is not explored for shells. Sonorella papagorum n. sp. PI. VIII, figs. 8, 8a, 8b. The shell is depressed, umbilicate (the umbilicus contained about 9 times in the diameter of the shell), rather thin, somewhat glossy, light pinkish cinnamon, fading to whitish around the umbilicus, and a trifle pale at the edges of a dark chestnut-brown band at the shoulder. Apical sculpture is of the hachitana type, but very weakly developed, the initial half-whorl smooth, the rest of the embryonic shell similar to that of S. twmamocensis. Subsequent whorls are lightly marked with growth lines. Whorls 4%, convex, the last descending slowly in front. Aperture oblique, rotund-oval. Peristome slightly ex- panded above, the outer and basal margins well expanded, thin; columellar margin broadly dilated, partly covering the umbilicus. Alt. 14, diam. 23 mm.; aperture, alt. 11.8, diam. 13.6 mm.; width of umbilicus 2.7 mm. Genitalia (Pl. XIII, fig. 4).—Penis small and slender, about equal in length to the vagina and of equal calibre throughout. A short, loose sheath envelops its base. The penis-papilla is. nearly as long as the penis, very slender, slowly tapering, indistinctly annulate. The slender epiphallus bears the retractor muscle and terminates in avery minute flagellum. Female organs as usual. Jaw (fig. 6) has five ér six strong, unequal ribs, or in one specimen four unequal weaker ribs. It is quite variable. Fig. 6.—Jaw of Sonorella papagorum. The shells show but little variation, excepting size. Alt. 13.8, diam. 23.5 mm.; aperture 12 x 13.3 mm. apes ie Oro) < erat ae Oe ie Black Mountain, near the mission of San Xavier del Bac, in the Papago Indian Reservation, Pima Co., about 9 miles south of Tucson. Types No. 112,16], A. N. S. P., collected by Pilsbry and Daniels, October 5, 1910. This shell is less solid than S. eremita, with a narrower umbilicus and far weaker apical sculpture. NG peeue 404 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF (June, Black Mountain is a rather remote and isolated outlier of the Tucson Range, which has here its southeastern terminus. It is a long, straight, level-topped ridge, divided by a deep gap into a longer and a shorter mountain. The slopes are everywhere very steep, covered with black basalt, like Tumamoc Hill at Tucson. Slides of this rock occupy a large part of the slopes. Between the slides, which are, of course, barren of vegetation, there is some desert verdure. Ocotillo, mesquite, cat-claw, palo verde, etc., are typical plants, and giant cacti grow on the south side. No agave or sotol were seen. The Sonorellas are found rather deep in the slides. They probably inhabit the whole northern slope, but we worked only a couple of hours, on the north side of the east end, close under the summit. Some hazard attends the hunt in these slides, which are so steep that the heavy rock starts to move on small provocation. Black Mountain, like the rest of the Tucson Range, is very dry. It stands on a plain much lower than the Mineral Hill group and higher than Tucson. The station where Sonorella was collected we would roughly estimate as 3,200 or 3,300 feet above the sea. Sonorella eremita n. sp. Pl. VIII, figs. 7 to 7e. The shell is globose-depressed, umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained about 63 times in the diameter of shell), more solid than — other species of the same region, glossy, pinkish buff, fading to nearly white around the umbilicus, and having a chestnut-brown shoulder band, without noticeable light borders. The embryonic shell, of about 14 whorls, has strongly developed sculpture of the hachitana — type. The initial half-whorl has some radial ripples or wrinkles; — then there appears a series of long, protractive threads on the outer ~ two-thirds, meeting shorter forwardly ascending threads on the 7 inner third; the intervals occupied by short radial impressions. — The threads are subject to more or less interruption, particularly ? on the greatest convexity of the whorl. The later whorls are marked with very fine, unequal growth-lines. } The spire is very low, conoidal. Whorls 43, moderately convex, the last slowly descending in front. The oblique aperture is rounded, but slightly wider than high. Peristome slightly expanded above, — the outer and basal margins expanding more, slightly thickened, - the margins converging, connected by a very thin parietal film. Alt. 11.9, diam. 19.3 mm.; umbilicus 3 mm. West end of San Xavier Hill, Mineral Hill group, about 20 miles S. S. W. of Tucson, Pima Co., Arizona. Types No. 112,161, A. Ne S. P., collected by Pilsbry and Daniels, 1910. Topotypes in col- lections of Ferriss and Daniels. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 405 The top of the head is gray, integument elsewhere cream-tinted. The median area of the sole is whitish, twice as wide as either side area, the latter flesh-tinted. The genitalia (Pl. XIII, figs. 2, 10).--Penis very small and slender, having a very short, weak basal sheath of a few loose fibres. The papilla is coarsely annulated, very slender and long. The penis- retractor muscle is inserted on the epiphallus, which is extremely slender, not so wide as the vas deferens, but enlarged a trifle where it joins the latter. There is no flagellum. Female organs as usual. Jaw having four or five unequal ribs, sometimes rather weak (Pl. XIII, figs. 6, 6a). = Ouriine or SAN Xavier fee FROM WEST, Seu sativa STATION IN CEN SONORELLA---- SANXAVIER Hite HELMET P Fig. 7—Plan of the Mineral Hills, scale 2 inches to a mile, with sketch of the type locality of Sonorella eremita. In the genitalia, as well as the shell, this species resembles S. papagorum, but it differs by having a smaller penis and by the very slender epiphallus, which is actually smaller than the vas deferens in several specimens dissected. In S. twmamocensis the penis is very much longer. The shell is smaller than S. papagorum, with far more strongly developed apical sculpture than in any other species of this district. It is also more solid, and, having an aspect of its own, is not likely to be confused with any other Sonorella known to us. The size is quite variable: 406 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June Alt. 12.7, diam. 21.3 mm.; whorls 43. ‘cc 9.9, ce ik7¢ < “ec 9, as 16 iz “ee 4;. There was a scalariform specimen among the bones. It measures 13.3 mm. high, 16.6 wide. The normal height for a shell of this diameter should be about 9.5 mm. The Mineral Hill group, Twin Buttes and Tinaja Hills are much degraded outliers of the Sierrita Mountains. Only the Mineral Hill group has been worked for land snails, though all doubtless have Sonorellas—and very little else. The Mineral Hills are about 20 miles west of south from Tucson and about 7 miles north of the Sierritas.3 They stand at the summit of a long slope, rising about 1,000 feet in ten miles from San Xavier del Bac, on a mesa of perhaps 3,600 feet elevation. The xerophytic vegetation extends over the hills, mesquite, cat-claw, palo verde, ocotillo and sotol being the more conspicuous plants, to which may be added tree cacti on southern slopes, and on the mesa many opun- tias, cylindropuntias and a few barrel cacti and yuccas. The absence of Agave is peculiar. These hills are a favorite resort of rattlesnakes. I got also a coral snake. No mollusks whatever were found on Mineral Hill or Helmet Peak. San Xavier Hill is composed of white subcarboniferous limestone, like the hills south- eastward, except at the western end, which is whitish quartz, with a spur to the north of coarse pinkish-gray granite. There is a depres- sion in this end of the hill, between short, low cliffs of white quartz. The cliff towards the south has partly fallen in a tumble of huge blocks with some smaller stone between them. This talus is perhaps 200 feet long to the last scattered blocks, and at the widest 40 feet wide; its lower end about 200 feet above the mesa. In it we found the Sonorella described above. ‘‘Bones”’ were abundant, but living snails extremely scarce, and confined to the deeper portions of the talus, between the piled-up quartz blocks. The entire range of this species is not much greater than the area occupied by a moderate- sized house. In this insignificant fastness it is making a last stand against extermination. We found no snails in a hill covered with granite boulders about ~ OY 3 miles north of west from San Xavier Hill. It is possible, though unlikely, that some insignificant colony may exist there. 8 While there we occupied a comfortable camp at the copper mine of Mr. L. D. Chilson, of Tucson, whose courtesy we would here acknowledge. 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 407 Sonorella sitiens n.sp. PI. VIII, figs. 5 to 5c. The shell is depressed, umbilicate (the width of umbilicus con- tained nine to ten times in the diameter of the shell), rather thin, cinnamon colored (varying in tone), paler around the umbilicus, encircled by a chestnut-brown band at the shoulder, bordered with a white band above and below. Surface somewhat glossy. The initial fourth of a whorl is smooth; the rest of the embryonic shell has very fine, anastomosing and interrupted radial wrinkles, and on some specimens there are the faintest traces of spiral threads. The neanic and last whorls are marked with delicate growth lines. Spire low; whorls 44, convex, the last slowly descending in front. Aper- ture oblique, rounded oval. Peristome thin, the upper margin hardly expanded, outer and basal margin, a little expanding. Alt. 11, diam. 20 mm.; aperture, alt. 10, diam. 12 mm. The back, top and sides of head are slate colored, the tail and a wide band above the foot edges whitish. Genitalia (Pl. XIII, fig. 3).—The penis is swollen distally, becoming narrow,in its basal half, which is enveloped in a muscular sheath, the outer edge of which is attached to the end of the epiphallus. The penis-papilla is extremely short and wide, cylindric, with a few annular corrugations and a shortly conic end. The epiphallus is slender, swollen at its distal end, without trace of a flagellum. The lower part of the vagina is very stout. Other organs as usual. Jaw (Pl. XIII, fig. 7) has 8 strong, narrow ribs. Northwestern end of Las Gijas above Las Gijas Mine, Pima Co., Arizona. Types No. 112,158, A. N. 8S. P., taken by Ferriss and Pilsbry, September 27, 1910. The shell is less solid than S. eremita, the aperture decidedly larger, the umbilicus smaller. The color also is darker. It differs from eremita conspicuously in the genitalia, the penis of S. sitiens being provided with a sheath of half its length, and the papilla being extremely short and stout, while in S. eremita the sheath is repre- sented only by a few loose muscular fibres at the base, and the papilla is very slender and comparatively long. No other Sonorella known has a penis-papilla like that of S. sitiens. Several specimens dissected are entirely similar in genitalia. The spire is very low in most of the specimens, but in one (PI. VIII, fig. 5c) it is more conic. In this shell the white borders of the shoulder band are very narrow. It measures, alt. 12, diam. 18.5 mim., aperture 9.5 mm. high, 10.8 wide. Five other adult shells measure: 408 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June; Alt. 11, diam. 19 mm.; aperture 9.9 x 11.25 mm. 17.82 pul Dr at hie ee Wee Ase. “""9.9x 41 “ sabe ee ie OU IN Be ‘Mp ae: RATS eRe LS fee an Lhe (ea The most closely related species seems to be S. rowelli. This, however, has a larger penis-papilla and a slightly wider umbilicus. The low and inconspicuous range Las Gijas (the Quartz Hills) lies south of the well-known landmark Cerro Colorado, and west of the northern end of the Tumacacori Range. At the northwest end there is a mine, and aranch building stands on the bank of a small stream, the Gija Wash. The hill above the mine is strewn with rounded boulders of coarse-grained granite, weathering to angular gravel. Most of the loose rock is too massive to move, so that suitable situations for snails are scarce. We found the first Sonorellas on the slope above the mine. Working up over the rounded top of the hill and along the ridge a half mile south we crossed a low rock dyke, where a few more shells and a large colubrine snake were taken. None were found among the rocks at the head of the canyon east of this ridge. The other hills at this end of the range are rounded, grassy, with little rock. On top there is much sotol, ocotillo, a few cacti, etc. We found the pygmy Agave parvi- flora here. It was not seen elsewhere. In the débris of the Gija Wash we found Thysanophora hornii (Gabb), Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.) and Bifidaria pelleucida hor- deacella (Pils.). Measurements of the genitalia of the preceding species are here given together. The species identified as S. rowelli (Ne.) in these Proceepinas for 1905 being added for comparison. ~ = S = = Sail D ne a 5) 2 Es 23 =5 4 aro ED = mH = Rh Bol, a) ee tS | a See Age | epee a) ake ea ee Mek me Ses Sys a es ee S. tumamocensis.......... 10 3.7 | 10 | Trace] 10.7 | 23.5 |- 17.5 |103101 S. papagorum.............. 6 5 0.5 i 28.5 | 23 /|103099 SCT ENUILG eee eens 42 DAG a tor are 0 133 en 5) 19 103100 Y Shi) 251 4 0) 6 20 ie le ee “ & A one AO | SO: 3) St | 2s Serge “ S. sitiens 6 1 5 | =e A eee 20 103102 9 ; Gi 1 Baan Rete A, 0 5 25 gl EE: ub S. rowelli, Sanfords....) 5 2 5 Trace) “5:3 220 17 83273 S. rowelli, Patagonia ; Wisse eoccnp ae red eR or heverete 0 ASS = eee 15.4 | 83268 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 409 Sonorella sitiens arida n. subsp. PI. VIII, figs. 6, 6a, 6b. The shell resembles S. sitiens, but differs in these features: the umbilicus is decidedly wider, its diameter contained 6 to nearly 7 times in that of the shell; the color is paler; the aperture is notice- ably smaller. The embryonic 14 whorls show distinct spirally protractive threads in young individuals. Alt. 10.8, diam. 19 mm.; aperture, alt. 9, diam. 10.2 mm.; umbilicus 3 mm. Alt. 10, diam. 18.5 mm.; aperture, alt. 9, diam. 10 mm.; umbilicus 3 mm. Alt. 10.25, diam. 19.9 mm.; aperture, alt. 9.9, diam. 11. mm.; umbilicus 2.9 mm. Cerro Colorado, around the base of a conspicuous crag at the south- eastern end of the range. Types No. 112,160, A. N. 8. P., collected by Pilsbry and Ferriss, September 28, 1910. The first two measurements are of cotypes from the south side of the crag. The third specimen measured is the only adult shell taken on the north side of the crag, perhaps a hundred feet higher. This form stands very close to S. sitiens, yet the difference in the size of umbilicus is constant in the small series examined; no com- munication between the colonies of Cerro Colorado and Las Gijas can have taken place for a very long period, so that in the present state of our knowledge it seems proper to keep the forms of the two hill-groups subspecifically separate. Unfortunately, no living examples were found, so that the ana- tomical characterization of the subspecies remains to be worked out. The Cerro Colorado (‘‘Red Hill’’) lies a few hours’ travel north of Las Gijas. The northern slopes are grassy and rounded, but west and south it is carved into bold, fantastic crags and pinnacles of dull red rhyolite—a landmark which catches the eye for a long distance. Our work here was brief. Scarcely an hour was spent around a crag which stands at the southeastern extremity, about two miles from the Cerro Colorado Mine on the Aravaca Road. Here the Sonorella described above was taken, only a few dead specimens. No doubt, the cliffs westward, higher up, would yield better results, though little can be expected in such a dry situation. Neighboring low crags of milk-white quartz, at a lower level southward, were found barren. Sonorella sitiens comobabiensis n. subsp. The shell is similar to S. sitiens in general shape, its width contained about 9 times in the greatest diameter of the shell. It is smaller within, and enlarges more in the last whorl than that of S. twma- 410 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June,, mocensis, but the enlargement is largely concealed by the overhanging and dilated columellar lip. It is light pinkish cinnamon, fading to: white around the umbilicus, usually with a white streak on the last: whorl, left by a former resting stage, and with white bands above and below the rather wide chestnut-brown shoulder band. The apical sculpture is of the sitiens type, but some interrupted, descend- ing spiral threads are visible on the best examples; subsequent whorls are lightly marked with growth lines. The aperture is larger than in S. twmamocensis, but less ample than that of S. vesperus. The peristome expands distinctly, though narrowly. Alt. 10.1, diam. 18, longest axis of aperture 10.1 mm.;4# whorls. a3 10.8, a3 19, 73 ce ce “ce eS “c 43 ce “ec 9.7, “ 17.4, ec (as c ce 10.3 a3 42 ce Comobabi Mountains, at the base of a cliff on the north side of the highest part of the range, elevation about 4,000 feet. Type and paratypes No. 112,252, A. N.S. P., other paratypes in Ferriss col- lection. Also taken in the Cababi Hills, about 10 miles westward, in a slide of voleanic rock on the north side of the highest peak,. about 3,000 feet elevation. All were collected by Mr. J. C. Blumer, of Tucson, in the course of botanical exploration. About 120 specimens were collected, some of them showing the surface and color unimpaired, though all were dead shells. We are therefore unable to give any information on the soft parts. The shell is very much like S. sitiens of Las Gijas, further south, and east of the Baboquivari Range; but on account of the wide separation of the localities, it is likely to be subspecifically or even specifically distinct. The Comobabi Mountains form a short range, about 75 miles west of Tucson. The Cababi Hills, immediately west, and the Qui-i-tomoc Hills, a short distance south, are parts of the same group. It is evidently rich in shells, as Mr. Biumer found S. s. comobabiensis on the highest peaks (near the south end) of both Comobabi and Cababi, and a form which we cannot distinguish from S. vespertina on the north side of the largest peak of the Qui-i- tomoce Hills. Somewhere in the Cababi Mountains, the exact location not given, Mr. Frank Cole collected two forms, which we provision- ally refer to S. ashmuni as varieties; one of them isthe largest Sonorella known. Sonorella ashmuni capax n. subsp. Pl. X, figs. 7, 7a, 7b. The shell is umbilicate, the umbilicus very narrow within, but in the last half-whorl widening to about three times its former width, 1915.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 411 oblong, contained between seven and eight times in the diameter of the shell. Avellaneous in color, paler around the umbilicus and slightly so on both sides of the chestnut-brown shoulder band. Sur- face glossy, lightly striate, the embryonic shell of 13 whorls with S. hachitana sculpture. Whorls 5, slowly widening, the last whorl very broad and capacious, rather strongly descending to the aperture. The aperture is very large, oblique, the peristome well expanded except near the upper termination; margins converging, joined by a thin callus. Alt. 15.7, diam. 28.4 mm.; umbilicus 3.7 mm.; aperture 16.4 mm. wide, 13.7 high. ; Cababi Mountains (about 75 miles west of Tucson), collected by Frank Cole, March, 1915. Type No. 112,253, A. N.S. P., cotypes in Ferriss collection. This is one of the largest species, very much resembling S. ashmuni Bartsch, from Richinbar, Yavapai Co., which has a slightly smaller aperture. As the localities are several hundred miles apart and separated by the depression of the Gila.River, they will probably turn out to be distinct when the genitalia of both are examined; but as no differences which could reasonably be called specific appear in a close comparison of the types, we rank the southern form as a eubspecies. The nine specimens collected measure 28.4, 27.9, 27.8, 25.5, 24.8, 24.6, 24.5, 24, 23.9 mm. diameter, being therefore variable in size. Sonorella ashmuni ambigua n. subsp. Pl. X, figs. 6, 6a, 6b. The shell is smaller than S. a. capax (diameter 20.9 to 23.4 mm.) with the last whorl widening somewhat less, the aperture more rounded. Alt. 13.5, diam. 22.5 mm.; umbilicus 3 mm.; aperture 12.2 mm. wide, 11 high. Whorls 43. Cababi Mountains; No. 112,254 sent with the preceding, but whether collected in the same place is not known. They were taken in March, 1914, by Mr. Frank Cole, Mr. Ferriss’ guide in 1913. Thirty-two specimens measure as follows in diameter: 20.9, ar (2) sertet 21.3" (2), 21:4 (2); 21.5,'21.65(@2); 21.7 (2), 21.8, 22° (5), Beat Ame, 22.4, 22:5 (3) ,22.6, 22.7, 23, 20.2, 23.3, 23.4. We are in some doubt about the status of this form, but it is readily separable from S. a. capax in the series seen. The genitalia when examined will no doubt clear up the uncertainty. 412 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [June, VI. THe Basoguivart MovunNtmvAINS. We had not intended at first to visit the Baboquivaris. From our camp, above 7,000 feet in the Santa Ritas, the long ridge, sixty miles distant, bounded the western horizon. We could see the wonderful obelisk of Baboquivari Peak catch the morning sun while the great valley between slept in dusk. At evening it stood silhouetted, velvet black, between the purple valley and flaming sky. To visit this range, beyond which there is no water, became an obsession, and finally we made the two-day journey by wagon, camping midway on Sopori Creek, where there was a little stagnant water for the horses. The Baboquivari Range is a single, long, north and south ridge with numerous short lateral spurs. Its chief landmark, Baboquivari Peak, is a huge obelisk of dull red rhyolite, standing on the main axis of the range, flat topped, its sides practically vertical. The foothills and lower slopes of the range have many barrel cacti, opuntias, agaves, very few giant cacti. The lower courses of the canyons are green with mesquite and cat-claw. ~The higher moun- tains are grassy and lack large cacti; only a flat Mamillaria and the little rainbow cactus were noticed. There is some scattering oak, size of a peach tree, on western and northern slopes, and very few stunted pinyons around the high crags. The herbaceous plants are chiefly the same as in the Santa Ritas. Sycamore Canyon has a richer sylva—buttonwood, walnut, hackberry, a fine dark-leaved species of oak, ete. There is water in Oro Fino and Sycamore Canyons, and we found some also near the head of Thomas Canyon, about half a mile below the peak. Near the mouth of Sycamore there was in 1910 a foresters’ house (which we occupied), a corral andapump. Much further up there is running water. Our collect- ing stations, enumerated below, are shown on the accompanying sketch map.° The following collecting stations were found: Station 21. Mt. Mildred, north side of the butte at summit of the talus slope. ° We are indebted to Professor R. H. Forbes, of the University of Arizona, for information correcting the names we had heard of the canyons. Sycamore Canyon is also known as Brown’s or Wasson and Brown’s Canyon. Sabino Otero has for many years ranged cattle in this canyon, and from this some persons have called it Otero Canyon. We were also given the name Baboquivari Canyon for Oro Fino Canyon. No topographic map has been published, so that hasty note-book sketches made by one of us in course of a long day’s tramp from Oro Fino Canyon to the Peak and down to camp in Sycamore Canyon, have been utilized to locate our type localities. Me Soh cctdi nat nenesiln pa dng 17 = ae 4 ba i ‘| i a | ¥ aI _| ‘) | = See eee 1915.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 413 ~ Seid ; aCabin ee SYCAMORE CANYON . (Camp) ~ \ s vt x \ ‘ = Ss \ sacar Saud ~ ‘ \ = XS ‘ ~ is 5 SeeN ; \\ \ 4 \ ’ \ ‘ \ : ‘ ’ \ . = ~ ey nd san -_— Ave | kore oO L DEPEND eta] Td Son | ir ee ae A) 1 (A, [Rae es ety Akal rh, 2 i en erga 0 eh ey CO Ge : fot aN @ | alka BE tye gies | ie Marca Ox, 4 re ~ Q Na f ! | aes Bl | | : | a reel NS=3 == | a% \ , ys ere — Say A esas Z = . | Sell O.\9 Se f FS Tae raesaaralae ss cae rae ude Bue | ae eae aloe Tiss a AUBT Oe | 5 ! | | oe = | | | Hil iS | aw ty a ; N : Se ee ! ly, * 4 fale ty | Peete ee ea Une ; ~ 4 Gwe he ee o, Hees Ns mu? gy ie Soe et PZ, = = L477 a ya - —_—— “, Zayym > b 3 » = \ N -- — mans Streams Soa ORY ido: BLACK RANGE The map is ge, southern section. ruled into square miles. Fig. 1.—Collecting stations in the Black Ran ¥ ' a +, , vi a ar? ee -1917.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 85 fir! f [Sa _-/ Sho alt - ee as Ranch / NSS / ) ores ee = vi Se ee Z Soko t Peak | : ; (rt q Ny _ “ = ’ { : | —————— VPS y= SED PY est 7 Bi Kh Hermon PO yet I 3 Siete SURI VA ania Goa ab SUES Vil ct aria. Park GING OS | Creek \ i “ARG, \ As 36 NS MoKni ght. aan | = CaN ¢ SAa\rire Abia ‘ae | c\ 2\ sg ete” CL Mat (See ose | AL ewer SY. NE Bae aise ee HH oe — ot ee Fig. 2.—Collecting stations in the Black Range, northern section. The map is ruled into square miles. —- ---~S-S 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, morphic rock. Except at the southern end, there is no mining in | the range at present. :; A good crest trail is maintained by the Forestry Service, and several cabins along it are occupied by forest rangers during the dry season. At the time we were there, the range was uninhabited except for two men caring for mines in Silver Creek, and several at Reed’s ranch on Black Canyon. Deer, bear and wild turkeys are abundant. There are no rattlesnakes in the forest zone, though occasionally seen up to about 6,000 feet. Eastern Foothills of the Black Range-—Returning to Deming from Chloride, the limestone ridges about Chloride were found barren of shells, although they had been seen there by miners at an earlier day. At the Oliver Mine, on Mineral Creek, 4 miles above Chloride, Oreohelix pilsbryi was found. A few miles southward, on the north side of a limestone mountain at Sam’s Canyon, Holospira cockerelli was abundant, and a fewvery old ‘“ bones”’ of Oreohelix metcalfei and cooperi were found. Again in a like situation on the Little Palomas Creek, Holospira was plentiful, and again at Hermosa. This is a small village on the Big Palomas Creek, all that remains of a settlement of over 2,000 miners in flush times. Teodoro had seen shells here years ago, when employed as superintendent at the Ocean Wave Mine, but not even “bones” remain. Across the stream, however, and down stream for a mile or more, Oreohelix and Holospira were abundant. Hard digging was required to get living shells, as the hillside of fine soil and limestone spawls had been completely plowed up by herds of goats. The snails found shelter under the roots of dead oaks and in undisturbed rock. In the foothill region there was extensive mining years ago, with consequent destruction of the small wood which grew in favorable places. Although a sharp lookout was kept, nothing further was found on the return trip except a colony of Ashmunella in a slide of igneous rock along the wagon road near the mouth of a small creek tributary to Las Animas River. All were dead except a few very young ones. No topographic map has been published. Our collecting stations are therefore plotted (pp. 84 and 85) on the Forest Service Tem- porary Base Map of the Gila National Forest.! 28 | 4 | 5 |23 | None} 13.5 | Fig. 6 DAUR ee CLIVLNIVOGIUION SUD, LO bcsortecr sec caceesseees 37 | 4 | 6 |31 | None} 14 | | Ashmunella tetrodon fragilis n. subsp. Pl. VI, figs. 1-1. The shell is markedly thinner than A. tetrodon, and subangular peripherally, the periphery situated high. Basal teeth small and well separated. Parietal tooth smaller than in A. te’‘rodon. There is no denticle between its inner end and the upper termination of the lip. Alt. 6.5, diam. 14 mm.; 54 whorls. No. 115,753, A. N.S. P. One colony was found, Station 58, in slides on south side of Cave Creek, near its mouth, and an equal distance from where the wagon road starts up a long-grade hillside on the trail from Chloride to Hillsboro, in the eastern foothills of the Black Range. Ashmunella tetrodon animorum n. subsp. PI. VII, figs. 2-20. The shell resembles A. tetrodon, but differs by having the basal teeth much closer together and united by a callus. The parietal _tooth is simple; the outer lip-tooth is long. Color light buff, with a slightly brownish tinge above. Under a strong lens some imperfect granulation is produced by the interruptign and irregularity of the growth striz on the penult whorl. There is also an extremely minute spiral striation on the later whorls. Alt. 7, diam. 15 mm.; 5} whorls (type, No. 115,747). Pea 2°". (Station 36): Black Range, from Station 26, Holden’s Spring (type loe.), north- 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, ward to Black Canyon (Reed’s) and Morgan Creek. Taken at 15 stations. This is a common shell at high elevations, in the mountains north of Hillsboro Peak. Especially in the labyrinth of canyons forming the heads of Las Animas Canyon, but also on the western slope of the range. Most of the stations are between 8,000 and 9,000 feet. It was found mainly under dead wood on shady and rather humid slopes. Very often the inner of the two basal teeth is wanting, being reduced to a sloping callus against the other tooth. Ashmunella cockerelli n. sp. Pl. VII, figs. 3, 4,9. The shell is umbilicate (umbilicus between one-fifth and one-sixth the total diameter, enlarging in the last half whorl, rather tubular further in); depressed; carinate at the periphery; the shape recalling Polygyra carolinensis and obstricta; wood-brown above, usually somewhat paler at the base, having a buff streak indicating a former resting stage about the middle of the last whorl. Surface lusterless except the earliest whorls. Sculpture of close-set, irregular pebble-like granules on the last whorl, finer on the whorl preceding, before which it is finely striate and slightly punctate, the first 14 whorls smooth and glossy. The inner whorls are convex, the penult whorl flattened, the last somewhat convex above, but excavated on both sides of the strong peripheral keel. It is rather swollen below the keel, particu- larly in the last half. It descends shortly in front, and is guttered behind the outer and basal margins of the lip. The aperture is very oblique, subcircular and toothless. Lip is reflected and somewhat thickened within. Alt. 8.2, diam. 16.4 mm.; 5% whorls (type, figs. 3, 9). WM cay cae meee Tee South of Sawyer’s Peak, on slopes of the ravine at Grand Central Mine (Station 20), and in the next two ravines on the trail to the peak (stations 19 and 22). Also further north at Station 123, .a short distance above Spade’s cabin. This species, which it gives us pleasure to name for Professor T. D. A. Cockerell, is remarkable for its strong carina and roughly pebbly sculpture, which is coarsest on the latter part of the whorl. The upper surface is usually convex, but often nearly flat. The periphery of the penult whorl frequently projects a little above the suture in the individuals with flattened spire. | — Ee a 1917.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 91 Ashmunella cockerelli perobtusa n. subsp. PI. VII, figs. 7, 7a. The shell is sharply angular in the young, and on the front of the last whorl, but becomes rounded and rather swollen in the last third. The granulation 1s minute, as in the following race, and in places the granules are linked into spiral lines. Alt. 7.8, diam. 16 mm.; 54 whorls. Locality, Station 21, a ravine about two miles to the left of the trail (going down) from the camp site on Sawyer Peak to the Grand Central Mine, and at a somewhat higher level than the mine. Type No. 115,750, A. N.S. P.; paratypes in Ferriss coll. As one of the authors was lost when he found this colony, its exact location cannot be made perfectly clear; yet by turning along a trail which branches to the left before the steep descent into the second ravine from the Grand Central Mine, the snail hunter must get into the vicinity of the perobtusa colony. It is in a ravine on the left side of said trail. Ashmunella cockerelli argenticola n. subsp. PI. VII, fig. 5. This form differs from A. cockerelli by the far smoother surface; the granulation being very fine, and on the base the granules are connected into spiral threads, closely placed, and not visible over the whole base. The keel is strong, and continues to the lip, thereby differing from A. c. perobtusa. Alt. 7.4, diam. 16 mm. (type). Upper Silver Creek and its branches, above 7,500 feet, to the northern flank of Sawyer Peak, about 500 feet below the summit. It was taken at stations 3, 45, 6 and 9 on Silver Creek, 10 and 103 on a tributary from the north which enters at Mitchell Gray’s cabin, 11, gulch south of Gray’s cabin, and 173 near the summit of Sawyer Peak. The type locality is Silver Creek just below the box, where the trail makes a detour on the steep northern slope. This is proba- bly between 8,000 and 8,500 feet, Gray’s cabin being at 7,500 feet. In the type locality, Station 43, the diameter is 15 to 16 mm., and the keel projects but little or not at all above the suture. Some lots vary more. At Station 11 the diameter is from 13.7 to 16 mm., and the keel of the penult whorl often projects. In some lots there are coarse, conspicuous wrinkles of growth, as at Station 10. The spire varies in convexity in all lots, and is often almost flat. Ashmunella binneyi n.sp. Pi. VU, fig. 8. The shell is depressed, with low but convex spire and angular periphery; isabella color above, paler below. Sculpture of very minute, interrupted, somewhat anastomosing strie along growth- lines; some weak traces of spiral lines on the base. Whorls slowly 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, widening, convex, the last angular or subangular in front, descending a little to the aperture. Umbilicus widening rapidly in the last whorl, one-fifth the total diameter. Aperture toothless, rounded, lunate, the peristome white, evenly and rather narrowly reflected throughout. Alt. 7, diam. 15.5 mm.; 5 whorls. (Type, Station 83.) Diam. 13.5 to 16.7 mm. (Station 15). Black Range at stations 7 and 83, on Silver Creek above the ““box’’; 138, head of Bull Top Creek, and 15, Spring Creek, a tribu- tary of Iron Creek. The type locality, Station 83, is near the deserted eabin just above the box of Silver Creek, at ah elevation of about 8,500 feet. ; This species differs from A. mendax by the angularity and the microscopic sculpture of the last whorl. Also by the absence of any penial retractor muscle attached to the diaphragm. It is far smoother than any form of A. cockerel'i, and not carinate. It is certainly far less widely spread than A. mendax. We found it only in an area of a couple of miles along the western flank of the range, from Upper Silver Creek to Upper Spring Creek, well within the heavily forested zone. No doubt it will be found over a some- what wider area; yet its absence in our many stations both north and south indicate that it is a relatively local species. Ashmunella mendax n.sp. Pl. VII, figs. 6, 6a, 6b. The shell resembles A. mogollonensis, but is less robust, with different microscopic sculpture, lighter colored, being between tawny-olive and saceardo umber, often with a lighter streak from a former resting period. The third and fourth whorls have minute growth-wrinkles interrupted to form oblong granules in places, and an excessively minute spiral striation. On the last whorl the growth- wrinkles are low, unequal and continuous, and there are many weakly impressed spiral lines. Last whorl descends slightly in front. The aperture is small, toothless; lip white, narrowly reflected. The umbilicus is cylindric within, but in the last whorl opens out to more than twice its former diameter. Alt. 9.8, diam. 20, width of umbilicus 5.2 mm.; 53 whorls. Black Range, at the following stations: 2, Gallina Canyon, 4 miles above Pryor’s upper cabin. Sawyer Peak at stations 18, northeast, and 23, east of camp on the saddle, about 20 minutes’ walk down the mountain. Stations 16, Iron Creek above confluence of Spring Creek, and 163, around Wright’s cabin, near the head of the creek. Station 26, Holden’s Spring, at one of the heads of Holden’s Prong of Animas Canyon. Station 28, southwest side of Hillsboro = 1917.} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 93 Peak. Station 27, west of Animas ranger cabin, and Station 30, about 33 miles west, down the mountain. Station 49, Black Canyon, above Diamond Bar ranch house, on the western slope of the range. Station 32, garden of Stephen Reay, west end of Kingston. Type locality, Station 16. The shell, while superficially very like A. mogollonensis, is easily distinguished by the somewhat granose intermediate whorls and far less deeply engraved last whorl. In A. mogollonensis there is no granulation, and the last whorl is very deeply and closely engraved spirally (Pl. VII, fig. 10). In the genitalia, the presence of a very short, broad penial retractor attached to the diaphragm distinguishes mendax (Pl. X, fig. 1) from mogollonensis (Pl. X, fig. 3), in which there is none. This snail has a remarkable range. The lowest colonies on both sides are far below the forest, especially on the west side, where it was found in great numbers in the arid Gallina Canyon. The examples here are rather small, diam. 16 to 17.8 mm. On the east side we took it under wood and rubbish in a garden of Kingston, where it was common. Most of the other localities are along the crest of the range, in the humid forest zone. The type locality is on the south side of Iron Creek some distance above the mouth of Spring Creek, at the entrance of a ravine from the south, where there has been rather extensive mine prospecting. A figure of the genitalia of A. mogollonensis P. & F. is given for comparison, Pl. X, fig. 3. OREOHELIX. Three of the four species belong to the southern group of species having swollen penes. The fourth, O. cooperi, is here at the southern border of its vast range. Most of the specimens taken between the middle of August and the middle of October contained embryos. A few collected in the latter part of October contained none. Oreohelix swopei n.sp. Pl. IX, figs. 2, 3-3b. The shell resembles O. strigosa depressa. It has an ample umbilicus, a low, conic spire, obtuse and rounded at the summit, and a slightly angular periphery. Color fawn or vinaceous fawn, with two choco- late or lighter bands in the usual positions, and finely, irregularly speckled and streaked with creamy markings, partly the result of wear. The surface is glossy where unworn, marked with irregular growth-lines and fine wrinkles, which form sharp little folds just above the suture on some of the intermediate whorls. No spiral striation. The embryonic shell, of 23 flat whorls, shows growth- 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, lines and faint traces of microscopic spirals, and on its last third there are usually several small spiral threads. The young stages have an acutely angular periphery, which becomes bluntly angular on the last whorl, which descends very little in front. The aperture is strongly oblique. Alt. 12, diam. 21 mm. (type). i hy ae. Wage i 7 ing NV a Black Range, at stations 44, 45 and 48, head of Morgan Creek; 42, Black Canyon, 4 miles below Reed’s ranch; 50 and 51, on Dia- mond Creek, about 3 miles below the summit, and again ‘about half way down. Fig. 3.—Reproductive organs of Oreohelix swopei. b, the penis opened, showing fleshy organs in the swollen portion. c, the penis and epiphallus stretched straight. This snail is named in honor of Dr. 8. D. Swope, of Deming, New Mexico, in acknowledgment of his interest in scientific matters and his kindly help in furthering our investigation. That we visited the Black Range at all was due to his alluring picture of its beauties. In the field this shell was taken for O. s. depressa. It was found among rocks on the well-shaded slopes of ravines, usually with O. coopert and Ashmunella. The absence of spiral striation on the last whorl aroused suspicion of the reference to O. s. depressa, and on closer study it was found to differ by the far smoother embryonic shell, and especially by the soft anatomy, the male organs being quite different in the two species. In O. s. depressa the lower part \ 1917.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 95 of the penis is not’ swollen, and its cavity contains four or five sub- equal longitudinal ridges. These structures have been found con- stant in a great many specimens dissected, from Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico.2. In O. swopei the lower part of the penis is conspicuously swollen, its cavity containing several large, irregular, fleshy processes (fig. 3b), below which there are many small longitu- dinal cords (fig. 3). The organs measure: Length of penis. . . Santas ee ica eee swollen portion of penis. i beeen ees SS Seth GHe CYOMOUANIIS cocci cet secede lovee ete lgy ES ‘\ of penial retractor......... ae hatien ni ‘* of vagina... ; , = OLOr sacs OL spermatheca a and duct. ae eal . Diameter of shell. SE ett ol a O. concentrata differs by its far shorter penis. In the specimen dissected, taken about September 15, there were eight embryos (PI. IX, fig. 13), the largest 4.2 mm. diameter. The base shows many smooth spiral lines and bands cutting through densely crowded, crinkled radial strie. When these are worn off it appears almost smooth, the apparently strong spiral sculpture shown in the figures being cuticular. A few beautiful albino shells were found in one rock pile in Station 45. Oreohelix metcalfei Ckll. PI. VIII, fig. 5 Oreohelix strigosa metcalfer CkAl., Nautilus, XVIII, 1905, p. iiss | Leslls orate Proc. A. N. 8. Phila., 1905, p. "278, edt 25, figs. 44, 48, 92. This species was described from shells collected by Mr. O. B. Metcalfe ‘near Kingston,” the exact spot not designated. We hunted one day around Kingston, but did not find it. The country near the town is rather discouraging—steep stony hills with prac- tically no shade, though there is abundant limestone. Probably we did not go far enough afield. We suspect that the colony was either nearer the mountains or northward, probably not in the immediate vicinity of the town. Three very old ‘‘bones”’ were found by one of us in Sam’s Canyon, Station 53, some miles south of Chloride. These occurred with Holospira, like the original lot. It appears that the O. metcalfei group, in Grant, Sierra and Socorro Counties, comprises a series of forms largely parallel to the O. haydeni series in Utah and Colorado, but even more remarkable in its extremes of form and sculpture. 2 See these PRocEEDINGS for 1905, p. 272, PL. 19, fig. ey 1916, p. 345, PL 19, figs. 1-4, 6, 7; Pl. 20, fig. 8. 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, On the west slope of the Black Range there are two forms: (1) in the south, O. m. concentrica, broadly umbilicate, with low, wide spiral cords on the base, and (2) further north, O. m. radiata, with strong radial sculpture, remarkably like O. elrodi. On the eastern slope we have (3), southward, O. m. acutidiscus, broadly umbilicate, with fine spiral and coarser radial sculpture, and (4) further north, O. hermosensis, nearly smooth, angular only in front. Still further north a few “bones” of typical metcalfei were found, acutely keeled throughout and nearly smooth. Northeast of here was found O. m. cuchillensis, which is so weakly angular that we at first thought it a form of O. strigosa depressa. Further west O. pilsbryi was found. Further north, in Socorra County, there is O. socorroensis, an angular, roughly sculptured shell, as yet known only by perfectly bleached “bones.” The metcalfei group therefore comprises, besides the original type, forms resembling O. haydeni, O. elrodi and O. strigosa depressa; each being alone in its district. The distribution may be represented diagrammatically thus: pilsbryt *& cuchillensis *& * meicalfei *% hermosensis radiaia *% concentrica %& | % acutidiscus Diagram to show localities of the races of Oreohelix metcalfei relative to one another and to the crest of the Black Range from Sawyer to Diamond Peak. Seale about 16 miles to an inch. 1917.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 97 Oreohelix metcalfei concentrica n. subsp. Pl. VIII, figs. 1-1d. The shell is much more broadly and openly umbilicate than O. metcalfei; cartridge buff, inconspicuously mottled with gray or light drab, the embryonic whorls pinkish cinnamon, and the peripheral keel bordered below with a brown band. Sculpture of about five extremely low spiral cords on the base, and usually traces of two or three above, their intervals finely and sharply striate spirally, and there are very fine, irregular strize along growth-lines, sharp where they pass over the keel and spiral cords, elsewhere weak. The last whorl does not descend in front. Alt. 9.3, diam. 21.5 mm.; 42 whorls. Silver Creek, above 7,500 feet, at stations 3, 43, 7, and 11, on limestone outcrops. Type No. 115,755, A. N.S. P. from Station 7, above the box of Silver Creek, on the north side. In most specimens the intervals between the cords on the base are dull brown, or when concolored the spiral striae make them appear darker, giving an appearance of relief to the cords. A few individuals from Station 11 (a branch ravine of Silver Creek south of Gray’s cabin) have the base blackish chocolate. Specimens with the spiral cords on the base less conspicuous and the color usually darker—clouded and banded with dull walnut brown in varying degree—were found at Station 20, at the Grand Central Mine; Station 19, the next gulch north of that where the mine is; also Station 22, the succeeding gulch north (PI. VIII, fig. 1d). At Station 174, on the west side of Sawyer Peak about 500 feet below the summit, similar shells were found, varying from nearly typical color to broadly banded below with chocolate, the spiral cords therefore inconspicuous. Genitalia as in O. m. radiata. The embryonic shell (Pl. IX, fig. 10) is very beautiful. The first whorl is smooth, cuticular lamine along growth-lines then appearing gradually. From these triangular processes rise, forming 3 or 4 spiral series above, usually 4 below a peripheral series of larger processes. The embryos of radiata, acutidiscus and hermosensis are identical with those of concentrica. Oreohelix metcalfei radiata n. subsp. PI. VIII, figs. 2, 2a, 3-83c, 6, 6a. The shell is more openly umbilicate than O. metcalfei, with irregular sculpture of strong wrinkles in the direction of growth-lines, the lens showing fine spiral strie between the wrinkles of the lower surface, very few on the upper surface. Faint traces of a few coarse spirals 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, on the base may be discerned in most examples. The last whorl usually does not descend in front (but in some exceptional specimens it descends). The typical color is cartridge-buff, with some cream- buff clouding above, the early whorls being light pinkish cinnamon; but it varies, some shells having a bister band below the periphery, or this may be widened, suffusing much of the base (figs. 6, 6a), with also a cinnamon line on the upper surface. In a few examples, all of the base except within the umbilicus is between chocolate and black, the upper surface being brownish. Alt. 9, dam. 19.4 mm. Limestone outcrops on Iron Creek, Station 16, some distance above the confluence of Spring Creek and on Spring Creek, Station 15 (type Joc.). The Iron Creek specimens are nearly all of the pale typical color. The genitalia of a specimen from Station 15, the type locality, were figured, sub nom. O. metcalfei, in Proc. A. N.S. Purua., 1916, p. 352, Pl. XXII, fig. 10. Embryonic shell (Pl. IX, fig. 11) as in O. m. concentrica. Oreohelix metcalfei acutidiscus n. subsp. PI. VIII, figs. 4, 4a. Broadly umbilicate, like O. m. concentrica, from which this race differs by having stronger growth-wrinkles (though much less coarse than in O. m. radiata), and in place of the spiral cords of concentrica there are slightly enlarged striw, the whole base being finely striate spirally between the riblets. It is mottled and clouded profusely, above and below, with walnut brown. The keel is very acute. Alt. 10.4, diam. 22.4 mm.; 53 whorls. Station 23, about 1,000 feet below the summit of Sawyer Peak, east of and below the camp site on the saddle, on a small outcrop of limestone. In another place down the mountain southeast from camp, Station 18, we found a colony differing by being cartridge buff, a few with a band below the periphery. Both of the localities are on the opposite side of the mountain from the known localities of O. m. radiata. The embryonic shells are like those of radiata and concentrica. Oreohelix metcalfei hermosensis n.subsp. PI. IX, figs. 4, 4a, 4b. The shell is solid, cartridge buff with a narrow chocolate band ‘below the periphery, and some indistinct pinkish cinnamon mottling, especially above. The surface is nearly smooth, having light irregular growth-lines and no spiral striz. The last whorl descends in front. It is strongly angular in front of the aperture, the angle becoming weak on the last half. The umbilicus about as in metcalfez. 1917.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 99 Alt. 12.3, diam. 21.4 mm.; 53 whorls. Stations 55 and 56, near Hermosa, Sierra County, New Mexico. This subspecies resembles O. metcalfez in color and the smooth surface, but differs by wanting the strong keel of the last whorl. Genitalia are substantially as in O. m. radiata. The penis is | figured, fig. 4a, and opened, fig. 4b. The lower portion has several very irregular and unequal fleshy ridges within, upper portion papillose. Length of penis 13 mm., of its thickened lower part 5 mm. ; length of epiphallus 3.5 mm.; of penial retractor 6 mm. Diameter of the shell 20.5 mm. The embryonic shells (Pl. IX, fig. 12) are exactly as in the forms of metcalfei from the Black Range. In the adult shell the embryo photographs abnormally dark on account of its yellow hue. Fig. 4.—Penis of Oreohelix metcalfei hermosensis. a, exterior; b, the same opened. Oreohelix metcalfei cuchillensis n. subsp. PI. IX, figs. 1, la, 1b. This form is smaller than hermosensis, and the peripheral angle in front of the aperture is weaker, scarcely noticeable. Typically there are very minute and superficial spiral striz, but on many specimens these cannot be made out. The last whorl descends little or not at all in front. There is about a half whorl less. Alt. 9, diam. 18.2 mm.; 44 whorls. Cuchillo Mountains, Sierra County, at two stations about two miles apart, at the southern end of the range. We have hesitated between uniting this with O. m. hermosensis and giving it separate standing. The sizes intergrade in a small number of specimens, cuchillensis varying from 15.4 to 20 mm. diameter; yet where this is the case, the specimens are readily separa- ble by other characters. Except for one specimen of 20 mm. diam., none of the lot of over 200 specimens exceeds 19 mm. diameter. 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, * The genitalia are substantially similar to O. m. hermosensis except for the smaller size. Length of penis 7, of its internally thickened lower portion 4 mm.; of epiphallus 3 mm.; of penial retractor 6.5 mm.; diam. shell about 17.5 mm. (No. 112,917, A. N.S. P.) No embryos were found in a few specimens preserved in spirit, taken in October. Oreohelix pilsbryi Ferriss. Pl. VIII, figs. 7-7c. Oreohelix pilsbryi Ferriss, Nautilus, XXX, January, 1917, p. 102. While closely related to O. metcalfei, this form appears to be suf- ficiently distinct for specific rank. It is most like O. m. concentrica, but differs by the narrow, strongly raised spiral lire and the smaller umbilicus. It is also relatively higher, resembling some forms of O. haydeni from the Oquirrh Range, in Utah. There are usually four spirals on the base, two on the upper surface. The embryonie whorls of adults and the genitalia (figured in Proc. A. N. 8. Puima., 1916, Pl. XXII, fig. 8) are substantially as in O. metcalfei radiata and the other forms of that species. Embryos were not found in the uterus in the few specimens preserved in spirit. It was found only near the Oliver Mine, on Mineral Creek, about 6 miles from Chloride, Sierra County. Several hundred living examples were obtained. See Nautilus, XXX, p. 102. Oreohelix cooperi (W. G.B.) Pl. IX, figs. 5-9. This region, which forms the southern border of the vast area of coopert, has a capacious form of the species. Many examples are typical in coloring (figs. 7, 9), but pale shells with faint bands or none are abundant, especially on Silver Creek (figs. 6, 8, 8a). Occasionally throughout the range, specimens were found with very broad, almost black bands (figs. 5, 5a). These color forms are to be found together, throughout the forest zone of the range. Thus, figs. 5-7 (Station 9) and 8, 8a (Station 43) are from Silver Creek; fig. 9 from Holden’s Spring (Station 26). The extremes of elevation of the spire may also be found in single colonies. The shape and color mutations or forms are spread throughout the range, though particular color-forms are often prevalent at one or another station. | The specimens figured measure as follows: Figs. 5, 5a, alt. 14, diam. 20 mm. Fig. 6, st Bigae ag ote Fig. 7, “15.6, “ 20.6 “ Rigs: (8) Be, “ WEG, 9 “paia Fig. 9, «14B 82-205 1917.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 101 Localities in the Black Range and environs are given below. It is not confined to limestone exposures, but is quite sparsely scattered on shaded hillsides throughout the forested zone of the range from Sawyer Peak northward. Sawyer Peak, Station 173, west side of the north peak, near the summit. Silver Creek, at stations 3, 44, 6, 7,9; Bull Top Creek, Station 13. Spring Creek, Station 15; Iron Creek, stations 16 and 163 (Wright’s cabin). Between Iron Creek and Hillsboro Peak. Heads of Animas Canyon at Holden’s Spring, Station 26, and at stations 29, 30, 32, 33, northward. Near McKnight’s cabin, Sta- tion 36; stations 38, 393, 40, the last 8 miles north. Black Canyon region at sta- tions 41, 42. Morgan Canyon, stations 44, 45, 48. Diamond Creek, Station 50, about halfway down the moun- tain on the west side. Kast of the Black Range it was taken at— Sam’s Canyon, about 6 miles Fig. 5.—Reproductive organs of Oreo- south of Chloride, dead only. helix cooperi from feelin, s Spring, San Mateo Mountains, every- ask ‘Hangn wh deta of where on the south side, abun- internally ribbed entati dant. Specimens from Holden’s Spring (Station 26) were dissected last year. See Proc. A. N.S. Puima., 1916, p. 351. Two more have been opened, giving the following measurements of the genitalia: No. 115,156. No. 112,920. Silver Creek. San Mateo Station 4}. Mountains, TREE LN Ore PETA cc ouctcn cs Ahoagstevectieonsnisshcvigarmenetscr 21 mm. 13.5 mm. is ‘““ internally ribbed part Iie Set hee AVE ie 8 . th Peeping. ee ad oct tscanomsecde. AN At: 5 5 of ‘ penial retractor muscle.................. 10 - 7 $ PYIGIMELEL OL, He SHEN. sie i i aectacesscstitorscssienen 22 st lee ORL Yi ng Ol . 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, The lower part of the penis contains two or three fleshy ridges, the upper ends of which project a little into the cavity of the thin- walled portion. Thysanophora ingersolli (Bld.). Common throughout the humid forested zone, especially among aspens. Taken at 16 stations, from Sawyer Peak to Black Canyon. Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). Not found in the Black Range. A few were taken in the Cuchillo Mountains. UROCOPTIDAL. Holospira cockerelli Dall. Holospira cockerelli Dall, Nautilus, XI, October, 1897, p. 62. Pilsbry, Proc. AYNSS. P., 1905, p. 218, Pl. 26, fig. 6. Sam’s Canyon, about 4 miles south of Chloride. Cuchillo Moun- tains. Big Palomas Creek, near Hermosa, in a mountain across stream, above the fork, at Ocean Wave Mine; also in the next peak below. Little Palomas Creek, in a limestone mountain 2 miles north of Black Bob’s ranch. The specimens from the Little Palomas are about typical in size: Length 12.5 mm., 133 whorls. (a9 10.5 cc 2 (a9 The largest are from the Cuchillo Mountains on the south side of the peak, where some are 16.8 mm. long, with 163 whorls. Speci- mens from the other localities are intermediate in size. All we have opened have a single short lamella low on the axis in the penult whorl. The type was found in drift debris of the Rio Grande. Subse- quently Mr. Metcalfe found one “near Kingston’’—probably northward near the southern localities given above. We did not find Holospira regis Pils. and Ckll., which was collected by Mr. Metcalfe somewhere in the Kingston district. ENDODONTIDZ. Pyramidula cronkhitei (Newc.). Found everywhere (18 stations) throughout the wooded zone. Also in the Middle Percha drift below Kingston, Mineral Creek near Chloride, and Little Palomas Creek; probably washed down from above. Helicodiscus arizonensis P. and F. Rather sparingly found at many stations throughout the Black Range, from the summit to the level of Kingston. Also San Mateo and Cuchillo Mountains. 1917.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 103 VITRINIDA. Vitrina alaskana Dall. From the summit of the ascent north of Wright’s cabin northward to Black Canyon; abundant, especially near McKnight’s cabin, on bits of wood, ete. Not seen south of Iron Creek. ZONITIDA. Polita indentata umbilicata (CkIl.). Black Range on Silver Creek; head of Iron Creek, Station 163; Animas Creek above the box, Station 25; Bear Wallow, Reed’s ranch, Station 43. It is rare at the higher levels. In dryer, lower country it was taken at Station 1, Gallina Creek, on Little and Big Palomas Creeks, near Chloride, and in the Cuchillo and San Mateo Mountains. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Found throughout the Black Range; taken at 17 stations. Zonitoides minuscula alachuana (Dall). Iron Creek, stations 16, 163; Holden’s Spring; drift of Percha below Kingston; Oliver Mine, near Chloride. Striatura milium meridionalis P. and F. Station 28, south side of Hillsboro Peak; Station 26, Holden’s Spring. Euconulus fulvus (Drap.). Everywhere along the crest, from Sawyer Peak to Black Canyon. Also in drift at Station 1, Gallina Creek, and below Kingston; Oliver Mine near Chloride; San Mateo Mountains. LIMACIDA. Agriolimax campestris (Binn.). Taken at 6 stations in the wooded zone of the Black Range. PUPILLIDA. Pupilla blandi pithodes n. subsp. The shell is short, cylindric with rounded ends, chestnut brown, slightly shining. Whorls somewhat convex, the last slowly ascending a little in front, somewhat flattened and tapering to the rather narrow base, noticeably contracted behind the lip, having a quite. low (or sometimes rather strong) crest, of the same color as the rest of the shell, behind the contraction. Parietal lamella deeply placed, about one-third of a whorl long. Lower palatal plica rather long. Columellar lamella well developed, short. Length 3.2, diam. 1.8 mm. 104 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, Black Range, abundant in the forested zone, chiefly among aspens. Type locality, Station 39, around the cattle-trap and lake between McKnight’s and Mimbres forester stations. It was taken at stations 5, 9, 163, 17, 26, 28, 30, 31, 38, 34, 37, 39, 42 and 47, well scattered over the ridge and upper slopes from Sawyer Peak to Black Canyon. Single bleached shells were taken in the drift debris of Gallina Creek at Station 1, and in the debris of Middle Percha Creek below Kingston. These were doubtless carried down from the forest zone by freshets. This is relatively wider and shorter than P. blandi, with a far less developed crest behind the lip. Typical P. blandi is a decidedly smaller shell. Pupoides marginatus (Say). A bleached shell was found in drift of the Middle Percha Creek below Kingston, therefore in the foothills rather than the Black Range itself. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Middle Percha Creek, below Kingston. Not found in the moun- tains. Gastrocopta pilsbryana (Sterki). Not uncommon on top. It was taken at 8 stations between Silver Creek and McKnight’s ranger cabin. Also on Mineral Creek, near the Oliver Mine, Station 52, and in the Cuchillo Mountains. Gastrocopta ashmuni (Sterki). Stations 16, Iron Creek, and 54, Little Palomas Creek, a single shell at each. The former station, probably above 7,500 feet, is unex- pected, and above its usual zone in this part of New Mexico. Gastrocopta quadridens Pils. Stations 163, Iron Creek near Wright’s cabin, and 28, south side of Hillsboro Peak. Vertigo coloradensis arizonensis P. and V. Taken at 10 stations along the range, above 7,500 feet, and doubt- less to be found in the forest zone wherever minutiz are looked for, especially among aspens. Vertigo modesta n. subsp. This new subspecies will be described in the next paper of this series. It was taken in the Black Range at stations 1, 9, 163, 24. 26, 28, 30, 34, 39, 47. 1917.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 105 VALLONIIDA. Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Silver Creek, Station 9, elevation 8,000 feet, in the forest zone, and above its usual range. Much lower down it was taken at Staton 42, Black Canyon, about 4 miles below the crest; in drift of the Middle Percha below Kingston; Station 54, on Little Palomas Creek, and in the Cuchillo Mountains. Vallonia cyclophorella Ckll. On the crest at stations 164, 39, and 47. FERUSSACIDA. Cochlicopa lubrica (Mill.). Found sparingly but generally spread throughout the Black Range, from Silver Creek to Black Canyon; also on lower levels at Station 1, Kingston, Little Palomas Creek, Cuchillo and San Mateo Mountains. SUCCINEIDA. Succinea avara Say. Station 1, Gallina Canyon; Middle Percha below Kingston. Not in the forest zone. ; PHYSIDA. Physa sp. undet. Middle Percha Creek, Kingston; Animas River near Junction of Cherry Creek; both in the eastern foothills of the Black Range. CoLLECTING STATIONS IN THE Buack RANGE. Many of the stations are plotted on the maps, pp. 84 and 85; most of the others may be located by their relation to those plotted. 1. Middle branch of Gallina Creek about 2 miles above Pryor’s upper cabin. 2. Same, 4 miles above cabin, at’ the fork. 3, 4. Limestone ledges on north and south sides of Silver Creek, a few hundred yards above Mitchell Gray’s cabin (7,500 feet). 1 Silver Creek just below the “box,” where the trail makes a detour. . Silver Creek above the box, on north side, near a deserted cabin. . Silver Creek, north side, a short distance above Station 5. . Silver Creek, north side, above the preceding. . Saddle above the head of Silver Creek. . South side of the ‘“‘box”’ of Silver Creek. 10. Gulch tributary to Silver Creek on north side, near Strohm’s ‘mine.”’ 11, 12. Gulch tributary to Silver Creek, about a mile south of Gray’s cabin, and not far from the same elevation. 121, About a half mile above Spade’s cabin, on Little Gallina Creek. 13. Branch of the head of Spring Creek (Bul! Top Creek ?). 15. Outerop of limestone on east side of Spring Creek, where a small ravine enters from the east. 16. Iron Creek, where a ravine with numerous prospect holes enters from the south, between confluence of Spring Creek and Wright’s cabin. 164. Wright’s cabin, near the head of Iron Creek. OMNIA ‘ 106 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [March, 17. Western side of the north summit of Sawyer Peak about 500 feet below the summit. 173. Same vicinity, 3-500 feet below summit. 18. Northeastern flank of Sawyer Peak, a half mile below camp on saddle. 19. Ravine next up the trail to Sawyer Peak from Grand Central Mine. 20. Grand Central Mine, on the mine side of the ravine. 21. About 2 miles east of the trail from Sawyer Peak to Grand Central Mine, and not much higher than the mine. 22. Ravine north of Station 19. 23. A limestone ledge, 20 minutes’ walk down the mountain east from the camp on the saddle of Sawyer Peak. >» Hillside south of Wright’s cabin near head of Iron Creek. 24. Top of the steep trail north of Wright’s cabin. 25. Just above the box of Holden Prong of Animas Canyon, several miles below Holden’s Spring. 26. Hillside southward above Holden’s Spring. 27. A branch of Noonday Canyon, heading opposite Holden Spring, perhaps 2 miles down. 28. South side of Hillsboro Peak, among aspens. 29. Branch of Animas Canyon 1 mile west of Animas ranger cabin. 30. Branch of McKnight Canyon, running westward, about 3} miles west of Animas cabin and 2 miles from the summit trail. 31. Drift debris of Middle Percha Creek, near Kingston. 32. Garden of Mr. Stephen Reay, west end of Kingston. 33. Along summit trail, 2 or 3 miles north of Animas ranger cabin. 34. About half way between Animas and McKnight’s ranger cabins, in aspens along the summit trail. 35. Rocky hillside about 2 miles north of McKnight’s cabin, along the trail. 36. Rocky slide facing south about a mile north of McKnight’s cabin. 37. Head of McKnight’s Canyon. 38. McKnight’s Canyon below the “box.” 39. Around lake and cattle-trap, on the shoulder of Mimbres Peak. 40. Eight miles north of McKnight’s cabin, on trail. 41, About 13 miles south of Black Canyon ranger station. 42. Black Canyon about 3 to 4 miles below Reed’s ranch. 43. Bear Wallow, Reed’s ranch, among aspens. 44. Head of Morgan Creek, near the Hermoso trail. Stations 45, 47 and 48 are in the same vicinity. / 45. North and west sides of the head of Morgan Creek. 46. Rock slides south of Reed’s ranch. 47. Trail half a mile south of Reed’s ranch. 48. Morgan Creek, } mile below Station 44. 49. Black Canyon, 1 mile above Diamond Bar Ranch. 50. Diamond Creek, about 4 miles below crest of range. 51. Diamond Creek, about 3 miles below crest of range. 52. Mineral Creek at Oliver Mine, 4 miles above Chloride. 53. Sam’s Canyon, 4 miles south of Chloride. 54. Limestone Mountain on Little Palomas Creek, 2 miles north of Bob’s ranch. 55. First mountain across creek above forks at Ocean Wave Mine, Big Palomas Creek near Hermosa. 56. Next peak below 55. 57. Reservoir on the Animas near mouth of Cave Creek, ranch of Rue Panka. 58. Rock te on south side of Cave Creek between its mouth and the trail to Hillsboro. to (Je) Si Cuchillo Range. Three stations at the south end of this small range, 6 miles east of Chloride. San Mateo Range, in the south end, 6 miles from Monticello. Several rock slides, in the vicinity of Chippy Creek and on the southern slope, were investigated. \ 4 fm. ee eS ee eee ae 1917.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 107 ExpLANATION oF Puates VII, VIII, TX, X. Prats VII.—Figs. 1, 1a, 1b.—Ashmunella tetrodon fragilis n. subsp. Type. Sta- tion 58. No. 115,753. Figs. 2, 2a, 2b—Ashmunella tetrodon animorum n. subsp. Type. Station 26. No. 115,747. ae 3, Sig. 3h.—Ashmunella cockerelli n. sp. Type. Station 19. No. 115,748. Fig. 4.—Depressed specimen of the same lot. Fig. 5.—Ashmunella cockerelli argenticola nu. subsp. Type. Station 42. No. 115,749. Figs. 6, 6a, 6b.—Ashmunella mendax n. sp. Type. Station 16. No. 115,754. Figs. 7, 7a.—Ashmunella cockerelli perobtusa n. subsp. . Type. Station 21. No. 115,750. Fig. 8.—Ashmunella binneyi n. sp. Type. Station 8}. No. 115,751. Fig. 9.—Ashmunella cockerelli n. sp. Enlarged view of type. j Fig. 10.—Ashmunella_ mogollonensis Pils. Enlarged view of specimen from the Mogollon Range. Piare VIII.—Figs. 1-1e.—Oreohelix metcalfet concentrica n. subsp. Type. Sta- + tion 7. No. 115,755. 1d, dark specimen of same from Station 22. Figs. 2, 2a.—Oreohelix metcalfei radiata n. subsp. Station 15. 4 Figs. 3-3c.—Oreohelix metcalfei radiata n. subsp. Type. Station 15. } No. 112,899. A Figs. 4, 4a.—Oreohelix metcalfei acutidiscus n. subsp. Type. Station 23. i No. 115,757. : Fig. 5.—Oreohelix metcalfei Ckll. Type. No. 10,941. Figs. 6, 6a.—Oreohelix metcalfet radiata n. subsp. Station 16. ; Figs. 7-7c.—Oreohelix pilsbryi Ferriss. Type. Station 52. No. 112,918a. Piate 1X.—Figs. 1-1b.—Oreohelix metcalfet cuchillensis n. subsp. Type. No. 115,760. Fig. 2.—Oreohelix swopet n. sp. Elevated example from Station 45. Figs. 3-3b.—Oreohelix swopei n. sp. Type. Station 45. No. 112,896. Figs. 4-4b.—Oreohelix metcalfet hermosensis 0. subsp. Type. No. 115,759. Figs. 5, 5a, 6, 7.—Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.). Station 9. No. 115,280. Figs. 8, 8a.—Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.). Station 4,. No. 115,156. Fig. 9.—Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.). Station 26. No. 115,306. Fig. 10.—Oreohelix metcalfei concentrica. Embryos. No. 115,315. Fig. 11.—Oreohelix metcalfet radiata. Embryos. No. 115,319. Fig. 12.—Oreohelix metcalfei hermosensis. Embryos. No. 112,922. Fig. 13.—Oreohelix swopet. Embryos. Station 41. Puare X.—Fig. 1—Ashmunella mendazx n. sp. Station 16. Fig. 2.—Ashmunella cockerelli n. sp. Station 20. Fig. 3.—Ashmunella mogollonensis P. and F. Fig. 4—Ashmunella cockerelli perobtusa n. subsp. Station 21. Fig. 5.—Ashmunella binneyt n. sp. Station 7. Fig. 6.—Ashmunella tetrodon P. and F. San Mateo Mountains. No. 112,921. a “pe ye 5-8 ih ee a ee eae a9 PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1917. PLATE VII. PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSKS OF THE BLACK RANGE, NEW MEXICO. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1917. PLATE Viti LTE = EASSSIOSSS Aaa PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSKS OF THE BLACK RANGE, NEW MEXICO. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1917. PLATE IX. f i. . A tt a a, cp ec a C0 manincenecmestnene mT aaa Te PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSKS OF THE BLACK RANGE, NEW MEXICO. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1917. PEATE XX. PILSBRY aND FERRISS: MOLLUSKS OF THE BLACK RANGE, NEW MEXICO. ae IX. The Santa Catalina Rincon, Tottillita ee cet and-Galiuro Mountains. x The Mountains of the Gila Headwaters. ‘us BY eee ( _ Hewry A. Pinspry ayo James H. Ferriss. J Sire > nS” ort L a su : - e 5 s > : < ‘ * : — ey : . < sitet ‘ * “4 7-7 t . ‘* x o - ’ F a) From the Prien a The abn of Natural Sciences 7 ; of ie ase tas November, mbt ae s : ee Pe 282 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES—IX, THE SANTA CATALINA, RIN- CON, TORTILLITA AND GALIURO MOUNTAINS. X, THE MOUNTAINS OF THE GILA HEADWATERS. BY HENRY A. PILSBRY AND JAS. H. FERRISS.! The Santa Catalina, in Pima County, north of Tucson, is one of the large ranges of Southern Arizona, about forty-five miles in length, including its Tanque Verde and Rincon outliers, with an extreme width of twenty-five miles. Mount Lemon with an elevation of 9,150 feet is heavily forested with yellow pine, quaking asp, cork bark fir (Abies arizonica), Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga mucronata), cypress (Cupressus arizonica), other coniferous trees, large oaks and an alder as tall as a pine. The male fern and the brake stand here four feet in height. The Douglas spruce are eight feet in diam- eter. There is a forest gloom at mid-day, and a ground covering indicating a timber growth of many years without interruption by fires or lumbering. Winter often brings ten feet of snow. With numerous trout streams, it has the attractions, summer and winter, of the deep forests along the Canadian border without their annoying insects. In quantity and number of species of the smaller snails the north slope of Mount Lemon has the best record so far. The odor- shooting, rough-coated Sonorella also is here in large numbers under the fallen bark of the Douglas spruce and the dead poles of the quak- ing asp and cork bark fir. Unlike his brethren with a polished coat, this snail seeks food and cover similar to those used by the Polygyras of timbered areas in the Mississippi valley and eastward. The humid forest conditions of the region around Lemon Mountain prevail at Soldier Camp, Kellogg’s Peak, Alder Canyon, Alder Springs. The Spud Rock Ranger Station and other high peaks of the Rincon section, except in lacking cork bark fir, also follow Mount Lemon closely in forest conditions. They have the large oaks and conifers, the quaking asp, and the heavy floor of humus underfoot, but not quite as many snails. In the valleys of Bear Wallow and Sabino creeks, at the heart of the Santa Catalinas, the Arizonians of lower and hotter levels have a The field work covered by this report was by Ferriss, assisted in the Blue River region and the Mogollon Mountains by the late L. E. Daniels, iy 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 283 built villages of summer cottages. It is about a full day’s journey from Tucson on horseback. A small saw mill furnishes building material for this summer society, for a sanitarium now under con- struction and for the copper mines over the ridge at the foot of Marble Peak. Except in the valley of the San Pedro river and the village of Oracle only a few miners, ranch men and forest rangers are to be found in all this group of ranges. There are more bears and mountain lions than people. The southern slopes of the Catalinas, the foot hills and mesas, and the Galiuro and Tortillita ranges are not heavily forested. At best it is low, open woods or desert shrubbery, through which the granite rocks and precipices glisten in the sun. The soil is dry, though often covered with fallen leaves and growing vegetation. A few Sonorellas and some of the smaller snails may be found at all alti- tudes in the rock slides, the talus, on all sides of the mountain, and in any kind of rock, especially smooth and stratified rock; sometimes also under fallen timber, or in small piles of boulders. In the dry season, among dry and hot rocks, dead shells will be the rule. Here one must dig a full eight hour day for a live one. We find a two-foot bar of half inch octagonal steel very helpful. The bar should have a two-inch chisel edge flattened out at each end, one of these turned at a right angle like a hoe. It will weigh one and three-quarter pounds; a good digger, a jimmy for rock work, and a helpful staff in steep and rough places. Sonorella is something of a rambler, more so than Ashmunella or Oreohelix, and upon damp days scouts may be met out in the fallen leaves far from their rocky homes. Often single, dead, lie along the trails where there is no shelter in the vicinity for snail kind. In 1913, on the south side of the Santa Catalinas in the dry season, day after day but one or two living Sonorellas were found. It was the same about Brush Corral Ranger Station, on the north side, in the rocky slides of the canyons nearly on a level with the river. In one of these slides of three or more feet in depth, three hundred good “bones”? were found but none alive. It was also the same kind of collecting in the Galiuros and the Tortillitas in the winter of 1917-18. A small deep slide of “porphyry” or shale, shaded partially with rose bushes, elder or gooseberry bushes, makes an ideal home for the Southwestern snails. The Galiuro range, in Graham County, and the Tortillita range, in Pinal County, as yet unsurveyed, seem to have an elevation of 284 - PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., about 7,000 or 8,000 feet, granite or other igneous rock prevailing, and with but a little timber. A few ledges of sharp-pointed limestone, dolomite probably, had no attraction for the snails. The entire region at present is inaccessible except to horsemen and pedestrians and these should carry their own food and shelter. We did, and lived like kings before the war. One of us (Ferriss) collected a few days, less than a week, in the Santa Catalinas, Mount Lemon and Soldier Camp, in 1910; again much of the time from May to October in 1913, on the southern slope, around Mount Lemon, Soldier Camp, Marble Peak and on the northern mesa, about Brush Corral. Again a month was spent in 1917, at Sabino Basin, Bear Creek, and Brush Corral, the Rincon Peaks and the Galiuros. The guide, Frank Cole, on a hunting trip, brought in Sonorellas from the Tortillitas and from the Cafiada del Oro section of the Santa Catalinas. Many inviting prospects in these mountains remain neglected. They surely contain species still unknown. Life is rapid in snaildom, decay a slow process in an arid climate; and possibly these fat cemeteries in the basements of Sonorella slides merely represent the natural death rate of many years. It may be that one living inhabitant to one hundred skeletons is the right proportion. However an impression grows upon the collector as he digs in the arid foothills, that in earlier times there were periods or seasons more favorable to snail life—seasons with more moisture, more vegetation, and a deeper humus. The steep mountain gulches. with walls on either side thrown above the surrounding surface quite plainly speak of days when the floods were greater than any known in modern times. These boulder bulwarks contain potsherds and other evidence of human occupation; also Sonorellas. As collecting grounds they are often preferable to the large slides farther up the mountain. Among these boulders, in the hot sunlight, we found the largest Sonorella. Measured crudely in the field it had a diameter of 33 millimeters. In collecting Sonorellas and Oreohelices from arid to humid zones. in the same canyon or mountain, one gets the impression that the differences of size are mainly a matter of the breed; that they are racial, rather than due to length of growing season, supply of food or climatic comforts. We naturally search ideal environments of food, shade and shelter for robust races, and expect to meet the pigmy forms in hot, dry and barren places. Often what we find is the reverse of this. On one climb in 1918, at Kitt’s Peak, a large OE 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 285 and robust Sonorella was found at a low elevation in a barrier of boulders, so dry and barren the snails would necessarily lie dormant a large part of the year. At a thousand feet higher, beside a stream of running water, came in a much smaller breed; and, 1500 feet above number two, with an ideal situation as to a moist atmosphere, food, shelter and snail comfort, lived a pigmy Sonorella of about 12 millimeters in diameter. Again on the Kaibab Plateau in 1909, every colony of Oreohelix strigosa depressa seemed a little different from all other colonies. At Two Spring Canyon with running water all the way, the pigmies were at the higher station in a grove of quaking asp. Every colony increased in size and color brilliance at a regular pace down the canyon. Here seemed proof positive of the advantage of a longer growing season. Over the ridge in Snake Gulch the order was re- versed, for the larger shells were at the top in a dry situation, and their size seemingly decreased in proportion to the mileage as we descended along a running stream. In Jacobs Canyon, running parallel to Snake Gulch, dry all the way, the large and gaudy shells were midway, the smaller and paler above and below. Food condi- tions may have had some influence in the development of these races but if so the evidence was not apparent. In the field we meet contradictions continually beyond our understanding, but perhaps we may have a better comprehension before the survey of the South- west is completed. HELICID A. Sonorella odorata n.sp. PI. III, figs. 1 to 4. The shell is depressed, umbilicate, the umbilicus contained about 7% times in the diameter of shell; buffy-citrine below, somewhat lighter than isabella color above, with a chestnut brown band at the shoulder. The first half whorl has irregular radial wrinkles soon passing into a low granulation, the last embryonic whorl granular, over which there are close decurrent threads, interrupted into short | dashes on the upper part of the whorl. Subsequent whorls are very minutely granular, somewhat dull, the granulation effaced at the base, which is more glossy. The last whorl shows also numerous faint spiral striae. The whorls are quite convex, the early ones increasing slowly, the last widening rapidly, rather abruptly descend- ing close to the aperture. The aperture is elliptical-lunate; peristome is narrowly expanded throughout, dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt. 11.4, diam. 19.5 mm.; 44 whorls (type). ameter toi. <6 Cae 1 (Station 18: 1917): Spioees hres 2a «(tation 18, 1917). ; 286 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF _ [Nov.—Dec., Fig. 1. Genitalia of S. odorata. a, No. 119,032; b, penis-papilla of same much enlarged; c, No. 119,035, with detail of penis-papilla; d, No. 119,034. The sole is tripartite in color, the side areas being somewhat darker. The back and head are quite dark in most alcoholic specimens, black in life, the tips of the tubercles lighter. The penis is small, containing a cylindric papilla with rounded end, about two-thirds as long as the penis. The penial retractor is inserted upon the epiphallus not far from its base. The flagellum is present as a very minute but distinct bud in most of the specimens opened, but in two it was not seen though looked for. In the speci- men No. 119,032 (figs. 1a, b,), the male organs are evidently not fully developed, the penis and epiphallus being small and short, while the retractor muscle is correspondingly longer, making the total length about normal, the individual being of full size though not adult. Measurements of the organs in mm. follow: 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 287 —_ — — ae pegs S | a e ro) | 2 5 Sei 2 | 2 oS =I i) 5 Seal ail i) Locatirty. 1 So i at ao ae = |os| se | ss\eg| 2 fieeten lene) Tes Doe eceilestea A | g paela | 2 de) 2 eal eal | Px fae) a Ey (ete) jms |e Z | | tee ports | | | rae ee ea | Head of Alder Canyon...| 6.6|...|7.5|trace|7 |6 |... | 20 ; 119,038 be i eo eo Sime 7c es Oy NSL5 7 ll.) 20> pat or033 N.-E. side Mt. Lemon 6 (3.3 18 |trace]5 |4.5]... | 19 | 119,034 i H oy 6 |4 |5 trace | 7 4 Sa EE LE GO Bs: a “ ne Sad Sh 8 trace | 6 5 edt tan lelt Ol OSo S. of spring, Mt. Lemon?..| 3.5/2 | 3.2} O (13.5/5 |... | 20 | 139,032 S. 0. marmoris, Station 36 10.76.58 Sts 8 | ante | 20° | 109,07Ea | | Santa Catalinas above 7500 ft.: Mt. Lemon, Stations 5 and 6 (1911), 32 and 37 (1913), on the trail to Webber’s and other places. Soldier Camp, Bear Wallow, Head of Alder Canyon (type loc., No. 119,033). Kellogg Peak, southeastern side. Rincons at station 22, Spud Rock Ranger Station, and Station 20, on the north slope. It lives in deep humid forest in colonies, as our eastern helices do, under logs and bark of quaking asp and Arizona fir, sometimes by dozens. Only at Spud Rock it was found deep in rocks, also humid. It is a timber snail of the Canadian zone forest. In general aspect the shell reminds one of the Californian helices. This is a common snail in the heavily wooded upper levels of the Santa Catalinas, taken at many stations. When picked up it emits a strong unpleasant odor recalling that of the goldenrod of Thunder- head mountain in East Tennessee (probably Solidago odora). This was first noticed at Kellogg Peak. When picked up the snail shot out two or three drops of liquid six inches or more (evidently ex- pelled from the lung as the foot is retracted). One often smelled them before finding any. But three or four shells broken by mice or squirrels were noticed in the course of collecting, and it may be that the snail-eaters object to the smell. By the genitalia this species is related to S. clappi of the Santa Rita range, and S. ferrissi of the Dragoons, though differing from both in several details. The shell is most like S. clappi. It differs from other Santa Catalina species by the minute granulation of the surface, which gives it a dull, silky luster. The color is rather variable. At Soldier Camp (Fig. 4), Cafiada 2 Specimen not fully mature. 288 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov—Dee. del Oro and some other places the general hue is cinnamon or cin- namon-buff, opaque, and the size small, diam. 18 to 20 mm. The smallest adult seen measures 17 mm. in diameter. Specimens from the Rincons, Station 22 (1917), are pale cinnamon or greenish above, fading to a pale, bluish-gray on the base; the band with narrow, indistinct paler borders or without them. The lip is conspicuously brown-edged. The umbilicus is generally wider than in the Catalina shells. One perfect shell and another broken one in this lot are albinos, or at least the tint is very pale, and there is no band. These shells are found deep in a rock slide in a quaking asp thicket. At Station 20 (1917), on the northern slope of the Rincons, two dead but fresh shells were found in a day’s search. Sonorella odorata marmoris n. subsp. PI. III., figs. 6 to 6b. The shell is more solid than S. odorata, opaque; cinnamon, paler around the umbilicus and on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. Last whorl is decidedly more depressed than in S. odorata, and is narrower as viewed from above. The umbilicus is wider. The aperture is much smaller. Alt. 10.4, diam. 20 mm.; 42 whorls (type). ‘“c 9, 73 13 6 41 ‘c i Bee, “s Fig. 2. Genitalia of S. 0. marmoris, No. 109,079, with detail of penis-papilla. Santa Catalina Mountains: Marble Peak, on the east side above the rock slide; old Dan’s Gulch on the northwest side, type loc.; ridge running toward Mt. Lemon; Ferriss 1911 and 1913. Type No. 109,075 A. N.S. P.; paratypes 109,075a, also in Ferriss collection. Genitalia (fig. 2) in general similar to S. odorata but the penis and papilla are decidedly longer and there is a flagellum, well developed for a Sonorella. Measurements of the organs are given in the table on page 287. eS ee a eee ee ee Pe eT =? oe ee — ee 1918.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 289 It lives in relatively dry rock slides, with the smooth Sonorella marmorarius, high on Marble Peak and its flanks, thus differing in habits from S. odorata. The shell is readily separable from odorata, and perhaps it should be considered a separate species. It has the same peculiar odor. Sonorella sabinoensis n. sp. PI. IV, figs. 1 to 5d. The shell is rather narrowly umbilicate (width of umbilicus con- tained 8 times in that of shell in the type specimen), rather solid; cinnamon-buff, broadly zoned with white (or whitish) on both sides of the chestnut-brown band above the periphery. The surface is glossy; embryonic whorls having the usual sculpture of the hachitana group, granular, with divaricating protractive threads below and retractive above; subsequent whorls delicately marked with growth- lines. Suture descends moderately in front. The aperture is large, oblique, rotund-oval. Peristome narrowly expanded, dilated at the umbilical insertion. Alt. 12, diam. 21.2 mm.; aperture 12x13 mm.; 43 whorls. Santa Catalina mountains, Arizona, in Sabino canyon (type loc. Station 16, 1913) and its tributaries, Sycamore canyon and Mt. Lemon Fork, from about 3000 to 6000 feet elevation. Also Rock and Vantana canyons, west of Sabino, and Bear canyon eastward. It is a species of the dry, sun-baked rock-slides, living ones found only deep in the crevices, in the lower levels of desert vegetation. The Sabino Basin, Sycamore and Bear canyon localities are below the pine belt, in arid country, with some oak, juniper and sycamore. ‘The species is not known to occur in the humid upper forest. Genitalia (fig. 3, a-d) resembling those organs in S. marmorarius. The penis is thin, not swollen basally. The penis-papilla is slender and corrugated, as in the other species, and nearly as long as the penis (fig. 3a). The flagellum is either minute or wanting. Wipiphal || Fiagel- | Mus. No. Penis. | Papilla. | ~~ jus. lum. | Vagina. | 109,097 10 ha 2a 8 0 9 | Type, fig. 3c. 109,092 905) | 8 7 0 ihe 109,094 10.5 | 10 9 —l 9 | Fig. 3d. 109,087 9 iNeed 6 0.3 Bua tl 8.5 8 6.5 0.5 6.5 | Fig. 3a, b. 109,098 | | stu | Shells from the type station measure from 20 to 24 mm. diameter. The relative size of the aperture also varies within rather wide limits. In the type specimen (pl. IV, figs. 2-2b) the width of aperture is con- 290 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., tained about 1.63 times in that of the shell, and in another locotype (pl. IV, figs. 3-3b) it is contained nearly 1.8 times. In the smaller mouthed individuals the umbilicus is somewhat larger and less covered, and the last whorl, viewed from above, is not so wide. We have tried in vain to use these characters for a separation of the series (some hundreds of shells); but while the extremes in size of aperture appear quite distinct, the distinction could not be carried through, as nearly every station supplied individuals with large, intermediate and small apertures. The specimens from low in Sabino canyon usually have more . solid, thicker shells than those from higher; but this is not always the. case. It is a species of the arid mountains, confined to lower elevations than S. marmorarius. Vig. 3.. Sonorella sabinoensis, Sabino Canyen, genitalia. a, b, No. 109,098; c¢, No. 109,097; d, No. 109,094. The smallest shells, diam. 19 mm., were found at Station 15, low in Sabino canyon (about 4,000 ft.); but others up to 25 mm. diam. occur in the same place. The largest, 27 mm. diam. are from Station 9, 1913, the bluffs opposite Station 15. One of this lot is figured, pl. IV, figs. 4-4b. The degree of depression is variable in the same lot. Specimens selected from a station on Vantana canyon measure: Alt. 14.5 diam. 26, mm. (largest)... eS Lee Ree ‘“ (most depressed). 196A 8 O48 SCS elevated): pare 8 eae ae | ‘* (smallest). Figures 5 to 5d are depressed and elevated shells from Bear canyon. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 291 Sonorella sabinoensis occidentalis n. subsp. PI. V, figs. 1 to 1b. The shell appears indistinguishable from S. sabinoensis. Alt. 16, diam.28 mm.;5 whorls. ce igee ce Di ce 5 ce (as 16 ce 25 ce “c 14 6c 22.7 3 43 cc ce 14 cc 993 ce 4} cc This form is separated from S. sabinoensis solely on account of the difference in the penis, which is enlarged at the base in occi- dentalis, slender in sabinoensis. While the Pima canyon shells are distinguishable from the large-mouthed typical forms of sabinoensis, we can find no difference in the sabinoensis with slightly smaller aperture, such as those from Sabino canyon Station 9 (which agree in genitalia with the type of sabinoensis). No specimens with the penis swollen basally were found among the numerous Sabino canyon individuals opened. The head and back are hair brown, fading to drab on the sides, the tail and entire sole being dull chamois to dull cream-buff. Western end of the Santa Catalinas; type No. 119,491, from Sta- tion 36, east side of Pima canyon. Also on the west side, Station 37 (Pusch Ridge); Station 43 (1917), northeast of Sutherland’s ranch, in the foothills; Station 45, in the large canyon north of Romero canyon (eastward from Sutherland’s). Fig. 4. Genitalia of S. s. occidentalis. a, No. 118,052. 6, No. 118,045, with detail of penis and papilla at c; d, No. 118,056, canyon north of Romero Canyon. 292 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., Genitalia (Fig. 4a-d). The penis is slender except at the base where it is suddenly dilated. Internally there is a short, sinuous fleshy fold and several minor folds in the dilated part of the penis where it passes into the atrium, which also contains several fleshy ridges. The papilla is long, slender and corrugated. Penial re- tractor is terminal and enveloping base of the epiphallus, as usual. The epiphallus is nearly as long as penis, with a slight distal swelling in place of a flagellum. The vagina is shorter than the penis.. Meas- urements of the organs in mm. follow: Mir ST Peo Sa. Mus. No. Penis. | Papiila. ieee a ee Vagina. | theca | Locality. ! | | ; E and duct. | 118,045, 10 pace aa 0 6 32 | Sta. 36. 118,052 | 8.5 6 7.5 minute 4 23 | Sta. 37. 118,056 9 6.5 7.5 Ss 6 eine | The series of 60 specimens from Pima canyon consist chiefly of dead shells. The average size appears to be slightly less in the specimens from the western side of the canyon, forming the eastern slope of Pusch Ridge. There are three ‘‘dead’”’ specimens from ‘‘Pusa Ridge” (? = Pusch Ridge) in the U. S. National Museum, No. 271,011, collected by Barber. The diameter is about 22 mm. The specimens from the canyon north of Romero (opening north- westward), Station 45 (1917), have the same range of variation noted in Sabino canyon S. sabinoensis. There are depressed, more openly umbilicate shells, together with smaller, usually less depressed shells with relatively larger aperture and smaller umbilicus, 3 to 4 covered by the expansion of the columellar lip; also a few specimens transitional in these characters. 14 examined. Alt. 15.4, diam. 27.3 mm., 42 whorls (largest). 6c 15.6, 6c 93 ‘c 4s “c eee CS Ged) ce” a ce (smallest). The genitalia do not differ from Pima canyon shells. Seven shells from Station 43 (1917) measure: diam. 21, 21.5, 23.5, 23.7, 24, 24.4, 24.4 mm. All of the localities for this form are in the arid lower zone of the range. Sonorella sabinoensis buehmanensis n. subsp. PI. V, figs. 2 to 3b. Typically the shell differs from S. sabinoensis by being more solid and more elevated, only very slightly paler near the shoulder band, and with nearly one whorl more in examples of the same diameter. | . : | ETON tinge ows 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 293 Alt. 16.7, diam. 25.6 mm.; 54 whorls (type; Figs. 2—2b). al i 5 mats bre pt Sig? 15 Pad 5 ““ (topotype). ce Ser ce 23 ce 5+ ce ( ce ie mo lekdete oo oe 5 t(Stal, 43). ce aeare a4 Dilhely (74 43 ce ( ce ce ). ce 13 ce Dl ce 42 ce ce ce ), Buehman canyon, in the eastern part of the Santa Catalina Moun-' tains, the type from Station 44 (1913), near the Korn Kobb mine. Also at Stations 41, head of Sycamore gulch, tributary to Buehman canyon, 42, Buehman canyon at the Brush Corral, and station 43, Buehman canyon a mile below the Brush Corral Ranger Station. > Fig. 5. Genitalia of Sonorella sabinoensis buehmanensis, No. 109,196. There is considerable variation in the shells from Buehman can- yon, in size, degree of elevation and number of whorls; yet unless anatomical differences are found, we consider them all of one race. As yet, only the typical form has been dissected. Specimens from Station 41 (1913), from the head of Sycamore Gulch, have the umbilicus slightly more open than in typical buch- manensis, and the borders of the shoulder-band are paler; thus approaching the larger forms of S. sabinoensis. In Stations 42 and 48 the size varies widely, and the smaller specimens have only a fraction of a whorl more than sabinoensis, from which they differ by the smaller aperture. One figured (pl. V, figs. 3-3b, Station 43) measures: alt. 13.7,diam.21 mm, In the same lots the larger shells have a diameter of 25 mm. or slightly more. Like other species of the dry lower mountains, living snails are rare. In one rock slide in Buehman Canyon, 360 fairly good “‘bones” were found, and only 8 living snails. 294 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., Sonorella hesternan.sp. Pl. IV, figs. 6, 6a, 6b. A long series of dead shells was taken at Station 148 (1917) in a rock slide on the south side of the Tucson-Benson highway, near the cave on Shaw’s ranch, southern foothills of the Rincons, at about 3,500 feet. They are smaller and more solid than S. rinconensis, and the umbilicus is somewhat smaller. It is more depressed and has a wider umbilicus than S. sabinoensis. In color and surface it resembles the latter species. The freshest shells are between cinnamon and tawny-olive, fading around the umbilicus, white on both sides of the chestnut-brown band. The suture descends rather abruptly to the aperture, but not quite so deeply as in S. hachitana. Alt. 13.5, diam. 22.4 mm. (type). pate ©: fy Oh ae ee In a series of 37 adult examples, the smallest measures 20.1 mm. in diameter, the largest 25.9 mm. They run as follows: Diam. 20-20.9 mm., 4 specimens. LO. eam = pies” Pear Ph” archi or et 2oaeeioe won OO ‘3 en Dt A. Cn A Boe 1S 2 f The station is an extremely arid one. It is a true desert Sonorella. The status of the form is uncertain, but it can scarcely be linked with any of the Santa Catalina or Rincon species, so that, while we do not like to describe a Sonorella without examination of the soft anatomy, there seems nothing else to do in this case. Its status may be revised when living examples come to hand. Sonorella marmorarius n. sp. PI. III, figs. 9, 9a, 96. The shell is depressed, rather solid, umbilicate (the width of um- bilicus contained about 7 times in that of the shell, suddenly widening at the last whorl to about double its former width); light pinkish cinnamon, paler around the umbilicus, and whitish on both sides of the chestnut-brown band above the periphery. The surface is glossy. Embryonic shell of 114 whorls, the last of which is densely, irregularly granular, with indistinct protractive and retractive threads (when unworn), subsequent whorls delicately marked with growth-lines, and under the lens showing some weak spiral impressed lines in plaees on the upper surface of the last whorl. The suture descends rather deeply in front. Aperture is quite oblique, oval. Peristome expanded throughout, with a gray edge, somewhat thickened within, the margins generally connected by a roughened callous ridge in fully adult shells. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 295 Alt. 14 diam. 25 mm.; aperture 11.2x13.6 mm.; 42 whorls. Marble Peak, Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona; type loc. Station 26, 1913, quartzite slide on Marble Peak. Also found at Station 3, 1911, slide above Apache mine; Station 4, 1911, top of ridge south of the Peak; Station 38, 1913, north side of Marble Peak; ‘Joliet Cave,” and other stations on the same mountain. / . \_¢ Fig. 6. Genitalia of Sonorella marmorarius, a, No. 109,077; b, c, No. 109,071; d, No. 109,039; e, No. 109,083; f, No. 109,084; g, No. 109,078. Genitalia (Fig. 6a-g). The penis is thin-walled, very weakly or usually not noticeably enlarged near the atrium, containing a slender tapering, corrugated papilla, half to two-thirds or more the length of penis. Epiphallus somewhat shorter than penis, typically ter- minating in a little flagellum, but this is often rudimentary or wanting. Penial retractor long, inserted on apex of penis and base of epiphallus. The vagina is but little shorter than the penis. Lengths of the organs in mm. follow, the specimens all from stations on Marble Peak: 296 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., ——————— JS —- | / i) i é - = a . . . Mus. No.) Penis. Feu yee Hee l nee Vagina.| Station. | Fig. 109,078 | 12.5 eo 8 ao he alk Wee ee 10 26 | 69. 109,077 | 12 8 10 1 8 14 26 ~—s| ‘6a. 119,039 9 6 C23 1 12 8.5 | 4(1911). | 62. 119,040 | 10 8.5 % WSO A aab is ee 9:5) (SOL) i eS 109,074 | 11.5 10 9 MS ate r= We 3 haem eles 109,083 8.5 7 Mees L) Re) oo |lereneraas 7 22 =| -6e. 109,084 9 Yee NES 0 ll Oho oreeeaee 6/.. 109,080 | 12.5 GAM het Seah Oy heart hetee i 30: ) ives ae 109,071 | 11:5 6 iis: Oe S len omen 6 Cave | 6),c This species is closely related to. 8. hachitana (Dall) and S. compar Pils. It has the peristome more thickened within than the former and differs from S. compar? by the more solid shell, more thickened peristome, etc. The more widely open umbilicus distinguishes it readily from other Sonorellas of the hachitana group found in the Santa Catalinas. Other specimens of the original lot from the type locality measure: Alt. 15 diam. 26.3 mm. Alt. 13.8, diam. 24 mm. ce 15.3 “ce 94.6 ce (a9 ce ce 93 (a3 ce 13 (a9 93.6 ce ce 12.5, ce D1, ce The largest examples were taken at Station 3, two measuring: Alt. 16.4, diam. 28.2 mm.; 5 whorls. ce lt7/ ce a8 ce 5 ce Marble Peak and Apache Camp have oak, juniper and sycamore wood on the lower slopes; the crest of the ridge, the head of the main “slide,’’ is in the pine belt. Sonorella marmorarius limifontis n. subsp. PI. III, figs. 5, 5a, 5b. The shell is depressed, openly umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained 7 times in that of the shell); whitish, faintly buff near the suture and on the spire, having the usual chestnut-brown band. Last whorl wide, very deeply descending in front. Surface glossy, weakly marked with growth-lines as in related species of the hachi- tana group, and showing weak traces of impressed spiral lines on the upper surface of the last whorl. The last whorl descends deeply and abruptly in front. The aperture is very oblique, rounded-oval. Peristome somewhat expanded, slightly thickened within. 3 Sonorella compar, new name for Sonorella ashmuni Pils., Proce. A. N. 8. Phila. 1905, p. 259, pl. 17, figs. 9-14. Not S. ashmuni Bartsch. On comparison with the type cf S. ashmuni, this species is seen to differ con- spicuously by the more depressed and more openly umbilicate shell —H.A.P. x gE e Bi oP 4 bl 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 297 Alt. 13.3, diam. 22.3 mm.; 5 whorls. “14 PA D8 ‘“« ~seareely 5 whorls. cee 6) agro 8.’ “Swhorls: Santa Catalina Mountains at Station 17, bluffs near Mud Springs, on Pine Canyon. The last whorl descends more than in S. marmorarius, the aperture is more oblique, and the color of adults is paler.’ The immature shells have more of a cinnamon tint than the adults. The spiral lines mentioned in the description are usually very faint, often scarcely discernible, but in the largest example they are quite distinct. The umbilicus sometimes varies to somewhat smaller than in the type specimen. Mud Springs, on Pine Canyon, a branch of Sabino above Sabino Basin, is a walled hole in the mud. It is on the trail from Sabino Basin to Soldier’s Camp, the elevation about 7,000 ft. It is in the pine zone. The Sonorella was found in the first rocks east of the spring along the trail. Also at the foot of a high cliff, in stratified ‘“norphyry,” in a ravine heavily wooded with cypress (Cupressus arizonica), about a mile southeast of the springs. Sonorella marmorarius imula n. subsp. PI. III, figs. 7, 7a. At. Stations 17 and 19 (1917), on a limestone hill 6 miles west of Brush Corral Ranger Station, north of Alder Springs, in the northern: foothills of the Catalinas, many specimens were taken, chiefly dead, differing from typical marmorarius by the somewhat darker color, and by having about a half of a whorl more in examples of similar diameter. Alt. 26.5, diam. 15 mm.; 53 whorls. Highty-five specimens from Station 19, all of the adults collected, measure as follows: isms ia MAN pees sd Sb ..-5 Do ow AeA ee 22.0, 22.9 23° 23.1 23,2 Number of specimens... 1 1 1 3 if 3 il 3 ism 10) mm... ae s): 23.3 238.4 23.5 23.6 23.7 23.9 24 24.1 Number of specimens... 2 3 2 2 3 1 4 2 Pima ON MM. SS 24.2 24.3 24.4 24.5 24.6 24.7 24.8 24.9 Number of specimens... 6 i 4 5 3 2 3 Diam mm mms. 2. 2b .. Dy A251 25.35. 204. 20-05 20,00220.0 26 Number of specimens... 4 2 2 meter 1 2 1 isnt MTN. sb ee 26.2 26.3 26.4 26:5 Number of specimens... 1 1 1 1 298 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF |[Nov.—Dec., As the error in measuring may be at least 0.1 mm., it will be seen, if a curve is plotted, that the mode for diameter is at about 24.4 mm., and the total variation 2.1 mm. in either direction. A specimen having the umbilicus exceptionally narrow is illustrated in pl. 4, figs. 8-8b. The spire is also narrower than in the typical form; yet it seems unlikely that there is more than one species in the lot. Sonorella galiurensis n. sp. Pl. V, figs. 5 to 6b. The shell is umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained about 9 times in that of the shell), between cinnamon-brown and sayal- brown in color, fading on the base, and much paler on both sides of the broad chestnut-brown band above the periphery. Glossy; em- bryonic whorls closely pitted-granulate, with the usual protractive threads; subsequent whorls lightly marked with irregular growth- lines. The last whorl is wide and descends somewhat in front. The peristome is narrowly expanded. The parietal callus usually has a thickened edge in fully adult shells. Alt. 16.7, diam. 27.5 mm.; 5 whorls. (type, Sta. 30). 4G, ehs DTN ae Bid Ue Stas SO: AGA FO Bil oes oie Ea Stara mes Toy coe sacs 0 Ae eee FE (Se og Galiuro Mountains at the following Stations (1917): Fig. 7. Genitalia of Sonorella galiwrensis, No. 118,122. Oe a, 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 299 24. Southern slope of mountains at eastern gate of John Rhodes’ ranch, among boulders on mesa. 26. Rhodes’ canyon. 27. Northern slope, amphitheatre on Whitlock ranch. 28. Foot of main gulch facing north, same amphitheatre. 29. Farther up same gulch. 30. “Porphyry” slide on trail 1} miles south of Copper Creek Mining Camp. Type locality. 31. Camp at smelter, Copper Creek. 32. Rock slide sloping west, on trail half way between Copper Creek Camp and Table Mountain. 33. “Porphyry” slide in forks of creek 2 miles east of Table Mountain. 34. Slide near the preceding. 35. Cliffs on northeastern slope of Table Mountain. Genitalia (fig.7). The general proportions are as in S. marmor- arius. The penis has a long, very thin sheath about the basal part, not seen in marmorarius; its lower portion is somewhat swollen and has several small longitudinal folds within. Retractor muscle long. Papilla weakly annulate, about half as long as the penis. There is the usual short flagellum. The vagina about equals the penis in length. Length of penis ........ 10 mm. papillac hee: Bre epiphallus....7 =“ flagellum ....1.5 “ sya 06: Mapa et Mriscuna NGl 2 2h... S224 118,122. This form is much like S. marmorarius. The shell is slightly more capacious and darker colored, and there is some difference in the penis. Its habitat is separated from that of marmorarius by the valley of the San Pedro River. The elevation is much less than that in- habited by S. marmorarvus. 20 living specimens from Station 30, all taken, measure as fol- lows: Wiamieters in mama a: 251425:5". 26 26.5 -27 27.5 28: 29 Nosepecimens «<0. ().)@)---@)-- @) 3). @) ».@) @) 17 specimens from Station 24, a southern slope: Diameters....... DA 24 De 26 26.5 -27- 28) 28.6308 No. specimens....(1) (2) (3), (2) tA) oC Gy) (1) Sonorella tortillita n. sp. Pl. V, figs. 4, 4a, 4b. $s The shell is umbilicate (width of umbilicus contained about 83 times in that of the shell), pinkish buff, fading to white around the umbilicus and paler near the chestnut-brown band which revolves above the periphery of the last whorl and shows very narrowly above the suture on most of the penult whorl. The surface is glossy; 300 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., embryonic shell about 13 whorls, the first half whorl having some radial wrinkles, the rest of the embryonic portion closely irregularly granulose, and having fine, rather indistinct, tangential (protractive) threads, often visible only near the suture. Subsequent whorls have the usual fine growth-lines. The whorls increase slowly at first, the last one very wide, suture descending slightly in front. The aperture is rounded oval-lunate. Peristome is well expanded, Alt. 15.5, diam. 27 mm.; aperture alt. 14.8, width 15.8 mm.; 43 whorls. Tortillita Mountains, Pinal Co., Arizona, the type, No. 118,053, from Station 41 (1917), east side of Hog Canyon; also found at Station 40, west side of same canyon near the cement dam, and Station 42, south slope of mountains east of Hog Canyon. Genitalia (Fig. 8). The penis is very long and rather slender, with muscular walls, containing a long, slender, corrugated, tapering papilla. The epiphallus is shorter than the penis, without a distinct flagellum, though there seems to be a rudi- mentary one concealed in the integu- ment. The penial retractor is long. Length of vagina is about equal to the penis. By the long penis and vagina : this species is related to S. rincon- Fig. 8. Genitalia of Benard tor. ensis, but in that snail these organs tillita with detail of the penis- are far longer. S.santaritana is even ponies more like S. tortillita in genitalia, but the shell is flatter, the whorls of smaller caliber. None of the Santa Catalina species has the vagina and penis nearly so long as in S. tortillita. The larger shells referred to S. sabinoensis occidentalis are closely similar. The embryonic sculpture described is in large part effaced in the fully adult shells found. The color, too, is somewhat faded. In the young and barely full-grown examples it is decidedly darker than described. = 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 301 The largest specimen from the type locality measures 17.2x28.6 mm.; the smallest, 12.5x23.2 mm.; very few are under 25 mm. diam- eter. The largest shell in the lot from the west side of Hog Canyon measures 17.5x30 mm. The Tortillitas are arid mountains without forest. Sonorella rinconensis Pils. & Ferr. Sonorella rinconensis Prrspry & Ferriss, Proc. A. N.S. Phila. 1909, p. 517, femelle. MoS. 3, Oy ee Rincon range: Rincon Peak and Wrong Mountain; Mt. Mica, only those from Rincon Peak dissected. This species was not en- countered in the localities visited in 1917. It inhabits elevations above 7,500 ft., occurring in granitic rocks. Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). Santa Catalina Mountains: Stations 3 and 9, near mouth of Sabino Canyon, 4,500 ft. Station 13, mouth of Bear Canyon, 4,500 it. Station 40, Alder Springs, 8,000 ft. Southern foothills of Rincon Mountains near the cave, Station 191 (1918). Galiuro Mountains. Thysanophora ingersolli (Blaud). Santa Catalina Mountains: Mt. Lemon at Stations C, 19, 31, 34, 37, etc., at 9,000 to 9,500 ft. ENDODONTID&£. Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (Nc.) Santa Catalina Mountains: Station 21, Desert Laboratory Plantation, 8,500 ft. Soldier Camp. Bear Wallow. Around Mt. Lemon at Station C, spring on west side; Station 19, Congdon’s Cabin; Station 28, marshy spring; Station 37; Station 22, old Lemon trail; Station 31, aspens, new trail; Station 34, 9,000 to 9,500 ft. Rincon Mountains: Spud Rock and Catalina saddle. Radiodiscus millecostatus Pils. & Ferr. Santa Catalina Mountains: Environs of Mt. Lemon, Stations C, 19, 28, 30, 31, 34, 37 and some others, at elevation of 7,000 to 9,500 ft. Bear Wallow. Kellogg Peak. Generally distributed and locally very abundant, especially in the aspen zone. Helicodiscus arizonensis P. & F. Santa Catalina Mountains: Station 1, near weir, Sabino Canyon, 4,500 ft. Station 27, Bear Wallow. Marble Peak at Station 25, 8,500 ft., and Station 26, 8,000 ft. Rincon Mountains: Spud Rock. Galiuro Mountains, Station 24 (1917). 4 The reference to figures ‘‘1—4, 7’’ as given in our paper was incorrect. 302 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., Punctum californicum Pils. Santa Catalina Mountains: trail from Webber’s to Lemon Moun- tain. VITRINID A. Vitrina alaskana Dall. Santa Catalina Mountains: Station 37, north side of Mt. Lemon 9,000 ft.; trail to Webber’s place. ZONITIDA. Polita indentata umbilicata (Ckll.). Santa Catalina Mountains: Station A, Bear Wallow Creek. West side Mt. Lemon at Station C. Marble Peak at Stations 25 and 26, 8,000-8,500 ft. Trail from Webber’s place to Mt. Lemon. Alder Spring. Rincon Mountains at Station 21 (1917), Catalina Saddle, and Spud Rock. Galiuro Mountains, Station 24. Striatura milium meridionalis (P. & F.). Santa Catalina Mountains: Station A, Bear Wallow Creek; Soldier’s Camp; Station 21, Desert Laboratory plantation, 8,500 ft.; Mt. Lemon at Stations 22, 28, 31, 37, at 9,000 to 9,500 ft.; trail to Webber’s Cabin; Alder Spring. ; Zonitoides arborea (Say). Santa Catalina Mountains: Station 21, Desert Laboratory plantation, 8,500 ft. Soldier Camp. Stations 19, 22,37 0n Mt. Lemon, at about 9,000 ft. Station 25, northwest ridge of Marble Peak, 8,500 ft. Rincon Mountains, Station 20 (1917). Zonitoides minuscula alachuana (Dall). Santa Catalina Mountains: Mt. Lemon, Bear Wallow; Kellogg Peak and Alder Spring. Rincon Mountains. Zonitoides singleyana (Pils.). Rincon Mountains. Euconulus fulvus (Mull.). Santa Catalina Mountains: Alder Springs. Soldier Camp. Sta- tion 27, Bear Wallow Creek. Mt. Lemon at Station C, 19, 22, 28, 30, 31, 34. Common up to 9,500 ft. Ridge from Marble Peak, south- west, 8,500 ft.; south side of Marble Peak. Rincon Mountains. VALLONIIDA. Vallonia cyclophorella Ckll. Santa Catalina Mountains: Mt. Lemon at Stations 19, 22, 30, 31, 37, at about 9,000-9,500 ft. Marble Peak, quartzite slide on south side, 8,000 ft. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 303 Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Santa Catalina Mountains: Marble Peak, in quartzite slide on south side, 8,000 ft., rare. Galiuro Mountains: Whitlock ranch on the northern slope. : PUPILLIDA. Pupoides marginata (Say). — Southern foothills of Rincon Mountains near the cave, Shaw’s Ranch, Station 148 (1918). Pupilla hebes (Ancey). Santa Catalina Mountains: Mt. Lemon, at head of the aspen gulch, and } mile below, on the new trail, 9,500 ft., and on the north side, 9,000 ft. Among those from the last locality, Station 37, 6 out of 128 were albinos. Station 22, ridge near Marshall Pass. It occurred in some abundance in all the localities except Station 22. Pupilla hebes nefas Pils. & Ferr. Pupilla hebes form nefas P. &. F., Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1910, p. 135. Santa Catalina Mountains: Station 20, northeast side of Kel- logg Peak, 8,500 ft., Station 27, Bear Wallow, 214 specimens. Sol- dier Camp, 63 specimens. Station 21, Desert Laboratory Station, 8,500 ft., 84 specimens. Station 22, ridge near Marshall Pass, rare. Station 29, Leaning Rock, south side Mt. Lemon, 9,500 ft., 15 speci- mens. Station 25, ridge of Marble Peak towards Mt. Lemon, 8,500 ft., 57 specimens. Station 26, “quartzite” slide on Mt. Lemon, 8,000 ft., 2 specimens. Station 28, marshy spring near trail, Mt. Lemon, 1 specimen. Rincon Mountains: Spud Rock; Catalina Saddle. P.h. nefas almost always has a small parietal tooth, and is usually a little longer than P. hebes, with between 6 and 7 whorls. It differs from P. syngenes by having no crest behind the lip, though there is usually a shallow, wide depression there. In only one of the numerous stations mentioned above were hebes and nefas found together. That was Station 22, where very few shells were taken. Lots from all of the other stations, frequently copious, were either all hebes or all nefas. Elsewhere P. h. nefas has been found only in two places in the Chiricahua Mountains, at elevations estimated from 7,500 to 8,000 ft. It was not associated there with dextral hebes, which was found at another Chiricahua locality. We are now disposed to rank P. h. nefas as a well-marked subspecies. Chaenaxis intuscostata (Clapp). Southern foothills of the Rincons, near the Tucson-Benson high- way, near the cave, Shaw’s ranch, at about 3,500 ft. 304 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., Gastrocopta ashmuni (Sterki). : Santa Catalina Mountains: Slide on Marble Peak, 8,000 ft., rare. Galiuro Mountains: Whitlock ranch, on the northern slope. Gastrocopta cochisensis (Pils. & Ferr.). Santa Catalina Mountains: Alder Springs and Station 25, south- west ridge of Marble Peak, 8,500 ft. The shells were dirty when collected, like B. quadridens. Gastrocopta dalliana (Sterki). Santa Catalina Mountains: Station 3, mouth of Sabino Canyon, 4,500 ft. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Southern foothills of Rincon Mountains near the cave, Shaw’s ranch, Station 148 (1918), at about 3,500 ft. Gastrocopta bilamellata (St. & Clapp). Galiuro Mountains. Gastrocopta quadridens (Pils.). Santa Catalina Mountains: Stations 30, 31, 37, and all around Mt. Lemon at 9,000 to 9,500 ft. Soldier Camp, one specimen. When found alive, the shell is rather copiously plastered with dirt, probably attached by the mucous of the animal. Gastrocopta pilsbryane (Sterki). Santa Catalina Mountains: Station 3, mouth of Sabino Canyon, 4,500 ft. Alder Springs, very abundant. Station 27, Bear Wallow. Station 18, Soldier Camp, 8,500 ft. Station 21, Desert Laboratory plantation, 8,500 ft. Station 22, near Marshall Pass, old Mt. Lemon trail, 9,000 ft. Station 28, marshy spring, Mt. Lemon trail, 9,000 ft. Trail to Webber’s cabin. Station 31, north side of Mt. Lemon. Station 26, quartzite slide on Marble Peak, 8,000 ft. Galiuro Moun- tains at Whitlock ranch. Rincon Mountains: Spud Rock. FERUSSACIDZ. Cochlicopa lubrica (Miill.). Santa Catalina Mountains: Station 25, ridge to peak Mt. Lemon, 8,500 ft.; Station 26, slide on Marble Peak, 8,000 ft. Rincon Moun- » tains: Spud Rock. Vertigo modesta insculpta Pils. The shell is similar to V. modesta in contour, but differs by being closely and rather sharply striate on the intermediate whorls; the first whorl smooth, the last less striate than those preceding. There a | a ae 7 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 305 is a narrow but moderately high crest close behind the outer lip. The color is chestnut-brown, becoming paler towards the apex. When alive both animal and shell are black. Teeth fine, a small supraparietal denticle being developed. The parietal and lower palatal folds are rather large. Length 2.6, diam. 1.35 mm.; 53 whorls. Except in external sculpture, this form resembles V. modesta from Alaska, figured in Proc. A. N.S. Phila. for 1900, pl. 23, fig. 2. By its sharp striation V. m. insculpta is quite distinct from all other large Vertigos of the Rocky Mountains, but there is a smaller form of V. modesta in Labrador which is striate on the spire. It is very abundant between 9,000 and 9,500 ft. on Mt. Lemon, in and near the aspen zone, where several hundred specimens were collected. Very beautiful albino specimens occurred in the colonies from Sta- tions 30, 31, and 37, Mt. Lemon. Other localities for V. m. insculpta are: Santa Catalina Moun- tains: Soldier Camp. Mt. Lemon at Stations 19, 22, 28, 30, 31, 34, 37, at 8,500 to 9,500 ft. Vertigo coloradensis inserta Pils. In the original V. c. basidens from Bland, New Mexico, there is one parietal tooth and the basal is at the foot of the columella, re- mote from the lower palatal. In the Santa Catalina series there is often a small angular lamella, and the basal fold stands close to the lower palatal. This form replaces V. c. basidens in the Canadian zone of the Santa Catalinas. The type is from Bear Wallow. Santa Catalina Mountains: Desert Laboratory plantation, 8,500 ft.; Bear Wallow Creek, 8,500 ft.; Soldier Camp. Mt. Lemon at Stations 19, 22, 28, 31, 9,000 to 9,500 ft.; Alder Springs. Rincon Mountains at Station 20. V. c. inserta differs from V. c. arizonensis by the development of a basal fold, and all of the teeth are larger. Recent studies of the group have convinced us that Vertigo colum- biana utahensis Sterki is identical with V. coloradensis Ckll. The former name is therefore superfluous. Our record of V. c. utahensis from the Chiricahua Mountains, in these Proceedings for 1910, p. 144, should be changed to V. coloradensis. ANCYLIDZ& Gundlachia californica Rowell. Santa Catalina Mountains: Sabino Canyon, at Alkali Spring, Lowell U. S. Ranger Station, on leaves of Plantinus wrighti. 306 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF —_ [Nov.—Dec., Very few examples are in the Gundlachia stage; none were found in the septate stage. Many have the narrow, high, oblique shape of septates, but without septum. Many of them reached the normal size of septates, then had a resting stage during which the shell became blackened, subsequently resuming growth along the margins, forming a narrow, oblique shell somewhat like A. parallelus in outline. Other examples become wider, about as in A. rivularis, in the second period of growth. The early stages are similar in all, having the usual Ferrissia sculpture. Those individuals in the Gundlachia stage do not appear specfi- cally separable from G. californica. PHYSIDZ. Physa virgata Gld. Small specimens which appear to belong to this species were taken in lower Sabino Canyon, with Gundlachia. List oF CoLLecTine STATIONS IN THE SantTa CaTatina, RINcon, TORTILLITA AND GALIURO MouNTAINS. For the Santa Catalinas and Rincons, these stations can be located and approximate elevations ascertained by reference to the U. S. Geological Survey topographic map, Tucson Quadrangle. As dif- ferent sets of station numbers were unfortunately used in different years, these numbers can only be used in connection with the dates. SANTA CATALINA Stations of 1913 (J. H. F.) 1. Sabino Canyon, bluffs on east side of creek at water gauge dam. Eleva- tion about 4,500 ft. Same, quarter mile farther up. Rock slides near camp at “Picnic Grounds,” Sabino Canyon. Slide north of camp, 4,800 ft. Mountain east of camp. About 2 miles along trail to Soldier’s Camp. 5,000 ft. Spring near Ranger Station at mouth of Sabino Canyon (Physa and Gund- lachia) 4,500 ft. 8. Mouth of Sabino, foot of bluff, west side. 4,500 ft. 9. Rocks 1 mile above camp. 10. Vantana Canyon at its mouth; a small dry canyon next west of Sabino, not named on topographic map. Ca. 4,500 ft. Se ie cone 11. Rock Canyon, in “quartzite” bluff. This is the second small canyon west of Sabino. About 4,500 feet. 12. Vantana Canyon, west side of east mouth. Same elevation. 13. Bear Canyon, east side. 14, same, west side, near 13. 15. Mile above camp in Sabino, on mountain slope, west side. About 5,000 ft. 16. Shde below preceding, about the same elevation. 17. First rocks below Mud Springs, on Pine Canyon (a branch of Sabino above Sabino Basin). Mud Springs are about 9 miles south of Soldier’s Camp. About 7,000 ft. 18. Soldier’s Camp. SS rl ee oo ee ee | Peer 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 307 19. Congden Camp. 20. Northeastern side Kellogg Peak. 21. Carnegie Desert Laboratory experiment station, Marshall Pass. 22. Ridge running down east side Lemon Mountain. 23. Ridge running south from Soldier’s Camp towards Mud Springs. 24. West side of Marble Peak ridge. 25. Top of same ridge. 26. “Quartzite” slide south side of Marble Peak (same as Station 3, 1910; Station 4, 1910, is the top of same slide). 27. Ridge south of Hmkley Camp. Z 28. Marshy spring on Lemon Mountain trail. 29. Leaning Rock, south side Lemon Mountain. 30. Aspen Gulch, parallel with main trail to Lemon Mountain. 31, quarter mile below 30, where gulch is close to trail. 32, quarter mile farther down. 33, foot of trail at the stream. Little shells very abundant at these stations and the next. 34. Cold Spring. 35. Southeast side of Marble Peak, about Apache Camp and ‘“‘Joliet Cave.” 36. Northwest side Marble Peak near “Old Dan’s Cabin.” 37. Westfall’s mine. 38. North side Marble Peak near the Daley mine. 39. Goodale’s house. 40, Alder Spring, Peck Canyon (one of the head branches of Buehman Can- yon). Alder Spring is about 12 miles east of Soldier’s Camp Ranger Station ; Brush Corral Ranger Station is about 8 miles farther down Buehman Canyon. 41. Buehman Canyon: “Quartzite” slide, Sycamore Spring. 42. Buehman Canyon: Forest Ranger pasture near lower fence, Brush 43. Buehman Canyon. Lower on the stream, towards Korn Kobb mine. 44, Buehman Canyon. Near the mine. 45. John Lyon’s mountain (east of San Pedro River and Rincon Mountains, north of the Little Dragoon Mountains). The rock is granite, and only Thysa- nophora hornii was found. Stations of 1917 (J. H. F.). (Santa Catalina Range.) 12. Main fork of Sabino Creek, at camp in Sabino Basin. 13. Head of Bear Creek (Gundlachia and Physa). 14, Head of Bear Canyon. 15. Northeast corner of Sabino Basin, on trail to Soldier’s Camp. Boulder dykes along gulches. 16. Same as Station 12, in slides of mountain facing north. 17. Southwest side of Sabino Basin, big mountain in the ‘““Window Range.” 18. Brush Corral, crossing of Peck Canyon, Alder Springs. 19. Limestone mountain in foothil!s of 8S. Catalinas, San Pedro slope. (Rincon Mountains.) 20. North side of the high Rincon peaks. 21. Saddle camp, between Santa Catalinas and Rincons. 22. Ridge west of Spud Rock Ranger Station, in aspens. 23. Drift debris of San Pedro River above Mammoth. (Galiuro Mountains.) 24. Drift of boulders near southeast gate of the forest reserve pasture. 25. Im slides, creek bank, above John Rhodes’ ranch house. 26. In slides head of the same gulch as 25. 27. In No. 4 slope in amphitheatre of the mountains on Whitlow ranch, east of Sombrero Peak. 28 and 29. Other slides in the same vicinity. 30. On trail two miles south of Copper Creek mining camps. 308 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF _ [Noy.—Dec., On trail to Table Mountain about half way from last station. 33. West of abandoned copper camp, creek running north, east of Table Mountain, in slide east of said creek. 34, Slides in same v icinity. 35. Cliffs, northeast rim of Table Mountain. 31. Slide west across gulch from smelter, Copper Creek. 32 > (Western slope of Santa Catalina Range.) 36, East side of Pima Canyon. 37. West side of Pima Canyon. 38. Drift debris of Pima Canyon. 39. Fork of the Canada del Oro near the fcot of Marble Peak. 43. Northeast of Sutherland’s ranch, in the foothills. 44. First large canyon north of Romero Canyon, and south of the Suther- land ranch. 45. About one mile east of Station 44. (Tortillita Mountains.) 40. West side of Hog Canyon, in basin near cement dam, 41. East side of Hog Canyon, on the mountain top. X—MovntTaIns OF THE GitA HEADWATERS: THE BLUE AND Wuite Mountains, ARIZONA, AND THE MocoLton MounralIns, New Mexico. The malacological survey of these ranges, which lie in Graham, Apache and Greenlee counties, Arizona, and Socorro county, New Mexico, was begun by one of us (Ferriss) in 1913, and continued by Ferriss and L. E. Daniels in 1914. In 1900 Dr. E. O. Wooten, well known for his work on New Mexican botany, made a ten-day trip in the Mogollons, in course of which he crossed the range from Willow Creek to Mogollon and ascended the eastern flank of Mogollon Peak to almost 9,000 feet. The type of Ashmunella mogollonensis was collected on this occasion. So far as we know, no other mollusks had been taken in the region of the Gila headwaters prior to the collec- tions here described. A few mollusks collected between the San Pedro River and Clif- ton, Arizona, are included, as they are geographically intermediate between the regions considered in articles IX and X. Early in September, 1913, Ferriss left Tucson with Frank Cole, the guide of tourists and naturalists, for Mt. Thomas in southern Apache county, 11,496 feet above sea level. Traveling by wagon, brief stops were made in the Graham Mountains and upper end of the Peloncillo range. At Clifton the wagon was stored, saddle horses and pack mules secured, and the trail followed to Metcalf. From Clifton to the Double Circle ranch on Eagle Creek it is rough country, mostly forested, and with sufficient rock for snail cover, but the snails do not like it. The trail here ran northwesterly vi ~ es! eee eer ee ee ee ee : y ‘ ui] - peor 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 309 for about 35 miles, then directly north 16 miles on Eagle Creek to the southern rim of the Blue Mountains. Pupas and Vallonias were found at Honeymoon Ranger Station, and Oreohelix a mile or two farther on, fifty miles from Clifton. The rim of the Blue has a wall of broken granite. We found Ashmunella mogollonensis and a grayish form of Oreohelix cooper, the latter also in the quaking asp and cork-bark fir groves of the vicinity. The route lay northwesterly again, across the KX. P. cienaga, down Corduroy and Fish Creeks and across Black River, to Reser- vation Creek in Apache Co. This high plateau has a continuous forest of the largest yellow pine, blue spruce, Douglas spruce, thickets of quaking asp and alder. Pupwe and Oreohelix were the prin- cipal snails. Few were found on the dome-like summit of Mt. Thomas. Along Black river Oreohelices, from pale to nearly black, from high to low, were in every rock pile. On the return trip the Raspberry trail from the rim of the Blue Mountain to Cosper’s ranch on the Blue river was taken. Down the Blue and San Francisco rivers Ashmunella, Sonorella and Oreohelix were found in the slides investigated, but the journey was a hurried one. This ground was thoroughly covered in the journey of 1914. An account of the journey of 1913 may be found in. Nautilus for January, 1919. On the expedition of 1914, Ferriss was accompanied by Mr. L. E. Daniels.» Part of the route taken in 1913 was retraced—from Clifton, Graham Co., Arizona, up the San Francisco and Blue Rivers to Cosper’s ranch, a distance of about 50 miles. From this point they continued up the Blue River, northeast, to its head, and to Luna, Socorro Co., New Mexico. From Luna the party turned southeast, across the San Francisco Mountains (which lie south of Luna), and by way of Alma to the Mogollon Mountains. Some account of this trip was given in Nautilus XXVIII, February, 1915, pp. 109-113. The Ashmunellas collected were described and figured in Nautilus X XIX, June, July and August, 1915, to which the reader is referred for these matters. A map showing the collecting stations in the Mogollons may be found on page 331. 5 We have to record the death of Mr. Daniels, October 23, 1918. He was a companion of both authors on collecting trips of some months’ duration, and it is a real sorrow that he will no longer share the labors of the trail or the cheer of the evening camp fire. 310 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF — [Nov.—Dec., The San Francisco and the Blue rivers have been seriously;torn up by floods in recent years, but many of the snails remain. Nearly all the farmers have been swept out. Oreohelices, Sonorellas or Ashmunellas exist in every favorable situation from Clifton to Bob Cat on the interstate boundary, except in a few short stretches of these rivers where the snails seem to have a dislike for the soil, the chemistry of the rocks, or something not traced. This is about fifty miles in a straight line, and thus very long miles. Again on the Luna road to Alma, in New Mexico, Oreohelix was found on the crest of the San Francisco Mountains, and the largest colony, with many albinos, came from the Rio Saliz, a small stream draining the San Francisco Mountains eastward into the San Fran- cisco River. The Mogollons might be called a federation of sharp peaks. It is not a high plateau like the White and Blue mountain region, yet the forest conditions and tree associations are almost identical. On the Bursam wagon road from Mogollon to Willow Creek, ascending to 9,000 feet, and usually running along the north slope of the peaks, the conditions for snails are ideal. Ashmunella mogellonensis and Oreohelix coopert were soon picked whenever logs or stones were turned in this (for snail hunters) two-day journey. At two points Oreohelix barbata was found with the other two species. Afterward, when the canyons facing west and south were explored the smaller Ashmunellas were found in colonies with the three above mentioned. Sonorella has not yet been found in the Mogollon range. In the ex- treme southern part of Arizona (Chiricahua range) the large toothless Ashmunellas are in colonies with the smaller toothed forms and Oreoheliz barbata with them. Also a Sonorella and sometimes Holo- spira. Three species of Sonorella have been found in one slide; but the general Arizona rule still remains one species of the genera of Helices to a colony. The banks of the canyons running west, in the Mogollons, were abrupt, and the south bank furnished shade and cover. In Big Dry Canyon, running directly south, the banks were so abrupt and close together that snails were living on both sides of the stream, and in the greatest abundance within our experience. The wide differences in the Ashmunellas of the Mogollons and the presence of the Chiricahua Oreohelix barbata seem to indicate an al- luring future for Mogollon conchology. We believe that the deeper canyons, penetrating farther into the large mountains, had greater riches than Big Dry, lying in between them. Here too in the | , | | I 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. oll canyon streams live the mountain trout, friendly and well condi- tioned, but they are not the cut-throat trout of the Colorado. On the whole the Mogollons, in scenery and camping delights, are not far behind the White and Blue Mountain region of eastern Ari- zona. Silver City is the nearest and most convenient railway station, and moreover it lies in a region unexplored by the snail fraternity. One more killing was made on the return to Clifton, a colony of Sonorellas at Steeple Rock, Sept. 14. Thus this event of 1914 had a continuous run of two months and seven days. Aside from the minute Canadian Zone snails which have a wide distribution at high levels, and the minutiw of the desert foothills such as Thysanophora hornii, Succinea avara, the small Z onitoides, ete., there are several forms showing close affinity between the San Fran- cisco-Mogollon region and the Chiricahua Range. The species Sonorella binneyi, Ashmunella chiricahuana and Orohelix barbata of the Chiricahuas are represented here by S. binneyi franciscana, A. mogollonensis and O. barbata. The toothed Ashmunellas are of nearly related species, and the same group of forms extends farther east in New Mexico to the Black Range. None of the species mentioned are found in the northern or Dos Cabezas part of the Chiricahua range, their habitats being from 80 to over 100 miles south of the regions now under consideration. The intervening region is at the present time too dry for the existence of these snails. HELICII 2. Sonorella grahamensis n. sp. PI. VI, figs. 7, 7a, 7b. The shell is umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained about 84 times in the diameter of shell), very thin, tawny-olive, paler at the base, with the usual band; not very glossy; under the lens showing the usual weak growth-lines, and both above and below there are numerous spiral impressed lines. Whorls slowly increasing at first, the last rapidly widening, descending in front. Aperture rounded- oval, quite oblique. Peristome is thin, very little expanded. Alt. 10, diam. 19 mm.; umbilicus 2.2 mm.; 44 whorls. Genitalia (fig. 9). The penis has a well developed sheath at the base, and contains a long, tapering papilla. The penial retractor is inserted at the base of epiphallus and apex of penis as in the hachitana group. There is a short flagellum. The organs measure: Length of penis 9 mm.; papilla 7; epiphallus 6; flagellum 0.5; penial retractor 4.7; vagina 7; spermatheca and duct 19 mm. ale PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF —_[Nov.-Dec., Fig. 9. Genitalia of S. grahamensis, with two details of the penis-papilla. Type specimen. Mt. Graham, in the Pinaleno Range, Graham Co., Arizona, type No. 109,101 A. N.S. P., collected by J. H. Ferriss, 10-14-1913. Graham Mountain is composed of crumbling granite (similar to that of Nine-mile Water Hole in the Dos Cabezas range), and is very dry on both north and south sides. On top there is yellow pine and quaking asp forest. Camp was made in Stockton Pass, and a couple of hours’ collecting done at Mud Spring, on the summit. Besides Sonorella and Oreohelix, Vitrina alaskana was abundant, and two young Vallonias were found. The Pinaleno Range lies in line with the Chiricahua system, though separated by a rather wide mesa, in which the Southern Pacific R. R. runs, from the northern end of the Dos Cabezas Mountains. S. grahamensis is not closely related to any other species known to us. The delicate, spirally striate shell and the rather fusiform penis-papilla are characteristic. Micrarionta praesidii n. sp. Pl. VI, figs. 8, 8a, 8b. The shell is depressed, umbilicate (the width of umbilicus contained about 5.7 times in the diameter), thin. The ‘‘dead” shell is grayish white above, pale ecru-drab below, with some radial white streaks, and at the shoulder a narrow, faintly traced gray band which be- comes cinnamon towards the aperture. Under a lens fine gray spiral lines are seen in places on the base. The initial half whorl is smooth; pate of eal 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 313 next whorl has hyphen-like tubercles parallel with the suture, not closely placed; subsequent whorls have faint growth-lines only; there is no trace of spiral strie. The whorls are rather strongly convex, at first slowly increasing, the last very wide, rather deeply descending in front. The aperture is strongly oblique, nearly circular, faintly washed with ochraceous within. The peristome is sharp, very little expanded except at the columellar insertion where it is broadly dilated; terminations con- nected by a rather long, quite thin parietal callus. Alt. 8.5, diam. 16 mm.; umbilicus 2.8 mm.; 45 whorls. Fort Grant, at foot of the Graham Range, Graham Co., Arizona, the type, No. 58,121 A. N.S. P., collected by Dr. George H. Horn. By the sculpture of the embryonic shell, as well as the general appearance, this snail resembles Micrarionta hutsoni Clapp, which is smaller, more depressed, with a larger umbilicus. It is somewhat intermediate in form, between hutsoni and indioensis. If it really belongs to Micrarionta, and there is no mistake about the locality, it is widely separated from its congeners. The single specimen has been in the collection for many years. It had been labelled H. strigosa Gld. Dr. Horn, the distinguished coleopterist, was stationed at Fort Grant sometime after 1863. He collected a number of shells in that vicinity, which were described by W. M. Gabb in the American Journal of Conchology for October, 1866, pp. 330, 331, as follows: Helix hornii Gabb. [Thysanophora hornit]. H. strigosa Gld. ‘“‘The largest specimen I have seen of the species’’ [= Sonorella sp. undet.]. H. minuscula |Zonitoides minuscula alachuana.’}. Pupa (Modicella) arizonensis Gabb [= Pupoides marginata var.]. Pupa hordacea Gabb |Pupoides hordaceai. The locality is given as “Fort Grant, at the junction of the Arivapa and San Pedro Rivers;” but that junction is really a long day’s travel—fully fifty miles—westward; yet it may have been the * nearest definite landmark to be found on maps of the time. The ‘‘H. strigosa’’ mentioned by Gabb is a Sonorella 25 mm. in diameter, of the S. hachitana group. The upper part of the peri- stome is broken away, and the shell is bleached; we do not recognize the species. Of the Zonitoides several live specimens are preserved. They probably came from around a spring. All of the other shells men- tioned are such as live among rocks in arid foothills. The speci- 314 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dec., men of Pupa hordacea seems to have been given to Mr. Binney; the other species taken by Dr. Horn are in the collection of the Academy. As Dr. Horn was also at Gila Bend, Yuma and other places in western Arizona, the possibility of an erroneous locality label for the specimen of M. praesidii is to be considered. That specimen was not mentioned in Gabb’s paper, but he would doubtless have con- sidered it a small ‘“‘H. strigosa’’. Sonorella rooseveltiana (Berry). Pl. VI, figs. 9, 9a, 9b. Nautilus XXXI, July, 1917, p. 14. Roosevelt, Gila Co., Arizona, 2200 ft. elevation. Figures of the type, supplied by Dr. Berry, are here given for comparison with the forms of adjacent counties. They are 1.6 natural size, the diameter being 16.5 mm. S. rooseveltiana appears to belong to the hachitana group, but the single specimen dissected was quite immature. It is, we believe, the only mollusk reported from Gila County. Sonorella delicata n. sp. Pl. VI, figs. 6, 62, 6b. The shell is umbilicate (umbilicus contained slightly over 6 times in. diameter of shell), thin, somewhat translucent, light ochraceous- buff with several pale or whitish oblique streaks on the last whorl, and a cinnamon-brown band above the periphery. Glossy, having the usual weak irregular growth-lines. The embryonic whorls are nearly smooth, but short, protractive threads may be seen near the suture. The last whorl is wide and descends rather slowly in front. The aperture is strongly oblique, rounded-oval. Peristome thin, ex- panded, with a dull brown edge. Alt. 10.5, diam. 18.3 mm.; 43 whorls. Genitalia (fig. 10) remarkable for the small size of the male organs. The length of penis is about one-fifth the diameter of the shell, very slender, having a stout basal sheath, and containing a short, cylindric papilla. The epiphallus is longer than the penis, terminating in a short flagellum. Length of penis 3.5 mm. papilla LBs epiphallus 4.5 “ flagellum 0.4 “ vagina Be et Northern end of the Peloncillo Range, about 6 miles south of the Gila River, on the toll road between Solomonsville and Clifton, *~n/ eS | 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 315 Graham Co., Arizona; in a “malpais” rock slide, about 4,800 ft. elevation, type No. 109,110 A. N. S. P. paratypes in Ferriss Coll.; collected by J. H. Ferriss, 11-14-1913. _ The shell recalls S. bowiensis Pils., differing by the wider last whorl, smaller aperture and somewhat smaller umbilicus; also much less distinct sculpture of the embryonic whorls. The genitalia, examined in several individuals, differ by the very small size of the male organs, relatively even smaller than in S. hachitana and its Fig. 10. Genitalia of S. delicata. a, outline of penis-papilla, epiphallus and flagellum. immediate relatives. It differs from these by the cylindric penis- papilla with bluntly conic end. The genitalia of S. walkeri P. & F., of the Santa Ritas, have considerable similarity. The living animal has an odor like S. odorata in the Santa Catalinas. Sonorella cerulifluminis n. sp. Pl. VI, figs. 1 to 4. The shell is depressed, umbilicate, the umbilicus contained about 8 times in the total diameter, somewhat translucent, nearly isabella color, having a chestnut-brown band at the shoulder, showing above the suture on the penult and usually half of the next earlier whorl, and without white bordering bands, though the shell may be slightly paler there. It is somewhat translucent throughout. Surface glossy. Embryonic portion of 14 whorls, at first with some radial ripples, then irregularly pitted-granulose, with weak oblique threads as in others of the S. hachitana group. First post-embryonic whorl is weakly striate and minutely papillose; later whorls with sculpture of delicate, irregular growth-lines only. The whorls are moderately 316 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF _ [Nov.—Dec., convex, the last descending slowly in front.. The aperture is rounded oval-lunate, large. Peristome expands a little and is dilated at the columellar insertion. Alt. 14.6, diam. 25 mm.; alt. of aperture 12.3, width 14.3 mm.; 43 whorls (type, Station 18). Blue and San Francisco Rivers, Graham Co., Arizona, the type (No. 119,048 A. N. S. P.) from Station 18 (1914), San Francisco River 6 miles above its confluence with the Blue River. Found also at Stations 5, 8, 10, 15, 16, 17, 19, 20 (1914), and 89, 91 (1913); from Ash Canyon, 6 miles above Clifton, to the mouth of Sardine Creek on the Blue River. The higher of these colonies are at little more than 4,000 ft. While closely related to S. hachitana, it differs from that by the absence of white bands bordering the shoulder-band, and of a white umbilical area, by the suture descending less deeply and not so abruptly in front, and by the smooth penis-papilla. 11. Genitalia of Sonorella carulifluminis. a, No. 119,048, Station 18, et with enlarged detail of penis-papilla; 6, Ne. 119 042, Station TS 02 Station 16, No. 119,046. s Pore SR woe wrong HS Te 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 317 The head and back are blackish brown, fading downward and back- ~ward to dark grayish brown, the tail paler. The sole has lateral bands somewhat darker than the central field (No. 119,048). Genitalia (fig. 11) generally similar to S. hachitana. The penis is very slender, its retractor muscle longer; penis-papilla slender, smooth, with tapering end. A short flagellum is present. The epiphallus is nearly as long as the penis. The vagina is generally longer than the penis. In one specimen dissected, Station 20 (fig. 12a), the penis is about a third longer, its papilla very long, three times the usual length or more. The flagellum also is much longer. Such differences would usually be thought specific, yet I have not found any differences in the shells from this locality. Fig. 12. a, Genitalia of S. cerulifluminis var., 119,047, from Station 20, Blue River. b, S. binneyi franciscana Ne. 119,044. ¢ Measurements of genitalia of S. cerulifluminis. Collecting Station.... 18 19 16 20 TEES Ts A pe age ee oa 8.5 7.5 7 12 Penis-papilla....... 3 3.9 + 11 Epiphallus......... 8 Gr 7 8.7 Hiawelinm 300.22 2. Oi Oe 0.5 2 WPeRACLOD. 0... aiec1. 5,0 on es. 10 13 Vite a ene 15 14 8 9.5 Museum No...... + 119,048 119,042 119,046 119,047 318 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF _ [Nov.—Dec., The size of the shell is rather variable, the extremes of diameter in a series from Station 17 being 20 and 24.6 mm. The largest specimen noticed measures 26.4 mm. An individual without a dark band is photographed in fig. 4. It is from Station 19, Blue River, at the mouth of Pigeon Creek. Two other shells from this station are illustrated in figs. 2, 2a and 3, 3a. Sonorella binneyi franciscana n. subsp. PI. VI, figs. 5, 5a, 5d. The shell is umbilicate (width of umbilicus contained 9 to 10 times in that of shell), light pinkish cinnamon with some paler or white oblique streaks and indistinctly paler on both sides of a chest- nut-brown band above the periphery. This band shows above the suture of the last half of the penult whorl. The surface is glossy; embryonic shell of about 114 whorls, the first half having some radial ripples, the next whorl minutely granulate, having oblique, curved threads, protractive below, retractive above; the later whorls with fine, unequal growth-lines. The whorls are convex, slowly increasing at first, the last rapidly widening, descending a little in front. The aperture is unusually large, shortly oval-lunate. The peristome is very narrowly expanded, straightened and dilated towards the columellar insertion. Alt. 11.6, diam. 19mm., aperture 9.8x11.5 mm.; 44 whorls. San Francisco River, Graham Co., Arizona; type locality, Station 92 (1913), above Sardine Creek. Also taken at Station 93 in the same vicinity, and at Station 13 (1914), 2 miles above Harper’s. Ferriss and Daniels. The head and back are dark grayish brown shading into dark vinaceous drab downward and backward, the tail light colored. Genitalia (Fig. 12b). The penis contains a cylindric papilla with blunt, rounded end. The epiphallus is about twice as long as the penis, and bears a small flagellum. The penial retractor inserts on the epiphallus some distance (over = mm.) above the penis. The vagina is nearly or about as long as the penis. ~Measurements follow: DEACON A Sue ce ct oo eee 13 13 93 Length of penis vec %. “oe eee e 5 6 7 mm. Papillayee eae ae 2 2.3 SEs ok epiphallus- seas fac. «.. 10.5 10 10.5=°° Hamelin. ec 0.5 0.7 small penial retractor..... 3.3 Ae wi WAU 5; ia oe a ee 4.7 5 5.5 mm. Miurseum Noe ein a ees 119,044 119,044 109,413 By its genitalia and shell this subspecies is closely related to S. Pay? Yeiees aol See foe ee. Hyer Se ee ee nb 6 eer A. 5 - tore » & a PEPIN STR Rs SE OP ee ee P ee 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 319 binneyi P. & F., of the southern Chiricahuas. The blunt penis- papilla, and especially the insertion of the penial retractor on the epiphallus some distance beyond the apex of the penis, are alike in both. There are, however, some differences in the proportions of the organs, the epiphallus and penis-papilla being longer relative to the penis in S. b. franciscana, and the last whorl of franciscana is a little wider, viewed from above. The diameter, in specimens seen, is from 17 to 19.3 mm. Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss. Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss, Nautilus XXVII, 1914, p. 109. Ashmunella pilsbryana Ferriss & Pilsbry, Nautilus XXTX, 1915, p. 42, pl.2, fig. 3. Arizona: Along the San Francisco River, from near Harper's Ranch to 2 miles above the mouth of the Blue River, Graham and Greenlee Counties, Arizona. Ashmunella mogollonensis (Pils.). Ashmunella chiricahuana mogollonensis Pilsbry, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 252, pl. 16, figs. 101,102. Ashmunella mogolionensis Prrspry, Nautilus XXIX, 1915, p. 42. Pinspry & Ferriss, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1917, p. 93, pl. 7, fig. 10 (shell), and pl. 10, fig. 3 (genitalia). Professor E. O. Wooten, who discovered this snail, crossed the Mogollon Range from Willow to Silver Creeks, along what is now called the Bursam road. He also made an excursion from the West Fork of the Gila towards Mogollon Peak, reaching a point about 14 miles due east of the Peak, in the forks of Whitewater Creek, at about 9,000 ft. It was probably here that he obtained the type of A. mogollonensis, though it is also common along Silver Creek and the Bursam Road. Specimens were taken along Silver Creek and the Bursam Road at Stations 38, 42, 43, 44, 45, from about 7,500 to 9,000 ft. elevation, and at Station 46, Little Turkey Creek, at about 9,000 ft. It is rather variable in size, specimens from Station 38 measuring from 16.5 to 21 mm. diameter, those from Station 46 from 17 to 19 mm. Other localities in the Mogollons are Station 51, head of Mineral Creek, where there are some beautiful albino shells, and 70, 76, 79, on Dry Creek, the shells mostly large. In Arizona it was taken in 1913 at Stations 59, 84, 86, all on or near the rim of the Blue Mountains, at 5,500 to 12,000 feet. The shells average larger than in the Mogollons, very few being under 20 mm. in diameter. Specimens from Station 59 measure: 320 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF — [Nov.—Dec., Alt. 11.5 diam. 22.8 mm. 52 whorls. ce 11 ‘ec Bl ce 53 “ to Sas EY pad Bea ae Bee Extremes of size, Station 86. Alt. 11 diam. 22.8 mm. 5? whorls. ce 10 “ec 19.5 a3 52 ce A. mogollonensis differs from A. chiricahuana by the very small and short penis, scarcely differentiated from the epiphallus; the absence of a penial retractor muscle; and the more capacious spermatheca, which is sacculate distally in some individuals. There are also dif- ferences in the proportions of the organs, but whether constant or not can be determined only by measuring a long series. In both the epiphallus is very long. The shells can be distinguished by the minute but deeply engraved spiral lines of A. mogollonensis. Other species of Ashmunella from the Mogollon Mountains were described in Nautilus X XIX, 1915, as follows: Ashmunella tetrodon Pils. & Ferr. Dry Creek. Ashmunella tetrodon mutator Pils. & Ferr. Dry Creek. Ashmunella tetrodon inermis Pils. & Ferr. Dry Creek. Ashmunella danielsi Pils. & Ferr. Cave Spring Canyon. Ashmunella danielsi dispar Pils. & Ferr. Little Whitewater Creek. Oreohelix cooperi (W. G.B.). Pl. VII, figs. 1 to 6a. Mogollon Mountains, Socorro Co., New Mexico: Willow Creek, Stations 46-48, at from about 8,300 to nearly 9,000 ft.; Silver Creek and along the Bursam Road (above Mogollon), at about 7,500 to 9,000 ft., Stations 39, 40, 42, 425, 43, 44; also Station 35. The specimens from these localities closely resemble those figured by us from the Black Range, N. M. (in these Proceedings for 1917, pl. 9, figs. 5-9), but there is greater variation in contour, as in pl. VII, figs. 6, 6a from Station 425, near the crest of the range, measuring Alt. 13, diam. 21 mm. 6 16.5, cc 990 ¢* The commonest form is like that shown in pl. 9, fig. 7 of our paper of 1917; the size generally from 21 to 23 mm. diam. A large shell from Station 48 measures, alt. 16.4, diam. 23.3 mm. At Stations 39 and 40 they are smaller, diam. 18 to 20 mm. The size is inde- pendent of elevation, as there are larger shells both above and below these stations in the Willow Creek region. In Arizona the same “Black Range form” of cooper? was found on the southern slope of the Blue Mountains, Station 59 (1913), 1918.| NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 321 in Cosper’s pasture, Station 58 (pl. VII, fig. 1) and farther north- ward in the southern part of Apache Co., on Mt. Thomas, White Mountains, at Station 75 (1913). In all of these stations there are the same capacious whorls and frequently very high spire noted in the Mogollons. All of the preceding inhabit high elevations, and all were found under logs and leaves in heavy timber, as in the Black Range of New Mexico. The following lots were all among rocks (pl. VI, figs. 2-5b). Farther down the Blue River (in Greenlee Co., Arizona), the species was found as far as Station 23, east side of the river 2 miles above the mouth of Grant Creek (pl. VII, figs. 5-5b). While there is abundant intergradation with the shells of higher elevations just noticed, the majority of the shells are more openly umbilicate. Many have the spire very high, but this is variable in all the lots. Three examples from Station 23 figured measure: Alt. 16, diam. 26.5 mm., umbilicus 4.7 mm. ce 18, “cc 24 ag ce 4.5 e ia 17.8 “cc 23 ce cc 3 ce The shells from Station 25 are almost as large; those from Stations 26 to 32 (going up the river) are smaller. Specimens from Station 29, 1 mile above Blue River Ranger Station (pl. VII, figs. 2-2b) measure: Alt. 17, diam. 22.3 mm. “c 18 ce 22D cc cc 15 “ 29 ce 4¢ 15.6, a3 18 ce Fig. 13. Oreohelix cooperi, albino, Station 29. There are some beautiful albino specimens in this lot (fig. 13). Other examples are figured (pl. VII, figs. 3, 3a) from Station 27, near the Blue River Ranger Station, where the shells are very dark colored. One measures, alt. 13, diam. 20.5, umbilicus 5 mm. A series from Station 36, Mt. Lisa, Lisa Creek, Socorro Co., N. M., 20 miles north of Alma, is similar to those of Station 29, also with not a few albino shells. 322 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF _ [Nov.-Dec., The Blue River series shows all gradations of shape between very high shells, those of the typical coopert contour, and an openly um- bilicate shell with whorls of small caliber. The sculpture varies from that of Black Range cooperi to more effaced, the striation and spirals weak. Fig. 14. Genitalia of Oreohelix cooperi. a, Cosper’s pasture; b, Blue River, Station 26; c, form apache, Black River, Station 81. The genitalia (figs. 14a, b, c) agree with those organs in O. cooper from the Black Range, N. M., figured in these Proceedings for 1917, p. 101, fig. 5. The internally ribbed portion of the penis forms more than half of the total length of that organ, as in all forms of O. cooperi. Measurements in mm. follow. Numerous other specimens opened but not measured were seen to agree with those illustrated. They are distinguishable at sight from all forms of O. strigosa. Internally . . Station. Penis. ribbed part oe Vagina. mes of pac a _ of penis. ; : , 26 (1914). | 16 9 6 6 23 119,151 58 (1918). | ale Jee 10) | iG 5 21 109,173 35 (1914). is ao shes tae 20 119,152 36 (1914). | 13 8 | en | ase Pal 119,453 23 (1914). 18 10 | pie 7 24 119,150 76 (1913). LO 2 Oro 6 Ke 23 109,184 SA(1GLS) | AB OMe wie eo 4.5 23. ~+| 109,180 81 (1913). | AW fet Fo 8 6.3 a Faas Sears 109,180 Preparations are figured from Stations 26, Blue River (fig. 144), 58, Cosper’s. pasture (fig. 14a) and 81, Black River (fig. 14). The specimen dissected from Station 36 is an albino. | = —~ 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 323 ~_ O. coopert form apache, new form (pl. VII, figs. 7 to 8a). Rather large size, dark or very dark coloring and subobsolete sculpture (the spirals being especially weak) characterize the shells taken along the Black River and Fish Creek, in Apache County, Arizona. The shell is generally quite depressed and as openly umbilicate as the forms of O. strigosa. The diameter is usually from 22 to 26 mm. Few have the spire very high, and none are as high as many of the Blue River shells. Fig. 15. Reproductive organs of Oreohelix strigosa meridionalis, the middle figure drawn from the type specimen, 324 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF _ [Nov.—Dec., Alt. 15, diam. 24 mm., umbilicus 4.5 mm. Type No. 109,184, from Station 76 (1913), Black River 2 miles above Fish Creek. It was taken also at Stations 53, 60-62, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 72, 76-81, 83 of the expedition of 1913. On account of the form and sculpture of this large series, so unlike the usual forms of cooperi, it appears best to name it. The Blue River series varies from the apache type to the normal cooperi form. Indeed, specimens could be selected from the Mogollon series agree- ing with apache, though they are quite exceptional there. The genitalia are either practically typical cooperi, as at Station 76, or the costate part of the penis may be Bak a trifle longer, as at Station 81 (fig. 14c). Oreohelix strigosa meridionalis n. subsp. PI. VII, fig. 9. The shell is depressed and very openly umbilicate, the last whorl subangular above the aperture; otherwise resembling O. c. apache. Striation weak, subobsolete spiral lines only very faintly developed. Alt. 14.4, diam. 24.5 mm.; umbilicus 6 mm. wide; 54 whorls. Y Salt House branch of Eagle Creek, Graham Co., Arizona; type No. 109,186 A. N.S. P. Also taken on the Black River near the horseshoe bend. By the shells alone we would hardly separate this form from O. coopert apache; yet the genitalia were found to be like O. s. depressa. The genitalia (fig. 15) agree with those of O. s. depressa and various allied forms except that the organs are longer in shells of similar diameter; yet in Colorado depressa this is a rather variable character, and it is somewhat affected by the conditions of preservation. The penis is very long, its internally costate portion hardly one-third of the entire length, having about 4 principal ribs within; the internally ‘papillose portion flattened, weakly ribbed within, sometimes having a trilobed section distally. Measurements of the organs in mm. follow: Pte cial GME] ae a Station on Epi- . Diameter . Museum (1913). Penis. on | phallus. | "Vagina. of shell. | Fig. oO. 56 33 9 ero 9 24 15b 109,186 See 31 10 | 8 10 Pra tutte! te 109,177 Al! 19.5 6 | 5 6.5 2 tine 109,179 B Gare at 28 iS a 6 8 21.5 | 15¢ 109,190 | O. s. meridionalis differs from O. s. depressa by the distinctly smoother shell. y* tard 5 A. een . , ——— ee ae ee eS ee eee 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 329 Oreohelix barbata Pils. The occurrence of this species in the Mogollons was a surprise, as it was described from the Cave Creek region of the Chiricahuas, far to the south. It does not inhabit the dryer northern half of the Chiricahua range, and its distribution is therefore conspicuously discontinuous. It evidently changes much more slowly than the Ashmunellas, though some little differentiation may be seen as noted below. In Dry Creek, it was taken in the slides with Ashmunella, at Stations 62, 64, 68, 70, 72, 75, 77, 78 and 79. In most of these colonies it reaches large size, even larger than in the Chiricahuas. Two examples from Station 79 measure: height 8, diam. 16 mm., and height 9, diam. 15.4 mm. Usually there are several circular fringes on the last whorl above the periphery, and more on the base than in Chiri- cahua examples. In the latter, fringes above are exceptional. Count- ing that at the periphery, there are usually 8 to 11 spiral wreaths in Dry Creek barbata, 6 to 10 in Chiricahuan specimens. In some lots the cuticular appendages are mostly or quite lost in the adult stage. Some consist partly of smaller individuals; and at Stations 64 and 75 all are small, 11-12 mm. in diameter. Cave Spring Canyon, Station 57. Very small, about 10 mm. diameter, and agreeing well with O. b. minima P. & F. (Proc. A. N.S. Phila. 1910, p. 94, fig. 15) from Rucker Canyon, Chiricahuas. There is probably no direct relationship, each being presumably a dimin- utive race of the normal larger forms of their respective ranges. These small forms show decadence by the deep descent of the last whorl to the aperture. Willow Creek, Station 46. This is on the eastern slope of the Mo- gollon watershed. The size is small, diameter about 11mm. Cutiec- ular appendages usually deciduous. Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). Arizona: Station 45 (1913), John Lyon’s Mountain, north of the Little Dragoons. Blue River, Station 18 (1914), and Little Blue River, Greenlee Co. New Mexico: Station 76, Dry Creek, west side of the Mogollon Mountains. Thysanophora ingersolli (Bld.). Arizona: Reservation Creek, 9,500 ft.; Fish Creek; Horseshoe bend of Black River, and 2 miles above, at 9-10,000 ft. Apache Co. Cosper’s pasture, Graham_Co. 326 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF _ [Nov.—Dec., New Mexico: Stations 38, 42, 45, 51, 57 in the Mogollon Moun- tains, abundant. ENDODONTIDZ:. Gonyodiscus cronkhitei (Nc.). Arizona: Cosper’s pasture, 11,000 ft., and rim of the Blue Moun- tains, 12,000 ft., Graham Co.; Blue River, Station 29 (1914), Green- lee Co. White Mountain Camp at Mt. Thomas, 13,500 ft., Apache Co. New Mexico: Stations 36, 42, 45, 46, 57 in the Mogollon Moun- tains, abundant. Radiodiscus millecostatus Pils. & Ferr. Arizona: Little Blue River, Greenlee Co.; Cosper’s pasture and Station 59, head of “‘hot air trail” rim of Blue Mountains, 12,000 ft., Graham Co.; Reservation Creek, Apache Co. New Mexico: Station 45, Willow Creek, Mogollon Mountains. Helicodiscus arizonensis (P. & F.). Arizona: Cosper’s ranch, on the Blue River, 5,060 ft. New Mexico: Stations 36, 42, 55, 57, Mogollon Mountains. Punctum conspectum (Bld.). Arizona: Station 75 (1913), Thomas Peak, Apache Co. New Mexico: Willow Creek, Mogollon Mountains, at Station 45 (1914). These shells appear to be somewhat more glossy than the Cali- fornians compared, the spiral striation better developed, and the riblets irregularly developed; yet we would hesitate to separate the specimens from this widely spread west coast species.® Punctum pygmaeum (Drap.). Arizona: Station 70 (1918), Black River near the Horseshoe bend; somewhat abundant. This is the first record of the species for Arizona. ZONITIDA. Polita hammonis electrina (Gld.). Arizona: Station 80 (1913), Black River. One example. There are no spiral striez. Polita indentata umbilicata (Ckil.). Arizona: Blue River at Cosper’s ranch, 5,060 ft., and Stations *A form of this species was collected in great numbers about bushes in a meadow at the west end of Oswego, Clackamas Co., Oregon, by Mr. John A. Allen in 1913 and 1914. It differs from typical P. conspectum by the larger size and decidedly higher, conic spire, and may be called Punctum conspectum allen. The type measures, alt. 1.7, diam. 2.3 mm. (No.111,413 a,A.N.S.P.). Aspecimen of P. conspectum received from Bland measures, alt. 1.25, diam. 2.1 mm.—H. A. P. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 327 18, 29 (1914); Little Blue; rim of Blue Mountains, 12,000 ft.; also in Apache Co. on Fish Creek, 10,500 ft. New Mexico: Stations 38, 42, 46, 55, Mogollon Mountains. Striatura milium meridionalis (P. & F.). - Arizona: Cosper’s pasture, 11,000 ft., Graham Co.; Black River and Reservation Creek, 9,500 ft., Apache Co. New Mexico: Station 57, south fork of Whitewater Creek, Mogollon Mountains. Zonitoides arborea (Say). Arizona: Station 29, Blue River; Cosper’s pasture and rim of the Blue Mountains, Graham Co.; Reservation Creek and Fish Creek, Apache Co. Up to 12,000 ft. New Mexico: Stations 38, 42, 46, 50, in the Mogollon Mountains. Zonitoides minuscula alachuana (Dall). Arizona: Graham Mountain, Graham Co.; Station 6, foot of Copper King Mountain. Reservation Creek, Apache Co. New Mexico: Big Dry Creek, Mogollon Mountains. Zonitoides singleyana (Pils.). Arizona: Station 6 (1914), foot of Copper King Mountain, 1 mile below Harper’s, Graham Co. Euconulus fulvus (Miill.). Arizona: Station 58, Cosper’s pasture, 59, rim of Blue Mountains, Graham Co.; Reservation Creek and Station 75, White Mountain Camp, 13,500 ft. New Mexico: Stations 38, 42, 45, 46, 47, 50, 53, in the Mogollon Mountains. VITRINIDA. Vitrina alaskana Dall. Arizona: Rim of Blue Mountains, 12,000 ft., Graham Co.; Res- ervation Creek, Apache Co., 9,000 ft. New Mexico: Stations 45, 46, Willow Creek, Mogollon Mountains. VALLONIID4. Vallonis perspectiva Sterki. Arizona: Graham Mountains; Cosper’s ranch of the Blue River, 5,060 ft.; Ole Hagen’s ranch on Eagle Creek. Abundant. New Mexico: Station 38, Silver Creek above Mogollon, and 57, south branch Whitewater Creek; also Big Dry Creek, Mogollon Mountains. Vallonia cyclophorella Ckll. Arizona: Cosper’s pasture and rim of Blue Mountains, Graham Co.; Reservation Creek, Apache Co. 9,500 to 12,000 ft. 328 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Nov.—Dee., FERUSSAOCID &. Cochlicopa lubrica, (Miill:). Arizona: Graham Mountain; Little Blue River; Cosper’s on the Blue River; rim of Blue Mountains, Graham Co.; Fish Creek, Apache Co. New Mexico: Stations 38, 42, 46, Mogollon Mountains. Pupilla blandi pithodes Pils. & Ferr. Arizona: Reservation Creek, and head of Black River, Apache Co.; Cosper’s pasture, Graham Co. New Mexico: Stations 38, 45, 46, 47, 53 Willow Creek, Mogollon Mountains, at about 9,500- 10,000 ft. This is the same race found in great abundance along the summit of the Black Range, N. M. It is larger, especially wider, than typical P. blandi, the crest is weaker the striation stronger. The lip is but. little thickened within, and the three teeth are well developed. It is of a walnut-brown color. Length 3.7, diam. 1.7 mm.; 75 whorls. RATE FAG kee Sam aes nk Kee hen 115,361 A. N.S: P. Se UID, |e ere ae ee Pupilla hebes (Ancey). Arizona: Cosper’s pasture and rim of Blue Mountains, Stations 58, 59, Graham Co.; Reservation Creek, Apache Co. 9,500 to 12,000 feet. Gastrocopta ashmuni (Sterki). Arizona: Cosper’s ranch on the Blue River, 5,060 ft.; Ole Hagen’s ranch, Eagle Creek. Very few found. New Mexico: 8 Stations in the Mogollon range. Gastrocopita dalliana (Sterki). Arizona: Station 6 (1914), foot of Copper King Mountain, near Harper’s place; Ole Hagen’s, Eagle Creek, Graham Co. Gastrocopta quadridens Pils. New Mexico: Stations 42 and 47, Silver and Willow Creeks, Mogollon Mountains. Gastrocopta pilsbryana (Sterki). Arizona: Graham Mountains; Ole Hagen’s on Eagle Creek; Cos- per’s ranch, Blue River; Little Blue River; Cosper’s pasture; Horseshoe of Black River; Fish Creek. From about 5,000 to 11,000 ft. New Mexico: Stations 38, 45, 47, 50, on Silver, Willow, Turkey and Big Dry Creeks, Mogollon Mountains. It is generally distrib- uted over the wooded country covered in this report. Re ee atl iit, ie ee 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 329 Vertigo ovata Say. Arizona: Station 6, foot of Copper King Mountain, 1 mile below Harper’s place, Graham Co. Vertigo concinnula Ckll. New Mexico: Stations 38, 42, 45, 50, 53 (1914), on Silver, Willow and Turkey Creeks, Mogollon Mountains, Socorro Co. Vertigo coloradensis arizonensis P. & V. Arizona: Red Sack, Graham Mountains; Horseshoe bend of Black River, Apache Co. New Mexico: Station 38, Silver Creek, 53, Willow Creek, 50, Turkey Creek, 57, south fork Whitewater Creek, Mogollon Moun- tains. Vertigo modesta :nsculpta Pils. Arizona: Cosper’s pasture and rim of Blue Mountains; Graham Co.; Reservation Creek, White Mountains, Apache Co. Columella alticola (Ingersoll). New Mexico: Station 45, Willow Creek, Mogollon Mountains. SUCCINEIDA, Succinea avara Say. Arizona: Cienega near Solomonsville, Graham Co. : New Mexico: Station 46, Willow Creek, Mogollon Mountains. PHYSIDA. Physa virgata Gld. Arizona: Stations 19 and 20, Blue River. Physa sp. undet. Arizona: Reservation Creek, near the Big Spring, Apache Co. With only immature specimens and broken adults an identification is difficult. UNIONIDA. Ancdonta dejecta Lewis. Arizona: Black River, southern border of Apache Co. “Subfossil” valves of this species are found in the banks of the Santa Cruz river at Tueson. CoxiEectine Stations or J. H. Ferriss In GRAHAM, GREENLEE AND APACHE Countiss, ARIZONA, IN 1913. 47. Near Mud Springs, trail on summit of Big Graham Mountains. 48. Tank 10 miles south of Solomonsville (Physa only). 49.. Swampy place 7 miles south of Solomonsville (Physa only). 50. Rock slide on the right side of the toll road, 6 miles south of Coronado. Peloncillo Range. 51. Eagle Creek. 52. Eagle Creek, 3 miles above the fork, east bank. 330 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF __ [Nov.—Dec., 53-54. Eagle Creek, 5 miles above the forks. 55. Eagle Creek, 5 miles above the forks, west side. 56. Y Salt House branch (west fork) of Eagle Creek, 144 mile above Hot Air Salt House. 57. 4 miles above mouth of Y salt house branch on Hot Air trail. 58. Cosper’s pasture, top of the Blue Mountains, 12,000 ft. 59. Southern rim of the Blue Mountains. 60. Fish Creek, beaver dam camp. Apache Co. 61-65. Rock slides along Fish Creek. 66-72. Black River, near Horseshoe bend. 73. Reservation Creek, 2 miles below Big Springs. 74. Camp 4 miles below Big Springs (Physa and Pisidium). 75. Head of Black River, camp 2 miles below summit of Thomas Peak (summit 13,500 ft.). White Mts., Apache Co., Ariz. 76-83. Black River, 2, miles above Fish Creek, 84. Y Salt House trail, rim of Blue Mountains, 12,000 ft. 85. Below the same. 86. ae or East Eagle trail, 3 miles above Cosper’s place on the Blue iver. 87-88. Between Cosper’s and the Little Blue River. 89. Mouth of the Little Blue River, 4,000 ft. 90. Spring 3 miles below mouth of Little Blue (Physa). 91. Sardine Creek 1 mile above mouth. 92. San Francisco River opposite Sardine Creek. 93. Rock slide on the east bank of San Francisco River, 3 miles below Station 92. CoLLecTINne Stations oF J. H. Ferriss anp L. E. DANIELS IN GRAHAM AND GREENLEE CountTiEs, ARIZONA, AND Socorro County, New Mexico, 1914. List compiled by Daniels. 4. Gila ne drift at Guthrie, Arizona. (Stations on the San Francisco River. 5. Ash Canyon one mile below Harper’s on the “Frisco” (San Francisco) River, six miles above Clifton, Arizona. 6. One mile below Harper’s, west side of Frisco River, foot of Copper King ~ Mountain. 7, 8. Ash Canyon, above Station 5. 9. Branch of Ash Canyon below Station 5, one mile below Harper’s. 10. Ash Canyon opposite Station 5, one mile below Harper’s. 11. Top of Copper King Mountain, N. W. of Colorado Mine. 6 miles above Clifton. Elevation 4,500 ft. 12. Top of Copper King Mountain, west of Colorado Mine. 4,500 ft. 13. Slide on east bank cf Frisco River, two miles above Harper’s ranch and eight miles above Clifton. 14. Frisco River, two miles above mouth of Blue River. (Stations on the immediate banks of the Blue River, Greenlee Co., Arizona.) 15. Four miles up from the mouth of the Blue River. 16. Five miles up the Blue River. 17, 18. Six miles up the Blue River. 19. Blue River at mouth of Pigeon Creek. 20. One mile down the Blue River from Base Line Ranger Station, east bank. 21. Little Blue River; same as Station 89 (1913). 22. ‘The Chimneys,” "three miles above Cosper’s Ranch. Elevation 5,853 ft. 23. Fast side of Blue River one half mile below Grant Creek. 6000 ft. 24. One mile above Grant Creek, east side of Blue River. 25. Near Geo. Thompson’s Ranch, three miles below Blue Post Office. 26. One mile above Blue Post Office. Elevation 6,100 ft. 27, 28. Near Blue Ranger Station. 29. One mile above Blue Ranger Station. (Twenty-one miles south of Luna, New Mexico, and 65 miles north of Clifton, Arizona.) 30. East side of Blue River, nearly at the top of the mountain. 31. Blue River south of the saw mill. er 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 331 (Stations in New Mexico.) 32. East side of Blue River, one mile north of saw mill. 33. East side of Blue River, three miles north of saw mill. 34, Mill Hollow, near top of hill, San Francisco Mountain, 8,500 ft. ; about 8 miles southwest from Luna. 35. Near the Alma Wagon Road, 10 miles from Luna, in a rock slide sur- rounded by poplars. Crest of San Francisco Mountains. 36. ae ae east side of Saliz Creek, 20 miles north of Alma, elevation (Stations in the Mogollon Range.) List compiled by Ferriss. Approximate positions are shown in fig. 16. 37-41. Along Silver Creek above Mogollon City. 42. Near saw mill, head of Silver Creek. 43,44. Bursam Road, between Silver and Willow Creeks. 45-49. Willow Creek. 50. Turkey Creek. 51, 52. Head of Mineral Creek. 53, 54. Head of Willow Creek. 55. Little Whitewater Creek. 56-58. South Fork of Little Whitewater. 59. Cave on Spring Creek. 60-80. Big Dry Creek. Fig. 16. Part of the Mogollon Mountains, Socorro Co., N. M. Canyons traced from U. 8. Geological Survey Topographic Map, Mogollon Quadrangle, and reduced 4%, PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF _ [Nov.—Dec., EXPLANATION OF Puates III to VII. Puate III.—Figs. la, 1b, 2.—Sonorella odorata n. sp. Station 18 (1917), a gulch 75 yards east of Alder Spring. No. 119,501. Figs. 3, 3a, 3b.—Sonorella odorata n. sp., type. Head of Alder Canyon. No. 119,033. Fig. 4. —Sonorella odorata n. sp. Form with narrow umbilicus, Station 18 (1913), Soldier Camp. No. 119,499. Figs. 5-5b.—Sonorella ‘marmorarius limifontis n. subsp., type. Station 17 (1913), bluffs near Mud Spring. No. 119,500. Figs. 6, 6a, 6b.—Sonorella odorata marmoris n. subsp., type. Station 36 (1913), Old Dan Gulch, northwestern side of Marble Peak. No. 109,075. Figs. 7, 7a.—Sonorella marmorarius imula n. subsp., type. Station 17 (1917), limestone hill, 6 miles northwest of Brush Corral, in the northern foothills. No. 119,503. Figs. 8-8b.—Sonorella mormorarius imula n. subsp. Station 19 (1917), same limestone hill. No. 119,502. Figs. 9-9b.—Sonorella marmorarius n. sp., type. Station 26 (1913), Marble Peak. No. 109,078. Puatse [V,—Figs. 1-1b.—Sonorella sabinoensis n.sp. Half mile west of camp near mouth of Sabino canyon. No. 109,094. Figs. 2-2b.—Sonorella sabinoensis n. sp., type. Station 16, mouth of Sabino Canyon. No. 109,097. Figs. 3-8b.—Sonorella sabinoensis n. sp. Station 16 (1913). No. 119,487. Figs. 4~4b.—Sonorella sabinoensis n. sp. Station 9, 2 miles above camp near mouth of Sabino Canyon. No. 119,488. Figs. 5, 5a, and 5b-5d. Sonorella sabinoensis n. sp. Bear Canyon, Station 13 (1913). Depressed and elevated individuals. No. 119,490. Figs. 6-66. Sonorella hesterna n. sp., type. Station 148 (1917), Shaw ranch, southern foothills of the Rincons. No. 119,489. Puate V.—Figs. 1-1b.—Sonorella sabinoensis occidentalis n. subsp., type. Sta- tion 36 (1917), south side of Pima Canyon. No. 119,491. Figs. 2-2b.—Sonorella sabinoensis buehmanensis n. subsp. ., type. Station 44 (1913), Buehman Canyon near Korn Kobb mine. No. 109,198. Figs. 3-3b.—Sonorella sabinoensis buehmanensis n. sp. Station 43 (1913), Buehman Canyon. No. 119,492. Figs. 44b.—Sonorella tortillita n. sp. Station 41 (1917), east side of Hog Canyon, Tertillita Mountains. No. 118,053. Figs. 5-5b.—Sonorella galiurensis, n. sp. Station 30 (1917). Trail 14% miles south of Copper Creek mining camp, Galiuro Mountains. Top and face views of type, base of a paratype. No. 119,493. Figs. a galiurensis n. sp. These views of a topotype. No. 119,493a. Pirate VI.—Figs. 1-1b. Sonorella cerulifluminis n. sp., type. Station 18 (1914), west side of Blue River 6 miles above mouth. No. 119,048. Figs. 2, 2a, 3, 3a.—Sonorella cerulifluminis n. sp. Station 19, Blue River at mouth of Pigeon Creek. No. 119,042. Fig. 4.—Sonorella cerulifluminis n. sp. An albino specimen from the same station. No. 119,316. Fig. 5.—Sonorella binneyt franciscana n. subsp., type. Station 92 (1913), east side of San Francisco River above Sardine Creek. No. 119,052. Figs. 6-6b.—Sonorella delicata n. sp. Type. No. 109,110. Figs. 7-7b.—Sonorella grahamensis n. sp. Type. No. 109,101. Figs. 8-8b.—Micrarionta presidii n. sp. Type. No. 58,121. oe Pi rb a: rooseveltiana Berry. Type X1.6. No. 3733 Berry: collection. 1918.] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA. 333 Puate VII.—Fig. 1.—Station 58 (1913), Oreohelix cooperi (W. G. B.). Cosper’s pasture, rim of Blue Mountains. No. 109,173. Figs. 2-2b—O. cooperi. Station 29 (1914), west side Blue River, 1 mile above Blue River Ranger Station, Arizona. No. 119,178. Figs. 3, 3a.—O. cooperi. Station 27, near preceding station. No. 119,179. Fig. 4.—O. cooperi. Station 32, east side Blue River, N. M. No. 119,497. Figs. 5-5b.—O. cooperi. Station 23, east side Blue River. No. 2. Figs. 5-5b.—O. cooperi. Station 23, east side Blue River, 2 miles below mouth of Grant Creek, Arizona. No. 119,150. Figs. 6, 6a. O.cooperi. Station 4214, Bursam Road, head of Silver Creek, Mogollon Mts., 8,000 ft. No. 119,498. Fig. 7.—O. cooperi apache n. subsp., type. Station 76 (1913), Black River, 2 miles above Fish Creek. No. 109,184. ene 8, 8a.—O. cooperi apache. Station 58 (1914). Black River. No. - 109,183. Fig. 9.—Oreohelix strigosa meridionalis n. subsp., type. Y Salt House Fork of Eagle Creek. No. 109,186. PLATE III. PROG. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1915. PILSBRY AND FERRISS: SOUTHWESTERN MOLLUSCA. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1918. PEATE IV. PILSBRY AND FERRISS: SOUTHWESTERN MOLLUSCA. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1918. PLATE, Vi: PILSBRY AND FERRISS: SOUTHWESTERN MOLLUSCA. = ~< 7 y —— Fo yea So Se Sarai pe. loling 2's wee he alin nt i. a i. a Cel Pr PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1918. PILSBRY AND FERRISS: SOUTHWESTERN MOLLUSCA. PLATE VI. PEATE VIL: PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1918. PILSBRY AND FERRISS: SOUTHWESTERN MOLLUSCA. ip eee cB Set | A. Puspry anp Jamus H. Ferriss Proceedings ee The Academy an Natural Sciences a Philadelphia A a Vol. LXXV, 1923, pages 47-104 r ; / / ) x 4 ; 7 B a4 one ¥ MOLLUSCA OF THE SOUTHWESTERN STATES, XI—FROM THE TUCSON RANGE TO AJO, AND MOUNTAIN RANGES BETWEEN THE SAN PEDRO AND SANTA CRUZ RIVERS, ARIZONA. By Henry A. Pinspry anp JAMES H. Frrriss. We continue here the examination of mollusks of the desert mountains of the southwest carried on in former papers of this series. The accumulation of data on more or less similar faunas of the many mountain ranges of this region is, from the nature of the task, somewhat monotonous; yet such work is absolutely es- sential to an understanding of the problems of distribution and evolution. A study of the distribution and migrations of such desert genera as Sonorella, which we have under way, cannot be made until reasonably full local data are available. The records following relate almost wholly to the faunas of Pima County and the western border of Cochise County, Arizona. The explorations were made by one of us (J. H. F.) in 1917-18, continued in company with the late Mr. A. A. Hinkley, in 1919. Types of the new species and subspecies are in the museum of the Academy. Paratypes of all are in the Ferriss collection. gee List of stations and of mollusks collected from the Tucson Range west to Ajo. Il. List of stations and of mollusks collected in the Empire, Whetstone, Mustang, Huachuca, Santa Rita, Patagonia, San Cayento, Tumacacori and Pajaritos Ranges. III. Notes and descriptions of Sonorella, Oreohelix, Bulimulus and Holospira. IV. On Micrarionta rowelli (Newe.) and M. newcombi, new species. I. List oF STaTIONsS AND OF Mo.Luusks COLLECTED FROM THE Tucson RANGE To AJo. To the eastern man, Tucson seems to be upon the rim of the world, more so than San Diego. At Tucson it is Ajo, 150 miles westward, that is the land’s end and thus fascinating to explorers and miners. Contemplating the journey to Ajo, a little run was made out in that direction to the Tucson range about Christmas time, 1917, to try a new machine and to take a look at the road. Camp was made that afternoon at Pictured Rocks, a pass about the middle of the range, an hour from the city. The next day, Christmas, Frank Cole, our guide, hunter, cook and boss, brought in a wild pig, and Sonorella bones were found. The pig was baked with (47) 48 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV sweet potatoes, and there were hot biscuits, jam and peaches on Christmas day. The next day living Sonorellas were found at four stations. A diamond rattler, mountain sheep, black-tailed deer and small game were in evidence, here under the shadow of the chief city of the state, more than in any range visited in 1917-18. The Christmas reconnoiter was satisfactory. A few days were needed to finish up the Tucson hills and again we camped there. This programme was repeated a number of times, and the west side of the range during the months of January and February was well explored from Catt mountain on the south end to Relitto village on the north, about 35 miles. During the last week of February the newly paved county road was taken to Ajo. The machine ran as though on air. Some twenty-two miles west of the city, on the Robles ranch, small buttes of limestone capped by lava appear, not over 100 or 150 feet above the desert floor; but we turned aside for a couple of miles and investigated. Sonorellas were very plentiful and alive. Heretofore the highest peaks of Arizona, at least from 8,000 to 10,000 feet, have been our idea of snail prosperity. The species is a small form of S. ambigua, here at the eastern limit of its range. This discovery caused a deflection to the nearby Roskruge range where further good fortune awaited us, Sonorella berry, and others; and it was the 7th of March before we were again on the road to Ajo. These mountains are on the right of the county road, but the Coyote range on the left seemed much higher than when viewed from the Baboquivari peaks. Thus another deflection, and our tents were pitched in the main canyon, or cove of the Coyotes facing eastward. Here was a half section or more of level land, well-forested with mesquite and paloverde, long known for its ranch houses, mines, and good water. Four domes of granite tower on the southwest. There are thick groves of oak, and a wealth of snails and ferns, one of the most pleasing places in this region (see maps, Text-figs. 5 and 6). Sonorella ambigua grows larger in the Coyotes than elsewhere. It is also the prevalent Sonorella in Bobb’s Butte and the southern Roskruges, where S. berryi and an interesting small race of S. tu- mamocensis were taken in single colonies. On the 22nd of March the Coyotes, Kitt’s Peak and a spur of the Baboquivaris were left behind. Water was taken on at Indian ' 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 49 Oasis, where the National Government, a Presbyterian mission, and the traders have a beautiful village. All west of the Tucson Range to the western limit of Pima county belongs to the Papago Indians, a tribe rich in horses and cattle, and in good health. It is the desert proper, but well covered with mesquite, paloverde and the giant cactus. Columns of the latter run up fifty to sixty feet occasionally, and the ribs are largely used by Indians and Mexicans in fencing and house building. The forests of giant cacti are sometimes thirty miles wide. The desert trees made good fire- wood and fencing but do not grow larger in this region than apple trees of the east. Little real timber is seen west of Kitt’s Peak. Low parts of the desert are selected for farming, and the Indians have many acres of corn and wheat under cultivation. If the rains come they get a fair crop. There were not as many species of native plants westward of Tucson as eastward, but there were changes and new societies, hour after hour. The organ cactus (Cereus thurberi), here near its northern limit, we saw for the first time, also the crucifix tree and another species of the paloverde group. The organ cactus grows only fifteen or twenty feet high and branches freely, or rather, the stems spread at the surface of the soil. It is only about eight inches in diameter, but has the same rib construction as the giant cactus. The hills and low mountains of the region west of the Tucson range, as well as a large part of the Tucson range itself, are capped with eruptive rock, ‘‘malpais”’ and basalt. This gray volcanic rock is oxidized by the weather, polished by the sand blast, thus the hills take on a dark bronze color. Among the broken fragments or blocks of this flow a prehistoric people left trenches and for- tresses, plainly constructed for defensive purposes. Thus trench warfare is not as new as some may believe, for the Indiars now living here do not know who built these fortifications. The graves of this people were also on the hillsides, built above-ground of lava blocks and timbered, and in this climate much of the wood is still sound. On top, the level spaces had squares and circles cleared in the lava for dwellings. In picture-writings their stories are re- corded upon the larger voleanic blocks and cliffs. Sonorellas in every hill was the rule until near the Big Ajo range. Then a light-colored powder appeared on the lava, and a week passed without finding a shell, except a few of the small fry found in drift. One hundred and one miles west of Tucson the fine desert Son- 50 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV orella, S. ambigua, was found in the low hills, but not beyond there. It is one of the wide-ranging snails, found also far southward, on the Mexican boundary, and extending west of any other Sonorella. Sonorellas were the only large species obtained from Tucson to Ajo. Chaenaxis and Thysanophora hornii were common, but other small shells few in number. Desert Sonorellas, large as they are, give the pursuer a hard race. In dry weather they retire to the deepest regions of their talus world, and to the farthest corners, and stay there in cool weather, wet or dry. Only a steady down- pour on a warm day awakens long sleep and the attachment to smooth stones. But in numerous instances Sonorella has been sur- prised in the world above, in rainy weather, wandering among the fresh vegetation and fallen leaves. There again they are discovered with much difficulty. In the egg-laying periods they often gather plentifully among stones near fresh vegetation at the lower edge of the slide. In some instances they seemed to herd their young. Perhaps but a few times in their history do they partake of a square meal. And, where is their harvest field, in the stone pile, or in the vegetation above? Ajo is now one of the great mining centers of Arizona, and at the time of our visit was but a little over a year old in this reputation, though an old camp in the history of the state. The prospect of novelty and entertainment was pleasing, but the snailing proved disheartening. Later, information was gathered that a colony of shells had been seen in the Big Ajo Mountains southward, at a walnut grove and spring. Also that there were shells in the Mesquite Range on the Mexican border. The large Growler Range west of Ajo city looked promising from a distance, but the Mexican bandits were active at that time along the western boundary. There were also hills of promise on the road back. The Pisenomo route Tucsonward was taken, and shells found in the south end of the Quijotoa Range, and in the southern foot hills of the Cababi Range. Again Sonorella ambigua; also Chenaxis, and various Pupillide. Sonorellas have a wide range in station, from decaying logs in the deep moist woods of the Catalinas, to the hot side of dry desert hills. At our camp near the Palo Alto Cattle Company’s ranch house, at the foot of Kitt’s Peak, a small desert hill not over fifty feet high sheltered a colony of Sonorellas. Near the summit of Kitt’s peak a colony of small Sonorellas, S. xanthenes, had chosen 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 51 heavy shade and a deep forest cover; in similar situations Polygyra albolabris, palliata and thyroidus are found in the east. April 8th, our expedition to Ajo was again under roof at Tucson, Many may make that journey in quicker time, but few will see as much between the two cities. In interest every day was filled to its full capacity.! Collections were made at the following stations in 1917-1918: (1-11. Baboquivart Range. See map, Text—fig. 8, on page 83.) 1. Sycamore canyon, east bank of north fork, 100 yards above the fork, in stratified porphyry. 2. 100 yards above station 1, west bank of north fork, in a slide. 3. Half mile above station 2 on same fork; large slide opposite caverns. 5. South slope of small hill north of camp, in a small pile of porphyry. 6. High peak west of north from camp, slope overlooking Otero canyon. 7. Tumble of porphyry cliffs, head of ridge. 8. Near Station 7. 9. Head of Otero canyon. 10. High mountain 4 miles west of Station 9. 11. Opposite Station 3. (Stations 12 to 45 and 48, in the Santa Catalina, Rincon, Galiuro and Tortillita Ranges, have been enumerated in these PROCEEDINGS for 1918, pp. 307, 308.) 46. Silver Bell Range: slides on a quartzite hill northeast of the mine headquarters. 47. Sierrita Range: largest canyon on the northeast, in bank of gulch and porphyry slides above. (53-90. Tucson Range) 53. Half a mile northwest of Pictured Rocks. 54. About 4 miles north of Station 53, one of several slides facing west, on the west side of the Range. 55. Slide facing west, on the next mountain north. 56. Slide facing south, same mountain. 57. Table mountain, half a mile east of Station 54. 58. About 3 miles south of Pictured Rocks, opposite Yuma mine (‘Mountain Sheep Camp”’). 59. About 5 miles north of Mt. Sheep Camp, in a quartzite outlier west of the range, and a twin outlier of lime butte. 1 Besides the well-known works of Lumholz and MacDougal, upon the Papago country, there has recently been issued a valuable paper by Kirk Bryan, “ Krosion and sedimentation in the Papago country, Arizona, with a sketch of thegeology.”’ U. S. Geol. Survey, Bulletin 730-B. 1922. 52 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV 60. Half a mile above Station 58, porphyry slide. 61. Slide west of 60, across the gulch and higher. 62. Old miners’ camp at foot of hill whereon are Stations 58, 60, 61. 63. (This and the following up to 85, are in and about the am- phitheater, p. 71, diagram, Text fig. 4). Small slide at point of mountain at southwest point of amphitheater, about 3 miles south of Silver Bell road gap (Nelson’s ranch). 64. North slope of same in boulders of gulch, foot of peak. 65. Bed of dry wash below 65. 66. Near top of range, above 64. 67. Between two highest peaks, in gulch boulders at a low 68. A short distance further up than 67. 69. Silver Bell Pass, north side of the highway, reddish quartz- 70. South side of the same. 71. Northwest side of quartzite butte, opposite Station 59. 72. North end of the range opposite Rillito village 1 mile, north side of peak. 73. 200 yards east of the same (bones very abundant). 74. Base of mountain, below Station 66, in a gulch bank slide. 75. 200 yards up same gulch. 76. Foot of next peak east. 77. Below 76, in boulders. 78. South side of the peak at the north end of the range, op- posite Stations 72, 73. 79. Quarter mile east of same. 80. Mountain at northwest point of amphitheater, near top, in a quartzite slide on the south side. 81. Cliffs above Station 68. &e. 82. Dry wash at Twin Cacti camp. 83. West point of amphitheater, south side, in boulders. 84. Higher up, under shoulder of the peak, cliffs. 85. Southeast end of flat-topped mountain, in a slide. 86. Catt Mountain, northwest side, above spring and herder’s cabin. 87. North side of a mountain on south side of the amphitheater (Limekiln Camp). 89. 2 miles southeast of Mile-wide Copper Co. camp. 90. Southwest slope of same mountain as No. 87. (Robles Hills, an eastern outlier of the Roskruge Range). 91, 92. At the dolomite quarry. 93. Northeast side of the same hill, the malpais slide. 94. North side of middle hill. 95. East side same hill; in malpais. —Eeeer ee arr a 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA or ah) (Roskruge Range). 96. Small spur running north and south, west of Little Robles ranch house. 97. Boulder bank in a mountain 114 miles east of ranch house, main range, in a wash on the north side of the first high peak. 98. Rocky cliff, higher and further east. 99. Half mile further east, higher (Raining; 58 Sonorellas alive) This is 2 miles east of Little Robles ranch house. 100. Half mile further east. 101. Little Robles spur, a small knob between the two peaks. furthest north. 102. Next to the last peak north, slide on the north side. 103. Malpais slides, small hill near forks of the road on the north side, east side of the range. 104. Black table-top mountain on east side of the range, south side. 105. East side of the same, overlooking Indian village of Co- coraque. 106. South end of range: Bobb’s Butte, a high peak north of the Ajo road, in a malpais slide on the east side, in the north side of a wash. 107. South side of a talus field 14 mile long, 100 yards wide, further up. 108. Half way up the slide. 109. Near middle of the slide, which is divided by a strip of creosote bushes. 110. Small black hill three miles east of north of Bobb’s Butte, in malpais slide. (Coyote Mountains. See Text-figs. 5, 6.) 111. Near head of piped springs, in cliffs. 112. Boulder walls of gulches about the mining camp. 113. Wall, northeast of canyon. 114. Chffs in rincon between Baboquivari and Coyote ranges and Kitt’s Peak at spring of Chief Pablo la Jaro. 115. North wall of main canyon, near 113. 116. Mining camp, below Station 112. 117. Cliffs of creek near former Sycamore Forest Ranger Station, now a cattle camp, rincon of Chief Pablo. 118. Foot of the middle dome, southwestern rim of main canyon. 119. Santa Rosa Ranch, in the valley between the Roskruge and Comobabi Ranges; in bank of wash west of the ranch house. (120-124, 147. Kitt’s Peak, at the North End of the Baboquivaris and West of the Coyotes, and its Environs.) 120. Base of small outlier northwest of Kitt’s Peak. 121. Kitt’s Peak, middle one of three large canyons on the north side, in boulders near foot of mountain. 54 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV 122. About a mile further up, on a stream of living water. 123. Foot of cliffs near the head of the above stream, about 1,500 ft. from summit, under scattered rocks among oak brush, sticks and leaves. 124. In a low hill north of road to the ranch house. (125-151. Along the Comovo Route to Ajo.) 125. Small hills south of the road, about 12 miles west of Indian Oasis. 126. Small hills south of the road, about 3 miles west of Comovo Church. 127. Small group of hills 10 miles from Wall’s Wells, 101 miles from Tueson. Indian pictographs in the point near the road. 128. Wash at Wall’s Wells, Ajo Mountains. 129. South of Station 127. 130. Between 127 and 129. 131. On the desert midway between Wall’s Wells and Quijotoa Range. (132-136. Quijotoa Mountains.) 132. Midway between Poso Blanco and Covered Wells. 133. East side and south end of Rangeold mines (Logan), in gulch slides. 134. South mountain east side, near base, bank of gulch. 135. Foot of slide higher up mountain, in dark malpais. 136. Half mile north in deep gulch, slide of light-gray malpais. (137-146. Cababi Hills. See map, Text-fig. 7, on page 81.) 137. Southwestern foothills: a small hill on the plain in the west side of the group. 138. West side of eastern hill of group. 139. A small hill near the wash. 140. East side of eastern hill; the locality where Frank Cole collected in 1914. 141. A large bill south of the Indian village, east of the road. 142. Two outlying hills west of the road to the village. 143. North side of the eastern hill. — 144. North of wash at our camp. 145, 146. West and east sides of a valley southwest of camp, southern foothills. 147. Small granitic hill, about 50 ft. high, half mile west of Palo Alto cow camp, near Kitt’s Peak. Tuscon Rance. The following are species or localities additional to those reported in these PRocrEDINGs for 1915, pp. 399, 400: Sonorella tumamocensis P. & F. Stations 86, 87, 90. Sonorella sabinoensis tucsonica P. & F. Generally distributed. Sonorella sabinoensis deflecta P. & F. Station 59. Sonorella baboquivariensis depressa P. & F. Stations 58, 60, 61. 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA Or or Thysanophora horn (Gabb). Stations 53, 62, 87, 89. Gonyodiscus cronkhite: (Ne.) Tumamoc Hill. Helicodiscus arizonensis P. & F. Station 53. Pupoides marginatus (Say). Stations 65, 82. Chaenaxis tuba (Pils.). Stations 53, 62, 82. Chaenaxis intuscoslata (Clapp). Stations 87, 89. Gastrocopta bilamellata (St. & Clapp). Stations 82, 87. We have not succeeded in tracing Sonorella arizonensis Dall, based on a unique bleached shell found in the Santa Cruz River, Tucson. SIERRITAS AND SILVER BELL RANGE west TO Ajo yielded the following species: Sonorella ambigua P. & F. Coyotes and Robles Hills to 101 miles west of Tucson. Nariz Mts. on the Mexican Boundary. Sonorella xanthenes P. & F. Kitt’s Peak. Sonorella baboquivariensis depressa P. & F. Sierritas, Baboqui- varis. Sonorella berryi P. & F. Station 103, Roskruge Mts. Sonorella sitiens comobabiensis P. & F. Cababi Mts., near Indian Oasis, south end Quijotoa Mts. Sonorella tumamocensis var. Silver Bell Mts., Station 46; Roskruges, Station 110. Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). Station 136, Quijotoas, and 132, Covered Wells. Pupoides marginatus (Say). Station 128, Wall’s Wells, Ajo Range; 132, Covered Wells. Chenaxis intuscostata (Clapp). Station 136, Quijotoa Range. Chenazis tuba (Pils.). Station 92, Robles Hills. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Station 128, Wall’s Wells, Ajo Range. Gastrocopta bilamellata (S. & C.). Station 128, Wall’s Wells, - Ajo Range; 132, Covered Wells. Gastrocopta perversa (St.). Station 203, south side Sierritas. Gastrocopta ashmuni (St.). Station 203, south side Sierritas. Succinea avara Say. Station 128, Wall’s Wells, Ajo Range, and Station 131, plain between Ajo and Quijotoa Mts. II. List or SraTions AND oF MoLLUSKS COLLECTED IN THE Empire, WHETSTONE, Mustane, Huacnuca, Sanra Riva, Pat- AGONIA, SAN CaYENTO, TUMACACORI AND PagariTos RaNGEs. A general account of the winter and spring campaign of 1919, by one of us (J. H. F.), may be found in The Nautilus, XX XIII, pp. 37-44. Descriptions of some of the species taken are given in the same volume, pp. 19-21. 56 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV CoLuecTING Stations, 1918. (J. H. F.) (149-152. Empire Range.) 149. North side of large peak 11% miles north of Total Wreck mine. Limestone. 150. Road to Forty-nine mining camp, north slope of mountain V4 mile south of camp, in a gulch running north. 151. Gulch west, starting west then turning north. Limestone and porphyry. 152. Southwest side of largest peak, 2 miles north of Forty-nine mining camp, north of road; at foot of 300 ft. cliff. (1538-159. Mustang Range.) 153. North side tower, east peak. 154. West end range on north side south hill, 3d peak from west. 155. Same ridge higher up the mountain. 156. Next slide north of 155. 157. North side of 4th peak. 158. East side of tower, east peak. 159. Top and northwest side of east peak. Srations or 1918. (J. H. F. anp A. A. HINKLEY.) 200. Southerland ranch, Santa Catalinas. 201. South side of Black Mt., San Xavier del Bac. 202. Sierrita Mts., canyon facing east, about 4500 ft. Same as Station 47 (1917-18). 203. Sierritas: road to Harris ranch, south side. 204. Sierritas, south side, about 6500 ft. Dead Sonorella onty. 204144. Tumacdcori Mts., amphitheater facing east immedi- ately south of Tumacdacori Peak, about 4000 ft., in tailings of an old mine, 3 miles west of old mission. , 205. Santa Cruz River (Physa). 206. Allen Mts. in Josephine canyon (southwestern foothills of the Santa Ritas). 207. East of the largest peaks of the San Cayetano range (in the southwestern foothills of the Santa Ritas ending at Calabasas). 208. Northeast side Tumacdcori Peak about half way up, in south banks of the arroyo. 209. North bank of the same. 210. South bank of same, just below north peak of canyon. 211. Same amphitheatre as Station 2044 near the head of stream. 212. Next to canyon wall at the head of same. 213. The lowest of the prominent knobs leading down the next slope of the main peak of the 8. Cayetanos. Stations 213 to 217 are in the northwest side of the 8. Cayetanos. 214. North end highest peak of 8. Cayetanos. 215. Near the preceding. 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 57 216. North slope of same peak in slide of white porphyry. (Same slide as Station 207, but higher.) 217. South side same ridge. 218. Half a mile south of the above. 219. Near the preceding. 220. Pajaritos Range: Calabasas canyon, Garcia National Forest, about a mile above Oro Blanco road. 221. A short distance further up canyon on west side. 222. Larger slides near 221. 223. Pina Blanca canyon 14 mile above Oro Blanco road, slide on east bank. 224-229. Successively further up the stream. 230. Same vicinity as 229. 231. Quarter mile east of Cassin’s gate on Oro Blanco road, in the Tumacdcori Mts. 232. Montana Peak. 233. Montana mine reservoir (Physa). 234. Tumacacori Mts., 5 miles north of Pina Blanca, in a small canyon running east and west, opposite main gulch from Tumacé- cori Mts. (living Bulimulus in slide). 235. Large slide, same hill. 236. Slide 44 mile below camp in Pina Blanca. 238. Bear canyon, Pajaritos Mts., mile below Oro Blanco road. 239. Cassin’s reservoir (Physa). 240. Opposite 236. 241. Creek 2 miles north of Nogales-Tucson road (Physa). 242. Northwest branch of Pina Blanca canyon. 243. Southern peak of San Cayetano Mts., 2 miles above Calabasas, west bank of Sonoita Creek. 244. South side of a small knob, in porphyry. 245. Further north. Albino Sonorella in this and the preceding colonies. 246. Further north. 247. The furthest south of the larger peaks. 248. Near 247. . 249. Edge of the mountain. Stations 248-249 are on the south side of the Cayetano Range. 250. Northwest slope of mountain, in mass of loose rock about 40 acres in extent. This station is about 2 miles from Station 217, both well over towards the west side of the 8S. Cayetano Range. 251. Small hill east side of Sonoita Creek. (252—264. Patagonia Mountains.) 252. West side of Mt. Washington, Patagonia Mts., in hills west of main canyon and of the road to Duquesne. 253. Boulder island of the main canyon running west on Mt. Washington; about 4500 ft. 254. Half mile above, among boulders. 58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV 255. Half mile below peak. 256. Hills east of peak. 257. Red Mountain, Patagonia Mts., north side (Red Mountain Copper Co.). 258. North side of Duquesne road near summit of pass, in a long porphyry slide. 259. South side of road and ravine. 260. 2 miles east of Duquesne road to Mexico in ravine bank, large rocks. 261. Branch of ravine running east from Bald Mt., near Du- quesne. 262. On the road, above bridge over perhaps the same stream. 263. Base of the top rock of Bald Mountain, south side. 264. Near foot of Bald Mt., south side. 265. Mouth of cave on Bald Mt. (Pupillide). 266. Crevices, Bald Mt. peak, sloping eastward (Pupillide). 267. Near cave, west side Bald Mountain, (Pupillide, ete.). 268. Manila mine, northwest end of Huachuca Range, (Type locality of Holospira ferrisst). 269. Peak east of the cave (Pupillide). 270. Hill southeast of cave in the red rock. 271. Deep canyon, 1 mile north of the Manila mine hill, dolamere cliff facing northwest. 272. Cliff facing south. 273. North of 272, cliff of granite facing northwest. 274. In cliffs on the south side of the canyon. 275. Peak of foot-hill one mile east of the camp. 276. Large peak in the Canelo hills, east of the Huachuca- Duquesne road. 277. Smaller hill, north. 278. Stream near Canelo P.O. (Lymnea and Physa). 279. Lyle canyon, south side Huachuca Range, near the head, about 7,000 ft. 280. Near the mouth of Lyle canyon, about 6,000 ft. 281. High bill two and one-half miles southwest of Manila camp. 282. West side of same peak. 283. Piatt’s reservoir (once known as Igo’s), quarter mile from Manila camp (Pisidium, ete.). 284. Dan Mathew’s ranch, Mustang Mountains, slope of lime- stone peak facing south, in the heart of the range. 285. Slope of lime facing east. 286. High cliff facing north (Station 153 of 1918). 287. Limestone hill east of 286. 288. North side of hill north of the Mustang Range (Chenazis). 289. Limestone hills west of the Duquesne road, Canelo Hills, four stations, numbers 289-292, commencing nearest the road. 292. Three miles west of the road, the last station of this series. SS eee ee 8 8S. eee ee —_— ye —— re er 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 59 293. Whetstone Range, two miles north of Two-Peak mining camp, in a long, porphyry slide facing east. 294. Near 270 in the Huachucas. 295. Tombstone reservoir in Carr canyon, Huachucas, slide east of stream. 296. West side of the stream. 297. Heart of Garden canyon. 298. Cliffs of Brown canyon, south of concentrator. 299. Cliffs farther west. 300. Lime ridge forming NW. boundary of Carr canyon. 301. Second gulch east and south side of Miller canyon above Tombstone water-works dwelling. 302. North slope of divide overlooking Ramsey canyon. 303. North slope of next peak NW. of Station 293, Whetstone Range. 304. Peak north of 303, facing north, and the highest cleft peak. 30414. Same peak as 293, slope facing north. , 305. Steep northern slope of trail to above stations, mile from camp. 306. Western dome of the Mustangs. 307. Western gulch of Carr canyon, Huachucas, near the cliffs. 308. Spring near marble quarry in Ash canyon (Pisidiwm, etc.). 309. East fork of double gulch southeast of spring, on Ash Mountain. 310. Same gulch near top of the mountain. 311. West fork of same gulch. 312. South of Foot’s cabin, in limestone ridge, Montezuma canyon. 313. Farthest eastern peak, south side of canyon near Kd. Ratcliff ranch, small cliff on side hill. 314. Slides near the cliffs. 315. Gulch west of 314. 316. Copper canyon, a mile above ranger station. 317. Ida canyon, a mile from Happy Jack cave. 318. Copper canyon, a half mile above Station 316. 319. Small mountain in forks of Copper canyon, near the mines. 390. Mountain north of State of Texas mine camp, in Monte- zuma canyon. 321. Northwest side of mountain west of this camp. 322. On lime hill in pass to Copper canyon, slide of porphyry. 323. Slide of porphyry southeast of pass. 394. Mountain slide north of Ed. Ratcliff ranch, near spring. 325. East side of peak northeast of State of Texas mining camp. 326. Gulch southwest of camp, in lime, Ash canyon. 327. Deep double gulch, west of last rock-fronted mountain on south side of Montezuma canyon. 328. Large conglomerate precipice one mile southwest of camp. 329. North side of canyon from camp. 60 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV 330. Opposite side of mountain from Station 229 (the Ash canyon side). - 331. Third mountain south of marble quarry in Carr canyon. 332. Largest mountain west of Dan Mathew’s ranch house in the Mustangs; main gulch of north slope. 333. Next gulch eastward. 334. Small hill in the pass to Elgin. Santa Rita Movuntains.—Late in December, 1917, Rosemont and Greaterville, on the eastern slope, were found to be dry col- lecting. Miners have removed much of the timber. Living Sonorellas were rare, and the dead ones very dead. This is in the oak, walnut and sycamore zone. A couple of miles south of Rose- mont a crossing was made westward on a spur of porphyry, looking down upon Helvetia. Slides were numerous, Jarge and deep. Dead Sonorellas of two species were found, and one alive. At Greaterville a limestone ridge south of the placer diggings, four miles south of the village, was given a hard half-day’s work. Mr. Cole, our guide, in his mining days was a superintendent here, knew the ridges and led the way. Under large blocks of stone and deep in the earth we found a few “‘bones” of Sonorella, but none alive. The short list follows: Sonorella walkeri aguacalientensis P. & F. Allen Mts., in Josephine canyon, Station 206 (1919). Sonorella linearis P. & F. Station 49, 50 (1917). Sonorella hesterna P. & F. (2). Station 49-52 (1917). Thysanophora hornii (Gabb). Station 48 (1917), Rosemont. Polita indentata umbilicata (Ckll.). Station 48 (1917), Rosemont. Gastrocopta ashmuni (Sterki). Station 48 (1917), Rosemont. THE Empire Mountains are small, the highest peak about 5500 ft., lying in eastern Pima Co. between the Whetstones and the northern end of the Santa Rita Range. They are mapped on the Patagonia Quadrangle. Camping on this range, across the valley from the Santa Ritas, Sonorella and Holospira were located in a high peak at the north end of the range, about two miles north of the Total Wreck mine. Again they were found in peaks on the south side of a branch road to the Forty-Nine mining camp. Also north of this road a mile or more, at the foot of a prominent pre- cipice. Very few were alive. Sonorella binneyit imperialis P. & F. Station 151; a few bones at 150. Sonorella tryoniana P. & F. Stations 149, 152. 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 61 Thysanophora hornit (Gabb). Stations 149, 150. Holospira whetstonensis P. & F., small form. Station 149. Polita indentata umbilicata (Ckll.) Stations 150, 150 Chaenaxis tuba (Pils.). Station 149. Chaenaxis intuscostata (Clapp). Station 150. - Gastrocopta perversa (Sterki). Station 149. THE WHETSTONE Mountarns form a short range on the boundary between Pima and Cochise counties, north of the Huachucas, connected therewith by the 4500 ft. contour. The highest peak reaches 7684 ft. The range forms part of the Coronado Forest Reserve, and is mapped on the Benson Quadrangle, U. S. G. S. topographic maps. A brief visit was made by one of us (J. H. F.) in 1914, and a few shells of Sonorella cotis were obtained. In the spring of 1919, with A. A. Hinkley, two trips were made from our Huachuca camp without finding a shell. On the third trip, a long slide facing east was discovered,? containing many dead Sonorellas. Shells were subsequently found in the following stations: Sonorella cotis P.& F. Stations 3 (1914), 293, 304, 304% (1919). Sonorella insignis P. & F. Stations 304, 30414, 305. ata concentrata huachucana (Pils.). Stations 286, 303, 304, Holoepir whetstonensis P. & F. Stations 293, 304, 305. Gastrocopta ashmuni (Sterki). Station 293. Gastrocopta a. minor (Sterki). Station 303. Gastrocopta dalliana (Sterki). Stations 303, 293. Gastrocopta pilsbryana (Sterki). Station 293. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.) Stations 293, 303. Vallonia perspectiva Sterki. Station 303. The Mustang Mounrtarns are a small group, only about 4 miles long, between the Huachucas and Whetstones, within the eastern border of Pima Co. The highest peak is 6315 ft. elevation. Mapped on the Benson Quadrangle. The prevalence of limestone makes these mountains particularly favorable for Holospira. First visited by J. H. F. in 1918, going down from the Empire Range. Across a beautiful prairie country settled up by dry farmers, twenty miles or more southeast the highway to Patagonia and Fort Huachuca passes between the Whetstone and the Mustang Mountains. Here was limestone again in both ranges. Sonorellas and Holospiras were plentiful at the Dome of the Mustangs (Sta- 2 Nautilus, XX XIII, p. 42. 62 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV tion 159) and two hills to the west, all that we investigated; but the limestone of the Whetstones was hard, sharp pointed, and had no snails, large or small. Subfossil Oreohelix were found in the clay banks of the Mustang gulches. Like the Empire Range, the Mus- tangs have a few stunted oaks and an abundance of foot-hill shrubs. Sonorella mustang P.& F. Commonly distributed. Oreohelix concentrata huachucana (Pils.). Fossil only. Holospira arizonensis mustang P. & F. Holospira ferrissi monoptyx P. & F. Station 285. Holospira whetstonensis arata P. & F. Stations 159 and 1538 (1918). Polita indentata umbilicata (Ckll.). (Station 153 (1918). Pupilla syngenes (Pils.). Station 286. Chenaxis tuba (P. & F.). Stations 288, 306. Gastrocopta perversa (St.). Station 286. Gastrocopta p. sana (Pils.). Station 306. Gastrocopta ashmuni (St.). Stations 288, 306, 332. Gastrocopta a. minor (St.). Station 288. Gastrocopta a. imperfecta P. & F. Station 286. Gastrocopta dalliana (St.). Stations 286, 332. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Stations 286, 288, 306, 323. Huacuuca Mountirans.—Our former work on this range* was supplemented in the spring of 1919 by an examination of Monte- zuma and Copper canyons, at the southeastern end of the range, and further collections in other parts by J. H. F. and A. A. Hinkley. Ashmunella varicifera (Anc.). Montezuma canyon, Stations 314, 321, 327 (1919). Limestone hill in pass to Copper canyon, Station 322. Copper canyon, Station 316. Ash Mountain, Stations 310, 311. Ashmunella levettei heterodonta Pils. Ida canyon, Station 317. Ashmunella levetter angigyra Pils. Station 270, mill southeast of cave, Bald Mt. Station 280, near mouth of Lyle canyon. Sonorella (see section III of this paper). Holospira ferrissi Pils. Northwestern end. See below. Zonitoides minuscula (Binn.) Station 295, Carr canyon. Striatura milium meridionalis P. & F. Stations 295, Carr canyon, and 323, Montezuma canyon. Pupilla syngenes (Pils.) Station 299, western cliffs of Brown canyon. Chaenaxis intuscostata brevicostata Pils. Station 300, limestone ridge, northwest boundary of Carr canyon. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.) Stations 268, 294, 300. Gastrocopta perversa (St.). Stations 269, 270, 294, 300, 311, 268. 3 Proc. A..N. S. Phila., 1909, pp. 495-516. 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 63 Gastrocopta perversa sana Pils. Stations 269, 270, 326. Gastrocopta ashmuni (St.).. Stations 270, 297, 323. Gastrocopta ashmuni minor (St.). Stations 294, 297. Gastrocopta ashmuni imperfecta, n. subsp. Stations 270, 297, 303 and 311. The columellar lamella is simply curved within, and outwardly remains horizontal, as in G. cochisensis, not passing into the position of an infraparietal lamella. The free peristome, very large angulo-parietal lamella and the very deeply immersed lower- palatal fold remain as in G. ashmuni. Gastrocopta cochisensis (P. & F.). Station 299, Brown canyon. Gastrocopta dalliana (St.). Stations 270, 294, 297, 311. Gastrocopta pilsbryana (St.). Stations 295, 297, 299. Vertigo coloradensis inserta Pils. Stations 295, 296, rare. Vertigo hinkleyi Pils. Station 296 e, Carr canyon. The Canexo Hits are a long range with the higher crests up to about 5900 ft. They lie between the northern ends of the Hua- chuca and Patagonia ranges, united with both by the 5000 ft. contour, and more deeply separated from the southeastern Santa Ritas by the valley of Sonoita Creek. They are mapped on the Patagonia and Nogales Quadrangles. Sonorella elizabethe P. & F. Station 276. Holospira ferrisst caneloensis P. & F. Stations 289-292. Gastrocopta ashmuni minor (St.). Station 289. Gastrocopta dalliana (St.). Station 289. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Station 289. The Pataconta RANGE is about 15 miles long, running up to over 7000 ft. The southern foothills extend across the Mexican boundary. Mapped on the Nogales Quadrangle. Visited by J. H. F. and A. A. Hinkley in midwinter, 1919, when there was considerable snow, hence not many species were taken. J. H. F. and EK. H. Ashmun had collected a few shells in the northwestern foothills and at Sanford many years ago. Sonorella patagonica P. & L. Southern part, about Washington. Sonorella tryoniana P. & F. Northern end. Gastrocopta perversa (Sterki). Station 265. Gastrocopta dalliana (Sterki). Station 265. The San Cayetano Mounrains lie east of the Santa Cruz River and north of Sonoita Creek, near the southern end of the Santa Ritas. Collection made by J. H. F. and A. A. Hinkley, 1919. Sonorella hinkleyi P. & F. Mainly in the southern part. Sonorella hinkleyi cayetanensis P. & F. Northern part. 64 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV The Tumacacort Mountains are west of the Santa Cruz River, and pass southward into the Pajaritos. Visited by J. H. F. and A. A. Hinkley in 1919. Sonorella hinkleyi tumacacori P. & F. Tumacdcori Peak and next mountain southward. Zonitoides minuscula alachuana (Dall). Station 205. Zonitoides singleyana (Pils.). Gastrocopta ashmuni (Sterki). Station 235. Gastrocopta dalliana (Sterki). Station 235, 236. Gastrocopia cristata (P. & V.). Station 205, Santa Cruz, River drift. Gastrocopta pellucida hordeacella (Pils.). Station 205, Santa Cruz River drift. Pasaritos Mountains.—These rolling hills extend across the Mexican boundary west of Nogales. Visited by J. H. F. and A. A. Hinkley early in 1919. It is the only known locality in Arizona for Bulimulus. Sonorella walkert montana P. & F. Stations 231, 232, 238. Sonorella sitiens P. & F. Numerous stations. Bulimulus nigromontanus Dall. Pina Blanca canyon, and 5 miles north in the Tumacdcori Range. Gastrocopta dalliana (Sterki). Station 237. III. Norges anp Descriptions OF SONORELLA, OREOHELIX, BULIMULUS AND HOLOSPIRA. HELICIDAE The species of Sonorella may be grouped as follows: a'. Length of penis decidedly exceeding the diameter of the shell. b!. Penis-papilla long, thick-walled, perforated by a minute duct; epiphallus shorter than the penis. c'. Penis large, simply bent or but little folded in preserved examples, the stout papilla from about half to nearly as long as penis. Group of S. virilis. c?. Penis slender, both it and the vagina disposed in folds. Group of S. rinconensis. b?. Penis-papilla short (contained 414-5 times in penis), hollow, with an enclosed tube; epiphallus longer than penis. Group of S. dalli. a*. Length of the penis less than the diameter of the shell. bt. Penis-papilla usually stout and cylindric, or enlarging toward the blunt or conic distal end. cl. Vagina much longer than the penis. Group of S. granu- latissima. A ND Cer ee 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 65 ce’. Vagina not much longer than the penis, often shorter. Group of S. ambigua. b’. Penis slender, the papilla slender, gradually tapering to the distal end. Group of S. hachitana. Group of S. hachitana. Sonorella hachitana (Dall) A series of 21 specimens in the National Museum, no. 130005, is from the top of two peaks of the Carrizalillo Hills, near Carrizalillo Spring, New Mexico, collected by Dr. Mearns when on the Inter- national Boundary Survey. They have the deeply descending last whorl of hachitana, and differ from that species in little except the smaller size, from 18.5 to 21 mm. diameter. It is apparently a small local form of hachitana, and of interest because it is at the eastern limit of the genus as now known. Sonorella elizabethe Pils. & Ferr. Plate I, fig. 1; plate IV, figs. 1, la. Nantilus vol. 33, July 1919, p. 20. Canelo Hills: Station 276, a large peak east of the Huachuca- Duquesne road. Type no. A. N.S. P. Closely related to S. hachitana, but the shell is constantly smaller and the male organs longer. The penis is decidedly over one- third the diameter of shell and longer than the vagina (in hachitana between one-third and one-fourth the diameter of shell, and shorter than vagina). It is very slender, with a short, stout basal sheath. Penis-papilla slender, tapering, over half the length of penis. Flagellum minute. The organs in two specimens from Station 276 measure. 1 2 TUE a 8.0 mm. Epiphallus....5.5 and 6 mm. Penis-papilla........ 5.0 mm. Were aisee: hope eet iors 6.0 mm. The shells vary in diameter from 16.7 to 20.7 mm. Sonorella mustang Pils. & Ferr. Plate I, figs. 2; plate IV, figs. 5. Nautilus vol. 33, July, 1919, p. 20. Mustang Mountains, on the Pima-Cochise Co. line, at Stations 153, 155-159 (1918), and 284, 286, 332-334, 336 (1919). Type from Station 332 (1919). The shell resembles S. hachitana closely, differing by being slightly less depressed, the umbilicus somewhat smaller, the last whorl descending less in front, and the aperture larger. [t is glossy, light pinkish cinnamon, fading to whitish around the umbilicus and on both sides of the chestnut-brown band above the periphery, which is visible above the suture on 11% to 2 whorls. The first whorl has minute, irregular, radial wrinkles partly anas- 66 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV tomosing on the first half whorl, then very fine, forwardly-descend- ing threads over them, about as in S. hachitana. Height 15.3, diam. 26.5mm.; barely 5 whorls. Station 332. Type. bs. De 2h“ pewhorls,. Statiam. las. Sa ae ‘Station 153. i sini ** 42 whorls. Station 153. Genitalia (Plate IV, fig. 5) of the hachitana type, but character- ized by the much greater length of all of the male organs, which are decidedly longer than in S. h. flora, which has a shell at least as large as S. mustang. The penis is slender, having a sheath which is thick and muscular near the base. Its papilla is about two-thirds the length of penis, tapering and slender. The flagellum is unusually long; beyond the flagellum the vas deferens is somewhat enlarged, as in the related forms. The lengths of the organs are as follows: Penis 15.5 mm., Penial retractor 11.5 mm., Penis-papilla 10.5 mm., Epiphallus 8.0 mm., Flagellum 2.0 mm., Vagina 13.5 mm., Museum No. 44048. Station 286. The jaw has 6 strong ribs. Though not much differentiated from S. hachitana in the shell, this form appears to be specifically distinct by the genitalia. The penis is about three times as long as in S. cotis, while the epiphallus is about the same as in that species. Common throughout the Mustang range. It was taken alive in abundance at Stations 1538, 155, 156 (1918) and Station 332 (1919). At Station 336 (1919) only a few fossil examples were found. Fossil or ‘‘subfossil”’ shells were abundant at Station 153 (1918). These shells are rather small, between 19 and 22 mm. in diameter, with 4 to 42 whorls. A few beautiful albino shells were taken at Station 284. Sonorella cotis Pils. & Ferr. Plate I, figs. 5, 6; plate IV, figs. 3, 9. Nautilus vol. 33, July, 1919, p. 20. Whetstone Range. Type 130994 from Station 3 (1914). The typical small form only was taken in 1914, the type locality being station 3 (1914), a mile up from the Ranger Station. The diameter is from 20 to 22mm. _ In the genitalia (Plate IV, fig. 9, para- type) this form resembles S. sabinoensis occidentalis. The penis is small, slender, becoming abruptly swollen near the base, the swollen part containing several large pilasters. The papilla is very slender, with slight traces of annulation. Vas deferens is enlarged in the lower part, as in S. walkeri. The organs measure: Penis. or eee .4.8 mm. Flagelliim . .2c.).40 0.5 mm. Penis- papilla eeieee Bier te Vagina: ieee 103539 Bpiphallass< 22h oe. Bue Museum No....... 119038. 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 67 The pallial region (Plate IV, fig. 3) shows a kidney more than half as long as the lung the proportion being 15 to 26mm. The pericardium is 4.5 mm. long. The veins of the anterior portion of the lung are sparsely bordered with brown dots. In 1919 it was collected at Stations 293, 304 and 3043. While some typical S. colis were taken, most of the shells are larger, up to 25 mm. diam., and not definitely distinguishable from S. mustang; also very close to S. walkert. No animals were preserved, so that we cannot compare the genitalia of this large form, which is tem- porarily left with S. cotis, as there seems to be some intergradation in size. Sonorella patagonica Pils. & Ferr. Plate I, figs. 7-10; plate IV, figs. 2, 4, 6, 7, 8. Sonorella patagonica P. & F., Nautilus vol. 33, July, 1919, p. 20. Patagonia Mountains, in the southern part, Stations 253, 254, 255, 258, 259 to 262, 264, the type from Station 254. The shell is very similar to S. papagorum, but in the type and many other specimens (but not in all) there are impressed spiral lines on the last whorl below the suture. The embryonic shell shows forwardly-descending threads, hachitana pattern, characters not observed in S. papagorum. Height 12.8, diam. 22 mm.; 4% whorls. Type, No. 43722. Pe etter MLO es ae SS No. 43719. Genitalia similar to those organs in S. papagorum, but the organs are somewhat longer; flagellum generally better developed, and the vas deferens is somewhat enlarged near the flagellum. Penial papilla is slender, tapering, corrugated (but in one example, No. 43719, from Station 260, it is smooth). Measurements of the organs in mm. follow. Museum No. 43721 43722 43720 4715 48718 43733 43719 Penis ORs Sring a1 Skoe spa Ole een Oto (OLD. Penis-papilla 2O:5 6.0 i coeetteael) 5.5 cokhees One EKpiphallus Tee rcs 25 eNO ee “OO 4) Oak Flagellum 0:5, 7 O15 EOstminutewace nr (On 1.0 Vagina HO Qt 6 ore SO S0n WSO renee Station 258 254 -252 258 255 260 260 While this form has considerable resemblance to S. hachitana in genitalia, the shell differs, being less depressed, with the last whorl descending less. The size is rather variable. Thus one lot, no. 43720, from Station 252, includes specimens measuring from height 11.5, diam. 18.3 mm., to 15 X 23.7 mm., together with intergrading sizes. 68 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LX XV Sonorella walkeri aguacalientensis P. & F. Allen Mountains, Station 206 (1919), a small group of hills in Josephine canyon, in the southwestern foothills of the Santa Ritas, towards the Cayetano Mountains. Fine, large specimens, about 25.5 mm. in diameter, were taken. The reproductive or- gans measure in length: PERISH O is ake ara baer scar See ste re EE Penis-papille ccd cent. tee ee | Ps et ies 3 Gaines ete tee ee 5.Oas emia POCraACtOrsin-..-s-9 6 eee nee oe long. Etec lia ee cede koe cae Meee = oe vestigial MV eeimeietes, oc a thoy ats 4 Aorta ees bee 12 mm. MSeCUEIIING i727 titi o eas dh on ee cae 43729. Sonorella walkeri montana Pils. & Ferr. Plate. I, fig. 11, Sonorella montana P. & F., Nautilus vol. 33, July, 1919, p. 19. The shell in this handsome form is not dis- tinguishable from that of S. walkeri: but mon- tana differs somewhat by the still smaller male organs. The penis is extremely small, having a short, stout basal sheath and long retractor muscle. The flagellum is reduced to a mere bud; beyond it the vas deferens is enlarged. The base of the vagina is enlarged. Speci- mens from Stations 232 and 238 agree. Meas- urements of the organs follow: B ig. b= ici Pers Oe ek Chet eek a Nee 2.5 mm. NS TE a Os EP ENS Pye ey ers ae0ry ies Lee <4 ac to res | oe 43724. p. penis, pr. Hy olin BQ penial retractor, sp.d. Lp p a Hiabcse het slaitetal elena a teoemen ater oceans its : duct of spermathees. “ VagiM@. "22 eae - os ee athe = oe Museum) Noi. 5 0 .i4% 43724. SURGION "certo. seen 232. The preserved animal is nearly white. Pajaritos range at Station 232, Montana Peak, near the mine; 238, Bear canyon in Bear Valley; and 231, half mile northeast of Cassin’s gate in the pass, highway to Oro Blanco. Sonorella linearis n. sp. Plate I, fig. 12. Northern end of the Santa Rita Range, the type from Station 50 (1917), on the western side of the saddle, overlooking Helvetia. Also Rosemont, Stations 48 and 49, abundant at the latter. At Stations 49 and 50 it was associated with S. hesterna. The shell is umbilicate (the umbilicus contained about seven times in the diameter), dilute cinnamon, the base whitish, with a 1923} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 69 chestnut-brown band with very indistinct pale borders, somewhat glossy, with fine, weak growth lines, and below the suture on the last whorl a group of incised spiral lines (weak on some specimens, but probably always present). Whorls increase rather slowly, the last slowly descending in front. The peristome is very slightly expanded. Height 11, diam. 17.3, umbilicus 2.5 mm.; 43 whorls. Type. S i 7-5 mms Station 49, cc 9, a3 15 cc (73 (79 Soft anatomy unknown. S. clappi in the Santa Ritas has some resemblance to this species, but the last whorl is wider and the surface granulose. It appears distinct from known species of other ranges by the size, small umbilicus and especially the sculpture. Numerous dead specimens, part of them in good condition, were taken at Station 49. Until specimens can be dissected the position of this species in the genus cannot be determined. Sonorella sabinoensis tucsonica n. subsp. Tucson Range, the commonest species, generally distributed. Stations 63, 64, 66, 74, 75, 77, 80-83 in one valley, ‘wild pig amphitheatre’; 72, 73, 79 are the small form from the northwest end of the range. Also at Stations 54, 56, 57. The shell is similar to S. sabinoensis except that the umbilicus is a little larger in specimens of equal size; as in that species, the last whorl, seen from above, is quite wide. It differs from S. papa- gorum by the sculpture of the embryonic whorls, which is distinct, as in sabinoensis, while in papagorum it is extremely weak, the surface appearing more polished. The color is distinctly darker than papagorum, wood-brown or almost fawn color, with a usually broad chestnut-brown band with pale borders. The last whorl descends very little in front. Height 15.7, diam. 27. mm., 4% whorls. Type. Station 81. cf 15 roiinoA, wr 69_ —— >= «88 “be — S . ‘ i . ' ee bee Neste Ploor of-amphitheatr®. wean... Step. *niwaly COs ne NN Fig. 4.—Diagram of ‘Wild Pig Amphi- theatre,’’ Tucson Range, looking south, Fig. 3.—Southern end of the Tuc- showing approximate locations of collect- son Range. ing stations 63 to 85. Length about 1 mile. Sonorella sabinoensis deflecta n. subsp. An equally small form was taken at station 59, about 5 miles north of Sheep camp, in a quartzite outlier of the range westward and a twin outlier of Lime Butte. In form these shells are more depressed than S. s. tucsonica, the whorls are smaller in caliber, the aperture smaller. The last whorl descends rather deeply in front, while in tucsonica it descends but little. The color is paler than in the small tucsonica from the northern end of the Tucson Range. The genitalia (fig. 2b) appear not to differ. Measure- ments given above under No. 118050. Height 12, diam. 19.6 mm.; 43 whorls. Type no. 118050a, from Station 59 (1918). One specimen in the long series seen lacks the dark shoulder band. 72 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV Sonorella xanthenes n. sp. Piate I, fig. 13; plate VII, fig. 11. Kitts Peak, near the top, Station 123, at foot of cliffs near the head of stream, under scattered rocks among sticks and leaves in oak brush. Type no. 118094 A.N.S.P. collected by J. H. Ferriss, 1918. Paratypes in coll. Ferriss. The shell is rather thin, has a moderately raised spire and rather small umbilicus contained about 83 times in the diameter; it is dull cinnamon-buff, paler on the base, with a narrow chestnut-brown band above the periphery. Surface smooth except for light growth lines, having little gloss. The last whorl descends moderately in front. The peristome is thin, narrowly expanded, dilated at the columellar insertion and impinging slightly on the umbilicus. Pari- etal callus very thin. Height 8.4, diam. 13. mm.; 43 whorls. Type. ona) TAG Ee ees “largest. To, 8 AS minh smallest. The penis contains a relatively long, smooth, slightly tapering papilla, acute at the end. The epiphallus is very slender, much longer than the penis, is a little swollen near the end and bears no flagellum. The penial retractor inserts on the epiphallus some distance from the penis. The vagina is decidedly shorter than the penis. Length of penis ..... 4.7 mm. Length of epiphallus 8 mm. ia z3 papilla 3 73 cc cc vagina 2 (a3 This is one of the smallest species of Sonorella, about the size of the smallest specimens of S. coloradoensis. It differs from the latter in the slender, acute penis-papilla and long epiphallus, among other characters. Group of Sonorella ambigua. This group comprises a number of minor sections or series, such as (1) the series of S. binneyi, in which the last whorl is very wide, with S. binneyi, S. bowiensis, S. tryoniana, S. baboquivariensts; and (2) the series of forms with spirally grooved penis-papilla, com- prising S. twmamocensis, S. eremita, S. hinkleyi and S. hesterna. Sonorella ambiguaP.&I*. Plate 2, figs. 1-4; plate V, figs. 1-10, 12;plate VI, figs. 1-5. Sonorella ashmuni ambigua P. & F., Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1915, p. 411. Abundant in the Cababi Hills, Stations 137-141, 148-146 (1918). Station 148, north side of the eastern hill of the group, is the type locality, being Cole’s original station. The large series does not show much variation, all being between 20.5 and 24 mm. in diameter. It is a handsome, glossy form, light 1923} NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 73 ochraceous buff with a slight cinnamon cast, whitish on the base, very little or not whitish alongside of the chestnut-brown band. There is generally no spiral striation, but sometimes the faintest traces may be seen below the last suture. The last whorl is wide and descends somewhat abruptly in front. The peristome expands, and in fully adult shells there is a slight thickening within. Par- ietal callus is very thin. Growth lines weak. The tip of the apex is smooth, followed by a few radial wrinkles, then some small papille near the suture. The rest of the embryonic shell has but little sculpture; small radial wrinkles below the suture are more or less noticeable, but no protractive or retractive threads. The genitalia were examined in specimens from stations 137, 138, 146. The large penis is long, half the diameter of the shell or slightly more, sheathed at the base, and contains a large papilla, which is between half and two-thirds as long as penis, truncate or rounded at the end, where it is generally a little enlarged, and more or less wrinkled and dented. The penial retractor is less than half as long as penis, inserted on the epiphallus where the latter en- larges basally.4 There is a very small flagellum. Measurements follow. Museum No. 118108 118103 108099 118100 Length of penis 12.5 12: 11.5 ace ‘* papilla 8 8.5 6 7 if * epiphallus 9 9 ve sere: ey ‘* retractor 5 5 By ‘* vagina 12 7 ‘ sp. and duct po en ee sree Station 146 146 138 137 BV fig: 1 2 sre 3 The form described and figured as S. ashmuni capax P. & F., taken by Frank Cole in the Cababi Hills, 1915, was not rediscovered in 1918. It is larger than any of the long series of ambigua taken, and the embryonic shell distinctly shows many protractive threads, of which we see no trace in S. ambigua. It is probably specifically distinct from the latter. The rather large caliber of the long penis and of the blunt papilla, generally larger at the end than further up, the penis longer than the epiphallus, are diagnostic of S. ambiqgua. The wrinkling of the papilla, doubtless due to contraction in alcohol, still in some degree depends upon its structure, and it varies to a certain extent in specimens from different mountain ranges. Unfortunately, no 4In measuring penis and epiphallus, care must be taken not to include the thick basal part of the latter, below the insertion of the retractor, as part of the penis. The latter terminates at the root of the papilla, even when there is no distinct contraction above that point. 74 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV fresh specimens have been dissected. It must be remembered that all of the figures and descriptions are from alcoholic preparations. Besides the typical form of S. ambigua, from the southern hills of the Cababi group, we recognize this species in various forms from the Roskruge and Coyote Ranges, their outliers, and several ranges westward. Roskruck Rance Forms.—The shell characters vary from typical to forms with stronger parietal callus. The penis-papilla, while typical in shape, is not much wrinkled, generally showing some longitudinal or irregular and but slightly raised wrinkles towards the distal end (Plate V, figs. 5-7). Measurements of the organs follow: Museum No. 118081 118077 118079 118078 Length of penis 11 14 10.5 14 14.5 ry “* papilla Srey 9 1g ls 10 “© epiphallus Og ow 11.5 8 12 es * vagina 9 acre 7 10.5 Spermatheca and duct 20 .. areas tk ge Station 99 100 101 106 Plate V, fig. 7 5 6 Bobb’s Butte, at the south end of the range, north of the Ajo road, different places in a malpais slide on the east side, Stations 106-109 (1918). The size is more variable than in the Cababi Hills, 19.5 to 25 mm. diam. in one lot, Station 107. Some ex- amples are quite typical in form, but there is often a tendency towards depression of the spire, which is sometimes nearly flat. The parietal callus is generally thicker than in the typical locality, often with a thickened edge. The genitalia of a specimen from Station 106 (Plate V, fig. 4) are are as in ambigua except that the penis-papilla shows only a few pale, slightly raised wrinkles near the distal end. East side of the Roskruge Range in the neighborhood of Little Robles Ranch, Stations 96-102. The species was taken in abun- dance at some stations, such as 99 and 102. The specimens vary from completely typical in shell characters to forms with a moderate or heavy parietal callus, as noted above for Bobb’s Butte. Size variable, the largest and smallest in several lots measuring :— Height 15.3, diam. 25.5 mm. Station 98. cc 1/33 cc Dies ce as at 7st OB hes ny 40D. lis Wi Mia tr gg 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA ~I Cy | Height 14.6 diam. 24.3 mm. Station 104. PAR te aati 88 eh At Station 99, a half mile west of 98 and higher, 2 miles east of Little Robles Ranch house, the diameter runs from 19 to 22.3 mm., and the penis-papilla is shorter than usual and smooth, Plate V, He. 7. Specimens from the Black Table-top mountain in the eastern edge of the Roskruge Range, Station 104 on the south side and Station 105, east side, overlooking the Indian village of Cocorague are typical in form, running from 21 to 24 mm. diameter. Rosies Hits, outliers of the Roskruge Range eastward. Stations 91-95, at the dolomite quarry and northeast side of same hill, and north and east sides of middle hill, all in malpais. Shells rather small, compact, rather solid, the parietal callus generally thickened with a thickened edge. Height 11.8, diam. 20 mm., 43 whorls. Station 92. ey CB i talaga ta tion G2. Nib, Waliguooce (or meee ocere’ ct 93. Genitalia (Plate V, fig. 10, Station 93) typical except that the penis-papilla is deeply wrinkle-pitted, as in Coyote group forms. Measurements follow: HAS ETUST EDT eT gi (Cha aa eh J le Se ea 118080 118084 BeneeMiot pense, kee otis ys Ls 11.5 mm. 12.3 mm. ‘ Ppa. Me Mees eh, dae aS Sue Ge “s Pepi liallnset os Ue A ee as ae as S24 sargt - eepenial retractor’. oe 4c, 4244 és: Gree 3 Pe WARM Ss niet ees ee ae te ee Voss ih ‘‘ spermatheca and duct ....... 57 Ppa SUE EIS 11 MeO lle: Rw OOM OR ee ed 93 104 LeTENRO) NIB aire A UA Ua nee be et 10 12 Coyotr Ranex.—Collections were made in the main canyon opening east, bounded on three sides by high granite walls and four dome-like peaks on the southwestern wall. At the western head there are springs, piped to the abandoned Zechendorf ranch. The Cavalla mining camp is at the west spring. Stations 111-113, 115, 116, 118, and the Rehn and Lutz station, are in this canyon. Stations 114 and 117 are in the rincon between the Baboquivari and Coyote mountains and Kitt’s Peak, as shown on the sketches, figs. 5 and 6. The special characteristics of Coyote specimens of S. ambigua are the large size of the shell and, in alcoholic specimens, the deeply, 76 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV ¢ VMN Ue ee Bis hang UES Sr ir, 115 Canyon war, | 213! 1 tt tr Ai wa Prehistoric fortified butts / MY, < Sian ae 1447),\> SIVA ies Fig. 7.—Southern end of the Cababi Range. It was also taken at Stations 141 and 142, Cababi Hills, in a large hill south of the Indian village, east of the road, and in two outliers west of the road from the Indian village. Localities of this group lie 50 to 75 miles northwest of the type locality of S. sitiens. Sonorella baboquivariensis P. & F. Plate II, figs. 9, 10. Specimens dissected in 1915, were from intermediate stations in the range of the species as then mapped. In order to test the constancy of the character then emphasized, the enlarged, acorn- shaped end of the penis-papilla, several others have been opened, from extreme points explored in our first visit, Stations 21 and 27.5 Both show the peculiar papilla; in those from Station 27, ‘‘Syca- more’’ canyon, it is strongly developed, Plate VII, fig. 2; in two from Station 21, Mt. Mildred, Plate VII, fig. 3, it is blunter but still char- acteristic. Measurements of the organs in No. 111557, Station 27, follow: Ikength, of penis. : 5... a mm Warinnia. for. ba 7mm Ae penile: oe eens oie Mapethim- oe, 2S. 1 as i SV epiphalluss ya. EOIN 6 These stations are marked on the map, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1915, p. 413. 82 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV A week in October, 1917, camp was pitched upon the same spot in Sycamore canyon in the Baboquivaris occupied by us in 1910. A. W. Roberts, of much assistance to us at that time, feeling the need of venison, was the host, and thus it was designed as a hunting party; but the collections were good. The Forest Reserve has been vacated by the U. 8. Government, and Frank Cole, the ranger, withdrawn. Much of the timber seen in 1910 has disappeared, and the streams have less water, yet the snails seemed more plentiful than before. Perhaps the rodents have departed; very few were seen. On no other range were so many snails found alive. Fifteen to sixty was the rule at every station. A form of S. baboquivariensis was taken at Station 117 (1918), in the rincon of Chief Pablo, in the cliffs of the creek near a cow camp, formerly the Sycamore Forest Ranger station (marked on map, fig. 6, p. 77). The shells vary in size from 16.4 to 20.3 mm. diam. The umbilicus is generally slightly wider than in typical S. baboquivariensis, but there is no constant difference. The genitalia (Plate VII, figs. 12, 13) differ chiefly by the absence of an enlargement of the end of the penis-papilla, which is rather thick as in baboquivariensis, but slightly longer. The papilla is shaped as in S. b. depressa but is much larger, especially thicker. The epiphallus is very slender and long, but was not gotten out entire, the specimens being very hard. Vagina is short. Three specimens of no. 118085 were dissected. The organs of two measure: PC SA een co’. cts taal Ree ee ieee ee ee 6.2 mm. 6 mm. PTET St POS fore leo cca herenc ee et eme e elee am ae 43 7 MELERLESD pu’ or or ode wae Ae ceeteet eae Bans CRO IEE naa tae 2 ake Bos On account of the difference in the papilla, this should be segre- gated as a race if the character proves constant. Sonorella baboquivariensis depressa P. & F. Plate II, fig. 11; pl. VII, figs. 5-7, 9, 10. In October, 1917, one of us (J. H. F.) visited the last canyon northward of those shown in our sketch map of 1915, p. 413, known as ‘“‘Sycamore” or ‘“‘Brown’s” canyon The stations of this visit are plotted in text fig. 8, representing a northward extension of the former map. The shells vary from the typical baboquivariensis form (Station 2) to smaller forms with the umbilicus somewhat less covered, and either narrow, as in baboquivariensis, or much wider, as in the form called S. b. depressa. Two from Station 5 measure: Plate II, fig. 9. Height 11.8, diam. 19.2 mm., umbilicus 2.5 mm. Plate II, fig. 10. Height 10, diam. 16.2 mm., umbilicus 1.8 mm. 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 83 : Otero canyon (“7 WANN =x ret tL 7 |e a BESO 7 LAS Wie ae Vive a 2 4 a \ Sycamore or Brown's canyon sau - : a & Di eh 23 & Ati a Ke oe ae ie ~ ro Pp. og Old cabin ip tle LMEEL ELL c Be Ts ~Orrogstver Peak i mile Fig. 8—Sketch map of a section of the Baboquivari Range, showing collecting stations, 1917. Specimens from Stations 3, 5-11 are similar. In all of these lots dissected (Stations 2, 5, 10) the penis-papilla differs from that of typical baboquivariensis by its far more slender shape, with a bluntly tapering end, not at all enlarged and glandi- form as it is in baboquivariensis. This may indicate that the form defined as depressa is specifically distinct; yet as the shell char- acters appear to intergrade, we leave this Sycamore canyon form as a subspecies. It inhabits the region immediately north of baboquivariensis. Measurements of the genitalia follow: Museum No. 2626.00. |. 147527 Moo M7522 117519 HCHISEI A Siouoten yc eele es 7 6 S 8 2c) 01 LO WS ene 3.3 3 2 oo) Wipe lhos ss atk ss io 73 6 9 ileal. Se, eee Nh long a - 1 MEDERIQIN Atay he Tot 8 6.5 5 at EONS LOTT \isict. ye. s § 5 10 2 LEA ASANE Ui Na ot 2 le a a 7 9 10 5 In the Sierrita Mountains collections were made at Station 47 (1917) and 202 (1919), in a canyon facing east, at about 4500 ft., and at Station 204 (1919), on the south side of a mountain facing Harris ranch, at about 6000 ft. more or less. The shells resemble closely those from Sycamore canyon, and the genitalia, particularly the form of the slender penis-papilla, are identical with that race, in two dissected from Station 202. Length of penis 6.3, papilla 1.7, epiphallus 8, flagellum 1, vagina 7 mm. 84 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV In the Tucson Range, specimens were taken at Stations 58, 60 and 61. As the original account of depressa was quite short, a fuller description is here given of a specimen from Station 58, pl, ‘fies i The shell is very thin, depressed, with a narrow umbilicus contained 9-10 times in the diameter. Between cinnamon-buff and light pinkish-cinnamon color, fading towards whitish on the base, with a chestnut-brown band above the periphery and more or less showing on the penult whorl, and having very indistinct, narrow pale borders. The surface is glossy, the last 2 whorls marked with fine smooth, growth lines under a lens; next earlier whorl having the lines irregular; after the nearly smooth first half whorl the embryonic whorls are minutely, closely but weakly rugose radially, and in the most perfect examples there are rather widely spaced protractive threads, as in S. binneyi. The spire is rather low; last whorl is very wide, viewed from above; it descends slowly and but little in front. The aperture is unusually large, peristome thin, distinctly but very narrowly expanded throughout, dilated at the columellar insertion, where it overhangs a small part of the umbilicus. Parietal callus arches forward somewhat, and bounded by a light raised line. Height- 11.5, diam. 19.3, diam. umbilicus 2 mm., 43 whorls. - 10, ives MIB ciniie = i IW ie aa I Ps a Genitalia (Plate VII, figs. 4, 5, 8) characterized by the rather slen- der penis with stout basal sheath, and containing a rather short, smooth, slender, blunt-ended papilla, contained 3 times, more or less, in the length of penis. Flagellum short. The vagina is shghtly shorter than the penis in specimens dissected (Stations 59 and 61). Dimensions follow: Tiliageia, INGA cc cue: er een ye waene reer tee te One 118059 118061 PGHIS US ete he en ee ee Rete ree eee ae 8 mm. Petiis tepals, 3: oes a alee Ae eee cee 2 ae he ra eS cea aaa hc erent rae eee ete rece eae E 8 123 WEIR eR ise tie anaes oe reo ee 6.7 Shr ee Starr tin Sete Ch ee, ae, ae oe 61 58 It differs from S. binneyi by the more fragile shell and slightly larger aperture. We at first thought that this might be S. arizonensis Dall, but that species, well figured by Bartsch, has not so large an aperture, a decidedly higher spire and less depressed body-whorl, and it is said to have ‘‘rather well-marked incremental lines and micro- scopic vermicular markings”’; the latter are certainly wanting in the present form, but may perhaps be due to the dead condition of the single specimen of arizonensis found. ee ene 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 85 Sonorella binneyi imperialis n. subsp. Plate 2, fig. 12; pl. VII, fig. 1. Empire Range, Station 151 (1918); a few “bones” at Station 150. The shell is decidedly more depressed than S. binneyi, rather narrowly umbilicate (umbilicus about one-ninth to one-tenth the diameter), thin, dilute cinnamon above, shading into white be- neath, with a chestnut-brown band rather indistinctly whitish- bordered. There are some narrow whitish growth-arrest streaks. Surface glossy, with light, fine growth lines. Embryonic shell, after the smooth initial part, radially anastomosing-crinkled, then with slowly protractive threads over fine radial crinkling, and on the last part of the first whorl, retractive threads. The spire is small. The last whorl increases very rapidly and is unusually wide, as viewed from above. In front it descends a little and slowly. The aperture is large, its width decidedly more than half the diameter. Lip thin, very slightly expanded, outwardly and basally, dilated at the columellar insertion, partly covering the umbilicus. Height 11.3, diam. 19.5 mm.; 43 whorls. By its large aperture, texture, lip and apical sculpture this species resembles S. baboquivariensis P. & F., but in that species the aperture is even larger and the umbilicus more covered; moreover, the penis papilla is noticeably different, though otherwise the genitalia are rather similar. It differs from the typical Chirica- huan S. binneyi chiefly by being more depressed. The genitalia of this species show affinity to S. bowtensis and S. bartschi—species in which the umbilicus is decidedly larger. The few living ones and numerous ‘‘bones”’ show very little variation in size, nearly all being from 19 to 20 mm. in diameter. S. binney?, while it has a remarkably wide range for a Sonorella, appears everywhere to be very local. In the Chiricahuas it is known from a single canyon in the southern part of the range. The form we called franciscana has a very limited area, separated from the Chiricahuan locality by valleys and by ranges where we know that binneyi does not occur. S. b. franciscana differs from the original lot by having a somewhat longer epiphallus, a difference of no great weight, and perhaps it is not really distinguishable from typical S. binneyi. The Empire Range form, S. 6. imperialis, lives about 90 miles northwest of the type locality, several inter- vening ranges which we have explored being without the species. It has a more depressed shell than typical binneyi, and the penis- papilla is thicker. Finally in the Tucson Range, still further west, we have an allied form, S. baboquivariensis depressa, in which the penis-papilla is very slender. 86 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV Sonorella tryoniana n. n. Sonorella rowelli (Newc.), Pilsbry, Proc. A. N. S. Phila., 1902, p. 511; Nautilus XVI, p. 32. Pilsbry & Ferriss, Proc. A. N.S. Phila., 1905, p. 261, pl. 18, figs. 33-35; pl. 20, figs. 138, 14, 20. Not Helix rowelli New- comb. Sanfords, Pima Co., on the bank of Sonoita creek under leaves and logs, near the water, J. H. Ferriss, type and paratype No. 83273 A. N.S. P. Also a short distance eastward in the northern end of the Patagonia mountains, J. H. F., 1902, and E. H. Ashmun, 1898. Empire mountains at Stations 149 and 152 (1918), J. H. Ferriss. This small species, related to the Chiricahuan S. bowiensis and S. binney?, was long thought to be Newcomb’s H. rowelli. That species, however, proves to be a Micrarionta (EHremarionta), from southwestern Arizona. S. tryoniana is much like S. bowiensis, but in that species the margins of the lip converge more, leaving a shorter parietal callus. At Sanfords this species was found on the bank of the creek near the water under leaves and logs. The specimens from far northward, in the Empire Mountains, appear to be practically typical iryoniana. Among the species of these mountains, this shell resembles S. binneyi imperialis in color and texture, but it is smaller, the last whorl is not so wide, the umbilicus is decidedly larger (contained between 63 and 7 times in the diameter), and the aperture is relatively smaller, though of similar shape. Surface very glossy, lightly striate, without spiral lines or granulation. Height 9.4, diam. 15.7, umbilicus 2.38 mm.; 44 whorls. Living examples were taken at Station 149, but those preserved unfortunately became dry, and the sketch, Plate VIII, fig. 6, and the measurements obtained by soaking it up, are given for what they may be worth. The penis-papilla is cylindric with a blunt, rounded end. Length of penis 3.5 mm.; papilla 1.5 mm.; vagina 4 mm. Sonorella berryin. sp. Plate II, fig. 13. Station 103 (1918), in malpais slides on a small hill north of the road near the forks, on the east side of the Roskruge Range. Type no. 131001 A. N.S, P. The shell is depressed-globose, thin, narrowly and half-covered umbilicate, translucent, white, with a chestnut-brown band above the periphery and narrowly showing on the penult whorl, and a pinkish-buff band below the suture, spreading about half way to 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 87 the chestnut band. Surface rather glossy, smooth except for very fine growth lines. Embryonic shell smooth at the tip, then finely radially rugose towards the end of the first whorl (showing a few widely spaced protractive threads in some, especially young, ex- amples). The last whorl is very wide and descends a little and slowly in front. The aperture is very large. Peristome thin, expanded, reflected half over the umbilicus. Parietal callus thin. Height 12.3, diam. 18.3 mm.; 43 whorls. Type. Height 12, diam. 18.7 mm. Height 11.5, diam. 17.3 mm. Genitalia (Plate V, fig. 11) about as in S. binneyi P. & F., so far as can be judged from a dried specimen, soaked up. About 60 living specimens of this handsome little Sonorella were taken. While it is related to baboquivariensis depressa, of the Baboquivari, Sierrita and Tucson Ranges, it differs by the smaller, more covered umbilicus, the still larger aperture, the less depressed shape, and in coloration, which is uniform in the long series taken. In the genitalia it resembles S. binneyi franciscana in having the epiphallus longer than in Tuscon Range specimens of depressa. Unfortunately the single animal saved became dry and had to be soaked up, hence the following measurements may require some revision when fresh ones are obtained. Length of penis 6.7 mm.; length of papilla 2.5 mm.; length of vagina 7.5 mm. Named for 8. Stillman Berry, who has done good work on the Californian desert snails. Sonorella odorata P. & F. Plate VI, fig. 8. Genitalia of a specimen from Station 22 (1917), in the aspen zone, Spud Rock Ranger Station, Rincon Mts., are here figured to show variation in form of the penis-papilla, which is somewhat enlarged distally. Length of penis...... 6 mm. Length of epiphallus. 10 mm. ns Po papilliany: Wiss. £6 sh WARE Sonorella hinkleyi P. & F. Plate III, figs. 1, 4. Nautilus vol. 33, July 1919, p. 19. San Cayetano Mountains, in the southern part, at Stations 243 to 251 (1919), the types from Station 243, the southernmost peak of the Cayetano foothills 2 miles above Calabasas, on the western branch of Sonoita Creek. The highest stations at about 7500 ft. elevation. The shell is small, moderately solid, depressed, the umbilicus contained about 5 times in the diameter; between light pinkish- 88 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV cinnamon and pinkish-buff, the base paler, a chestnut-brown band above the periphery. The surface is slightly glossy. Em- bryonic whorls radially crinkled, the second with very irregular tangential (protractive) threads on its peripheral half; subsequent whorls with weak lines of growth only. The spire is low, whorls convex, the last wide, descending a little in front. The aperture is rounded, peristome slightly expanded. Alt. 8, diam. 15.7 mm.; 43 whorls. Type, station 2434. Alt. 10, diam. 17 mm. Station 243. The penis is rather long with a basal sheath nearly a third of its length; the papilla cylindric with conic end and weak spiral pli- cation. Epiphallus about as long as penis, the long penial retractor inserted upon it. No flagellum. The vagina is longer than the penis, and at the distal third there is an annular swelling, the wall there being thickened and muscular, with an internal annular ridge. Above this the internal wall has fine, irregular, longitudinal threads. Measurements of the organs in mm. follow. Weiser Woe eee 2 As Ae en et ree 43735 43726 GIES Src oe SE Ne a eee 10.5 mm. 10 mm. Bemieapyellst hie. hi petbaneel aussie Geis 4 * 2 ipiphialltis se ©... acer toes at eset hs a PS ES ee RV SRP IRIEY 5 Peete! oe oath hee hae i Jp tone one Tee fa 2™ INE Sune’ SLRS 41 C0. | eee ee aegis, GRO ian emf 243 244 A small, depressed nearly smooth species. At Station 244, in a porphyry slide on a small knob, southern side of the southern peak of the Cayetanos, most of the specimens taken are albinos, the shell white throughout. There were 452 albinos to 24 banded specimens (Plate III, fig. 4). Sonorella hinkleyi cayetanensis Pils. & Ferr. Plate III, fig. 5. Sonorella cayetanensis P. & F., Nautilus vol. 33, July 1919, p. 19. Cayetano Mountains: Station 216, in a slide of white porphyry on north side of double peak, near the top, type loc. Also Stations 207, 212, 215, 217, from the foothills up. The shell is thin, light, umbilicus contained about 8 times in the diameter, dilute cinnamon, fading to whitish around the umbilicus and on both sides of the chestnut-brown supraperipheral band. The latter shows only narrowly on the penult whorl. Surface glossy, lightly striate. Faint traces of protractive and retractive threads are visible on the latter part of the embryonic shell in young examples. The whorls increase rather slowly to the last, which is about double the width of the penult and descends very little in front. The thin peristome is narrowly expanded, inser- tions of the margins rather widely apart. Height 11.7, diam. 21 mm.; nearly 43 whorls. i ta 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 89 Genitalia much as in S. hinkleyi. The long penis contains a spirally plicate papilla somewhat over one-third the total length, its end conic. The equally long epiphallus terminates in a very short flagellum. The vagina is longer than the penis, and has an annular muscular swelling at its distal fourth. The organs measure in length: HPEMIG ety rset Ss chai ss 13.5 mm. NADINA cc esc doe re 20 mm. Penis-papilla....... 50 Museum No......... 43737. Hpiphallus:s. 5... - 13.55 DtattOlie../6 vase sees 216. Fig. 9.—Sonorella h. cayetanensis, No. 43737, Station 216. This form from the northern end of the Cayetano range is ana- tomically very close to S. hinkleyi, which inhabits the southern end of the same range, and is distinguished by the smaller size and more solid texture of the shell. However, there are some specimens, such as those from Station 219 (1919) which appear intermediate, and we therefore reduce cayetanensis to subspecifie rank. Sonorella hinkleyi tumacacori. Plate III, fig. 2; pi. VIII, figs. 4, 5. Sonorella tumacdcori P. &. F., Nautilus vol. 33, July, 1919, p. 19. Tumacacori Mountains, Stations 2043, 208, 209, 210, 211, 212, all on Tumacdcori Peak and the next mountain southward. Except by the somewhat greater length of the reproductive organs, the decidedly stronger node or swelling on the vagina, the short penial retractor and less closely twisted penis papilla, this form differs very little from S. hinkley’, of which we now consider 90 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV it a local race. The localities of species and race are separated by the Santa Cruz river valley. The shell varies in size. Height 9, diam. 17 mm., 43 whorls. Station 210. Height 11, diam. 18.5 mm.,°43 whorls. Station 2043. The long penis has a sheath about one-third its length. The papilla is weakly spirally plicate, cylindric with long conic end. There is an extremely short flagellum. The penial retractor is very short, inserted near the base of the epiphallus. The vagina is much longer than the penis, and has a strong muscular annular swelling near its upper end, where it is folded upon itself. PGNI6.ccu Siren so 1 LA 13. 11.8 Penis-papilla......... ee es 4.2 5. 4.2 Eipiphallis cea: sites. Ey eee 11.5 iy 11.5 Piel potent aacete es « minute minute minute minute Wao ont Pas) age ia Re 1G: pana? > CLT x 14 Spermatheca and duct.21 “ ING cree toe sae 43731 43738 43732 43739 Sonorella hesterna P. & F. Plate VIII, figs. 8, 9. Northern end of the Santa Rita Mountains: Station 49 (1917), near Rosemont; 50, west side saddle of Santa Ritas, overlooking Helvetia; 51, Helvetia; 52, Greaterville; all in the eastern part of Pima County. We provisionally refer a series of specimens from the northern and eastern Santa Ritas to this species from the southern foothills of the Rincons, which was described without anatomical char- acterization. It is very closely related to S. hinkleyi and particularly to S. h. cayetanensis, the genitalia being of the same general character, but the shell is more solid. The penis-papilla is strongly plicate spir- ally, with a conic end. There is a muscular swelling or node on the vagina. Flagellum minute, vestigial. The organs measure in length: Beis. hse een 13.0 mm. Varina. sate eee 17 mm. Penis-papilla....... ot Museum Nom see 118058. Epiphathis.. 3. ....0% Lb" * Dtation S Poke secteres 50. It remains to be seen whether S. hesterna from the type locality has the same anatomical features; it may possibly prove to be more like hachitana or walkert. Sonorella tumamocensis Pils. & Ferr. Plate VII, fig. 14. Tucson Range, Stations 86, Cat Mountain, 87, 90, Limekiln camp. Silver Bell mining camp (north of the Roskruge Range). 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 91 Malpais slides in a small black hill 3 miles east of north of Bobb’s Butte, southern end of the Roskruge Range, Station 110. A specimen from near the Desert Laboratory, Tumamoc Hill, was dissected and the penis is drawn in Plate VII, fig. 14. It agrees well with the original lot, except that the spiral grooves of the penis-papilla are less closely wound. The penis and epiphallus are each 9 mm. long, papilla 4 mm., in a shell 8.5 x 15.7 mm. There is no flagellum. At Station 87 the specimens vary from 18 to 20.5 mm. diameter, becoming larger than any from the type locality. None have been dissected from the Tucson Range proper, west of Tumamoc Hill, or from the Silver Bell, but except in attaining larger size they appear to be identical. At Station 110, southern foothills of the Roskruge Range, the specimens are much like the smallest examples of typical S. tu- mamocensis, diam. 14 to 16.2 mm. They are more depressed than the larger Tucson Range shells, somewhat translucent. The animals had been dried, but by the use of potash one was soaked up. The genitalia (Plate VII, fig. 15) do not differ materially from twma- mocensis, except that the papilla appears to be smooth and shaped as in S. binneyi, not tapering and spirally grooved as in tuma- mocensis. ‘There is a very small flagellum. Length of penis 12 mm. Length of epiphallus 7.5 mm. sin © ‘papilla a eae S ‘“ vagina 8 Little stress can be attached to such details in a specimen so poorly preserved. Evidently a further investigation of the anato- my of these several forms referred to tumamocensis must be made. The shells at station 110 show considerable variation in size of the umbilicus: Height 8, diam. 16.2, width umbilicus 2.5 mm. 8 ‘a9 4D “ce ce Pil ce CO Wiel eet SN a a Ty Similar variation occurs in the type locality, where also most specimens are larger. These specimens from Station 110 are very much like S. ferrissi, but the last whorl is more depressed in the latter. HuacHucan SoONORELLAS.—The Huachucas have a more varied fauna of Sonorellas than any other range yet explored, the five species known anatomically belonging to four of the groups founded 92 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV on anatomical structure. The shells are greatly varied in size and form, and two species S. dalli and S. parva, possess rudimentary “teeth.” We here figure a specimen of the former having these teeth well de- veloped (Text-fig. 10). Besides these species, there are two others not yet dissected. S. hwachucana was taken in 1904. It was originally described as a subspecies of the Chirica- huan S. virilis. Somewhat faded bones Fig. 10.—Sonorella dalli of another species of about 20 mm. diam- showing parietal teeth. —_ ter, with smooth (not granulose) surface was taken in 1919 at Station 270, at the northern end of the range. As it belongs to a group of very weakly differentiated species, we do not attempt to name these specimens, which certainly differ specifically from any described Huachucan species. Key to Huachucan Sonorellas by Characters of the Genitalia. a. Penis long (about 40 mm. in a shell 27 mm. diam.), containing a short papilla (about 4 length of penis); epiphallus long (49-60 mm.); flagellum present. S. dalli Bartsch. a’. Penis long (about 20-25 mm. in a shell of about 16 mm. diam.), containing a long, longitudinally costulate papilla; epi- phallus shorter than penis; no flagellum. S. parva Pils. a, Penis shorter, about equalling the diameter of shell or much less, containing a thick, cylindric papilla. b. Papilla less than half the length of penis; vagina shorter than penis; epiphallus thickened where it passes into penis. S. sitiens montezuma P. & F. 6’. Papilla more than half the length of penis; epiphallus not enlarging where it enters penis; vagina much longer than the penis. c. Upper part of vagina muscular, swollen, usually fusiform; penis 5 to 7.5 mm., papilla 3.3 to 5 mm. long. S. granulatissima Pils. c', Vagina rather slender throughout, with a small fleshy node midway or at the upper third; penis 12 to 19 mm., papilla 9 to 138 mm. long. S. danielsi P. & F. Sonorella danielsi P. & F. This is a common shell in Ash canyon, Stations 310, 311, 330 (1919), Montezuma and Copper canyons, no. 314, 316, 318-320, 322-324, 327-329, all 1919. Its known range is thus extended considerably. 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 93 The color is not yellow as in the types, but a brown tint. In the soft anatomy, specimens from stations 310, 311, 314 agree fully with the typical form. One from 319 dissected has the vagina like granulatissima (P.A.N.S. 1909, pl. 21, fig. 4), but the penis and pele are long, as in danielsi. Measurements of the organs ollow. IMUT Serta 0 Pe Mae eee eee eae aes 44043 44041 44035 J 2crerel Oa cae ea ah hes 10 10 12.5 EET TO ANU A Se. suas Bie loca eae Buk wes 7 8.5 ° er 6) 0G" La A 10 3 ~ IPemiooremractOr. .).\... o's seats ae 9 ie xe “TTS ee rr 16 13 18 EET COV oS gn i 314 Sil 319 The large, club-shaped, abruptly truncate penis-papilla has a wrinkled-areolate surface, not very well shown in the figures published in 1909, but best in Plate 21, fig. 7. Specimens of S. danielsi in the National Museum, No. 124479a, are labelled ‘“‘Tueson, Arizona, Cox, Lea Collection.’? We have noticed the Huachucan Ashmunella from the same source in these ProcrEpDINGs for 1909, p. 496. It is a form, A. varicifera, which inhabits the southern Huachucas, the habitat also of S. danielsv. The latter is known from over 25 stations in this region, but neither species has been taken by us further northwest in the Hua- chucas, or in any other range. There can therefore be little doubt that the Cox specimens of Ashmunella and Sonorella labelled “Tueson’’? came from somewhere in the neighborhood of Ash canyon, Huachucas. Sonorella parva Pils. Plate VIII, figs. 2, 3. Sonorella granulatissima parva Pils., Proc. A. N. 8. Phila., 1905, p. 264, pl. 18, figs. 45-47; 1909, p. 501, pl. 19, figs. 10-12. The exact locality of the original lot was not noted; they were picked up between Fort Huachuca and the Manila mine, near the latter, and agree perfectly with those taken at Station 274 (1919). It was found also at Stations 270 and 281 (1919). All of these are in the western foothills of the northwestern end of the Huachuca range. Sculpture: after the smooth apex, there are some radial wrinkles to the end of the initial half whorl; the whorl following is very minutely, densely, evenly reticulate-pitted; in oblique light in certain places faint traces of fine, close oblique lines may sometimes be made out. The following neanie whorls are microscopically densely granulose, as in S. granulatissima, but on the last whorl this granulation becomes very weak or almost disappears. 94 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV The last whorl is bluntly subangular in front, or at least some- what compressed there; it descends rather deeply to the aperture. Aperture is strongly oblique, rounded, somewhat wider than high, the margins approaching. There is sometimes a very low, oblique callus pad or ‘‘tooth” on the parietal wall, further in and nearer the periphery than is usual in helices. This tooth is visible in all adult shells from station 281, but seems to be only occasional in other lots. It is present but excessively weak in the figured type, but is well developed in a paratype. The soft anatomy, examined in specimens from Stations 270, 274 and 281, shows that this form is not nearly related to S. granu- latissima. The animal is plumbeous black above; sole with a wide isabella colored central area, sharply defined, and dusky side areas. Genital organs are relatively large. The penis is long with a short sheath, thin-walled, containing a long fleshy papilla having nu- merous slender longitudinal ridges, the end abruptly truncate. Penial retractor short, on the epiphallus, which is twisted around the retractor, the basal part thickened. No flagellum. The vagina is long. Matsenria Nod ch eee octane lene ack eee 44054 44037 1 EXEL AUS BRC ROAM RR oe eta te ea Aer I fol st OO aM a oN 20 mm. ae Peis papilla s. < ae een cat cere ee «ere 1A Ge 12 PODIUM AIS si eee Re eee aha: ee ay ae LD Pee , Penal vetrnctor. a hiic! nee Le ee ee 5 x 8 WSR eS cc UE Sd awl ca 0) gee a Ce ae LG! a The peculiar sculpture of the penis-papilla is unique in the genus. The “tooth” on the parietal wall is a very unusual feature in Sonorella, but occurs also, and more strongly developed, in S. dalli. Sonorella insignis Pils. & Ferr. Plate II, fig. 3. Nautilus, vol. 33, July 1919, p. 21. Whetstone Mountains, Stations 304, 3042 and 305 (1919). Liv- ing specimens were taken only at the type Station 304. The shell is much depressed, openly umbilicate (the umbilicus about one-fifth the total diameter), solid, opaque, whitish stained with light pinkish-cinnamon above and in places on the base, banded with chestnut-brown, the band broad, situated well above the periphery. Surface with little gloss, having coarse, unevenly developed, very low plications in the direction of growth lines, and mainly confined to the last whorl; under the microscope traces of rather coarse, well separated spiral impressed lines may be deci- phered in some places on the upper surface. No _ protractive threads are visible on the embryonic shell in the adult or nearly adult shells. The last whorl descends rather deeply to the aperture, which is oval with converging margins, very slightly expanded. 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 95 Height 9.5, diam. 20.5 mm.; 43 whorls. Type. op Seo Pay POS ic, ODOLY De. cc 10.3 ‘c Di 7 ia 73 Genitalia (Plate VIII, fig. 1, type) characterized by the long male organs. ‘The large penis papilla is ? the length of the penis, with a bluntly conic end. The penis is slender basally, enclosed in a short sheath. Flagellum very small but distinct. Vagina shorter than penis. Lengths of organs as follows: Ibetisieite cies 2. . 16.9 mm. Bora lisye sot © aor 24 mm. Penis papilla. ......12.0 “ Naciia eae LO Penialiretractor.... 8.5 “ Spermatheca and duct 25 “ The jaw has 4 or 5 ribs. This species is readily known by its depressed shape and coarse sculpture. It is not closely related to any described form, but by the very large penis and papilla appears to belong to the group of S. virilis. A very old specimen has a distinctly calloused parietal wall, much as in some Oreohelices. Oreohelix concentrata huachucana Pils. Whetstone Mountains, Stations 286, 303, 304, 3043 (1919). The Whetstone form is generally more depressed and more widely umbilicate than is usual in the Huachucas, but some Huachucan A B C D Fig. 11.—Oreohelix concentrata huachucana. Whetstone mountains, a, b, c, station 3044; d, station 286. examples are entirely similar, and some from the Whetstones are elevated. They are always angular or keeledin front or throughout. Fully adult specimens measure: Height 13.3, diam. 22 mm. Station 286. ce 10.3 “ec 18 ce oe ce 15) / STOR ner ee «303. mors. eo dam i “3042, “ec 1 ce Da ce ce cc 96 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LX XV In the Mustang Mountains only fossil specimens were found. Those from Station 157 (1918) measure 20-22 mm. diameter, have a moderately raised spire, and are practically typical of the sub- species. At Station 153 (1918) the shells are smaller, 15 to 19 mm. diameter. BULIMULID&. Bulimulus nigromontanus Dall. Plate I, figs. 3, 4. Pajaritos Mountains in Pina Blanca canyon, Stations 225, 236. Also 5 miles north of Moor Ranger Station, Pina Blanca, in a small canyon running east, opposite the main gulch from the Tumacacori Mountains, in a slide on the north slope of a hill of crumbling porphyry, Ferriss and Hinkley, 1919. Except in having a somewhat smaller umbilicus, these specimens appear to agree with the description of B. nigromontanus, which came from Black Mountain, 12 miles south of Monument 77 of the International Boundary, on the right bank of the San Bernardino River, in Sonora. The localities now recorded carry the species about 130 miles further west. It is a species new to the United States list. UROCOPTID&. Fig. 12.—Holospira ferrissi caneloensis. Fig. 13.—H. f. monoptyx. Fig. 14. —H. p. fluctivaga, Fig. 15.—H. whetstonensis. Fig. 16—H. w. arata. Fig. 17.—H. arizonensis mustang. In each case the type is figured. Holospira ferrissi Pils. This was taken at Station 268, Manila mine, at the northwest end of the Huachucas, the type locality. Also Station 275, foothill a mile east. Many, but not all, specimens have 3 internal lamelle, and the whorls are ribbed throughout. Ten topotypes opened have lamelle as follows: arte re ae aly a a re rear 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 97 oad lamella vonlyis J. et. .h!. Leer... ces. ee ..8 spevimens A Seb Env, (OPIS TL eat OE eh eR ae a , a MA DASA amd parietalue.. 0 os ll es 3 os Form 2.—At Station 271, a deep canyon 1 mile north of the Manila mine hill, at a dolomite cliff facing northwest, two lots were obtained. These generally have the riblets weak on the penult or on two whorls, and the lamelle within are reduced. 15 opened from one lot and 11 from another have lamell thus: No. of specimens No. of specimens PROUT. So Ges cs. s 10 10 Axial and basal....... 4 “3 Axial, basal and parietal 1 1 These specimens average somewhat larger than the typical lot of ferrissi. An identical form was taken at Station 306 on the western dome of the Mustangs. Most of the specimens opened had a columellar lamella only, but one had 3 lamelle. Holospira ferrissi caneloensis n. subsp. Text-fig. 12. Canelo Hills: limestone hills west of the Duquesne road at Stations 289 to 292, the latter three miles west of the road and the furthest from it. Type 131010 A. N. S. and paratypes in Ferriss collection from Station 289. The shell has the short contour and small size of typical ferrissz, but the sculpture is slightly finer, and becomes obsolete on the an- tepenult to last whorls, strengthened again on the last half whorl. The three internal lamellx are strongly developed. Length 8, diam. 3.5 mm.,10 whorls. Type. Hy MN ice! 1ocl AD ot Station 290. ¢ 9.8, ce 3.9 (73 113 (73 ce (73 Three internal lamelle are present in all opened of the type lot, but at Station 292 some of the apparently quite adult shells had only the axial lamella. Holospira ferrissi monoptyx n. subsp. Text-fig. 13. Mustang Mountains, in a limestone slope facing east, near Dan Mathew’s ranch. Type No. 131009 A. N.8., paratypes in coll. Ferriss. The shell has the short, compact shape of ferrissi, but differs by having the costulation weaker on the penult and face of last whorl, and in numerous specimens opened there is but one lamella, a strong axial. 98 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV Length 8 diam. 3.3 mm., 103 whorls. Type. MIT GEAR ose oo gi 6 Ot Ff ce 3 ce 1bil a3 This form resembles H. f. caneloensis, and certain specimens are not distinguishable; but in numerous examples opened, none had any lamella other than the axial. Holospira ferrissi fluctivaga n. subsp. Text-fig. 14. Debris of the San Pedro River near Mammoth, Pinal Co., Ferriss, 1917. Type 131008. The shell is cylindric with a short, conic, somewhat mucronate summit; much like H. ferrissi, from which it differs by having the later whorls decidedly more convex. There are about 8 riblets in 1 mm. on the penult whorl. In the back and right side of the penult whorl there is a very strong and long parietal lamella, a strong, blunt axial, and a rather low basal fold. Length 8.3, diam. 3.15 mm.; 10% whorls. It stands close to H. f. sanctecrucis, but differs by the greater convexity of the whorls of the cylindric portion of the shell. A broken specimen of this species was in the shell debris collected by Pilsbry on the San Pedro, near Benson, in 1910. It measures, length 7.3, diam. 2.8 mm., 104 whorls. Holospira arizonensis mustang n. subsp. Text-fig 17. Mustang Range, Pima Co., Arizona: north side of tower, eastern peak, Station 153 (1918); also the following Stations of 1919: 286, the same as 153 of 1918; 287, a limestone hill east of 286; 332, main gulch of north slope of the largest mountains west of Dan Mathew’s ranch house, and 333, the next gulcheastward. Type No. 131003 A. N.S. P., and paratype in Ferriss coll. from Station 153: Related to H. arizonensis mularis, but more slender; summit usually somewhat more slowly tapering; back of the last whorl more coarsely and more irregularly ribbed. Axis having a stout, blunt lamella. Smaller than typical H. arizonensis. Length 12, diam. 3.5 mm.; 133 whorls. Type. Holospira whetstonensis n. sp. Text-fig. 15. Whetstone Mountains at Stations 293, 304, 305. Type 131007. The shell is imperforate, long, cylindric with a rather tapering terminal cone about one-fourth the total length; light flesh colored. Sculpture of strong riblets throughout after the two smooth apical whorls; riblets narrower than the intervals, 40 on the penult whorl in the type specimen. The whorls of the cone are strongly convex, 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 99 later whorls moderately so, with a well impressed suture. The last whorl is flattened laterally, sloping to the base, is contracted and very shortly free in front. The small aperture is rounded with part of the upper margin straightened. Internally there are one to three lamelle. The type having an axial lamella only. Length 14.2, diam. 3.7 mm., 14} whorls. Type. Sennett eaters ee 3.036" «18 ss This species resembles H. cionella and H. chiricahuana. The latter has a longer terminal taper, passing imperceptibly into the cylindric part. H. cionella is a smaller species with finer sculpture. Out of 7 specimens from the type locality opened, 2 have an axial lamella only, 4 have axial and basal, and one has axial, basal and parietal. Several opened from the other two stations have the axial lamella alone. The specimens from Station 293 are similar to those from 304, the type station; but at 305 the shells are smaller, extremes measur- ing: Length 11.3, diam. 3.7 mm., 123 whorls. 73 9.5, (73 3.6 79 103 (73 A few opened have a axial lamella only. Also taken in the Empire Mountains, Station 149 (1918), on the north side of a large limestone peak 14 miles northwest of the Total Wreck mine. Specimens small, about as at Station 293, above; only an axial lamella. Holospira whetstonensis arata n. subsp. Text-fig. 16. Mustang Mountains, Stations 159 (1918), type loc., and 153 (1918), both on the eastern dome of the range. Type 131005. The shell is smaller, especially shorter than whetstonensis, with a shorter neck, but having similar strongly cut riblets, coarser than in H, ferrissi; the terminal cone longer than in ferrissi. There is an axial lamella lateral in position. Length 9.3, diam. 3.5 mm., 114 whorls. Type. oi weet Fanos Lopotype. ia a3 a 8.5 me Ps 4 s 1s soe 2 *.) 12 whorls. Station 153: “ec 9.4 a4 3 7 74 103 (a4 “ce ce IV. On MicraRIonTA ROWELLI (Newe.) AND M. NEWCOMBI, 0. sp. Micrarionta rowelli (Newc.). Plate III, figs. 7 (type), 6. Helix rowelli Newcomb, Proc. California Acad. Sci. III, 1865, p. 181. Binney and Bland, Land and Fresh-water Shells of N. A., I, p. 185, upper fig. 326; not the description or lower figure. 100 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LXXV This species was, we believe, the first land snail described from Arizona. Newcomb’s type appears to have come from Frick, or at least he is given as authority for the locality “ Arizona.’”’ Whether Frick was a fortyniner who reached California by the Old Yuma Trail through Mexico and Arizona, we do not know. We know that he lived in Oahu for some years, and collected shells there; but no details of his life could be obtained. Binney, in 1869, confused Neweomb’s shell with Helix lohrii Gabb, a very different shell. His description appears to be com- posite, and only his upper figure is certainly identifiable as rowelli. The lower figure differs in lacking the parietal callus and in being larger. Fischer and Crosse followed Binney in this mistake: In 1882, Henry Prime reported ‘‘ Ampelita”’ rowelli from the Salt River Mountains, 7 miles south of Phoenix, Arizona, “‘determined by Dr. Newcomb.”’ We have seen some of these shells, which have a general resemblance to M. rowelli, but are really bleached Sonorella “‘bones” of an undescribed species. In 1905, one of us (H. A. P.) thought to recognize Newcomb’s species in certain small Sonorellas from Sanfords and the adjacent foothills of the Patagonia Mountains, Arizona: On comparison with the type specimen, it is seen that these shells are different, and the new name Sonorella tryoniana has been proposed for them. The type-specimen of M. rowelli, No. 27517 of the Newcomb collection, Cornell University, is represented in P.ate III, fig. 7. It is bleached white, but shows a narrow gray band above the peri- phery. The surface is glossy, finely, weakly striate. On the antepenult whorl the striz are slightly irregular, indistinctly broken into long granules. The apex is now broken, but the last part of the embryonic shell remains. It shows a sculpture entirely similar to that of M. wolcottiana, M. hutsoni and others,—granules length- ened in a spiral direction. The whorls are rather strongly convex, the last one very wide, and descending rather deeply in front. Aperture is very shortly oval, nearly as high as wide, the peristome expanded, a little thickened within, the margins connected by a strong parietal callus. Height 8.8, diam. 16; diam. umbilicus 2.8 mm. Aperture 8 mm. high, 9 wide. In the U. 8. National Museum there are two examples (one much broken) of a Micrarionta (Plate III, fig. 6), No. 187478, label- ledas collected at Tinajas Altas by Maj. E. A. Mearns, Feb. 21, 1894. They agree so fully with Newcomb’s type of M. rowelli that we 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 101 believe that the habitat of that species can now be fixed. Mearns was in camp at Tinajas Altas, at the east base of the Gila Moun- tains, from February 14 to 23, 1894, and made a careful exploration.? These famous natural rock tanks, which furnish an almost unfailing supply of good water, were an important camping place on the old Yuma Trail to California,’ and probably are where Frick obtained the type of Helix rowelli. In the absence of other information, we propose that Tinajas Altas be considered the type locality. M. rowelli stands close to M. hutsoni, but the aperture is more rounded, less oval, and the parietal callus is decidedly longer. The Mearns example measures: height 8, diam. 16.3 mm., and is figured on Plate III, fig.6. The parietal callus is not so heavy as in Newcomb’s type, which is evidently an old shell. Micrarionta newcombi n. sp. Plate III, fig. 8. The shell is strongly depressed, openly umbilicate (the umbilicus contained 4 times in the diameter), thin, whitish (dead), with a narrow brown band above the periphery. Surface smoothish, with faint growth striz only. Embryonic whorls showing no sculp- ture (somewhat worn). Whorls convex, rather slowly increasing. Aperture rounded-lunate. Peristome sharp, the specimen not fully mature. Height 8, diam. 15.5, width of umbilicus 3.9 mm., 44 whorls. A single specimen of this species was in the Newcomb collection with the type of M. rowelli; presumably from the same locality. It is not fully mature, yet should be easily recognized by the strongly depressed shape and large umbilicus, unlike any other known species of the region. It is more depressed and more openly umbilicate than M. rizfordi, which appears to be related. Type in the Newcomb collection, Cornell University. 7 Mammals of the Mexican Boundary of the United States, Bull. 56 U. S. N. M., 1907, pp. 21, 122, pl. 13, fig. 1. 8 The Old Yuma Trail. National Geographic Magazine, XII, 1901, pp. 129- 143, map on p. 132. 102 PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY OF [Vol. LX XV EXPLANATION OF PiatEs I-VIIL. Puate I.—Fig. 1.—Sonorella elizabethae P. & F. Station 276, Canelo Hills, Arizona. Type. No. 130991. 2. Sonorella mustang P. & F. Station 153, Mustang Range. Type. No. 130992. 3, 4. Bulimulus nigromontanus Dall. Station 225, Pina Blanca canyon, Arizona. No. 43748. 5. Sonorella cotis P. & F. Whetstone Range. Type. No. 1380994. 6. Sonorella cotis P.& F. Station 293, Whetstone Range. No. 130995. 7. Sonorella patagonica P.& F. Station 260, Patagonia Mts., Arizona. No. 438719. 8. Sonorella patagonica P. & F. Station 254, Patagonia Mts. Type. No. 48722. 9, prone patagonica P. & F. Station 252, Patagonia Mts. No. 43720. 11. Sonorella walkeri montana P. & F. Type. No. 48724. 12. Sonorella linearis P. & F. Type. No. 130996. 13. Sonorella xanthenes P. & F. Type. No. 118095. Puate II—Fig. 1-2.—Sonorella ambigua P. & F. Station 118, Coyote Mts. No. 130997. 2,4. Sonorellaambigua P.& F. Station 120, outlier of Kitt’s Peak. No. 130998. 5-7. Sonorella ambigua cyclostoma P. & F. Type (fig. 6) and paratypes. No. 118096a. 8. Sonorella sitiens montezuma P. & F. Type. No. 130583. 9, 10. Sonorella baboquivariensis P.& F. Bases of two specimens from station 5, Sycamore canyon, Baboquivari Mts. 11. Sonorella baboquivariensis depressa P.& F. Station 58, Tucson Range. No. 180999. 12. Sonorella binneyi imperialis P. & F. Type. No. 131000. 13. Sonorella berrys P. & F. Type. No. 131001. Puate III.—Fig. 1.—Sonorella hinkleyi P. & F. Type. No. 43735. 2. Sonorella hinkleyi tumacacori P. & F. Type. No. 131002. . Sonorella insignis P. & F. Type. No. 44040. . Sonorella hinkleyi P. & F. Albino from Station 244. No. 48726. . Sonorella cayetanensis P. & F. Type. No. 43737. Micrarionta rowelli (Newe.). Enlarged views of specimen from Tinajas Altas. No. 187478 U.S. N. M. Micrarionta rowelli (Newc.). Type. Natural size and enlarged. No. 27517 Cornell Univ. Coll. ; Hehe BL newcombi P. & F. Type. Enlarged. Cornell Univ. oll. Puate [V.—Fig. 1—-la.—Sonorella elizabethaeP.& F. No.130577. Station 276, Canelo Hills. ; 2. Sonorella patagonica P. & F. No. 48721. Station 258, Patagonia Mts. Q N Hore oo 3. Sonorella cotis P. & F. No. 119038. Station 3 (1914), Whetstone 4. Soars patagonica P. &.F. No. 43715. Station 253, Mt. Washing- 5: Sai, mustang P. & F. No. 44048. Station 286, Mustang Mts. 6. Sonorella patagonica P. & F. No. 43719. Station 260, Patagonia ie Sonal patagonica P. & F. No. 48719. Station 260, Patagonia s. 8 . Sonorella patagonica P. & F. No. 48722. Type. Station 254, Washington Mt., Patagonias. 1923] NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA 103 9. Sonorella cotis P. & F. No. 119038. Station 3 (1914). Whetstone ts. PiatE V.—Fig. 1.—Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118108. Station 146, Cababi Hills. 2. Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118103. Station 146, Cababi Hills, 3. Sonorella ambigua P. & F.. No. 118100. Station 137, Cababi Hills. 4. Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118078. Station 106. Bobb’s Butte. o eecorelta ambigua P. & F. No. 118077. Station 100, Roskruge ange. 6. Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118079. Station 101, Roskruge Range. 7. Sonorella ambigua P.& F. No.118081. Station 99, Roskruge Range. 8,9. Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118098. Station 120, outlier, N.-W. of Kitt’s Peak. Penis and the same opened showing papilla. 10. Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118080. Station 93, Robles Hills. 11. Sonorella berryi P. & F. No. 118086. Station 103, Roskruge Range. From a dry specimen, soaked up. 12. Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118084. Station 104, Table Top Mts., Roskruge Range. Pirate VI.—Fig. 1.—Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118054. 2. Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118089. Station 127, Pictured rocks, 101 miles west of Tucson. 3-4. Sonorella ambigua P. & F. No. 118093. Station 118, Coyote ts. 5. Sonorella ambigua P.& F. No. 118097. Station 130, Pictured rocks. 6. Sonorella ambigua cyclostoma P. & F. No. 118096. Station 126, 3 miles west of Comovo church. 7. Sonorella_sitiens P. & F. No. 43723. Station 237, Clark’s mine canyon, Pajaritos. 8. Sonorella odorata P. & F. No. 130844. Station 22 (1917), Spud Rock Ranger Station, east side Rincon Mts. 9. Sonorella sitiens P. & F. No. 43740. Station 224. Pina Blanca canyon. 0. Sonorella sitiens montezuma P. & F. No. 130628. Station 323. 1. Sonorella sitiens comobabiensis P. & F. No. 118102. Station 1335 S. end E. side of Quijotoa Range. Puate VII.—Fig. 1.—Sonorella binneyi imperialis P. & F. No. 118111. Sta- tion 151, Empire Mts. 2. Sonorella baboquivariensis P. & F. No. 111557. Station 27 (1910), Baboquivari Mts. 3. Sonorella baboquivariensis P. & F. No. 111551. Station 21 (1910), Baboquivari Mts. 4, Sonorella b. depressa P. & F. No. 118059. Station 61, Tucson Range. 5. Sonorella baboquivarienis depressa P. & F. No. 117519. Station 2, Baboquivari Mts. ; 6. Sonorella baboquivariensis P. & F. No. 117528. Station 3. 48 , 7. Sonorella b. depressa P, & F. No. 117527. Station 5, Baboquivari Mts. 8. Sonorellab. depressaP.& F. No.118061. Station 58, Tucson Range. 9. Sonorella b. depressa P. & F. No. 117527. Station 5, Baboquivari Mts. 10. Sonorella b. depressa P.& F. No. 117522. Station 10, Baboquivari Mts. 11. Sonorella xanthenes P.& F. No. 118095. Kitt’s Peak. 12. Sonorella baboquivariensis var. 118085. Station 117 (1918), rincon of chief Pablo. 104 15. 14. 15. PROCEEDINGS OF THE ACADEMY oF [Vol. LX XV Sonorella baboquivariensis var. No. 118085. Station 117 (1918). Sonorella tumamocensis P. & F. No. 117524. Desert Laboratory, Tucson. Sonorella tumamocensis P. &. F. variety. No. 118090. Station 110, Roskruge Range. Piate VIII.—Fig. 1.—Sonorella insignis P. & F. No. 44040. Station 304. Whetstone Mts. 2-3. Sonorella parva (Pils). No. 44054. Station270, Huachuca Range. 4, . Sonorella hinkleyiP.& F. No.43726. Station 244, Cayetano Range. . Sonorella tryoniana P. & F. No. 118104. Station 149, Empire So ~eo N QOH Sonorella hinkleyi tumacacori P. & F. No. 43731. Station 209, Tumacicori Mts. Range . Sonorella hinkleyi P. & F. No. 43735. Station 2434, S. peak Cayetano Mts. . Sonorella hesterna P. & F. No. 118058. Station 50, N. end Santa Rita Range. . Sonorella hesterna P. & F. penis papilla. The direction of coil was inadvertently reversed by the camera lucida. PROC. ACAD. NAT.SCI. PHILA. 1923. PLATE I. PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES,—AXI. : —— —— a ie Qs ps SE Sst oe be Ne —— y ) oa — af oe aa Pe c « ‘*, at PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1923. PLATE II. PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES,—XI. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1923, PLATE III. PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES,—XI. PLATE IV. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1923. < PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES, XI. alla OO ern ai 12 . . v . = PILSBR Y AND FERRIS S:M OLLUSCA OF SOUTHWE STERN S TATES —XI. ; ‘ike ual pe ai a ‘ wer ~ PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI, PHILA, 1928. PLATE VI. \ Sa PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES,—AXI. PROC. ACAD, NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1923. PLATE VI, PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES,—XI. PROC. ACAD. NAT. SCI. PHILA. 1923. PLATE VIII PILSBRY AND FERRISS: MOLLUSCA OF SOUTHWESTERN STATES,— XI.