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LIBRARY
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DEPARTMENT OF MOLLUSKS
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MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

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MOLLUSCORUM BRITANNIE SYNOPSIS.

A SYNOPSIS

OF THE .

MOLLUSCA OF GREAT BRITAIN,

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THEIR

NATURAL AFFINITIES AND ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE.

BY

WILLIAM ELFORD LEACH, M.D.,

F.R.S., £.5., M.C.S., W.8.E.

Member of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh ;
the Royal College of Surgeons of London ;
the Medico-Chirurgical Society of London; the Imperial Czesarian Society of
Naturalists of Moscow ; the Czsarian Leopoldine-Caroline Academy of Bonn ;
and of the Natural History Societies of Berlin, Leipzic, Halle and Ehren ; Honorary
Member of the Philosophical Societies of London and Cambridge, and the
Phrenological Society of Edinburgh ;
Corresponding Member of the Royal Museum Garden of Plants, and Philomathic
Society of Paris, and the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.

“ Recte enim Veritas Temporis Filia dicitur, non Auctoritatis.’’—Bacon.

“* Multa in Majestate Nature latent.’?’—PLiny.

LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLII.

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PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANETIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET,

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TO

MY KIND AND WORTHY FRIEND

AVAL EE S-CES AH SAV EGN ¥,

Member of the Egyptian Institute; Member of the Royal Legion of
Honour; Member of the Academy of Marseilles, and
Member of the Wernerian Society of Edinburgh,

LES FIRS PART. OF THIS WORK,
TO HIM WHO HAS DISCOVERED
BY HIS MINUTE RESEARCH, IN THEIR ANATOMICAL
STRUCTURES, MORE THAN
ANY PRECEDING INVESTIGATOR,
TS HUMBLY DEDICATED
BY HIS SINCERE AND OBLIGED FRIEND,

WILLIAM ELFORD LEACH, 1815.

TO MY FRIEND

BARON G. D. CUVIER,

Secretary to the Royal Institute of Paris; Professor of Zoology and

Comparative Anatomy in the Garden of Plants; Director

of the French Academies; Member of the
principal Scientific Societies in Europe
and America ;
WHO HAS PUBLISHED THE BEST MEMOIRS

ON THE MOLLUSCA, CEPHALOPODA AND GASTEROPODA,

I DEDICATE THIS PART OF THIS LITTLE BOOK,

IN TOKEN OF MY AFFECTIONATE AND GRATEFUL REGARD:

WILLIAM ELFORD LEACH.

TO
FOS. KAV) 2 Oe
Sc.
AS A HUMBLE TESTIMONY OF MY ESTEEM
TO HIM WHO HAS ELUCIDATED THIS DEPARTMENT
OF THE MOLLUSCA
MORE THAN ANY OTHER AUTHOR,

I DEDICATE THIS PART OF MY WORK:

WILLIAM ELFORD LEACH.

PREFACE.

THIS Work was in the course of printing when the Author
was prevented from completing it by ill health, in 1820.

The first 116 pages were actually printed and the plates
engraved, and more than one copy of the Proofs were in circu-
lation at the time of its interruption. A Copy of the Proofs
and the Copper-plates being offered to me for sale, I purchased
them, and finding on inquiry that the printed Sheets had been
destroyed, and that the MS. and some impressions of the
Lithographic plates were in the possession of my friend Mr.
Thomas Bell, I obtained permission of Dr. Leach’s family to
reprint the Work, believing that it was an act of justice to lay
before the public the favourite and the last work of my late
friend, to whom I am so deeply indebted for the opportunities
he afforded me of studying zoology.

Some of the names of the genera and species in the MS.,

when I received it, had been erased and re-written by the

Vill PREFACE.

Author, during his partial recovery ; this explains the reason
why they do not agree in several instances with those which

are generally quoted as his names of the shells.

The MS. has been printed exactly as it was left by the
Author, except leaving out certain repetitions or mere transla-

tions of the characters of some of the Bivalves.

I have given the three dedications which I found in the MS.
It is probable that they were intended to be prefixed to the
three portions of the Work, the first to the Ascidians, the
second to the Cephalopods and Gasteropods, and the latter to

the Bivalves.

~~

After the most careful search, I have not been able to re-
cover the descriptions of the species which occur between the
printed and the MS. portion; they were probably in type
when the Work was interrupted, and the MS. mislaid; but in
order to render the subject complete, I have given from another

MS. of Dr. Leach, a list of the species omitted.

JOHN EDWARD GRAY.

British Museum,
February 12, 1852.

The species contained in the part of the MS. missing, men-
tioned at page 116, judging by the names in “The Classi-
fication of the British Mollusca, by W. E, Leach, M.D., 1818,”
published by Mr. Gray in the Annals and Magazine of Natural
History, Oct. 1847, p. 268, are as follows :—

7. PLANORBIS CONTORTUS. See Character in Synopsis at
pe E12,

Helix contorta, Mont. Test. Brit. 457.

8. PLANORBIS VORTEX. See p. 112.
Helix vortex, Mont. Test. Brit. 454.

9. PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. See p. 112.
Helix spirorbis, Mont. Test. Brit. 498.

1. HemirHaamus nitivvs, Leach, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
xx. 269.

Nautilus lacustris, Mont. Test. Brit. 191.

FAMILY V. ANCYLID.
Ancylide, Leach, Ann. § Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. 269.

1. ANCYLUS LACUSTRIS.
Patella lacustris, Mont. Test. Brit. 484.

2. ANCYLUS FLUVIATILIS.
Patella fluviatilis, Mont. Test. Brit. 482.

ORDER IV. PHYLLOBRANCHIA. See p. 12.
Phyllobranchia, Leach, Ann. §° Mag. Nat. Hist. xx. 269.

FAMILY VI. IODEID.
Todeidee, Leach, loc. cit. 269.

1. Iopes ancuuatus, Leach, loc. cit. 269.

Ianthina vulgaris, Zamk.

2. Iopres Norrissi1, Leach, loc. cit. 269.

FAMILY VII. CYPRHAD.
Cypreeadee, Leach, loc. cit. 269.

1. Cypraa EvROPHA, Leach, loc. cit. 269; Mont. Test.
Brit. 200 ; Suppl. 88.

Cypreea arctica, Mont. Test. Brit. 201.

Cypreea bullata, Mont. Test. Brit. 202.

Bulla diaphana, Mont. Test. Brit. 225.

1. Srm1a PENNANTIANA, Leach, loc. cit. 269.

Bulla patula, Penn. Brit. Zool. t. 70. f. 85 a; Mont. Test. Brit.
207; Suppl. 93.
Bulla Blainvillu, Leach, MSS., 1816.

1. MarGINELLA ANGLICA, Leach, loc. cit. 269.

Cypreea voluta, Mont. Test. Brit. 203; Suppl. 91.
Voluta levis, Donov. Brit. Shells, v. t. 165.

INTRODUCTION.

Hiruerto the students of that group of animals named
Mollusca, and all those British naturalists who have written
on the subject (Lister excepted), have confined their atten-
tion merely to describing the shelly coverings, shellsand teste
of the testaceous Mollusca, without paying the least atten-
tion to the animals themselves. The parts of the shell are
named by them with terms not at all applicable to the
parts of the animals they are destined to protect. The
animals of the Bivalves are named Ascidiz by the same
authors.

It is to the writings of Poli, Cuyier, Savigny, De La-
marck, Tilesius, Le Sueur, Meckel, Fischer, Say, Rafinesque
and De Blainville, that we are indebted for those enlightened
views which have been universally adopted by all those
who feel and acknowledge that an accurate knowledge of
their anatomical structure and their economy is essential
in approaching towards constituting a natural system, and
is alone neglected by those few who are bigoted to the
artificial system of the immortal Linnzus.

Without entering into any discussions as to the compa-
rative merit of the various systems which have been pro-
posed, I shall merely subject to my readers what are my

Xi INTRODUCTION.

ideas, in attempting to arrange the British species of the
Mollusca into classes, orders, families, stirpes, genera and
species, by giving an enumeration, with the descriptions, of
all the British species that have absolutely come under my
individual inspection.

I feel that I shall be accused (as I was when I first sub-
mitted my arrangement of the Crustacea, Arachnoidea, Acari
and Insecta to the public eye) of having constituted too
many genera. It is necessary for my justification to observe,
that although I formed families containmg but one known
genus, and genera with but one species, many of these va-
cancies have been filled up by Cuvier in his ‘Regne Animal ;?
by Rafinesque, Say and other authors. I shall therefore
in this Work follow precisely the same plan which I for-
merly did in the above-mentioned classes.

Respecting the names that I have given to what I con-
sider distinct genera, I have always invariably named the
genera, as far as possible, from their essential characters ;
except only when I have perceived that the names of the
parts constitutmg a generic distinction might probably
equally apply to some other genus not yet discovered ; and
where I have not been enabled to find sufficient and certain
essential characters, I have followed the rule laid down by
Fabricius, the first naturalist who attempted to form a
natural arrangement of Insects,—-‘‘ Nomina generica nil
significantia omnino optima ;” and as far as possible I have
selected, according to the rule laid down by the same
author, that “Nomina barbara nullo modo sunt toleranda.”

I have adopted the following Classes ; the Cephalopoda,
Pteropoda, Gasteropoda and Brachiopoda of Cuvier; the
Ascidiz of Savigny; and the Acephala of De Lamarck and
Cuvier: in this last Class, the Acephala, I have taken the
liberty of changing its name and substituting another,
which I think more consistent, Ginglymaconcha, signifying
shells having a hinge; because, although they have no

INTRODUCTION. xill

apparent head*, they have nevertheless those most essen-
tial parts of the head, namely, the mouth, furnished with
double bilobate lips, and an cesophagus.

I must say a little more in my defence before I conclude
this Introduction, respecting the minute divisions I have
made in the new genera which I have given in this Work.
I have three species of Physa, two of Nauta, five of Gulnaria
from Switzerland ; of Pomatia I have seen five species,
besides that inhabitmg England ; one from Smyrna, given
to me by Dr. Merion, which is now in the British Museum ;
three species in the collection of Lamarck, and one is in
the Collection of Baron de Férussac: that from Smyrna
Dr. Merion assures me had a calcareous epiphragm ; and
from the similar structure of the peritrema in all the species,
I have no doubt but that they all have a similar one.

MOLLUSCA.

Animalia mollia, nuda; aut testA una interna vel externa ;
aut testis duabus externis induta.

Animals with soft bodies, naked; or furnished either
with one internal or external shell; or with two external
shells.

General Remarks on the Mollusca.

All the animals of this group have neither a skeleton
nor a vertebral canal.

Their nervous system does not unite into a spinal mar-
row, but consists merely of medullary masses dispersed

* Cuvier admits them to have a head, ‘ Régne Animal,’ vol. ii. p. 408 ;

“On ne lui voit déaotable qu’une double rangée des franges autour du
manteau, laquelle n’a ses lebes unis qu’au-dessus de la téte.”

b

X1V INTRODUCTION.

over different parts of their bodies. The principal mass,
which is situated transversely under the cesophagus, and
round which it forms a nervous collar, is termed the brain.

Their organs of motion and of sensation have not the
same uniformity in number or position with those in the
vertebrose animals: the variety is especially remarkable
respecting the viscera, and more especially in the position
of the heart and the respiratory organs: some of them
respire the elastic atmospheric air, and others respire the
air contained in fresh or salt water.

The circulation of these animals is always double; that
is to say, that their pulmonary circulation always makes a
circuit aside and complete: this function is aided by a
fleshy ventricle, not situated, as im the fishes, between the
veins of the body and the arteries of the branchize (gills) ;
but, on the contrary, between the pulmonary veins and the
arteries of the body: this forms an aortic ventricle. In
the class Cephalopoda, they are furnished with a pulmo-
nary ventricle, which divides itself mto two. The aortic
ventricles in the class Brachiopoda, and the family Arcade
of the class Ginglymaconcha, divide as in the other genera ;
but in all the other families of the class Ginglymaconcha,
the auricle alone is divided.

When they have more than one ventricle, they are not
united together, as in the animals with warm blood, but
frequently are widely separated from each other, and may
then seem to have many hearts, to those who have exa-
mined them cursorily.

The blood of these animals is white or blueish, and the
fibrine is less abundant than in that of the vertebrose
animals. It is probable that their ves may sometimes
perform the functions of absorbent vessels.

Their muscles are attached to various parts of their skin,
and form tissues less complicated, but more serrated, than
in vertebrose animals.

INTRODUCTION. XV

Their locomotion consists of various contractions, which
produce the inflections, prolongments or slackenings of
their various parts ; at least, when they walk, swim or seize
on different objects, according as the forms of their parts
permit them: but when the members are not sustained by
the articulated and solid levers, their movements are not
rapid.

Their irritability is generally extreme and remains a long
time after any parts are divided from their body. Their
skin is naked, very sensitive, and is generally endued with
a liquor more or less mucous, which issues from their
pores. No olfactory organ has been observed in any of
the classes, although they appear to possess this sense: it
seems that all the skin, which much resembles a pituitary
membrane, has this sense.

The eyes are wanting in all the classes excepting the
Cephalopoda, who possess very perfect eyes; and in some
of the Gasteropoda the eyes are situated on the tentacula
(tentacles).

All the animals of this group have a development of the
skin which covers the body, which resembles more or less
a mantle; which in some is capable of being contracted
into a simple disc; in others, jom and form one or two
tubes, or form a hollow sac; or lastly form fins.

These animals have every sort of mastication and deglu-
tition ; their stomachs are sometimes simple, sometimes
multiplied, often furnished with peculiar hard armour-like
substances ; and their interstices vary much in proportion
and length. Almost all of them have salivary glands ; all
have a liver of considerable size ; they have no pancreas or
mesentery, and many of them have secretions proper to
themselves ; but none of them produce urine.

They exhibit all the varieties of generation. Many im-
pregnate themselves; the others are hermaphrodites, and
have need of reciprocal copulation ; im many the sexes are

XVl INTRODUCTION.

separate. Some are viviparous ; some oviparous, and their
eges are enveloped in a shell composed of a simple visco-
sity, which is more or less hard.

All the varieties relative to digestion or generation are
generally all found in the same orders, and sometimes only
in the same family.

And lastly, the mollusca in general are animals but little
developed, little susceptible of mdustry: all of them are
remarkable for their fecundity and tenacity of hfe; and
their symmetry is less complete than that of the vertebrose
animals.

MOLLUSCA.

SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASSES.

I. CepHALOPoDA. Cuttles.

Head distinct from the body. Mouth surrounded
by appendages termed legs, which are furnished on
their inner aspects with suckers: these legs are used
for locomotion, as well as for seizing their prey.
Respiration performed by gills, which are placed in
a sac, with the other automatic organs.

II. GasreRopopa. Univalves.

Head distinct from the body, and for the most part
furnished with tentacles. Respiration performed
by gills, which are generally internal. Locomotion
accomplished by a strong muscular foot, attached to
the under part of the body.

III. Concuz. Bivalves.

Head in no degree distinct from the body. Mouth ©
with lips, which are generally produced into trian-
gulate lobes. Respiration performed by four double
striated membranes, situated between the martles.
Locomotion wanting, or performed by a foot, which
is attached anteriorly to the abdomen. Body pro-
tected by a shell on each side.

IV. Bracuiopropa.

Head in no degree distinct from the body. Mouth
surrounded by two long and fleshy arms, ciliated on
each side. Sespiration performed by leaf-like ap-
pendages, that are attached to each lobe of the
mantle. Locomotion none. Body protected by a
shell on each side.

V. AScIDIz.

Head not distinct from the body. Respiration per-
formed by two reticulated sacs surrounding the au-
tomatic organs, and covered by the mantle. Loco-
motion none.

B

2 CEPHALOPODA.

CLASSIS I. CEPHALOPODA.

Cephalopoda, Cuvier.
Sepia, Linné.

Corpus sacco immersum. Os centrale, mandibulis duabus
fortissimis rostrum psittacinum inversum referentibus, armatum.
Labium circulare, carneum, mandibulas amplectens ; externé
reflexum, annulum tenuem circa partem carnosam efformans.
Pedes octo aut decem, in aspectum interiorem antliati, os cir-
cumdant. Oculi duo, laterales, perfecti. Saccus cloaca que
corpori infra annectitur instructus. Sexus distinctus.

Ordinum Characteres.

Ordo I. Ocropopa. Saccus apterus. Pedes octo, per
totam longitudinem interiorem antliati: dntlie simplices.
Cloaca simplex. Labium ultra reflectionem annularem non
productum. Dorsum osse nullo mstructum.

Ordo II. Decaropa. Saccus pinnis instructus. Pedes
decem; octo ut in ordine primo; duo alii supplementarii,
valde elongati et ad apicem solummodo anthati: dnthe
armatee (annulo corneo externé szepius spinulifero m generibus
indigenis omnibus instructz). Cloaea valva interna instructa.
Labium ultra reflectionem annularem in membranam dilata-
tum. Dorsum osse instructum.

The animals of this class are commonly denominated Cuttles,
Cuttlefish, Sleevefish, Inkfish, or Squids.

Their body is surrounded by a sac. Mouth central, armed
with two very strong jaws, somewhat resembling the beak of a
parrot inverted. Lip circular and fleshy, embracing the man-

CEPHALOPODA. 3

dibles; reflexed externally, forming a ring around the fleshy
part. Legs eight or ten, surrounding the mouth, their inner
aspects furnished with suckers. Eyes two, lateral, perfect.
Sae furnished with a cloaca, which is attached to the body.
The sexes distinct.

The sac contains the organs of respiration, digestion, circu-
lation, generation, and a gland, common to all the genera, that
secretes a black liquor, which can be ejected at the will of the
animal. The sac is short and ovate in Polypus and Sepiola ;
oblong, depressed, and rounded behind in Sepia; very elon-
gate, pointed behind, and slightly depressed in Loligo. The
fins are appendages of this sac; they are wanting in the first
order, but are found in all the hitherto discovered genera of
the second order; they are but little promment in Sepia,
where they run down the whole of each side of the sac, and
meet behind: they are very abruptly produced from the middle
part of each side in Sepiola, and resemble wings; whilst in
Loligo they arise high on each side, are immediately dilated,
and gradually becoming narrow, unite at the posterior extremity
of the sac.

The organs of respiration resemble ferns, more or less dis-
torted in the different genera; one is placed on each side of
the interior of the sac. Plate I. fig. 5, B.

The organs of digestion consist of a stomach or gizzard, a
eeecum (or blind gut), and a large intestine terminating ante-
riorly. The cesophagus, in Polypus, is dilated extremely at
its lower extremity, before it enters the stomach, and is grooved
internally ; whilst in Sepza it retains its original size, until it
enters the stomach. The stomach of Polypus and of Loligo is
very strong, deeply grooved within, and covered by a very hard
substance ; that of Sepia is thin and very simple.

The organs of circulation consist of three hearts: one cen-
tral, whose office is that of general circulation ; and two lateral,
one at the base of each gill, destined to perform pulmonary
circulation. The central heart is somewhat semicircular in
Polypus, and trilobate in Sepia. The lateral hearts have ap-
pendices in Loligo, are simple in Octopus; whilst in Sepia
there is a spongy, concave appendage, attached to the under

B 2

|

4 CEPHALOPODA:

parts of each lateral heart, having no connexion with their
cavities.

The organs of generation are situated at the bottom of the
sac. Those of the male consist of vesiculee seminales, ter-
minating in a common opening, the sides of which are slightly
produced into a tube; those of the female consist of two ova-
ries, terminating each in an oviduct.

The ink-gland is composed of a spongy substance, filled
with a black liquor, and covered by an integument, which ter-
minates anteriorly in a tube, more or less extended in the dif-
ferent genera. ‘This gland is imbedded in the lower surface of
the liver in Polypus; placed under the liver in Loligo and
Sepiola* ; and is situate before the liver in Sepia. Rondele-
tius, Monro, and other anatomists, believed this gland to have
been the gall-bladder, but its structure and functions totally
disprove this notion. ‘The contained liquor is subject to the
will of the animals ; they discharge it when entangled in the
nets of the fishermen, who maintain that they do the same in
the sea, for the purpose of obscurmg the water around them
when pursued by their enemies. When evaporated, it has all
the general properties of Indian or Chinese Ink, which is said
to be prepared from an animal of this class.

The head is placed on the anterior part of the body, and
projects beyond the opening of the sac. ‘The mouth contains
a tongue, bristled with tubercles. The eyes are extremely
complicated in their structure ; and although compound, they
present a vast difference from those of the animals of the ver-
tebrose type. The hinder aspect of the eye exhibits a vast ex-
pansion of nerves, which unite into a very large ganglion, from
which the optic nerve arises and passes through a cartilage,
which I will presently describe, to join the anterior mass of the
nervous system, named the brain.

At the base of the feet posteriorly is situated a cartilage,
concave in front and convex behind; having its centre per-
forated, for the passage of the cesophagus or gullet. Plate I.
fig. 6, 7, Ap. CE.

Within the convexity of this cartilage is situated the brain,

* In Sepiola this gland is bilobate.

CEPHALOPODA. OCTOPODA. 5

which occupies the lateral and posterior parts of the cavity.
The anterior part of the brain, internally, receives the slender
nerves from the region of the mouth, many of which often
unite, before their junction with the brain: externally the same
aspect receives the nerves of the legs, each of which is separate.
The lateral aspects receive the optic nerve, which, in compari-
son with the large ganglion, from which each passes, is very
diminutive. The nerves from the intestines and posterior part
of the sac join the brain at its hinder aspect.

All the Cephalopoda inhabit the sea, and feed on crustacea,
mollusea, and small fishes. They have the power of changing
their colour, which had not escaped the observations of Ron-
deletius and the older naturalists. Their eggs are deposited
loose in the ocean, and are often thrown on shore during storms,
and sometimes by the common movement of the waves. Those
of the different genera vary in their forms ; for the most part
they are agglutinated, and form bunches, which are commonly
denominated Sea Raisins.

Some of the species are esteemed delicious food, and are
eaten in many parts on the shores of the Mediterranean.

The best dissertation on the anatomical structure of this
class of Mollusca, forms the first paper in Cuvier’s ‘ Mémoires
pour servir 4 l’ Anatomie des Mollusques.’

ORDER I. OCTOPODA.

Sac without fins. Lip not dilated beyond its reflected ring.
Legs eight, united at their bases by a membrane, and having
the inner aspect of each leg, from its base to its extremity, fur-
nished with simple suckers. Cloaca without a valve. Back
without a bone.

We seem to possess but one species of this order in our seas,
and this is referable to the genus Polypus.

Genus |. Potyrvus.

[loAvrovs, Aristotelis.
Polypus, Plinii, Rondeletiz, Leach.
Octopus, Lamarck, Cuvier, Duméril.

6 CEPHALOPODA. DECAPODA.

Pedes elongati, attenuati; antliis sessilibus duplici serie
alternatis instructi ; membranis connectentibus ad pedum fere
apices, utrinque productis.

Legs elongate, attenuated towards their extremities ; their
suckers simple, and sessile, arranged in a double alternating
series ; the connecting membrane produced nearly to the ex-
tremities of the legs, on each side.

The stomach is extremely muscular, deeply grooved inter-
nally, as in many birds, and covered by a loose, but very strong
integument. From the pyloric end proceeds the large intes-
tine, which runs above the liver, and after making two turns on
the right side, returns at the back of the liver, and terminates
before it, at the origin of the cloaca.

The ink-gland is closely imbedded in the lower surface of
the liver.

1. Potypus ANTIQUORUM.

S. pedibus quinquies fere corpore longioribus.
Sepia Octopodia, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1095.
Habitat in mari.

Legs nearly five times the length of the body. Inhabits the
sea, and sometimes visits our coasts.

Pennant has figured a species of the genus Eledone, under
the name Sepia Octopodia; and as I cannot find that his
figure has been copied from that of any other author, I think
it proper to mention the circumstance, as it may lead to inves-
tigation, and to the discovery of that genus in the British sea.

ELEDONE may at once be distinguished from Polypus by
the suckers on its legs, which are arranged in a single, and not
in a double row.

ORDER II. DECAPODA.

Sac furnished with fins. Legs ten; eight as in the first
order, having pedunculated suckers ; and two others very much
elongated, and bearing suckers only at their extremities. All
the suckers armed (in the indigenous genera with a horny

CEPHALOPODA. SEPIOLADZ. 7

ring, its external margin generally spinulose). Cloaca with an
internal valve, near its external extremity. Lip beyond the
annular reflexion, dilated into a membrane. Back furnished
with a bone.

Synopsis Familiarum.

Fam. I. Serrotap#. Saceus ovalis, bursiformis. Pinne
breves, ad apicem saltem lbere. Collum supra alté freena-
tum, aut cum sacco coalescens. Os styliforme, corneum.
Cloaca libera.

Fam. II. Seprap#. Saccus subdepressus, posticé rotun-
datus. Pinne ab apice usque ad sacci extremitatem productz.
Collum \iberum. Os ovale, depresso-convexum, calcareum ;
posticé corneum. Cloaca usque ad pedum inferiorum basin
fere cum collo coalita.

Fam. III. Loticinip. Saccus elongatus, teretiusculus
posticé acuminatus. Pinne posticé coalescentes. Collum
liberum. Os plumiforme, corneum. Cloaca ad apicem li
bera, superné 4 freenata: freena per paria disposita.

FAMILY I. SEPIOLADZ.

Sae oval, bag-shaped. Fins short, their extremities at least
free. Neck highly reined, or coalescing with the sac. Bone
horny and linear. Cloaca free.

Genus 2. SEPIOLA.
Sepiola, Rondeleti, Leach.

Pinne \aterali-dorsales, distantes, aliformes. Pedes ordinaru
eequales. Antlie breviter pedunculatz, annulis corneis externé
coarctatis obtusé spinulosis armate. Pedes supplementaru ad
apices compresso-dilatati, antliati. Antlie pedunculis longis,
annulisque spinulosis instructe. Collum posticé cum sacco
coalescens. Saccus subtus utrinque ad corpus freenatus.

Fins situated on the sides of the back, distant from each
other, and resembling little wings. The eight usual legs, equa’
in length, their suckers with short peduncles, their extremities

g CEPHALOPODA. SEPIAD#.

armed with a horny ring, whose margin is very obscurely ciliated
with obtuse, short spines. The two supplementary arms with
their extremities compressed and dilated ; their suckers armed
with spiny rings, and furnished with long peduncles. Neck
coalescing with the sac behind. Sac on each side, below, remed
to the body.

1. Seprota RonpEveTiI. Plate VI. figs. 1-3.

S. carnea, nigro-purpureo maculata; sacci margine antico, pin-
nis infra, cloaca brachiisque interné, pallidé croceis aut luteis.

Sepiola, Rondel. de Piscibus, pl. 1. lib. xviii. cap. 10. p. 519.

Sepia Sepiola, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii.i. 1196; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 54. pl. 29. f. 46.

Le Sepiole, Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. 364.

Sepiola Rondeletii, Leach, Zool. Misc. iii. 140.

Small Cuttle, Pennant, loc. cit.

Habitat ad fundum maris et in estuaris.

Pale, coloured with flesh-red, spotted with black-purple ;
the anterior margin of the sac, the under surface of the fins,
and the inner aspect of the feet, pale saffron or luteous.

Length from the base of the legs to the extremity of the
sac one inch.

This species, which appears to have been unknown to the
ancients, who probably confounded it with the young of Sepia,
was first noticed and described as a genus by that excellent
observer of nature, Rondeletius, who has accurately pointed
out the essential characters which divide it from Sepza and Lo-
igo; I have consequently named this, the only known species,
after him.

Inhabits the bottom of the sea amongst gravel, and in estu-
aries, where it is often taken along with oysters. It is not un-
common at Plymouth, in the Kingsbridge Estuary at Saleombe,
and at the mouth of the Thames. Pennant received it from the
Flintshire coast.

FAMILY II. SEPIADZ.

Sac somewhat depressed, rounded behind. Fins produced
quite to the extremity of the sac. Neck free. Bone oval,

depressedly convex, calcareous; its hinder aspect horny. Cloaca
coalescing to the neck, almost as far as the base of the inferior
legs.

CEPHALOPODA. SEPIADZ. 9

Genus 3. SrEpta.

Myria, Aristotelis, Athenei, Oppiani, Se.
Sepia, Plinii, Linné, Cuvier, Lamarck, §c.

Pinne anguste, posticé non coalescentes. Pedes ordinarii
inzequales : superiores breviores ; paria 2, 3, et 4 gradatim lon-
giora. Pedes supplementarii ad apicem gradatim dilatati et
acuminati. Antlie irregulariter disposite, omnes pedunculatze
et annulis corneis inermibus instructe. Saccus subtus cum
corpore non freenatus.

Fins narrow, not coalescing behind. Gide y legs unequal : :
the upper ones shortest; the second, third and cad pairs
gradually longer. Supplementary legs gradually dilated at their
extremities, and again acuminated at their points. Suckers
irregularly disposed, all pedunculated, and furnished with un-
armed horny rings. Sac not reined with the under part of the

body.

-]. SEPIA OFFICINALIS.

S. cloaca posticé cum pedum inferiorum membrana connexa,
annulis antliarum ad basin et apicem poe coarctatis.

Sepia, Rondel. de Pisce. i. lib. vii. cap. 2. p. 498.

Sepia officinalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xu. i. 1195; Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 53; Lam. Syst. des An. sans V. 59; Cuv. Reg.
Anim. ii. 365.

Officinal Cuttle, Penn. loc. cit.

Habitat in mari, gregaria.

Cloaca connected with the membrane of the lower feet, the
rings of the suckers abruptly contracted at the extremities
and bases.

_ Colour pale flesh-red, freckled with purple ; the back spotted
with brown. Legs internally without spots. The points in the
back are smaller and more numerous than those on the lower
aspect. Supplementary arms half as long again as the body.
Length 1 to 14 foot.

BO

10 CEPHALOPODA. LOLIGINID&.

Inhabits the European seas, very often occurs on our own
coasts, and is sometimes gregarious. The eggs resemble a
bunch of grapes.

This animal was well known to Aristotle, Athenzeus, Oppian,
and other of the ancient naturalists. Aristotle did not over-
look the cartilage at the base of the feet, which, he observes,
is placed between the eyes, containing a little brain. The same
author likens the supplementary arms to proboscides. He was
well acquainted too with their eggs, which he has accurately
described, and has detailed the amours of the Sepze; but I do
not give the least credit to what he has said on this latter subject.

The black liquor was likewise known to the ancients, who
sometimes used it as ink, naming it Atramentum, believing
that it was used by the animal to cloud the water when it was
followed by its enemies.

FAMILY Ili. LOLIGINID.

Sac elongate, rounded, acuminated behind. Fins coalescing
behind. Neck free. Bone horny, resembling a solid feather.
Cloaca with its anterior extremity free, with four bridles dis-
posed in pairs, uniting it above.

Genus 4. Loxico.
~ Lohigo, Plinit, Rondeletii, Lamarck, &c.

Pinne laterales, gradatim dilatatze et posticé gradatim acumi-
nate. Pedes ordinarii inequales : par superius brevius ; paria
2 et 3 gradatim longiora; par quartum tertio pauld brevius:
Anthe pedunculate annulo corneo margine spinoso armate,
duplici serie alternatim disposite. Pedes supplementarii te-
retes ad extremitates gradatim dilatati et ad apicem gradatim
acuminati, interné plani, antliis majoribus pedunculatis, annulis
corneis, spinosis armati. Saccus inferné cum corpore non free-
natus.

Fins lateral, gradually dilated and gradually acuminated be-
hind. Ordinary legs unequal ; the upper pair shortest ; the
second and third pairs gradually longer; the fourth pair rather

ee i

CEPHALOPODA. LOLIGINIDZ. it

larger than the third. All the antlize pedunculated, and armed
with a horny spinous ring, arranged in a double alternating
series. Supplementary legs rounded, their extremities gradually
dilated, their pomts gradually acuminated, flat within, and fur-
nished with larger suckers, which are pedunculated, and armed
with horny spinous rings. Sac not reined to the body.

1. Lotigo maGna. Plate I.

L. pinnis rhombum efformantibus.

Loligo magna, Rondel. de Pisc. 1. lib. xvii. cap. iv. p. 506.

Sepia Loligo, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii.i. 1196 ; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 53. pl. 27. f. 43. *

Loligo vulgaris, Lam. Syst. des An. sans V. 60.

Le Calmar commun, Cuv. Reg. Anim. ii. 364.

Great Cuttle, Penn. loc. cit.

Habitat in oceano Europzeo gregaria, in Britannie littoribus
frequens.

Fins forming a rhomb. Colour pale flesh or yellowish.
Under part of the sac freckled with pink-red ; upper part of
the sac and fins freckled with red. Under aspect of the fins,
and inner aspects of the arms, without spots. Length from
1 to 2 feet.

Inhabits the European ocean in herds, and very frequently
visits our coasts.

2. Lotico parva. Plate VI. figs. 4-6.

L. pinnis ante bases paululim productis, externé rotundatis, ad
apicem acuminatis.

Loligo parva, Rondel. de Pisce. i. lib. xvii. cap. 5. p. 508.

Sepia media, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1095; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 54. pl. 29. fig. 45.

Le petit Calmar, Cuv. Reg. Anim. ii. 364.

Loligo parva, Leach, Zool. Mise. ui. 141.

Middle Cuttle, Penn. loc. cit.

Habitat in mari, preesertim in estuariis et sinubvus.
Fins with a little process advancing a little before their bases ;

their sides rounded, their posterior extremities acuminated.

Colour pale flesh, spotted in every part (excepting the under

12 GASTEROPODA.

parts of the fins and the inside of the legs) with violet-red or
purple. The spots on the lower aspect of the sac are smaller
and less numerous. Length from 3 to 5 inches.

Inhabits the sea, and is most commonly found in bays and
estuaries.

CLASSIS II. GASTEROPODA.

Gasteropoda, Cuvier.

Vermes Testacea Univalvia, Linné.
Mollusca, Ordo Gasteropoda, Lamarck.
Cephalophora, De Blainville.

Ordinum Synopsis.
* Sexus hermaphroditus.

I. GyMNOBRANCHIA. Branchie nullo modo tecte, dorsales.
Testa nulla.

Il. Srecoprancuia. Branchie dextre, laterales aut dor-
sales, sub pallii processu tectze. J'es¢a interior aut exterior.

Tif. Saccoprancuta. Branchie saccum interné tegentes et
non elevate. Testa interior, aut exterior vel nulla ; nun-
quam operculata.

** Sevus distinctus.

IV. Puytioprancutia. Branchie & foliis plurimis paral-
lelis efformatee. Testa exterior, spiralis, in plurimis oper-
culata.

VY. Anrroprancuia. Branchie saccum cavum interné te-
gentes, non elevate. Testa exterior, spiralis, operculata.

*EX Sexus androgynus.

Vi. Asprpoprancuia. Branchie é foliis plurimis efformate,
sub testa posite. Testa exterior, non operculata.

Vif. CycLtoprancutia. Branchie & foliis efformatee, inter
pedis basin et pallium posite. Testa seepius exterior,
seepe multipartita, nunquam operculata.

GASTEROPODA. 13

The animals of this class are denominated in common lan-
guage Univalve Shells, Slugs, and Sea-Worms.

As their name imports, they move by a foot, which is placed
on the lower aspect of their body ; this part is more or less
developed in the different families and genera, as will be shown
hereafter. _

The head (caput) is situated at the anterior aspect of the
body, and is generally furnished with tentacula, which are
either retractile or stationary.

The families Limacide and Helicidee have four tentacula, the
upper ones being longest, and bearing eyes at their extremities ;
PYLE? fig? 1; oc.

The orders Cyclobranchia, Phyllobranchia, Antrobranchia,
and all the families of Saccobranchia, excepting the two men-
tioned above, have but two tentacula, and when they have eyes,
they are situated at their base ; internally, Pl. II. fig. 4 ; exter-
nally, Pl. Il. fig. 10; above, Pl. II. fig. 7; or at their extre-
mities, as in the newly discovered genus Assiminia, Pl. IX.
fig. 4.

The mouth (os) is simple and transverse in Helix; circular
and tubular in Buccinum, Pl. II. fig. 10, os; vertical in Aply-
slade. It is armed with jaws in Tritoniade, and with a tongue
bristled with hooks in Aplysia. The lips (labia) are some-
times produced into lobes laterally, and are liable to be mis-
taken for tentacula.

The body is elongate and capable of contraction in Limacide,
Dorididze, &c.; spiral in all such as are covered by a spiral
shell, and incapable of changing its form in the Cyclobranchia.
The anterior part of the back in Limacide is formed into a
sort of thoracic dise containing the heart and respiratory or-
gans. The back is generally covered by the mantle (pallium),
which is very variable in its form. In Pleurobranchidee it is
widely dilated laterally, Pl. VII. fig. 4, 5, exceeds the foot in
breadth, and covers the branchize above ; in Cyclobranchia it
is attached to the shell within the margin on every side, Pl. II.
fig. 11, pl. ; it is produced on each side into two membranes,
which meet over the back in the Aplysiadze, covering the cavity
that contains the organs of respiration, and forming by their

14 GASTEROPODA.

junction, at will, anteriorly, a sort of siphon, by which water
is conveyed to the branchie, Pl. VII. fig. 8. A similar effect,
with slight modifications, takes place in the Purpuradee, by a
folding of the mantle, which is considerably produced on the
left side, into a more distinct siphon, situated in the channeled
process, which is more or less developed in all the indigenous
genera of that family, on the left side of their shell (excepting
in those whose whole system is reversed or heterostrophe), by
means of which they are enabled to respire, when their shell is
closed by the opercule, Pl. II. fig. 10, ¢7.

The anterior part of the back is sometimes furnished with
tentacula, which are stationary or retractile. There are two,
which are retractile within sunken or slightly prominent tubes,
in Doridide and Tritoniade. The Eolidiadze have four of
these tentacula, two of which are certainly incapable of re-
traction.

The foot is as long as the body in Limacide, Pl. VIII.
fig. 1,2; longer than the body in Aplysia, and not capable of
changing its form materially in the Cyclobranchia, Pl. II.
fig. 11.

The branchiz are subject to many modifications in form and
position. They are spread over the surface of the inside of a
sac-like cavity, in the orders Saccobranchia and Antrobranchia.
They are foliaceous and placed im a sac-like cavity in the order
Phyllobranchia, or upon the back, beneath the shell, in the
order Aspidobranchia. The branchize are naked in Gymno-
branchia ; they are branched and encircle the anus in the
family Dorididze; they are branched and arranged along the
sides of the back in Tritoniadz ; and are foliaceous and ar-
ranged like tiles, over each other, on the sides of the back
in Eolidiade, Pl. VII. fig. 3. In the order Stegobranchia
they are situated on the sides, or sides of the back, and are
covered by a reflection of the mantle. They are placed on the
right side, between the junction of the mantle and the foot, in
the family Pleurobranchide, Pl. VII. fig. 5; placed on the
right side of the back and covered by a testaceous operculum,
which is enveloped in the mantle, in Aplysiadee, Pl. VII. fig. 8;
situated on the right side and covered by a shel im Marse-

GASTEROPODA. GYMNOBRANCHIA. 15

niadee; or covered by a dilatation of the mantle on the right
side, and protected by the shell, in Bullade. In the order
Cyclobranchia the branchie are foliaceous, and are situated on
each side, between the base of the foot and the mantle, Pl. II.
ae. 11.

The shell is wanting entirely in the order Gymnobranchia ;
it is much depressed and very obscurely spiral in the three first
families of the order Stegobranchia, and involutely spiral in the
Bulladze, which form the fourth family of the same order.

In the order Saccobranchia the shell is altogether wanting,
is represented by fragments of calcareous matter placed under
the mantle, or by a depressed shell, in the family Limacidee ;
or produced into a depressed or highly elevated spire, with every
intermediate state, in the families Helicidee, Carychiadee, and
Limnadee ; whilst in the last family Ancylidee, the shell is sim-
ply conic, with the most obscure rudiment of a spire.

In the orders Aspidobranchia and Cyclobranchia, the shell
is conical, or auriform, with every modification that can exist
between these forms; or is elongate, and composed of eight
pieces, which are either external or enveloped in the mantle.

In the orders Phyllobranchia and Antrobranchia, the shell
is always spiral, and has for the most part its aperture closed
by an operculum, which is vesiculose in the family Janthinade,
wanting in Cypreeadze, and horny or testaceous in Purpuradee
and 'Turbinidee.

The food of the Gasteropoda consists of vegetable, animal,
and excrementitious matters.

The sexes are hermaphrodite in the orders Gymnobranchia,
Stegobranchia, and Saccobranchia; distinct in the orders Phyl-
lobranchia and Antrobranchia ; androgynous in the orders As-
pidobranchia and Cyclobranchia.

ORDER I. GYMNOBRANCHIA.

Nudibranches, Cuvier.

Branchie nullo modo tectze, dorsales. Testa nulla. Sezrus
hermaphroditus.

16 GASTEROPODA. DORIDIDZ.

The genera which compose this order have no shell; the
respiratory organs are placed on, the sides or posterior extre-
mity of the back, and vary in their form in each genus. The
sexes are hermaphrodite. All the species inhabit the sea.

Synopsis Familiarum.

Fam. I. Dortpips. Branchie anum circumdantes, ra-
diatee, ramosee. Anus dorsalis, posticus, medius. Pallium
undique dilatatum. Sexuwum Organa anteriora, lateralia, dex-
tra. Tentacula duo labialia, et duo dorsalia, annulata. Os
rostriforme. Mandibule nulle.

Fam. II. Eourp1ap". Branchie dorsi latera imbricantes.
Anus et Secuum Organa lateralia, dextra; apertura communi.
Pallium non dilatatum. Tentacula duo labialia; quatuor
dorsalia subannulata. Os labio crasso. Mandibule nulle.

Fam. III. Trirontaps. Branchie laterali-dorsales, ra-
mos. Anus postico-lateralis, dexter. Pallium aliquantulum
dilatatum. Sexuum Organa antico-lateralia, dextra. Tenta-
cula duo dorsalia, retractilia. Os mandibulis duabus corneis
armatum.

FAMILY I. DORIDID~.

Cyclobranches, Blainville.

Branchie anum circumdantes, radiatee, ramosee. Anus dor-
salis, posticus, medius. Pallivm undique dilatatum. Sexuum
Organa anteriora, lateralia, dextra. Tentacula duo labialia, et
duo dorsalia, anteriora, annulata. Os rostriforme. Mandibule
nullee.

Branchie radiated and branched, arranged in a circle round
the anus, which is situated on the hinder part of the middle of
the back. Mantle dilated on all sides. Sexual organs situated
on the right side anteriorly. 'Tentacula two on the head, which.
are simple; two others on the back, which are annulated.
Mouth rostriform, without mandibles.

GASTEROPODA. DORIDIDZ. 17

The nervous system of the indigenous genera consists of
twelve pairs of nerves, and a brain, which is situated anteriorly.
The first pair of nerves arises from the dorsal tentacula ; the
second from the tube which forms the mouth ; all the others
(excepting the eleventh and twelfth, which arise from the
stomach and its vicinity, the first forming two lateral ganglia,
the twelfth completing the nervous collar) from the hinder and
lateral muscles.

The stomach is very thin, and the other parts of the intes-
tinal canal short. The liver is very large ; and has in contact
with it a gland that secretes a liquor which passes out by a
tube opening on the left of the anus, within the circle of
branchiz.

The Dorididz inhabit the sea, especially on rocky coasts,
where they may be found on the recess of the tide. They are
occasionally taken by the dredger in deep water, and are more
rarely thrown ashore by storms on some of our sandy coasts.

Synopsis Generum.

Dorsum appendicibus supplementariis nullis. Pes

posticé obtusus . . .. <5. Dori
Dorsum ante tentacula dorania appendicibus 4, et

pone branchias appendicibus 2 instructum. Pes

postice aeuminatus~.°. 2) 2° Lo Lee oe. 6. Coma

Genus 5. Doris.
Doris, Auctorum.
Dorsum appendicibus nullis instructum. Pes postic® ob-
tusus.
Synopsis Specierum.
* Dorso lateribusque crebreé verrucosis.

1. Montagui. Corpore depressiusculo, verrucis planis, bran-
chiis 8-radiatis.

2. Britannica. Corpore convexo, verrucis plano-convexis, bran-
chiis 10-radiatis.

3. vulgaris. Corpore convexiusculo, verrucis prominentibus
convexis, branchiis 14-radiatis.

18 GASTEROPODA. DORIDID.

4. Rocinela. Corpore convexiusculo, verrucis longiusculis acu-
minatis.

5. Elfortiana. Corpore convexo, verrucis papillatis ; lateralibus
(posticé preesertim) elongatis, branchiis 16-radiatis.

** Dorso lateribusque verrucosis.

6. marginata. Corpore ovato depresso leevi, pallio lateribus
diaphanis.

7. nodosa. Corpore elongato, dorso tuberculis octo in lineas
duas laterales digestis, pallio lateribus tenuissimis, bran-
chiis 12-radiatis.

8. coccinea. Dorso tuberculato, tentaculis dorsalibus ad apices
truncatis stylo retractili instructis, branchiis 10-radiatis.

The back of Doris has no additional appendages ; in the in-
digenous species its surface is either warted, slightly tubercu-
lated, or quite smooth. The foot is obtuse behind. The
mouth produced into a tube. Tentacula fleshy, wide and flat,
without any appearance of eyes.

The anatomy of this genus occupies the fifth of Cuvier’s
‘ Mémoires sur les Mollusques.? According to this author,
the brain varies in form; he has observed it to be oval in one
species and lobate in another.

The eggs of Doris, which I received from Mrs. Griffiths, are
deposited on dead shells or rocks, to which they are attached
in mass by a glutinous matter that is insoluble in water.

1. Doris Monracut.

D. depressiuscula, verrucis planis, branchiis octo-radiatis. Co-
lor flavicans aut subcroceus.

Long. 2 poll.

Habitat in Danmoniz Australis mari, rarissima.

Body rather depressed, the warts flat, the branchie com-
posed of eight rays. Colour yellowish or pale saffron. Length
2 inches.

Inhabits the rocky shores of the south-western coasts of
Devon and Cornwall, but is extremely rare. I have received
specimens from Salcombe Bay, the Plymouth Sound, and
Padstow. It was discovered by Montagu, who supposed it

GASTEROPODA. DORIDIDZ. 19

to be Doris Argo, a species that has not yet been discovered
in our seas.

2. Doris BRITANNICA.

D. convexa, verrucis plano-convexis, branchiis 10-radiatis. Co-
lor croceus, aut albo purpureoque varius.

Long. 2 poll.

Habitat ad littora scopulosa Britanniee, vulgatissima.

Body convex, the warts plano-convex, the branchiz com-
posed of ten rays. Colour saffron, or variegated with white
and purple. Length 2 inches.

I have found this species on all the rocky coasts that I have
visited. It is common in Arran and Bute; in the Hebrides ;
in the Frith of Forth; on the northern and southern coasts of
Cornwall and Devon; on the Kentish coasts ; on the coast of
South Wales ; on the southern coast of Ireland ; and I have
received it from my friend J. Henslow, Esq., who found it in
the Isle of Man, where he observed it in abundance.

3. Doris VULGARIS.

D. convexiuscula, verrucis prominentibus convexis, branchiis
14-radiatis.

Doris verrucosa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 43. pl. 21. fig. 23.

Color albicans, pallidé brunneo nonnunquam varius. Long.
corp. + poll.

Body rather convex ; the warts convex and prominent ; the
branchize with fourteen rays. Colour whitish, sometimes va-
riegated with pale brown. Length half an inch.

Inhabits all the rocky shores of Great Britain, and is some-
times taken by the dredge in deep water.

It appears to be Pennant’s Doris verrucosa, but it is in no
way allied to the D. verrucosa of Linné, which is a large spe-
cies, inhabiting the Indian Ocean.

4. Doris ROcINELA.

D. convexiuscula, verrucis longiusculis acuminatis.
Long. corp. 4 poll.
Habitat in mari Cantiano, prope Sandgate et Dover.

20 GASTEROPODA. DORIDIDZ.

Body rather convex, the warts rather long and acuminated.
Length half an inch.

Inhabits the sea off the Kentish coast near Dover and
Sandgate.

The above description is made from specimens preserved in
spirits.

5. Doris Evrortiana. Plate VII. fig. 1.

D. convexa, verrucis papillatis ; lateralibus (posticé preesertim)
elongatis, branchiis 1 6-radiatis.
Doris Elfortiana, Blainville, Bull. des Sciences (1806), p. 95.
Doris Leachii, Blainville, Dict. des Sciences Nat. xii. 450.
Color flavicans, rufescens aut albidus. Long. corp. 1 poll.
Habitat in Caledonize mari; in Freto Forth dicto vulgatissima.
Body convex, the warts papillated; the lateral ones (espe-
cially those behind) elongated ; branchize with sixteen rays.
Colour yellowish, lutescent, or whitish. Length an inch,
Inhabits the Scotch seas, and is very abundant in the Frith
of Forth.

6. DorIS MARGINATA.

D. ovata, depressa, levis, pallio lateribus diaphanis.

Doris marginata, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. t. 7. fig. 7.

Color albidus aut pallidé sulphureus, carneo tinctus. Long.
corp. 4 poll.

Habitat in Danmoniz Australis mari, rarior.

Body ovate, depressed, smooth ; the sides of the mantle dia-
phanous. Colour whitish, or pale sulphur-yellow, tinctured
with flesh-red. Length + of an inch.

It occurs occasionally on the south coast of Devon.

7. Doris NODOSA.

D. elongata, dorso tuberculis octo in lineas duas laterales diges-
tis, pallio lateribus tenuissimis, branchiis 1 2-radiatis.

Doris nodosa, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix. t. 7. f. 2; Blainv.
Dict. des Sciences Nat. xi. 453.

Color albus, branchiis nonnunquam viridibus. Long. corp.
une.

GASTEROPODA. DORIDIDZ. Zt

Body elongate, the back with eight tubercles arranged into
two longitudinal lines, one on each side, the sides of the mantle
very thin, the branchiz with twelve rays.

This rare species is sometimes found on the southern coast
of Devon, in estuaries.

8. Doris COCCINEA.

D. dorso tuberculato, tentaculis dorsalibus ad apices truncatis,
stylo retractili instructis, branchiis 10-radiatis.

Doris coccinea, Montagu MSS.

Color coccmeus. Long. corp. 1 poll.

Habitat in Danmoniee littoribus, rarissima.

Back tuberculated, upper tentacula with their points truncate
and furnished with a retractile style, branchize with ten rays.
Colour vivid red. Length an inch.

Inhabits the coasts of Devon and Cornwall, but is extremely
rare.

Genus 6. Curma.

Dorsum ante tentacula dorsalia appendicibus 4 acuminatis
carnosis, et pone branchias appendicibus 2 ad medium plerum-
que crassioribus instructum. Pes posticé acuminatus.

Back before the dorsal tentacula, with four acuminated fleshy
appendages, and with two other appendages, which are generally
thicker towards their middle, situated behind the organs of re-
spiration. Foot acuminated behind.

This genus is allied to the Polycera of Cuvier, from which
it differs in not having the posterior appendages membranaceous,
and protecting the branchize in time of danger.

1. CUFAA FLAVA.

C. albida, rufo aut citreo varia vel sparsa, appendicibus anticis
citreis.
Doris flava, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 79. t. 7. f. 6.
Habitat in Danmonize mari, rarissima.
Colour whitish, variegated or sprinkled with red or orange,
the anterior appendages orange-coloured. Length about half,
sometimes three-quarters of an inch.

22 GASTEROPODA. EOLIDIAD.

This very rare species was first discovered in Bigbury Bay,
by Montagu; it was afterwards taken in Plymouth Sound, by
Mr. Cranch ; below Padstow, by myself, and in Bideford Bay,
by Mr. J. Raddon.

FAMILY II. EOLIDIADZ.
Polybranches, Blainville.

Branchie \atera dorsiimbricantes. Anus et Seeuum Organa
lateralia, dextra, apertura communi. Pallivm non dilatatum.
Tentacula duo labialia; quatuor dorsalia, anteriora, subannulata.
Os labio crasso. Mandibule uulle.

Branchiee imbricating the sides of the back. Anus and sex-
ual organs situated on the right side, and furnished with a
common external aperture. Mantle not dilated. Tentacula
two labial; four dorsal, slightly annulated. Mouth with a
thick lip, and no mandibles.

The presence of the labial tentacula has induced me to place
this family after Doridide, and before Tritoniade.

Tne Chevalier Cuvier is of opinion that Doris cerulea of
Montagu (Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. t. 7. fig. 4) and Doris longi-
cornis of the same author (vol. ix. t. 7. fig. 1) belong to the
genus Holidia ; whilst the latter species is referred by Blainville
to the genus Cavolina of Bruguitre. As I have seen neither
of these animals in a living state, it will be most prudent to say
nothing on the subject.

Genus 7. Eourpia.

Eolidia, Cuvier, Blainville.
Eolis, Cuvier, Lamarck.

Branchie foliaceee. Tentacula teretiuscula, acuminata, ad
apices acuta. Corpus posticé acuminatum.

Tentacula rounded acuminate, their pots acute. Body
acuminate behind. Heart situated in the back, between the
branchie.

This genus was instituted by Cuvier, in 1798.

XK

GASTEROPODA. TRITONIADZ. | 23

1. Eoripia Cuvieri. Pilate VII. fig. 3.

E. levis, branchiis acuminatis.
Doris papillosa, Mill. Zool. Dan. 99. 1-4; Encycl. Méth. Vers.

pl. 82. fig. 12.

Eolis, Cuv. Ann. du Mus. vi. 433. pl. 61. figs. 12, 13.
Tritonia papillosa, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi, 16. t. 4. fig. 3.
Kolidia papillosa, Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. 393.

Eolis Cuvierl, Lam. H. N. des An. sans Vert. vi. 302.
Eolidia Cuvieri, Blainv. Dict. des Sc. Nat. xiv. 558.

Habitat in mari Britannico satis frequens.

Body and branchiz smooth, of a pale brown colour, more
or less intense, according to the position of the animal. The
branchize, when dilated with fluid, are rounded. Length 2,
rarely 3 inches.

This species is found on most of our rocky coasts ; it is far
from being uncommon in the Frith of Forth, Bigbury Bay,
Torbay, Plymouth Sound, Sandgate in Kent, and in Bantry
Bay, Ireland.

FAMILY III. TRITONIAD.

Branchie \aterali-dorsales, ramose. Anus postico-lateralis,
dexter. Pallium aliguantulum dilatatum. Sexuum Organa
antico-lateralia dextra. Tentacula 2 dorsalia, retractilia. Os
mandibulis duabus corneis armatum.

Branchiz branched, placed on the sides of the back longi-
tudinally. Anus on the right side posteriorly. Mantle slightly
dilated. Sexual organs on the right side anteriorly. Tenta-
cula two, dorsal one retractile. Mouth armed with two horny
mandibles.

Synopsis Generum.

Branchie plurime, sessiles. Corpus posticé

angustius. Tentacula ramosa.......... 8. TRITONIA.
Branchize decem, pedunculate. Corpus pos-

ticé acuminatum. Tentacula simplicia .. 9. Iputia.

24 GASTEROPODA. TRITONIADZ.

Genus 8. TRITONIA.
Tritonia, Cuvier, Lamarck.

Corpus posticé angustius. Branchie plurime, sessiles.
Labia lata, membranacea.

Body narrower behind. Branchiz many, sessile. Lips
membranaceous and broad.

The anatomical structure of this genus has been well inves-
tigated by Cuvier, from whose observations it appears that the
brain is composed of four lobes; the intermediate lobes are
large, the lateral ones small and rounded. The anterior aspect
of the central lobes receives two pairs of nerves from the in-
teguments of the mouth; a third from the dorsal tentacula ;
the fourth from the situation of the eye; the fifth and sixth
from the muscles of the jaws; and the other pairs, to the num-
ber of six or seven, arise from the lateral parts, and general
muscular covering of the body, and joi the posterior and
lateral aspects of the brain. Cuvier could not discover any
other ganglia, nor could he satisfy himself of the completion of
the nervous collar round the cesophagus. ;

The jaws are horny, and, according to Cuvier, resemble
shears. Behind them is situated a lip armed with sharp points
turning backwards, whose office is to convey the broken food
into the cesophagus, which is membranaceous and longitudi-
nally folded within. The stomach is membranaceous, slightly
dilated, and imbedded in the liver. The duodenum is short,
striated longitudinally within, which, after making one bend,
terminates in the anus, situated behind the middle of the right
side.

1. Trrronta HomBereit. Plate VII. fig. 2.

T. dorso tuberculato; tuberculis ineequalibus irregulariter
rotundatis, lateribus leevibus.

Tritonia Hombergii, Cuv. Ann. du Mus. i. 483. pl. 31. fig.1, 2;
Mém. sur les Moll. fig. 1, 2; Lam. H. N. des Anim. sans
Vert. vi. 304.

Long. corp. 1-23 poll.

Habitat in Danmoniz mari, rarissima.

GASTEROPODA. TRITONIAD. 295

Back slightly convex, of a grey colour, sculptured into un-
equal irregularly rounded tubercles; the sides smooth, the
right with two tubercles, one before, the other behind the mid-
dle; both are pierced, to serve the purposes mentioned in the
character of the family. Length from one to two and half
inches.

This very rare species has been taken in deep water, off
Falmouth, three or four times only, by Mr. J. Cranch.

The animal figured has unfortunately lost its respiratory
organs, which is the case with all my specimens; but as it has
never been given before as a British production, I thought that
I ought not to withhold the valuable fragment that remains,
since it exhibits all the specific characters.

As this part of the synopsis was on the point of being
printed, I received from Mrs. Griffiths, who found them at
Torquay, three very fine specimens of this animal, the largest
of which was three inches in length and two in breadth; and I
very much regret that my time will not permit me to enter into
a full detail of its internal structure.

The mouth is composed of a muscular mass, and is furnished
with two hard horny jaws, and a spiral tongue.

The central mass of the nervous system consists of four gan-
glia, placed close to each other, and are brought into commu-
nication with two other (sympathetic) ganglia by branches from
the nervous collar.

The cesophagus is long and thin, longitudinally elevated in-
ternally. The salivary glands are granulose; one is placed on
each side of the cesophagus. The stomach is membranaceous,
very slightly dilated, and is partially embraced by the liver,

which is very small. The rectum is elevated internally like
the cesophagus.

Genus 9. IpuLiA.

Corpus posticé acuminatum. Branchie decem, peduncu-
late. Tentacula simplicia.

Body acuminated behind. Branchiz ten, pedunculated.
Tentacula simple.

26 GASTEROPODA. STEGOBRANCHIA.

1. IDULIA MACULATA.

I. flavicans carneo-maculata, branchiarum pedunculis ad apices
sexdentatis.
Doris maculata, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. t. 7. fig. 8.
Long. 4 poll.
Habitat in Danmonie mari rarissima.
Yellowish spotted with flesh-red, points of the branchial pe-
duncles with six teeth. Length half an inch.
Inhabits the coast of Devonshire, but is extremely rare.

ORDER II. STEGOBRANCHIA.
Tectibranches, Cuvier.

Branchie dextree, dorsales aut laterales, sub pallii reflectione
tectee. esta interna, externa, aut nulla. Sexus hermaphro-
ditus. Anus dexter.

Synopsis Familiarum,

Fam. 1. PLEUROBRANCHID&. Branchie inter pallii et pedis
junctionem affixe. Pallium undique dilatatum. Tentacula
duo, involuta, labialia. Pes marginibus dilatatis. Testa sub-
calcarea aut nulla.

Fam. 2. Aptystap&. Branchie dextro-dorsales, operculo
testigero (ad sinistram quasi cardine instructo) tecte. Pal-
lium utrinque supra operculum in membranam dilatatum,
quod ad occiput aut ad capitis dextram est productum, sypho-
nem respiratorium efformans. Tentacula 4 mvoluta; 2 labi-
alia; 2 antico-dorsalia. Os apertura verticali. Pes corporis
longitudinem zequans aut aliquantulum superans, non dilatatus.
Testa cornea, interna.

Fam. 3. Marsenrapa. Branchie dextre testa tecte.
Pallium testam omnino tegens, undique dilatatum ad apicem
emarginatum. Tentacula 2 labialia, compressa, externé ad
basin dilatata, oculigera. Os tubulosum, rotundum, Pes

GASTEROPODA. PLEUROBRANCHID. 7

marginibus attenuatis, anticé transversim plicatus, posticé liber.
Testa calearea, spira subdepressa.

Fam. 4. Butitap#. Branchie dextre, sub pallii dila-
tatione tectee. Pallivm super branchias dilatatum. Tentacula
nulla. Zabivm superius supra dorsum productum, lateraliter
dilatatum, discum efformans. Pes latissimus, cum labio infe-
riore penitus coalescens, lateraliter valdé dilatatus latera am-
plectens, posticé ultra corporis medium productus. Testa
involuta, spira seepius abscondita.

Branchie situated on the right side of the back, or on the
right side of the animal, and covered by a reflection of the
mantle. Shell external, internal, or entirely wanting. Anus
on the right side. Sex hermaphrodite.

All the genera of this Order are marine.

FAMILY I. PLEUROBRANCHIDZ.

Branchie inter pallu et pedis junctionem affixe. Testa
fragilis. Tentacula duo involuta, labialia. Pes marginibus
dilatatis. Pallivm undique dilatatum, testam tegens. Anus
et Sexuum organa anteriora, dextra,

Synopsis Generum.

Os tubulosum. Labivm crassum, supra ac

infra lamella simplici instructum : lamella

superior major: inferior ex pedis reflec-

tione efformata. Pallium integrum pede

multo latius. Branchie elongate. Pes

posticé angustior, integer. Testa calca-

rea, oblonga, aperta ....... . 10. CLEANTUs.
Os reconditum, lamella cr a emacuks eee

anticé cornuta, superne instructum. Pal-

lium pede multo angustius, anticé et pos-

ticé emarginatum. Branchie valde elon-

c2

28 GASTEROPODA. PLEUROBRANCHID#:

gate. Pes posticé rotundatus, integer.
Testa subcalearea, tenuissima subreflexa. 11. Oscanrus.

Branchize attached between the junction of the mantle and
foot. Two labial tentacula, which are involute. Margins of
the foot dilated. Mantle dilated on every side, covering the
shell, which is found in all the indigenous genera, and is more
or less calcareous.

Pleurobranchus Peronii of Cuvier is the type of his genus
Pleurobranchus, on which this family is founded.

Genus 10. CLEANTUS.

Os tubulosum. Labium crassum, supra ac infra lamella
simplici instructum : lamella superior major ; inferior ex pedis
reflexione efformata. Pallium integrum pede multo latius.
Branchie elongate. Pes posticé angustior, integer. Testa
calcarea, oblonga, patula.

Mouth tubulose. Lip thick, furnished above and below with
a simple lamella; the upper lamella largest ; the under one
formed by a reflection of the foot. Mantle entire and much
broader than the foot. Branchiez elongated. Foot narrower
at its posterior extremity, and entire. Shell calcareous, oblong,
spreading.

1. CLeantus MontaGut. Plate VII. fig. 4—7.

C. testa concentricé striata; striis antiquatis.
Bulla Plumula, Mont. Test. Brit. 214. t. 15. fig.9; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vin. 123; Turt. Conch. Dict. 25.
Animal flavicante-luteum, dorso vesiculoso.
Habitat in Danmonie Australis littoribus, haud infrequens.
Shell concentrically striated, the strize antiquated. Colour
without, reddish or reddish-brown; pearly white or pearly
within. Young shells are often pearly on their outside. The
antiquated strie are very distinctly impressed on the mner
surface.
Length nearly half an inch ; sometimes, but very rarely, as
large as the one figured in Pl. VII. !
Animal yellowish, inclining to luteous. Back vesiculose.

GASTEROPODA. PLEUROBRANCHID&. 29

This species is by no means uncommon at the mouth of the
Yalm river; at Salcombe ; in the Kingsbridge Estuary, near
the Saltstone ; and in Millbay, near Plymouth.

I have named this species after Montagu, by whom it was
first discovered ; and have rejected the term Plumula, since it
is equally applicable to all the species of Pleurobranchide.

Genus 11. Oscanivs.

Os reconditum, lamella crassiuscula, anticé utrinque cornuta,
superné instructum. Pallium pede multo angustius, anticé et
postict emarginatum. Branchie valdé elongate. Pes posticé
rotundatus, integer. Testa subcalcarea, tenuissima, ad basin
sinistrorsum subreflexa.

Mouth concealed, furnished below with a thickish lamella,
which has a horn-like appendage on each side, anteriorly.
Mantle much narrower than the foot, notched anteriorly and
posteriorly. Branchiz very much elongated. Foot entire,
rounded behind.

Shell somewhat calcareous, very slender, the left side at its
base slightly reflexed.

1. OscaNIUS ARGENTATUS.

O. testa argenteo-nitente subcarnea, concentrice crenata.
Bulla membranacea, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 185. t. 12.

fig. 4; Turt. Conch. Dict. 25.

Lamellaria membranacea, Mont. loc. cit. fig. 3, pessima.

Animal pallio superné verrucoso, verrucis nonnullis longioribus
conicis.

Habitat in estuario prope Salcombe in Danmonid Australi,
rarior.

Shell pale flesh-red with a silvery lustre, concentrically
wrinkled.

Mantle varied with brownish streaks, its dorsal aspect verru-
cated ; some of the protuberances larger than the rest, and
conic. Lower aspect of the foot pale luteous, more or less
spotted with grey.

Length of the animal two inches; of the shell an inch and
quarter.

30 GASTEROPODA. APLYSIADZ.

This species has hitherto been found in the Kingsbridge
Estuary, near the Saltstone, and has been recently observed
likewise in Torbay by Mrs. Griffiths, who, with her usual libe-
rality, communicated to me a fine specimen of its shell.

FAMILY II. APLYSIAD.

Branchie dextro-dorsales, operculo testigero (ad sinistram
quasi cardine instructo) tectee. Pallium utrinque supra oper-
culum dilatatum, quod ad occiput aut ad caput dextrum est
productum, syphonem respiratorium, inchoatum efformans.
Tentacula 4 involuta: 2 labialia; 2 antico-dorsalia. Os aper-
tura verticali. Pes corporis longitudinem eequans aut paulu-
lum superans, non dilatatus. Testa cornea, interna, posticé
ad dextram emarginata.

Synopsis Generum.

Sypho respiratorius usque ad dextrum caput

productus. Testa subpostica .......... 12. APLysIa.
Sypho respiratorius ad capitis basin, posticé
ductus. Testa subantica.. -... . oeaseserte 13. Esmta.

Branchiz situated on the right side of the back, covered by
an operculum or lid, which is jomed to the left side as with a
hinge. Mantle dilated above the operculum on each side, and
produced to the hinder base or right side of the head, forming
a rudimentary syphon for respiration. Tentacula four mvo-
luted: two labial; two anterior-dorsal. Opening of the mouth
vertical. Foot as long or a little longer than the body, not
dilated. Shell horny, internal, enveloped by the skin of the
animal, and in no degree adhering to it.

Genus 12. APLysIA.

Lepus marinus, Plinii, Rondeleti.
Laplysia, Linné, Bruguiere, Lamarck.
Aplysia, Gmelin, Duméril, Cuvier.
Sypho respiratoriuvs usque ad caput dextrum productus,
Testa subpostica. Pes posticé subproductus,

GASTEROPODA. APLYSIAD®. 31

The syphon produced to the right side of the head. Shell
situated rather behind the middle of the back. Foot slightly
produced behind.

This animal was likened to a hare by the ancients, who
affirmed that it was endowed with highly poisonous qualities.
This fable was believed by Linné, who named the only species
known in his time, depilans, a term which was applied by Pen-
nant to the British Aplysia, the smell of which he asserts to
be extremely nauseous.

The Aplysia, as Milian has observed, bear a general appear-
ance in their external form to a Pomatia divested of its shell.
The head is situated at the extremity of a short neck, which is
retractile. The mouth is vertical ; the lip on each side is pro-
duced into a tentaculum. At the anterior bases of the dorsal
tentacula are situated the eyes. Underneath the right side of
the operculum is situated a sort of gland, which secretes the
purple fluid for which it is so celebrated. The anus terminates
at the hinder extremity of the attached part of the lid. The
gland which secretes the supposed poisonous liquor opens be-
tween the anterior attachment of the lid and the right dilata-
tion of the mantle, by an aperture common to it and to the
oviducts.

The anatomical structure has been examined by Cuvier, and
is very interesting in a physiological point of view.

The brain is situated over the cesophagus, having a three-
lobed ganglion on each side, brought into connexion with it by
three nerves. These ganglia are connected by a nerve which
passes round the cesophagus and completes the nervous collar ;
and again by another nerve which embraces the great arterial
trunk. The brain is united to a third ganglion, situated under
the fleshy mass of the mouth, by two nerves. The lateral
ganglia are again brought into connexion by a nerve which
passes round the great artery. The suboral ganglion receives
four nerves on each side; one pair from the cesophagus and
salival glands, and three from the muscles of the mouth. The
brain itself receives three pairs of nerves from the head: two
receive branches from the male organ, and from the dorsal
tentacula; the latter receive the optic branch. The lateral

FS GASTEROPODA. APLYSIADZ.

ganglia receive several pairs of nerves from the muscles and
general covering of the body. The intestines and liver send
their nerves to a kind of sympathetic ganglion, from which they
again pass to join the lateral ganglia.

The heart is oval, and its parietes very thin, its inner surface
furnished with muscular pillars, which cross in every direction.
At its junction with the auricle, the passage is guarded by two
mitral valves. The great artery, at its exit, is divided into
great branches: the first passes out from the pericardium on
the left side, and enters the abdomen, distributing its branches
to the liver and intestinal canal; the second branch turns to
the right, and gives a branch to the stomach and to the ceso-
phagus, and then passes through the pericardium on the right,
sending branches to the right side, to the lower parts of the
mouth, and to the foot. That part of the second great branch
within the pericardium is furnished with two erests, composed
of vessels which are given off by it, and return mto it. Cuvier
supposes these vessels may secrete a liquor with which the
pericardium is filled. All the veins return the blood into two
muscular vessels, which convey it to the branchiz, from whence
it is returned to the auricle, and from thence is passed to the
ventricle.

Mouth without jaws ; its lips furnished with a thin cartilagi-
nous plate, which is smooth ; and a cartilagmous tongue, armed
with hooks, which turn backwards. At the anterior extremity
of the cesophagus, the ducts of the salival glands open on each
side.

The cesophagus is straight, and soon dilates into a pouch lined
with thin membranaceous matter, without appearance of glands.
This is followed by a short cylindric gizzard, with strong mus-
cular sides, bearing pyramidal and rhomboidal protuberances,
composed of semicartilaginous matter *, which have but a slight
attachment to the surface. The third stomach, which is as large
as the first, has its surface on one side armed with curved spines,
which are not more strongly attached than the protuberances in
the second stomach. Near the pyloric extremity are orifices

* These parts were remarked by Apuleius, who was accused of magic,
from having been seen with these animals in his possession. pul. Apel. 47.

GASTEROPODA. APLYSIADZ. 33

between two membranaceous crests, the one of the czecum, the
other from the liver. The czcum is as long as the second
stomach, is imbedded in the liver, and simple in its internal
surface. The intestinal canal, after leaving the third stomach,
is simple in its structure, equal in its diameter; and after
making two turns amongst the lobes of the liver, terminates
in the anus.

The food of the Aplysie consists of marine plants, and mi-
nute testaceous, as well as naked mollusca.

1. APLYSIA VARIANS.

A. corpore suboyato, nigricante aut brunneo-purpureo imma-
culato, intensé-purpureo aut brunneo-purpureo albido macu-
lato, vel purpureo-brunneo nigro maculato.

Laplysia depilans, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 42. t. 21. fig. 21.

Habitat in Anglize Occidentalis mari non infrequens.

Body somewhat ovate, blackish, or brown purple, without
spots ; deep purple, or brown purple, with white spots ; of
purple brown, spotted with black. Length from two to four
inches. ;

Shell longer than broad, longitudinally rayed, rather more
than an inch in length, and three quarters broad.

This species is common on the coasts of Cornwall, Devon,
and Dorsetshire, and is found amongst the rocks, or is taken
by the nets of fishermen. It crawls very slowly amongst the
rocks, and has the power of swimming by successive uadula-
tions of the foot, and of creeping on the surface of the water
with its foot uppermost, like the genera of Limnade.

Genus 13. Esmra.

Sypho respiratorius ad capitis basin posticé ductus. Testa
subantica. Pes postice non productus.

Syphon produced to the hinder part of the base of the head.
Shell situated somewhat anteriorly. Foot not produced behind.

34 GASTEROPODA. MARSENIADS.

1, Esmra Grirrirustana. Tab. VII. figs. 8-10.

E. Corpore ovato-heemispheerico, syphone nigro marginato,
Habitat in Danmonie Australis mari.
Testa elongato-scaphiformis.

Body ovate-hemispheric, the syphon edged with black. Shell
elongate, boat-shaped. Length of the animal about half an
inch ; of the shell about a quarter.

Esmia Griffithsiana, the species serving as the type of this
new and highly important genus, was discovered amongst the
rejectamenta taken up by a trawl in Torbay, and was commu-
nicated to me, along with a vast number of interesting sea
animals found on that coast, by Mrs. Griffiths, after whom I
have named it.

FAMILY ITT. MARSENIADZ.

Branchie sinistra testa tectee. Pallium testam omnino tegens,
undique dilatatum, anticé emarginatum. Yentacula duo labia-
lia compressa, externé ad basin dilatata, oculigera. Os tubula-
tum, rotundum. Pes marginibus attenuatis, anticé transversim
plicatus, posticé liber. Testa calcarea, spira subdepressa.

Branchiz situated on the left side, covered by the shell.
Mantle entirely covering the shell, much dilated on every side,
notched anteriorly. Tentacula two, arising from the lips ; their
external base dilated, and bearing eyes. Mouth tubular and
round, Margins of the foot attenuated, transversely folded
anteriorly, free behind. Shell calcareous, with the spire some-
what depressed.

Of this family we possess but one genus, which has been
placed with the Bulle by British Zoologists, to whom alone it
seems to have been known.

Genus 14. Marsenia.
Tentacula compresso-conica. Testa auriformis, patula.
Tentacles compressed-conic. Shell ear-shaped, gaping, spire
somewhat depressed.
1. MARSENIA PRODUCTA.
M. testa elongata, spira elevatiuscula.

GASTEROPODA. BULLADZ. 35

Bulla haliotoidea, Mont. Test. Brit. 211. t. 7. fig. 6, testa.

Lamellaria tentaculata, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. 186. t. 12.
figs. 5-6.

Bulla tentaculata, Turt. Conch. Dict. 25.

Habitat in Danmoniz estuariis rarior.

Shell elongate, the spire slightly elevated, transversely stri-
ated finely, but irregularly. Colour pearly white, without ini-
descence.

Animal yellowish, with brighter spots of the same colour.
Mantle with thin margins. Tentacula elongate. Length of
the animal an inch ; of the shell three-quarters of an inch.

Inhabits estuaries on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall ; it
is found occasionally in the Kingsbridge Estuary, near the
Saltstone ; and at the mouth of Padstow Harbour. Dr. Goodall
has found it at Weymouth.

Although Montagu distinguished the animal of this species
from that of the following, he nevertheless figured the shell of
this species for that of M. complanata.

2. MARSENIA COMPLANATA.

M. testa ovata depressa, spira deplanata.
Habitat in Britannie littoribus arenosis, passim.

Shell ovate depressed, the spire not elevated. Animal yel-
lowish or rufous-brown, sometimes reddish. Tentacula of a
moderate length. Length of animal three-quarters of an inch ;
of the shell rather more than half an inch. Colour of the shell
similar to that of M. producta, and its sculpture the same.

Inhabits most of the sandy coasts of Great Britain, and is
very common.

As no British conchologists seem to have distinguished dit-
ferences in the shells of the above species of Marsenia, I con-
clude that they have never met with both of them in the same
cabinet ; and as all their figures are very incorrect, | am under
the painful necessity of refraining from quotation.

FAMILY IV. BULLADZ.
Acera, Miiller.
Bulla, Cuvier.

36 GASTEROPODA. BULLADZ.

Branchie dextre, sub pallii dilatatione tecte. Pallium
super branchias reflexo-dilatatum. Tentacula nulla. Labium
superius supra dorsum productum, lateraliter dilatatum, discum
efformans. Pes latissimus, cum labio inferiore penitus coales-
cens, lateraliter valdé dilatatus latera amplectens, posticé ultra
corporis medium productus. Testa involuta, spira seepius abs-
condita. Os verticale.

Stirpium et Generum Synopsis.
Stirps 1. Testa sub palli reflectione recondita.

Spira abscondita, apertura tota hians, um-
brbicus mulling. i). otc thass,d BS oe ye ok, ey

Stirps 2. Testa nuda, externa.

Testa dura, posticé valdé attenuata ; spira

abscondita; apertura antice valde hians;

Habs MS oe) a gic oe 16. SCAPHANDER.
Testa duriuscula, ovato-ventricosa ; spira

abscondita; apertura anticé hians ; um-

bileus nulllus.. 5.0.06 dy 2 oe ele 2 ey 17.
Testa tenuis, flexilis, cylindraceo-ventri-

cosa ; spira canaliculata, plana ; aper-

tura anticé hians; umbilicus nullus.. 18. Eucampr.
Testa solida; apertura anticé paululum

hians ; spira immersa ; umbilicus per-

HOTA: Joie asi- aii, yee «neat as Ses Cem

All the Bulladee are marine. Their branchie are foliaceous ;
the leat-like processes are again divided into folia. Mouth
vertical. No tentacula. Upper lip produced over the back,
dilated laterally, forming a disc. Mantle dilated and reflexed
over the branchize. Foot very broad, united thoroughly with
the lower lip, very much dilated laterally, embracing the sides
of the body, and produced posteriorly beyond the middle.
Shell involute, its spire generally concealed.

Their mouth is furnished with two horny lamelle like the
Aplysiade. The anterior part of the body, which is covered
by the labial dise, contains the brain, the salival glands, and

GASTEROPODA. BULLADZ. 37

the male organs of generation. The intestines, and the liver
which surrounds them, are placed under the shell. The ovaries
occupy the region of the spire, and their duct passes out on the
right side, near the exit of the male organ.

As I have not had an opportunity to examine all the genera
of this family in a living state, I must refer to the admirable
details contained in Cuvier’s tenth memoir, entitled ‘ Sur les
Acéres.”’

STIRPS I.

Genus 15. BULLMA.

Bulleea, Lemarck.
Lobaria, Miiller.

Testa fragilis, subpellucida, spira abscondita, apertura tota
hians, umbilicus nullus. Labiwm superius ad dorsi fere medium
productum. Ventriculus testis tribus calcareis instructus :
duabus lateralibus elongato-triangularibus; superiore acuto-
rhomboidali, omnibus externé concavis. Penis longissimus,
filiformis.

Shell thin, nearly pellucid, its spire hidden, the whole aper-
ture gaping, no umbilicus. Upper lip produced almost to the
middle of the back. Stomach armed with three externally-
concave calcareous shells ; the two lateral ones elongate-trian-
gular ; the upper one acutely rhomboidal.

This genus was first noticed by Fabius Columna, in his tract
de Purpura, and afterwards by Janus Plancus, who named it
Amygdala marina (Sea Almond), and figured its stomach.

The dilated lip, the foot embracing the two sides, and the
hinder part containing the shell, give to the animal a quadrilo-
bate appearance, which suggested the name Lodaria to Miiller,
who did not perceive its affinity with the other members of this
family.

1. Butu#a PLANCIANA.

B. testa subrotunda, transversiim striolata.
Bulla aperta, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 40. t. 22. fig.3; Donov. Brit.
Shells, t. 120. fig. 1; Mont. Test. Brit. 208.

38 GASTEROPODA. BULLAD.

Amygdala marina, Plane. de Conch. minus notis, 22. t. 11.

figs. E-I.

Bulleea Planciana, Lamarck, Syst. des An. sans Vert. 63.
Bulla, the Bubble, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 30. t. 2. fig. 3.
Habitat in littoribus arenosis vulgaris.

Shell whitish and shining, somewhat round, slightly striated
transversely. Length nearly an inch.

Bullea Planciana is found on most of our sandy shores in
considerable abundance, and is often thrown up alive. The
colour of the animal is whitish, pellucid, sometimes speckled
with pale brown, or blackish. That part which covers the shell
is often streaked with opaque white. Length rarely more than
an inch and a half.

All our writers have confounded the shell with the Bulla
aperta of Linné, which inhabits the African coast, and is totally
different from this species.

2. BuLLAZA CATENA.

B. testa elongata, externé transversim striata; strius elevato-
punctatis, hine catenam zmulantibus, apertura posticé acu-
minata.

Bulla Catena, Mont. Test. Brit. 215. t. 7. fig. 7; M. and R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 122; Turt. Conch. Dict. 24.

Habitat in Danmoniz, Hibernize et Cambrize Australis littori-
bus, necnon in Freto Forth dicto, haud infrequens.

Shell elongate, transversely striated externally; the striz
with ovate elevated points, which give to the striz the appear-
ance of chains, the aperture acuminated behind. Colour white.
Surface glossy. Length a quarter of an inch.

This elegant species, which has not yet occurred with its
animal, inhabits the sandy shores of Devon, Cornwall, and
South Wales. I observed it likewise in the Frith of Forth, and
on every part of the southern coast of Ireland.

From Montagu’s description, it is probable that his supposed
variety, which I have never seen, may prove to be another
species of this, or of some other genus of the family.

GASTEROPODA. BULLADZ. 39

STIRPS II.

Genus 16. SCAPHANDER.

Scaphander, De Montfort.

Testa dura, posticé valdé attenuata; spira abscondita ; aper-
tura anticé valdé hians; umbilicus nullus.

Ventriculus testis tribus calcareis, magnis armatus: duabus
lateralibus majoribus, eequalibus, compresso-reniformibus, ex-
terné concavis, interné convexis; superiore elongata, externé
canaliculata, interne acuminata. Penis cylindricus.

Shell hard, very much attenuated behind; the spire concealed ;
the aperture very widely gaping; no umbilicus.

Stomach armed with three large calcareous shells; the two
lateral ones of which are compressed kidney-shaped, externally
concave, convex within; the upper one elongate, externally
channelled longitudinally, internally acumiated.

Gioéni, a Sicilian naturalist, described the stomach of this
animal as a peculiar genus, which he named after himself,
Gioénia, and even detailed its economy. Bruguiére adopted
this supposed genus, and has figured it in the Encyclopédie
Méthodique, Vers, pl. 170, after Pholas, under the name Gioéna.
Retzius called it Tricla. The imposition was discovered by
Draparnaud, and was exposed by him in the Bulletin des Sciences
for 1799, p. 113.

1. SCAPHANDER LIGNARIUS.

S. testa longitudinaliter crenato-striata et transversim striolata.
Bulla lignaria, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii.i. 1184; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 116. t. 70. fig. 83 ; Humphrey, Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 15.
t.2; Mont. Test. Brit. 205; M. and R. Trans. Linn. Soc.

vill. 125; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 84.

Habitat in Anglize Occidentalis mari vulgatissimé, preesertim in
profundo.

Shell longitudinally striated ; the strize wrinkled, and trans-
versely striated finely. Length of the shell two inches; of the
animal two and a half or three inches. Colour of the shell ex-
ternally dark, or pale reddish chestnut, more or less lineated

40 GASTEROPODA. BULLADZ.

longitudinally with whitish. A variety sometimes occurs which
is of a pure white. Colour of the animal pale yellow, testa-
ceous, or brownish; its surface smooth.

2. SCAPHANDER CATENATUS.

S. testa catenis longitudinalibus, parallelis sculpta.
Habitat in Danmoniz mari rarissimus.

Shell elegantly sculptured, the prominent parts representing
a number of chains placed parallel to each other. Length one
eighth of an inch.

The only specimen of this shell that I have seen was taken
in the Plymouth Sound in deep water, by the late Mr. J. Cranch,
who assured me that he had formerly met with a similar shell
in Salcombe Bay. It has quite the air of the preceding species,
excepting in the form of its second whorl, which is less inflated.

3. ScAPHANDER BrRownil.

S. test punctis excavatis, elongatis, acuminatis sulco connexis
et in lineas longitudinales digestis, sculpta.
Habitat cum preecedente.

Shell sculptured with excavated, elongate, and acuminate
dots, which are connected by a groove, and arranged in longi-
tudinal les. These lines of excavated dots vary much in size ;
they are very regular towards the upper part of the spire, but
are alternately wide and narrow at the other extremity, where
the dots are often altogether obliterated, and their place sup-
plied by a simple line.

A single specimen of this shell was found by Mr. Cranch in
the Plymouth Sound, in a bed which contains the S. lignarius
in great profusion. The Provost of Eton possesses two other
specimens. Length a quarter of an inch.

Named after Captain T. Brown, who is now preparing a work
on British Conchology.

Genus 17. HAMINS[EA.

Testa duriuscula, ovato-ventricosa ; spira abscondita ; aper-
tura anticée hians; umbilicus nullus. Ventriculus testis tribus

GASTEROPODA. BULLADZ. 41

subcorneis, zequalibus (entomolithem referentibus), inferis in-
structus. Penzs gracilis ad apicem abrupte ovato-clavatus.
Shell hard, ovate-ventricose ; the spire concealed ; the aper-
ture gaping anteriorly ; umbilicus none. Stomach with three
equal, somewhat horny, appendages, resembling the Dudley
fossil (entomolithus) in form, and embracing its lower part.

1. HaminzaA CuviERt.

H. testa longitudinaliter crebro undulato-striata ; striis crenatis.
Bulla Hydatis, Pult. Cat. Dors. t. 23. fig. 10; Donov. Brit.
Shells, t. 88; Mont. Test. Brit. 217. vignette 1. fig. 1-6;
Cuv. Ann. de Mus. xvi. t. 13. figs. 11-13; Reégne Anim. ui.
400; Turt. Conch. Dict. 20; Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. ix.

106. t. 6. fig. 1, animal.

Habitat in mari profundo. Apud Studland, Southampton, et

Salcombe, sat frequens.

Shell with numerous longitudinal, undulated, wrinkled striz.
Colour of the adult, red-chestnut ; of the young, pellucid green.
The strize on young shells are very faint, often obsolete, and
rarely crenate.

The animal is incapable of retiring within its shell. When
at rest, the shell is nearly concealed by the lateral and poste-
rior dilatations of the foot. All the upper parts and dilatations
of the foot are of a testaceous colour, tinted with orange, or
passing into yellowish brown, and speckled with black or pur-
plish brown. In Montagu’s figure in the Linnzean Transactions,
are represented two spots, near the centre of the reflected upper
lip, which the author believed to be the eyes. This can be
made out only by dissection. Length of the shell one inch and
a half; of the animal, three inches.

Inhabits most of our sandy coasts. It is tolerably abundant
at Studland, Pool, Southampton, and Salcombe, and has been
occasionally found in profusion at Weymouth, near Dunbar,
and in Bantry Bay.

Bulla Hydatis, of Linné, belongs to a very different genus,
and is figured by Gualtieri; 1 have therefore named this species
after Cuvier, who has made us first acquainted with its anato-
mical structure.

42 GASTEROPFODA. BULLAD.

2. HAMINAA DILATATA. _

H. testa longitudinaliter et tenuiter strigosa, apertura ad dex-
tram posticeé dilatata.

Shell longitudinally and finely striolated, the aperture on the
left side posteriorly dilated.

I have seen but a single specimen of this shell, which was
taken off Falmouth, and is evidently in its young state. It
differs very essentially from the young of H. Cuvieri, which
is very abundant, and so constant in its form, that I do not
hesitate to give this as a very distinct species. Its length does
not exceed half an inch.

3. HAMINAZA ELEGANS.

H. testa elongata, longitudinaliter striata ; striis simplicibus,
apertura ad sinistram anticé peritremate marginato in-
structa.

Habitat in Danmonie, et Cambrice mari.

Shell elongate, striated longitudinally with simple strize, the
left side of the aperture anteriorly, with a margined peritreme.
Length three-quarters of an inch.

My attention was first directed to this species by Mr. J. E. Gray,
who received it from Devon. I have since obtamed it from
Tenby and Swansea, as well as from the Devon coast, and have
observed it in many collections confounded with the young of
HI. Cuvieri.

Genus 18. EucAmPeE.

Testa tenuis, flexilis, cylindraceo-ventricosa ; spira canalicu-
lata, plana ; apertura antice hians ; umbilicus nullus.

Shell thin, flexible, cylindric-ventricose ; the spire canalicu-
late, flat; the aperture gaping anteriorly ; umbilicus none.

1. EucaAmre Donovanl.

E. testa longitudinaliter antiquato-striolaté et subtransversim
strigosa; strigis subundulatis.

Bulla resiliens, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. 79.

Bulla akera, Mont. Test. Brit. 219; M. & R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vin. 125.

Habitat in mari, preesertim in eestuariis.

GASTEROPODA. BULLADE. 43

Shell with longitudinal, antiquated striole, and with some-
what transverse, slightly undulating striole.

Inhabits the sea, but is generally found only in estuaries.
It has been observed at Pool, Weymouth, Southampton and
Portsmouth ; and is said to occur on the coasts of Devon.

Its animal is said to be very lively and active; it has not,
however, been described in a correct or scientific manner.

Genus 19. Roxanta.

Testa solida, oviformis ; apertura anticé paulo hians ; spira
immersa; umbilicus perforatus.

Ventriculus testis nullis mstructus.

Shell solid, egg-shaped ; aperture gaping a little anteriorly ;
the spire immersed ; umbilicus perforate. |

I have examined an animal of this genus in a bad state of
preservation, and found that its stomach, which was strong,
and filled with the debris of minute shells, had not the slightest
indication of the hard appendages found in its kindred genera,
Bullea, Scaphander and Haminea. It is on this account that
I have separated it from Bulla, the true type of which is Bulla
Ampulla, from which it likewise differs in having an umbilicus,
as well as in the general habit of the animal and shell.

1. Roxania Crancuit. Tab. VII. fig. 11.

R. testa crebré punctata; punctis in strias longitudinales
digestis, anticé et posticé longitudinaliter striatis; striis
plerumque punctatis.

Habitat in Danmoniz mari profundo, rarior.

Shell, with closely impressed dots, arranged into longitudinal
striee, anteriorly and posteriorly striated longitudinally ; the
striee generally punctured. Length six-eighths of an inch.

This species was discovered by Mr. J. Cranch in deep water,
off Falmouth, im 1815, and afterwards in the Plymouth Sound,
from whence it has likewise been obtained by C. Prideaux, Esq.

Since writing the above, I have received an Irish specimen
of the shell from my very liberal friend, the Provost of Eton,

44 GASTEROPODA. SACCOBRANCHIA.

ORDER III. SACCOBRANCHIA.

Pulmones, Cuvier.

Branchie saccum interné tegentes, non elevate. Testa
nulla; interna; aut externa, spiralis vel capuliformis aut sub-
conica. Operculum externum nullum. Sewus hemaphroditus.

Familiarum Synopsis.
* Tentacula 4: superiora ad apicem oculigera.

Fam. 1. Limacip#. Corpus sepius nudum, elongatum,
supra anticé disco thoracico instructum. Testa seepius interna,
nunquam elevato-spiralis.

Fam. 2. Henicip#. Corpus spirale. Testd spirali tectum.

** Tentacula duo.

Fam. 3. Carycurapz. Corpusspirale. Testd spirali tec-
tum. Apertura dentata.

Fam. 4. Limnap#. Corpus seepius spirale. Testa seepius
spiralis, seepé depressa. Aperturd mermi.

Fam. 5. ANCyLIp&. Corpus ovato-aut elongato-conicum.
Testdé conformi tectum. Spira inchoata.

The respiration of all the animals of this Order is performed
by the lining of a sac, the entrance to which is a contractile
trachea, formed from the mantle, and is opened or closed at
the will of the animal, who ejects the air by the trachea when
it has performed the purposes of respiration, and takes in a
fresh supply through the same opening, which it then closes.

The body is either naked, or covered by a shell. In the
first family, the Limacide, the shell is mternal, and situated
beneath a thoracic dise ; is wanting entirely, or is replaced by
a few obsolete shelly fragments. In the families Helicide,
Carychiadee and Limnadez, the bodies are spiral, and are pro-

adel

GASTEROPODA. LIMACIDZ. 45

tected by a shell of the same form; whilst in Ancylide they
are conical, and are covered by a conic shell.

The two first families, Limacidze and Helicide, have four
tentacula ; the upper ones of which bear eyes at their extremi-
ties. All the other families have but two tentacula, which are
furnished with eyes at their bases.

The sexes are hermaphrodite. The impregnation is mutual
in Limiacidee, Helicidee and Carychiade ; whilst in Limnade,
if there be but two individuals, one only is impregnated.

FAMILY I. LIMACID.

Corpus oblongum sepius nudum. Pes abdominalis. Caput
tentaculis quatuor ; superioribus elongatis, ad apicem oculi-
geris ; inferioribus brevissimis.

STIRPS I.

Corpus nudum anticé supra disco thoracico cor, branchiasque
tegente, instructum. Sexus hermaphroditus. Apertura late-
ralis dextra, thoracica.

Synopsis Generum.

Apertura lateralis ante medium disci. Dorsum
non carinatum, at Glanduld gaa termi-
nali instructum....... 2 heute emg Os. A RIOR.
Apertura lateralis sate gins fee “Worst
posticé saltem carinatum, nig Glanduld
LENE ee ees Re pe we penal) 36 Vil Sa

Body of the Limacide ameeTs naked, foot abdominal, head
with four tentacula; the upper ones elongated, bearing the
eyes at their extremities ; under ones very ore.

Those of the first stirps have their body naked, the anterior
and upper part being furnished with a thoracic disc, covering
the heart and respiratory organs. The sexes hermaphrodite.
The lateral aperture on the right side of the thorax.

The animals of this family are indiscriminately named Slugs.

The mouths of these animals are furnished with a horny con-

46 GASTEROPODA. LIMACID.

cave palate, armed with a single tooth or process, and a carti-
laginous elastic tongue, transversely grooved and serrated.

The cesophagus is moderately long ; the stomach membrana-
ceous, bipartite, longitudinally elevated ; the intestine with two
curvatures. Salivary glands of a moderate size, situated one
on each side of the cesophagus, and terminating im a duct on
each side of its orifice. Liver five-lobed, embracing the wind-
ings of the intestine. Each lobe having its own gall-bladder,
the three anterior of which send their ducts to the anterior ex-
tremity of the duodenum by a common tube, formed by their
coalescence, the two posterior ones, by a similar tube, to the
same part.

The central mass of the nervous system, which is somewhat
bilobate, receives several nerves from the mouth and its vicinity ;
one from each upper tentaculum ; one from each eye. The
organs of generation, on the right side, form a plexus ; and
send their nerves, by a common trunk, to the central mass.
The two cesophageal nerves unite and form a (sympathetic)
ganglion, which receives two nerves from the course of the ceso-
phagus. The nerves of the foot jom the lower part of the
inferior ganglion.

Genus 20. ARION.
Arion, Férussac.
Limax, Auctorum.

Apertura lateralis ante disci thoracici medium. Apertura
branchialis dextra, anterior. Dorsum non carinatum, Glan-
duld muciferd terminali instructum. Testa nullaintegra. Cor-
pus elongato-subovale, semicylindricum, anticé et posticé obtu-
sum. ZJhorax anticé preesertim rugulosus. Dorsum et Latera
tuberculis oblongis et subverrucosis, sulcisque confluentibus
sculpta. Pes a corpore sulco divisus, lateribus latis.

Lateral aperture placed before the middle of the thoracic
disc. Branchial aperture on the right side anteriorly. Back
not carinated ; its extremity furnished with a mucous gland.
Shell rudimentary, composed of loose fragments. Body elon-
gate, inclining to oval, semicylindric, anteriorly and posteriorly
obtuse. Thoracic disc roughish, especially anteriorly. Back

GASTEROPODA. LIMACID. 47

and sides sculptured with oblong subverrucose tubercles and
confluent grooves. Foot divided from the body by a groove ;
its sides wide.

The Ariones were confounded with the Limaces or Slugs by
all naturalists, until the distinctions were pointed out by De
Férussac, in his valuable and splendid work on the Land and
Freshwater Mollusca.

During the day they retire into shaded places, or lurk be-
neath the branches of trees, or under the herbage on the ground ;
and in the evening, as well as in cloudy weather, they wander
about in search of their food, consisting of vegetable matter,
which they devour with great voracity. It is stated that they
eat also putrid animal substances and excrements. Their move-
ment is very slow.

They have been observed to devour the mucus, secreted by
the gland, at the extremity of their body.

The lateral aperture contains the termination of the rectum,
which is very near to the orifice of the respiratory sac, as well
as the orifices of generation, which open beneath that of respi-
ration.

i. ARION EMPIRICORUM. Plate VIII. fig. 1-2, var. e.

A. ater, niger, fuscus, rufescens, flavidus aut albidus, margine
laterali concolore, luteo, coccineo aut croceo simplici, vel
verticaliter nigro-lineato.

Arion Empiricorum, Féruss. Hist. des Moll. i. 60.

Var. a. Ater, niger aut fuscus, margine laterali concolore.
Féruss. H. des M. 1. pl. 2. fig. 1.

Limax ater, Lister, Phil. Trans. ix. p. 96 ; Linn. Syst. Nat.
xii. i. 1081; Penn. Brit. Zool.iv.40; Drap. Hist. Moll.
122. pl. 9. fig. 3.0

Var. @. Rufus, aut subrufus, margine laterali concolore.

Limax rufus, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1081; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 40.
Limax Empiricorum y, Féruss. H. des Moll. 61. pl. 3. fig. 2.

Var. y. Ater aut fuscus, margine laterali coccmeo, croceo aut

luteo, verticaliter aut obliqué nigro-lineato.
Féruss. H. des M.i. 61. pl. 2. fig. 2. var. 6.

48 GASTEROPODA. LIMACID.

Limax ater B et y, Drap. H. des M. 122.

Var. 5. Niger, latere margineque laterali croceis, immaculatis.
Var. e. Albidus, vel flavidus, margine laterali luteo simplici,
aut nigro obliqué lineato.

Limax albus, Mill. Swamp. 61; Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1,
1081; Walch. Naturfor. iv. 136. tab. 1. fig. 7; Brug.
Encycl. Méth. pl. 84. fig. 3; Bosc. H. N. des Vers, i. 80.

Arion albus, Féruss. H. des M. 1. 64. pl. 2. fig. 3.
Habitat in campis, ericetis nemoribusque passim ; var. € in cre-
taceis.

Black, sooty-black, fuscous, rufescent yellowish or whitish,
the lateral margin of the same colour, or luteous, coccineous or
saffron-coloured ; simple; or vertically or obliquely lineated
with black.

Inhabits the fields, the commons, and the woods, throughout
Great Britam. Length four or five inches. The excrements
generally green or brown.

It is subject to a vast number of varieties, which have been
described as different species by authors.

Variety 1. Black, sooty-black, or fuscous, the lateral margin
of the same colour. This is by far the most common appear-
ance. The Black Slug of Pennant.

Variety 2. Rufous, or slightly so, the lateral margin of the
same colour. The Brown Slug of Pennant.

Variety 3. Black or fuscous, the lateral margin coccineous,
saffron-coloured, or luteous, vertically or obliquely lineated with
black.

Variety 4. Black; the sides and lateral margin, saffron-
coloured, without spots or lines.

Variety 5. Whitish or yellowish, the lateral margin simply
luteous, or luteous obliquely lineated with black. This is the
Limaz albus of Linné, Miller, and other writers.

Head anteriorly blackish, striolated transversely, quite smooth
between the tentacula, where it is marked with four grooved
lines. Upper tentacula blackish tuberculated ; the tubercles
elongated. Thoracic disc irregularly granulated. Back sculp-
tured with elongate and intricate rugee. Sides and lower part
of the foot smooth; latter part with transverse black lines.

GASTEROPODA. LIMACID®. 49

The first variety is very generally diffused ; the second is far
from being common, and is found with var. 1; the third variety
is very abundant in the West of England, especially on the
borders of granite districts, where it is to be found beneath
stones during the day. The fourth variety I found on a heath
in Cornwall, near Bodmin, in company with var. 1 and3. The
fifth variety is confined to chalky districts: I have twice re-
ceived it alive from Mr. J. E. Gray, who found them near Dart-
ford, in Kent.

Had my friend De Férussac seen the modification of var. ¢
with oblique lines on the lateral margin, I am confident that he
would then have considered his aléus as a variety of Hmpiri-
corum.

2. ARION HORTENSIS.

A. niger, longitudinaliter griseo-fasciatus ; pede griseo luteo
aut croceo.

Arion hortensis, Féruss. Hist. des Moll. 65. pl. 2. fig. 4-6.

Habitat in hortis, vulgaris.

Black, longitudinally banded with grey ; foot grey, luteous,
or saffron-coloured. Length two inches.

General form when in motion cylindric. Head smooth above,
with two impressed longitudinal lines between the upper tenta-
cula, which are rugose above. Thoracic dise granulated ; the
granules sometimes confluent. Back sculptured with elongate
linear rugee, which are tolerably regular, and slightly rounded
before and behind. Foot perfectly smooth.

Viewed with the lens, the whole of the thoracic disc, the
back and sides of the abdomen, are very minutely sprinkled
with luteous, tinted with saffron. The thoracic dise has two
longitudinal bands of grey, between which the general colour is
less intense than it is laterally. The back of the abdomen has
a longitudinal grey band on each side; and the sides of the
abdomen on their lower edge are greyish white. The tentacula
are sometimes very faintly tinted with bluish. The foot is
generally sprinkled with minute testaceous dots.

This species is very common in all the kitchen gardens round

D

50 GASTEROPODA. LIMACID.

London, and is said to be very destructive by the gardeners,
who name it the April Slug.

Genus 21. Limax.
Limax, Férussae et Auctorum.

Apertura lateralis pone thoracis disci medium. Aperture
branchialis dextra, posterior. Dorsum posticé saltem carina-
tum, glandula mucifera nulla nstructum. Testa interior, post-
thoracica, tenuis. Corpus subcylindricum, posticé acuminatum.
Thorax concentricé striatus. Dorsum et Latera tuberculis
elongatis, sulcisque confluentibus sculpta. Pes a corpore vix
distinctus, lateribus angustissimis. |

Synopsis Specierum.

1. antiquorum; badius, fuscus, cinereus aut niger, seepius lon-
gitudinaliter fasciatus, carina dorsali dentata aut undulata,
capite tentaculisque badiis.

2. maculatus ; luteus, supra nigro-maculatus.

3. variegatus ; lutescens aut nigricante-griseus, luteo aut cro-
ceo variegatus, thorace subconcentricé elevato-lineato et
maculato, tentaculis czerulescentibus.

4. carinatus ; griseus, nigricante et subcroceo variegatus, dorso
usque ad thoracem carinato ; carima simplici, crocea.

9. agrestis ; rufescens aut griseus, concolor aut fusco-macu-
latus, thorace elongato posticé rotundato, carina dorsali
brevi obliqua, collo superné bisulcato.

Lateral aperture situated behind the middle of the thoracic
disc. Branchial aperture on the right side posteriorly. Back
carinated, at least posteriorly, without a mucous gland at its
extremity. Shell slender, slightly concave, situated beneath
the hinder part of the thoracic disc.

Body subcylindric, acuminated posteriorly. Thoracic disc
concentrically striated. Back and sides sculptured with elon-
gate tubercles and confluent grooves. Foot scarcely distinct
from the body, its sides very narrow.

The dorsal carina is simple 1 in all the British species, at
L. antiquorum, in which it is undulated or dentated. It rarely

~GASTEROPODA. LIMACIDZ. 51

extends anteriorly beyond the middle of the back ; but in our
L. carinatus it touches the dise of the thorax, Pl. VIII. fig. 3.

The shell is for the most part single ; but two, and sometimes
three, shells are found lying over each other.

The lateral aperture contains the orifices of the respiratory
sac aud rectum, which are very near to each other. The aper-
ture for the organs of generation is placed near the right supe-
rior tentaculum behind.

1. Limax ANTIQUORUM.

L. badius, fuscus, cinereus aut niger, seepius longitudinaliter
fasciatus, carina dorsali dentaté aut undulata, capite tenta-
culisque rufescente-badiis.

Limax Antiquorum, Féruss. H. des M. i. 68. pl. 4.

Limax cinereus, Lister, Phil. Trans. ix. 96. t. 14.

Limax maximus, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1081; Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 41.

Limax cinereus, Mill. Hist. Verm. v. 202. var. a.et 8; Drap.
HI. des M.104; Sturm. Deut. Fn. Wurm. 2 heft.

Limax cinereo-niger, Sturm. Deut. Fn. Wurm. 1 heft.

Testa tenuis, concava, Féruss. Hist. Nat. des Moll. pl. 4.
fig. 4.

Habitat in cavernis, cellariis.

Colore valdé variat. Thorax concolor, aut pulcherrimé ma-
culatus. Dorsum et latera quandoque nigra aut fusca, nec raro
immaculata, cinerea, badia aut brunnea, seepé fasciis vel macu-
lis in lineis longitudinalibus digestis, pulcherrimé ornatis.

Corpus valdé elongatum. Caput lined longitudinali nigra
utrinque canaliculataé, fasciaéque obscura utrinque a tentacu-
lorum basi ad thoracem ducté. Tentacula elongata. Dorsum
elongato-sculptum ; sculptura erosa, anticé et postict acumi-
nata. Carina ad medium dorsi, vel ultra producta, serrata,
dentata aut undulata. Pes albidus, in nonnullis luteo tinctus.

Body chestnut, fuscous, cinereous, or sooty-black, generally
banded longitudinally, the dorsal carina dentated or undulated,
head and tentacula reddish chestnut.

Body much elongated. Head with a longitudinal black line,
haying a groove on each side, and an obscure band on each side

D2

52 GASTEROPODA. LIMACID.

extending from the base of the tentacula to the thoracic disc.
Tentacula elongated. Back sculptured, with oblong corroded
tubercles, which are acuminated at each extremity. Carina ex-
tending anteriorly beyond the middle of the back, serrated, den-
tated, or undulated above. Foot white, sometimes lutescent.

It varies much in colour. The thoracic dise is of the same
colour with the rest of the body, or is beautifully mottled.
The back and sides are often black or fuscous ; at other times
chestnut-brown or cinereous, and beautifully ornamented with
longitudinal lines entire, or composed of spots of a darker co-
lour. Length seven or eight inches.

This species seems to be very rare in Britain, as I have only
obtained specimens, which were found in a cellar, near Cobham,
in Surrey, and at Starston, Harleston, in Norfolk, by the Rey.
W. Whitear.

Shell thin, elongate, concave, generally with a membrana-
ceous edge.

2. LIMAX MACULATUS.

L. luteus, supra nigro pulcherrimé maculatus.

Habitat prope Edinburgh sub lapidibus.

Thorax leviusculus maculis distinctis, nigris ornatus. Dorsi
medium maculis distinetis, sublateraliter maculis confluenti-
bus vittam irregularem efformantibus ; lateribus ipsis maculis
minoribus undique confiuentibus.

Colour luteous, its upper part beautifully spotted with black.
Thoracic dise rather smooth, the spots distinct. Back with
distinct spots. Towards the sides the spots are confluent, and
form an irregular longitudinal band. The sides themselves are
varied with smaller spots, which on every side join with each
other. Sculpture irregular.

This description is taken, in default of a living specimen,
from one in spirits. Its size is the same, in the contracted
state, with that of LZ. variegatus, and its cara appears to be
of the same proportion.

Common on the hills round Edinburgh under stones.

3. LIMAX VARIEGATUS.
L. lutescens aut nigricante-griseus, luteo yel croceo variegatus,

GASTEROPODA. LIMACIDZ. 53

thorace subconcentricé elevato-lineato et maculato, tenta-

culis ceerulescentibus.

Limax variegatus, Drap. Moll. Terr. et Fluv. 127.9; Féruss.

fist. des Moll. T. et F. 71. pl. 6. figs. 1-4.

Testa tenuis, concava, posticé externé mamillata. Féruss. loc.

et. fir. 4.

Habitat in subterraneis et sub lapidibus.

Tentacula czerulea, inferiora pallidiora. Caput lineis duabus
longitudinalibus exaratis, utrinque fusco aut nigricante szepis-
simé crebrd punctulatis. Thorax saturatior, luteo aut croceo
pulcherrimé maculatus. Latera thoracis et abdominis immacu-
lata. Dorsum variegatum ; sculptura elongata anticé et pos-
ticé subattenuata, nec verd acuta. Carina ad medium dorsi
haud attingens, crocea, rarius lutea. Pes griseus albidus aut
lutescens.

Limaz variegatus occurs in cellars, caves, and old buildings ;
likewise in gardens and fields beneath stones. The tentacula
are blue, the under ones of a paler hue. Head with two longi-
tudinal excavated lines, generally punctulated on each side with
dark brown or blackish. The dise of the thorax is of a deeper
colour than the rest of the body, and is elegantly spotted with
clay-yellow or croceous. It is sculptured very beautifully with
subconcentric elevated lines. Sides of the thorax and foot
without spots. Back variegated, the sculpture elongated, at-
tenuated before and behind, but not acutely. Keel croceous,
very rarely luteous. Foot grey, whitish, or luteous.

This beautiful species, which is by no means uncommon in
the environs of London, does not appear to be abundant in
other parts of Britain: itis rare in Devonshire. I once received
a specimen from my friend Professor Buckland, who found it
near Oxford. Length two and a half inches.

Shell thin, concave, mamillated at its posterior extremity
externally.

De Férussac quotes the Limax flavus of Linné and Pennant
for this species; but as Linné quotes Lister’s descriptive cha-
racter *, which does not apply to L. variegatus ; and as Pennant

* “ Limax succinei coloris, albidis maculis insignitus.’’ List. exerc. Anat,
j. t. 1; Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1082.

54 GASTEROPODA. LIMACID.

has only translated this character, I must decline agreeing in
opinion with my learned friend.

4, Limax carinatus. PI. VIII. fig. 3.

L. griseus nigricante et subcroceo variegatus, dorso usque ad
thoracem carinato ; carina simplici crocea.

Testa parva, crassiuscula, ovata, plana ; rarius concava.

Habitat in hortis circa Londinum vulgatissimé.

Animal grey, variegated with pale or dusky croceous ; back
carinated from its hinder extremity to the thoracic dise; the
carina simple and saffron-coloured. Shell small, thickish, ovate,
and flat, very rarely concave.

This very beautiful and new species was communicated to
me by my friend R. Latham, Esq., together with a quantity of
L. variegatus, which he had kindly promised to procure for me.
On examination I found it to be a most common species in all
the gardens around London.

It resembles at first sight imax variegatus, with which it
agrees in size and general colouring; but it may readily be dis-
tinguished by its prolonged carina, and by the inferior size, but
superior thickness and different form, of its internal shell, which
is very rarely concave.

5. Limax AGRESTIS.

L. rufescens aut griseus, concolor aut fusco maculatus, thorace
elongato posticé rotundato, carina dorsali brevi obliqua, collo
superné bisulcato.

Limax agrestis, Féruss. Hist. des Moll. 73.

Var. a. Albidus immaculatus.

Limax cinereus alter, List. Phil. Trans. (1674) 96.

Limax agrestis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1082; Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 41; Drap. Hist. des Moll. 126. var. a; Féruss.
Hist. Nat. des Moll. var. a.

Var. (3. Albidus, thorace flavescente.

Limax agrestis, Mill. Verm. Hist. 204. var. e ; Drap. Hist.
des Moll. 126. var. y; Féruss. Hist. Nat. des Moll. pi.
5. figs. 9-10. var. y; Lath. Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. 85.
var. (3.

GASTEROPODA. LIMACID. 55

Limax filans, Hoy, Trans. Linn. Soc. i. 184.
Var. y. Albidus, capite nigro.
Limax agrestis, Mill. Verm. Hist. 204. var. y; Féruss.
Hist. des Moll. vay. 6.
Var. 0. Albidus vel griseus, atomis nigris sparsus.

Limax agrestis, Miill. Verm. Hist. 204. var. 8; Drap. Hist.
des Moll. 126. var. 3; Féruss. Hist. Nat. des Moll.
var. €.

Var. e. Rufus, flavescens aut griseus, fusco-sparsus.

Limax reticulatus, Mill. Hist. Verm. 207.

Limax agrestis, Féruss. Hist. Nat. des Moll. 74. pl. 5.
figs. 7-8.

Testa elongato-ovata, duriuscula, albida, vix concava.

Habitat in hortis, campis, nemoribusque vulgatissimé, sub lapi-
dibus szepissimé latitans.

Animal rufescent or grey, sometimes freckled or spotted with
fuscous ; surface slightly sculptured; thoracic dise elongated,
rounded behind; dorsal carina short, oblique; neck bisulcated
above. Shell oblong-oval, rather hard, slightly concave.

This is by far the most common of the British species of
slug, and is found in woods, fields, and gardens, often hiding
itself under stones. Length from one to two inches.

The neck is generally of a red or pale flesh colour, marked
behind the tentacula with two blackish bands, which are some-
times interrupted by spots.

This species, like its congeners, is liable to a vast number of
variations in colour, and has consequently been divided into a
vast number of supposed species which pass gradually urto each
other, and prove them to form but varieties of the same species.

In the first volume of the Transactions of the Linnzean So-
ciety, Mr. Hoy has published a paper on one of the varieties
of this slug, which he has denominated the Spinning Limax.
In the fourth volume of the same work, Dr. Latham has given
some additional observations on this subject, made by Montagu,
with a view to show that this animal has the power to suspend
itself by a thread, composed of the mucus of its foot ; a cha-
racter which Mr. Montagu has since assured me, was common
to all the British slugs.

56 GASTEROPODA. HELICID.

FAMILY II. HELICIDA.

Corpus spirale, testa spirali tectum. Pes abdominalis. Caput
tentaculis quatuor; superioribus elongatis, ad apicem oculi-
geris ; inferioribus brevibus. Organorum Sexualium Apertura
antica, sub tentaculo superiore dextro* posita.

Synopsis Stirpium.

I. Testa spiralis, anfractu ultimo maximo.

Stirps 1. Umbilicus nullus.

II. Testa subglobosa, orbicularis aut depressa.

Stirps 2. Testa subglobosa, inzequilateralis. Umbilicus nullus.

Stirps 3. Testa subglobosa, inzequilateralis. Umbilicus perfo-
ratus.

Stirps 4. Testa depressa aut conica, eequilateralis. Umbilicus
centralis.

Ill. Testa turrita.
A. Apertura inermis.

Stirps 5. Testa acutissimé turrita.
Stirps 6. Testa obtusiusculo-turrita.

B. Apertura denticulata.

Stirps 7. Testa admodum turrita, smistrorsa.

Stirps 8. Testa acuminato-turrita. Peritrema perfectum. Um-
bilicus nullus.

Stirps 9. Testa subacuminato-turrita, aut obtuse turrita. Peri-
trema marginatum, interné inchoatum. Umbilicus
perforatus. Tentacula quatuor; inferiora brevia.

In common language the Helicide are named Snails; the
whole of them are terrestrial, and breathe air.

In all essential points they are very nearly allied to the Li-
macide, from which they differ, principally, in the spiral form
of their body, and in the existence of the spiral shell that
covers it.

* Sinistro in heterostrophis.

GASTEROPODA. HELICID. 57

The mantle anteriorly is reflexed, and forms a sort of collar,
out of which the head passes when the animal is about to move,
and which closes the aperture of the shell when the animal is
withdrawn. The foot is separated from the lower part of the
head by a transverse groove.

The lateral aperture admits air to the respiratory organs ; it
contains the anus, and the extremity of the duct from the gland
which secretes the mucus. This opening is situated on the
right side in all that are not reversed.

The tentacula of the Helicide are retractile, and are with-
drawn, like the finger of a glove inverted, similar to those of the
Inmacide. The lower ones are almost obsolete in Vertigo.

All the indigenous species feed on vegetable matter. During
the winter season they close the aperture of their shell, with
what is termed an epiphragm (epiphragma), which is for the
most part membranaceous ; it is however calcareous in Pomatia.
A similar epiphragm is likewise formed by the young of Tedu
cingenda during the hotter parts of the summer, as was first
observed by my friend the Rev. J. Bulwer.

The nervous system is in all essential points analogous to
that of the Limacidee, but it is more connected with the mus-
cles; and the central mass is, in the globose genera at least,
not placed so near to the inferior ganglion.

The liver, in all the genera hitherto examined, is quadrilo-
bate, and these lobes are more or less subdivided into smaller
lobes. The gall-ducts which arise, each from a peculiar gall-
bladder, unite into a general tube, which terminates in the an-
terior extremity of the duodenum.

STIRS fF.
Genus 22. SuccINEA.
Succinea, Draparnaud.

Testa spiralis; anfractus ultimus maximus. Apertura magna,
obliqua, posticé ad dextram acuminata. Peritrema nullum.
Umbilicus nullus. Tentacula breviora: superiora subconica ;
wnferiora tuberculiformia, brevissima.

~

Do

58 GASTEROPODA. HELICID.

Shell spiral ; the last whorl very large. Aperture large, ob-
lique, its hinder extremity acuminated on the right side. Pe-
ritreme none. Umbilicus none. Tentacula short ; upper ones
somewhat conic; under ones very short, tuberculiform.

The animal during the summer months can scarcely retire
within its shell.

1. Succinea MULUERI.

S. test& ovato-oblongé, diaphana, cornea ; apertura ovato-ob-
longa.
Helix putris, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. 168. fig. 1; Mont. Test.

Brit. u. 376. t. 16. fig. 4; Dill. Desc. Cat. 965.

Helix succinea, Mill. Verm. Hist. 296; M. and R. Trans.

Linn. Soe. vii. 218; Turt. Conch. Dict. 67.

Succinea amphibia, Drap. Hist. Moll. 58. pl. 3. fig. 22.
Lymnea succinea, Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 77.

(. testa elongata, alioquin varietati, a. simillima.

Helix succinea, Drap. loc. cit. pl. 3. fig. 24.

Habitat in paludibus ; nympheeaceis, juncis salicibusque, affixa.

Shell ovate-oblong, diaphanous, corneous; the aperture ovate-
oblong. Variety (. differs merely in being more produced.

Animal blackish, extremely mucous, forming a hard epi-
phragm for the winter.

Inhabits marshes, attaching itself to aquatic plants, as well
as to such trees as grow in wet grounds. Height of the shell
five-fourths of an inch.

Young shells are often tinted with pale green, which gradually
changes into horn or amber colour during their growth.

This is the only species yet discovered to inhabit Britain.
It has been strangely confounded with very different species
belonging to other genera.

STIRPS II.

Synopsis Generum.

Peritrema nullum #4 22000075 ool e8 L . ...0828. ee
Peritrema tenue, reflexum; posticé nullum.. 24. Hetrx.

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ. 59

Peritrema anticé interné marginatum ; | ote
pe eaamM Fo. Ses Why). 1G dines Wes Zoe Baers:

Genus 23. VITRINA.

Vitrina, Draparnaud.
Helico-Limax, Férussac.

Testa tenuis: Apertura magna, semilunaris: Peritrema nul-
lum. Tentacula superiora mediocria: inferiora brevissima :
Pallium collum protegens, superné transversim crenatum.

Shell slender, subglobose, inequilateral. Aperture large ani
semilunar. Peritreme none. Umbilicus none.

Upper tentacula of a moderate length ; the under ones very
short. Mantle covering the neck ; its upper part transversely
wrinkled.

The animal is too large to be enabled to retire perfectly
within its shell.

1. VirrinA DRAPERNALDI.

V. testa viridi, subdepressa, hyalina, nitida, glaberrima ; aper-

tura subovata, anfractibus tribus.
Helix pellucida, Mill. Verm. Hist. 215; Dill. Dese. Cat. 947.
Vitrina pellucida, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 119. pl. 8. figs. 34-37.
Helix Drapernaldi, Cuv. Reg. Anim. i. 405.
Helix elliptica, Brown, Mem. Wern. Soc. ii. 525. pl. 24. fig. 8.
Habitat inter muscos et sub lapidibus satis frequens.

Shell green, transparent, slightly depressed, very smooth and
shining, with three whorls ; the aperture somewhat ovate.

This shell, which is not uncommon amongst mosses or under
stones, was observed in Scotland several years since, about the
same period, by Dr. Fleming and my ‘self ; and was communi-
cated by each party to Montagu, who assured us that it was
nothing more than the young i his Helix nemoralis. It has
since been observed by Captain Brown, and described by him
as above quoted. I have received it from the Rev. Revett
Sheppard, who observed it in Norfolk, and proposed to name
it Helix glaucina.

The specifie names pellucida, elliptica, and glaucina, however
good they might have been to distinguish a species of the

60 GASTEROPODA. HELICID.

Linnean artificial genus Helix, are useless when applied to V7-
trina, all the known species of which are more or less elliptic,
pellucid, and glaucous green.

Genus 24. Heurx.
Helix, Auctorum.

Testa subsolida, subglobosa, imeequilateralis. Peritrema
tenue, reflexum, posticé nullum. Tentacula superiora elongata,
ad apicem globosa ; inferiora brevia.

Shell rather solid, subglobose, equilateral. Peritreme thin,
reflexed, wanting behind. Umbilicus none. Upper tentacula
elongated ; under ones moderate in length.

I Herix AsPersa.” PY UEP tiee 122)

H. testa rugulosa, lutescente, fuscé aut fulva, longitudinaliter
fasciata ; peritremate albo.

Helix aspersa, Mill. Verm. Hist. 253; Mont. Test. Brit.
407; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 79; Drap. Hist. des Moll.
89. pl. 5. fig. 23; Féruss. Hist. des Moll. pl. 18, 19, & 24.
fig. 3.

Helix hortensis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 136. t. 74. fig. 129; M.
and R. Trans. Linn. Soe. vii. 208 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 60.

Helix lucorum, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 48.

Helix grisea, Dill. Dese. Cat. 943.

Habitat im Britannize nemoribus, campis, et hortis, passim.
Shell somewhat roughish or wrinkled, lutescent, fuscous, or

orange-coloured ; whorls longitudinally banded with deep brown

or black. Peritreme white.

Bands generally five in number, and more or less mottled or
interrupted with the prevalent colour of the shell. It is subject
to all the varieties that can arise from the loss, or confluence of
from one to all of these bands.

Helix aspersa is by far the most common species of this
family that occurs in Britain. It inhabits gardens, fields and
woods, everywhere doing incredible mischief to the agriculturist
and gardener.

The reversed variety is extremely rare, and the open turrited
still more so. I am obliged to Mr. Johns, of Plymouth, for

GASTEROPODA. HELICID. 61

the specimen figured in Pl. II. fig. 2. He found it in Devon-
shire, and was kind enough to communicate it to me im a living
state. Diameter of the shell an inch and a half.

In the young state, like its congeners, it possesses a perfo-
rated umbilicus, which is perfectly closed in the adult shell.

The internal spicula are rarely more than a quarter of an
inch in length.

Upper part of the animal generally of a green colour, more
or less tinged with blackish. Under parts pale grey or ash-
coloured, sometimes tinted with pale green. Tentacula ash-
coloured. yes black.

Genus 25. TACHEA.

Testa subsolida, subglobosa, inzequilateralis. Peritrema
interné marginatum, externé subreflexum, posticé tantum in-
-choatum. Tentacula tenuia, elongata.

Shell rather solid, subglobose, inequilateral. Peritreme
margined within, subreflexed without, only commenced behind.
Umbilicus none. Tentacula slender, elongate.

1. TACHEA NEMORALIS.

T. testa glabrata, concolore vel fasciis 1, 2, 3, 4, aut 5 ornata,
peritremate interné perfusco.

Helix nemoralis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1247; Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 137; Mont. Test. Brit. 411; M. and R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. vin. 206; Drap. Hist. des Moll, 94. pl. 6. figs.
3-5; Dill. Dese. Cat. 942, a; Turt. Conch. Dict. 59.

Habitat in agris, campis, nemoribusque, vulgaris.

Shell smooth, of an uniform colour, or longitudinally banded
with from one to five bands. Peritreme internally deep-fus-
cous.

Colour white, yellow, reddish, flesh-red, livid, chestnut,
pale-fuscous or luteous.

It has usually five bands of deep fuscous or chocolate-brown,
any of which may be found wanting, or confluent. This spe-
cies, in short, is subject to every variety that can arise from
the wanting of one, two, three, four, or all the bands; from
the wanting of one or more of any particular bands; or from

62 GASTEROPODA. HELICID®.

the confluence of any two, three, four, or all the bands ; or loss
of some band or bands, with the confiuence of other bands.

A variety with a white peritreme is occasionally found, but
is far from being common.

The animal is very variable in colour ; it is usually brownish
above, with a pale line on the middle of the back; foot pale
yellow or testaceous. Tentacula cinereous, often tinted with
very pale blue.

The volutions are sometimes separated or very much pro-
duced. I possess one in the latter state, which is figured in
Pl. II. fig. 3; and since the plate was engraved, I have re-
ceived another specimen which is more than twice as high.
Longitudinal diameter aun inch.

2. TACHEA HORTENSIS.

T. testa glabrata, concolore 1, 2, 3, 4 aut 5-fasciata, peritre-
mate interne albo.

Helix hortensis, Mill. Verm. Hist. 247; Mont. Test. Brit.
412; Drap. Hist. des Moll. 95. pl. 6. fig. 6; Plem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 81; Turt. Conch. Dict. 60?; Dill. Cat. Dese.
942, B

Helix nemoralis var., M. and R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 207.

Habitat cum preecedente, vulgaris.

Shell smooth, of an uniform colour, or with from one to five
longitudinal bands. Peritreme internally white. Longitudinal
diameter seven-eighths of an inch.

This species is invariably smaller than Tachea nemoralis,
from which it may be generally distinguished by the white co-
lour of the mner aspect of its peritreme. It is subject to all
the varieties of the preceding species. Its flesh-coloured
variety is not unfrequently found with the peritreme of the
same colour.

An anatomical distinction between this species and 7. nemo-
ralis has been discovered by my friend Mr. J. Henslow, of
Cambridge, who is about to write a paper on the subject.

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ. 63

STIRPS III.

Synopsis Generum.

Peritrema interne marginatum ; posticé tenu-
eM MUCHAARIND 3: ectace! Voosiic aa czige aj? 20s ARRANRA.
Peritrema crassius; posticé nullum........ 27. Pomatia.

Genus 26. ARIANTA.

Testa subsolida, subglobosa, inzequilateralis. Peritrema
interne marginatum, posticé tenuiter inchoatum. Umbilicus
minimus. Lpiphragma membranaceum.

Shell rather solid, somewhat globose, inequilateral. Peri-
treme margined, only rudimentary behind. Umbilicus very
small. Epiphragm membranaceous.

1. ARIANTA ARBUSTORUM.

A. anfractibus convexiusculis, pallidé fulvo-castaneis fusco-
marmoratis, longitudinaliter unifasciatis, peritremate albo.
Helix Arbustorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1245; Mill. Verm.

Hist. 248; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 136. pl. 85. fig. 130;

Mont. Test. Brit. 413; Drap. Hist. des Moll. 88. pl. 5.

fig. 18; M. and R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 202 ; Flem. Edinb.

Encycl. vii. 81 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 924 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 56.
Cochlea unifasciata, Da Costa, 75. t. 17. fig. 6.

Habitat in nemoribus et pratis humidis, frequens.

Shell with slightly convex whorls, marbled with fuscous, and
marked with one longitudinal band of fuscous. Peritreme
white. Longitudinal diameter an inch. Height variable.

Arianta Arbustorum differs from all its known exotic con-
geners in the specific character given above. It is subject to
very great variation in height and size. In mountamous and
granitic districts it often occurs of nearly half the usual size.

The longitudinal band is often faint ; but I have very rarely
found it wanting. It occupies the middle of the last whorl,
and the apparent bases of the other whorls.

This species inhabits low meadows and groves. It is found
in most parts of Britain, and is very abundant in the marshes
round London, and near Cannon Mills, Edinburgh. In this

64 GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

last-mentioned locality, it has a general tendency to be more or
less turrited. I obtained one specimen that rather exceeds an
inch in height.

Genus 27. Pomaria.
Pomatia, Plinii.

Testa solida, subglobosa, inzequilateralis. Apertura magna
rotundato-lunata. Peritrema crassius; posticé nullum. Ani-
mal verrucosum. Tentacula mediocria, ad apicem globoso-
dilatata. Oculi minimi, posticé inserti. Epiphragma creta-
ceum.

Shell solid, subglobose, imequilateral. Aperture large,
rounded-lunate. Peritreme thick, wanting behind. Animal
verrucated. Tentacula of moderate length, dilated globosely
at their extremities. Eyes very small, inserted at the posterior
edge of the dilatation of the tentacula.

The epiphragm is composed of chalky matter, and has been
described as the animal’s operculum.

The name Pomatia is derived from Hwparias, the term ap-
pled to it by Dioscorides, 6. 1. cap. 2, from wpa, opercu-
lum, and not from Pomum, as some of our writers suppose,
when they call it the Apple Snail.

1. PomatTiA ANTIQUORUM.

P. testa ventricosa, rufescente, obsolete fasciata, peritremate
brunneo-violascente.

Helix Pomatia, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1244 ; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 134. t. 84. fig. 128; Mont. Test. Brit. 134. t. 84. fig.
128; Drap. Hist. des Moll. 87. pl. 5. fig. 20; M. & &.
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 201; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 79 ;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 920; Turt. Conch. Dict. 56; Féruss. H. N.
des Moll. pl. 21.

Habitat in cretaceis satis frequens.

Testa anfractibus longitudinaliter, tenuissimé, transversim for-
tius striolatis.

Animal supra griseo-cinereum, subolivaceo-lutescens, ferrugi-
neo-subcroceum aut sordidé testaceum. Sculpture interstitia
olivaceo-fusca, nigricantia aut czerulescente-grisea. Pallii
margo concolor aut pallidior, Latera nonnunquam nigro

— >

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ. 65

vittata. Tentacula coloris dorsi, ad apices seepissimé rufa.

Oculi atri. Pes griseus, pallidé olivaceus, rufescente-fuscus

aut luteus, griseo-rufescens, nigricans, aut viridescente-lu-

teus ; margine concolore aut pallidiore.

Shell ventricose, generally rufescent, often pale orange or
dirty yellow. Whorls five, very slightly striated in the longi-
tudinal or spiral direction, but more strongly and irregularly
so in the transverse direction.

Upper part of the animal greyish-ash colour, olive inclining
to lutescent, rusty inclining to red orange or dirty-testaceous :
the grooves between the sculptured eminences olive-brown,
blackish, or bluish-grey ; the margin of the same colour with
the back, or paler. The sides are sometimes marked with a
broad blackish line. Foot grey, pale olive, reddish brown or
luteous, grey-reddish, blackish or greenish-lutescent. Margin
of the same colours, or paler. Tentacula of the same colour
with the back ; their points generally reddish. Eyes black.

The sculpture of the back is oblong; that of the sides irre-
gular, and not longer than wide; that of the margin of the
mantle less impressed, and finer towards the edges. Margin
of the mantle with a longitudinal impressed line.

The longitudinal bands of colour are rarely visible in British
specimens of the shell, excepting on the larger whorl; these
bands vary in size, and in number from two to five. The gene-
ral colour of the peritreme is brownish-violet, but it is occasion-
ally of a pure brown or dirty white.

This Pomatia, the only indigenous species, is very common
in most of the chalk and oolite formations of England, and has
been supposed by many persons to have been imported from
the Continent for the use of invalids; but its general diffusion
in a certain soil seems to refute this notion.

In Austria, where this animal is bred as an article of luxury,
it is subject to a variety of monstrosities in form ; it is not un-
frequently reversed ; and is sometimes turrited, in which state
it has been described by Miller as a distinct species, under the
name Helix scalaris. See Drap. Hist. des Moll, pl. 5. fig. 21,
22. Diameter of the base of the shell two inches.

66

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

STIRPS IV.
Synopsis Generum.

Umbilicus semiclausus:........5.... © 28. Tema
Umbilicus apertus. Peritrema posticé

Hapertectum 72... . . 29. ZoNITES.

Umbilicus apertus. Peritrema perfec-

hum, reicxum ..... . 30. CHILOTREMA.

Umbilicus apertus. Peritrema fere per-

fectum, marsmatum.,............. dl. AURAGeee

Genus 28. TrEeBA.

Testa depresso-subglobosa, aut subconica, eequilateralis.

Umbilicus centralis, semiclausus.

Shell subglobose, somewhat depressed or conic, equilateral.

Umbilicus central and half-closed.

Synopsis Specierum.

* Testa subglobosa. Umbilicus subangustatus.

. cingenda. Testa alba, fusco et lutescente multifasciata ;

fasciis seepé interruptis, peritremate roseo.

. virgata. Testa alba, fusco 1—-6-fasciata, peritremate sordidé

rufo.

** Testa depresso-subglobosa. Umbilicus subapertus.

Cantiana. Testa semipellucida, anfractibus transversim stri-
olatis, peritremate interné pallidé brunneo; incrassata
parte alba.

Carthusianella. Testa semipellucida, anfractibus transversim
tenuissimé striolatis, peritremate interné carneo-brunneo ;
incrassata parte albidé; externé fascia lactea cincta.

rufescens. 'Testa cornea, anfractibus transversim striolatis,
apertura interné brunnea, peritremate interné submargi-
nato, albo.

eaperata. Testa albida opaca, longitudinaliter fusco-fasciata
transversim striata, peritremate albido.

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ. 67

ad hispida. Testa elevata, lutescens, pellucida, hirsuta; um-
bilico parvo.

*** Testa conico-globosa. Umbilicus angustatus.

8 fulva. Testa cornea, levis, nitida; peritremate simplici.
**** Testa subconica. Umbilicus angustatus.

9. spinulosa. Testa epidermide in lamellas elevatas transversas
digesta.

1. TEBA CINGENDA.

T. testa alba, fusco- at lutescente-multifasciata ; fasciis seepius
interruptis, peritremate roseo.

Helix zonaria, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 137. pl. 85. fig. 133.

Helix cingenda, Mont. Test. Brit. 418.—Supp. t. 24. fig. 4 ;
M. and R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 195 ; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.
vu. 79; Turt. Conch. Dict. 49.

Helix Pisana, Mill. Verm. Hist. 255.

Helix rhodostoma, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 86. pl. 5. figs. 14, 15.

Helix strigata, Dill. Desc. Cat. 911.

Habitat in locis aridis, plerumque maritimis.

Shell white, with many longitudinal bands of deep brown or
lutescent colour, more or less interrupted. Peritreme rosy.

Animal pale ash-coloured or lutescent, sometimes grey, and
marked with a dorsal line. Upper tentacula elongated, slender.
Eyes very black, small, and inserted at the posterior edge of
the extremity of the tentacula.

Shell finely striated longitudinally and transversely. On the
last whorl may be distinguished four longitudial bands, com-
posed of lines ; the two left bands are continued into the inte-
rior of the shell, whilst the two right bands ascend over the
other whorls. It is subject to very great variations in colour.
It is found white or luteous, without any bands of colour ; with
one simple band of dark brown or chocolate ; or entirely covered
by longitudinal fuscous lines.

Teba cingenda inhabits dry sandy places, especially such as
border on the seashore. It is very abundant on the south of

68 GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

Tenby, near the town; on the slope of the hill descending to
the town of St. Ives, Cornwall; and above Whitsand Bay, in
the same county.

In the young state, during very hot weather, it adheres to the
stalks of junci and grasses, forming a marginal epiphragm of
calcareous matter, which fills up the space between the shell
and the stalk. This fact was observed by my friend the Rev.
J. Bulwer, who communicated to me living specimens in that
state.

2. TERA VIRGATA.

T. testa alba, fusco 1-6-fasciata ; peritremate sordidé rufo.
Helix virgata, Mont. Test. Brit. ii. 415 ; Supp. pl. 24. fig. 1;

M. and R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viti. 195; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.

vii. 79.

Helix variabilis, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 84. pl. 5. figs. 11, 12.
Helix zonaria, var., Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 137. t. 85. fig. 133. a.
Helix zonaria, Donov. Brit. Shells, pl. 65.

Helix Pisana, Dill. Desc. Cat. 911.

f. alba aut albida, immaculata.

y. perfusca, linea longitudinali alba.

Habitat in arenosis, plerumque maritimis.

Shell white, striated transversely, with from one to six fuscous
bands. Peritreme dirty rufous.

Animal pale cinereous ; upper part of the same colour, or of
a neutral tint. Collar blackish, inclining to violet. Tentacula
bluish grey. Eyes black, inserted at the superior apex of the
tentacula.

Teba virgata is subject to all such varieties as can arise from
the want or confluence of any of its bands. It is found in the
greatest abundance on most of the sandy shores of Britain, and
sometimes occurs in inland situations, where the soil is sandy.
Var. (§. is found around Plymouth, and y. is not uncommon
amongst the common banded varieties.

3. Trespa CANTIANA.

T. testa semipellucida, anfractibus transversim striolatis, peri-
tremate pallide brunneo ; parte incrassata alba.

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDA. 69

Helix Cantiana, Mont. Test. Brit. ii. 422.—Supp. t. 23. fig. 1 ;
M. and R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 197; Flem. Edinb. En-
eycl. vu. 79; Dill. Desc. Cat. 895.

Helix pallida, Donov. Brit. Shells, pl. 157. fig. 2.

Animal pallidé rufescente-cinereum, griseum aut pallidé brun-
neum. Tentacula pallidé nigricantia, aut subceerulescentia.

Habitat in pratis, preesertim in cretaceis.

Shell semipellucid, the whorls transversely striolated. Peri-
treme pale brown ; the incrassated part white. With the ani-
mal in it, the shell is often beautifullly mottled or marbled with
fulvescent, more or less mixed with blackish.

It is found in many of the sandy and chalky parts of Kent,
Surrey, and Hampshire. It has likewise been observed at Spe-
tisbury, in Dorset, by the Rev. T. Rackett ; near Hertford, by
J. F. Stephens, Esq.; and is also found near Cobham, in
Surrey.

Animal very variable in colour ; pale rufous-cinereous ; grey
or pale brown. Tentacula pale-blackish, or inclining to bluish.
Longitudinal diameter of the shell three-quarters of an inch.

4. TeBpa CaRTHUSIANELLA. PI. VIII. figs. 4-6.

T. testa semipellucida, anfractibus transversim tenuissimé stri-
olatis, peritremate interne carneo-brunneo, incrassata parte
albida ; externé fascia lactea cincta.

Helix carthusianella, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 101. pl. 6. fig. 31.

Habitat in cretaceis, circa Dover et Little Hampton, vulgaris.
Shell semipellucid, the whorls very finely striolated trans-

versely. Peritreme internally brown, inclining to flesh-coloured,

the thickened part whitish externally, with a milk-white band.

Mr. Gibbs first discovered this species to be an inhabitant of
Britain in 1814, and communicated it to Montagu, who named
it in his MSS. Helix Gibbsiz.

Since that time I observed it in great plenty around Little
Hampton, in Sussex, but of a small size, though adult. Mr.
Stephens has discovered it of the size figured in this synopsis,
at Dover, in abundance.

Animal grey or testaceous, tinted with saffron. Mantle
sometimes marked with a whitish band, with or without mi-

70 GASTEROPODA. HELICID.

nute dark or saffron-coloured punctures. Tentacula bluish-
grey. Longitudinal diameter of the shell five-eighths of an

inch.

5. TEBA RUFESCENS.

T. test& corned, depressi; anfractibus transversim striolatis,
apertura interné brunnea, peritremate interné submarginato,

albo.
Helix rufescens, Mont. Test. Brit. ii. 420; M. and R. Trans.

Linn. Soc. viii. 196; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 79; Dill.

Desc. Cat. 895.

Helix glabella, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 102. pl. 7. fig. 6.
Habitat in nemoribus, hortis, et pratis, vulgaris.

Shell horny, the whorls finely striolated transversely ; the
aperture internally brown. ‘The peritreme slightly margined
internally, and white.

Colour reddish-brown, horn-coloured, or orange-brown.
Longitudinal diameter half an inch.

Inhabits woods, groves, gardens, and meadows. It is very
abundant in most parts of Britain. The animal varies ex-
tremely in colour.

Young specimens are generally covered with short hairs, a
character common to it, and to several of its continental con-

geners.

6. TEBA CAPERATA.

T. testa albida, opaca, longitudinaliter fusco fasciata, transver-
sim striata; peritremate albido, interné marginato.

Helix caperata, Mont. Test. Brit. 430. t. 11. fig. 11; M. and R.
Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 196; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 80 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 51.

Helix crenulata, Dill. Desc. Cat. 895.

Helix striata, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 106. pl. 6. figs. 18-20.

Habitat in aridis.

Shell whitish opake, longitudinally banded with fuscous, and
striated transversely. Peritreme whitish, margined within.
Longitudinal diameter half an inch.

Shell with its apex sligktly depressed. Colour very variable.

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ. 71

The longitudinal bands often interrupted, or composed of irre-
gular ragged and confluent spots. It is sometimes entirely of
a reddish-brown or fuscous colour, with whitish longitudinal
bands. The apex of the common varieties is sometimes black-
ish, which has given to the species the common appellation,
black-tipped snail.

Teba caperata is very common in the vicinity of Plymouth,
and on the borders of Dartmoor. It is found likewise in Kent ;
near Lackham, in Wiltshire; on the dry granitic districts of
Cornwall ; at Tenby ; and sparingly in the south of Ireland.

It inhabits dry and hot situations. Its animal is very variable
in colour.

7. TEBA HISPIDA.

T. testa elevata, tenui, lutescente, pellucida, hirsuté ; umbilico
parvo.

Helix hispida, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1244 ; Mill. Verm. Hist.
268; Mont. Test. Brit.423; M. and R. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vil. 198; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 79; Drap. Hist. des
Moll. 103. pl. 7. fig. 20; Dill. Desc. Cat. 915.

Habitat in humidis, passim.

Shell elevated, pellucid, inclining to luteous, fragile, hairy.
Longitudinal diameter three-eighths of an inch.

Teba hispida inhabits moist places, and is found under stones
or amongst moss. It appears to be a local species; but is by
no Means uncommon in the woods that skirt Dartmoor, and in
the vicinity of Kingsbridge in shady places. It is found like-
wise near Penryn, in Cornwall; near Lackham, in Wiltshire ;
near Bristol and Swansea; and in Rivelstone Wood, near
Edinburgh.

The umbilicus, which is very small, will at once distinguish
this from all the preceding species. The hairs are of a whitish
colour, and are formed by elevations of the Epidermis.

Colour of the animal greyish, or ash-grey. Eyes black.
Tentacula generally of a darker colour, rarely brown.

The tentacula are rather more slender in this than in any
other British species that I have examined.

72 GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

8. TeBA FULVA.

T. testa corned, leevi, nitida, peritremate simplici.

Helix fulva, Mill. Verm. Hist. 249; Drap. Hist. des Moll.
81. pl. vu. figs. 12, 13.

Helix trochiformis, Mont. Test. Brit. 427. t. 11. fig. 9; M.
and R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 200; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.
vil. 80. :

Helix Trochulus, Dill. Dese. Cat. 916.

Habitat in sylvis, rarior.

Shell horny, smooth, glossy, with a simple peritreme. Co-
lour inclining to rufous.
‘Superior tentacula moderate. General colour of the animal
cinereous or grey.
Inhabits woods, but is by no means common im a living state.

Dead shells are frequently found amongst the rejectamenta of

the Thames at Battersea and Eton.

9, TEBA SPINULOSA.

T. testa epidermide in lamellas transversas, elevatas digesta ;
anfractuum sutura profunda.

Helix spinulosa, Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. \xxvi. t. 2. figs. 1-5 ;
Mont. Test. Brit. 1. 429. t. 11. fig. 10; M. and R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. vii. 201 ; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vi. 80; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 55.

Helix aculeata, Mill. Verm. Hist. 279 ; Drap. Hist. des Moll.
82. pl. 7. figs. 10, 11.

Habitat in sylvis, rarissima.

Shell with its epidermis elevated into transverse lamelle ;
suture between the whorls deeply impressed.

The elevated lamellee are flexible, and easily rubbed off.
Shell thm. Colour horny, or pale brown, more or less tinted
with very pale reddish.

This species is very rare; it inhabits woods amongst moss
or on decaying trees.

Montagu observed it in woods, near Lackham, in Wiltshire ;
and in the vicinity of Kingsbridge, from whence I too have
received it.

GASTEROPODA. HELICID. 73

Animal cinereous or grey ; tentacula of the same colour, or
tinted with pale sooty-black. Foot very pale grey, or whitish.

Genus 29. ZonIrTEs.
Zonites, De Montfort, Say.

Testa depressa, eequilateralis. Umdbilicus centralis apertus.
Peritrema posticé imperfectum.

Synopsis Specierum.

1. Ericetorum. ‘Testa albida, opaca, anfractibus transversim
elevato-striatis, seepius longitudinaliter fasciatis.

2. radiatus. Testa rufescente-grisea, subcarinata, ad dextram
purpureo-badio-radiata, anfractibus transversim sulcatis.

3. rupestris. Testa brunnea, anfractibus transversim striolatis,
apertura subcirculari.

4. nitidus. esta pellucida, nitida, ad dextram lutescente-
cornea; albida ad sinistram, anfractibus quinque trans-
versim strigosis.

5. erystallinus. Testa subviridescente-hyalina, nitida, anfrac-
tibus 43 transversim tenuissimé strigosis.

1. ZoniTES ERICETORUM.

Z. testa albida, opaca, anfractibus transversim elevato-striatis,
seepius longitudinaliter fasciatis.

Helix Ericetorum, Mill. Verm. Hist. 236; Mont. Test. Brit.
437.—Suppl. t. 24. fig. 2; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vill. 194; Drap. Hist. des Moll. 107; Donov. Brit. Shells,
t. 151. fig. 2; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 80; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 910; Turt. Conch. Dict. 49.

Helix Erica, Da Costa, 58. t. 4. fig. 8.

Helix albella, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 132. pl. 35. fig. 122.

Helix Cespitum, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 109.

Habitat in arenosis, et in cespitosis aridis.

Shell whitish, opake, the whorls with transverse elevated
strize, often fasciated longitudinally.

Animal transparent grey above, with a bluish band on each
side of the neck. Tentacula slender, and more or less tinged
with pale brown.

E

74 GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

Shell with fine whorls. Aperture approaching to round ;
very slightly reflexed anteriorly.

Colour whitish, or fuscescent, without bands; with one or
more obscure bands of white ; or with five or six bands of fus-
cous brown. These are subject to all the usual varieties that
occur in banded shells.

This species, which shows the generic characters in their
highest state of development, inhabits dry sandy districts and
heaths in many parts of Britain, and is found in the greatest
profusion.

2. ZONITES RADIATUS.

Z. testa rufescente-grisea, subcarinata, ad dextram purpureo-
badio radiata, anfractibus transversim sulcatis.

Helix rotundata, Mill. Verm. Hist. 231; Drap. Hist. des
Moll. 114, pl. 8, figs. 5-7; Dill. Dese. Cat. 891.

Helix radiata, Mont. Test. Brit. 432.—Suppl. t. 24. fig. 3;
M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vin. 199; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.
vu. 80; Turt. Conch. Dict. 53.

Helix perspectiva, Megerlé, Berl. Mag.

(3. testa albida, immaculata.

Habitat inter muscos, et sub lapidibus et ligno putrido passim.
Shell rufescent grey, very slightly carinated, its left side

elegantly rayed with purple-chestnut ; whorls grooved trans-

versely.

This elegant species is found in every part of Britain, inha-
biting moss, lurkmg beneath stones, on dead trees, or in cre-
vices of old walls and rocks.

The carinated appearance is not unfrequently evanescent, or
nearly so, especially in very old specimens of the shell. The
white variety was first communicated to me by my kind friend,
the Provost of Eton, who found it near Dinton Hall, in Bucks.
I have since found it sparingly on the banks of the Thames.

3. ZONITES RUPESTRIS.

Z. testa brunnea, anfractibus transversim striolatis; apertura
subcirculari.

Helix umbilicata, Mont. Test. Brit. 434. t. 13. fig. 2; M. &

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDA. 79

R. Trans. Linn. Soe. vin. 200; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii.
80; Dill. Dese. Cat. 915; Turt. Conch. Dict. 54,
Helix rupestris, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 82.
Animal fusco-nigricans. Tentacula inferiora tuberculiformia.
Habitat in rupibus, preesertim in subalpinis, vulgaris.

Shell brown, the whorls transyersely striated finely, the aper-
ture nearly circular. Longitudinal diameter one-eighth of an
inch.

The suture between the whorls is deeply marked, and the
apex moderately produced.

Inhabits rocky places, especially such as are of a considerable
degree of elevation. I have observed it near the summit of
Ceim-na-cailich, on the Ranza side of the Garbh-Chorie, in
Arran; and at a similar elevation on Bhein Gaodh, in the same
island.

It occurs in great abundance on the rocks and stone walls
that skirt the low mountain-plains, in the vicinity of Chelten-
ham; on the borders of Dartmoor ; “on the summit of the hill,
in Portland Island ;’? on houses and old walls near Lackham,
in Wiltshire; and on the Reeks, near Killarney.

The Rev. Revett Sheppard has communicated to me a minute
variety of this species, under the name of Helix elegans, that
scarcely exceeds the 20th of an inch in diameter, and which
has never been found of larger dimensions, although it is very
abundant at Wrabness, in Essex. I can find no difference be-
tween it and the young of Zonites rupestris.

Animal blackish, inclining to fuscous. Lower tentacula tu-
berculiform.

4. ZONITES LUCIDUS.

Z. testa pellucida, nitida, ad dextram lutescente-cornea, albida
ad sinistram, anfractibus quinque transversim strigosis.
Helix lucida, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 47; Mont. Test. Brit. 425.
—Suppl. t. 23. fig. 4; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vi. 80.
Helix nitens, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1.3633? M. § R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vi. 198. t. 5. fig. 7; Turt. Conch. Dict. 52.
Helix cellaria, Mill. Verm. Hist. 230?
E 2

76 GASTEROPODA. HELICID.

Helix nitida, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 117. pl. 8. figs. 23-25.

Animal cerulescente-nigricans, lateribus szepius cinereis. Ten-
tacula czerulescente-grisea.

Habitat in locis humidis sub lapidibus, passim.

Shell pellucid, shining, whorls five, transversely striated
finely, luteous horn-coloured on their right side, whitish on
their left. Longitudinal diameter rarely exceeding half an inch.

Shell, with its apex depressed. Epidermis, in very fine spe-
cimens, elevated into very little, hard scales. Suture between
the whorls distinct.

This beautiful species inhabits wet fields, beneath stones,
and is very common.

5. ZONITES CRYSTALLINUS.

Z. testa subviridescente-hyalina, nitida, anfractibus 43 trans-
versim tenuissimé strigosis.
Helix crystallma, Mill. Verm. Hist. 223; Drap. Hist. des

Moll. 118. pl. 8. figs. 13, 14.

Habitat in pratis humidis, frequens.

Shell pale greenish, transparent, shining, with four whorls
and a half, which are very finely striated transversely.

Inhabits wet meadows: is not uncommon.

Longitudinal diameter one-eighth of an inch.

This species, which has been confounded by most of our col-
lectors with the young of Z. lucidus, has lately been distin-
guished from it by several conchologists, who have supplied me
with specimens from several parts of Britain. It is very abun-
dant around London; and is by no means uncommon amongst
the rejectamenta of the Thames, between Eton and Battersea.

Genus 30. CHILOTREMA.

Testa depressa, eequilateralis. Umdbilicus centralis, apertus.
Peritrema perfectum, reflexum, tenue. Tentacula superiora
elongata: inferiora breviuscula, tenuia.

Shell depressed, equilateral. Umbilicus central, open. Pe-
ritreme perfect, reflected, slender. Upper tentacula elongate ;
under tentacula rather short, and slender.

NI
“I

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

CHILOTREMA LAPICIDA.

C. testa rugulosé, corned; anfractibus carinatis, transversim
maculatis et substriatis, peritremate albo.

Helix Lapicida, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1241; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 80; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 132. t. 83. fig. 121;
Mill. Verm. Hist. 240; Mont. Test. Brit. 435; Drap.
Hist. des Moll. iui. pl. 7. figs. 35-37; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soe. viii. 187; Dill. Dese. Cat. 887; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 44.

Helix acuta, Da Costa, 55. pl. 4, fig. 9.

Habitat in rupibus et sylvis, preesertim in humidis, haud infre-
quens.

Shell rugulose, horny; spires keeled, transversely spotted
and striated; the striz distant; peritreme entirely white.
Longitudinal diameter seven-eighths of aninch. Height nearly
three-eighths.

Slightly pellucid, brown or reddish-brown, banded trans-
versely with the same colour, more intense, or with fuscous.
Whorls flattened above, moderately convex beneath ; their sur-
face, when viewed with a glass, shagreened.

Inhabits rocks and woods, especially such as are moist. It
is likewise found on elevated situations ; but such instances are
rare. It is not uncommon on the borders of Dartmoor; near
Padstow, in Cornwall; in the Portland Island; and in the
south of Ireland.

Animal reddish-brown, or brownish-black, rarely sooty-black.
Sides sometimes greyish. Tentacula generally paler; the outer
sides of the upper ones occasionally streaked with black.

Genus 31. ZuURAMA.

Testa depressa, eequilateralis. Umbilicus centralis, apertus.
Peritrema feré perfectum, marginatum, reflexum. Tentacula
supertora brevia ; inferiora brevissima.

Shell depressed, equilateral. Umbilicus central, open. Pe-
ritreme margined, almost perfect, reflexed. Upper antennz
short ; the under ones very short.

78 GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

ZURAMA PULCHELLA.

Z. epidermide in lineas obliqué-transversas, elevatas digesta.
Helix pulchella, Mill. Verm. Hist. 232 ; Drap. Hist. des Moll.

112. pl, 7. figs. 30-32.

Turbo helicinus, Lightfoot, Phil. Trans. \xxvi. t. 3. figs. 1-4.
Helix costata, Mill. Verm. Hist. 233.
Helix paludosa, Mont. Test. Brit. 440; M. & R. Trans. Linn.

Soc. viii. 193. t. 4. fig. 5; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 80.
Helix crenella, Mont. Test. Brit. 441.

Turbo paludosus, Turt. Conch. Dict. 228.
Helix erystallina, Dill. Desc. Cat. 909.
Habitat sub lapidibus et inter muscos, passim.

Shell with the epidermis elevated into limes, which are ar-
ranged in an obliquely-transverse direction. Longitudinal dia-
meter one-eighth of an mch.

Colour whitish and subpellucid. Epidermis sometimes
slightly tinted with brownish.

Animal hyaline, whitish, very rarely tinted with grey or lu-
teous. Tentacula generally paler than the back. Eyes in-
tensely black.

Inhabits moss, and is often found beneath stones. It occurs
in Greenwich Park ; is common among the rejectamenta of the
Thames, and beneath stones; on Arthur’s Seat, and the Pent-
land Hills. It is generally diffused throughout Great Britain.

The raised epidermis is very easily rubbed off; and in this
state it has been frequently described as a distinct species.

STIRPS V.

Genus 32. ELIsMIA.
Elismia, Prideaux MSS.

Testa valdé elongato-conica. Apertura elongata. Peri-
trematenue; postice nullum. Umdbilicus perforatus. Tenta-
cula superiora mediocria: inferiora breviuscula.

Shell very elongately-conic. Aperture elongate. Peritreme

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ. 79

slender, wanting behind. Umbilicus perforate. Upper tenta-
cula moderate: inferior ones short.

ELISMIA FASCIATA.

E. testa oblongo-conica, albida ; anfractibus subobliqué striolatis
et fasciatis.

Turbo fasciatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 346.

Bulimus acutus, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 77. pl. 4. fig. 29.

Lymneea fasciata, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 78.

Helix acuta, Dill. Desc. Cat. 965.

f. albida, anfractibus ad sinistram nigris, seepius albo trans-
versim lineatis.

Turbo fasciatus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 131. pl. 82. fig. 119.

y- nigra aut perfusca, anfractibus obliqué albo-lineatis.

Animal cinereum aut testaceum ; tentacula pallida.

Habitat in arenosis aridis et subulosis maritimis, vulgatissima.

Shell oblong-conic, whitish, the whorls somewhat obliquely
striated finely, and banded with black.

The second variety is whitish, the left side of the whorls
black; the black very frequently transversely lmeated with
white.

The third variety is black or deep-fuscous, the whorls ob-
liquely lineated with white. Height three-quarters of an inch.

Animal cinereous or testaceous. Tentacula pale.

Inhabits many of the sandy districts of Britain that imme-
diately border on the sea. It is common in the sandbanks
around Bigbury Bay, in Devon; Whitsand Bay, in Cornwall ;
the sandy shores of South Wales; in Anglesea; on the coast
of Dorset ; on most of the sandy shores in the south of Ireland ;
and in the Isle of Man.

Var. y was communicated to me by my kind friend, the Pro-
vost of Eton, who found it under the Chesil Bank, in Portland
Island.

80 GASTEROPODA. HELICID®.

STIRPS VI.

Synopsis Generum.

Peritrema incrassatum, reflexum, postice nullum.

Wiminlicus perioratus sce.) Sina + 33. Ena.
Peritrema incrassatum, posticé inchoatum. Umbi-
“ECE EISIS- I LT 1 aa PPI SP 34. Zua.

Genus 33. Ena.
Ena, Prideaux MSS.

Testa ovato-oblonga, ad apicem obtusiuscula. Apertura
semiovalis. Peritrema incrassatum, reflexum ; posticé nullum.
Umbilicus perforatus. Tentacula superiora elongata, ad api-
cem superné oculigera. Ocw/i minutissimi, rotundati, non
prominuli.

Shell ovately-oblong, its apex rather obtuse. Aperture semi-
oval. Peritreme thickened, reflected; wanting behind. Um-
bilicus perforate. Upper tentacula elongate, bearing the eyes
at the upper aspect of their extremities. Eyes very minute,
round, not prominent.

The E£ne inhabit moist places, beneath dead leaves and
stones, or amongst rocks.

1. ENA MONTANA.

E. testa fuscé; anfractibus transversim striatis; peritremate
albo.
Bulimus montanus, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 74. pl. 4. fig. 22.
Helix Lackhamensis, Mont. Test. Brit. 394. t. 12. fig. 3;
M.& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 212; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.
vu. 78; Dill. Desc. Cat. 953; Turt. Conch. Dict. 64.
Animal cinereum, nonnunquam § subnigricante-tessellatum.
Oculi atri.
Habitat in sylvis, et nemoribus, sub foliis latitans.
Shell fuscous, whorls transversely striated ; peritreme white.
Height nearly three-quarters of an inch.

GASTEROPODA. HELICID. 81

Animal cinereous, sometimes tessellated with pale-blackish.
Eyes black.

Ena montana was first discovered by Montagu, in woods,
round Lackham, and in Bow Wood, in Wiltshire. It has since
been found, by Mr. J. Miller, in woods near Bristol, in con-
siderable plenty.

On the Continent this species is almost confined to elevated
regions.

2. ENA OBSCURA.

E. testa corneo-fuscé, subobtusa; anfractibus transversim sub-
striatis ; peritremate albo.
Helix obscura, Mill. Verm. 302; Mont. Test. Brit. 390;

M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 212.

Bulimus hordeaceus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. 62.

Bulimus obscurus, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 74. pl. 4. fig. 23.

Lymneea obscura, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 78.

Turbo rupium, Da Costa, 90?

Animal cinereum, rarius rufescens ; supra fuscescens aut satu-
ratius fuscum.

Habitat sub lapidibus, et foliis emortuis.

Shell horny-fuscous, almost obtuse, the whorls faintly stri-
ated transversely, peritreme white. Height three-eighths of an
inch.

Animal cinereous, rarely reddish ; back and upper parts of
the sides inclining to fuscous, or intensely fuscous.

This species is found beneath stones and dead leaves. It
sometimes occurs on the trunks of trees after continued rain.
It is common under the Salisbury Craigs; and in Rivelstone
Wood, near Edinburgh ; in the woods round Bristol; and at
Torquay, in Devon. I observed it once near the Eagle’s Nest
Rock, on the Lake of Killarney. Montagu found it in abun-
dance on the summit of the hill, in Portland Island, under
stones.

Genus 34. Zua.

Testa ovato-oblonga, ad apicem subobtusa. Apertura acu-
minato-ovata. Peritrema incrassatum, posticé mchoatum.
EO

82 GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

Umbilicus nullus. Tentacula supériora mediocria: inferiora
breviuscula.

Shell ovately-oblong, its apex somewhat obtuse. Aperture
acuminately-ovate. Peritreme thickened; only commenced
behind. Umbilicus none. Superior tentacula moderately
long ; inferior ones rather short.

ZUA LUBRICA.

Z. testa pellucida, cornea, glaberrima, nitidissima.

Helix lubrica, Mill. Verm. Hist. 303; Mont. Test. Brit. 390;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 213; Turt. Conch. Dict.
64.

Turbo glaber, Da Costa, 87?

Bulimus lubricus, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers. 23; Drap. Hist.
des Moll. 75. pl. 4. fig. 24.

Lymneea lubrica, lem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 78.

Helix subcylindrica, Dill. Desc. Cat. 952.

Animal czerulescente-nigricans, subtus cinereum. Tentacula
nigricantia.

Habitat sub lapidibus et muscis, in campis, et nemoribus.
Shell pellucid, horny, very smooth, and very shining. Height

rather more than one quarter of an inch.

Animal bluish, inclining to sooty-blackish, underneath cine-
reous. Tentacula inclining to sooty-black.

Zua lubrica is generally diffused throughout Britain. — It is
found under stones, in moss, amongst the roots of grass; and
sometimes in the trunks of trees after rain.

STIRPS VII.

The genera of this stirps have been referred to the genus
Turbo, by the Linnzean school. We have but two of the genera
in Britain, one named Clausilia, by Drapernaud, who first dis-
covered the existence of its internal spiral operculum, which is
wanting in the new genus Balzea.

All the members of this stirps that have hitherto been dis-
covered are reversed.

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ. 83

Synopsis Generum.

Peritrema tenuiter marginatum, postice for-

titer inchoatum. Umbilicus perforatus 35. BALma.
Peritrema perfectum, marginatum, reflexum.

Unmbilicus canaliculatus.............. 36. CLAUSILIA.

Genus 35. BAL@maA.

Testa valdé elongato-conica ; ad apicem extremum subobtu-
siuscula. Apertura breviter semiovalis. Peritrema tenuiter
marginatum, posticé fortiter inchoatum. Umbilicus perforatus.
Operculum nullum. ‘‘ Tentacula brevia, subclavata.”’

Shell very elongately-conic ; its extreme apex rather obtuse.
Aperture short-semioval. Peritreme slightly margined, strongly
commenced behind. Umbilicus perforate. Operculum none.
*Tentacula short, somewhat clavate.”

Two European species only have yet been observed. I have
two exotic species, which were communicated to me by Captain
Carmichael, who found them amongst the elevated rocks of
Tristan d’ Acunha.

BALZ#A FRAGILIS.

B. testa apertura posticé ad sinistram 1-plicata, anfractibus
transversim elevato-striatis.

Turbo perversus, Mont. Test. Brit. 355. t. 11. fig. 12; Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 1302; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. iv. 130;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 876; Turt. Conch. Dict. 226.

Pupa fragilis, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 68. pl. 4. fig. 4.

Clausilia fragilis, Féruss. Ess. dune Méth. Conch. 51.

Odostomia perversa, Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 76.

Habitat in arborum truncis et in fissuris rupium, satis frequens.
Hinder part of the aperture of the shell on the left side, with

one elevated fold; whorls with transversely-elevated strize.
Although Balea fragilis is tolerably common on the trunks

of trees, it is rarely found with a perfectly formed aperture to
its shell. In the perfect state it may be generally taken, in no
inconsiderable numbers, in the crevices of the loose rock, at
the base of Arthur’s Seat, a little to the north of the basaltic

84 GASTEROPODA. HELICID.

pillars. I have never seen good specimens from any other
spot. Height three-eighths of an inch. Colour pale-horn,
sometimes tinted with dirty-luteous.

Genus 36. CLausILia.
Clausilia, Drapernaud, Férussac.

Testa valdé elongato-conica, ad apicem extremum subma-
millato-obtusa. Apertura obovalis, ad sinistram posticé abrupteé
coarctata. Peritrema perfectum, marginatum, reflexum.
Umbilicus canaliculatus. Operculum internum, posticé pro-
cessu tenui, spirali, elastico instructum. Tentacula inferiora
brevissima.

Synopsis Specierum.
* Operculo emarginato.

1. laminata. Testa subventricosa, cornea, leevi, nitida, pellu-
cida; apertura bilamellata.

** Operculo integro.

bo

Rolphii. Testa subventricosa, subpellucida; anfractibus
transversim elevato-striatis; apertura bilamellata: inter-
stitio biplicato.

3. biplicata. Testa fusiformi-ventricosa, subopaca ; anfractibus

transversim elevato-striatis ; apertura bilamellata.

4. rugosa. Testa fusiformi, gracili, subpellucida ; anfractibus
transversim crebro elevato-striatis ; apertura trilamellata ;
lamella 1 posticd, 1 dextra, altera parvula antica.

Shell very elongately-conic, its apex terminated by a some-
what obtuse nipple. Aperture oblongately-ovate, its hinder
margin abruptly contracted on the left side. Peritreme per-
fect, margined, reflected. Umbilicus canaliculated. Opercu-
lum internal; its hinder part produced into a slender spiral
and elastic process, terminating more or less gradually in a
point. The aperture has generally two elevated lamellze, which
ascend into the last whorl, gradually approximate, but do not
touch each other. Inferior tentacula very short.

This genus was first discovered by Drapernaud, who named

GASTEKROPODA. HELICID. 85

it Clausilia, from its internal operculum, a character not yet
observed in any other genus. About forty species are known,
four of which are natives of Britain.

The operculum affords some characters to assist in specific
distinctions. Its posterior spiral extremity is rather abruptly
notched near its apex on one side, and is then gradually acu-
minated in all the indigenous species.

1. CLAUSILIA LAMELLATA.

C. testa subventricosa, cornea, levi, nitida, pellucida; aper-
tura bilamellata.

Helix bidens, Mill. Verm. Hist. 315.

Bulimus bidens, Brug. Encycl. Méth. xvi. Vers. 352.

Turbo laminatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 359. t. 11. fig.4; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vin. 179 ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 874; Turt:
Conch. Dict. 224.

Clausilia bidens, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 68.

Odostomia laminata, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 76.

(3. albida.

Animal cinereum. Latera grisea, albido-sparsa. Dorsum in-
terdum nigrescens. Operculum prope apicem anticum ad
sinistram emarginatum ; apice ipso truncato, emarginato :
laciniis rotundatis.

Habitat in sylvis, seepius sub muscis ; / in cretaceis.

Shell somewhat ventricose, horny, surface as if smooth,
shining and pellucid ; aperture with two white lamellee. _Peri-
treme white. Height three-quarters of an inch.

Although this species appears at first sight to be perfectly
smooth, yet, on examination, the whorls will be found to be
faintly striated transversely. In fine specimens these strize
may always be distinctly seen on the last whorl, and on the
right side of all the other whorls.

Inhabits woods, and is generally to be found beneath moss.
In wet weather it frequently ascends the trunks of trees. The
white variety was communicated to me by my kind friend,
J. F. Stephens, Esq. who found it in the chalky districts around
Darent, in Kent, where it is occasionally found.

86 GASTEROPODA., HELICID.

2. CxiavsiziA Rotpui. Pi. 8. fig. 9.

C. testa subventricosa, subpellucida ; anfractibus transversim
elevato-striatis ; apertura bilamellata: interstitio biplicato.

Animal nigrum ; tentacula dilutiora.

Habitat in Anglia prone Charlion, in Cantio, rarissima.

Shell somewhat ventricose, slightly pellucid ; the whorls with
elevated strize ; aperture with two lamellee; the space between
them with two folds. Height five-eighths of an inch.

Colour horny brown. Striz regular and somewhat distant.
Operculum white, the anterior or dilated portion rather wide.

This new species was discovered by Mr. Rolph, in Charlton
Wood, Kent, and it has since been found there by myself under
moss. ‘The wood having been cut down, and the land culti-
vated, no specimens have been taken for several years.

In some respects this shell is allied to C. plicatula, of Dra-
pernaud, but is always larger, more ventricose, and the striz
are more distant.

Animal black ; the tentacula of a paler hue.

3. CLAUSILIA BIPLICATA.

C. testa fusiformi-ventricosa, subopaca ; anfractibus transversim
elevato-striatis ; apertura bilamellata.

Turbo biplicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 361; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. viii. 179; Turt. Conch. Dict. 224; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 874.

Clausilia ventricosa, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 71. pl. 4. fig. 14.

Odostomia biplicata, Flem. Hdinb. Encycl. vi. 77.

Animal nigrum, tentaculis et pede dilutioribus.

Habitat in paludosis, sub cortice salicum emortuarum circa
Londinum, frequens.

Shell club-shaped, ventricose, somewhat opake; the whorls
with transverse elevated strize; aperture with two lamelle.
Height three-quarters of an inch.

Animal black, its tentacula and foot pale black. Operculum
anteriorly rounded.

C. biplicata is readily distinguished from its British con-
geners by its superior size, if we except C. laminata, which

GASTERUPODA. HELICID. 87

belongs to another division. The colour of the shell, in a fine
state, is deep-red fuscous, or intensely chocolate-brown ; the
peritreme and lamellze white.

This species is found alive in the environs of London, beneath
the bark of old willows, and is thrown up amongst the rejecta-
menta of the Thames in great profusion, especially after floods.
It was first discovered to inhabit Britain by. Montagu, who took
it at Easton Gray, in Wiltshire.

4. CLAUSILIA RUGOSA.

C. testa fusiformi, gracili, subpellucida ; anfractibus transver-
sim crebro elevato-striatis ; apertura trilamellata: lamella 1
postica; 1 dextra; altera abbreviata, antic.

Turbo bidens, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 131; Mont. Test. Brit.
ge. tA. fig. 7.

Clausilia rugosa, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 73.

Turbo nigricans, M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 180; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 875.

Odostomia nigricans, Plem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 76.

Animal nigrum aut nigricans. Operculum anticé subacumi-
nato-rotundatum.

Habitat in muscosis, passim.

Shell club-shaped, slender, somewhat pellucid; the whorls
with thickly-set elevated strize ; aperture with three lamellee ;
one behind, one on the right; the third shortened, anterior.
Height nearly half an inch.

Colour chocolate-brown, or deep fuscous, tinged with red.
Peritreme whitish, or slightly tinted with reddish.

Animal pale or dark sooty-black. Operculum anteriorly
slightly acuminated, and rounded.

Clausilia rugosa is found in every part of Britain in great
plenty. It resides generally under moss.

I have received from the Provost of Eton a Clausilia, with
an imperfectly formed aperture, having the general habit of C.
rugosa, from which it differs, in being more elegant and slender
in form, and in wanting the elevated stric, excepting at the
extremity of the last whorl, where they are very evident. It has
much the air of the Swiss C. parvula, of Studor, which is very

88 GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

faintly striated, excepting on its last whorl. The Provost has
a similar shell in his possession, which was taken by himself;
but as the aperture is still in an infant state, I must refrain from
venturing any opinion as to its specific distinctions.

STIRPS VIII.

Genus 37. AZECA.

Testa acuminato-turrita ; ad apicem subobtusiuscula. Aper-
tura ovata, ad dextram posticé valdé acuminata. Peritrema
crassum, acuminatum, integrum. Umbzlicus nullus. Tenta-
cula superiora mediocria, ad apicem superné paululum dilatata ;
inferiora breviuscula.

Shell acuminately-turrited, its apex rather obtuse. Aperture
ovate, its left side posteriorly very much acuminated. Peri-
treme thick, acuminate, entire. Umbilicus none. Upper ten-
tacula moderate, slightly dilated at the upper aspect of their
extremities. Under ones short.

Azeca Martoni. Tab. 8. figs. 7, 8.

A. testa glaberrima, pellucida, nitente, cornea, anfractibus
planis, peritremate dentibus duobus obtusis : sinistro majore,
apertura supra peritrema posticé lamellis tribus: media lon-
gissima.

Turbo tridens, Pult. Cat. Dorset.46; Mont. Test. Brit. 338 ;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 181; Turt. Conch. Dict.
219; Dill. Desc. Cat. 877?

Animal nigricante-cmereum ; dorsum et tentacula nigricantia,
aut atro-nigricantia. Tentacula superiora subtus, inferiora
ad apicem, hyalina, aut subpellucida. Variat pede obscu-
rissimé nigricante.

Habitat ad aditum sylve Amersham, rarior.

Shell very smooth, pellucid, glossy, horny ; the whorls flat-
tened. Peritreme with two obtuse teeth, the left one largest.
The aperture above the peritreme behind, with three lamelle ;
the middle one longest. Height one-quarter of an inch.

GASTEROPODA. HELICID®. 89

Animal cinereous, passing into sooty black. Tentacula
sooty-black, or black, passing into sooty-black. Under aspect
of the upper tentacula, and the extremities of the under ones,
hyaline, or somewhat pellucid. The foot is sometimes of a very
obscure sooty-black colour.

Peritreme slightly tinted with rose-red, or flesh colour ; teeth
and lamellee of the aperture whitish.

This elegant shell, which has been unknown to Concholo-
gists for several years, was lately discovered near the entrance
of a wood at Amersham, in Bucks, by my learned friend, the
Provost of Eton, who most kindly supplied me with the living
specimens, from which the figures have been executed.

As it is not the species referred to by English Conchologists,
and as it has more than three teeth, I have named it after Dr.
W. G. Maton, one of the authors of that elaborate historical
Account of Testaceological Writers, which graces the seventh
volume of the Transactions of the Linnzan Society of London.

STIRPS IX.

The genera of this Stirps have all an obtusely turrited shell,
the aperture of which has a margined peritreme on its lateral
and anterior aspects, and a rudimentary peritreme in its pos-
terior aspect. The umbilicus is perforated.

Synopsis Generum.

Testa cylindrica, acuminato-turrita, ad apicem

obtusiuscula. Tentacula superiora medio-

pete) iitetiota, DreVid., 0... =... ho se Doe ABIDA:
Testa obtusé turrita, ad apicem abrupté ob-

tusa. Tentacula superiora mediocria: in-

PERIENCE 9 oe oo ns ae 3, 0 Oe, PUPIEE AS
Testa obtusé turrita, ad apicem subgradatim

obtusa. Tentacula superiora mediocria : in-

feriora brevissima, obsoleta............ 40. VERTIGO.

90 GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ.

Genus 38. ABIDA.

Chondrus, 2. Cuvier.
Abida, C. Prideaux MSS.

Testa cylindrica, acuminato-turrita ; ad apicem obtusiuscula.
Apertura ovata, posticé truncata. Peritrema margimatum,
reflexum, posticé inchoatum. Umbilicus perforatus. Tenta-
cula superiora mediocria: inferiora brevia.

Shell cylindric, acuminately-turrited; its apex somewhat
obtuse. Aperture ovate, truncate behind. Peritreme mar-
gined, reflexed, commenced behind. Umbilicus perforate.
Upper tentacula moderate.

Although there are several European species belonging to
this genus, one only is found in Britain.

ABIDA SECALE.

A. testa anfractibus convexiusculis, obliqué striatis, apertura

7, 8—plicata.

Pupa Secale, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 64. pl. 3. figs. 49, 50.

Turbo juniperi, Mont. Test. Brit. 340. t. 12. fig. 12; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 182; Dill. Desc. Cat. 877 ; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 221.

Odostomia juniperi, fem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 76.

Chondrus Secale, Cuv. Rég. Anim. i. 408.

Animal nigricans ; tentacula superiora interné subtus albida.

Variat lateribus lutescentibus aut fuscis.

Habitat in cretaceis sub muscis et lapidibus.

Shell, with its whorls rather convex, and obliquely striated
transversely. Aperture with seven or eight lamelle. Height
five-sixteenths of an inch.

Colour pale brown, sometimes inclining to fuscous. Peri-
treme and teeth white or whitish ; the former sometimes tinted
with pale flesh-colour. The dorsal aspect of the extremity of
the last whorl above the peritreme is whitish, marked with three
white lines, which correspond to the three anterior folds of the
shell, which are in fact seen through the shell at this point.

Abida Secale is by no means uncommon in chalky and oolite

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ. 9]

districts. It occurs in abundance under stones, on the sides of
Lackington Hill, near Cheltenham ; and is found more sparingly
on the sides of the whole of that oolite range. Montagu found
it near Easton Grey; and near Devizes, in Wiltshire, on old.
mossy walls, and at the roots of juniper. It is sometimes
found near Corfe Castle, and Abbotsbury, in Dorsetshire ; and
near Hertford. I found it m tolerable abundance on the chalky
hills round Little Hampton, in Sussex.

Animal blackish ; upper tentacula with their under aspects
internally whitish. The sides of the body are sometimes fus-
cous, or approaching to luteous.

Genus 39. PuPiLua.

Testa obtusé-turrita ; ad apicem abrupté obtusa. Apertura
subovata posticé truncata. Peritrema marginatum, reflexum,
posticé inchoatum. Umbilicus perforatus. Tentacula superiora
mediocria : inferiora brevia.

Shell obtusely turrited ; its apex abruptly obtuse. Aperture
somewhat ovate, truncated posteriorly. Peritreme margined,
reflexed, commenced behind. Umbilicus perforate. Upper
tentacula moderate: under ones short.

1. Puprtta DRAPERNAUDII.

P. apertura posticé lamella elongata ad peritrematis juncturam
dextram attingente.
Turbo muscorum, Mont. Test. Brit. 335; M. §& R. Trans.

Linn. Soe. viii. 182; Dill. Dese. Cat. 878.

Pupa umbilicata, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 62.
Odostomia muscorum, Elem. Edinb. Encycl. vi. 76.
Animal cinereum, griseum aut pallidé fuscescens.
Habitat sub muscis passim.

Aperture of the shell behind, with an elongate lamella, which
joins the peritreme at its junction with the hinder aspect of the
aperture, on the right side.

Whorls somewhat glossy, and transversely striated. Colour
yellow-horn, slightly transparent. Peritreme and lamella white.
Height three-sixteenths of an inch.

This species is found under stones and moss in most parts of

92 GASTEROPODA. HELICID.

Britain. It is not the P. Muscorum of the various continental
writers, quoted by British conchologists.
Animal cinereous, grey, or very pale fuscous.

2. PuPILLA MARGINATA.

P. apertura posticé lamella parva, centrali instructa.
Pupa marginata, Drap. Hist. Nat. des Moll. 61. pl. 3. figs. 36-

37.

Turbo chrysalis, Turt. Conch. Dict. 220.

Animal nigricante-griseum ; tentacula subtus pallida; pes oli-
vaceus aut griseus. |

Habitat sub lapidibus et muscis.

Aperture of the shell behind, with a little lamella in the
middle. Height three-sixteenths of an inch. Colour chocolate,
or ferruginous-brown, somewhat pellucid. Peritreme tinted
with reddish. Lamella white. Whorls slightly striated trans-
versely, and somewhat glossy.

This species is found alive near Hertford and Norwich. It
is very common amongst the rejectamenta of the Thames, be-
tween Eton and London; and likewise occurs amongst the re-
jectamenta of the river Exe, in Devon.

Animal blackish-grey ; tentacula pale beneath ; foot oliva-
ceous, or grey.

Genus 40. VERTIGO.
Vertigo, Miiller.

Testa obtusé-turrita ; ad apicem subgradatim obtusa. Aper-
tura subpyriformis, ad dextram impresso-angulata. Peritrema
marginatum, reflexum, interné fortiter inchoatum, rectum.
Umbilicus perforatus. Tentacula superiora mediocria, ad api-
cem paululum dilatata: inferiora brevissima, obsoleta.

Shell obtusely turrited, its apex very obtuse. Aperture some-
what pear-shaped, with an impressed sinus on its right side.
Peritreme margined and reflexed, internally strongly commenced
and straight. Umbilicus perforate. Upper tentacula mode-
rate, slightly dilated at their extremities: under ones extremely
short, obsolete.

GASTEROPODA. HELICIDZ. 93

1. VerTIGo patustris. Pl. 8. fig. 10.

V. testa ventricosa, apertura 8-dentaté: dentibus 3 posticis ;

3 anticis; 1 dextro et 1 sinistro.

- Turbo sexdentatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 337.

Pupa antivertigo, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 60. pl. 3. figs. 32, 33.
f. apertura 9-dentata.

Habitat in paludibus.

Testa intensé fusco-badia, peritremate albido. Apertura den-
tibus dissimilibus: dentes tres antici ineequales ; sinister bre-
vior, medius longior: dens sinister ceeteris crassior: dens
dexter minutus, tuberculiformis : dentes postici insequales ; si-
nister minor ; medius dextro sublongior.

Animal czerulescente-nigrum.

Shell ventricose, of a deep brown-chestnut colour. Peritreme
whitish. Aperture, with eight teeth, varying in size; the three
anterior, unequal; the left one shortest; the middle one longest ;
the left tooth thicker than any of the rest: the right tooth
very small, tuberculiform ; the three hinder teeth unequal ;
the left smallest ; the middle rather longer than the right one.

The ninth tooth in var. (3. is tuberculiform, and is situated
between the middle anterior and the left anterior tooth.

I observed but one specimen of this shell in the collection of
Montagu, who had not distinguished it from the following spe-
cies ; and have since received living specimens from Mr. J. E.
Gray, who found them on Isolepis fluitans, in a marsh near
Wimbledon Common.

Animal bluish-black. Height one-tenth of an inch.

2. VERTIGO VULGARIS.

V. testa subteretiuscula, apertura tenuiter sinuata, 5-dentata :
dentibus tribus anticis; 1 sinistro et 1 postico, centrali.
Testa fusco-brunnea. Peritrema pallidé subroseum aut albi-

dum. Apertura dentibus anticis ineequalibus ; medio longiore :

dente sinistro aliis crassiore.

Habitat in paludibus.

Shell fuscous-brown, somewhat rounded, its aperture slightly
sinuated, with five teeth; three anterior ; of these, the middle

94 GASTEROPODA. CARYCHIADA.

is longest; the left tooth is thicker than any of the others.
Peritreme very pale rose colour, or whitish.

Vertigo vulgaris occurs in great plenty on the banks of the
Thames, between Battersea and Eton, amongst the floating
vegetable rejectamenta of the river ; and in marshes near Bath
and Kingsbridge. Height half an inch.

3. VERTIGO HETEROSTROPHA.

V. testa sinistrorsa.

Vertigo pusilla, Miller, Verm. 320.

Turbo Vertigo, Mont. Test. Brit. 363. t. 12. fig. 6; M. &
R. Trans. inn. Soc. viii. 183; Turt. Conch. Dict. 226 ;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 880.

Pupa Vertigo, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 61?

Habitat in muscis, rarissima.

Shell reversed.

The only specimen of this species that I have seen, is in the
collection of my friend Mr. Stephens ; but as it is in a young
state, I cannot describe the number and position of the lamellee
of the aperture.

Montagu describes the shell as having “‘ three white teeth ;
two on the Columella, and one on the exterior lip opposite.”’

I have quoted Draparnaud with doubt, as he has described
the aperture to be furnished with seven folds or teeth ; “two
on the column, two on the lateral border, and two or three on
the opposite side.”

It is scarcely necessary to observe, that this species differs
from the two preceding ones, in being reversed, which is its
constant character.

Height one-twelfth to one-tenth of an inch.

FAMILY III. CARYCHIAD.

Tentacula duo, ad basin oculigera. Testa apertura plicata
aut dentata. Umbilicus seepé clausus, in indigenis saltem per-
foratus.

GASTEROPODA. CARYCHIADZ, 95

Synopsis Generum.

Testa ventricoso-turrita; ad apicem obtusa.

Peritrema marginatum, subreflexum ;

posticé tenuiter inchoatum. Unmbilicus

eeEWSS., 22... op +n» +, 4). CARYCHIUM:
Testa acuminato-turrita ; ad apicem ma-

millata. Peritrema interne marginatum,

posticé fortiter inchoatum. Umbilicus

BeOeeOGHI MR ws es Ae BAMENTAR
Testa acuminato-turrita; ad apicem ma-

millata. Peritrema interne marginatum,

posticé nullum. Umbilicus apertus.. 43. ALExta.

The animals composing this family have two tentacula fur-
nished at their base with eyes. The aperture of the shell is
always folded or toothed. The umbilicus is perforate in the
indigenous genera; all of which have their two last whorls
remarkably larger than the others.

Genus 41. CarYCHIUM.
Carychium, Miiller, Leach.

Tentacula duo cylindracea, brevia, obtusa, posticé ad basin
oculigera. Testa ventricoso-turrita, ad apicem obtusa. Aper-
tura ad dextram et ad sinistram subrotundata. Peritrema
marginatum, subreflexum ; posticé tenuiter inchoatum. Um-
bilicus subclausus.

Tentacula two, cylindric, short, obtuse, bearing eyes at their
base behind. Shell ventricosely-turrited, its apex obtuse.
Left and right side of the aperture somewhat rounded. Peri-
treme margined, and somewhat reflexed ; slightly commenced
behind. Umbilicus somewhat closed.

CARYCHIUM MINIMUM.

€. testa pellucido-albida, nitida ; anfractibus transversim strio-
latis; apertura 3-dentata.

Carychium minimum, Mill. Verm. Hist. 1. 125; Leach, Zool.
Mise. 1. 84.

Helix Carychium, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 3665.

96 GASTEROPODA. CARYCHIADZ.

Auricula minima, Drap. Hist. des Moll, 57. |
Turbo Carychium, Mont. Test. Brit. ii. 339; M. & R.

Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 184; Dill. Desc. Cat. 880; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 221.

Odostomia Carychium, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 76.

Testa (animale vivente) pallidé brunnea; anfractus ultimus
totus et penultimus ad sinistram albi.

Animal pallidé griseum, testaceum aut flavidum.
Habitat in humidis muscosis, et ad graminum radices fre-
quens.

Shell pellucidly-white, or greenish, glossy ; the whorls faintly
striated transversely. Aperture with three teeth. Height one-
tenth of an inch.

Colour of the shell, with the animal in it, pale brown; the
whole of the last, and the left of the last whorl but one, white.

Animal pale grey, testaceous, or yellowish. Aperture of the
shell with one tooth behind, placed towards the left ; another
tooth, which is obscure on the left side ; a third tooth on the
right of the anterior aspect.

C. minimum is not uncommon in moist situations under
moss, and amongst the roots of grass. It is abundant amongst
the rejectamenta of the Thames, between Eton and London.

Genus 42. Tamintia.
Auricula, Draparnaud.

« Tentacula duo brevia, cylindrica, interné supra oculigera.”’
Testa acuminato-turrita; ad apicem mamillata. Apertura ad
sinistram rotundata, acuminata ad dextram. Peritrema inter-
né marginatum, posticé fortiter inchoatum. Umdbilicus sub-
clausus.

«‘Tentacula two, short, cylindric ; bearing eyes on the upper
part of their inner aspect, at their base.”’

Shell acuminately-turrited ; its apex mamillated. Aperture
on the left side rounded ; on the right side acuminated. Peri-
treme internally margined, strongly commenced behind. Um-
bilicus nearly closed. Upper whorls without any internal con-
tinuation of the spire!

GASTEROPODA. CARYCHIAD. 97

1. IAMINIA BIDENTATA.

I. testa levi, anfractibus (ultimo excepto) planis, apertura pos-
tice ad sinistram biplicata.

Voluta bidentata, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 100. pl. 30. fig. 2;
Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 83; Dill. Dese. Cat. 507; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 253.

Habitat in Danmonie estuariis et in ‘Freto Forth dicto,”
rarior.

Shell white, smooth, with all the whorls, excepting the last,
flat ; left side of the aperture behind, with two folds. Height
rather more than one quarter of an inch.

“‘ Animal whitish, or pale cinereous. Tentacula short, cylin-
dric, externally blackish. Eyes very black.””—Cranch.

Inhabits the mouth of the river, near Bantham ; the Kings-
bridge Estuary ; and Mill Bay ; it “has been found also in the
Frith of Forth, near the Bass Rock’ (Rawlins) ; and at Wey-
mouth and Tenby by the Provost of Eton.

Genus 43. ALEXIA.

Testa acuminato-turrita, ad apicem mamillata. Apertura
ad sinistram rotundata, ad dextram acuminata. Peritrema
interné marginatum ; posticé nullum. Umbilicus apertus.

Shell acuminately-turrited ; its apex mamillated. Left side
of the aperture rounded ; the right side acuminate. Peritreme
margined internally ; wanting behind. Umbilicus open.

This genus, as well as Jaminia, in the adult state, has no
divisions in the upper part of its spire.

1. ALEXIA DENTICULATA.

A. testa anfractibus plano-convexis, transversim striolatis, sub-
nitidis ; apertura posticé 4-plicata, anticé tuberculata.

Voluta denticulata, Mont. Test. Brit. 234; M. §& R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. vii. 130; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 83; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 506 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 249?

Voluta ringens, Turt. Conch. Dict. 250.

Habitat in estuariis.
Shell pellucid horn-coloured, the whorls plano-convex, rather

F

98 GASTEROPODA. LIMNAD&.

glossy, and finely striated transversely. Aperture with four
folds behind, and several tubercles in front. Height half an
inch.

This shell varies very much in size ; and in the young state
has fewer teeth, or folds. In adult shells, the posterior aspect
of the aperture has four folds; the first, on the left, coalescing
with the peritreme ; the second, largest ; the third and fourth,
gradually smaller. The tubercles, on the anterior aspect, are
very irregular in size, with regard to each other and in number.
I have counted eight in one adult, and only three in another.
These tubercles, as well as all the folds, are white.

This species seems to be entirely confined to estuaries ; it'is
very common in Mill Bay ; and at the mouth of the Tamar,
near Plymouth ; at the mouth of the river, near Barnstaple, in
Devon; at the mouth of the Southampton river ; and at Ports-
mouth. I found it likewise at the mouth of the Cork river;
and at Dungarvon, in Ireland, in abundance. My friend, Mr.
Stephens, informs me, that he has found dead specimens
amongst the rejectamenta of the Thames as high as Battersea.
Hence it may be inferred to inhabit the mouth of that river.

FAMILY IV. LIMNADA.

Pulmonés aquatiques, Cuvier.

Tentacula duo interné ad basin oculigera; ad apicem seepits
acuminata. Testa turrito- aut involuto-spiralis. Apertura
simplex, mermis.

Habitant in stagnis, paludibus, et in aquis lenté fluentibus ;
phytophagee ; aéra elasticum respirantes.

Stirpium et Generum Synopsis.

Stirps 1. Testa dextrorsum elevato-spiralis. Ultimus anfracti-
bus maximus. Tentacula deplanata, ad apicem gradatim
acuminata.

GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ. 99

* Apertura teste ad dextram acuminata. Peritrema ad sinis-
tram crassius, reflecum ; posticé fortissimé inchoatum.
Umbilicus perforatus.

Testa spira valdé, subgradatim elevata,

conico-subulata. Tentacula elon-

gata. Pallium non dilatatum.... 45. STAGNICOLA.
Testa spira brevissima, abrupté for-

mata, ad apicem acuminata. Ten-

tacula latissima. Pallium non dila-

MOT eo. tas -< ss, 40. GULNANIA-

** Anertura ad dextram acuminato-rotundata. Peritrema 0.
Imbilicus 0.

Testa spira brevissima, depressiuscula.
Tentacula latissima. Pallium tes-
Rasebeoensyed) wiintiln. )Cee eee O47 Miyxas.

Stirps 2. Testa sinistrorsum elevato-spiralis. Ultimus anfrac-
tus maximus. Peritrema ad dextram crassius. Umbilicus
0. Tentacula setacea.

Testa ovata, spira subabrupté elevata,
ad apicem obtusiuscula. Pallium
anfractis ultimi latera et dorsum
Gin »» .48.,Puysa.
Testa alté Degree eect ae ad
apicem obtusiuscula. Pallium non
AREER TEDN 5c) 2) Srssiet 0) Sie ee go SS 49. Nauta.

Stirps 3. Testa sinistrorsum involuto-spiralis. Peritrema pos-
ticé inchoatum. Tentacula setacea aut filiformia.
Testa interné unicamerata. Tentacula
setacea . nae Sonica et os OU. ER ANOR BIS.
Testa i ee De ctr tas cameris
semiformatis. Tentacula filiformia. 51. HemirHaLamvs.
Tentacula two, generally acuminated at their extremities ;
bearing eyes at their bases internally.
Shell turrited, or involutely-spiral ; its aperture simple ; with-
out denticulations.

F 2

100 GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ.

All the Limnade inhabit fresh-water; they respire air, and
eat vegetable matter. |

They differ from the Helicide in the number and structure
of their tentacula, and position of the eyes; as well as in their
internal structure, with regard to the position of the sexual
organs.

The head is divided from the foot by a strong transverse
groove. The mouth is fleshy and retractile; and when with-
drawn, the aperture is transverse. The organs of mastication
consist of a horny palate, and two small jaws, between which
an elastic and transversely grooved tongue is capable of being
exserted.

The cesophagus is rather elongated, and is more or less
abruptly dilated before it enters the stomach, which is a true
gizzard. On each side of the cesophagus are situated the sali-
vary glands, which are composed of many lobes. The gizzard
is short in most of the genera. The intestine, after leaving the
stomach, receives the biliary ducts by one or two branches, and
then continues of an uniform diameter, until it terminates in
the anus, which is lateral.

The liver occupies, at least, the last whorl but one of the shell.

The ovarium forms the upper part of the spire, and is more
or less enveloped by the upper or posterior extremity of the
liver. The oviduct is generally very flexuose, and terminates
laterally.

The animal is fixed to its shell by the hinder part of its foot,
which is strongly muscular.

The nervous system, although probably essentially similar,
is very different at first sight from that of Helicidee. It con-
sists of a larger central portion (through which, at least in all
the turrited genera, passes a very slender muscle from the foot,
whose office seems to be that of assisting the retraction of the
mouth), and is situated behind the middle of the cesophagus.
It receives two nerves from a pair of ganglia, placed anteriorly,
and which are either confluent, or distant and connected by a
commissure. These two ganglia receive nerves from the parts
which surround the mouth, but I have not succeeded in tracing
any one of them to its origin. I have counted four nerves on

GASTEROPODA. LIMNADA. - 101

each side most distinctly ; but in most cases they coalesce in
pairs before they reach the ganglia, as is the case in Stagnicola,
Gulnaria and Nauta.

The sexual parts are distant from each other, which enables
one individual, at the same time, to perform the function of
each sex, with two others, as was first observed by Geoffroy
about the middle of the last century.

They all have the power of crawling on the surface of the
water, their foot being uppermost, and parallel with the surface
of the water. In this point of view, their mode of taking in
air for respiration may readily be seen. I have occasionally
observed Gulnaria and Nauta moving an inch below the surface
of the water, in an inverse position.

If when creeping at the bottom of the water another species
impedes its progress, or creeps against it, the foot of the
annoyed animal becomes a fixed point, and the offender is
repulsed by repeated blows of its shell, which is whirled round
like aclub. This is, I believe, their only mode of defence.

The whole system, as well as the shelly covering, is sinistral
or reversed, in the genera Physa, Nauta, Planorbis, and Hemi-
thalamus ; whilst it is regular or dextral in the other genera,
Stagnicola, Gulnaria, and Myzas.

The shell is spirally elevated in all the genera but P/anorbis
and Hemithalamus, where the whorls are involute, and conse-
quently the shell is depressed.

The last whorl in most of the genera and species of this
family, in the old state, is subject to be set with facettes, re-
sembling cut glass. This character has sometimes been used
to distinguish species, by cabinet zoologists.

Genus 45. STAGNICOLA.
Lymnea, Lamarck.
Limneus, Draparnaud, Férussac.
Lymneeus, Cuvier.

Testa spira valdé, subgradatim, elevata, conico-subulata.
Umbilicus perforatus, clausus. Tentacula elongata. Pallium
non dilatatum.

Shell, with its spire very much and rather gradually elevated,

102 GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ.

conically-subulate. Umbilicus perforate, but closed. Tenta-
cula elongate. Mantle not dilated.

Synopsis Specierum.

* Anfractus gradatim crescentes. Apertura brevis.

1. octanfracta. Testa anfractibus octo convexiusculis, peritre-
mate albido.

** Anfractus ultimus medium spire vie attingens.

2. communis. Testa anfractibus septem ; ultimo subangulato.

3. minuta. Testa anfractibus septem simplicibus ; sutura pro-
funda.

*** Anfractus ultimus ventricosus. Apertura ultra medium
spire attingens.

be

elegans. Testa anfractibus octo elegantissimé elongatis.
. vulgaris. Testa anfractibus septem mediocribus.

or

1. STAGNICOLA OCTANFRACTA.

S. testa anfractibus octo convexiusculis, transversim elevato-
striatis ; interstitiis elongato-excavato-punctatis.

Helix octona, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 138. pl. 86. fig. 135?

Helix octanfracta, Mont. Test. Brit. 396.t. 11. fig.8; WM. & R.

Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 211; Turt. Conch. Dict. 64.
Limneus elongatus, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 53. pl. 3. figs. 3, 4.
Lymneea octanfracta, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 78.

Bulimus Leucostoma. Poiret, Prod. 37.
Habitat in stagnis, rarior.

Shell with eight rather convex, transversely striated whorls ;
the strize elevated ; the interstices with elongately-excavated
punctures. Height five-eighths of an inch.

Colour pellucid-horny, generally incrusted with black matter,
which is independent of the epidermis.

Inhabits ponds and ditches ; it is rare, or at least very local.
It was found by the road-side between Fowey and Looe, by

GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ. 103

Montagu; in Suffolk, by the Rev. J. Leiths; and near Wrab-
ness, in Essex, by the Rev. R. Sheppard ; both of whom have
furnished me with specimens.

Animal blackish ; tentacula sometimes pale.

Umbilicus generally closed by the peritreme in adult speci-
mens.

2. STAGNICOLA COMMUNIS.

S. testa anfractibus septem ; superioribus transversim undoso-
striolatis; ultimo transversim et longitudinaliter elevato-
striato, hine subangulato.

Buccinum palustre, Mill. Verm. Hist. 13.

Helix palustris, Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 3658; Mont. Test. Brit.
370. t. 16. fig. 10; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 216.
t. 5. fig. 8; Dill. Desc. Cat. 963; Turt. Conch. Dict. 66.

Helix stagnalis, 8. Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 139. t. 86. fig. 136. B.

Helix corvus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3665?

Bulimus palustris, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers, 302. 13.

Limneus palustris, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 52. pl. 3. figs. 1, 2.

Limneea palustris, Plem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 77.

Limnée des marais, Cuv. Mém. sur les Moll. fig. 4.

Animal olivaceo-fuscum aut nigrum, luteo aut flavido-opaco-
punctatum. Tentacula cinereo-nigra, diluta.

Habitat in paludibus, vulgaris.

Shell with seven whorls: the upper ones with transverse un-
dulating strize ; the last whorl with transverse and longitudinal
elevated strize, giving it an angulated appearance, like cut glass.

Colour dark-horny, or fuscous. Peritreme whitish, rarely
tinted with pale reddish. The inside of the aperture, towards
the right and anterior aspects, has sometimes a red or flesh-
coloured band.

Animal olive-brown, or sooty-black, spotted with luteous or
opake yellowish. Tentacula pale cinereous-black. Height an
inch.

Stagnicola communis is generally diffused throughout Great
Britain. It inhabits marshes, ponds, and ditches.

104 GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ.

3. STAGNICOLA MINUTA.

S. testa anfractibus septem transversim striatis; sutura pro-
funda.

Helix fossaria, Mont. Test. Brit. 372; M. & R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. viii. 217. t. 5. fig. 9; Dill. Dese. Cat. 964; Turé-
Conch. Dict. 66.

Limneus minutus, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 53. pl. 3. figs. 5-7.

Lymneea fossaria, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 77.

Habitat in paludibus, vulgaris.

Shell with seven transversely striated whorls; the suture
deep. Height half an inch, generally less.

Colour pale horn, sometimes cmereous.

Animal testaceous, or greyish-black. Mantle dotted with
opake yellow. Foot pale.

This species, which was first observed by Montagu, is very
common in marshes, ponds, and ditches, especially in such as
are not deep. It rarely ascends the aquatic plants, but seems
to prefer the mud, on which it is generally found.

4. STAGNICOLA ELEGANS.

S. testa anfractibus octo, elegantissimé elongatis, transversim
striatis.

Helix fragilis, Mont. Test. Brit. 368. t. 16. fig. 8; M. & R.

Trans. Linn. Soc. vin. 215; Turt. Conch. Dict. 65.
Lymneea fragilis, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 77.

Animal luteo-nigricans, flavo opaco-punctatum. Caput et ten-
tacula olivaceo-subtestacea. Pes pallidior.
Habitat in aquis lenté fluentibus.

Shell with eight elegantly-elongated whorls, which are stri-
ated transversely. Height two inches. Breadth of aperture
one inch. Length of aperture nine-sixteenths of an inch.

Colour pellucid-horny, sometimes inclining to testaceous,
and often incrusted with a black deposit.

This species, which is very nearly allied to the following, is
confined to slowly flowimg waters. It was first discovered by
Montagu, who fancied that it might be the Helix fragilis of
Linné, which, from the description in Fauna Suecica, must most
decidedly be a very different shell.

GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ. 105

It was found, by Montagu, in a newly made canal, between
Chippenham and Laycock, in Wiltshire. I have found it in
profusion in the Surrey and Croydon canals ; and have received
specimens which were taken in the Cam, near Cambridge, by
my friend, Dr. F. Granger, who informed me that they were
not uncommon in that river.

5. STAGNICOLA VULGARIS.

S. testa anfractibus septem mediocribus, transversim striatis.
Helix stagnalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. i. 1244; Penn. Brit.

Zool. iv. 138. pl. 86. fig. 136; Mont. Test. Brit. 367. tab.

16. fig. 8; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 214; Dill. Dese.

Cat. 962; Turt. Conch. Dict. 65.

Buccinum stagnale, Mill. Verm. Hist. 327.
Lymneea stagnalis, Lam. Syst. des dn. et V.91 ; Flem. Edinb.

Encycl. vil. 77.

Bulimus stagnalis, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers, 303. 13, bis.

Limneus stagnalis, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 51. pl. 2. figs. 38, 39.

Le Limnée stagnal. Cuv. Mém. sur les Moll. fig. 2.

Animal diluté nigricans, aut rufescente-griseum. Pes pallidé
cinereus. Tentacula lutescentia.

Habitat in stagnis et paludibus vulgaris.

Shell, with seven moderately developed whorls, which are
transversely striated. Height twoinches. Breadth of aperture
one inch. Length of aperture five-eighths of an inch.

Colour of the shell similar to that of S. elegans in all respects.
The last whorl, in old specimens, is somewhat angulated, as im
S. communis.

This species is abundant in most of the pools and marshes
around London. It is likewise not uncommon in Wiltshire.
In all stages of growth it may be distinguished from S. elegans.
It is found in all the ditches bordermg on the Surrey and
Croydon canals, where S. elegans is found in great plenty :
but they are never found together.

F5

106 GASTEROPODA. LIMNAD&.

Genus 46. GULNARIA.

Testa spira brevissima, abrupté formata, ad apicem acumi-
nata. Unmbilicus perforatus, apertus. Tentacula latissima.
Pallium non dilatatum.

Shell, with its spire very short, abruptly formed, acuminated
at its point, or apex. Umbilicus perforate, and open. Tenta-
cula very broad. Mantle not dilated.

1. GULNARIA PEREGRA. PI. II. figs. 4, 5.

G. testa subampullacea, cornea ; apertura subovata.
Buccinum peregrum, Miill. Hist. Verm. 130.

Bulimus pereger, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers, vi. 301.

Helix peregra, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3659; Mont. Test. Brit.

373. t. 16. fig. 3.

Helix putris, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 139. t. 86. fig. 137; M.§ R.

Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 219; Dill. Desc. Cat. 965.
Lymneea putris, Hem. Edinb. Encycl. vi. 77.

Helix lutea, Mont. Test. Brit. 380. t. 16. fig. 6; Dill. Dese.

Cat. 969.

Lymneea lutea, Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vu. 77.

Helix limosa, Mont. Test. Brit. 381. t. 16. fig. 1.

Limneus pereger, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 50.

Limneus ovatus, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 50.

Helix auricularia, 3., M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 221.

Animal olivaceum, olivaceo-testaceum vel citrinum, superné
albido aut opaco-flavido punctatum. Oculi atri. Tenta-
cula seepius pallidiora. Pallium atrum griseo-marmoratum.

Habitat in paludibus, stagnis, fluviis lenté fluentibus lacubusque,
vulgaris.

Shell somewhat ampullaceous, horny; the aperture rather
ovate. Longitudinal diameter of the aperture seven-eighths of
an inch ; breadth half an inch.

Animal olivaceous, sometimes inclining to testaceous, or en-
tirely lemon-coloured ; upper part of head, neck, back, and
sides punctured with opake white or yellowish dots. Spiral
part of the animal black, marbled, or varied with grey. Ten-
tacula generally of a paler hue than the head. Eyes black.

=.

GASTEROPODA. LIMNAD2. 10

Whorls faintly striated transversely. Epidermis sometimes
brownish.

Gulnaria peregra is extremely common in every part of Great
Britain, inhabiting slowly running waters, lakes, ponds, and
marshes. It varies much in size: this has induced Montagu
and Draparnaud to divide it into three supposed species, which
gradually pass into each other.

2. GULNARIA LACUSTRIS.

G. testa ampullacea, corned ; anfractibus transversim laté-sul-
catis ; spira depressiuscula ; apertura subovalli.
Habitat in Angliz Borealis lacubus, vulgaris.

Shell ampullaceous, horny ; whorls with broad transverse
regular grooves ; spire depressed ; aperture nearly oval.

For this species I am indebted to General Bingham, whe
observed it in all the lakes of Westmoreland and Cumberland
in tolerable plenty. The regularity of the grooves at once di-
stinguish this from any other species. The shell is rather thick,
especially at the apex of the spire, where it is generally decor-
ticated and eroded.

3. GULNARIA AURICULARIA.

G. testa ampullacea, cornea ; apertura amplissima, subpatula.

Helix auricularia, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1250; Mont. Test. Brit.
375. t. 16. fig. 2; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 139. t. 86. fig. 138 ;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viti. 221. var. a.; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 969; Turt. Conch. Dict. 68.

Buceinum Auricula, Mill. Hist. Verm. 322.

Limneus auricularius, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 49. pl. 2. figs. 2&,
29; Féruss. Essai Conch. 56.

Lymnea auricularia, Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 77.

Animal testaceum, fulvescens aut griseum albo opaco puncta-
tum. Tentacula dilutiora. Pallium atrum griseo pulcher-
rimé maculatum et marmoratum.

Habitat in aquis lenté fluentibus.

Shell ampullaceous, horny ; the aperture very large, and
rather spreading. Longitudinal diameter of the aperture one
inch ; breadth five-eighths.

108 GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ.

Whorls transversely striated. Spiral part of the animal,
when viewed through its horn-coloured shell, is dusky-black,
spotted, and marbled with golden yellow ; the same part, when
the shell is removed, is pure black, marbled, and spotted with
grey. Head, neck, sides, and upper part of the foot, testaceous,
pale-orange, or grey, punctured with opake white. The ten-
tacula paler than the body.

This species is very local. It occurs in the New River, near
London ; in ditches around Eton; in the river at Oxford ; in
the Avon, in Wiltshire; and in the Kennet, in Berkshire.

I believe that Dr. Fleming informed me, some years since,
that he had met with this species in Scotland ; but this is ren-
dered a little doubtful from his statement in the Edinburgh
Encyclopzedia, which seems to arise from an error in the punc-
tuation.

Genus 47. Myxas.

Testa spira brevissima, depressiuscula. Peritrema 0. Um-
bilicus 0. Tentacula latissima. Pallium utrinque in mem-
branam dilatatum testam modo non tegens.

Shell with a very short and rather depressed spire. Peri-
treme none. Umbilicus none. Tentacula very broad. Sides
of the mantle dilated into a membrane, which almost entirely
covers the shell.

}. Myxas MUuueri.

M. testa ventricosa, cornea, pellucida, nitida; anfractibus trans-
versim striatis.

Helix fragilis, Zinn. Fn. Sv. 2187.

Buccinum glutinosum, Mill. Verm. Hist. 323.

Helix glutinosa, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3659; Mont. Test. Brit.
379. t. 16. fig. 5; M. & R. Trans. Innn. Soc. vii. 222 ;
Dill. Conch. Dict. 970 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 69.

Bulimus glutinosus, Brug. Encyel. Méth. Vers, 306.

Limneus glutinosus, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 50.

Habitat in paludibus, rarior.

Shell ventricose, horny, pellucid, glossy ; the whorls striated
transversely.

—e

GASTEROPODA. LIMNAD2. 109

** Animal dirty-yellow, or testaceous; mantle spotted with
yellow or sulphur-colour.””—Cranch.

This species is very rare, or at least very local in Britain. It
is said to be not uncommon in the marshes around Deal.
Montagu found it in a water-course, near Reading, in Berkshire ;
in a ditch, near Dunster Castle, in Somerset; it has likewise
been taken in a pond near Windermere, by the Rev. J. Bulwer.

It secretes, in common with its congeners, a vast quantity of
thick mucus; I have therefore rejected the specific appellation
glutinosa, which is expressed in its generic name, and have
substituted that of the celebrated Miiller, who first discovered it.

Genus 48. Puysa.
Physa, Draparnaud, Férussac, Cuvier.

Testd ovati; spira subabrupté elevata, ad apicem obtusius-
eula. Umbilicus nullus. Pallivm \ateraliter in membranam
multifidam dilatatum, anfractis ultimi latera, et spiram tegens.
Tentacula setacea.

Shell ovate, the spire rather abruptly elevated, its apex some-
what obtuse. Umbilicus none. Mantle dilated laterally into
a many-parted membrane, which is reflected over the sides and
dorsal aspect of the last whorl. Tentacula setaceous.

1. PHyYSA FONTINALIS.

P. testa diaphana; cornea, nitida ; anfractibus tenuiter trans-
versim striolatis.

Bulla fontinalis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1. 1185; Mont. Test.
Brit. i. 226; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 126 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 85 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 487 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 26.

Planorbis Bulla, Mill. Verm. Hist. 353.

Bulimus fontinalis, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers, 306, 17.

Physa fontinalis, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 54. pl. 3. figs. 8, 9.

Animal testaceum, olivaceo-punctulatum et irroratum. Ten-
tacula et margines pedis testacea, seepius Immaculata. Pes
elongatus, acuminatus. Oculi aterrimi.

Habitat in fontibus et in aquis lenté fluentibus.

110 GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ.

Shell diaphanous, horny, glossy ; the whorls very finely stri-
ated transversely. Animal testaceous, freckled, and varied with
olive-green. 'Tentacula and the margins of the foot testaceous,
and most frequently without dots. Foot elongate and acumi-
nate. Eyes very black. The reflected portion of the mantle
often tinted with olivaceous. Height half an inch: breadth of
aperture three-eighths.

P. fontinalis is extremely common, and is generally diffused
over every part of Britain. It occurs in fountains, and slowly
flowing waters; and is very rarely found in stagnant pools.

The movement of the animal in the water is slow. When at
rest, it frequently settles on aquatic plants, near enough to the
surface to be enabled to respire at will; and when it is an-
noyed by the approach of wandering animals, it repulses them,
with repeated blows, inflicted by a rapid movement of the shell ;
the foot being the point of fixture.

The last whorl of the shell, when the animal is in it, is ele-
gantly reticulated with blackish olive, caused by the colouring
of the mantle, which is visible through its pellucid shell.

Genus 49. NAauTaA.

Testa alt? acuminato-turrita; spira ad apicem obtusiuscula.
Umbilicus nullus. Pallium non dilatatum. Tentacula seta:
cea, ad basin interné dilatata, oculigera.

Shell highly acuminately-turrited; the apex of the spire
rather obtuse. No umbilicus.

Mantle not dilated. Tentacula setaceous.

1. Nauta Hypnorvum.

N. testa ovato-oblonga, diaphana, cornea, polita, nitida ; an-
fractibus tenuissimé transversim striolatis.

Bulimus Hypnorum, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers, 301, 11.

Planorbis turritus, Mii/l. Verm. Hist. 354.

Bulla Hypnorum, Mont. Test. Brit. 228; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. viii. 127; Dill. Desc. Cat. 488; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 26.

GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ. El

Physa Hypnorum, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 55. pl. 3. figs. 12,

13.

Bulla rivalis, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 85.

Animal ceerulescente-atrum. Oculi aterrimi. Tentacula ad
apicem albida. Pes elongatus, acuminatus.

Habitat in paludibus, et in aquis lenté fluentibus.

Shell ovately-oblong, diaphanous, horny, polished, and shi-
ning ; the whorls most delicately striolated transversely. Height
eleven-sixteenths of an inch: breadth of aperture five-six-
teenths.

Animal bluish-black. Eyes very black. Extremities of the
tentacula whitish. Foot elongate and acuminate.

It is found in a marsh, near the Ware-head, on the Exe, near
Exeter; near Lackham, in Wilts; in Battersea fields; in Loch
Dedinstone, near Edinburgh ; and in the river, near Oxford.

Genus 50. PLANoRBIS.
Planorbis, Miller, Draparnaud, Férussac, Cuvier.

Testa sinistrorsum involuto-spiralis, uni-camerata. Peri-
trema posticé fortiter inchoatum. Tentacula setacea.

Synopsis Specierum.
A. Anfractus pauci.

* Spira immersa, infundibuliformis. Umbilicus clausus,
planus.

1. corneus. Testa cornea, crassiuscula ; anfractibus transversim
antiquato-striatis.

** Spira ad apicem immersa. Umbilicus concavus.

2. albus. Testa griseo-cornea, tenui; anfractibus longitudina-
liter elevato-lineatis.
3. carinatus. Testa cornea, pellucida ; anfractibus transversim
striatis, ad dorsi medium carinatis.
. marginatus. Testa cornea, fusca, subpellucida, ad sinistram
planiore ; anfractibus transversim striolatis, ad sinistram
dorsi carinatis.

—

112 GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ.

5. Sheppardi. Testa nitida, diaphana, ad sinistram planius-
culé ; anfractibus transversim striolatis, ad sinistram dorsi
fortiter carinatis.

*** Spira ad apicem subconcava. Umbilicus infundibuli-
formis.

6. imbricatus. Testa ad dextram planiuscula; anfractuum
epidermide transversim-elevata, carina obsoleta, tubercu-

lata.
B. Anfractus plurimi.

* Spira plana, ad apicem abrupté immersa. Umbilicus infun-
dibuliformis.

7. contortus. Testa tenui, sutura fortiore.

** Spira gradatim concava, ad apicem subimmersa. Umbili-
cus feré planus, ad medium subconcavus.

8. vortex. Anfractibus sensim crescentibus, ad sinistram pla-
nioribus, carinatis.

9. spirorbis. Anfractibus ad sinistram planioribus: ultimo
abrupte majore ; carina dorsali, media.

All the Planorbes have their shell involutely and sinistrorsly
spiral ; the cavity simple; the peritreme strongly commenced
behind.

Tentacula setaceous.

1. PLANORBIS CORNEUS.

P. testa cornea, crassiuscula; anfractibus transversim anti-
quato-striatis.

Helix cornea, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1143; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.
134. pl. 83. fig. 126; Mont. Test. Brit. i. 448; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 191; Dill. Dese. Cat. 906.

Planorbis corneus, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 43. pl. 1. fig. 42-
44; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 69 ; Cuv. Mém. sur les Moll.
fig. 12.

Animal intensé olivaceo-brunneum ; tentacula ad basin externé
dilatata, ad apicem gradatim pallidiora.

Habitat in paludibus.

GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ. 113

Shell horny, rather thick ; the whorls transversely striated ;
the strize antiquated. Diameter one inch and a quarter.

Animal of an intense olive-brown ; tentacula dilated at their
base externally, gradually paler in colour towards their extre-
mities.

Colour of the shell brown, fuscous, or reddish-horn ; often
whitish beneath. Spire composed of six whorls; the two first
very small; the last very large. Three spires only are visible
from above.

Planorbis corneus is the largest of the European species. It
is common in the marshes round London and Oxford ; and has
been found by Montagu, near Wareham, in Dorsetshire. It is
abundant likewise in ditches, near Eton and Cambridge.

The animal, when teased, emits from its mantle a blood-red
secretion, similar to that of the Aplysia in appearance.

2. PLANORBIS ALBUS.

P. testa griseo-corned, aut albida tenui; anfractibus longitudi-
naliter elevato-lineatis.
Planorbis albus, Mill. Verm. Hist. 164°; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.

vil. 69.

Helix alba, Mont. Test. Brit. 459; M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soe.

192; Dill. Desc. Cat. 909.

Planorbis spirorbis, Drap. Hist. des Moll. pl. 2. figs. 8-10.

Animal pallidé cinereum. Tentacula seepé dilutiora. Oculi
atri.

Habitat in stagnis, frequens.

Shell grey horn-coloured or whitish, thin; the whorls with
longitudinally elevated lines. Diameter five-sixteenths of an
inch.

Animal pale ash-coloured. Tentacula often paler. Eyes
black.

Shell thin, somewhat pellucid. Epidermis pale-brown, often
fuscous. Whorls four; all visible from above and below ; with
elevated, distant, transverse strize crossing the longitudinal
lines, and producing a reticulated appearance.

This species is common if ponds and ditches. It occurs

114 GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ.

round London and Eton; near Lackham, in Wiltshire; and
about Bristol and Bath.

3. PLANORBIS CARINATUS.

P. testa corned, pellucida; anfractibus transversim striatis, ad
medium dorsi carinatis.

Planorbis carinatus, Mill. Verm. Hist. 157, 344; Drap. Hist.
des Moll. 46. pl. 2. figs. 13, 14, 16; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.
vil. 69.

Helix carinata, Mont. Test. Brit. 450. t. 25. fig. 1.

Helix planata, M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 189.

Helix planorbis, Turt. Conch. Dict. 45.

Animal olivaceum. Tentacula et margines pedis crocei vel
testacel. Oculi nigri.

Habitat in stagnis, paludibus, et in aquis lenté fluentibus.
Shell horny, pellucid ; the whorls transversely striated, cari-

nated in the middle of their dorsal aspect. Diameter five-

eighths of an inch.

Animal olivaceous. Tentacula and margins of the foot saf-
fron or testaceous. Eyes sooty-black.

The left side of the whorls is decidedly less convex than the
right side. It may always be recognized by the appearance of
the keel, when viewed in front of the aperture.

Inhabits ditches, ponds, and slowly flowing waters. It is
common around London and Cambridge. It occurs likewise
in ditches, round Wareham, in Dorsetshire, and Eton; and to
the east of Edinburgh, in similar situations.

4. PLANORBIS MARGINATUS. PI. ITI. figs. 7, 8.

P. testa, corned, fusca, subpellucida, ad sinistram planiore ;
anfractibus transversim striolatis, ad sinistram dorsi cari-
natis.

Helix Planorbis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1. 1242; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 1383; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 188, t. 5. fig. 13.

Planorbis umbilicatus, Mill. Verm. Hist. 349, 160.

Helix complanata, Mont. Test. Brit. 450; Dill. Desc. Cat.
897; Turt. Conch. Dict. 46.

GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ. 115

Planorbis marginatus, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 45. pl. 2. figs.

PP 123-15.

Planorbis complanatus, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 69.

Animal olivaceo-nigrum. Tentacula lateraliter et ad basin
rufa aut rufo-citrma. Oculi atri.

Habitat in stagnis et paludibus vulgatissima.

Shell horny, fuscous, slightly pellucid, distinctly flatter on
the left side ; the whorls transversely striated, the left side of
the dorsal aspect of the whorls carinated. Diameter six-eighths
of an inch; sometimes greater.

Animal olive-black. Tentacula with their sides and their
base rufous, or reddish orange-coloured. Eyes black.

This very common species is found in all parts of Britain,
inhabiting ditches and ponds.

5. PLANORBIS SHEPPARDI.

P. testa nitida, diaphana, ad sinistram planiuscula ; anfractibus
transversim striolatis, ad sinistram dorsi carinatis.

Helix complanata, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1242; Fn. Sv. 2177.

Habitat in fluvio Ore dicto, in provincia Soffolciensi.

Shell glossy, diaphanous, its left side nearly flat. Whorls
very finely striolated transversely ; the left side of their dorsal
aspect carinated.

I am indebted to the Rev. Revett Sheppard for this elegant
species of P/anorbis, which he found in the river Ore, in Suf-
folk, and communicated to me as the true Helix complanata of
Linné ; and it agrees so well with the character given in Fauna
Suecica, as to leave no doubt on my mind.

The longitudinal diameter of the specimens received from
Mr. Sheppard does not exceed a quarter of an inch; but Mr.
Sheppard informs me, that he has larger ones in his own cabi-
net, from near Blaxhall, in the same county.

6. PLANORBIS IMBRICATUS.

P. testa ad dextram planiuscula ; anfractuum epidermide trans-
versim eleyata, carina obsoleta, tuberculata.

Planorbis imbricatus, Mill. Verm. Hist. 165; Drap. Hist. des
Moll. 44, pl. 1. figs. 49, 50, 51?

116 GASTEROPODA. LIMNADZ.

Helix nautilea, Mont. Test. Brit. 464. pl. 25. fig. 5, fig. mala.
Turbo nautileus, M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 169; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 227; Dill. Desc. Cat. 882.

Planorbis cristatus, Drap. Hist. Nat. des Moll. 44. pl. 2. figs.

2, 0.

Planorbis nautileus, Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 69.

Animal cinereum aut griseum. Tentacula hyalina. Oculi atri.
Habitat in paludibus, stagnis.

’ Shell with its left side rather flat ; the epidermis of the whorls
transversely elevated; the keel obsolete and tuberculated.
Diameter one-eighth of an inch.

Animal ash-coloured or grey. Tentacula hyaline. Eyes
black.

Planorbis imbricatus was first noticed by Miiller. The epi-
dermis is subject to very great variation, with regard to the de-
gree in which it is elevated. The specific character is taken
from the most common appearance. In some situations it may
be found with a smooth epidermis, with every intermediate
state, necessary to prove its identity with the one above de-
scribed. The dorsal ridge is sometimes furnished with spine-
like processes of epidermis.

It seems to be rather a local species. It is found in Batter-
sea fields ; in a pond, near Tenby ; in ditches, near Sandwich ;
near Wedhampton, in Wiltshire; round Kingsbridge and Exe-
ter, in Devon; and ina pond near Cobham, in Surrey. I found
it in a marsh, near Dunloch Gap ; and again at Muccross, near
Killarney.

The preceding pages have been reprinted from a copy in Mr.
Baldwin’s possession, the work having proceeded so far in 1820
under Dr. Leach’s revision. The manuscript, contaming the
remaining species of Planorbis, and the six succeeding genera,
which was probably at the printers when the work was stopped,
cannot now be recovered.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURAD2. 117

FAMILY [. PURPURAD.

Buccinoides, Cuvier.
Trachiales zoophages, Lamarck.

Testa elevato- (rariis involuto-) spiralis. Apertura ad si-
nistram (nisi in heterostrophis) in canalem simplicem aut tectum
producta, siphonem efformans. Operculum corneum. Pal-
lium anticé ad sinistram, in siphonem respiratorium (testa si-
phonem implens) productum. Os in rostellum flexile, teres,
refractile, é tunicis duabus effectum, productum. Tunica ez-
terior ad apicem szepius fissa ; interior ad apicem labiis duobus,
seeplus spinosis, instructa. Lingua spinulosa.

Synopsis Stirpium et Generum.
* Testa subinvoluto-spiralis.

Stirps 1. Apertura ad sinistram subproducta, sepius plicata.
Apertura ad dextram gradatim angustata.
Umbilicus perforatus .............. 57. ACTHON.

** Testa elevato-spiralis.

Stirps 2. Apertura ad sinistram in siphonem clausum pro-
ducta.
Peritrema (nisi ad siphonis productionem)
perfectum, anticé fimbriatum. Umbili-
cus obtust impresso-perforatus........ 58. OcrneBRa.

118 GASTEROPODA. PURPURAD.

Stirps 3. Apertura ad sinistram in siphonem apertum pro-
ducta.

a. Teste siphon brevissimus. Peritrema posticé planiusculum.

Apertura ad dextram et ad sinistram acu-

minata. Siphon recurvus .......... 59. PURPURA.
Apertura ad dextram acuminata, posticé si-
nuata. Siphon ad sinistram curvatus.. 60. Hima.

b. Teste siphon mediocris aut longissimus. Peritrema pos-
tice conforme.

Siphon mediocris, recurvus, ad apicem.

Penitremate tectds,. i. 3. eek ee ck 61. BuccinumM.
Siphon elongatus aut longissimus, rectus,
ad apicem. Peritremate nullo tectus.. 62. Fusus.

c. Teste siphon brevis. Peritrema postice conforme.

Apertura ad dextram emarginata........ 63. MANGELIA.
Apertura ad dextram perfecta.......... 64. Brxa.

*EX Testa alté turrita.

Stirps 4. Apertura anticé in alam lobatam dilatata, ad sinis-
tram canaliculata.
Testa alté et acuté elevata; anfractu ultimo
in alam digitatam dilatato .......... 65. APPoRHAIS.
Stirps 5. Apertura, anticé in siphonem brevem recurvum pro-
ducta, anticé simplex.
Testa conicé et alté elevata; apertura ad
sinistram paulo volutata et deflexa.... 66. CeRITHIUM.

The shell elevatedly spiral, rarely involuted. The aperture
on the left side, (except in the heterostrophe or reversed shells),
is produced into a simple or covered canal, forming a siphon.
The operculum is horny. The mantle on the left side anteriorly
is produced into a respiratory siphon, which fills the siphon of
the shell. The mouth is produced into a flexible, rounded, re-
tractile rostrum or beak, which is formed of two integuments.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 119

The exterior integument is most generally slit at its extre-
mity ; the interior integument is furnished at its extremity
with two lips which are most generally armed with spines.
Tongue is spinulose.

STIRPS I.

Genus 57. ACTON.

Actzeon, De Montford, Cuvier.
Tornitelle, Lamarck.

Testa elliptica, conico-spiralis. Apertura ad dextram gra-
datim angustata ; ad sinistram uniplicata. Peritrema posticé
inchoatum. Umbilicus perforatus.

Shell elliptical, conically spiral. Aperture gradually nar-
rowed to the right, with one fold on the left. Peritreme com-
menced behind. Umbilicus perforate.

Of this genus I have seen contracted specimens of the animal,
preserved in spirits ; by which I have been enabled merely to
ascertain that it belongs to this order of Gasteropoda, and not
to the Saccobranchia, to which it was referred by my learned
friend, the Baron Cuvier, who had never seen the inhabitant.

Through the medium of the exotic genera, Oliva, Voluta,
Cancellaria, &c. it is connected with Buccinum, Murez, $e.
and belongs evidently to the family Purpurade.

1. ACTZON TORNATILIS.

A. testa rosacea, anfractibus longitudinaliter sulculatis, vittis 2
albis notatis : superioribus abrupté angustatis, planis.

Voluta tornatilis, Zinn. Syst. Nat. 1.1187; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 117. t. 71. fig. 86; Gmel. Syst. Nat. i. 3437 ; Mont.
Test. Brit. i. 231; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 189 ;
Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vi. 83; Dill. Desc. Cat. 503; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 249.

Voluta bifasciata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1. 3436.

Acteon tornatilis, De Mont. Conch. Syst. ii. 315 ; Cuv. Réegne
Anim. ii. 414.

Habitat in littoribus arenosis, et in mari profundo, frequens.

120 GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ.

Shell inclining to rosy ; the whorls longitudinally sulcated
finely, and marked with two white bands ; the superior whorls
abruptly narrowed and flat. Height 1 and 4 inch.

This species is not uncommonly found on the sandy parts of
the south-western coasts of Devon and Cornwall, and on the
shores of South Wales and Ireland, at low tide; as well as by
dredging in deep water, on a sandy bottom.

Gmelin, with his usual carelessness, has, on opposite pages
of his work, described this species under two names, referring
in both instances to the same figures in Martini, vol. ii. pl. 43.
figs. 442, 443.

STIRPS II.

The genera composing this Stirps inhabits the mouths of
rivers, as well as the deep sea. We have but one genus on the
British coasts, which, with the other genera of the Stirps, has
a closed siphon.

Genus 58. OcINEBRA.

Testa acuté elevato-spiralis: anfractus seepius transversim
elevato-costati ; costee incrassatee. Peritrema (uisi ad sipho-
nis productionem) perfectum, antict fimbriatum. Umbzlicus
obtusé impresso-perforatus. Os brevissimum, rostriforme.
Tentacula elongata, acuminato-conica, ad apices subobtusius-
cula, ultra medium externé dilatata, oculigera. Oculi minutis-
simi, globulosi. Pes ultra os productus. Sipho respiratorius
brevis.

Shell with an acutely elevated spire; the whorls generally
bearing thickened, elevated ribs. The peritreme (excepting at
the production of the siphon) perfect, anteriorly fringed. The
umbilicus obtusely impressedly-perforate.

Mouth very short, rostriform. Tentacula elongate, acumi-
nately conic; their extremities rather inclining to be obtuse ;
their external aspects, beyond their middle, dilated, bearing
their eyes, which are very minute and globulose. Foot pro-
duced beyond the mouth. Respiratory siphon very short.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 121

The siphon of the shell is open, in the young state, of all
the species of this genus.

1. OcrInEBRA ERINACEA.

O. anfractibus longitudinaliter lineato-elevatis ; lineis alterna-
tim minoribus, crenato-lamellatis.
Murex Erinaceus, Linn. Syst. Nat.i. 1216; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 123. t. 76. fig. 95; Mont. Test. Brit. i. 259; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 142; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 71 ;
Dill. Dese. Cat. 690 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 87.
Buccinum porcatum, Da Costa, 133. t. 8. fig. 7.
Animal viridescente-griseum, aurantium aut aurantio-flavum,
opaco-albo varium, maculatum aut punctatum. Tentacula
pallidé rufescentia, albido-opaco varia, ad basin dilutiora.
Oculi atri.
Habitat in mari Britannico, preesertim in scopulosis, vulgaris.
Whorls with longitudinally elevated lines ; the lines alter-
nately smaller, with wrinkled lamelle. Height two inches.
This very common species occurs on most of our rocky
coasts, and in a young state is more frequently taken by dred-
ging in deep water.

Colour of the shell dirty-white or pale-brown. When worn,
they are often mottled with rusty-brown, croceous, and white.

Animal greenish-grey, orange or orange-yellow, varied, spot-
ted, or freckled with opake-white. Tentacula pale-reddish,
varied with opake-whitish, their bases paler. The eyes pure
black.

STIRPS III.

The shells of the genera, which compose this Stirps, have a
more or less elevated spire, which is never turrited. The left
side of the aperture is produced into an open siphon, very vari-
able in length. Umbilicus closed.

122 GASTEROPODA. PURPURADS.

Synopsis Generum.

* Teste Siphon brevissimus. Peritrema posticé planiusculum.
|

Apertura ad dextram et ad sinistram acumi-

Maia. «SIPHOR TECUTVOS .. oie chi oe 59. Purpura.
Apertura ad dextram acuminata, posticé si-
nuata. Siphon ad sinistram curvatus.. 60. Hima.

** Teste Siphon mediocris aut longissimus. Peritrema pos-
ticé conforme.

Siphon mediocris, recurvus, ad apicem peri-

tremate tectus ....-..435.,.52.%s. 8-2. « Ol See
Siphon elongatus aut longissimus, rectus, ad
apicem peritremate nullo instructus.... 62, Fusus.

*** Teste Siphon brevis. Peritrema postice conforme.

Apertura ad dextram emarginata........ 63. MANGELIA.
Apertura ad dextram perfecta .......... . 64. Bena.

Genus 59. Purpura.
Purpura, Bruguiere, Cuvier.

Testa subovata, acuté spiralis. Apertura ad dextram et ad
sinistram acuminata. Siphon brevissimus, recurvus. Peri-
trema anticé interné marginatum, crenulatum, posticé fortiter
inchoatum, planiusculum. Tentacula ultra medium externé
dilatata, oculigera. Oculi plano-convexi.

Shell rather ovate, acutely spiral. Aperture acuminated on
the right and left side. Siphon very short and recurved. Pe-
ritreme anteriorly internally margined and wrinkled; behind
strongly commenced, and flattish. Tentacula dilated externally
beyond their middle; the dilated portion bearing the eyes,
which are plano-convex.

1. Purpura LAPILLUS.

P. anfractibus mediocriter convexis, longitudinaliter elevato-

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADE. 123

lineatis, et transversim antiquato-lineolatis (in junioribus sal-

tem elevato-lamellatis ; lamellis curvatis aut echinatis).
Buccinum Lapillus, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1202; Penn. Brit.

Zool. iv. 118. t. 72. fig. 89 ; Mont. Test. Brit. 239; M. &

R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 135; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.

70; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. 11; Dill. Desc. Cat. 613; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 14.

Tritonium Lapillus, Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 244.
Purpura Lapillus, Cuv. Regne Anim. i. 436.
Animal albidum, immaculatum. Oceuli aterrimi.
Habitat in littore scopuloso, vulgaris.

Shell with moderately convex whorls, which are elevated into
longitudinal lines, and are transversely lieolated with little
antiquated lines, which in the young shells are elevated into
curved or spimous lamelle. Height 2 to 22 inches. Breadth
1 inch.

The animal is whitish, without spots. The eyes are very
black.

All the rocky coasts of Britain produce this species in very
great abundance. It is subject to great variety of form, as well
as of colour; it is white, luteous, croceous, brown or purple,
plain, or banded with one or more of those colours. In much
exposed situations its apex is much depressed; and in very
sheltered bays the adult shell has all those elevated lamella
which it always has in its youthful state.

Genus 60. Hima.

Testa ovato-oblonga, acuté spiralis. Apertura ad dextram
acuminata, posticé sinuata. Siphon brevissimus, ad sinistram
curvatus. Peritrema anticé interné incrassatum, crenatum,
aut tuberculatum ; posticé fortissimé inchoatum, planiusculum.
Tentacula acuminato-conica, paulo ultra medium externé dila-
tata, oculigera. Oculi vix rotundati. Siphon respiratorius
elongatus, gradatim acuminatus, ad apicem obtusiusculus. Os
rostriforme, ultra pedem productum. Pes utrinque gradatim
attenuato-dilatatus.

Gi 2

124 GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ.

Synopsis Specierum.

* Anfractibus longitudinaliter sulcatis, transversim costatis.
Peritremate posticé patulo.

1. minuta. Peritremate externé anticé tumido, siphone macula
apicali nigra.

2. reticulata. Peritremate externé anticé simplici, anfractu
ultimo undulato-costato.

** Anfractibus levigatis. Peritremate posticé recto.

3. levigata. Anfractibus planiusculis; ultimo ad dextram
longitudinaliter bisulcato.

Shell ovately-oblong ; the spire acute. Right side of the
aperture acuminated, hinder side sinuated. Siphon very short,
curved to the left. Peritreme anteriorly, internally thickened,
wrinkled, or tuberculated; behind strongly commenced, and
flattish.

Tentacules acuminately-conic, dilated a little beyond their
middle, and bearing the eyes, which are scarcely round. The
siphon elongate, gradually acuminated ; its apex rather obtuse.
Mouth rostrated; produced beyond the foot. Foot gradually
attenuated.

1. HimA MINUTA.

H. peritremate anticé, externé tumido ; siphone macula apicali
nigra.

Buccinum minutum, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 122. t.79. Fig.
med. infer. sinistra.

Buccinum macula, Mont. Test. Brit. 241. t. 8. fig. 4; M. §&
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 138. t. 4. fig. 4; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 70; Dill. Desc. Cat. 638; Turt. Conch. Dict.
15.

Animal pallidé flavidum, nigricante-purpureo punctatum.

Habitat in mari profundo, vulgatissima.

Peritreme anteriorly, externally tumid ; siphon with a black
spot at its extremity. Height five-eighths of an inch.
Colour extremely variable; brown, reddish-brown, purple,

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADA, 125

violet or white, with every kind of intermediate colours, pro-
duced by the admixture of those enumerated.

Common off most of our coasts in the deep water; is some-
times found alive on the rocks, and abundantly thrown on the
sandy shores in a dead state.

2. HIMA RETICULATA.

H. peritremate externé anticé simplici, anfractu ultimo costis
undulosis.

Buccinum reticulatum, Linn. Syst. Nat.i.1204; Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 118. t. 72. fig. 92; Mont. Test. Brit. 240; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 137; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii.
70; Dill. Desc. Cat.637; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. 76; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 14.

Nassa reticulata, Cuv. Régne Anim. ii. 436.

Animal flavidum, pallidé aurantium, aut virescente-tinctum,
opaco-albo punctatum et nigricante variegatum aut macu-
latum. Oculi atri. Tentacula superné nigro-maculata, aut
punctulata.

Habitat in littore scopuloso; et in profundiore mari, vulgatis-
sima.

Peritreme externally, anteriorly simple; the last whorl of
the shell with undulating ribs. Height an inch and a half.

Animal yellowish, palely tinctured with orange or greenish,
punctured with opake-white; spotted and variegated with
blackish, or variegated with those colours.

One of the most common of our shells. It is found on the
rocky shores, or in the deep sea.

3. Hima Lzvieata. Pl. X. fig. 1.

H. anfractibus planiusculis, ultimo ad dextram longitudinaliter
bisulcato.
Habitat in Danmoniz mari profundo, semel obvia.
Whorls rather flattened; the right aspect of the last whorl
with two slight grooves. Height one inch.
Colour of the shell white ; covered by a dirty nut-brown epi-
dermis, tinged with luteous. When viewed through a lens, the
surface is transversely and distantly striolated.

1 26 GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ.

It is to my friend, Charles Prideaux, Esq. that I am indebted
for the knowledge of this highly interesting species, which he
obtained from the deep water off the Plymouth Sound, and
kindly transmitted to me for my collection.

Genus 61. Buccinum.
Buceium, Lamarck.

Testa acuté elevato-spiralis, ad apicem mamillata. Siphon
mediocris, recurvus, usque ad apicem peritremate tectus. Ten-
tacula depressa, triangulata, mediocria, ad basin externé abrupté
dilatata, oculigera.

Synopsis Specierum.
* Siphon obtusiusculus, ad apicem emarginatus.

1. Puzxleianum. Anfractibus planiusculis, longitudinaliter et
crebro subunduloso-striatis ; interstitiis transversim strio- -
latis.

2. undatum. Anfractibus veutricosis, longitudinaliter costatis
et elevato-lineatis, ad dextram transversim undulato-cos-
tatis.

3. antiquum. Anfractibus ventricosis, longitudinaliter striatis;
interstitiis transversim crenatis.

** S2phon mediocris, integer.

4. corneum. Anfractibus planiusculis, longitudinaliter elevato-
lineatis ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striolatis.

5. Bamffium. Anfractibus convexiusculis, transversim lamel-
lato-costatis : costis numerosis.

6. turricula. Anfractibus transversim costatis, longitudinali-
ter elevato-lineatis, ad dextram abrupté planiusculis.

Shell acutely elevated into a spire, the apex of which is ma-

millated. Siphon moderately elongated, and recurved ; covered,

even to its extremities, by the peritreme. Tentacula depressed,

triangulated, moderately long, and abruptly dilated at their base

externally, where the eyes are inserted.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 127

1. Buccinum PUXLEIANUM.

B. anfractibus planiusculis, longitudinaliter et crebrd subundu-
loso-striatis ; interstitiis transversim striolatis.
Habitat in sinu, Bantry Bay dicto, in Hibernia. Mus. D.

Bingham.

Whorls flattish, longitudinally and closely striated ; the strize
somewhat undulated, the interstices striolated transversely.
The strize on all the whorls were equidistant, and of the same
proportion. :

This very beautiful and new species of Buccinum was disco-
vered by J. L. Puxley, Esq. in Bantry Bay, and was sent by
him to General Bingham, who kindly permitted me to draw up
the above description. This specimen was about 12 inch in
height, and had all the indications of extreme youth, no peri-
treme being visible in the posterior aspect of the aperture.

2. Buccinum unpatum. PI. II. fig. 10.

B. anfractibus ventricosis, longitudinaliter costatis et elevato-
lineatis, ad dextram transversim undulato-costatis.
Buccinum undatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1204; Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 121. pl. 73. fig. 90; Mont. Test. Brit. 237; M.
§ R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 137; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.
70; Dill. Dese. Cat. 632; Turt. Conch. Dict. 13.
Buccinum vulgare, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 122. t. 6. fig. 6.
Var. 3. anfractu ultimo non undulato-costato.
Buccinum striatum, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 121. pl. 74. fig. 91.
Habitat in mari profundo, arenoso, vulgatissimum.
Whorls ventricose, with longitudinal ribs and elevated lines ;
their left side with undulated ribs. Height five inches.
Animal dirty-white or yellow; the tentacules, sides, and si-
phon, mottled, more or less, with pale-brown or sooty-black.
B. undatum is one of the most common of all our shells, and
inhabits our sandy shores. It is generally covered with an
orange-brown epidermis, and is often banded longitudinally,
with reddish or deep-brown of various tints.

128 GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ.

3. BucCINUM ANTIQUUM.

B. anfractibus ventricosis, longitudinaliter striatis, interstitiis
transversim crenatis.

Murex antiquus, Linn. Fn. S. 2165; Syst. Nat.i. 1223; M.
§& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 145; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.
72; Turt. Conch. Dict. 68; Dill. Desc. Cat. 724.

Murex despectus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 124. t. 58. fig. 98;
Mont. Test. Brit. 1. 256.

Testa junior.

Murex decollatus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. pl. 82. fig. 3.

Habitat in mari profundo, arenoso.

Height from five to seven inches. Whorls of the shell ven-
tricose, striated longitudinally, with the interstices transversely
wrinkled.

Inhabits the deep sea, on a sandy ground. It is common on
the coasts of Cornwall and Plymouth Sound, off the coast of
Kent and Sussex, in the Frith of Forth, and in Orkney and
Zetland.

4. BuccINUM CORNEUM.

B. testa anfractibus planiusculis, longitudinaliter elevato-linea-
tis ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striolatis.

Murex corneus, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1224. 565; Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 1224. 3552; List. Conch.119. f.5; Anim. Ang. t. wi.
f.5; Penn. Brit. Zool.iv. 124. t. lxxvi. f. 99; Mart. Conch.
iv. t. cxlim. f; 13377: Pult.: Cat.. Dorset. 43. t. xviiereae
Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxxvii; Mont. Test. Brit. 258; M.
§ R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 147 ; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.
72; Dill. Desc. Cat. 733; Turt. Conch. Dict. 89.

Habitat in mari arenoso profundo vulgatissimé. Mus. Mon-
tagu et nost. in Mus. Brit.

Color albus. Epidermis fuscescens aut viridescens croceo plus
aut mints.

Shell with its whorls flattish, with longitudinally elevated
lines ; the interstices longitudinally striated. Height three or
four inches.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 129

Shell white, the epidermis brownish or greenish tinged more
or less with saffron.

Inhabits the deep sea on sandy bottoms abundantly ; is often
thrown on shore in great profusion during storms. The fisher-
men use it as a bait for whiting and whiting-pout on the west-
ern coasts of Cornwall, Devon, Dorset and Somerset. It is
sometimes eaten by the poor people with their breakfast, who
consider it a dainty.

5. Buccinum BAMFFIUM.

B. testa anfractibus convexiusculis, transversim lamellato-stri-
atis ; costis numerosis.

Murex Bamffius, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. clxix. f. 1; M. §& R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 149; Dill. Dese. Cat. 733; Flem.
Edinb. Encyel. vii. 72; Turt. Conch. Dict. 95. sp. 20.

Habitat in mari Britannico, Scotico et Hibernico.

Color albescens, seepé pallido-carneus, in junioribus rufo-brun-
neus.

Shell with its whorls slightly convex, transversely laminately-
striated with numerous ribs. Height seven-eighths of an inch.
Colour whitish, often tinted with pale flesh colour. The num-
ber of its ribs are very variable. Operculum very pale horn-
coloured. Young specimens are rufous brown.

This species was first discovered on the coast of Bamff, in
Scotland, by Mr. Cordiner, and was first made known to the
scientific world by Mr. Donovan. It has since been found on
the coasts of Scotland, and is by no means uncommon in the
Frith of Forth, and on the coasts of Aberdeen ; it occurs like-
wise on the coast of Lincolnshire, on the south and south-
western coasts of Ireland, and on the western coasts of Cori-
wall, Devon, Dorset and Somerset.

6. BuccINUM TURRICULA.

B. anfractibus transversim costatis, longitudinaliter elevato-li-
neatis, ad dextram angulatis et abrupté planiusculis.
Murex turricula, Mont. Test. Brit. 262. t. ix. f.1; M. § R.
G9

130 GASTEROPODA. PURPURAD.

Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 144; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 71 ;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 744; Turt. Conch. Dict. 93.

Murex angulatus, Donov. Brit. Shells, v. t. 156.

Habitat in mari Britannico, haud valdé infrequens.

Color albus.

Whorls transversely ribbed, with longitudinally elevated lines,
angulated on the left side and abruptly flattish. Height three-
quarters of an inch. Colour white, surface slightly glossy.

Inhabits the sandy shores of Sandwich in Kent ; m Biddeford
Bay, Devon; the coasts of Tenby and Langherne; the southern
coasts of Ireland, and the Frith of Forth.

Genus 62. Fusvus.

Fusus, Bruguiere, Lamarck, De Montfort, Cuvier.
Murex, Linnei, &c.

Testa super aperturam spira altius elevata; ad apicem mamil-
lata. Sutura subprofunda. Siphon elongatus aut longissimus,
rectus ad apicem. Peritremate nullo instructus. Umbilicus
nullus. Animal incognitum.

Shell above its aperture with its spire highly elevated, ma-
millated at its apex. Siphon elongated or very long, straight,
without any peritreme at its apex. Umbilicus none. Animal
unknown.

1. Fusus MURICATUS.

F. test& anfractibus longitudinaliter sulcatis et transversim cos-
tatis ; costis nodosis.

Murex muricatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 262. t.ix.f.2; M.§ R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vill. 146; Dill. Dese. Cat. 745; Flem.
Edinb. Encycel. vii. 73; Turt. Conch. Dict. 95.

Habitat in mari Cornubiensi, Danmoniensi, Caledoniensi, Cam-
briensi et Hiberniensi sat frequens.

Color albidus aut rubescens, viridescente tinctus.

Shell with its whorls longitudinally suleated and transversely

ribbed; the ribs knotted. Colour white or reddish, with a

greenish tinge. Height half an inch.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 131

Inhabits the British Seas ; is not unfrequently found in deep
water off the coasts of Devon, Cornwall, Wales, Ireland, and
in Scotland only in the Frith of Forth.

2. Fusus asperrimus. Pl. X. fig. 3.

F’. testa anfractibus longitudinaliter elevato-lineatis et transver-
sim costatis ; costis tuberculatis. Color niveus.
Fusus asperimus, Prideaux, MSS.
Habitat in Danmonie Australis mari profundo rarissimé.
Shell with its whorls sculptured with longitudinally elevated
lines and transversely costated, the ribs tuberculated. Colour
snowy white.
This very rare and interesting species was discovered by my
cousin, C. Prideaux, Esq., in the Plymouth Sound. I am in-
debted to him for the specimen figured in this Plate.

Genus 63. MANGELIA.
Murex et Buccinum Auctorum.

Testa acuminata, acuté spiralis. Siphon brevis. Peritreima
posticé conforme, obtusiusculum. Apertura ad dextram obtu-
siuscula, posticé sinuato-emarginata. Animal incognitum.

Shell acuminated, acutely spiral, its siphon short; its pe-
ritreme conformable behind; its aperture rather obtuse, on
its right side posteriorly notched. Animal unknown.

Synopsis Specierum.

1. gracilis. Testa flavescente alba nitida, fascia rubra spirali
picta, sutura profunda ; anfractibus decem transversim cos-
tatis ; interstitiis spiraliter et profundé impresso-lineatis.

2. purpurea. Testa purpurea, sutura profunda; anfractibus de-
cem transversim costatis; costis tuberculatis ; interstitiis
elevato-lineatis.

3. elegans. Testa fuscescente nitida, ad apicem purpurea ; sutu-
ra profunda ; anfractibus octo transversim costatis ; inter-
stitils striis angustissimis sculptis.

132 GASTEROPODA. PURPURAD.

4. Cranchiana. Testifuscescentenitida, ad apicemnonnunquam
purpurea ; suturé tenuiter impressa ; anfractibus septem
transversim costatis; costis nodosis, interstitiis alternatim
lineis elevatis (apicalibus exceptis) sculptis.

9. Pennantiana. Testa glaberrima alba semitransparente ; su-
tura profunda; anfractibus quinque obliqué transversim
costatis ; costis sulcatis; costis et interstitiis transversim
striolatis.

6. Goodalliana. Testa alba, sutura tenuiter impressa ; anfrac-
tibus quinque transversim costatis ; costis elevato-lmeatis,
glaberrimis, politis.

7. lineata. ‘Testa alba, sutura profunda ; anfractibus quinque
transversim costatis; costis glaberrimis, politis, testaceo
transversim lineatis.

8. minima. Testa castanea glabra; anfractibus transversim
costatis: interstitiis lineis tenuissimis, elevatis, sculptis.

1. MANGELIA GRACILIS.

M. testa flavescente, alba, nitida, fascia rubra picta ; sutura pro-
funda; anfractibus decem transversim costatis: interstitiis
spiraliter et profundé impresso-lineatis.

Murex gracilis, Mont. Test. Brit. 287. t. xv. f.5; Pult. Cat.
Dorset. t. xiv. f. 18; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 143 ;
Dill. Dese. Cat. 722; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 73; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 90.

Murex emarginatus, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. clxxix. f. 2.

>. testa fascia brunnea ornata.

Habitat in Danmoniz et Cornubiz mari profundo.

Shell yellowish-white, shining with a red band; its suture
deep, with ten transversely costated whorls, the interstices with
spirally and deeply impressed lines. Height one inch.

Var. (3. is extremely rare ; it is ornamented with a red band.

Inhabits the deep sea on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURAD. 133

2. MANGELIA PURPUREA.

M. testa purpurascente, sutura profunda ; anfractibus decem
transversim costatis ; costis tuberculatis ; interstitiis elevato-
lineatis.

Murex purpureus, Mont. Test. Brit. 260. t. ix. f.3; M. §& R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 148; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 72 ;
Dill. Dese. Cat. 743; Turt. Conch. Dict. 94.

Habitat in Danmonie et Cornubice Australis mari profundo.
Mus. Mont. et Mus. nostr. in Mus. Brit.

Testa epidermide purpurascente. Peritrema album. Testa
interne purpurascens.

Shell with its suture deep, with ten transversely ribbed whorls,
the ribs tuberculated, the interstices with elevated lines. Height
six-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the deep sea on the southern coasts of Devon and
Cornwall; is most abundant in the Plymouth Sound.

3. MANGELIA ELEGANS.

M. testa fuscescente, nitida, ad apicem purpurea, sutura pro-
funda ; anfractibus octo transversim costatis ; interstitlis striis
angustissimis sculptis.

Murex elegans, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. clxxvi. f. 3; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 741.

Murex linearis, Mont. Test. Brit. 260. t. ix. f.4; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 148; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 71 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 94.

Habitat in mari Cornubiensi Occidentali, haud infrequens.
Mus. Mont. et nostr. in Mus. Brit.

Shell pale fuscous, shining, its apex purple; its suture deep ;
with eight transversely ribbed whorls, the interstices sculptured
with very narrow lines. Height half an inch.

Inhabits the southern coasts of Cornwall; is very rare.

4. MANGELIA CRANCHIANA.

M. testa fuscescente, nitida, ad apicem nonnunquam purpurea ;
sutura tenuiter impressa; anfractibus septem transversim cos-

134 GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ.

tatis ; costis nodosis, interstitiis alternatim lineis elevatis

(apicalibus exceptis) sculptis.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi, haud valdé infrequens. Mus.

Dr. Goodall, Loscombe, et nostr. in Mus. Brit.

Shell pale fuscous, shining, its apex sometimes purple ; its
suture slightlyimpressed, with seven transversely ribbed whorls ;
the ribs knotted; the interstices sculptured (the upper ones
excepted) with alternately elevated lines. Height five-eighths
of an inch.

Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon, and is not uncom-
monly taken in the nets of the trawlers; ‘it sometimes resides
very near to the shore, and is taken at the lowest ebbs of the
tide.’—J. Cranch.

. MANGELIA PENNANTIANA.

o

M. testa glaberrima, alba, semitransparente ; ‘Sutura profunda ;
anfractibus quinque obliquis transversim costatis; costis sul-
catis ; costis et interstitiis transversim striolatis.

Murex costatus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 125. t. Ixxxn. f. 2;
Mont. Test. Brit. 265; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 43. t. xiv. f. 4;
Donov. Brit. Shells, t.xci.; M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii.
144; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vi. 74; Dill. Desc. Cat. 744 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 92.

G. testa castanea, fasciis una aut duabus intens¢ brunneis ornata.

Habitat in Danmonize, Cambriz, Hibernize Australis mari sat
frequens.

Shell very smooth, white, semitransparent ; its suture deep,
with five obliquely transversely mbbed whorls; the ribs sul-
cated ; the ribs and the interstices very finely striated. Height
three-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the British sea, on the southern coasts of Devon,
Wales and Ireland ; is most common in Bantry Bay.

6. MANGELIA GOODALLIANA.

M. testa alba, sutura tenuiter impressi; anfractibus quinque
transversim costatis ; costis elevato-lineatis, glaberrimis, po-
litis.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 135

Habitat in mari Cornubiensi Boreali. Mus. D. Goodall, et
nost. in Mus. Brit.

Shell white, its suture slightly impressed, with five trans-
versely ribbed whorls ; the ribs very smooth and polished, sculp-
tured with elevated lines.

Inhabits the sea on the northern coasts of Cornwall.

This new and highly interesting species was found by my
kind and worthy friend Dr. Goodall, the Provost of Eton, who
very kindly communicated to me two very fine specimens which
he found in shell-sand from Padstow in Cornwall.

7. ManGeia LINEATA. PI. X. fig. 2.

M. testa alba, sutura profunda ; anfractibus quinque transversim
costatis ; costis glaberrimis, politis, testaceo transversim line-
atis.

Habitat in mari Hiberniensi propé Cork rarissimé. Mus. nost.
in Mus. Brit.

Shell white, its suture deep, with five transversely ribbed
whorls ; the ribs very smooth, polished, with transverse testa-
ceous lines.

Inhabits the sea near Cork ; is very rare.

This new and elegant species was given to me by W. J.
Drummond, Esq., Professor of Botany at the Botanical Garden
at Cork.

8. MANGELIA MINIMA.

M. testa castanea, glabra ; fascia rubra, picta ; sutura profunda ;
anfractibus decem transversim costatis, interstitiis lineis tenu-
issumis elevatis sculptis.

Buccinum minimum, Mont. Test. Brit. 247. t. vii. f. 2; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 73 ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 744; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 18.

Buccinum brunneum, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. clxxix. f. 2.

Habitat in Danmoniz et Cornubie mari vulgatissimé.

Shell chestnut colour, smooth, with a red band, its suture
deep, with ten transversely ribbed whorls, the interstices sculp-
tured with very slender elevated lines. Height two-tenths of
an inch.

136 GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ.

Inhabits the British sea on the southern coasts of Devon and
Cornwall, very common.

Genus 64. Brewa.
Murex Auctorum.

Testa acuminata, acuta. Apertura ad sinistram rotundata.
Rostrum breviusculum, subflexuosum, gradatim obtusiusculum.
Animal incognitum.

The shell acuminated, acute, the aperture at its left side
rounded ; its rostrum rather short, somewhat flexuous and ge-
nerally somewhat obtuse. The animal unknown.

Synopsis Specierum.

1. nebula. Testa flavescente, fuscescente aut rosacea, lineis al-
bidis transversis ; anfractibus novem transversim costatis ;
costis glabris, interstitiis lineis tenuissimis elevatis sculptis.

2. rufa. Testa rufa, castanea aut brunnea, moderatim turrita ;
anfractibus septem transversim costatis; interstitiis lineis
transversis elevatis sculptis.

3. Cranchiana. Testa nigrescente, moderatim turrita ; anfracti-
bus sex transversim costatis ; costis et interstitiis irregula-
riter impresso-lineatis.

4. minima. Testa brunneo-nigrescente, glabra, moderatim tur-
rita ; anfractibus novem transversim costatis ; costis latis,
interstitis leis impressis sculptis. ;

5. septangularis. Testa septangulari, fuscescente, subnitida, alté
turrita; anfractibus octo ; costis latis, distantibus, obliqué
descendentibus, sutura tenuissima divisis, spiraliter tenuis-
simé striolatis.

6. attenuata. Testa grisea, alté turrita ; anfractibus octo ; costis
elevatis, distantibus, albis, subflexuosis.

7. accinctus. Testa ocraceo-grisea, alté turrita ; anfractibus sex,
singulis, abrupté decrescentibus, angulis prominulis; sutura

. profunda divisis ; lineolis tenuissimis, transversis sculptis.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 37

1. BELA NEBULA.

B. testa flavescente, fuscescente aut rosacea ; lineis albidis trans-
versis ; anfractibus novem transversim costatis ; costis gla-
bris ; interstitiis lineis tenuissimis elevatis sculptis.

Murex nebula, Mont. Test. Brit. 267.—Suppl. t. xv. f. 6;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. vii. 143; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.
vil. 71; Dill. Desc. Cat. 743; Turt. Conch. Dict. 92.

Habitat in maris Britannici littoribus arenosis vulgatissimé.
Shell yellowish, pale fuscous brown or rosy, with transverse

white lines; with nine transversely ribbed whorls; the ribs

smooth, the interstices sculptured with very narrow elevated
lines.

This species is very common on all the coasts of the British
seas.

2. BELA RUFA.

B. testa rufa, castanea aut brunnea, moderatim turrita ; anfrac-
tibus septem transversim costatis ; interstitiis lineis transversis
elevatis sculptis.

Murex rufus, Mont. Test. Brit. 263; M. §& R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. viii. 145; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vi. 71; Dill. Desc. Cat.
744; Turt. Conch. Dict. 93.

Habitat in Danmonie, Cantize, Hibernize et Caledoniz sinubus
arenosis.

Shell red, chestnut or brown, moderately turrited, with seven
transversely ribbed whorls, the interstices sculptured with trans-
verse elevated lines. Height three-eighths and half of an inch.

Inhabits the sandy bays of Great Britain ; Sandwich, Kent ;
Torbay, Devon; Dublin and Bantry Bays in Ireland, and the
Frith of Forth in Scotland.

3. BELA CRANCHIANA.

B. testa nigricante moderatim turrita ; anfractibus sex transver-
sim costatis ; costis et interstitiis irregulariter impresso-line-
atis.

Color testze nigrescens; apertura rubro-flavescens ; peritrema
atro-purpureum.

138 GASTEROPODA. PURPURAD.

Habitat in Cornubie mari profundo. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit.

Alt. + unc.

Shell blackish, moderately turrited, with six transversely
ribbed whorls; the ribs and the interstices sculptured with
irregularly impressed lines. Height half an inch.

Inhabits the deep sea off the Falmouth Harbour and in Scot-
land.

This species was discovered by my worthy friend Mr. J.
Cranch.

4, BELA MINIMA.

B. testa brunnedé-nigrescente, glabra, moderatim turrita ; anfrac-
tibus novem transversim costatis; costis latis, interstitiis li-
neis impressis sculptis.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi rarissimé. Mus. nost. in Mus.
Brit.

Shell brown, inclining to pale black, smooth, moderately
turrited, with nine transversely ribbed whorls; the whorls
broad, the interstices sculptured with impressed lines. Height
two-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the British sea at Salcombe and Torcross, Devon.

This new and elegant species was also discovered by the zeal-
ous and active collector Mr. J. Cranch; it is extremely rare.

5. BELA SEPTANGULARIS.

B. testa septangulari, fuscescente, subnitida, alté turrité; anfrac-
tibus octo; costis latis, distantibus, obliqué descendentibus,
sutura tenuissima divisis, spiraliter tenuissimé striolatis.

Murex septangularis, Mont. Test. Brit. 268. t.ix.f.5; Donov.
Brit. Shells, t. clxxix. f.4; M.&§ R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii.
144; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 72; Dill. Desc. Cat. 745;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 92.

Habitat in Angliz et Hiberniz sinubus arenosis profundis.
Mus. Montagu in Mus. Brit. Alt. $ une.

Shell septangular, pale fuscous-brown, somewhat shining,
highly turrited, with eight whorls ; with broad ribs apart from
each other, descending obliquely, (divided by a very narrow

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 139

suture) and sculptured spirally with very fine slender narrow
lines. Height half an inch.

Inhabits deep sandy bays in England and Ireland ; Falmouth,
Cornwall; Saleombe Bay, Devon; Dublin, Cork, Bantry and
Dingle Bays, Ireland.

6. BELA ATTENUATA.

B. testa grisea, alté turrita ; anfractibus octo ; costis elevatis,
distantibus, albis, subflexuosis.

Murex attenuatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 266. t.ix.f.6; M.& R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 143; Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vii. 71 ;
Dill. Dese. Cat. 742; Turt. Conch. Dict. 91.

Habitat in Angliz sinubus profundis arenosis, Mus. Mon-
tagu et nost.m Mus. Brit. Alt. } une.

Shell grey, highly turrited, with eight whorls ; with elevated,
distant, white, subflexuous ribs. Height half an inch.

Inhabits the deep sandy bays of Biddeford, Falmouth and
Dublin.

7. BELA ACCINCTA.

B. testa ocraceo-grisea, alté turrita; anfractibus sex, singulis
abrupté decrescentibus ; angulis prominulis, sutura profunda
divisis, lineolis tenuissimis, transversis, impressis sculptis.

Murex accinctus, Laskey Trans. Wern. Soc. i. 173. t. vi. f.
14; Turt. Conch. Dict. 91.

Habitat in mari Caledoniensi Boreali rarissimé. Alt. 4 unc.
Mus. D. Wilson.

Shell ocreaceous grey, highly turrited, with six whorls
abruptly decreasing, their angles rather prominent, divided by
a deep suture, and sculptured with very fine narrow transverse
impressed lines. Height 4 of an inch.

This species is very rarely found in the northern sea of
Scotland.

140 GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ.

STIRPS IV.

Genus 65. APORRHAIS.

Aporrhais, Da Costa.
Strombus, Linneé.
Rostellaria, Lamarck.

Testa acuté et alté elevata; anfractu ultimo in alam digita-
tam dilatato. Animal incognitum.

Shell acutely and highly elevated ; its last whorl dilated in a
digitated wing. Animal unknown.

APpoRRHAIS Pes-PELICANI.

A. testa griseo-rufescente ; anfractibus, medio angulato-nodulo-
so, ultimo tridigitato ; digitis duobus, sinistris, brevibus, dex-
tro valdé elongato.

Strombus Pes-Pelicani, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1. 1207; Gmelin
Syst. Nat. 3507. 2; Lister Conch. t. ececcccelxy. f. 20. 6.
et ceccececceclix. f. 3; Bonanni Recr. t. i. f. 85 et 89;
Petiv. Gaz. t. lxxix. f. 6; Gualt. Test. t. In. f. A, Be
D Argenv. Conch. t. xiv. f. M; Favanne Conch. t. xxii. f.
D. 1. D. 2; Seda Mus. iii. t. xii. f. 17; Knorr. Vergn. iii.
t. vu. f. 4; Martini Conch. iii. t. Ixxxv. f. 848-850; Mus.
Gottwald. f. 130. a, 6; Murray in Amen. Acad.t. 4. f.21;
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 122. t. Ixxv. f. 94; Donov. Brit.
Shells, t. iv.; Mont. Test. Brit. 253; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. viii. 72; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vi. 72; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 656; Turt. Conch. Dict. 167.

Aporrhais quadrifidus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 136. t. vii.
£9 |

Rostellaria Pes-Pelicani, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.
vii. 193.

Habitat in mari Europzo vulgatissimé. Alt. 2 une.

Shell grey, inclining to reddish ; the middle of the whorls

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 141

with angulated knots; the last whorl tridigitated ; the two left
fingers short, the right finger long. Height two inches.

All the digitations are divaricating, and in very fine speci-
mens are very acute. The respiratory canal is oblique and
somewhat foliaceous, and being situated a little aside, seems to
form a fourth digitation, on its right side; the sinus on this
side is contiguous to the canal in which the respiratory tube or
rostrum is situated when exserted for respiring.

This species, which was known to the ancients, is common
in all the European seas. There are two species beside this,
which exist in the ocean, and three fossil species.

Strombus costatus of British authors is the young of this
species.

STIRPS V.

Genus 66. CERITHIUM.

Cerithium, Lamarck.

Testa conicé et alté elevata. Sutura tenuis. Apertura pau-
lum volutata et reflexa. Peritrema tenué perfectum. Ani-
mal incognitum. }

Shell conically and highly elevated, its suture slender, its
aperture at the left voluted and reflexed; its peritreme thin
but perfect.

Synopsis Specierum.
* Testa costis tuberculatis.

1 retcculatum. Test& rufo-brunned; anfractibus duodecim,
transversim costatis ; costis tuberculatis ; tuberculis zequali-
bus in serie quadrupla dispositis, interstitiis reticulatis.

2. tuberculare. Testa castanea ; anfractibus decem transvyersim
costatis ; costis tuberculatis ; tuberculis eequalibus in serie
triplici dispositis ; interstitiis reticulatis.

3. subulatum. Testa albida; anfractibus quindecim, transver-

142 GASTEROPODA. PURPURAD.

sim tuberculatis ; tuberculis eequalibus, serie duplici dispo-
sitis, linea lata spirali impressa divisis.

4. adversum. Testa heterostropha, opaca, fuscescente ; anfracti-
bus undecim, transversim tuberculatis ; tuberculis in serie
triplici mediis minoribus uno et duobus alternatim dispo-
Sitis.

** Testa costis simplicibus.

5. Spencerium. Testa glabra; anfractibus costis simplicibus,
obliquis sculptis.

6. elegantissimum. Testa alba, semitransparente, glabra, costis
simplicibus rectis sculptis.

1. CERITHIUM RETICULATUM.

1. C. test&é rufo-brunnea; anfractibus duodecim, transversim
costatis; costis tuberculatis ; tuberculis zequalibus, in serie
quadrupla dispositis ; interstitiis reticulatis.

Murex reticulatus, Borlace Cornwall, 277 ; Palt. Cat. Dorset.
43. t. xiv. f. 13; Mont. Test. Brit. 272; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. viii. 150; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 79; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 746; Turt. Conch. Dict. 746.

Strombiformis reticulatus, Da Costa Brit. Conch. 117. t. viii.
FS.

Habitat in mari Cantiano. Alt. $ unc.

Shell rufous-brown, with twelve transversely ribbed whorls ;
the ribs tuberculated ; the tubercles equal, arranged in a qua-
druple series, the interstices reticulated. Height six-eighths of

an inch.
Inhabits the sea at Sandwich in Kent.

2. CERITHIUM TUBERCULARE.

C. testi castanea ; anfractibus decem, transversim costatis ; cos-
tis tuberculatis ; tuberculis zequalibus, ins erie triplici dispo-
sitis ; interstitiis reticulatis.

Murex tubercularis, Mont. Test. Brit. 270; M. § R. Trans.

GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ. 143

Linn, Soc. viii. 150; Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vii. 78; Dill.
Dese. Cat. 745; Turt. Conch. Dict. 96.
Habitat in mari Cantiano. Alt. + unc.

Shell chestnut-brown, with ten transversely ribbed whorls ;
the ribs tuberculated ; the tubercles equal, arranged in a triple
series ; the interstices reticulated. Height half an inch.

Inhabits the sea on the coast of Kent.

3. CERITHIUM SUBULATUM.

C. testa albida; anfractibus quindecim, transversim tuberculatis ;
tuberculis eequalibus, in serie triplici dispositis, linea lata
spirali impressa divisis.

Murex subulatus, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 115. t. xxx. f. 6;
Flem. Edinb. Encycl. 77; Dill. Desc. Cat. 145; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 96.

Habitat in mari Caledoniensi occidentali rarissimé. Alt. 3 une.
Mus. Montagu in Brit. Mus.

Shell white, with fifteen transversely tuberculated whorls ;
the tubercles equal, arranged in a triple series, divided by a
broad impressed line. Height half an inch.

This species is found very rarely in the western sea of Scotland.

4, CERITHIUM ADVERSUM.

C. testa heterostropha, opaca, fuscescente ; anfractibus undecim,
transversim tuberculatis ; tuberculis in serie triplici (mediis
minoribus) uno et duobus alternatim dispositis.

Murex adversus, Walk. Test. Min. Rar. f. 48; Adams Micr.
Ess. t. xiv. f. 21; Mont. Test. Brit. 271; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. viii. 151; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 78; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 758; Turt. Conch. Dict. 97.

Turbo punctatus, Turt. Linn. iv. 501.

Habitat in mari, Danmoniensi, Cornubiensi et Caledoniensi
Boreali.

Shell heterostrophe, opaque, pale fuscous-brown, with eleven
transversely tuberculated whorls; the tubercles in a triple

144 GASTEROPODA. PURPURADZ.

series (the middle ones smallest), arranged alternately one and
two.

Inhabits the British sea on the coasts of Devon, Cornwall,
and the northern coasts of Scotland.

5. CERITHIUM SPENCERIANUM.

C. testa glabra ; anfractibus costis simplicibus obliquis sculptis.
Habitat in mari Danmoniensi occidentali profundo rarissimé.

Alt. & une. :

Shell on the whorls sculptured with simple oblige ribs.
Height five-eighths of an inch.

This new species was discovered by Mr. Spencer in deep
water off Torquay; I have seen no living specimens ; the co-
lour without the epidermis is dirty white.

6. CERITHIUM ELEGANTISSIMUM.

C. testa alba, semitransparente, glabra; anfractibus costis sim-
plicibus rectis sculptis.

Helix elegantissima, Walk. Test. Min. Rar. f. 39; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 209.

Turbo acutus, Donov. Brit. Shells, v. t. clxxviu. f. 3.

Turbo elegantissimus, Mont. Test. Brit. 298. t. x. f. 2; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 73 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 146 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 209.

Habitat in Danmoniz et Cornubie mari profundo, rarissimé.
Alt. + une.

Shell white, transparent, smooth; the whorls sculptured
with simple straight ribs. Height one-quarter of an inch.

This most elegant species was first found by Mr. J. Cranch
off Falmouth in deep water; it has since been found rather |
plentifully at Torquay in Devon by Mr. Spencer of Torquay.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID. 145

FAMILY IV. TURBONID.

Turbo, Trochus, et Helix, Auctorum.

Testa plus aut minus elevato-spiralis. Apertura rotundata,
aut ovata, et ad dextram posticé acuminata (in heterostrophis
ad sinistram). Padliuvm simplex.

Shell with its spire more or less elevated; its aperture
rounded or oval, and acuminated on the right side behind (in
heterostrophes or reversed shells on its left side). Mantle
simple.

The type on which this family is founded is Turbo, this
name applying to all the genera which it comprehends.

It is necessary for me to observe, respecting the genera which
I have established in this family, that I have merely followed
the examples of the Chevalier de Lamarck, Jules-César Sa-
vigny, H. M. Ducrotay de Blainville, Rafinesque, Say, Denys
de Montfort and other foreign naturalists, exactly in the same
plan, with some very slight variation in the nomenclature of
the parts of the shell; and as I have had opportunities of ob-
serving much respecting their animals and their ceconomy, I
am induced perhaps to divide them too minutely.

Synopsis Stirpium et Generum.

Stirps 1. Testa alta vel altissima, turrita.

BHPMGPANCUStA,...5........--.+.- 67. SABANMA.
Testa conica. Spira mediocris. Oper-

eprume tenes... ooh I} 68) Assi INTA.
Testa glabra, forté costata transversim

costis posticé reflexis. | Peritrema

erassismmIny: «25 007. YD bg Sekar,
satura profunda ....7-2.>. 70. TURRITELLA.

Sutura profunda. Peritremaperfectum. 71. TuURBONELLA.
H

146 PHYLLOBRANCHIA.

Sutura profunda.
perforatus.
tram tenuiter angulata. . .

Apex acutus. Peritrema ad sinistram
et anticam dilatatum

Stirps 2. Testa conica.

Testa supra carinam anfractu_basilari

conica RTS For
Testa obtusé conica. Apertura integra.
Umbilicus in junioribus apertus ..
Testa moderatim elevata. Umbilicus
peritremate clausus. Anfractus subtu-
PUD oS ue cin he Ae eo
Testa gibbosa. Umbilicus apertus. .
Testa globosa, quasi inflata. Anfractus
basilaris maximus. Sutura profunda.
Testa spiralis, gibba, subtis plana. Aper-
tura semi-orbicularis. Peritrema pla-
num . pa
Testa anfractu estes maximo. © Aper-
tura ad dextram, mediam et sinistram
semicircularis. Pars posterior peri-
tremate plano, antice recto . .
Testa spira depressa. Anfractus basilaris
maximus. Peritrema posticé crassum,
triangulatim excavatum, ad dextram
et ad sinistram gradatim angustum. .

Umbilicus apertus,
Apertura posticé ad dex-

TURBONID4.

72. ALVANTIA.

73. ZiPpPoRA.

Spira brevis.

74. Trocuus.

dad

5. MontTaGua.

6. NEPTHEUSA.
7. GIBBULA.

ST SJ

78. NATICA.

NERITAa.
NERITINA

80.

TEMINA.

Stirps 3. Testa spira depressa.

Testa moderatim elevata. Apertura pos-
tice acuminata. Peritrema ad sinis-
tram crassum, anticé et ad dextram
tenue <= oo Begs

Testa super aperturam conice ee
Sutura profunda. Peritrema perfec-
TUM s..8s..-

82. TuRBo.

83. PERSEPHONA

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 147

Testa seepits moderatim elevata. An-
fractus tumidi. Sutura profunda.
Apertura angulo posticé. Peritrema
extra partes sinistras anticas et dex-
tras reflexum. Anfractus_basilaris
maxmnos

Testa anfractibus eats Gia eee
tura angulo ad dextram posticé. Su-
tura profunda. Apex mamunillatus. .

Testa spira acuta. Anfractus transversim
costatus, basilaris, subglobosus. Peri-
trema crassum et reflexum ......

Testa crassa, conica. Anfractus came
Sutura profunda. Peritrema perfec-
tum, crassum, dilatatum .

Testa planiuscula, apice seria toe
ducta. Apertura rotunda. Umbili-
cus angustus

Testa spiraliterelevata, ae aetna ata.
Sutura profunda. Apertura ovata.
Peritrema perfectum, posticé rectum.

Testa spiraliter et alte elevata, apice
mammillata. Sutura profunda. Aper-
tura ovata, ad dextram subacuminata.
Peritrema anticé et lateraliter crassum,
postice nullum .

Testa crassa, dane nice ee ‘Satara
profunda. Aperturarotundata. Pe-
ritrema nullum. Oo i cis calca-
reum. bs nye?

Testa crassa, altd conico- “emi Aper-
tura subovata, ad dextram acuté angu-
lata. Peritrema anticé crassiusculum,
postice utrinque gradatim acuminatum
et reflexum. Sutura tenuissima....

84.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

EPHERIA.

. ZACANTHUSA.

LAMARCKIA.

MeEpDorIA.

MARGARITES.

ZENOE.

GLAUCOTHOE.

Eupora.

. BALCIS:

1” ae

148 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

STIRPS I.

Genus 67. SABAN@A.
Turbo, Auctorum.

Testa spiraliter elevata. Sutura angusta. Apertura feré
rotundata, posticé acuminata.

Animal ore rostriforme, elongatum, teres. Tentacula acu-
minata, elongata, ad apicem obtusiuscula; externé ad basin
dilatata oculigera. Ocu/i convexiusculi, rotundati. Pes ultra
oculos non productus, anticé bilobus; lobi rotundati ; posticé
rotundiusculus.

Species omnes hujus generis in littore arenoso aut in thalas-
sophyto inveniuntur.

Shell spirally elevated behind; its suture narrow; its aper-
ture rounded ; acuminated behind.

Animal with an elongated, rostriform, rounded mouth. Ten-
tacula acuminated, elongated ; their extremities rather obtuse ;
their bases externally dilated bear the eyes, which are slightly
convex and round. Foot not produced beyond the eyes; an-
teriorly bilobate, the lobes rounded; behind slightly rounded.

All the species of this genus are found on sandy shores, or
on Fuci, Ulvee, &e.

Synopsis Specierum.

1. eburnea. Testa eburnea, elevatissima, ventricosa ; anfracti-
bus sex, subventricosis, longitudinaliter crenulatis, basilari
magno. Sutura profunda. Apertura rotundato-ovali.

2. ventricosa. Testa pallido-cornea, conica, nitida, semitranspa-
rente ; anfractibus sex, ventricosis, obscure rugulosis, basi-
lari maximo. Apertura suborbiculari.

3. rubra. Testa rufo-brunnea, conica, nitente, glabra ; anfracti-
bus quinque, tenuiter ventricosis, basilari mediocri. Aper-
tura suborbiculari.

4. interrupta. Testa conica, nitente, transparente ; anfractibus
quinque, tumidis, alté elevatis. Apertura subovali. Peri-
tremate externé non valdé tenui.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID. 149

5. vittata. Testa conica, acuta, transparente, nitida; anfrac-
tibus quinque, non alté productis. Apertura suborbicu-
lari. Peritremate ad dextram tenui, ad sinistram paululum
incrassato.

6. Montaguana. Testa albida, glabra ; anfractibus sex, planius-
culis. Apertura ovali. Peritremate posticé uni-plicato.

7. plicata. Testa alba, glabra, semitransparente, apice obtusius-
culo ; anfractibus planiusculis. Apertura ovali. Peritre-
mate posticé tenuissimo, emarginato et uni-plicato.

8. unifasciata. Testaconica, glabra ; anfractibus quingne. Su-
tura tenuissima. Apertura rotundato-ovali. Peritremate
ad dextram tenui, externé paululum reflexo.

9. ulva. Testa crassa, opaca, apice acuto; anfractibus septem
aut octo planis. Sutura angusta, profunda, paululum ru-
gulata. Apertura subovali. Peritremate ad sinistram
tenuissimo, ad dextram reflexo.

10. paucicostata. Testa alba, glabra ; anfractibus planis, trans-
versim pauciter costatis. Apertura suborbiculari.

11. Binghamiana. Testa fuscescente, glaberrima, polita, nitente ;
anfractibus planis. Sutura tenuissima. Apertura rotun-
dato-ovali.

1. SABANZA EBURNEA.

S. testa eburned, elevatissimaé, ventricosa ; anfractibus sex, sub-
ventricosis, longitudinaliter crenulatis, basilari magno ; sutura
profunda ; apertura rotundato-ovali.

Turbo eburneus, 4dams, Micros. t. xiv. f. 15; Walk. Test.
Min. Rar. f. 36.

Turbo ventricosus, Mont. Test. Brit. 317. t. xii. f.13; M.& R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 164; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 74 ;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 783 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 204.

f. testa rubescente.

6. testa pallido-testacea.

Habitat in mari Cantiano, haud infrequens. Alt. 3 unc.

Color eburneus, rariis rubescens, aut pallidé testaceus.

Shell ivory white, extremely elevated, ventricose; whorls
six, rather ventricose, longitudinally crenated, the basal whorl

150 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

large ; suture very deep; aperture rounded-oval. Height one-
eighth of an inch.

Var. 6. Shell reddish.

Var. 6. Shell pale testaceous.

Inhabits the sea near Sandgate, Sandwich and Folkestone in
Kent. Dead specimens without their epidermis are very com-
monly, but living ones very rarely found. The specimen from
which this description was taken I found in a pool amongst
the rocks between Sandgate and Dover.

2. SABANZA VENTRICOSA.

S. testa pallidé-cornea, conica, nitida, semitransparente; anfracti-
bus sex, ventricosis, obscure rugulosis, basilari maximo; aper-
turA suborbiculari.

Habitat in sinubus arenosis rarissimé. Mus. nost. nm Mus.
Brit.

Shell pale horn-coloured, conic, shining, semitransparent ;
its whorls six, tumid, obscurely rugose ; the lower whorl very
large; aperture suborbicular. Height five-eighths of an inch.

This extremely rare shell was found in the Salcombe estuary
by C. Prideaux, Esq., and in Torbay by Mr. Griffiths.

SABANZA RUBRA.

3.

S. testa rufo-brunneda, conica, nitente, glabra; anfractibus quin-
que, tenuiter ventricosis, basilari mediocri; apertura subor-
biculari.

Turbo ruber, ddams, Trans. Linn. Soe. ii. t. xu. f. 21-22;
Mont. Test. Brit. 320; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. vi.
162; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 75; Dill. Desc. Cat. 782 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 202.

Habitat in mari Britannico, Hiberniensi et Caledoniensi.
Mus. Montagu et nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 une.

Shell rufous-brown, conic, shining, smooth ; its whorls five,
slightly ventricose, the basal whorl moderate ; aperture subor-
bicular. Height one-eighth of an inch.

Inhabits the British sea, Falmouth and Padstow, Cornwall ;

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 151

Torbay and Salcombe, Devon ; Dublin, Bantry, Cork and Din-
gle Bays, Ireland; and in the Frith of Forth, Scotland.

4. SABANZA INTERRUPTA.

S. testa conica, nitente, transparente ; anfractibus quingue, alté
elevatis; apertura suborbiculari; peritremate externe non
valde tenul.

Turbo interruptus, 4dams, Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 3. t. 1. f. 16-
17; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxvii. f. 8; Mont. Test. Brit.
329. t. xx. f.8; M.§ R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 166 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vu. 15; Dill. Desc. Cat. 205 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 205.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi, Cambriensi, Australi. Mus.
Montagu et nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. } une.

Color albus aut corneus, rarissimé purpurascens aut fusces-
cens.

Shell conic, shining, transparent ; its whorls five, highly ele-
vated ; its aperture suborbicular; its peritreme not very thin
externally. Height four-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the British seas on the southern coasts of Devon
and Wales.

Colour white or horn, very rarely purplish or pale fuscous
brown. |
It is named znterrupta from the coloured streaks being gene-
rally interrupted.

5. SABANZEA VITTATA.

S. testa conica, acuta, transparente, nitida; anfractibus quingue,
non alté productis; apertura suborbiculari; peritremate ad
dextram tenui, ad sinistram paululum incrassato.

Turbo vittatus, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. elxxvui. f. 1.

Turbo cingillus, Mont. Test. Brit. 328. t. xii. f. 7; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 165; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 75 ;
Dill. Dese. Cat. 782 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 205.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Hiberniensi, in thalassophytis.
Mus. Montagu et nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. + et 1 unc.

Color albus, rufo-brunneo fasciatus.

152 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ.

Shell conic, acute, transparent, shining; whorls five, not
produced highly. Aperture suborbicular. Peritreme with its
right side thin, its left slightly merassated. Height one-eighth
and a quarter of an inch.

Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon and Ireland, on
Fuci.

6. SABANZA MONTAGUANA.

S. testa glabra, albidi; anfractibus sex ; peritremate posticé
uni-plicato.

Turbo unidentatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 324; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. viii. 324; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 75; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 781 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 781. sp. 75.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Hiberniensi rarissimé. Mus.
Montagu et nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 une.

Shell smooth, whitish ; the whorls five. Peritreme with
one fold behind. Height two-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the sea on the coasts of Devon and Ireland, but is
very rare.

I found this species in Montagu’s collection, and afterwards
found a few specimens in Dingle Bay.

7. SABANZA PLICATA.

S. testa alba, glabra, semitransparente ; apice obtuso ; anfracti-
bus planiusculis ; peritremate posticé tenuissimé emarginato
et uni-plicato.

Turbo plicatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 225. t.xxi.f. 2; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 75 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 222; Turt. Conch. Dict.
781.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Hiberniensi Australi rarissimé.
Mus. Montagu et nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. + une.

Shell smooth, white, semitransparent ; apex obtuse ; whorls
six, rather flattened. Peritreme with one very slight notch
and fold behind. Height one-eighth of an inch.

Inhabits the British seas: Salcombe Bay, Devon; Dublin
and Bantry Bays in Ireland.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID. 153

8. SABANZZA UNIFASCIATA.

S. testa conica, crassa, glabra; anfractibus quinque; sutura
tenuissima ; apertura rotundata, ovali; peritremate ad dex-
tram tenui, externé paululum reflexo.

Turbo trifasciatus, ddams, Trans. Linn. Soc. v. 2. t. i. f. 13,
14?

Turbo unifasciatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 327; Supplem. t. xx.
f.6; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 163; Flem. Edinb.
Encyel. vii. 75; Dill. Dese. Cat. 784 ; Turt. Conch. Dict.
201. sp. 24.

Habitat in mari Britannico in thalassophytis. Mus. Montagu
et nostr. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 3 unc.

Shell conic, thick, smooth. Whorls five. Suture very
slender. Aperture roundly oval. Peritreme on the right side
thin, externally a little turned out. Height one-eighth of an
inch. Colour whitish, with a purple brown band on the basal
whorl, sometimes with two.

Inhabits the sea on various species of Fucus: Southampton,
Hampshire, Barrow Island.

9. SasanzxA ULVz.

S. testa crassa, opaca, apice acuto; anfractibus septem aut octo,
planis ; sutura angusta, profunda, paululum rugata; apertura
subovali; peritremate ad sinistram tenuissimo, ad dextram
reflexo.

Turbo Ulve, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. t. lxxxvi. f. 120; Da Costa,
Brit. Conch. 105 ; Pulteney, Cat. Dorset. 49.t. xviii. f. 12 ;

‘ Mont. Test. Brit. 318; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii.
164; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.; Dill. Desc. Cat. 784 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 204.-sp. 26.

Habitat in mari Britannico in ulvas, preesertim in zestuariis.
Alt. 2 une.

Shell thick, opaque. Apex acute. Whorls seven or eight,
plain. Suture narrow, deep, slightly rough. Aperture sub-
oval. Peritreme on the left side very thin, on the right turned
out. Height three-eighths of an inch. Colour grey, greenish,
or dull reddish brown.

H 9

154 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID&.

Inhabits most of the British coasts, especially in estuaries,
on Ulva.

10. SABANAZA PAUCICOSTATA.

S. testa glabra, alba; anfractibus transversim et raro costa-
tis ; apertura suborbiculari.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et in Hibernize sinubus Dubliensi
et Bantryensi. Mus. nostr. in Mus. Brit. :

Inhabits the sea: Dublin and Bantry Bays, Ireland; Sal-
combe, Devon. :

Shell smooth, white. Whorls transversely ribbed, with very
fewribs. Height one-twelfth of an inch.

This new species was first given to me by Miss Hutchings
of Bantry Bay, Ireland; I have likewise received one specimen
from Mr. Charles Prideaux, who found it in the Saleombe
estuary.

11. SABANa&A BINGHAMIANA.

S. testa fuscescente, glaberrimé, polita, nitente ; anfractibus
planis ; sutura tenuissima ; apertura rotundato-ovali.

Habitat in Danmoniz mari prope Weymouth in Dorsetia raris-
simé. Mus. nostr. in Mus. Brit. ex dono Gen. Bingham.

Shell pale fuscous, very smooth, polished and shining.
Height one-eighth of an inch.

Inhabits the sea: Torbay, Devon. Discovered by my friend
General Bingham, at Weymouth in Dorsetshire.

I think it highly probable that Turbo trifasciatus, subfuscus
and membranaceus of Mr. Adams, described in the fifth volume
of the Transactions of the Linnzean Society, pages 2 and 3, and
figured in plate 1, belong to this genus.

Genus 68. ASSIMINIA.

Testa conica. Spira mediocris.

Animal tentaculis duobus brevibus, apice pauld angustiori-
bus obtusis, ad apicem oculigeris, instructum. Oculi parvyli,
rotundi. Operculum tenue.

Shell conic, its spire moderate.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 155

Animal with short tentacles, a little narrower at their points,
which are obtuse, bearing eyes at their extremities. Eyes
small. Opercule thin. |

From the form of the shell this genus might be considered
as belonging to the second Stirps, but the animal proves that
it is more nearly allied to Sabanea than to any other of the
British genera.

1. Assrminta Grayana. Tab. IX. figs. 4, 5.

A. testa glabra, nigrescente.
Animal supra nigricans, subtus pallidé lutescente-albidum.
Tentacula apice extremo hyalina.
Habitat in paludibus salinis prope Greenwich in Cantia. Alt.
2 une.
Shell smooth and blackish. Height two-eighths of an
inch.
Animal blackish above, pale lutescent whitish below. Apex
of the tentacles extremely transparent.
Inhabits salt marshes near Greenwich in Kent.

Genus 69. SCALARIA.

Scalaria, Lamarck, Cuvier.
Turbo, Auctorum.

Testa glabra, altissimé turrita, forté transversim costata.
Coste posticé reflexee. Apertura rotunda. Peritrema cras-
sissimum.

Animal: os in rostrum valdé elongatum productum, ad ba-
sin utrinque cirrhis clavatis instructum. Tentacula longissima,
acutissima. Pes brevis, posticé abrupté acuminatus.

Shell smooth, very highly turrited, strongly ribbed trans-
versely, the ribs reflexed. Aperture round ; its peritreme very
thick.

Animal: The mouth is produced into a very long rostrum,
furnished on each side with clavate cirrhi. The tentacles very
long and very sharp. The foot is short, and is abruptly atte-
nuated behind.

156 PHYLLOBRANCHIA.. TURBONIDZ.

Synopsis Specierum.

ad

. clathrus. Testa costis latissimis, rufo-strigatis.

. Turtoniana. Testa sordidé purpurascente, costis suban-
gustis.

. Trevelyana. Testa rufescente, brunned, costis angustissimis.

. clathratulus. Testa nived, costis plurimis angustissimis.

no

me Co

1. Scataria cLatTHRuS. Tab. IX. fig. 8.

S. testa costis latissimis, rufo-strigatis.

Turbo clathrus, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1237 ; Faun. Suec. 2170;
Lister, Conch. t. 588. f.15?; Gault. Test. t. lvii. f. H? ;
Plane. Cone. Min. Not. t. v. f. 7, 8, testa et animal ;
Rumph. Mus. t. xxix. f. W; Bonanni, Recr. t. v. f. 6, 7;
Knorr, Vergn.i.t. i. f.5 ; Martini, Conch. iv. t. clin. f. 1434
et 1438; Bruguicre, Encycl. Méthod. t. eccch. f. 3. a, 6;
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 129. t. lxxxi. f. 2 et 3 A; Da Costa,
Brit. Conch. 115. t. vu..£. 11; Pulté. Cat. Dorset. 5. t. xv.
f.a; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxviii. ; Mont. Test. Brit. 296 ;
M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 170; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.
vil. 76; Dill. Desc. Cat. 781 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 207. sp. 35.

Scalaria vulgaris, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.
p. 11. 228.

Habitat in mari Europeo profundo vulgatissimé. Alt. 1 et
+ unc.

Shell with very broad ribs, striated with red. Height one
inch and six-eighths.
Inhabits the European sea in deep water ; is very common.

2. ScALARIA TuRTONIANA. Tab. IX. fig. 9.

S. testa sordidé purpurascente, costis subangustis.
Turbo Turtonis, Turt. Conch. Dict. 208.
Habitat in Danmoniz Australis simubus arenosis haud infre-
quens. Alt. 1} une.
Shell dirty purplish, its ribs rather narrow. Height one
inch and a half.
Inhabits the sandy bays m the southern coasts of Devon.
This species was discovered in 1816 by my cousin C. Pri-

PHYLLOBRANCHIA., TURBONID®. | ey

deaux, Esq. ; it was afterwards found by Mr. J. Cranch in the
Plymouth Sound and at Torquay.

3. ScALARIA TREVELYANA. Tab. IX. fig. 10.

S. testa rufescente-brunnea, costis angustissimis.

Habitat in mari prope Hartlepool in provincia Durhamensi.
Mus. Trevelyan, Dr. Goodall, et nostr. in Mus. Brit. Alt.
$ unc.

Shell reddish-brown, its ribs very narrow. Height six-
eighths of an inch.

Tnhabits the sea near Hartlepool in Durham.

This new species was found on the shore a little south of

Hartlepool, by W. C. Trevelyan, Esq., to whom I am indebted

for my specimens.

4. SCALARIA CLATHRATULUS.

S. testa nivea, costis plurimis angustissimis.

Turbo clathratulus, Walker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 45; Adams,
Micros. t. xiv. f. 19; Mont. Test. Brit. 297; Flem. Edinb.
Encycel. vu. 75 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 781; Turt. Conch. Dict.
208. sp. 37.

Turbo clathrus 6, M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 171. t. v. f. 1.

Habitat in Danmoniz et Cornubiz Australis mari profundo
arenoso, rarius. Alt. 2 unc.

Shell snowy-white, its ribs very many and very narrow.

Height three-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the deep sea in sandy bottoms, on the southern
coasts of Devon and Cornwall, rather rarely.

Genus 70. TuRRITELLA.

Turritella, Lamarck, Cuvier.
Turbo, Auctorum.

Testa altissimé turrita. Sutura profunda. Apertura ro-
tunda, integra. Peritrema emarginatum. Operculum corneum.

Animal ore non valdé elongatum, cylindricum. Tentacula
brevia, obtusiuscula. Pes crassus, brevis.

158 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZE.

Shell very highly turrited; its suture deep; its aperture

round and entire; its peritreme notched; its operculum
horny.

Animal with its mouth cylindric, not much elongated. Ten-

tacles short and rather obtuse. Foot short and thick.

a |

8.

9.

Synopsis Specierum.
* Testa altissimé turritd.

terebra. Testa pallido-brunned aut rufo-brunnea, apice
acuta; anfractibus sexdecim, crenulatis, et transversim
striolatis.

elegantissima. Testa nitidissimA, semitransparente, brunnea;
anfractibus tredecim, planis, transversim costatis; costis
rectis.

Clealandiana. Testa tenui, transparente, nitente, alba, apice
obtusa ; anfractibus novem, inflatis, obliqué ascendentibus
et obliqué costatis.

. nitidissima. Testa fragili, nitidissima, transparente, fus-

cescente; anfractibus novem, inflatis; suturavaldé distincta.

** Testd moderatim elevatd.

vitrea. Testa pallidé azurea, glaberrima ; anfractibus sex ;
sutura valdé distincta.

Dorvilleana. ‘Testa alba aut flavescente ; anfractibus quin-
que, inflatis, reticulatis ; interstitus reticulatis et impresso-
punctulatis.

eburnea. Testa eburnea, glaberrima, nitente ; anfractibus
sex, tumidis; sutura valdé distincta.

nivea. Testa nivea, polita; anfractibus lineolis plurimis
spiralibus sculptis.

nitida. Testa nitida, glabra, polita, albida; anfractibus
novem, globosis; sutura valde distincta.

10. Danmoniensis. Testa albida; anfractibus octo, transversim

costatis ; lineis longitudinalibus elevatis sculptis; sutura
non valde distincta.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDA. 159
2

1. TuRRITELLA TEREBRA.

T. testa fulvo-rufescente aut rufo-brunned ; anfractibus sexde-
cim, convexis, subeequaliter sulcatis, apice acuto.

Turbo terebra, List. Anim. Ang. iii. f. 8; Conch. 590. f. 55;
Linn. Syst. Nat. 1239. No. 645; Faun. Suec. 2171;
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3608; Gualt. Test. 58. f. ¢; Seba, Mus.
mi. t. lv. f. 32-40; Martini, Conch. iv. 1419. t.; Schrit.
Einl. in Conch. 1. t. ii. f. 21; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 130.
t. Ixxay, f° 113 3 De’ Costa; Test. Bri¢. YV20t. vas f. 5, 6 ;
Pulé: Cat, Dorset. 45:¢. 15. f.5, 6; Mont. Test. Brit. 293;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 176; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.
wu. 74; Dill. Desc. Cat. 783; Turt. Conch. Dict. 216.
sp. 56.

Habitat in maribus Kuropeeis vulgatissimé. Alt. 13 unc.
Shell fulvous-reddish, or rubescent, with sixteen convex valves

nearly equally ribbed, its apex acute. Height an inch and a half.
Very common in the Kuropean seas.

2. TURRITELLA ELEGANTISSIMA.

T. testa nitidissima, semitransparente, brunnea; anfractibus
tredecim, planis, transversim costatis, costis rectis.

Turbo elegantissimus, Walker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 39; Mont.
Test. Brit. 298 ; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vu. 74; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 782; Turt. Conch. Dict. 209.

Habitat in mari Cornubiensi, Danmoniensi, Dorsettensi Occiden-
tali et Australi; et Hiberniensi Australi. Mus. Montagu in
Mus. Brit. Alt. 1 une.

Shell shinmg, semitransparent, brown, with sixteen flat
whorls, transversely ribbed with straight ribs. Height a quar-
ter of an inch.

Inhabits the western and southern coasts of Cornwall, Devon
and Dorset, and the southern coasts of Ireland.

3. TuRRITELLA CLEALANDIANA.

T. testa tenui, transparente, nitente, alba, apice obtusa ; anfrac-
tibus novem, inflatis, obliqué ascendentibus et obliqué costatis.
Turbo unicus, Adams, Micros. t. xiv. f. 17; Walker, Test.

.

160 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDA.

Min. Rar. f. 40; Mont. Test. Brit. 299. t. xu. f. 2; M.

§& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 174; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.

73; Dill. Desc. Cat. 783; Turt. Conch. Dict. 209. sp. 40.
Habitat in Danmonize et Hibernie littoribus Australibus.

Mus. Montagu et nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 et + une.

Shell slender, transparent, glossy white, its apex obtuse, with
nine inflated, obliquely ascending, and transversely ribbed whorls.
Height one-eighth and one quarter of an inch.

Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon and Ireland.

A very fine specimen of this species with the epidermis on it
was sent to me by Mr. Clealand from Ireland ; and as I think
that wnicus is a very improper name for a species, I have there-
fore named it after Mr. Clealand, a warm advocate in the cause
of Zoology.

4. TURRITELLA NITIDISSIMA.

T. testa altissima, nitidissima, fragili, transparente, fuscescente;
anfractibus tredecim, obliqué ascendentibus.

Turbo nitidissimus, Walker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 39; Mont.
Test. Brit. 299. t. xii. f.1; M.& R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii.
175; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 72; Dill. Desc. Cat. 783 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 217. sp. 40.

Habitat in Danmoniz et Hibernize mari. Mus. Montagu et
nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 une.

Shell very high, very glossy, fragile, transparent, pale fuscous
brown, with fines whorls ascending oPhne: Height two-
eighths of an inch.

Da hishits the sea on the coasts of Devon and Ireland ; is not
very rare.

The shell without its epidermis is white.

5. TuRRITELLA VITREA.

T. testa vitrea, pallidé azurea, glaberrima ; anfractibus sex, su-
turA valdé distincta.

Turbo vitreus, Mont. Test. Brit. 321.t. xii. f. 3; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 73; Dill. Dese. Cat. 184; Turt. Conch. Dict.
284. sp. 23.

§. testa alba.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID&. 161

Habitat in mari Cornubiensi et Danmoniensi. Mus. Montagu

et nost.in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 unc.

Shell pale azure blue, very smooth, whorls six, suture very
distinct. Height two-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the British sea: Falmouth, Whitesand and Causand
Bays, Cornwall; Torbay and Salcombe Bays, Devon. It is by
no means rare.

Var. 3. The shell white.

6. TurRRITELLA DORVILLEANA.

T. testa alba aut flavescente ; anfractibus quinque, inflatis, re-
ticulatis ; interstitiis reticulatis et impresso-punctulatis.
Turbo Punctura, Mont. Test. Brit. 320. t. xi. f. 5; Flem.

Edinb. Encyel. vii. 73; Dill. Desc. Cat. 784; Turt. Conch.

Drees. 21:1.

Habitat in Danmonie et Cornubiz mari Australi. Mus. Mon-
tagu in Mus. Brit. Alt. 54 unc.

Shell white or yellowish, with five inflated reticulated whorls;
the interstices reticulated, and with small impressed punctures.
Height one-tenth of an inch.

Inhabits the British sea: Whitesand Bay, Cornwall, and Sal-
combe Bay, Devon.

It was first discovered by Mrs. Dorville, after whom I have
named it, Col. Montagu’s name signifying a ‘ pricking,’ which I
must confess puzzles me not a little, to ascertain what could
induce him to impose so strange a name to distinguish a species

of shell.

7. TURRITELLA EBURNEA.

T. testa eburnea, glaberrimé, nitente; anfractibus sex, tumi-
dis, sutura valdé distincta.
Habitat in mari Cantiano. Mus. nostr. in Mus. Brit. Alt.
4+ unc.
Shell ivory white, verysmooth, shining, with six tumid whorls ;
its suture very distinct. Height one-eighth of an inch.
Inhabits the British sea, Folkestone and Sandwich, Kent.
I discovered this new species alive in the year 1817 at
Folkestone, and afterwards received some dead specimens from

162 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ.

Mr. Gibbs, who found them at Sandwich. The epidermis is
ivory white.

8. TuRRITELLA NIVEA.

T. testa nivea, polité; anfractibus lineolis plurimis spiralibus
sculptis.
Habitat in mari profundo, prope Hastings. Mus. nost. in
Mus. Brit.
Shell snowy white, polished, its whorls sculptured with
many slender spiral lines.
Inhabits the deep sea, near Hastings in Sussex. Height
three-eighths of an inch.
This new species I discovered in 1819 off Hastings, by trawl-
ing between that place and the coast of France. The epider-
mis is snowy white.

9. TURRITELLA NITIDA.

T. testa nitida, glabra, polita, albidé ; anfractibus novem, glo-
bosis, sutura valdé distincta.

Habitat in mari Britannico, in littoribus Australibus Cornubiee,
Danmoniz et Hibernize. Mus. nost.in Mus. Brit. Alt. +
et + unc.

Shell shining, smooth, polished, whitish, with nine globose
whorls, the suture very distinct. Height one-eighth to a quar-
ter of an inch.

Inhabits the southern shores of Cornwall, Devon and Ireland.

It was first discovered by Miss Hutchings, of Bantry Bay,
who gave me some very fine specimens. My cousin, C. Pri-
deaux, Esq., found specimens in Plymouth Sound, and Mr.
J. Cranch in Falmouth Harbour, by trawling.

10. TurRRITELLA DANMONIENSIS.

T. testa albida; anfractibus octo, transversim costatis ; inter-
stitus lineis longitudinalibus elevatis sculptis; sutura non
valde distincta.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi profundo. Mus. Leach in Mus.
Brit. Alt. + une.

Shell whitish. Whorls transversely ribbed. Interstices with

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID. 163

longitudinal lines much elevated. Suture not very distinct.
Height one-sixth of an inch.

Inhabits the deep sea on the coasts of Devonshire.

This new species was found by Mr. C. Prideaux in the Sal-
combe estuary; Mr. Cranch found it in Plymouth Sound,
Torbay and Falmouth Bay.

Genus 71. TuRBONELLA.
Turbo et Helix, Auctorum.

Testa alté turrita. Sutura profunda. Apertura peritremate
perfecto instructa.

Animal incognitum.

Shell highly turrited. Sutures deep. Aperture furnished
with a complete peritreme.

Animal unknown.

Synopsis Specierum.

1. Hibernica. Testa alba ; anfractibus septem, omnibus, nisi ba-
silari, qui est spiraliter elevato-lineatus, transversim costatis.

2. Montaguana. Testa alba; anfractibus sex, glaberrimis,
transversim costatis.

3. costata. Testaalbi; anfractibus quinque, tumidis, nitidis,

_ transversim costatis.

4. decussata. Testaalba; anfractibus quinque, nitidis, decus-
satis elevato-striatis.

5. striata. Testa brunnea ; anfractibus sex, transparentibus,
nitidis, spiraliter elevato-lineatis.

6. pallida. Testa pallida, alba, glabra; anfractibus septem,
glaberrimis.

7. transparens. Testa transparente, pallido-alba ; anfractibus
sex, glaberrimis.

8. angusta. Testa angusta, albida ; anfractibus quinque, gla-
bris, nitentibus.

9. nivosa. Testaalba; anfractibus sex, tumidis, glabris, niten-
tibus ; sutura valde distincta.

10. vitrea. Testa glaberrima, nitida, vitrea ; anfractibus quin-
que, tumidis ; sutura valdé distincta.

164 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

]. TURBONELLA HIBERNICA.

T. testa alba; anfractibus septem, omnibus, nisi basilari, qui est
spiraliter elevato-lineatus, transversim costatis.

Habitat in Hiberniz Australis mari apud Dingle Bay, raris-
simé. Alt. 1 une.

Shell white, with six whorls, all of which, except the basal,
which is elevately lined spirally, are transversely ribbed. Height
one-third of an inch.

Inhabits the sea, Dingle Bay, Ireland.

I discovered this new and elegant species in the above-men-
tioned Bay during a tour which I made on the southern coast
of Ireland with L. W. Dillwyn, Esq. and Joseph Woods, Esq.,
architect.

2. TURBONELLA MONTAGUANA.

T. testa alba ; anfractibus sex, glaberrimis, transversim costatis.
Habitat in mari Danmoniensi Australi, rarissimé. Mus. Mon-
tagu in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 unc.

Shell white, with six ns smooth whorls, six transversely
ribbed. Height one-eighth of an inch.

Inhabits the sea, es Bay, Devon.

This new and very beautiful species I discovered in the col-
lection of shells belonging to Col. Montague, which has not been
described in any of the works that I have examined. Mr.
Gibbs informed me of the locality above mentioned.

3. TURBONELLA COSTATA.

T. testa alba; anfractibus quinque, tumidis, nitidis, transver-
sim costatis.

Turbo costatus, Walker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 47 ; Adams, Mi-
cros. t. xiv. f. 20; Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. t. lxv. f. 13, 14;
Mont.- Test. Brit. nu. 311. t. x. f. 6; Pult. Cat. Dorset
t. xix. f.5; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 174; Flem.
Edinb. Encyel. vu. 76; Dill. Desc. Cat. 783 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 214.

Habitat in littoribus arenosis Hiberniz Australis, et Coniihies
et Danmoniz Australis, haud infrequens. Alt. 3 unc,

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 165

Shell white, with five tumid, shining whorls, transversely
ribbed. Height one-eighth of an inch.

Inhabits the sea, in sandy shores on the south of Ireland,
and the southern coasts of Devon and Cornwall.

4. TURBONELLA DECUSSATA.

T. testa alba; anfractibus quinque, nitidis, transversim costa-
tis ; costis longitudinaliter impresso-striatis, striis transversim
decussantibus sculptis.

Turbo decussatus, Walker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 52; Mont.
Test. Brit. 322. t. xii. f. 4; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 72;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 783; Turt. Conch. Dict. 210.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Hiberniensi Australi, haud in-
frequens. Alt. 1 unc.

Shell white, with five shining whorls transversely ribbed ; the
ribs longitudinal, with impressed striee, sculptured with trans-
versely decussating striz. Height one-eighth of an inch.

5. TuRBONELLA STRIATA.

T. testa brunnea ; anfractibus sex, transparentibus, nitidis, spi-
raliter elevato-lineatis.

Turbo striatus, Walker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 49; Adams, Mi-
eros. t. xiv. f. 22; Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 66. t. xi. f. 25-
26; Mont. Test. Brit. i. 312; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vill. 173; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 784 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 213.

Habitat in mari arenoso profundo. Alt. 2 unc.

Shell brown, with six transparent glossy whorls, with spi-
rally elevated lines. Height one-eighth of an inch.
Inhabits the sea: Plymouth, Devon ; Falmouth, Padstow,

Cornwall, and the Isle of Sheppey.

6. TuRBONELLA PALLIDA.

T. testa pallida, alba, glabra; anfractibus septem, glaberrimis.

Turbo pallidus, Mont. Test. Brit. 1i.— Suppl. t.xu.f.4 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii.; Dill. Dese. Cat. 783; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 223.

166 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID#.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Hiberniensi Australi. Mus.

Mont. et nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. } unc.

Shell pale-white, smooth, with six very smooth whorls.
Height one-eighth of an inch.

Inhabits the sea, Dublm Bay, Ireland.

This species has sometimes a greenish hue, and is rarely
covered with a roughish epidermis.

7. TURBONELLA TRANSPARENS.

T. testi transparente, pallido-alba; anfractibus sex, glaberrimis.
Habitat in mari Danmoniensi, in estuario Saleombensi, raris-

simé. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. } unc.

Shell transparent, pale white, with six very smooth whorls.
Height one-eighth of an inch.

Inhabits the sea,in Salcombe Bay, on the south-west of Devon,
and is very rare. It was discovered by Mr. J. Cranch.

8. TURBONELLA ANGUSTA.

T. testa angusta, albida; anfractibus quinque, glabris, nitentibus.
Habitat in mari Danmoniensi, et zestuario Salecombensi, raris-

simé. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit.

Shell narrow, whitish, with five smooth shining whorls.
Height one-eighth of an inch.

Inhabits the sea, in Salcombe Bay, on the southern coast of
Devonshire, and is very rare.

This new and elegant species was also discovered by my in-
defatigable collector, Mr. J. Cranch.

9. TURBONELLA NIVOSA.

T. testa alba; anfractibus sex, tumidis, glabris, nitentibus;
sutura valdé distincta.
Turbo nivosus, Mont. Test. Brit. 1. 326; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.
vii.; Dill. Dese. Cat. 783 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 202.
Habitat in mari Danmoniensi, in eestuario Saleombensi, rarissimé.
Mus. Montagu in Mus. Brit. Alt. =3, une.
Shell white, with six smooth, glassy, tumid whorls; the suture
very distinct. Height three-twelfths of an inch.

——

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID. 167

It is found very rarely in the Salcombe estuary on the south-
ern coast of Devon. I have heard that it has also been taken
in Dublin Bay.

10. TURBONELLA VITREA.

T. testa glaberrima, nitida, vitrea; anfractibus quinque, tumidis ;
sutura valdeé distincta.

Turbo vitreus, Mont. Test. Brit. u.—Suppl. t. xi. f. 3; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii.; Dill. Desc. Cat. 784; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 202. sp. 23.

Helix vitrea, M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vin. 213.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Caledoniensi et Hiberniensi
Australi rarits. Mus. Montagu et nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt.
4 unc.

Shell very smooth, shining and glassy; with five tumid
whorls ; the suture very distinct. Height one-eighth of an
inch.

Inhabits the sea on the southern coasts of Devon, Scotland,
and Ireland, and is somewhat rare. I found near Loch Ranza,
in the Isle of Arran, living specimens ; the epidermis had a very
slight tint of yellow.

Genus 72. ALVANIA.
Turbo, ductorum.

Testa alté et acuté turrita. Suturaprofunda. Umbilicus
apertus, perforatus. Apertura feré rotundata, postict ad dex-
tram tenuiter angulata. Animal incognitum.

Shell highly and acutely turrited. Suture deep. Umbilicus
open, perforated. Aperture almost round, the hinder part at
the right side slightly angulated. Animal unknown.

Synopsis Specierum.

1. striata. Testa sordidé alba nitidissim4; anfractibus sex,
spiraliter striatis.

2. glabra. Testa alba, glabra; anfractibus quatuor, ultimis ad
dextram linea sculptis.

168 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ.

3. costata. Testa alba, glabra ; anfractibus sex, basilari non cos-
tato, quinque superioribus costatis.

4. Cranchiana. Testa alba, suturé minis profunda ; anfractibus
quinque, glaberrimis.

1. ALVANIA STRIATA.

A. testa sordidé alb4; anfractibus sex, spiraliter striatis, niti-
dissimis.

Turbo striatus, Walk. Test. Min. Rar. f. 49; Addams, Micros.
t. xiv. f. 22; Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 66. t. xi. f. 25, 26;
Mont. Test. Brit. ii. 312; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii.
173; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 75; Dill. Desc. Cat. 786 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 213. sp. 50.

Habitat in mari Britannico in profundo. Alt. 2 unc.

Shell dirty white, spirally striated, very shining and white.

Height two-eighths of an inch.

This species was first discovered by Mr. Boys in Sheppey

Island, and is very common on all the western coasts of Devon,

Cornwall, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland.

2. ALVANIA GLABRA.

A. testa alba, glabra; anfractibus quatuor, ultimis ad dextram
linea sculptis.
Habitat in mari Danmoniensi. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt.
4 une.
Shell white, smooth. The four last whorls on the right side
with a sculptured line. Height one-eighth of an inch.
Inhabits the sea, Plymouth Sound. Discovered by Mr. J.
Cranch.

3. ALVANIA COSTATA.

A. testa alba, glabri; anfractibus sex, basilari non costato,
quinque superioribus costatis.

3. testa flavescente.

Turbo costatus, Walk. Test. Min. Rar. f.47 ; Adams, Micros.
t. xiv. f. 20; Trans. Linn. Soe. iti. 65. t. Ixv. f. 13, 14;
Mont. Test. Brit. 311.—Suppl. t.x.f. 6; Pult. Cat. Dorset.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDE. 169

t. xix. f. 5; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii.; Dill. Desc. Cat.

785; Turt. Conch. Dict. 214. sp. 54.

Habitat in arena maris, et in thalassophytis. Mus. Montagu

m Mus. Brit. Alt. 3 et > une.

Shell white, smooth. The last whorl not ribbed; the five
superior ones ribbed. Height one-eighth and a half the eighth
of an inch.

Inhabits the sand of the sea, and in sea-plants.

Var. 2. Shell yellowish ; was discovered by Dr. Goodall in
sand from Padstow, Cornwall.

4. AtvaNntiA CRANCHIANA.

A. testa alba, sutura minus profunda; anfractibus quingue,
glaberrimis.
Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Cornubiensi Australi. Mus.
nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 une.
Shell with the suture moderately deep, with five very smooth
whorls. Height two-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the sea, Devonshire and Cornish coasts. Dis-
covered by Mr. John Cranch.

Genus 73. Z1Ippora.

Testa alté turrita. Apex acutus. Apertura rotundata.
Peritrema ad dextram, sinistram et anticam dilatatum. Animal
incognitum.

Shell highly turrited. Apex acute. Aperture round.
Peritreme dilated at the right, left and anterior sides. Animal
unknown.

ZiPpPORA DRUMMONDII.

Z. testa laté costata; anfractu ultimo, lineis tenuibus longitu-
dinalibus, sculpto.
Habitat in mari. Alt. 2 une.

Shell broadly ribbed. The last whorl sculptured with very
long and narrow lines. Height two-eighths of an inch.
Colour white. Shell translucent.

Inhabits the sea, near Cork, Ireland.

170 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDE.

This very elegant shell was kindly communicated to me by
James Drummond, Esq., Professor of Botany in the Botanical
Garden, Cork.

STIRPS IT.

Genus 74. Trocuvs.

Trochus Auctorum.

Testa conica, elata, swper carmam. Apertura transversim
depressa, marginibus disjunctis. Co/uwmella arcuata. Peri-
trema tenue. Umbilicus nullus. Operculum corneum.

Animal ore brevi. Tentaculis quatuor ; duobus superioribus
brevissimis, subconicis, apice oculigeris; duobus inferioribus
longissimis, tenuissimis, acuminatis, filamentulis utrinqué in-
structis. Pallio super pedes lateralitér utrinqué filamentis
tribus longissimis acuminatis, filamentulis utrinqué instructis.

Ova pedunculata. Pedunculum ad animalis junioris tenta-
culorum latera locatum.

The shell is conic and elevated ; the aperture is transversely
depressed above its carina; its hinder margins are disjomed ;
its column arched ; the peritreme thin ; the umbilicus wanting ;
the operculum horny.

The animal has a short mouth; four tentacles; the two in-
ferior ones very short, nearly conic, bear the eyes at their ex-
tremities ; the two inferior ones are very long, very slender and
acuminated, with very minute filaments on each side; the man-
tle above the feet on each side has three very long, acuminated
filameuts, with very minute filaments on each side.

The eggs are pedunculated ; the peduncle is situated at the
sides of the tentacles of the young animal.

Synopsis Specierum.

1, papillosus. Testa tenui, fragili ; anfractibus lineis, spiralibus,
regularibus, tuberculatis, elevatis, sculptis.

2. Cranchianus. Testa tenui; anfractibus lineis spiralibus,
distantibus, elevatis, simplicibus sculptis.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 172

3. Clelandianus. Testa tenuitér crassa; anfractibus lineis spi-
ralibus elevatis, inter suturas parvis aut obsoletis sculptis.

4. ziziphinus. Testa crassi; anfractibus lineis spiralibus
irregulariter latis, glabris, elevatis, obliqué striolatis
sculptis.

5. irregularis. Testa crassa; anfractibus lineis spiralibus,
irregularibus, elevatis, non tuberculatis nisi in suturis
sculptis.

6. discrepans. Testa crassa; anfractibus sulco mediano lato,
et lineis impressis, angustissimis sculptis.

1. TROCHUS PAPILLOSUS.

T. testa tenui, fragili; anfractibus lineis spiralibus, regularibus
tuberculatis, elevatis sculptis.

Trochus papillosus, Gualt. Test. t. lxi. f. G. M; Da Costa,
Brit. Conch. 38. t. mi. f. 5, 6; Chem. Conch. v. t. elxvi. f.
1597, 1598?; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. x. f. 3; Flem. Edinb.
Encycel. vii. 75; Dill. Desc. Cat. 787; Turt. Conch. Dict.
10} t. xiv. 5.

Trochus fragilis, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 44. t. xvi. f. 5.

Trochus tenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. 275. t. x. f. 3.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi Australi profundo. Testze color
albus aut rosaceus, plus aut minus roseo variegatus. In ex-
emplis hujus speciei nonnullis testee lmeze non sunt tuber-
culate.

Shell thin, fragile, with the whorls sculptured with regular,
spiral, tuberculated, elevated lines. Colour entirely white or
rosy, more or less variegated with rose red. Height an inch
and a half.

In some examples of this species, the lines of the shell are
not tuberculated, and as every intermediate variation occurs,
proves it to be but a variety of this species.

Inhabits the deep sea, on the southern coasts of Devon, and
is by no means uncommon.

2. TRocHus CRANCHIANUS.
T. testa tenui; anfractibus lineis spiralibus, distantibus, ele-
vatis, simplicibus sculptis.
12

172 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Cornubiensi haud infrequens.
Teste: color rubescens. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt.
12 unc.

Shell thin; the whorls sculptured with spiral, distant, sim-
ple, elevated lines. Colour rosy. Height an inch and an
eighth.

Inhabits the British sea-coasts of Devon and Cornwall.

This new species was discovered by Mr. John Cranch, after
whom I have named it, as a slight testimony due for his meri-
torious exertions in the cause of zoology, and of my gratitude
for the eagerness of his pursuits while in my service, and of his
zealous perseverance during the whole of the unfortunate voy-
age to the Congo, by which I lost a true and sincere friend and
a faithful servant.

3. Trocuus CLELANDIANUS.

T. test& tenuitér crass; anfractibus lineis spiralibus, elevatis,
inter suturas parvis, aut obsoletis.

Habitat in mari Hibernico Australi. Testee color rubescens.
Mus. Dom. Dr. J. Goodall, Loscombe, et nost. in Mus. Brit.
Shell slightly thick, the elevated spiral lmes on the whorls

small or obsolete between the sutures. Height one inch.
Inhabits the sea on the south coast of Ireland.

Discovered by Mr. J. Cleland, who most kindly communi-
cated to me through the hands of Miss Moreland this elegant
new species.

4. TROCHUS ZIZIPHINUS.

T. testa crass; anfractibus lineis spiralibus, nzequalitér latis,
glabris, elevatis, oblique striolatis sculptis.

Trochus ziziphinus, Lister Conch. t. eececevi. f.1; Anim. Angl.
t. ii. f. 14; Bonanni Recr, t. mi. f. 95; Favanne Conch.
t. xii. f. T; D’ Argenv. Conch. t. vui. f. 5; Knorr. Vergn.
ii. t. xiv. f. 2; et vi. t. xxvu. f. 5: Penn. Brit. Zoom.
126. t. xxx. f. 103; Da Costa Brit. Conch. 37. t. xu. f.
3, 4; Chem. Conch. v. t. elxvi. f. 1592, 1593; Pult. Cat.
Dorset. 44. t. xvi. f. 3, 4; Mont. Test. Brit. 274; M. §& R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 155; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 75 ;

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID. 173

Dill. Dese. Cat. 186; Turt. Coneh. Dict. 189, sp. 7; Lam.

Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vii. 23.

Habitat in maribus Europe vulgatissimus. Alt. 2 unc.

Shell thick ; the lines on the whorls spiral, unequally broad,
smooth, and transversely striolated obliquely. Height two
inches.

Animal with its foot, the superior part of the head and the
region of the mouth yellow. Operculum reddish.

Very common in the British seas.

5. TROCHUS IRREGULARIS.

T. testa crassi; anfractibus lineis irregularibus, spiralibus, ele-
vatis, non tuberculatis nisi in suturis sculptis.

Habitat in Danmonize et Cornubize mari profundo. Teste
color sordidé flavescens, seepius roseo-rubro punctulatus aut
maculatus. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit.

Shell thick ; the whorls sculptured with irregular, elevated,
spiral lines, only tuberculated in the sutures. Height one inch.
Colour of the shell dirty yellow, generally punctulated or
spotted with rose red.

Inhabits the Plymouth Sound and Falmouth Bay. It has
doubtless been confounded with 7. ziziphinus, but having com-
pared a complete series collected by Mr. J. Cranch, from the
above-mentioned places, from the youngest specimens to the
full-grown ones, I have been enabled satisfactorily to establish
it as a new and distinct species.

6. TROCHUS DISCREPANS.

T. testa crassa; anfractibus sulco mediano lato et lineis im-
pressis, angustissimis sculptis.

Trochus discrepans, Brown, Mem. Wern. Soc. ii. 519. t. xiv.
fA,

Habitat in mari Hibernico rarissimé. Mus. D. Varley. Alt.
lune. Color olivaceo-testaceus ; sulcus medianus fuscescens ;
anfractus transversim rubro-fasciati.

Shell thick; the whorl sculptured with one broad middle
groove and very narrow impressed lines. Colour olivaceous-

174 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ.

testaceous ; the middle groove fuscous brown, the whorls trans-
versely banded with red. Height one inch.
Inhabits the Irish seas; is very rare.

Genus 75. MoOntTAGUA.

Testa obtusé conica. Apertura integra. Peritrema incras-
satum. Umbilicus in senioribus clausus, in junioribus apertus.
Operculum tenue, corneum. Animal incognitum.

The shell is obtusely conie ; its aperture entire ; its peritreme
thickened ; the umbilicus is closed in adult shells, but open in
young shells. The operculum is thin and horny. Animal
unknown.

MonTaGua DANMONIENSIS.

M. testa anfractibus lineis spiralibus, tenuibus, glabris, elevatis,
sculptis ; interstitiis obliqué et tenué elevato-lineatis.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Cornubiensi. Testze linez
elevate, griseze. Mus. Montagu et nost.in Mus. Brit. Alt.

% unc.

Shell with its whorls with narrow, smooth, elevated, spiral
lines ; the interstices with oblique and slightly elevated lines ;
all the elevated lines grey. Height two-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the sea on the southern coasts of Devon and Corn-
wall.

This species was discovered by Mr. Montagu a short time
before his death. Mr. Cranch has found it in the Kingsbridge
estuary, the Plymouth Sound, and in Falmouth Harbour.

Genus 76. NEPTHEUSA.
Trochus Auctorum.

Testa moderatim elevata. Apertura rotundata. Umbilicus
peritremate clausus. Anfractus subtumidi. Animal incog-
nitum.

Shell moderately elevated. Aperture rounded. Umbilicus
closed by the peritreme. Whorlssubtumid. Animal unknown.

ore.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 175

NEPTHEUSA CRASSA.

T. testa pallidé viridescente, nigro, angulaté-undulato lineata.
Trochus crassus, Petiver, Gaz. t. 36. f. 11; Pult. Cat. Dor-
set. 44. t. xvi. f. 3, 7; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. lxxi.; Mont.
Test. Brit. 281; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 154;
Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.; Dill. Dese. Cat. 786; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 188. sp. 6.
Turbo lineatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 100. t. vi. f. 7.
Habitat in mari Britannico ubiqué.
Shell pale greenish, with zigzag black lines. Height one
inch and one-eighth.
Inhabits the sea. Very common on almost all the British
coasts.
This shell varies in colour, and is sometimes pure white.

Genus 77. GIBBULA.
Trochus Auctorum.

Testa gibbosa, subconiea. Sutura profunda. Umbilicus
apertus. Operculum tenue, corneum. Animal incognitum.

The shell gibbous and subconical ; its suture deep; its um-
bilicus open ; its operculum slender and horny. The animal
of this genus is unknown.

Synopsis Specierum.

i. tumida. Testa anfractibus tumidis, lineis spiralibus, elevatis,
alternatim latis et angustis, preesertim in anfractu basilari.

2. striata. Testa anfractibus moderatim tumidis, lineis elevatis,
transversim et in nonnullis tenuissimé impressis.

3. lineata. Testa sutura angustissima; anfractibus subdepressis,
glabris, politis.

4. magus. Testé sutura profunda ; anfractibus elevato-lineatis.

1. GIBBULA TUMIDA.

G. testa anfractibus tumidis, lineis spiralibus, elevatis, alternatim
latis et angustis, preesertim in anfractu basilari.
Trochus tumidus, Pult. Cat. Dorset. t. xvi. f. 9, 10; Mont.

176 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

Test. Brit. 280. t. x. f. 4; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc.
villi. 153; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 76; Dill. Desc. Cat.
187; Turt. Conch. Diet. 187. sp. 4.

Color sordidus, nigro-purpureo transversim angalaté notatus.
6. testa rufescente brunneo fasciata ; fasctis interruptis.
Habitat in mari Britannico saxis testaceisque adherens. Alt.

3 une.

Shell with tumid whorls, with spiral lines alternately broad
and narrow, especially on the basal whorl. Colour of the shell
dirty, marked with transverse zigzag black-purple spots. Height
three-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the British sea, adhering to rocks and shells.

2, GIBBULA STRIATA.

G. testa anfractibus moderatim tumidis, lineis elevatis, transver-
sim in nonnullis oblique tenuissimé impressis.

Turbo striatus, Walk. Test. Min. Rar. f. 49; Adams, Mises:
t. xiv. f. 22; Trans. inn. Soc. im. 66. t. xm. f. 25, 26;
Mont. Test. Brit. 1. 312; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. 175 ;
Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vi.; Dill. Dese. Cat. 786; Turt.
Conch, Dict. 213. sp. 50.

Habitat in mari Britannico, in thalassophytis. Alt. § une
Shell with the whorls moderately tumid, the elevated lines

in some transversely, in others very slightly impressed. Height

six-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the sea on seaweed, Fuci and Ulve.

3. GIBBULA LINEATA.

G. testa anfractibus subdepressis, glabris, politis. Sutura an-
gustissima.

Habitat in mari Cornubiensi, rarissimé. Mus. Dr. J. Goodall
et nost.in Mus. Brit. Alt. 5 une.

Color viridis, flavo-viridescens aut albus ; roseo aut violaceo ob-
liqué lineatus.

Shell with whorls subdepressed. Suture very narrow. Co-
lour green, yellow-green or white ; obliquely lined with violet
or rose-red. Height one-half of an ich.

Inhabits the Cornish sea, near Falmouth, and is very rare ;

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 177

it has likewise been found amongst shell-sand from Padstow in
the same county by my worthy friend Dr. Goodall, the Provost
of Eton. It was first discovered by Mr. J. Cranch in deep
water off Falmouth Harbour.

4. GIBBULA MAGUS.

G. testa anfractibus elevato-lineatis. Sutura profunda.

Trochus magus, Lister, Conch. t. eececexli. f. 32; Gualt. Test.
t. xiv. f. ce. ; D’ Argenv. Conch. t. vii. f. 5.; Seba Mus. iii.
t. xli. f.4, 6; Knorr. Vergn. vi. t. xxvil.f. 4; Penn. Brit.
Zool. 1. 127. t. Ixxx. f. 107; Chem. Conch. v. t. clxx.
f. 1656-1659: Pult. Cat. Dorset. 44. t. xvi. f. 1; Donov.
Brit. Shells, t. viii. f. 1; Mont. Test. Brit. 283; M.& R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vill. 151: Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 75 ;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 186.

Habitat in littoribus maris Europzi vulgatissima. Alt. 13
unc. |
Shell with its whorls with elevated lines; its suture deep.

Height one inch and a half.

Inhabits the shores of the European seas very commonly.

Genus 78. NaTICA.

Natica Lamarck.
Nerita Auctorum.

Testa subglobosa, umbilicata. Umbilicus obliqué locatus,
profundus. Apertura integra, semirotunda. Peritrema pos-
tice tenuissimum, super umbilicum callosum, umbilicum coare-
tans, interdim obtegens. Operculumcorneum. Animal ore cy-
lindrico, emarginato. Tentaculis duobus, elongatis, acuminatis,
ad basin externé oculigeris. (Oculis sessilibus, rotundis.) Pa/-
lio valdé dilatato, testam feré totam tegente, et pede lato, testa
breviore instructo.

The shell subglobose, umbilicated ; its umbilicus deep and
sinuated obliquely ; its aperture entire, half-rounded ; its peri-
treme very thin behind, but hard above the umbilicus, which
it contracts and sometimes covers entirely; its operculum horny.

Eo

178 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ.

The mouth of the animal is cylindric and notched ; the tenta-
cles two, elongated, acuminated, bearing at their base externally
the eyes, which are round and sessile ; the mantle is very much
dilated, so as to cover the shell almost entirely ; the foot is
broad, shorter than the shell.

Synopsis Specierum.

1. glaucina. Testa glauci; anfractibus superioribus glauco in-
tensé strigatis.

2. Lamarckiana. Testa fuscescente, nigro-fusco aut nigri-
cante-pallido, spiraliter maculata.

3. Browmana. Testa semipellucida, czerulescente-alba; an-
fractibus striolis transversis, curvatis sculptis.

1. NATICA GLAUCINA.

N. testa glauca, anfractibus superioribus glauco intensé strigatis.
Nerita glaucina, List. Anim. Ang. t. i. f. 19; Conch. eececlxxxv.
£45; Petw. Gaz. t. xxxvi. £911 3 Gualé? Test ee
f. 6; Mills Swam. 183; Favanne, Conch. t. x. f. K, L;
Regenf. Conch. 1.t. 11. f. 34; Linn. It. Westgoth. 169-199.
t.v.f.4; Faun. Suec.2169; Syst. Nat.xu. 1232. 607; Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 3588 ; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 140. t. Ixxxi. f. 109 ;
Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 98. t. vi. f. 1; Chem. Conch. v.
t. elxxxy. f, 1852. 1. ad’8. ef f. 1854. a. cd d. ef Pale ee
a.adg.; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 45.t. xvu. f. 1. e¢ t. xix. f. 2, 3;
Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxxiu. f. 1, 2; Mont. Test. Brit. 301;
M.& R.Trans. Linn. Soc. vil. 158; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.vii.
75; Dill. Desc. Cat. 782; Turt. Conch. Dict. 124. sp. 2.
Animal. Pes, operculum, pallium et tentacula flavido-testacea.
Habitat in maris Europe littoris arenosis vulgatissimé. Alt.
14 une.
Shell glaucous, with the upper whorls deeply striped with
the same colour. Height one inch and a half.
The foot, operculum, mantle and tentacles yellow-testaceous.
Inhabits the sandy shore of the European seas, and is very
common.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID®. 179

2. Natica LAMARCKIANA.

N. testa fuscescente, nigro-fusco, aut nigricante-pallido, spi-
raliter maculata.
Habitat in mari Cambriensi et Hibernico Australi. Mus.
nost. in Mus. Brit.
Shell pale fuscous brown, spirally spotted with deep fuscous
brown or pale black. Height five-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the Welsh sea and the southern coasts of Ireland.
Some specimens of this species were given to me by Miss
Hutchings, of Bantry. I afterwards found other specimens in
Dingle Bay, and afterwards at the Mumbles near Swansea. I
have named this elegant species in honour of my kind-hearted
and excellent friend le Chevalier de Lamarck, who first sepa-
rated this genus from Nerita.

3. Natica BROWNIANA.

N. testa semipellucida, czerulescente-alba; anfractibus strio-
lis, transversis, curvatis sculptis.

Nerita glabrissima, Brown, Trans. Wern. Soc. i. 532. t. xxiv.
ft?

Nerita sulcata, Turt. Conch. Dict. 124. t. xiv. f. 56, 57.

Habitat in mari Hibernico. Mus. Dr. Goodall et Capt.

Brown. Alt. 4 unc.

Shell semitransparent, bluish-white, the whorls sculptured
with transverse, narrow, curved lines. Height four-eighths of
an inch.

Inhabits the Irish sea.

I am indebted to Captain Brown for his kindness in per-
mitting me to describe this species from a specimen which he
afterwards gave to Dr. Goodall.

Genus 79. NERITA.
Nerita Lamarck.

Testa spiralis, gibba, subtis plana. Apertura semiorbicu-
laris. Peritrema planum.
Animal ore rostrato, moderatim elongato, cylindrico. Ten-

180 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

taculis conico-acuminatis, elongatis, ad apices obtusis, ad
basin gradatim dilatatis, oculigeris. Pede ultra oculos anticé
producto, obtusé rotundato. Oculis convexis, rotundatis.

Shell spiral, gibbous, flat beneath. Aperture semi-orbicular.
Peritreme flat.

Animal: Mouth rostrated, moderately elongated, cylindri-
cal. Tentacles elongated, conically acuminated, their points
obtuse, their bases gradually dilated, and bearing the eyes.
The foot produced beyond the eyes and obtusely rounded.
Eyes convex and round.

NERITA LITTORALIS.

N. testa glabra, colore valdé variabili.

Nerita littoralis, Zinn. Faun. Su. 2195; Syst. Nat. 1253. 724; -

Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3677; List. Anim. Angl. t. ui. f. 11, 12,

13; Conch. 607. f. 39, 42 ;- Petiv. Gaz. xxxiv. f. 4, 5, 6;

Gualt. Test. t. x. £. L, L; Da’ Costa, Brit. Conch] oe

t. m.f. 13, 14, 15, 16, and't. m. f. 2, 3.; Chem. Cane

t. clxxxv. f. 3; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xx. f. 2; Mont.

Test. Brit. i. 467; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 226 ;

Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vin.; Dill. Desc. Cat. 186; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 126. sp. 6.

Turbo neritoides, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 44. t. xvi. f. 13, 14, 15,

iG. aud toxxe 7.1L, 2. .
Habitat in maris Europe littoribus vulgatissime. Alt. 4

une.

Teste color brunneo-niger ; sordidé flavidus; niger; viri-
descens ; sordidé viridescens ; olivaceus ; aurantius ; limonius
limonio pallido maculatus; viridescens rufo-brunneo-fasciatus ;
pallidé aurantius ; rufo-brunneus, aurantio pallido lineatus ;
fuscus aurantio sordido fasciatus; rufus pallido-tinctus et
fusco aut aurantio fasciatus.

Animalis color. Pes, caput et tentacula pallidé flavescentia.
Operculum testaceo intensé pictum.

Inhabits all the shores of the European seas abundantly.

Colour of the shell brown-black ; dirty-yellowish ; black ;
greenish ; dirty greenish ; olive ; orange ; lemon, spotted with

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDS. 181

pale lemon ; greenish, banded with red-brown ; pale orange ;
reddish brown, lineated with pale orange; fuscous, banded
with dirty orange; red, tinctured or tinted with pale red, and
banded with fuscous or deep orange.

Colour of the animal. The foot, head and tentacula pale
yellowish. The operculum painted with an intense testaceous
colour. Height 3 of an inch.

Genus 80. NERITINA.

Neritina Lamarck.
Theodoxis De Montfort.

Testa anfractu basilari maximo. Apertura ad dextram,
mediam et sinistram semicircularis. Pars posterior et peri-
trema recta.

Animal. Tentaculis elongato-tereti-conicis, ad basin exterio-
rem oculigeris.

Shell with the basal whorl the largest. Aperture towards
the right, the middle, and the left, semicircular. The hinder
part with the peritreme straight.

Animal. Tentacles elongated, roundly conic, bearing the
eyes exteriorly at their base.

NERITINA EUROPA.

N. testa glabra, flava, limonia, purpurea, nigra et violacea,
variegata et maculatai; peritremate albo.

Nerita fluviatilis, List. Conch. t. exli. f. 38. et t. ceeccevil.
1543: 44 = Pet. Gazotocist. 33° Gualt. Test. tows fo, UL,
inferné ad sinistram ; D’ Argenv. Conch. t. xxvii. f. 3; Fa-
vanne, Conch. t. \xi. f. 8, 3, 4, 17, 20; Miill. Verm. 194.
381; Schriter, Flussconch. t. v. f. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 et 10; Da
Costa, Brit. Conch. t. iii. f. 8 ; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 50. t. xvi.
f. 17,18; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xvi. f. 2; Mont. Test.
Brit. i. 470; M. & R. Trans. Iinn. Soe. vin. 225 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. ; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.
vi. partie i. 188; Dill. Desc. Cat. 187; Turt. Conch. Dict.
127 Sp 7

182 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

Habitat in fluvius Europe, vulgatissimé. Alt. 2 une.

Animal pallidé cinerascens. Tentacula supra violasceutia.
Caput superné nigricans. Corpus punctis nonnullis violascente
nigris confluentibus irroratum.

Shell smooth, yellow, spotted and variegated with lemon,
purple, black and violet. Peritreme white. Height three-
eighths of an inch.

Animal pale ash-coloured. Tentacles violet on each side
above. Head blackish above. Body sprinkled with some vio-
let and black confluent spots.

Inhabits the rivers of Europe, and is very common.

This is a genus containing a vast number of species, only one
of which, as far as I have been enabled to learn from the exa-
mination of conchological works, inhabits Europe ; and as all
the species inhabit rivers, I have altered the name to Luropea.

Genus 81. TEMINA.
Nerita ductorum.

Testa spira depressa. Anfractus basilaris maximus. <Aper-
tura rotundata. Peritrema posticé crassum, triangulatim ex-
cavatum, ad dextram et sinistram gradatim angustatum.

Shell with its spire depressed. The basal whorl the largest.
Aperture rounded. Peritreme thick behind, triangularly ex-
cavated ; the right and left sides become gradually narrowed.

Synopsis Specierum.

1. pallidula. Testa transversim ovali, tenui, semipellucida,
spiraliter et obsoleté striata; anfractibus quatuor; epider-
mide pallidé fusco vel viridescente.

2. Turtoniana. Testa oblongo-ovali, tenui, semipellucida,
transversim striata, epidermide purpurea.

3. rufa. Testa subglobulari, tenui, semipellucida, glabra;
anfractibus quatuor, primo maximo, tumido.

4. variabilis. Testa tenui, semipellucida, glaberrima; an-
fractibus quinque, colore variantibus.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID. 183

1. TEMINA PALLIDULA.

T. testa transversim ovali, tenui, semipellucida, spiraliter et
obsoleté striata; anfractibus quatuor; epidermide pallidé-
fusco vel viridescente. 7

Nerita pallidula, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 51. t. iv. f. 4, 5;
Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xvi. f. 1; Mont. Test. Brit. 468 ;
Pult. Cat. Dorset. t. xx. f. 4,5; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vill. 226; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 74; Dill. Desc. Cat.
785.

Habitat in littoribus scopulosis in thalassophytis vulgatissimé.

Alt. 2 une.

Var. (3. striis fortissimis.

Animalviride vel flavido-hyalinum. Os rostriforme, albidum.
Tentacula longissima, ad apices acutissima, ad basin externé
dilatata, oculigera. Oculi minutissimi, convexi, atri. Pes
ante os productus, albidus.

Shell transversely oval, thin, semitransparent, spirally and
obsoletely striated. Whorls four. Epidermis pale brown or
greenish. Height three-eighths of an inch.

Animal yellow, hyaline. Mouth rostriform, whitish. Ten-
tacles very long, very acute at their points, at their base dila-
ted and bearing the eyes. Eyes very minute, convex and black.
Foot produced before the mouth, whitish.

Very common on rocky shores on seaweeds, Fuci or Ulve.
Var (3. Strive very strong.

2. TEMINA TURTONIANA.

T. testa oblongo-ovali, tenui, semipellucidé, transversim striata ;
epidermide purpurea.

Turbo puteolus, Turt. Conch. Dict. 193. t. xxv. f. 85, 86.
Habitat in mari Danmoniensi, Cornubiensi et Hibernico Au-
strali in thalassophytis. Mus. Dr. Goodall. Alt. + une.
Var. 3. Testa anfractu basilari fasciis tribus aut quatuor pur-

purascentibus picto ; una continuat’ ad apicem.
Shell oblongly oval, thin, semitransparent, transversely stri-
ated. Epidermis purple. Height half an inch.

184 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ.

Inhabits Dublin Bay, Ireland ; Tor Bay, Devon; Falmouth
and Penzance, Cornwall, on seaweeds, Fuci.

Var. 3. Shell with the basal whorl with three or four pur-
plish bands ; one continued to the apex of the shell.

3. TEMINA RUFA.

T. test subglobulari, tenui, semipellucida glabra; anfrac-
tibus quatuor, primo maximo, tumido.

Nerita rufa, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. t. vii. f. 12; Pult. Cat.
Dorset. t. xiv. f. 12.

Helix lacuna, Mont. Test. Brit. ii. 428. t. xii. f. 6; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 201 ; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 75 ;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 763.

Turbo lacuna, Turt. Conch. Dict. 193; t. xxv. f. 87, 88, 89.

Habitat in sinubus Dorsettensibus, Cornubiensibus et Cantien-
sibus. Alt. 5 unc.

Shell somewhat globular, thin, semitransparent, smooth.
Whorls four; the first the largest, tumid. Height half an
inch.

Colour yellowish-white, purplish, various tints of green, crim-
son or dull red ; is sometimes banded.

Inhabits bays: Kent, Dorsetshire, Falmouth, and Penzance,
Cornwall, Milton Sands.

4. TEMINA VARIABILIS.

T. testa tenui, semipellucida, glaberrima ; anfractibus quingue ;
epidermide colore variabili.

Habitat in thalassophytis, in mari Britannico. Mus. dom. Dr.
Goodall; Rev. J. Bulwer ; Loscombe, et nost. in Mus. Brit.
Alt. 4 unc.

Shell thin, semitransparent, very smooth. Whorls five.
Colour varying. Height half an mch.

Inhabits seaweeds, Mead-foot Rocks, Dawlish, Devon, Rev.
J. Bulwer; Mount Edgecombe, Devon, Dr. Goodall and my-
self.

This new species was first discovered by my worthy friend
the Rev. J. Bulwer, off Dawlish; it has since been found by

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 185

my kind and worthy friend the Rev. Dr. Goodall, Provost of
Eton, and at a place named the Bridge of Rocks between Mount
Edgecombe and Saint Nicholas’ Island, by myself. It varies
very much in colour.

STIRPS III.

Genus 82. TursBo.
Turbo Auctorum.

Testa moderatim elevata. Apertura suborbicularis anticé,
et ad sinistram semicircularis, posticé acuminata. Peritrema
ad sinistram crassum antict, ad dextram tenue. Operculum
corneum.

Animal, Ore cylindrico, brevi. Tentaculis elongatis, acu-
minatis, apice obtusiusculis, ad basin externé dilatatis, oculi-
geris. Oculis sessilibus, rotundis. Pede testa breviori, anticé
et posticé obtuso.

The shell moderately elevated; the aperture suborbicular
before, and at the left semicircular, acuminated behind ; the
peritreme on the left thick, on the right thin; the operculum
horny.

The mouth of the animal is short and cylindric ; the tenta-
cles elongated, acumiuated, rather obtuse at their extremities,
dilated externally at their base, bearmg the eyes, which are
sessile and round. The foot is shorter than the shell, and ob-
tuse before and behind.

Synopsis Specierum.

1. littoralis. Testa crassé, subovali; anfractibus sex (primo
magno), spiralitér striatis ; epidermide fusca aut brunneo-
castanea.

2. sulcatus. Testa crassa, sutura profunda; anfractibus quin-
que, impresso-sulcatis ; epidermide flava, viridescente aut
sordidé viridescente.

3. rudis. Testa crassa, sutura profunda ; anfractibus quingue,

186 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

tumidis, spiralitér et tenuitér elevato-striatis, et transver-
sim crenulatis; epidermide grisea, viridescente, rubes-
cente, fuscescente aut intensé brunned, nonnunquam fas-
ciata.

4. tenebrosus. Testa glabra, sutura profunda ; anfractibus
sex, tumidis; epidermide rugulosa, grisea aut ferruginea.

5. petricola. 'Testa moderatim elevata, sutura profunda, crenu-
lata; anfractibus quingue, planiusculis ; epidermide pro-
fundé purpureo-brunnea, nonnunquam lineis aut maculis
albidis ornata.

6. striatulus. Testa epidermide atro-nigra; anfractibus quin-
que, spiralitér striatis, quatuor apicalibus, griseis ;_ striis
tribus, prope suturam, elevatis.

1. TURBO LITTOREUS.

T. testa crassa, subovali; anfractibus sex (primo magno), spi-
raliter striatis ; epidermide fusca aut brunneo-castanea.
Turbo littoreus, List. Conch. cececlxxxii. f. 43 ; Anim. Angl.

t. i. f.9; Petiv. Gaz. t. xxxvi. f. 11; Gualt. Test. t. xlv.

f. G.; Favanne, Conch. t. ix. f. K. 2; Born. Mus. t. xii.

f. 13, 14; Baster, Opus. Subsec. t. xiv. f. 1; Linn. It.

W. Goth. 169-199. t.v. f.4 ; Faun. Suec. 2169 ; Syst. Nat.

1232. 607; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3588; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.

228. t. Ixxxi. f. 106; Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 98. xe. t. vi.

f. 1; Chem. Conch. v. t. clxxxix. f. 1852. 1 ad 8; f. 1854.

a. ad d.-f. 1855. a. adg.; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 45. t. xvii.

f. 1.—t. xix. f. 2,3; Donov. Brit. Shells, exxxii.f. 1,2;

Mont. Test. Brit. 301; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 158 ;

Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vu. 74; Dill. Desc. Cat. 789 ; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 196. sp. 7; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans

Vert. vii. 47.

Animal. Os in rostellum cylindricum, obtusum, breve, pro-
ductum. Tentacula nigrescente-annulata. Pedis latera viri-
descentia, lineis fractis, nigrescentibus. Operculum testaceo-
flavidum.

Habitat in littoribus scopulosis Europe vulgatissimé. Alt. 3
une.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID. 187

Color testze rubescens aut griseo-flavus. Lineis fractis, nigris.

Shell strong, somewhat oval ; the first whorl large, spirally
striated ; the epidermis fuscous or chestnut brown. Height
one inch and a half.

Colour reddish or grey-yellow, with broken black lines.

The mouth of the animal produced into an obtuse cylindric
rostrum; the tentacles annulated with blackish ; the sides of the
foot greenish, with broken black lines; the operculum testa-
ceous yellow.

This species isvery common on all the rocky shores of Europe.
They are named periwinkles, and are eaten by poor people.
It varies very much in colour.

2. Turso sutcatus. Tab. IX. fig. 6.

T. testa crassa, sutura profunda; anfractibus quinque, im-
presso-sulcatis; epidermide flava, viridescente aut sordidé
viridescente.

Habitat in mari Cornubiensi, frequentér. Mus. nost. in Mus.
Brit. Alt. € unc.

* Shell thick, with the suture deep. Whorls five, impressly
grooved. Epidermis blackish-yellow, greenish and dirty green.
Height six-eighths of an inch.

Common in the Scilly Islands. Discovered by Mr. J.

Cranch.

3. TURBO RUDIS.

T. testa crassa, sutura profanda, aperta ; anfractibus quingue,
tumidis, spiralitér et tenuitér elevatis, striatis ; epidermide
grisea, viridescente, rubescente, fuscescente aut intensé brun-
nea, nonnunquam fasciata.

Turbo rudis, Chem. Conch. v. t. 185. f. 1853 ; Maton’s West-
ern Counties, i. 277; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxx. f. 3;
Pult. Cat. Dorset. t. xvii. f. 6; Mont. Test. Brit. 304;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 159; Turt. Conch. Dict.
197. sp.9; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii.

Habitat in littoribus scopulosis Britannie sat frequens. Alt.
1 une.

Shell thick, with a deep and open suture. Whorls five,

188 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZE.

tumid, spirally and slightly sculptured with elevated strice ; the
epidermis grey, greenish, reddish, pale fuscous or dark brown,
and is sometimes banded. Height one inch.

Animal yellowish. Tentacles of a dark yellow.

Inhabits the sea, Whitstable ; north coast of Somersetshire ;
Plymouth ; Devon; and in Dublin Bay.

4. TuRBO TENEBROSUS.

T. testa elevaté, glabra; sutura profundi; anfractibus sex,
tumidis ; epidermide rugulosa, grisea aut ferruginea.

Turbo tenebrosus, Mont. Test. Brit. ii. 303.—Suppl. t. xx.
f.4; Pult. Cat. Dorset. t. xviii. f. 15; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. viii. 160; Turt. Conch. Dict. 197 ; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 783.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi, Cornubiensi, Cambriensi et Hi-
bernico Australi sat frequens.

Shell elevated, smooth ; suture deep, with six tumid whorls ;
the epidermis roughish, grey or ferrugmous. Height half an
inch.

5. TuRBO PETRICOLA.

T. testa moderatim elevata; sutura profunda, crenulata; an-
fractibus quinque, planiusculis; epidermide profundé pur-
pureo-brunnea, nonnunquam lineis aut maculis ornata.

Turbo petreeus, Mont. Test. Brit. u. 403 ; Pult. Cat. Dorset.
t. xvill. f. 13; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 160; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 198; Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vi. ; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 783.

Habitat in mari Britannico in scopulos ubiqué. Alt. 2 une.
Shell moderately elevated ; suture deep; epidermis deep

purple brown, sometimes ornamented with white lines or spots.

Height three-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits all the shores of Great Britain on the rocks.

I have taken the liberty of changing the name of this species :
petreus signifies, according to Pliny, any substance that grows
upon a rock, such as alum, nitras, &c., which seems to me to
be inapplicable to an animal that only lives on rocks.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID. 189

6. TURBO STRIATULUS.

T. testa epidermide atro-nigra; anfractibus quinque, spiralitér
striatis, quatuor apicalibus, griseis.

Turbo striatulus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1238. No. 635; Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 3604; Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 102. t. viii. f. 10 ;
Pult. Cat. Dorset. t. xiv. f. 10; Mont. Test. Brit. ii. 306.
t.x.f.5; M.§ R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 172; Turt. Conch.
Dict.212; Elem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.; Dill. Desc. Cat. 783.

Habitat in Danmoniz et Cornubiez Australis littoribus, raris-
simé. Alt. 2 unc.

Shell with its epidermis deep black. Whorls spirally stri-
ated. The four upper whorls grey. Height one-eighth of an
inch.

Inhabits the western shores of Devon and Cornwall, but is
very rare.

Genus 83. PERSEPHONA.
Turbo Auctorum.

Testa supra aperturam, conicé elevata. Sutura profunda.
Peritrema perfectum.

Animal incognitum.

Shell above the aperture, conically elevated. Suture deep.
Peritreme perfect.

Animal unknown.

1. PeERSEPHONA RUFILABRIS.

P. testi lucida, alba, nitida; peritremate roseo; anfractibus
flavo-punctatis transversim, costis latis distantibus sculptis,
spiralitér elevato-lineatis ; interstitiis impresso-punctatis.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Cornubiensi Australi. Mus.
nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 une.

Shell lucid, white, shining. Peritreme rosy. Whorls punc-
tured with yellow, transversely sculptured with broad and dis-
tant ribs. Interstices with impressed points. Height two-
eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the sea-coasts of Devon and Cornwall.

190 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

2. PERSEPHONA SCOTICA.

P. testa anfractibus transversim laté costatis ; interstitiis ele-
vato-lineatis.

Habitat in mari Scotico, in Freto Frith dicto. Color epider-
midis nigro-purpureus, pallidé violascens aut pallidé fuscus,
lucidus et nitidus. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 une.
Shell with the whorls transversely ribbed. Interstices with

elevated lines. Colour of the epidermis deep purple, pale

violet, pale brown, lucid, shining. Height two-eighths of an
inch.

Inhabits the Scottish sea.

I discovered this new species in the Frith of Forth near the

Bass Rock, and afterwards in the Isle of Arran near Loch

Ranza.

3. PERSEPHONA GOODALLANA.

P. testa spira acuta; anfractibus costis transversis, latis, dis-
tantibus sculptis.

Habitat in mari Dorsettensi prope Weymouth. Color sordidé
testaceus, aut purpureo-brunneo-profundus. Apertura in
omnibus purpurea. Mus. Dr. Goodall.

Shell with an acute spire. Ribs transverse, broad, and dis-
tant. Colour dirty testaceous or deep purple brown. Aper-
ture in all specimens purple. Height two-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the sea, Weymouth.

Discovered by my kind and worthy friend Dr. Goodall, the
Provost of Eton.

4. PERSEPHONA CALATHISCUS.

P. testa anfractibus, costis transversis, latis sculptis; intersti-
tiis profundé impresso-punctata.

Turbo calathiscus, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 132. t. xxx. f. 5;
Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 75; Dill. Dese. Cat. 783; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 211. sp. 44.

Habitat in mari Caledoniensi, Danmoniensi, Cornubiensi et

PHYLLOBRANCHIA, TURBONIDE. 191

Cambriensi Australi rarissimé. Color epidermidis sordidé

albus aut castaneo-brunneus. Alt. 3 et 1 unc.

Shell with the whorls with transverse and broad ribs. In-
terstices with deeply impressed dots. Height one and a quar-
ter the eighth of an inch. Colour dirty white or chestnut
brown.

Tnhabits the sea, Scotland, the southern coasts of Devon and
Cornwall, and Wales.

5. PERSEPHONA PUNCTATA.

P. testa anfractibus, costis numerosis ; lineis spiralibus, elevatis,
rete efformantibus, sculptis.
Habitat in mari Cornubiensi rarissimé. Mus. nost. in Mus.

Brit. Alt. 3 unc.

Shell with the whorls with numerous ribs and spiral lines
elevated and forming a net-like sculpture. Height one-eighth
of aninch. Colour dirty white.

Inhabits the Cornish sea near Falmouth.

This new species was discovered off Falmouth in deep water

by Mr. John Cranch.

6. PERSEPHONA ZETLANDICA.

P. testa anfractibus forté costatis; lineis spiralibus, elevatis,
rete efformantibus ; rete angulis, tuberculatis.

Turbo Zetlandicus Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. x1. 194. t.
xii. f. 3: Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vii. 73; Dill. Dese. Cat.
783; Turt. Conch. Dict. 211.

Habitat in Zetlandiz mari. Color epidermidis niveus. Mus.
Montagu in Mus. Brit. Alt. } unc.

Shell with the whorls strongly ribbed and sculptured with
elevated lines, forming a nut. The angles of the net tubercu-
lated. Height one-eighth of an inch. Colour pure white.

Inhabits the Shetland seas.

This new species was discovered by Dr. Fleming at the Isle
of Noss in Shetland.

192 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

ys PERSEPHONA HUTCHINSIANA.

P. testa sutura profunda; anfractibus costis, transversis, elevatis,
et lineis elevatis, spiralibus, rete efformantibus ; rete angulis
tuberculatis.

Habitat in mari Hibernico Australi. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit.
Alt. 2 une.

Shell with a deep suture, ribs transversely elevated and with
spiral elevated lines, forming a net, with the angles tubercu-
lated. Height two-eighths of an inch. Colour dirty white.

Inhabits the sea, Bantry Bay, Ireland.

This shell was communicated to me by Miss Hutchins, a
most acute observer of seaweeds, Fuci.

8. PERSEPHONA BREVIS.

P. testa humili, fortitér spiraliter elevato-lineata ; interstitiis
angustissimis, lineis elevatis sculptis.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi Australi rarissimé. Mus. nost.
in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2; une.

Shell low, strongly sculptured with spirally elevated lines,
the interstices very narrow, sculptured with elevated lines.
Height two-twelfths of an inch.

Inhabits the southern coast of Devonshire at Bantam near
Kingsbridge.

My friend and cousin C. Prideaux, Esq., found three dead
specimens at the above-mentioned place.

Genus 84. EpHerta.

Testa seepiis moderatim elevata. Anfractus tumidi. Su-
tura profunda. Apertura rotundata postict angulata. Peri-
trema extra partes sinistras, anticas et dextras reflexum. dn-
fractus basilaris maximus.

Animal incognitum.

Shell most generally moderately elevated. Whorls tumid.
Suture deep. Aperture rounded, with an angle behind. Peri-
treme beyond the left, anterior and right parts turned outwards.
Basal whorl the largest.

Animal unknown.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 193

1. EpHerta BULWERIANA.

E. testa glabra, pellucida, conicé elevataé ; anfractibus tribus
apicalibus minutis.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Hibernico Australi raris-
simé. Mus. Dom. Dr. Goodall, Bulwer, Loscombe et nost.
in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 unc. Color epidermidis corneus.
Shell smooth, transparent, conically elevated ; the three api-

cal whorls minute. Height three-eighths of an inch. Epi-

dermis horn colour.

Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon and Ireland, and is
very rare.

This new and highly interesting species was communicated
by my worthy friend the Rev. J. Bulwer, who discovered it off
Dawlish on the southern coast of Devon, and afterwards in the
sea near Waterford.

2. EPHERIA VINCTA.

E. testa altits elevata, glabra; anfractibus quinque; apice
parvo at non acuto.

Turbo vinctus, Mont. Test. Brit. ii. 307.-—Suppl. t. xx. f. 3;
M.S R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 167; Flem. Edinb. Encyct.
vu. 75; Dill. Desc. Cat. (87; Turt. Conch. Dict. 195.
fexv.t. 90, 92:

Habitat in thalassophytis in mari Danmoniensi et Hantoni-
ensi. Color epidermidis corneus ; anfractibus omnibus fas-
clis duabus purpureis. Alt. 2 unc.

Shell rather highly elevated, smooth, with five whorls. Apex
small and not acute. The epidermis horn-coloured with two
spiral purple bands on the whorls. Height three-eighths of
an inch.

Inhabits seaweeds: Southampton, Hampshire ; Salcombe,
Devon.

3. EPHERIA QUADRIFASCIATA.

E. testa subconicd, forti, pellucida; anfractibus quinque ;
carini parva; apertura suborbiculari; peritremate anticé
crasso; margine acutissimé tenul.

K

194 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID&.

Cochlea parva, Da Costa Brit. Conch. 86?

Turbo quadrifasciatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 11. 328.—Suppl. t.
xx. f.7; M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vin. 167; Flem. Edinb.
Encycel. vii. 75; Dill. Dese. Cat. 786; Turt. Conch. Dict.
194.

Habitat in thalassophytis, in mari Danmoniensi et Cornubiensi
Australi sat frequens. Color epidermidis albidus, fasciis qua-
tuor in anfractum basilarem, duobus in alteros. Ait. $ une.
Shell somewhat conic, strong, transparent. Whorls five.

Aperture suborbicular. Peritreme anteriorly thick, margin

very acutely slender. Colour white, with four fuscous bands

on the basal, and two on all the other whorls. Height half an
inch.
Inhabits seaweeds: Salcombe Bay, Bigbury Bay, Torbay,

Devon; Falmouth, Cornwall.

Genus 85. ZACANTHUSA.

Testa anfractibus quinque inflatis. Apertura rotundata, pos-
tict angulata ad dextram. Sutura profunda. dpex mammil-
latus.

Animal ineognitum.

Shell with five inflated whorls. Aperture rounded, with an
angle behind on the right side. Suture deep. Apex mammil-
lated.

Animal unknown.

1. ZACANTHUSA RETICULATA.

Z. testa opaca ; anfractibus sex transversim et spiralitér elevato-
lineatis, exindeé reticulatis.

Turbo reticulatus, Walk. Test. Min. Rar. f. 32; Adams, Trans.
Linn. Soc. ui. 66. t. xiii. f. 19, 20; Mont. Test. Brit. n. 322.
—Suppl. t. xxi. f. 1; M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 172 ;
Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 75; Dill. Desc. Cat. 783 ; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 212.

Habitat in mari Cantiaco et Hibernico haud infrequens. Co-
lor epidermidis sordidé albus aut fuscescens. Alt. 54; une.
Shell opake, with six whorls, with transverse and spiral

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID2. 195

elevated lines, forming a net-work. Colour of the epidermis
dirty white or pale fuscous. Height one-tenth of an inch.

This species is not unfrequently found on the coasts of Kent
and Ireland.

2. ZACANTHUSA SEMICOSTATA.

Z. testa anfractibus quinque laté et tenuissimé transversim cos-
tatis ; epidermide alba.

Turbo semicostatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 326.—Suppl. t. xxi.
f.5; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 162; Flem. Edinb.
Eneycel. vii. 76; Dill. Desc. Cat. 784; Turt. Conch. Dict.
201.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi, Cornubiensi, et Hibernico Aus-
trali rarissimé. Alt. 7, unc.

Shell white, its whorls very slightly transversely ribbed ;
epidermis white. Height one-sixteenth of an inch.

_ Inhabits the sea on the southern coasts of Devon and Corn-

wall; and Seafield, Ireland.

Genus 86. LAMARCKIA.

Turbo Auctorum.

Testa spira acutiuscula. Anfractus superiores plani, basila-
laris subglobosus. Apertura ovata. Peritrema crassum, re-
flexum.

Animal incognitum.

The shell with its spire rather acute; its superior whorls
flat, the basal one subglobose ; its aperture oval ; its peritreme
thick and reflected outwards.

Its animal is unknown.

LAMARCKIA COSTATA.

T. testa alba, nitida, pellucida, apice purpurascente ; anfrac-
tibus quinque, obliqué costatis ; costis longitudinalitér sul-
catis et transversim striolatis.

Buccinum costatum, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 128. t. viii. f. 4.

Turbo costatus, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 43. t. xiv. f. 4; 45. t. xviii.

K 2

196 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ.

f. 16; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xc.; Mont. Test. Brit. 265 ;
M.& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 144; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.
vu. 75; Dill. Desc. Cat. 783; Turt. Conch. Dict. 214.
sp. 04.

Helix labiosa, Mont. Test. Brit. 400. t. xiii. f. 7.

Turbo labiosus, M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 164; Flem.
Lidinb. Encycl. vii. 76 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 785 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 203.

Turbo marginatus, Laskey, Mem. Wern. Soc. 1. t. vi. f. 13.

(3. testa altiore ; anfractibus nullo modo costatis; peritremate
tenuissimo.

Habitat in mari Europzo, /3. in estuariis. Alt. + une.

The shell white, shining, transparent; its apex purplish,
with fivewhorls obliquely ribbed; the ribs longitudinally grooved
and finely striated transversely. Height a quarter of an inch.

Inhabits the British seas. Var, /3, in estuaries.

Genus 87. Mreporta.

Testa crassa, conica, anfractibus quinque. Swtura profunda.
Apertura rotundata. Peritrema perfectum, crassum, dilata-
tum.

Animal incognitum.

Shell thick, conical, with five whorls. Suture deep. Aper-
ture rounded. Peritreme perfect, thick and dilated.

Animal unknown.

1. Mepor1a WALKERI.

M. testa opaca, flavido-alba, nonnunquam flavo-brunnea, cre-
nulata.

Turbo crassior, Walker, Test. Min. Rar. f. 34; Mont. Test.
Brit. 309.—Suppl. t. xx. f. 1; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vill. 159; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 75 ; Dill. Dese. Cat.
78) 5: Turt..Coneh,: Dict. 198.sp. di.

Habitat in mari Britannico.

Shell opake, yellowish-white, sometimes yellowish-brown,
crenulated. Height half an inch.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDE. : 197

Inhabits the British sea; Sandwich, Kent ; Bideford and
Torbay, Devon ; Dublin Bay.

2. Mepor1A DANMONIENSIS.

M. testa glaberrima, moderatim elevaté ; epidermide brunnea.
Habitat in mari Danmoniensi Australi rarissimé. Mus. nost.

in Mus. Brit.

Shell very smooth, moderately elevated ; epidermis brown.
Height three-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the sea on the southern coasts of Devon.

This very rare species was discovered by Mr. J. Cranch, and
has been found likewise by A. Prideaux, Esq. and by Mr. J.
Gibbs in the Kingsbridge Estuary.

3. MEDORIA TENEBROSA.

M. testa glabra, mediocritér elevata; epidermide nigra aut
brunnea.

Turbo tenebrosus, Mont. Test. Brit. 303. t. xx. f. 4; Pult.
Cat. Dorset. t. xvii. f.15; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 76 ;
Dill. Dese. Cat. 782; Turt. Conch. Dict. 197. t. x. f. 36,
37.

Habitat in paludibus salinis Anglize et Hibernize rarissimé.

Shell smooth, moderately elevated ; epidermis black or brown.

Height two-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits salt-marshes in England and Ireland.

Genus 88. MarGaRITES.

Testa planiuscula, apice paululim producto. Apertura ro-
tunda. Umbilicus angustus.

Animal incognitum.

Shell rather flat, its apex a little produced; its aperture
round ; its umbilicus narrow.

Animal unknown.

MARGARITES DIAPHANA.

M. testa alba, zeneo-tincta ; anfractibus quinque, basilari fusco
unifasciato.

198 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID.

Helix margarita, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 143; Laskey, Mem.
Wern. Soc. i. 408. t. viii. f.5; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii.
81; Dill. Dese. Cat. 782.

Turbo margarites, Turt. Conch. Dict. 229.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi Australi et in mari Caledoniensi
Boreali. Alt. 2 unc.

The shell white, tinted with bronze, with five whorls, the
basal one with a fuscous band. Height one-eighth of an
inch.

Inhabits the sea on the southern coasts of Devon and in the
northern Scottish sea. Discovered by Captain Laskey.

Genus 89. ZEANOE.

Turbo et Helix Auctorum.

Testa spiralitér elevata, apice mammillata. Sutura pro-
funda. Apertura ovata. Peritrema crassum, perfectum, pos-
tice rectum.

Animal incognitum.

The shell spirally elevated ; its apex mammillated; its su-,
ture deep ; its aperture oval; its peritreme thick, perfect, and
straight behind.

Animal unknown.

ZEANOE NITIDA.

Z. testa albid& aut cornea, leevi, nitida, tenui, pellucida; an-
fractibus tribus, perfectis, transversim costatis.
Turbo nitidus, ddams, Trans. Linn. Soc. t. 1. 65 ; Turt. Linn.

iv. 487.

Helix truncatula, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3659.
Turbo truncatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 300. t. x. f. 7.
Habitat in mari Dorsettensi et Danmoniensi haud infrequens.

Mus. Montagu in Mus. Brit. Alt. } vel 3; une.

Shell whitish or horny, smooth, shining, thin, transparent,
with three perfect whorls transversely ribbed. Height one-
eighth or one-sixteenth of an inch.

Inhabits the shores of Dorsetshire and Devon, and is not
very rare.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONID®. 199

Genus 90. GLAUCOTHOE.
Turbo Auctorum.

Testa spiralitér et alté elevata. dpexmammillatus. Sutura
profunda. Apertura ovata, ad dextram subacuminata. Peri-
trema anticé et lateralitér crassum, postice nullum.

Animal incognitum.

The shell spirally and highly elevated; its apex mammil-
lated ; its suture deep ; its aperture oval, somewhat acuminated
at the left; its peritreme before and laterally thick, behind
wanting.

Animal unknown.

GLAUCOTHOE MONTAGUANA.

G. testa flavescente, leevi, nitida, pellucida; anfractibus septem,
inflatis, longitudinalitér striolatis ; sutura valdé distincta.
Turbo subtruncatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 300.t. x. f.1; M.& R.

Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 178; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 76 ;

Dill. Dese. Cat. 783; Turt. Conch. Dict. 218.

Habitat in mari Danmoniz et Cornubiz, mari profundo haud
infrequens, in Caledonize mari rarissimé. Mus. Montagu in
Mus. Brit. Alt. + unc.

Shell yellowish, smooth, shining, transparent, with seven in-
flated whorls striolated longitudinally ; its suture very distinct.
Height one-fifth of an inch.

Inhabits the deep sea on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall,
not unfrequently, but is very rare in the Scottish seas.

Genus 91. Eupora.
Turbo ductorum.

Testa crassa, elevata. Apex acutus. Sutura profunda.
Aperturarotunda. Peritremanullum. Operculum calcareum.
Animal incognitum.

The shell thick, elevated ; its apex acute; its suture deep ;
its aperture round; no peritreme ; its operculum calcareous.

Animal unknown.

200 PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ.

EUDORA VARIANS.

E. testa anfractibus quinque inflatis, glabris, nitidis, coloribus
plurimis pictis et variegatis.

Turbo Pullus, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1233. no. 610; Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 3589; Borlase Cornw. 276; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 45.
t. xiv. f. 1-3; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. 1. f. 2-6 ; Mont. Test.
Brit. 319; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 162; Flem.
Edinb. Encyel. vii. 75 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 782; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 201. t. xu. f. 48, 49.

Turbo pictus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch.103. t. viii. f. 3.

Habitat in mari Europeo profundo arenoso vulgatissimé. Alt.
2 unc.

Shell with five, inflated, smooth, shining whorls, ornamented
with various colours. Height three-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the European seas on sandy bottoms, is very com-
mon, and so variable that it is almost impossible to find two
specimens exactly alike in colour.

Genus 92. Batcts.
Helix et Turbo Auctorum.

Testa crassa, alté conico-turrita. Apertura subovata ad dex-
tram acuté angulata. Peritrema anticé crassiusculum, posticé
utringué gradatim acuminatum et reflexum. Sutuwra tenuis-
sima.

Animal incognitum.

The shell thick, highly conically turrited ; its aperture some-
what oval at the left side, acutely angulated ; its peritreme an-
teriorly thick, very gradually acuminated on each side posteri-
orly where it is reflexed ; its suture very slight.

Animal unknown.

1. BALcIs LZVIS.

B. testa anfractibus tredecim, albissimis, nitidissimis, opacis,
glabris.

Turbo levis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 130. t. Ixxxix. Figura supe-
rior; Turt. Linn. iv. 497.

PHYLLOBRANCHIA. TURBONIDZ. 201

Helix polita, Pult. Cat. Dorset, 49. t. xix. f.15; Mont. Test.
Brit. 398; M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 210.

Turbo politus, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 75 ; Dill. Desc. Cat.
781; Turt. Conch. Dict. 217.

Strombiformis albus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 116.

Turbo albus, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. elxxvii.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Cornubiensi. Alt. Z une.
Shell with thirteen, very white, very shining, smooth, opaque

whorls. Height seven-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the sea on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall.

2. BALCIS TESTACEA.

B. testa anfractibus novem, testaceis, angustissimis, glaberrimis,
nitidis.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi Occidentali rarissimé. Mus.
nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. = une.

Shell with nine testaceous, very narrow, very smooth, shi-
ning whorls. Height five-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the western coasts of Devon, but is extremely rare :
it was discovered by Mr. J. Cranch in the Plymouth Sound in
deep water by an oyster-dredge ; he found five living specimens
in one day, but although he afterwards tried near the same
place he could never find any more of them.

3. BALCIS ARCUATA.

B. testa arcuata ; anfractibus duodecim, ferrugineis, nitidissimis,
opacis, glaberrimis.
Habitat in mari Cornubiensi et Danmoniensi Australi. Mus.
Montagu et nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 une.
Shell curved, with twelve ferruginous, very shining, very
smooth, opaque whorls. Height two-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon and Cornwall.
This species is equally common with B. /evis, and was sup-
posed by Montague to be the young of that species.

202 ANTROBRANCHIA.

ORDER V. ANTROBRANCHIA.

Cyclostoma Lamarck, Cuvier, &e.

Branchie reticulate, non elevate, ad cavitatem sacciformem
adhzerentes. Corpus spirale. Testa spiralis. Operculum tes-
taceum. Os rostriforme. TYTentacula duo, ad basin externé
dilatata, oculigera. Sexus distinctus, oviparus.

The branchie are reticulated, not elevated, adhering to a
sack-shaped cavity. The body spiral; the shell spiral; the
operculum testaceous; the mouth rostriform ; tentacles two ;
the base externally dilated, bearing the eyes. The sexes di-
stinct, oviparous.

This Order contains several genera, which have been arranged
together under the general denomination of Cyclostoma. One
genus only occurs in Great Britain, which contains three Euro-
pean species. All the genera inhabit dry sandy situations ; the
greater number living in tropical countries.

Genus 93. CycLOSTOMA.

Cyclostoma Lamarck, Cuvier, &c.
Turbo ductorum.

Testa spiralis, apice obtusiuscula. dpertura arcularis, li-
bera, ad dextram acuminata. Peritrema nullum. Umbilicus
centralis, perforatus. Operculum testaceum, spirale. Sutura
profunda.

Animal: os rostriforme. Rostrum annulatum. Tentacula
cylindrica, ad basin externé abrupté dilatata, oculigera. Oculi
prominuli,

Shell spiral, its apex rather obtuse. Aperture circular and
free, acuminated at the right side. Peritreme none. Umbili-
cus central, perforate. Operculum shelly, spiral. Suture deep.

Animal. Mouth rostriform. Rostrum annulated. Tenta-
cles cylindric, externally at their base abruptly dilated, bearmg
the eyes. Eyes prominent.

SPARTZBRANCHIA. 205

CYCLOSTOMA ELEGANS.

C. testa ovato-conica. Anfractibus ventricosis, longitudinaliter
et transversim elevato-striatis, rete efformantibus, striis trans-
versis, minoribus sculptis.

Turbo elegans, Lister, Conch. xxvii. f. 25; Anim. dang. t. i.
f. 5; Act. Ang. 105. f. 2; Mont. Test. Brit. 342.—Supp.
t. xxl. f. 7; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 167 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encyel. vii. 72; Dill. Dese. Cat. 781 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 206.

Nerita elegans, Miill. Verm. 181. no. 368.

Turbo tumidus, Penn. Brit. Zool. 128. t. Ixxxii. f. 110.

Turbo striatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 86. t. v. f. 9.

Cyclostoma elegans, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.
148.

Animal cinereum, lateribus subverrucosis, ceeruleo-nigrican-
tibus. Tentacula griseo-cinerea, apice subpellucida. Oculi
atri. Dorsum transyersim annulatum.

Habitat in cretaceis et sabulosis vulgaris. Alt. 2 unc.

Shell conically oval. Whorls ventricose, longitudinally and
transversely striated with elevated lines, forming a net, the
transverse strize smallest. Height five-eighths of an inch. .

Animal ash-colour, with the sides subverrucose, blue-black.
Tentacles greyish ash-colour, somewhat pellucid at their apices.
Eyes black. Back annulated transversely.

Inhabits chalky and sandy situations.

ORDER VI. SPARTA BRANCHIA.

Valvata et Paludina 4uctorum.

Branchie fasciculis filamentorum ad cayitatem branchialem
adheerentibus. Corpus conicum. Testa conica. Os rostri-
forme, mandibulis duabus instructum. Tentacula duo, ad
basin externé dilatata, oculigera. Sewus distinctus, ovo-vivi-
parus.

The branchiz are composed of bundles of filaments adhering

204 SPARTZBRANCHIA.

to the branchial cavity. The body conic; the shell conic ;
the mouth rostriform, furnished with two mandibles ; two ten-
tacles dilated at their base externally bearing the eyes. The
sexes are distinct, ovo-viviparous.

All the animals of this Order inhabit fresh waters, in ponds,
rivers, or marshes. Of their economy nothing is known.

Synopsis Generum.

Testa spira depressa, infra apertissime umbi-

CAMA oe et btw ae see pe es ee
Testa elevata. Sutura profunda. Apertura

rotunda 21... os cme po Seve es oe | ee
Testa conicé elevata. Spira acuta. Sutura

protunda........ 96. Biruynta.

All the pals of fig Or au are OVO-V Sass and. have two
tentacles more or less contractile ; the right tentacle is thicker
than the other, and is pierced at its extremity for the exit of
the verga. Between the tentacles is situated a fleshy short cy-
lindric rostrum.

The aperture leading to the branchial cavity is situated on
the anterior margin of the mantle ; the branchiz, rectum, the
canal from the mucous gland and the matrix of the female are
situated on the right side. The matrix terminates below in a
fleshy hollow tubercle.

The tongue is small and spinous; the salivary glands are
very large ; the cesophagus rather long and straight ; the sto-
mach is very large, and is divided into many different cavities ;
the intestine passes upwards near to the fleshy mass of the
mouth, it turns backwards behind the heart, and makes one
turn before it forms the rectum.

The branchie are composed of three ranges of conic filaments
arranged very regularly.

The brain is formed of two lobes connected by one slender
nervous fibre ; the branchial nerve passes under the cesophagus
and joins the right lobe; the other nerves are nearly similar to
those of the families Purpuride and Turbinide.

The verga is cylindric, very thick, surrounded with annular

SPARTEBRANCHIA. 205

fleshy fibres, and, as I have mentioned above, passes through
an opening in the right tentacle. The testicle occupies that
space of the spiral portion which contains the matrix and ovary
in the female.

In both sexes there is a projecting fleshy line below the right
tentacle, which passes under it to the bottom of the branchial
cavity, is again continued and terminates in an aperture at the
bottom of the matrix.

Genus 94. VALVATA.
Valvata, Miiller, Draparnaud, Cuvier.

Testa spira depressa, infra apertissime umbilicata.

Animal : os tubulosum, superné quasiarticulatum. Tenta-
cula setacea, apice obtusa, superné ad basin oculigera. Bran-
chie plumosze, retractiles. Pes antice bilobatus ; lobi acumi-
nati. Processus carneus ad corporis dextrum setaceus, ad
apicem obtusus, tentaculiformis.

Shell with depressed spire, beneath very widely umbilicated.

Animal. Mouth tubulose, upper aspect as if articulated.
Tentacles setaceous, their extremities obtuse, bearing the eyes
on the upper aspect of their bases. Branchize plumose, retrac-
tile. Foot anteriorly bilobate, lobes acuminate. A fleshy pro-
cess arises from the right side of the body, of a setaceous form,
with an obtuse extremity resembling a tentacle.

1. VaALvATA MULLERI.

V. testa spira subelevata; anfractibus quatuor, planatis, trans-
versim striatis ; apertura subreflexa ; umbilico lato.

Valvata cristata, Mill. Verm. Hist. 1. 198; Cuv. Reg. Anim.
rege a

Helix cristatus, Mont. Test. Brit. u. 460. vig. 1. f. 7, 8.

Turbo cristatus, M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 169 ; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 883 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 227.

Valvata Planorbis, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 41. t. i. f. 34, 35.

Planorbis cristatus, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 69.

Habitat in paludibus vulgaris. Diam. ;% unc.

206 SPARTZBRANCHIA.

Shell with the spire slightly elevated. Whorls four, flattened
and transversely striated ; aperture somewhat reflexed ; umbili-
cus wide. Diameter three-sixteenths of an inch.

Colour horny, sometimes tinged with greenish or greenish-
testaceous.

Animal black ; tentacles, lateral appendage and lobes of the
foot pale bluish-black, terminating with hyaline; eyes very
black.

This species is common in ponds and ditches round London
and Bristol. I have observed it in some of the ponds near
Edinburgh. It appears to be a generally diffused species.

2. VALVATA FONTINALIS.

V. testa spira elevata ; anfractibus quinque, teretibus, transver-—
sim striatis ; sutura angusta, profunda; umbilico angusto.
Turbo fontinalis, Mont. Test. Brit. 348. t. xxii. f.4; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 160; Turt. Conch. Dict. 207.

Cyclostoma obtusum, Drap. Hist. des Moll. 33. t. i. f. 14.
Lymneea fontinalis, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 78?
Habitat in aquis lenté fluentibus et in fontibus. Diam. + unc.

Shell with the spire elevated ; whorls five, rounded, trans-
versely striated ; suture narrow and deep; umbilicus narrow.
Diameter one-fourth of an inch.

Colour pellucid-horny, often tinted with greenish.

Animal pale cinereous ; sides of the tentacles, upper part and
sides of the head and neck, upper aspect of the anterior lobes
of the foot freckled with brownish, and sometimes with whitish ;
middle or centre of the tentacles often whitish or purely hya-
line ; eyes very black.

Inhabits slowly flowing waters and fountains. Is by no
means uncommon round London, Bristol and Exeter. It is
found also in Duddingstone Loch near Edinburgh.

Genus 95. PALUDINA.

Paludina, Lamarck, Cuvier, Say.
Vivipara, De Montfort.

Testa elevata. Sutura profunda. Apertura rotundata.

SPARTHEBRANCHIA. 207

Animal : os rostriforme. Tentacula compressa, ad apices acu
‘minata, ad basin extern’ abrupt dilatata, oculigera. Operculum
corneum.

Shell elevated. Suture deep. Aperture round.

Animal. Mouth rostriform. Tentacles compressed, acu-
minated at their extremities, at their bases externally abruptly
dilated, and bearing the eyes. Opereulum horny.

The young animals swim in the water in the same manner as
the Limnade.

1. PALUDINA VULGARIS.

P. testa spira elevata ; anfractibus ventricosis, transversim stria-
tis, et longitudinaliter fusco-fasciatis ; sutura mediocri.
Helix vivipara, List. Anim. Ang. t. u. f. 18; Conch. t. exxvi.

f. 26; Act. Angl.t.ev.f.17; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxxvii. ;

Mont. Test. Brit. 386; M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii.

205; Dill. Desc. Cat. 883; Turt. Conch. Dict. 59.
Nerita vivipara, Miill. Verm. 1. 182. no. 370.

Cochlea vivipara, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. \xxi. t. vi. f. 2.

Cyclostoma viviparum, Drap. Hist. des Moll. Terrest. et Fluv.
ae tat: f. 16.

Vivipara fluviorum, De Montfort, 246.

Limneea vivipara, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vi. 77.

Helix compactilis, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 48. 'Testa junior.

Paludina vivipara, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.

173.

Animal nigrum. Caput et tentacula maculis paryis, distine-
tis notata. Pes et /atera punctulis confiuentibus irroratis.
Habitat in fluviis lente fluentibus, stagnis et paludibus, vulgaris.

Shell with the spire elevated ; whorls ventricose, transversely
striated and longitudinally banded with fuscous. Suture mode-
rate.

Animal black; head and tentacles marked with distinct,
small spots; foot and sides sprinkled with confluent little points.

Inhabits rivers flowing gently, ponds and marshes. Found
in abundance in the Thames near Lambeth Church, and like-
wise near Battersea Fields at low tide.

208 SPART EBRANCHIA.

2. PaLupIna ACHATINA.

P. testa spira depressiusculd ; anfractibus ventricosis, transver-
sim striatis, et longitudinaliter fusco-fasciatis.

Nerita fasciata, Miill. Verm. 182. no. 369.

Cyclostoma achatina, Drap. Hist. des Moll. Terrest. et Fluv.
36. t.1. f. 18; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.
174.

Paludina achatina, Brug. Encycl. Méth. t. eecclvii. f. 1. a, 6.

Helix fasciata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3646. no. 106; Gualt. Test.
tot. M.. : Seba; Mus. ii. t. xxxixif.S37 344
Animal, corpore nigricante, cinereo-flavo sparsum ; punctis

confluentibus. Tentacula aterrima fulvo-punctata. Oculi

atri.

Habitat in fluvio Camo vulgatissima.

Shell with the spire depressed ; whorls ventricose, trans-
versely striated, and longitudinally banded with fuscous-brown.
Animal: body blackish, sprinkled with greyish yellow spots ;
the spots confluent. Tentacles deep black, spotted with fulvous.

Eyes black.

Inhabits the river Cam.

This species was first discovered as a British species by my
friend, J. S. Henslow, Esq., Professor of Geology in the Uni-
versity of Cambridge : it is found plentifully in the river Cam.

Genus 96. BirHynta.
Cyclostoma Draparnaud.

Testa conicé elevata. Spira acuta. Sutura profunda.

Animal tentaculis duobus elongatis apicem versus gradatim
attenuatis, acutis, ad basin externé subabrupté dilatatis, oculi-
geris. Ocul parvi, vix convexi. Operculum testaceum, pos-
ticé in angulum productum, nucleo ceutrali.

Shell conically elevated. Spire acute. Suture deep.

Animal with two elongated tentacles gradually attenuated
towards their extremities, at their bases somewhat abruptly
externally dilated and bearing the eyes. . Eyes small, scarcely

SPARTZBRANCHIA. 209

convex. Operculum testaceous, produced into an angle be-
hind, with the nucleus central.

1. BiIrHyNIA JACULATOR.

B. testa anfractibus sex moderatim tumidis ; sutura moderatim
profunda.

Helix tentaculata, Linn. Syst. Nat. xxu. 1249; Faun. Suec.
2191; Penn. Brit. Zool. 140. t. Ixxxvi. f. 140; Chem.
Conch. ix. t. exxxv. f. 1245; Pult. Cat. Dorset, 49. t. xx.
f.12; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xcii.; Mont. Test. Brit. 389 ;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 220; Dill. Dese. Cat. 882 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 68.

Nerita jaculator, Mill. Verm. ii, 185. no. 372.

Turbo nucleus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 91. t. v. f. 12.

Turbo pullus, Walk. Test. Min. Rar. f. 33.

Cyclostoma impurum, Drap. Hist. des Moll. Terrest. et Fluv.
amt. 1. 7. 19.

Limneea tentaculata, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 78.

Animal cinereum, caput et collum flavo-punctata. Tenta-
eula cinerea, pallida, olivaceo-irrorata. Pes superné pallidé-
nigricans, margine pallidiore aut cinereo, flavo-sparso punctis
seepissimé confluentibus.

Habitat in fluviis. Alt. 4 unc.

Shell moderately elevated, with six whorls moderately tumid.
Suture moderately deep. Height half an inch.

Animal ash colour, head and neck spotted with yellow.
Tentacles ash colour, pale, sprinkled with olive. Foot pale
black above, margin paler or grey, spotted with yellow. Spots
generally confluent.

Inhabits rivers. The Thames, the Avon, and the Exe.

2. Biruaynia LEACHII.

B. testa alté elevaté; anfractibus quinque ventricosis; sutura
valdé profunda.
Turbo Leachii, Shep. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv. 152.
Animal cinereum, caput et collum superné nigrescentia, fla-
vido-punctata. Tentacula longissima, cinerea, pallidé olivaceo

210 SPARTZBRANCHIA.

irorata. Pes cinereus, hyalinus, opaco-albido irroratus, fascia
utrinque supra é punctulis flavidis effecta.
Habitat in paludibus prope Londinum, communis.

Shell with its spire very much elevated, with five ventricose
whorls, with its suture very deep.

Animal ash colour, head and neck blackish above, spotted
with yellow. Tentacles very long, ash colour, sprinkled with
pale olive. Foot hyaline, ash colour, sprinkled with opaque
whitish, with a band on each side above formed of yellow
punctulations.

Inhabits the marshes in the neighbourhood of London, and
is very common also in ditches near the Surrey Canal. It has
since been found in Campsey Mere and Holbrook Stream in
Suffolk by my learned and worthy friend the Rev. R. Shep-
pard.

3. BITHYNIA INFLATA.

B. testa-spira alté elevata; anfractibus quinque valde inflatis ;
sutura valdé lata et valde profunda.

Animal pallidé testaceum aut cimereum, nigrescente punctu-
latum. Tentacula longissima, cinerea, olivaceo irrorata. Pes
cinereus, hyalinus, albido irroratus; fascia utrinque supra et
punctulis nigricantibus aut flavidis effecta.

Habitat in stagnis; et in paludibus inter Bexhill et Castellum

Pevensey dictum vulgatissimé.

The shell with its spire very much elevated; with five im-
flated whorls, with its suture very broad and very deep.

The animal pale, testaceous or cinereous, punctulated with
pale black dots. The tentacula very long, cinereous, sprinkled
with olive. The foot cinereous and hyaline, sprinkled with
whitish, with a band on each side above formed of blackish or
yellowish dots.

I discovered this new species in a small pool near William
the Conqueror’s table near Hastings, and afterwards very
abundantly in the marshes between Bexhill and Pevensey Castle
and in the moat on one side of the Castle.

-ASPIDOBRANCHIA. FISSURELLAD#. 211

ORDER VII. ASPIDOBRANCHIA.

Scutibranches Cuvier.

Branchia & foliis plurimis efformata, sub testa posita.
Testa exterior, non operculata. Sexus androgynus.

Branchia formed of many leaves, placed beneath the shell.
Shell exterior, not operculated. Sex androgynous.

Synopsis Familiarum.

Fam. 1. FissurELLADE&. Testa clypeiformis, conico-ele-
vata aut depresso-conica, subtis cava; vertice perforato ; fora-
mine ovato vel oblongo.

Fam. 2. EmarGinuLtap&. Testa conico-elevata, anticé
fissa; vertice recurvo.

Fam. 3. Caputipa. Testa conica, integra.

FAMILY I. FISSURELLADZ.

Testa clypeiformis aut depresso-conica ; vertice perforata ;
foramine ovato vel oblongo.

Animal: caput et collum libera. Os rostriforme, retractile,
maxillis nullis. Yentacula duo, conica, oculis ad basin exter-
nam, Pallium lateraliter dilatatum, intus teste marginem
undique impositum, subtus branchias ferens, extra testam semper
prominulum. Branchie duze, superné pectinatze, é cavitate
branchiali utroque latere colli prominentes. Pes latus, ovalis.
Anus ad medium colli basis exeuns. Cor supra collum locatur.
Cerebrum circa collum nervorum ramos angustos anticé et pos-
ticé mittens, et a circuli parte inferiore rami duo ad viscera et
pedem descendunt.

Di ASPIDOBRANCHIA. FISSURELLADE.

The shell shield-shaped or depressed-conic ; its vertex per-
forated ; its foramen oval or oblong.

The animal with the head and neck free. The mouth rostri-
form and retractile without jaws. Two conic tentacles bearing
the eyes at their external bases. The mantle is dilated late-
rally, lining the interior margin of the shell, bearing the bran-
chize underneath, and always projecting beyond the margin of
the shell. The branchize two, pectinated above and very promi-
nent from the branchial cavity on each side of the neck.
The foot is broad and oval. The anus terminates at the middle
of the base of the neck. The heart is situated laterally above
the neck. The brain sends round the neck some slender
branches of nerves anteriorly and posteriorly, and from the in-
ferior part of the nervous circle descend two branches to the
viscera and the foot.

Synopsis Generum.

Testa patelliformis, vertice perforata.... 97. FissuRELLA.
Testa conica, elevata, vertice recurvo, ante
verticem perforata ....0.... 0. 2..2.. 98. Cumommpae

Genus 97. FissuRELLA.
Fissurella, Lamarck, Cuvier.

Testa patelliformis, clypeiformis, aut depresso-conica, subtis
cava, vertice perforato ; foramine ovato vel oblongo.

Animal : capite anteriis truncato. Tentacula duo conica ;
oculis ad basin externam. Os terminale, simplex, maxillis
nullis. Pes latus, crassissimus.

The shell limpet-shaped, shield-shaped or depressedly conic,
hollow below, the apex perforated, the aperture oval or oblong.

The animal with its head truncated anteriorly, two conic
tentacula bearing the eyes at their external bases; the mouth
terminal, simple, without jaws ; the foot broad and very thick.

1. FissuRELLA GRAECA.

F. testa ab apice ad basin costata, costis lineis circularibus
elevatis superficiem cancellatam efficientibus.

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. FISSURELLAD. ANS

Patella greeca, Lister Conch. t. ececexxvi. f. 1, 2; Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 144. t. Ixxxix. f. 153; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 52. t.
xxiii. f. 3; Mont. Test. Brit. 492; M.& R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vill. 236; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vu. 69; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 822; Turt. Conch. Dict. 141.

Larva reticulata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. t. 1. f. 3?

Patella reticulata, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxi. f. 3.

Fissurella greeca, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. 11.

Habitat in mari Atlantico, Mediterraneo et Adriatico vulgatis-
simé. Long. 3. Alt. 3 unc.

Shell ribbed from its apex to its base; the ribs sculptured
with circular elevated lines, forming a cancellated surface.
Length half an inch; height a quarter of an inch.

This species is very common; it inhabits the Atlantic, Me-
diterranean and Adriatic seas.

Genus 98. CeMoRIA.

Testa conico-elevata, ante verticem perforata. Vertex recur-
vus ; interné processu cavo, tenui, instructo, anticé directo.
Animal incognitum.

Shell conically elevated, perforated before the vertex. Ver-
tex recurved; furnished internally with a thin, hollow, pro-
jecting process.

Animal unknown.

This genus is distinguished from Fussurella by the project-
ing process within the shell under its aperture.

1. Cemorta Montacuana. Tab. X. fig. 6.

C. testa ab apice ad basim costati, costis latis, lineis circula-
ribus reticulatis.

Patella apertura, Mont. Test. Brit. 491. t. xii. f. 11 (figura
pessima); M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 236; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vi. 69 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 141.

Habitat in Danmonie et Cornubiz Australis mari rarissime.

Mus. Montagu in Mus. Brit. Alt. 3. Long. { unc.

Shell ribbed from the apex to the base. Ribs wide and

214 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. EMARGINULAD.

netted with encircling lines. Height one-eighth, length one-
fourth of an inch.

Inhabits the British sea on the southern coasts of Devon and
Cornwall. ,

The species figured in Montague’s “ Testacea Britannica,”
named Patella apertura, is not to be found in his collection ;
but I have every reason to believe that it may belong to this
Genus.

2. Cemoria FLremineiana. Tab. X. fig. 4, 5.

C. testa costis alternatim latis et angustis.

Habitat in mari Orcadensi et Zetlandiensi rarissimé. Mus.
D. J. Fleming et nost. in Mus. Brit. Long. +. Alt. 53;
une.

Shell with alternately broad and narrow ribs. Length one-
fourth of an inch; height three-sixteenths.

This highly interesting species was discovered in the Shetland
Islands by my worthy friend the Rev. Dr. J. Fleming, who most’
kindly communicated to me the specimens from which this de-
scription and figures have been made.

FAMILY II. EMARGINULADA.

Testa scutellato-conica ; vertice inclinato ; cavitate simplici ;
margine posteriore fisso aut emarginato.

Animal: tentacula duo, conica, oculis ad basin externam.
Pallium amplissimum, marginibus replicatis, testam partim ob-
tegens. Pes latus, crassiusculus.

The shell flat-conic, its apex inclined ; its cavity simple; its
hinder margin fissured or notched.

The animal with two conic tentacles, the eyes placed at their —
base ; the mantle very much dilated, its margins bent back,
partly covering the shell; the foot is broad and thick.

The organs of digestion, circulation and sensation differ not
essentially from those of the Fissurelladze.

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. EMARGINULAD. 215

Genus 99. EMARGINULA.

Emarginula, Lamarck, Cuvier.

Testa conico-elevata, anticé fissa; vertex recurvus.

Animal: tentacula duo, conica, oculis ad basin externam.
Pallium amplissimum. Pes latus, crassiusculus.

The shell conically elevated, with a fissure on its front
aspect ; its apex recurved.
- The animal with two conic tentacles ; the eyes situated at
their external bases; its mantle very large; its foot broad and
thick.

1. EMARGINULA VULGARIS.

K. testa ab apice ad basin costata; interstitiis lineis elevatis,
spinosis, transversim sculptis.

Patella fissura, Lister, Conch. t. ececexlii. f. 28; Petiv. Gaz.
t. Ixxv. f. 2; Linn. Syst. Nat. 1261. no. 778; Miill. Zool.
Dan. t. xxiv. f. 7-9; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 144. t. xe.
f. 152; Martini, Conch. i. t. xii. f. 109, 110; Born. Mus.
im savin. f. 12: Da Costa, Brit. Conch. t. 1. f. 4; Pult.
Cat. Dorset. 51. t. xxiii. f. 4; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. iii.
f.2; Mont. Test. Brit. 490; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe.
vill. 236; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 69; Dill. Dese. Cat.
823; Turt. Conch. Dict. 141.

Emarginula fissura, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert, vi.
i

Habitat in scopulos ad littora maris. Long. +. Alt. + une.
Shell ribbed from the base to the apex; interstices sculp-

tured with elevated spinous and transverse lines. Length

one half, height a quarter of an inch.
Inhabits rocks on the seashore.

2. EMARGINULA ROSEA.

E. testa ovata, cancellata, epidermide fusco induta, intis rosea ;
vertice acuto, valdé recuryvo vel subinyoluto.
Emarginula rosea, Bell, Zool. Journ. 1. 52. t. iv. f. 1.

216 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CAPULIDA.

Emarginula rubra, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.

partie u. 7?

Habitat in mari Dorsettensi Australi.

Shell oval, cancellated, covered with a fuscous-brown epider-
mis; inside rosy ; its vertex acute, very much recurved or sub-
involuted. Height three-eighths of an inch ; the length rather
less.

Inhabits the southern coast of Dorset in Poole Harbour.

This new species was lately discovered by my friend Mr.
Thomas Bell, and although I have pledged myself in the Intro-
duction ‘‘ to have described no Species that has not come under
my individual inspection,” yet as I am so perfectly assured of
his accuracy, I have in this description, which I have lite-
rally copied from his own description in the Journal above
quoted, broken my pledge for the first time. These are the
only recent Species that have hitherto been discovered.

FAMILY III. CAPULID.

Testa obliqué conica, anteritis recurva, apice uncinato sub-
spirali. Apertura plis aut minus rotundata. Impressio mus-
cularis elongata, arcuata, transversa, intus ad limbum posticum ?

Animal: tentacula duo, conica, externa basi oculis duobus.
Branchie propé collum, infra limbum anticum cavitatis unior-
dinate.

The shell oblique conic, recurved anteriorly ; its apex unci-
nated, subspiral; its aperture more or less rounded; the mus-
cular impression elongate transverse arcuate withm at the pos-
terior margin?

The animal with two conic tentacles, externally with two eyes
at their bases; the branchiee situated near the neck placed
within the anterior border of the branchial cavity in a single
series.

The animal is attached to its shell by a circular muscle divi-
ded anteriorly for the exit of its head and the aperture leading
to the branchial cavity. The branchiz are composed of many

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CAPULIDZ. 21d

straight lamelle adhering in a single transverse range at the
bottom of the branchial cavity, which is situated above the
head and neck: the branchial auricle is situated behind, under
the left extremity of this range.

The mouth is rostriform and very susceptible of being pro-
longed, and is wrinkled above with a deep groove. The tenta-
cles bear the eyes on their exterior aspect near their base.

Under the cesophagus, and before the anterior margin of the
foot, there is a kind of ruff, formed by many reflections of a
double membrane, which, when extended, probably forms an
easier prolongation of the foot for facilitating the animal when
creeping.

The anus is situated near the right side of the branchial
cavity.

The general organization of the genera composing this Family
approaches much nearer to that of the Purpuridee than to the
Fissurelladee, Emarginulade or Patelladee.

Synopsis Generum.

Testa conicé elevata. Vertex recurvus sub-

amiralis 73e... at... LOU. CAPUEUS:
Testa conica, atts lamella pr een ee in-
MN RRNEE CEE crt ec es oa cc apere eos © © 101. MiITELLA.

Genus 100. Capu.us.

Capulus, De Montfort, Cuvier.
Pileopsis, Lamarck.

Testa ad basin plus aut mints rotundata, spiraliter elevata.
Spira reflexa.

Animal, ut supra.

Shell more or less rounded at its base, spirally elevated.
Spire reflexed behind.

Animal as above.

CarpuLus HunGARICUS.

C. testa lmneis tenuibus elevatis, ab apice usqué ad basin ductis,
L

218 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CAPULIDZ.

lineis angustioribus, inter alias interpositis ; epidermide ru-

gosa brunnea.

Patella Ungarica, Lister, Conch. t. ecccexliv. f. 32 ; Linn. Syst.
Nat. xii. 761. no. 1259; Born. Mus. 414. Vign. f. D.;
Martini, Conch. i. t. xii. f. 107, 108; Gmel. Syst. Nat.
3709; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 51. t. xii. f. 7; Donov. Brit.
Shells, t.xxi.f. 1; Mont. Test. Brit. 486; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. 230; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 70; Dill. Dese.
Cat. 821; Turt. Conch. Dict. 140.

Patella Hungarica, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 143 ; Borlase, Corn-
wall, t. xxvi. f. 4.

Patella pileus Moronis, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. t. 1. ft. 7

Pileopsis Ungarica, Lamarck, Hist. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.
17.

Habitat in mari Europzano profundo vulgatissimé. Long. et
alt. 23 unc.

Shell with slightly elevated lines, extending from the base to
its apex, with narrower lines interposed between the others ;
epidermis rough brown. Height and diameter two inches and
a half.

Inhabits the deep European seas very commonly.

Genus 101. Mitevua.

Mitella, D’ Argenville.
Pileopsis, Lamarck.

Testa depresso-conica, apex acutus, interné lamella spiraliter
contorta instructa.

Shell depressedly conic; its apex acute, internally with a
spirally contorted lamella.

MITELLA SINENSIS.

Testa superficie interiore lamellis flexis instructa ; epidermide
fusca’ rugulosa.

Patella Chinensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1257. no. 749 ; Luster,
Conch. t. ececexliv. f. 32; Born. Mus. 114. Vign. f. e.;
Martini, Conch. i. t. xii. f. 111, 112; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.
vii. 69; Dill. Desc. Cat. 823.

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. PATELLAD. 219

Patella antiquata, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 51. t. xxi. f. 7, a.;

Mont. Test. Brit. 485. t. xin. f. 9.

Patella militaris, Turt. Conch. Dict. 140.
Pileopsis mitrula, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. 18.
Habitat in Danmoniz et Cornubie occidentalis, et in Caledonize

Borealis mari profundo ; testis et lapidibus adherens. Alt.

et long. 4 unc.

Shell with its interior surface furnished with curved lamellee ;
the epidermis roughish fuscous brown. Height and diameter
half an inch.

Inhabits the western coasts of Cornwall and Devon in deep
water ; it adheres generally to dead shells, and sometimes, but
rarely, on stones.

ORDO VIII. CYCLOBRANCHIA.

Branchie & foliis efformatze, inter pedes basin et pallium
posite. Testa seepe exterior, seepe multipartita, nunquam
operculata.

FAMILY I. PATELLADA.
Patella, Cuvier, Lamarck, De Montfort, &c.

Festa integra, subconica, externa, dorsum tegens.

Animal : caput et collum libera. Os rostriforme, retractile.
Tentacula duo, depressa, ad basin externé dilatata, oculigera.
Pallium \ateraliter dilatatum, intis testa marginem undique
impositum, subtus branchias ferens. Pes ovalis. duus et
oviductus ad dextram ad basin colli exeuntes. Cor anticum
supra collum ad sinistram positum.

Shell entire, subconic, external, covering the back.

Animal: head and neck free. Mouth rostriform and retrac-
tile. Tentacles two, depressed, dilated externally at their bases,
bearing the eyes. Mantle dilated laterally, applied to every
side of the shell, a little within its margin, bearing the branchize

L2

220 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. PATELLADZ.

underneath. Foot oval. Termination of the anus and oviduct
on the right side at the base of the neck. Heart situated on
the left side of the upper part of the neck.

General Observations on this Family.

When the animal is carefully extracted from the shell, and
is viewed from above, the dilated part of the mantle is seen ex-
tending equally round the whole animal. Above the base of
the mantle, and arising from the upper margin of the foot, is
a broad many-lobed muscle extending round the posterior part
of the animal, and is produced anteriorly as far as the sides of
the pericardium, where it becomes abruptly and extremely nar-
row. This muscle attaches the animal to the shell, which bears
the impression of all its lobes. The upper part of the animal
is covered by a membrane, which is perhaps a dilatation of the
mantle. It is attached on every side by the circular muscle
mentioned above. On removing this membrane, the upper
part of the neck, the terminations of the oviduct and anus on
the right, the heart within the pericardium on the left, and the
dorsal aspect of the abdomen filled with the liver, and the in-
testines convoluted in its substance, may be readily seen.

To obtain a view of the lower aspect of the interior of the
body, it is necessary to separate the foot carefully from its at-
tachment to the circular muscle, and to divide longitudinally
the lower aspect of the neck. We can then observe the ros-
triform mouth, at the base of which is seen the nervous cord
passing upwards to form the nervous collar round the cesopha-
gus. In the abdominal cavity to the nght anteriorly, is situa-
ted the spiral tongue and the ovarium, between which and the
tongue the intestines are very evident, when the ovarium is
not in a distended state; in which case they are often com-
pletely hidden.

The nervous cord above mentioned forms on each side, in the
region of the tentacles, a somewhat bilobate ganglion which re-
ceives three nerves; one from the eye, one from the tentacles,
and the third from the surrounding integuments.

Such are the characters common to the two following genera
of animals, both of which inhabit our seas.

bo
—

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. PATELLADZ. Z

Synopsis Generum.

Branchie foliaceee, imbricate, pedem et caput

undique circumdantes. Lingua spiralis.

Tentacula duo, acuminata, apiece acuta *.. 102." Parris.
Branchie foliaceze, imbricatee, pedem undique

nisi anticé circumdantes. Lingua spiralis.

Tentacula duo, acuminata, apice obtuso .. 103. Patrna.

Genus 102. PaTELua.

Patella Auctorum.

Branchie foliacez, imbricate, pedem et caput undique cir-
cumdantes. Lingua spiralis. Tentacula acuminata, apice
acuta.

Branchize composed of imbricating, foliaceous processes, sur-
rounding the foot and head entirely. Tongue spiral. Tenta-
cles acuminate, their points acute.

1. PATELLA VULGATA.

P. testa radiatim costat&é; costis irregularibus, extts luteo-ci-
nerea aut virente, inttis radiatim variegata, apice subcentrali.
Animal \ateribus pallii sordidi albidis, flavidis aut testaceis.

Pes subtus albidus, sordidus aut nigricante griseus. Tentacula

nigricantia aut grisea.

Patella vulgata, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. v. f. 40; Conch.
t. eceeexxxv. f. 14; Linn. Faun. Suec. 2199; Syst. Nat.
xii. 1258. no. 758 ; Borlase, Cornwall, t. xxvui.f. 3; Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 142. t. xxxix. f. 145; DaCosta, Brit. Conch.
Wm. t. in. f. 1, 2,8; Martini, Conch. 1 t2¥i £38; Pult.
Cat. Dorset. 51. t. xxi. f. 1, 2,8; Donov. Brit. Shells,
t.xiv.; Mont. Test. Brit.475; M.& R. Trans. Linn. Soc.
475; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu.; Dill. Desc. Cat. 1052 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 135; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans
Mert, vi. 331.

Patella depressa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 142. t. Ixxxix. f. 146.
var.

Habitat in mari Europzeano vulgatissimé, saxis adherens.
Long. 25; alt. 14 unc.

222 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. PATELLADZ.

Shell with irregular radiating ribs, without yellow, grey or
green, with variegated rays within, the apex nearly central.
Length rarely exceeding two inches and a half. Height one
inch and a half.

Animal with the sides of the mantle dirty white, yellow or
testaceous. Foot underneath whitish, dirty or black grey.
Tentacles blackish or grey.

Inhabits rocks very commonly on all the shores of Europe.

The shell is sometimes conic, sometimes more or less de-
pressed. The elevated radiating lines are always irregular in
size, and often assume the form of ribs, having smaller ribs or
elevated lines between them. In young shells the apex is placed
anterior to the centre.

The colour of the outside varies but little, but on the inside
it is very inconstant, being pale green, glaucous, yellow, testa-
ceous, reddish purple or bluish red, and radiated with dark
brown or purple brown stripes, which are often interrupted,
rarely reach the summit, and are sometimes wanting.

The conic variety is most frequently only striated, whilst the
depressed one has elevated ribs. These varieties, however,
pass so insensibly into each other, -as to leave no doubt as to
their specific identity.

The spiral tongue is beset with slightly bent rows of short
spines, each row consisting of six, the four middle ones simple.
The lateral bifid organs of mastication are composed of five
cartilaginous pieces, the superior of which seems to perform the
function of an upper jaw.

2, PATELLA PARVA.

P. testé subelongata, depressi, obsoletissimé radiato-costata,
concentricé striata, apice subantico ; epidermide cornea.

Patella parva, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. vu. t. viii. f. 11; Donov.
Brit. Shells, t. xxi. f. 2; Mont. Test. Brit. 480 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii.

Patella virginea, M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 235 ; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 1052; Turt. Conch. Dict. 136.

Habitat in mari, szepius in profundo, lapidibus et thalassophytis
adherens. Alt. $ unc.

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. PATELLADZ. pi

Shell rather elongate, depressed, with very obsolete, radiating
ribs, concentrically striated, the apex near the anterior margin ;
the epidermis horn-coloured. Length never exceeding half an
inch.

Colour white, rayed with rose-red or violet: these rays are
obscured by the epidermis.

This species is not uncommon on most of our coasts,
but generally is only to be taken alive by dredging. It oc-
curs in Salcombe Bay, Torquay, Plymouth Sound, Devon ;
Padstow, Cornwall; Dover and Sandgate, Kent; Hastings,
Sussex ; Tenby, Wales; Dunbar and Bantry Bays. It adheres
to old shells, to stones, and more rarely to sea-plants, and-is
sometimes found at low tide adhering to them.

Young shells are much elevated, and in this state are quite
pellucid, and frequently have no rays.

3. PaTreLtuaA CLELANDIANA.

P. testa subelongata, subdepressa, rufo-radiata: radiis interdum
coalescentibus (hine subreticulatis), interné ceerulescente-al-
bida; margine et apice badiis.

Patella Clelandiu, Sowerby, MSS.

Habitat in mari Hiberniensi rarissimé. Mus. D. Goodall et
Sowerby. Alt. 1; lat. + une.

Shell somewhat elongated, rather depressed, radiated with
red, with the rays sometimes coalescing (somewhat reticulated),
internally bluish-white; margin and apex chestnut-brown.
Length nearly an inch. Breadth three-quarters of an inch.

Found in Bangor Bay, Ireland, by J. Cleland, Esq.

‘Genus 103. Patina.
Patella Auctorum.

Branchie foliacez, imbricate, pedem undique nisi anticé
circumdantes.

Branchize composed of imbricating, foliaceous processes sur-
rounding every side of the foot, excepting its anterior aspect.

224 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. PATELLADZ.

1. PATINA LEVIS.

P. testa crassiuscula, opacd, seepius complanata, leevis obsolete
radiato-subcostata, apice subantico.

Patella levis, Penn. Brit. Zool. 144. t.1. f. 151. fig. inf. ;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 1043; Turt. Conch. Dict. 137.

Patella czerulea, Pult. Cat. Dorset. t. xxii. f.6; Flem. Edinb.
Encycel. 76; Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.
328.

Habitat in mari Britannico vulgatissimé ad radices thalasso-
phytorum adherens. Alt. 13; lat. t une.

Shell thickish, opaque, generally depressed, smooth, with ra-
diating ribs; its apex rather anterior. Length rather more
than one inch. Breadth seven-eighths.

Inhabits the British seas at the roots of marine plants.

Its apex is rarely elevated. Young shells are generally pel-
lucid, and are rayed with blue or chestnut: the rays are often
interrupted: in this state, the apex is placed close to the ante-
rior margin.

2. PATINA PELLUCIDA.

P. testa pellucida, leevi, elevata, ceeruleo- aut castaneo-radiata ;
apice anticé deflexa, concentricé striolata et obsoletissimé
radiato-costata.

Patella pellucida, Linn. Syst. Nat. xx. 1260; Gmel. Syst. Nat.
3717; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. m. f. 1; Mont. Test. Brit.
477; M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 233; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 76 ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 137; Turt. Conch. Dict.
137. :

(3. testa apice maculis duabus czeruleis notata.

Patella bimaculata, Mont. Test. Brit. 182. t. xii. f. 8; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soe. vii. 235.

Habitat in mari Britannico vulgaris, thalassophytorum foliis
adherens. Alt. 1 unc.

Shell pellucid, smooth, elevated, radiated with blue or chest-
nut ; its apex anterior and deflexed ; its surface concentrically
striolated, and very obsoletely ribbed. Length rarely exceed-
ing an inch.

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CHITONIDZ. 295

Colour horny ; the rays often interrupted and very variable
in colour.

Inhabits most of our rocky coasts, and adheres to the leaves
of sea plants. It is most abundant in the Scottish seas.

FAMILY II. CHITONIDZ.

Chiton Auctorum.

Testa & lamellis octo arcuatis Dorsum imbricantibus com-
posita.

Animal: caput pallio coalitum. Os labio carneo et lingud
spinosa instructum ; maxillee nulle*.

Animal: os rostriforme, breve, retractile, carnosum ; mazil-
le nulle ; lingua elongata, anticé spinis fortissimis corneis ar-
mata, postice sacco peculiari instructa. Msophagus brevis in
ventriculum superficie interiore striis elevatis dilatatur ; cana-
lis intestinalis est longissima, tenuis, et seepissimé replicatur ;
hepar est magnum, valdé lobatum; lobus in lobulis plurimis
arbuscula referentibus dividitur: inter lobos illos ventriculus et
intestinorum replicationes locantur.

Pericardium inter oviductum et viscerum cavitatis margi-
nem posteriorem locatur ; oviducti duo ad latera dextrum et
sinistrum terminant ; cor est symmetricum, ventriculorum et
auricularum duarum consistens ; ventriculi per aperturas duas,
distinctas, inter columnas carnosas, cum auriculis (quee etiam
aperturas duas distinctas habent) per aperturas duas commu-
nicant : ex corde anticé arteria branchialis exit: branchiis san-
guinem donat, et in ore per ramos plurimos terminat: arterize
branchialis sanguis in arteriam branchalem per yenas duas
magnas laterales ex hepate exit et intestinorum sanguinem fert.
In familize hujus systemate circulatio est fere eadem ut in Gaste-
ropodis aliis omnibus.

Ovarium est conicum, oblongum, lateralitér irregularitér bi-
lobatum ; oviducti duo, ad dextram et sinistram terminant.
Sewus masculinus nullus aut saltem non obvius.

* In Maxillz superiore situ Lamella cartilaginosa locatur.

~

Lv

226 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CHITONIDZ.

Branchie \amellarum minimarum triangularium composite ;
ad latera sua venee branchiales principales locantur.

Cerebrum inter oris massam carnosam et oris velum locatur ;
aspectus suus anterior a velo nervorum ramulos plurimos
recipit ; ganglia duo, utrinque nervos duos emittentes, circuli
nervosi partem anteriorem formant; ganglia duo posteriora
nervos tres recipiunt, et ramo intermedio jungentes circuli ner-
vosi partem posteriorem formant: gangliorum rami posteriores
probabilitér ex visceris et pedis musculis exsurgunt.

The shell is composed of eight arched lamelle covering the
back*.

The animal with its head jomed to the body by its mantle ;
the mouth furnished with a fleshy lip and spiny tongue; has
no jaws, but has in the situation of the upper jaw a cartilagi-
nous lamella.

The mouth of the animal is rostriform, short, retractile and
fleshy ; lip without jaws, and a spiny tongue, with a peculiar
sac at its base: the cesophagus is short, dilated into a stomach
whose inner surface has elevated ridges; the intestinal canal is
very long, very slender, and very often replicated ; the liver is
very large with many lobes divided into many smaller lobes
resembling little trees: between these lobes are placed the sto-
mach and the reflections of the intestine.

The pericardium is situated between the oviduct and the pos-
terior margin of the cavity containing the viscera: the heart is
symmetrical, consisting of two ventricles and two auricles ; the
ventricles each of them has two very distinct orifices with the
auricles, which have two similar orifices. Out of the heart
anteriorly passes out the branchial artery, which, after supply-
ing the branchiz (gills) with blood, terminates at the head
with many minute branches: the branchial artery receives the
blood from the lateral veins and distributes the blood to the
liver and the intestines.

The branchiz are composed of small triangular lamelle ; on
their sides the principal branchial veins are situated.

The brain is situated between the fleshy mass of the mouth

* Accidental varieties have seven or six valves, which have been consi-
dered as distinct species.

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CHITONID. 227

and the veil of the mouth; its anterior aspect receives from
the veil many small branches of nerves: two ganglia situated
on each side below the brain ; each of them sends off two nerves,
which, joining together, form the anterior part of the annular
circle of nerves: the two posterior ganglia each receives three
nerves, and are connected to each other by an intermediate
nervous branch, which forms the posterior part of the nervous
circle, and renders it perfect: these nervous branches, which join
the ganglia behind, most probably rise out of the viscera and
the muscles of the foot. Although my friend Professor Cuvier
and myself have exerted all our endeavours to trace the origin
of these nerves, we have been unsuccessful ; owing to the exotic
specimens we dissected being so much hardened by the spirit
in which they were preserved, as completely to baffle us. I
have however been enabled to trace their origin a very little
more than Baron Cuvier.

Synopsis Generum.

Membrana lateralis squamosa .... 104. LEPIDOPLEURUS.
Membrana lateralis spinularum fasci-

SM MIGETUCEA, 2 re. 105. ACANTHOCHATES.
Membrana lateralis tomentosa, _his-

pida aut rugulosa ............ 106. Cuiton.

Genus 104. LEPIDOPLEURUS.

Testa membrana laterali squamosa.
Shell with its lateral membrane covered with scales.

1. LEPIDOPLEURUS ALBUS.

L. testa alba, dorso tuberculis minutis elevatis sculpta ; mem-
brana laterali squamis rugulosis sculpta.

Chiton albus, Linn. Syst. Naé. xii. 1107.no. 8; Chem. Conch.
8. t. xevi. f. 817; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 25. t.1.f. 5; Mont.
Test. Brit.4; M.&R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 22. t. 1. f. 4;
Flem, Edinb. Encycel. vii. ; Dill. Desc. Cat.11; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 35.

Habitat in mari Europzeano vulgaris, thalassophytis et conchis
adherens. Long. 2 unc.

228 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CHITONID.

Shell white ; back with minute elevated tubercles ; the lateral
membrane with rugulose scales. Length two-eighths of an
inch.

Inhabits the European seas; is very common: it adheres to
sea-weeds and shells.

2. LEPIDOPLEURUS PUNCTULATUS.

L. testa obtusé carinata, viridescente aut rufescente sordidé
albido variegata ; membrana laterali squamis imbricatis ex-
cavato-punctulatis.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi Occidentali et Caledonia Australi
rarius. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit. Long. 3 une.

Shell obscurely carinated, greenish or reddish, variegated
with pale dirty white; the scales of the lateral membrane im-
bricated, with very small excavated punctures. Length half
an inch.

This species is found on the shores of the Plymouth Sound,
the shores of the Isle of Arran and the Mull of Cantire in Scot-
land. It was first discovered by my cousin C. Prideaux, Esq. ;
I afterwards found it occasionally in the above-mentioned loca-
lities.

3. LEPIDOPLEURUS CARINATUS.

L. testa carinata, tuberculis minutissimis sculpta; membrana
laterali squamis minutissimis glabris.
Habitat in mari Hiberniensi rarissimé. Mus. nost. in Mus.

Brit. Long. © unc.

Shell carinated, sculptured with very minute tubercles ; the
scales of the lateral membrane very minute and smooth. Length
six-eighths of an inch.

This species was first discovered by Miss Hutchings off Ban-
try in Bantry Bay: she gave me one specimen, and I after-
wards found a few in Dingle Bay on the southernmost coast of
Ireland.

Genus 105. ACANTHOCHATES.

Testa membrana laterali spinularum fasciculis instructa.

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CHITONID. 229

Shell with its lateral membrane furnished with bundles of
little spines.

ACANTHOCHZETES VULGARIS.

A. testa carinata, elevato-tuberculata, tuberculis planis sculpta.
Chiton fascicularis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1106. no. 4; Chem.
Conch. 10. t. clxxiii. f. 1638 ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 1106 ; Pult.
Cat. Dorset. 25. t. 1. f.2; Brug. Encycl. Méth. t. clxui.
f.15; Mont. Test. Brit.5; M. & R. Trans. Iinn. Soc. 20.
t.1.f.1; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vi.; Dill. Desc. Cat. 8;
Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 16. t. ii. f.6; Turt. Conch. Dict. 34 ;
Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. 321.
Habitat in mari Europzeano vulgaris, lapidibus et saxis adhe-
rens. Long. 4 unc.
Shell carimated, with elevated plain tubercles. Length
rather more than half an inch.
Inhabits the seas of Europe, and is very commonly found
adhering to rocks and stones.

Genus 106. Cuiron.

Testa membrana laterali hispida rugulosa aut tomentosa.
Shell with its lateral membrane bristled, roughish or woolly.

1. CHITON CINEREUS.

C. testa cinerea, dorso lateribusque tuberculis in lineis rectis
dispositis sculptis.

Chiton cinereus, Linn. Syst. Nat. xu. 1107.no.9; Born. Mus.
t. 1. f. 3; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3204; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 25.
t. 1. f.4; Mont. Test. Brit.3; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vil. f. 4; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 76; Dill. Desc. Cat.
12; Turt. Conch. Dict. 34.

Habitat in maris Britannici littora scopulosa communis.

Shell cinereous, with its back and sides seulptured with
tubercles arranged in straight lines. Length half an inch.

Inhabits the rocky shores of Great Britain, at Salcombe Bay,
Devonshire ; Falmouth, Cornwall; Yawl, Bantry and Dingle

230 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CHITONID. ,

Bays, Ireland; the Friths of Forth and Clyde, Scotland; Tenby,
Swansea and Milford Haven, Wales.

2. CHITON FLEMINGIUS.

C. testa carinata rufa, tuberculis minutissimis sculpta.
Habitat in mari Zetlandico rarissimé. Mus. Dr. Fleming; et

nost. in Mus. Brit.

Shell carinated, red, sculptured with very minute tubercles.
Length three-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the Shetland sea; is very rare.

This highly interesting species was communicated by my
kind friend the Rey. Dr. J. Fleming, who discovered it in the
Shetland seas.

3. CHITON RUBER.

C. testa rubra, tenuiter costata, lineis tenuissimis elevatis radi-
antibus sculpta: interstitiis tuberculatis.
Habitat in mari Scotico rarius. Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit.

Long. 3 unc.

Shell red, slightly carinated, sculptured with very narrow
radiating lines; the interstices tuberculated. Length half an
inch.

Inhabits the Scottish seas; is rather rare: I have found it
near the Bass Rock at the mouth of the Frith of Forth, in the
Isle of Arran and in the Hebrides.

4, CHITOoN CRANCHIANUS.

C. testa leevi, viridescente.

Habitat in mari Cornubiensi occidentali rarissimé. Mus. nost.
in Mus. Brit. Long. # unc.
Shell smooth, greenish. Length three-quarters of an inch.
Inhabits the sea, Falmouth, Cornwall; is very rare; was

discovered by Mr. J. Cranch.

5. CHITON TUBERCULATUS.

C. testa, tuberculis numerosissimis, minutissimis, in lineis lon-
gitudinalibus dispositis, sculpta.

ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CHITONID. 231

Habitat in mari Hiberniensi Australi rarissimé. Mus. nost.
in Mus. Brit. Long. 2 unc.
Shell sculptured, with very numerous and minute tubercles
disposed in longitudinal lines. Length two-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the sea on the southern coast of Ireland; is very
rare: I found a very few specimens in Dingle Bay.

6. CHITON FUSCATUS.

C. testa paululim carinata, dorso tuberculis minutissimis in
lineis rectis dispositis sculpta ; tuberculis lateralibus indiscri-
minatim digestis.

Habitat in mari Cornubiensi Australi rarissimé. Mus. nost.
in Mus. Brit. Long. 2 une.

Shell a very little carinated ; back with very minute tuber-
cles arranged in straight limes; the lateral tubercles indiscrimi-
nately arranged. Length three-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the Welsh sea on the southern coasts: I found it
first at the Mumbles near Swansea, and afterwards found a few
more specimens at Milford Haven.

7. CHITON LAVIS.

C. testa convexa, carinata, glabra.

Chiton levis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. t. xxiv. f. 2; Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 3206; Mont. Test. Brit.2; M. §& R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. vii. 21; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 76; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 33.

Habitat in mari Zetlandico, rarissimé. Mus. D. Fleming; et
nost. in Mus. Brit. Long. 2 une.

Shell convex, carimated and smooth. Length two-eighths of
an inch.

Inhabits the Shetland sea.

Discovered by the Rev. Dr. J. Fleming in Shetland, who
communicated it to me.

8. CHITON LATUS.

2d

252 ASPIDOBRANCHIA. CHITONIDA.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi Australi rarissimé. Mus. Dr.
Griffiths ; et nost. in Mus. Brit. Long. 2 une.
Shell ovately-broad, smooth, carinated, pale fuscous brown,
its margin fulvous. Length two-eighths of an inch.
Inhabits the sea on the southern coast of Devonshire: it is

very rare, and was discovered at Torquay by my very kind friend
Mrs. Griffiths.

9. CuiToN ScorTicus.

C. testa fuscescente ovata, tuberculis mimutissimis sculpta, mar-
gine hispido.
Habitat in mari Scotico rarissimé, lapidibus et testis adhzerens.

Mus. nost. in Mus. Brit. Alt. 2 une.

Shell pale fuscous brown, ovate, longitudinally tuberculated
with very minute tubercles; its margin hispid or roughish.
Length seven-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the sea, Frith of Forth. I discovered this species
by dredging between the Bass Rock and the Isle of May.

10. CHITON VARIEGATUS.

C. testa ovata, convexa, carinata, elevato-tuberculata, tuberculis
minutissimis.

Chiton marginatus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3206; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 72. t. xxxvi. f. 1; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 25. t.i. f. 1; Mont.
Test. Brit. 1; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 21; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii.; Dill. Desc. Cat. 1098; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 33; Wood, Gen. Conch. t. iii. f. 4; Lam. Hist. Nat.
des Anim. sans Vert. vi. 321.

Habitat in mari Danmoniensi et Cornubiensi. Color pallidé
rufescens, fuscescens, albido variegatus. Long. + une.
Shell ovate, convex, carinated with very minute elevated tu-

bercles, pale reddish brown varied with white. Length half

an inch.
Inhabits the sea; Tenby, Wales; Torbay, Devonshire.

ASCIDIZ. | 230

CLASSIS IV. ASCIDLA.

Mollusca tunicata, Lamarck.
Ascidiz, Savigny, Cuvier.

The external integument of the body is coriaceous or soft,
very much organized, produced above into two cylindric tubes,
the one branchial, the other anal. This integument is reflected
inwardly through the tubes, into which it is produced, and forms
a very thin serous interior integument.

The mantle is thin, and lines the inner surface of the inner
integument and its tubes. The branchize or gills are two, re-
ticulated, and adhere to the interior walls of the mantle. The
mouth is a round aperture, sulcated, or furnished with imper-
fect tentacles, or very small teeth.

All these animals inhabit the sea.

General Observations on the genus Ascidia.

All the animals of this genus are fixed by their base to rocks,
sand, shells, or even on the bodies of other species of this
genus. All the species vary much in their form, according to
the degrees of contraction or dilatation: the surface is smooth,
tuberculated, mammillated, grooved or folded.

The animal serving as the type of this class was named The-
thyrium by Aristotle, who has described its generic character
nearly as perfectly as any of the modern writers.

Rondeletius was also acquainted with this genus and its ana-
tomical structure, but from his rude figures the exact species
cannot be determined: he calls it Menthula marina.

Linneus, in his fourth edition of his Systema Nature, has
converted the name given by Aristotle, Thecthys; and in his
sixth edition he has confused the Thethys now so named with
the Ascidie.

234 ASCIDIZ.

Bohatch* and Plancus‘, in their works, have described and
represented them with exactitude under the name Thethyrium.

Bastert has also well distinguished this genus, and names
it Ascidia, which he derives from aoxds, a pouch or budget.
He has with great exactness shown its affinity with the Ostrea,
oyster, in its anatomical structure.

Pallas § proposes the reunion of Thethyrium with Ascidium,
from which Linnzeus, in his twelfth edition, has given the name
Ascidia : it was in this edition that he has referred all the
inhabitants of the class Ginglymoconche, Bivalves, to the genus
which he names Thethys.

Baster and Pallas have both of them observed the affinity
of the Ostrea (oyster) with Aseidia.

The bodies of the species are more or less cylindric, liege
two cylindric tubes situated at the upper part of the sac: both
of them can be withdrawn at the will of the animal. One of
them is always placed on the summit of the sac: this takes in
the water, and conveys it to the branchial cavity ; and by the
same tube the animal rejects the water and renews it, when
it requires food, or water for respiration : when irritated, it
throws up the water several inches.

The second tube is generally placed a little lower than the
other; through this it also rejects the water received by the
other tube: this tube contains the rectum and the organs of
generation ; it has no communication with the branchial cavity.

The integument is generally cartilaginous; and is always
transparent, varying in thickness: it is well-organized, and re-
ceives from the body, properly so called, the branches of the
arteries and the veins, forming a most elegant network, which
can be traced by the naked eye.

Besides this outer integument, there is an inner one, formed
by the reflection of the outer one through the tubes, which
thus forms a second integument, which is very thin and serous.

The body, properly so called, is suspended in the cavity of
the sac, and is always less voluminous than the body itself
(which Cuvier thinks may probably contain, when the animal

* Animalia marina, pl. 10. + De Conchis minus notis, pl. 5 & 7.
t Opuscula subseciva. § Miscellanea Zoologica, p. 74,

ASCIDIZ. Joo

is alive, the serum secreted from the inner integuments) : it
has an entire tunic with an exterior serous lamina, which con-
tinues with the reflected membrane above mentioned ; its inner
surface is composed of a muscular tissue with innumerable
ramifications of nerves and veins; to this tunic the principal
nervous ganglion adheres.

The upper tube, which opens on the upper part of the sae,
contains only the upper part of the branchial cavity, and has
no communication with the other tube ; but its inner surface
extends to the other tunic, which contains the extremities of
the organs of generation and the rectum.

All the viscera are enveloped in a peculiar peritoneum, and
‘so is the heart im its pericardium ; hence the body, properly so
called, is divided into three cavities; that of the branchie,
which communicates with the upper aperture of the tube, at
the bottom of which the mouth opens; that of the peritoneum,
which does not communicate with the exterior by itself, but
which is traversed by the intestinal tube, at which the com-
mencement of the communication of the branchial cavity above
by the rectum at the hinder tube, is short: the covering of
the pericardium has no mediate or intermediate communication
with its exterior.

The branchial cavity is a large sac, which receives the water
containing minute animals, on which it feeds, and which is
afterwards rejected by the respiratory tube.

It is very difficult to decide whether the respiratory openings
are in the mouth or in the cesophagus. Cuvier thinks that
the superior tube, and the pharynx or cardia, which has
been termed the mouth, should retain that denomination more
justly, because the same parts in the Oysters and in all the
Bivalves have a similar orifice.

The branchial cavity has a sort of neck or tube of introduc-
tion, which is more straight than itself, in which the respiratory
tissue does not extend; it is furnished with a range of fleshy
filaments or very fine tentacles, which no doubt is to guide the
animal to chase its food. ‘It is not impossible,” says Cuvier,
“that on certain occasions the Ascidie reserve this orifice of

236 ASCIDIE.

their branchiz, that the tentacles may seem to be outside, and
that this character may be taken in distinguishing the species.”

The branchial cavity is a large sac flattened at its sides,
varying much in diameter, depth and form, in the different
species.

However different the form and disposition of the sac, the
internal tissue is always the same: it consists of an infinity of
little vessels, which cross each other at right angles in quadran-
gular masses. When viewed attentively, we perceive small
vessels coming from the transverse ones, which unite by two
extremities to the great branches, which are vertical, each of
which pass one of the sides, or at least the edges of the sac :
we must therefore conclude that one is the branchial vein, the
other the branchial artery ; one of these is near to the heart :
the valvules are perceived with difficulty ; and doubtless the
blood does not pass through this branch of the heart: the
opposite trunk is sometimes double, and receives the veins of
the body: in fact, there are many vascular filaments ; but
whether they go to the general tunic of the body or the gene-
ral tunic of the viscera, is extremely doubtful.

The left ventricle is aortic, but has no auricle at the reunion
of the vena cava with the pulmonary artery. This ventricle or
aortic heart is not always easily to be seen.

The branchize are simply oblong, are situated towards the
bottom of the sac, and are consequently equally as long as the
body: but when the branchiz are shorter than the body, they
are found in the middle of the tunic: the branchie are re-
curved, and are always situated in the middle of the tunic of
the body.

In general the position of the heart is determined by the po-
sition of the mouth, and more especially by that of the rectum :
its form is oblong, narrower at each extremity ; its substance
is extremely thin and transparent ; so much so, that it is some-
times difficult to distinguish it in the middle of its pericardium:
at one extremity it receives the trunk of the branchial veins ;
on the other, the aorta, which distributes blood all over the
body.

ASCIDIZ. ~ 237

The mouth is placed at the bottom of the branchial cavity ;
this cavity penetrates near the bottom of the tunic, and at this
part the mouth is placed.

The mouth is a simple round aperture, which in some species
is divided into grooves or short filaments, but has no lip or
tentacles properly so called.

The position of the mouth determines the position and the
direction of the cesophagus, and that of the stomach. The
cesophagus is short, and longitudinally plicated ; the stomach
is simple, moderately dilated, with slightly elevated ridges, and
its sides are pierced for receiving the bill: the intestine is sim-
ple, without czeca, and has never more than one replication.

They are nourished by very minute animals, that enter with
the water into the branchial cavity. Cuvier has observed the
débris of small Crustacea which had wounded the thin delicate
tissue, which he therefore infers is not the natural food they
generally feed on.

The ovarium is situated between the reflection of the intestine
with the liver; it is a granular whitish organ. The oviduct
is generally very much undulated, and follows the course of the
rectum, and terminates near its extremity : this position is very
analogous to that in which the eggs pass behind the upper
part of the branchiz in the Bivalves (Ginglymoconcha).

The rectum terminates at the upper tube, and it is not im-
possible that the seminal liquor passed by its excreting conduit
very probably fecundates the eggs. :

The part of the nervous system that is most visible consists
of an oblong ganglion situated in the substance of the external
tunic near the branchial tube ; it receives two branches from a
nervous ring which encircles the cesophagus. The neryous
system, according to Cuvier’s observations, varies in all the spe-
cies that he has dissected: it will be evident to those who will
look over the synopsis of the species that inhabit our seas, that
the aperture of the mouth varies much in the notches, undu-
lations, &c.; and if more minutely examined by dissection,
they would at least form sections, and probably genera.

238 TETHYDE. TETHYZ.

ORDO I. TETHYD.

The mantle adheres merely to the branchial and anal aper-
tures. The branchie or gills are equally broad, and line the
interior surface of the cavity of respiration. The branchial
aperture is furnished either with a membranaceous denticulated
ring or with a circle of filaments.

FAMILY I. TETHY &.
Tethyz, Savigny.

The apertures with indistinct rays. The body sessile.

Genus 1. AScIpIA.

GEOYPIYM, Aristotelis.
Ascidia, Baster, Linné, Cuvier, Sc.

The body is cylindric or oval, sessile, generally covered with
a coriaceous integument, produced above into two cylindric
tubes, the one branchial, the other anal: the apertures of the
tubes are undulated, or notched with indistinct rays.
*

1, Ascip1a Britannica. Tab. XI. fig. 1.

The integument smooth, cylindric, testaceous, transparent ;
its apertures undulated, ornamented with carnation spots.
Height three inches ; breadth one inch.

Inhabits the British seas ; is common on all our coasts in
deep water.

2, ASCIDIA PAPILLOSA.

Tethys coriacea, Bohad. Mar. 130. t. x. f. 1.

Ascidia papillosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1087. no. 287; Cuv.
Meém. sur. ? Anat. des Moll. t. u. f. 2.
The integument testaceous, smooth and papillated ; its aper-

TETHYDH. TETHYZ. 239

tures acutely emarginated. Height two inches and a half;
breadth nearly two inches.
Inhabits the British seas.

3. ASCIDIA MAMMILIATA.

Ascidia mammillata, Cuvier, Mém. sur ? Anat. des Moll.

The integument whitish, cylindric, smooth and mammillated ;
its apertures roundly emarginated. Height nearly three inches ;
breadth one inch.

Inhabits the British seas, not unfrequently.

4. ASCIDIA COCCINEA.

Tethys gelatinosa, Bohad, Mar. 131. t. x. f. 3.
Ascidia gelatinosa, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1087. no. 287.

The integument cylindric, blood-red, smooth and diaphanous ;
its apertures acutely acuminated. Height half an inch; breadth
three-quarters of an inch.

Inhabits the European and Adriatic seas ; is rather rare,

5. ASCIDIA GLOBOSA.

Ascidia globosa, Montagu MSS.

The integument brown, punctulated with black ; its apertures
approximating, the upper one with six, the lower one with five
fimbrize. Size of a nutmeg.

Inhabits the coast of Devonshire and Kent, on sea-weeds.

6. Ascrp1A MULLERIANA.

Ascidia conchilega, Mill. Zool. Dan. i. t. Ixii. f. 4-6; Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 3124.
The integument suboval, hyaline, azure-blue ; its apertures

approximating, acutely emarginated. Size of a small walnut.
Inhabits the British seas everywhere.

7. ASCIDIA HEMISPHARICA.
Ascidia hemispheerica, Montagu MSS.

The integument hemispheric, red; its aperture approxima-
ting and acutely emarginated. Height half an inch ; breadth
three-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the coasts of Devonshire, Kent, and Wales,

240 TETHYDH. BOTRYLLIDZ.

8. ASCIDIA MINUTA.

Ascidia minuta, Montagu MSS.

The integument reddish, subcylindric, its aperture undulated.
Height and breadth five-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the seas on the western coasts of Devon very rarely :
it adheres to shells.

9, ASCIDIA VENOSA.

Ascidia venosa, Miill. Zool. Dan. ii. t. xxv. f. 1-3; Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 3124.
The integument elongate-oval, purplish brown ; its apertures
acutely emarginated.
Inhabits the coast of England, on shells.

10. AsScIDIA ASPERSA.

Ascidia aspersa, Miill. Zool. Dan. ui. t. Ixv. f. 2; Gmel. Syst.

Nat. 3125.

The integument ovate, greenish yellow, subhyaline ; its aper-
tures acutely emarginated. Height one inch and a quarter ;
breadth nearly half an inch.

Inhabits the European seas ; is rather rare.

11. ASCIDIA LINEATA.

Ascidia lineata, Montagu MSS.

The integument cylindric, orange, with four white lines ;
the apertures undulated. Height one inch and a quarter ;
breadth seven-eighths of an inch.

Inhabits the Scottish sea on the shores of Arran, adhering
to Fuci, where I found it plentifully.

FAMILY II. BOTRYLLID.

The body incrusted ; the systems furnished with central
cavities,

TETHYDX. BOTRYLLID. 241

Genus 2. BoTRYLLUS.

Botryllus, Gertner, Savigny, Cuvier, Lamarck.

The body is generally sessile, forming a gelatinous or carti-
laginous mass, composed of rounded or elliptical projecting
annular systems, situated in a circular cavity, with a distinct
circumscription.

The animals are disposed in a simple or many concentric
series. The circular branchial aperture has no rays. The
intestinal canal is short and narrow, prolonged into an apex or
entangled with the membranaceous extensible cavity of the
systems. The thorax is oblong; the respiratory covering has
no papille on its meshes. The abdomen is less than the
thorax, is semilateral, and is entangled against the bottom of
the cavity containing the branchie. The ovaries are two, and
are placed under the sides of the branchial sac.

I. Botrylli stellati. The Animals of this section are dis-
posed in a single series or range, their bodies are cylindrical,
their apertures close together; and the branch of the central
cavity is very short.

1. Botryuuvus LEACHII.

The body gelatinous, hyaline, with many very serrated
systems, with ten or thirty cylindrical animals, with a hori-
zontal stomach.

Botryllus Leachii, Savigny, Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vert.
Resch. sur les Ascidies comp. et simp. Fas. t. 198. t. xx.
hes 3
Inhabits the British Sea. I found this new species between

Dover and Sandgate in Kent.

The body of this species is composed of a gelatinous mass,
rather flat, hyaline, tinged with reddish violet, with an infinity
of vascular tubes of a yellow colour; the systems are very nu-
merous, very much serrated, composed of ten or twelve indi-
viduals, and sometimes twenty-five or thirty; with their sum-
mits claviform, variegated with fawn and white; the branchial

M

242 TETHYDZ. BOTRYLLIDZ.

orifice white, surrounded with a colour of fawn encircled with
white ; the radial line on passing the two orifices is bordered
with white. Diameter two or three inches; the animal three-
quarters of a line.

2. BotTRYLLUS SCHLOSSERI.

The body gelatinous, semitransparent, with very numerous
systems; the animals from twelve to thirty, with their extre-
mities claviform.

Uva marina, Rondeletii Hist. Pis. Pars ii. 90.

Aleyonium carnosum, Schlosser, Act. Ang. xlix. Parsi. 1757.
no. 61 et 449. t. xiv. f. 14. A. B. C; Borlase, Nat. Hist.
Cornw. 254. t. xv. f. 1-4.

Aleyonium Schlosseri, Pallas, Elench. Zool. no. 208; Linn.
Syst. Nat. xi. 1294. no. 6.

Botryllus Schlosseri, Savigny, Mém. sur les Anim. sans Vert.
Resch. sur les Ascidies comp. et simp. Fas. 1. t. xx. f. 3.
Inhabits the European seas on the shores of England and

France.

The body of this species is composed of a gelatinous semi-
transparent mass, tinted sea-green or cinereous, the margins of
the tubes yellow-ferruginous ; the systems very numerous, com-
posed of ten or twelve, twenty or more, with their extremities
claviform, variegated with yellow and red; the branchial aper-
ture white, surrounded with large spots of the same colour.

The outer integument is yellow without any visible muscular
fibres; tentacular filaments eight as in all the other species in
this section ; four are shorter than the others and alternate with
them; the branchial sac at its upper part with red sinewy
chord; the branchize are nearly colourless, composed of six
transverse vessels and twenty longitudinal vessels more slender
than the transverse ones, excepting three which are equally as
large as the transverse ones; the branchial vein has no small
branches ; the stomach is nearly horizontal, channelled, with a
small ceecum near the pylorus; this occurs in the following
species, but it is in them smaller and more obtuse ; the intes-
tine is reflected above and passes under the superior aspect of

TETHYDE. BOTRYLLID&. 243

the stomach ; the ovaries are orbicular and white; the right
ovarium is situated higher than the left one, and is supported
at its inferior margin, under the intestine.

3. Borryuuus Saviensrt. Tab. XI. fig. 1-2.

The body is cartilaginous, transparent, purplish or greenish,
with few systems, four, five, eight, nine, ten and eleven.

Inhabits the British Sea; is very rare. During a residence
at Sandgate in Kent of nearly four weeks I found but seven
specimens.

Il. Botrylli conglomerati. The animals of this section are
disposed in many series or ranges; their apertures not close
together.

4. BoTRYLLUS CONGLOMERATUS.

The body hardish, testaceous, the animals arranged in many
oval apertures ; with the systems conic, few and small.
Botryllus conglomeratus, Gertner apud Pall. Spic. Zool. Fas.

10. t. iv. f. 6. a. A; Brug. Encycl. Méth. no. 2.
Alcyonium conglomeratum, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3816. no. 23.
Botryllus conglomeratus, Savigny, Mém. sur les Anim. sans

Vert. Fas. 1. Syst. des Ascidies comp. et simp. 204.

Inhabits the Huropean sea in deep water.

I found several specimens at a place named the Diamond
Rock between Hastings and Dover, by trawling in very deep
water.

I cannot conclude the descriptions of the species inhabiting
our coasts without mentioning that my worthy friend, Julius
Cesar Savigny, has done more for the promotion of minute
comparative anatomy than any other individual. What he has
done respecting the anatomy of the compound and simple Asci-
dize, and what he is now doing with the class Anellides, will for
ever immortalize him.

Cuvier’s anatomy of the genus Ascidia is likewise a valuable
acquisition to oar more minute knowledge of what had been
neglected for centuries.

M 2

244 GINGLYMACONCHA.

CLASSIS V. GINGLYMACONCHA.

Testacea bivalvia, ductorum.
Acephala, Cuvier.
Mollusca conchifera, Lamarck.

The body is covered by two shells, which are opened by an
internal or external hinge-formed elastic ligament, and are closed
by one, two or more muscles and elastic tendons: the hinge is
furnished with a few, many or no teeth.

The head is concealed ; it consists of a simple round aperture
generally furnished with two bilobate lips; it has neither eyes,
tentacles nor maxillee (or jaws).

The two branchize, which are thin and reticulated, are placed
at the sides of the abdomen, and are covered by lobes of the
mantle.

The mantle covers the body ; its two thin lobes protect the
branchize, and it is generally produced posteriorly into two elas-
tic respiratory tubes.

The foot is situated anteriorly, arising from the extremity of
the abdomen ; it passes in and out between the anterior junc-
tion of the mantle.

The sex is androgynous, ovo-viviparous.

General Observations on this Class.

The animals of this class have no apparent head, but merely
a mouth with a rounded aperture, and two bilobate lips con-
cealed at the bottom of the replication of the mantle: it has
no maxillee or jaws, no tongue, tentacula or eyes; it feeds on
the animalcules which are brought in with the water which
serves for respiration ; the cesophagus is extremely short ; it is
dilated into one, and sometimes into two stomachs; the intes-
tines vary much in length and diameter; they surround the
liver, which is very large; the bile passes into them generally
by many small apertures.

GINGLYMACONCHBA. Gas

The mantle is generally folded twice, and covers the body ;
its lobes frequently unite anteriorly, but are sometimes open for
the exit of the foot.

They are all furnished with two shells or valves, the hinge
of which is furnished with an internal or external one hinge-
shaped ligament which causes the valves to open, even when
the animal is removed from it; the valves are closed by one or
two muscles and two elastic tendons ; there is likewise a muscle
on each of the valves posteriorly for withdrawing the respira-
tory tubes; in the Pinnadz the abdomen and the foot are sup-
ported by two longitudinal muscles, which arise near the base
of the posterior abductor muscles (which seem to be two) ; unite
before they join the foot, sending out posteriorly and obliquely
on each side six or seven distinct branches; and after again
passing the foot, they separate and are inserted near the base of
the anterior adductor muscles (see Pl. IV. fig. 4): these mus-
cles form peculiar impressions not found in any other of the
Families.

The brain is situated over the mouth, and is composed of
two or three ganglions.

The branchize are almost always composed of two elongated
foliations or rather lamellee, beautifully reticulated with the
venous and arterial vessels, between which the water passes
for the purpose of respiration: from these branchize the blood
returns to the heart, which is generally a mere ventricle which
sends the blood to every part of the body; it returns by a
strong pulmonary artery which performs the functions of an-
other ventricle.

All these animals fecundate themselves ; the young ones are
innumerable: they remain for a certain time in cells above the
upper junctions of the mantle (which serves the functions of a
uterus and oviduct combined), until the animals are fit to pass
out of it into the world.

They are all aquatic.

All the animals forming this class are generally known by
the names of bivalve shells, from having their bodies protected
by a shell on each side of the body; these valves are most
generally connected together at their hinge by an elastic liga-

246 GINGLYMACONCHA.

ment, which has the power of throwing open the valves, even
when the animal is removed from it: they are partially closed
by the action of one or two adductor muscles, which rarely act
without the aid of one or two adductor ligaments, which are
sometimes, but very rarely wanting*. The lamella of which
these shells are formed is secreted from the serous surface of
the mantle, by which they are increased in their size during the
growth of the animal.

Their mouth is furnished with two lips, the angles of which
are produced into lobes, which hang over one another. They
have no eyes, tentacles nor maxillee (or jaws).

The organs of respiration consist of four lamellee finely reti-
culated, which are placed between the margins of the mantle ;
the mantle is often attached to the anterior lower margin of
the shell, an opening being left for the passage of water for
respiration and nutrition ; the upper one for the exit of the ex-
crement, as in the class Ascidia.

Almost all the genera are furnished with a foot to enable
them to move; in many genera they are immovably attached
to their shells, and those who need not a foot either want it
entirely or have it in a very slight degree of development.

Several of the genera have a byssus, consisting of an unra-
velled tendon, attached to the base of the foot, by which they
adhere to other bodies.

Mr. Wood, in the Introduction to his work on General Con-
chology, asserts that those without syphons, and which have a
foot, such as oysters, are of the lowest order of animated beings ;
and yet he says that they are all mollusca, and that the dila-
tations of the mantle which covers the back of the genus Cy-
preea are wings. I would ask him from what work he has
founded these ideas, which are totally incorrect ’—and again, in
his Advertisement to the same work, “that, notwithstanding
the attempts which have been made to form a more perfect
arrangement, the structure raised by the great Swedish natu-
ralist still remains unshaken?’’ I most willingly allow that it

* Jn the year 1815 I made known to the Philomathic Society in Paris
this discovery, which was published by Professor H. D. De Blainville in the
Journal de Physique of the same year.

GINGLYMACONCBA. 247

would certainly have remained so, had no comparative anato-
mists discovered and corrected the errors of that immortal
naturalist.

In the following pages it is my intention to make use of such
terms, when describing the species of shells, as indicate the
parts which relate to the animal when alive ; without using that
absurd nomenclature used by the older naturalists, which is
totally rejected by all those who are not absolutely blinded by
their zeal for maintaining the Linnzan school.

It is to the immortal Poli, that we are indebted for the
minute and accurate discoveries which have been made in the
anatomical structure and economy of this class.

248 DIMYA. MONOMYA. TRIMYA.

Familiarum Ginglymochinchorum Tabula Artificialis.
ORDO I. DIMYA.
Testz musculis tendonibusque duobus adductoribus instructee.

A. Valve ante et posticé hiantes. Pes non byssiferus.
Ligamentum nullum. Valvarum umbones reflexi et

cancellatiet 320. a ot Pde. SIS, a, ee 1. PHOLADIDZE.
Coomassie :i;..6i31, OO. Se. 5. Myapaz.
dente uno aut duobus in utraque

Ligamentum in-

VAG cro desig shel fateeek 6. PANDORADZ. ;
ternum. Cardo 7 Pht _
lamella m utraque valva; in una
solum:, aut nulla o).. acon ce 7. AMPHIDESMIDA
subelongate .... 2. PHOLEOBIAD.
Ligamentum Ginglymoidi exter- ) valdé elongate: aut
MAT FES oe Bee longissime.... 3. SOLENIDZ.

ovate compresse. 4. AZORIDA.

B. Valva omniné ciausa. Pes non byssiferus.

——-" —

f paucidentatus ...... 9. MacTRAD&.
Ligamentum ee. subtriangularis ...... 8. NucULADZ.

Cardo angulatus ...... circularis .........- 14, PecTUNCULID.
Ligamentum exter- pained Se He 10. VENERID.

num. Cardo.. lrectus ..... aloes ae Bees oe ll. UNioniDz&.

C. Valva omninod clausa. Pes ad basin byssiferus.

Ligamentum internum. f edentulus.............. 12. PEINNADZ.
Cardo rectus ......; multidentatus.......... 13. ARCADA.

ORDO II. MONOMYA.
Testz musculo et tendone uno adductoribus instructe.

A. Pes ad apicem byssiferus.

Tester eee nln Cardo Teetns, ices tone wie 1, AVICULAD&.
eequivalves. Cardo rectus ........ Pee 2. PECTINID&.

B. Pes nullus.

Teste mequivalves. Valva integra. Cardo rectus.. 3. OsTREADS.

ORDO III. TRIMYA.

Testze musculis tribus et tendonibus adductoribus
minimis in musculo adductore antico sepultis.
Bes NUS -e.c:s 60S os acdsee HS 6% 0 wh Rew ae lats ale Pe Ee

GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLADIDZ. 249

FAMILY I. PHOLADID.

Pholas, Auctorum.
Hypogeea, Poli.

Shell elongate, equivalve or slightly imequivalve, generally
gaping anteriorly, but rarely behind; internally, under the
umbones, bearing a shelly process or apophysis. Umbones
anterior, generally concealed by the reflection of the shell.
Cardinal ligament minute or wanting. Hinge without teeth.
Epidermis thin, covering the respiratory tubes, which are very
long, jomed together, equally long, with their extremities ob-
tuse. Mantle everywhere united, excepting at the exit of the
foot. Foot very short, ovately depressed, marked with an im-
pression at its extremity, as if it had been stabbed. Lip with
very long, slender and acuminate lobes. Branchiz very long
and slender, produced to the middle of the lower tube. Abdo-
men acuminate behind. Anterior adductor muscle attached to
the reflected part of the shell, and consequently performing the
function of opening the valves.

All the animals of this family habit the sea; perforating
rocks, shells or wood.

The principal characters of this Family consist in the reflec-
tion of the shell over or before the umbones; the consequent
extraordinary change in the function of the anterior abductor
muscle, which supplies the office of the cardinal ligament,
which is either wanting or very diminutive in size; the pre-
sence of a process or apophysis, in each valve, arising from the
hollow of the umbones ; and lastly the supplementary pieces of
shell, which protect the anterior abductor muscle, or serve to
give greater strength to the dorsal portions of the epidermis.

These supplementary shells I have named from their actual
position, wmbonic, when they cover the umbones; post-wm-
bonic, when situated behind the umbones ; dorsal, when cover-
ing the dorsal aspect ; and ventral, when protecting the inferior

M 9

230 GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLADID.

aspect of the animal: of the latter, we possess no indigenous
example.

The presence of these supplementary pieces, or as they are
termed, accessory valves, has caused this family to be excluded
from what in common language are denominated divalves, and
to be arranged along with Chitonide, a family of the class
Gasteropoda, and associated with the class Cirripedes or Bar-
nacles, which has not even the slightest connection with the
molluscous type. This almost incredible confusion presents to
our view but one of those innumerable inconsistencies, com-
mitted by Linnzeus, and of which the most zealous admirers will
hardly acquit the immortal author of the misnamed Systema
Naturee.

The Pholadidee inhabit the sea, and reside in perforations
which they make, by a power by no means understood, in cal-
careous rocks, slate, hard clay, or wood. These hollows have
only a small opening for the exit of their respiratory tubes.
All the species are phosphorescent, and their shells invariably
of a white colour.

Stirpium et Generum Synopsis.

Stirps 1. Testa anticé infra laté emarginata.

* Testa parte emarginatd apertd.
Testee accessorize 4: 2 umbonice: 1 post-

winbonica: °1 dorsalis.) °2"< 22 Soe! 1. PHouas.
Testa accessoria 1: postumbonica, bifida,

PaEva. OSE A as Se ee eee
Testa accessoria 1: postumbonica, longis-

sima umbones tegens .............. 3. ANCHOMASA.

** Testa parte emarginatd nonnunguam clausd.

Testee accessorize 2: umbonicee inzequales,
parce angulum delinientes . ........ 4. Capmusta.

Stirps 2. Testa anticé integra.

Testa accessoria 1: postumbonica, anticé
producta, umbones tegens .......... 5. BARnNia.

©
—

GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLADIDZ. 2

Genus 1. PHOLAS.

Pholas, ductorum.

Shell oblong below, archedly notched, gaping behind; the
reflected part hollow below and cancellated ; the hollows be-
tween the cancelli terminating in perforations ; the accessory
shells four ; two, one on the right, the other on the left, cover
the anterior abductor muscle; the third is placed behind the
umbones ; the fourth is attached to the dorsal membrane.

This genus is distinguished from all the other British ones
of the family by the cancelli terminating in perforations.

Puowas Dacty.vs.

Shell white, cancellated, the cancelli muricated, especially
anteriorly, but not at all behind.

The animal and its tracheal tubes white, spotted with pale
bluish black ; the foot saffron colour ; the tracheal tubes spot-
ted with blood-red. Length nine inches; breadth two and a
half.

Pholas Dactylus, Rond. Test. xxii. f. 2; Linné, Faun. Suec.
2124; Syst. Nat. 515. no. 2124; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3214.
no. 1; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 76. t. exvui. f. 10; Pol, Test.
1. 40. t. vii. f. 1. ad 11; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. exviu. ;
Mont. Test. Brit. 20; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 30 ;
Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 100; Dill. Desc. Cat. 35; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 143; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.
v. 444,

Pholas muricatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 144. t. xvi. f. 2.

Pholas hians, Pulé. Cat. Dorset. 26. t. iu. f. 2.

Hypogeea verrucosa, Poli, Test. i. 43. t. vin. f. 1-11.

Animal et tubi albi czeruleo-nigro pallido maculati; pede
pallide croceo; tubis trachealibus apice sanguineo macu-
latis.

Habitat in marmore, creta et ligno frequenter.

Pholas Dactylus inhabits the shores of the European ocean ;
on our coasts, especially in the chalky districts, it occurs in
great abundance; it perforates marble, wood, sandstone and

252 GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLADIDZ.

imdurated slate-rocks: at Hastings, in the indurated state, I
found a variety with the anterior margin of the shell much re-
flexed and fringed with spines in great abundance, and at first
believed that I had found a new species; but having some
doubts whether it might be distinct or not, I hired a man and
a boy with wedges and sledge-hammers, with which we broke
the rocks and found several hundreds of specimens, by which I
was enabled to prove, by comparing them, that it is a mere
variety.

The flesh of this species is greatly esteemed as delicious
food by the inhabitants of the shores of the Mediterranean, who
pay a high price for it. I am informed by my friend Dr. Good-
all that it is also eaten in Wales. I can myself vouch for the
truth of what I have here stated; for during a short residence
at Hastings I have eat them stewed, in company with some
friends of mine, and we all agreed that the Mediterraneans had
an excellent taste.

Genus 2. ZIRPH#A.

Shells subovate, with a rounded notch below anteriorly,
gaping behind ; each valve has an impressed oblique line which
forms an internal rib; the reflected portion hollow and simple
beneath ; one very short, situated behind the umbones, and not
covering the anterior adductor muscle.

ZIRPH ZA CRISPATA.

Shell nearly as far as its middle, especially anteriorly, muri-
cated, above subcancellated, with waved concentric striz below;
the epidermis very pale fuscous.

The animal whitish ; its tracheal tubes punctulated with red.
Pholas crispata, Linn. Syst. Nat, xii. 516. no. 2125.

Mya crispata, Linn. Faun. Suec. 2125.

Solen crispus, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3216. no. 6; Penn. Brit.
Zool. w.°77. t. xi. f. 12; Pult. Cat. Dors. 27. 42a
4; Chem. Conch. vii. t. cu. f. 872 ad 174; Brug. Encyel.
Meéthod. 169. t. elxiv. f. 5, 6, 7; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. lvii. ;
Mont. Test. Brit. 23; M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 33 ;
Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 100; Dill. Desc. Cat. 40; Turt.

GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLADID. 253

Conch. Dict. 146; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.
v. 445.
Pholas bifrons, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 242. t. xv. f. 4.
Pholas parvus, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xix. Testa junior.
This species is extremely common on most of our chalky
coasts, and is equally so in Scotland, where it is found in bitu-
minous slate and hard clay. Length three inches and a half ;
height one inch and three quarters.

Genus 3. ANCHOMASA.

The shells oblong, with a rounded notch anteriorly below,
gaping behind; the reflected part of each valve hollow beneath
and simple: there is but one accessory shell, which covers the
anterior adductor muscle entirely : between the umbones is an
abrupt obtuse process in each valve.

ANCHOMASA PENNANTIANA.

Shells smooth posteriorly ; behind the middle slightly, before
the middle strongly cancellated; the angles of the cancelli
pointed ; the epidermis white or pale testaceous.

Pholas parva, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 77. t. xl. f. 13; Mont.
Test. Brit. 22. t.i.f. 7,8; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 100 ;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 38; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 33 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 142 ; Wood, Gen. Conch. 1. 82; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 143.

Pholas Dactyloides, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.
445.

This species is very common in the Kingsbridge Estuary,
where it perforates wood: it has been found at Torbay and in
other parts of the western coasts ; but I have myself found it
larger and more abundant in the clay-slate rocks on the coast
of Sussex near Hastings. Length two inches ; height three-
quarters of an inch.

The abdomen is pale bluish-black ; the tracheal tubes fuscous,
their extremities ciliated with pale violet.

254 GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLADID.
</

Y

Genus 4. Capmusia. Tab. M4T- figs. 1, 2.

The shells short, equivalve: that part of the epidermis
covering the respiratory tubes is testaceous; the accessory
valves two, unequal, post-umbonic, delineating an angle. The
tracheal tubes short. The foot short and obtuse.

XI

Capmusia SOLANDERIA. Tab. MH fies. ly 2.

The shell anteriorly smooth, with elevated, narrow, rather
rough strize ; the epidermis iridescent anteriorly below, behind
and on the respiratory tubes fulvous olive.

Pholas papyraceus, Solander, MSS.

Var. a. The strize of the anterior part of the shell undulated ;
the oblique line simple.

Var. 3. The strie of the anterior part of the shell simple ; the

oblique line wrinkled (fig. 2).

Inhabits the western coasts of Devon, perforating rocks.

Having in the collection which I have presented to the
British Museum a complete series, from the youngest specimens
to the adult ones, and having likewise a complete series of all
the varieties of this species, I am confident that no one who
will take the trouble of examining this series but will agree
with me in considering them as mere varieties, forming but
one species.

I have placed in the British Museum some exotic species,
forming two or three genera, having that part of the epidermis
which covers their respiratory tubes shelly, as in this British
species.

I have named this species in honour of Dr. Solander; and
should not have changed its name, had it not been equally
applicable to species of other genera: his collection is in the
Museum of the Linnzan Society.

Genus 5. BARNIA.

Shell oblong (the left valve a little longer than the right
valve), anteriorly entire and closed, gaping behind ; the reflected
part hollow beneath and simple. Hinge in each valve with an

GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLEOBIADZ. 255

cblique process ; that of the left side largest. One large ac-
cessory shell covers the anterior adductor muscle entirely.

BARNIA CANDIDA.

The shells with radiating and concentric elevated strize, which
at their junctions, especially anteriorly, have elevated spines.
Length two inches and three quarters; height three-quarters
of an inch.

Pholas candida, Linn. Syst. Nat. xu. 1111. no. 22; Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 76. t. xxxix. f. 11; Da Costa, Brit. Conch.
246; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 26. t.1.f. 12; Donov. Brit. Shells,
t. exxxul. ; Mont. Test. Brit. 25 ; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.
100; Dill. Desc. Cat. 36; Turt. Conch. Dict. 144; Wood,
Gen. Conch. i. 78. t. xiv. f. 3, 4.

This species is extremely common on the south-western coasts
of England. It perforates wood in the Kingsbridge Estuary,
and the red sandstone at Dawlish. Length from two to two
and three-quarter inches ; height half an inch.

I have never seen the animal of this species.

FAMILY II. PHOLEOBIADZ.

Shell equivalve, subelongate, gaping either anteriorly or pos-
teriorly. Umbones anterior; hinge ligament hinge-shaped ;
hinge generally without teeth; epidermis thin, covering the
respiratory tubes, which are subcylindric, equal, very long and
attached to each other; foot very short, ovately depressed ;
orbicular muscles entirely united, excepting at the exit of the
foot.

All the genera of this family inhabit the sea, and either per-
forate rocks or shells, or reside in the cavities formed by other
animals, or amongst the thick roots of marine plants.

256 GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLEOBIAD.

Synopsis Generum.

Stirps 1. Testee infra anticé late emar-

ginate. Cardo edentulus ........ 6. GASTROCHENA.
Stirps 2. Testee integree. Cardo eden-

GUMS) <a vce ce ee, oes 2 es tema cle ee rrr
Cardo in utraque valva dente obtusius-

cil Mme Ire crac.

Genus 6. GASTROCHAENA.
Gastrochena, Spengler, Cuvier, Lamarck.

The shells equivalve, ovate, truncated below anteriorly and
gaping, closed behind ; the umbones nearly terminal, anterior
simple ; the ligament external ; the hinge without teeth ; the
valves connected to each other behind the ligament by a mem-
brane. The respiratory tubes are very long, rounded, connected,
their extremities cirrated.

The Gastrochrene inhabit the sea ; they perforate shells and
limestone rocks, lining their perforations with testaceous matter,
which is often produced beyond the perforations, covering half
of their respiratory tubes.

GASTROCHZNA MODIOLINA. Tab. III. fig. 3.

Shell light brown, fragile, thin, opaque, smooth, concentri-
cally striated. Length of the shell one inch; height an inch
and a half.

Mya dubia, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 82. t. xliv.; M. §& R. Trans.

Linn. Soc. vin. 33; Turt. Conch. Dict. 104.

Pholas Faba, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 27.
Pholas pusilla, Poli, Test. 1. 50. t. vil. f. 12, 13.
Mya pholadia, Mont. Test. Brit. 28; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.

vil. 87.

Mytilus ambiguus, Dill. Desc. Cat. 304.
Gastrochzena modiolina, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.

v. 447.

Animal whitish, the fringes of the tubes of respiration brown,
inclining to purple.

GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLEOBIADZ. 257

Inhabits the south-western coasts of England, where it is
found burrowed in old oyster shells and detached portions of
lime rock ; it is very abundant in the Plymouth Sound and in
Torbay.

Genus 7. SAXICAVA.

Saxicava, Lamarck.
Bissomie, Cuvier.
Pholeobia, Leach.

The shell equivalve, oblong, entire, short anteriorly, gaping
behind ; the umbones simple, situated rather anteriorly ; the
ligament hinge-shaped external; the hinge without teeth ;
the valves behind the hinge ligament united by a membrane.

The respiratory tubes of the animal are moderately and un-
equally long, united to each other and ciliated at their extre-
mities ; the foot very much elongated and very narrow.

1. SAXICAVA RUGOSA.

Shells rugose, antiquated, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly,
and concentrically striated. Length of the shell two inches ;
height one inch.

Mytilus rugosus, Linn. Syst. Nat. xi. 1156; Penn. Brit.
Zool. iv. 110. t. Ixv. f. 72; Mont. Test. Brit. 164; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 105 ; Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vii.
99; Dill. Desc. Cat. 304; Turt. Conch. Dict. 113.

Saxicava rugosa, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.v. 501.
The mantle within the valves saffron-coloured ; the tracheal

tubes clay-coloured, margined with pale violet, their extremities

crimson.

Inhabits the European ocean ; is found on most of our coasts
burrowing in limestone or concealing itself amongst the roots
of Fucus digitatus, or other marine plants.

2. SAXICAVA PHOLADIS.

Shells pale fuscous, oblong, antiquated, transversely rugose,
rounded behind. Length of the shell one inch and a half.

258 GINGLYMACONCHA. PHOLEOBIADZ.

Mytilus pholadis, Mill. Zool. Dan. iii. t. Ixxxvii. f. 1-3; Gmel.

Syst. Nat. 3357.

Bissomie, Cuv. Rég. Anim. ii. 490. .
Saxicava pholadis, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.

502.

Inhabits the northern seas of Europe.

I have described this species from three or four specimens
taken between the islands of Bute and Arran in the collection
of Mr. Knox of Glasgow ; it had all the external characters of
Mytilus, but as he permitted me to open one of the specimens
with the animal in it, I can assure my readers that it had no
byssus.

Genus 8. H1aTELua.

Hiatella, Daudin, Cuvier, Lamarck.
Cardita, Bruguiére.

Shell equivalve, oblong, entire, scarcely gaping behind, closed
before ; umbones simple, placed near the anterior margin ;
cardinal ligament external, hinge-shaped ; hinge with one tooth
in each valve; the valves behind the cardinal ligament connected
together by a membrane. The tracheal tubes of the animal
long, cylindric, and connected together.

HIIATELLA SPINOSA.

Shells whitish, transversely striated and wrinkled (with its
left side longest, the apex truncated) ; with two spiny lines
extending from the umbones to its hinder margin. Length of
the shell one inch.

Solen minutus, Lenn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1115 ; Chem. Conch. vi.
t. vi. f. 51, 52;, Mont. Test. Brit. 52. t.i.f. 4; 2
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 47; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 89 ;
Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 139. t. xxiv. f. 5,6; Dill. Desc. Cat.
69; Turt. Conch. Dict. 161.

Mya arctica, O. Fabr. Faun. Grenl. 407.

Cardita arctica, Brug. Dict.no.11; Encycl. Méthod. t.ccxxxiv.
fA. a2 6.

Mytilus preecisus, Mont. Test. Brit. 165. t. iv. f. 2.

Miatella, Daud. Bosc. Coq. ui. 120. t. xxi.

GINGLYMACONCHA. SOLENID2. 259

Hiatella arctica, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.
partic. i. 30.
Var. (3. Shell with its epidermis reddish.
Inhabits the European seas amongst the roots of marine
plants, or perforates marble.

FAMILY III. SOLENID.

ZQAHN, Aristotelis, Athenei, Dioscoridis.
Solen, Plinii et Auctorum.

The shells elongated, equivalve, gaping before and behind ;
the umbones small, anterior terminal, at least placed before the
middle; theligament external, hinge-shaped; the hinge toothed ;
the epidermis thi. The respiratory tubes are either joined or
coalescent ; the foot is either abruptly or gradually elevate.

All the animals of this family inhabit the sea.

Synopsis Generum.

Testze longissimee, subcompresse ; cardine

terminali; sinistro 2, dextro 1-dentato .. 9, SOLEN.
Teste longissimee, rectze, subcylindricee ;

cardine terminali, in utraque valva 1-den-

PU a ee sce.) 2a. eee ea eek Oy. nem n Ee.
Testee longze, compressze ; cardine subtermi-

MME Ee eI eh 2 Pa ot) A Ph Pa
Testee longze, compresse ; cardine paulo ante

ATOM OCALOR: 20.400 315240) ol speeds S sexes! EZ.) ART USLUS.

Genus 9. SOLEN.

The shells very long and rather compressed; the hinge
nearly terminal, anteriorly with two teeth in the left, one in
the right. The tracheal tubes are equal and joined together,
and ciliated at their extremities; the branchiz or gills very
much elongated ; the foot gradually elevated ; its apex ob-
liquely truncated.

260 GINGLYMACONCHA: SOLENIDZ.

The Solenes, or, as they are commonly denominated, Razor-
shells or Razor-fish, inhabit sand or hard mud on the sea-shore,
far below high-water mark, and when disturbed eject water
with considerable force: when placed in moist sand they bury
themselves with great rapidity ; at low water they descend be-
neath the surface of the ground. Many exotic species, besides
Solen siliqua, are taken for the table, and also in Great Britain
by means of a barbed spear, which is thrust suddenly into their
shells, and immediately turned, by which they are easily cap-
tured ; they are also captured by digging to the depth of two
feet, or may be excited to rise to the surface by pouring a
little salt water or salt into their holes, which are easily disco-
vered by observing a dimple on the sand which contains them.

1. SoLen Ewnsts.

Shell very smooth, slightly arched, rounded before and be-
hind ; the epidermis olive-brown or testaceous, sometimes spot-
ted with brown. The tracheal tubes very short and contiguous;
the orbicular muscle of the mantle coalescing before and behind
its middle ; the central cavity cirrated ; the foot rounded, mo-
derately long, reddish. Length six inches; height three-fourths
of an inch.
Solen Ensis, Linn. Syst. Nat. xu. 1114; Lister, Anim. Angl.

App. t. 1. £.9; Penn. Brit. Zoot. tv. 83. 1. Xive tee

Schroet. Conch. 1. 626. t. vu. f. 7; Brug. Encycl. Méthod.

t. xxii. f. 3; t. ecxxii. f. 1, 2; Da Costa, Brit. Conch.

237; Poli, Test. 1.9. t. x. f. 11 ad 16; Pult. Cat. Dorset.

28. t. iv. f. 3; Donov. Brit. Shells, t.1; Mont. Test. Brit.

48; M.§ R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vin. 44 ; Wood, Gen. Conch.

1 122. t. xxvni. f. 1,2; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vu. 89;

Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 452; Dill. Desc.

Cat. 59; Turt. Conch. Dict. 158.

Hypogeea falcata, Poli, Test. 1. 18.

This species is generally found on all our open sandy coasts,
and is very frequently thrown after storms. Young specimens
are more straight, and generally a little narrower behind ; and
are often of a very pale green colour.

GINGLYMACONCHA. SOLENID&. 261

2. SoLEN SILIQUA.

Shell smooth, straight, anteriorly rounded and slightly emar-
ginated ; obliquely truncated behind, with its angles rounded.
Epidermis olive, more or less tinted with brown. The respi-
ratory tubes extremely short ; the foot rounded and much-elon-
gated ; the orbicular muscles of the mantle coalesce behind the
middle of the mantle, and is only cirrated at the commencement
of its junction. Length eight inches; height one inch and
three-quarters.

Solen Siliqua, Lister, Anim. Ang. t.v. f.57; Linn. Syst. Nat.

xu. 1113; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3223; Knorr, Verg. vi. t. vii.

f. 1; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 83. t. xlv. f..20; Poli, Test. 1.

9: t. x. f. 11 ad 16; Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 253; t. xvii.

f.5; Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. ecxxu. f. 2 6. c.; Mont.

Test. Brit. 46; M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 43 ; Flem.

Edinb. Encyel. vu. 89 ; Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 118. t. xxvi.

f. 1,2; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 451;

Dill. Dese. Cat. 58; Turt. Conch. Dict. 158.

Solen Novacula, Mont. Test. Brit. 47. Varietas monstrosa.
Hypogeea crinita, Poli, Test. 1. 12. t. 1. f. 47.

This species is very common in most of the bays and estua-
ries on our coasts, inhabiting sand and mud.

The Solen Novacula of Montagu is only a monstrous acci-
dental variety of this species, wanting the cardinal tooth in its
left valve.

Genus 10. ListerRa.

The shell very long, somewhat cylindric, straight ; the hinge
nearly terminal ; in each valve with one tooth. The tracheal
tubes are equal and joined, but not cirrated ; distinctly project-
ing beyond the margin of the shells: the branchiz are very
much elongated ; the foot clubbed.

LISTERA VAGINA.

Shell straight, somewhat truncated behind; the angles
rounded, anteriorly obliquely truncated ; its margin thickened,

262 GINGLYMACONCHA. SOLENID.

and its angles rounded. Length seven inches; height an inch

and a half.

Solen Vagina, Lister, Conch. t. ecccix. f. 255; Appendiz,
eceecececelvi. f. 5; Rumph. Mus. t. xlv. f. M.; Gualt.
Test. t. xev.-f. D.; Linn. Syst. Nat. xu. 1113. no. 33;
Lesser, Testaceoth. f.120; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 83. t. xlvi.
f. 21; Chem. Conch. vi. t. iv. f. 26 ad 28; Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 3223; Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. ecxxi. f. 1; Mont.
Test. Brit. 48; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 42 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 89 ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 57 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 159; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 451.
Inhabits the European ocean. It occurs on our coasts in

muddy sand; is common in the Kingsbridge Estuary, on the

shores of Caermarthen and at Dawlish in Devon.

Genus 11. PHaxas.

Shell elongate anteriorly and posteriorly rounded ; the hinge
almost terminal, with one tooth in one valve and two im the
other.

PHAXAS PELLUCIDUS.

Shell thin, pellucid, flattened anteriorly and posteriorly,
roundedly-attenuated ; epidermis greenish brown.

Solen pellucidus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 84. t. xlvi. f. 23; Do-
nov. Brit. Shells, t. clviiti.; Mont. Test. Brit.49; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 44; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. ; Dill.
Desc. Cat.60; Turt. Conch. Dict.

Solen Pygmeeus, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 452.
This species is not at all uncommon on several parts of our

coasts, and may be very easily obtained from fishermen who

dredge or trawl in deep water off the shores of Swansea, Angle-
sea, Plymouth, Torbay, Sandgate, and in the Frith of Forth.

I have never been so fortunate as to see the animal, and shall
feel extremely obliged to any naturalist who will furnish me
with specimens preserved in spirits of wine.

GINGLYMACONCHA. SOLENID. 263

Genus 12. Arrusivs.
Solen **, Poli.

The shell elongate, rounded anteriorly and posteriorly ; the
binge placed a very little before the middle, with two teeth in
each valve ; the diverging tooth in one valve notched, the su-
perior lappet acute.

The animal with two disjoined tracheal tubes; the foot elon-
gated and abruptly clavate.

Artusius LEGUMEN.

Shell oblong, straight, narrower anteriorly ; the epidermis
luteous, inclining to sea-green, with wrinkled rays. Length
four and a half inches ; height three-quarters of an inch.
Solen Legumen, Lister, Conch. t. cecexx. f. 264; Linn. Syst.

Nat. xii. 1114. no. 35; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 84. t. xlvi.

f. 24; Poli, Test. i. 20. t.ii. f. 15; Da Costa, Brit. Conch.

238; Chem. Conch. vi. t. v. f. 32 ad 34; Brug. Encycel.

Meéthod. t. cexxv. f. 3; Pult. Cat. Dorset. t. iv. f. 4 ; Do-

nov. Brit. Shells, t. liti.; Mont. Test. Brit. 50; M. & R.

Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 45 ; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans

Vert. v. 453; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 89; Dill. Desc.

Cat. 60 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 161.

Hypogeea Hirudo, Poli, Test. i. 20. t. xii. f. 15.

Var. 8. The epidermis greenish, with concentrically wrinkled
rays.

Var. y. The epidermis yellowish, with concentrically wrinkled
rays.

Inhabits the sandy shores in the open sea ; it is very common
in Biddeford Bay, Fishguard, Sandersfoot, Pembrokeshire, and
on the coast of Caermarthen ; and is likewise found plentifully
in the south of Ireland. Its common name is Pod or Peascod
Shell.

The foot, abdomen and mantle are strongly tinged with blood-
red colour.

264 GINGLYMACONCHA. AZORIDZ.

FAMILY IV. AZORIDA.

Solen, ductorum.

Shell rather elongate, compressed, equivalve, gaping ante-
riorly and posteriorly. Umbones situated a very little be-
fore the middle of the shell; ligament large, exterior and
hinge-shaped ; hinge toothed. Respiratory tubes annulated,
included in one common tube. Foot oval and very large.
Branchiz produced almost to the distant extremity of the lower
respiratory tube.

The animals of this Family inhabit the sea, in deep water,
especially on a sandy bottom.

Synopsis Generum.

Testz sublineares, anticé et posticé valdé

hiantes. Cardo in utraque valva bidentatus 13. Azor.
Teste ovales, antict et posticé paulim hian-

tes. Cardo in valva sinistra unidentatus ;

dente bifido ; in dextra bidentatus, dente

postico emarginato ........ 14. GoBRzvs.
Testze pablieaearee. anticé et poutia valde bi

antes. Cardo in utraque valva bidentatus 15. ADAsrus.

Genus 13. Azor.

Shells somewhat linear, gaping much anteriorly and poste-
riorly. Hinge with two teeth in each valve.

AZOR ANTIQUATUS.

Shells striated roughly concentrically, rounded before and
behind, the under margin broadly excavated or sinuate, with
an impression extending obliquely from the umbones to the
lower margin. Epidermis white or luteous-brown, elevated
into irregular striee, especially before and behind. Length two
inches and a quarter; height one inch.

Solen Cultellus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 85. t. Ixvi. f. 25; Dzll.

Desc. Cat. 61.

GINGLYMACONCHA. AZORIDZ. 265

Solen antiquatus, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 28; Mont. Test. Brit.
52; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 46; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 88; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.
455 ; Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 125. t. xxiv. f.3; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 162.

Inhabits the coasts of Devon and Cornwall. It is found in
Salcombe Bay, Milton Sands, in the Plymouth Sound, at Pad-
stow, and at Falmouth ; it occurs likewise at Tenby and Swan-
sea, and in Bantry Bay, Ireland. Dr. Fleming found it in
Shetland.

Genus 14. Gosravus.

Shell oval, slightly gaping before and behind ; hinge in the
left valve with one notched tooth ; in the right valve with two,
the hinder of which is also notched.

GOBRZUS VARIABILIS.

Shell rounded anteriorly, obliquely truncated behind; the
angles rounded ; surface concentrically striated, strice irregular ;
the colour whitish or yellowish, rayed with rose or violet ; epi-
dermis opake, of a saffron-brown colour. Length two and a
half, height one and a half inch.

Tellina depressa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 87. t. xlvii. f. 27 ; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 91.

Tellina variabilis, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 29. t. v. f. 1; Donov.
Brit. Shells, t. txi. f. 2.

Solen vespertinus, Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. cexxviii. f. 2;
Chem. Conch. vi. t. vii. f. 5980. a, 6.; Mont. Test. Brit.
04; Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vii. 89; M. §& R. Trans. Linn.
Soe. vin. 47 ; Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 135. t. xxxiii. f. 2-3 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 163.

This species is rather rare. It occurs on Milton Sands, in
Salcombe Bay and in the Sound of Plymouth; at Falmouth
and Padstow in Cornwall, and off Tenby in Wales.

In the collection of Mr. Loscombe, I observed a white va-
riety of a young shell, which was dredged up by a trawler, in
Torbay.

266 GINGLYMACONCHA. AZORIDZ.

Genus 15. ADASIUS.

Shell sublinear, rounded and very widely gaping before and
behind ; hinge in each valve with one tooth. The respiratory
tubes are disunited at their extremities.

The type of this genus is the Solen strigilatus of Linné.

Apastus LoscoMBEUS.

Shells concentrically striated, and behind the middle with
radiating, imbricated strize ; those on the upper part are hori-
zontal ; the epidermis pale testaceous. Besides the concentric
strize, there are sometimes a few obsolete concentric wrinkles.

Colour whitish. Epidermis slightly tinted with pale testa-
ceous.

A single specimen of this extremely interesting shell, con-
taining its animal, and measuring three-quarters of an inch in
length, was taken in Torbay, and forms a part of the collection
of C. W. Loscombe, Esq., of Exmouth, who, with his usual
liberality, permitted me to make the above description from it.

Since writing the above, I have examined a second specimen,
which my friend the Provost of Eton found on the Barmouth
sands. It measures one inch three eighths im length, and
nearly five-eighths in height; and although somewhat worn,
agrees in its character with Mr. Loscombe’s specimen: and
subsequently I have received two living specimens from the
Exeter bank, off Dawlish, and have seen the shells of several
others, none of which exceed three-quarters of an inch in length.

‘“‘T have a specimen in my collection which I received from
the Devonshire coast.’—T. B.

GINGLYMACONCHA. MYAD. 267

FAMILY V. MYAD.
Mya, Auctorum.

The shells generally inequivalve, gaping behind ; the hinge
toothed only in the genera of the third Stirps: the ligament is
either internal, and placed in either a horizontal or vertical pro-
cess ; or external, and hinge-shaped.

The tracheal or respiratory tubes are always much elongated,
are joined together, and are covered by that epidermis which
covers the shell: the mantle, in the first Stirps at least, is
joined everywhere, excepting at the exit of the foot.

Stirpium et Generum Synopsis.

Stirps 1. Cardo edentulus; processu horizontali in valva simistra
ligamentum elasticum aperiens ferente.

Processu ligamentum ferenteinvalva f{ fixo .. 16. Mya.
US Sa erage are mobili. 17. MaGpaAta.
Stirps 2. Cardo edentulus ; processu verticali igamentum elasticum
aperiens in valva utraque ferente.

. externé prominens ginglymo-

Ui Z WOES: GA Se: aes 18. THRActa.
“ae ao omnino recon- { ineequalibus. 19. GALAXURA.
| ditum ; valvis \equalibus .. 20. [xarTta.

Stirps 3. Cardo dentatus ; processu verticali in valva utraque liga-
mentum elasticum aperiens ferente.

Cardo mm valva utraque pone ligamentum

dente parvo lamelliformi; valva sinistra

dente triangulari ante ligamentum imstructa 21. LuTRARta.
Cardo in valva utraque ante ligamentum dente

SR CRARACTUCHIS. wie d. oS il. Y atl. sitidn so « 22. PSAMMOPHILA.
Cardo in valyé una dente uno recuryo, in al-

tera dentibus duobus instructis.......... 23. ORONTHEA.

IQ

A

268 GINGLYMACONCHA. MYADZ&.

STIRPS I.

Hinge toothless; the horizontal process which bears the
elastic opening ligament is in the left valve.

Genus 16. Mya.

The shells rather thick, the left valve rather larger than the
right valve ; the umbones are central ; the process bearing the
closing ligament is fixed, horizontal, and excavated above. The
foot is small, and abruptly conically compressed ; the lips are
elongated and acuminated ; the branchie or gills are free
behind.

The Mye live beneath mud, sand or shingles in most of our
estuaries, but are most frequently found in the open pure sea.
The respiratory tube varies extremely in different individuals
of the same species, and depends on the depth of their habita-
tions, which they are unable to change; their foot being too
small for much, if any locomotion.

1. MYA ARENARIA.

Shells compressed, ovate, acuminated posteriorly, sculptured
with irregular concentric striee ; the valves equally convex ; the
epidermis yellowish or rufous brown, most frequently more or
less spotted with blackish. Length five inches; height two
and a half or three inches.

Mya arenaria, Lister, Conch. t. eccexix. f. 263; Linn. Faun.
Suec. 2125; Syst. Nat. 1112; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 79.
t.xln.; O. Fabr. Faun. Gren. 405. no. 407 ; Chem. Conch.
vi. 3. Vig., and t.i. f. 3, 5; Pult. Cat. Dorset. t. iv. f. 8;
Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. eexxix. f. 1. a, b.; Donov. Brit.
Shells, t. xxxv.; Mont. Test. Brit. 30; M. §& R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. vi. 36; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert,
v. 461; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.; Dill. Desc. Cat. 41;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 98.

Chama arenaria, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 232.

It is often sent to market as food, and is popularly denomi-

GINGLYMACONCHA. MYADZ. 269

nated Old-maid ; it is most generally found amongst pebbles in
estuaries, and sometimes occurs in muddy sand.

2. MYA TRUNCATA.

Shells inflated, obliquely truncated behind and exflected, the
left valve most convex; the epidermis ochraceous. Length
three inches ; height two and a quarter inches.

Mya truncata, Lister, Anim. Angl.t.v.f.36; Conch.t.cccexxvil.
f. 269; Petiv. Gaz. t. Ixxix. f. 12; Gualt. Test. t. xci. f. D.;
Olaf’s Isl. t. xi. f. 7; Linn. Faun. Suec. 2126; Syst. Nat.
xu. I11l..no. 26; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 78. t. xl. f. 14;
O. Fabr. Faun. Greenl. 404. no. 406 ; Chem. Conch. vi.t. 1.
f. 1,2; Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. cexxix. f. 2.a, 6.; Pult.
Cat. Dorset. 27. t. i. f. 1; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xcii. ;
Mont. Test. Brit. 32; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 35 ;
Lam. Syst. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.461; Wood, Gen.
Conch. 1. t. xvii. f. 1,2; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu.; Dill.
Desc. Cat. 42 ; Turt. Conch. Dict.

Concha truncata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. vi. 3. Vig. and t. 1.
£2 33/4:

Inhabits the sand of the sea as well as estuaries; it is very
common in the Kingsbridge Estuary, at Salcombe, the Frith of
Forth, and Tenby. It is said to be eaten in the Hebrides,
where it is also very abundant.

Genus 17. MAGDALA.

The shell fragile, thin, inequivalve, the left valve larger and
more convex; the umbones central; the epidermis thin; the
process which bears the elastic opening ligament is elongate-
triangular, moveable, and not at all excavated. The animal is
unknown.

MAGDALA STRIATA. |

Shells oblong, subpellucid, narrower posteriorly and truncated,
pearly inside; the epidermis pale fuscous, arranged into elevated
diverging lines. Length one inch and three quarters ; height
three quarters of an inch.

270 GINGLYMACONCHA. MYAD.

Mya striata, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1111. no. 21; Gualt. Test. |
t. cv. f. F.; Chem. Conch. viii. t. cii. f. 864-866; Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 3215; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. exvii.; Mont.
Test. Brit. 26; M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 32 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encyel. vi. ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 105.

Pholas conoides, Parsons, Act. Angl. 55. t. i. f. 1-4.

Pholas Nanus, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 27. t. i. f. 7.

This elegant shell was first discovered off Tenby by Mr.
Lyons, and has since been found in the Plymouth Sound by
C. Prideaux, Esq. ; off the western coasts of Cornwall by Mr.
J. Cranch, and in Bantry Bay, Ireland, by the late Miss
Hutchings.

STIRPS II.

The shells shut anteriorly ; the umbones nearly central.
Montagu referred the genera of this Stirps to one of his ar-
iificial genera called Ligula (a name long before adopted te
distinguish a genus of intestinal worms, which is still in use),
and associated them with those of the following family, the
Abrade.
Genus 18. THrRacta.

Shells with the right valve most convex ; umbones placed a
little behind the middle of the shell: epidermis thin; the
process that bears opening ligament gradually formed: ligament
slightly projecting, as if simply hinge-shaped.

* The process bearing the ligament small elongate.
1. THRACIA CONVEXA.

Shells ventricose, smooth, slightly ploughed, the interstices
striolated, truncated behind, the angles rounded. Length two
inches and a half; height nearly two inches.

Ligula distorta (adulta), Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 166.
Mya convexa, Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 92. t. xvii. f. 1; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 101.

This very rare species has been taken occasionally in Saleombe
Bay and in the Plymouth Sound.

GINGLYMACONCHA. MYADZ. ag

** The process bearing the ligament irregular large.

2. THRACIA DECLIVIS.

Shell somewhat compressed, concentrically striated, sprinkled
very closely with innumerable confluent granulations, truncated
posteriorly, the lower angle rounded. Length nearly four
inches ; height nearly two inches and a half.

Mya declivis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv.79 ; M. § R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vii. 36; Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 93. p. 18. f. 2, 3;
Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 88 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 43.

Mya pubescens, Mont. Test. Brit.40; Turt. Conch. Dict. 99.
Inhabits all the sandy coasts of Britain in great plenty; the

adult has been found only in very deep water on the western
coasts : in these opposite states it has been described as two
distinct species ; but I have seen such good series of the shell
in every stage, as to satisfy me that the supposed species are
but the young and adult of one animal.

In the young state this species is whitish, and at first sight
seems to be smooth; but when examined with a strong lens,
its surface appears covered with very minute granulations, that
are more distinct at the hinder part of the shell, which is
always more or less tinted with dirty brown, or ferruginous of
various tints. The process for the cartilage at this period wants
the anterior border, which gradually increases during the growth
of the shell, until it fills up a vacancy between the process and
the umbo ; and at last forms a thick margin, connecting the
process with the imner or lower part of the umbo. The adult
shell is subpellucid, more or less tinted with dirty testaceous
white. Length four inches ; height two inches and four-fifths.
The right projects over the left umbo in the young, as well as
in the adult shell. The inside is also silvery in the young
state.

Genus 19. GALAXURA.

Shell with the left valve largest and most convex ; umbones
situated behind the middle of the back, the right one largest

272 GINGLYMACONCHA, MYADZ.

and slightly covering the left; epidermis extremely thin ; pro-

cess bearing the opening ligament in both valves spoonshaped.

GALAXURA PRETENUIS.

Shell smooth, striated concentrically; the inferior strie,
especially anteriorly, elevated ; gradually narrower behind ; its
extremity rounded and finely granulated. Length an inch and
four-fifths ; height an inch.

Mya preetenuis, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 28.t.iv.f. 7; Mont. Test.
Brit.41; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vin. 37 ; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 43; Turt. Conch. Dict. 101.

Ligula pretenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 23; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vi. 88.

Inhabits the shores of Devon and Cornwall. Length 13;
height 1 inch.

Genus 20. [xartta.

Shells convex and subventricose ; umbones situated behind
the middle of the back ; nearly equally large ; the epidermis
thin; the process bearmg the opening ligament in both valves
connected posteriorly with the shell; a triangular excavation
for the ligaments.

IXARTIA DISTORTA.

Shells dirty white, concentrically striated with antiquated
striee, narrower behind and rounded, and generally more or less
distorted. Length one inch; height six lines.

Mya distorta, Mont. Test. Brit. i. 42. t. i. f. 1; M.& R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 37; Dill. Dese. Cat. 45; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 101.

Ligula distorta, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 23; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vi. 88.

This species is extremely common on the western coast of
England, especially at Falmouth, where it is found burrowed
in limestone, and is therefore consequently more or less dis-
torted. The most common distortion is in having the inferior
margin of the shell undulated.

GINGLYMACONCHA. MYAD. 273

. STIRPS III.

Shell gaping at each extremity: the process which bears
the internal opening ligament vertical in both valves: the
umbones are situated before the middle of the shell.

The genera composing this Stirps were formerly arranged
with the Mactre.

Genus 21. LuTraria.
Lutraria, Lamarck, Cuvier.

Shells oblong, ovate, compressed ; umbones before the mid-
dle of the back ; epidermis thin and smooth ; hinge in each
valve, behind the ligament, with a small lamelliform tooth ;
left valve with a triangular tooth before the opening ligament ;
respiratory tubes very large ; foot large, acuminated on each
side towards its apex, abruptly compressed, the apex itself
rounded ; the aperture for its exit, elongate; branchie with
their posterior extremities free.

LUTRARIA ELLIPTICA.

Shell smoothish, faintly striated concentrically ; epidermis
greenish. Length five inches ; height two inches and a half.
Mactra lutraria, Linn. Syst. Nat. xi. i. 1126; Penn. Brit.

Zool. iv. 92. t. li. f.44 ; Mont. Test. Brit.1.110; M. § R.

Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 73; Dill. Dese. Cat. 146; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 84.

Lutraria elliptica, Lam. Syst. des Anim. sans Vert. 120; Hist.

Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 468.

Lutraria vulgaris, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 92.

This species is common along the coasts of Cornwall ; it
occurs likewise in the Kingsbridge Estuary, at Dawlish,
Paington, Torbay, and on the shore of Caermarthen, near
Laugharn.

NO

274 GINGLYMACONCHA. MYAD&.

Young shells are often covered with a lead-coloured epi-
dermis.

Genus 22. PSAMMOPHILA.

Shell elongate, recurved behind the umbones; the valves
convex ; umbones before the middle of the back; epidermis
antiquated, thin ; hinge in both valves with a tooth, having its
apex notched, placed before the ligament.

PSAMMOPHILA SOLENOIDES.

Shell somewhat ventricose, with concentric antiquated striz.
Mactra hians, Mont. Test. Brit. 101; M. & R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vul. 74; Dill. Desc. Cat. 146; Turt. Conch. Dict.

85; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 93.

Lutraria Solenoides, Zam. Syst. des Anim. sans Vert. 120 ;

Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 468.

It is common at the mouth of the Truro river, and on
several parts of the Cornish coast. It occurs likewise in the
Kingsbridge Estuary. Length five inches; height two and
a half inches.

Genus 23. ORONTHEA.

Shells suborbicular ; the umbones central and recurved ; the
valves convex ; the hinge in one valve with one recurved tooth,
in the other two teeth* ; in each valve is an elevated lamella.

ORONTHEA MONTAGUANA.

Shell subglobose, semitransparent, transversely striolated ;
epidermis shining.
Mya suborbicularis, Mont. Test. Brit. 39; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 88; Dill. Dese. Cat. 55.
Tellina suborbicularis, Zurt. Conch. Dict. 179.

* T have observed in different individuals of this genus, that the single
tooth is sometimes in the right, then in the left valve, and the contrary.
There are several entire species of this genus in the collection of Lord
Tankerville.

GINGLYMACONCHA. PANDORAD. 27/5

FAMILY VI. PANDORADZ.

Shells inequivalve ; the hinge with one or two teeth in each
valve, but no lateral lamelle ; the ligament internal.

Synopsis Generum.

Teste regulares breves inzequivalves sub-

clausze. Ligamentum internum in foveolis

eeeErie rt. oe ares ern joule 24. CORRE EE
Teste regulares oblongee ineequivalves, valva

sinistra planulata ; dextra convexa. Liga-

metium tternam © 2.727.070... 20.8 25) PaNpora

Genus 24. CoRBULA.
Corbula, Lamarck, Cuvier.

The shells regular, inequivalve, inequilateral, nearly closed ;
the hinge with one conic, curved, ascending cardinal tooth,
with a lateral fovea or excavation in each valve; but no late-
ral lamelle; the ligament internal, situated in a foveola or
little excavation.

The animal with its tracheal tubes very much elongated
equally and joined together.

CoRBULA NUCLEUS.

Shells globosely-trigonal, concentrically striated, somewhat
antiquated ; the left umbo more gibbose than the right valve.
Length half an inch ; height three-eighths and half of an inch.
Mya ineequivalvis, Walk. Test. Min. Rar. t. iti. f. 87 ; Mont.

Test. Brit. 38; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 40. t. 1.

f.6; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 88; Dill. Desc. Cat. 145;

Turt. Conch. Dict. 107.

Corbula nucleus, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim, sans Vert. v.

496.

276 GINGLYMACONCHA. PANDORAD.

This species is very common in the British Seas, everywhere
in deep water or sandy bottoms.

Genus 25. PANDORA.
Pandora, Lamarck.

Shells regular, inequivalve, inequilateral, transversely oblong ;
the left valve rather flat; the right valve convex ; the hinge
with two oblong, divaricating, unequal teeth in the left valve ;
and two foveolze or small excavations in the right valve.

The animal is unknown to me.

1. PANDORA ROSTRATA.

Shells pearly, the anterior aspect the longest, attenuated and
rostrated ; thus angulated in each valve ; the epidermis yellow-
ish white. Length one and three-eighths ; height five-eighths
of an inch.

Tellina inzequivalvis, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1118; Gronov. Zooph.
t. xvil. f. 3; Brunnich, Besch. Berl. Natur. f. iii. 313. t.
vil. f. 25-28; Chem. Conch. vi. t. xi. f. 116, a, 6, ¢; Poli,
eS Ate RV. 90,09:

Pandora margaritacea, Lam. Encycl. Méth. t. cel. f. 1. a, 6, ¢;
Syst. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 137.

Pandora rostrata, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.
498.

This species has been taken on the southern coasts of Ire-
land, and is extremely rare. It is common in the Mediterra-
nean ; and occasionally is found at La Manche on the French
coast.

2. PANDORA OBTUSA.

Shell pearly, with divaricating strie ; the hinder aspect
towards its extremity dilated and very obtuse, hence obtusely
angulated; the epidermis whitish, inclining to yellowish.
Length one and two-eighths ; height four-eighths of an inch.
Mya striata, Mont. Trans. Linn. Soc. xi. t. xiii. f. 1. A; Dill.

Desc. Cat. 143; Turt. Conch. Dict. 105.

GINGLYMACONCHA. AMPHIDESMADZ. 274

Pandora obtusa, Leach, MSS. Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim.
sans Vert. v. 499.
This species was first discovered by Mr. Lyons at Tenby ; it
has since been found by Mr. Loscombe in Torbay, and in the
Plymouth Sound by Mr. J. Cranch and C. Prideaux, Esq.

FAMILY VII. AMPHIDESMAD.

The shell somewhat elongate or subtriangular, gaping a little
before and behind ; the umbones nearly central or behind the
middle of the shell; the cardinal ligament interior.

* Umbones pone teste medium locatt.

Cardo in valva dextra lamella ante et
poue umbones 52.6) .: ss... 20. AMPHIDESMA:

** Umbones subcentrales.

Cardo in valvis ambabus lamellee ante et

pone umbones ....... : 27. EUPOLEME.
Cardo invalva sinistra aatallte ante at

Pouerminbones 22050. S22 S922) © 28) OREA.
Caro lamellis nullis’. 0) 0/0 oe 29> TRIGONELEAS

Genus 26. AMPHIDESMA.
Amphidesma, Lamarck.

The shells rather elongate ; the umbones situated behind the
middle of the shells ; the hinge with a lamella before and behind
the umbones in the right valve, and without lamelle in the
left valve: the process bearing the cardinal ligament is pro-
duced vertically.

The upper margin of the left valve (in all the species) before
and behind the lamella bearing the cardinal ligament is very
much attenuated, and is received into the grooves formed in the
opposite valve between the margin and the Jamelliform teeth.

278 GINGLYMACONCHA. AMPHIDESMAD.

1. AmpPpHIDESMA GOODALLIANA.

Shells white, pellucid, somewhat prismatic, striolated con-
centrically, gradually rounded behind. Length three-eighths
of an inch; height one and a half the eighth of an inch.

Mya ferruginosa, Mont. Supp. 22; Dill. Dese. Cat. 46; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 102?

A. Goodallit is nearly allied to 4. prismatica, from which
it may at once be distinguished by the gradual rounding of its
posterior extremity.

It is by no means uncommon on the southern coast of Devon,
and is always found in deep water. It has been taken at Bar-
mouth in Wales by the Provost of Eton. .

Colour white; its hinder extremity generally more or less
incrusted with a ferruginous deposit, from which it was impro-
perly named ferruginosa by Montagu, whose figure has not the
least affinity with the shell bearmg that name in his collection.

2, AMPHIDESMA PRISMATICA.

Shells pellucid, prismatic, concentrically striolated, gradually
attenuated behind. Length seven-eighths of an inch; height
nearly half an inch. Colour whitish ; surface very glossy.
Ligula prismatica, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 23. t. xxvi. f. 3 ;

Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 88.

Amphidesma prismatica, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.

v. 492.

Mya prismatica, Dill. Desc. Cat. 47; Turt. Conch. Dict. 103.

This beautiful species is by no means uncommon on the
sandy coasts of the lower parts of the Frith of Forth, especially
after storms, when they are often thrown on shore in great
plenty. Montagu found it on the coast of South Devon, where
it was likewise taken by Mr. Cranch. I found a few dead spe-
cimens near Clonikelty in Ireland.

Dr. Goodall has found it several times in the stomach of the
Common Plaice, Platessa Rondeletii.

GINGLYMACONCHA. AMPHIDESMAD. 279

3. AMPHIDESMA BoysIANA.

Shells white, opake, glossy, somewhat compressed and pris-
matic, very finely striated concentrically, abruptly acuminated
and rounded behind. Length seven-eighths of an inch ; height
five-eighths.

Mactra Boysii, Mont. Test. Brit.i.98; M.§ R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. viii. 72. t.i. f. 12; Turt. Conch. Dict. 84; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 143.

Ligula Boysii, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 23; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 88.

Amphidesma Boysu, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.
Ae
Inhabits most of the sandy coasts of Great Britain, more

especially in deep water. It is a favourite food of the Cod,

Gadus Morrhua, and is frequently obtained in fine condition

by examining the stomach of that fish. It is sometimes thrown

on shore during storms.

Genus 27. EvPOLEME.

Shells very much compressed, longer than high, rounded
before and behind ; umbones subcentral. Hinge in each valve
with a lamella before and behind the umbones. The process
which bears the ligament small ; that of the left valve having
a tooth, which is situated before the ligament.

EUPOLEME CANCELLATA.

Shell white, thin, pellucid, suborbicular, exquisitely sculp-
tured, resembling network of the finest lace. Length half an
inch ; height three-eighths.

Solen squamosus, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. Add. 565; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vin. 48; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.
87; Dill. Desc. Cat. 70; Turt. Conch. Dict. 164.
Inhabits the deep water, on a sandy bottom, off the coasts

of Devonshire, but is excessively rare.

It was discovered by Montagu, who found a single valve
amongst sand dredged up in Salcombe Bay, where it was again

280 GINGLYMACONCHA. AMPHIDESMADZ.

taken by Mr. Cranch, who observed it likewise in the Plymouth
Sound. The only living specimen that I have seen was taken
up by the trawl in Torbay, and is in Mr. Loscombe’s cabinet.
From the examination of this last specimen in a recent state,
I was enabled to discover its proper situation in the natural
system.

Genus 28. OrIxa.

Shells when viewed laterally are subtriangular, longer than
broad, the inferior margin rounded; umbones nearly central.
Hinge in the left valve with a lamella before and behind the
umbones ; the processes bearing the ligament vertical and ex-
cavated ; the left valve with a tooth before the ligament, which
is received between two teeth, similarly situated in the nght
valve.

ORIXA TENUIS.

Shell white, thin, slightly opake, finely striated concentrically.
Length five-sixteenths ; height four-sixteenths of an inch.
Mactra tenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. 572. t. xvu. f. 7. figura

pessima ; M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 72; Dill. Dese.

Cat. 142; Turt. Conch. Dict. 84.

Ligula tenuis, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 23; Flem. Edinb. En-

cycl, vil. 88.

Amphidesma tenuis, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.

492.

Inhabits the shores of estuaries, but is of rather rare occur-
rence. It has been taken at Southampton and near Weymouth
by Montagu and Mr. Boyer, and at Portsea by Mr. Holloway.

Genus 29. TRIGONELLA.
Trigonella, Da Costa.

Shell longer than high ; when viewed on the side, somewhat
triangulate, the lower margin rounded; umbones nearly central.
Hinge without lamellee ; the processes bearing the cartilage
produced vertically and excavated ; the left valve with an ob-

GINGLYMACONCHA. NUCULAD. 281

liquely vertical tooth entering between two unequal teeth in the
right valve.

The respiratory tubes separate; the lower one very long,
the upper much shorter.

TRIGONELLA LISTERIANA.

Shell very compressed, with elevated concentric strize, which
are often antiquated. Length two inches two eighths ; height
one inch five-eighths. Colour yellowish or croceous, some-
times whitish, but generally tinged with black, from the mud
in which it resides.

Lister, Anim. Angl. t. iv. f. 23.
Mactra Listeri, Gmel. Syst. i. 3261; M. & R. Trans. Linn.

Soc. vil. 71; Turt. Conch. Dict. 83.

Venus Borealis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 96.

Trigonella plana, Da Costa, Brit. Shells, 200. t. xiu. f. 1.
Tellina plana, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. lxiv. f. 1.

Mactra compressa, Mont. Test. Brit. 96.

Ligula compressa, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 23; Flem. Edinb.

Encycl. vii. 88.

Lutraria depressa, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.

469.

Mactra piperata, Dill. Desc. Cat. 142.

Inhabits mud at the mouths of rivers, estuaries, or arms of
the sea, and is very common.

The umbones are slightly tinged with black bronze in some
specimens, but such are of rare occurrence in Britain.

FAMILY VIII. NUCULAD.

Shell equivalve, closed, somewhat triangular or elongate.
Umbones before the middle of the shell. Hinge under the
umbones with a vertical process bearing the ligament, with
many teeth before and behind the umbones. Ligament in-
ternal.

The respiratory tubes not united together.

282 GINGLYMACONCHA. NUCULADZ.

Generum Synopsis.

Testee elongatze, posticé attenuate. Cardo

dentibus acutangulis instructus ...... 30. LemMBULUS.
Testz oblique triangulares, margine infe-

riore rotundato. Cardo dentibus subtri-

angulatis obtusiusculis instructus...... 31. Nucuta.

Genus 30. LEMBULUS.

Shells elongate, rounded anteriorly, attenuated and beaked
posteriorly. Hinge obtusely angulated, furnished with many
teeth before and behind the ligament; the teeth composed of
acutely angular lamellee.

LEMBULUS SULCATUS.

Shells concentrically sulcated ; the grooves numerous ; the
interstices narrow and rounded ; the dorsal margin behind the
umbones smooth. Length rather more than three-quarters of
an inch ; height three-eighths.

Colour brown or luteous-brown, sometimes tinted with
greenish. Inside white, with a slight pearly lustre.

Arca minuta, Mont. Test. Brit. 140; M. & R. Trans. Linn.

Soc. vil. 92; Dill. Desc. Cat. 245; Turt. Conch. Dict. 11.
Nucula minuta, Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 97.

It is occasionally found at Sandwich in Kent ; at Tenby; in
the Frith of Forth ; in Shetland, and in Bantry Bay, Ireland ;
but is by no means common.

Genus 31. Nucuta.

Nucula, Lamarck.
Glycymeris, Da Costa.

Shells rather elongate, obliquely triangular, the under mar-
ginrounded. Hinge nearly rectangular, with many teeth before
and behind the ligament ; teeth lamelliform, somewhat trian-
gular, elongate, with their extremities rather obtuse.

GINGLYMACONCHA. MACTRADZ. 283

NvuCULA MARGARITACEA.

Shell concentrically finely striated, the epidermis elevated
into obsolete radiating lines ; inferior margin crenate.

Colour olivaceous, often inclining to testaceous, sometimes
rayed faintly with pale brown. It is rarely found of a white
colour. Length five-eighths; height half an inch.

Arca Nucleus, Pet. Gaz. t. xvi. f. 9; Linn. Syst. Nat. xii.
1143; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 98; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3314 ;
Donov. Brit. Shells, t. lxiii.; Mont. Test. Brit. 141; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 95; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vi.
91; Dill. Desc. Cat. 244; Turt. Conch. Dict. 8.

Arca margaritacea, Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers. 109.

Nucula margaritacea, Lam. Syst. des Anim. sans Vert. 115 ;
Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. pt. 1. 59.

Glycymeris argentea, Da Costa, 170. t. 15. f. 6.

Inhabits all our sandy shores, as well as the deep water.
The concentric striz, and the elevated epidermis, often produce
a reticulated appearance, especially at the anterior extremity of
the shell: this is most evident in such shells as have anti-
quated ridges.

FAMILY IX. MACTRADZ.

Teste plis aut minus trigone. Ligamentum internum.
Cardo angulatus paucidentatus.

Synopsis Generum.

Testze cardo dente uno angulato in utraque

valva, in una integro, in altera fracto ; et

lamella ante et pone dentes cardinales, in

una simplici, in alteré duplicata ...... 32. Macrra.
Testz cardo edentulus, lamellis duabus

eequalibus, angulum delineantibus, ante

et pone ligamentum, instructus ...... 33. DoRvILLEa.

284 GINGLYMACONCHA. MACTRADZ.

Genus 32. MactTrRa.

The shell trigonal, rounded behind and beneath ; the hinge
with one angulated tooth in each valve; in one valve it is
entire, in the other broken; and with a lamella before and be-
hind the cardinal tooth, in one valve simple, in the other dupli-
cated.

The tracheal tubes elongated, equal, and equally broad.

1. Mactrra STULTORUM.

Shells smooth, striolated concentrically ; the epidermis grey
or rufous brown, rayed with pale whitish rays of the same
colours.

Colour pale reddish-brown, grey or white, sometimes tinted
with purple; inside white, occasionally spotted or coloured
with pale purple. Length two inches; height one and a half.
Mactra Stultorum, Linn. Syst. Nat. i. 1126; Penn. Brit.

Zool. iv. 92; Mont. Test. Brit. i. 94; M. & R. Trans.

finn. Soc. viii. 69; Flem. Ent. Encycl. vii. 93 ; Dill. Dese.

Cat. 138; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 81.

Tellina depressa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 87. t. 49. f. 30, junior.
Mactra cinerea, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 35.
Mactra Stultorum, var., Turt. Conch. Dict. 81.

Inhabits most of the sandy shores of Britain, and is very
common. ‘The second variety differs from the first, merely in
wanting the colour of its rays ; its form is absolutely the same.
The third variety was discovered by the present Provost of
Eton, at Barmouth in Wales, in company with the first variety
and nearly in equal abundance. Since then I have found this
variety full-grown at Hastings, in great abundance.

2. MACTRA SUBTRUNCATA.

Shells abruptly produced behind and concentrically ridged ;
the ridges numerous, nearly equal in size, and set close to one
another ; abruptly produced. behind.

GINGLYMACONCHA. MACTRAD&. 285

Colour testaceous or dirty white; inside white. Length
nine-eighths ; height seven-eighths of an inch.
Mactra Stultorum, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 92. t. lu. f. 42.
Mactra subtruncata, Mont. Test. Brit. 93. Supp. 37. t. xvi.
f.1; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 71 ; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 93 ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 141; Turt. Conch. Dict.
82.
This species is very common on the coasts of Devon, Corn-
wall, South Wales, south of Ireland, and in the Isle of Arran
opposite Lamlash Island.

3. MACTRA TRUNCATA.

Shells wedge-shaped, concentrically striated ; striee irregular.
Length an inch and five-eighths ; height one inch and a half.

Colour more or less tinged with reddish, inclining to rust.
It occurs in great abundance in the Kingsbridge Estuary, and
is sometimes found in the Frith of Forth.

Mactra truncata, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 34; Flem. Edinb.
Encycl. vii. 93; Dill. Dese. Cat. 140; Turt. Conch. Dict.
81?

Mactra crassatella, Zam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.
479.

It may readily be distinguished from Mactra solida by its
superior height in proportion to its length. I have carefully
measured a vast number of specimens of each species, and they
have given the mean result.

4. MACTRA SOLIDA.

Shells ovate-triangular, striated concentrically; the stric
irregular.

Colour testaceous, yellowish or dirty white; inside white
and glossy. Length one inch, seven-eighths ; height eleven-
eighths.

Mactra solida, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1126; Penn. Brit. Zool.
ive, 92. t. In. f. 43...t.. 5 ;.Mont.. Test. Brit) 92 3. Flem:
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 93; Dill. Desc. Cat. 140; Lam. Hist.
Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 477; Turt. Conch. Dict. 81.

286 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

This species, which is by far the most common, is found on
most of our coasts, preferring such as are sandy or composed
of shingles.

They are eaten by the inhabitants of the*southern coast of
Devon, and are sometimes named Hens.

Genus 33. DorRvILLEA.

Shells triangularly orbicular ; the hinge under the umbones,
and before and behind the cardinal ligament, with two equal
lamellee forming an angle.

The animal with its tracheal tubes very unequal, not ciliated ;
the upper one very short ; the under one very long.

DorvVILLEA ANGLICA.

Shells very thin; the epidermis very smooth, pale testa-
ceous. Length three-eighths; height two-eighths and one
half of the eighth of an inch.

I discovered this new species in some salt pools near the sea-
shore near Bexhill in Sussex, in great abundance on a marine
Ulva; but could not find it in the neighbouring sea.

FAMILY X. VENERIDZ.

The shells shut; the valves equal; the cardinal ligament
exterior and hinge-shaped; the hinge is angulated and fur-
nished with teeth.

Stirpium Synopsis Artificialis.
A. Lamella ante et pone dentes cardinales locata.
a. Dentes cardinales divergentes.

Stirps i. Testze valvis eequaliter convexis.
Sterps 10. Testee valvis compressis.

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID&. 287

5. Dentes cardinales non divergentes.
Stirps 11.

B. Lamella seepius nulla ante et pone dentes cardinales.

a. Umbones ante aut pone medium locati.
Stirps 3.
b. Umbones pone teste medium locati.
Stirps 4.
e. Umbones subcentrales.

Stirps 2. Umbones non prominentes.

Stirps 7. Umbones prominentes et antrorsum curvati. Teste
subrotundatz impressione cordiformi imperfecta.

Stirps 9. Umbones prominentes recurvi. Teste rotundate
impressione cordiformi nulla.

Stirps 5. Umbones subcentrales prominentes recurvi. Teste
subcordiformes impressione cordiformi perfecta.

Stirps 6. Umbones subcentrales valde prominentes et recurvi.
Teste subrotundate, aut subglobose.

Stirps 8. Umbones prominentes antrorsum curvati. Teste
subcordatz impressione cordiformi perfecta.

STIRPS I.

The shells equally convex ; the cardinal teeth diverging, and
generally with a lamella placed before and behind them.

Synopsis Generum.
* Lamella pone dentes cardinales locata.

Testee ovato-globose ; umbones subcentrales
prominentes obtusi. Dentes cardinales
duo simplices in utraque valva, lamella
compressa pone dentes cardinales locata.. 34. AUTONGE.

** TLamella ante et pone dentes cardinales locata.

Testze ovato-globosze ; umbones centrales tu-

88 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

midi. Dentes cardinales duo, minimi in

utraque valva ; dente posteriore in sinistra

complicato ; duobus in dextra simplicibus ;

lamellze laterales elongatze compressz lamel-

HifOTMies os 35. Cycuas.
Testze spheericee ; eee one ore 45.

lulum ante testze medium locati. Dentes

cardinales duo, simplices in utraque valva,

lamellze laterales breves compressze lamelli-

formes so) 2 36. EuG esa.
Testze eee Eubieieneate Bode:

obtuse ; umbones pone teste medium lo-

cati. Dentes cardinales duo, sequales mi-

nimi in utraque valva; posteriore in valva

sinistra lobato. Lamellee laterales ae

compressee lamelliformes...... . 37. PERA.
Testze cordiformes; umbones pone Bore me-

dium locati. Dentes cardinales simplices

minimi in utraque valva. Lamellee latera-

les lamelliformes subcompresse ........ 38. Corputa.

Genus 34. AUTONGOE.

The shells ovately globose ; the umbones central, prominent
and obtuse, in each valve two simple cardinal teeth, with a
compressed lamina before and behind them.

The tracheal tubes are only joined at their base, equally long,
the upper one narrowest, the foot broad and compressed.

AUTONOE RUBRA.

Shell purple red, smooth, transparent, internally deep shinmg

purple. Length one-eighth of an inch.

Cardium rubrum, Mont. Test. Brit.9; M. §& R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. 66; Dill. Dese. Cat. 131.

Tellina rubra, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 93; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 168.

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ. 289

Lasea rubra occurs on all the western and south-western
coasts of Devon abundantiy, dwelling in the cracks or inter-
stices of rocks, or amongst the roots of Fucus digitatus and
other marine plants.

My worthy friend, Dr. Goodall, the Provost of Eton, has
observed it to be not uncommon at Tenby and Weymouth.

Genus 35. Cycuas.

Shells ovately globose ; the umbones central and tumid ; the
hinge with two minute teeth in each valve; the hinder tooth
in the left valve complicated, those in the right simple; the
lateral lamellee are transversely elongated, compressed and la-
melliform.

The tracheal tubes are unequal, joined ouly at their base ;
the under one longest with its aperture fringed ; the foot acu-
minate or lance-shaped, very capable of extension, and at its
apex as if furnished with a sucker. The mantle is joined to
the base of the foot even to the tubes.

1. CycLAS RIVICOLA.

Shell compressed, concentrically striated with irregular striz ;
the umbones scarcely prominent. Epidermis pale horn-co-
loured. Length three-eighths of an inch; height two-eighths
of an inch.

Cardium corneum, var., Mont. Test. Brit. 86 ; Lister, Conch.
fe ehix, £14.
Cyclas rivicola, Leach, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.

v. 008.

This species inhabits muddy rivers; it is common in the
Thames, the Avon and the Exe.

2. CYCLAS LACUSTRIS.

Shells somewhat round, compressed, fragile, with very fine
concentric strize, the umbones slightly prominent. Epider-
mis pale fuscous or brown. Length five-tenths ; height three-
tenths of an inch.

oO

290 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDA.

Tellina lacustris, Mill. Verm. 204. no. 388; Schrit. Fluss-
eonch. 191. no. 12; Chem. Conch. vi. t. xiii. f. 135; Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 3242;. M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 60;
Wood, Gen. Conch. t. Ixvii. f. 5; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.
vu. ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 104; Turt. Conch. Dict. 180; Drap.
Hist. Nat. des Moll. terrest. et fuv. 130. t. x. f. 6, 7.

Cyclas lacustris, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.
599; Elem. Ldinb. Eneyel. .

Cardium lacustre, Mont. Test. Brit. 89.

This species is found occasionally in lakes, but more fre-

quently in marshes: I have found it occasionally in the rapid
rivulets near the Forest of Dartmoor.

3. CycCLAS CORNEA.

Shells gibbose, concentrically striolated, with one or two
grooves; the umbones prominent.

Tellina cornea, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. 1. f.31; App.t. 1.£. 5;
Conch. t. chix. f. 14; Linn. Faun. Suec. 2138; Syst. Nat.
1120. no. 72; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 89. t. xlix. f. 36;
Maton, Trans. Linn. Soe. ii. t. xi. f. 39, 40; Pult. Cat.
Dorset. 31. t. vu. f. 2; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xev.; M.
§ R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vi. 59; Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vii. ;
Dill. Dese. Cat. 104; Turt. Coneh. Dict. 179.

Cyclas rivalis, Drap. Hist. Nat. des Moll. fluv. et terrest. 129.
i x i, 4,5.

Cyclas cornea, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 558 ;
Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vii.

Cardium Nux, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. t. xu. f. 2.

Cardium corneum, Mont. Test. Brit. 86.

Var. a. Testis absque sulco transversali, List. Anim. Angl.
App. 22.

Cardium amnicum, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 31.
Var. 3. Shells without the groove or grooves. Length half

an inch; height five-eighths of an inch.

Colour of the epidermis horn or olive-brown.
This species is common in marshes and ditches; is found
extremely large in the Thames.

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ. 291

4. Cycuas STAGNICOLA.

Shells subrhomboidal, semipellucid, reddish, concentrically
striolated ; the umbones slightly prominent and black. Length
four-eighths of an inch; height three-eighths of an inch.
Cyclas calyculata, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. v. 559, [.

This species is common in marshes and ponds in most parts
of Britain.

5. CyYCLAS ALATA.

The shells very smooth, sculptured with concentric fine
striee, winged above at each side; the umbones very promi-
nent.

Inhabits Campsey-ash in Suffolk, in ditches.

The size exactly that of Cyclas lacustris.

Genus 36. EUGLESA.

Shells spherical; the umbones central or situated a very
little behind the middle of the shells; the hinge with two
simple teeth in each valve; the lateral lamellee short, com-
pressed and lamelliform.

The tracheal tubes are exserted; the under one is largest,
with its aperture open.

1. Eveiesa HENSLOWIANA.

The shells trigonal, gibbous, thin, polished, sculptured with
irregular strie.
Inhabits the river Cam, and in marshes near Cambridge.

Genus 37. PEeRA.

Shell more or less oblong, behind obtuse, umbo behind the
middle of the shell, large teeth, two equal, very small in each
valve, hinder of left valve lobed, lateral lamella elongo-com-
pressed, lamella shaped in one valve simple, in the other double.

Animal syphons simple, equal, upper exsertable.

1. Pera HENSLOWIANA.

The shells obtrigonal, very smooth, polished, sculptured
0 2

292 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

with concentric strie; the interstices seulptured with fine
strie.

The size is the same as that of Cyclas lacustris.

Inhabits :

2. Pera AMNICA.

The shells obtrigonal, smooth, sculptured with irregular,
concentric striee ; the interstices sculptured with striz. Rather
larger than the former.

Inhabits

3. Pera FLUVIATILIS.

The shells obtrigonal, somewhat compressed, smooth,
slender, sculptured with irregular, broad grooves; the inter-
stices slightly compressed. Very much smaller than the pre-
ceding species.

Inhabits :

4, Pera APPENDICULATA.

The shells obtrigonal, very thin, glossy, smooth, polished,
sculptured with strize almost regular ; their umbones furnished
with a rounded process. Length four inches and a half;
height two and a half lines.

Inhabits the river Cam, near Cambridge.

5. Pera PuLcHELLA.

The shells obtrigonal, very smooth, glossy, polished, seulp-
tured with regular strie. Length four and a quarter, height
two and a half lines.

inhabits the river Cam, and in rivulets near Cambridge.

6. Pera GIBB.

The shell obtusely obtrigonal, gibbous, thin, glossy, polished,
sculptured with irregular striole. Length 5

Inhabits

Genus 38. CoRDULA.

Shells cordiform ; the umbones situated behind the middle

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ. 293

of the shell; the hinge with two minute, simple teeth in each
valve ; the lateral lamellee lamelliform, subcompressed.
The animal is unknown to me.

1. CoRDULA AMNICA.

Shells concentrically suleated ; the sulci striolated. Length

a quarter; height three-eighths of an inch.

Tellina amnica, Gualt. Test. t. vu. f. c, c.; Chem. Conch. vi.
t. xm. f. 134; Mill. Verm. 205. no. 389; Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 3242; Maton, Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. t. xin. f. 37, 38,
T.; Dill. Dese. Cat. 105; Turt. Conch. Dict.

Tellina rivalis, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. |xiv. f. 2; Pult. Cat.
Dorset. t. vil. f. 2, a.

Cardium amnicum, Mont. Test. Brit. 86.

Cyclas obliqua, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 559.

Cyclas amnica, Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.

This species is found very commonly in sandy or rocky
rivers; generally buried in the sand.

The hinge, the muscular impressions and the contour of the
shell, assure me that the animal, though unknown to me, must
be distinct from the other genera of this Stirps.

STIRPS II.

The shells generally closed, equally convex; the umbones
nearly central, not prominent; most generally no lamella be-
fore and behind the cardinal teeth.

Genus 39. Psammosia, Lamarck.

Shells transverse, elliptic or ovately-oblong, flattish ; the
umbones slightly prominent ; the hinge with two teeth in the
left, and one in the right valve.

The animal is not known to me.

This genus is situated between the genera Sanguinolaria,
Psammotea and Tellina; all the species are beautifully tinted
with vivid colours ; there are several species in the European,
African and Asiatic seas.

294 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID2Z.

1. PSAMMOBIA INCARNATA.

Shells white, oblong-ovate, very finely striated transversely,
ornamented with rosy bands; the area of the anterior angle
with decussating strie. Length two inches; height three-
quarters of an inch.

Tellina incarnata, Lister, Anim. Angl. App. t.1. f. 8; Conch.
t. ecexciv. f. 241; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 88. t. xlix. f. 32.
Tellina Ferroensis, Pet. Gaz. t. xciv. f.9; Puit. Cat. Dorset.

29. t. vi. f. 13; Mont. Test. Brit. 55; M. & i tee

Linn. Soc. viii. 49; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 29; Dill.

Dese. Cat. 77; Turt. Coneh. Dict. 171.

Tellina angulata, Born. Mus. t. u. f. 5.

Tellina radiata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 209. t. xiv. f. 1.
Tellina Bornei, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3231.

Tellina trifasciata, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. ix.

This species is found on the northern and western coasts of
England; is very common in the Orkneys, Shetland and Ferée
Islands, and has been found on the coasts of Iceland.

It was first discovered by Lister, at Scarborough in York-
shire.

Genus 40. TELLINA.
Tellina, Auctorum.

The shells thin, transverse or orbicular, most generally flat-
tened, with its hinder aspect angulated, with its margin either
inflexed or marked with an irregular fiexuous fold; the hinge
with two teeth in the left valve, the anterior one very minute,
the hinder one irregularly bidentate, the posterior lacinia much
shorter, with an elongate-triangular lamella; in the right valve
one equally bidentate tooth with avery small tooth behind it.

The animal with its tracheal tubes unequal, cylindrical, dis-
jomed, excepting at their base; the under one longer and
broader ; the foot lamelliform, elongate and acuminated.

1. TELLINA TENUIS.

Shells ovately trigonal, very thin and rather flat, with very
fine concentric striz, reddish, above with narrow white striz ;

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ. 295

the hinge greenish. Length three-quarters ; height half an

inch.

The animal entirely hyaline and trausparent.

Tellina tenuis, Lister, Conch. t. eccciv. f. 255; Petiv. Gaz.
t. xliv. f.5; Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 210; Donov. Brit.
Shells, t. xix.; Mont. Test. Brit.59; M. § R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. viii. 52; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 90 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 169 ; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 526.

Tellina planata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 87. t. xlvii. f. 29 ; Dill.
Dese. Cat. 81.

Tellina polita, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 29.t. v.f. 3.

This elegant species is found abundantly in the European,

Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.

2. TeLuina FABULA.

Shells ovate, compressed anteriorly, slightly rostrated ; one
valve smooth ; the other obliquely striated with reflexed striz.
Length three-quarters ; height half an inch.

Tellina Fabula, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3239 ; Donov. Brit. Shells,
t. xeviil.; Mont. Test. Brit.61; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe.
vii. 52; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 90; Dill. Desc. Cat.
91; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 526; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 170.

Tellina Discors, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 54. t. xu. f. 3, 3 a.

This species is common on almost all the sandy shores of
the European ocean.

3. TELLINA DONACINA.

Shells compressed, very slightly flattened, obliquely striolated,
anteriorly extremely obtuse, painted with interrupted rays.
Length three-quarters ; height half an inch.

Tellina donacina, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1118. no. 59; Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 3234; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 29. t. xu. f. 3 6.; Mont.
Test. Brit. 58; M.§ R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 50; Elem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 90.

Tellina donacina, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.
527; Dill. Dese. Cat. 89; Turt. Conch. Dict. 170.

296 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID2.

Tellina variegata, Poli, Test. ii. 45; i. t. xv. f. 10.
f. Testee valvis ambabus obliqué striolatis.

This species rather rarely occurs in the European and Medi-
terranean seas.

4. TELLINA DEPRESSA.

Shells ovate, inequilateral, compressedly-flattened, concen-
tricaily striolated, pale flesh-coloured, with their umbones pur-
pish. Length one and three-quarters ; height one inch.
Tellina depressa, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3238 ; Donov. Brit. Shells,

t. clxm.; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 91; Lam. Hist. Nat.

des Anim. sans Vert. v. 526; Dill. Desc. Cat. 91; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 171.

Tellina squalida, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 29. t. v. f. 2; Mont.

Test. Brit. 163.

Tellina incarnata, Poli, Test. ii. 36; 1. t. xv. f. I.

This species is not very unfrequently found in European and

the Mediterranean seas.

Genus 41. LimIco.wa.

Shells thick, suborbicular and rather flat, their posterior
aspect slightly truncated; the hinge in each valve with two
minute simple teeth.

The animal is unknown to me.

1. LimicoLA CARNARIA.

Shells reddish white, concentrically striated, and transversely
wrinkled ; internally smooth red, yellow or white. Length
seven-eighths; height three-quarters of an inch.

Tellina carnaria, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 88. t. xlvii. f. 31 ; Dill.

Desc. Cat. 100.

Tellina solidula, Lister, Anim. Ang. t.iv.f. 25; Conch. t. eceev.

f. 250; Petiwv. Gaz. t: xeiv. f. 6; Pult.. Cat. Dorset. 29;

t. viii. f. 4; Mont. Test. Brit. 63; M. & R. Trans. Linn.

Soc. vii. 58; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. 90; Lam. Hist. Nat.

des Anim. sans Vert. v. 533; Turt. Conch. Dict. 177.

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ. 297

Tellina rubra, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 211. t. xii. f. 4.

Var. a. Testis fasciis concentricis flavis albicantibus aut rubris
ornatis.

Var. 6. Shells ornamented with yellow, whitish or blue con-
centric bands.
This species is found on most of the muddy shores of En-

gland and I'rance.

STIRPS III.

Shells with their valves equally convex, inequilateral, the
hinder aspect very short and very obtuse; the umbones placed
before or behind the middle; the left valve with two di-
verging teeth, the right one with one tooth; a lamella placed
behind and sometimes before the cardinal teeth.

Genus 42. Donax.

Shells transverse, equivalve, inequilateral. its hinder aspect
very short and very obtuse ; the umbones situated behind their
middle; two diverging cardinal teeth in the left valve, in the
right one notched tooth ; with a lamella in each valve behind
the cardinal teeth.

The animal with equal free tubes ciliated at their extremities,
the upper one shortest ; the foot elongated and acuminated.

1. DoNAX VARIEGATA.

Shells slender, very smooth, yellowish or purplish, with a
broad band extending from the umbones to the inferior aspect.
Length one inch and a quarter; breadth five-eighths of an inch.
Tellina variegata, Lister, Conch. t. ccclxxxiv. f. 227; Bonanni

Recr. t. n. f. 42; Mus. Kirch. f. 41.

Donax complanata, Mont. Test. Brit. 106. t. v. f.4; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 75; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.
7); Dill. Desc. Cat. 150; Turt. Conch. Dict. 42.

Donax polita, Poli, Test. ii. t. xxi. f. 14.

03

298 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

Inhabits the European, Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.
It is common on most of our coasts; Torbay; Falmouth ;
Plymouth Sound ; Milton Sands; South Wales; Cork, Dublin
and Bantry Bays.

2. Donax TRUNCULUS.

Shells transversely elongated, their hinder aspect very short,
their margin denticulated ; their epidermis chestnut or olive-
green; their inside violet-coloured. Length an inch and a
half; height half an inch.

Donax Trunculus, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. v. f. 35; Conch.
t. ceelxvi. f. 217; Linn. Faun. Suec. 2142 ; Syst. Nat. xii.
1126; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 93. t. lv. f. 45; Chem. Conch.
vi. t. xxvi. f. 253, 254; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 32: 1 vee
Wood, Trans. Linn. Soc. vi. t. xvi. f. 13-16 ; Donov. Brit.
Shells, t. xxix. f. 1; Mont. Test. Brit. 103; M. & R. Trans.
Linn. Soc. vii. 75; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 74; Lam.
Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 551; Dill. Desc. Cat.
150; Turt. Conch. Dict. 41.

This species 1s common in the European, Mediterranean and
Adriatic seas (I have seen specimens from Senegal) ; it is
found common on the following coasts; Dawlish, Torbay ;
Causand, Whitesand and Falmouth Bays, Cornwall; Cork,
Bantry, Yaul and Dingle Bays, Ireland; Friths of Forth and
Clyde ; on Milton Sands and Sandersfoot.

STIRPS IV.

Shells transverse, equivalve, with the valves shut ; umbones
situated behind the middle of the shell ; no lamella before and
behind the cardinal teeth.

Genus 43. Capsa.

The shells transverse, inequilateral, the valves approximating
and shut; the hinge with two teeth in the right valve, one bi-
fid in the left valve; the lateral lainellee none.

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ. 299

The animal with its tracheal tubes connected, at least at their
base, and fringed at their extremities; the foot elongate, com-
pressed, subconical.

1. CapsA IRUS.

Shells ovate, girded with erect membranaceous ridges, ante-
riorly very obtuse and rough-ridged ; the ridges reflexed back-
ward (or arched); epidermis brownish white. The shells white
inside. Length one inch; height three-eighths of an inch.
Donax Irus, Linn. Syst. Nat. xi. 1128, no. 111; Borlase,

Corn. t. xxxviii. £. 23; Pult. Cat. Dorset: 32. t. xu. £.6 ;

Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxix. f. 2; Mont. Test. Brit. 108,

573; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 77; Poli, Test. Sic.

ni. t.x. f. 1,4; t. xix. f. 25, 26; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.

94; Dill. Desc. Cat. 156; Turt. Conch. Dict. 43.

Tellina Cornubiensis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 89.
Cuneus foliatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. t. xv. f. 6.

Inhabits the western coasts of Devon and Cornwall, pertfo-

rating marble rocks.

2. CAPSA VIRGINEA.

Shells subovate, sculptured with unequal concentric striz.
Epidermis yellowish-white or pale brown, most generally varie-
gated and marbled with rose or purple. Length two inches ;
height one inch and two-eighths.

Venus virginea, Lister, Conch. t. eccciil. f. 247 ; Linn. Syst.
Nat. xii. 1136. no. 150; Schroeter Einl. ti. 151; Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 3294; Chem. Conch. vu. t. xlu. f. 443 ; t. xbii.
f. 457. a, b, c.; Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. cclxxxiii. f. 2;
Pult. Cat. Dorset. 34. t. xm. f. 1; Mont. Test. Brit. 129;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. vii. 89 ; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.
vil. ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 207; Turt. Conch. Dict. 246.

Venus rhomboides, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97. t. lv. f. dextra.

Cuneus fasciatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 204,

Inhabits the British seas.

300 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

3. CAPSA DEFLORATA.

Shells subcordate, shining, concentrically striolated and lon-
gitudinally striated. Epidermis somewhat whitish or yellowish,
painted with cinereous letters or spots. Length one inch and
a quarter ; height one inch.

Venus deflorata, Lister, Conch. t. eccciv. f. 249; Petiv. Gaz.
t. xciv. f. 8; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 96. t. lvu. f. 54.

Venus aurea, Chem. Conch. vii. t. xlii. f. 458; Mont. Test.
Brit. 129; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 90; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vi. 95 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 186 ; Turt. Coneh.
Dict. 247:

Venus nebulosa, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 54. t. xii. f. 3.

Inhabits the western coasts of England and Ireland not un-
commonly ; Torbay; Plymouth Sound; Whitsand Bay; Fal-
mouth Harbour; Weymouth; Little Hampton: Yaul, Cork,
Bantry and Dingle Bays in Ireland.

4. CAPSA PERFORANS.

Shells subrhomboidal, roughish, anteriorly with concentric
reticulated striz. Epidermis whitish or yellowish brown.
Length two inches; height one inch.

Venus perforans, Mont. Test. Brit. 127. t. ii. f. 6; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soe. vi. 89; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 95 ;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 206; Turt. Conch. Dict. 245.

Inhabits the Devonshire and Cornish seas ; it perforates
wood in Salcombe Estuary ; in lime-rocks at Bantham and
other parts of the coasts of Devon and Cornwall; and in red
sandstone at Dawlish and Teignmouth.

5. Capsa PuLLASTRA.

Shells ovately oblong, with extremely delicate decussating
striee. Epidermis whitish or brown. Length two inches ; height
one inch and a half.

Venus Pullastra, Chem. Conch. vii. t. Ixu. f. 439; Wood, Trans.

Linn. Soc. vi. t. xvii. f. 11, 14; Pult. Cat. Dorset: toa:

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ. 301

f.8; Mont. Test. Brit. 125; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc.
vill. 88; Elem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 95 ; Turt. Conch. Dict.
245.
Venus Pullastra.
Venus Senegalensis, Dil/. Desc. Cat. 206.
This species is extremely common in the British seas in deep
water.

6. CAPSA RETICULATA.

Shells ovate behind, sculptured with decussating striz.
Epidermis pale ferruginous, generally painted with rays, letters
and spots. Length three; height two inches.

Venus reticulata, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. ww. f. 20; Conch.
t. eeeexxiil. f. 271; Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 102. t. xiv. f. 4;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 188.

Venus decussata, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1135. no. 149; Gmel.
Syst. Nat. 3294; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 34. t.vi. f.4 ; Donov.
Brit. Shells, t. \xvii.; Mont. Test. Brit. 124; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 88; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 95 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 244.

This species is extremely common in the European seas on
deep sandy bottoms.

STIRPS V.

Shellssubcordiform (somewhat heart-shaped), their cordiform
impression perfect; the umbones nearly central, prominent
and recurved ; with no lamella before and behind the cardinal
teeth, or only behind the cardinal teeth.

Genus 44. CRASSINA.
“rassina, Lamarck, MSS.

The shell more or less heart-shaped, equilateral ; the hinge
in one valve with one obtuse, the other valve with two obtuse

302 GINGLYMACONCHA, VENERIDZ.

teeth : the umbones are very much recarved, and are situated
behind the middle of the shells.

1. CRASSINA BRITANNICA.

Shells rather convex, concentrically grooved; the grooves
equidistant ; the epidermis deep or pale chestnut, olive or yel-
lowish-olive. Length one inch and three-eighths ; height one
inch.

Var. a. Valvarum margines interné denticulatz.

Venus Danmonia, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 45. t. xxix. f. 4;
Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 96; Dill. Desc. Cat. 167.

Venus sulcata, Mont. Test. Brit. 131; M. & R. Trans. Innn.
Soc. vil. 81. t. u. f. 2; Turt. Conch. Dict. 235.

Var. 8. Valvarum margines interné tenuiter elevate, at non
denticulate.

Venus Scotica, M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 81. t. u. f. 3;
Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl.44; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 96 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 236.

Var. a. The margins of the valves internally denticulated.

Var. 6. The margins of the valves internally elevated, forming
a slightly elevated rim ; but are not denticulated.

This species is by no means uncommon on the south and
western coasts of Devon, and on the northern coasts of ireland
and Scotland in deep water with a sandy bottom.

From the vast number of specimens in the collection of the
British Museum, collected by Colonel Montagu, C. Prideaux,
Esq., Mr. J. Cranch, Mr. Clealand and myself, I have not the
least reason to doubt that they are mere incidental varieties ;
the rim occupies in Var. /3. the same part exactly as the den-
ticulations in Var. a.

Genus 45. CHIONE.
Cytherea ** Lamarck.

Shells subcordate, equilateral; the hinge of the right valve
has four teeth, three of them converging and approximating
at their bases ; the other is solitary, situated a little remote from

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ. 303

the others ; the left valve has three divaricating teeth approxi-
mating at their bases; there are no lateral lamellee ; the ante-
rior cardinal tooth in each valve is simple.

The tracheal tubes of the animal are united, equally broad
and long, and are ciliated at their extremities.

I have been induced to separate this genus from the genus
Cytherea of Lamarck, not only from the difference in the teeth
of the hinge, but from the difference of the animals themselves ;
in his first division a. the anterior cardinal tooth is either chan-
nelled or denticulated.

1. CHIONE COCCINEA.

Shells rather thick; the epidermis chestnut, very smooth,
concentrically very finely striolated, and longitudinally striola-
ted. Length four; height three inches.

Venus chione, Lister, Conch. t. cclxix. f. 105; Linn. Syst.
Naé. xii. 1131. no. 125; Chem. Conch. vi. t. xxxii. f. 343 ;
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3272; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 33. t. vi. f. 7;
Poli, Test. Sic. ii. t. xx.; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xvii. ;
Mont. Test. Brit. 115; M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 84 ;
Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vii. 94; Dill. Desc. Cat. 178 ; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 239.

Pecten glaber, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 184. t. xiv. f. 7.

Cytherea chione, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v.
566.

Inhabits the Atlantic, European, Mediterranean and Adriatic
seas; it is not uncommon on the south and western coasts of
Devon, and the southern coasts of Wales.

2. CHIONE MINIMA.

Shells rather thick, slightly compressed, very smooth and
glossy, concentrically striated ; the epidermis flesh-coloured,
with two red marginal spots and two white les diverging from
the umbones to the inferior aspect, forming the letter V re-
versed. Length a quarter of an inch; height three-eighths of
an inch.

Venus minima, Moné. Test. Brit. 121. t. 1m. f.3; M. & R.

304 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID.

Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 81; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 81;

Dill. Desc. Cat. 166; Turt. Conch. Dict. 236.

This very rare species has’ hitherto only been found in the
deep sea off Falmouth.

Genus 46. Cyprina, Lamarck.

The shells obliquely cordate, equilateral; the umbones ob-
liquely curved: the hinge with three unequal teeth approxi-
mating towards their bases and divaricating above ; the lateral
lamellee placed far from the hinge, and in the left side is some-
times obsolete ; the cardinal ligament is more or less immersed
under the umbones.

The animal is unknown to me.

1. Cyprina ISLANDICA.

Shells thick obliquely, shortly cordate, anteriorly slightly
angulated ; the epidermis pale fuscous or yellowish-brown, con-
centrically striated. Length four inches ; height three inches
and a half.

Venus Islandica, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. iv. f. 22; Conch.
t. cclxxu. f. 108; Linn. Syst. Nat. 1131. no. 24; Chem.
Conch. vi. t. xxxil. f. 341 ; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3271; Pult.
Cat. Dorset. 33. t. vi. f. 5; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. \xxvii. ;
Mont. Test. Brit. 114; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vui.
83; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 94; Dill. Desc. Cat. 176 ;
Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 556; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 238.

Venus mercenaria, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 94. t. lin. f. 47.

Pecten crassus, Da Costa, Brit. Shells, 183. t. xiv. f. 5.

Cyclas Islandica, Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. ecci. f. 1, a, 6.
Inhabits the deep sandy coasts of the European seas ; is ex-

tremely common, but very rarely taken alive. I have, as well

as Mr. J. Cranch, been out for many days in the Plymouth

Sound and the coast of Cornwall in the trawl vessels, and al-

though we have procured them abundantly, we never could

meet with any having the animal.

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID. 305

Genus 47. Cauista, Poli.

The shells roundly heart-shaped, their umbones very much
reflexed ; the cardinal ligament nearly buried ; the hinge with
two teeth in each valve; those in the right valve nearly equal,
the hinder one ‘in the left valve much smaller than the anterior
one.

The tracheal tubes equal, half-jomed together; the foot
lance-shaped.

1. CALISTA VERRUCOSA.

Shells concentrically grooved; the margins of the grooves
thin, refiexed and transversely striolated, behind undulately
rough. Epidermis dirty white, striolated with very slender,
longitudinal, divaricating, fuscous or reddish-brown streaks.
Length two and a half; height two and a half inches.

Venus verrucosa, Lister, Conch. t. cclxxxiv. f. 122; Petiv.
Gaz. t. xc. f. 7; Linn. Syst. Nat. 1130. no. 116; Bor-
lase, Cornw. t. xxvii. f. 32; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 33. t. vil.
f. 1; Mont. Test. Brit. 112, 574; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.
vil. 94; Dill. Desc. Cat. 163 ; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim.
sans Vert. v. 586; Turt. Conch. Dict. 231.

Venus Erycina, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 94. t. liv. f. 48.

Pecten strigatus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 185. t. xii. f. 1.

Pecten membranaceus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 193. t. xiii. f. 4.

Venus cancellata, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. Ixiv., exv.

Inhabits the European seas in deep sandy bottoms.

2: “CALISTA CASINA.

Shells concentrically ridged; the ridges distant from one
another, reflexed and gradually decreasing behind, and with
the interstices concentrically striated. Epidermis reddish-
brown. Length and height two inches.

Venus casina, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1130. no. 117; Gmel.

Syst. Nat. 3269 ; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.

306 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID&.

v. 587; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 94; Dill. Dese. Cat.
165; Turt. Conch. Dict. 232.

This species inhabits the European seas in deep sandy bot-
toms.

Genus 48. HERMIONE.

The shells elongated, anteriorly truncated with the angles
rounded. The hinge with three teeth in each valve, the ante-
rior one in the right valve more or less imperfect. The tra-
cheal tubes joined together, their extremities frmged. The
foot lance-shaped.

1. HERMIONE GALLINA.

Shells cordate-trigonal, rounded above, whitish, radiated
with red, and concentrically suleated ; the interstices elevated,
painted alternately with white and red. Length one and a
quarter ; height one inch.

Venus Gallina, Lister, Conch. t. eclxxxii. f. 120; Born. Mus.
5/7. Vig. 6; Linn. Faun. Suec. 2114; Syst. Nat. 1130.
no. 119; Chem. Conch. vi. t. xxv. f. 308-310; M. & R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 82; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim.
sans Vert. v. 591; Dill. Desc. Cat. 168; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 234.

Venus rugosa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 95. t. lvi. f. 50.

Pecten striatulus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 191. t. xu. f. 2.

Venus casina, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 33. t. vil. f. 2.

Venus striatula, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. Ixviii.; Mont. Test.
Brit. 113; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 94.

This species is very common ; it inhabits the sandy coasts of
the European Ocean.

2. HERMIONE LAMINOSA.

Shells elongated, somewhat compressed, concentrically stri-
ated ; the interstices elevated, slightly rounded, reflexed near
the umbones and sculptured with longitudinal, divanicating,

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ. 307

narrow streaks. Epidermis yellowish-white. Length one and

a quarter; height one and two-eighths of an inch.

Venus laminosa, Laskey, Trans. Wern. Soc. i. t. vii. f. 16;
Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 38; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. 94 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 233.

This species is extremely rare; it inhabits the English,

Scotch and Irish seas.

3. HERMIONE REFLEXA.

Shells elongated, slightly convex, concentrically sulcated ;
the interstices elevated, reflexed, behind more distant from
each other, and undulated; the interstices and grooves sculp-
tured with very narrow streaks. Epidermis yellowish-brown,
ornamented with pale reddish bands. Length one and two
eighths ; height one inch.

Venus reflexa, Laskey, Trans. Wern. Soc. i. t. vii. f. 1;
Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 40; Flem. Edinb. Encycel. 94;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 233.

This species, which I believe with H. laminosa to be ex-
tremely rare, is found on the southern coasts of Devon and
Ireland, and the northern coasts of Scotland. I described
both these species from specimens in the collection of Mr.
Knox of Glasgow, who assured me that he had seen but two
of the first and one of the last, taken by a friend of his m the
Frith of Clyde.

Genus 49. ZuCLEICA.

The shells rounded, thick and slightly compressed ; the um-
bones refiexed. The hinge with two lamelliform teeth in each
valve, that in the hinder one in the left valve much smaller
than the anterior one.

1. ZUCLEICA FASCIATA.

Shell concentrically ribbed; the ribs generally rounded,
always very irregular ; sometimes narrow and slightly reflexed.
Epidermis yellowish, pale, fuscous or reddish-purple, gene-

308 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

rally painted with reddish divaricating rays. Length one inch ;
height seven-eighths of an inch.
Venus fasciata, Lister, Conch. t. cexev. f. 132.
Venus Paphia, Mont. Test. Brit. 170.

This species is not uncommon on most of the shores of Bri-
tain in deep water with sandy bottoms.

Genus 50. PastpHak.

The shell trigonal, inclming to cordate (heart-shaped) an-
teriorly, slightly acuminated but rounded; the umbones re-
flexed ; the ligament buried; the hinge with three unequal
teeth in each valve, the lateral ones lamelliform, the hinder
one in one valve minute.

1. PastpHaE PENNANTIA.

Shells opake, divaricatedly suleated and concentrically strio-
lated; the epidermis brown; internally white or flesh-co-
loured, in the middle purple. Length one half; height three-
eighths of an inch.

Venus ovata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97. t. lvi. f. 56; Walk.
Test. Min. Rar. f. 82; Pult. Cat. Dorset. t.1.f. 15; Mont.
Test. Brit. 120; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 85 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 94; Dill. Dese. Cat. 171 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 239.

This species is very common in the Irish, but very rare in
the Devonshire and Cornish seas; it is most commonly found
in very deep water; but in Dingle Bay, Ireland, I found them
very abundantly under the sand at the lowest tide.

STIRPS VI.

_ Shells cordiform, very convex ; umbones nearly central, very
prominent and recurved ; no lateral lamellee before the cardinal
teeth.

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDS. 309

The animal with its tracheal tubes not extending beyond the
valves; their extremities fringed ; the foot is rounded and ob-
tuse. 3 ;

Genus 51. Isocarpta.

Shells inequivalve, cordiform and ventricose; their umbones
distant from each other, divaricating and involuted ; the hinge
with two teeth in each valve entering one another ; one is placed
under the umbo in each valve; one lateral elongated lamella in
each valve.

1. Isocarp1A Cor.

Shells cordate-globose, smooth, fulvous; the umbones
whitish. Length two and three-quarters ; height three inches.
Chama Cor, Lister, Conch. t. celxxv. f. 11; Linn. Syst. Nat.

xu. 1137; Mont. Test. Brit. 134, 579; Flem. Edinb.

Encycl. vii. 96; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.

part. 1.31; Dill. Desc. Cat. 212; Turt. Conch. Dict. 32.
Cardium humanum, Linn. Syst. Nat. x. 682.

Cardita Cor, Brug. Encycl. Méth. 403. t. cexxxii. f. 1. a, 6, ¢, d.
Isocardia globosa, Lam. Syst. des Anim. sans Vert. 118.

Inhabits the Atlantic, European, Adriatic and Mediterranean
seas ; it has been found at Bantry Bay, Ireland, and in the He-
brides.

STIRPS VII.

Shells somewhat rounded or subglobose; umbones nearly
central, prominent and recurved before; the cordiform im-
pression imperfect ; both valves behind the umbones are more
or less channelled.

Genus 52. Loripss, Poli, Cuvier.

Shells somewhat rounded, slightly convex; the cardinal
ligament internal; the hinge with one simple straight tooth in
the left, and two divaricating simple ones in the left valve ;

310 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

both valves are channelled behind the umbones which extend
from them to the posterior aspects of the shell.

The animal with a solitary fistulose tracheal tube fringed at
its extremity ; the branchize one-lobed and half-jomed toge-
ther; the foot very much elongated, round and attenuated
towards its extremity ; the lips are either wanting or very ob-
solete.

1. LORIPES LACTEUS.

Shells thin, sculptured with very narrow striz ; the epider-
mis pale fuscous. Length and height three-quarters of an
inch.

Tellina lactea, Linn. Syst. Naé. 1119. no. 69; Pult. Cat.
Dorset. 30. t. v. f.9; Mont. Test. Brit. 70: t. mf. 4;
Poli, Test. i. 47. t. xv. f. 26-29; M. & R. Trans. Linn.
Soe. vii. 58; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 92; Wood, Gen.
Conch. 1. 187; Dill. Dese. Cat. 99; Turt. Conch. Dict.
176.

This species is not uncommonly found on the western and
southern coasts of Devon and Cornwall, generally in very deep
water.

Genus 53. Lucina.
Lucina, Bruguiére, Lamarck, Cuvier.

Shells nearly round, rather convex ; the hinge in both valves
bidentate ; the anterior tooth in the left, the posterior tooth in
the right, notched ; the ligament hinge-shaped and immersed ;
both valves behind the umbones are very slightly channelled.

The animal is unknown to me.

I separated this genus from Te/lina, under the name of
Egraca, prior to the publication of Lamarck’s last work, and
before I had seen his ‘‘ Systeme des Animaux sans Vertébres.”

1. Lucina RapDvULA.

Shells orbicular, sculptured with concentric lamelle, the in-
terstices sculptured with elevated concentric striole (narrow

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDA. 311

lines). Epidermis pale fuscous. Length and height one inch

and a half.

Tellina Radula, Mont. Test. Brit. 68. t.ii. f. 1,2; Pet. Gaz.
t. xcil. f. 18; Favanne, Conch. t. xlviii. f. 3; M. & R.
Trans. Linn, Soe. viii. 54; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 90;
Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 183. t. xiii. f. 4, 5; Turt. Conch.
Diet. 175.

Venus borealis, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. exxx.

Lucina Radula, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. v. 541.

Tellina spuria, Dill. Desc. Cat. 175.

This species is found abundantly in the deep water on sandy
bottoms on the western and southern coasts of Deyon and

Cornwall, and southern coast of Ireland.

2. LUCINA DIVARICATA.

Shells orbicular, subglobose, antiquated, sculptured with a
double series of oblique striz (lines). Epidermis white.
Length and height one inch and three-quarters.

Tellina divaricata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 74; Bonanni, Recr. t. iii.

f. 349 ; Chem. Conch. vi. 134. t. xi. f. 129; Poli, Test.

i toxy. ft. 25.

Lucina divaricata, Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. celxxxiv. f. 4, a, 6.

Inhabits the Mediterranean and southern seas of Scotland,
between Arran and Bute and the Mull of Cantire. I described
this species from one full-grown specimen in the collection of
Mr. Knox of Glasgow. He had three or four young ones
taken in the same situation mentioned above.

Genus 54. THYASIRA.

Shells subglobose ; the hinge in each valve with one obscure
tooth ; the ligament hinge-shaped and immersed ; both valves
behind the umbones are strongly channelled.

The animal is unknown to me.

1. THYASIRA FLEXUOSA.

Shells very thin, transparent, somewhat antiquated, very

312 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDA,

finely concentrically striolated ; with a groove extending from

the umbones to their inferior aspects; the epidermis snowy

white. Length and breadth three-eighths of an inch.

Tellina flexuosa, Mont. Test. Brit. 72; M.& R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vii. 56; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 91; Wood, Gen.
Conch. 1. 188. t. xlvi. f. 1,8; Dill. Desc. Cat. 188; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 177.

Thyasira flexuosa, Leach, Lam. Hist. Nat. des dnim. sans Vert.
v. 492.

Amphidesma flexuosa, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.
v. 492.

This species is found on the western and southern coasts of

Devon and the southern coasts of Ireland in deep water on

sandy bottoms.

STIRPS VIII.

Shells subcordate ; the cordiform impression perfect; the
umbones nearly central, prominent, and anteriorly curved; no
lamella before and behind the cardinal teeth.

Genus 55. AMPITHZA.
1. AMPITHZA EXOLETA.

The shells sculptured with narrow, concentric grooves, which
are roughish ; the epidermis whitish, more or less radiated with
pink and red. Length and height two or three inches.
Venus exoleta, Lister, Conch. t. eexci. f. 127. cexcii. f. 129 ;

Petiv. Gaz. t.xcii. f.15; Gualt. Test. t. xxv. f. F.; Born.

Test. t. v.f. 9; Linn. Faun. Suec..2145;, Syst. Wor eae

2134. no. 142; Favanne, Conch. t. xlvim. f. F. 1.; Chem.

Conch. vii. 18. t. xxxviii. f. 102-104; Sehroét. Hinl. wi.

142; Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. cclxxix. f. 5; Pult. Cat.

Dorset. 34. t. vii. f.5; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. sie aoa

Mont. Test. Brit.116; M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 87 ;

Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 94; Dill. Desc. Cat. 195; Turt.

Conch. Dict.

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID&. 33

Pecten capillaceus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 187. t. xii. f. 5.

Venus sinuata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3285.

Venus albida, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3287.

Venus tincta, Solander, MSS.

Var. 3. The colour dirty-white, painted with irregular ferrugi-
neous, tinged with fuscous spots.

Var. y. The colour pink, inclining to reddish, immaculate.

STIRPS IX.

Shells rounded, with no cordiform impression ; the umbones
prominent and nearly central and recurved, with no lamella
before and behind the cardinal teeth.

Genus 56. GLOCOMENE.

Shells rounded ; the hinge in one valve with three teeth,
the hinder one very obsolete; the middle one notched, the
anterior one simple and diverging ; in the other valve with two
teeth, the anterior one notched, the hinder one simple and di-
verging.

The animai is unknown to me.

1. GLOCOMENE MonrTaAGuANA.

Shells smooth, thin, semitransparent, sculptured with ex-
tremely slender, concentric striolee (little limes). Length and
height one inch.

Kpidermis snowy white, white or yellowish-white.

Tellina rotundata, Mont. Test. Brit. 71. t. ii. f. 3; M. §& R.
Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 56; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 92 :
Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 187; Dillw. Desc. Cat. 99; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 176.

Tellina undata, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 30. t. v. f. 8.

Inhabits the western coasts of Devonshire, the southern o1
Ireland in deep sea on sandy bottoms.

3

314 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

STIRPS X.

Shells somewhat compressed, rather orbicular or orbicularly
triangular; the umbones nearly central; the cardinal teeth —
diverging; with a lamella before or behind the cardinal teeth
in one or both valves.

Genus 57. CYRACHA.

Shell orbiculate, triangular, cordiform impression elongate ;
hinge in one valve with two teeth and lateral lamella; m other
valve two teeth, and no lateral lamella. Animal unknown.

i. CYRACHAA SPINIFERA.

Shells with very many parallel, equidistant lamelle, very
slightly reflexed, confluescent together in both valves, and ar-
ranged in a double series of spines; the epidermis yellowish-
white. Length five-eighths ; height half an inch.

Venus spinifera, Mont. Test. Brit. 577.—Supp. t. xvu. f. 1;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 78; Flem. Edinb. Encycel.
vil. 95; Dill. Dese. Cat. 163; Turt. Conch. Dict. 231.
This species, which is extremely rare, is found only on the

southern coasts of Devon in deep water, on a sandy bottom.

Genus 58. CypIppeE.

The shells orbicular, compressed and thick; no cordiform
impression ; the right more convex than the left valve; the
hinge in both valves with two teeth ; the anterior one in the right
notched, and the lateral lamellee very minute, the left one also
with two teeth; the anterior one notched, and with more ele-
vated, thicker Jateral lamelle.

1. CyprprEe LISTERIANA.

Shells sculptured with innumerable, concentric, very narrow
lamellze, the interstices sculptured with very fine elevated lines ;

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID. "BI

the epidermis yellowish, generally painted with divaricating or

diverging rays. Length two and a half inches; height one inch

and a quarter.

Venus crassa, Lister, Conch. cexcix. f. 136; Gmel. Syst. Nat.
3288.

Pecten depressior, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 194. t. xiii. f. 4,
dextra.

Tellina rigida, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 30. t. viii. f. 3; Donov.
Brit. Shells, t. cii.

Tellina crassa, Mont. Test. Brit. 65; M. §& R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vill. 55; Elem. Edinb. Encycl. 95; Wood, Gen. Conch.
i. 186. t. xl. f. 1; Dill. Desc. Cat. 96; Turt. Conch. Dict.
173.
Inhabits deep water on sandy coasts; very common.

STIRPS XI.

Shells equivalve, cordiform ; their umbones very prominent
and recurved; the ligament exterior and hinge-shaped ; the
cardinal teeth not diverging ; a lamella before and behind the
cardinal teeth.

Genus 59. Carpium.

Cardium, Auctorum.
Cerastes, Poli.

Shells with equal valves; the umbones very prominent and
recurved ; the ligament exterior and hinge-shaped ; the hinge
with two alternately placed teeth, the first behind, the second
before ; the first remote from the other teeth.

The animal with its tracheal tubes somewhat fistulose, short,
and not produced beyond the hinder aspect of the shell; their
extremities fringed, the under one with a pendulose valve at its
bottom: the hinder margin of the mantle is denticulated, and
with its double replications covers the tubes: the foot is conic,
very much elongated and geniculated.

P2

316 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

1. CARDIUM ACULEATUM.

Shells nearly cordate, oblique ; the ribs distant and convex,
with an excavated line; the anterior ribs spinous, the hinder
ones bearing papille ; the interstices flattened and transversely
striated ; the epidermis fuscous brown, painted with rays and
spots of the same colour, more intense. Height four; cireum-
ference eleven inches.

Cardium aculeatum, Linn. Syst. Nat. xu. 1122. no.78; Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 90. t. 1. f. 37; Da. Costa, Brit. Conch. 175;
Chem. Conch. vi. t. xv. f. 155-157; Gmel. Syst.- Nat.
3247; Brug. Encyel. Méthod. t. ecxevii. f. 1; Donov. Brit.
Shells, t. vi.; Mont. Test. Brit. 77 ; M.& R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. vill. 62; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 92; Wood, Gen.
Conch. i. 208. t. xlix. f. 1, 2; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim.
sans Vert. vi. part. 1. 7; Dill. Dese. Cat. 207; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 28.

This species is extremely common in the European seas in
deep water on sandy bottoms.

In young specimens the hinder spines are much sharper than
in the adults.

2, CARDIUM ECHINATUM.

Shells rotundately-cordate, nearly equilateral, with very much
elevated ribs, placed very near to each other, with an excavated
line somewhat interrupted, and armed with very numerous
approximating inflexed spines, the hinder ones obtuse; the
interstices slightly concave, and wrinkled. The epidermis fer-
rugineous brown, more or less mixed with white, and generally.
concentrically banded with ferrugineous brown. Length and
height two inches.

Cardium echinatum, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. v. f.33; Conch.
t. ecexxiv. f. 161; Linn. Faun. Suec. 2139; Syst. Nat. xii.
1122. no. 79; Murray, Amen. dead. t. uu. f. 19; Mill.
Zool. Dan. 46. t. xii. f. 12: .t. xv. f..1=4:) Pere
Zool. iv. 90; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3247; Da Costa, Brit.
Conch. 176. t. xiv. f. 2; Chem. Conch. vi. t. xvi. f.. 158;
Pult. Cat. Dorset. 30. t. vi. f. 2; Donov. Brit. Shells,

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID2. 317

t. evil. f. 1; Mont. Test. Brit. 78; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.
92: Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. part.1. 8;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 116; Turt. Conch. Dict. 29.

Cardium ciliare, Linneus, Pennant, Chemnitz, Schroéter, Gme-
lin, Bruguiére, Donovan, Maton and Racket.

Testa junior.
Cardium ciliare, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1112; Penn. Brit. Zool.
- iy. 90. t. 1. f. 39; Chem. Conch. vi. 178. t. xvi. f. 171,

172; Donov. Brit. Shells, i. t. xxxii. f. 2; Mont. Test.

Brit. 79; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 64; Pult. Cat.

Dorset. 31. t. iv. f. 1; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vu. 92;

Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 209. t. xlix. f. 3, 4.

Cardium parvum, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 177 ; Petiv. Gaz.

t. xx. f. 1; Brug. Encycl. Méthod. t. ccxeviii. f. 4.

Testa junior, Dill. Desc. Cat. 116; Turt. Conch. Dict. 29.

This species is found abundantly in the British and Medi-
terranean seas in very deep water on sandy bottoms, Plymouth
Sound, Torbay, Falmouth, Penzance, Friths of Forth and Clyde,
Cork Bay, Bantry Bay, Dingle Bay and Salcombe Bay.

The ribs of the young shells are angular, and farther apart
from each other; and the spines are sharper and much longer
proportionally than in the adults.

The animal is pale flesh-coloured, sometimes slightly testace-
ous; the respiratory tubes are ciliated ; the cilia nearest to the
apertures flesh-coloured, and sometimes, but rarely, pale tes-
taceous ; the foot very long, cinnabar red, its base paler.

3. CARDIUM TUBERCULATUM.

Shells subcordate, tumid, with ovate ribs placed distantly
from each other, transversely striated, and knotted behind ;
the tubercles at the posterior aspect larger and placed nearer
together ; the interstices with arched strie. Epidermis pale
yellowish-brown, banded and spotted with chestnut-brown, the
inferior and hinder aspects chestnut-brown, about the umbones
milk-white. Length and height three inches and a quarter.
Cardium tuberculatum, Lister, Conch. t. ceexxix. f. 166 ;

Rumph. Mus. t. xiviii. f. 11; Gualt. Test. t. bext. ap yes

318 GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERIDZ.

Seba, Mus. wi. t. f. 7; Linn. Syst. Nat. 1122. no. 81;
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3248; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 31. t. ii. £2 ;—
Mont. Test. Brit. 79, 568; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. vi.
64; Lam. Syst. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. part. 1. 8; Flem.—
Edinb. Encycl. 91 ; Wood, Gen. Conch.i. 210. t.1. f. 1, 2;
Dill. Desc. Cat. 117; Turt. Conch. Dict. 28.

Testa junior.
Gacdiam nodosum, Mont. Test. Brit. 81; Flem. Edinb. En-

cycl. vil. 92.

Testa junior, Turt. Conch. Dict. 29.

This species is found abundantly in the British and Medi- |
terranean seas ; on our coasts at Dawlish, Torbay, Falmouth,
Penzance, Weymouth, Torquay, England ; Friths of Forth and
Clyde, Scotland ; Yawl, Bantry, Cork, and Dingle Bays, Ire-
land.

4. CARDIUM EDULE.

Shells thick, rotundately-cordate, oblique, somewhat anti-
quated ; with twenty-six rounded ribs, rather approximating,
somewhat depressed, and transversely sculptured with elevated
lines ; the interstices smooth. Epidermis whitish or yellowish-
white, often bluish behind, and towards the hinge deep red.
Length two inches ; height two inches and three quarters.
Cardium edule, Linn. Faun. Suec. 2141; Lnnn. Syst. Nat.

xii. 1124. no. 90; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 91. t. 1. f. 42;

Chem. Conch. vi. t. xix. f. 194; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3252; |

Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 180. t. u. f. 1; Pult. Cat. Dorset.

30. t. ii. f. 1; Mont. Test.. Brit. 76; VM. & RB.) Prams:

Linn. Soc. 65; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.

part. i.12;? Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vi. 91; Dill. Desc. Cat.

114; Turt. Conch. Dict. 30.

Cardium rusticum, Lister, Conch. t. ecexxxiv. 171; Donov.

Brit. Shells, t. exxiv. f. 2; Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 226. t. ly.

f. 4.

This species is extremely common in the European, Atlantic,
Mediterranean and Adriatic seas.

I have some doubts whether the species described by La-
marck be the same with our species, as his description does not

GINGLYMACONCHA. VENERID. 319

apply to those found on our own coasts: I think it possibly
applies to the following new species.

5. CARDIUM TENUE.

Shells thin, rotundately-cordate, with thirty rounded ribs ;
the ribs and the interstices between them with transverse ele-
vated, irregular, interrupted, broken, elevated lines, those be-
hind very much elevated; the epidermis pale ferrugineous-testa-
ceous; the umbones purplish. Length one inch and three-
eighths ; height one inch and two-eighths.

Var. 3. The epidermis entirely orange.

I found this new species in 1821, in salt pools on a green
marine conferva, very near the sea, near Bexhill in Sussex.
The inside is purplish, the margins chestnut.

Var. (3. was discovered by C. Stokes, Esq., at Limington, in
great abundance.

6. CARDIUM ZONATUM.

Shells rotundately-cordate, semitransparent, with the ribs
approximating and broadly rounded, sculptured with transverse
elevated lines ; the interstices or grooves simple. Length two-
eighths and a quarter of an inch ; height three-eighths of an
inch.

Cardium fasciatum, Mont. Test. Brit. Suppl. 30. t. xxvu.
f.6; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 92; Wood, Gen. Conch. i.
215; Dill. Dese. Cat. 130; Turt. Conch. Dict. 32.

Var. 8. The ribs on the hinder and sometimes also on the
lower aspect tuberculated.

This species is found rather rarely on the sandy shores of
England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland.

7. CARDIUM EXIGUUM.

Shells obliquely cordate, somewhat angulated; the hinder
aspect very short, with twenty-two tuberculated ribs ; the in-
terstices with excavated punctures. Epidermis dirty white or
brown. Length five-eighths of an inch; height half an inch.
Cardium exiguum, Lister, Conch. t. ecexvil. f. 154; Walker,

320 GINGLYMACONCHA: VENERIDZ.

Test. Min. Rar. f. 38; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3255; Pult. Cat.
Dorset. t. u. f. 11; Mont. Test. Brit. 82; M. & R. Trans.
Tinn. Soe. vi. 61; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 91; Lam.
Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. part. 1. 14; Wood.

Gen. Conch. i. 212; Dill. Desc. Cat. 114; Turt. Conch.

Dict. 31.

Cardium pygmeum, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxxu. f. 3.

This species is occasionally found on the southern coasts of
Devon and Ireland. Salcombe Bay, Col. Montague; Falmouth,
Mr. J. Cranch; Weymouth, Dr. J. Goodall; Cork Bay, J.
Drummond, Esq. ; Bantry Bay, Miss Hutchings; Dingle Bay,
myself.

8. CARDIUM LEVIGATUM.

Shells very high, short, smooth, sculptured anteriorly and
posteriorly with very obsolete ribs and very fine divaricating
lines ; the epidermis yellowish-brown or olive-brown. Length
two inches ; height two inches and a half.

Cardium levigatum, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. v. f. 32 ; Conch.
ecexxxul. f. 169; Pet. Gaz. t.xciu.f. 10; Linn. Syst. Nat.
xn. 1123. no. 88; Penn. Brit.. Zool. iw. 91. tl dose
Pult. Cat. Dorset. 31. t. vii. f. 6; Donov. Brit. Shells,
t. Ixxx.; Mont. Test. Brit. 80; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii.
91; Wood, Gen. Conch. 1. 222. t. liv. f. 1; Dill. Dese.
Cat.123. J

Cardium levigatum, Turt. Conch. Dict. 31.

Cardium fluviatile, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3255.

This species is extremely common in the British seas, but
is found most abundantly in estuaries.

FAMILY XI. UNIONID.

Shells with the valves elongated, equivalve ; the umbones
anterior ; the ligament external and hinge-shaped ; the epi-
dermis leathery-membranaceous.

GINGLYMACONCHA. UNIONIDZ&. 321

The tubes of respiration rudimentary ; the lower one fringed ;
the orbicular muscle with a double fringe.

The umbones in young shells are very frequently wrinkled
or plicated.

All the genera of this family inhabit fresh-waters, and are
found in rivers, torrents, lakes and marshes. Linnzeus and his
followers referred all of them to their artificial genera, Mya
and Mytilus.

The species of this family have particularly engaged my
attention, from the various opinions entertained respecting
them by different authors ; and by means of a very extended
series collected from every part of Great Britain, I have been
enabled to clear up all doubts as to the characters of the spe-
cies, and to the varieties to which they are all more or less
subject.

I must return my warmest thanks to the following persons:
to the Right Hon. Sir Joseph Banks; to Miss Bennet ; to
the Rev. J. Bulwer; to J. S. Henslow, Esq., Professor of Na-
tural History, Cambridge ; to T. Brightwell, Esq. ; and lastly
to Dr. F. Granger, for the very fine series of growth and va-
rieties of the species, which all of them were so good as to fur-
nish me from the various localities.

Genus 60. DaMaRIs.

Shells transverse, oblong, curved, equivalve, and inequilate-
ral; the umbones generally decorticated ; the hinge with one
short, compressed, slightly striated cardinal tooth.

The orbicular muscles of the mantle unite together before
the anterior adductor muscle at their posterior extremities,
which are loose ; the abdomen is covered by a tendinous ex-
pansion ; the foot lamellitorm, rounded at its extremity.

Under the cardinal ligament the valves are furnished with
lamellee, which are extremely fine in our indigenous species,
and often obsolete; but in some of the North American spe-
cies these lamellee are very much developed, and lock into each
other.

All the species of this genus bear pearls.

322 GINGLYMACONCHA. UNIONID.

1. DAMARIS ELONGATA.

Shells with their valves obtusely angulated, slightly pressed
together above and widely emarginated below ; the epidermis
black or fuscous black. Length five inches; height two inches
and a half. :
Mya margaritifera, Lister, Anim. Angl. App. t.i. f.1; Coneh.

exlix. f. 4; Linn. Faun. Suec. 2130; Syst. Nat. xu. 1112.

no. 29; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 80. t. xlu. f. 18; Drap.

Hist. Nat. des Moll. terrest. et fluv. 133. t. u. f. 5, yanior ;

Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 225. t. xv. f. 3°; Donov. Brat.

Shells, t. lxxiii.; Mont. Test. Brit. 33; M. & R. Trans.

Linn. Soc. viii. 40; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 87 ; Wood,

Gen. Conch. 1. 107. t. xxii.; Dill. Dese. Cat. 52; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 106.

Unio elongata, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.

part. i. 70.

The shells without the epidermis are pearly, and inside po-
lished, pearly and rosy.

Mantle brown, inclining to luteous; its fringe deep brown ;
orbicular muscle behind the middle, dirty white; the adductor
muscles whitish ; abdomen silvery white ; branchize dirty lu-
teous ; foot subluteous, its base lieolated with pale fuscous ;
lips dirty luteous.

Inhabits rapid, rocky rivers and torrents. It occurs m the
rivers Dun or Avon, in the Dart, in the Exe near Tiverton, and
the Yalm, in Devon ; in several of the Cornish rivers; in the
river Wye, near Hereford; in the Irt, Cumberland; in the
Conway, Wales; in the Clyde, in rivers near Perth, and in the
Tay, Scotland ; in the Ban, Ireland, &c.

This species is undoubtedly the Mya margaritifera of Lin-
neeus, as he quotes Lister’s ‘ Historia Concharum,’ t. 149. f. 4,
where an exact figure is given.

In young specimens the anterior, lower and posterior margins
of the valves are submembranaceous and inclining to olive
colour ; their inner surface is also iridescent.

This species, in common with its exotic congeners, produces

GINGLYMACONCHA. UNIONIDZ. 323

excellent pearls, which are often sent to India, and reimported
as oriental pearls. There was formerly a pearl fishery in the
Tay, and there is one at present in North Wales, which is said
to produce a very considerable revenue to the proprietor, who,
I have been told, is a female.

I have adopted Lamarck’s specific name as more appropriate,
as it is certainly longer than any other species, and all of them
bear pearls.

Genus 61. Unto.
Unio, Bruguiere, Lamarck, Cuvier, Say, Rafinesque.

Shells moderately thick, ovate, acuminated behind; the
hinge with a short, lamelliform, cardinal tooth in each valve,
wrinkled, or with many notches behind; in the right valve,
under the cardinal ligament, is an elongated lamella; in the
left are two elongated ligaments, which receive the right lamella
between them ; the epidermis thin ; the hinder muscular im-
pression compound. _

The orbicular muscles of the Hvis join each other behind
the posterior adductor muscle and above the anterior adductor ;
the branchiz are unequal; the outer ones, which are the
smallest, are jomed even to their posterior extremities with the
orbicular muscles, forming the superior respiratory or tracheal
tube perfect; the abdomen is covered by a membrane ; the
foot is acutely lamelliform.

1, Unto OVALIS.

Shells with their valves oval, the cardinal teeth wrinkled,
the right one compressed, the left one with its apex notched ;
the anterior lacinia excavated beneath, receiving the right one ;
the epidermis pale fuscous luteous, radiated with luteous-green-
ish, fuscous or black. Length four inches; height two inches.
Mya ovalis, Lister, Anim. Angl. App. f. 6 ; Conch. t. exlvii.

f.2; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. exxii. f. 1, 3; Flem. Edinb.

Encycl. vii. 87.

Mya ovata, Mont. Test. Brit. 31,563; M. & R. Trans. Linn.

324 GINGLYMACONCHA. UNIONIDZ.

Soc. vin. 39 ; Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 105. t. xix. f. 5; Dell.

Dese. Cat. 50; Turt. Conch. Dict. 106.

Mantle pale fuscous luteous ; the orbicular muscle whitish,
often externally or entirely saffron; the fringe blackish; the
branchiz dirty saffron, inclining to luteous ; the lps hyaline
or dirty luteous; the abdomen whitish; the foot white or
saffron.

This species, of which I have never seen any continental
specimens, lives in slowly flowing waters ; it is found abundantly
in the Thames, the New River, in the Croydon and Surrey
canals ; very plentiful im the river Avon above and at Bath ;
and is likewise found in the river Mole in Surrey.

Those from the Avon and Mole are thicker than those from
the other localities, and are generally covered with a very black
or deep brown epidermis. Young specimens are always more
or less tinted with pale green.

Unio ovalis is often placed in cabinets as the U. Pictorum,
from which it may readily be distinguished by its wedge-shape,
by the abruptness with which it is narrowed behind, and by
the oblique notch in the tooth im its left valve.

2. Unio Pictrorvum.

Shells with their valves ovate-oblong, anteriorly rhomboidally
attenuated, the extremity obtusely acute; the cardinal teeth
wrinkled and serrated; the right one lamelliform, the left ex-
cavated beneath, receiving the right one; the epidermis olive,
yellowish or pale fuscous. Length four inches; height one and
three-quarters, and more rarely two inches.

Mya Pictorum, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. ii. f. 30; App. t.i. f.4;
Conch. t. cxlvi. f. 1. exlvn. f. 3; Pet. Gaz. t. xen. f. 9;
Valentine, Mus. t. xiv. f. 15; Bonanni, Recr. t.ii. f. 40,
41; Ginann. Op. Port. t. iv. f. 16; Linn. Faun. Suec.
2129; Syst. Nat.xu. 1112.n0.28; Murray, in Amen. Aead.
vil. t. ul. f. 6; Schroét. Fluss. t.iv. f. 6; Penn. Brit. Zool.
iv. 79.t. xlii. f. 17 ; Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 228. t. xv. f. 4;
Brug. Encyel. Méthod. cexlviui.f.4; Donov. Brit. Shells, t.

GINGLYMACONCHA. UNIONIDZ. 325

elxxiv.; Stw&rm. Deutsch. Faun. vi. no. 2. t. a, 6, c.; Flem.

Edinb. Encycl. vii. 88 ; Wood, Gen. Conch. i. 104. t. xix.

f. 3, 4; Dill. Desc. Cat. 49 ; Turt. Conch. Dict. 106.
Mya ovalis, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 27. t. xii.f. 4; Donov. Brit.

Shells, t. Ixxxix.; Mont. Test. Brit. 31.

Mya batava, Mont. Test. Brit. 36; M. & R. Trans. Linn.
Soc. viii. 37; Wood, Gen. Conch. 1. 103. t. xix. f. 1, 2.
Unio Pictorum, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.

part. 1. 79.

Mantle dirty luteous ; the orbicular muscle saffron, fringed
with saffron coloured, but black behind ; the fringes of the
respiratory tubes pale ; branchize dirty saffron ; lips transpa-
rent, saffron-coloured ; abdomen silvery white; the foot
bluish-dusk, its extremity luteous.

The usual form of this shell is elongate, shghtly compressed
and gradually narrower behind. Some specimens are much
compressed, especially posteriorly, and others resemble Unio
ovalis in their external form ; but may generally be distinguished
by the broad excavation on its lower aspect, which is very
rarely wanting.

As Linneeus has cited the figures of Lister and Bonanni, I feel
perfectly assured that this species is his Mya Pictorum; and
having examined Montague’s specimen of Maton and Racket’s
Mya Batava, I am equally certain that it is utterly impossible
to separate it from this species.

Lamarck’s Unio Batava is common in the Seine, and is de-
cidedly a distinct species.

The “ Musculus fluviatilis & fluvio Tamesi ad Battersey,”’
Inst. Hist. Nat. Conch. t. exlix., is merely a distorted variety
of this species: Lister’s specimen is in the British Museum.
I have twice found between Lambeth Stairs and the Red-
house in Battersea Fields, specimens much resembling Lis-
ter’s, and I have received similar varieties passing into the
common one, from my worthy friend, the Rev. J. Bulwer, who
found them plentifully in the river Bure, and in a stream
near Erpingham in Norfolk.

Unio Pictorum is common in the Thames, the New River,

326 GINGLYMACONCHA. UNIONIDA.

the Medway, in the Mole, near Cobham in Surrey, in the Nor-
folk localities mentioned above, in the Wye at Hereford, and
in the Cam at Cambridge: in the last-mentioned localities it
occurs but sparingly. These were sent to me by my friend Pro-
fessor Henslow of Cambridge.

Genus 62. ANODONTES.

Anodontes, Bruguicre, Cuvier.
Anodonta, Lamarck, Say, Rafinesque, Xe.

Shells equivalve, equilateral, elongate; the hinge straight
and toothless ; the cardinal lamina is smooth, anteriorly trun-
cated or ending in a sinus, terminating the anterior aspect: the
two muscular impressions are lateral, remote from one another,
and paired or doubled; the cardinal ligament is straight exte-
riorly, with its anterior extremity passing down in a sinus of the
cardinal ligament.

The orbicular muscles of the mantle are united behind the
posterior and above the anterior adductor muscle ; the branchiz
are unequal; the exterior ones smallest, and connected at
their hinder extremities with the orbicular muscles, forming
the superior respiratory or tracheal tube complete and entire :
the abdomen is covered with a very thin membrane ; the foot
is acuminated and lamelliform.

1. ANODONTES EvuROPA.

Shells with their valves somewhat ovately wedge-shaped,
behind (especially in the young ones) with angulated wings ;
the epidermis fuscous inclining to luteous, radiated with black ;
or brown or intense deep black-brown, and not radiated.
Mytilus cygneus, Lister, Anim. Angl. App. t. 1. f. 3; Conch.

t. clv. f. 11; Gualt. Test. t. vii. f. F.; D’Argenv. Conch.

t. xxxi. f. 10, sin. ; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 113. t. lxviii. f. 78;

Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 214. t. xvii. f. 2; Schroét. Fluss.

t. i. f. 1; Hinl. ii. 440; Chem. Conch. vii. t. Ixxxvi. f.

763; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3355 ; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 38. t. xi.

f. 2; Drap. Hist. Nat. des Moll. terrest. et fluv. 134. t. xii.

GINGLYMACONCHA. UNIONIDZ. O27

f. 1; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. lv.; Mont. Test. Brit. 179;
M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 109 ; Flem. Edinb. Encycl.
vu. 99; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. part. i.
85; Dill. Desc. Cat. 317; Turt. Conch. Dict. 116.

Mytilus stagnalis, Sow. Brit. Miscel. t. xvi.; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 115.

Testa junior.

Mytilus anatinus, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. ti. f. 29 ; App. t.i. f. 2;

Conch. t. clv. f. 8; Petiv. Gaz. t. xcii. f. 8; Gualt. Test.

t. vu. f. 3; Linn. Faun. Suec. 2158; Syst. Nat. xii. 1158.

no. 258; D’ Argenv. Conch. t. xxxi. f. 10, med.; Miiil.

Verm. Hist. ii. 207 ; Schroét. Fluss. 160. t.i.f. 1, 2; Penn.

Brit. Zool. iv. 113. t. Ixvii. f. 59; Da Costa, Brit. Conch.

22%. 1. xvii. f..1; Pult.. Cat. Dorset. xxviii. t. xi. f. 6;

Drap. Hist. des Moll. terrest. et fluv. 134. t. xii. f. 1;

Mont. Test. Brit. 171 ; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 99 ; Lam.

Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. part. i. 85; Dill. Dese.

Cat. 317; Turt. Conch. Dict. 116.

Mytilus Avonensis, Mont. Test. Brit. 172; Flem. Edinb.

Encycl. vu. 99; Turt. Conch. Dict. 116.

Anodonta intermedia, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.

part. i. 86.

Mytilus anatinus, 6., M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 110.

Animal pale saffron ; abdomen luteous; the foot, especially
at its extremity, deep saffron ; the lips saffron inclining more
or less to fuscous ; the branchize lutescent ; the orbicular mus-
cle saffron, generally blackish behind ; the tracheal fringes lu-
teous ; the region of the respiratory or tracheal tubes generally
brownish.

The Mytilus stagnalis of English writers is merely a gigan-
tic growth of this shell, which in its common adult state has
generally been considered to be the Mytilus cygneus of Linnzeus,
who expressly observes, ‘‘ habitat ad ostia fluviorum ;”’ whereas
our shell is never found within the influence of the tide, but
resides entirely in fresh water. The younger state of this spe-
cies is most decidedly the Mytilus anatinus of Linnzeus, Mon-
tague, and most other naturalists; Mytilus Avonensis is merely

328 GINGLYMACONCHA. UNIONIDZ.

a dwarf variety, which in its young state cannot be distinguished
from what is generally denominated M. anatinus.

The most common variety occurs in most of the canals and
stagnant waters around London, where it is very abundantly
found, but rarely exceeds five inches in length; in Norfolk,
about Norwich, it is frequently found six inches and a half in
length, and three and a half in height. The largest specimens
that I have seen measure nearly eight inches in length, three
and a half in height, and two and a half in width, and were
communicated to me by Sir Joseph Banks, who discovered
them in a pond in the front of his house at Spring Grove, that
had for many years remained undisturbed.

The second or thick variety was observed by Miss Benett,
in a brook near Hillground Hatches, parish of Tisbury in Wilt-
shire : this is proportionally higher than the first variety ; the
under margin is very much indented or excavated ; the epi-
dermis is black, and the umbones very much corroded ; in the
young state it cannot be distinguished from the common va-
riety : the largest specimen that I received measured five inches
and a half in length, and three and a half in height.

The third variety, Mytilus Avonensis of Montague, occurs in
the river Mole, near Cobham in Surrey; in the Brent, near
Hendon in Middlesex; in a brook at Castle Carey, and in
Bishopstrow river, near Warminster, Wiltshire, abundantly ;
but rarely exceeds two inches and a half in length ; in the Avon
at Lackham, it acquires the length of three inches and a half;
and in the Tay, four inches. This variety is found, with all
the intermediate varieties that connect it with the first variety,
in the New River, in the Thames, in the Mole ; in ponds, near
Boreham, Wiltshire ; in the Avon above and at Bath; in the
Cam; in Norfolk, in a stream, near Erpingham in the latter
county; in streams near Newcastle, and round Edinburgh ;
and in the Wye at Hereford.

All the above-mentioned varieties, which are in the collection
I presented to the British Museum at different times, pass
into each other imperceptibly, and all perfectly agree with
each other in the young state, when the epidermis is of a pale
luteous green colour, with very large wing-like processes on

GINGLYMACONCHA. PINNADZ. 329

their dorsal margin behind their umbones, which generally
diminishes as the shells increase in size, and in old specimens
is always more or less obsolete.

Not knowing by what appellation I ought to distinguish
this species, which has so many names, I at last resolved to give
it the name of Luropea, as it is the only species yet known to
inhabit Europe.

FAMILY XII. PINNAD.

Teste zequivalves elongate, posticé attenuate, infra posticé
paululum hiantes. Valva singula impressionibus tribus mus-
cularibus impressa. Epidermis tenuis membranacea aut cori-
aceo-membranacea. Jigamenta duo, interius elongatum aut
coriaceo-membranaceum.

Animal bysso & pedis basi enascente.

Genus 63. Pinna.

Shells longitudinal, wedge-shaped, (anteriorly especially),
compressed, very much attenuated behind; the umbones ter-
minal; the valves reflexed above, and connected entirely along
their whole length ; the elastic cardinal ligament not reaching
the anterior margin ; the hinge toothless; the foot bearing a
byssus.

1. PINNA FRAGILIS.

Shells with their valves ribbed longitudinally with obsolete
ribs distant from one another, and abruptly attenuated behind ;
the anterior margin somewhat longer than the exterior one
below ; the epidermis deep horn-coloured. Length thirteen
inches ; height anteriorly eight inches.

Pinna fragilis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. t. lxix. f. 80.
Pinna ingens, Mont. Test. Brit. 180; M. § R. Trans. Linn.

Soc. viii. 112; Turt. Conch. Dict. 148.

Pinna levis, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. clu.

A/

330 GINGLYMACONCHA. PINNADZ.

Pinna pectinata, Dill. Desc. Cat. 326; Lam. Hist. Nat. des

Anim. sans Vert. vi. part. i. 133, var. 3.

This species inhabits the Atlantic, the western coasts of De-

von, the southern coasts of Ireland, and the northern coasts of
Scotland in deep water. It varies in having the ribs spiny ;
the processes or spines erect, anteriorly excavated or hollowed ;
or with having the ribs nearly obsolete, simple, and without
spines: it is most common in the Salcombe Estuary. Mr.
J. Cranch, when in a trawl-boat near the Eddystone lighthouse
in the Plymouth Sonnd, found the specimen described above,
measuring 13 inches long, and 8 in height anteriorly, which
contained several muddy pearls. In this species I have fre-
quently seen the Pinnoteres Veterum™, mentioned by Apuleius,
and in the fable so beautifully told = Oppian, which is also
alluded to by Ciceroy. Aristotle supposed that they acted
as sentinels, which was also believed by Rondeletius and other
naturalists.

2. PINNA ELEGANS.

Shells with their valves slender, thin, transparent, longitudi-
nally ribbed; the ribs narrow, very numerous, placed very
near to each other, gradually attenuated behind and spiny ;
the spines concave; the anterior margin nearly equal; the
epidermis pale horn-coloured, behind purple, inclinmg to blue
or greenish. Length seven inches; height anteriorly three
and a quarter inches.

Pinna ingens, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 115.
Pinna pectinata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch, 240. t. xvi. f. 3; Pult.

Cat. Dorset. 39. t. iil. f. 3; Mont. Test. Brit. 178; M. &

R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 113; Turt. Conch. Dict. 148.

* Described in my ‘ Malacostrata Podophthalmata Britannica,’ article
Pinnoteres, where all the British species yet discovered are described and
figured.

+ “ Pinna vero (sic enim Greece dicitur) duabus grandis patula conchis,
cum parva squilla quasi societatem coit comparandi cibi. Itaque cum
pisculi parvi in concham hiantem innataverint, tum admonita a squilla,
pinna morsu comprimit conchas.””—Cicero de Nat. Deor. lib. ii. s. 48.

GINGLYMACONCHA. PINNAD&. . jaar

Pinna muricata, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. x.
Pinna muricata, Turt. Conch. Dict. 149?

Var. 3. The ribs with their spines reflexed, but not concave ;
the epidermis flesh-coloured, behind deep flesh-coloured.
Var. 6. The ribs smooth, without spines ; the epidermis horn-

coloured, flesh-coloured; behind purple, inclining to blue,

greenish or deep flesh-coloured.

Inhabits the sea on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall, the
southern coasts of Ireland and Wales, and the Dorsetshire
coast in very deep water on sandy bottoms.

Genus 64. Monp1o.ua.

Shells ventricose, nearly transverse, equivalved, regular,
slightly winged, anteriorly gradually compressed ; the valves
connected above as far as the middle of the wing; the um-
bones nearly terminal and incumbent : the elastic cardinal liga-
ment is somewhat internal, received in a canal of the margin,
but not reaching the middle of the wing, one securiform, nearly
lateral, muscular impression. The foot very large, elongate-
oval. 7

* Shell smooth, hinder side winged.

1. MopioLaA PAPUANA.

Shells with their valves covered with a fuscous or whitish
violaceous epidermis ; under the epidermis and inside whitish ;
the anterior side distinctly smuated; the hinder side with a
rounded wing. Length seven inches; height three and a half
inches.

Mytilus papuanus, D’ Argenv. Conch. t. xxii. f. c.

Mytilus modiolus, Lister, Conch. t. ecclix. f. 128; Gualt.
Test. t. xci. f. H.; Linn. Syst. Nat. 1158. no. 256; Knorr.
Vergn. iv. t. xv. f. 3; Favanne, Conch. t.\. f. B.; Penn.
Brit. Zool. iv. 113. t. Ixvi. f. 77 ; Da Costa, Brit. Conch.
21954. xv. f..5;. Chem. Conch. vii. 219. t..xv. f. 5 3 -Pult.
Cat. Dorset. 38; Brug. Encycl. Méth. t. ccxix. f. 1 ; Donov.
Brit. Shells, t. xxi. ; Mont. Test. Brit. 23; M. § R. Trans.

Soe GINGLYMACONCHA. PINNADZ.

Linn. Soe. viii. 108 ; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 99; Dill.

Desc. Cat. 211; Turt. Conch. Dict. 111.

Var. 3. Mytilus umbilicatus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 112. t. Ixy.
yO:

Modiola papuana, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.
partsajiil.

Mytilus barbatus, Gualt. Test. t. xci. f. u. ; Linn. Faun. Suec.
2157; Syst. Nat. xii. 1156. no. 252 ; Chem. Conch. viii. t.
Ixxxiv. f. 749; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 38. t. xii. f. 5, dextra;
Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xx.; Mont. Test. Brit. 161.

Musculus obscurus pilosus, Ginan. Conch. Adiat. ii. 36. t. xxvii.
f. 169.

Mytilus curtus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 112. t. lxiv. f. 76, a,
young.

Mytilus subumbilicatus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 112, distorted.
Inhabits the Atlantic, European, Mediterranean and Adriatic

seas, generally in very deep water.

Dr. Goodall found this species at Sandersfoot and Wey-
mouth; I have observed it in Salcombe Estuary, Sandgate,
Little Hampton, the Hebrides, the Friths of Clyde and Forth,
and have received specimens from the Orkneys.

2. Mytitus GIBBSIANUS.

Shells with their valves covered with a fuscous epidermis ;
under the epidermis whitish ; internally whitish, reddish be-
hind; the anterior side sinuated; the hinder side with a
rounded wing. Length two inches and one-eighth; height
one inch.

Modiola Gibbsu, Leach, Zool. Miscel. ii. 34. t. Ixxii. f. 2.
Mytilus modiolus, var. c., Turt. Conch. Dict. 112.

This new species was first discovered by Mr. J. Gibbs, for-
merly collector for Col. Montague, who pointed it out to me
as a new species. The epidermis is serrated, and a red spot
on the inside of each valve distinguishes it decidedly from the
young of M. papuana.

_ GINGLYMACONCHA. PINNADZ. 3a0

** Shell with longitudinal and oblique grooves.

3. Mopiouta PRIDEAUXIANA.

Shells with their valves cancellated behind; the anterior
side towards the middle broadly sinuated ; the hinder side with
a rounded wing.

Modiola Prideauxiana, Leach, Zool. Miscel. ii. 85.

This beautiful little shell, which does not exceed a quarter
of an inch in length, was discovered by my kind and worthy
friend and cousin Charles Prideaux, Esq. of Kingsbridge. Se-
veral specimens were found by him amongst some sand from
Milton in the southern coast of Devon, which I name after
him, as a just tribute due to one of the most active and zealous
investigators of the marine zoology of Britain.

** Shell grooved behind and sometimes before.

4. MopIoOLA DISCREPANS.

Shells oblong, oval, thin; their valves covered with a pale-
green, olive or black epidermis ; under the epidermis pink, in-
ternally whitish ; the valves behind with very few, before with
very numerous, narrow, rounded, wrinkled ribs, thence appear-
ing to be cancellated. Length one inch and a half; height
seven-eighths of an inch.

Mytilus discrepans, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 221. t. xvii. f.1;
Mont. Test. Brit. 169; Leach, Zool. Miscel.ii. 36; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 99 ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 319; Turt. Conch.
Diet: 112.

Mytilus discors, 3., M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 111.
Inhabits the European and Mediterranean seas on sandy

bottoms, adhering to the roots of Fuci and other marine plants,

and sometimes to oysters.

This species is common in the Scottish seas, and in the Frith
ot Forth; it is often found on the Devonshire coasts: Col.
Montague only found young specimens, but Mr. Cranch found
them in the Plymouth Sound. Young specimens are always
luteous or green ; when nearly full-grown, green or olive-green :

334 GINGLYMACONCHA. PINNAD&.

the old specimens have always a black epidermis, with decor-
ticated umbones.

5. Mopioua DISCORS.

Shells oval, ventricose; their valves covered with a pale
fuscous epidermis ; under the epidermis pinkish ; on each side
longitudinally sulcated ; in the middle transversely striated.
Length half an inch; height three-eighths of an inch.
Mytilus discors, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1159. no. 261; Born. Mus.

121; Vien. 5 Chem. Naturf. 10%) t..4.:f- 8g Came Vili. t.

Ixxxvl. ft. 764-767 ;..Pult.. Cat: Dorset..38. 4.496

Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxv.; Mont. Test. Brit. 169; M.

& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. tl; ; Flem.Edinb. Encycl. vii.

99; Dill. Dese. Cat. 319; Turt. Conch. Dict. 112.
Modiola discors, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi.

part. 1. 114.

Genus 65. Myti.us.

Shells longitudinal, equivalve, arched above and somewhat
winged, anteriorly gradually compressed, rounded, attenuated ;
the umbones acute, nearly straight, termimal ; the hinge lateral,
often toothless; the cardinal hgament marginal, slightly in-
ternal; the muscular impression elongated, clubbed, and situ-—
ated laterally.

The tracheal tubes equal; the foot conic, short, longitudi-
nally impressed ; the byssus generally affixed.

1. MytTILus EDULIS.

Shells oblong, anteriorly curved, compressedly-angulated ;
posteriorly retuse ; towards their inferior margin incurvated ;
the teeth nearly in a quadruple series; the umbones divarica-
ting. Length three inches; height two and a half inches.
Mytilus edule, Rond. Aquat. u. 46; didrov. Exsang. 512 ;

Lister, Anim. Angl. t. iv. £. 28; Conch. t. ccclxii. f. 200;

Merg. in Act. Paris.1711.t. ui. f. 4, 5; Linn. Faun. Suec.

2156; Syst. Nat. xu. 1157; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 110. t.

Ix. f. 72; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3353; Brug. Encycl. Méth.

GINGLYMACONCHA. PINNADZ. 335

t. cexviil. f. 2; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 38. t. xii. f. 5; Donov.

Brit. Shells, t. exxviti.; Mont. Test. Brit. 159; M. & R.

Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 105; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 99 ;

Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. part. i. 126 ; Dill.

Dese. Cat. 309; Turt. Conch. Dict. 109.

Varietas pygmea.

Mytilus incurvatus, Penn. Brit. Zool. 110. t. Ixiv. f. 54;
Mont. Test. Brit. 159; M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii.
106. t. mi. f. 7; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. 99; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 109.

The shells with their valves thick; under the epidermis
blue, radiated with blue and white ; the epidermis very smooth,
polished, purple-black or black; in young specimens radi-
ated with blue and white.

This species is very common in the European seas, in estu-
aries, and between rocks on the shores of the sea, adhering to
the rocks by their byssus.

2. MyYTILUS PELLUCIDUS.

Shells oblong, curved and compressedly-angulated anteriorly ;
behind cbtusely rounded ; very much incurvated towards their
inferior margin; the teeth undulated and arranged in a single
series. Length three inches; height one and three-eighths
of an inch.

Mytilus pellucidus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 112. t. xin. f. 75 ;

Chem. Conch. vii. t. Ixxxiv. f. 755; Donov. Brit. Shells,

t. Ixxxi.; Mont. Test. Brit. 160; M. & R. Trans. Linn.

Soc. vil. 107; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii. 99; Dill. Desc.

Cat. 310; Turt. Conch. Dict. 110.

Mytilus edulis, 6., Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vii.

part. i. 126.

This species differs from Mytilus edulis, in having their
valves more compressed, thinner and whitish under the epi-
dermis; in the inferior margin being rather more tumid, and
under the umbones gibbosely produced, and in the umbones
being more approximating to each other.

The shells of young specimens are pale purple-black, rayed
with blue.

336 GINGLYMACONCHA. ARCADZ.

This species is very abundant on most of the coasts of Great
Britain, most commonly occurring in friths and estuaries, but
rarely on the open shores of the sea. A very thick dwarf
variety occurs in the crevices of the rocks perforated by the
Pholades at Hastings.

I received from my worthy friend, John Stephenson, Esq.,
Civil Engineer, a very elegant variety of this species, taken
from the bottom of a vessel that had for many years been an-
chored off the Bell-rock, prior to the building of a lighthouse,
since erected by this most ingenious engineer: these specimens
are rather longer than those found in other parts, which I at-
tribute to their peculiar situation: from having been suspended
from the bottom of the vessel, they had doubtless assumed a
more regular form than if they had been attached to rocks in
an upright position.

A perfect series from this ship are now in that part of my
zoological collection which I presented to the British Museum.

FAMILY XIII. ARCADA.

Shelis elongate ; the valves nearly equivalve and nearly equi-
lateral; the hinge linear and straight, with numerous teeth
inserted alternately ; the ligament internal.

Genus 66. ARCA.

Shells transverse, nearly equivalve and nearly equilateral ;
the umbones distant, separated by an area; the hinge linear
straight, its extremities not ribbed; with numerous teeth
placed very near together and inserted alternately ; the liga-
ment external.

The foot is abruptly clavated, truncated at its extremity.

1. Arca Noa.

Shells oblong, striated, their extremity emarginated; the

GINGLYMACONCHA. ARCADE. 3a/

umbones incurvated, very remote from one another; the mar-

gin gaping, and not in the least denticulated.” Length seven-

eighths of an inch; height six-eighths of an inch.

Arca Nox, Rumph. Mus. t. xliv. f. P. ; Linn. Syst. Nat. 1140.
no. 169; Borlase, Cornw. t. xxvii. f. 15-16; Donov. Brit.
Shells, x. t. clvi. f. 2; Mont. Test. Brit. 139. t. iv. f. 3;
M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 91; Schroét. Einl. ui. 260 ;
Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. part. 1.37; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 226; Turt. Conch. Dict. 99.

Arca fusca, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 51; Turt. Conch. Dict.
10; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. 97.

Arca tortuosa, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 97. t. lviii. f. 57.

Area Noe, Lister, Conch. eccexxxvil. f. 208; Poli, Test. ii. t.
xiv. f. 1,2; Brug..Encycl. Méth. t. eccv. f. 2, a, 6.

Testa junior.

Arca minima, Turt. Conch. Dict. 8.

Var. 3. The strize on the area very close together, and an-
gulately reflexed.

Var. 6. The cardinal area spotted with white, and with less
strie.

2. ArcA PENNANTIANA.

Shells diaphanous, rhomboidal, sculptured with obsolete, de-
cussating striz; the umbones recurved; the margins crenu-
lated. Length one inch; height three-eighths of an inch.
Arca barbata, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 98. t. lvim. f. 59; Dill.

Dese. Cat. 229.

Arca lactea, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 171. t. ii. f. 5; Donor.
Brit. Shells, t. exxxv.; Born. Mus. 89 ; Schroét. Einl. i.
266; Brug. Encycl. Méth. Vers. 101. t. eccix. f. 1; Bonan.
Reer. t. i. f. 79; Kirch. t. uu. f. 79; Gualt. Test. t. xi. f.
F; Knorr. Mus. ii. t. ii. f. 7; Mont. Test. Brit. 138; M.
§ R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 92; Flem. Edinb. Encycel. vii.
92; Dill. Desc. Cat. 236.

Arca crinita, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 54. t. ul. f. 5.

Area perforans, Turt. Conch. Dict. 9.

338 GINGLYMACONCHA. PECTUNCULIDZ.

Inhabits the British Sea in deep water, found immersed in
the holes of rocks very abundantly. Dr. Turton supposes that
they perforate the rocks themselves: all those that I have
seen were in masses of rock perforated by Pholades ; I there-
fore cannot agree with him in this opinion.

This species is most decidedly distinct from the Arca lactea
of Linneeus : of this I am well assured, having compared it with
the 4. laetea in the Museum of my worthy friend Le Cheva-
lier De Lamarck, taken in the Mediterranean, where Linnzus
says that it inhabits.

FAMILY XIV. PECTUNCULID.

Shells orbicular, equivalve, nearly equivalve shut; the
hinge arched, with numerous oblique teeth, the middle ones
obsolete ; the cardinal ligament external.

Genus 67. PECTUNCULUS.

Glycymeris, Da Costa.
Pectunculus, Lamarck, Cuvier, Say, &c.
Axinea, Poli.

The shells orbicular, sublenticular, equivalyed, nearly equi-
lateral and completely shut ; the hinge arched, with numerous
oblique teeth placed in an alternating series; the middle one
obsolete ; the ligament external.

The foot is very large, its inferior margin doubled.

1. PecruNcUuLUS GLYCYMERIS.

Shells with their valves orbicular, transverse, nearly equi-
lateral, longitudinally suleated and striated with divaricating
strie ; the older valve turgid and very thick, painted with
obscure concentric zones. Length three inches and a half;
height three inches and a quarter.

Arca Glycymeris, Knorr. Vergn. vi. t. xiv. f. 3; Linn. Syst.

GINGLYMACONCHA. PECTUNCULID. 339

Nat. xii. 1143. no. 181; Chem. Conch. vii. t. lvii. f. 564;
M. § R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 93; Mont. Test. Brit. 136 ;
Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vii. part. 1.49 ; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 77; Dill. Desc. Cat. 227 ; Turt. Conch.
Dict. 7.
Var. 6. Arca Glycymeris, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 98. t. lviii. f. 58 ;
Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vii. part. i. 49.
Var. 3. The valves nearly equilateral, white-fulvous, zoned
with fulvous.
This species is very common in the Atlantic, European and
Mediterranean Seas in deep water on sandy bottoms.
It is common on the south and western coasts of Cornwall,
Devon and Dorset ; the southern coasts of Wales and Ireland ;
in the Hebrides, Salt-lochs and Friths in Scotland.

2. PECTUNCULUS PILOSUS.

Shells with their valves orbicularly oval, tumid, with decus-
sating strize ; the umbones oblique ; the epidermis fuscous and
hairy. Length one and seven-eighths of an inch; height one
and seven-eighths and one-half of an inch.

Arca pilosa, Lister, Conch. t. cexl. f. 77 ; Poli, Test. ii. t. xxvi.
f. 1=4; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vii. part. 1.
49, var. a.

Var. 8. Arca pilosa, Lister, Conch. t. cexlvii. f. 82; Petiv.
Gaz t, lexix. f. 7 :/ Born. Mus. t. it. a, 6.; Linn. Syst.
Naé. xii. 1143. no. 182; Poli, Test. 1. t. xxv. f. 19; Mont.
Test. Brit. 136; M.& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 94; Flem.
Edinb. Encycl. vii. 77 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 227 ; Lam. Hist.
Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vu. part. i. 50, var. 6.; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 6.

Arca Glycymeris, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxxvii.

Var. a. Shells with their valves gibbous, clouded with fus-
cous and fulvous; the upper margin irregular and produced.

Var. /3. Shells with their valves suborbicular, tumid, whitish,
painted with little flames ; the upper margin rounded and re-
gular.

This species inhabits the Atlantic, European, Mediterranean
and Adriatic seas in deep water on sandy bottoms.

Q2

340 GINGLYMACONCHA. AVICULIDZ.

It is not uncommon on the western coasts of Cornwall, De-
yonshire and Dorsetshire, and on the southern coasts of Ire-
land ; at Yawl, Cork Harbour; Bantry Bay and Dingle Bay ;
in Scotland, Bute, Arran, and the Hebrides; Sandgate, Kent ;
and at Hastings, Sussex.

ORDER II. MONOMYA.

FAMILY If. AVICULIDZ.

Shells equivalve, their hinge straight.
The animal with its foot elongated, somewhat conical, with
a byssus at its base.

Genus 68. AvICULA.
Avicula, D’ Argenville, Lamarck, Cuvier, &c.

Teste ineequivalves, fragiles, submutice, aspectu’ superiore
transverso recto extremitatibus productis ; antica caudiformi.
Valva sinistra emarginata. Cardo linearis unidentatus ; dente
im utraque valvA infra umbones. Ligamenti area marginalis
angusta canaliculata, bysso non intersepta.

1. AvicuLa BRITANNICA.

Shells very smooth, shining chestnut, spotted with fuscous,
and obliquely streaked with white lines; the anterior lobe
wrinkled, the hinder one semicircularly striolated ; internally
shining, silvery white. Length one meh; height half of an
inch.

Mytilus Hirundo, Linn. Lud. Ulr. 549. no. 140; Syst. Nat.
1159; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3357 ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 320; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 108.

Inhabits the deep sea on the coasts of Ireland and Devon,
where it is very rare; but very common in the Mediterranean
and Adriatic seas.

GINGLYMACONCHA. PECTINIDZ. 341

FAMILY II. PECTINID.

Shells most often nearly equivalve; the hinge toothless ;
the ligament internal, situated in an exeavation more or less
triangular ; the upper margins of both valves alated (winged)
before and behind ; the epidermis very thin.

The mantle is separate, not at all jomed; its margin frmged
with a double row of cirri, ornamented with round emerald-
coloured spots, resembling eyes; no trachea; the lips furnished
with tentacles, but not lobated ; the foot is oval, truncated,
and bearing a byssus at its extremity.

All the Pectinidzee inhabit the sea; their shells are most
generally slightly mequivalve, which arises from the superior
convexity of one of the valves, or from the notch in the right
valve, for the exit of the byssus. The hinge has no teeth; the
ligament is internal, being placed on an excavation more or
less triangular: their upper margin has an auricular dilatation
before and behind the umbones, which are nearly central.

Genus 69. PECTEN.

Shells regular, inequivalve; the superior margin straight,
dilated before and behind into a wing-like process; the umbones
contiguous and central; the hinge toothless; the cardinal ex-
cavation (or fovea) trigonal, situated far inwardly; receives the
cardinal ligament, which is concealed ; the right valve at the
exit of the byssus notched.

This genus contains a vast number of species, and is divided
into several sections or subdivisions, of which I shall only enu-
merate those peculiar to the British ones, that the characters
of the sections may not be confounded or mistaken for those
belonging to those of the species.

In the first two sections may be observed, at the base of the
auricular processes, before and behind in each valve, an obtuse
tubercular process, which cannot be observed in any of the
other sections.

342 GINGLYMACONCHA. PECTINIDZ.

I have never seen a British specimen of Pecten Jacobeus :
Montagu’s specimen is marked Mediterranean, I have there-
fore omitted it in this work.

Shells longer than high; sculptured with thick divaricating
ribs ; the left valve flattish ; the right valve convex, with a
slender simple notch ; the auricles equal.

1. PECTEN MAXIMUS.

Shells with concentric, elevated striolee, with divaricating
ribs longitudinally striated; the epidermis of the right valve
yellowish-white, red beneath the umbones ; the left valve white.
Length six and a half inches ; height five and a half inches.
Ostrea maxima, Bonann. Reer.t.u. f.8; Lister, dnim. Angl.

t.v. f.29; Conch. t. clxin. f. 1; Petiv. Mus. t. lxxxvi. no.

829; Linn. Faun. Suec. 2148; Syst. Nat. 1144. no. 185;

Regenf. Conch. 1. t. u. f. 19; t. vii. f. 3; Chem. Conch. vii.

t. lx. f. 585; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3315; Brug. Encycl. Méth.

t. ecix. f. 1. a, 6.; Donov. Brit. Shells, t.xlix. ; ewe.

Trans. Linn. Soc. vii. 96; Dill. Desc. Cat. 247; Turt.

Conch. Dict. 128.

Pecten maximus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 99. t. lix. f. 61; Mont.
Test. Brit. 143; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vi. 97 ; Lam. Hist.
Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. part. 1. 163.

Var. 3. The left valve yellowish-white, pamted with pale
fuscous, or pale saffron-fuscous concentric bands.

Inhabits the European ocean in deep water ; and occurs very
frequently in estuaries or the mouths of rivers.

The general colour of this species is white or brick-red,
simple or variegated; sometimes mottled with brown or pur-
ple; inside white, generally margined with chocolate or purplish-
brown.

The animal is dirty-white, the region of the liver bluish-
black ; the branchiee testaceous-saffron.

The variety is common in the Friths of Forth and Clyde;
the Provost of Eton and General Bingham inform me that it
is common at Weymouth.

GINGLYMACONCHA. PECTINID. 343

This is the common Scallop of our markets, which is so
much esteemed as a delicate article of food.

Shells longer than high, sculptured with thick divaricating
ribs ; the right valve rather flatter, with a deep notch, cilia-
ted with minute spines ; the auricles equal.

2. PECTEN OPERCULARIS.

Shells roundish, with concentric, elevated, flat, undulated
striz, or produced into tubercles; with eighteen or twenty
rounded ribs longitudinally grooved. Length and height three
inches and a half.

Ostrea opercularis, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. v. f. 30; Conch.
t. cix. f. 27, t. exci. f. 28; Petiv. Gaz. t. xciv. f. 1; Linn.
Syst. Nat. 1147. no. 202; Born. Mus. 106; Gmel. Syst.
Wat. 3a25; Da Cesta, Brit..Coneh: 144. t. 1x. f..1-5;
Favanne, Conch. t. liv. f. L. 2; Chem. Conch. vii. t. lxvii.
f. 646; Schroét. Einl. iii. 317. t. x. f. 3; Pult. Cat. Dor-
set. 36. t. ix. f. 1-5; Brug. Encyel. Méth. t. cexni. f. 3 ;
Dill. Dese. Cat. 265; Turété. Conch. Dict. 126.

Ostrea dubia, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3319.

Ostrea elegans, Gael. Syst. Nat. 3319.

Ostrea versicolor, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3319.

Pecten opercularis, Mont. Test. Brit. 145; Flem. Edinb. Ea-
cycl. vii. 97; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vii.
part.1. 172.

Var. a. Pecten luteus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 144. t. ix. f. 5.

Var. 6. Pecten subrufus, Lester, Anim. Angl. t. exe. f. 27;
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 100. t. lx. f. 62.

Yar. 6. Pecten subrufus, Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xii.

Var. ¢. Pecten lineatus, Mont. Test. Brit. 147 ; Flem. Edinb.
Eineyel. vii. 97; Lam. Hist. Nat. des dnim. sans Vert. vi.
part. 1.172; Dill. Dese. Cat. 264.

Ostrea radiata, Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3320.

Var. a. Valves with a luteous epidermis.

Var. 3. Valves with white purplish epidermis.

Var. é. Valves with red epidermis.

344 GINGLYMACONCHA. PECTINIDZ.

Var. e. Valves with the epidermis white, elegantly orna-
mented with rose-coloured spots.

Var. Z. The right valve with the epidermis of one colour, —
banded with yellow; the left valve with its ribs streaked with
blood-red.

This species is extremely common in the European seas, in
deep water or sandy bottoms.

The general colour of the shells of this species is pure white,
whitish, saffron, orange, or of various tints of red or rose,
with the ribs of the left valve marked with a red central line ;
the right valve being plain white or radiated with yellow, mar-
bled, spotted, concentrically banded or radiated with various
tints of red, pure white or whitish : the inside is white, spotted
with yellow or brownish-grey.

This species occurs of every possible variation of tints of
colour, caused by a mingling of those above-mentioned colours ;
I have only distinguished as varieties such as are prominent
and common.

I have stated that it is only found in very deep water on
sandy bottoms: I state this from the observations made by
my friends C. Prideaux, Esq., Mr. J. Cranch and myself.

It is an article of food on the western coasts of England.

Shells higher than broad, with slender divaricating ribs; the
right valve flattest, with its notch, ciliated with spines: the
auricles nearly equal,

3. PECTEN VARIUS.

Shells high, somewhat rounded, both valves with twenty-six
or thirty somewhat compressed ribs, having rough scales hollow
beneath ; the interstices sculptured with divaricating striee ;
the epidermis purplish, pale fuscous, brown, ferrugineous, red,
orange, yellow or white. Length and height two and a half
inches.

Ostrea varia, Lister, Conch. t. clxxx. f. 17, t. elxxxi. f. 18,

t. elxxxix. f. 23; Linn. Syst. Nat. 1146. no. 199; Giel.

GINGLYMACONCHA. PECTINID. 345

Syst. Nat. 3324; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 30. t. x. f. 1-9; M.
& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 97; Dill. Desc. Cat. 260 ;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 130.

Pecten varius, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 401. t. Ixi. f. 64; Brug.
Encyel. Méthod. t. cexiti. f. 5; Mont. Test. Brit. 146 ;
Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vi. 97; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim.
sans Vert. vi. part. i. 175.

Pecten Monotis, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 151. t. x. f. 1-9.
This species is not uncommon in the deep European seas ; it

is found on most of our coasts, and is very abundant in the

estuaries of Devon and Cornwall.

The epidermis is generally simply coloured, as mentioned in
the specific character ; but it is more or less subject’to great
variation, from the mixing of some of these colours.

4. PECTEN SINUOSUS.

Shells highly oval, unequally bent; with very numerous,
elevated, very narrow, rounded, rough ribs, armed with in-
flexed spines; the interstices narrow and simple ; the epider-
mis pink, pale fuscous, often marbled with white. Length one
inch and a half; height two inches.

Ostrea sinuosa, Lister, Anim. Angl.t.v.f.31; Coneh. t. elxxil.
f.9; Petw. Gaz. t. lxiv. f. 2; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3319 ;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 99 ; Dill. Dese. Cat. 260;
Turt. Conch. Dict. 130.

Ostrea distorta, Pult. Cat. Dorset. 36. t. x. f. 3-6.

Pecten Pusio, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 101. t. Ixi. f. 65; Donov.
Brit. Shells, t. xxxiv.

Pecten distortus, Mont. Test. Brit. 1. 148; Flem. Edinb. En-
eycl. vu. 98.

Pecten sinuosus, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vii.
pert. 1.173.

Pecten distortus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 148. t. x. f. 3-6.
This species is very common in the British seas, and on the

southern coasts of France, being found in fissures in rocks or

in the sand of the sea.
Qa

346 GINGLYMACONCHA. PECTINID.

This species is generally very much distorted, which arises
from its residing in fissures of rocks, into which it enters at a
young age, and there remains until full-grown: it is sometimes
found in sand; their form is then much more regular.

t is not uncommon on the western coasts, at Milton Sands,
Dawlish, Salcombe, Torbay, and has been found in the Plymouth
Sound, where it is very abundant, in Eschara foliacea, by Mr.
J. Cranch.

Shells higher than long ; the left valve sculptured with obso-
lete divaricating ribs ; the right valve rather fiatter, its
notch ciliated with small spines ; the auricles unequal.

5. PECTEN OBSOLETUS.

Shells sculptured with concentric and divaricating striz,
hence reticulated; their angles granulated ; the anterior auri-
cle sculptured with horizontal rays; the interstices radiated.
The epidermis whitish, grey, pink, pale violet, purplish-brown ;
red or reddish, simple or radiated ; variegated or punctulated
with purple brown, pink, violet or pale red. Length seven-
eighths of an inch; height one inch.

Pecten obsoletus, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. t. lxi. f. 66;
Donov. Brit. Shells, t.i.f. 2; Mont. Test. Brit. 146. Suppl.
597; Plem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 98.

Pecten parvus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 153.

Ostrea obsoleta, M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 100; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 133.

Pecten levis, Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 67 ; Mont. Test. Brit. 150.
E Iwod a4. .

Ostrea levis, M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 100. t. iii. f, 5?
Turt. Conch. Dict. 1317?

Ostrea similis, Laskey, Trans. Wern. Soc. i. t. viii. f. 8.
This species occurs but rarely in the English seas, but is

not uncommon in the Scotch seas, inhabiting deep water ; it is

occasionally taken by the dredge, or is thrown on shore by
storms; but it is most frequently found plentifully in the sto-

GINGLYMACONCHA. PECTINID. 347

mach of the cod, Gadus Morrhua, taken on the northern
coasts.

I have carefully compared Montagu’s specimen of his Pecten
obsoletus and levis, both of which he had placed together in
one tray, each with its own ticket ; and can discover no other
distinctions than those of size and colour.

Genus 79. Lima.

Lima, Bruguiére, Lamarck, Cuvier.
Ctenoides, Klein.

Shells nearly equivalve, auriculated between the valves on
the side slightly gaping; the umbones divaricating ; the m-
ternal linings or walls bending downwards towards their out-
sides ; the hinge toothless ; the cardinal foveola or excavation
which receives the ligament is partly external.

The margins of the mantle are not fringed.

i. Lima LoscomMBEa.

Shells somewhat pellucid, with concentric elevated striole
and vertical strize ; the lower interstices elevated and forming
ribs ; the epidermis white. Height half an inch.

This new species was discovered by Loscombe, Esq.
in deep water, in Torbay on the coast of Devon, to whom I
am indebted for the specimens from which this description was
taken. In his collection is preserved a specimen of the animal
in spirits of wine.

2. LIMA RETICULATA.

Shells vertically ribbed; the interstices with clevated lines
and concentric elevated strize, forming a network ; the epider-
mis white.

Pecten fragilis, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 62; Flem. Edinb.

Encyel. vii. 98.

Ostrea fragilis, Turt. Conch. Dict. 62.

This very rare species is sometimes found on the southern

and western coasts of Devon: I since found a single valve by

348 GINGLYMACONCHA. OSTREADZ.

dredging in the Frith of Forth, and observed a single specimen
in the collection of Dr. Fleming, which I believe was found in
Shetland.

I am obliged to change the name fragilis, as it has been
before employed in this genus.

3. LIMA TENUIS.

Shells smooth, pellucid, concentrically striolated, and with
very fine vertical elevated lines, placed far apart from one
another ; the epidermis whitish.

I obtained two single valves of this species, which were
dredged up at Newhaven, in the Frith of Forth.

4. LIMA UNICOSTATA.

Shells pellucid, with vertically elevated lines; one of the
middle lines is elevated and forms a rib; both valves imme-
diately under the rib are channeled ; the epidermis white.
Pecten subauriculatus, Mont. Test. Brit. Supp. 63; Flem.

Edinb. Encycl. vir. 98.

Ostrea subauriculata, Turt. Conch. Dict. 131.

This species occurs, but very rarely, in deep water in sandy
bottoms.

Had I not seen the specimen in Montagu’s collection ticketed
by himself, it would have been impossible for me to have made
it out either from his figure or description.

Mr. J. Cranch has occasionally procured it for me from the
trawlers on the coast of Devon, in very good condition ; and
Dr. Goodall, the Provost of Eton, has detected young speci-
mens in sand, from Padstow Harbour in Cornwall.

FAMILY III. OSTREADA.

Shells inequivalve ; the right valve flattened; both valves
entire; the hinge straight ; the ligament nearly internal.

GINGLYMACONCHA. OSTREADZ. 349

Genus 71. OstrREA.

Ostrea, Pliny, Linneus, Lamarck, Cuvier, &c.
Perolis, Poli.

Shells inequivalve, irregular ; the umbones externally dis-
joined, rather divaricating in the adult state, very unequal ; the
right valve smaller and flattened, gradually increasing poste-
riorly, during the life of the animal; the hinge toothless ; the
ligament half internal affixed to a fossula or little excavation of
the valves: the fossula of the right valve increases with age,
and sometimes extends equally with the left umbo itself.

The lobes of the mantle are only united above the head ;
their margins with a double fringe.

1. OsTREA EDULIS.

Shells with their valves ovately-rounded, the upper margin
somewhat attenuated behind, with testaceous, concentric, un-
dulated membranes ; the right valve flattened ; the epidermis
dirty-fuscous.

Ostrea edulis, Rondel. Aquat. u. 37; Lister, Anim. Ang]. t. iv.
f, 26; Conch. ui: t. Ixvii. f. 30; t. exciv. f. 31; Linn.
Faun. Suec. 2149; Syst. Nat. xii. 1148. no. 211; Sibbald,
Mus. Balf. 161; Wallace, Ork. 42; Leigh, Lane. 134;
Smith, Cork, 318; Borlase, Cornw. 274 ; Wallis, Northum.
390; Dale, Harwich, 383; Gualt. Test. t. ci. f. A, B.;
Knorr. Vergn. ii. t. xxiv. f. 2. t. xxv. f. 2; Guann. Adriat.
H.texvin. f. 137; Baxter, Op: subsec. nu. 62. t. vuif.. 1; 2,
8,9; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 102. t.. Ix. -f..70, inf.; Da
Costa, Brit. Conch. 154. t. u. f. 6; Chem. Conch. viii. 74.
t. Ixxiv. f. 682; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3334; Schroét. Einl.
Molo; Brug. Encycl. Méth. t.. elxxxiveifoc/, 8; <Pulk
Cat. Dorset. 36. t. u. f. 6; Mont. Test. Brit. 151; M. &
R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 102; Flem. Edinb. Encyel. vii.
98; Dill. Desc. Cat. 280; Turt. Conch. Dict. 133.

Varietas pygmzea. Ostrea parasitica, Turt. Conch. Dict. 134.
This species is extremely common in the European seas,

‘n estuaries, friths, and the mouths of rivers.

350 GINGLYMACONCHA. OSTREADA.

It is subject to great varieties in form, thickness and general
structure ; it is as much esteemed by the moderns as by the
ancients: the Romans were extremely fond of them, and had
layers or stews for oysters, as we have at present. Sergius
Orata, who lived at the time of Lucius Crassus, is supposed to
have been the first inventor: he did not make them for in-
dulging his appetite, but through avarice, and made great pro-
fits from them. Orata got great credit for his Lucrine oysters ;
for, as Pliny observes, the British were not then known.

The ancients ate them raw, and sometimes roasted ; they
had also a custom of stewing with mallows and docks, or with
fish ; and they were esteemed as very nutritious diet*.

Britain has been celebrated for its oysters from the time of
Juvenal+, and still preserves its superiority over other coun-
tries: they are found in natural beds on our coasts: they are
taken by dredging for them, and are become an article of com-
merce, both raw and pickled.

Stews or layers of oysters are formed in places which Nature
never allotted for them: those near Colchester have been long
esteemed the best; but there are, however, now many other
places, that at least rival those from Colchester, near the mouth
of the Thames: natural beds at the mouth of the Plym river,
and the Tamar near Saltash, and on the coasts between
Guernsey and Jersey and France, are much better than those
from the above-mentioned places: they also occur in the Frith
of Forth, near Leith, abundantly, and excellent in quality, and
are sold for 10d. a hundred.

I will now give an extract from Bishop Sprat’s History of
the Royal Society :—

“Tn the month of May cast up their spawn (which the
dredgers call their spats) ; it is like the drop of a candle, and
as big as a halfpenny.

«The spat cleaves to stones, old oyster-shells, pieces of
wood and such-like things at the bottom of the sea, which they
term cultch.

«’T is probably conjectured that the spat in twenty-four
hours begins to have a shell: in the month of May, the

* Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. ix. ¢. 54. tT Sat. iv. 140.

GINGLYMACONCHA. OSTREADE. 35%

dredgers (by law of the Court of Admiralty) have liberty to take
all manner of oysters of what size soever ; when they have taken
them, they gently raise the small brood from the eultch, and
then they throw the cultch in again to preserve the ground for
the future, unless they be so newly spat, that they cannot be
safely severed from the cultch: in that case, they are per-
mitted to take the stone, shell, &c., that the spa¢ is upon, one
shell having very often twenty spats.

«After the month of May, it is felony to carry away the
eultch, and punishable to take any other oysters, unless it be
those of a size (that is to say) about the bigness of a half-
crown piece ; or when, the two shells being shut, a fair shilling
will rattle between them.

“The places where these oysters are chiefly catcht, are the
Pont-burnham, Maldern and Colne waters: the latter, taking
its name from the river Colne, which passeth by Colne-Chester,
gives the name to that town, and runs into a creek of the sea,
at a place called the Hithe, being the suburbs of the town.

“This brood and other oysters, they carry to the creeks of
the sea, at Brickelsea, Mersey, Langno, Fingrego, Wivenho,
Tolesbury and Saltcoase, and there throw them into the Chan-
nel, which they call their beds or layers, where they grow and
fatten : in two or three years the smallest brood will be of the
size aforesaid.

“Those oysters that they would have green*, they put into
pits three feet deep in the salt-marshes, where they only over-
flow at spring-tides, to which they have their sluices, and let
out the salt-water, until it is about a foot and a haif deep:
these pits, from the quality of the soil, cooperating with the
heat of the sun, will become green+, and communicate their
colour to the oysters that are put into them for four or five

* It has been supposed that the fine green colour is owing to the acetate
or sulphate of iron contained in water in those artificial beds in which
they are kept: this is, however, an erroneous idea, as both these are more

or less destructive to animal life in general, and especially to these soft
animals.

+ This may possibly arise from a species of marine conferva, very com-
monly found in salt marshes, though generally modified by the admixture
of the fresh water, in its appearance and nature.

352 GINGLYMACONCHA. OSTREAD.

days ; though they commonly let them continue there six weeks
or two months, in which time they will be dark green.

“‘To prove that the sun operates in the greening of the oy-
sters, Tolesbury pits will green only in summer ; but then the
earth has the greater power. Brickel sea-pits green both
winter and summer ; and for a further proof, a pit within a
foot of the greening-pit will not green; and those that did
green very well, will in time lose their quality.

«‘ The oysters, when the tide comes in, lie with their hollow
shell downwards ; and when it goes out, they turn on the other
side: they remove not from their places unless in cold weather,
to cover themselves in the Ouse.

“The reason of the scarcity of oysters, and consequently of
their dearness, is, because they are of late years bought up by
the Dutch.

«There are great penalties, by the Court of Admiralty, laid
upon those who fish out of those grounds which the Court ap-
points, or that destroy the eultch, or that take oysters that are not
of size, or throw upon the shore a fish which they term /five-
finger*, resembling a spur-rowel; because that fish gets into
the oysters, when they gape, and sucks them outf.

“The reason why such a penalty is set up on any that shall
destroy the eultch, is, because if they find that any be taken
away, the Ouse will increase, and the muscles and cockles will
breed there, and destroy the oysters, they having not whereon
to stick their spat.

«The oysters are sick after they have spat; but in June
and July they begin to mend, and in August they are per-
fectly well: the male oyster is black-sick, havmg a substance
in the fin; the female whzte-sick, as they term it, having a
milky substance in the fin: they are salt mm the pits, salter in
the layers, but saltest in the sea.”’

Some other observations contained in a work, entitled ‘The
History of Rochester,’ 12mo., published in 1776, on this sub-
ject, may not be uninteresting to my readers.

‘Great part of the inhabitants of the Strood are supported

* Asterias glacialis, the common star-fish or sea-star.
+7 This is an erroneous idea; it has no such power.

GINGLYMACONCHA. ANOMIADZ. Jue

by these fisheries, of which the oyster is the most considerable:
this is conducted by a company of free dredgers, established by
prescription, but subject to the authority and government of
the mayor and citizens of Rochester. In 1729 an Act of
Parliament was obtained for the better management of this
fishery, and for confirming the jurisdiction of the said mayor
and citizens, and the free dredgers. The mayor holds a Court
of Admiralty every year, to make such regulations as shall be
necessary for the well-conducting of this branch of fishery.
Seven years’ apprenticeship entitles a person to the freedom of
this company. All persons catching oysters, not members of
the fishery, are liable to a penalty. The company frequently
buy brood or spat from other parts, which they lay im this
river, where they soon grow to maturity. Great quantities of
these oysters are sent to London, to Holland, Westphalia and
the adjacent countries.

ORDER III. TRIMYA.

Shells with three adductor muscles and two small adductor
tendons buried in the anterior adductor muscle. The foot
wanting.

FAMILY ANOMIAD.

Shells with unequal, irregular valves ; the right valve smaller,
emarginated (notched) or perforated under the umbones.

Genus 72. ANOMIA.

Shells with unequal, irregular valves; the right valve smallest,
generally flat, perforated or emarginated under the umbones ;
the operculum somewhat bony, smail, elliptic, adhering to ma-
rine bodies; the left valve perfect, entire, concave, a little
larger.

354 GINGLYMACONCHA. ANOMIADZ.

1. ANomi1a Eruiprtum. Tab. V.

Shells with their valves flattish, suborbicular, with rugose
undulating folds; the foramen oval; the epidermis whitish or
pale fuscous. Length and height from four and a half to five
inches.

Anomia Ephippium, Lister, Conch. t. cciv. f. 38; D’ Argenv.
Conch. t. xix. f. C.; Linn. Syst. Nat. xii. 1150. no. :
Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 109. t. lxii.; Chem. Conch. viii. t. lxxvi.
f. 694, 695; Brug. Edinb. Encycl. t. elxx. f. 6,7; Poli,
Test. ti. 186. t. xxx. f. 9-11; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 37. t. ii.
f. 3; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xxvi.; Mont. Test. Brit. 155;
M. & R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 102; Flem. Edinb. En-
eycl. vu. 99; Dill. Desc. Cat. 286; Turt. Conch. Diet. 2.

Anomia Tunica Cepxe, De Costa, Brit. Conch. 165. t. ii. f. 3.
This species is found abundantly in the Atlantic, European,

Mediterranean and Adriatic seas; most commonly found in

very deep water, adhering to stones, rocks and shells.

2. ANoMIA SQUAMMULA.

Shells with their valves suborbicular, flat, flexuous, subpel-
lucid; the right valve with a round foramen, its inferior aspect
with a fissure ; the epidermis white.

Anomia Squammula, Linn. Faun. Suec. 2151; Syst. Nat. xii.
J151. no. 221; Penn. Brit. Zool. iv. 109; Gmel. Syst.
Nat. 3340; Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 167; Walker, Test.
Min. Rar. f. 80; Pult. Cat. Dorset. 37. t. xiii. f. 4; Poli,
Test. ii. 188. t. xxx. f. 18; Mont. Test. Brit. 156, 561;
Brug. Encycl. Vers. 70; M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii.
103; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 99; Turt. Conch. Dict. 3.

Anomia Ephippium junior, Dill. Desc. Cat. 286.

3. ANOMIA ACULEATA.

Shells with their valves rather rounded, thin, transparent
and aculeated ; the middle of the left valve smooth and re-
curved ; the epidermis pale fuscous or yellowish. Length and
height half an inch.

GINGLYMACONCHA. ANOMIADZ. 5

Anomia aculeata, Gualt. Test. t. lxvii. f. 702; Miill. Zool. Dan.
Prod. 3005; Chem. Conch. viii. t. Ixxvii. f. 702 ; Mont.
Test. Brit. 155. t. iv. f.5; M.§ R. Trans. Linn. Soe. vii.
103; Flem. Edinb. Encycl. vii. 99 ; Dill. Desc. Cat. 288.
This species is found on the coasts of Devon and Cornwall,

and on the southern coasts of Ireland, adhering to the roots of

Fucus digitatus and other marine plants.

4. ANOMIA SQUAMOSA.

Shells with both their valves squamose, the scales arranged
concentrically in regular series, the middle of the left valve re-
flexed ; the epidermis white. Length and height three-eighths
of an inch.

Anomia aculeata, Turt. Conch. Dict. 4?

Inhabits the British seas, adhering to the roots of marine

plants.

5. ANOMIA UNDULATA.

Shells with the margins of their valves wrinkled; the left
valve sculptured with arched concentric strize, and with other
divaricating undulated striz ; the right valve smooth, with a
wide oval foramen; the epidermis whitish, pale fuscous, ru-
bescent or purplish. Length an inch and a half; height one
inch.

Anomia undulata, Lister, Anim. Angl. t. iv. f. 27 ; Conch. ccil.

f. 36; Mill. Zool. Dan. Prodr. 3003 ; Chem. Conch. vii.

t. Ixxvii. f. 699; Brug. Encyel. t. clxxxiv. f. 5, 6; Mont.

Test. Brit. 153, 157, t. iv. f. 6, 580; Flem. Edinb. Eneyel.

vil. 99; Dill. Bese. Cat. 289; Turt. Conch. Dict. 4.
Ostrea striata, Da Costa, Brit. Conch. 102. t. uu. f. 4; Pult.

Cat. Dorset. 36. t. i. f. 4; Donov. Brit. Shells, t. xlv.

Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon, Cornwall and Ireland,
adhering to rocks.

6. AnomiaA LENs.

Shells with their valves elliptic; the right valve slightly
convex, the foramen small and oval; the left valve with an

356 GINGLYMACONCHA. ANOMIAD.

acute umbo. Length five-eighths of an inch; height three-
eighths of an inch.
Anomia Lens, Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. patt.
i. 228.
One specimen of this species was found by Mr. Varley ad-
hering to chalk-rocks near Dover ; Lamarck says it inhabits
the European ocean.

7. ANOMIA CYMBIFORMIS.

Shells with their valves oblong, rough, concentrically strio-
lated, the umbones recurved ; the foramen oval. Length half
an inch; height three-eighths of an inch.

Anomia cymbiformis, Schroét. Hinl. in Conch. ii. t.1x. f. 13;
M. §& R. Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 104; Flem. Edinb. Encyel.
vil. 99.

Anomia cylindrica, Dill. Desc. Cat. 291 ; Turt. Conch. Dict.
6.

Inhabits the sea on the coasts of Devon, adhering to marine
plants and to Sertularie.

8. ANOMIA PELLUCIDA.

Shells with their valves rounded, very thin, pellucid, wrin-
kled, the umbones very small and margined; the left valve
very convex ; the epidermisamber. Length one inch; height
five-eighths of an inch.

Anomia pellucida, Brown, Trans. Wern. Soe. i. 514.

Inhabits the British and Atlantic seas.

9. AnomiA CEPA.

Shells with their valves suborbicular, pellucid, sculptured
with very obtuse, obsolete, divaricating ribs; the epidermis
reddish violet. Length one inch; height a quarter of an
inch.

Anomia Cepa, Linn. Syst. Nat. 1151; Knorr, Vergn. t. ix.
f.5; Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3340; Schroét. Binl. ii. 384; Poli,
Test. ii. 182. t: xxx. f. 1-8; Murr. Fund. Test: tmiivte.
Chem. Conch. vii. t. Ixxvi. f. 694, 695; Brug. Encyel.

BRACHIOPODA. ANOMIAD. oa7

Méthod. Vers. t. clxxi. f. 1,2; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim.
sans Vert. vi. part.1. 227; Dill. Dese. Cat. 287; Turt.
Conch. Dict. 3. ,

Inhabits the Atlantic, European, English, Scotch and Irish
seas.

10. ANOMIA ELECTRICA.

Shells with their valves rounded, rather smooth, pellucid ;
the left valve convexly-gibbose; the epidermis yellow. Length
an inch and a half; height five-eighths of an inch.

Anomia electrica, Iinn. Syst. Nat. 1151; Born. Mus. 118;
Rumph. Mus.t.xlvu. f. L. ; Knorr. Vergn. v.t. xxv. f. 691 ;
Chem. Conch. 79. t. Ixxvi. f. 691; Schroét. Einl. m1. 385 ;
Gmel. Syst. Nat. 3341; Brug. Encycl. Vers. 71; Lam.
Hist. des Anim. sans Vert. vi. part. 1. 227; Dill. Desc.
Cat. 288; Turt. Conch. Dict. 1.

Inhabits the southern coasts of Devon and Ireland.

CLASSIS VI. BRACHIOPODA.
Brachiopoda, Cuvier.

The body covered with two shells ; the shells furnished with
two or three closing muscles, but the closing tendon is wanting ;
the head is hidden; the eyes, lip and tentacula are wanting ;
the branchie are placed at the sides of the abdomen, and are
bilobate, with their margins furnished with minute leaves ; the
mantle is open, and covers the anterior and posterior parts of
the body ; and their two slender lobes cover the branchie, but
do not form tubes ; the arms are two and fleshy, margined with
many filaments, which represent the foot in the Class Gingly-
maconcha: the sexes are androgynous, and ovo-viviparous.

358 BRACHIOPODA: ANOMIADZ.

General Observations on this Class.

The animals of this Class, like the Ginglymaconcha, have a
bilobate mantle, and this mantle is always open; but their
branchiee, which are also bilobate (as in most of the families of
Ginglymaconcha), are bordered with small foliations or leaves
on each lobe interiorly : in leu of the foot in the Ginglyma-
concha, they have two fleshy arms, covered with numerous
filaments, which are withdrawn when the valves are closed.

They have two aortic hearts, and a flexuous intestinal canal,
which runs round the liver ; the mouth is situated between the
bases of the arms; the anus is situated on one of their sides.
But little is known respecting the circulation, or the nervous
system.

This Class contains but three genera, Lingula and Terebra-
tula of Bruguitre; and the Criopus, Poli; Crania, Lamarck ;
Orbicula, Cuvier: the two last only are natives of Great
Britain.

Genus 1. Criopus.

Criopus, Poli.
Crania, De Lamarck.
Orbicula, Cuvier, Blainville.

Shell inequivalve, suborbicular; the right valve flat and
fixed beneath ; its interior surface is perforated with three un-
equal oblique openings ; the left valve is convex and rather
gibbous, and internally is furnished with two protuberances.

Criopus ORCADENSIS.

The shells with their right valve conic, smooth, with the
epidermis orange, painted with red circles; their left valve
flattened, with the epidermis iridescent, variegated with purplish
pink and fulvous, internally purplish, with its margin greenish.
Length six lines ; height five and three-quarter lines.

This extremely rare species was taken in the Orkneys in very
deep water by Mr. W. Bullock, together with two specimens
of Terebratula striata, adhering to the same stone.

BRACHIOPODA. ANOMIAD. 359

Genus 2. TEREBRATULA.
Terebratula, Bruguiére, Lamarck, Cuvier.

Shell inequivalve, regular, rather trigonal, with a short pe-
duncle affixed to marine bodies ; this peduncle is ciliated at its
base ; the umbo of the right valve is produced and sometimes
is incurvated, its apex perforated or notched; the hinge has
two teeth, bidentated at their bases internally; those in the
left valve are very much elongated, thin, curved internally, and
sometimes furcated or forked, which serves as a fulcrum to sup-
port the animal.

1, TEREBRATULA GLABRA. Tab. XIV. figs. 3, 4, 5.

The shells smooth and polished ; the epidermis on the mid-
dle of both valves pale orange; their margins painted with
orange and purplish, mingled together. Length nine inches
and a quarter; height eleven inches and three-quarters.
Terebratula Cranium, Mont. Trans. Linn, Soc. xi. 182.
Anomia Cranium, Turt. Conch. Dict.

This species inhabits the deep sea on the coasts of Devon,
where it is extremely rare, but is not uncommonly found in
the Shetland seas.

The interior surface of both valves iridescent, painted with
orange and purplish.

2. TEREBRATULA STRIATA. Tab. XIV. figs. 1, 2.

The shells sculptured with divaricating striz ; the epidermis
in one valve iridescent, with the margins of the shell pale fus-
cous, in the other valve iridescent, variegated with brown, tinged
with orange, purple and yellow. Length nine lines and a
quarter; height half a line.

Inhabits the seas of Shetland, the Orkneys, and the western
coasts of Devonshire, and is extremely rare.

The interior surface of the valves whitish.

360

SUPPLEMENT.

1. Evcutus#A PANDORIDA.

The shells equivalve, equilateral, gibbose; their umbones
recurved; the hinge with rather unequal teeth in the left
valve, and with a miaute thick lamella placed before the um-
bones in each valve.

2, EUCLUSZA FRAGILIS.

The shells smooth, pale testaceous or glossy, shining, sculp-
tured with concentric striole. Length seven lines; height
six lines.

This species inhabits the deep sea on the western coasts of
Devon in deep water, on a sandy bottom.

APPENDIX.

CLASSIUM CHARACTERES.

CLASSIS I. CEPHALOPODA.

Corpus in sacco immersum. Saccus cloaca corporis parte an-
teriore locaté instructus. Caput prominens. Os centrale,
mandibulis duabus fortissimis rostrum psittaci inversum
referentibus, armatum. JLabium circulare, carneum, man-
dibulas amplectit; internereflectitur, annulum tenuem circum
oris partem carnosam efformans. Oculi duo, laterales, per-
fectissimi. Branchie due filices contortas referentes ; una
ad sacci latera dextra et sinistra locatur. Pedes octo
aut decem os circumdant; aspectis interioribus seepius
antliatis. Sexus distinctus, perfectus.

CLASSIS II. PTEROPODA.

Corpus oblongum, membranaceum, pallio nullo imstructum.
Caput bilobatum, exsertum, rotundatum, tentaculis non-
nullis aut plurimis minutis instructum. Os /abiis minutis,
carnosis, et /ingud antice et super caput locatis instructum.
Oculi duo, superi, aut laterales. Branchie due, membra-
naceze, reticulatee (pinnas referentes), ad colli latera externe
locantur. Sewus hermaphroditus.

CLASSIS III. GASTEROPODA.

Corpus pallio instructum, aut tes¢d una interna aut externa in-
structum. Caput tentaculis duobus aut quatuor instructum ;
in generibus nonnullis oculi, labium, lingua et mandibule
inveniuntur ; in perpaucis desunt. Os seepius carnosum et
durumest. Branchie in nonuullis externe; in aliis interne,
structura et forma valde variantes. Pes ventralis locomo-

R

362 APPENDIX.

tionis organum est. Seeus distinctus, perfectus ; herma-
phroditus aut androgynus. Genera nonnulla sunt ovipara.

CLASSIS IV. ASCIDL.

Corpus plus aut minus cylindricum, tegmine coriaceo aut tenu-
issimo tectum, supra in tubos duos, cylimdricos, unum bran-
chialem et alterum analem, producto. Capu¢ reconditum. Os
apertura rotunda sulcata, aut tentaculés et denticulis in-
structa. Branchie duplices, reticulate, pallio tenuissimo
tectze ; pallium tegmentis exterioris superficiem interiorem
et tubos munit. Sexus androgynus, oviparus.

CLASSIS V. GINGLYMACONCHA.

Corpus testis duabus tectum. Teste cardine ligamento ela-
stico interno aut externo, ginglymoide aperiente, et musculis,
tendonibusque claudentibus uno aut pluribus instructe.
Caput reconditum. Os antice locatur. Ocul, labium et
tentaculadesunt. Branchie duze, lobatee, tenues, reticulate,
ad abdominis latera locantur, et pallii lobis teguntur. Pal-
lium corpus tegit; lobi duo tenues branchias tegunt, et
seeplus postice in tubos duos elasticos, unum branchialem
et alterum analem, producuntur. Pes antice locatur; ex
abdominis extremitate exsurgit, et inter pallu junctionem
anticam exit et retrahitur. Sevus androgynus, ovo-viviparus.

CLASSIS VI. BRACHIOPODA.

Corpus testis duabus tectum; teste musculis adductoribus
duobus aut tribus instructze, ut tendo claudens deest. Caput
reconditum. Os antice locatur. Oculi, labium et tentacula
desunt. Branchie bilobate, marginibus foliis minimis
instructis, ad abdominis latera locantur. Pallium corporis
partes anteriores et posteriores tegit ; lobi duo tenues bran-
chias tegunt ; at tubi nulli formant. Brachia duo, carnosa,
filamentis plurimis instructa, pedes Ginglymaconchorum
repreesentant. Seaus androgynus, ovo-viviparus.

APPENDIX. 363

CLASSIS I. CEPHALOPODA.

General Observations on the Anatomical Structures of Cepha-
lopoda.

THE head, which is situated at the anterior part of the body, pro-
jects beyond the opening of the sac. The mouth contains a tongue
bristled with tubercles, which are more or less acute in the different
genera. The eye is very complicated in its structure ; it 1s formed
of several membranes, which are covered by a skim which becomes
transparent in passing under it; it 1s sometimes turned back-
wards, and sometimes serves to form the eyelash: the eyes are very
different in their structure from those of vertebrose animals; they
are nevertheless more perfectly formed for vision than those in any
other class of animals: the ear consists of a small cavity on each side
near the brain, and is suspended in a membranaceous sac, which con-
tains a small stony substance.

The sac contains all the organs of digestion, circulation, respiration,
generation, and the gland which secretes the black liquor. On the
lower and anterior part of the sac is situated the cloaca, which
is furnished with a valve to prevent water from entering into the
sac through its cavity: at the base of the cloaca terminates the
lower intestine and the duct conveying the black liquor from the
gland which secretes it. The sac is short and oval in Polypus, Ele-
dona, Sepiola and Cranchia* ; much elongated, more or less acute
in most of the genera of the Family Loliginide. In all the Order
Decapoda, the sides are furnished with membranaceous appendages,
serving them for moving in the water. In Sepia they are very slightly
prominent, extend nearly the whole length of the body, and do not
unite behind. In Sepiola they rise abruptly from the middle of the
sac, and resemble wings: in all the genera in the Family Loliginide,
they rise above the middle of the sac, unite behind, and in most of
the European genera they are more or less acutely narrower behind ;
but m some of the North American and South African genera they
are either obtuse behind or rounded.

The branchiz im all the genera, which resemble more or less con-
torted ferns, are situated at the sides of the sac.

The organs of circulation consist of three hearts; the ventricle is
situated near the centre, near the bottom of the sac, and sends the

* An African genus.

364 APPENDIX.

blood round every part of the body ; the two lateral ones are situated
at the base of the branchiz (gills), and perform the pulmonary cir-
culation, and send their blood to the ventrical by two branchial veins.
The central heart in the Decapoda is semicircular, in Sepiade tri-
lobate ; in Loliginid the lateral hearts have appendages resembling
the auricles in the higher class of animals; in Sepiadz a concave
spongy substance adheres to the inferior parts of the lateral hearts.

The organs of digestion consist of a cecum and long intestine ;
the latter, together with the duct, conveying the black liquor from
the gland which secretes it : both terminate at the base of the cloaca
anteriorly. The cesophagus in Polypus is greatly dilated before en-
tering into the stomach, and is buried in and protected by a very
hard substance; im Eledona the dilatation is rather less, and the
substance which protects it spongy. In Sepiolade and Loliginide,
the cesophagus is simple; the stomach in Sepiadz is simple and
slender.

The organs of generation are situated at the bottom of the sac in
all the genera that have been examined, and consist in the male of
vesicule seminales (seminal vessels), terminating in a common aper-
ture, whose sides are slightly produced into a tube. In the female
the ovaria (the ovaries) are two, and in most of the genera terminate
by a common duct; in others by two oviducts.

The glans atrifera, or the gland which secretes the black liquor
(named Atramentum by the ancients, and minutely mentioned by
Pliny), is composed of a spongy substance ; is immersed in the under
surface of the liver in all the genera of the Order Octopoda ; is
placed under it in all the genera of the Order Decapoda; and termi-
nates in a duct varying much in proportional diameter and length in
the different genera; but in all the genera this duct terminates close
to the anus at the base of the cloaca.

Their nervous system is very remarkable: the brain is situated on
the lateral and anterior parts of that cartilage (through which the
cesophagus passes to join the stomach), is very irregularly formed,
and is remarkably small : those masses of cerebral matter formed by
the junctions of the fibres of the optic nerve, are nearly thrice the size
of that cerebral mass denominated the bram. The anterior part of
the heart receives internally some very slender fibres from the region
of the mouth, and many of these fibres sometimes unite before they
join the lateral aspects of the brain; but the smaller fibres of the
nerves, which arise from the different parts of the sac, and from the
intestines, join the posterior part of the brain.

Their eggs vary very much in their formand colour in the dif-

APPENDIX. 365

ferent genera: theyare all pedunculated and agglutinated into masses,
resembling bunches of grapes ; they are deposited in the bottom of
the ocean, generally in very deep water, and most commonly on sandy
bottoms ; they are frequently thrown up on the low sandy shores of
our coasts after hard gales of wind, and are sometimes found depo-
sited in sandy pools at the lowest ebb-tides.

CLASSIS II. PTEROPODA.

Pteropoda, Cuvier.

Corpus oblongum, membranaceum, nec pallio nec pede instructum.
Caput bilobum, rotundatum, sepius exsertum, tentaculis nonnullis
minutis instructum. Os labiis mimutis carnosis et lmgua im-
structum. Oculi duo, laterales, aut superi. Branchie due,
branchiales membranacez, reticulate (alas referentes), ad colli aut
ad capitis latera externe locate. Sexus hermaphroditus.

The animals of this Class inhabit the ocean, most generally far
from any land ; they swim like the animals of the Class Cephalopoda,
but never rest on any floating or other substances, and only appear
on the surface when it is perfectly calm. Their branchie or gills,
resembling wings, varying in their form in the different genera, and
sometimes species, serve the double functions of respiration and
locomotion.

The liver in most of the genera is rather larger than in the Class
Gasteropoda.

Genus CLIO.

* Corpus nudum, gelatinosum, oblongum, turbmatum, natans. Ca-
put exsertum tentaculis pluribus minutis retractilibus, in fasciculis
duobus onustum. Ocuwliduosuperi. Osterminale. Pinnz duz
branchiales, obovate, opposite ad colli basin lateraliter insertz.
Anus et generationis apertura infra pmnam, in latere dextro, collo-
eati.””— Lamarck, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert. vii. 286.

The body is naked, gelatinous, oblong, turbinated and formed for
swimming. The head is exserted, laden with many minute retrac-
tile tentacles arranged into two bundles. Two eyes are situated on
the upper part of the head. The mouth is terminal. Two branchial
oblong-ovate fins are situated opposite each other on the sides of
the neck. The aperture named the anus and that of the organs of
generation are situated beneath the fin on the left side of the body.

366 APPENDIX.

Ciio BoREALIS.

C. gelatinosa, pellucida ; pinnis subtriangularibus; cauda acuta.
Clio Borealis, Pallas, Spicil. Zool. 10. p. 28. t. 1. f. 3-4; Brug. En-
cycl. Méthod. pl. 75. f. 3-4; Lam. Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert.

vil. 288; Cuv. Reg. Anim. uu. p. 379; Leach, Ross, Voyage to

Baff. Bay, Suppl.

Clio retusa, Fabr. Faun. Gren. p. 334. no. 324.
Clio limacima, Phips. C. Ellis, Zooph. p. 15. no, 324.
Habitat in oceano Boreali vulgatissime.

Animal gelatinous, pellucid; fins somewhat triangular; tail acute.

This species is extremely common in the Northern seas, and forms
the principal food of the cetaceous animals.

In 1811, during a tour made by me to the Orkneys with some
friends, I observed on the rocks on that side of the Isle of Staffa,
several mutilated specimens of this animal: the three previous days
had been extremely stormy, so as to confine us to the isle Colunsa.
Some days afterwards I borrowed from a fisherman a large shrimp-
net ; and on rowing along the coast of Mull, when the sea was calm,
after many vain efforts I was at last enabled to capture one of them
alive: this specimen is in that part of the Zoological Collection
which I presented to the British Museum.

CLASSIS III. GASTEROPODA.

Gasteropoda, Cuvier, Lamarck.
Vermes testacea, Linneus.

Corpus pallio instructum, nudum aut testa una imterna aut externa
instructum. Caput tentaculis duobus aut quatuor imstructum ; in
generibus nonnullis oculi, labium, lingua et mandibule mvyeni-
untur, in perpaucis desunt. Os sepius carnosum et durum est.
Branchié in nonnullis externe, in aliis mternze, structura et forma
valde variantes. Pes ventralis locomotionis organum est, per
corporis superficiem inferiorem plus aut minus adherens. Sewxus
distinctus, perfectus, hermaphroditus aut androgynus. Genera
nonnulla sunt ovipara, ovo-vivipara aut vivipara.

APPENDIX. 367

Ordinum Synopsis.

* Sexus hermaphroditus.

OvIPARA.

Branchize nullo modo tectz, dorsales .

Branchiz dextrz, laterales aut dorsa-
les, sub pallii processu tectze. Testa
INGerIOr dUL EXterma . .. - © us

Branchiz saccum interne tegentes et
non elevate. Testa mterior, aut
exterior vel nulla; nunquam oper-
aa: 4) ieee gee

I. GYMNOBRANCHIA.

Il. STEGOBRANCHIA.

Ill. SACCOBRANCHIA.

** Sexus distinctus.

OvIPARA.

Branchie e foliis plurimis parallelis
efformate. Testa exterior, spiralis,
in plurimis operculata .

Branchiz reticulate saccum cavum
interne tegentes, non elevate. Testa
exterior spiralis operculata. Oper-
culum testaceum ... .

IV. PHYLLOBRANCHIA.

V. ANTROBRANCHIA.

Ovo-vIVIPARA.

Branchie fasciculorum filamentorum
composite, ad cavitatem branchi-
alem adhzrentes. Testa conica
operculata. Operculum corneum.

VI. SPARTZBRANCHIA.

*k* Serus androgynus.

OvIPARA.

Branchiz e folus plurimis efformate,
sub testam posite. Testa exterior,
non operculata. . . tiie

Branchiz e- folus Sete, inter
pedis basin et pallium posite. Testa
exterior, sepe multipartita, nun-
quam.operculata, .. .. J) + ie! ws

VII. ASPIDOBRANCHIA.

VIII. CycLOBRANCHIA.

368

EXPLANATIONS OF THE DESCRIPTIVE PLATES.

A GENERAL REFERENCE OF THE LETTERS EXPLAINING THE
PARTS OF THE ANIMALS IN Puatss II. III. IV. V*. ann V**.

A, Abdomen; the part of the body containing the intestines, and
sometimes the nervous system and gills.

A.— u. Abdominis umbones. Those parts of the abdomen which
fill the umbones.

An. Anus; the termination of the intestinal canal.

Ap. Apertura; aperture applied to the opening of any cavity.

"Ar. Apophysis: w. umbonica of the umbones; erd. of the hinge.

Br. Branchie, gills: d. dextre, right ; s. sinistree, left; e. externz,
external ; 7. internee, internal.

Bss. Byssus, beard; composed of tendinous fibres, and is attached
to the foot of some of the Class Ginglymaconcha or Bivalves.

C. Cor, heart: a. auricule, auricles; v. ventriculus, ventricle or
ventricles.

Cl. Collum, neck.

Cr. Cordiformis, heart-shaped.

Crd. Cardo, hinge: d. dentes, teeth; c. cardinales or hinge teeth ;
ca. the anterior; cp. the posterior tooth or teeth of the hinge.

Dr. Dorsum, back.

E. Epidermis, the skin or integument with the shell externally.

H. Hepar, liver: h.r. hepatis regio, region of the liver.

I. Intestma, mtestine: @. cesophagus; g. gegerium, gizzard; r.
rectum ; v. ventriculus, stomach.

Im. Impressio, impression, such as is made on the shell where the
muscles are attached: c. cordiformis, cordiform, the umbilicus
or navel.

Im. cr. Cordiform impression.

L. Ligamentum, ligament: a.a. ligamentum adductor anticum,
anterior closing ligament ; a. p. ligamentum adductor posticum,
hinder closing ligament; c. cardinale or hinge ligament; e.
ligamentum externum cardinale, the external or cardinal liga-
ment, which is placed over the teeth, and, when it resembles a
hinge, is then termed gmglymoides; 7. ligamentum internum
cardinale, the ternal ligament of the hinge.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 369

Lb. Labia, lips: 7. inferius, under lip; f. fimbriatum, fringed lip ;
s. superius, upper lip.

Lt. Latera, sides.

In. Lingua, tongue.

M. Musculus, muscle: a.a. musculus adductorius anticus, anterior
closing muscle ; @.p. musculus adductorius posticus, posterior
closmg muscle; o. musculus orbicularis, orbicular muscle ;
0. a.j. musculorum orbicularium junctio antica, anterior junction
of the orbicular muscles; 0.p.j. musculorum orbicularium junctio
postica, posterior junction of the orbicular muscles; s. a. mus-
culi longitudinales abdomen suspendentes et pedem retrahentes,
longitudial muscles supporting the abdomen and retracting
the foot; a.a.7. musculi adductoris antici impressio, impression
of the anterior closing muscle; a. p.7. musculi adductoris postici
impressio, impression of posterior closmg muscle ; tr. r.7. mus-
euli tracheas retrahentis impressio, impression of the muscle
which withdraws the trachee.

Mn. Mandibule, jaws.

Mr. Margo, margin: a. anterior; 7. inferior; p. posterior; s. su-
perior.

O. Ovarium, ovary.

Qc. Oculus, eye.

Op. Operculum, opercule or lid.

Os. Os, mouth.

P. Pes, foot.

Pe. Pericardium, the cavity which contains the heart. _

Pl. Pallium, mantle: dz. lobus dexter, right lobe; sn. lobus sinister
left lobe ; 7. a. junctio antica, the anterior junction ; 7. p. junctia
postica, the posterior junction.

Pt. Peritrema, peritreme ; the hard secretion on the borders of the
univalve shells, from the part from which the animal issues.

R. Regio, region; the situation of any part.

T. Testa: a. aspectus, aspect; dz. dexter, right; 7. mferior; sm.
sinister, left; s. superior; a. teste accessorize, supplementary
shells; ap. apex, point; 6. basis, bottom or base; v. valve,
valves; dz. dextra, right; sz. sinistra, left valve; uw. umbones ;
en. cuniculus, syphon or groove.

Tn. Tentacula, tentacles; s. superiora, superior; 7. inferiora, infe-
rior; dx. dextra, right; sn. sinistra, left tentacles.

Tr. Trachez, respiratory tubes: 7. inferior; s. superior.

V1. Valve, valves: uw. umbilicus, navel.

=

370 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE I. %—

This Plate is explanatory of the nomenclature of the external and
internal parts of the Loligo magna, belonging to the Class Cepha-
lopoda. (This Plate has not been found.)

Fig. 1*. View of the mouth, showing the situation of the mandibles
or beak, surrounded by the lips and ten legs, two of which are
longer than the others, and may be termed brachia, arms.

Ld. Labiun, lip.

Avy. The annular reflection of the lip.

X. A dilatation of the lp into an angulated membrane, whose

angles are furnished with antlize or suckers armed with
horny rings, as in figs. 2 and 3.

| ies Pedes, feet.

P.s. Pedes superiores, upper feet.

P. int. Pedes intermedi, termediate feet.

P.7. Pedes inferiores, inferior feet.

P. sp. Pedes supplementarii aut brachia, supplementary feet or arms.

*Avr. Anthie, suckers.

Fig. 2. One of the suckers of the arms, highly magnified, viewed
from beneath to show. its peduncle.

Fig. 3. One of the horny rings of the suckers, very highly magnified,
to show the serratures of the outer edge.

Fig. 4*. Mandibule, mandibles or beak, of the natural size.

Fig. 5. The sae or body lying on its back, opened up the middle,
and the right side turned back, to show the natural position of
the branchiz or gills. The Figure is half the size of the speci-
men from which it was delineated. .

CE The cloaca, with its left side turned back, to show its valve
(VI.), which prevents the water from passing through
it into the sac.

EE. A groove in the cartilage of the cloaca to receive a process
of cartilage, xvd, projecting from the inside of the sae.

At. gl.c. Atramenti glandula canalis. The ductor canal which con-
ducts the black liquor from the gland which secretes it
to the bottom of the cloaca, through which it is ejected,
along with the water contained in the sac, to darken
the water, so as to defend itself from its enemies.

Pn. Pinna, fin.

* Figs. 1 and 4 are of the natural size of the animal from which this
Figure was delineated.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Bg |

Mi. — Musculus longitudinalis, a longitudinal muscle, whose use
is uncertain. _
‘Br: Branchiz, gills of the right side.

Fig. 6. Anterior aspect of the cartilaginous base of the skull, of its
natural size. This aspect supports the brain.
Fig. 7. Posterior aspect of the same cartilage.

S. Aspectus superior, superior aspect.
5 Aspectus inferior, inferior aspect.
De. Aspectus dexter, right aspect.

Sn. Aspectus sinister, left aspect.

Ap.@. (é£sophagi apertura, the aperture for the passage of the
cesophagus into the stomach.

PLATE Tl.

The intention of this Plate is to demonstrate the nomenclature of
the external parts of the testaceous animals of the Class Gastero-
poda.

Fig. 1. Helix aspersa, creeping against a window, and thus showing
its four tentacles, the two eyes, the mouth, the under lp, the
neck, the lower border of the mantle, the lateral aperture, and
the undulations of the muscles of the foot when creeping, in
their natural position.

Fig. 2. Helix aspersa, an open-turreted variety creeping and show-
ing its back.

Fig. 3. Trachea nemoralis, a slightly-turreted variety.

Fig. 4. Gulnaria peregra, creeping. —

Fig. 5. Gulnaria peregra, swimming, when the under part of its
foot glides along the surface of the water, the shell being im-
mersed.

Fig. 6. Ancyclus fluviatilis, creeping.

Fig. 7. Planorbis marginatus, creeping.

Fig. 8. Planorbis marginatus, swimming, showing the umbilicus of
the shell.

Fig. 9. Bithynia impura, creepmg, showing the position of its oper-
culum.

Fig. 10. Buccmum undulatum, creeping and showing its syphon or
respiratory tube, and the channel or groove in the shell through
which it passes, when the animal is withdrawn into the shell.

Fig. 11. Patella vulgata, the under view, showing its external bran-
chi, gills, the foot, borders of the mantle, and the tentacula.

Bh EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PARTS OF THE SHELLS.

Mr.a. Margo anterior, anterior margin.
Mr.p. Margo posterior, posterior margin.
Mr. dx. Margo dexter, right margin.
Mr.sn. Margo sinister, left margin.

Pr. Peritrema, peritreme.

P.anf.t. Anfractus inferior, lower whorl.
T.ap. Teste apex, apex of the shell.
aD: Testz basis, base of the shell.

i: 5. Teste syphon, syphon of the shell.
U. Umbilicus, umbilicus of the shell.

EXTERNAL PARTS OF THE ANIMALS.

Ap.l. Apertura lateralis, lateral aperture.

B. Branchie, branchiz or gills.

Dr. Dorsum, back of the animal.

Lb. Labium, lip.

Lb. i. Labium inferius, lower lip.

Oc. Oculus, eye.

Op. Operculum, operculum or opercule.
Os. Os, mouth.

12h Pes, foot.

Pot Pedis latera, sides of the foot.

Pr Pallium, mantle.

Tn.s. Tentacula superiora, superior tentacles.
Tn. +. Tentacula inferiora, inferior tentacles.

Tn. dx. Tentacula destra, right tentacles.

Tn. sn. Tentacula sinistra, left tentacles.

is: Respirationis syphon aut tubus, syphon or respira-
tory tube.

PLATE III.

The figures in this and in all the following descriptive plates are
explanatory of the external and internal structures of the Class
Ginglymaconcha.

Fig. 1. The left valve of Pholas Dactylus, containing the animal
entire, the whole of the right valve being removed, except the
umbonie portion. In this view the right mantle 1s seen entire,
and also the right umbonic apophysis.

‘Ar. u. The attachment of the right posterior muscle and the right

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Ho

retracting muscle of the respiratory tubes may be seen in their
natural positions. The umbonic portion of the right valve,
which remains, shows the large size of the perforations destined
for the attachment of the branches of the anterior adductor
muscle.

Tr. The reflection of the shell over the umbones in Figs. 1 and 2.

‘ig. 2. This Figure represents the same animal, the right valve and
mantle beg entirely removed, and the respiratory tubes split
vertically, their left sides alone remaining.

The lips, the foot, the pointed abdomen, the position occupied by
the branchiz, the cells behind the branchiz, and the course of the
orbicular muscle, may be distinctly seen.

Fig. 3. Gastrochzna Faba, viewed lying on its left side, its respira-
tory tubes being fully exserted. The very small aperture for
the exit of its foot is seen between the anterior and posterior
junctions of the mantle.

Fig. 4. Mya arenaria, in nearly the same view as Pholas Dactylus
in Fig. 2; the mght orbicular muscle still remaining. The
aperture for the exit of the foot is small and narrow, situated in
the same position as in Fig. 3.

For all the letters referring to the parts of the shells and their
animals in this Plate, see the preceding Explanation.

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. Callista verrucosa, viewed from above, showing the slightness

| of the inequality of its valves, is intended to explain the names
of its external parts and characters.

Fig. 2. Inner view of shell of Callista verrucosa, showing the mus-
cular impressions: the specimen here figured exhibits the im-
pression of the retractor of the respiratory tubes, much longer
than is generally observed to exist in this species.

Fig. 3. Cardium edule. The animal in its left valve; the right

valve and the right mandible being removed. This Figure
exhibits the anterior and posterior cardinal teeth projecting
through the mantle; the part of the abdomen which fills the
right umbo; andthe respiratory tubes, which are vertically divided
to render visible a little valve within the upper one. The situa-
tion of the termination of the intestinal canal, above and behind
the posterior adductor muscle, is seen distinctly.

Fig. 4. The muscular system of Mytilus pellucidus. The anterior
and posterior adductor muscle and the posterior adductor liga-

374 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

ment: two longitudinal muscles are attached by their extremities
to the valves, near to the msertion of the adductor muscles, for
retracting the foot and supporting the abdomen: these muscles
are always more or less confluent towards the middle of their
course; and in the genera Mytilus and Modiola they give off
six or seven lateral branches on each side, which are attached
to the valves behind or at the middle of the shell. The byssus,
terminated by suckers, arises from the tubercle at the posterior
base of the foot, and is composed of tendinous fibres.

Fig. 5. Mytilus pellucidus, the right valve and mantle bemg removed.
Below the cardinal ligament are certain perforations in the
shell, whose use is not known. The dotted line shows where
the right mantle was cut off. In this pomt of view, the lateral
branches of the left mantle, which supports the abdomen and
retracts the foot, are visible in their natural position.

Fig. 6. The back view of Unio ovalis, the dorsal portion beimg re-
moved, to show the situation of the liver, the heart, and the
intestinum rectum.

L.r. in Figs. 3 and 4 signifies the lateral ridge of the skull.

For all the letters referring to the parts of the animals and their
shells in this Plate, see the preceding Explanation.

PLATE V*.

Fig. 1. Represents the Pecten maximus, or great Scallop; its right
valve and the right mantle being removed from that part indi-
cated by the dotted line.

The superior margin of the shell, ¢. mr. s., is angulated anteriorly
and posteriorly : these angulated parts are named auricles or ear-
like processes. O75 represents two protuberances, which it has in
common with Pecten opercularis and most of its foreign congeners,
in one or both valves. 61s the part named by Poli Viscera testacea :
the uses of both these parts are unknown.

Fig. 2. Represents a vertical section of the Ostrea edulis, or common
oyster. The dotted part represents that part of the intestinal
canal which was removed from the right side of the animal to
show other parts. The mouth, os; the lobes of the lips, Jd. ;
the oesophagus, 7. @.; the stomach, 7. v.; from which the intes-
tinal canal is continued, which, after turning twice, it ascends
above the posterior adductor muscle, m. a. p., and the internal
cardinal ligament, /. a. p., and terminates in the intestmum rec-
tum and the anus, 7.r.a., all shown in this Figure; and also
the liver, h.; cells, 6.c., behind the branchie or gills, 6., over

EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 375

which the ova (eggs) are conveyed from the ovarium, o.; the
orbicular muscle, with its double fringe, within the orbicular
muscle, m.o.: the mantle is furnished with a vast number of
monogastric muscles, terminating in tendons, all of which ter-
minate at one pot, pl.m.r. The orbicular muscles of the
right and left sides are joined posteriorly, m. 0.7. p., at the point
where the branchiz terminate.

For all the letters referring to the parts of the animals and their

shells in this Plate, see the preceding Explanation.

PLATE Vee:

This Plate represents Anomia Ephippium and its most essential
parts.

Fig. 1. Represents the left valve of the shell, the right valve being
removed: this shows the animal entire in its natural position.

L.i. The internal ligament: m.a.a. the anterior closmg muscle ;
m.a.p. the posterior closmg muscle ; pl. the mantle.

Fig. 2. Represents the same animal, the right part of the mantle
bemg removed: 6. the branchiz; c. the heart; pl. the mantle;
z.r. the intestinum rectum, or terminal intestine.

Fig. 3. Represents the right valve, containing the animal entire, the
left valve being removed: maa.spp.a supplementary muscle
closing the shells; pl. s. the left lobe of the mantle; pl.r. the
right lobe of the mantle; h.r. the region of the liver.

For all the letters referring to the parts of the animals and their
shells in this Plate, see the preceding Explanation.

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. Sepiola Rondeletii, under view.
Fig. 2. Sepiola Rondeletu, upper view.
Fig. 3. The bone of Sepiola Rondeleti, magnified ; its natural length
is indicated by the little line by its side.
Fig. 4. Loligo parva, upper view.
Fig. 5. Loligo parva, under view.
Fig. 6. The bone of Loligo parva, of its natural size.
Wherever the little line in any of the Plates is omitted, the objects
represented are drawn of their natural size, unless otherwise speci-
fied.

PLATE VII.
Fig. 1. Doris Elfortiana. Fig. 2. Tritonia Hombergii.
Fig. 3. Eolidia Cuvieri. Figs. 4 & 5. Cleantus Montagu.
Figs.6 and 7. Shell. — Fig. 8. Esmia Griffithsiana.

Figs. 9 and 10. Shell. Fig. 11. Roseania Cranchii.

376 EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. Arion empiyicorum, collapsed. Fig. 2. Var. 8., extended.

Fig. 3. Limax carinatus and its internal shell of the natural size,
and magnified. .

Figs. 4, 5 and 6. Teba Carthusianella and its animal.

Fig. 7. Clausilia Rolphii.

Figs. 8 and 9. Azeca Matoni and its animal.

Fig. 10. Vertigo palustris and its animal.

PLATE IX.

Fig. |. Temesia variabilis. Fig. 2. Trochus Montagui.
Fig. 3. Epheria Goodallu.

Fig. 4. Assiminia Grayana with its animal. Fig. 5. The Operculum.
Fig. 6. Turbo sulcatus. Fig. 7. Margarites diaphana.
Fig. 8. Scalaria clathrus with its animal.

Figs. 9 and 10. Scalaria Turtoniana.

Fig. 11. Zippora Drummondiana.

PLATE X.
Fig. 1. Hima levigata. Fig. 2. Bela lineata.
Fig. 3. Fusus asperrimus. Figs. 4 & 5. Cemoria Flemingiana.

Fig. 6. Cemoria Montaguana. Fig. 7. Chiton punctatus.
Fig. 8. Acanthocheetes vulgaris.

PLATE XI.

Figs. 1-7. Cadmusia Solanderia, adult and young.

PLATE XII.
Figs. 1 & 2. Magdalia striata. Figs. 3 & 4. Lembulus sulcatus.
Figs. 5-7. Autonoé rubra. Fig. 8. Hermione laminosa.

Fig. 9. Modiola Prideauxiana. Figs. 10-13. Corbula nucleus.

PLATE XIII.

Figs. 1 & 2. Terebratula striata. Figs. 3-5. Terebratula glabra.
Figs. 6-8. Criopus Orcadensis.

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