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BIOLOGIC

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Nat. History Museum

Return this book on or before the
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MOLLUSKS

ATLANTIC COAST

UNITED STATES,

CAPE HATTERAS,

ilUSTIlT O- APGAB,

PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN THE NEW JERSEY STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

Printed for the Author by
LUCAS & CO., Trenton, N. J.

-tj® ol oov hJ kyf i

JOURNAL

OF THE

New Jersey Naturae History Society.

Vol. II. JANUARY, 1891. No. 2.

MOLLUSKS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST OF THE
UNITED STATES SOUTH TO CAPE HATTERAS.

AUSTIN C. APGAR.

In the following Key and descriptions of Mollusks, the object
in view has been to enable students to become familiar with
molluscan forms in the same way that men learn to know the
plants and vertebrates of the land; by such agencies as the Keys
of Gray’s, and Wood’s Botanies, and Jordan’s, and Coues’ works
on Vertebrates. The most artmciiii Keys are the most successful
with beginners. In this Key, accordingly, no great attempt has
been made to follow any advanced classification by referring to
the anatomical parts upon which such a classification is based.

76

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

Any determination by a Key necessarily forces the student to
make a deeper investigation of parts than does any other
method. As a general thing, too, such investigation is made by
the student while the animal is still living, arid the mere fact of
its being alive adds greater zest and interest to his work. As far
as I know all works yet published upon the shells of the region
depend almost if not entirely upon engravings of all the species
for their determination; and those acquainted with shells have be-
come so either by means of these engravings, by seeing the shells
in collections, or by pestering and questioning those who know
more than they do. This tends to make students mere shell
collectors, who are entirely satisfied if only they can call their
specimens by name.

In writing this paper, my hope has been to interest our shore
dwellers and shore visitors in the habits and life history of our
shell fish. The only originality claimed for the work is the Key-
The classification, except of the Sea Slugs and Squids, is that of
Wm. H. Dali, A. M., Curator Department of Mollusks, U. S.
National Museum, in Bulletin No. 37. The descriptions were
taken and adapted from all the sources at my command.

Deep sea and pelagic forms are excluded, except those whose
shells are occasionally thrown upon the beach after storms.

This is only a preliminary manual and of necessity must con-
tain numerous errors that will be gladly corrected by the author
if brought to his attention.

All the measurements given in the Keys and the descriptions
are in millimeters (25 to an inch). At the end of the descrip-
tions L. stands for length, H. for height, W. for width, D. for
diameter, An. for angle, Ap. for aperture and U. for umbo. The
fraction after Ap. gives the relative length of the aperture.
Thus Ap. J indicates that the aperture is one third the length
of the shell. The fraction after U. states the position of the
umbo. Thus U. \ indicates that the distance of the umbo from
the anterior end is one-fourth the whole length of the shell. The
application of these terms to bivalve shells is shown on Plate II.,
to univalve shells on Plate III. Plate IV. contains a protractor
and millimeter measurements in a convenient form for use with
shells. Apply the shell directly to the plate and the length,
width, position of umbo, angle of spire, etc., can be seen.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

77

MOLLUSKS OF THE ATLANTIC COAST SOUTH TO
CAPE HATTERAS.

I. Class Pelecypoda. (Bivalves, Lamellibranchiata.) Mollusks with a
bivalve shell. The two parts of the shell are somewhat similar in size, shape
and material, and are usually joined together by a hinge. See Plate II. and
Key below.

II. Class Gastropoda. (Univalves.) Mollusks having either a broad,
creeping disk called a foot on which it crawls, or two wing-like expansions from
the head by which it swims freely in the water. See Plate III. Figures 21-55
and Key on page 80.

III. Class Cephalopoda. (Squids, Devilfish, etc.) Free swimming, oceanic
mollusks with a large, well separated head, having a circle of long, muscular
arms around the mouth. Eyes very large and perfect. Usually having no
external shell. See Plate 1^. Figures 56-66 and Key on page 84.

KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF MARINE PELECYPODS.

* Shell when closed at the ventral side, gaping more or less at the ends, some

gap a little at one end, most gap at both ends. (N.)

* Shell not at all gaping. (A.)

A. With not over three cardinal teeth in each valve. (C.)

A. With many small cardinal teeth in each valve. (B.)

B. With distinct radiating ribs ; large, over 30 long 5. Areidce

B. Smooth, and the height and length about equal; under 12 long

6. Nueulidce.

B. Elongated shells, the length nearly or quite twice the height ; a pallial
sinus 7. Ledidce.

C. Valves equal in size, curvature and markings. (F.)

C. Valves unequal, or twisted so as to make them slightly so. (D.)

D. Two muscular impressions ; a distinct pallial sinus. (Q.)

D. One muscular impression ; height about equal to or greater than the
length. (E.)

E. Fixed mollusks with large, thick, rough shells, attached by the larger
valve to other shells, etc 1. Ostreidce.

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JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

E. Fixed mollusks with thin, pearly, small shells, fixed by the smaller
valve which is flat or concave and has a hole or notch at the hinge for

a plug 2. Anomiidce.

E Free mollusks: hinge line straight, formed by ears at the sides of the
umbo ; usually with very distinct radiating ribs 3. Pectinidce.

F. The two muscular impressions very different in size and shape ; generally
el ongated shells, usually twice as long as high ; mussel-shaped, the umbo
very near or at the anterior end ; inner layer usually quite pearly ; no
pallial sinus; hinge with a few small teeth or none 4. Mytilidce.

F. Some Pectens have valves so nearly equal that they might be looked for
here. (See third E above.)

F. Neither mussel nor Pecten shaped. (Gr.)

Gr. Height and length nearly equal ; a decided pallial sinus ; with either

a plain lunule or else a shell under 8 long 16. Veneridce

Gr. Height and length nearly equal ; no distinct pallial sinus, at the
greatest the pallial line is slightly undulated at the posterior end. (J.)

Gt. Length decidedly greater than the height. (H.)

H. Minute, under 3 long; no sinus ..11. Eryeinidce.

H. Pallial sinus distinct ; internal cartilage in deep pits 22. Paphiidce.

H. Pallial sinus large; external ligament present, in most cases on the
shorter end of the shell; no internal cartilage. (I.)

I. Triangular wedge-shaped, about twice as long as high ; surface with
both concentric and radiating striae; our species about 11 long and

thick for its size; crenulated within. 18. Donaeidw.

I. Length to the height about as 3 to 2 20. Tellinidce.

J. With a plain lunule in front of the umbones. (L.)

J. With nn lnnnlp^orl nn on n . virlo-P^ (K.)

KL. With either very distinct radiating ribs or else an almost globular

shell under 30 long 14. Cardiidce.

K. Shell large, strong, with a thick dark epidermis ; cardinal teeth three
in each valve 15. Veniliidce.

L. Shell with distinct radiating ribs 8. Carditidce.

L. Without prominent radiating ribs. (M.)

M. Over 20 long ; compressed, thick, smooth or concentrically furrowed ;
ligament external ; epidermis dark and thick 9. Astartidce.

M. Shell globular, with strong gonial folds ; ligament in a groove ; no dis-
tinct cardinal teeth 12. Ungulinidce.

M. Shell orbicular, regularly curved, with either laminated concentric
ridges or oblique parallel ridges which form an angle at the centre ;

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

79

ligament oblique, semi-internal; epidermis not thick.... 13. Lueinidce .

M. Shell somewhat quadrant shaped ; small, less than 8 long ; surface
with concentric ridges 10 . Crassatellidce .

M. Shell not over 5 long, very much compressed ; ends rounded

11. Erycinidce ,

N. Without toothed hinge or proper ligament, often with accessory valves ;
no distinct epidermis. (7T )

N. With proper hinge, often distinctly toothed and with either external liga-
ment or internal cartilage, sometimes both. (O.)

O. Hinge with many small cardinal teeth in each valve 7. Ledidce.

O. Hinge of not over 4 cardinal teeth in each valve. (P.)

P. Elongated equivalve shells two or more times as long as high, gaping
more or less at both ends. (S.)

P. Equivalve shells not fully twice as long as high. (R.)

P. Inequi valve shells ; length and height about equal ,21. Semelidce „

P. Inequivalve shells ; decidedly longer but not twice as long as high. (Q. )

Q Over 25 long, thin; right valve much more convex than the left;
umbones about central ; both external ligament and internal cartilage.
25. Anatinidce .

Q Over 25 long ; right valve nearly flat ; whole shell so compressed that
the width is not over one-sixth the length 27. Pandoridce .

Q. Over 50 long ; slightly inequivalve ; no external ligament ; an in-
ternal cartilage placed between a spoon-shaped process, projecting out
of the left valve into a concavity under the umbo of the right valve.
SO. My idee,

Q- Not over 12 long, thick, gaping in front ; umbones about central

29. Corbulidce.

Q. Covered with radiating wrinkles, thin, fragile, pearly translucent ; left
valve slightly larger 26. Lyonsiidce .

Q- Other small shells not over 18 long 20. Tellinidce.

R. Shell somewhat triangular-shaped, with an internal cartilage between
deep triangular pits, similar in each valve 24. Maetridce .

R. Shell thin, rounded in front, narrowed and gaping behind ; cartilage pit
shallow; external ligament short 21. Semelidce.

R. Shell with a large external ligament ; pallial line a series of elongated
pits SI. Saxieavidce.

S. Shells elongated 3-6 times as long as high ; epidermis polished ;
umbones not over one fourth from the anterior end ; ligament external.
'. 23. Solenidce.

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JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

S. Shells about 3 times as long as high ; umbones about central

19. Psammobiidce.

S. Shells not 3 times as long as high ; surface covered with elevated radi-
ating ridges; chalky white; umbones near anterior end.J7. Petrieolidce .

S. Shell about twice as long as high ; epidermis polished and with a

notched border extending beyond the edge of the thin shell

28. Solemyidce.

S. Shell thick with a thick black epidermis ; external ligament promi-

nent and on the shorter end of the shell 31. Saxieavidce.

T. Length decidedly greater than height 32. Pholadidce.

T. Length and height nearly equal ; small shells usually about 6 long never
over 12 long 33. Teredidce.

KEY TO THE MARINE GASTROPODS.

* Shell spiral, of one to many whorls. (H.)

* Shell of one piece, flat, boat or cup-shaped, if somewhat spiral not forming
a complete whorl. (W.)

* Shell straight or slightly curved, globular to tubular needle-shaped. (B.)

* Shell oval-oblong, composed of 8 similar arched pieces or valves, over-
lapping each other ; the margins leather-like. (Y.)

* Animal without any external or internal shell. (A.)

A. Free swimming, pelagic animals with two wing-like projections from

the sides of the head 36. Clionidce.

A. Creeping animals with a broad disk called a foot. (Sea Slugs.) (C.)

B. Shell transparent or nearly so, closed at the posterior end which is quite

sharp pointed ; animals with wing-like projections; free swimming

35. Cavoliniidce .

B. Shell tubular, open at both ends ; deep water. Genera Dentalium and
Cadulus in Dentalidse.

B. Shell not translucent ; tubular, operculated, curved, closed but blunt at

the posterior end; our species not over 3 long 61. Cceeidce.

C. Animal either without gills or the gills concealed on the right side be-
tween the mantle and the foot. (G.)

C. Animal with exposed gills on the back. (D.)

D. Gills either pinnate or bipinnate, forming a crown upon the back. (F.)

D. Gills simple to branching tree like, situated more or less along the sides
of the body. (E.)

E. Dorsal tentacles retractile into sheaths 45. Tritoniidce.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

81

E. Dorsal tentacles not retractile into sheaths ; some are without tentacles.

46 . JEolidce.

F. Gills non -retractile, forming only a half circle of few plumes

44. Polyceridce.

F. Gills either retractile into one or more cavities or united by a web at

base; they form a complete circle or star 43. Dorididce.

G-. Broad oval in form ; f as wide as long 42. Doridellidce.

G\ Elongated, body itself narrow, some specimens seemingly broad when

swimming by the spreading of wing-like expansions on the sides

47. Elysiidce.

H. Shell with the whorls regularly in a single plane and not touching

each other} .... .>.0 . . Sipl'-TC .... .S.ee. . ,F.i ^ . .if.} 71. Spirulidce.

H. Dextral or right handed shells. (J.)

H. Sinistral ; the whorls in contact. (I.)

I. Shell ovate-globose, small, not over 5 long, transparent...^. Limacinidce .

I. Shell elongated, turreted, slender, less than 30 long 58. Triforidce.

I. Shell large, over 100 long, with a produced anterior canal

51. Fasciolariidce.

J. Operculated (nearly all marine univalves are operculated); aperture not
over one-half the area of the shell, usually much less than one-half. (N.)

J. Non -operculated, or operculum very minute; aperture with neither a
canal nor notch at the anterior end. (K.)

J. Non-operculated ; aperture with a canal at the anterior end...0.VMT:

£$... .W.S£.^.kA.^...XQ..l.CnA 50. Pleurotomidce .

K. Aperture over f the area and J the length of the shell ; spire distinct,

pointed; shell ear shaped 07. Naticidce.

K. Aperture i the area or more and the full length of the shell. (M.)

K. Aperture less than J the area of the shell. (L.)

L. Aperture f to the full length of the shell ; spire distinct, in most cases

flattened; inner lip with a single fold or smooth 38. Tornatinidce.

L. Aperture about \ the length of the shell ; shell globose, thin, fragile,
translucent ; outer lip very thin ; 20-25 long and wide. Shells of Janthina
fragilis in Janthinidse. Rarely thrown on the beach.

L. Deep water species with the inner lip with no teeth but a strong fold ;
aperture about \ the length of the shell ; spire conical ; whole shell
many whorled and spirally grooved with, in most cases, punctate strise ;

12 or less long 37. Actceonidce.

L. Aperture the length of the shell; inner lip with 2 or more teeth....
48. Auriculidce.

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

&2

M. Shell of but a single whorl ; aperture more than § the area of the

shell; minute,, less than 2 long 41. Philinidcer

M. Shell of several whorls, under 4 long ; spire flat 39. Seaphandridce .

M» Shell of several whorls ; a pit in place of the spire ; over 6 long

40. Bullidce .

N. Anterior margin of aperture entire, usually rounded. (S.)

N. Anterior margin of aperture notched or produced into a canal. (O.)

O. Shell with a canal formed by a decided prolongation of the anterior
end. (V.)

O. Canal short or none, but the aperture notched. (P.)

P. Shell large, 40 or more long ; whorls rounded 52. Buccinidce,

P. Shells 20-40 long; whorls rounded 1 55. Murieidce.

P. Whorls flattened and in most species covered with a beaded surface formed
by longitudinal and revolving lines or else revolving lines very distinct.

(Q.)

Q. Aperture over J the length of the shell ; angle of spire over 40°. Shell

10-30 long 53. Nassidce.

Q. Aperture J or less the length of the shell. (R.)

R. Rather long shells (15-70), angle of spire under 20°.... 49. Terebridce .

R. Shells less than 15 long; aperture about J the length, whor’s 9 or
more 59. Ceritliiopsidce ,

R. Shells less than 10 long ; aperture about \ the length ; whorls under 9.
60. Cerithiidce .

S. Shell tubular, spiral at the apex, irregularly twisted near the aperture.
62. Vermetidce .

S. Shell regularly spiral ; elongated, width less than J the length ; whorls
5 or more ; angle of spire less than 45° ; aperture less than half the length
of the shell. (T.)

S. Shell regularly spiral ; shortened ; width nearly as great as or greater
than the length; whorls usually few ; angle of spire always over 50°
usually over 90° ; aperture over J the length of the shell. (U.)

T. Whorls rounded, almost separated, crossed by elevated longitudinal

ribs; aperture oval ; lip continuous; our species over 10 long

56. Sccdaridce.

T. Whorls about 5 ; minute shells, less than 5 long; width about £ length ;
aperture about 3 lo^guii; apex blunt 64. Rissoidce.

T. Whorls 5-10; shells elongated-conical, turreted ; aperture our
species 4-10 long 57. Pyramidellidce .

U. Shell conical; pearly under the epidermis and within the aperture,

NATUKAL HISTOKY SOCIETY.

83

usually brilliantly so ; under 15 long ; aperture circular ; whorls con-
vex ; umbilicus large and deep 69. Trochidce.

U. Shell globular or oval; spire quite short; the body whorl very large;
umbilicus rounded, distinct, either free or covered with a callus ; aperture

§ or more the length of the shell ; angle of spire 90° or more

67. Natieidce.

U. Shell usually top-shaped, sometimes globular ; interior not pearly, 8-30

long ; umbilicus if present not rounded nor covered with a callus

63. Litorinidce.

U. Shell minute, nearly disk-shaped, widely umbilicated 65. Adeorlidce.

V. Large heavy shells, over 100 long, pear-shaped ; whorls angulated or
nodulous 51. Faseiolariidce .

V. Kather thin shells, 20-80 long, ovate to pear-shaped; whorls rounded
and covered with 40-60 small revolving ridges 52. Bueeinidce.

V. Shells over 20 long, with longitudinal rib-like undulations crossed by
revolving lines ; in one species the revolving ridges are more distinct
than the longitudinal ones 55. Murieidce.

V. Shells less than 20 long; aperture with a notch near the posterior end
formed by the outer lip not squarely meeting the body wall ; whorls
shouldered and longitudinally ribbed 50. Pleurotomidce.

V. Shells less than 15 long; aperture entire at the posterior end, narrow
and a little less than half the length of the shell ; canal rather short..
54. Columbellidce.

W. Shell with the apex somewhat spiral, and an internal, usually horizontal,
partition or diaphragm 66. Calyptrceidce.

W. Shell conical or cup-shaped with apex turned forward ; no shelf nor par-
tition. (X.)

X. No perforation at the apex nor notch in the margin 68. Acmceidce.

X. Apex recurved ; margin or apex perforated ; shells found either in deep
water or south of C. Hatteras Fissurellidce .

Y. The only species in the region, belonging to the order, are in the family...
70. Ischnochitonidce .

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

KEY TO THE CEPHALOPODS.

Body short, rounded behind, with minute terminal fins ; having within a

white, pearly, spiral, many -chambered shell. Pelagic 71. Spirulidcei

Body. elongated ; eyes covered by the skin of the body ; an internal horny

part in the back, shaped like a feather ; frequently found near shores

76. Loliginidce.

Body elongated ; eyes naked ; the internal horny part in the back never
feather-shaped, usually small, lance-form. (A.)

A. Fins on the back, not extending to the tail, rounded, narrow at base...

75. Sepiolidce .

A. Fins extending to the extremity of the body. (B.)

B. Body attenuated behind ; fins rounded ; tentacular arms long

74. Cranehiidce.

B. Body not especially slender behind ; fins usually triangular. (C.)

C. Tentacular arms short and furnished with suckers only

72. Ommatostrephidce .

G Tentacular arms with thick clubs furnished with hooks as well
as suckers* 73. Onychoteuthidce*

F am. 2.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

'85

CLASS I, PELECYPODA.

Laterally compressed, headless Mollusks encased in a bivalve
shell. Their organs are inclosed in a mantle, one leaf of which
envelops each side. Just within the mantle there are in most
eases four, leaf-like, striated gills, two on each side. The shell
consists of a right and left valve, with more or less of a dorsal
hinge, opened by means of a self-acting, elastic substance, and
closed by either one or two muscles which extend between the
valves. The sexes are usually separate.

Order PRIONODESMACEA.

Hinge teeth almost entirety transverse to the hinge margin,
rarely few, often numerous ; substance of the shell often in great
part pearly ; very few are entirety limy or porcellanous.

Family 1. OSTREID/L

Shell inequivalve, slightly inequilateral, free or adherent, rest-
ing on one valve ; umbo central, not oblique ; ligament internal ;
epidermis thin ; adductor impression single in the adult, behind
the centre; pallial line obscure; hinge usually without teeth.
Animal marine ; mantle fully open, slightly adherent to the edge
of the shell; foot small or absent; gills crescent shaped, two on
each side.

1. Ostrea, L. The Oysters.

Shell attached by the left valve; the upper valve flat or con-
• cave, often plain; lower convex, often plaited or foliaceous, and
with a prominent umbo ; cartilage pit elongated ; hinge toothless ;
substance somewhat pearly, laminated.

1 . Ostrea Virginica , Gmel. Shell gradually widening from
the long, pointed umbo; surface, when not worn, showing leaf
like scales; muscular impression large, distinct, and near the
centre. Surface leaden color ; shell whitish ; muscular impres-
sion chestnut or violet color. Distance from umbo, 150-250 ;
L. 70-80. — Whole coast. Abundant.

Family 2. ANOM 1 1 D/E.

Shell thin, pearly, with a deep notch or hole in the under valve
near the umbones, for a byssal plug by which the shell is at-
tached.

Animal without palpi around the mouth ; mantle open except

86

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

at the hinge, with the double margins pendent and fringed but
with no ocelli ; gills two on each side, unsymmetrical, united
posteriorly ; foot small, cylindrical, expanded and grooved at
the end ; byssus large, scaly, passing through a hole in the man-
tle and attached by a powerful muscle to the left valve.

1. Anomia, L.

Shell suborbicular, thin, pearly, translucent, with a cfeep^n&tch
or hole in the right valve for a plug which is used to fasten the
shell to other shells; this lower valve is flat or concave. Animal
with open mantle and small, cylindrical foot.

1. Anomia simplex, Orb. (Fig. 1.) Shell orbicular or distorted ;
upper valve very convex, its umbo not reaching the edge, and
its surface very variable, its shape dependent upon the shell to
which it adheres ; lower valve smaller, with a circular hole very
near the margin, often with the edge open. Polished black, red,
yellow, or ashy to white ; interior the same, except the muscular
impression which is white. Diameters about 25. — Whole coast.
Common south.

2. Anomia aculeata , L. Shell smaller than the preceeding,
and with the upper valve covered with fine, prickly scales ar-
ranged in radiating lines ; the umbo reaching the edge ; lower
valve smooth. Yellowish to whitish. Diameter about 12, — New
York and north. Common north.

Family 3. PECTIN1D/E.

Represented only b}^ the genus : —

1. Pecten, Mul.

Shell suborbicular regular, resting on the right valve, usually
ornamented with radiating ribs; umbones approximate, eared,
making the hinge line straight; only one, very faint, muscular
impression ; anterior ear more prominent ; right valve with a
notch below the front ear ; ligament narrow ; internal cartilage
in a central pit.

Animal wTith open mantle; the margins double, the inner
pendent, like a curtain, finely fringed ; at its base, a row of many,
bright, black eyes, surrounded by tentacular filaments ; gills ex-
ceedingly delicate, crescent shaped ; foot finger like, grooved ;
one adductor muscle. These animals are very beautiful, and can
swim and skip over the sand and mud with great dexterity ; the

Fam. 4.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

$7

movement is performed by suddenly opening and closing the
valves.

* Decidedly inequi valve; one valve nearly flat; covered with radiating

lines rather than ribs 3.

* Valves with radiating ribs. (A.)

A. About 50 on each valve ....... 2.

A. About 20 on each valve . ... L

1. Pecten irradians , Lam. (Fig. 4.) Shell orbicular, with
about 20 elevated, rounded, radiating ribs, and numerous, con-
centric wrinkles ; ears large and nearly equal. Very variable in
color, the upper valve darker. Diameters 50-75. — -Whole coast.
Very common south.

2. Pecten Islandicus , Chez. Shell nearly orbicular, with over
50 small, scaly radiating ribs ; ears unequal. Diameters about
80, the distance across from the umbo greater. — Mass, and north.
More common north. Rather deep water.

3. Pecten magellanicus , Gmel. Shell orbicular; the lower
valve nearly flat and not quite as large as the upper one ; ears
nearly equal ; surface covered with very numerous and very fine
radiating strise; the striae of the lower valve less distinct. Up-
per valve brownish ; lower one white. Diameters about 125.—
New Jersey and north. Not rare north.

Family 4, MYTIL1D/E. The Mussels.

Shell equivalve, oval or elongated, closed ; umbones anterior ;
epidermis thick and dark, often filamentose ; ligament external,
submarginal, very long ; hinge with a few small teeth or usually
none ; inkier shell layer more or less pearly ; pallial line simple ;
anterior muscular impression small and narrow, posterior large,
obscure.

Animal marine or fiuviatile, attached by a byssus ; mantle
lobes united between the siphonal openings ; foot cylindrical,
grooved.

* Surface without radiating ribs, sometimes with faint radiating lines. (A.)

A. Umbones at the anterior end. (B.)

B. Large, over 50 long L Mytilus.

B. Small, under 20 long ; lunate in form 5 . Dreissensia.

A. Umbones near but not at the anterior end 2 . Modiola .

* Surface with radiating ribs. (C.)

C. Radiating ribs at both ends of the shell, but a central triangle smooth.

3. Modiolaria.

C. Radiating ribs all over the shell. (D.)

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JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

D. Twice a§ long as high 2. Modiola.

D. Less than twice as long as high 4. Crenella.

1. Mytilus, L.

Shell wedge-shaped, rounded behind, usually smooth ; umbones
terminal, pointed ; hinge teeth minute or none.

Animal with the mantle margins plain behind and slightly
projecting ; byssus strong and coarse.

1. Mytilus edulis , L. (Fig. 2.) Shell ovate-triangular, um-
bones pointed and placed at the end of the shell ; basal and
hinge margins nearly straight ; gonial ridge distinct. Color of
shell itself violet to horn color ; epidermis usually blue-black ;
within, silvery white except the margins which are violet ; some-
times the colors radiate from the umbo. L. 75 ; H. 35 ; W. 30 ;
An. of margins 50°. — Whole coast. Common on rocks and tim-
bers.

2. Modiola, Lam.

Shell oblong, inflated in front; umbones near the anterior end,

obtuse ; hinge toothless.

* No radiating ribs, sometimes with faint radiating lines 1.

* With radiating ribs 2.

1. Modiola modiolus , L. Shell oblong-ovate; umbones tumid
and placed on one side near but not at the anterior end ; basal
margin arched ; gonial ridge broad, rounded ; shell compressed
along hinge margin ; radiating lines faint or none. Epidermis
thick and leathery, chestnut or brown in color; interior pearly,
of a somewhat livid color. L. 100 ; H. 50 ; W. 45 ; An. of
margins 45°. Sometimes L. 180. — New Jersey and north. Com-
mon ; thrown on beach from deep water.

^ 2. Modiola plicatula , Lam. Shell quite elongated; umbones
as in the preceeding ; surface ornamented with numerous radiat-
ing ribs ; these are most conspicuous above and behind ; they
are very fine in the podial region. Epidermis greenish-yellow
to reddish-brown ; within pearly, more or less purple tinted.
L. 75; H. 30; W. 23; An. of margins 30°. Sometimes L. 100. —
Whole extent. Very common on mud of tide water flats.

3. Modiolaria, Beck.

Shell rhomboidal, ornamented with two sets of rather fine,
radiating lines, the middle portion smooth.

1. Modiolaria nigra) Gray. Shell ovate, widest behind; the

Fam. 4.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

89

umbones rather prominent, usually eroded quite a distance from
the anterior end ; one section of the fine radiations covers the
whole upper and posterior part of the shell ; the second section,
at the anterior end, is small in extent but distinctly radiated ;
margin not crenulated. Epidermis rusty brown, glossy ; interior
livid, with pearly or silvery lustre. L. 50; H. 28; W. 15; U. tV
— Connecticut and north. Deep water.

2. Modiolaria lateralis. Say. Shell oval, widest near the mid-
dle ; gonial ridge broad, rounded, and forming a rounded lobe
at the gonium ; on and above this ridge, the surface is covered
with numerous, fine, radiating lines, ; in front of the umbo, there
are about 8 small, rib like radiating lines. Epidermis olive,
with dark, chestnut colored shades; interior brilliantly silvery.
L. 30; H. 18; W. 12; U. to, — Maine and south.

3. Modiolaria corrugata , Stim. Shell irregularly oval, tumid,
heart-shaped when viewed in front; somewhat lobed at the
gonium, as in the preceeding; about 16 ribs in the front section,
and many over the back ; margin crenulated. Epidermis greenish
yellow ; within, silvery. L. 11 ; H. 7 ; W. 4 ; U.r^. — Long Island
and north. Deep water.

4, Crenella, Br.

Shell oval or rhomboidal, pearly, with radiating ribs ; umbones
straight; ligament small; a crenulated cardinal tooth in each
valve.

Animal with a cylindrical foot having a disk like end issuing-
out of a sheath ; byssus a single thread.

1. Crenella glandula, Tot. Shell rounded oval; umbones slightly
projecting and (if the shell is held in the mussel position), near
the anterior end; surface covered with minute lines of growth,
crossed by many, small, rounded, radiating ribs, nearly equal in
size, over the whole surface of the shell, the number increasing
as the spaces widen. Epidermis thin, brownish yellow ; within
white, somewhat pearly. L. 12 ; H. 9 ; W. 7. These dimensions
are of the shell resting on its nearly straight base. — New Jersey
and north. Nol rare in 3-30 fathoms.

5. Dreissensia, Van B.

Shell like Mytilus, but without its pearly lining.

Animal with the mantle closed, and with siphon tubes.

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

1, Dreissensia leucophxta , Con. Shell crescent shaped, with the
posterior end broader and rounded; umbones terminal. Epi-
dermis rough, brownish; interior not pearly. L. IS; H. 7
W. 6. Animal with short siphons. — Maryland and south. On
oysters in brackish water.

Family 5, ARCID/L

Shell regular, equivalve, with heavy epidermis ; ligament ex-
terior, occupying an area between the umbones ; hinge with a
long row of similar, comb-like teeth; pallial line distinct and
without sinus; muscular impressions nearly equal. Animal
with open mantle, large, bent, deeply grooved foot, and very ob-
lique gills.

1. Arca, L.

Shell about equivalve, thick, subquadrate, closed (in our
species), with strong radiating ribs ; hinge straight, with numer-
ous teeth; umbones anterior, separated by a lozenge shaped
space containing the external ligament.

Animal with a long, pointed foot ; mantle furnished with ocelli;
animal usually attached by byssus ; palpi none ; gills long and

narrow.

* Umbones J from anterior end L

* Umbones J or more from anterior end 2, 3 .

1. Area pexata, Say. (Fig. 3.) Shell more rounded than the
next ; umbones turn obliquely forward and terminate over the
anterior end of hinge. Epidermis thick, shaggy, fibrous and
dark brown in color. L. 55 ; FL 42 ; W. 35 ; U.i. — Mass, and
south. Not rare.

2. Arca transversa , Say. Shell oblong, rhomboidal, with about
33 radiating ribs ; lower margin but little curved ; umbones situ-
ated near the anterior third of hinge as shown by the ligament
and the series of teeth. Epidermis chestnut brown. L. 37 ;
H. 25 ; W. 23 ; U.J. — Cape Cod and south. Not rare.

3. Arca ponderosa, Say. Similar in shape to A. transversa but
the shell is heavier and the ribs are fewer in number and are
grooved along their centres ; the umbones end over the centre of
the series of teeth. L. 60; H. 48; W. 38; U. about J. — New
Jersey and south.

Family 6. NUCULID/E.

Shell oval to triangular, small, pearly within ; hinge with a

Fam. 7.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

91

long row of teeth divided into two sets by a pit for an internal
cartilage ; pallial line entire. Animal with open, plain-edged
mantle ; foot large forming when expanded a disk with notched
margins ; mouth minute ; palpi very large and furnished with
long convoluted appendages ; gills small, feather like.

1. Nucula, Lam.

Shell small, somewhat triangular, with the umbones turned
toward the short (posterior) end, closed ; hinge line curved or
angular, with a distinct cartilage pit separating the line of small,
sharp teeth on each end.

Animal with plain edged mantle ; foot large, forming, when
expanded, a disk with serrated margins ; palpi very large, and
protruding from the shell with the foot; gills small, plume-like.
Inhabitants of rather deep water (2 to 100 fathoms) and so are
rarely thrown on shore; often found in the stomachs of fishes.

1. Nucula proxima , Say. Shell oblique, ovate-triangular, crossed
by minute, concentric and radiating lines ; umbones prominent ;
hinge teeth about 12 behind and 18 before the small cartilage
pit ; the two series of teeth form nearly a right angle ; inner edge
finely crenulated. Epidermis light olive ; interior, pearly. L.
10; H. 9; W. 6; U. f ; An. 85°.— Whole coast.

2. Nucula delphinodonta , Migh. Shells oblique, ovate-triangu-
lar, tumid ; hinge with 3 teeth behind and 7 before the cartilage
pit; a deep heart-shaped excavation in front of the umbones
bordered by a ridge. Epidermis olive. L. 3J ; H. 2f ; W. 2J
U. f ; An. 100°. — New England.

Family 7. LEDID/E.

Shell more elongated than in the preceeding family, rounded
in front and extended and somewhat pointed behind ; teeth of
the hinge many, divided by a cartilage into two sets ; pallial
line with a small or large sinus. Animal with partially or
wholly united, elongated siphons; gills narrow, feather-like;
palpi large.

* Pallial sinus large ; cardinal teeth of the two ends about equal in number.

* .• 1. Yoldia.

* Pallial sinus small ; teeth of the posterior or narrow end about J more

than the anterior 2. Leda.

1. Yoldia, Mor.

Shell oblong, compressed, gaping behind, smooth and shining ;

92

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

external ligament slight, and an internal cartilage in pit between
the series of many teeth ; pallial sinus deep.

Animal with united, retractile siphons ; foot slightly keeled,
deeply grooved, its margins crenated ; mantle margin plain in
front and fringed behind. The animal is very active and leaps
around in the water in an astonishing way. Deep water, 2-100
fathoms.

1. Yoldia Umatilla, Say. Shell oblong-ovate, the umbones
about central and not prominent ; posterior dorsal slope straight,
making that end quite angular ; anterior and basal margins regu-
larly rounded; cartilage pit small; the teeth extend f the
length of the shell, 22 on the rounded and 18 on the rostrated
end. Epidermis polished, light green ; interior bluish-white,
somewhat pearly. L, 47; H. 23; W. 12; U. \\ An. 170°. —
Whole coast.

2. Yoldia sapotilla , Gld. Similar in shape to the preceeding but
much smaller ; thin, fragile, translucent ; cartilage pit deep and
triangular ; teeth about sixteen on each end. Epidermis highly
polished, pale yellowish-green; pearly-white within. L. 22 ; LL
11 ; W. 7 ; U. a little in front of centre; An. 160°. — New Eng-
land.

2. Leda, Schum.

Shell oblong; rounded in front, pointed behind; pallial line
with small sinus.

1. Leda pernula , Mul. Shell ovate-lanceolate, front end
rounded, hind end much narrowed, rostrated, and slightly turned
upward ; dorsal surface with a lanceolate, smooth and shining
area behind the umbones; below this, a gonial ridge forms
an obtuse fold ; surface with numerous, concentric folds ; car-
dinal teeth about 13 in front, and 17 back of the cardinal pit.
Epidermis light greenish-yellow ; pearly-white within. L. 16 ;
H. 7; W. 4; U. J; An. 160°.— New England.

Order TELEODESMACEA.

Hinge with few transverse or cardinal teeth and usually heavy
and strong longitudinal or lateral teeth ; substance of shell
always limy or porcellanous, never with pearly layers.

Family 8. CARDITID/E,

Shell thick, solid, roundly ovate, and covered with radiating

Fam. 9.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

93

ribs or lines ; hinge with about two cardinal teeth in each valve ;
pallial line entire; ligament external, strong. Animal with
mantle-lobes free except at the siphonal end ; gills rounded in
front, tapering behind and united together.

1. Venericardia, Lam.

Shell suborbicular, radiately ribbed and covered by a rough
epidermis ; hinge with two robust teeth in the left valve, and
one in the right.

1. Venericardia borealis , Con. Shell thick and strong, rounded
or somewhat heart shaped; umbones projecting well in front in
old shells, the rest of the shell evenly rounded ; surface raised
into about 20, rounded, radiating ribs, which are broader than
the grooves between them ; the ribs are roughened by coarse lines
of growth ; lunule rhomboidal, deep ; ligament small and sunken;
interior margin strongly crenulated. Epidermis strong, rusty
brown; interior white. L. 25; H. 25 ; W. 17 ; U. — Whole
extent.

Var novanglise , Morse. A smaller more elongated and thin-
ner shell, the umbones not so projecting nor so far in front,
and the hinge plate much narrower ; the radiating ribs are about
17 in number. L. 21 ; H. 16; W. 14; U. — New England.

Family 9. ASTARTID£.

Shell nearly as in the preceeding family except that there
are no radiating ribs, but the shell is either smooth or concen-
trically striated or furrowed. Animal with a moderate, tongue-
shaped foot; lips large, palpi lanceolate; gills nearly equal.

1. Astarte, J. SowTb.

Shell suborbicular, compressed, thick, smooth or concentrically
furrowed; lunule impressed; ligament external; hinge teeth
strong, about 2 in each valve ; epidermis dark.

Animal with mantle open ; margins plain or slightly fringed ;
siphonal openings simple; foot moderate, tongue-shaped.

1. Astarte undata , Gld. Shell thick, ovate-triangular, some-
what compressed ; anterior end shorter, concave, and with a
deep, smooth, lnnceolate lunule; a still longer, lunule shaped
excavation found back of the umbones ; umbones in contact,
obtuse; surface covered with from 15-25, strongly developed
furrows and ridges ; the furrows a little wider than the ridges ;

94

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

hinge margin strong ; 2 large cardinal teeth in the left, and 1
in the right valve. Epidermis brownish olive ; interior polished,
bluish-white. L. 30 ; H. 27 ; W. 14 ; U. about central ; An 120°.
— New England. Dead shells common.

2. Astarte castanea , Say. Similar in form and solidity to A.
undata; but the umbones are more elevated, the lunule is short,
broad, deep, smooth, ovate lanceolate ; surface very slightly un-
dulated at the stages of growth ; ligament small ; interior margin,
like A. undata, is crenulated in adult shells. Epidermis chestnut
color, with usually, the posterior portion curiously blackened,
L. 25; H. 25; W. 13; U. about central ; An. 110°. — New Jersey
and north. Common.

Family 10. CRASSATELLI D/E.

Shell rounded to oblong, mostly concentrically striated or fur-
rowed, covered with an epidermis ; hinge with about 2 teeth in
each valve ; pallial line entire or with a sinus.

1. Eriphyla, Gabb.

Shell equivalve, somewhat triangular, with concentric ridges
or plates ; lunule distinct, cardinal teeth 1-2 ; pallial line about
simple.

1. Eriphyla lunulata , Con. Shell small, solid, orbicular, with
the anterior slope truncated obliquely, or slightly concave, mak-
ing it quadrant shaped ; lunule long and deeply excavated ; the
surface is undulated, with about 14, concentric, rib-like waves,
and is marked between them with minute, regular radiating
striae. Color pale yellowish-green. L. 6 ; H. 6 ; YV. 2J ; U. \ ,
An. 90°. — Cape Cod and south. Common.

Family 11. ERYCI N 1 D/E.

Shells very small, thin, fragile, usually transparent, and some-
times gaping ; hinge narrow, with one or two cardinal teeth ;
muscular impressions small and faint ; pallial line entire.

* Shell very minute, less than 3 long, translucent ; nearly twice as long as

high 1. Turtonia.

* Shell over 3 long, compressed 2. Kellia.

1. Turtonia, For. & Han.

Shell oblong, with umbones near anterior end ; ligament con-
cealed between the valves ; cardinal teeth 2 in each valve.

Animal with only the excurrent siphon which is slender and
elongated.

Fam. 12.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

95

1. Turtonia minuta, Fabr. Shell very minute, fragile, semi-
transparent, elongated-ovate, rather convex ; posterior end nar-
row and somewhat pointed; umbones slightly elevated ; lower
margin well curved. Straw color, blending into dark purple at
the umbones and posterior slope ; interior similar. L. 2 ; H. 1J;
W. 1 ; U. J. — New England. Common under stones at low
water.

2. Kellia, Tur,

Shell small, thin, suborbicular, closed; umbones small; mar-
gin smooth; ligament semi-internal; cardinal teeth, 1 or 2 in
each valve.

Animal with incurrent opening in front, and excurrent be-
hind ; foot strap-shaped, and with a byssus groove.

1. Kellia planulata , Stim. Shell minute, closed, not very thin,
oval-oblong, ends broadly rounded ; umbones a little prominent,
and in contact ; lunule elongated, smooth, deep ; surface marked
with lines of growth, eroded at the umbones; muscular impres-
sions and pallial line faint. White, covered with a rather thick,
dirty-brown epidermis; inside white and glossy. L. 4 ; H. 3 ;
W. 1J; U. J. — New England. Under stones at low water; rather
rare.

Family 12, UNGULINID/E,

Shells rounded, small, thin, with slender cardinal teeth or none;

ligament partially or wholly internal.

* Shell minute, elongated, without gonial folds 1. Tellimya ,

* Shell globular, with gonial groove 2. Cryptodon.

1. Tellimya, Br.

Shell minute, thin, oblong; umbones back of the centre;
hinge line notched ; cartilage internal, between two, thin teeth
in each valve.

Animal with a single, siphonal orifice ; foot large, broad, and
with a byssus groove.

1. Tellimya elevata, Stim. Shell fragile, slightly gaping, ovate-
oblong, both ends obtusely rounded, the front end broader,
tumid near the umbones, but compressed near the margins;
umbones acute and prominent ; surface shining, but rough with
the numerous edges of the lines of growth; inside polished,
without apparent muscular or pallial impressions, except in
very old shells, but with faintly marked, radiating lines ; carti-

96

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

lage in a small pit of the hinge. White, under a very thin,
straw-colored epidermis. L. 5; H. 4 ; W. 2J; U. f. — New Eng-
land. Rare.

2. Cryptodon, Tur.

Shell globular, with a gonial groove; umbones much recurved ;
lunule short or indistinct; ligament in a groove; no cardinal teeth.

Animal without siphonal tubes; foot long and very slender.

1. Cryptodon Gouldii , Phil. Shell orbicular-globose; hind
margin indented by a groove extending from the umbones,
which are small and projecting; lunule rounded; hinge almost
toothless ; surface smooth. Dead-white ; interior glossy-white,
with minute, radiating lines. L. 4 ; H. 5 ; W. 2} ; U. — New
England. Rarely thrown on the beach.

Family 13. LUCINID/E.

Shell orbicular, white; umbones depressed; lunule distinct;
cardinal teeth about two in each valve; ligament in a deep
groove or almost internal.

1. Lucina, Brug.

Shell orbicular, umbones depressed ;. lunule distinct; ligament
oblique, semi-internal.

Animal with the mantle freely open below; siphonal openings
simple ; gills single on each side ; foot cylindrical, pointed.

1. Lucina filosa, Stim. Shell thick, regularly convex; hinge
line straight ; umbones small ; lunule small, lanceolate; surface
covered with numerous, remote, concentric, laminated ridges.
Color w^hite or light-brown ; interior chalky-white in centre, and
polished at the margin. L. 35 ; H. 35; W. 15 ; U. about central.
— New England. Rare; thrown. on the beach by storms.

2. Lucina ( Divaricella ) dentata , Wood. Shell rather thin, or-
bicular, regularly convex ; hinge line slightly curved ; lunule
long, lanceolate ; lines of growth quite distinct and crossed by
parallel ridges which extend obliquely downward toward the
ends from about the centre of the shell ; these ridges form about
a right angle where they join each other, and give the shell a
dentate edge. White. L. 22; H. 20; W. 12; U. — Cape Cod
and south. Dead shells common.

Family 14. CARDIID/E.

Shell regular, equivalve, free, cordate, covered with radiating

Fam. 14.]

NATUKAL HISTOEY SOCIETY.

97

ribs; cardinal teeth two in each valve; ligament external, short
and prominent ; pallial line entire or with a slight sinus.

Animal with usually short-fringed siphons; gills two on each

side, thick ; foot long, curved.

* Shell with distinct radiating ribs Cardium.

* Without prominent radiating lines Lioeardium.

1. Cardium, L.

Shell wTith prominent radiating ribs.

Animal with the siphons clothed with tentacular filaments ;
incurrent orifice fringed, excurrent with a tubular valve; foot
long, sickle-shaped.

1. Cardium pinnulatum , Con. Shell small, fragile, nearly or-
bicular; umbones small, slightly elevated ; surface with about 26
rounded, radiating ribs separated by deep, linear grooves ; ribs
rendered rough by equidistant, arched scales ; inside with radi-
ating grooves. Dingy white ; interior white or flesh colored,
sometimes with a posterior, brownish blotch. L. 11; FI. 10;
W. 7J; U. y. — New York and north.

2. Cardium Islandicum, L. Shell large, rather thin, rounded
ovate; umbones rather large, prominent, approximate; surface
with about 36, three sided, sharp-edged, radiating ribs, the fur-
rows rounded, and regularly wrinkled by the lines of growth ;
inside with radiating grooves. Epidermis of live shells lax, and
bristling into a stiff fringe on the sharp edges of the ribs, yellow-
ish-brown color ; straw color within, somewhat pearly. L. 50 ;
H. 42 ; W. 25 ; U. J. — Cape Cod and north. Only dead shells
rarely thrown upon the beach from deep water.

3. Cardium magnum , Born. Shell very large, obliquely cordate,
ventricose, posterior side somewhat angularly depressed ; surface
with about 35 flattened, close set, radiating ribs, the front ones
crenulated. Yellowish-brown, painted with transverse rows of
purple-brown spots, the depressed posterior area entirely purple
brown. L. 100; H. 110; W. 75; U. f ; An. 105°. — Virginia and
south.

2. Liocardium, Sw,

Shell oval, elongated, oblique; umbo about central; surface
smooth or lightly radiately striate.

/ 1. Liocardium Mortoni, Con. Shell thin, inflated, globular; um-

bones large and prominent; surface smooth, glossy, with no ribs,

98

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

and the lines of growth very fine. Color very pale yellowish,
covered by a thin, darker epidermis; young specimens are
covered more or less with zigzag blotches of fawn color ; inside
margin white, centre bright yellow with a dark, purplish blotch
along the posterior side. L. 23 ; H. 23 ; W. 20 ; U. nearly cen-
tral.— Whole coast. Most abundant on shallow flats, and at
creek mouths ; rare north of Cape Cod.

Family 15. VENILIID/E.

Shell solid, rounded, closed ; epidermis thick and dark ; liga-
ment large external ; cardinal teeth three in each valve ; pallial
line almost entire ; siphons very short ; foot thick.

1. Cyprina, Lam.

Shell oval, large, strong ; no lunule ; no pallial sinus.

1. Cyprina Islandica , L. Shell closed, obliquely ovate or heart-
shaped, tumid, thick and solid ; umbones approximate, usually
eroded ; epidermis coarse , strong and rough, with crowded and
loose wrinkles; inner margin without crenulations. Epidermis
dark, shining brown to almost black ; inside chalky white. L„
80; H, 75; W. 45; U.

Animal with a plain mantle open in front and below. — New
England. Thrown upon the beach, after storms.

Family 16, VENER1D/E.

Shell regular, closed, sub-orbicular to oblong; ligament ex-
ternal ; hinge with usually three diverging teeth in each valve ;
muscular impressions oval, polished ; pallial line with a sinus.

Animal free, locomotive, rarely byssiferous or burrowing;
mantle with a rather large opening for the foot ; siphons un-
equal, united more or less ; foot narrow, compressed.

* No lunule; size minute, under 6 long 2. Gemma.

* With well marked lunule ; size large, over 25 long. (A.)

A. Length about equal to height 4. Dorsinia.

A. Length plainly greater than height. (B.)

B. Inner edge not crenulated ; 4 cardinal teeth in one valve..3. Cytherea.
B. Inner edge crenulated; 3 cardinal teeth in each valve. (C.)

C. No distinct, radiating lines; pallial sinus not extending to the

middle 1. Venus.

1. Venus, L.

Shell thick, ovate; inner edge crenulated; cardinal teeth 3 in
each valve ; pallial sinus small, angular ; ligament prominent ;

Fam. 16.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

99

lunule distinct. Animal with fringed mantle margins ; unequal,
somewhat separated siphons with fringed orifices.

J 1. Venus mercenaria, L. (Figs. 5-7.) Hard Shell Clam. Quahog.
Round Clam. Shell thick, solid, obliquely ovate or heart-shaped;
lunule distinct, heart-shaped ; umbones directed forward and in-
ward ; teeth three in each valve ; surface covered with numer-
ous, laminated, concentric lines or ridges ; ligament large ; pallial
sinus acute, not very deep ; interior margin crenulated, especially
along the lower and front edges. Dirty or chalky white ; within
pure white with some bright violet near the distinct muscular
impressions. L. 75; H. 60; W. 50 ; U. — Whole coast. Com-
mon, especially south of Mass.

2. Gemma, Desh.

Shell minute, rounded, smooth ; margin crenulated ; hinge
short, narrow ; cardinal teeth 2-3.

y/ 1. Gemma purpurea, H. C. Lea. Amethystine Gem. Shell mi-
nute, nearly round ; umbones slightly elevated, generally eroded ;
no defined lunule; muscular impressions and pallial line distinct;
the pallial sinus ascending, acute ; 3 cardinal teeth in left valve,
2 in the right ; inner margin crenulated ; surface shining, with
minute, concentric, crowded furrows. Yellowish, white or rosy,
with the umbones and posterior end usually amethyst color.
L. 4; H. 3^; W. 2 ; U. — Whole coast. Common on sandy
tide flats, just under the surface.

Var Manhattensis , Prime. This variety is smaller, more tri-
angular, and more solid. White, straw-color to purplish. L, 3;
H. 3 ; W. 1J; U. — Mass, and south. Rare.

3. Cytherea, Lam.

Shell similar to Venus, but the margins are not crenulated
and the cardinal teeth are 3 in one valve and 4 in the other.

1. Cytherea convexa , Say. Very similar in form and parts to
Venus mercenaria, but smaller, with 4 cardinal teeth in the right
valve, no purple inside, and the edge not crenulated. L. 43 ;
H. 35 ; W. 24 ; U. — Whole coast. Rather rare.

4. Dosinia, Scop.

Shell orbicular, compressed, concentrically striated, pale ; liga-
ment sunk ; lunule deep ; hinge with 3-4 teeth.

Animal with a hatchet-shaped foot projecting from the lower
side of the shell; siphons united to their ends.

100

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

1. Dosinia discus, Reeve. Shell nearly round, compressed, with
five, regular, -impressed, concentric lines; umbones quite sharply
pointed; lunule cordate, slightly impressed ; hinge with a large
oblong groove under the umbones; muscular impressions very
large ; pallial sinus deep, ascending. Epidermis yellowish-white
L. 66; H. 61 : W. 22; U. nearly J.— Virginia and south.

Family 17. PETRiCOLID/E.

Represented only by the genus

1. Petricola, Lam.

Shell oval or elongated, thin, tumid; umbones near anterior
end; hinge with 2 or 3 teeth in each valve; pallial sinus deep

1. Petricola pholad if or mis, Lam. (Fig. 15.) Shell oblong-ellip-
tical, swollen, gaping, with a distinct, ovate lunule on the short
(anterior) end, and a moderate, projecting, external ligament on
the long end; hinge with two teeth in each valve; pallial sinus
deep, horizontal ; surface covered with elevated, radiating lines
7 or 8 of the front ones are distant, coarse, and toothed • back of
these, they are much closer, finer, and but slightly roughened by
the distinct lines of growth ; interior with radiating furrows
Chalky white. I, 32 ; H. 14 ; W. 11 ; U. i, often larger.

Animal with mantle united except for the siphons and foot •
siphons long, slender, separated, except at base, the lower one
fringed; foot triangular, long and narrow.— Common south of
Cape Cod, rare north. Boring in clay.

Family 18. DONACID/E.

Shell closed, triangular-wedge-shaped, usually thick; liga-
ment short external; cardinal teeth two in each valve; pallial
sinus deep, horizontal. Animal with fringed mantle and short
separated siphons.

1. Donax, L.

Shell trigonal, wedge shaped, closed; front rounded back
pointed ; ligament external ; pallial sinus deep.

Animal with fringed mantle and short, thick, diverfon- si-
phon ; foot very large.

1. Donax fossor, Say. (Figs. 12-14.) Shell triangular wed-e-
shaped, closed ; anterior end elongated, rounded ; the hinge slope
straight to the tip ; posterior end obliquely rounded, very short,
external ligament very short, prominent, on the shorter end of

Fam. 20.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

101

the shell; ventral margin slightly rounded; basal edge crenulated
within ; pallial sinus deep ; surface with radiating and concentric
striae. Pale, livid, with or without obscure rays. L. 12 ; H. 7 ;
W. 4 ; U. f ; An, 135°. — New York and New Jersey. Abundant.

Family 19, PSAMMOBIID/E,

Shell elongated, gaping, with nearly central umbones ; pallial
sinus deep ; cardinal teeth two in each valve ; ligament long and
prominent.

1. Tagelus, Gray.

Shell elongated, with subcentral umbones ; margins nearly
parallel ; ends truncated ; external ligament prominent ; two car-
dinal teeth in each valve; pallial sinus very deep, rounded.

Animal very large and thick, not entirely retractile within the
shell ; mantle closed below ; siphons separated at the ends, united
and forming a thick mass at their bases ; incurrent orifice fringed,
excurrent plain.

1. Tagelus gibbus, Speng, Shell thick and solid, oblong, the
external ligament on the shorter (posterior) end of the shell; the
anterior end wider ; ends somewhat obliquely truncated ; pallial
line distinct, with a very deep sinus ; valves with two awl-shaped
teeth, and, ^behind them, a thick rounded callus to which the
ligament is fixed ; lines of growth distinct. Epidermis wrinkled,
straw-colored. L. 90 ; H. 30 ; W. 20 ; U. — Cape Cod and south.
Common in sand or mud, at about low water mark.

2. Tagelus divisus , Speng. Shell rather thin and delicate,
oblong-oval, the centre curved upward ; umbones not promi-
nent, central ; hinge with two large teeth in each valve ; surface
somewhat wrinkled at the ends, smooth in the centre. Epider-
mis yellowish, with a purple band extending from umbo to base.
L. 35 ; H. 12 ; W. 9 ; U. 4. — Cape Cod and south. Rather com-
mon.

Family 20. TELLINID/E.

Shell elongated, nearly or entirely equivalve, with one or two
cardinal teeth in each valve ; pallial sinus deep and usually wide ;

ligament external, prominent.

* Compressed shells, width about one third height 1. Tellina.

* Convex shells, width about half height. (A.)

A. Large shells, over 12 long 2. Macoma.

A. Minute, under 6 long 3. Gastranella.

102

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

1. Tellina, L.

Shell slightly inequivalve, compressed, rounded in front, angu-
lar and slightly folded behind ; umbones nearly central ; liga-
ment prominent.

Animal with long, slender, diverging siphons, their orifices plain.

1. Tellina tenera, Say. Shell oblong, sub-oval, longer and round-
ed in front, somewhat pointed behind, thin, pellucid, delicate ; sur-
face regularly and delicately marked by sharp lines of growth ;
pallial sinus nearly reaching the anterior muscular impression ;
one distinct, grooved, cardinal tooth in each valve, the second
indistinct ; ligament short. Color white, or slightly tinged with
rose-color, sometimes concentrically banded, polished and irides-
cent. L. 14; H. 9; W. 3; U. f; An. 130°. — Whole coast.
Abundant on sandy beaches.

2. Tellina tenella , Verrill. Shell oblong with the front dorsal
margin nearly straight or sometimes concave ; umbones scarcely
prominent ; posterior end short, sloping rapidly from the um-
bones and somewhat truncate at the end ; ventral margin slightly
convex ; ligament longer than in the preceding species ; color
pink, light straw-color, or white often banded concentrically with
these colors and rendered somewhat iridescent with very fine
concentric striae. L. 14 ; H. 9 ; W. 3 ; U. § ; An. 140°. Cape
Cod and south in 4-10 fathoms.

2. Macoma, Leach.

Shell oval, convex, umbones small; cardinal teeth narrow,
two in each valve ; lateral teeth none.

Animal with a single branchial lamella on each side.

1. Macoma tenta , Say. Shell oval-ovate, shorter, narrower,
widely gaping and very much warped behind ; valves very con-
vex, the left one more so and with its posterior end bent outward ;
outer surface shining but not polished, minutely wrinkled by
lines of growth and a few, fine, radiating lines across the middle ;
two cardinal teeth in right valve, and one in the left ; ligament
short ; muscular and pallial impressions distinct. White. L, 15;
H. 10; W. 5; U. less than f ; An. 150°. — Cape Cod and south.
Common in mud.

2. Macoma baltica , L. Shell thin, fragile, oval-orbicular, slightly
narrowed and pointed behind ; cardinal teeth, two in each valve,
slender and slightly diverging ; muscular impressions distinct;

Fam. 21.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

103

pallial sinus deep ; surface with fine, concentric wrinkles ; a slight,
wave-like gonial ridge. White, covered with whitish or dusky
epidermis. Very variable in size, solidity and color. In muddy
bays, they grow to a large size, are thick and bluish, and have a
thick epidermis ; in clear, sandy localities, they are delicate, thin,
pure white to pink. L. 23 ; H. 18 ; W. 9 ; U. \ — Whole coast.
Abundant.

3. Macoma subulosa , Speng. Shell subovate, thin, brittle,
slightly gaping ; anterior end longer and well rounded ; posterior
end wedge-formed, with a somewhat truncate end ; gonial ridge
a roughened wave ; pallial sinus reaching nearly to the anterior
muscular impression ; surface undulated by the lines of growth.
Epidermis thin, dirty white to dusky; interior, bluish white.
L. 23; H. 15; W. 6; U. f ; An. 140°. — Conn, and north.

3. Gastranella, Verrill.

Shell oblong, more or less irregular, and sometimes with the
ventral margin indexed ; pallial sinus large ; ligament external,
elongated ; right valve with two small cardinal teeth, the pos-
terior one thin and oblique ; left valve also with two, the posterior
one stout, bilobed; no distinct lateral teeth. Animal with long,
slender, fringed, separated siphon tubes; mantle wrell open in
front; foot strap shaped.

1. Gastranella tumida , Verrill. Shell elongated-oval or oblong
with rounded ends, compressed posteriorly ; umbones rounded,
somewhat prominent, incurved but not approximate, directed
forward; no distinct lunule, but deeply concave in front of um-
bones; ventral margin variable, slightly convex, straight or
sometimes even concave ; posterior end usually rounded some-
times decidedly prolonged ; surface marked with fine, irregular
lines of growth or striae, slightly iridescent. White with purple
umbones. L. 4; H. 2J; W. 1J; U.

Family 21. SEM ELI D/E-

Shell thin, subequivalve, gaping and usually twisted at the
posterior end ; with both a short external ligament and an inter-
nal cartilage. Siphons long, separated.

* Elongated shells 1. Cumingia.

* Length and height nearly equal ..2. Semele.

1. Cumingia, G. B. Sowb.

Shell oval, equivalve, rounded in front, somewhat rostrated

104

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

and gaping behind; small, thin, often irregular in form; pallial
sinus very wide,

1. Cumingia tellinoides , Con. Shell equi valve, ovate-triangular,
rounded and tumid in front, pointed, compressed, warped and
slightly gaping behind ; thin and fragile; stages of growth marked
by sharp, thin, raised ridges ; cartilage pit shallow and directed
slightly backward ; lateral teeth at both ends in the right valve,
none in the left ; muscular impressions faint ; pallial sinus wide
and deep. Bluish white, glossy white within. L. 15; H. 11;
W. 5 ; U. J ; An. 120.° — Cape Cod and south. Common in shal-
low water.

2. Semele, Schum.

Shell rounded, subequilateral, umbones turned forward ; pos-
terior side slightly folded ; hinge teeth two in each valve, laterals
elongated, distinct in right valve ; external ligament short, inter-
nal cartilage long, oblique ; pallial sinus deep, rounded.

1. Semele reticulata , Gmel. Shell orbicular, somewhat compres-
sed; umbones nearly central, slightly prominent; lunule small;
valves sculptured with fine thread-like concentric ridges the
spaces between them are (under a lens) finely radiately striated ;
interior cartilage cavity deep, fusiform, parallel with the anterior
slope. Yellowish-white. L. 30 ; H. 30; W. 11 ; U. J. Virginia
and south.

Family 22. PAPHI1D/E.

Shell elongated, usually somewhat triangular, equivalve, closed;
cartilage in an internal cardinal pit. Siphons separated.

1. Ceronia, Gray.

Shell oval-wedge-form, truncated behind; lateral teeth coarsely,
obliquely striate.

1. Ceronia arctata} Con. Shell subtriangular, wedge-shaped,
thick and strong, the posterior part short, truncated, forming the
base of the wedge, closed ; hinge with a very deep cavity for the
cartilage; surface with occasional, concentric ridges; muscular
impressions distinct ; pallial sinus about the size of the posterior
impression. Covered with a golden yellow epidermis reflecting
a metallic lustre. L. 35; H. 25; W. 14; U. f; An. 115°. — New
York and north. Common.

Family 23. SOLENID/E.

Shell elongated, gaping at both ends ; ligament external ; car-

Pam. 24.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

105

dinal teeth usually two to three in each valve. Animal with a
very large and powerful foot ; siphons short and united ; gills

narrow.

* Very elongated shells, over 4 times as long as high 1. Ensis.

* Not 4 times as long as high 2. Siliqua.

1. Ensis, Schum.

Shell very long, subcylindrical, straight or slightly curved, mar-
gins parallel; ends gaping; umbones nearly terminal; hinge teeth
one in each valve ; ligament long, external ; pallial sinus short
and square.

1. Ensis viridis, Say. Shell smooth, 5 times as long as high ;
hinge margin nearly straight ; basal margin slightly curved ; an-
terior end somewhat truncate, posterior rounded ; hinge with
one tooth in each valve. Epidermis light green, glossy. L. 50 ;
H. 10; W. 6; U. TV- — New Jersey and south.

2. Ensis Americanus, Gld. Shell smooth, 6 times as long as
high ; edges parallel and curved downward ; both ends some-
what truncate; right valve with one projecting cross tooth *at
anterior end, and a longitudinal, ridge-like tooth extending 10
mm. towards the other end ; left valve with two cross teeth 10
mm.apart, and a double ridge between them. Epidermis glossy
greenish-olive, the long triangular space faded purple. L. 150 •
H. 25; W. 16; U. A. — Whole coast. Common, near low water
mark, in sand.

2. Siliqua, Mege.

Shell oblong, smooth, with a polished epidermis, and a rib
extending from the umbo across the shell on the interior surface.

1. Siliqua costata, Say. Shell thin, fragile, smooth, oblong-oval,
with a rib-like,, white ridge, extending from the umbo nearly
across the inside of the shell. Epidermis polished, violaceous
near the umbones, shading into olive at the margins; the violet
more or less in triangular areas. L. 45 ; H. 18 ; W. 7 ; U. —
New Jersey and north. Common in many localities.

Family 24. MACTRID/E,

Shell equivalve, trigonal, closed or slightly gaping, with an
internal cartilage contained in a deep, triangular pit ; two diverg-
ing cardinal teeth ; pallial sinus usually short, rounded.

Animal with mantle quite widely open ; siphonal tubes joined
and with fringed openings.

106

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

* But slightly gaping ; shell quite thick 1. Maetra.

* Very decidedly gaping; shell quite thin and fragile 2. Labiosa.

1. Mactra, L.

Shell elongated, slightly gaping at the ends.

Animal with a fringed mantle open to the siphons ; foot with
a bend like a knee.

* Over 50 long., 1.

* Under 20 long 2.

v 1. Mactra soliclissima , Dillw. (Fig. 8.) Shell large, solid, sub-
ovate to subtriangular ; spoon shaped cavity for the cartilage
very large and broad; muscular and pallial impressions very
distinct ; pallial sinus quite shallow ; lateral teeth long, thin, and
striated. Epidermis dirty brown. L. 110 ; H. 75 ; W. 45 ; U. f
An. 115°. Shell sometimes much larger at the north. The
southern and small form is var, similis, Say.- — Whole coast.
Common. This is the Beech, Giant or Dipper clam.

2. Mactra lateralis , Say. Shell triangular to quadrilateral, the
umbo and the posterior point making the most distinct angles
of the outline ; cartilage pits small and deep ; muscular impres-
sions deep ; pallial line distinct, with a shallow sinus ; surface
with minute concentric wrinkles, otherwise Smooth and shining.
White, covered with a thin, dirty brown epidermis : inside clear,
glossy white. L. *15; H. 12 ; W. 10; U. An. 120°. — Massa-
chusetts and south. Common.

2. Labiosa, Schm.

Shell oblong, widely gaping, reflected posteriorly, and with
a distinct gonial ridge ; internal cartilage and external ligament
somewhat united.

1. Labiosa canaliculata , Say. Shell ovate-orbicular, very thin
and fragile, inflated ; anterior end rounded, posterior somewhat
pointed ; surface covered with regular, rounded, concentric ridges
and grooves, which show also on the inside; decidedly gaping
behind ; cartilage in pits and connected with a subexternal liga-
ment. White. L. 65-75; H. 55; W. 36; U. *. — New Jersey
and south.

2. Labiosa lineata , Say. Shell oval, thin, with both ends gap-
ing, the posterior end widely so ; gonial ridge keel like ; surface
unequally and very slightly wrinkled. White. L. 72; H. 50;
W. 28; U. §. — New Jersey and south.

Fam. 26.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

107

Order ANOMALODESMACEA.

Hinge imperfect, often without teeth, ligament, or cartilage,
frequently strengthened by extra valves ; substance of shell often
hard and brittle ; sometimes with pearly layers.

Family 25, ANATiNID/E,

Shell oval to oblong, more or less inequivalve, closed or gap-
ing slightly at one end ; both external ligament and internal

cartilage ; pallial line obscure.

* Ends of shell quite different; 2 gonial ridges 1. Thraeia.

* Ends much alike; no distinct gonial ridges. 2. Periploma.

1. Thracia, Blainv.

Shell inequivalve, gaping at the narrow posterior end.

Animal siphons rather long, with separated, fringed orifices.

1. Thracia Conradi , Cout. Shell ovate-orbicular, rounded be-
fore, narrowed and truncated behind, thin, fragile and slightly
gaping ; right valve larger and much more convex than the left ;
two gonial wave-like ridges extend to the sides of the truncated
end; ligament large, rounded; pallial impressions broad and
deep; sinus acute. Exterior ashy, interior chalky-white, pearly
between ; epidermis, when seen, brownish. L. 75; H. 65 ; W. 38 ;
U. sometimes larger. — New England. Rare.

2. Periploma, Schum..

Shell oval, very inequivalve, slightly pearly ; internal cartilage
in spoon-shaped pits.

Animal siphons long, slender and divided throughout.

1. Periploma ( Cochlodesma ) Lcanum , Con. Shell sub-oval, very
thin, brittle and slightly gaping; the right valve convex and
somewhat truncated behind ; the left valve nearty flat and
rounded at both ends ; a spoon-shaped process extends down-
ward and a little backward from the umbo in each valve for in-
ternal cartilage; surface wrinkled. White, with a thin yellowish
epidermis. L. 35; H. 24; W. 11; U. J. — Whole coast. Com-
mon in 3-10 fathoms ; dead shells thrown upon the beach by
storms.

Family 26, LY0NSI1D/E.

Shell nearly equivalve, left valve the larger, thin, nearly or
quite closed; pallial line obscure, the sinus angular.

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

108

1. Lyonsia, Tur.

Shell nearly equi.valve, thin, somewhat pearly, truncated pos-
teriorly ; pallial line not distinct.

Animal siphons very short, almost wholly united, fringed.

1. Lyonsia hyalina , Con. Shell elongated, sub-ovate, thin, frag-
ile, pearly, translucent, with posterior end elongated, narrow,,
slightly truncated and gaping; hinge margin nearly straight,
the rest of the outline regularly rounded ; pallial line indistinct,
with no well marked sinus ; whole surface except umbones
covered with delicate, radiating, fringed wrinkles. Epidermis
dirty-white. L. 18;* H. 10; W. 7f ; U. J. Whole coast. Low
water to 40 fathoms ; thrown on the beach by storms.

Family 27. PAND0R1D/E.

Shell inequivalve, thin, pearly inside ; valves closed, narrowed
behind. ,

1. Pandora, Plwass.

Shell inequivalve, thin, pearly inside; right valve flat, left
not very convex.

Animal siphons very short, united nearly throughout ; orifices
fringed.

1. Pandora ( Clidiophora ) trilineata , Say. Shell oblong-ovate,
r.ounded before, and with an upward curved, narrow, truncated
^°^imSe behind ; the hinge margin, for nearly the length of the
shell, straight or concave; right valve nearly flat, the left con-
vex ; the edge of the flattened valve shutting over the convex

P O 'KIH.V'S

one; slightly gaping at the1 umbo. Pearly-white within, irides-
cent. L. 30; H. 16; W. 4J; U. about Animal with slender
foot and short siphons projecting through small openings in the
otherwise closed mantle. — Whole coast. In sand and mud.

Family 28. S0LEN0MYID/E,

Represented only by the genus:- —

1. Solenomya, Lam.

Shell thin, cylindrical, gaping at each end ; epidermis thick,
horny, shining, extending far beyond the margins, cartilage in-
ternal with a peculiar arched or forked support; no cardinal
teeth.

Animal with a single siphonal orifice, hour-glass-shaped and
serrated ; foot proboscis form, truncated and fringed at the end.

!Fam. 30.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

100

The foot is used, in a curious and beautiful way, fur leaping and
swimming backward and forward through the water without
touching bottom ; it is also used for burrowing. Usually found
buried in mud or sand near low water mark ; more abundant
in bays.

1. Solenomya velum , Say. Shell very thin and fragile, oblong,
ends rounded, the front end longer and wider; umbones not
elevated at all, but having a pit behind them ; surface radiated,
with about 15, slightly impressed, double lines; epidermis ex-
tends about 2 mm. beyond the edge, and is thinned or notched
at the radiations. Epidermis yellowish-brown or chestnut color,
the radiating lines lighter ; interior of shell bluish-white. Size,
including epidermis, L. 25; H. 12 ; W. 8; U. f. — Whole coast.
Not rare.

2. Solenomya borealis , Tot. Similar to the last but larger,
thicker and with the epidermis more projecting, more decidedly
notched and darker in color. L. 50; H. 22; W. 14; U. f. — -
Whole coast. Rare.

Family 29, CORBULID/E.

Shell small, inequivalve, thick, gaping in front ; hinge consist-
ing of one recurved tooth in one valve, fitting into a notch in
the other. Animal with mantle closed except in front, the
narrow opening notched ; siphons short, united, fringed. Liv-
ing in sand or mud,

1. Corbula, Brug.

Shell small, inequivalve, thick; umbones nearly central;
about one tooth in each valve and an internal cartilage between
them. Animal with short, united siphons ; orifices fringed ; foot
thick.

1. Corbula eontracta , Say. Shell small, ovate-globose, solid;
anterior end shorter, broader, rounded and gaping; posterior
somewhat pointed ; left valve shutting within the edge of the
right at the bottom ; gonial ridge distinct ; one cardinal tooth in
each valve and the cartilage between them ; surface beautifully
marked with regular, smooth, rounded, concentric ridges. Shell
white, epidermis brown. L. 10 ; H. 6 ; W. 5 ; U. a little nearer
anterior end. — Cape Cod and south.

Family 30 MYID/E.

Shell rather strong, opaque and gaping ; left valve with a spa-

110

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

tulate process for a cartilage. Animal with the mantle almost
closed, aperture and foot small ; siphons united, partly or wholly
retractile ; gills elongated, two on each side.

1. Mya, L.

Shell oblong, gaping widely at the ends, left valve with a large,
projecting, flattened cartilage process ; pallial sinus large.

Animal with a slender, straight foot; siphons long, united
to the tips, covered with epidermis, only partially retractile.

1. Mya arenaria , L. (Figs. 9-11). Shell ovate, anterior end
wider and regularly rounded, posterior end also rounded; sur-
face roughly wrinkled at the lines of growth ; epidermis thin ;
cartilage internal, between a pit under the umbo of the right
valve and the large projecting process from the left. Chalky-
white; epidermis dirty-yellow. Common size. — L. 85 ; H. 45 ;
W. 25 ; U. slightly nearer anterior end. — Whole coast. Abun-
dant in sand and gravel, between tides; — the Clam of New
England.

2. Mya truncata , L. Similar to the last except in shape and
epidermis ; this shell being obliquely or squarely truncated at
the posterior end which is widely gaping, and the epidermis is
thick, tough and prolonged beyond the posterior end into a tube
two or three times as long as the shell. L. 70; H. 40; W. 30 ;
U. nearer the posterior end. — Cape Cod and north. Rare.

Family 31. SAXICAVID/E.

Shell equivalve, thick, gaping at both ends; hinge with a
single cardinal tooth ; ligament external, prominent, solid; pal-
lial impression sinuous. Animal elongated; mantle lobes united,
with a small opening for the slender foot ; siphons large, entirely
united or very nearly so, and covered with a thick skin. — Living-
in sand or mud.

* External ligament on tlie longer end of shell 1. Saxieava.

* External ligament on the shorter end 2. Cyrtodaria.

1. Saxicava, Belv.

Shell, when young, symmetrical, with two minute teeth in
each valve; when old, it is rough and toothless; oblong, equi-
valve, gaping, with an external ligament; pallial impression a
series of elongated pits.

1. Saxicava arctica , L. Shell irregularly oblong-oval, the right

Fain. 32.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

Ill

valve projecting over the left, except at the shorter end ; gener-
ally gaping ; umbones rather prominent ; gonial and podia]
ridges broad and wavelike, dividing the surface into three, tri-
angular, concave portions ; surface coarsely wrinkled. Epider-
mis thin, dingy-yellow. This species is so variable in form that
no general description can be given. It has received, at least,
five generic and fifteen specific names. Common size, L. 25 ;
H. 15 ; W. 10, U. J-. Sometimes 60 long. Foot of animal
very slender, and bright orange-red,— Whole coast. Common,
-especially north of Cape Cod, from low water downward, on
weeds and timbers, and in sand, mud and soft stone.

2. Cyrtodaria, Baud.

Shell oblong; umbones back of centre; ligament large, on the
shorter end ; hinge thick, without teeth.

Animal very large; mantle closed; siphons united in one
thick envelope.

1. Cyrtodaria siliqua , Chern. Shell oblong-oval, solid, widely
gaping at both ends, without cardinal teeth ; umbones not promi-
nent, eroded ; ligament large on the shorter end ; interior covered
with a thick deposit of shelly substance with a fringed edge.
Epidermis thick, black, shining. L. 85 ; H. 35 ; W. 25; U. f.—
Mass and north. Rare.

Family 32. PHOLADlD/E,

Shell thin, white, brittle, hard and gaping at both ends; armed
in front wdth rasp-like folds; without hinge or ligament but
often furnished with extra valves ; hinge plate reflected over the
umbones ; pallial sinus very deep. Animal club-shaped ; foot
short and truncated ; mantle closed in front except for the foot ;
siphons large and united nearly to the ends, which are fringed.
Living in rocks, wood or clay.

* Small shells, 25 or less long 3. Martesia.

* Large shells, 40 or more long ; surface covered by rough, radiating ridges,
at least on anterior end. (A.)

A. Two or more times as long as high ; umbones connected by a broad,

reflected hinge plate ....... 1. Pholas.

A. Not quite twice as long as high ; hinge plate only slightly reflected...

2. Zirphcea.

1. Pholas, L.

Shell elongated, cylindrical ; dorsal or hinge margin protected

112

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

by two extra valves, one placed in front of the other; the hinge
plate broadly reflected over the umbones and a longrfree, rib-
like projection under them; pallial sinus reaching the. centre of
the shell. Animal with a large, truncated foot, filling the pedal
opening ; combined siphons large, cylindrical, with fringed open-
ings.

1. Pholas ( Barnea ) costata , L. (Figs. 16, 17). Shell large,
oblong-ovate, anterior end broader, covered with about 30 radi-
ating, toothed ribs; extra hinge pieces cartilaginous. L. 150;
H. 50; W. 50; U. ^from anterior end. Animal straw-colored,
the tip of the siphons beautifully stippled with mahogany-
brown ; it burrows several feet deep, and so is difficult to obtain
alive. Dead and separated valves are frequently found. — Mass,
and south.

2. Pholas ( Barnea ) truncata , Say. Shell oblong or somewhat
five sided, the anterior end being triangular and sharp pointed,
the posterior broadly truncate ; the surface covered with coarse
lines of growth, and the anterior two thirds with rough, radiat-
ing riblets formed of toothed projections; extra hinge pieces
shelly. L. 75 ; H. 35 ; M. 30 ; U. J. Animal dark, smoky color.
Mass, and south.

2. ZiRPHiEA, Leach.

Shell oval, cardinal margin slightly reflected ; no extra valves,
but a membrane in their place.

1. Zirphsea crispata , L. Shell quite thick and strong, oval-
oblong, rounded behind, somewhat triangular but not acutely
pointed in front, gaping widely in front ; surface nearly equally
divided by a broad furrow extending from umbo to base, the
front portion covered with rough, radiating ribs ; hinge margin
only slightly reflected, and a protecting membrane instead of
extra valves. L. 60 ; H. 35 ; W. 34 ; U. nearly Frequently
larger, sometimes over 100 long. — Whole coast.

3. Martesia, Leach.

Valves lengthened behind, when full grown, by a plain border ;
umbonal valves one or two; surface with one or more. furrows.

1. Martesia cuneiformis, Say. Shell somewhat wedge-shaped;
posterior end about \ the width of the anterior end and rounded ;
anterior end somewhat truncated ; a deep furrow extends across

Fam. 33.] -NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 113

the shell from umbo to base ; posterior end widely, the other
slightly gaping ; interior rib-like process slender, curved ; one
extra valve over the umbones, ovate-triangular, white. L. 20 ;
H. 11 ; W. 12 ; U. — Connecticut and south. Boring in wood
and oyster shells.

2. Martesia Smithii , Try. Shell short, ovate; in other points,
much like the preceding except that there are two extra valves
at the hinge margin, the large one just over the umbones, and the
small one in front of it. L. 15 ; H. 10; W. 12 ; U. J. — Staten
Island. In oyster shells.

Family 33. TEREDID/E.

Animal worm-shaped, its two long siphons furnished at their
ends with two limy pieces called pallets ; valves gaping, short,
with an internal spoon-shaped process extending fropi the hinge.
Animal and valves contained in an irregular limy tube, with
which it lines its burrows in timber or clay.

* Pallets with the blades not feather-like 1. Teredo.

* Pallets with the blades composed of joints, making them feather-like

2. Xylotrya.

1. Teredo, L. The Ship Worms.

Shell globular, open widely at both ends, lodged at the inner
end of a burrow which is entirely lined with shell; valves three
lobed, the hinge plate reflected over the umbones, and having a
long, tooth-like process under each. The extra valves (pallets) are
spatulate in form, and are found at the end of the siphon tubes.

Animal long and worm-like, living in wood which it rap-
idly destroys, doing great damage to ships and wharves.

* Height } greater than length of the shell 4, 5 .

* Height about equal to the length of the shell. (A.)

A. Length 6 or more 1-3.

A. Length 4 or less 6.

1. Teredo ncivalis, L. (Figs. 18-20). Length and height of

valves equal ; posterior auricle expanded, extending much below
the anterior one which is small ; pallets rounded on one side, flat
on the other, notched at the end ; the stalk about equal to the
blade in length. Shell L. 6 ; H. 6 : Pallet L. 6 ; W. 2. Stalk

2 \. — Massachusetts and south. Very common.

2. Teredo megotara , Hanl, Length and height of valves about
equal ; posterior auricle large and separated from the umbo by

JOURNAL. OF THE NEW JERSEY

1X4

a narrow, deep, rounded notch ; the tube in which the animal
lives is not divided into chambers ; pallets with the blade obo-
vate, very slightly or not at all notched, and with the stalk only
half as long. Shell L. 6-12; W. 6-12: Pallet L. 4-6; W. 2-3.
Stalk 2. — Mass, and south. Common in floating drift wood.

3. Teredo dilatcita , Stirm Similar in shell and pallets to the
last species ; but the posterior auricle is not separated by a deep
notch, and the end of the tube in which the animal Kves is di-
vided into many chambers. — L. 6; H. 5^. Pallet L. 5 ; W. 2^-.
Stalk 1. Mass, and south Not common.

4. Teredo Thomsonii , Try. Length of valves ^ less than height ;
anterior and posterior auricles but little different in size, the pos-
terior one does not extend as low as the anterior one ; pallets
with oval blades, having, on one side, a smooth, horseshoe-
shaped rim enclosing a depressed, striated area ; stalk very short ;
tube not chambered. Shell L. 6-9 ; H. 8-12. Pallet L. 5-8 ;
W. 2-3. Stalk 1.— Mass.

5. Teredo norvegica, Speng. Valves solid, higher than long, the
two auricles ending below at about the same level, and witii their
dorsal margins concave ; pallets spade-shaped, square at tip, and
with the stalk as long as the blade; tube chambered at entrance.
Shell L. 14; H. 15; W. 17. Pallet I,. 21 ; W. 6.— New England.
Rare.

6. Teredo ( Lyrodes ) chlorotica , Gould. Valves rhomboidal a
very little higher than long ; umbones enveloped in the callus
of the triangular area, which is large, ascendent, obtuse at point,
with about 40 divergent square ribs with the interspaces finely
barred; pallets paddle-shaped, the stalk flexuous and very deli-
cate, the blade half as long, lyre-shaped, the extreme § covered
with a dark crust which has a projecting horn at each angle.
The minute size and globular form of the shell and the very
peculiar pallets make it remarkable and has caused the forma-
tion of the ^ubgenus Lyrodes. Shell about 3 in all directions.
Pallet L. 5; W. f; stalk 2f.

2. Xylotrya, Leach.

Siphonal pallets long and feather form, the blade being made
up of articulated pieces arranged like the parts of a feather.

1. Xylotrya fimbriata, Jef. Valves similar to Teredo navalis,
but the pallets are oar-shaped with the blade marked feather-like

Fam. 35.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

115

by 10 or 12 cross ridges which give the edges a serrated outline ;
stalk about equal to the blade in length, and J the width. Shell
L. 6 ; H. 6. Pallet L. 12 ; W 2 ; Stalk 7, — Mass, and south. Rare.

CLASS II. GASTROPODA.

Head distinct, usually furnished with eyes ^ and tentacles;
body, in most species, protected by a spiral or conical univalve
shell, rarely naked, never with a bivalve shell; lower surface of
animal developing a thickened, expanded, creeping disk or foot,
except in the aberrant order Pteropoda.

Order PTEROPODA.

Small, free swimming, brightly colored, gregarious, pelagic
mollusks usually naked, but sometimes protected by a thin ex-
ternal or internal often membranaceous shell.. The peculiarity
which gives them their name is the wing-like projections used
in swimming ; the head is small ; the mouth small, sometimes
tentaculate, and furnished with a radula. The sexes are united
in the same individual. Very abundant in the Arctic seas;
certain species furnish the chief food of the whale. They
come to the surface mainly in the evening, and occasionally
have been found quite abundant near shore. The scope of this
book hardly needs their introduction, but a few species are given.

Suborder THECOSOMATA.

Animal furnished with a shell; head rudimentary.

Family 34. LIMACIN1D/E.

Represented mainly by the genus : —

Limacina, Cuv.

Shell present, external, minute (length 1—5), spiral, sinistral,
transparent; operculum paucispiral, glassy. Animal with nar-
row, simple fins attached to the sides of the mouth and united
ventrally ; mouth central, with prominent lips. • Pelagic.

Limacina retrover sa , Fleming. (Fig. 21). Shell ovate globose,
very thin, pellucid; umbilicus deep, narrow; whorls 7 with mi-
nute revolving lines; aperture equals the spire. L. 2J; D. If. —
Arctic seas to N. J. Several other species are known but the
shells are rarely ever seen on shore.

Family 35. CAVOLINIID/E.

Shell straight or slightly curved, globular or needle-shaped ;
no operculum ; animal with two large fins.

f ii> JOURNAL OF THE HEW JERSEY

\

* Shell bulging and somewhat globular, with 3 teeth or spines at the pos-
terior end- r. 1. Cavolinia..

* Shell long, slender, conical, gradually tapering; ...2. Creseis..

1. Cavolinia, Abild.

Shell bulging, translucent ;: aperture contracted, with a slit on
each side f posterior extremity three-pointed. Animal with long
appendages to the mantle,, passing through the slits of the shell .
tentacles indistinct; fins united by a semicircular lobe, repre-
senting the foot.

1. Cavolinia tridentata , Forska. (Figs. 22, 23). Body short,,
furnished with lateral appendages; shell globular, thin, pellucid,
yellowish, very finely striated transversely ; terminal spine
about half as long as the body of the sheik. — Fortieth parallel
and south,

2. Cavolinia trispinosa , Les, Shell globular, ending in a spine
as long as the body ; lateral spines only -J as long. L. 10. —
Whole coast.

3. Cavolinia uncinata , Rang, Terminal spine but little longer
than the side ones, each about a third as long as the shell, L. 6-,
—Fortieth parallel and south.

2. Creseis.

Shell slender, conical, pointed, straight or slightly curved..
Animal with rather narrow, truncate fins with small tentacles
projecting from their dorsal surface.

1. Creseis conica , Eschscholtz. (Figs. 24, 25). Shell long,
slender, conical, smooth, polished, diaphanous, and slightly
curved towards the acute apex. L. 12; D. 2. Animal white :
swimming organs obovate, and with two tentacles on the inner
front edges.— Whole extent.

Sub-order, GYMNOSOMATA.

Animal naked, without mantle or shell; head distinct, swim-
ming lobes attached to the sides of the neck.

Family 36, CLIONID/E.

Represented only by the genus : —

1. Clione. Pallas.

Head provided with two eye-tubercles and two tentacles ;
mouth with lateral lobes ; fins ovate, attached to the sides of the
neck; foot lobed.#

Fam. SS.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

m

Clione limacina , Phipps. Gelatinous, pellucid, pale blue, hya-
line; mouth and end of body scarlet when out of water ; wings
ovate, pointed , tail acute. L. 25. — Maine.

Order QP1STH0BRANCHIATA.

Mollusks with a flat foot ; gills usually present and exposed,
but sometimes absent .; the branchial veins open unto the auricle
behind the ventricle ; usually without a shell ; the shell, when
present, thin and wholly or partially concealed by the animal.

Suborder TECTXBRANCHXATA.

With one exception, the animal in all the species included in
this work is provided with a small spiral shelf which is often
partly or completely enclosed in the reflected margin of the
mantle or foot ; gills usually on the right hand side, and always
hidden.

Family 37, ACT7E0N1D/E,

Only represented by deep water species ; the following found
in rather shallow water.

1. Action, Month

Shell solid, ovate, with a conical, many-whorled spire; spir-
ally grooved, or punctate-striate ; aperture long, narrow, round-
ed in front ; outer lip sharp ; columella with a strong, tortuous
fold; operculum homy, elliptical, lamellar. Animal white;
head truncated, and slightly notched in front, furnished pos-
teriorly with recumbent, tentacular lobes, and small eyes near
their inner bases ; foot oblong, lateral lobes slightly reflected on
the shell.

1. Actseon puncto- striata , C. B. Ad, Shell minute, elongated,
oval ; spire sharply pointed ; whorls shouldered at the suture
which is somewhat channeled ; body whorl smooth above the
aperture, but below it is marked with 10-15 revolving lines
formed by minute punctures ; outer lip sharp and regularly
curved; pillar-lip with a prominent fold. White. L. 2J; D
If ; A. 60° ; W. 4-5 ; Ap. — N. Y. and Mass.

Family 38. TORNATINID/E.

Shell external, spiral, more or less cylindrical, usually white ;
no operculum. Animal with a depressed head, triangular or
four sided ; eyes at the outer bases of tentacular lobes.

118

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

* Spire conspicuous; inner lip with one fold 1. Tornatina.

* Spire about flat ; inner lip smooth 2. Utriculus.

* Spire sunken; inner lip with 1-2 folds 3. Cyliehnella.

1. Tornatina, A. Ad.

Shell cylindrical or fusiform, spire conspicuous, apex sinistral,
suture channeled, columella callous, one-plaited. Animal with
a broad, trigonal head, rounded in front; tentacular lobes tri-
angular, with eyes at their outer bases; foot short.

1. Tornatina canaliculata , Say. Shell cylindrical, polished,
with very faint lines of growth ; spire a little elevated, with a
minute but prominent tip; the summit of each whorl has a
shallow, rounded groove ; inner lip with a single oblique fold or
tooth near the base. White, without spots. L. 3-5 ; D. 1-J— 2J ;
An. 150° ; Wh. 5; Ap. f. — Mass, and south.

2. Utriculus, Br.

Shell rather thin, sub-cylindrical, with short spire and thin
epidermis; aperture narrow behind, wider in front; columella
not plicated ; outer lip thin, straight.

1. Utriculus Gouldii , Cout. Shell ovate, shining; spire nearly
flat, showing all the whorls ; aperture narrow for about J of its
length, then suddenly enlarges by the curvature of the inner lip
which is a little thickened, white and polished. White with
yellowish epidermis. L. 7J; D. 2J; Wh. 4; Ap. whole length. —
Cape Cod and north. In rather deep water.

3. Cylichnella, Gabb.

Shell sub-cylindrical, spire sunken ; aperture wide in front,
narrow behind ; columella with one or two folds.

1. Cylichnella oryza , Tot. Shell oval, not very thin, glossy and
smooth except under a magnifier when the ends will show a few
minute, revolving lines and lines of growth ; outer lip regularly
curved and sharp ; inner lip thickened, smooth, glossy, and
twisted so as to form an oblique fold. White. L. 7^; D. 2 \ ;
Ap. full length of shell. — Cape Cod and south.

Family 39. SCAPH AN DRI D/E.

Shell thin, transparent, oval-globular ; spire very short ; aper-
ture very wide in front ; outer lip thin, sinuous. Head broad
and short ; tentacular lobes short, conical, wide apart, with eyes
sunken in their hind bases.

Fam. 42. j

NATURAL HISTOkY SOCIETY.

m

1. Diapiiana, Br.

Shell thin, transparent, oval-globular; spire very short; aper
ture much widened in front ; columella a little sinuous ; outer
lip sinuous. Head disk broad and short ; tentacular lobes short,
•conical, lateral, wide apart ; foot short, bilobed behind.

1. Diaphana debilisp Grid. Shell obliquely ovate, small, -trans-
parent, smooth, partially umbilicated ; whorls terminating in a
level spire; pillar lip terminating abruptly in front. Greenish
white. The last whorl includes all the others. L. ; D. 2f ;
An. 180 ; Wh. 4 ; Ap. 1. — Northern ; south to N. .J.; 6-450 fathoms.

Family 40, BUIL1D/L

Shell external but partially covered by the side lobes of the
foot; spire involute.

1. H amine a, Leach.

Shell oval-globular, spiral, homy, thin, white or colorless ,
-covered with a slight epidermis.

1. Hctminea solitaria , Say. (Fig. 53). Shell thin, fragile, pel-
lucid, oval, and covered with numerous, minute, revolving lines ;
more or less of a pit in place of a spire ; aperture narrowly
linear above, wide below; umbilicus none; outer lip regularly
curved. White. L. 9~; D. 6.— Whole coast. Common.

Family 41. PH1LINID/E.

Shell usually present, sometimes wanting, internal, bulliform,
but slightly spiral, usually not forming a single whorl ; it is con-
cealed under the lateral margins of the foot.

1. Phtline, Asc.

Shell internal, white, translucent, oval, spiral, but only form-
ing a single whorl ; spire rudimentary. '

1. Philine sinuata , Stim. (Fig. 54). Shell minute, ovate, pel-
lucid, longitudinally striate, of about one whorl ; aperture very
large, dilated in front. White. L. If ; D. If. — Mass. ; in 4
fathoms. Many species of this genus, characterized by having
a single whorl, are found in deep water.

Family 42. DOR! DELL! D/E.

Represented only by the genus Doridella, Ver. Animal des-
titute of a shell, oval, smooth, convex ; dorsal tentacles retractile,
without sheaths; gills tufted, posterior, on the right hand side,
in a groove between the mantle and the foot.

120

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

1. Doriclella obscura , Ver. Body broad, oval; foot broad, cordate
in front ; head disk lunate, hollowed in front, forming tentacle
like projections ; dorsal tentacles small, stout. Body dark
brown, lighter toward the edge ; foot and tentacles white. L. 7\\
W. 5. — N. J. and north.

Order NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Sea slugs ; animal destitute of a shell ; mantle sometimes
large, usually small or none; gills usually project freely from
the dorsal surface ; hermaphrodite. These mollusks are found
from between tides to great depths.

Family 43. DORIDID/E.

Mantle large, without marginal appendages ; skin generally
very spiculose ; dorsal tentacles laminate and retractile within
cavities.

* Gills twice pinnate, and not retractile 3. Aeanthodoris .

* Gills once pinnate. (A.)

A. Gills retractile into a cavity 1. Doris.

A. Gills not retractile, head with a veil in place of oral tentacles

2. Onchidoris.

1. Doris, L.

Body depressed or sub-convex ; skin spiculose ; mantle often
tuberculate, covering the head and the foot; gills plumose or
ramose, united at the base, and retractile with the vent into a
common pallial cavity ; mouth inferior, usually with two oral
tentacles:

1. Doris tuberculata , Cuv. (Figs 28). Body oblong-oval,
slightly broader in front ; gills forming a star of 9, simply pin-
nate plumes ; head very short, crescent-shaped, about the width
of the foot, pointed at the sides. Maroon color, darkened on the
sides by many dusky points; dark gray below\ L. 35 ; W. 20. —
Mass.

2. Doris repanda , A. and H. Body broad, depressed ; mantle -
expanded widely beyond the foot ; gills forming a star of about
10, small, pinnate plumes ; foot narrow, truncated in front. Light
colored and covered with minute, white tubercles. L. 15 ; W. 12.
— New Eng.

2. Onchidoris. De Bl.

Body depressed ; mantle large ; head with a veil in place of

Fam. 43.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

121

oral tentacles; gills simply pinnate, set in an open circle or

ellipse, non-retractile.

* Gill plumes over 15., 1.

* Gill plumes only 5 2.

* Gill plumes 6-10 3, 4.

1. Onchidoris bilamdlata , L. Animal oblong-elliptical; surface
covered with unequal, short, pestle-shaped papillae ; gills slender,
simply pinnate, 20-25 in number, arranged in an oval across the
back ; several tubercles within the included space. Whitish,
varied with rusty brown, or flesh color. L. 25 ; W. 12. — New
England.

2. Onchidoris grisea , Stim. Body oval-oblong, quite convex,
and semi-globose when contracted; a little pointed behind when
fully extended ; back covered with short, blunt processes tipped
with stellate clusters of spiculae; gills forming a star of 5 short,
yellowish plumes, around a brown spot with a dark bristle in
the centre ; back plumes much shorter than the front ones ; head
short, broad, angular. L. 12 ; W. 8. — Mass.

3. Onchidoris tenella , Ag. Body ovate, broadest in front; man-
tle extending in front much beyond the foot, on the sides but lit-
tle ; gills forming a star of 6 to 7, simple, short plumes, retractile
into separate sheaths ; foot elliptical-oblong ; head short, broader
than foot, pointed at the sides, broadly shielded by the mantle.
Yellowish-white. L. 13; W. 10. — Mass.

4. Onchidoris aspersa , A. and H. Body oblong-elliptical,
covered with large, mushroom-like tubercles ; gill star of 7 or 8
broad, lanceolate plumes, retractile into separate sheaths ; head
short, crescentic, about as wide as the foot which is a little nar-
rower than the manlle. Pale cream color, the tubercles lighter,
a dusky spot in the centre of the back. L. 12 ; W. 6 — Mass.

3. Acanthodoris, Gray.

Body convex ; mantle moderate in size, covered with soft pa-
pillae ; oral tentacles united in a veil, with free, flattened, lateral
ends ; gills united at the base, non-retractile.

1. Acanthodoris ornatci , Yer. Body elongated, high at the sides,
somewhat oblong, narrower and rounded behind, extending
much beyond the mantle ; mantle narrowed in the middle and
covered with small papillae, except along the centre ; lower half
of the slender dorsal tentacles smooth, upper half with about 16

122'

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

strong lamella© ; gills 8, large, bipinnate, the 2 back ones smaller:,
all united by a web. Yellowish flesh-color, translucent. L. 25
W. 8 ; dorsal tentacles 6. —

2. Acanthodoris stellata. Body broad,, oval, wider in front; back
convex, covered with numerous, small, scattered, pointed papillae:;
gills forming a star of about 7 bipinnate plumes, the subdivis-
ions fine and slender. Color very variable ; often purplish-brown,,
sprinkled with yellowish tips ; gills purplish at base with yellow-
ish tips, sometimes with star like markings. L. 25 ; \V. 12.—
N. Y. and north. Under stones at low water.

Family 44, PGIYCERSD/E,

Gills forming more or less of a circular crown on the middle-
of the back, surrounding the vent; mantle small or none; skin
usually spiculose, our species with dorsal tentacles non retractile.

* Gills once pinnate 1. Idalia..

* Gills twice pinnate. A,

A. Gill plumes 3 2. Ancula

A. Gill plumes 5.. ..3. Polyeera .

1. Idalia, Leuc.

Body convex, smooth ; mantle small, with long filaments
around the edge ; head produced in front ; dorsal tentacles linear y
laminated; gills simply pinnate, non-retractile.

1. Idalia pidchella, A. and FI. Body ovate; mantle small, pro-
duced in front, with four filaments set on an expanded pallial or
velar ridge ; lateral filaments five on each side, the last large and
bifid; dorsal tentacles club-shaped, laminated for three fourths
their length; gills 11 (the front one bifid), rather small dimin-
ishing backward, L. 10. — New England.

2. Ancula, Lov.

Body slug-form, smooth ; mantle very indistinct, near the gills
bearing one or more appendages ; head produced at tfye sides-
into tentacular appendages.

1. Ancula . sulphurea, Stim. Body slender; dorsal tentacles
large^ club-shaped, the upper third with about 12 laminae; gill
plumes twice pinnate, three in number, arranged in a half circle,
the middle one largest; these are surrounded by 8-j2 tentacu-
lar processes; foot narrow, rounded at the sides. Very light
brownish, transparent ; the dorsal tentacles, and the tentacular

Fam. 45.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

123

processes sulphur yellow at the tips. L. 30. — New Eng. Under
stones.

3. POLYCERA, Guv.

Body slug-form ; mantle indistinct, forming a veil in front and
a tuberculated ridge on the sides ; gills non-retractile, with two
or more lateral appendages.

1. Polycera Lessonii , d’ Orb. (Fig. 30), Animal slug-shaped ;
a sharp ridge or fringe along the sides of the back, having 6
tubercles on each side, and making the body quadrate between
the tentacles and the gills ; another row of tubercles extends along
the middle of the back ; head with 6 projecting points on each
side; gill plumes twice pinnate, 3 large and 2 small. Greenish
color formed by green dots; tubercles tipped with sulphur yellow.
L. 20-30. — N. Y. and north.

2. Polycera Emertonii , Ver. Body small, elongated ovate,
somewhat angular, tapering backward to nearly a point, nar-
rowed a little at the neck ; dorsal tentacles rather long (length
equal width of neck), quite contractile but not retractile; gills
three, narrow, elongated, pinnate, subplumose, not finely divided,
curved backward, not retractile ; the pinnae few, alternate, gen-
erally incurved. Color yellowish-green to olive-green, varied to
lemon-yellow and dotted with darker; foot, tentacles, gills and
dorsal papillae lighter greenish-yellow. L. 5-6; W. 1 ; H. 1|-. —
New England.

Suborder AIOLOBRANCHIATA.

Branchiae variable, generally upon the sides of the back ; not
in a, circle surrounding the anal orifice.

Family 45. TRITON ID/E.

Animal with laminated plumose or papillose gills, arranged
along the sides of the back ; tentacles retractile into sheaths.

* Four gill lobes projecting above the body, and tufted with gills upon their

inner sides 1. Scyllcea.

* Gills very much branching and tree-like 2. Dendronotus.

* Gills simple, club-shaped 3. Doto.

1. Scyllcea, Linn.

Animal elongated, compressed ; foot long, narrow, and chan-
neled, adapted for clasping sea weeds ; back with two pairs of
wing-like, lateral lobes, bearing small, tufted gills on their inner

124

JOURNAL OF THE NEAV JERSEY

surfaces; the two tentacles slender, w-ith lamellated ends, re-
tractile into long sheaths.

1. Scyllsea Edwarclsii , Ver. The four gill lobes, spatulate in;
shape, extend upward from the back, and have, on their inner
surface, small, tufted, branching gills that project beyond their
edges; similar gills are also found on the back, and on the tail,,
which form an upwardly turned lobe;, foot very narrow. Color
rich brownish-yellow or orange, irregularly spotted with orange
brown blotches and white specks and streaks; along each side
there is a row of 6 or 7 iridescent, bluish spots. L. 75 ; W. 12.

2, Dendronotus, Al. and H.

Animal elongated ; tentacles laminated ; front of the head
with branched appendages ; gills arborescent, in a single row
on each side of the back ; foot narrow.

1. Dendronotus arborescens , Mu. (Fig. 29). Body elongated,
tapering, rounded above, as high as broad, surface somewhat
warty ; head blunt, with a crown of about six antler-like ap-
pendages directed forward ; gills in six or more pairs beautifully
tree-like, in two rows along the sides of the back, the hind ones
smaller. Color very variable, reddish, marbled with brown and
opaque wrhite; pale rose color or white and dark brown : gills
transparent. L. 50-80. — New Eng. On sea- weed.

3. Boto, Oken.

Animal long, slender ; tentacles linear, retractile into trumpet-
shaped sheaths ; gills ovate, muricated, in a single series on each
side of the back ; foot very narrow.

1. Doto coronatci , Gml. Body slender, gradually pointed be-
hind, convex above; tentacles slender ; gills ovate-club-shaped,
attached by a slender base, arranged in a line of 5—8 on each
side. Color variable from colorless to deep brown, the gills
covered with dark red dots arranged in circles. L. 12. — New
England.

Family 46. /EQUD/E,

Animal with papillose gills arranged along the sides of the
body ; tentacles subulate, sheathless, non-retractile ; branches ox
the stomach and liver extend into the gills upon the back ; skin
smooth, without spiculse; no distinct mantle.

Warn. 46.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

125

’* Animal with no true tentacles ; front angles of the head pointed somewhat

like tentacles 5. -Alderia.

'* Animal apparently with only 2 tentacles ; small, under 10 long. (A.)

A. With not over 5 large and 7 alternating, small, club-shaped gills on

4 each side . 6. Stiliger.

A. Head produced into a flat lobe on each side ; gills in a single row of
tufts, of 2 or 3 each, on each side 8. Embletonia.

A. Tentacles folded lengthwise; gills apparently like crosses... 7. Hermcea.

v' Animal with 4 tentacles, and, in many cases, the front angles of the foot

prolonged into tentacular lobes. (B.)

B. Animal under 10 long; front angles of the foot rounded; dorsal ten-
tacles longer. (O'.)

C. Foot rudimentary, branchiae in a single row on each side, each with

a sucker-like extremity .• 9. Tergipes.

O. Anterior angles of foot rounded ; branchiae in distant transverse
rows . ,... JO. Galvinci .

B. Over 10 long. (D. )

D. Width of body the length ... A.JEolis .

D Width of body J-J the length. (E.)

E. Tentacles about equal in length ; dorsal ones perfoliate

’ ...3. Flabellina .

E. Tentacles usually unequal ; dorsal ones simple. (F.)

F. Front angles of the foot not much prolonged, sometimes
rounded 2. JEolidia.

F. Front angles produced into long, tentacular lobes.. 4. Coryphella.

1. JSolis, Cuv.

Animal ovate; dorsal tentacles smooth, oval, slender; gills
simple, cylindrical, numerous, depressed, and imbricated ; foot
narrow.

1. jEolis papillosa* L. Body broad, depressed, truncate in front,
rapidly tapering behind ; dorsal tentacles dark, of the same
length as the gills ; oral tentacles longer, more slender, and
lighter in color; gills lanceolate, compressed, short-stalked, ar-
ranged in many (12-20) imbricated, oblique rows on each side
of the back, and with 10-12 in each row ; central portion of the
back nearly naked, variously mottled, and showing the large
sack containing the pulsating heart. L. 30-70; W. J length.- —
New Eng. Under stones between tides.

2. JEolis salmonacea , Cout. Body oblong, broad; tail suddenly
tapering to an acute point ; tentacles large and blunt, the dorsal
ones minutely serrated at the sides ; gills rather long, larger and
pointed, 100 or more on each side, arranged in crowded, regularly
spaced series, orange red in color ; foot broad, the front angles

126

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

prolonged into small tentacular appendages. Color yellowish -
white. L. 40 ; W. 20. — Mass.

2. iEoLIDIA, Cuv.

Dorsal tentacles simple; gills compressed, in transverse, rather
distant rows ; front angles of the foot almost rounded.

1. JEolidia pida , A. and H. Oral tentacles short and stout;
dorsal ones twice as long, simple, with an amber ring at the outer
third ; gills inflated like an olive jar, arranged along the sides in
0-8 series, the front one being somewhat clustered>and the rest
set upon oblique ridges; foot narrow, with the front angles
rounded. Animal yellowish-white, sparsely dotted wTith brown-
ish blotches and white dots; .gills with a darkish pith, a white
tip, and a yellowish ring below the tip. L. 12-20; W. 3-5. —
Mass.

2. JEolidia diversa , Gout. Body lanceolate, gradually tapering
to a flue point; oral tentacles long and slender; dorsal ones
shorter, smooth ; gills somewhat fusiform, quite slender at base,
arranged in a crowded, rather irregular manner, along the sides
in "transverse series of three or four; front angles of foot neither
rounded nor tentaculate. Pale straw-color, tinted reddish by
the viscera within ; gills, outside, without color, inside, deep
orange. L. 30; W. 8. — New Eng.

3. JEolidia pilata , Gld. (Fig. 27). Tentacles about equal;
dorsal ones smooth ; gills rather stout, fusiform, arranged in five
or more remote groups along each side ; each group composed
of two approximate ranges ; the first with about 8 in each range,
the next two, about 6, and the next 5 ; angles of foot triangular.
Pale drab color, edged above with light fawn color ; along the
back there is an interrupted, elongated stripe of carmine mar-
gined with silvery dots; gills with a white ring, a clear ring,
and a white tip. L. 38; W. 6. — Mass.

3. Flabellina, Cuv.

Body slender ; dorsal tentacles perfoliate ; oral tentacles elon-
gated ; gills on compressed stalks ; foot angularly produced in
front.

1. Flabellina Bostoniensis , Cout. Body lanceolate, rounded
above ; gills cimeter-shaped, arranged in five or more distinct
groups on each side ; the front group has 16 arranged in cubic

Fam. 46.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

12?

quincunx; these gills curve backward and inward, forming
arches over the back ; tentacles about equal in length ; foot with
the front angles prolonged into large tentacular appendages.
Drab-colored, with white or silvery lines on tail, back of oral
tentacles and tips of gills. L, 25 ; W. 7. — Mass.

2. Flabellina rufibranchialis. Joht. Body slender, gradually
tapering ; tentacles about equal, long and slender ; gills slender
almost linear, arranged in 6 or 7 clusters on each side, each cluster
having from 2-6 rows of 4. each ; anterior angles of foot prolonged.
Body vratery-white, with an opaque line on the back ; interior of
gills bright vermilion, with an opaque white ring near the tip.
L. 25-36 ; W. 4-6.— New Eng.

4. Coryphella, Gray.

Upper tentacles simple ; angles of foot produced ; middle part
of jaw denticulated.

1. Coryphella rutilla , Ver. Foot broad, pointed ; front angles of
the foot very long ; head small, rounded, often notched in front ;
mouth large, nearly terminal ; gills numerous, long, slender,
slightly fusiform, arranged in 8 or 10, usually well separated,
transverse clusters, mostly of 2 rows each, 6-8 in each row,
clusters crowded in front. Color yellowish-white, translucent ;
dorsal tentacles pale yellowish, usually tufted with white; gills
with vermilion nucleus, the tips flake- white. L. 48; W. 7 ;
dorsal tentacles 10 ; oral 9 ; gills 9^.

2. Coryphella gymnota , Cout. Body slender and tapering to a
tine point ; head small, rounded, and with a distinct neck ; ten-
tacles four, the oral ones rather longer, and the dorsal ones with
very fine wrinkles at the sides ; gills club-shaped, short, arranged
in 7 clusters of about 5 each, on each side. Pale, watery-drab
color ; gills transparent, but filled with reddish-brown dots. L.
25 ; W. 2J. — Mass. On sea weeds.

3. Coryphella Stimpsonii, Yer. Foot broad; auricles small,
short, triangular, often directed backward; head large, broad,
rounded in front, with distinct, rounded lateral lobes ; tentacles
slender; branchiae numerous, crowded, fusiform. Color yellow-
ish-white with a flake- white line on the upper side of foot ; ten-
tacles tinged with salmon and specked with white; br: nchiae with
salmon, yellowish to reddish-brown nucleus and specked at the

128

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

tips with white which sometimes forms a ring. L. 10-32.
Mass. Bay and northward.

4. Coryphella Mananensis , Stim. Foot auricled, not very broad ;
tentacles rather thick, dorsal ones wrinkled ; branchiae slender,
irregular, and variable in length, arranged in clusters along the
sides. Color of body pale white ; dorsal tentacles brownish with
pale tips looking as if hollow, oral ones with white specks along
the outer edge ; branchiae bright vermilion with a ring of flake-
white at the tips. L.35 — New England.

5. Alderia, All.

Animal oblong, without tentacles ; head lobed at the sides ;
gills arranged down the sides of the back.

1. Alderia IJarvardiensis , Ag. Animal square in front, broad,
lanceolate behind ; true tentacles none, but the lateral prolonga-
tions of the head triangular and tentacular-like ; gills short, club-
shaped, arranged in 6 or 7 clusters on each side, 2 — a longer and
a shorter one — in each cluster; foot twice as broad as the body,
so that, by rolling the edges upward, the gills are partially
covered. Ochreous brown; foot yellow. L. 12; W. 4. — Mass.
In shallow pools of salt or brackish water.

6. Stiliger, Ehr.

Foot rounded in front ; dorsal tentacles simple ; oral tentacles
tuberculiiorm ; gills club-shaped.

1. Stiliger fuscata , Gld. Animal terete, gradually tapering
to a fine point behind; head not distinct, notched in front; the
dorsal tentacles long and slender ; the oral ones mere bulgings
on the head ; gills long, club-shaped, quite slender at base; an
upper row of four, on each side, begins ^ along the body from
the front, growing shorter towards the tail, and a lower series of
5 or 6 smaller ones arranged alternately with the upper ones ;
dark slate colored above ; foot pale ochreous ; gills black with
white at both ends. L. 8 ; W. 1 ; Ten. 2 ; Br. — Ma*s. On
timbers.

7. Herivlea, Lov.

Animal elongated ; tentacles folded longitudinally ; gills nu-
merous, arranged down the sides of the back.

1. Hermxa crusiata , Ag. Body very slender; foot narrower
than the body ; obtusely dilated at the front angles ; head small,

Fam. 47.] NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY. 129

semicircular; tentacles two, dilated and, obtusely pointed; gills
dilated at the centre, and with the dark centres appearing like
rude crosses, whence the name ; about 7 principal ones on each
side and 8-10 intermediate, much smaller ones. L. ; W. . —
Mass.

8. Embletonia, A. and H.

Animal slender ; tentacles two, simple ; head produced into a
flat lobe on each side ; gills simple, subcylindrical, in a single
row down, each side of the back.

1. Embletonia fuscata, Gld. Animal terete, tapering to a short,
pointed tail ; head large, angles rounded, slightly notched, in
front ; the two tentacles short, linear, capable of corrugations ;
gills club-shaped, arcuate, arranged in 5 or 6 tufts on each side ;
2' or 3 front tufts contain 3 each, and the others 2, very unequal
in size ; foot angles not dilated. Pale drab to slate color, more
or less dotted. L. 4 ; W. §. — Mass. On timbers.

2. Embletonia remigata , Gld. Similar to the last, but larger,
lighter in color, and with longer gills. Color uniform pale yellow ;
the gills wax-yellow dotted with greenish, and having a pale
olive centre. L. 6; W. 1. — Mass. On sea weed.

Family 47, ElYSMD/E,

Animal with no distinct breathing organs; respiration per-

formed by the ciliated surface of the body.

* Wing -like expansions along the sides of the body 1. Elysia.

* No wing-like expansions 2. Limapontia.

1. Elysia, Risso.

Animal elliptical, depressed, with wing-like lateral expansions;
tentacles simple, with sessile eyes between them ; foot narrow.

1. Elysia chlorotica , Ag. Body slender, tapering, with broad,
wing-like expansions which fold over the back and overlap while
the animal is crawling; when expanded, as in swimming, the
animal has a leaf-like look ; head and neck distinct, with two
lanceolate, folded tentacles. Emerald green, finely dotted with
white and red dots. L. 25-40; W. when folded, I length, when
■ expanded, f length. — Mass., in brackish water.

2. Elysia catulus, Ag. (Fig. 26). Body ovate-lanceolate, with
the lateral expansions § its length, and not meeting when ‘folded;
bead large, rounded, globose; tentacles two, short, blunt, broad ;

130

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

back covered by longitudinal folds. Brownish sea-green, with
several whitish tines and spots. L. 6 ; W. 2, when folded. —
Mass.

2. Limapontia, Joht.

Animal minute, leach-like; head truncated in front, with eyes
on arched, lateral ridges ; foot linear.

1. Limapontia zonata , Gir. Body depressed, without the lateral,,
wing-like expansions, thus its appearance is like that of the land
slugs ; mantle distinct ; head somewhat separated from the body,
and with crest-like ridges on the sides ; eyes large, sessile, on the
back of the head, in pale, circular spaces. Pale reddish color,,
with transverse bands of white. Minute, hardly 2 long. — Mass.

Order PULMONATA.

This division includes all the land and fresh water mollusks
which breathe air. The few species included in this work live on
the mud flats near shore, sometimes below high water mark, and
so, in a sense, may be considered marine. Th.e breathing organ,
in the form of an air sack, or dorsal cavity lined with a vascular
network, is placed in front of the heart. All belong to the sub-
order Basommatophora which have eyes at the bases of the two
flattened, triangular or subcylindrical, contractile but not in-
vertible tentacles; no operculum.

Family 48. AUR1CULID/L

Shell spiral, solid, usually thick ; spire elevated ; aperture
usually elongated, contracted by teeth. Animal with the foot
elongated, pointed ; sessile eyes at the inner bases of the ten-
tacles ; head extended beyond the tentacles with more or less
of a rounded, two lobed snout ; hermaphrodite.

* Shell over 6 long ; inhabiting the seashore between tides. (A).

A. Aperture about \ the length of the shell 1. Alexia .

A. Aperture more than J the length 2. Melampus.

1. Alexia, Gray. ,

Shell oblong-oval, thin ; spire acuminate ; last whorl large,
rounded at base; columella with an oblique plait; aperture con-
tracted by teeth.

1. Alexia myosotis , Drap. Elongated ovate, thin, smooth, shin-
ing, with acute apex ; whorls slightly convex ; the last f of the
whole length ; aperture long and narrow, acute above ; lip thin

Fam. 49.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

131

slightly reflected over the minute, perforated umbilicus ; on the
inner lip, the adult shell has 3 white folds or teeth, the lower
one formed by the turning of the lip within the aperture, the
second one thin, transverse and prominent, the third minute.
Dark horn color, the suture narrowly banded with red. Animal
light drab, head and tentacles darker ; foot J as long and wide
as the shell. L. 8; D. 3£ ; An. 40; Wh. 7-8; Ap. J.— Whole
coast ; common on wood and stones between tides.

2. Melampus, Month

Shell suboval, solid ; spire rather short.; aperture long and
narrow ; columella with several plications ; outer lip internally
plicate.

1. Melampus lineatus, Say. (Figs. 46 to 48). Shell imperforate,

elliptically obovate, rather thin, shining when perfect, usually
much eroded ; spire short, obtuse ; surface longitudinally wrin-
kled, and marked with minute revolving lines; upper whorls
flattened , aperture long, narrow, slowly widening below ; lip
thin and sharp; inner lip covered with a thin, shining enamel,
and furnished with two fold-like teeth ; within the outer lip there
are usually 1-4 ridges not reaching to the edge. Horn color, or
brownish, sometimes with reddish revolving bands: Animal

reddish-brown above, paler below ; foot as long and wide as the
shell. L. 11; D. 6; An. 80°; Wh. 5-6; Ap. f — Whole coast.
Common on marshes sometimes overflowed b}^ the tide.

2. Melampus bidentatus , Mont. May possibly be found on
the coast. It is a smaller shell with the aperture much shorter
in proportion and the spire more acute. L. 7 ; D. 3 ; An. 40° ;
Wh. 6; Ap. f.

Order CTENOBRANOHIATA.

Mollusks with comb-form branchiae ; that is, composed of leaf-
lets arranged like the teeth of a cOmb, and situated in a cavity
having an external opening upon the side of the neck. Sexes
in different individuals (dioecious). Shell spiral.

Family 49. TEREBRiD/E.

Represented only by the genus : —

1. Terebra, Brug.

Shell long, narrow, manv-whorled ; aperture deeply notched in
front, and no true columellar plaits ; operculum annular, horny,

132

JOURNAL OF TIIE NEW JERSEY

with apical nucleus. Animal has a foot rounded in front, angu-
lated behind; head large, with short, small tentacles; eyes at or
near the tips of the tentacles, or wanting ; between the 'tentacles
extends a rather long, cylindrical trunk.

1. Terebra dislocata. Say. Shell polished, attenuated; whorls
flat, with 15-18 ribs to each, which are dislocated "or interrupted
above, near the suture, by a revolving groove as deep as the
suture ; numerous, minute, impressed, revolving lines also on
the whorls. Color chocolate brown, with a pale, revolving band
ribs white. L. 44 ; D. 8; An. 17°; Wh. 13; Ap.J — Md. and
south.

Family 50. PLEUROTQiVliD/E.

Shell fusiform ; aperture with a canal at the anterior end and
a notch at the posterior end near the suture. Operculum often
absent, if present horny and annular. Animal with tentacles

wide apart, the eyes at the outer bases.

* Shell with operculum 1. Bela .

* Shell without operculum. 2. Mangilia.

4. Bela, Gray.

Shell oval, fusiform, thin; spire produced; canal short; notch
small, near the suture; columella flattened; operculum pointed
at both ends.

1. Bela harpularia, Cout. Shell ovate-oblong; whorls round
and shouldered, with about 18 oblique, rounded ribs, crossed by
fine revolving lines ; ribs disappearing on the lower part of
body whorl; aperture narrow, outer lip sharp, inner lip white,
smooth ; canal very short. Brownish flesh color. L. 16; D. 8;.
An. 35° ; Wh. 6-8; Ap. f. — N. Y. and north.

2. Mangilia, Risso.

Shell fusiform, mostly longitudinally ribbed; spire elongated,
turriculated, acuminated ; canal short, more or less truncated ;
columella smooth ; sinus near the suture. No operculum.

1. Mangilia plicosa , C. B. Adams. Shell small, elongated-ovate,
somewhat turreted ; lower whorl two thirds the length of the
shell, with about 12, somewhat oblique rib-like folds crossed by
10 or more elevated revolving threads; aperture narrow; outer
lip greatly thickened by one of the ribs; the notch at the pos-
terior part deep, distinct, smooth. Ashy-white color. L, 6 ; D.
3 ; An. 45° ; Wh. 6 ; Ap. \ nearly. — Cape Cod and south.

.'Pam. 52.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

l3o

2. Mangilia bicarinata , Cout. Shell tapering about equally
at both ends; whorls convex, with numerous distinct revolving
lines, and, between them smaller ones ; about the middle of the
whorl, there is a deep groove with a prominent line on each side ;
aperture narrow, elliptical, with a slight notch at the posterior
end; outer lip thin, toothed by the revolving lines. Whitish
slate-color, or dusky brown. L. 10; D. 5 ; An. 40°; Wh. 6; Ap.
i. — Arctic Seas to N. J.

3. Mangilia cerina , Kurtz & Stim. Shell fusiformly tur-
reted, with about 10 elevated ribs, and numerous, revolving
stride ; aperture oblong; lip sharp with a decided angle and
notch at the‘posterior fourth. Waxy or ashy. L. 6J; D. 2J ;
An. 25° ; Wh. 7 ; Ap. J. — Cape Cod and south. Rare.

Family 51. FASCIOLARID/E,

Shell spindle or pear-shaped ; spire acute ; aperture elongated-
oval, with a moderate to long, open, straight canal ; columella
smooth or very slightly folded Animal rather small, retractile
to about a third of a whorl from the aperture.

1. Fulgur, Montf.

Shell pear-shaped, rather thin, the whorls angulated and spin-
ous or nodulous ; body whorl large, attenuated below into a long,
twisted canal. Animal rather small, retractile, with its opercu-
lum, far within the aperture.

/ 1. Fulgur canaliculatus , L. Shell large, pear-shaped, covered

with revolving lines, and a hairy epidermis ; whorls shouldered,
outer edge nodular, and a broad canal at the suture. L. 150 ;
D. 80 ; An. 90°; Wh. 6 ; Ap. f ; canal f of Ap. — Mass, and south.
Very common.

^ 2. Fulgur carica , Gml. Shell large, solid, pear-shaped ; whorls

flattened at the summit, and the angle raised into a series of
compressed tubercles, about 9 in number, on each revolution. L-
150; D. 75; An. 85°; Wh. 6 ; Ap. f; canal 2 of Ap. Mass
and south. Common.

3. Fulgur perversa , L. Shell much like the last but reversed,
forming a sinistral shell. It grows to the length of over 300.
Its northern limit is about Cape Hatteras.

Family 52. BUCCINID/E.

Shell ovate to pear-shaped, rather thin ; spire elevated ; canal

134

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

moderate and twisted ; columella smooth ; operculum ovate, nu-

cleus near the edge.

* Canal very short . ,„.l. Buccinum.

* Canal about one third of aperture , 2. Sipho.

1. Buccinum, L. ,{

Shell ovate or oblong, covered with a horny epidermis ; spire

elevated, apex acute ; aperture large, oval, with a wide and very
short, anterior canal ; lips smooth internally.

1. Buccinum undatum , L. Shell thick, ovate-conic, ventricose,
with 12 or 13, obliquely-waved, elevated ribs, and many revolv-
ing raised lines ; whorls regularly convex ; minute striae extend
some distance within the oval aperture, and form crenulations
on the outer lip. Epidermis velvety, yellowish-brown, aperture
golden yellow. L. 60 ; D. 35 ; An. 65° ; Wh. 6 ; Ap. \ ; canal
very short. — N. J. and north. Quite common north of Cape
Cod.

2. Sipho, Klein.

Shell pear-shaped ; whorls rounded, usually smooth, never
tuberculate or spiny ; spire moderate ; canal produced and re-
curved.

1. Sipho Stimpsoni, Morch. (Figs. 32, 33). Shell elongated,
svmmetrically fusiform; spire attenuated to the apex; whorls
slightly convex ; body whorl covered with 40-50, small, revolv-
ing ridges ; near the outer lip. these give place to vertical, sinuous
striae; aperture oblong ovate. Epidermis horn brown, inside
pearly -white. Animal white, with irregular black spots. L. 70 ;
D. 27 ; An. 50° ; Wh. 8 ; Ap. over J ; canal J of Ap.— Mass, and
north. A deep water shell, occasionally thrown oh the beach.

2. Sipho pygmxus , Gld. Shell same shape and markings as
above. Animal pure white. L. 25 ; D. 11; An. 38°; Wh. 6;
Ap. f ; canal J of Ap. — Mass, and north. Deep water.

Family 53. NASSID/E.

Shell ovate, spire usually elongated ; aperture with a notch
or a short recurved canal ; inner lip usually callous ; operculum
horny, with nucleus at one end. Animal with two tails at the
posterior extremity.

Nassa, Lam.

Shell ovate ; aperture ovate with a short, recurved, truncated,
anterior canal; inner lip smooth ; outer lip dentated, and internal-

Fam. 54.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

135

Iv crenulated with a few small teeth at some distance fiom the
edge. Animal with a broad head, and a foot notched behind,
and often prolonged into two subulate tails. These animals are
very active, and not at all shy when kept in confinement.

1. Nassa obsolete Say. (Fig. .45). Shell solid; apex eroded;
spire short ; whorls flattened convex ; surface covered with
numerous, unequal revolving lines which are crossed by numer-
ous oblique folds, giving the surface, when the greenish, mould-
like plants are removed, a reticulated appearance. Dark reddish-
brown, purplish within. Animal mottled with slate-color ; foot
equal to the shell in length. L. 25; I). 12; An. 55°; Wh. 6; Ap.
i — Whole coast. Very abundant on mud flats.

2. Nassa -trivittata, Say. (Fig. 36). Spire elevated, acute;
whorls flattened, and with a conspicuous shoulder at tne suture ,
whole surface covered with a network of granules formed by
revolving lines and ribs ; about 10 revolving lines on the body
whorl. Greenish or yellowish-white, sometimes banded on body
whorl. Animal whitish, sparsely dotted with pale lilac. L. 18 ;
D. 8 ; An. 45° ; Wh.'7 ; Ap. f.— Whole coast. Common.

3. Nassa vibex , Say. Shell thick, ovate-conic; spire short,
acute; body whorl witn from 10-12 undulating ribs which are
continued to the apex, and about the same number of revolving
lines which are most distinct on the ribs ; outer lip tnickened and
with 2-5 teeth within; pillar very concave, and with much
callus. Color ashy-white to pale reddish-brown, with darker
revolving bands. Animal about \ longer than shell, light colored,
and mottled. L. 13; D. 8; An. 67°; Wh. 6; Ap. I •—Cape Cod
and south. Rather rare.

Family 54. GOLUMBELLID/E.

Shell oval, covered with an epidermis; spire generally short;
aperture narrow, elongated, ending in a very short anterior canal,
inner lip usualty dentate ; outer lip generally thick. Animal
with a large flattened head ; foot narrow ; operculum very small.

1. Columbella, Lam.

Shell elongated ; aperture narrow, with a short, anterior canal ;
inner lip, crenulated to smooth; outer lip inflected, internally
thickened, and somewhat crenulated.

1. Columbella avara , Say. Shell fusiform, widest but little be-

- iAXkA* <VaA'0l>7

136

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

low the middle; spire acute; whorls flattened, the first three
smooth, the last, with 10-15, smooth, obtusely rounded ribs,
separated by wider, concave spaces, and covered. b}^ revolving
stride ; these ribs gradually disappear below the middle where
they are replaced by many, deep revolving grooves. L. 12 ; D,
5J; An. 36°; Wh. 9-10; Ap. f. — Mass, and south. More abun-
dant south.

2. Columbella lunata, Say. Shell ovate-conic; whorls slightly
convex ; suture shallow; surface smooth, except a single, revolv-
ing line below the suture, and a few around the base ; aperture
oval, outer lip toothed within. Color reddish-brown, with two
rows of crescent-shaped, whitish spots on the whorls ; outer lip
dark-brown. L. 5 ; D. 2J ; An. 43° ; Wh. 6; Ap. f. — Mass, and
south. Common south of Cape Cod.

3. Columbella rosacea , Gld. Shell acutely conic, covered with
minute, revolving lines; lip sharp and without teeth. White,
tinged with rose. L. 7; D. 3 ; An. 35°; Wh. 6; Ap, f. — -New
England. In rather deep water.

Family 55. MU RIGID /E.

Shell turreted, with an anterior canal; the whorls thickened by
longitudinal ribs or nodules at each rest period in its growth.

Operculum with marginal nucleus.

* Whorls rounded. (A.)

A. Longitudinal ribs very distinct 1. Urosalpinx.

A. Revolving furrows very distinct 3. Purpura.

* Whorls angulated 2. Eupleura.

1. Urosalpinx, Stim.

Shell elongated oval, with about 10 rounded, longitudinal
ribs; canal short, broad.

^ ' Urosalpinx cinerea, Sav. (Fig. 35). Shell oval; fusiform,
with convex whorls, crossed by about 12 rib- like undulations,
and with numerous, revolving, lines; aperture oval, outer lip
sharp; canal short. Color reddish-brown, covered with ashy-
gray pigment, brownish within. L. 25; D. 15; An. 50° ; Wh.
5-6; Ap. -J; canal nearly J Ap. — Whole coast. Common on
rocks, especially southward.

2. Eupleura, Adams.

- Shell elongated, with about 10 longitudinal ridges or varices ;
aperture oval, with a long% narrow, straight, anterior canal.

Fam. 56.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

137

1. Eupleura cauclata , Say. (Fig. 37). Shell solid, with angu-
lated whorls traversed by 11 stout rihs crossed by numerous re-
volving lines; lip thick, bordered within by raised granules;
canal long, straight, narrow. Reddish-brown, white, or bluish
within ; operculum chestnut. Animal nearly white ; foot yellow.
L. 25; D. 15; An. 60°; Wh. 5; Ap. 'f; canal J Ap. — Mass, and
south.

3. Purpura, Brug.

Shell oblong-oval, last whorl large ; spire short ; aperture large,
with a very short, oblique canal or notch ; columella flattened.

1. Purpura lapillus , L. (Fig. 34). Shell thick and solid,
ovate ; spire short, acute ; whorls covered with deep, revolving
furrows and ridges, usually crossed by raised, scale-like wrinkles
of growth ; lip arched, and subacute, with obscure, revolving
ridges within the margin. Color varies from white and yellow
to dark-red, often banded. Animal white. L. 25-30 ; D. 14-17 ;
An. 60°-90° ; Wh. 5-6; Ap. §-f . — Whole coast. Local south
of Cape Cod ; abundant north.

Family 56. SCALAR! D/E.

A small family of mainly the one genus : —

1. Scala, Humph.

Shell usually pure white and lustrous, turreted, many whorled ;
whorls round, ornamented with numerous raised, longitudinal
ribs ; aperture round ; peristome -continuous ; operculum horny,
few- whorled.

Animal with a retractile, proboscis-like mouth ; tentacles close
together, long and pointed, with the eyes at their outer bases.
Animal exudes a purple fluid when molested.

* Species of large size over 15 long, with 8-15 ribs 1-3.

* Species under 15 long, with 15-20 ribs 4, 5 .

1. Scala Sayana , Dali, Shell long conic; whorls in contact
and crossed by 9 well marked ribs which are continuous to the
apex ; spaces between polished, smooth ; anterior margin of lip
rounded. White with a smooth translucent, palerbrown nucleus
of about 3 whorls. L. 16; D. 6 ; An. 25°; Wrh. 9; Ap. L— Va.
and south.

2. Scala angulata , Say. Shell conic, turreted ; whorls touching
each other only by the ribs; ribs 9 to each whorl, prominent,

138

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

simple, oblique ; no umbilicus. While. L. 15-20; D. 6-8; Am
33°; Wh. 6-11 ; Ap. J. — Conn, and south. Rare north of New
Jersey.

3. Scala Grcenlandica , Perry. Shell with whorls touching and
having 8-15 stout, oblique ribs, with intervening, coarse ridges,
and 7 or 8 revolving lines; the ribs do not end abruptly at the
suture, but extend from whorl to whorl. Aperture bordered by
a rib which is notched at the base ; no umbilicus. L. 25 ; D. 9 ;
An, 35° ; Wh. 10 ; Ap. J — Cape Cod and north. Common north.

4. Scala lineata , Say. Shell long-conic, pointed, with 17-19,
obtuse, stout, little elevated ribs on the body whorl, the ribs con-
tinued on the other whorls; the body whorl also has a raised,
revolving line above a reddish-brown band; no umbilicus;
whorls touching. White, tinged with brownish. L. 12; D. 5;
An. 36°; Wh. 8; Ap. — Whole extent. Rather common south.

5. Scala multistriatd. Say. Shell conic; apex pointed ; whorls
in contact; body whorl with about 16, regular, simple, moder-
ately elevated ribs; spaces with numerous, impressed, revolving
lines; no umbilicus. White; nucleus pale, glassy, few whorled.
L. 13; D. 5; An. 30° ; Wh. 8; Ap. J. — Mass, and south.

- Family 57. PYRAM I DELL! D/E.

Shell white, slender, elongated, many whorled, mostly longi-
tudinally ribbed or spirally striate; operculum horny, subspiral.

* Columella without a fold A. Turbonilla.

* Columella with an oblique fold. (A..)

A. Whorls not spirally grooved 2. Syrnola.

A. Whorls with 1-15 revolving lines or grooves 3. Odostomia .

1. Turbonilla, Risso.

Shell slender, many whorled; whorls plaited ; apex sinistral ;
aperture simple, ovate ; peristome incomplete ; columella not
plaited. Most of the species of Turbonilla are deep wTater shells,
and are not here described as they are found only by dredging,
and in the stomachs of fishes.

1. Turbonilla interrupts , Tot. Shell small, slender; whorls
almost flat, with 20-30 obtuse ribs crossed b}^ about 14 — ap-
parently 7 — revolving lines interrupted by the ribs ; a slight
shoulder on the whorls makes the suture .distinct; aperture
ovate, angular above. Whitish-brown or amber-colored, glossy.

Fam. 57.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

139

L. 8 ; D. 3; An. 12°; Wh. 10; Ap. f. — Mass, and south. Not
rare.

2. Turbonilla elegans , Ver. Shell elongated, slender acute;
whorls well rounded ; suture rather deep ; surface somewhat
shining with numerous longitudinal ribs which are not oblique,
and fine revolving grooves interrupted by the ribs ; the lower
half of the body-whorl has only the revolving lines ; aperture
broad oval ; outer lip thin, sharp. Epidermis thin, light-yellow.
L. 9; D. 2J; An. 18; Wh. 10; Ap. f. — Mass, and south.

2. Syrnola, A. Ad.

Shell subulate, straight, virteous, banded, polished ; whorls flat;
suture impressed ; aperture oblong, inner lip obliquely plicate in
the middle.

1. Syrnola producta, C. B. Ad. Shell conic-cylindrical ; whorls
nearly flat; tip blunted, as if one or more whorls were removed ;
columella flexuous ; no umbilicus. Epidermis light-brown. L.
6; D. If; An. 12°; Wh. 8 or more; Ap. f. — Mass, to N. J.

2. Syrnola fusca , C. B. Ad. Shell subelongated, conical, thin
and horny; spire obtuse; whorls slightly convex; suture
strongly impressed; aperture broad, acutely angular above, and
dilated in the middle ; fold on the pillar lip far within, or obso-
lete; an umbilical indentation about the middle of the inner lip.
Epidermis shining-brown. L. 6 ; D. If ; An. 25° ; Wh. 6 ; Ap. J.
— Cape Cod to N. J.

3. Odostomia, Flemg,

Shell conical elongated; aperture ovate; lips disunited pos-
teriorly, and sometimes produced in front ; pillar with a tooth-
like fold. Operculum horny, indented on the inner side.

1. Odostomia bisuturalis , Say. Shell ovate-conical, apex rather
obtuse; whorls flattened, with almost always an impressed line
revolving below the suture, making it appear double; columella
with an obtuse fold. Surface smooth, light-green under a brown-
ish epidermis. L. 5 ; D. 2 J; An. 35°; Wh. 5-6; Ap. J. — Mass,
to N. J. Common under stones at low water.

2. Odostomia trifida , Tot. Shell acutely pointed, smooth and
glossy ; whorls flat, with about 6 impressed, revolving lines ; the
one above and the next two below the suture much more dis-
tinct, making three characteristic lines at the suture ; pillar lip

140

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

with a single, sharp, oblique fold. Ivory or soiled white. L. 5 ;
D. 2; An. 23°; Wh. 8; Ap. J — New Jersey and north. Com-
mon under rocks and stones.

3. Odostomia seminuda , C. B. Ad. Shell acute-conic, with
coarse, revolving lines crossed by longitudinal ones, giving the
surface a granulated appearance, except the lower half of body-
whorl, which has only revolving lines ; outer lip thin and scal-
loped by the revolving lines. Glossy white, translucent. L. 4 ;
D. 2; An. 30° ; Wh. 6-7 ; Ap. J — Mass, and south. Common.

4. Odostomia impressa, Say. Body whorl with ten deeply scul-
ptured, revolving lines on the lower half, and five distinct, revolv-
ing lines on the upper half; about four on the next whorl, and
less on the rest ; aperture ovate, acute above, effuse below.
Soiled-white, the lines rufous. L. 5; I). If; An. 24°; Wh. 6;
Ap. — Cape Cod and south.

Family 58. TRI FORI D/t.

A small family of elongated, turreted sinistral shells repre-
sented by the genus : —

1. Triforis, Desh.

Shell similar in form and sculpture to the Cerithiidse, but
sinistral. *

Animal with tentacles club-shaped at the tips and united at
their bases by a sinuated veil.

Triforis perversa, L. var. nigrocincta, Ad. Shell conic-cylindri-
cal, with three revolving series of granules ;r whorls reversed ;
canal twisted, about ^ as long as the aperture ; reddish black ;
columella black ; a black, spiral belt in faded shells. L. 7 ; D.
If; An. 23°; Wh. 12; Ap. — Mass, and south.

Family 59. CERITHIOPSID/E.

Shell spiral, elongated, many whorled, frequently with many
longitudinal ribs ; aperture with an anterior canal and a less
distinct posterior one ; lip generally expanded in the adult ;
operculum horny and spiral. Animal with a retractile proboscis.

1. Seila, A. Adams.

Shell elongated, turreted, many whorled ; aperture small with
a crooked canal in front ; whorls flattened and granular, with
rounded nodules formed by ridges of growth and spiral lines
crossing each other; operculum subtriangular. Animal with

Fain. 60.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

141

short stout tentacles and eyes on their outer bases ; foot very
short, indented in front and rounded behind.

1. Seila terebraUs, C. B. Ad. Shell long, conical; whorls flat-
tened, with 3 or 4 revolving ridges on each, and numerous, fine,
longitudinal lines between them ; aperture oval ; base abrupt.
Reddish-brown. L. 12; D. 3; Am 18°; Wh. 10-12; Ap. h—
Mass.

2. Cerithiopsis, Forbes and Hanly.

Shell nearly as in Seila; operculum paucispiral, somewhat
concave, smooth outside, of 3 or 4 whorls. Animal with foot
and tentacles much more elongated than in Seila.

1. Cerithiopsis Greenii , C. B. Ad. Shell conic-cylindrical, with
20-25, slightly elevated ribs on the body whorl, and crossed by
3, revolving, impressed lines on nearly all the whorls, forming
three series of granules ; aperture nearly circular ; canal short
and deep. Reddish-black. L. 5 ; D. 1^; An. 30°; Wh. 10-12;
Ap. f. Mass, and south.

2. Cerithiopsis subulata , Montagu. Shell long, conical ; whorls
flat, each with three rows of granules ; suture very deeply im-
pressed ; aperture subquadrate ; canal less than \ the length of
the aperture, columella twisted. Color dark reddish-brown.
Animal with a long, small foot, truncate in front, and notched
behind ; very light colored, with flecks of opaque white. L. 13 ;
D. 3; An. 20°; Wh. 17; Ap. -J-. — New England.

Family 60. CERITHIID/E.

Shells very similar to those of the preceeding family, but the
proboscis of the animal is only contractile instead of being re-
tractile.

1. Bittium, Leach.

Shell elevated, with numerous granulated whorls and irregular
varices ; anterior canal short and not recurved ; outer lip not re-
curved ; operculum 4 whorled.

1. Bittium alternatum , Say. Shell acute, conic, thin; whorls
with a distinct shoulder formed by a series of granules ; surface
granular from the crossing of slightly elevated ribs and spiral
lines ; the ribs, about 20 in number, disappear on the lower half
of the body-whorl, leaving there about 6, elevated, revolving
lines ; suture deeply impressed ; lip sharp, modified by the re-

142

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

volving lines. Bluish to reddish-black. L. 6 ; D. 2 ; An. 28°;
Wh. 7 ; Ap. J. — Mass. Bay to Sandy Hook.

2. Bittium varium , Pfr. Shell very similar to the last, but
growing larger south of Cape Hatteras ; takes the place of it fiom
Md. and south.

Family 61. C/ECID/E.

A small family of the one genus : —

1. Caecum, Flemg.

Young shell spiral in one plane, afterwards, a curved tube
closed by a convex partition where the spiral portion has been
lost. Animal with a long, flat rostrum, and sessile eyes behind
the short tentacles ; foot short, narrow.

1. Cxcum pulchellum* Stirn. Shell tubular, slightly cuived,
contracted at both extremities, with about 25 rounded rings. L.
2J; D. — Mass, and south.

2. Cxcum Cooper.i , Smith. Shell tubular, slightly curved, with
about 12 longitudinal, elevated lines; the spaces between are
wider than the lines and have transverse grooves. L. 3 ; D. f . —
Mass, and south. Rare.

Family 62. VERM ET! D/E.

Shell tubular, attached, sometimes regularly spiral when
young, always irregular when adult; aperture round. Animal
with rudimentary foot and long head.

1. Vermetus, Adanson.

Shell irregularly spiral or contorted, tubular, free or attached
on one side ; operculated.

1. Vermetus radicula, Stim. Shell regularly spiral when young,
irregularly tubular in its later growth, with numerous, unequal,
raised lines extending its entire length ; the spiral portion has
about 8 wdiorls (this part 12 long) the rest of the shell may ex-
tend 200. Animal wTith rudimentary foot, long head, and re-
tractile proboscis. Animal light-brown spotted wflth black. —
Mass, and south. Not rare south.

Family 63. LITTORINID/E.

Shell spiral, top-shaped or globular; lip not notched ; interior
not pearly ; operculum horny, spiral or slightly so. Animals in-
habiting salt, brakish or fresh water. They are mostly littoral,
feeding on algae.

Fam. 63.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

143

* Umbilicus none. 1. Littorina.

* Umbilicus a deep groove 2. Lacuna .

1. Littorina, Fer. The Periwinkles.

Shell top-shaped, thick, pointed, few whorled ; aperture round-
ed, outer lip sharp; columella rather flattened, imperforate;
operculum paucispiral.

1. Littorina metis , Don. Shell very variable, heavy to medium,
coarse to smooth, subovate, ventricose, with a somewhat pointed
spire ; whorls convex, covered with more or less distinct, revolv-
ing, elevated lines, 10 or 12 on the body whorl, with the inter-
vening spaces finely reticulated. The heavy, coarse shells have
the outer lip bevelled within to a sharp edge w7hich is rendered
denticulate by the revolving lines. Color yellow, orange, black,
brown, green, or reddish, usually uniform, occasionally banded
or mottled. Animal with olive-colored head, and an olive line
on sides of the foot. L. 14; D. 7-10 ; An. 60o-70o; Wh. 5-6 ;
Ap. Shell so variable that it has received a score of names.—
N. J. and north. Abundant on rocks.

2. Littorina litorea , L. Solid, not smooth, yet rarely ridged,
but more or less covered with elevated, spiral lines; whorls usu-
ally concavely impressed round the upper part; columella
broadly callous, slightly arcuated, white. Olive, ash, fulvous,
brown, or red, sometimes banded and lined with black ; outer
lip joining the body at an acute angle, its edge usually dark.
Very variable in size, color, and length of spire. Animal with a
general dark color above ; the sole of the foot yellowish-white.
L. 20-25 ; D. 16-20 ; An. 80° ; Wh. 6-7 ; Ap. 4.— New England
to Delaware Bay.

3. Littorina palliata , Say. Shell globular-ovate, thick, smooth
and shining, with very faint revolving lines, and lines of growTth ;
last whorl very large, the others scarcely rising above it; suture
faintly marked ; aperture nearly circular, the outer lip bevelled
within to a sharp edge; inner lip broadly flattened and white;
color variable, white, yellow, orange, olive, slate, and brown ; usu-
ally of a single color, often mottled or banded. Animal has the
head orange, darker above, and the foot drab or cream-color. L.
15; D. 13; An. 95°; Wh. 4; Ap. §-£. — New Jersey and north.
Abundant -on rocks.

4. Littorina irrorata , Say. Shell heavy, with numerous, revolv-

144

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

in g, elevated, obtuse, equal ridges, which are spotted with short,
brownish lines ; whorls flat, suture not indented ; outer lip bev-
elled to a thin edge, and lineated with dark-brownish ; inner lip
with a lime deposit. Greenish or pale-ashy ; throat white — L.
25; D. 15; An. 60°; Wh. 5; Ap. f, — Mass, and south. Rare
north ; abundant south.

2. Lacuna, Tur.

Shell turbinated, thin; aperture semilunar; columella flat-
tened with an umbilical fissure; operculum paucispiral.

1. Lacuna vincta , Mon. Shell thin, ovate-conic; spire pointed ;
whorls very convex, with faint lines of growth ; suture deep ;
aperture nearly circular ; outer lip sharp, pillar lip white, with
a wide and deep groove ending in a deep umbilicus. Color yel-
lowish, with sometimes 4 or 5 purplish or reddish bands. L. 12 ;
D. 8 ; An. 58° ; Wh. 5 ; Ap. — N. J. and north. Abundant
north.

Family 64. RISSOID/E.

Shell small, spiral, turreted, usually ribbed, many-worled ;
aperture rounded with entire lip; outer lip slightly expanded
and thickened.

1. Rissoa. Frem.

Shell minute, conical, pointed, many whorled ; peristome
entire, continuous; outer lip slightly expanded and thickened;
operculum subspiral.

1. Rissoa aculeus , Gld. Shell ovate-cylindrical, fragile; whorls
convex; suture deep; surface covered with numerous, minute,
revolving lines, and traces of longitudinal folds near the apex ;
apex blunt; aperture entire, oval, oblique. Light yellowish
horn-color. Animal white. L. 4 ; D. If ; An. 23°; Wh. 6. Ap.
J. — New England. On stones and timbers at low water.

2. Risoa exarata , Stim. Shell ovate, rather solid, imperforate ;
whorls convex, sub-plicate posteriorly, and with about 3 elevated,
distant, revolving lines on the upper, and 8 on the lower one.
Fuscous. L. 3 ; D. 1^; An. 22°; Wh. 5; Ap. less than J. —
Nova Scotia to Hatteras. Rare.

3. Rissoa minuta, , Tot. Shell minute, conic, thin, polished,
elevated to an obtuse apex ; whorls convex, somewhat shoul-
dered ; lines of growth faint ; aperture oval, entire ; outer lip

Fam. 66.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

145

sharp; operculum horny, subspiral; yellowish-brown, usually
covered by a dark green pigment. Animal dusky-brown and
drab; motions very active. L. 4 ; D. 2 ; An. 30°; Wh. 5; Ap.

— N. J. and north. Common on sea- weeds near shore, and in
brackish water.

Family 65, ADEORBI D/E.

A small family of depressed almost disk-shaped shells.

1. Skenea, Flemg.

Shell minute, depressed, nearly discoidal, few-whorled ; peris-
tome entire, round ; operculum multispiral.

1. Skenea planorbib, Fabr. Shell minute, flat, slightly convex
above, broadly concave below, forming a deep umbilicus showing
all the whorls; whorls smooth; aperture circular, with a sharp
lip; operculum multispiral. Light horn-color. Length of
axis |; D. 1^-; An. 130°; Wh. 3; Ap. f. — New York and north.
Common under stones at low water.

Family 66. CALYPTR/E1D/E.

Shell flat or boat-shaped, with the apex more or less spiral ;
interior with a shelly process or shelf, variously shaped, to
which the adductor muscles are attached. Animal with a dis-
tinct head ; muzzle lengthened and split, but non-retractile ; eyes
on the external bases of a pair of tentacles.

The bonnet-limpets adhere to stones and shells; most of them
appear never to quit the spot on which they first settle, as the
margin of the shells becomes adapted to the surface beneath,
while some wear away the space below their foot, and others

secrete a shell base.

* Shell conical ; partition cup-shaped /. Crucibulum.

* Shell oblong, flat or convex ; partition nearly flat 2. Crepidula.

1. Crucibulum, Schum.

Shell conical, with an internal, cup-shaped plate attached on
one side to the wall of the shell.

1. Crucibulum striatum , Say. Cup and saucer Limpet. Shell
moderately solid, conical with numerous, equidistant, elevated,
radiating lines; aperture circular; summit smooth, obtusely
pointed, inclined toward the left side and posterior end ; inter-
nal, cup-shaped partition attached at one side and terminating
near the inner apex of the shell. White to waxy-yellow.

146'

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

Height to apex 12J; D. 20. — -New Jersey and north. Common.

2. Crepidula, Lam.

Shell oblong, with an internal plate covering the posterior half.

^ 1. Crepidula fornicata , L. (Figs. 41, 42). Shell quite convex,,

with one side more oblique than the other;, surface transversely
wrinkled ; partition slightly concave, about \ the size of the ob-
long aperture. Generally reddish in color, sometimes spotted,,
occasionally white. L. 25-40 ^ W. 16-30. — Whole extent.
Abundant.

v 2. Orepiditla convexa, Sav. Shell small, opaque, very convex,
obliquely-ovate, one side nearly vertical, the other sloping; sur-
face wrinkled ; apex acute, separate from the body of the shell,,
turning to one side and downward to the tip of the shell ; aper-
ture oval; diaphragm deep, convex, less than half of the aper-
ture. Color ashen-brown with bands, or spots of reddish-brown..
L. 12 ; W. 8; Height 4. On seaweeds and stones throughout.

3, Crepidula plana , Say. Shell flat or reversed concave, ovate
to quadrilateral in outline ; surface wrinkled. Pure white. L.
28-50; W. 15-30. — Whole extent. Usually within shells.

Family 67. NAKCID/E.

Shell globular or oval ; spire usually short ; aperture semi-
lunar, without canal or notch; outer lip sharp; columella lip
callous, more or less reflected over the umbilicus.

Animal with small tentacles which are lanceolate, wide apart,
united by a veil ; eyes absent or minute ; mantle enclosed ; foot
much produced in front, where it is furnished with a fold which
covers the head and tentacles ; operculum paucispiral, corneous.
Marine. Eggs deposited in a curious, sand formed ribbon which
is bent in a circular form, constricted into a neck above.

* Aperture less than half the area of the shell 1. Natiea .

* Shell ear-shaped ; aperture over half the area 2. Sigaretus.

1. Natica, Lam.

Shell sub-globular, spire slightly elevated; aperture half round-
a spiral callus on the pillar, entering more or less into the umbili-
cus. Animal blind, completely retractile within its shell ; oper-
culum with an external, limy layer.

* Shell over 20 long. (A.)

A. L^mbilieus widely open.

,3.

Fam. 67.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

147

A. Umbilicus more or less covered with brown callus 2.

* Shell under 20 long. (B.)

B. Umbilicus open* 5.

B. Umbilicus more or less covered with white callus. (O.)

C. Under 10 long 1.

C. Over 10 long 4.

1. Natica pusilla , Say. Shell thin, suboval ; callus pressed later-
ally into the umbilicus, whitish ; umbilicus consisting of an
arcuated, linear, vertical aperture. Cinereous or rufous, with
sometimes, one or two obsolete, revolving bands. L. 6 ; D. 5;
An. 100° ; Wh. 3 ; Ap. f. — Mass, and south. Not rare.

2. Natiea (Never ita) duplicata , Say. (Figs, 31 and 39). Shed
solid, subglobose ; whorls convexly flattened above ; aperture
oval, oblique ; umbilicus irregular, with a deep furrow, and
almost covered by a thick callus. Color ashen-gray, deep chest-
nut-brown within ; callus of the same color. L. 50; D. 50 ; An.
100°; Wh. 5; Ap. f. — Mass, and south. Abundant south of
Cape Cod.

* 3. Natica ( Lunatia ) her os, Say. (Fig. 38, young shell). Shell

large, thick, globular ovate ; whorls convex ; aperture oval, dark
reddish-brown, or tinged with yellowish ; the callus reflected
over a small portion of the larger, patulous, and coarsely wrin-
kled umbilicus ; the young shell is sometimes marked by three
revolving series of parallel, oblong, brown spots, 12 or 14 in each
row. L. 60; D. 50; An. 120°; Wh. 5; Ap. f. — Whole extent.
Common.

4. Natica (Lunatia') Groenlandica, Mol. Shell suboval, smooth,
glossy, or with faint lines of growth and revolving lines ; suture
distinct and deep; lip sharp, callus pressed laterally into the
umbilicus, leaving a narrow, curved, linear opening. Epidermis
ash-colored, bluish-white beneath. L. 12J ; D. 11; An. 110°;
Wh. 4 ; Ap. f. — Mass, and north.

5. Natica ( Lunatia ) immaculata , Tot. Shell small, solid, sub-
oval; apex short and pointed, suture not impressed; aperture
narrow, somewhat acutely curved at base ; umbilicus rounded
and deep, but little covered by the callus which is not very large,
but forms a deposit under the upper part of the lip, and causes
a white spiral line to show just below the suture. Epidermis
thin, greenish-yellow, milk-white beneath. L. 7; D. 5J; An.
90°; Wh. 5; Ap. f. — New York and north.

148

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

2. Sigaretus, Lam.

Shell ear-shaped, with a minute spire and very large aperture ;
operculum minute, horny, subspiral.

Animal with a large mantle, partly or entirely covering the
shell; anterior foot-lobe, used in burrowing, very large.

1 . Sigaretus perspective , Say. Shell ovate, elongated, depressed ;
surface with numerous, impressed, sligJatly undulating lines,
crossed by revolving strise which disappear beneath ; aperture
more than f the entire area of the shell; suture distinct, but
not deep. Milk-white, sometimes tinged with brown; smooth,
polished, and faintly iridescent.. L. 37 ; D. 30; An. 140°; Wh.
3 ; AP. f .

Family 68. ACM /El D/E.

Shell wholly external, dish-shaped, with apex directed forward.
Animal with eyes, and a plumose, external gill on the neck.

1. Acm^ea, Esck.

Shell solid, patelliform. Animal with a frilled muzzle pro-
duced at the lower front corners into two tubercles.

1. Acmxa testudinalis , Mul. (Fig. 42). Shell oblong, oval,
conical, surface finely checkered by the minute, radiating and
encircling lines; margin entire, sharp. Whitish or greenish, often
mottled with brownish. L. 20-35 ; W. 12-20 ; Height 7-12. —
New England. On rocks. Common north.

Var. Alveus, Con. Shell smaller, oblong, twice as long as wide,
with nearly parallel sides. — Same region. On eel-grass.

Family 69. TROC H 1 D/E.

Shell usually conical, with flattened base, brilliantly pearly
inside ; operculum horny, multispiral. Animal with a short
muzzle ; eyes pedunculated at the outer base of long, slender
tentacles; head and sides ornamented with fringed lobes, and
tentacular filaments. Feeding on sea-weeds.

1. Margareta, Leach.

Shell usually thin, globular-conical, umbilicated ; aperture
rounded, pearly ; lip sharp, smooth. Many species are found
in deep water. The following is in rather shallow water.

1. Margareta obscura , Cout. Shell solid, low-conical ; whorls
convex, and rendered angular near the middle by a prominent,
revolving ridge; often one or two additional and less prominent

Fam. 70.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

149

ridges on the body whorl, with numerous very fine lines; these,
with the rather coarse lines of growth, give the surface an in-
dented or .cellular appearance ; aperture circular ; umbilicus
large and deep, bounded by a sharp, angular ridge. Dull red-
dish-brown above, and light ash-color below. L. 10; D. 12 ;
An. 90°; Wh. 5; Ap. f. — New England. Found in fishes.

Order POLY^PLACOPHORA. (The Chitons).

Body vermiform; symmetrical, without separated head or'
tentacles; ventral surface flattened; dorsal surface covered by
calcareous plates, placed in a segmented manner, one behind the
other ; gills paired.

Family 70. ISCHN0CH1T0NID/E.

Animal furnished with eight, calcareous plates along the back ;
the head and*tail piece similarly articulated ; the insertion plates
sharp, smooth, fissured ; the outer layer around the plates called
the girdle overhanging the plates and forming eaves.

* Eaves projecting ; girdle covered with minute flattish scales.....

1. Trachydermon .

* Eaves moderate; girdle covered with hairs 2, Chcetopleura .

* Eaves short; girdle minutely downy 3. Tonicella.

Trachydermon, Carpenter.

Anterior and posterior plates with many sharp teeth ; girdle
covered with minute granular flattish scales, and without pores ;
eaves projecting, spongy ; gills short.

1. Trachydermon ruber , Low. Shell small oval, elevated,
keeled; lines of growth distinct, but surface unmarked with
punctures or granulations, even under the magnifier ; color light
brick-red or flesh-color; margin coated with red and white dust
in alternate blotches; interior bright rose-red. L. 12; W. 7-J. — -
New England. On stones below low wTater.

2. Trachydermon albus , Mont. Shell small, elongated-oval,
covered with bluish-black pigment which easily rubs off, and
leaves the color yellowish or ashy; valves moderately keeled,
and minutely beaked ; margin membranous, and covered with
beaded granules. L. 10; W. 4. — Cape Cod and north.

2. Chcetopleura, Shut.

Anterior and posterior plates with many sharp teeth ; surface
of girdle hairy ; eaves moderate ; gills encircling.

150

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

1. Ch&topleura apimlata, Say. (Fig. 44). Form oblong-oval,
convex ; valves obtusely keeled, the central portion of the pos-
terior margin becoming slightly beaked with age ; lateral areas
triangulai, studded with numerous rounded tubercles, obsolete
towards the apices, more numerous towards the sides; these
sides are rounded, with an elevated, marginal line ; middle space
lozenge-shaped, and covered with 10 or 12 rows of elevated,
rounded dots on each side of the keel, and parallel with it.
Grayish, bluish, or ferruginous. L. 13-25 ; W. 8-15. — Whole
coast. More abundant southerly.

3. Tonicella, Carpenter.

Anterior and posterior plates, as in the preceding ; surface of
girdle, smooth or minutely downy; eaves short; gills medium.

1. Tonicella marmoreus , Fabr. Shell oblong-ovate, rather flat ;
valves slightly keeled and beaked, their surface covered with
microscopic granulations in quincunx order ; to the naked eye,
smooth and shining ; girdle covered with a close, short down,
alternately wThite and red. Color varying from bright red to
yellowish or dark brown, with numerous fine, zigzag whitish
lines over the whole surface ; posterior edge of valves with 6-8
whitish spots. L. 17 ; W. 11. Cape Cod and north.

CLASS III, CEPHALOPODA.

Free swimming, oceanic mollusks with well-marked head, and
a circle of muscular arms around the mouth, by the aid of which
they move freely from place to place. These arms are usually
supplied with suckers; the eyes are large and very perfect; the
mouth provided with two long, beak-like jaws. * Sexes distinct.

Order Dibranchiata.

Cephalopoda with two gills in the mantle cavity ; eight or ten
arms provided with suckers ; an ink bag, for the secretion of a
black fluid, always present. This is used to color the water
when pursued. The species given in this work all belong to the
suborder Decapoda having 8 true arms, which are sessile, and 2
long tentacles, which have a stalk and clubbed ends ; the suckers
are stalked, and have a horny rim. The mantle bears twTo lat-
eral fins. An internal shell is alway present, and is usually
horny in substance, and feather or lance-like in form.

Family 71. SPIRULID/E,

This family consists only of the genus : —

Fain. 73.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

151

1. Spirula, Lam.

Animal with an internal calcareous, spiral shell ; the whorls
are in the same plane and free from each other, like a watch
spring ; the shell is divided into many chambers by partitions.

The shells of Spirula peronii, Lam, (Figs. 56 and 57), a pelagic
species, are occasionally thrown on the shores of Nantucket dur-
ing a storm, and probably at other places southward. The shell
is white, pearly and coiled in 2-3 turns.

Family 72, OM IVS AT OSTR EPH I D/E.

Characters mainly of the genus : —

1. Ommatostrephes, D’Orb.

Body long, cylindrical ; arms short, writh two rows of suckers ;
tentacles short, not retractile, the clubs with four rows of suck-
ers ; siphons valved, united by bands to the head ; shell horny,
small, slender, like a lance, with a hollow end cone. Abund-
ant in the open sea and extensively used as bait for cod fish.
Commonly called “ sea arrows ” or u flying squids.”

1. Ommatostrephes illecebrosa , Lesueur. Head large; body
elongate, cylindrial, fleshy, smooth ; tentacles short, like the
other 8 arms, and provided with 8 rows of numerous small
cups; fins rhombic, about \ as long as the body, sides quite
pointed ; gladius narrow, ending in a large cone. Whole coast ;
frequently found near shore.

2. Ommatostrephes Bartramii , Lesueur, (Figs. 58, 59). Head
•hort ; back with a longitudinal, violet band ; tentacles short,
with two rows of small cups at the end ; second and third pairs
of sessile arms wflth fins on the inner edge of the ventral side ;
gladius long, slender, with a small cone. Whole coast.

Family 73, 0NYCHQTEUTH1D/E,

The principal peculiarity of this family is the development of
hooks upon the arms in the place of more or less of the sucking
disks.

1. Onychoteuthis, Lichtenstein.

Arms with two rows of suckers, the rings of which are not
toothed ; tentacles thick, their clubs with two rows of strong
hooks, and at the base a rounded group of suckers ; gladius
lancet-form with an end cone.

1. Onychoteuthis Banksii , Leach. (Figs. 60, 61). Head with

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY 0* IlfWn?

152

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

11 longitudinal ridges; fins rhomboidal, wider than long, about
half the length of the body ; tentacles with a double series of
hooks as well as cups, 20-22 in number; gladius slender with
an obconic end. Pelagic, whole coast, abundant.

Family 74. CRANCHIID/E.

Represented only by the genus : —

1. Loligopsis, Lam.

Body long, attenuated behind ; siphons not valved ; ten-
tacles long and slender.

1. Loligopsis pavo , Lesueur. (Figs. 62, 63). Body very long,
conical, attenuated ; fins terminal, about \ the length of the
body, rounded in outline, soft in substance ; gladius very slen-
der, nearly gelatinous. Coast south of N. J.

Family 75. SEPIOLID/E.

Body short ; tentacular arms completely retractile ; fins short,
in the middle of the sides of the back ; gladius only about \ as
long as the body, sometimes absent.

1. Sepiola, Leach.

Body short, purse-like ; fins dorsal, rounded, narrow^ at the
base.

1. Sepiola atlantica , Orb. et F. (Fig. 64). Sessile arm£ short,
unequal ; fins short, oval, far apart, in the middle of the back ;
gladius horny, linear, narrow, ending in a spatulate tip, about J
as long as the body. — Whole coast.

Family 76. LOLIGINID/E.

Represented only by the genus

Loligo, Lam.

Body long, and with fins on the sides of the tail extending to
the tip ; the shaft of the gladius is keeled on the ventral sides,
and is as long as the back ; cups of the 8 short arms in two rows.

* Fins less than J the length of the body 1.

* Fins more than J the length of the body 2, 8.

1. Loligo brevis, Blainv. Body cylindrical, obtuse at posterior
end; fins short, transversely oval; gladius dilated, very broad,
narrow in front. — Del. Bay and south.

2. Loligo Pealii , Lesueur. (Figs. 65, 66). Body subconical,
acuminated posteriorly ; fins rliomboidal, thick, ocupying

Fam. 76.]

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

153

more than J the length of the body ; side angles rounded ;
gladius lanceolate, narrow ; cups very oblique, in two regular
rows. Dark colored and much spotted. — Common along the
whole coast.

3. Loligo 'pallida , Ver. Body stout, tapering rapidly backward ;
candal fin large, about as broad as long, more than \ the length
of the body, side angles hardly at all rounded ; tentacular arms
about as long as the body when extended. General color pale,
gelatinous, translucent, not very thickly covered with spots.
Length from base of arms 145; body 120; fins L. 70, W. 75.
Conn. and N. Y.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

155

GLOSSARY OF MOLLUSCAN TERMS.

A

Acute, sharp, as the outer lip of many
univalves.

Adductor muscle , in bivalves, the one
or two muscles used to hold the
valves together; adductor impres-
sions, the scars in the shell showing
where the muscles were attached.

Amphibious, inhabiting both land and
water.

Anterior , in bivalves, the end of
the shell having the foot and mouth
of the animal (Fig. 15, A.) ; in uni-
valves, the end opposite the apex of
the spire of the shell (Fig. 35, A).

Aperture, an opening ; of univalves, the
mouth of the shell (Fig. 32, K).

Apex, the extreme point of the spire
of a univalve (Fig. 32, B).

Approximate, very near together, as
the umbones of some bivalves.

Aquatic, inhabiting the water.

Arborescent, tree-like ; branching like
a tree, as the gills of some sea slugs
^Fig. 30, G).

Arched, bowed, or rounded.

Areuate, in the form of an arch.

Area of shell, the space included in
the outline of the shell as drawn ;
the aperture is more or less in ratio
to the whole. Fig. 54 shows aper-
ture more than two-thirds the area.

Attenuate, long and slender, or ending
in a long point.

B

Basal, bottom ; when used in uni-
valves, it means the anterior end of
the aperture (Fig.l>5, A).

Beaks, often used in mulluscan works
under bivalves and equivalent to
umbones or umbo (which see). Fig.
5, E).

Bivalve , applied to shells with two
movable plates forming sides; as
the mussel. Plate I.

Boreal, northern.

Brackish, applied to water having a
little salt, as the mouths of streams
flowing into the ocean.

Branchia, a gill or breathing organ of
water animals.

Buceinifcrm, shaped like buccinum
(Fig. 34).

Bulbous, swollen or globular.

Byssiferous, fastened by byssus, as the
salt-water mussels.

Byssus, thread-like strands which are
used to fasten some bivalves.

C

Calcareous, lime-like or formed of
lime.

Callous, hardened, or covered with a
special deposit.

Callus, special deposit of shell ma-
terial often found near the aperture
of univalves (Fig. 39, E).

Calyeidat 3, having a cup-like umbo,
which is divided from the rest of
the shell by a distinct mark.

Campanulate, in the form of a bell.

Canal , a grove or channel, usually ap-
plied to the anterior prolongation
of univalve shells (Fig. 37).

Cancellated, cross-barred; meshed with
lines crossing each other and form-
ing a lattice-like appearance ( Fig.
45).

Cardinal teeth, the transverse teeth of
bivalve shells ; found near the um-
bones (Figs. 3 and 7, C).

Carinate, with a keel or ridge.

Cartilage, the internal rubber-like sub-
stance which opens the valves of a
shell.

Ciudal, having a tail -like appendage.

Cimeter, having a shape like a sword.

Cinereous, having the color of wood
ashes.

derated, with movable hairs, as the
siphons of many bivalves ; they are
prehensile or grasping organs.

C rnferous, the same as cirrated.

Clavate, club shaped.

Closed, applied to bivalve shells which
shut tightly all around the edge
(Fig. 6).

Compressed, applied to bivalves when
the valves are quite flat.

Concave, hollowed out.

Concentric, from the same centre ; ap-
plied to the lines or grooves on bi-
valves which are parallel with each
other, and form arcs with the umbo
as a centre (Fig. 5).

Columella, a small column; the term
used in univalve shells for the axis
around which the whorls are
form^

156

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

Conic or Conical, cone shaped (Fig. 32).

Constricted, with a narrow part.

Contractile, capable of being much
contracted.

Convex, bulging or rounded outward.

Cordate , heart-shaped.

Coriaceous, leather-like, or tough like
leather.

Corneous, horn-like, or consisting of
horny substance.

Corroded, eaten off, as the epidermis
of many shells.

Corrugations, wrinkles or ridges.

Costate , halving ribs or rib-like ridges
(Fig. 35).

Crenated , having the edges formed of
many little rounded lobes ( Fig. 7).

Cremisular, coming out in the even-
ing.

Crescentic, having a form like the
crescent moon.

' D

Dead sh lls, those in which the ani-
mal died before the shell was gath-
ered.

Deciduous , coming off* soon, as the
epidermis of shells which peel off.

Decollated, having the end cut short
off, or truncated.

Decussated, intersected with cross
lines.

Deflected, bent downward, as the last
whorl of some univalves.

Dentate, having the edge formed of
many sharp points.

Denticulate, minutely dentate.

Denuded, made bare, or worn off.

Depressed , flattened, as when the spire
is flat or nearly so.

Dextral , right h;mded; applied to
shells which, when held so that the
spire is upward and the aperture
towards the person, the aperture is
on the right hand side (Fig. 38).

Diaphanous, somewhat transparent, or
at least translucent.

Disco' dal, having the shape of a flat-
tened disc.

Dorsal, pertaining to the back ; in
bivalves, it is the hinge edge.

E

Eared , with projecting wing-like parts
at the sides of the umbones, as in

, Fig- 4-

Eaves, the projecting edges of the gir-
dle over the valves in chitons.

Effuse, having the lips separated by a
j groove.

Elliptical, having an oval or elliptical
form.

Emarginate, obtusely notched.

Entire, the edge even ; no notches of
any kind.

Epidermis, the skin or membrane
covering most shells.

Epiphragm, the membrane formed of
mucus, which closes the aperture of
many land shells during the winter.

Equilateral, in bivalve shells, when
the umbo is about central (Fig. 4).

Eq iivalve, in bivalve shells, when the
valves are of equal size and bulge
alike (Fig. 6).

Eroded, worn off

Estuary , the mouth of a river where
the tide meets the current.

Everted, turned more or less inside
out, or widely spreading.

Expanding, widely spreading or
trumpet-shaped, as the aperture of
some shells.

F

Filamentous, slender, thread like.

Fissure, a notch.

Flat, used with reference to the per-
istome when straight.

Fluviatile, inhabiting flowing streams.

Fragile, easily broken.

Free, not fixed or fastened.

Fusiform, spindle-shaped ; thicxv in
the centre and tapering both ways
(Fig. 48).

G

Gaping, applied to bivalve shells
which do not tit closely when closed

(Fig. 10).

Gelatinous , jelly like.

Gibbous, rounded outward like the
gibbous moon.

Gills , breathing organs of water ani-
mals; often external in the sea
slugs (Figs. 28-31).

Girdle , the leather-like border of
chitons (Fig. 44).

Gladius, the horny quill-pen like part
found in the bodies of squids (Fig.
65).

Globose , rounded or globular.

Glutinous, sticky, slimy or gummy.

Gonial ridge , the ridge often found in
bivalve shells extending from the
umbo to the gonium. Fig. 11,
dotted line A C, shows position of
gonial ridge.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

157

Gonium, the lower back angle of bi-
valve shells (Fig. 11, C).

Granular, small grain-like markings,

Granulose, covered with small mark-
ings like grains (Fig. 55).

Gregarious , living together in flocks.

H

Habitat, locality where found.

Herbivorous, living on plants.

Hermaphrodite, both sexes united in
one individual.

Hispid, covered with rather stiff’ hairs
(Fig. 3).

Hyaline, glassy.

! «

Imbricating, over-lapping, as the shin-
gles of a roof.

Impressed, marked with a plain fur-
row, as the suture of the spire (Fig.
32, H).

Incrassated, thickened, coarse.

Incumbent, resting against, or bent
against.

Incurved , bent over.

Indented, cut or notched.

Inequivalve , applied to bivalves when
one valve is larger or bulges more
than the other (Fig. 1).

Inflated, swollen, as bivalve shells
when the width is great.

Inflected , turned in, as the lips of the
aperture.

Invaginate , the bending of one part
into another.

Involute , one part curved around an-
other.

K

Keeled , with a ridge-like projection.

L

Labium , the inner lip of the aperture,
the one next the axis (Fig. 32, J).

Labrum , the outer lip of the aperture
(Fig. 32, C).

Lamellated , covered with scales or
plates (Fig. 15).

Lamellibranchiate , having leaf-like
giils.

Lamelliform , having the form of
plates or scales.

Laminae, thin, leaf-like layers.

Lateral teeth, the elongated teeth of
the hinge of bivalves farthest from
the umbo (Fig. 8, D. and E).

Lens-shape or Lenticular , applied to
univalves which are disk-like, but
curve outward about the same on
each side, like a double-convex
lens.

Ligament, the name of the external,
rubber-like substance which tends
to open the valves of shells (Fig.
6, D).

Limpet- shaped, flattened, cup-shaped
(Figs. 42 and 43)

Littoral , that part of the shore be-
tween high and low water.

Live shells, shells which were gathered
while the animal was alive ; after
cleaning they are alwavs called by
this term to indicate that they are
more perfect in color and parts.

Livid, of a blackish blue color.

Locomotive, applied to shells which
walk around on the surface of
things, instead of burrowing or re-
maining fixed.

Lunate, of a shape nearly like that of
the half moon.

Lunule, a mark or indented spot, often
moon-shaped, found in front of the
umbones of some bivalves (Fig. 6,
C).

1VS

Mantle, the outer, soft membrane of
the body of a mollusk, usually lin-
ing the shell and fastened to it at
a short distance from the outer
margin ; in bivalves, it is attached
along the pallial line.

Marine, pertaining or belonging to
the sea.

Microscopic, very fine and needing a
magnifying glass to be seen dis-
tinctly.

Mucous, the part secreting mucus.

Mucus, the slimy secretion of land
snails.

Muricated, armed with sharp points
or prickles.

N

Nacreous, iridescent, pearly.

Natatory, enabling to swim.

Nodulous, having small knots or irreg-
ular prominences.

Nucleus, the beginning of a shell ; in
univalves the apex, and in bivalves,
umbones.

158

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

O

Obeonie, a reversed cone.

Obelisk-shaped , a very elongated cone
with the apex removed.

Oblique, slanting ; applied to the aper-
ture when its length is not par-
allel with the axis of the shell.

Obovate , a reversed ovate ; univalve
shells which have their widest part
nearer the apex than the anter-
ior end.

Obsoletely , applied to markings which
are very hard to see.

Ocelli, the minute, simple eyes found
in pectens and a few other genera
of bivalves.

Ochreous , a dull, yellowish orange
color.

Opaque , not at all transparent or trans-
lucent.

Operculum , the hard cover or lid on
on the foot of many univalves and
closing the aperture when the ani-
mal draws into the shell (Fig. 45,
A).

Oral , pertaining to the mouth; ap-
plied to the tentacles nearest to the
mouth (Fig. 27, A).

Orbicular , applied to shells which are
rounded and flattened, like a disk,
th e spire being very low.

Orifice , opening.

Ovate , egg-shaped.

Ovately conic , egg-shaped, but ending
in more or less of a conic point
(Fig. 38).

p

Pallets , the small spade-shaped shells
at the end of siphons of the ship-
worms (Teredo, etc.,) (Fig. 19).

Palli el line or impression , the mark
extending between the adductor
muscles of bivalves, showing the
attachment of the mantle to the
shell (Fig. 7, H).

Palpi, the feelers or tentacles of mol-
lusks (Fig. 28, A and B).

Papillce , small projecting points or
pimples.

Papilose , covered with pimples or
warts.

Parietal , pertaining to or growing from
the inner wall or shell.

Patelliform, the shape of a depressed
cone (Fig. 42).

Patulous , open, expanded, slightly |
spreading. j

Paucispiral , slightly spiral ; applied
to operculse (Fig. 49).

Pedicel, a foot-stalk or stem.

Pelagic, pertaining to the sea ; ap-
plied to mollusks of the open sea,
as to the squids and pteropods.

Pellucid, transparent, clear, bright.

Penultimate, next before the last.

Perfoliate, having a stem passing
through.

Periphery , the outside line of a form.

Peristome, the edge around the aper-
ture.

Peritrcme, the rim or extreme edge of
the aperture of univalves.

Pestle- shaped, the shape of the pul-

* verizing instrument used in a mor-
tar by druggists.

Pervious, slightly open, as the umbili-
cus when small.

Pilose, covered with distinct hairs.

Pinnate , with branching divisions ar-
ranged like a feather, as the gills
of many univalves (Fig. 28, G).

Plaits, folds like the bottom of some
dresses (Fig. 3).

Planorboid, applied to disk -like shells
with a flat spire like planorbis.

Plicate, folded back and forth like a
fan.

Podial ridge , the ridge often found in
bivalve shells extending from the
umbo to the podium. Fig. 11,
dotted line A B, shows the position
of the podial ridge.

Podium, the lower front angle of bi-
valve shells (Fig. 11, B).

R

Radiated, extending off from a point
in many directions, as the rays of
light from a luminous body ; the
ridges of Fig. 4.

Radula, the chitinous ribbon bearing
the teeth of mollusks ; called also
lingual ribbon and tongue; lingual
ribbon covered with teeth, also
called tongue (Fig. 31).

Ramose, having many branches, as a
stem with many divisions.

I Reflected, reflexed; turned or bent
j backward.

Reticulated, resembling net-work ;
having lines crossing each other
like a net (Fig. 36).

Retractile, capable of being drawn
back or turned inward, as the ten-
tacles of land snails.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

159

'Revolving lines, lines on a univalve
shell parallel with the whorls and
suture (Fig. 34).

Rhombic, having four equal sides and
oblique angles.

Rhomboid, a ligure of four sides, the
opposite sides equal and parallel,
but two of the sides longer than
the other two.

Ribbed, with raised parallel ridges or
lines.

Rimate, with a slight crack or chink,
as the umbilicus of univalves wdien
not fully open.

Rostrated, having a rostrum or beak
with the mouth at the end.

Rostrum, the proboscis of univalves
with the mouth at the extremity.

Rotund, rounded or spherical.

Rub’ginose , with a rough surface.

Rufous, of a brownish red color.

Rugose, rough with wrinkles.

S

Series, a number of marks arranged
in regular order.

Serrated, notched at the edge like a
saw.

Sessile, without a stem.

Setaceous, having the slender form of a
bristle or covered with bristles.

Shouldered, having a projecting ridge,
as the whorls of many univalves
(Figs. 36 and 37).

Simple, without break or notch, as the
peristome when continuing all
around ; and the pallial line when
without notch or sinus (Fig. 3, H).

Sinistral, left-handed, as the shells of
univalves which, when held so that
the apex is upward and the aper-
ture towards the person, the aper-
ture is on the left (Figs. 21 and 55).

Sinuous, having the edge alternately
curved inward and outward (Fig.

.15>A)-

Sinus, the notch in the pallial tine ot
many bivalves, showing the posi-
tion of the siphon (Figs. 7 and 9, 1).

Siphon, the one or two tubes of mol-
lusks through which the water flows
to supply the animal with oxygen,
and, in bivalves, with food also
(Fig. 11, D, and Fig. 45, D).

Solid , applied to shells which are
thick and strong.

Spatulatc, of the form of a spatula
used by druggists to pulverize sub-
stances.

Spiculose, covered with sharp, hard
points.

Spiral, winding around, as the whorls
of the spire of most univalves.

Striae, minute lines, but visible to the
unaided eye.

Striate, covered with stria3, usually
lines of growth.

Subulate , narrow and tapering to a
sharp point ; awl-shaped.

Sulcate, marked with furrows or deep
grooves.

Sulcus, a deep groove.

Superficial, just on the surface.

Superior angle, the upper angle.

Suture, the groove between the whorls
of the spire of univalves (Fig. 32,
H).

T

Teeth, in bivalves the term is used for
the cardinal teeth of the hinge (Fig.
3, C).

Tentacles, the projecting feeler-like
parts on the heads of snails (Fig.
45, C) ; and the long arms of squids
(Fig. 66).

Terete, cylindrical, but tapering like
a twig of a tree.

Testaceous, shell like.

Toothed hinge , a hinge with cardinal
teeth, as most bivalves.

Translucent, nearly but not quite
transparent.

Transverse, when elongated in a direc-
tion not usual, as when the aper-
ture is wider than long ; also ap-
plied to cardinal teeth when they
are longer in the direction of the
length of the shell.

Trapezo'dal , having four sides but the
opposite sides not parallel.

Trilobate, with threfc rounded lobes

Truncated, having the end not round-
ed but square as though cut ofl*.

Tuber culate, covered with projecting,
rounded points (Fig. 36).

Tuber culiform, having the form of a
tuber, like the white potato.

Tubercles, rounded points or pimples.

Tumid, swollen.

Turbinate, shaped like a top.

Turreted, shaped like a tower (Fig.
55).

Turriculate, with the form of a tower.

U

Umbilicus, a depression or opening in
the centre of the base of many uni-
valve shells (Fig. 38, A).

160

JOURNAL OF THE NEW JERSEY

Urnbone, the nuclei or starting points
of bivalve shells (Fig. 5, E).

V

Valves, the two shells which enclose
bivalve mollusks.

Varices, longitudinal ribs of univalve
shells (Fig. 35).

Varicose, unusually enlarged or swol-
len.

Ventral, the lower side ; applied to
the edge of bivalve shells farthest
from the hinge (Fig. 5, D).

Ventrieose, inflated, swollen or round-
ed on the ventral side.

Vesicular, having many bladdery cav-
ities.

Viscera, the internal organs, includ-
ing stomach, etc.

Vitta, a band or stripe of color.

Volutions, the whorls of univalve
shells.

W

Warped, twisted irregularly (Fig. 1).

Whorls, the spiral convolutions of a
shell (Fig. 32, G).

Wings, thin compressed portions near
the umbones, found in some of the
fresh water mussels.

NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY.

161

INDEX TO THE MOLLUSKS.

Acanthodoris , . .

121

....

148

Acmxidx , . . .

148

Actxon, ....

117

Actxonidx , . . .

117

Adeorbidx , . .

145

yEolidx, . . . .

124

JEolidia , . . .

126

AEolis ,

125

Aiolobrancliiata , .

123

Alder iay . . . .

128

Alexia ....

130

Amethystine Gem ,

99

Anatinidx , . .

107

Ancula, . . . .

122

Anomalodesmacea, , 107

Anomia , . . . .

86

Anomiidx , . .

85

^4rca,

90

Arcidx , . . .

90

Astarte , . . . .

93

Astartidx , . . .

93

Auriculidx , . .

130

Barnea , . .

112

Beach Clam , . .

106

iMa, . . .

132

Bittium , . . . .

141

Buccinidx , . .

133

Buccinum , . . .

134

Bullidx , . . .

119

Cxcidx , . . . .

142

Cxcum) ....

142

Calyptrxidx , . .

145

Cardiidx, . . .

96

Carditidx , . . .

92

Cardium , . . .

97

Cavolinia , . . .

116

Cavoliniidx , .

115

Cephcdopoda , . .

150

Cerithiidx , . .

141

Cerithiopsidx , . .

140

Cerithiopsis , . .

141

Ceronia, . . .

104

Chxtopleura ,

149

Chitons , . . .149

Clam , . 99, 106, 110

Clidiophora , . .108

Clione , . . . 116

Clionidx , . . .116

Cochlodesma , . 107

Columbella , . .135

Columbellidx , . 135

Corbula , . . .109

Corbulidx , . .109

Coryphella , . .127

Cranchiidx , . . 152

Crassatellidx, . . 94

Crenella , ... 89

Creseis , . . . .116

Crepidula , . . 146

Crucibulum , . .145

Cryptodon , . . 96

Cienobranchiata , . 13 1
Cumingia , . . 103

Cylichnella , . .118

Cyprina , ... 98

Cyrtodaria , . .111

Cytherea , ... 99

Decapoda , . . .150

Dendronotus , . 124

Diaphana, . .119

Dibranchiata , . 1 50

Dipper Clam, . .106

Donacidx, . . 100

Donax , . . . .100

Doridella , . . 119

Doridellidx , . .119

Dorididx , . . 120

Doris, . . . .120

Dosinia , ... 99

Dofo, . . . .124

Dreissensia , . ' . 89

Elysia , . . . .129

Elysiidx , . . .129

Embletonia , . .129

Ensis, . . . .105

Eriphyla , . . . 94

Erycinidx , . . 94

Eupleura , . . .136

Fasciolaridx , . 133

Flabellina , . .126

Flying Squids , . 151
Fulgur , .... 133
Gastranella , . . 103

Gastropoda , . .115

Gemma , ... 99

Cfam, . .106

Gymnosomata , . 116
Haminea , . . .119

iTarc? £%€?/ O/am, 99
Hermxa y . . .128

Idalia , . . . 122

Ischnochitonidx , . 149
Kellia , ... 95

Labiosa , . . . 106

Lacuna , . . . 144

Leda, .... 92
Ledidx , ... 91

Limacina , . .115

Limacinidx , . . 115

Limapontia, . 130
Liocardium , . . 97

Littorina , . . . 143

Littorinidx , . . . 142

LoliginidXj . .152

Loligo , . . .152

Loligopsis , . . .152

Lucina , ... 96

Lucinidx , ... 96
Lunatia , . . .147
Lyonsia , . . .108

Lyonsiidx , . .107

Macoma , . . .102

Mactra , . . . 106

Mactridx , . . .105

Mangilia , . .132

Margarita , . . 148

Martesia , . . .112

Melampus , . . .131

Modiola , ... 88

Modiolaria , . . 88

Muricidx , . .136

Mussel , . . .

87 j Pleurotomidx,

.132 Stiliqer , .

. 128

Mya , . . .

110 Poly cer a, . . .

123

Syrnola , . .

. 139

Myidx , . . .

109 \Polyceridx.

. 122

! Tagelus , . .

. 101

Mytilidx , . .

87 Polyplacophora , .

149

1 ectibranchiata ,

. 117

Mytilus , .

88 Priono desmacea,

. 85

i Teleo desmacea.

. 92

Nassa , . . .

134 Psammobiidx .

101

\ Tellimya , .

. 95

Nassidx , . . .

134; Pteropoda, . .

. 115

Tellina, . .

. 102

Natica , .

1^ 46 Pulmonata, . .

130

Tellinidx , . .

. 101

Naticidx , . . .

146

Purpura , . .

. 137

Terebra, . .

. 131

Neverita , . .

147

Pyramidellidx , .

138

Terebridx ,

. 131

Aeu; EngVd Clam

110 Quahog, . .

. 99

Teredo, . .

. 113

Nucula , .

91 i&ssoa, .

144

Teredidx , .

. 113

Nuculidx , .

90 '.Rissoidx, .

. 144

; Thracia , . .

. 107

At/ dibranchiata ,

120 jifrmndE Clam,,

99

Thecosomata, .

. 115

Odostomia ,

139! Saxicava. .

. no

Tornatina,

. 118

Ommatostreph es.

151 Sax/ cavidx , . .

110

; Tornatinidx, .

. 117

Ommatostrephidx,! 51 \Scala, ,

. 137

Tornicella ,

. 150

Onchidoris , . .

120Scala,ridx, .

137

Trachydermon ,

. 149

Onychoteuthidx ,

1 5 1 Scaphandridx,

. 118

Triforidx ,

. 140

Onychoteuthis ,

151 \Scyttxa; .

123

Tr if or is, . .

. 140

Opisthobranchiata , 1 1 7 j Sea .

. 151

Tritonidx,

. 123

Qstrea , . . . .

85

Seila, . . .

140

Trochidx, . .

. 148

Ostreidx , . .

85 \Semele, . . .

. 104

; Turbonilla, .

. 138

Oyster, . . . .

%b\Semelulx,

103

Turtonia, . .

. 94

Pandora , .

10$\Sepiola ,

. 152

Ungulinidx,

. 95

Pandoridx ,

108 Sep/oA‘fe, . ,

152

Urosalpinx,

. 136

Paphiidx ,

104 SA^ W7orm,

. 113

Ulriculus,

. 118

Pecten

86 Sigaretus, . . .

148

I Venericardia, .

. 93

Pectinidx . .

8(rSiliqua,

. 105:

Veneridx,

. 98

Pelecypoda . .

H5\Sipho, ....

134'

Veniliidx, . .

. 98

Periploma , .

107

Skenea, . . .

. 145!

Venus,

. 98

Petri cola , .

1001

Solenidx, . .

104

Vermetidx,

. 142

Petricolidx , .

100

Solenomya ,

. 108

Vermetus,

. 142

Philine , . . .

119

Solenomyidx,

108

Xylotrya, .

. 114

Philinidx,

119

Spirula ,

. 1511

Yoldia,

. 91

Pholadidx ,

111

Spirulidx,

150!

Zirphxa, . .

. 112

Pholas , . .

111

Squids , .

. 151'

V

Errata :

V>L.

II., No. 1, Jan.

1889.

Page 36, line 6 from top, omit “ Leaves not prickly.”

Page 48, line 17 from top, omit the comma.

Page 55, line 9 from top, insert the word “ petioled ” between “ not ” and
“ cordate.’7

Page 5(;, line 2 from top, for “ not cordate nor petioled,” read “ not cordate
and petioled.”

*

Figure 1. Anomia simplex, oblique view; A, the very convex upper valve;

B, the lower valve ; C, the circular hole for a plug which is used to fasten the
shell.

2. Mvtilis edulus ; the whole exterior surface of the left valve showing the
distinct concentric lines of growth ; the interior makings and teeth of the an-
terior end of the right valve are also shown.

3. Area pexata ; H, the entire (i. e., without sinus), pallial line ; C, the num-
erous, transverse, or cardinal teeth of the hinge.

4. Pecten irradians ; surface covered with radiating ribs ; A and B, the
ears making the hinge line straight.

5. Venus mercenaria, left valve ; A, anterior end ; B, posterior end ; C3 dor-
sal side ; D, ventral side ; E, umbo ; distance A B, the length of the shell ; C
D, the height of shell ; ratio A G to A B, the position of umbo, m this case,
-J. Fig. 6, anterior view ; A B, the width of the shell ; D, external ligament;

C, lunule in front of the umbones. Fig. 7, interior view of the right valve ;
C, cardinal teeth ; D, lateral teeth ; E, anterior adductor muscle impression ;
G, posterior adductor muscle impression; H, pallial line; I, sinus of the
pallial line; the ventral edge is crenulated.

8. Mactra solidissima, interior view of right valve ; G, spoon-shaped cavity
for an internal cartilage ; D and E, striated lateral teeth ; B A C, angle of the
slopes of the shell.

9. Mya arenaria, oblique interior view of the left valve to show the project-
ing cartilage process C ; I, the very deep and large sinus of the pallial line H.
Fig. 10, dorsal view to show the wide gaping of the ends while the ventral
edge is closed. Fig. 11, the expanded animal parts ; D, the united siphons
at the posterior end ; E, the incurrent orifice ; F, the excurrent orifice ; G,
the foot at the anterior end. B, marks the position of the shell border called
the podium, and C, the position, often angulated, called the gonium. The
portion A B, in many shells has either ridges or grooves ; sucli ridges or
grooves are called podial ones; ridges or grooves along the line A C are
called gonial ones. These terms are quite useful in the descriptions of Unios
and many other bivalve shells.

12. Donax fossor ; external view of left valve and the extended animal parts.
This shell is peculiar in having the ligament on the shorter end of the shell ;
the longer end being the anterior or foot end. The siphons are here short
and divided. Fig. 13, dorsal view, showing the closed ends and the short ex-
ternal ligament. Fig. 14, internal view of the right valve.

15. Petricola pholadiformis ; oblique view to show the united mantle below.
The siphons are long and separated except at the base ; the incurrent orifice
E is fringed.

16. Pholas costata ; anterior end, showing the reflected hinge plates at A,
and the widely gaping ends. Fig. 17, dorsal view, showing the two extra
valves at D, one in front of the other, over the reflexed hinge plates; A,
anterior end ; B, posterior end.

18. Teredo navalis, showing the animal parts all extended. Fig. 19, the
pallets of the posterior or siphon end. Fig. 20, the left valve; the right is
shown on Fig. 18, just below.

Figures 1 to 3, 5 to 7, and 9 to 11, are about half scale ; figs. 4, 8, 16, and 17
are about a third or fourth scale; figs. 12 to 14, and 18 to 20, are about natural
size.

Figure 18 is adapted from A. E. Verrill in Sea Fisheries, and 19 and 20 are
taken from Binney Gould’s Invertebrates of Mass. The rest are origina’.

PLATE II.

"" 18.

Marine Pelecijpoda.

Figure 21. Limacina retroversa, the spiral, sinistral shell.

22. Cavolina tridentata; an expanded animal with wing-like swimming
organs and the projections from the mantle extending out from the side slits of
the shell. Fig. i?3, the shell.

24. Creseis conica ; an expanded animal with the tentacles projecting from
the wings. Fig. 25, the slender conical shell.

26. Elysia catulus, the animal with the swimming organs folded over the back.

27. iEolidia pilata ; A, the oral tentacles; B, the dorsal tentacles; G, the
external gills in live series. The front angles of the foot can be seen between
the tentacles.

23. Doris tuberculata ; G, a circle of pinnate, retractile gills. The lamin-
ated, dorsal tentacles are also retractile into cavities.

29. Dendronotus arborescens ; A, antler-like appendages ; B, dorsal tentacles ;
G, the arborescent gills.

30. Polycera Lessonii ; G, the bipinnate, non-retractile gills forming but a
half circle.

31. Natica duplicata, the radula or lingual ribbon (also called tongue). All
the animals on this plate have some form of radula.

32. Sipho Stimpsoni ; a dextral, spiral shell, illustrating various terms used
in the descriptions; A, the anterior end; 1>, the posterior end, the apex of the
spire and the nucleus ; G, the whorls of the spire ; IT, the suture ; 1, the body
whorl ; E B F, the angle of the spire ; K, the aperture ; J, the inner lip and
the columella; L, an anterior canal ; C, the outer lip; the distance A B, the
length of the shell ; D C, the diameter or width. The aperture is half the
length of the shell ; the whorls are eight in number. Fig. 33, the operculum.

34. Purpura lapillus ; the revolving furrows and ridges are very district;
the aperture has a notch instead of a canal at the anterior end.

35. Urosalpinx cinerea ; the rib-like undulations or varices are more distinct
than the revolving lines ; whorls rounded; suture deep; canal, short.

36. Nassa trivittata ; the whorls flattened and shouldered at the suture; sur-
face granulated ; the revolving lines and the ribs about equally prominent.

37. Eupleura caudata; the whorls angulated ; the varices or ribs stout ; the
canal long, straight and narrow.

33 Natica heros ; a young shell with the three revolving series of blotches ;
A, open umbilicus.

39. Natica duplicata, with the umbilicus nearly covered with a callus at B.

40. Crepidula fornicata ; side view showing the apex and lines of growth.

41. The same, under side, with the shelf in the boat-shaped shell.

42. Acm?ea testudinalis ; side view of the conical shell. Fig. 43, interior view.

44. C hadopleura apiculata ; shell composed of eight arched pieces surround-
ed by a leather-like material forming a girdle.

45. Nassa obsoleta; A, the operculum; B, the foot; C, the tentacles with
eyes at their outer bases ; D, the siphon. The shell is reticulated.

46. Melampus lineatus, under side ; the foot with a transverse groove ; the
head showing the mouth on the under side. Fig. 47, side view ; the head has
one pair of tentacles with eyes at their inner bases. Fig. 48, the shell ; the
inner lip with two fold -like teeth.

49, 50, 51, 52 and 33 show different varieties of opercula, 49 is paucispiral,
50 spiral, 51 imbricated with a marginal nucleus, 52 concentric, and 33 some-
what spiral with an apical nucleus.

53. TIaminea solitaria ; aperture more than half the area of the shell ; a pit
in place of spire ; aperture full length of the shell.

54. Philine sinuata ; aperture three-fourths the area ; spire rudimentary.

55. Triforis perversa; a sinistral, turreted shell ; aperture very short.

56. Spirula Peronii. Fig. 57, the spiral chambered shell with the whorls
separated. Fig. 58, Ommatostrephes Bartramii ; 59, the gladius. Fig. 60, Ony-
choteuthis Banksii ; 61, the gladius. Fig. 62, Loligopsis pavo ; 63, the gladius.
Fig. 64, Sepiola atlantica; 65, the gladius. Fig. 66, Loligo Pealii.

in Figs. 56-66, there are eight true arms, which are sessile, besides which
there are two peculiar ones called tentacles. The side projections, usually near
the tail, are called fins.

Figures 24, 25, 30, 32 to 38, 44 to 48 and 55, are about natural size ; 22, 23,
28, 29, and 39 to 43, about half size ; 27, one-third size; 26, 31 and 53, are double
size ; 21 and 54, are much enlarged (x 5) ; 56 to 66, are much reduced.

Figures 21 to 30, and 53 to 55, are after figures in Binney Gould’s Inv.
of Mass. ; 56-66, from Tryon’s Am. Marine Conch. The others are original.

PLATE III.

Figs. 21-55 Gastropoda , Figs. 56-66 Cephalopoda.

PLATE IV.

Protractor and Millimeter Scale.