ee serene aens ; I bobeouhe bees nedebry sh tina : * a be rg acta wsiiaity eat ke praca ai sake pone ae tele doitr ww neds Dobe bec pe hate’ viele ; tN ee i seeker ke" nib velo inate M ¥ . th erat ash Ieayeis ) ; f Ad ; ” hy an) ry; vemmnenen d : megan ty) Hypeny hedanejega ke 4 “4s ner she beiter» hh yerelh vf rb de bet ede tothe’ oe Petes a tye ee feet : ; hiryeMat ts ti btaeane jeoyneritt isdn IG septate pia pent oned eee torbaarcan pee a4 Strovahoalerydegndate betas? 4 i) » 6 heii ' ian My iae sts demenens Mie Whe jel tends ‘ ‘ie fT . rel aes " Rint Pisbedolsh roth 4 aseodeti) oop ne 8 ni Hatitaraear ie teban lithe : tenes tiie aie hlites Hite yo ria Adhc ie tare meats ; anh eva a Neher ~ - ye . ¥ tee +! at art ite it i, Splits sale nite iieheatis uit ereene hy inusuniee A 7 reat sivninon Thnvisisdaddcrieietesterdias jt i we eehoh weecheith vs re ee * eter ri acca Heir egepeae te ry ae “ yeh PPE vhedet hetethty 2 cite ale i 1 Wile vies wy seehd heed eas ete! ‘ i Sati jade detenedo bat ts . of Aa ¥ bets v teh SRS tort he i ; petaere try i i MY : fF pletitederssdieilbare prasheanets pen? Th bebty' een sieiteyedtareestiert stan Note Ps Wiatee y wh Hw 3H ‘ i f 7 {ianrte4oy08 ; + Mea ae a lalaee r He letete eired bE 3008 peters Uedaie ! “4 ir ‘ rit) paren sist qheteye ls Ou iii hed Na Haba he abalone be wnigiste epee rey rite ier ry: ages shag feet sha ae Hoa bent a ny ae i otetnis waste rd 4) He sa Leite Hy bails ial hd ‘ enrert abet yin veis D> 43 ; aH tN iamant his +h hey Bilinear i ae i 4 } x + yy ’ pilianenttt tas ‘ ie ; ti batere ie 4 Hae FU 4 Med go? ie , t ter ne f Ph, MMe uty t ( ' qed rene 1" a ae pout te sh ladh pacar hap.ose Son syenaaal att + Yelm 8) fs ty iH Me : Wai he I “ith aie Wiaee rer arene t. nie iy i mi vaste si she hel had f # ‘oie ai yf ne teh = mir 1H ijl i Fe \ “tt vant i} ih nei? 5 (* Py iM -} . ie ah ’ Oye casi se aaeiehely ) Hy 4 r et: iiaraaitiet ft in s Yate iai ely rer’ 7 ‘ y Heese aye le ledegee us 4 site eh fama jaaananebeteie eae de} Vy Hida ete? rartetie 1s ye bee ) " vetamedn tats ; vourns sit eb Ui y wise t 4 nd a jehiot si ni ET tet be ; oo sopahe Wee te. 4 AH THE ‘ mye) ae hitianiesht jit a te hie janoentit whenraate Pages eracbene ley seal ‘ peat bite Loyp aett sehen) itis ye + i ini) trisle " *) ei State) : bate Ishi iaesgnbaneieg ans vahegeig eye ' soleil Yee ed sey sive Seal utes bh Het, } jehonaae® ibaa renee , } or) ” Whi nbed + Ag eee jad) ! dud ponds Tie 48 ye 9 H fefesane rs + Peed sada burle jolad ‘ Hetrads te Baye hot joie) eriaetptirs ecg oes Lbaabtedi ‘itis utoels Le ania dete tits jena doa ie qebet Pye ee yrdeuene ein . day Witten ‘ perivehenere ert) , nie vee gle yee : Py ust eb dee bene ion iste 4 oa ate a na rn aM 8) oat prea’ ele ah oyna ot ive ath iy qed rrr) eee iy se ¢ ae rin oe }; " 4 4 r \ 3 iH vee 4) > spas dele be bi ba Meg arial jie biter ! boas’ *% chat jeitue tt! ae nega ranked) } I +e ua : es ty je} eheee Drie Pebate 7 ” ’ pebewe 7 piney i tigate ost ; + erry fhe } i ai v9 | Ht ' ee pepe ts spigttioteb A ta , siete. parte be ded’ Aide avavene eri ? . 4 rT raed parers iets 4 } ‘ ane ye pemdeneye iti sat Aye ; y ; Tatty hued 44) H palpi "| oie lobe ‘ Histone jegehogten heh set oriole perrhe eee ‘ tat Hh eh ie Ahh Japapewn es it apepe ve pede iet alt bad ' Hess bpemairs site vtaastitt saree heels ie ie ely . Sar papepedenegeys gh igo teagenele easel ait Pt teal ie i yy jens reel eogeae Ase nae stadt) oT ' +e be Hiseceinne tai! winery paren ery U Abeeb dl Leyte put be oben phat pedal ae arin ag pestis try ey ee THON ST: irre} ” concen louened greene hi pop thegeba nt ave Piatto ne hie ileitiey heat ; ’ one " ° / j unin aves 1) Mbt jryteae J wee ‘ ; Mi bre ‘ y 7) saa gevene peee “a ished al san beeieey " H ( py paere Heed in if { veel print peqeitate ary) ' Pperieritier tity or) + oy ar eye eae deca ee gene! y ’ f fea} a hrsedege! rbabebe bene: (Lisp ns oy oat ” deaspvatie a o'beue pte ‘ ne tas eh bee ‘wh ae ri " ae i mat neerteye “yi aa . SN ipsdaed j iP rhareet ott fe peteep reese ; , pset ® easy Pan shety yaw ' 4 {OW pra gene be nt ped rd eye s® ' nate popeens “e ao tgearyenree sein thine ere asta taakhd peat sleris ihe » ‘ ) Augie eee he bape Pert hem beset pny oie q , shout ge ange writ mans ober eee ne ue " ov teint daar rypaepe tonsa ye peperentes spay idt erie ‘ fi me) Fe rahe a4 ohet moran | seaveptanatgeyeutd bat eet ie ‘+ rere fide be hedp ea peeyey re? Webs ered ied ted +0) Ea to aden / peel ‘rhe 1 arate 98 i), hurt r i Se lad bh be Hay ppuerd ole Ba' Pisatieia Marne atiey of) prone very) ULE bt bread) is rt Cringe pee ” joe pe warpt ret veer’ ¥ saree THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 595.79 } ih a J ee ; ey a se i hy rete Ohi + : 6 art? Tie Vue er MONOGRAPHIA APUM ANGLIA. IN TWO VOLUMES. Vor. I. at . bs . ¥ vidi se . nt La} i a A sf ei nde hte ora BARE ipa ER ea teas ir MONOGRAPHIA - APUM ANGLIA; AN ATTEMPT TO DIVIDE INTO THFIR NATURAL GENERA AND FAMILIES, - SUCH SPECIES OF THE LINNEAN GENUS APIS AS HAVE BEEN DISCOVERED IN ENGLAND: WITH Descriptions and Observations. To which are prefixed SOME INTRODUCTORY REMARKS UPON THE CLASS Dpmenoptera, AND A Synoptical Taste of the Nomenclature of the external Parts of these Insects. WITH PLATES. VOL. I. By WILLIAM KIRBY, B.A. F.L.S. Rector of Barham in Suffolk. eee Mingo EY TETEWOS MEAITT Ol, Ko Moxn YALLUT CET WY 6 KUEMOS LUTAS» Ecclus, x1.' 3. IPSWICH : Printed for the Author ly J. Raw, AND SOLD BY J. WHITE, FLEET-STREET, LONDON. . 1802, | Jaap. ae “qaansons at @ utany OD ee wis el i et ” BOR sara bi angio g } abate wid a dublin “ey “bBAY: J ane > tod Y dateauia y i rp a ‘duet In awtis add to orate ais coy ¢sSi a ‘ ” ataveetl sagitt | ‘ 22 bt ihe A Ad AM THA MATT hace AR, dip tants wi, Nera oak ; ‘pe te. ae. 7 AOR GC 7) ca i ty ar +, tue: Gey ae PRN 4 wey 0h gio wore $ A Core: lode Ber co Gh ink, WOVE id ea HH art Pe ee ; THOMAS MARSHAM, ESQ. , Tk. 3: Bolich DEAR SIR, To whom can I inscribe this little work, such as it is, with more eraphioey: than to him whose partiality first urged me to undertake it; and whose kind assistance and liberal communica- tions have contributed so largely to bring it toa | conclusion. “} y Accept, it; therefore, my dear Sir, as a small : token of esteem for many virtues, and of grati- a Cee ey tude for many favors, conferred upon ‘ YOUR OBLIGED - AND AFFECTIONATE FRIEND, " ill hls *v THE AUTHOR. Barham, May 1, 1802. Magna opera Jenov#, explorata omnibus volentibus ea. Ps. cxi. 2, | Additional note to the history of Apis Manicata’ p. 172-6. Since this work was printed off, the author met with the following passage in the Rev. Girperr Wuire’s Naturalist’s Calendar (p. 109); which confirms what he has observed upon the history of that insect: ‘There is a sort of wild bee frequent- ing the garden campion for the sake of its tomentum, which probably it turns to some purpose in the business of nidifica- tion. It is very pleasant to see with what address it strips off the pubes, running from the top to the bottom of a branch, and shaving it bare with all the dexterity of a hoop-shaver. When it has got a bundle almost as large as itself, it flies away, holding it secure between its chin and its fore legs.” Directions to the binder for placing the plates. Voz. I. Plate 1 toface page 227 Dias dennis) 1N6 2 229 = he eae 231 Ue SEO BEA 233 WV aw Si.0ilm bile ah ol 6 235 Ree. . 237 ae a NC 239 Se 241 Dis. olaat shia cele 243 10 SR EASS RE - 245 DY Soe tao 247 Sey | ' hapahe? atarede 249 DN ay whee Rina ote 251 GA icialatcleiater ane 253 Vou. 1s. covces 389 BON Satta aly 386 EF liste char io) SOF 18 eoeeoer eevee? 388 Page 22 32 85 217 218 229 247 Page 13 14 ¥5 37 e a ERRATA ET CORRIGENDA,. line 10 from the bottom, and p. 106, line 12, for Villars, read Villers. line penult. for elongata, read elongate. line antepenult, for which Fabricius feparated from Apis, read into which Fabricius divided Apis line 7 from the bottom, for Tuberculi, read Tubercula. and 134 note, line 1, de/e Latr. line 11, after depreffiufculo, infert pun&is excavatis exafperato ; and line 4 from the bottom, after minuto, infert trunco puncttis excavatis exafperato,. lines t, 2, for ano, ventre, read anus, venter. % y line 6 from the bottom, after minuto, put a comma, and infert interioribus fineari-lanceolatis, quam ©xteriores brevi- oribus. lines 3, 4, for abdomine obJongo, interdum et fubtriangulari, read abdomine fubtriangulari, inter¢um oblongo. fine 4 from the bottom, after 2, infert B, line. 5, for coaliti, read fubdiftinéi. line 4 from the bottom, for fra€ta, read fracti. line 0, for fpinule—ferrulate, read fpinula—ferrulata. line 7, for interiores, read interioris. line penult. far interiores, read exteriorés. line 14 after exutus, infert aa. molecule. Vor. IY. line & from the bottom, for fupra nudiufcula, read cinereo-fub- pubefcens. line 1, for cinereo-fubvillofa, read fupra nudiufcula. line 3 from the bottom, for Lineella, read Linnzella. line ult. for Bankiana, read Bankfiana. line g from the bottom, and page 35, line 5, for Jacobex, read Jacobeze. line 13, for ferrugineo, read ferruginea. line 9, for fubpubefcens, read fubpubefcente. ling 7 from the bottom, for rufefcéntibus, read flavefcentibus. line 4, &c. alter the definizion thus: rotundota A. grifefcente-vil- lofa; ore flavo; abdomiune fegmentis margine fubrufis 5 thorace femineo nigricanti, mafculo fulvo. line 2, for Francillonana, vead Francillonella. line 6, for Scrimpfhirana, read Scrimfhirana. * line 17 for tuberculi butei, read tubercula lutea. line 16 for 1, read. 15. line 1, after fulphurei, infert rufo-variegati. line 4 from the bottom, after nigra, infert fubtus obfcure fulve. line 12 from the bottom, for hic, read huc. line 12 from the bottom, for ferruginee, read ferruginea. linés 8, 9 frorn the bottom, after manifeftatori, and jaculatori, in- fert a comma. line 3 from the bottom, after antenna, infert in noftro fpeci- mine. line 17, for angulum, read angulo. line 14, after Latreille, infert a comma. line 3 from the bottom, for ad, read in. line 16, after D, add D. PREFACE. MAREN the author of the following work first turned his attention to the English Apes, he had no expectation of meeting with half the number of species that he has now described ; nor had he any other view, than to draw up a short paper to be read at the Linnean Society, and in- serted, if deemed sufficiently interesting, in the Transactions of that learned body: but as he pro- ceeded in his undertaking, so much was to be said, it seemed necessary to introduce so many altera- tions, and such a number of species unexpectedly flowed in upon him from a variety of sources; that, instead of a short paper, he found he had collected materials sufficient for more than a volume: upon this he changed his original intention, and deter- mined to submit his performance himself, not without considerable apprehensions he confesses, to the eye of the public. Having said this, it may not be improper to give the entomological reader a short sketch of what the author has attempted in this publication. In the a first PREFACE. first place, in the Introductory Remarks, and Ad- denda to the first volume, he has given some ac- count of the rise, progress, and present state of the class Hymenoptera; and pointed out such improve- ments, as he thinks it will admit: he then proceeds to examine what advances the genus of which he proposes to treat has made towards perfection. Under each of these heads he has introduced some strictures upon the system of Fabricius, which the occasion seemed to demand: and here he hopes that the friends and admirers of that celebrated entomologist will do him the justice to believe that he has been actuated solely by a desire to promote the cause of truth, and of his favorite science, which, as he conceives, have suffered very materi- ally by the mtroduction of that system. The work itself begins with a Tabula synoptica nomenclature partium. Upon the construction of this the author has bestowed the greatest attention ; and he trusts that it will be found nearly, if not altogether, a complete enumeration of the external parts of the insects of which he treats. ‘Their in- ternal anatomy he has passed over, as not entering within the limits of his plan. ‘This table, if he is not greatly mistaken, with a few slight alterations, may be made to agree with all Hymenopterous in- sects. In it he has introduced and named several parts unnoticed by Linneus, and most other wri- ters in entomology. This is followed by an ex- planation of the terms used in this table, and the following PREFACE, following work. Having thus prepared the way, he next points out those characters, which appear to him to distinguish the genus in question; and assigns his reasons for dividing into two genera those insects which by Linneus were considered as genuine pes, subjoining their Essential, Artifi- cial, and Natural Characters. With respect to the last, though he varies from the practice, yet he conforms to the precept of Linneus(a); and he thinks that. Fabricius has rendered no small service to the science of entomology by the introduction of them. Then succeed, what appear to him, after combining anatomy with habit, economy, and affi- nities, the natural families into which these two genera may properly be divided. . And here, to trace the footsteps, and elucidate the system of nature, and nature’s God, has invari- ably been his aim; to discover the wonderful works, and adore the wisdom of his Creator, his highest pleasure; and to point out H1Is meaning, and see things where ne has placed them, his single desire. Unattached to hypothesis, he has made haste to give up errors as soon as he has detected them, and he has taken every step within his power to arrive at the truth. With respect to this part of his undertaking, he has not been satisfied with dis- (a) Linneus, in his Methodus demonstrandi lapides, vegetali- lia aut animalia, under the head Genus, includes as a necessary adjunct. ‘ Character Naturalis omnes notas characteristicas possibiles exhibens.” a2 secting vit vill PREFACE. secting a single insect in each family; on the con+ trary, he has omitted no opportunity of examina- tion; :and in those subdivisions in which the pro- boscis(b), and its parts seemed most subject to variation, he has inspected that organ in almost every individual that he has described. But still, notwithstanding all his care, he cannot flatter him- self that he is altogether exempt from error. These minute parts, be their position varied ever so little under the lens, exhibit an appearance different in some respects. He has endeavoured to represent every thing as it appeared to his eye. Quite a novice in the arts of drawing and etching, his per- formance must of course be rude, and perhaps sometimes the relative proportion of parts to each other is not represented with entire accuracy; but in this respect he did his best: as to number of parts and general form, he can vouch for the truth of his figures. These necessary preliminaries discussed, and ad- justed, the author proceeds to the description of individuals: and here he thought he could not pursue a better plan, than that excellent one marked out by the Rev. Dr. Goodenough, in his admirable pa- (4) The term, Rostrum, has frequently been employed, by Linneus and others, to signify this part; but such an application of it, if entomologists are expected to adhere to the definition of the Fundamenta Entomologie, is extremely improper. Os in acumen productum rigidum, gives to that term a very distinct signification, and altogether at variance with the prodoscis of a bee. per PREFACE. per on the British Species of the Genus Carex (c). He has therefore placed before his descriptions a Sy- nopsis Specierum, and subjoined, to such as seemed to require it, some observations in English. In . the determination of species, the result of his in- quiries, he flatters himself, may prove useful; par- ticularly as his frequent dissections of these insects, and his necessary attention to their most minute parts, have led him to discover those characters; exclusive of the organs of generation, which dis- tinguish the male from the other sexes. By fol- lowing this clue, he has found that several species, hitherto described as distinct, are only sexual vari- eties; and, by the assistance of the same circum- stance, he has separated many insects of the same sex, which have usually been regarded as such. The opportunity afforded him, by the liberality of the President of the Linnean Society, of consulting the cabinet of Linneus, has empowered him to ve- rify a number of species that have been very much mistaken, or very little known; so that, for the future, he hopes there will be no room for either error or doubt concerning them. To put it as much as possible into the power of entomologists to be acquainted with the insects here described, under each species he has referred to thoge cabi- nets in which he knows it to be preserved. With respect to synonyms, the author spared no pains that his situation permitted him to take. Not (c) Lin. Trans, vol, 2, p. 126, &c. 2 = ag POsse od 1X EE ee. PREFACE. possessed of an extensive entomological library of his own, he has omitted no opportunity of consult- ing those of others; especially the magnificent col - lection of Sir Joseph Banks, so liberally open to naturalists: but his distance from the metropolis prevented his having any other than occasional re- course to this invaluable treasure-house of Natural History. Knowing how customary it is with au- rs, not excepting Linneus himself, to adopt synonyms without sufficient examination, a prac- tice that has proved a fruitful source of error and almost inextricable confusion, he has been particu- larly cautious to refer to no author, whose descrip- tion or figure of any individual insect he has not compared with the insect itself. And, that he might trust as little as possible to memory in this case, he carried his whole collection of specimens both to London and Norwich; so that in this de- partment he hopes he has rectified many mistakes of his predecessors. ‘There is one author, J. L. Christius, who has treated upon the Hymenoptera class, of whom he was not able to make so much use as he could have wished, from his ignorance of the German language: to his figures he frequently refers, but as he cannot consult the descriptions, he does this sometimes with less confidence, than if he could compare his insects with both. Mr. Marsham, however, upon whose judgment he pla- ces the greatest reliance, compared the specimens with this author’s figures, and approved of the re- ferences made to them in this work. To PREFACE. To elucidate the whole, he has annexed a set of explanatory plates, etched by himself, from sketches of his own; rudely executed indeed, but he hopes sufficiently accurate to illustrate his system. After all, the author is conscious that he brings far from a perfect work before the tribunal of the public. Much still remains incomplete; and many errors, no doubt, will require future correction. An account of any genus, perfect and elaborate in all its parts, must be the work of him who is versed in the history and economy of every individual that belongs to it, He, and he only can go upon sure grounds, for no other person can in all cases, with certainty, distinguish the species from the variety, and unite each sex to its legitimate partner. But so much knowledge, even with respect to a single genus, where the species are numerous, is not to be expected from one man: nor should the natu- ralist attempt, like the spider, to weave his web from materials derived solely from within himself; but rather let him copy the industrious bee, and draw genuine treasures from those flowers of science which have been reared by other hands, and com- bining these with his own discoveries, let him en- deavour to concentrate all into one harmonious system, with parts curiously formed, arranged, and. adapted to each other, and to the whole; and cal- culated to preserve the sweets of true wisdom pure and unsophisticated. a4 The a - 25 xii ‘ PREFACE. The author, in the following performance, may be thought by many, to have multiplied species without necessity ; while others will probably object to his having put those together, whose prima facie appearance is entirely different. To the first he begs leave to observe, that insects are not so sub- ject to vary as plants; moreover his discovery of the sexes enabled him to detect those differences that indicate gender, and therefore he could always reduce the question, with respect to any particular insect, into this small compass, viz. whether such variations were likely to occur i the same sex ? He does not, however, presume to affirm that he has fallen into no mistakes in this respect; for in two of his subdivisions of genuine pes (d), he fears he has not been so successful, in uniting the sexes, as in other families; and in general, where the males and females differ very materially, as they occasionally do both in colour and form, he has probably, in several instances, been led to regard them as distinct species. ‘To the latter he must reply, that he has never united two insects before (d) The author alludes here to those Vespiform Apes, which constitute a considerable part of the Fabrician genus Nomada, and also to the Bomlinatrices of Linneus. Of these, the for- mer seems more subject to vary than any family of the genus ; and almost all the distinctions of the latter being taken from the colour of their hirsuties (which varies much, and often in the same individual, in different periods of its existence) of course, in describing them, the entomologist must be liable to many mistakes. considered PREFACE, considered as distinct, without very satisfactory proofs of their identity. To some he may seem unnecessarily minute in the description of species, but the very nature of a Monograph seems to imply attention to every cir- cumstance which distinguishes the objects of it (e): while, on the other hand, he who undertakes an entire department in Natural History, should select those features principally which distinguish the ob- jects he describes from their congeners. As mi- nute traits of character, and familiar anecdotes, which are beneath the dignity of the historic muse, are accounted a great beauty in biography; and enter into its essence, at the same time that they constitute its most agreeable ornament. Against this objection he cannot shelter himself more se- curely, and under a greater name, than that of the learned Professor Afzelius, who, in his papers on three species of Trifolium, and on the genus Pausus, in the Linnean Transactions (/), has exhibited, as nearly as possible, a perfect example of a Monograph. It may perhaps be urged, as another objection against the author, that he has taken an unwar- rantable liberty in altering so frequently the No- mina Specifica of Linneus and other authors. His (e) Monographi vegetabile unicum opere singulari prosecuti sunt, ut eo accuratits constent omnia in particulari casu. Na- ture curiosorum institutum laudandum. Lin. Philos. Botan, §. 13. (f) Vol. 1. p, 202, and vol. 4. p. 243. reply Xiil Xiv PREFACE. reply to this must be, that he has never done this out of the love of change, but only where it seemed necessary to distinguish one species from another, and in strict compliance with the rules laid down by that great father of natural history, in his Phi- losophia Botanica, where he says, “ Nomen specificum continet differentie notas essentiales.”(g) And again ** Nomen specificum legitimum plantam ab omnibus congeneribus distinguat.”(h) When, therefore, the Linnean definition of any species does not con- tain all those characters which constitute its essence, or which distinguish it from its congeners, it is ne- ‘cessary that it be altered, provided this be done caute, cast?, judiciose, according to the same rules. When Linneus published the last edition, of his Systema Nature, the known species of Apes, speaking comparatively, were but few, and there- fore fewer notes of discrimination would sufficiently point out any individual then, than at this time, when the number of species is- increased beyond measure. Much confusion has unavoidably been introduced into the genus by this brevity, for the same definition will now be found to agree with se- veral distinct species (2). (g) §. 256. (h) §. 257. He says under another section (294), Qui novam detegit speciem, addat et non modo ejusdem differentiam, sed et in congeneri vel congeneribus differentias augeat, ut distin- guantur in posterum species sufficienti differentia. (i) E.G. The definitions of Apis cunicularia, centuncularis, conica, succincta, &c. The PREFACE, The author has experienced no small difficulty in assigning Trivial Names to such species as ap- peared to be non-descript: his aim has been so to construct them, that they may point out some pro- minent feature of the insect which they denote, or allude to some remarkable circumstance in its eco- nomy: but the species of this genus are so seldom distinguished by singularity of form, or variety of colouring, that he has often been at a loss to fix upon an appropriate name; and he fears that many will be thought not so happily illustrative of their subject as he could wish. Where the same insect has been described by several authors under differ- ‘ent Trivial Names, he has generally made it a rule to retain that imposed by him who first noticed it. Many of his non-descripts he has named after the entomologists of this country, whether writers or collectors only, distinguishing the former by the termination el/a, and the latter by ena, in conform- ity to the practice of Linneus in the Tinee and Tortrices. If he has omitted any gentleman who is entitled to a place, he hopes it will be imputed to ignorance rather than design. The author would be unpardonable, were he to conclude this preface, without acknowledging his obligations to those gentlemen, whose libraries and cabinets he has been allowed the liberty of con- sulting. « To Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. this, and every work, in whatever department of Natural History, under- ale as XV XVI PREFACE. taken in England, will of course be under the great- est obligations. His unrivalled library, stored with almost every publication that a naturalist can wish to consult, and his cabinet rich in exotic and indi- genous treasures, and open to the most unreserved inspection, afford writers of this class, who reside in this country, a most decided advantage over those of every other. To Dr. Smith, the President of the Linnean So- ciety, he is indebted not only for the invaluable op- portunity of consulting at his ease the Linnean ca- binet and library, by which he has been enabled to determine so many dubious species, and to extricate the genus of which he treats from much of the confusion in which it was involved, but also for his personal kindness and constant encouragement. He scarcely knows what terms to employ that will sufficiently express his obligations to Mr. Mar- sham; whose friendship, from the first to the last, has exerted itself with unwearied assiduity, to give, or procure him, every information in his power; securing him an access to all the cabinets of the metropolis; introducing him, a stranger, and un- known, to the most eminent entomologists; impo- verishing his own collection to enrich that of the author: in a word, taking every occsion to serve him, and his friends, to the utmost of his power. To Drs. Goodenough and Latham, Major Gen. Davies, and Messrs. Drury, Sowerby, Donovan, McLeay, Jones, Haworth, Hill, Coyte, Francillon, he PREFACE. he begs to return his grateful acknowledgments, for the permission, with which they indulged him, of consulting their respective collections. To the Rey. Peter Lathbury, he is indebted for much as- sistance every way. To the industry, and accuracy of observation of his ingenious relation Mr. James Trimmer, he owes the discovery of several non- descripts, also much original matter, and many in- teresting particulars relative to the history and eco- nomy of several of the insects described in the fol- lowing pages. -N.B. The reader is requested to observe that all the descrip- tions in the following work were taken from insects viewed under a lens. XVli ( xviii ) AUCTORES IN OPERE SEQUENTI » CITATI. DAMS John. Essays on the microscope. 4to. Lon- don, 1787. Bazin Gilles Augustin. Abregé de YVhistoire des In- sectes, pour servir de suite a l’histoire naturelle des abeilles. 2tom. 12mo. Paris, 1747. Barbut James. The Genera Insectorum of Linneus, ex- exemplified by various specimens of English Insects. In English and French. 4to. London, 1781. Berhenhout John. Outlines of the natural history of Great Britain and Ireland; containing a systematic arrange- ment of all the animals, vegetables, and fossils, which have — hitherto been discovered in these kingdoms. 2nd edition. 2 vols. 8vo. London, 17890. Bradley Richard. A philosophical account of the works of nature, endeavouring to set forth the several gradations remarkable in the mineral, vegetable, and animal parts of the creation, tending to the composition of a scale of life, Ato. London, 172). Briinniche Martinus Thrane. Prodromus Insectologie Siz]landice. Dissertatio Resp. Urb, Bruun. Aascow. 8vo. Hafniez, 1761. Charleton Gualterus. Onomasticon Zoicon, plerorum- AGF guis exponens. 4to. Londini, 1668, Christius Johann. Ludwig. Naturgeschichte, Klassifi- cation, und Nomenclatur der Insekten vom Bienen, We- spen, und Ameisengeschlect. 4to, Frankfurt am Main, 1791. Coquelert "que animalium differentias et nomina propria pluribus lin- — AUCTORES CITATI. Coquebert Anton. Joann. Wlustratio iconographica in- sectorum que in Muszis Parisinis obseryavit et in lucem edidit Joh. Christ. Fabricius. Tabularum decas prima. fol. Parisiis, An. 7. d De Geer Baron Carl. Memoires pour servir a l’histoire des Insectes. 4to. tom. 7. Stockholm, 1752, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78. Donovan Edward. Natural history of British Insects. Svo, London, 1792, &c. Fabricius Johannes Christianus. Genera Insectorum. 8vo. Kilonii, 1776.—Philosophia Entomologica. $8vo. Hamburgi et Kilonii, 1778.—Species Insectorum. tom. 2. 8vo. Hamburgi et Kilonii, 1781.—Entomologia Systema- tica emendata et aucta. tom.4. S8vo. MHafniz, 1792, 93, 94.—Supplementum Entomologiz Systematic. Svo. Haf- nize, 1798. : Forster John Reinhold. A catalogue of British Insects, Svo. Warrington, 1770.—Nove species Insectorum cen- turia prima. 8vo. Londini, 1771. Frisch Johann. Leonhard. Beschreibung von allerley Insecten in Deutschland. 13 Theil. 4to. Berlin, 1721— 66. Fourcroy de Antonius Franciscus. Entomologia Pa- risiensis, sive catalogus Insectorum que in agro Parisiensi reperiuntur. 12mo. Parisiis, 1785. Geoffr 0Y. Histoire abrégée des Insectes, dans laquelle ces animaux sont rangés suivant un ordre méthodique. tom. 2. Ato. Paris, 1764. Grew Nehemiah. Museum Regalis Societatis ; or a ca* talogue and description of the natural and artificial Rarities _ belonging to the Royal Society, and preserved at Gresham College. fol. London, 1681. Goedart Johannes. Metamorphosis et’ Historia Naturalis Insectorum cum commentariis et appendicibus J. de Mey et P, Veezaerdt, p.1,2,3. vo. Medioburgi, 1662—1667. —J, Goedartius XIX XX AUCTORES CITATI. —J. Goedartius de Insectis in methodum redactus, cum no- tularum additione opera M. Lister. S8vo. Londini, 1685 Harris Moses. An exposition of English Insects, in En- lish and French. fol. London, 1781. ; Johnston Johannes. Historia Naturalis de Insectis. fol. Amsteledami, 1657. Linnzvus Carouvs. Iter Gothlandicum, Olandska och Gothlandska resa, forrattad ahr 1741. S8vo. Stock- holm och Upsala, 1745,—Fauna Suecica. sistens animalia Suécize Regni Ed. altera. 8vo. Holmia, 1761.—Funda- menta Entomologie. Dissertatio Resp. And. Joh, Bladh. Ato. Upsaliz, 1767. Ameenitat. Acad. vol. 7. p. 129— 159.—Philosophia Botanica. Svo. Viennz Austriz, 1770. —Systema Nature, sive Regna tria Natur systematicé proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species. Ed, 12, reformata. Svo. tom.1. p.2. Insecta. Holmiz, 1767. Ed. 13, aucta, reformata cura J. Frid. Gmelin. tom. 1. p. 5. Lepidoptera—Aptera. 8vo. Lipsie, 1788. Latreille Pierre André. Precis de caractéres génériques des Insectes disposés dans un ordre naturel. 12mo. a Brive. An. 5 dela R. Miller Otto Fridericus. Fauna Insectorum Fridrichsda- lina. Svo. Hafnie et Lipsie, 1764.—Zoologia Danica, seu animalium Daniz et Norvegiz rariorum ac mints noto- rum descriptiones et historia, tom. 2. 8vo. Hafniz et Lip- siz, 1779, 1784. Mouffet Thomas. Insectorum sive minimorum Ani- malium Theatrum ab. Ed. Wottono. Conr. Gesnero, & Th. Pennio inchoatum, a T. Mouffeto perfectum. fol. Lon- dini, 1634. Panzer Georg. Wolfgang. Franz. Faunz Insecto- rum Germaniez Initia. N. 1—82. Nurnberg. Pallas Petrus Simon. Spicilegia Zoologica quibus nova imprimis et obscurz animalium species iconibus, descrip- tionibus atque commentariis illustrantur. 4to. Berolini, 1767, 80.—- AUCTORES CITATI. 1767, 1780.—Reise durch verschiedene provinzen des Rus- sischen Reichs. 3 theil, St. Petersburgh, 1771, 1773, 1776. (Pallas. iter.) Poda Nicholaus. Insecta Musei Grecensis. 8vo. Grecii, 1761. Reaumur de René Antoine Ferchault. Memoires pour servir a l'histoire des Insectes, tom. 6. Ato. a Paris, 1734, 42. Raius Johannes. Historia Insectorum. to. Londini, 1710.—Philosophical Letters between the late learned Mrd John Ray and several of his ingenious correspondents ; to which are added those of Francis Willughby, Esq. Pub- lished by W. Derham. 8vo. London, 1718, Roemer Johannes Jacobus. Genera Insectorum Linnzi - et Fabricii iconibus illustrata. 4to. Vitoduri Helvet. 1789. Rossius Peirus. Fauna Etrusca sistens Insecta que in Provinciis Florentina et Pisana preesertim collegit. tom. 2. 4to. Liburni, 1790.—Mantissa Insectorum, exhibens spe- cies nuper in Etruria collectas, adjectis Faunz Etruscz illu- strationibus et emendationibus, tom. 2. 4to. Pisis, 1792, 4. Scopoli Johannes Antonius. Entomologia Carniolica ex- hibens Insecta Carnioliz indigena. 8vo. Vindobone, 1763. —Annus Historico-naturalis quartus. 12mo, Lipsiz, 1770. Schrank Franciscus de Paula. Enumeratio Insecto- rum Austriz indigenorum, Svyo. Auguste Vindel. 1781. Swammerdam Johannes. The Book of Nature, or Hi- story of Insects. Translated by Thomas Flloyd, with notes by J. Hill. London, 1758. Scheffer Jacobus Christianus. Icones Insectorum circa Ratisbonam indigenarum. tom. 3. 4to. Regensburg, 1769. —Opuscula Entomologica edenda indicit, eorumque speci- mina quedam indicit. Latiné et Germanicé. 4to. Regens- burg, 1764.—Elementa Entomologica, Latiné et Germanicé. Regensburg, 1766.—Abhandlunden von Insecten, 3 band. 4to, Regensburg, 1779, Sulzer Xxi XXli AUCTORES CITATI. Sulzer Johann. Heinrich. Abjekirzte geschichte der Insecten. 4to. Winterthur, 1776. Seba Albertus. Locupletissimi rerum naturalium the- sauri accurata descriptio, et iconibus artificiocissimis ex- pressio Latiné & Gallicé, tom. 4. fol. 1734—65. Shaw George, M. D. The Naturalist’s Miscellany, or or coloured figures of natural objects, drawn and described immediately from nature. Svo. London. Societatum Acta. Transactions of the Linnean Society, vol. 1,3, 4,5. 1797, 1798, 1800.—Philosophical Trans- -actions abridged by Lowthorp, vol. 2. Villers de Carolus. Caroli Linnzi Entomologia Faunz Suecice descriptionibus aucta. DD. Scopoli, Geoffroy, De Geer, Fabricii, Schrank, &c. speciebus vel in systemate non enumeratis, vel nuperrimé detectis, vel speciebus Gal- liz Australis locupletata, generum specierumque rarioruna iconibus ornata, tom. 4. 8vo. Lugduni, 1789. Zschach, J.T. Museum N.G. Leskeanum pars ento- mologica. Svo. Lipsiz, 1788. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. Bz ORE I begin my description of the British species of the genus pis, I propose to offer a few preliminary observations upon the Hyme- noptera class; consisting of a short review of its history previous to the time of Linneus, an account of what has been done in it by him and his suc- cessors, and ending with a particular inquiry into the present state of the genus, which I have un- dertaken to elucidate. These, I hope, will furnish satisfactory reasons for those alterations which I have found myself under the necessity of making, and for that method of arrangement which I have adopted. The Great Parent of the universe, when he furnished this terrestrial globe with its inhabitants, caused the earth and waters, as the sacred historian informs us(a), to produce every thing “ according (a) Genesis i. 11—25, B to “43 ‘ INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. | to its kind”(Z): an expression, which if taken in its largest sense, as I think it will well bear in the places referred to in the margin, may be understood to signify the distribution of all created species, not only into Families and Genera, but also into Orders, Classes, and Kingdoms; and so into a harmonious system, every member of which, al- though it has a separate place and office assigned it, is connected, by certain common marks and cha- racters, with those which precede or follow it. And the book of nature in this, as in all other respects, speaks the same language with the book of revelation; we see every where the traces of a natural system, and both reason and observation unite in declaring that such a system, with its re- gular divisions and subdivisions, does exist. Now if the glory of the Creator be, as it assuredly ought, the great end of the labours of the naturalist; then the most effectual way to promote this great end, is to aim at the elucidation of the genuine systema et oeconomia nature, that we may see natural ob- ~ jects, as much as possible, in the places which the Divine Wisdom has assigned to them; and learn, every day, more and more of the natural juxta- position of Species, Families, Genera, Orders, Classes; and of their individual and collective economy, &c. &c. It is true, in our present degenerate state, fallen from original knowledge (2) Heb. 1772195. ‘The root 773! and its derivative 77/2 imply distribution and orderly arrangement. as INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 4s well as virtue, having lost that genuine Clavis Nature, which it is probable our primogenitor Adam possessed (c); by the use of which, in the creature he could discern the intention of his Creator + in this world and its productions, seen in their various affinities and economies, read his deity and attri- butes, his wisdom and will, and things spiritual : so that to him, the page of creation was a revelation by natural symbols and types, as the Jewish religion was by instituted, and the Christian by words, the arbitrary signs of ideas; and, in consequence of this knowledge, was enabled to impose upon the creatures, names adapted to their several natures. I say, in our present degenerate state, we cannot attain to this wisdom of the protoplast, for now ‘‘ we know only in part(d).” Yet, by combining our own observations upon nature with those of others, who before us have laboured in the same field, we shall gradually approach more and more towards it, till, perhaps, if it be the Divine Will, we attain to the full day of the glory of our Creator, as manifested in his creatures. If that glorious day of true and genuine science should ever come, we shall then behold each natural object in its proper place; we shall learn its history, economy, and uses, its moral and spiritual signification, and find (c) Quod ad Historiam Naturalem attinet, duce ejus partes, Zoologia et Botanica, testuntibus hoc plerisque theologis et phi- losophis, primi generis nostri parentis fuere studia. Fundament. Entomolog. Ato. p. 4. (d) 1 Cor, xiii. g. B2 God's rey INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. -God’s works and God’s word, “ though each iri different sort and manner,” uniting to declare the same truths, and, with one voice, impelling us for- ward to the attainment of the true end of our being, the knowledge and enjoyment of Him, who is essential PowER, wispom, and ove, through that BLESSED PERSON, who having first created us, afterwards assumed our nature and died for us, and in that world of realities of which this is only the type and the shadow. May that day ever more and more approach; to hasten its dawn is the pe- culiar office aud duty of the naturalist, who is the Hicrophant in the great temple of nature; and this can only be effected by opening our eyes to the light which nature herself affords to those who seek for truth: by recording, not our own private hypotheses, but our discoveries; by improving, instead of destroying, what others have done; by retaining what is already discovered of the natural system, and endeavouring to add to it; remem- bering always that we are not the heralds of our own fame, but of the glory of our Gop. So that we may ever be willing to exclaim in the words of the divine psalmist: ‘‘ The works of JEnovau are great, sought out of all them that have pleasure therein. His work only is excellent, and his praise above the earth and heaven.” Of all the departments of the animal kingdom, the entomological affords the fairest opportunity of discovering the natural classes; and accordingly the INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. the penetrating genius of Linneus, enabled him, in the later editions of his Systema Nature, to arrange the insects he described as nearly as possible according to the natural system. A few genera, perhaps, in the Hemiptera and Aptera classes, may be placed in a wrong one; but these, compared with others which are stationed in the situation, as to class at least, in which nature has placed them, are but few. Where then is the force of the objection of Fabricius to Linneus, that “ nimis naturam sequens, sepius amisit systema(e)?” ‘The end of all artificial systems is solely to facilitate the study of nature, and to prepare the way for the discovery of that which is natural ; which, as Lins neus justly terms it, is the primum et ultimum(f). Therefore, when we have a system that for the most part harmonizes with nature, is such an ob- jection to be raised against the illustrious author of it? And are we to be told, with respect to natural classes, “ that the proper time to elaborate them is not yet arrived, since we are as yet but tyros in the science(g)?” To hear this author speak of the Linnean system, one would suppose that entomology, instead of being under any obliga- tion to it, had received great injury from it, and that (e) Philos. Ent. c. vii. § 2. (f) Philos. Bot. § 77. (g) Naturales existere insectorum classes vix dulitandum. Suadent ratio, detecta, olservata, At nondum tempus est eas elaborare, quum tyrones adhuc scientie simus. Philos, Ent. CG. vt. | 7. BS he INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. he himself was its great upholder and _ restorer, Hear his own words: “ Vidi vacillantem entomo- logiam, classes ludicr genera falsa, species haud determinatas, et nomina Ts absurda (h).” If we compare the characters of the Linnean classes, with those of Fabricius, we shall find the former, simple, obvious, applicable, with few ex- ceptions, to all the genera that compose each, and distinguished by a significant name; while those of the latter are seldom to be detected without dissecting the insect ; and, if 1 may be allowed to form a judgment from the Hymenoptera class, not universally applicable; with a name assigned to each barbarous, ill-constructed, and far from sig- nificant. ‘To give up the classical, harmonious, and connected names of the Linnean classes, for such barbarisms, as Hleuterata, Ulonata, Synistata, Piezata, Odonata, Miiosata, Polygonata, Kleistag natha, Exochnata, &c. is what, I should apprehend, no naturalist, who is at the same time a scholar, and has any ear, will ever consent to, The end of system, as I just now observed, is to facilitate study, but Fabricius, in his eagerness to imnoyate, has fixed upon characters taken from organs, which, in a large proportion of insects, are (h) Philos. Ent. Prefat. p. 1,2. When one sees Fabricius and his followers, in their Synonyms, placing his name before that of Linneus, under insects first described by the latter, one cannot help feeling some emotions of anger at the indignity thus put upon that illustrious naturalist, absolutely INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. - absolutely invisible, or next to it; and for the sake of systematic confusion has discarded nature and all orderly arrangement, and instead of facilitating, has perplexed the study of entomology with diffi- culties that are innumerable and inextricable (7). The rage of the present unhappy era is not for the amendment or improvement of what has been done («) If the reader will take the trouble to turn over the Sup- plement to the Entomologia Systematica, he will be convinced that the language here employed is far from being too strong, He will there see, to use an emphatic phrase, omnia miscert. Instead of a regular and harmonious system, like that of Lin- neus, a Babel of confusion and division, Instead of a gradual descent towards those insects which nature has placed next to the Vermes, he will find many of these stationed before the Lepidoptera !! For instance, after the Coleuptera and a few genera of Hemiptera, come some of the Neuroptera and Aptera mixed together ; these are followed by the Hymenoptera, which precede more Neuroptera, Then appear five classes of Aptera, the two last of which are made entirely out of the Linnean genus Cancer, divided into twenty-seven genera!!! These are succeeded by the Lepidoptera, followed by the rest of the He- miptera; and the discordant catalogue, Partium inter se non bene coherentium, concludes with Diptera and Aptera, If he turns his attention from the classification to the genera, he wil} be surprized to see families of the same natural genus forced violently asunder, and separated widely from each other. Thus Trichius, Cetonia, and Melolontha, disunited from Scaraleus, to which God and Nature had joined them, are placed next before Buprestis. Again, he will there see Fabricius deserting his own system, and taking the Artificial Characters of no fewer than twenty-one genera in his K/eistagnatha and Exochnata classes from the Antenne solely, without making any mention of the instrumenta citaria, upon which it is founded. BA before, INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, before, but in these days a man thinks himself nq philosopher, unless he can altogether obliterate, and for ever do away the collected wisdom of the ages that are past, in order, in its stead, to erect a novel system of his own: this is the case in religion, morals, politics, and philosophy; and in all these this K cewopuonvios has produced the most mischievous effects. But it ought to be recollected, that if the flimsy, and destructive web of a spider be the work of a single insect and spun in an hour, yet that to_ form and replenish the admirable structure sheltered by the hive, it requires, and for the best portion of the year, the united labours of myriads of indus- trious bees. Just emblems of the patient efforts of genuine science. Had Fabricius, instead of overturning, employed himself in giving those improvements to the system of Linneus, of which it is capable, and which in- deed it demands; the entomological world would have been his debtor; and under so skilful a hand, the science, instead of being thrown back; would have made considerable advances. Whereas, in the system that he has produced, what have we gained but a confused mass of unnatural classes, founded upon evanescent characters, designated by barba- rous names, and puzzling the student with old terms turned aside from their original signification, and improperly applied to new objects (A)? () E. G. Maxilla, Labium, Clypeus, &c. T should = a einen eta ie oe INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 1 should not have taken so much liberty in my strictures upon the system of this celebrated au- thor, had not many eminent entomologists upon the continent adopted it without reserve, and en- deavoured to force it upon the public. A conduct which I conceive to be most prejudicial to the in- terests of science, and unjust to the merits of the greatest uninspired naturalist that ever lived. In justice to my own countrymen I must not omit to observe, that this system has gained very little ground in England. At the same time, although I have spoken my sentiments so freely of the system of Fabricius, it is with pleasure I acknowledge that his Philosophia Entomologica is a work of standard merit, which deserves to be thoroughly studied by every ento- - mologist, and if he had written nothing else, this alone would have entitled him to be ranked amongst the first philosophers of the age in which he lives (/). The construction of Natural Characters, although chiefly drawn from those inconspicuous parts on which he builds his system, is a great point gained in the science; and in«general if, in some respects, (2) I must except, however, from this praise, many of his definitions: E.G. Aldomen Conicum, Cylindricum, &c. where the usual sense of these terms is clogged with unnecessary ad- ditions. Philos. Ent. c. ii. §12. &c. It were to be wished that in all cases the definitions of the Fumdamenta Entomologie of Linneus had been primarily adhered to, he ty 10 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. he has done great injury to it, in others he has certainly contributed much to its advancement. But let us leave i general observations, and turn our attention to the class, of which we propose to give some account. It is curious, and not al- together unprofitable, to trace science from the cradle to its manhood, and pursue it through all its intermediate advances. Before I begin, therefore, with what Linneus, his disciples, and successors have effected, I shall give a short view of what had been done, in the Hymenoptera class, by the pre- decessors of that illustrious naturalist. If I mistake not, our own country had the honour of paving the way for the system of Linneus. A brilliant con- stellation of geniuses arose towards the close of the seventeenth century, who diffused new light over every department of natural history, and were the harbingers of that bright day, which the labours of the great Swedish naturalist have caused to dawn upon the three kingdoms of nature. In this constellation, the stars of the first magnitude and brightest lustre were John Ray, that glory of Eng- land, Dr. Martin Lister, and Francis Willughby, Esq. These great Men; by their separate and joint labours, prepared the materials for the present improved state of Natural History. Before their time, some kind of form had been given to entomology by their predecessors, and the foundations of the class in question, rude indeed and imperfect, INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, imperfect, had been laid. In Charleton’s Onomas- ticon Zoicon, a work of merit for the time, a distinct existence is given to those insects destitute of Elytra, which construct combs, denominated “Jn- sectorum aveAutpay favificantium classis”(m). ‘This definition, imperfect as it is, for it excludes the major part of genuine Hymenopterous insects, pos- sesses this merit, that it admits none that do not belong to that class. Ray, whose indefatigable exertions brought copious and bright accessions of genuine light to every branch of natural history, sensible of the deficiency of the old method, has elaborated this class with considerable care, ex- tending indeed its limits too far, so as to include most of the present Newropterous Genera; but at the same time taking in all the genuine Hymenop- tera; and thus laying the foundation, with few alterations, for an appropriate and discriminative character of it. ‘The following are the alterations that he has introduced. He puts into one sub- division, under the title of Tetraptera, all such insects, with four membranaceous wings, as are quiescent in their intermediate state, thus arranged: (m) Onom. Zoic. p.36. I quote this author because I have him at hand, and he professes to combine the information to be found scattered in the works of preceding naturalists. He bor- yows his method from Aldrovandus, Vid, Pref, p. 10. Terpocm rape il Terpamrepe seu Quadripennia. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, fr Corpore longiore angustiore et labriore. nities? glabriore Apis imenela. Gregaria Corpore breviore latiore et hir- & favifica. suto. Bombylius. Non Mel- or Crabrones. lifica. Minora. Vespe. Apiformia. Corpore breviore et habitiore abdomine thoraci prope ad- nadiboads moto. Musca Vespiformes. Solitaria. ‘¢._ | Corpore angustiore et Non § BT Sal eat productiore abdo- Majores. fe iag ; mine tenui etlonga Ne pga! Sa- fistula thoraci ad- vifica. nexo. Vespe Ich- Minores. neumones. } Papilioni- ¢ & Phryganeis . vermiculis do- formia. { miportis oriunda. L Seticaudz seu Tripilia. From this view of what our great naturalist has done in this class, it appears that nothing was wanted to make it a natural class, but to fix upon a character in addition to “ Ale quatuor membra- nacee,” which would exclude those Neuropterous genera that he included in it (7). Dr. Martin Lister, in an appendix to Ray’s Historia Insectorum, has included all insects, with four naked wings, in one division subdivided into a Papiliones, Libella, &c. & Apes, Vespa, Crabrones, &c. (n) We see in the foregoing table of the Raian system, as to this class, that he divides it into two orders, the first containing what may be denominated two subdivisions and four genera, and the other four subdivisions and as many genera, We INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. We see what a near approach these illustrious _ Englishmen made to nature with respect to this class, and that in this country it assumed some distinct form, and those foundations were laid, upon which a perfect system might be erected. But though the class was nearly extricated, the genera still remained involved in confusion, ‘dis- tinguished by no certain characters, and often merely by names (o). Such was the state of this class, when Linneus, amongst his other immortal labours, undertook the reformation of entomology. The first outline of his Systema Nature was published in 1735; whether at that time he was acquainted with what had been done in England in that science, I do not know, but I should think, if he had bestowed much attention on the Methodus Insectorum of Ray, he would have gone further than he did in that out- line: for in it he puts into one class, the Lepidop- tera, Neuroptera, Hymenoptera, and Diptera, to which he gives the name of Angioptera, a term of similar import with Neuroptera(p). This class he defines “ Ale omnibus date elytris destitute.” In it he gives the characters of only two genuine Hymenopterous genera, Apis and Ichneumon, which he draws from variations in the Aculeus(q). (0) I have passed over the system of Swammerdam, as built intirely on the metamorphoses of insects. _ (p) Them. Alyeo, vas, and rzepov, ala. (7) Apis cauda aculeo simplici, Alz quatuor. /chneumon cauda aculeo partito. Alce quatuor. The 13 14 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. The first of these genera he divides into four fami- lies, viz. Crabro, Vespa, Bombylius, and Apis; and the latter into two, viz. Ichnewmon and Musca Tripilis. This outline contains no enumeration of species. In the second edition, published five years afterwards, (1740) the genuine Hymenoptera are at length placed by themselves under the name of Gymnoptera(r), but the number of genera re- mains the same, only the order of families in Apis is changed (s). This may be called the era of this natural class, when it received a separate existence. K In the fourth edition, which appeared in 1744, it had its present name assigned to it (Aymenoptera) and is defined, die Membranacee. Linneus now arranged the insects in it under four genera, viz. Tentredo(t), Ichneumon(u), Apis(x), Formica(y). In 1746 the first edition of that admirable work, the Fauna Suecica, was published, givmg the same number of genera in this class, but reducing the families in Apis to three (z). Species are now enu- merated for the first time with the addition of Nomina specifica, and descriptions. In this Ten- thredo includes Cynips, Tenthredo, Sirex and some of the Ichneumones minuti. Jchneumon unites (r) Them, yopsos, mudus, and wrepov ala. (s) Apis, Cra- Lro, Bombylius, Vespa. (t) Aculeus ant dentatus. (u) Aculeus ani triplex. (x) Aculeus ani simplex. (y) Squama erecta thoracem ab abdomine distinguens, ale neutris nulle. (x) Viz. « Vespe, * * Apes proprié dicte. * # « Bombylii hirsuti. some INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. some Spheces to the genuine Ichneumons. pis comprehends Vespa, Sphex, Chrysis, and Apis. In all 101 species are described without Trivial Names. In the sixth edition of the Systema Na- ture, which came out in 1748, the species are for the first time enumerated and defined; a new genus, Cynips, is introduced, and a new character formed for Tenthredo(a). This edition is also distinguished by the convenient adoption of Trivial Names. No further improvements were made by Linneus in this class, till the publication of the tenth edi- tion in 1758, in which the present characters of both class and genera are finally given. From this summary view of the progress of Linneus in perfecting the Hymenoptera class, it appears that he was long in giving it all the im- provement of which he thought it capable. His original idea seems to have been to construct his genera from variations in the dculeus; to this he adhered through nine editions of his Systema, till at leneth, finding that the same kind of Aculeus was common to more than one natural genus, he had recourse to other parts for his characters; he still keeps it, however, at the head of his Essential Characters, and has added no other in his four first genera. The orders into which Linneus thought of dividing this class, as appears from the Fundamenta (a) Cynips Aculeus ani conico-carinatus, Larva intra gallam. Tenthredo Aculeus ani feminis serratus. Larva polypoda. Entomologiz, 435 16 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, _ Entomologie(b), though not sat by his usual mark the asterisk, are « aculeo miti, * * a- culeo punctorio. The former division including’ Cynips, Tenthiedo, Sirex, Ichneumon, and the latter the remaining genera. The parts he uses in his definitions of the genera of this class, are 1. The Proboscis(c). 2. The ab- sence of it(d). 3. The absence of the Tongue(e). A. The Palpi(f). 5. The Mazille(g). 6. The Antenne both with respect to form and number of articulations(h). 7. The Thorax(i). 8. The Scu- tellum(k). 9. The Wings(l). 10. The Abdomen(m). 11. The Aculeus(n). 12. Pubescence(o). 13. The absence of it(p). 14. Colour(q). To distinguish his families he has recourse to the Antenne(r), Abdomen (s), Hirsuties(t), and Colour(u) The number of species described in the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature in this class is 314. Having given this short account of the labours of Linneus in this class, I shall bestow a few pages upon what his successors have attempted with the (4) Hymenoptera (distinguuntur) secundum aculeum pune- torium vel mitem. Fundament. Entomol. 4to. p. 29. (c) Apis. (d) Cynips, Tenthredo, Chrysis, Vespa. (e) Ichneumon, Sphex. (f) Sirex. (g) All except Formica and Mutilla. (h) Sirex, Ichneumon, Sphex, Chrysis. (2) Mutilla. (k) Tenthredo, (1) Tenthredo, Sirex, Sphex, Vespa, Apis, Formica. (um) Sirex, Ichneumon, Chrysis. (n) Allthe genera. (0) Mutilla. (p) Vespa. (gq) Chrysis. (r) Tenthredo, Ichneumon. (s) Ichneumon. (t) Apis. (u) Echneumon, 4 view ™ . ’ | 7 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 17 » — View. ofimproving upon him. The first that I shall * _imention is Professor Scopoli, a name dear to every “ea of Natural History, and to whom entomology is under very considerable obligations. In his Entomologia Carniolica, he has distinguished four of the Linnean classes by new names. I must confess I prefer the old ones, on account of that harmony of ®Momenclature which distinguishes them, from the same word entering into the com- position of them all. The present he names Acu- 3 Teata. Considered out of its connexion, this is certainly more expressive of the peculiar character of the class, than the word Hymenoptera. But, in a system, nothing ought to be taken by itself, and the general harmony and union of parts should be considered as well as individual propriety. I see no good reason, likewise, for his alteration of the Linnean definition of the class. “‘ Ale quatuor mem- branacez plerisque. -Aculeus caude, sed nullus in maribus” is more appropriate, especially with re- spect to those genera which have two aculeate sexes, than “ Ale quatuor, abdomen uni sexui aculeo armatum.” In the genera, this author, instead of improving upon what Linneus had done, goes backward by reuniting Szrex with Ichneumon, and Chrysis with Sphex, genera surely sufficiently distinct. His alterations of the Linnean Essential Characters do not seem always tobe for the better(z). (x) E.G. He has altered the Linnean essential character of Mutilla. “ Aculeus punctorius, al@ neutris nulle” into “ Ale nulle”, when one sex in this genus has wings. ' c For : 18 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, For the construction of these he has recourse to 1. The proboscis (y). 2. The absence of it (z). 3. The wings(a). A. The absence of them a 5. The aculeus (c). The distinctions of his families are taken from the antenne (d), wings (e), abdo- men(f), aculeus(g), and colour (h). The genus Apis, as I shall afterwards have occasion to ob- serve, is panes considerable obligations to this author. Next to Scopoli comes Geoffroy, a writer of considerable merit, but too much given to mno- vation ; he had studied Linneus, and professes. to follow nature (7), yet he falls into great errors by departing from both. After Ray, he reunites the Neuroptera and Hymenoptera classes under the denomination of “ Insecta telraptera alis nudis ;” and thus loses all the ground that had been gained by Linneus, ‘This class he divides into three sec- tions, the first of which contains such of these insects as have tarsi of three joints; the second, those whose tarsi have four joints; and the third, those whose tars? consist of five joints. This last ! section puts together, contrary to nature, their i economy, and affinities, Ephemera, Phryganea, Hemerobius, Myrmeleo, Panorpa; and the Hyme- (y) Apis. (x a) Sphex, Vespa. (Lb) Formica, Mutilla. (c) Cynips, Tenthredo, Ichneumon, Sphex. (ad) Tenthredo, Apis. N.B. In the latter, the circumstance which he has taken for the characteristic of a family, is only a sexual distinction, (e) Ichneumon. (f) Ichneumon, Sphex. (gh) Ichneumon, (?) Hist. Ins, tom, 1. Disc, Prel. p. xvii. - noptera, w » INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. noptera. His genera in the latter are Crabro (4), _ Urocerus (1), Tenthredo, Cynips(m), Diplalepsis (n), - Eulophus (0), Ichneumon(p), Vespa(q), Apis, and Formica. In all these his generic characters are drawn from the mouth (03), stemmata, antenne, wings, abdomen, and aculeus, with the addition of lingua, glabrities, and hirsuties in Vespa and Apis. His families are taken from the number of articulations of the antennz (r), and pubescence and hirsuties(s). The monotony of his generic characters is rather tedious, and his constant ad- herence to differences in the antennze for them leads him into many errors. He has often fallen into the very faults that he objects to Linneus (2) ; for the characters of his genera are not sufficiently descriminative, he unites those insects which nature has separated, and separates those which she has united. For instance, the only distinction be- tween Apis and Vespa, which he notices, is pu- bescence (w); thus placing a considerable family of genuine pes in the latter genus, which like- wise includes Cirysis. Again, he separates Crabro from Tenthredo, and Lulophus from Ichnewmon, merely on account of differences in the antenna, (k) Tenthredo, Lin. (2) Sirex, Lin. (m) Cynips and Ichneumon, Lin. (n) Cynips, Lin. (0) Ichneumon, Lin. (p) Ichneumon, Sphex, Lin. (q) Vespa, Chrysis, Apis, Lin. (rv) Tenthredo, Cynips. (s) Apis. (t) Tom. 1. Prel. Disc. p. xiv. (u) Vespa corpus glabrum. Apis corpus villosum, All the other characters are verbatim the same. c2 which 19 i INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. which in both these genera, I speak only of the minuti of the latter, are subject to continual vari- — ations. In Ewlophus the antenne ramose are only a sexual distinction(x). The separation of the minutt from the genus Tchneumon by this author, appears to me to be a point gained in this class, but he has intermixed these with Cynipes in his two genera Cynips and Diplolepsis. ‘The latter, according to his characters, should include the genuine Cynipes, and the former the Ichnewmones minut. s The Baron De Geer, who, like his illustrious — predecessor Reaumur, penetrated into the deepest recesses of nature in the pursuit of truth, and brought forth to light and notice innumerable anecdotes and facts, before unknown, relative to the history and economy of the mmute, but wonderful, animals which belong to the entomo- logical department; by this very circumstance was enabled, more than any of his predecessors, to improve the Linnean generic characters in this and other classes, and to render them applicable with more certainty to the species which they were in- tended to distinguish. He has nearly inverted, with what propriety I shall not now enquire, the Linnean order of Hymenopterous genera (y), and (x) De Geer, tom.2. p.2. Mem. 15. p.901. Tab. 31. fig. 14—17. Kirby in Lin. Trans. vol. 5. p. 109. note t. (y) Thus: Apis, Nomada, Vespa, Sphex, Chrysis, Sirex, Ich- neumon, Cynips, Fenthredo, Formica, separated, : a | | 4 4 eo eee INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. separated, with great judgment, the Proabeille of ~Reaumur from dpis. His generic characters are taken from the mouth (os), antennae, wings, ab- domen, and aculeus, which are imtroduced into every genus. The proboscis, which not only dis- tinguishes 4pis and Nomada, but is also very pro- perly noticed in Vespa. The eyes, Apis, Nomada, Vespa, and Sphex. This Linneus, in the twelfth edition of the Systema Nature, has adopted with respect to Vespa. The anus, Chrysis and Sirex. His families, in which he has improved much upon ‘Linneus, especially in Jchnewmon and Formica, are taken from the antenne (z), the absence of the wings (a), and the abdomen (b). Both this author and Geoffroy, without sufficient reason, have taken perpetual liberty to alter the Linnean names of the genera, a practice which has occasioned a great deal of confusion and answered no good end. Schrank, in his Enwmeratio Insectorum Austria, has added the following circumstance to the Lin- nean definition of the class, “‘ Os mazillis trans- versis.” This character, which runs through all the species, seems well introduced, and renders the endless repetition of “ Qs mawillis,” in the Artificial Characters of the genera, perfectly needless. He has also introduced some slight alterations into the generic characters of Szrev, Ichnewmon, Sphex, Chrysis, and Formica ; but in the main he adheres to those of Linneus. (x) Sphew, Ichneumon, Tenthredo, (a) Ichneumon. (L) Ichneumon, Formica. c 3 From 21 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. From this recapitulation of what has been done by Linneus and others, it will appear that no very , essential improvements have been made in this class, from the time of the publication of the tenth edition of the Systema Nature in 1758, to the time when the system of Fabricius first made its appearance in 1775. Only two good genera had been sepa- rated’ from those of Linneus; the Nomada from-> Apis, after Reaumur, by De Geer, and the minute Ichneumons by Geoffroy, but confounded with Cynips. A slow progress, and by no means equal’ to that of botany, considering the vast number of -non-descript species discovered during this period. I shall now call the reader’s attention to what has been attempted by Fabricius in this class. Originally he united together Ephemera, Phry- ganea, Hemerobius, Termes, Myrmeleon, Panorpa, Raphidia, all the Hymenoptera, Monoculus, Onis- cus, Lepisma, and Podura. “ Turba sané stu- penda,” as Villars justly exclaims (c), ‘ insolita, sed instrumentis cibariis approximata!” . Probably the absurdity of uniting in one class so hetero- geneous a mixture of genera, as opposite to and unconnected with each other as light and darkness, induced this author in his Entomologia systematica emendata et aucta, published in 1793, at length to give to the Hymenoptera class a separate existence, under the name of Piezata; a word, derived, I presume, from ww, premo. His definition of this (c) Ent. Eur. tom. 1. p. 580. class ‘ <9 = wa oe a nes INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, class is this: “ Palpi quatuor; mazxilla cornea, compressa, sepe elongata. Before I consider how far this character may be regarded as applicable, it will be proper to inquire into the meaning of the terms which Fabricius has employed to signify those parts from which he has borrowed the characters of the class and its genera; to point out by what names they are distinguished in the Tabula synoptica nomenclature partium of the present work, and to refer to the figures de- signed to represent them. This will enable the reader to judge with precision how far the author is warranted in the objections which he urges against the Fabrician system. Fabricius, in his preface to his Genera Insec- torum, has assigned it as a reason for his omission of figures, that they would generate confusion in the determination of species, on account of the variations to which the Jnstrumenta cibaria are subject in individuals of the same genus(c). But, how good soever this argument might hold with respect to generic characters; yet, when new terms are introduced into a science, or old ones used in a new sense, to prevent mistakes and confusion, it is extremely convenient, if not absolutely necessary, that they should be illustrated by figures: And when this author first laid his.system before the public, the fustrumenta cibaria, upon which it is founded, ought not only to have been defined (c) p. 8, 9. cA clearly, 23 Le id INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. clearly, but an accurate delineation of each part, and its natural situation, should have been made and referred to. The parts from which Fabricius has sales his characters of this class and its genera, that seem to require explanation, are lingua, labium, mazilla, palpi anteriores, palpi posteriores, mandibula, clypeus. LINGUA. Fabricius defines this part “* Lin- gua spiralis inter palpos reflexos latens convoluta(d).” And at the end of his chapter on the Jnstrumenta cibarta (e), he says “ Maxille, labiumque elongata, membranacea, inter mandilulas inflexa, . linguam constituunt.” But this latter definition, from,a subsequent observation, seems intended solely to denote what he means by lingua in Apis, and the genera he has separated from it, &c. and the former to apply chiefly to the tongue of the Lepidoptera. From hence it appears that the term lingua, in this _ class, is equivalent to the Linnean term proboscis; including the whole machinery of that organ(/). It seems to me that this term ought to be applied exclusively to the instrument which acts the part of a tongue. . LABIUM. The definition is “ Labia os in- ferné claudentia, ne hausta eruant(g). This term (d) Philos. Ent. c.ii. § 3. In another place he defines it «Lingua spiralis convoluta bifida, inter palpos stuposos inserta,"’ manifestly referring to the Lepidoptera. Ibid. c. ili. § 1. (e) Ibid. § 18. (f) Tab. 11. * *, d. 2. a, fig. 1. (s) Philos. Ent. c. ii. § 3. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. is intended to denote that part of the proboscis which is seated between the mazille or valvule, and from which the posterior palpi are produced ; as applied by Fabricius, in his genera in this class, it includes both the real tongue, and that part which I have denominated tubus (h), or its corneous base: if it had been confined to the latter, and called labium inferius, it would have been proper enough (2); but, as it now stands, that part which collects, absorbs, and passes the honey down into the stomach is called Jabium, which is certainly very improper, not to say absurd. Under this head are to be considered those parts, defending the tongue where it issues from the tube, which he calls sete, or lingue lacinie f. lamin interiores (h); which terms include what, in my first genus Me- litta, are named auricule (1), and in Apis, lacinie interiores (m). ‘The term seta is often not properly applicable to them. His labii lacinie laterales (n) J: exteriores (0) answer to my lacinie exteriores (p). MAXILLA, is thus defined. “ Mawille due transversales, sepius membranacee, latera oris (h) Tab. 11. ubi supra d. (i) As this part embraces and seems connate with the lower part of the tongue. which it defends externally, I preferred another term to labiwm. (k) See his Natural Characters of Vespa, Andrena, Apis, &c. (1) Tab. 2, x ¥, a fig. 1, dd, and b. fig. 2, aa. (m) Tab. 11, * x, d. 2... fig. 1. ff (2) See his Nat. Char. of Apis. (0) Entom. Syst. tom:3. p. 307. under Hylaeus Morio, and p. 343. under Eucera longicornis, (p.) Tab, 11. ubi supra ee, inferne 23 26 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. inferne includentes (r). ‘To this if we add what he says elsewhere, “‘ Palpi antici maxille dorso adnati,” it will appear that his mawzille are what I have termed valvule in the following work (s), and are also equivalent to the valve of the lower vagina of the Linnean character of Apis. In Hymenopte- rous insects these are longitudinal instead of trans- verse, and the term maxilla (jaw-bone) applied to a membrane is not a little absurd. In his Na- tural Characters of some genera in this class, Fa- bricius calls this part, with respect to the whole proboscis, “ lingue lamina exterior, or lacinia exterior (t). PALPI] ANTERIORES, sometimes called antici : these answer to my palpi exteriores (u), they emerge laterally from the mazilla or valvula. PALPI POSTERIORES, sometimes denomi- nated postici: they are equivalent to my palpi interiores (x), and sometimes arise from the tongue just above the top of the tube (y), and at others just below the apex of the exterior lacinia (z). I have altered both these terms in conformity to the _ opinion of Professor Afzelius (a), upon whose accuracy the greatest reliance may be placed ; and indeed the epithets exterior and interior are much more applicable to them, than anterior and posterior. (7) Philos. Ent. c.ii. §3. (s) Tab. 11. xx. d. 2. «. fig. 1, cc. (t) E. G. Sphex, Bembex, &c. Andrena, Apis, &c. (uw) Tab. 11. ubi supra AA. (x) Ibid. 22. (y) Tab. 1. x.a fig. 3. b6. (x) Tab. 11. ubi supra. (2) Afxelius in Lin, Trans. vol. 4. p. 250. MANDIBULA. ae ual See INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. MANDIBULA. = This is the mazilla of Lin- neus, and the present work, which professes to adhere as much as possible to the Linnean nomenclature. CLYPEUS. This term is equivalent with labium of Linneus; and denotes a part which, by these insects, is used to answer the purposes of a lip. Galea might, with equal propriety, be applied to the dilated joint of the tarsus of Sphex clypeata, as clypeus to this part. Fabricius, indeed, him- self, as well as his disciple Panzer, in their de- scriptions, have frequently used the term labium, not to signify the Fabrician, but the Linnean labium(b); of course 1 have employed this term instead of clypeus(c). Having explained the terms employed by Fabricius, I shall now proceed to consider his characters of the class in question. When he published his Genera Insectorum, he, at the same time, constructed Natural Characters for the several classes under which at that time he had arranged them, but he neglected doing this for the new classes which he has since formed. It is, however, an excellent idea, and I mean to adopt it hereafter with respect to the Hymenoptera. His original Essential Character of his Piezata class, as I ob- (l) The former in his Artificial Character of Bemlbex, and in his description of Hyleus cylindricus, allilabris, &e, The latter in Cralro and Nomada often. (c) Tab, 10, ##. c. 2. 9, fig. 12, and fig. 13. ¢, served as INTRODUCTORY REMARKS, served above, was this: “ Palpi quatuor, maxilla cornea, compressa, sepe elongata.” In his supplement to his Entomologia Systema-+ tica he omits the palpi, retaining only the last member of the character, perhaps with the view of ~ rendering it less complex: but as the following class, Odonata, is distinguished by palpi duo, it seems to meno improvement to drop a character which certainly runs through the whole class, and which affords a more constant distinction than that which is retained. ‘There appears to be no reference in this character to that of the Synistata, although both classes were originally united by our author. The first circumstance noticed in it is the substance of the mazilla or valvula. Mazilla cornea; this, generally speaking, holds good only with respect to the base of this part(d); the apex(e) is usually either wholly coriaceous, or partly corlum and partly membrane. Nay, in nie of his genera(f), Fabricius describes this part as entirely membra- naceous, so little consistent is he with himself. The term, by which he denotes the next circum- stance he fixes upon to distinguish this class, com- pressa, should point out an obvious character, as it supplies him with its name. Yet I do not see how this term, if we understand it according to his own (d) Tab. 1. *. a: fig. 4. a. (e) Ibid. b,c. (f) Viz. Cynips, Sirex, Ichneumon, Evania, Tiphia, No- mada. Gen. Ins. and Banchus, Ophion, and Foenus. Suppl. definition, INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. definition (g), will well apply to this part. If con- fined to the base of the mazilla it will do in some cases, though not in all. The apex is usually either plicatus, subplicatus, or concave, so as to embrace and defend the tongue. At any rate the term is too obscure in its application, to be used as an index to point to what class any individual belongs. The last part of this character, s Se ABDOMEN. aie ( 91 ) TERMINUM EXPLICATIO, ’ CORPUS dico, ubi animal totum, simul sumptum, intelligi volo: hoc in tres partes primarias dis- tribuo; CAPUT, nempe, TRUNCUM, ABDOMEN, 1; / CAPUT, Pars antica corporis occiput, faciem, genas, gulam, et jugulum includens. Organa ejus mobilia sunt labium, maxilla, antenne, atque proboscis. 1. Occiput. Capitis pars postica collari applicans(a). 2. Facies. Capitis pagina superior verticem, stem- mata, oculos, frontem, et nasum includens. a. Vertex. Portio faciei inter occiput et oculos (b). b. Stemmata. Puncta tria, convexa, chrystallina, ocelli forsan, que verticem signant (c). c. Oculi. Vists organa ex innumeris hexagonis constantia, d. Frons. Spatium interjectum inter oculos: infra verticem unde proveniunt antenne, quod in angulum acutum inter nasum et oculos szpe excurrit (d). (a) Tab. 12, x#, e. 1. nent. fig, 8, d, (2) Ibid. a. (c) Ibid, (d) Ibid. 4, e. Nasus, 92 TERMINI. e. Nasus. Faciei portio seepius elevata /. gibba ins fra antennas, cui labium annectitur; a fronte sutura haud rarO separata (e). 3. Gene. Capitis latera turgida sub oculis (f).- 4, Labium. Pars transversa capitis, posticé naso subnexa, os superné claudens, et proboscidem cohibens (zg). 5. Mazille, Dentes transversi insecti os a latere includentes, apud basin seepius puncto elevato notati (A). « 6. Gula. Inferioris paginz capitis cavitas antica, fundo sepius membranaceo, ubi proboscis plicata reponitur (2). 7. Jugulum. Capitis cavitas postica qua collo an- nectitur (4). 8, Antenne. Cerebelli forsan speculatores sensiferi, articulati, radiculd, scapo, pedicello, et apice constantes. a. Radicula. Articulus primus minutissimus, capiti immersus (0). b. Scapus. Articulus secundus szpius elongatus, quocum angulum seepe facit apex (m). c. Pedicellus. Articulus tertius, in acetabulo scapi versatilis (7). d. Apex. Reliqui articuli simul sumpti (0). (e) Tab. 12. xx. e 1. neut. fig. 8. ¢. (f) Ibid. fig.9. aa. (g) Ibid. fig. 8. e. (h) Ibid. f. (2) Ibid. fig. 9. c. (2) Ibid. 2. (l) Ibid. fig. 13. a. (m) Ibid. b. 2) Ibid. c. (0) Ibid. d. Q. Proboscis. TERMINI. -§. Proboscis. Organum capitis os inférné claudens, ~ dingud ccntill et vagind, interdum multi- yalvi, constans (p). a. Lingua. Suctionis instrumentum cartilagineum in apicem et basin distinctum (q). a. Apex. Lingue portio extra tubum (7). @. Basis. Linguz portio intra tubum (s). b. Vagina. Liguam ex omni parte convolvens, muniens, ac fovens, tubo, valvulis, palpis; loris, et annulo constans (¢). «. Tubus. Theca cornea basis linguee fulcrum, au~ riculas, laciniasque includens (wu). a. Fulcrum. Portio cornea cui insidet tubus (2). b. Auricule. Valvee due membranacee, Melittis propriz, linguam apud apicem tubi munien- tes (y). c. Lacinie. Szpius quatuor, est ubi due, Apibus propriz, linguam apud apicem tubi vaginan- tes, in exteriores et interiores distincte. > *. Lacinie exteriores. Valve due, planiuscule vel concave, biarticulatz, pauld infra apicem pal- pigeree, linguze apicem subtus munientes (z). *%. Lacinie interiores. Valye due seepius mem- branaceze, quz intra lacinias exteriores lin- guam amplectuntur (a). (p) Tab. 12. x#. «. 1. neut. fig. 1. (q) Ibid. fi 2. (r) Ibid. i. (8) Ibid. f. (t) Ibid. a, 4, c,d, ef, gh. (u) Ibid. f. Tab. 1. #.b. fig. 1. a. (x) Tab. 12. ubi supra, e. (y) Tab. 2. *%. a fig. 1. dd. b. fig. 2: aa, (x) Tab. 12. ubi supra, go, (a) Ibid. Ah. 8. Valvule. TERMINI. m e sinu laterali (p. Valvule. Lamine /. valve a apud basin tubi originem ducentes, et pa emittentes, in basin et apicem divisz (0). a. Basis. Valvule pars cornea infra palpum, lingua basin utrinque obvolvens, cardinem et pecti- nem includens (c). x. Cardo. Portio cornea transversa inter basin val vulze et lora interjecta (d). x*. Pecten, Sete rigidiuscule, incurvee, que basis valvulee apicem margine exteriori armant (e). b. Apex. Valvule pars supra palpum, szepe coriacea marginibus membranaceis, concava aut plicata, quze lingua apicem exterils convolvit, et, re- posita proboscide, apud sinum palpigerum in- flectitur (/). y. Palpi. Organa szepius articulata, mobilia, sen- sifera, e vagina exorta, in palpos exteriores et interiores distincta. a. Palpi exteriores. 1—6 articulati e sinu laterali valvularum erumpentes (g). b. Palpi interiores. 1—A articulati ex lingua pauld supra apicem tubi, vel ex laciniis exterioribus sub apice provenientes (4). 6. Lora. Funiculi cornei membrana connexi, qui- (t) Tab. 12. ubi supra, a,b. and fig.6. — (c) Ibid. fig. 6. a. (d) Tab. 13, fig: 7. cc. (e) Tab. 12. ubi supra, fig. 6. c. Tab. 10. +x. d. 1. fig. 1. ¢: (f) Tab. 12. ubi sup. fig. 6. 6. (g) Ibid. fig.5. Tab.8. fig.3.c. Tab.10. xx. c. 2.3. fig.3. a. Tab, 6. #x. a. fig. 1. g. Tab.1.%.2,fig.4.d. (hk) Tab.g. xx. €.2.y. fig.5. b. Tab. 5. **. a. fig.5, dd, Tab.1, #. a, fig.3. bd. bus TERMINI. bus.insidet proboscis, et quibus retinetur aut immittitur (7). . «» Annulus. Gule ambitus quo terminantur lora (f). II. TRUNCUS. Intermedia pars corporis, collum, thoracem, scutel- lem, metathoracem, pieuras, pectus complectens. Artus ejus sunt ale et, pedes. 1. Collum. Pars trunci anterior, qua caput versatile est, collarem gestans (/). a. Collare. Pars postica. colli elevatiuscula, cui thorax annectitur (7). 2, Thorax. Dorsum trunci suturis.undique desig- natus tubercuia includens (7). a. Tubercula. Puncta elevata duo, unum utrinque, seepius apud angulos anticos thoracicos (0). 3. Scutellum. Trunci portio parva poné thoracem, metathoraci szepe immersa (/). A...Metathorax. Pars trunci postica, cui inseritur scutellum, et subnectitur abdomen (q). 5. Pleure. Trunci latera turgida. 6. Pectus. Trunci. pagina inferior cui inseruntur pedes, sternum complectens. a. Sternum. Carina pectoris. /. processus corneus pectori immersus, inter basin pedum antico- rum delitescens vix agnoscendus (7). (2) Tab. 12. ubi supra, fig. 1. dd, (k) Tab. 13. fig, 7. bb. (2) Tab. 5. *. b. fig. 8. a. (m) Ibid. ?. (n) Ibid. e, (0) Ibid. ce. (p) Ibid. f. = (¢) Ibid. g. (r) Tab. 6, x#.a. fig. 8. a. 4, Ale. 95 096 TERMINI. 4, Ale. Volatis instrumenta, apud thoracis sutu« ram lateralem trunco affixa, in alas superiores et inferiores distincta. a. Ale superiores /. anteriores includunt squamu- lam, anastomosin, costam, et nervos. a. Squamula. Squama minutissima, cornea con- cavo-convexa, extrorsum rotundata, basin alarum superiorum muniens (s). eg. Anastomosis. Macula cornea marginalis, ubi inosculantur alz superioris nervi (¢). y. Costa. Nervus validus marginalis (). d. Nervi. Alarum vene. b. Ale inferiores f. posteriores hamulos includunt. «. Hamuli. Unci minutissimi in medio margine alze inferioris, quibus alz superiori, volante insecto, subnectitur (x). 8. Pedes. Motts instrumenta constant apophys?, Jemore, tibia, manu, tarso. a. Apophysis. Coxa biarticulata cui insidet femur, flocculum includens (y), a. Flocculus. Cincinnus parvus ex apophyse poste- teriori exortus, quo pollen florum a Melitiis quibusdam gestatur (z). b. Femur. Pedis basis apophysi insidens (a). c. Tibia. Pedis pars intermedia /. crus, includens spinulas, scopam, et corbiculam (b). (s) Tab. 5. *.b. fig. 8. dd. (t) Tab, 3. #%. b. fig. 5. . (u) Ibid. a. (x) Tab, 13. fig. 19. (y) Tab. 11. x*. e. 1. mas. fig. 8. a, b. (z) Tab. 4. #x. c. fig. 10. a. (a) Tab. 11. ubi supra, e. ; (4) Ibid. d. a. Spinule. TERMINI, a. .. Spinulee. Sping .tenuissime, introrsum seepius serrulate, tibiarum apicem intus. _armantes, velum complectentes (c). . ay. Velum. Membrana tibize anterioris spinule | in- tus annexa (d)i 8. Scopa, Valli densi biam posticam. saepe vesti- entes;, quibus pollen a floribus quasi verrunt, quod. hisce villis involutum secum depor- tant (e). y~ Corbicula. Pilorum incurvorum. cilia, Api mel- lifice et Bombinatricibus propria, tibiarum posticarum e margine utrinque exorta, per quam cera retinetur, nee inter volandum amit- titer 6 preety 3) Shure ‘ d. Manus. Pedis anterioris pars extima, articulata, palmam includens. eit $3 e. Palma, Manis articulus primus elongatiis, stri- gile instructus (g’). : a. Strigilis. Curvatura parva intus apud ae pal- me pectine sepius: ifistructa,. cui ex adversa .- Opponitur tibize anterioris spinula velata.. . His, sicut strigile, antennas, ut opinor, detergunt - . -insecta Hymenoptera (h). Fe e. Tarsus. Pedum quatuor posteriorum pars eX- tima, articulata, plantas et digitos baal s -tens (2)... (c) Tab. 13. fig. 20. d. (d) Tab, 6. ¥#. a. FEY, ©. . (e) Tab. 4. ke, Ce fig. 10..0. . (f) Tab. 12, ubi.supra, fs. 19. bb. . (9) Tab. 6. ubi supra, fig. 7. a, (h) Ibid, 2, (2 ms Tab, 11, ubi stipra, fig. 8. ef. iz H "Oba lated 9 08 TERMINI. @, Planta. Tarsi articulus primus elongatus, dilas tatusque, scopuld instructus (A). a. Scopula. Scopa parva setarum rigidiuscularum, quz plantas intus vestit, praecipué posticas, in Ape mellificd insignis (/). é. Digitus. Tarsorum, item mands, articuli witimi quatuor, wngues et pulvillum includens (m). a. Unguis. Ungula digitos terminans et armans, unguiculis constans duobus (7). L. Pulvillus. Mollis digiti terminatio inter uné gues (0). III. ABDOMEN. Pars corporis postica tergum ventremque complec- tens, Organa hujus mobilia sunt feminis aculeus, et penis maribus. 1. Tergum. Abdominis dorsum /- pars supina, segmenta dorsalia, petiolum, basin, et anum includens. a. Segmenta dorsalia. 'Tergi sectiones transverse, ventralium segmentorum latera obvolventes, spiraculis pertuse. a. Spiracula. Pori laterales, in smgulo abdominis segmento dorsali utrinque solitarii, per quos respirat animal (p). b. Petiolus. Pedicellus metathoraci basin abdomi- | nis subnectens, () Tab. 11. ubi supra, e. (2) Tab. 12. ubi supra, fig. 20, (m) Tab. 11. ubisupra,f. () Ibid, fig.9. aa, (0) Ibid. b. (p) Tab. 13. fig. 35, 36, a. - c. Basis. ee ee ; . ——— TERMINI. &. Basis. Pars antica abdominis ex qué oritur pe- tiolus. d. Anus. Abdominis apex genitalia exerens; fim- briam, aculeum, et penem complectens. «. Fimbria. Pilorum cilia densa anum_ vestiens; Melitiarum familiz ultime propria (q). @. Aculeus. Instrumentum ovipositionis, et in qui- busdam bellorum gladius timendus, valvas et vaginam includens (r). a. Valve. Lartiine duz coriacex, quibiis vagina retracta utrinque obtegitur (s). b. Vagina. Theca cornea spicula jaculans (2). *. Spicula. Aculei ipsissimi, intra vaginam retracé tiles, bini, filiformes, tenuissimi, apud apicent hinc retrorsum serrulati, retinaculo instructi(u). +. Retinaculum. Squamula cornea, mobilis, qua retinetur spiculum, ne jiisto longids jacu- letur (x). y. Penis. Genitale maris forcipem et phallum come plectens. a, Forceps. Unci duo vel plures interdum interné ramosi; quibus mias corripit et comprimit anumi femine (7). b; Phallus. Organum masculum (2): 2, Venter. Prona pars abdominis segmenia vena tralia includens. a. Segmenta ventralia. Ventris settiones transverse, (9) Tab. 4, ¥#. c. fig. 1. a. (r) Tab. 13. fig. 27; 28, {s) Ibid. fig. 27, bb. 28. aa; (t) Ibid. fig. 29, (u) Ibid, fig. 28. 02. fig. 30, (x) Ibid. fig. 30. a; ¢y) Ibid. fig. 33. aa. (x) Ibid, 0. 2 OBSER- "FER MINI. “OBSERVATIONS. NEES, in the Funda Entomoleim has. given four primary divisions of an insect ; but since those parts, which he has mecluded under his division» aréus, are all attached to the truncus, it seems most natural to cousider them only as mem- bers of that part ; so the antenne, maxille, labium, and. probe escis are included under the division, caput, and the genitalia and aculeus under abdomen. 1 have therefore ventured, in this instance, to. depart in-some. degree from the definitions, of that ad- mirable paper; and I do this with the less hesi- tation, since I haye not been guided solely by my own judgment, but can plead the authority of Pro- fessor Afzeclius, to whom I once shewed the outline of the above table, for this mode of division. -Pucies.:Thisterm I have employed) instead of frons, to denote the upper side of the head, pene . the: latter-ma more confined sense. comNusus.: The part intended by this ‘aia on been * noticed particularly by no, author, that I have had afr\opportunityof consulting, ex+ cept De Geer; who mistakes it, in Mormica, for the lip(a), from which it is very. distinct, and Latreille; who names: it le chaperen. . It is often “separated from the frons PY. a suture, and in some (cg) Tom. 2. ped. Mem. 18. pe 1056. Tabs 4 al. fig. 5., L, _azeqdo °F oa hadi “enera, ie RI oy . TERMINI. genera, the genuine Vespe especially (h); is very remarkable. . Its situation is nearly that of the nose upon the human face, which circumstance induced me to give it this name. ' vd i ji Gula et Jugulum. These parts are both i by Reaumur (c), The bottom of the cavity of t former, he thinks, may be regarded as a mans of ee (d). | ~ Radicula. The first joint of the antenne, which I have denoted by this name, has been overlooked; in numbering the articulations of that part,- by Linneus and most authors. De Geer has some- times noticed, and at others omitted it(e); though it exists in all Hymenopterous insects. The accu- rate eye of Reaumur discovered it, at least in 4, mellifica (f). ~ Scapus. T have applied this term to the second joint of the antennae, which has been usually deno- minated “ antennarum articulus primus.” Linneus occasionally distinguishes it by the name of -aud- bus(g). Reaumur calls it le firseau, on account of its fusiform shape in A, mellifica(h). :" t en . Are) (4) Panzer. Fn, Ins. Germ, Init. 0.17, t.18. a. n.63. 2a (c), Tom. 5, Tab. 27. fig. 12. 0, ¢, (d) Ibid. p. 335. (e) He has noticed it in Formica, &c. Tom. 2. p. 2. Tab. 41, fiz. 8. a. Tab. 28. fig. 9. a. and omitted it in Vespa, &c. Tab. 27. fig. 5, 6. (f) Ubi supra, Tab. 25. fig. 4.13. b. (g) E. G. In his description of Scaraheus stercorarius, Fa, yur 388, -(h) Ubi supra, p. 327, 328, ee Pedicellus, 10f 102 ‘TERMINI. Pedicellus. This joint is the pivot, ing in the socket of the scapus, upon which the remaining articulations taken together, here denominated the apex, sit, and by means of which they often form an angle with that part. Reaumur terms it Je_ bouton (?). é Proboscis. This term, as I observed before, I have used to signify the tongue and all the machi- nery that belongs to it ne its vagina, in confor- mity to the practice of Linneus in Apis. Lingua. De Geer sometimes calls this part “ le iévre inférieur (h);” but certainly very improperly, It is possible that Fabricius might follow him im applying a similar term (/abiwm) to the same part, In another place(/), by this term the same author denotes the whole proboscis, expressing a suspicion that the central part may perform the office of a tongue, Fagina. This term is desioned to include every part, the office of which is to cover, defend, or support the tongue. | * Tubus, This part is called by Fabricius the hase of the tongue, but De Geer, in his account of the proboscis of the Proabeille, considers it as (listinct, naming it the intermediate piece of the (2) Ubi supra, Tab. 25. fig. 4. 13. ¢. p. 326, 327. (k) Tom. 2. p.2, p,1130. Tab. 26. fig. 10, 11. OB, ce, (2) Thid. p.1128, Tab. 25. fig. 12, aa, be, sheath 7 alll TERMINI. : i - sheath(m). Swammerdam likewise names it the sheath. of the tongue(n); and Latreille calls it la ’ gaine. | think it ought to be distinguished from the tongue, though it includes its base, as it differs from it in substance, in this respect resembling 4 valvule, and indeed performing a similar office. Fulcrum. This part, upon which the tube sits, has been noticed both by Swammerdam and Reau- mur, the former denominating it, as well as the cardines of the valuule, “articulations by which ihe proboscis is united to the head (0) ;” and the lat- ter terming it le pivot(p). Auricule. De Geer has noticed and. figured these in the rostrum of his Proaleille, and calls them “‘ petites parties en forme de barbillons(q).” They are distinguished from the /acinie interiores of the genus .dpis, by being usually lacerate at their apex. Lacinie exteriores. These are to be met with in all the families of the genus Apis, the two first excepted, and in no other Hymenopterous insects that I know of. They are distinguished from the two, first articulations of the interior palpi, to which they are analogous, by being flat, instead of cylin= (m) Tom. 2. p. 1146. Tab. 52. fig, 10. a, b, (nx) Hill’s Swammerdam. Bib. Nat. Expl. Tab, p.19. Tab. 17. fig. 5. 4. (0) Swamm. ubi sup. & Tab. 17. fig. 5. rrrr. (p) Reaum. ubi supra, p. 334. Tab. 27. fig. 9. q. (g) Tom. 2. P. 2. p. 1140. Tab. 32, fig. 10, and p. 757. uA drical 103 104 drical, sometimés dilated at: dete uth and: furnished with a margin’ of membrane. By Swammerdam: i are —— ae vite second ee of ppt. | ee ee ee tite m1 ID fh Lacinie interiores. These are peculiar to Apis, and embrace and defend the tongue where it en- ters the tube. They are called by Swammerdam * the third pair of joints of the proboscis (t); Reau- mur notices them as “ pigces qui embrassent et for= tiftent-la-trompe (u);” Latreille, in Nomadaym names them soies laterales. Valvule. These form the exterior sheath of the tongue; I have divided them into basis and apex; which by Swammerdam and Reaumur seem to have been considered as distinct pieces. The former calls the basis, in conjunction with the tube, ‘ the joints which form the lower part of the proboscis ;” and the apex of the valvule “ the first pair of joints of that part(x).” Reaumur-denominates the latter <“ les demi étuis extérieurs;? and the former “les tiges des demi étuis extérieurs(y).” :. Peécten: This denotes the spines which arm one side of the upper part of the base of the val- vules. ‘These, as far as I know, are now first noticed, i (7) Ubi on p. 18. fig: 5. Se. “(sy Ubi sup. ee. (8) Ubi sup. hk. © © (wv) Ubi'sup. gg. (a) Ubi sup. aa. gq. (y) Ubi sth. fig GH ff RR, She oe Sto” ah er rie Cardines. TERMINI, }05 “-Cardines. These intervene between the valvula and the lora, and seem -to perform the office of hinges.- They are. mentioned by Swammerdam, as’ means, in conjunction: with the. fulcrum, by. which the proboscis is-united to the head. Reau-_ mur terms them ‘‘/ilets tendineux par les quels ie tages sont attachées a leurs appuis(z).” Palpi: exteriores. These are not noticed by Swammerdam, though his figure of the proboscis of the hive-bee gives a rude sketch-of them at d. By. Reaumur they haye. been. entirely- overlooked not only in 4. meilifica, in which they are very minute and consist only of a single joint, but like- wise in 4. violacea, where they are very easily seen and are sexarticulate. _In his genus-Proabeille he notices. them, but there confounds them with the apex of the valvula(a). De Geer denominates them “les grands barbillons (b).” Palpi interiores. These are called by Swam- merdam “ the two upper articulations of the second pair “of joints of the proboscis (c).” ‘Reaumur dis- tinguishes them by the term ‘ harbes” but he did not examine them so closely as might have been expected, for in his account of the 1 ae of A. mellifica he represents them as consisting of from three to four articulations (d), when, in fact, they: have palit two. . His figures sometimes repre- (2), Ubi supra. 00.. 1 he Pg a) Reaum. Tom. 6, Mem. 4. ‘p. 125. Tab. 9. fig. 7.b.' (b) Ubi sup. p.1128, —_ (c) Ubi sup. gg. (d) Tom. 5. Mem. 4, p, 333. ita pare sent 106 TERMINI. sent them accurately in this respect(e). De Geer names them “ les petits barbillons (f).” Lora. These parts I have so named from their use, which seems to be to let out or pull i in the eeciae in the latter case, the angle on which he fulcrum of the tube sits points towards the breast (g), in the other, towards the mouth (A). ‘These are named by Reaumur “ les leviers (2).” Annulus. By this term I distinguish the circum- ference of the gula, in which the Jora terminate. The cayity of the former is the bed of the proboscis, Collare. \have borrowed this term from Villars, the ingenious author of the Entomologia Europea. This part often requires distinct notice in the description of the Vespiform Apes, Thorax. I have judged it best to confine this term to that piece which jis terminated on all sides by the dorsal sutures. Tuberculi. These, so far as I know, have not been distinguished by a particular name. They differ from the “punctum callosum ante alas” of Linneus and others, and are to be found in all the species of the two genera into which I have divided Apis; although in most, the Nomade or Fespiform Apes excepted, not easily discoverahle. (e) Tom. 5. Tab. 28. fig. 7,8, 9, 12,13. 4h. (f) Ubi sup. p. 1169. Tab. 41. fig. 7. aa. (g) Reaum. ubi sup. Tab. 27. fig.8.9. (A) Ibid. fig.9. g. (4) Ibid. p. 334, Tab. 27, fig. 9. r7. They . ni Y TERMINI. They are to be found also in many other Hyme- nopterous insects. fathorax. In this class this is so conspicuous a part, that I wonder no author has taken notice of. it. It is separated from the thorax and — by sutures, and, in some instances, might perha Supply a good generic character. Pleura. As the word costa, has been usually employed to signify the strong marginal nerve of the superior wings, I have fixed upon this to de- note the sides of the truncus, Sternum. In the genera treated of in this work, this part is immersed in the breast, and is not to be discovered without taking off the fore legs. Squamula. Linneus in his descriptions notices the part intended by this term, sometimes simply as “ punctum ante alas,” and at others as “ punc- tum callosum ante alas.” It is a corneous concavo-: convex scale under which the base of the superior wings plays, | Anastomosis. The term by-which this part is denoted, in the Fundamenta Entomologia, is stig- ma; but as this is also employed to signify a ticular spot in the wings of some Phalene, I thought it best to alter the term, and adapt one ‘which I have seen used, I forget by whom, to de- note this part, and. which seems with more strict propriety applicable to it. Linneus, indeed, him self does not adhere to his own term, using often punctum 107 108 TERMINI. punctum marginale, and sometimes macula mangle nalis instead of it. A . Hamuli? These are very minute he - or erotchets; discoverable under a good magnifier on the inferior wings of many 1 lymenopterous ‘insects, “byt means of which they are kept steady in flying. They have been noticed by no author, that I have an. opportunity of consulting, except De Geer, and he observed them in no genus besides Formica (hk), in which they are not near so conspicuous asin Apis, ? lou Apophysis: find this term used by S Schitank fir the biarticulate piece upon which the thighs:sit; and therefore I have retained it. Cora probably might be a better term. De Geer calls the baal joint of this part “la hanche (1).” * Flocculus. "This woolly lock at ‘the base of the posterior legs of one family of Melitta I find saga” ced by no author. Spinule. Linneus notices these occasionally, but as'if they were peculiarities of a particular spe- cies only (m), when in fact they attend’ the whole class. De Geer mentions them and ae them Spines(n) or spurs (0). apes | Felum. pbs membrane, attached to’ the ‘sping ' (kh) Ubisup.'Tab. p.1171-2. Tab. 42. fig. 3) ee.) O80 (2) Ibid. p.1147./Tab. 32. fig; 12./@.) 5°) (m); Viz.-Apis florisomnis. (2) Ubi sup. pp. (0) Thid, p. 11705, Tab, ; Al. fig. 12, h, | of TERMINI: {og of the anterior-tibia, is figured pil not par ticularly noticed, by De Geer (p). | . Scopa. ‘This term, which is used fa Schrank to denote another part,.to which I: have given its diminutive as aname, I haye adopted to signify — the thick: coat-of hairs which externally covers the posterior tibize. of many of these insects, by means of which they probably brush the pollen from the flowers, and in which, when si have © eq tec pe carry it. “Corbicula: Reauimur ‘has noticed the fringe of basis which: this: term is intended to denote, from whom, indeed, I borrowed it. He says that. it forms with the cavity of the tibia une pee de corbeille (q).” Manus. The anterior legs of insects are dis tinguished from the four posterior ones by point- ing towards the head instead of the abdomen, I have therefore denominated their tarsus: by the term manus. ay » Palma:~Planta.s Digitus.. The first’ of fascec terms I have restricted to the:elongate joint at the base of the anterior tarsus or manus, and the second to the same part of the four posterior oness.é¢m-< ploying. the word digitus to express the remaining articulations taken together. ‘These parts in this genus, especially i in AS pee tarsus, are so re- idU (2 U FAMILLA. (Apis, xx. c. 2. @.) anid modes of life have been regarded as peculiar toa single species, which, in fact, are the prominent _ features of a family, or a subdivision. This, as I have just had occasion to observe, has happened to those Apes, whose acculeates are distinguished by a conical and very acute abdomen: the same error has taken place in the present subdivision, for all those Apes which construct centunculi, or cases made of the leaves of trees, to receive their eggs, have been looked upon by Linneus, and most wri- ters, as varieties of one species, which that great naturalist has named A. centuncilaris, and denoted it chiefly by the orange coloured hairs which cover the under side of its abdomen, a character which it possesses in common with a large number of spe- cies in this family. A similar mode of nidification may be, and indeed very often is, the characteristic of a family or genus rather than a species: thus, the cells of the different species of the Bombina- trices are composed of similar materials and resem-~ ble each other in form; and the various genuine species of the genus Vespa construct cells, for the most part, of the same figure, and employ the same kind of materials(c); the mode of nidification, therefore, should never be assumed as characteristic of a species, but after the most mature considera= tion, and the closest and most attentive investiga- tion of its history, economy, &c. for it generally happens that those insects which agree together in (c) Reaumur, tom, 6. Mem. 6, 7, Tab, 14—25. habit, 159 160 _* FAMILIA. (Apis. x. &. 2. ay habit, and belong to the same natural divisions of subdivisions of a genus, are connected likewise by their mode of life. As to characters, before any particular one is selected for the definition of a species, inquiry should first be made whether it may not be a sexual distinction common to many ’ individuals. But the science of entomology is far behind botany; in innumerable instances we are at a loss to discover and discriminate thé sexes. The present work, I flatter myself, may contribute to remove some of the difficulties which stand in the way of our attaining this knowledge. The sexes. of the two genera, to which these pages are deyo- ted, may now be detected with ease; and, perhaps; the discovery of a similar circumstance may enable some future entomologist to point out the sexes in all the classes of insects. If some of,the largest and most common individuals im each were dis- sected, and examined with sufficient attention, pro- bably this desideratum’ might soon be attained. But to return from this. digression. The aculeates in this family furnish no very striking and prominent features for specific defi- nitions, they are so extremely similar to each other, that it is not wonderful that they have been so much confounded, but this difficulty is, in a great degree, removed by the males, which, will supply the describer with some very strong charac- ters. Thus, the male of the genuine Apis cen- tuncularis, which makes its centunculi of rose | | leaves, Pe FAMILLE. (Apis. ##. ¢. 2. 2) leaves, has an entire anus, while that of the species, which perforates the oak or elm, is emarginate(d). Several are distinguished by the remarkable form of the fore leg, especially the palm, which is dilated and singularly ciliated on one gide (e); the males that exhibit this peculiarity, have been all con- founded under the name of A. lagopoda. ‘This conformation, however, of the fore leg is common to several distinct species, which are separated froni | each other by very striking differences. The ge- nuiné 4. lagopoda of the Linnean cabinet is larger than any other that I have seen, with filiform an- tennze, and posterior tibie very large and incras- sate. A small one that stands by this, as a variety, in the same cabinet, seems distinct; it is black, léss hairy, and its tibie are proportionably smaller, it may be the 4. lagopoda of Panzer(f). The male of the willow bee, so well known to English naturalists, which is the only male, of this descrip- tion, that I have known taken in England, is dis- tinguished from both these by its capitate antenna, like those of a Papilio(g). The male of that species, - the centuticuli of which so alarmed the poor gar- dener and the priest, as described by Reaumur, has the same kind of fore legs, and is also remarkable for a quadridentate anus(h). This is the insect referred to by Linneus as Apis conica. The male (d) Tab. 8. fig. 25, 26. , (e) Ibid. fig. 28. g. (f) Fn. Insect. Germ. n.55.t.7. (g) Tab.8&. fig. 8. a. (kh) Tom, 6. Mem. 4, Tab. 11. fig. 13—16, M of 161 FAMILIAL. (Apis. # %. c. 2. «.) of Andrena bidentata of Fabricius, is another very distinct species of this kind, which I have seen in sir J. Banks’s cabinet. Of this, that author ob- serves, ** Nidum in muris e foliis arborum convo- lutis struit (2);” from which circumstance, it is evident, that its female is one of the centunculares. I have another exotic male, given me by Mr. Sowerby, which comes very near this, if it be not the same insect. Reaumur informs us, that he was acquainted with five species which construct their nests in this way, and he suspects that there are many more (A). All those, to which he had attended, lodged their centunculi under ground (/). Geoffroy represents his 4. centuncularis as making its nests in_ the trunks of decaying trees(m). This is the case with three at least of our English species; two of them, I believe, nidificate under ground (n). These reasons, I hope, will justify me sufficiently for having made so many species out of what before had been accounted only one. I shall now abridge Reaumur’s interesting ac- count of the history of these most ingenious in- sects, and add to this what I have been able to collect from other quarters. ' © The nests they construct,” our author informs us, ‘ are cylindrical, sometimes of the length of (2) Ent. Syst. Em. n. 27. (2) Reaum. ibid. p. 119-20, (/) Ibid. p. 123. (m) Hist. Ins. tom, 2. p. 410, n. 5. (n) Viz. Apis circumcincta and xanthomelana of this work. Six FAMILIA, (Apis, #8. c. 2. a.) six inches, and composed entirely of the leaves of the rose and other trees, They consist usually of six or seven cells; each cell is shaped like a thim- ble, the convex end of the second fitting closely into the open end of the first, the third into the second, and so on with respect to the rest. Al- though these cells are honey tight, which is some~ times found in them in a liquid stéte, yet the portions of leaf of which they are made are not wlued together, neither is there any other art used to fasten them, than what appears in the nicety with which they are adjusted to each other. The interior surface of each cell consists of three pieces of leaf of equal size, narrow at one end, but grow- ing gradually wider towards the other, where the width equals half the length. One side of each of these pieces is the serrate margin of the leaf from which it was taken. In forming the cell, the pieces of leaf are made to lap one over the other, so that the serrate sidé is kept on the outside, and that which has been cut, within: thus a tube is first formed, and in this way it is coated with three or four layers (0), the exterior covering being made of larger pieces than the interior. In coating, the provident little animal is careful to lay the middle of each piece of leaf over the margins of those that form the first tube; thus the junctions are covered and strengthened. At the closed end, or narrow extremity of the cell, the leaves have a bend given (9) Sometimes there are more, K, M 2 them 163 164 FAMILIZE. (Apis. x¥. ¢. 2. «.) them so as to form a convex termination: wher a cell is formed in this manner, her next care is to fill it with honey and pollen, which make a rose- coloured paste or conserve(): when it is filled to within about half a line of the orifice, she deposits her egg in it, and closes it with three pieces of leaf(q), which are so accurately circular, that a pair of compasses could not define their margin with more truth: these coincide exactly with the walls of the cylindrical cell, and are retained in their situation by no gluten, but merely by the nicety of their adaptation. After this covering is fitted in, there remains still a concavity which re- ceives the convex end of the succeeding cell. In this manner the patient and indefatigable little animal proceeds, till she has completed her cylin- der of six or seven cells. ‘This cylinder is coated externally by other pieces of leaf of larger dimen- sions than those used in making the cells, and of a different form, for they are nearly oval; those at the ends are bent inwards, to cover each extremity. These nests are usually made in fistular passages, which these indefatigable creatures bore under ground, in a horizontal direction: their diameter is exactly that of the cylinder, to which indeed they give its form, and their bend to the pieces (p) They usually collect their. honey and pollen from the thistles and Onopordum, the pollen of which is rose-coloured, K. (7) Ihave taken nine of these covers from the mouth of a cell of 4. ligniseca, K. that FAMILLA. (Apis. *#. c. 2..%,) that compose it. If, by any accident, their labour is interrupted or their edifice deranged, it is. astonishing with what persevering patience they set themselves to put all things again to rights. “The mode in which they cut the pieces of leaf, of which their nests are made, deserves par+ ticular notice. Nothing can be more expeditious ; they are not longer about it than we should be with a pair of scissars. When one of these bees selects a rose bush with this view, she does not immedi- ately alight upon it, but keeps hovering over, and flying round \it, for some moments, as if recon- noitring the ground to discover the spot best adapted to her purpose. When she has chosen a leaf, she alights upon it, sometimes taking her station on its upper surface, sometimes underneath it, and at others upon its edge, so that the margin passes between her legs. Her first attack, which is generally made the moment she alights, is usu- ally near the footstalk, her head being turned to- wards the apex. Now and then, however, she places herself near the apex, facing the footstalk. As soon as she has made a beginning, she con- -tinues cutting, with her strong maxilla, without intermission, till she has finished her work. As she proceeds, she keeps the margin of the detached part between her legs, those of one side being above and the other below it, so that the section keeps giving way to her, and does not interrupt her pro- gress. She makes her incision in a curve line, y M 3 approach- 165 166 FAMILIAL. (Apis. ¥%. c. 2. @.) approaching the rachis at first, but when she has reached a certain point, she keeps receding from it towards the margin, still cutting in a curve, When she has nearly detached the portion she has been employed upon from the leaf, she balances her little wings for flight, lest its weight should carry her to the ground, and the yery moment it parts from its parent stock, she flies off with it in triumph; the detached portion remaining bent between her legs, and being perpendicular to her body. She pursues the same mode whatever be the form or size of the piece necessary for her purpose. ** The laryze of these bees do not differ from those of the hive bee; when arrived at their full size, they spin a cocoon of silk, thick and solid, which they attach to the sides of their cell. - The outside of this cocoon is covered with coarse brown silk, but its interior is lined with very fine threads cf silk of a whitish colour and close texture, which shine like satin. These larve are exposed to the attacks of some Dipterous insect, which makes its way into the cells and there deposits its eggs.” Thus far from this illustrious author (7). . I cannot help suspecting that, im this account, he has fallen into one error, with respect to the little animals mode of building her cylindrical nest, for he seems to think that the cells are first made, and then their exterior covering: but if we cons (r) Reaum, tom. 6, Mem. 4, p. 7-124, sider FAMILLE. (Apis. ##. c. 2. 0.) sider all circumstances, that the nest takes its form, and the leaves that compose it their bend, from the tubular passage in which it is built ; it seems not possible that the interior part should be first formed, for in this case the tube, composed of the three first pieces of leaf, must be smaller than the mould in which it is made, and then how could these retain the bend the insect gave them, and without any gluten adhere together before they grew stiff? As soon as the little animal quitted them, they would lose the form she had given them, and fly to the sides of the passage. Besides, supposing this not to take place, how could she get between the cells, and the sides of the passage, to lay on the exterior coat of the.cylinder? It is most natural to suppose that this is first formed, taking its figure from the pipe in which it is built, and the interior part last. I shall next insert an extract from a letter of my venerable friend, the Rev. George Ashby, of Barrow in Suffolk, well known as a learned an- tiquarian, addressed to a gentleman who had sent him a specimen of the nest of the /Villow Bee. « ‘ The curious specimen you obliged me with yesterday is the workmanship of a small taper bee, .velvetty or hairy all over, black on the back, and yellow or tawney beneath. Linneus calls it cen- tuncularis, from the patch-work case or coverlit which it makes to lodge its eggs, and future grubs or maggots in; it seems there are two sorts of M A them ; 167 168 FAMILIA. (Apis. %¥. ©. 2. 2.) them; at least as to disposition and economy: that best known bores its fistular passage under ground, and there constructs its cases. “« The cases look like pellets from pop-guns, ar small rockets made on a mandrill in an hollow tubular mould, 4 of an inch long, or near inch; more than inch round. Each end is covered with a circular piece of leaf of the proper size, and is alternately convex and concave; and so inoscu- lates closely that the junction is hardly preceptible. I started a difficulty yesterday, how the first laid egg, after being a maggot, and a chrysalis, and last of all a bee, got out through all the supermcum- bent houses, whose inhabitants were not yet ready to quit them. But nature is never to be caught at fault, and the lowest and first born passes out through the bottom of its own (lowest) cell, and so escapes without disturbing any of the rest, who are not yet ready to emigrate: when they are, they do the same successively, and pass on through the empty cases of their predecessors, till they reach day-light; and a long journey the last hatched must have: and if only. the mother bee makes the original pipe, considering the quantity you mentioned, how vast is such a little creature’s labour. | “¢ After boreing the hole, the bee who works in the center, and consequently may be considered as the mandril, or rather as the paperer, lines the in- side of the wooden pipe with rose leaves; and every FAMILIA. (Apis. ¥%. c. 2. @.) every now and then, at stated distances, finishes her work with a covering, and so proceeds.” I shall next transcribe the account given by Mr. Willughby of the nidification of the same bee from Ray’s Historia Insectorum(s). “ Thecas cylindraceas e segmentis foliorum ro- saceorum artificigsé convolutis et agglutinatis ef- formant he Apes: Anglicé Cartrages dici possunt, ab exacta similitudine quam habent cum papyraceis involucris pulvere pyrio’ repletis pro bombardis majoribus. Figura sunt cylindracea, basi rotun- diuscula et parum convexa, summitate e contra excavata, longee 2, diametro 3. “In salicum truncis jam mollibus et putrescen- tibus varios eifodiunt cuniculos cylindraceos ex- acté zquales capsulis jam descriptis. Foramina isthaec vel sursum, vel deorsum tendunt, secundum pectines scilicet seu fibras ligni, nunquam trans- -versim. Multa horum foraminum communem habent introituin, per quem Apis ingreditur et egreditur ctm cuniculos dentibus erodit. In cu- nuculi fundo infima, (vel quando cuniculi sursum tendunt) suprema capsula locatur, et exactissimé spatium implet, fundo seu conyex4 extremitate capsule fundo cuniculi adjacente. Hujus (capsule) summitati concave alterius convexus fundus arcté applicatur, et sic demceps, ita ut 5, 6, vel 7, in uno cuniculo inveniantur capsule, alize aljis superimpo- site. Capsulz implentur crasso, rubenti, acido et (s) P. 245. grave- 170 FAMILIZE. (Apis. *#. c. 2. @.) erave-olente liquore, syrupi violacei aut conserve rosarum rubrarum feré colore, cui innatat nympha ab ovo quod ibi deponit Apis orta, qua usque ad mutationem liquore illo vescitur, jamque mutatura theca se includit. Nymph 4 tas uncie longe sunt, plusquam + tam late, rugosz, colore albo, forcipibus nigricantibus, capitibus fere eruciformi- bus. Infime apes semper seniores sunt et majores; foramini seu exitui proxime minores et juniores, sed omnes simul efformantur, et calor irritat ad exitum foramini proximas. Per integrum feré annum in capsulis latent.” Can we consider this curious history without adoring that prviNE wispom which teaches these diminutive creatures to provide in so wonderful a manner for the security and sustenance of their young? Who is it that instructs them to bore a fistular passage either under ground or in the trunk of a tree for the reception of their nests? What rule do they take with them to the shrub from which they borrow their materials to assist them in meting out their work, by which they cut some pieces into portions of an ellipse, others into ovals, others into accurate circles, and to suit the dimen- sions of the several pieces of each figure so exactly to each other? Where is the architect who can carry impressed upon the tablet of his memory the entire idea of the edifice he means to erect, and without rule, square, plumb-line, or compass, can cut out all his materials in their exact dimensions, : without ~—_ FAMILLE. (Apis. *%. ¢. 2. @.) 171 without making a single mistake or a single false stroke? And yet this is what these little animals invariably do, and thus teach us how much more wonderful and certain instinct is, than all the efforts of our boasted reason, which after many painful processes interrupted by numerous errors and failures, and by a long train of deductions, ~ cannot arrive at that expertness and certainty, which these creatures manifest spontaneously, working at all times with unerring precision. What is this instinct but the teaching of the Atmicuty, the manifestation of his ETERNAL wispom infinitely diversified(¢), sustaining, di- recting, impelling all things, and making all things work together for the good of the whole? Which, like its great emblem and instrument the light, acts every where and upon all, and while it guides the planets in their courses, directs the minutest ani- malcule to do those things that are necessary to its preservation and the continuation of its kind. ** Oh the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of Gop! How unsearchable are his judgments and his ways past finding out! Of him and through him, and to him are all things: to whom be glory for ever. Amen (w).” * ¥. C. 2. B. (x) H. F. A. Corpus oblongum, villosum, sepius flavo variegatum; Capite trunco paulo angustiori, (t) H morumoisros arose, Ephes. iii, 10. (%) Rom. xi. 33, 36, (x) Tab. 9. x%. c. 2. B, Apis, Fab, rotundato; 179 FAMILIA. (Apis: *#. c. 2. B.) rotundato; Lingud subinvoluta; Tubo dentibus lateralibus obsoletis; ulcro elongato, subclavato ; Lacints exterioribus articulis subeequalibus, inte- rioribus lineari-lanceolatis, acutis; Valvulis. apice lanceolato-lineari, concavo, incuryo, submembra- naceo, lined longitudinali cornea; Palpis exteri- oribus exarticulatis, pilosis; Stemmatibus in trian- gulo; Naso convexo, distincto; Labio elongato, inflexo, concavo-convexo; Mazillis forcipatis, vali- dissimis, apice dilatatis et multidentatis; dntennis subclavatis, pedicello, apiceque articulo primo, sub- conicis; Plantis dilatatis; Unguiculis apice bifidis ; pulvillo minutissimo; Abdamine subgloboso, con- yexo, basi subretuso, incurvo, ventre, lana polli- nifera vestito. Maris Mazille apice tridentate. Antenne filifore mes. -4nus inflexus, spinosus. Plante diasiliiittn Imago pollinifera. The ; insects of this subdivision, of which at pre- sent I know only one English species, viz. Apis manicata, Lin. are distinguished from those of the last, not only by exarticulate exterior palpi, but likewise by the form of their abdomen, which is convex and rather globose with an incurved anus, in the male often inflected and armed with long spines(y). They are also adorned with gayer colouring than the individuals of the other sections of this family, the abdomen being usually variega- ted with yellow spots. (y) Tab.9. xx, ¢. 2.8. fig. 11. Linneus FAMILLE. (Apis. xx: c. 2. B) Linneus observes upon this bee “ Jn arboribus cavis nidos construit;” but he takes no notice of the materials of which the nidi were made: this deficiency has been supplied by Mr. James Trim- mer and Sir Thomas Cullum. The former of these gentlemen sometime since informed me, _ that having frequent opportunities of watching the motions of Apis manicata, and finding that it constantly attended Stachys Germanica, Agros- temma coronaria, and other woolly leaved plants which grew in his garden; he was curious to know the reason of this preference. It was not long before his curiosity was gratified, and he discovered that it was the wool which covers the surface of the leaves of these plants, that was the attraction ; for he observed the little animal, with her stron¢ _ Maxille, scraping it off with great industry and perseverance; and while these were thus employed, rolling it up, with her fore legs, into a little ball; making all the time a considerable hum. The use to which she applied the material thus collected Mr. Trimmer could never discover, we only con- jectured that she employed it in the construction of her nest. Our conjecture is almost turned into certainty, by the following account, given, by my ingenious friend Sir Thomas Cullum, to Mr. Marsham, of a nest which he found made of similar materials. He thus expresses himself con- cerning it in a letter to that gentleman. “ I ob- served ina lok to one of my garden gates, that the i73 174 FAMILLE. (Apis. ¥e. 2, B.) the key did not turn round easily, and upon look- ing into the key hole I saw something white. I had the lock taken off, and it was completely full of a downy substance, contaiming the pupa of some bee, I conclude. Upon examining the downy sub- stance, I am certain it is the fine pappus, or down, from the Anemone sylvestris, of which I had two plants in my garden. I have preserved the whole as I found it, but the bee has not yet made its appearance in its perfect state. I shall watch their progress, and send them to you, or to Mr. Kirby.” This letter is dated October 10, 1800. Sir Thomas has since had the goodness to send me the nidus, the pupz are still quiescent, (April 2, 1801) and probably will not be disclosed till after midsummer. Upon comparing it with the anecdote, which I have just related of .4. manicata, I cannot help being of opinion that it is the nidus of that Apis. It is with some hesitation that I venture to differ from so accurate an observer as Sir Thomas Cul- lum, but it appears evident to me that the wool which envelopes the nest and the cells, is scraped from the leaves of one of the plants mentioned above. I gathered some leaves of Agrostemma coronaria, and with my pen-knife shaved off some of its down, and upon comparing it with that used in the nest under a magnifier, I found that they were exactly the same. ‘This, in conjunction with Mr. Trimmer’s account, persuades me that the material employed in this instance is not the pappus FAMILLE. (Apis. #*. c. 2. B) pappus of Anemone sylvestris, which is of a more silky texture. There were several cells, or cases, included in the lock, unconnected with each other, except by the wool which was their common covering. ‘These cases were of an oval form (z), and consisted of an exterior coat of wool; under this was a membra- naceous cell, of a pale colour, which was covered with a number of small vermiform masses of a brown substance, seemingly made of pollen and honey, in shape and size much resembling Spheria canaliculata, and like that fungus distinguished by a longitudinal furrow slightly impressed(a). These were laid, without any regular order, over the cell; and by means of them the wool which formed its exterior coat was made to adhere. It is remarkable that this bee should employ those materials to cover its cells, which others use only as food for their larve. At the summit of this membrana- ceous case is a small chimney with an orifice(d), and within it contains another cell, which is rather coriaceous, strong, and of a brown colour, in the inside shining very much as if covered with tin- foil(c). This may be the folliculus or coccoon made by the larva, previous to its assuming the pupa. I opened one of these in the autumn, and. another in the spring. In both the animal. was. still in its larva state, but had no food remaining in. (x) Tab. 14. n.11. fig. 13. (a) Ibid. fig. 14, aa, fig. 17. _ (b) Ibid, fig. 15, 16, (c) Ibid, fig, 16, its 175 176 FAMILLE. (Apis. #%.'c.2. 8.) its cell. In that opened in the spring it appeared to be dead. I imagine, when Sir Thomas Culluny first took them, that they were just ready for their first change; but that the alteration occasioned by removing the nest from the situation the parent insect had chosen for it, was fatal to some, if not all, of its inhabitants. The larva does not differ materially from those of other Apes(d). Amongst the wool, which, I suppose, formed the general envelope of the nest, were masses of honey, or a sweet pollen paste. This bee is very common in gardens in towns, or in the neighbourhood of towns. I never met with it in my own garden, or in the country. H Me sy De pins LE) H. F. A. Corpus elongato-cylindricum, sub- pilosum; Capite trunco paulo latiori, subgloboso ; Lingud tenui; Tubo apice tridentato, dente inter- medio majori; Fulcro subtriangulari; Laciniis exterioribus articulo primo brevessimo; Valvulis apice lanceolato-lineari, concavo, submembranaceo, linea longitudinali cornea ; Palpis exterioribus bi- erticulatis, interioribus exarticulatis; Stemmatibus in triangulo ; Naso convexo; Labid elongato, in~ flexo, concavo-convexo ; Mazillis basi latioribus, apice bidentatis; -Antennis subclavatis, pedicello magno, subovato; 4bdomine sublineari, anum ver- sus paulo latiori; Ventre lana pollinifera subhirsuto. (d) Tab.14,n.11. fig.18. (e) Tab.9. x*.¢..2. 7. Hylceus, Fab, Maris —S” FAMILLA. (Apis. **. c. 2. ¥.) Maris Antenne filiformes. Ano incurvo, seepius dentato. Ventre anum versus cayitate notando. The third: subdivision of this section, is distin- guished by a peculiarity which exists in no other Hymenopterous insects that I have examined ; the interior palpi of the species that belong to it con- sist only of a single joint(f). Their body is very long, slender, and cylindrical; the venter of the males, near the anus, is remarkable for a singular cavity, usually covered with down of a pale eolour and resembling satin, to answer which, at its base, there is either a kind of horn, or a protuberance (g). These insects, when asleep, roll themselves up something like Oniscus Armadillo, the horn or protuberance fitting into the anal.cavity: they nidificate in posts and rails. The males usually take their luxurious repose in the lap of a flower: that sex of 4. Campanularum, selects for this pur- pose the beils of the different species of Campanula, which the female also frequents for the sake of the honey. Hyleus fiorisomnis, maxillosus, and trun- corum(h), figured by Panzer, belong to this sub- division. HH Ca Qader (@) | H. F. A. Corpus cylindricum, villosum, szepe hirsutum; Capite trunci feré latitudine, subglo- (f) Tab. 9. 7. fig. 5. 2. (g) Ibid, fig. 11. 13. a. (h) Fn. Germ. Init. n. 46, t. 13. n. 53. t.17. n. 64. t. 15. (t) Tab-10.°*%. c. 2.3. Andrena, Apis, Fab. Abeilles ma-= connes, Reaum, N boso ; 177 178 FAMILIA: (Apis. ##. ¢. 3. 3.) boso; Lingud longissima, subinvoluta; Twbo apice - tridentato, dentibus lateralibus interdum obsoletis ; Fulcro elongato; Laciniis exterioribus articulo ul- timo longiori, imterioribus lanceolatis, acuminatis ; Valvulis incurvis, apice lanceolato-lineari, mem- branaceo, lined longitudinali cornea; Palpis exte- rioribus quadriarticulatis, interioribus biarticulatis ; Stemmatibus in linea curva; Naso convexo; Labio elongato, inflexo, concavo-convexo ; Mazillis feré in angulum protensis ; 4ntennis plerisque subcla- vatis, pedicello, apiceque articulo primo, subconicis; Unguiculis integris ; Abdomine declivi, supra con- vexo, ano szpius incurvo; Ventre lana pollinifera hirsuto. Maris Antenne pedicello subgloboso. Unguiculi apice bifidi. .d4idomen segmento septimo obsoleto. Anus seepe emarginatus, aut dentatus. This last subdivision of the second section of this family, contains a greater number of species than the preceding ones: they are distinguished by a cylindrical, but not elongate, body; and their exterior palpi, in which circumstance they differ from all the other subdivisions, consist of four joints. Their abdomen is very convex, and that of the males furnished with no ventral concavity. The Aleilles Maconnes of Reaumur appear to me to belong to this subdivision; I shall, therefore, insert in this place an abridgment of his interest- ing account of the mode of nidification of those msects. He FAMILLE. (Apis. ¥#. c. 2.21) He informs us, that the nests of these little bees are constructed of a kind of cement or mortar, in the following manner. ‘The female (for the males, like the drones of the hive bee, do no work, and these insects have only two sexes) undertakes the whole labour of the building, and is, at the same time, both architect and mason. Her first step is to fix upon an angle, sheltered by any pro- jection, on the south side of a stone wall. Some- times she contents herself with a more exposed part of the surface, where the stone happens to be uneven and fit for her purpose. Having chosen a spot proper to receive the foundations of the future mansion of her offspring, her next care is to pro- vide materials. As her house is to be built entirely of a kind of mortar, the basis of which, as it is of ours, must be sand; she is very curious in her choice of it, selecting it, grain by grain, from such as contains some mixture of earth. To shorten her labour, before she transports it for use, by means of a kind of saliva which is very viscid, she glues as many grains as she can carry into a little mass, about the size of small shot. Taking this up with her maxilla, she conveys it to the spot she has fixed upon for the scite of her castle. A cir- cular plane, composed of many of these little masses, forms the basis on which it is to be erect- ed; it contains from three to eight cells (4), which are similar to each other in their form, and equal (k) Geoffroy says twelve or fifteen, N 2 in £380 ~ FAMILLA:. (Apis. * #. c. 2.8.) in dimensions. Each cell is about an inch in length, and six lines in diameter; and, before its orifice is closed, in form resembles a thimble. When its walls are raised to a sufficient height, our little mason lays up in it a store of pollen seasoned with honey, for the sustenance of its future inhabitant ; sometimes the proportion of honey 15 SO great, that this provision is entirely liquid. ‘This business settled, she deposits her egg, finishes and covers in the cell, and then proceeds to the erection of a second, which she furnishes and finishes in the same manner; and so on with re- spect to the whole nest. These cells are not placed in a line, or any regular order: some are parallel with the wall, others are perpendicular to it, and others are inclined to it at different angles: this occasions many empty spaces between the cells, which this laborious architect fills up with the same kind of cement, and then bestows upon the whole group a common covering, made with coarser grains of sand; so that at length the nest becomes a mass of mortar, very hard and not easily penetrated, even by the blade of a knife. In form, it is more or less oblong; its colour de- pends upon the colour of the sand employed in its construction, and is different in different countries. ‘These bees sometimes repair old nests, for the pos- session of which they have often very desperate combats. * When FAMILLE. (Apis. *#. c..2. 2.) | ** When the larva of this bee is arrived at. its full size, it spins itself a cocoon of silk, in which it reposes during its intermediate state. “‘ Strongly fortified as these animals appear to be in their little castles, they are exposed to the attacks of a peculiar Ichnewmon. Atielabus apt- arius likewise contrives to deposit its eggs in their cells, and its larva devours their inhabitants (/).” Other bees, that belong to this subdivision; use only fine earth (which they form into a‘kind of mortar with gluten) in the construction of their nests, which are usually placed in situations shel- tered from wet. Apis bicornis selects the hollows of large stones for this purpose (m). Others, again, make their cells of earth in holes in wood. Apis cerulescens, of which Apis enea is the male, con- structs its nests, as we learn from De Geer (n), of argillaceous earth mixed with chalk, upon stone walls. I have reason to think that it also nidificates in chalk pits. The males, in this subdivision, often differ very widely from the other sex, so as to have been de- scribed, in more than one instance, as distinct species, as I shall’ have occasion to shew more at large hereafter. ‘The female of Reaumur’s Abeille maconne is black, while the male is red (0). (2) Reaum. tom. 6. Mem. 3. p. tae (m) Thid. p. 86. (x) Tom, 2. p. 2. p.751—54. Tab. 32, fig.1—5. (0) Reaum. ubi supra, p. 60, 61. The Go XN . 181 182 FAMILLE. (Apis. xx. d. 1.) The following insects, figured in Panzer’s work, appear to belong to this subdivision: viz. Apis cornigera, adunca, rufa, fusca, aterrima, fuligi- nosa, fulviventris, ventralis, lyssina, globosa, fron- ticornis, aurulenta(p), and Andrena enea and c@rulescens (q). re CH | _ H. F. A. Corpus oblongum, villosum; Capite trunco pauld angustiori, subtriangulari, ore crassi- usculo ; Proboscide apice subulato-conica, rectius~ cula; Lingudé imvoluta; Yubo apice tridentato ; Fulcro elongato; Laciniis exterioribus articulo primo longiori, interioribus exteriorum longitudine, involutis, intus ciliatis; Valvulis apice recto, lan- ceolato-lineari, acuminato, subplicato, coriaceo ; Palpis exterioribus sexarticulatis, mterioribus biar- articulatis; Stemmatibus in lined curva; Oculis prominulis ; Naso conyexo, distincto; Labio an- ticé emarginato ; Mazillis subedentulis ; -dnéennis subclavatis, pedicello subgloboso, apice articulo primo elongato, basi attenuato; Tvbzis posticis scopa pollinifera ; Plantis posticis dilatatis, hirsutis ; Digitis infra apicem plante insertis; Unguiculis apice bifidis; 4bdomine oblongo, basi subretuso, sermento ultimo minuto, (p) Fn. Ins. Germ. Init. n. 55. t. 15, n. 56. t.5, 10, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, n. 63. t. 20, 22. (q) Ibid. n. 56. t. 3, n. 65. t. 18, (r) Tab, 10. x#. d. 1, Eucera, Scop, Fab. Latr, Maris FAMILLE, (Apis, ¥#. d. 1.) Maris Antenne corporis longitudine, articulis arcuatis, ex hexagonis innumeris constantibus, apice articulo primo minuto. Plante postice tenuiores. The individuals of the family of which this is a section, are distinguished from the Bombinatrices, to which they approach, and with which many of them have hitherto been confounded, by the form of the inflected part of their proboscis ; the tops of the valvules having no bend, and conniving into a figure more or less conical, somewhat re- sembling the beak of a bird(s); by their exterior palpi of six joints(¢);-by their elongate interior lacinize (uw); by the shape of their maxillee, which are not dilated at their apex (#); by the want of the corbicula and auricle, which distinguish the posterior tibiae and plantze of the aculeate sex of the Bombinatrices; and by several other peculi- arities which will appear upon a comparison of their respective characters. The species which I have arranged under the first section of this family, belong to the genus Eucera of Scopoli and Fabricius, so named from the long antennze for which the males are remark- able. ‘This circumstance, in conjunction with the interior lacmize, which are as long as the exterior, and have inyolute summits, forms the distinctive (s) Tab, 11. #%.d, 2. @. fig. 3. d. (é) Ibid. fig. 2. a. and Tab. 10. x#. d. 1. fig. 1. d. (wu) Ibid. fig. 2. bb, and Tab. 1l. ubi sup. ff. (x) Tab. 10. ubi sup. fig. 4, 5. and Tab, 11, fig. 6,7, 8, 21, nA character 183 184 FAMILLE. (Apis. ¥*. d. 1.) character of the section. The extraordinary length of the antennz of the males, does not arise from an increased number of articulations, for they con- sist only of fourteen, but from the unusual length of each joint. A singular circumstance distin- guishes these antennae, which, to the best of my knowledge, has never before been noticed, and which may possibly lead to the discovery of the use of these organs. Placed under a powerful magnifier the ten last joints appear to be composed of innumerable hexagons, similar to those of which the eyes of these insects consist (y). If we reason from analogy, this remarkable circumstance will lead us to conjecture that the sense, of which this part so essential to insects is the organ, may bear some relation to that conveyed by their eyes. As they are furnished with no instrument for receiving and communicating the impressions of sound, similar to the ear, that deficiency may be supplied | by extraordinary means of vision. That the stem- mata are of this description seems very probable, and the antenne may, in some degree, answer a similar purpose: the circumstance just mentioned furnishes a strong presumption that they do this, at least in the case of these males: else why do they exhibit that peculiar structure which distin; guishes the real eye? The great use which insects make of their an; tennz in collecting information is described in a very (7) Tab. 10 ubi sup. fig. 8. i entertaining FAMILIA. (Apis. «*. d. 1.) entertaining manner, in Mr. Marsham’s interesting paper upon the history of [chneuwmon manifestator, in the third volume of the Transactions of the Linnean Society. ‘It moved rapidly,” says he, ** over the top of the post, having its antenne bent in the form of an arch, and with a strong vibratory motion feeling about until it came to a hole made by some insect, into which it thrust its antenne quite to the head. It remained a minute at least in this situation apparently very busy, and then drawing out its antennz came round to the exactly opposite side of the hole, again thrust in its an- tennze and remained nearly the same time. It next proceeded to one side of the hole, repeating the operation, the antennz quivering in a surprizing manner; and having now again drawn out its an- tennee, turned about, and dexterously measuring a proper distance, threw back its abdomen over the head and thorax, at the same time projecting its long and delicate tube into the hole-—————after remaining near two minutes in this posture, it drew out the tube, turned round, and again applied its antennz to the hole for nearly the same time as before ————I again paid very particular attention to some I saw in Kensington gardens, but more immediately to the action of the antenne, which they thrust into many holes and crevices, but soon drew them out, not finding, I presume, a proper situation for their eggs(z).” Thus far this inge- (z) P. 26, 29, nious 186 FAMILIA. (Apis. ¥%. d. 1.) nious entomologist. In this instance, the antenna appear to have been the instrument which informed the little animal both where the holes were that she avas in search of, and also whether the larva, to which the Author of Nature had instructed her to commit her eggs, was in them. I have often seen the hive bee insert one of its antennze into the blossom of a flower previous to exerting its tongué to collect the honey, as if to mform itself first whether there was any; and insects in general, when they are walking, keep perpetually moving their antennz from side to side, as if, by their means, they were collecting information concern- ing what was going forward around them. But to return to the insects of which we are treating. Miller in the MS. notes before quoted(a), gives the following short history of Apis longicor- nis. ‘* Mense Julio medio copulantur prope terram volitantes in gramine detonso. Jn puteo cylindrica terre ova femina deponit.” ‘These cells are two or three inches below the surface of the ground; they are very smooth within, and of an oval form. I found several in the southern declivity of a grass walk, which had been frequently mowed. # #. d. 2. a. (2) H. F. A. Corpus oblongum, villosum, interdum hirsutum; Capite trunco angustiori, vel subtri- (a) Vide supra, p. 61, note x. (2) Tab. 11. xx. d. 2. Apis, Eucera, Fab, angular, FAMILIE. (Apis. xx, d. 2. .) aneulari, vel rotundato; Ore crasso; Proboscide apice subulato-conicé, recta; Lingud subinvoluta ; Tubo apice tridentato dente intermedio longiori; Fulcro elongato; Laciniis exterioribus articulo ul- timo brevissimo, interioribus lanceolato-linearibus, quam exteriores brevioribus; Valvulis rectis, apice lanceolato-lineari, subplicato, coriaceo; Palpis ex- terioribus sexarticulatis, interioribus biarticulatis ; Stemmatibus in triangulo; Oculis prominulis, mag- nis; Vaso convexo, distincto; Labio quadrato; Mazillis apice sepius bidentatis; dntennis subcla- vatis, pedicello globoso, apice articulo primo elon- gato, basi attenuato; Tibiis posticis scopa polli- nifera; _ Plantis posticis dilatatis; Digitis infra -apicem plantz insertis; Unguiculis apice bifidis; Albdomine vel oyato, vel subgloboso, basi retuso, segmento ultimo minuto. Maris Antenne thorace breviores. Plante posticee angustiores, digitis ex apice plante pro- yenientibus. . The insects of this section are distinguished from the preceding by two principal circumstances, the interior lacinie are much shorter than the ex- terior with tops not involute, and the antennz of the males are not so long as the thorax. The spe- cies that enter into the present subdivision of the section, differ from those of the next, in the form of their proboscis, which is subulato-conical; in the substance of the apex of the valvule, which is coriaceous; in the figure of their lip, which is square ; 187 188 FAMILIAE. . (Apis. »%. d. 2. a.) square; besides several other circumstances which will appear upon a comparison of their several characters. Their mode of nidification is various, which makes me suspect that there may be room for another subdivision, but this I have not yet been able to trace out. Apis retusa makes its nest with us in hard banks of gravel or clay, containing several cells, of an oval or elliptical shape, covered within with a thin white membrane, each bemg about three-fourths of an inch in length, and not quite half an inch in diameter; they are placed in no regular order. In Northamptonshire, as we learn from Ray, it makes its cells in stone walls, I found it myself in great abundance frequenting the walls built with Kettering stone at Wansford and Ufford in that county; and once, at Norwich, I was much amused at seeing a female, one sunny morning, very busily employed upon a brick: wall, and exerting all her might to pull the mortar from between the bricks; but whether this was to pre- pare.a place for a cell, or, only a sheltered cavity to pass the night in, according to the observation of Rossi, I could not ascertain. Another species, belonging to this subdivision, nidificates in a man- ner similar to 4pis violacea, in pieces of putrescent wood. In these they bore a longitudinal. pipe, which they divide into nine or ten oval chambers, separated from each other by a sharp kind of cor- nice, which form the shells of an equal number of oval cells ; these are made of the scrapings of the wood FAMILLE, (Apis. x #. d. 1. &.) ‘wood much masticated. Each cell is rather more than half an inch in length, and about three tenths of an inch in diameter : the partitions which sepa- rate the cells from each other are made of the same material, and are about a line in thickness. The pipe runs nearly parallel with the sides of the piece of wood in which it is bored, making an angle where it begins and where it ends, and having its entrance on the opposite side to its exit. Probably the inhabitants of the lowermost cells make their way out at the exit, and those of the uppermost at the entrance(c). To this subdivision belong Apis Hispanica, pilipes, bimaculata, vulpina, quadri~ maculata, furcata, rotundata(d), and 4ndrena strigosa of Panzer (e). eH UE DB. (Ff) H. F. A. Corpus oblongum; Capite trunco' angustiori, lato, rotundato, depresso; Proloscide breviusculd, conica, recta, fornicatéa; Lingua brevi, rectiuscula ; ‘Julbo apice tridentato, dentibus zequa- libus; Zaciniis exterioribus articulo ultimo brevi; Valvulis apice semicordato, acuto, corneo, conca- vo, basis vertice eroso, sinu pectinato; Palpis ex- terioribus sexarticulatis, interioribus biarticulatis ; Facie inequali; Stemmatibus in triangulo, infra verticem sitis; Oculis distantibus, prominulis ; (c) Apis furcata makes these nests. (d) Panzer Fn. Ins. Germ. Init. n. 55. t.6, 8, 17. n. 56. t. 6, 7, 8, 9. (e) Ibid. n. 64. t. 16. (f) Tab.11. x*. d. 2, 6 fig. 19, 20, 21. Apis, Bab. Latr, Naso 189 199 FAMILLE. (Apis. #%. d. 2. B) Naso planiusculo, tuberculo munito; Labio anticé emarginato, setoso; Mazillis apice bidentatis; Antennis subclavatis, pedicello globoso, apice ar= ticulo primo: elongato, basi attenuato; Trwnco plerisque hirsuto; dlis subcoriaceis, coloratis$ Tibiis posticis brevibus, scop4 polliniferd vestitis; Planiis posticis elongatis, hirsutissimis; Digitis ex apice piantz provenientibus; Unguiculis bifidis ; Abdomine oblongo, basi retuso, supra plerisque vlabriusculo, lateribus hirsutis, ano rotundato, ventre planiusculo. Maris Oculi magni, spe approximati. Tuarsi tenuiores, minis hirsuti. This subdivision, which contains Apis violacea, Lin., and its affinities, may be known by the fol+ lowing peculiarities. The summits of the valvule, which. are short, wide, and of a hard, corneous substance, connive into the longitudinal section of a cone, and form a strong arch over the tongue. The head is rounded, the space between the eyes is ample, the lip is strengthened by a tubercle, and is emarginate before, and beset with numerous bristles. The abdomen, in most, is hairy only on its sides, rather convex above, and flattish under- neath. The wings are coloured, often of a bril- liant purple or violet, and usually of a substance between coriaceous and membranous. Concern- ing the proboscis of these insects, I am able to say but little, except as to its exterior figure, since I have had an opportunity of examining only one, that FAMILLA. (Apis. x#. d. 2. Bi) that I had extracted from an old specirien of Apis ‘violacea, in which it was mutilated, so that I could not discover the shape of the interior laciniz. The valvulee, however, exterior lacinize, and palpi were uninjured. The only species that I have ever seen, belonging to this subdivision, which claims to have_ been taken in England, is pis iricolor of the fol- lowing pages ; but its claim is not established with certainty, for Dr. Latham, from whose collection I received it, is not quite decided in his opimion upon this point; but as he has always placed it in his cabinet with his English insects, I have con- sidered it as such; which I was the more melined to do, in order to lay down the characters of the subdivision to which it belongs, the individuals of which have been universally confounded with the Bombinatrices; from which, however, they are distinguished by the striking characters mentioned in my observations upon the first section of the family (g). Whether all of them nidificate in the same way with 4pis violacea, I am not able to say, it is probable they may. Reaumur has given us a very interesting account of the proceedings of that bee, which I shall now abridge. “ The mother bee usually makes her appearance early in the year, as soon as the winter is over; she may then be met with in gardens, visiting such walls, as are covered with trees trained upon trellis work, in a warm sumny aspect; when once she has (g) Vide supra, p. 183, “ begun 191 192 FAMILIA. (Apis. x%. d. 2. 6) begun to make her appearance, she frequently re- turns, and during a long: period; and she may always be known by her size, and her hum, which much resembles that of the Bombinatrices. The object of her earlier visits is to fix upon a piece of wood proper for her purposes. She usually selects the putrescent uprights of arbours, espaliers, or the props of vines; but sometimes she will attack gar- den seats, thick doors, and window shutters; the piece that she chooses is commonly cylindrical and perpendicular to the horizon. Her strong maxille are the imstruments which she employs in boring it: beginning on one side for a little way she points her course obliquely "downwards, and then pro- ceeds in a direction parallel with its sides, till she has bored a tunnel of from twelve to fifteen inches in length, and seven or eight lines in diameter. Sometimes three or four of these tunnels, or pipes, nearly parallel with each other, where the diameter will admit of it, are bored in the same piece. A passage is left where she enters or first begins to bore, and another at the other end of the pipe.. As the industrious animal proceeds in her employ- ment, she clears away the wood, which she de- taches, throwing it out upon the ground, where it appears like a small heap of saw-dust. ‘Thus we see she has prepared a long cylinder in the middle of the wood, sheltered from the weather and exter- nal injuries, and fit for her purposes. But how is she to divide it into cells? What materials can she employ FAMILLE, (Apis. xx. d. 2.6.) employ for making the floors and ceilings of her miniature apartments ? Why, truly, Gop “ doth mstruct her to discretion, and doth teach her(h),” the saw-dust just mentioned is at hand, and this supplies her with all that she wants to make this part of her mansion complete. Beginning at the _ bottom of the cylinder she deposits an egg, and then lays in a store of pollen mixed with honey sufficient for the nutriment of the little animal it is to produce. At the height of seven or eight limes, which is the depth of each cell, she next constructs, of particles of the saw-dust glued together and also to the sides of the tunnel, what may be called an annular stage, or scaffolding; when this is suffici- ently hardened its interior edge affords a support for a second ring of the same materials, and thus the ceiling is gradually formed of these concentric circles, till there remains only a small orifice in its center, and this is also filled up with a circular mass of aggiutinated particles of the saw-dust. This partition exhibits the appearance of as many concentric circles as the animal has made join- _ ings(z), and is about the thickness of a French crown-piece; it serves for the ceiling of the lower, and the floor of the upper apartment. One cell being completed, she proceeds to another, which she furnishes and finishes in the same manner, and so on till she has divided her whole tunnel into apartments, which are usually about twelve.. The (A) Isai. xxviii, 26. (7) Reaum. tom, 6, tab. 6, fig. 4, 5. oO larvee 193 194 FAMILLE. (Apis. #%. d.2. B. . 1.) larvae and pupz of these, do not differ materially from those of other Bees; when the former as- sumes the pupa, it is placed in its cell with its head downwards, a very wise precaution, for thus it is prevented, when it has attained to its perfect state, and is eager to emerge into day, from making its way out upwards, and disturbing the tenants of the superincumbent cells, who being of later date, each than its neighbour below stairs, are not yet quite ready to go into public(Z).”. Thus far, for the most part, from our author. To this subdivision belong, besides 4. violacea, A. Caffra, latipes, nigrita, Tranquebarorum, «s- tuans, Brazilianorum, Virginica, cingulata, Afri- cana, &c. &c. | eae eC. H. F. Neut. Corpus feré lineare, pubescens ; Capite trunci propé latitudine, triangulari; Pro- boscide subinvoluta; Lingud rima longitudinali; Tubo sublineari, apice truncato; Fulcro subtrian- gulari; Laciniis exterioribus membranaceis linea longitudinali cornea, articulo extimo breviori; in- terioribus brevibus, obtusis, linguze basin arcté am- plectentibus; Valvulis apice lineari-lanceolato, sub- plicato, ex corneo submembranaceo, linea longitu- dinali cornea; Palpis exterioribus exarticulatis acutis, interioribus biarticulatis; Facie inzequali ; (k) Reaum. tom. 6. Mem. 2. (1) Tab. 11. ¥¥. e. 1. and tab. 12, Adams on Micros, tab, 12. fig. 3. Apis, Fab. Latr. Stemmatibus FAMILLE. (Apis, #%. e. 1.) Stemmatibus in triangulo ; Oculis pilosis; Naso dis- tincto, convexo; Zabio transverso, sublineari, plani- usculo; Mavillis forcipatis, medio constrictis, apice edentulis obliquis ; tennis filiformibus, scapo fu- siformi, pedicello subgloboso; Tibiis posticis com- pressis, supra glabris, margine omni recurvo-ciliatis f- corbicula instructis, apice inermibus /. absque spi- nulis; Plantis posterioribus dilatatis, basi auriculatis auricula acuta, intus scopuld transversé striata striis setoso-pectinatis, vestitis; Unguiculis bifidis ; 4ldo-~ mine subprismatico, basi retuso, tergo convexo. Femine Proboscis brevis. Lingua pauld infra apicem constricta. Jubus apice tridentatus, den- tibus lateralibus obsoletiusculis, intermedio sub- emarginato. Valvule rectiuscule. Mazille apice dentibus armate. Tvbie posticee supra, nee mar- gine, pilose. Plante postice absque auricula. Abdomen elongato-conicum Maris Corpus crassius; Caput ex globoso depres- sum, ferécirculare. Proboscis brevis, crassior. Lingua tenuis. Valvule latiores. Mazille apice dentibus armate. Tibie postice corbiculd nullé. Plante posticee absque auricula et scopula. .dbdomen sub- cordatum, obtusum. | | The family of which this is the first section, is distinguished from that which precedes it by a sub- inyolute proboscis, and a triangular fulcrum; by membranaceous exterior laciniz# and valyule, with a longitudinal corneous line; by exterior palpi, consisting, as far as I can discoyer, of a single 02 joint 195 FAMILLE. (Apis. *#. ¢. 1.) joint only; by maxilla dilated at their apex ; by filiform antenne, the first joint of the apex not being attenuated at its base; by posterior tibiz furnished with a corbicula or little basket for car- rying wax; by the auricles which are observable at the base of the posterior planta, and by their prismatical abdomen. Besides these differences, the individuals of it are distinguished in their economy from all other bees, by two remarkable circumstances, they are gregarious, and they make wax: reasons surely sufficient and satisfactory for separating them from the false Bombina- trices, A violacea and its affinities. Agreement with the genuine Bombinatrices in these peculiari- ties will sufficiently justify me for considering 4. ‘mellifica as belonging to a subdivision of the same family. Indeed, the single circumstance that the “ALL WISE AUTHOR Of nature has instructed these alone of all others to make wax and live together in societies, is the strongest of all possible proofs of their affinity. Reaumur, whose judgment ought to have great weight in these matters, was evi- ‘dently, in this respect, of the same opinion with myself, for he places the Bombinatrices next to A. mellifica, and looks upon them as related to each other in the same degree that the rude cottagers of a country village are to the more polished inhabi- tants of a populous city (m7). (m) Reaum. ubi supr. Pref. p. 3. ‘ This FAMILLE. (dpis. x#. €. 1.) This section, besides 4. mellifica, contains se- veral other species, three very distinct ones I ob- served in Mr. Drury’s cabinet, of which one came from Bengal, another from Madras, and a third from the Cape of Good Hope; an equal number, still different, may be seen in Sir J. Banks’s rich collection. All these species have the transversely striated posterior scopulze, which has usually been looked upon as the exclusive character of the com- mon hive bee, like this too they have no spines at the apex of the third pair of tibiee, a very peculiar circumstance by which the insects of this section of the present family are distinguished, not only from all other Apes, but also from every other in- dividual of the Class Hymenoptera that I have had an opportunity of examining. It is worth inquiry whether the mode of nidification of all, or any of the wild bees that belong to this section, be similar to that of the cultivated one; should it turn out so, as I think it most probably would, as all have the same instruments, they might, perhaps, be domesticated in countries where the common one may not yet be introduced; or some of them may have been domesticated and mistaken for the common one. Linneus, in his Systema Nature, says under 4. mellifica: ** Femina—antennis articulis decem— Mares—antennis undecimarticulatis—Operaria— antennis quindecimarticulatis.” In every one of these assertions, with due deference to a name so deservedly great be it spoken, he is mistaken, for 03 the + 198 FAMILIA. (Apis. ¥%. e. 1.) the antenne of the female and neuter consist of the same number of articulations exactly, viz. thirteen, including the radicle(n): those of the male have fourteen joits(o), although the fourth and fifth, counting from the head, under any but avery powerful magnifier, appear to be but one. Many other authors have fallen into similar mis- takes on this head. Swammerdam says, if Hill rightly translates him, for I have not the original by me, that the antenne of the working bees have only fiye joints, while those of the males and fe- males have eleven(p). Reaumur gives only twelve joints for the antennz of the neuter, including the radicle(q). Geoffroy says that those of the female and neuters consist of fifteen articulations, and those of the male of eleven only, he affirms also that the abdomen of the female consists of seven serments, instead of six, which is the real num- ber(r). Scopoli finally reduces the number of ar- ticulations of the antennz of the female to ten(s). A bulky volume would scarcely suffice for a complete account of the history, economy, mode of culture, &c. of the hive bee; I shall not, there- fore, at this time enter upon it, but content myself with referring my reader to the elaborate treatises (n) Tab. 12. e. 1. fem. fig. 6. and neut. fig. 13. (0) Tab. 11. e. 1. mas. fig. 5. (p) Hill’s Swam. pt. 1. P. 167. I think there must be some mistake here. (7) Reaum. tom. 5. Mem. 6. p. 282. tab. 25. fig. 4. (r) Geoff. Hist. Ins, 2. p. 386,387. (s) Ent, Car, n, 811. of —_ 4 FAMILLE. (Apis. x. €. 1. 2.) of Swammerdam, Reaumur, Huber, Wildman, the entertaining dialogues of the Spectacle de la Nature, &c. where he will see what a wonderful display of the Divine Wisdom these little creatures exhibit, and in how extraordinary a manner, by their various in- stincts and operations, «s 5: exom]px ev ounypoert (t), if he can solve it, they reflect the glory of God. * *. e. 2. (u) H. F. A. Corpus oblongum, _hirsutissimum ; Capite trunco angustiori, szpius triangulari; Pro- Loscide plis minis involuta ; Lingudrima longitu- dinali; Zubo lineari apice acuto; Fulcro subtrian- gulari; Zaciniis exterioribus membranaceis lined longitudinali corned, articulo extimo brevi; interi- oribus brevissimis, obtusis, linguam arcté amplec- tentibus ; Valvulis apice lanceolato-lineari, sub- membranaceo, linea longitudinali cornea; Palpis exterioribus exarticulatis, interioribus biarticulatis ; Vertice calvo cruce impresso ; Séemmatibus in linea curva, in crucis fossula transversa sitis; Naso dis- tincto, convexo, glabro, nitido; Zabio transverso, sublineari, ineequali; Mazillis supra sulcatis sulcis _ tomentosis, apice dilatatis subedentulis ; dntennis filiformibus, scapo subclavato, pedicello globoso, apice articulo primo longiori subeonico; Tibiis posticis corbicula instructis, supra mzequalibus, glabris, apice setoso-pectinatis ; Plantis posticis di- latatis, basi auriculatis auricula obtusa, apice pec- (¢) 1. Cor. xiii. 12. (u) Tab. 13. Apis, “», Lat Q4 tizte 199 200 FAMILIE, (Apis. **. e. 2.) tine e setis instructis ; Digitis articulis spinuloso- setosis; Scopulis .plerumque auratis; Unguiculis apice bifidis; Abdomine oblongo, interdum et subtriangulari, subprismatico, basi retuso, supra convexo, ano acutiusculo, Maris Maxille minores, apice bidentate, dente interiori minuto, barbatze barba incurva, supra to- mentose. Tibie posticaee nec corbicula neque pectine instructa, plerisque supra pilosge. Plante posticee absque auricula. _4nus obtusiusculus. Obs. In hac familia Jn ale superioris reticulationis areola marginali striga nigricans plerumque inclu~ ditur (x); pedum geniculi extus sepius tomentoso-pal- lidi; tarst e pilis sparsis decumbentibus certo situ vel subincani vel fulvescentes; sub luce scopule plu- rimorum aureo splendore micant. ‘The principal characters, besides their hirsute body, which distinguish the Bombinatrices from the hive bee and its affinities, are the cross impressed upon their vertex, their stemmata arranged in a curve, instead of a triangle, their lip unequal in surface, their maxillz sulcate on their upper side, and the spines which arm the apex of their poste- rior tibiz; besides this the females, as well as the neuters, are furnished with the corbicula, and with the auricle at the base of the planta of the last pair of legs, not to mention other slighter differences ; in other respects the individuals of both sections of this family exactly agree together. (w) Tab. 13. fig. 17. a, With FAMILIA. (Apis. **. &. 2.) With respect to the history, economy, &c. of the Bombinatrices, 1 cannot do better than abridge the account of these which Reaumur has given us, first observing that the females usually make their appearance early in the spring, as soon as the cat- kins of the different species of Salix are in blossom, _ upon which at this time they may commonly be seen, collecting honey from the female, and pollen from the male catkins, although I have also seen them employ their tongue in the latter; the ap- ' pearance of the neuters is later, and the males are most common in the autumn, when the thistles are in blossom, upon the flowers of which they are abundant, sometimes seemingly asleep, or torpid, at others acting as if intoxicated with the sweets they have been imbibing. When these animals, of any sex, are walking upon the ground, if a fin- ger be moved to them, they lift up the three legs of one side to defend themselves, which gives them a very grotesque appearance. ‘Their nests are of- ten found in meadows and pastures, sometimes in groves and hedge-rows, where the soil is entangled with roots, and now and then in heaps of stones. ** When they do not meet with an accidental cavity ready made, they excavate one themselves with great labour, which they cover with a thick convex vault or coping of moss, the interior sur- face or roof of which is sometimes cased or ceiled with a kind of coarse wax, in order to keep out the wet. At the lower part of the nest is an opening for 201 FAMILIA. (Apis. ¥¥. €. 2.) for its inhabitants to go in and out at; this entrance is often through a long gallery, or covered way, sometimes more than a foot in length, by means of which the nest itself is more effectually concealed from observation. The mode in which they trans- port the moss they use is singular: it must be ob- served that they employ such only as grows upon the ground. When they have discovered a parcel of this conveniently situated, they place themselves upon it, with their anus towards the spot to which they mean to conyey it: they first take a small portion, and with their maxillz and fore-legs, as it were, card and comb it ; when the-pieces are suf- ficiently disentangled, they are placed under the body by the first pair of legs, the intermediate pair receives them, and delivers them to the last, which pushes them as far as possible beyond the anus. When, by this process, the insect has formed be- hind it a small mass of moss well carded, then, either the same, or another who takes her turn in the business, pushes it nearer to the nest. ‘Thus small heaps of prepared moss are conveyed to its foot,. and in a similar manner they are elevated to its - summit, or wherever they may be most wanted. A file of four or five insects is occupied at the same time in this employment. These nests are often six or seven inches in diameter, and elevated to the - height of four or five above the surface of the ~ ground. When the covering of moss is taken from the nest, the first thing that presents itself is an PJ Se FAMILLE, (Apis. % #. €/ 2.) an irregular comb, composed of an assemblage of oval bodies disposed one against another: under this there is sometimes another, which itself is placed upon a third, none of these are united to- gether: sometimes, however, there is only one. These combs vary in size, and are not to be com- pared, either for the regularity of their form, or of the parts that compose them, with those of the hive bee. They consist of a number of oblong or oval cells, or coccoons, spun by the larvae when they are about to undergo their first change, for these insects make no waxen cells for their young: they are made of a kind of silk, and fastened together. These cells are of three dimensions, answering to the three sexes, which circumstance produces the __inequalities observable in the surface of the combs. o The void spaces between the cells are filled with masses of brown paste, made of gross wax, or pol- Jen much wrought, and honey. Besides the mass- es, they attach to every comb, particularly the up- permost, three or four cells in the shape of gob- lets, open at the top, and full of liquid and very sweet honey, and made of the same kind of coarse wax that the roof is ceiled with. ‘The first step towards furnishing a nest is to make a mass of the brown paste, and one of these honey-pots. The masses of paste, which are sometimes as big as small nuts, are intended for the food of the larvee, and in them the eggs are deposited. These vary in num- ber, from three to thirty being to be found in one mass, 203 204 FAMILLE. (Apis. * %. €. 2.) mass, but not all in the same cavity: they are ob- long, of a bluish white, a line and half in length, and half a line in diameter. The larve are similar to those of the hive bee, but their sides are marked by irregular transverse black spots. These larve, after they are hatched, separate from each other, eating the paste which surrounds them. The bees of the nest, it is probable, discover the places where the layers of this material become too thin, or where the larva is in danger of eating through it, and lay | upon such parts fresh paste, that it may be shelter- ed from the air. The honey-pots may be intended to supply honey for the occasional moistening of the paste. The pupa in each cell is placed with its head downwards, and makes its way out at the bot- tom of its coccoon. When the larva has spun this, the bees probably take the pains to clear it from the paste that may remain upon it. “The nests seldom contain more than fifty or sixty inhabitants, these are of three different sizes; the females, of which there is more than one in a nest, are the largest, and probably alone survive the winter; the males are of the middle size, as is also one description of working bees, or neuters; the other neuters are the smallest, and not bigger than the hive bee(y). These two sorts of neuters, it is most likely, are appropriated to different kinds of work; the largest being the strongest, and the others the most lively, active, and expert. Amongst (y) They are often much smaller. K, the FAMILLE. (Apis. ¥#. €. 2.) the Bombinatrices, the females and males haye not the privilege of doing nothing, as is the case with the hive bee, but all work in concert to repair any damage or derangement that may befall their habi- tation. Every nest of these bees, as our author supposes, is at first very small, being originally con- structed and inhabited by a single female, but the eggs which she there deposits soon produce her a numerous progeny.. The nests of the Humble Bees are exposed to the depredations of various foes; ants, the larva of Asilus crabroniformis, seve- ral other Diptera, and some Tinee attack them, ‘but the field mice and polecats are their greatest enemies (z).” Thus far this admirable author. He suspects that these insects swallow the pollen which they use for making their paste, and return it again pro- perly moistened, as he did not often observe any ‘Tittle masses of wax, or wrought pollen(a) upon their posterior tibia, at least not so constantly as would be necessary to supply the quantity requisite for their consumption; yet the females and neuters are furnished with the corbicula, or little basket necessary for that purpose, and I have myself fre- quently seen them with these masses. Geoffroy has given an account of the nidifica- dion of these insects, totally at variance with this of (x) Reaum. tom. 6. Mem. 1. (a2) Much curious information upon this subject, is contained in a paper, sent by M. Huber the younger, to the Linnean So- ciety, which I do not think it right to forestall, Reaumur, 205 206. FAMILLE. (Apis. #*. €. 2.) Reaumur, and equally so, I apprehend, with truth and nature. He says, “ that they make spacious - subterraneous apartments, in which they construct their combs, consisting, like those of the hive bee, of hexagonal cells, but composed of different ma- terials, their substance being like parchment, and made of small particles of rotten wood formed into a paste, by means of a glutinous liquor with which nature has furnished them: that in these cells they deposit their eggs, supplying them‘with a sufficient quantity of honey : that these combs are surround- ed with a thick border, consisting of thin laminze resembling dry leaves, and made of the same ma- terial with the cells(b).”. This account so accu- rately describes a wasp’s nest, that I cannot help suspecting that it was taken from one. ‘I believe no Bombinatrix was ever found to nidificate in this manner. I shall add here what Ray has observed upon the same subject. ‘“ Eulz,” says he, “ ut et aliorum generum, glabree sunt, colore carneo-albicante, in annulos divisae, ventre planiore, dorso gibbo et ela- to, rostro acutiore, cauda obtusiore; erithacd aut materia quadam erithace simili circundate, que eis pro alimento inservit, in qua latitantes, in glo- bulum feré convolvuntur, cauda ad caput adducta, Asellorum instar. Cum justam magnitudinem adeptze sunt, folliculos validos et velut coriaceos, sibimetipsis texunt, iisque inclusze in nymphas mu- (2) Hist. Ins, Par. 2, p. 404, 405, . tantur, FAMILLE. (4pis. **. e 2.) tantur, cimque maturuere, ut ita dicam, et debi- tam perfectionem et partium soliditatem assecutee sunt, disrupto aut exeso folliculo Apum forma pro- deunt. In folliculos unde Apicule evolarunt mel congerunt (c).” I know no family of which it is more difficult to distinguish the species than the present; for there is little difference in the form of the Bombinatrices, and the hue of their bodies, at least of all our Eng- lish ones, is the same, so that the describer must ’ rely almost solely upon the colour of their hirsuties for his characters, and this is so subject to vary, even in the same individual, in different periods of its existence, that it is not safe to depend upon it but under particular restrictions. An insect re- cently disclosed, in this respect, appears a different species from the same when it has been long ex- posed to wind and weather. Thus, for instance, 4. Muscorum, which, when fresh from the pupa, is distinguished by a thorax covered with hair of a fine orange colour, and by an abdomen whose coat is a rich yellow, when it grows old, especially the male, exchanges these brilliant colours for a cine- reous hue, which circumstance misled Fabricius to . give it as a distinct species, under the name of 4, senilis. But not only yellow and red, but even black and white hairs are apt to change their colour throughage. All these circumstancesmake it a mat- wer of some importance, to be able to distinguish a * (c) Ray. Hist. Ins. p, 246-7, 3 2 _ recent 207 208 FAMILLA. +» (Apis. x %. &. 2.) recent insect from one that has been long disclosed é this may often be done by inspecting the state of its wings, for in the latter, especially in males, they are usually lacerate at the apex, the body too has frequently a good deal of its hair rubbed off. It will not be without use to know into what the predominant colours fade: yellow will usually first turn pale, and then cinereous; red will turn through tawny to yellow, and sometimes to cine- reous; white will turn to pale, and sometimes to tawny, and black will now and then turn white. But this is not all the difficulty with which the describer of the Bombinatrices has to struggle: the males in general resemble the females suffici- ently to be known as such, but there are several so unlike them, as to be easily mistaken for different species ; and I am by no means certain that I have not, in more instances than one, described the sex- es under different names: till all can be traced to their nidi this is not easy to be avoided. In my arrangement of the species of this section, I have observed the following rules, which, for the most part, were suggested by the evident affinities of these insects. I begin with those whose general hirsuties is pale yellow, while that of the thorax is orange; after these follow such as have the same coloured hair, but whose thorax has a black band(d); next I place such as are distinguished by the colour (d) A. sylvarum, Lin. has a red anus, but its general habit gives it a strong affinity with those that precede it, of FAMILIAL. (Apis. %. ¢. 2.) of their anus, whether yellow, white, or red, and finally come such as are entirely black. After my Synopsis Specierum, containing the above arrangement, was printed, I discovered, what had escaped me before, that four different species, one of which had a yellow, two a white, and one a red anus, were deprived of some of the characters of the Bombinatrices, having neither corbicula, nor pecten at the apex of the tibie, nor auricle at the base of the planta, of the posterior legs, at the same time exhibiting some peculiar to themselves. This circumstance offers an opportunity for a na- tural subdivision of this section of the family, found- ed upon other characters than colour; the follow- ing peculiarities distinguish the members of it; in their preboscis, and other respects, they agree ex- actly with the others. Labium antice obtusangulum (e). Maxille forcipatee, apice obliqué truncate(f). Tibie postice supra conyexe, pilosze, nec cor- bicula, neque pectine instructx(g). Plante posticz absque auricula (h). Abdomen oblongum, ano, in mortuo, szepius inflexo; ventre segmento ultimo in angu- lum utrinque protenso (7). Maris Mazille apice bidentate. Abdomen tri- angulare, incuryum, subacuminatum. (e) Tab. 13. fig. 12. (f) Ibid. fig. 37. g) Ibid. fig, 22. a. (i) Ibid. fig. 23, (i) Ibid. fig, 25. aa. P The 209 FAMILLA. (Apis. *%. €. 2.) The females and neuters of these insects, it is probable, do not, like the rest of the Bombinatrices, carry masses of wrought pollen upon their hind- legs, or they would have been furnished with a cor- bicula for that purpose; from the absence of the pecten of the posterior tibia, and of the auricle at the base of the planta, which are usually concomi- tants of the corbicula, we may conjecture that these instruments, which are over against each other, are given to the insects which have them, for the pur- pose of preparing their little masses of pollen; the pecten, which consists of strong bristles, probably breaking the grains, and the auricle assisting to knead them into a paste, previous to their being laid upon the tibia. It is remarkable that the females and neuters of these pes, should exhibit those characters which are peculiar to the males of the rest of the family. I suspect that they nidificate under-ground. To this subdivision belong 4. campestris (hk), A. Barbutella(l), A. vestalis(m), and A. rupestris (n) of this work ; likewise, as I suspect, 4. mystacea of Christius (0), and 4. arenaria of Panzer (/). (k) Tom, 2. p. 335. —(l) Ibid. p.343. — (m) Ibid. p. 347. (n) Ibid. p. 369. (0) Hymenopt. p. 124. tab. 6. fig. 3. (p) Fn. Ins. Germ. Init. n. 74. tab. 12. ADDENDA. ADDENDA. AVING had an opportunity, since the prece- ding pages of this volume were printed, of ex- amining a large number of Hymenopterous insects, and having likewise made some forther observations upon the foregoing families, more particularly with respect to the wings, that had before escaped me, 1 shall subjoin them here, beginning with the latter. I must first observe in general, that the surface of every superior wing may be looked upon as divi- ded into three parts, which may be denominated Ale Basis, Medium, et Apex. Basis. Ale portio thoraci proxima ex areolis tribus elongatis constans, intermedia breviori, inter alz nervos divergentes inclusis (¢). Medium. Alz portio intermedia, reticulata, are- olas sex vel septem, figura et magnitudine varias, et anastomosin includens(r). Apex. Ale portio extima, dilatata, obliqué trun- cata, in angulum obtusum cum margine tenuiore, /- basis areola infima, subtus concurrens (s'; im are- olas tres subaequales, mediantibus venis duabus rec- tis, seepius distincta; superficie undulato-crispante, plerisque punctulata (¢). (7) Tab. 3, xx. b. fig. 5. d. (r) Ibid. e. (s) Ibid. g. (t) Ibid. f- P2 The 212 cyanura. ADDENDA. The inferior wings, as to superficies, are similat to the superior, only they want the reticulate por- tion or medium, and therefore can only be distin- guished into Basis and Apex, which are divided into areasin a similar manner with the superior wings(w). MELITTA. *.a. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales distincti. Anastomosis distincta. Medium areolis septem. Inferiores semi-ovales, sessiles ; margine crassiori rectiusculo, tenuiori trifido. *.b, Ale Superiores. Nervi costales distincti. Anastomosis distincta. Medium areolis q sex (wv). Apex impunctulatus. . Inferiores semi-ovales, sessiles ; margine crassiori subundulato, tenuiori trifido. As a further proof that the insects of this family are not all varieties of the same species, I shall de- scribe one belonging to it, which is evidently dis- tinct. It is in Sir Joseph Banks’s cabinet, and came from New South Wales. It should come next to M. signata(y), which stands with it in the same cabinet, from the same country. M. atra; fronte maculata; scutello puncto flavo; abdomine atro-czrulescenti. MUS. D. Banks, Sphex, in serie quinté a sinistr. e tribus ul- timis specimen medium. (u) Tab. 13. fig. 18. (x) Tab. 1. x. b. fig. 7. &. (y) Tom. 2. p. 41. Lon ADDENDA. Long. Corp. Lin, 34. Hal. In Nova Cambria. DESCR. Acul. CORPUS atrum, glabrum. Carur. Frons utrinque ad oculos macula mag- na irregulari flavescente. Antenne nigre. Truncus. Collare utrinque flavum. Tubercula flava. Scutellum puncto rotundo flavicanti insignitum. Squamule nigre. Ale subhya- linae, nervis nigris. Pedes nigri. ABDOMEN nitidissimum, atro-violaceum, luci- dum, levissimé punctulatum. *%. a. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales distincti. Anastomosis distincta. Medium areolis septem. Apex minutissimé punctulatus. Inferioressemi-ovales, sessiles ; margine crassiori rectiusculo, tenuiori trifido. **.b. dle Superiores. Nervi costales distincti. Anastomosis distincta. Medium areolis septem. Apex minutissimé punctulatus. Inferiores semi-ovales, subpetiolate ; margine crassiori rectiuscula, tenuiori trifido. *%. Cc. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales distincti. Anastomosis distincta. Medium areolis septem. Inferiores semi-ovate, subpetiolate ; margine crassiori subundulato, tenuiori trifido. P3 Obs, 213 214 ADDENDA. Obs. M. Swammerdamelle alarum superiorum nervi costales subcoaliti, medium areolis tan- tummodo sex, unde Apum familie *. a. forsan amandanda. Since I wrote my observations upon this family, I have received, by the kindness of M. Latreille, that curious insect, hitherto unknown to other entomologists, the Abeille tapissi¢ére of Reaumur(z), under the name of 4. Papaveris. Upon exami- ning it, I find that it is no Melitta, as at first I sus- pected, but a genuine Apis, belonging to the se- cond section (**. c. 2.) of my family ‘ labio in- Jjiexo elongato.” In habit it approaches nearest to the Leaf Cutters (~), but its abdomen is more con- vex, and as its habits and economy are somewhat different, it may belong to a new subdivision. As I could not examine its proboscis without running risk of destroying my only specimen, I am unable to say of how many joints the palpi consist. As M. Latreille intends to describe it himself, in a paper he is preparing upon the Bees of the environs of Paris, I must refer my reader to that paper, when it makes its appearance. APIS. «#.a. le Superiores. Nervi costales subcoaliti, Anastomosis subdistincta. Medium areolis sex. (x) Supra p. 142, 143, Ala . | i ADDENDA. Ale Inferiores semi-oyate, subpetiola- tae; margine crassiori subundulato, tenuiori trifido *. b. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales coaliti. Anastomosis distincta. Medium are- olis septem. Inferiores semi-ovales, _ sessiles ; ‘margine crassiori rectiusculo, tenui- ori bifido. **.a. dle Superiores. Nervi costales coaliti. Anastomosis obsoleta. Medium are- olis septem, marginali nebulam in- cludente. Apex valde dilatatus. Inferiores semi-ovales, subpetiola- tee; margine crassiori subpetiolato - tenuiori trifido. *x.b. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales coaliti. Anastomosis subdistincta. Medium areolis septem. ——Inferiores semi-ovatee, subsessiles ; margine crassiori subundulato, tenu~ iori bifido. *%*.C. 1. a. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales coaliti. Anastomosis vix distincta. Medium areolis sex, marginali nebulam inclu dente. Apex admodum dilatatus. Inferiores semi-ovate, subsessiles ; margine crassiori subundulato, tenu- iori bifido. #*.C.1. 8. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales coaliti. RA Anastomosis 215 216 ADDENDA. Anastomosis obsoleta. Medium areo- lis sex, marginali nebulam includente. ——TInferiores semi-ovales, _ sessiles; margine crassiori rectiusculo, tenui- ori bifido. **.C.2. a. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales coaliti. Anastomosis subdistincta. Medium areolis sex. . | Inferiores semi-elliptice, sessiles; margine crassiori subundulato, tenu- iori bifido. «**.C.2. 6. dle Superiores. Nervi costales coaliti. Anastomosis obsoleta. Medium are- olis sex, marginali nebulam inclu- dente. Apex admodum dilatatus. Inferiores semi-ovatee, subpetiolatee ; margine crassiori subundulato, tenu- iori bifido. Since I wrote my remarks upon this family, du- ring my absence from home, five of the pupa which Sir Thomas Cullum sent me, produced per- fect insects, viz. three males, and two females ; which proved, as I suspected, 4. manicata, Lin. They make their way out at the perforated end of the cell, separating a circular portion from it (a). **.C.2. y. dle Superiores. Nervi costales subco- aliti. Anastomisis distincta. Medi- um areolis sex. Apex vix punctulatus. (a) Vid. supra, p. 173, &c. Ale ADDENDA. Ale Inferiores semi-ovate, subsessiles ; margine crassiori rectiusculo, tenui- ~ ori trifido. **.C.2.5. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales subco- aliti. Anastomosis subdistincta. Me- dium areolis sex, marginali nebulam includente. Inferiores semi-ovate, petiolate ; margine crassiori subundulato, tenu- iori bifido. «x. d. 1. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales dis- tincti. Anastomosis obsoleta. Me- dium areolis sex. Apex venis ab- breviatis. Inferiores semi-ovate, subpetiola- te; margine crassiori subundulato, tenuiori trifido. Apex venis tribus. **.d.2.«. Ale Superiores. Nervi costales sub- coaliti. Anastomosis obsoleta. Me- dium areolis septem. Apex dilatatus admodim, avenius, venarum loco li- neis duabus elevatiusculis, impunc- tulatis insignitus. Inferiores semi-ovate, subpetio- latee; margine crassiori subundulato, tenuiori bifido. Apex venis duabus. *%.d.2. . Ale Superiores colorate, coriacez. Nervi costales coaliti. Anastomosis obsoleta. Medium areolis septem. Apex dilatatus admodim. Ale 217 218 | ADDENDA. Ale Inferiores colorate, eoriacez, se- mi-ovate, magne, subpetiolate ; margine crassiori subundulato, te- nuiori trifido. , **. e.. 1. dle Superiores. Nervi costales coaliti. Anastomosis obsoleta. Medium are- olis septem, marginal: lineari, elonga- ta. Apex minutissimé punctulatus. Inferiores semi-ovatze, subsessiles ; margine crassiori rectiusculo, tenui- ori bifido. Apex venis tribus. Maris Ale Superiores majores, nervis costalibus distinctis. Inferiores latiores, semi-ovales, sessiles. *%. €. 2. dle Superiores. Nervi costales coaliti. Anastomosis obsoleta. Medium are- olis septem, marginali nebulam inclu- dente. Apex dilatatus admodum. Inferiores semi-ovate, petiolate ; margine crassiori subundulato, tenui- ori bifido. ADDITIONAL REMARKS on toe HYMENOPTEROUS GENERA. SIREX. Linneus’s drtificial Character of this genus wants some correction. ‘ Os maxillis dua- bus validis,” for reasons before assigned (), should (¢) Supra, p. 21, be ADDENDA. be omitted. “ Palpi duo truncati,” would be bet- ter altered, admitting it to be a constant character, to “ Palpi exteriores capitati;” since these insects, unless they depart from the general analogy of the class, have four palpi. It having never been my fortune to take one of this genus, I have not had it in my power to examine the proboscis. In S. gigas the exterior palpi are capitate, with a sub- rotund capitulum, in a male sent to Mr. Marsham as S. Mariscus, (but which appears to me a distinct insect), this capitulum is obliquely truncate, in both these the palpi are very hirsute. The next of the characters of Linneus “ dntenne—articulis ultra 24,” is contrary to fact. In no species, that I have had an opportunity of examining, do they exceed 24. The antenne of S§. Columba, fem. counting the minute joint that connects them with the head, and those of S$. Camelus, have only four- teen. Those of that above-mentioned, labelled S. Mariscus, have sixteen. In §. Spectrum, mas, S. albicornis, fem. Fab. and S. Juvencus, fem. they amount to twenty-two. In one very like $. Juven- cus, from America, given me by Major General Davies, they have eighteen joints; in $. Dromeda- rius they have only thirteen; and finally in S. gi- gas, they reach the number, which Linneus has given as less than their lowest sum, twenty-four. From these facts I cannot help thinking that Lin- neus intended to have given it * Antenne articulis infra 24,” and that the word ultra got in acci- dentally. 219 ADDENDA. dentally. “ Abdomen sessile mucronatum” is ax excellent. chatacter, and in my idea distinguishes the genuine from the illegitimate Sirices. Other characters constantly distinguish this genus, some of . the most prominent are the following: the tarsi are remarkably elongate; the truncus is retuse at each end, so as to receive both the head and abdo- men; when these sit close to it, the body looks as if it was formed of one piece; the body is cylindri- cal, and in the male every where of equal diameter, or filiform; in the females, at the insertion of the aculeus, the venter swells into an obtuse angle. In common with Tenthredo, with which it has con- siderable affinity, this genus, upon each side of the metathorax, has what Linneus terms ‘* Granwm,” or a small white spot. In some species the apex of each tibia is armed with a single spine, for instance, S. Columba, &c. while in S. Juvencus, and others, the posterior are armed with two. EVANIA. Upon comparing E. appendigaster with E. maculata, Fab. I am inclined to think that it is a good genus. I suspect that more species than one are confounded under the name of J. appendigaster. ‘That figured by Panzer (c), with yellow antenna, and brown feet and abdomen, seems quite distinct from those I have seen, in which these are all black. AMMOPHILA. The Fabrician character of Sphex seems designed for those insects that I have (c) Fn, Ins. Germ, Init. n. 68, tab. 12, called . ADDENDA. called by this name. I find the foreign species to be extremely numerous, some of them are the most splendid insects in the class. My observation, in my paper upon this genus(d), that colour seems constant, I find upon a view of the exotic speci- mens, is not founded in fact, although a consider- able proportion are distinguished by the same co- lours. The antennez of all are revolute, a circum- stance not noticed in that paper. TIPHIA. This genus, 7. femorata, at least, and its affinities, is nearly related both to Scolia and Mutilla. Its eyes are oval and remarkably small ; its antenne are anterior, and spiral with a fusiform apex ; its truncus is retuse at both ends, and nearly cubical, and its collum is larger than the thorax. Some of the Tiphie in Sir Joseph Banks’s collec- tion, which, if my recollection does not mislead me, were labelled by Fabricius, belong to a separate ge- nus, intermediate between Vespa and Bembex. Their tongue, and wings seem to come near the former genus, and their large oval eyes, and conic abdomen, to the latter, but they have not the conic inflected labium, which is its most striking distine- tion. Christius has figured one of these under the name of Vespa biclypeata(e). TT. collaris of Fa- bricius has reniform eyes, and is atrue Scolia. T. pedestris of the same author, if I do not mistake his insect, seems rather to belong to Mudtilla ; it is (d) Lin. Trans. vol. 4. p. 200. (¢) Hymenopt. p. 223. tab. 19. fig. 6. apterous, ‘222 ADDENDA. apterous, and has no stemmata; its body is, how- ever, without hairs, in which it departs from both genera; it is probably one of the links which con- nect these proximate genera. SCOLIA. This genus, at first sight, has a very strong resemblance to Tiphia, and also to Mutilla. The body is usually very hairy, the truncus retuse before and behind, and rather cubical, but it is dis- tinguished from both by the following circum- stances; its eyes are larger and reniform: its an- tenne are inserted in'the middle of the face, they are recurve, but not at all spiral; their apex some- times is slightly fusiform, but more generally atte- nuate only at its base ; its summit is often very ob- tuse, or rather truncate. The body of these in- sects is usually very hairy, and the anus is not seldom spinose. ‘ THYNNUS. No genus in the class seems to be less known than this. There is no specimen of it in the French cabinets. Fabricius described his four species from insects in Sir Joseph Banks’s col- lection, of these, two, viz. 7. dentatus(f) and T. emarginatus, are certainly congenerous insects, 7. integer is doubtful, and 7’. abdominalis is an Apis of my family “labio inflexo elongato”, of the section ““ ventre femineo glabro”, and of the subdivision ““abdomine femineo subcylindrico, ano obtuso.” Of the two genuine Thynni, the antenne are filiform, of fourteen joints, inserted in the middle of the (f) Roemer. Gen. Ins. tab. 35. fig. 8. : | face : ADDENDA. face: the lip is very minute: the maxilla are bifid at their apex: the eyes are lateral, inclining to an oval figure: the collum is transverse before, and behind subrepand : the thorax is subquadrate: the scutellum, which is as large or larger than the tho- rax, is triangular, and terminates in a second piece besides the metathorax, so that it may be defined by the term duplex: the abdomen is elongato- conic, and the anus is spinose. In habit it ap- proaches Bembex. | Thynnus integer varies from the others in the following particulars. The maxille are entire at their apex: the eyes are rather round: the collum receives the head and thorax into a sinus, which is the segment of a circle: the scutellum is single, (simplex) with a trnncate apex: the abdomen is subulato-conic, and the ventral segment of the anus terminates in a recurve spine. DORYLUS. The only species of this genus known as yet, is the Mucilla helvola, Lin. which is certainly no Mutilla, and cannot well be arranged under any known genus: Fabricius has therefore, with great propriety, placed it by itself. In my idea it is more nearly related to Formica than Mu~ tilla, for its abdomen is connected with the trun- cus by the intervention of a globose petiolus. It is a most singular insect; the following are its most prominent features. Its maxillee are acute, with- out teeth, forcipate, immensely large: its eyes are hemispherical: its antennee are filiform, inserted in the 223 224 ADDENDA. the middle of the face, and consist of thirteen of fourteen joints: its stemmata are very large and prominent : its face behind the antennz swells into two protuberances: its thorax is extremely gibbous: and overhangs the head: its scutellum is large and gibbous: the base of its wings is not defended by squamulee: its legs are veryshort; the second joint of their apophyses is ofa very singular shape, being con- cavo-convex, very thin, and emarginate at its apex ; the thighs are compressed, very flat and thin, and the tibize and tarsi short and slender: the abdo- men is elongate: the spiracula, which is remark- able, are easily discovered in its dorsal segments, and the last ventral segment terminates im two truncate setae, like some of the Neuroptera, with which class this insect seems to have some affinity. If Termes was placed at the end of that class, and Dorylus at the head of this, I think we should not depart far from the order of Nature. I know not whether the neuter of Dorylus be apterous or not, but I suspect it may. : MUTILLA. The Linnean _4rtificial Character of this genus is very insufficient. One drawn up in the following terms would apply well, at least to all the species that I have had an opportunity of examining. Os proboscide brevi, palpis setaceis : Antenne anteriores, spirales, articulis 13-14, apice fusiformi : | Oculi minuti, subrotundi, laterales : Ale et Stemmata neutris nulla : Aculeus reconditus. I have ADDENDA. _I have omitted the Linnean character, “ thorax posticé retusus,” because it is not by any means peculiar to this genus, and the above seem fully sufficient without it. J. pedestris, Fab. I just now observed, belongs to this genus; more of the same habit may be seen in Mr. Francillon’s rich cabinet, theseare all “corpore glaberrimo ;” the shape of their abdomen is similar to that of Formica, and they seem to be intermediate between that genus and the hirsute Mutille. The latter genus, if these prove at last genuine Mutille, might be divided into two families, «. corpore glabro. **. corpore pu- bescenti. I have examined only one male insect of this genus, M. Europea. It varies from the fe- male in the shape of its eyes, which are somewhat reniform, and its anus has a minute spine on each side, circumstances which give it considerable affi- nity with Scolia, and shew how the genera shade one into another. Its squamulz likewise are very _ large, and its neck embraces the anterior part of the thorax. Q TABU- 225 ( 226 ) TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. | onimuumeshanmen! —_—— TABULA PRIMA(a). MELITTA. x. a. FIG. 1. (\4APUT subtriangulare. a, Stemmata im linea curva. 2. Proboscis. aa. Valvule \mguam am- plectentes. 66. Palpi exteriores. c, Lingua apice biloba lobis divaricatis. 3. Lingua valde aucta. a. Tubus conicus, apice tridentatus. _ bb. Palpi interio- res, setacei, quatuor articulorum. c. Linguze Apex ciliatus, lobis apice laceris. 4, Valvula valde aucta, sublinearis. a. Val- vule Basis. bc. Valvulee Apex plica- tus, rotundatus. 0b. Plica inferior. c, Plica superior. d. Palpus exterior, setaceus, sexarticulatus. ee. Sete rigidiuscule, 5. Mazilla aculeatz, subedentula. 6. a. Labium antice obtusangulum. b. Fa- ciet portio antica cui Labium annec- titur. (a) N.B. In sequentibus tabulis figure omnes sunt plus minis auctz. FIG. ay’ LIBRARY Bale cr) A DENPHE ~ UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS > TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Melitta. +. a. b.) FIG. 7. Mazilla maris, apice bidentata. 8. Antenna aculeate subclavata, 13 articu- lorum. a. Radicula. b. Scapus elon- gatus, arcuatus. c. Pedicellus subglo- bosus.. d. Apex articulis cylindricis, primo conico. 9. Antenna maris, filiformis, 14articulorum. 10. Abdomen aculeate, subconicum, sub- acutum, sex segmentorum. 11. Abdomen maris, precedente angustius, septem segmentorum. 12. Unguis. a. Pulvillus. bb. Unguiculi bifidi. MELITTA, x. b. FIG. 1. Lingua valde aucta, brevis. a. Tubus conicus, apice tridentatus. 6b. Tubi dens intermedius lateralibus major. c. Lingue Apex truncatus, ciliatus, dd. Auricule obtuse. e. Palpus in- terior quatuor articulorum, 2. Valvula valde aucta, linearis. a@. Lori portio. &. Valvule Basis. c. Mem- brana. d. Valvulee Apex subacutus. e. Palpus exterior setaceus, sex arti- culorum. 3. Caput subtriangulare. a. Nasus distinc- tus, apice truncatus. A. Labium valde auctum, anticé obtusan- gulum, setoso-pectinatum. a2 FIG. 227 Ww te 6. 10. 11. PG. oa: 8 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Melitta. x. b. #%. a) FIG. 5. Mazilla aculeate, apice bidentata dente ~ interiori subemarginato. Maxilla maris, apice bidentata dente interiori integro. . Ala superior. a. Basis. b. Medium areolis sex. c. dpex. d. Nervus cos- talis exterior. e. Nervus costalis mte- rior. f. Anastomosis. . Portio Antenne M. dilataie mas, (vol.2. p 39.) a. Scapus dilatatus, patelliformis. . Antenna aculeate, apicis articulo primo pedicelloque subconicis. Antenna maris. Abdomen aculeatz subconicum, basi re- tusunr, segmentis sex. . Abdomen masculum septem segmento- rum. TABULA SECUNDA. MELITTA. xx. a. Proboscis valde aucta. a. Tubus coni- cus, apice obsoleté tridentatus. bb. Valvule. c. Lingue apex, acutus vel acuminatus. dd. duricule apice la~ cere. ee. Lora. jf. Membrana lora connectens. gg. Palpi interiores frac- te, articulis 4, articulo primo longiore arcuato, 2. Valvulalinearis, a. Palpus exterior sex articulorum. 0. Valyule Basis. c. Valvulze + Dhaety UBRARY AGA UR THEN UNIVERSITY OF iLuNOIS > ae - ple’ ty a Png TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Melitta. %x. a.b.) 2.20 Valvule -dper brevis, rotundatus, hinc intus fissus. i FIG. 3. Caput rotundatum. i A. Labium aculeatze valde auctum, anticd emarginatum, setoso- -pectinatum. 5. Labiwm masculum yalde auctum, anticé subemarginatum. _ 60. Mazilla aculeate, apice bidentata dente exterior longiore.” 7. Maxilla mascula, apice edentula. 8. Antenna aculeate, subclavate. a. Sca- pus elongatus. b. Pedicellus subglo- bosus. g. Antenna maris, filiformis, submonilifor- mis. a. Scapus brevis. 10. Abdomen aculeate, ovatum, sex segmen- torum, ultimo minutissimo. 11. Abdomen masculum sublineare, septem segmentorum. MELITTA. xx. b. FIG. 1. Proboscis. aa.Lora proboscidis longi- tudine. . b. Tubus conicus. 2. Lingua valde aucta. aa. Auricule apice lacere. 6. Tubi portio apice triden- tato, dente intermedio emarginato. ce. Palpi imteriores fracte, articulis quatuor, primo longiori arcuato. d Lingue -4per acutus, lacerus. 7 3. Caput subtriangulare. a. Wasus. ~ “FIG. 230 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Melitta. «2. b.) FIG. 4. Labium aculeate valde auctum, anticé appendiculatum, et setoso-pectinatum. ~ a. Appendicula. b. Labium. 5. Labium aliud figura diversum. 6. Labium masculum, valde auctum, line- are, absque appendicula. 7. Abdomen aculeatz subovale, sex segmen- torum, ultimo minutissimo. 8. Anus aculeate valde auctus. a. Rima analis. &. Abdominis segmentum ul- timum. Q. Abdomen masculum, lineare, septem seg- mentorum. 10. Anterior pars capitis M. quadricincte mas, (tom. 2. p. 51.) a. Labium. bb. Max- ille basi dilatatee. 11. Mazilla ejusdem seorsum conspecta. 12. Anterior pars capitis M.rubicunde mas, (tom. 2. p.53.) a.Labium. bb. Mazille. TABULA TERTIA. MELITTA. xx. b. cont. FIG. 1. Caputalatere conspectum ad modum ex- hibendum proboscidem explicandi. a. Lora. b. Proboscis apice maxillas versus. — 2. Valvula valde aucta, linearis. a. Palpus exterior, setaceus, sex articuloruin. 0. Lorum valde elongatum. c. Valvulze Basis. LIBRARY OF THE - ~ UNIVERSITY OF LNs ‘ Sous le NS ait TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Melitta. *. b. c.) Basis. d. Apex obtusus, intus hinc fissus. FIG. 3. Mazilla aculeatz, apice bidentata. A. Mazxilla mascula, arcuata, apice eden- tula, acuta. 5. Ala superior. ab. Nervi costales. c. Anastomosis. d. Basis ale. e. Medi- um areolis septem. f. Apex. g. Con- cursus apicis et basis alze. . 6. Antenna aculeate, subclavata. a. Sca- pus elongatus. 0b, Pedicellus subglo- bosus. 7. Antenna maris, filiformis, scapo brevi, apice articulis subarcuatis. 8. Aculei Vagina subulata. Q. Spiculum. a. Retinaculum. 10. Spiculz apex hinc retrorsum serrulatus. MELITTA. xx. c. FIG. 1. Caput subrotundatum. aa. Tubercuda apud basin Maxillarum. 2. Caput masculum, maxillis forcipatis. 3. Proboscis basi subtus villosa. aa. Auri- cule. 6b. Linguze apex acutus. cc. Falvule. d. Tubus linearis, apice tri- dentatus. ee. Palpi exteriores. ff. Palpi interiores. 4, Lingua valde aucta, apice hastata. aa Auricule recurve, apice lacerz. 5. Lingue plicatz positionem exhibet. aa, . Valyu- 231 32 © TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Melitta. xx. c.) Valvularum Apex. b. Lingue apex sursum plicatus, acumine gulam ver- sus. cc. Palpi interiores. “FIG. 6. Valvula valde aucta. a. Palpus exteri- or, setaceus, sex articulorum. 3b. Val- vulze Apex semi-cordatus, acuminatus. c. Basis villosus. 7. Lingue Apex valde auctus, seorsum con- spectus, acuminatus acumine lacero, rima . longitudinali, dimidiato-trans- versé-striatus. 8. Lingua M. Swammerdamelle (tom. 2. p. 174.) aa. Auricule acute. b. Lingue Apex subsetaceus. cc. Palpi interiores. Q. Valvula ejusdem valde aucta. a. Apex cultriformis. 0. Basis. c. Palpus exterior. 10. Labium maris. a. Tuberculum. 11. Labium aculeate. a. Tuberculum. 12. Capitis pagina inferior. a. Gula. b. dn- ~nulus. cc. Valyularum Basis. TABULA QUARTA. ° MELITTA, *. c. cont. FIG. 1. Abdomen aculeatee, ovale, sex segmen- torum ultimo minutissimo. a. Fim- bria anum vestiens. : 2. Abdomen masculum sublanceolatum, septem segmentorum.. FIG. Py am . Be Rane “te Ms TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Melitta «+. c.) 233 3. Mazxilla aculeate, apice bidentata. A. Mazxilla maris. 5. Mazille pars M. denticulate (tom. 2. p. 133.) a. Denticulus basin maxille ar- mans. | r ‘ 6. Mazille M. angulose (tom. 2. p. 127.) _portio. a. Basis obtusangula. 7. Maxilla M. armate (tom. 2. p. 124.) a. Dens basin armans. 8. Mazille M. spinigere (tom. 2. p. aa) portio. a. Spina basin armans. Q. Metathorax M. combinate (tom. 2. p. _ 153.) utrinque fimbriata.aa. Fimbria. 10. Pes posticus... a. Flocculus. b. Scopa. c. Apophysis articulus primus. d. Apo- physis articulus secundus. e. Femur. f. Spinule. g. Planta. 11. Antenna aculeate. a. Apicis articulus primus elongatus, basi attenuatus. 12. Antenna maris scapo villosissimo. 13. Caput M. angulose (tom. 2. p. 127.) a latere conspectum. a. Gena postice rectangula, 1A, Pes posticus M. Swammerdamelle (tom. , 2. p. 174.) 15. Abdomen M. Shawelle (tom, 2. p. 160.) 16, Capitis portio. aa. Macule due sericesee apud oculos. b. Occiput. cc. Vertex. d. Stemmata. , ™ 17. Anienna maris M. chrysure. (tom. 2. p- 172.) apice subtus subdentato. FIG. 034 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO, (Apis. x. a.) FIG. 18. Labium M. tridentate (tom, 2. p. 132.) a ventre conspectum. APIS. x. a. FIG. 1. Maris Caput anticé truncatum. 2. Proboscis. a. Fulcrum. b.Tubus coni« cus, apice tridentatus. c. Valvula li- nearis. dd. Palpi interiores quatuor articulorum, primo elongato, e. Lin- gua setacea. 3. Valvula valde aucta, Ete a. Basis. b. Apex \anceolato-linearis, incurvus. c. Palpus exterior subsetaceus, sex articulorum. 4, Lingue portio valde aucta. aa. Lacinie interiores lineari-lanceolatz, acute. b. Tuli pars. c. Palpi imterioris pars. d. Lingue pars. 5. Linguze Apex valde aucta, villosa, trans- verse striatula. 6. Labium valde auctum, subovale, anticé barbatum. 7. Mazxilla edentula. 8. Antenna aculeate. Q. Antenna maris. 10. Abdomen aculeatz, ovale, sex articulo- rum, ultimo minutissimo. a. Ani Fimbria. , 11. Abdomen maris, ovato-lanceolatum. 12. Pes — A,ursine (tom. 2. p. 178.) FIG. TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. +. a. b.) FIG. 13. Unguis unguiculis bifidis. — , 14. Tibia postica 4. Linneelle (ubi supr. 179.) dolabriformis. TABULA QUINTA. APIS. x, b. FIG, 1. Caput posticé obtusangulum. 2. Proboscis. a. Tubus linearis, apice triden- tatus, dente intermedio majori. 6. Fulcrum subtriangulare. cc. Lora. dd. Lacinie imteriores. e. Lingua. Sf. Palpi interiores. gg. Valvule. hh. Palpi exteriores. 3, Lingua valde aucta. aa. Lacinie inte- riores subsetacee. b. Palpi interiores quatuor articulorum primo elongato. A. Valvula valde aucta, sublinearis. a. Apex lanceolato-linearis. b. Basis. c. Lo- rum. d. Palpus exterior sex articulo- rum, primo brevissimo. 5. Labium ovale. 6. Mazilla maris. 4. Mazxilla aculeate. 8. Truncus. a. Collum. b. Collare. ce. Tubercula. dd Squamule. e. Tho- rax. f. Scutellum. g. AJetathorax. h. Cavitas ubi inosculatur abdominis petiolus. 9. Abdomen aculeate, sex segmentorum, ultimo minutissimo. 10, Anus yalde auctus, apice setosus. FIG. 233 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. %.b. %%. a.) FIG. 11. Abdomen maris, lanceolatum, septem segmentorum. : 12. Anus valde auctus, apice emarginatus. 13. Unguis aculeate valde auctus. a. Pul- villus. 14. Unguis alius valde auctus. a. Pulvillus petiolatus. 15. Unguis maris valde auctus. a. Pulvil- lus elongatus. 16. Antenna aculeate. 17. Antenna maris. 18. Caput A. cornigere (tom. 2. p.190.) a latere conspectum. a. Labium. 6b. Cornu. APIS. *x. a. FIG. 1. Caput posticé obtusangulum. 2. Proboscidis pars inferior, valvulis lingu- am obyolventibus. aa. Valvularum Apex. bb. Basis. 3. Proboscidis pars superior. aa. Valvula- rum Aper. b. Tubus. c. Fulcrum. dd. Lora. 4. Proboscis a latere conspecta. a. Valvulz Apex. b. Basis. c. Labium. dd. Lo- ra. e. Fulcrum. f. Membrana lora connectens. g. Mazilla. / Obs. He tres ultime figure linguam valvulis munitam et convolutam exhibent. 5. Proboscidis portio. a Tubus a latere conspectus. bb, Lacinie imteriores setaceee. Se sY PS ee ee = . ds Ae em TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. — (Apis, **. a.) setacere. cc. Lacini@ exteriores. dd. Palpi interiores biarticulati. FIG. 6. Tubus linearis, apice tridentatus dentibus eequalibus. oF Labium valde auctum, subquadratum, » concavo-conyexum. aa. Puncta duo fenestrata. . 8. Mazilla aculeatz. 9. Mazilla maris. 10. Unguis maris valde auctus, unguiculis bifidis, dentibus intermediis membra- naceis. @. Pulvillus integer. 11. Unguis aculeatee unguiculis integris. a. Pulvillus emarginatus. TABULA SEXTA. APIS. *%. a. cont. FIG. 1. Valvula valde aucta. a. Tuli basis. 6. | Fulcrum elongatum. cc. Lora. d. Membrana lora connectens. e. Val- vulze Basis. f. Apex. g. Palpus ex- terior filiformis, quinque articulorum, articulo intermedio attenuato. 2. Scutelli pars. aa. Dentes sub hirsutie ocultati. 3. Antenna maris, quatuordecim articulo- rum. A. Antenna aculeate, tredecim articulorum. 5. Abdomen aculeatee, ex oyato subglobo- sum, ano mucronato, » FIG. 237 238 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. %¥. a. b.) FIG. 6. Anus maris, segmento ultimo subemar- _ ginato. 4 7. Portio Pedis antici valde aucta. a Pars , «~ Palme segmento circuli dempto. 8b. - Strigilis /. pecten setarum c Velum. d. Spinule utrinque serrulatee. e. Ti- Lie portio. : 8. a. Sternum. bb. Pectus. APIS. *x. b. FIG. 1. Caput. - | 2. Proboscis.' a. Fulcrum elongatum, sub- clavatum. Jb. Lori pars. c. Valvulez Cardo. dd. Valvule. ee. Palpi ex- teriores. f. Tubus linearis, apice tri- dentatus dente interiori majore. gg. Lacinie exteriores. h. Lingua. 3. Linguavaldeaucta. aa. Lacinie interio- res, lineari-lanceolate. 6. Palpus inte- rior biarticulatus. c. Lacinia exterior e duobus aequalibus articulis constans. 4. Valvula valde aucta, linearis. a. Lorum. b. Valvule Basis. c. Valvule Apex lanceolatus, obtusus. d. Palpus ex-~ terior minutissimus, exarticulatus. . Mazilla apice acuta, edentula. . Labium anticé curvum, /- subarcuatum. . Antenne aculeate tredecim articulorum. . Trunci portio. aa. Dentes thoracem posticé armans. 4b. Scutellum tuber- culis duobus munitum, oT Dn FIG. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF iiNoTs TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. ##. b. c. 1. «) 239 FIG. 9g. Abdomen aculeate conicum, sex seg- mentorum. 10. Unguis unguiculis integris. TABULA SEPTIMA. APIS. *#. c.1. a, FIG. 1. Caput. aa. Oculi pilosissimi. 2. Proboscis a. Palpus exterior. 6. Val- vulz Basis. .c. Apex. © d. Fulcrum. e. Tubus linearis, apice tridentatus, dente intermedio longiori. ff Laci- nie exteriores. gg. Palpi interiores biarticulati. h. Lingua. 3. Valvule portio valde aucta. a. Basis. b. ipex. c. Palpus exterior, biarticu- latus, acutus, pilosulus. A. Proboscidis portio valde aucta. aa. La- cini@ interiores, lineares. b. Lacinia exterior. 5 Lalium. 6. Mazilla aculeate. 7. ‘axilla maris. 8. Antenna aculeate tredecim articulorum. Q. Antenna maris quatuordecim ‘articulo- rum. 10. Scutellum A. conice (tom. 2. p. 224.) dente incurvo utrinque. 11. Abdomen aculeate. 12. Anus dehiscens a latere conspectus. a. Segmentum ultimum tergi. 6b. Seg- mentum ultimam ventris. ¢, Aculeus. FIG. i“ 4 . * Lad 9X40 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. *%. c. 1. @, B.) FIG. 13. Abdomen maris. ‘ 14. Anus a dorso conspectus. aa. Dentes furcati terminales. 6b. Dentes latera-- les integri. 18. Dens terminalis furcatus a latere ‘con-- spectus. 16. Abdomen masculum A. inermis (tom. 2. p. 229 ) ano octodentato. 17. Unguis aculeate, unguiculis integris. 18. Unguis maris, unguiculis apice bifidis. APIS, *%. c. 1. B. FIG. 1. Proboscis. a. Fulcrum elongatum, sub- clavatum. b. Tubus linearis. c. Val- vula. d. Palpus exterior. ee. Laci- nie exteriores. jf. Palpi interiores. g. Lingua. — 2. Valvule portio valde aucta. a. Valvulz Basis. b. Apex. c. Palpus exterior biarticulatus. 3. Proboscidis portio. a. Lacinia interior brevis, setaceus. 6. Lacinia exterior. 4. Abdomen aculeate, incurvum. 5. Idem a latere conspectum. a, Anus subdehiscens. . 6. Anus rectangulus 4. pheoptere (tom. 2. p- 232.) 7. Mazilla aculeatz apice tridentata. 8. Antenna aculeatz tredecim articulorum. 9. Caput rotundatum. TABULA LIBRARY : HE F ILLINOIS ak MOF UNIVERSITY 0 7 O50 vu) \ |e be By t/ 6 ee eo ee S My! (3 i} Ha) Aly, 4 Wy) /)) yf i) “ty Y Cp - -«. TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. x%.c. 2. @) TABULA OGTAVA. ABIGS +x eee . Caput rotundatum, maxillis prominen- tibus, validissimis. . Proboscis. a. Labium. b. Mazilla. ec. Valvula. d. Palpus exterior. e. Tu- bus. ff. Palpi interiores. yg. Laci- nie exteriores. h. Lingua . Valvula. valde aucta. a. Basis. 0b. Apex. c. Palpus biarticulatus. . Portio Proboscidis. aa. Lacinie inte- riores, breves, acute. b. Tuli por- tio, apice tridentato dentibuss aqua- libus. . Labium. . Antenna aculeate, tredecim articulo- rum. . Antenna maris quatuordecim articulo- rum. 3. Antennamascula A. Willughbielle (tom. 2. p. 233, 234.) a. Articulus extimus reliquis major. - Mazilla aculeatz ejusdem (ibid. p. 233.) » Mazilla maris ejusdem (ibid. p. 234.) - Maxilla aculeate A. centuncularis (ibid. p- 239.) | » Maxilla maris ejusdem (ibid. p. 240.) 13, Mawilla aculeate A. maritime (ibid. p- 242.) B FIG, 9A2 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. ¥%. ©. 2. «.) FIG. 14. 17. 15. 16. 18. 10. 20. 21. 22. 23. QA. 25. 26. 27. 28. Mazilla aculeatz A. lignisece (ibid. p 9AA.) Mazxilla maris ejusdem apice bidentata, dente interiori brevissmo segmento circuli dempto. Maxilla aculeate, A. circumcincte (ibid. p. 246.) Mazilla aculeate 4. xanthomelane (ibid. p. 247.) Aldomen.aculeate A. centuncularis (ibid. p. 239.) Abdomen aculeate . maritime (ibid. p: 242.) Abdomen aculeate J. Willughbielle (ibid. p. 234.) Abdomen aculeate A. lignisece (ibid. p: 244.) Venter hirsutie densa tectus. Abdomen masculum. Anus masculus 4. Willughbielle (ibid. p- 234.) Anus masculus 4. lignisece (ibid. p. 244.) Anus masculus 4. centuncularis (ibid. p- 240.) Apophysis mascula 4. Willughbielle (ibid. p. 234.) , Pes anticus masculus ejusdem (ibid ) a. Apophysis articulus primus. 6. Ar-_ ticulus secundus, ¢, Articuli primi Mucre. ee a LIBRARY. | TOR |, She Vay neu "UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS — < ABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. ##. ¢.2. @.) Mucro. d. Femur. e. Tibia. f. Tarsus. g. Cilia incurva tarsi. FIG. 29. Femur. 30. Maris Unguis unguiculis apice bifidis. 31. Aculeatae Unguis unguiculis hinc dente instructis. TABULA NONA. APIS x, c. 2. B. FIG. 1. Caput rotundatum. a. Nasus. 2. Proboscis. aa. Lora. b. Membrana lora connectens. cc. Valvule. dd. Palpi exteriores. e. Fulcrum-elonga- tum. f. Tubus linearis. gg. Lacinie exteriores. h. Lingua. 3. Lingue Portio. aa. Licinie interiores lineari-lanceolate, acute. A, Palpus exterior exarticulatus. 5. Labium. 6. Mazilla aculeate 4. manicate (tom. 2. p. 249.) 7. Maxilla maris ejusdem (ibid. p. 250.) 8. Antenna aculeate tredecim articulorum. Q. Antenna maris quatuordecim articulo- rum. 10. Aldomen aculeate, subglobosum. 11. dnus masculus apice spinis quinque armatus. q@a.Segmentum antepe- nultimum utringue in angulum pro- tensum (ibid. p. 250.) bb. Spine segmenti penultimi. c. Spine anales. R2 FIG, 243 944 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. #4. c. 2. B. y,) FIG. 12. Apophysis postica mascula. a. Arti- culus secundus obtusangulus (ibid.) 13. Unguis unguiculis apice bifidis. a. Pulvillus minutissimus. APIS. #%. c. 2. ¥. Caput subglobosum. . Caput 4. mazillose (tom. 2. p. 251.) aa. Mazille. b. Labium, c. Squa- mula nasi. . Proboscis. a. Valvula. 6b. Lacinie exteriores articulo primo brevi. c. - Lingua. dd. Palpiinteriores. e. Tu- bus linearis, apice tridentatus. f. Ful- crum. gg. Lora. . Valvule portio valde aucte. a. Ba- sis. b. Palpus exterior, biarticulatus. » c. Apex. 5.a. Lacinie exterioris pars. 6. Palpus interior exarticulatus. FIG. Do = ies) ASS om Mazxilla seorsum conspecta. . Antenna aculeate tredecim articulorum, clavata. “NX . Antenna mascula, quatuordecim articu- lorum. Q. Antenna mascula 4. florisomnis (ibid. Pp. 254.) articulis intermediis subtus obtusangulis. ! 10. Abdomen aculeate. 11. Abdomen masculum A. florisomnis (ibid.) a. Cornu yentris. b. Anus _apice ie) - LIBRARY . OF THE. UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS _ ’ ee eee TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. x%. ¢, 2. y. 2.) apice bidentatus. __c. Cornu ani ven- tralis, /. segmentum ultimum recur- vum. d. Cavitas tomentoso-pallida. FIG, 12. 4nus ejusdem. aa. Dentes dorsales ani. Pi - FIG. bb. Dentes ventrales ani. 13. Abdomen masculum 4. Campanularum (ibid. p. 257.) a. Ventris segmenti se- cundi tuberculum. 14. Anus ejusdem apice bidentatus dentibus acutis. 15. Unguis aculeate 16. Unguis maris 17. Unguis masculus alits speciei, unguiculis bifidis. f unguiculis integris. TABULA DECIMA. APIS. xx. c. 2. 9, 1. Caput subglobosum, maxillis prominen- tibus. 2. Proboscis explicata und cum capite. a. Gula. b. Jugulum. c. Lora. d. Fulcrum. ee. Palpi interiores biar- ticulati. 3. Valvula valde aucta. a. Palpus exterior quatuor articulorum. 0b. Valyule Ba- sis. c. Apex. A. Tubi portio valde aucta. a. Fulcrum elongatum. 6. Tubi pars. 5. Lingua valde aucta, pilosissima, trans< versé striatula, apice subcapitata. aa. R3 Lacinia 245 246 [TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. ¥%. ¢. 2.3. d. 15 Lacinie interiores lanceolate, acumi- nate. 6b. Lingua. FIG, 6. Capitis 4. bicornis (tom. 2. p.271.) por~ tio. aa. Cornua rigida que faciem armant. 7. Cornu preecedentis, valde auctum, seor- sum conspectum. 8. Cornu Var, @ (ibid. p. 273 Yaldeaualin. Q. Mazilla aculeate. ——~ 10. Mazilla maris. 12.. Labium. 13. Capitis pars prona ad Zabii situm exhi-~ bendum. aa.Gene. bb. Mazille. c. Labium. d. Proboscidis apex. 14. Antenna aculeate. 15. Antenna maris. 16. Aldomen aculeate. 17. Abdomen masculum. 18. Anus masculus A. spinulose (ibid. p.262.) 19. Anus masculus 4. cerulescentis (ibid. p- 266.) aa. Dentes ani ventrales. 20. Anus masculus A. bicornis (ibid. p.273.) 21. Segmentum ultimum ventrale maris 4 Tunensis (ibid. p.270.) _ 92, Unguis maris unguiculis bifidis. 23. Unguis aculeatee unguiculis integris, APIS. «x. d. I. FIG. 1, Valvule portio valde aucte. a. Valvule Basis, 4b. Pili plumosi. c. Pecten, d. Palpus OF THE ai ~ wversiY OF wors TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. ##. d. 1.2. # &) _d. Palpus exterior sexarticulatus. @. Valvule Apex. FIG. 2. Proboscidis portio. aa. Lacinie exteri- ores. bb. Lacinie interiores pilose apicibus involutis. cc. Palpi interio- res biarticulati. 3, Lingue portio et Lacinie interiores valde aucta. a. Lingua. bb Basis lacinie interioris linguam vaginans, c. Cilia, . Mazilla maris. . Maxilla aculeate. . Labium anticé emarginatum. . Antenna maris elongata articulis arcuatis, . Antenne articulus valde auctus ex hexa- gonis innumeris constans, % on On TABULA UNDECIMA. APIS, «x. d. 2. a, B, FIG. 1. Proboscis explicata. a. Fulcrum. 6. Lora. c. Valvule. d. Tubus. ee. La- cinie exteriores. ff. Lacinie interi- ores. g. Lingua. hh. Palpi exteri- ores. 72. Palpi interiores. 2. Valvule portio valde aucta. a. Palpus exterior, sex articulorum. b. Valvula., 3. Proboscis plicata extracta, ut interiora ejus in situ naturali exhibeantur. aa, Basis Valvularum. 8b. Lora. c. Ful- crum. d. Valyularum Apex, e. Tubus. RA FIG. 244 248 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. xx.d.2. « Bc. 1.) FIG. 4. Caput. a. Nasus. FIG, 5 6. i: 8. Q. 10. ee 12. 13. 1A. m5. 16: 17. 18. 10. 20. 2 1, e Labium quadratum. Mazxilla aculeatz. Maxilla aculeate A. furcate (tom. 2. p. 288.) | Masxilla maris. Falvula A cyanee (tom. 2. p. 308) a. Apex incurvus. Proboscidis ejusdem pars. a. Lacinie interiores. Antenna, maris. Antenna aculeate. Antenna aculeatz A. cyanee. Abdomen aculeatez. Aldomen masculum J. furcaie (tom. 2. ubisupr.) a@. Furca ani. Abdomen aculeatze A. cyanee (ubi supr. p- 309.) . Pedis postici pars; a. Tibia. b. Tar- sus infra apicem tibize insertus. Pes intermedius maris 4. retuse (ubi supr. p. 299.) abcd. Barba tarsi. Valvule Basis A. violacee, Lin. a. Pecien. Labium ejusdem anticé emarginatum, Maxille ejusdem apex. APIS, x*. e. 1. mas, Proboscis. a. Fulcrum. b. Tubus. ec; Valvule. dd. Lacinie interiores. ee; Palpi exteriores. jf. Lingua. FIG. a Y a t ieee E St ia ao 4, LIBRARY +. OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. ity e. 1.) . Fie. FIG. FIG. 2, Caput oculis posticé concurrentibus. -8. Mazilla valde aucta, apice bidentata, dente interiore truncato. : A. Labium. 5. Antenna valde aucta, apice articulis duo- bus primis brevissimis. 6. Aldomen. 7. Anus a latere conspectus. 8. Pes posticus. ab. Apophysis. c. Fe- mur. d. Tibia. e. Planta. f. Digitus: g. Unguis. aa. Unguiculi. b. Pulvillus. TABULA DUODECIMA. APIS. xx. e. 1. fem. 1. Proboscis. a. Fulcrum. b. Tubus dente intermedio emarginato. c. Cardo. d. Lorum. e. Valvula: f. Palpus exte- rior. ©g. Lacinie exteriores. dh. Palpi interiores. 7, Lingua- 2: Lingué apex constrictus. 3. Caput. A. Mazilla valde aucta, apice bidentata, den- te interiore segmento circuli dempto. 5 Eadem in situ diverso conspecta. 6. Antenna valde aucta. 7. Abdomen elongato-conicum., — 8. Pes posticus. Q. Unguis yalde auctus, APIS. **. e. 1, neut. 1. Proboscis explicata. aa. Valyularum Basis. bb. Apex. cc, Palpi exteri- ores; TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. 2. LY ores. d. Lora. e. Fulcrum. f. Tus bus. gg Lacinie exteriores. hh. Lacinie interiores. 7. Lingua. kk. Palpi interiores. 2. Lingue pagina inferior. 3. Lingue pagina superior. 4. Palpus interior valde auctus, articulo primo bifido. 5. Palpus exterior valde auctus, set4 ter- minatus. 6. Valvula valde aucta. a. Valvule Basis. b. Apex. c.Pecten. d. Palpus exterior. - Tubus. aa. Lacinie interiores obtuse. . Caput. a. Vertex. b. Frons. c. Nasus. d. Occiput. e. Labium. f. Mazille. Q. Capitis pagina inferior. aa.Gene. 6. Jugulum. c. Gula annulo circundata. 10. Maxille superficies exterior. 11. Mazille superficies interior. 12. Labium. , 13. Antenna. 1A. Ala superior. a. Squamula. 15. Ala inferior. a. Fissura marginis tenue ioris. 16. Abdomen. 17. Abdominis basis intima, /. segmentuns primum. . 18. Anus a latere conspectus. 19. Pes posticus. a. Tibia. bb. Corbicula, c. Planta, d. Auricula, + FIG. ao SY. 2 ee | P RoE: MQ ARE R UNIVERSITY OF YLLINOTS — Ot a 4 + Bs j : j ‘. a wa Pb " : eh ll | a, Pe | Me) aA eT : a3 ‘ 1) . 4 ot 4 f - ‘a ts me ' > on - - = ’ a a 7 | : . , ap ; > ‘ f P ! | , ‘ 3 { ! ' ig ” Se i : rt A a A ; ‘-— ee ; *. - see Ld » ns ¢ a a ae ‘ hs) tS x 4 = e - wi * , i¥ wh vile “= fe 7 1 . A , = “ - 4 i —<- af ' TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. ¥%. €. 1. 2.) FIG, 20. Plante valde aucte pagina interior. a. Auricula. at 21. Pedis antici portio. a. Tibia. b. Fe- lum. c. Spinula. d. Strigilis. 22. Unguis valde auctus. 23. Aculei Vagina. 24. Spiculum. a. Retinaculum. 25. Spiculi apex valde auctus, hinc serrula- tus. TABULA DECIMA-TERTIA. APIS. xx. e. 2. FIG, 1. Proboscis explicata. aa. Lora. bb. Cardines. ce. Valvule. d. Tubus. e. Fulcrum. ff. Lacinie interiores gg. Lacinie exteriores. h. Lingua. 2. Proboscis in actu explicandi. a. Mem- brana lora connectens. 6b. Lora. c. Valvulee Basis. dd. Ejusdem Apex. e. Fulcrum. ff. Lacinie exteriores. g. Lingua. h. Tubus. 3. Valvule pars valde aucta. a. Pecten. b. Palpus exterior. 4. 5.6. Palpi exteriores varii. 7. Proboscidis et Capitis portio. a. Gula. © bb. Annulus. cc. Lora. dd. Cardines. e Fulcrum. ff. Valvularum Basis. a Tubus. h. Jugulum. 8. Lingue portio. aa. Lacinie interiores, -bLingue pars. FIG. 251. 252 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. x#. €. 2.) FIG, 9. Caput A. hortorum (tom. 2. p. 340.) 10. Caput 4. Scrimshirane (ibid p. 342.) 11. Labium. 12. Labium A. rupestris (ibid. p. 369.) 13. Mazilla aculeate. 14. Maxilla maris. 15. Antenna aculeate. 16, Antenna maris. 17. dla superior. a. Nebula marginalis. 18. Ala inferior. 19. Ale inferioris margo crassior. a. Ha- mult. 20. Pedis postici portio. a. Tibia corbieul& cincta. ..b. Planta. c. Auricula. dd. Spinule. 21, Planta postica seorsum conspecta. a. Auricula, 22. Pedis postici pars 4. campestris &c,. (tom. 2. p. 335, 43, 47, 69 ) 23. Planta postica preecedentium sine auri« cula. 24. Abdomen aculeate. 25. Anus A. rupestris (tom. 2. p. 369, 70.) a. Segmentum ani dorsale. 0b. Ani segmenti ventralis latera in angulum protensa. 26, Abdomen maris. 27. Aculeus inter valvas repositus. a. Acu< leus. bb. Valve. 28. Idem valvis patentibus. aa. Valve. bb, Spicula. c. Vagina. j FIG. LIBRARY “Fee SOE THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Mi ee : i) ad — AG aa ee TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Apis. #%. € 2) FIG. 29. Vagina extractis spiculis. 30. Spiculum. a. Retinaculum. 31. Spiculi apex valde auctus, hinc retror- sum serrulatus. 32. Unguis valde auctus. a. Pulvillus. 33. Penis. aa. Forcipes. b. Phallus. 34. Pilus plumosus. 35. Segmenti dorsalis abdominis sectio trans- versa. a. Segmenti basis intima sub precedentis segmenti margine delites- cens. 0b. Segmenti pagina aperta. c. Spiraculum. 36. a. Spiractlum valde auctum. Obs. Spiracula difficillimé deteguntur, nisi sub lente forti, vie ac ne vix, conspicienda. 37. Mazilla aculeate, A. Barbutelle. TABULA DECIMA-.QUARTA. MISCELLANEA, No. 1. FIG. 1. Proboscis generis Tenthredo, Linn. aa. Valvularum Cardines. b. Tubi Ful- crum. cc. Valvularum Basis. dd. Apex earundem. e. Lingua. fg. Tulus. hh. Palpi exteriores medio crassiores, sex articulorum. 77. Palpi interiores. 2. Lingua seorsum conspecta. a. Linrue Basis. b. Apex tripartitus. c. Palpus inferior subclayatus, quatuor articu- Jorum. No. 2. Hi Q54 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. ( Miscellanea.) No. 2. FIG. 1. Proboscis generis Ichneumon, Linn. acus leo retracto. a. Tubus. b. Valvulee Basis. ¢. Apex truncatus, concavus. d. Palpus exterior quinque articulo- rum secundo trapeziformi. e. Lingua truncata, semi-cylindrica. f. Palpus interior quatuor articulorum, inter- mediis crassioribus. 2. Proboscis generis Ichneumon, Linn. acu- leo exerto. aa.Valvule. b.Tubus. c. Palpus exterior quinque articulorum | secundo trapeziformi. dd. Palpi in- teriores quatuor articulorum, articulis intermediis crassioribus. 3. Lingua cylindrica. No. 3. FIG. 1. Proboscis Sphecis cujusdam petiolate. a. Valoula. b. Tubus conicus. c. Pal- pus exterior sex articulorum articulo tertio trapeziformi. d. Palpus interior quatuor articulorum. e. Lingua con- cava. No. 4. FIG, 1. Proboscis generis Pompilus, Fab. aa. Cardines. bb. Valvularum Basis. c. Apex. d.Tubus apice bifidus. e. Palpus exterior setaceus, sex articulo- rum. ee eee eS ———— a ten TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Miscellanea.) rum. jf. Palpus interior quatuor ar- ticulorum. g. Lingua. 2. Linguavalde aucta. a. Lingue Basis. b. Ejusdem Ape, trilobus. cc. Macu- le duz pilose. No. 5. FIG. 1. Proboscidis pars generis Crabro, Fab. a. Tubus conicus. b. Lingua apice subemarginata. c. Palpus interior quatuor articulorum. 2. Vabwula. a. Basis. b. Apex rotunda- tus. c. Palpus exterior sex articulo- rum intermediis crassioribus. No. 6. Proboscis generis Chrysis, Linn. aa, Valvule. b. Tubus. c. Valvulee Apex rotundatus. d. Palpus exterior quin- que articulorum. e. Palpus interior trium articulorum, 4h. Lingua apice biloba. No. 7. FIG, 1. Proloscis generis Philanthus, Fab. a. Valvule Basis. b, dpex. c. Palpus exterior filiformis, sex articulorum. d. Tubus linearis. e. Lingua apice bi- loba. f. Palpus interior quatuor ar- ticulorum. 2. Lingua valde aucta. aa, Ejusdem latera in angulum pilosum protensa. No. 8, _ 253) 256 FIG. TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Miscellanea:) No. 8. FIG. 1. Lingua quadriloba Vespe murarie, Linn. aa. Lobi laterales. b. Lingue pars intermedia apice biloba. cccc. Calli quibus lobi terminantur. d. Palpus interior quatuor articulorum. 2. Valvula. a. Basis arcuatus. b. Aped. c. Palpus exterior sex articulorum. No. 9. i . Proboscis generis nostri Ammophila, aa. Basis valvularum. 6b. Tubus. ccs Aper valyularum. d. Palpus exterior sex articulorum. e. Palpus interior quatuor articulorum. /. Lingua. 2. Lingua valde aucta, subclavata claya bifida. 3. Valvula valde aucta. a. Lori pars. 6. Cardo. c. Basis. d. Apex semi-sa- gittatus. e. Palpi exterioris pars. No. 10. FIG. 1. Proboscidis pars generis Tiphia, Fab. a. Tubus triangularis. b. Lingua bre- vissima, apice rotundata. c. Palpus interior quatuor articulorum. 2. Valvula valde aucta. a. Basis. b. Apex rotundatus. c.Palpus exterior sex articulorum, intermediis crassioribus. No, 11. TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Miscellanea.) 257 No. 11. FIG. 1. Stylops Melitte (tom. 2. p.113, 14.) a. Caput anticé obsoleté trilobum. 06. Antennarum articulus primus. cc. Earundem ramus interior unius arti- culi. dd. Ramus exterior trium arti- culorum. ee. Articulus extimus. ff. Oculi pedunculati. gg. Elyira. h. Scutellum abdomen obtegens. 72. Processus corneus scutellum utrinque muniens. 4. Abdomen carnosum. /1/, Ale magne, plicatze. 2. Capitis portio ejusdem a fronte con- specta. a. Palpus exterior biarticu- latus. b. Palpus interior exarticulatus. c. Antenne ramus interior. d. Ejus- dem ramus exterior. 3, Antenna. a. Articulus primus. b. Ra- mus interior. c. Ramus exterior. 4, Antenne visus alter. a: Articulus pri- mus. 6. Ramus interior. c. Ramus exterior, 6. Palpi seorsum conspecti. a. Palpus exterior. 4, Palpus interior. 6. Corporis pars a latere conspecta. a. Thorax. b.Scutellum. c. Abdomen. d. Processus corneus supra dictus. 4, Larva insecti precedentis, a. Os? 4b. Concayitas sub capite. s FIG. 258 TABULARUM EXPLICATIO. (Miscellanea.) FIG. 8. Capitis eyusdem pagina superior. a. Os? b. Occiput. Q. Abdominis Melitta portio. a. Larva 10. TY. 12. 13. 1A. VS. 16. 17- 18. _ J. Raw, Printer, Ipswich Stylopis Melitte capite solo exerto. Pediculus Melitte valde auctus (tom. 2. p- 168.) Antenna ejusdem. Pes ejusdem. Folliculus 4. manicate (tom. 1. p. 175. 2.p 248.) tomento tectus. Idem parte tomenti exutus. Apex ejusdem ad caminulum /. spira- mentum exhibendum. Idem cum tegumento exteriori ex parte abscisso, ut folliculus interior pateat. Molecule vermiformes e polline melle humectato confectze, quibus folliculus obducitur, et mediantibus quibus to- mentum ei adheret. Larva A. manicate. END OF VOL. I. | re " L ‘ae Ny ‘dt aN nat LYE s” 5 he A) aly Min SMA av te , hh Mebabs Wy bekyiseeeseees oe Reh pale!) 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