PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, VOL. LXV. THE PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. MUSTELIDA. Wirs Tir.e-PaAGE AND INpEXx To Vor. II. Pacss 1—28; Piarses I—VIII. GANOID FISHES OF BRITISH CARBONIFEROUS FORMATIONS. PALEONISCIDA. Part I, No. 6. Paces 159—180; Pirates XXXVI—XL. THE FISHES OF THE ENGLISH CHALK. Part VII. INCLUDING TITLE-PAGE AND INDEX. Pages i—viil, 225—264; Prares XLVII—LIV. THE CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA. Vou. IT, Parr VIII. Pages 285—340; Piares LI—LIV. THE FOSSIL SPONGES. TiITLE-PAGE AND INpDEx tro Vou. I. Pages 255—264. IssueD For 1911. California Academ Y of Sciences RECEIVED BY PURCHASE ZBASOI Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from California Academy of Sciences Library http://www.archive.org/details/nonographof651911 pala « - i ' - “i an Ny d / * j a) ae Ss : ( ee ’ - » 3 PALMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIKPY. NOTH: SEONG CONTAINING . THE PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA.—MUSTELIDA. With Title-page and Index to Vol. II. Prof. S. H. Reynoups. Hight Plates. . THE CARBONIFEROUS GANOID FISHES. Part I, No. 6. By Dr. R. H. Traguatrr. Plates. By Five . THE FISHES OF THE ENGLISH CHALK. Part VII. With Title-page and Index. By Dr. A.S. Woopwarpb. Eight Plates. . THE CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA. Vol. II, Part VIII. By Mr. H. Woops. Plates. 5. THE FOSSIL SPONGES. Title-page and Index to Vol. I. By Dr. G. J. Hinpr. ISSUED FOR 1911. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALAZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. AGENTS FOR THE SOCIETY: DULAU AND CO., LTD., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. FEBRUARY, 1912. Four THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY was established in the year 1847, for the purpose of figuring and describing British Fossils. Hach person subscribing ONE GuIngA is considered a Member of the Society, and is entitled to the Volume issued for the Year to which the Subscription relates. The price of the Voluine to Non-subscribers 1s TWENTY-FIVE SHILLINGS NET. Subscriptions are considered to be due on the Ist of January in each year. The Annual Volumes are now issued in two forms of Binding: 1st, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; 2nd, with each of the Monographs in a paper cover, and the whole of the separate parts enclosed in an envelope. Members wishing to obtain the Volume arranged in the LATTER FORM are requested to communicate with the Secretary. Most of the back volumes are in stock. Monographs or parts of Monographs already published can be obtained, apart from the annual volumes, from Messrs. Dutav anp Co., Lrp., 37, Soho Square, London, W., who will forward a complete price list on application. Members desirous of forwarding the objects of the Society can be provided with plates and circulars for distribution on application to the Secretary, Dr. A. Samira Woopwarp, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington, London, 8.W. The following Monographs are in course of publication : The Fossil Sponges, by Dr. G. J. Hinde. The Graptolites, by Prof. Lapworth, Miss Elles, and Miss Wood. The Cambrian Trilobites, by Mr. Philip Lake, The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, by Mr. H. Woods. The Paleoniscid Fishes of the Carbomiferous Formation, and the Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, by Dr. R. H. Traquair. The Pleistocene Mammalia, by Prof. 8. H. Reynolds. ——— QE 7o\ ey ANNO A ee iE PALAHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1911, eS Che Council, Secretaries, and Atlembers A LIST OF THE CONTENTS OF THE VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED. Council and Officers elected March, 1911. President. HENRY WOODWARD, Ese, LL.D. F.R.S., F.GS. Vice-giresidents, Rev. Canon Bonney, D.Sc., F.R.S. G. J. Hinpr, Esg., Pu.D., F.R.S. Str ARcHIBALD GEIKIE, K.C.B., P.R.S. | E. T. Newron, Hsq., F.R.S. Council. Hee An ATEENA EIS Omnia Ga: | F. L. Krreutn, Ese., M.A., Pu.D., F.G.S. F. A. Baruer, Hsq., M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Mrs. G. B. Lonesrarr. Rev. R. Asuineron Buuuen, B.A., F.G.S. A. W. Oxz, Ese., LL.M., F.G.S. H. Dewey, Esq., F.G.S. | FF. R. Cowrrer Reep, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. UprieLp GREEN, Esq., F.G:S. Dr. Artuur W. Rows, F.G.S. Wiuiiam Hin, Hsq., F.G.S. A. Srranan, Ese., D.Sc., F.R.S. Joun Horxinson, Hsq., F.L.S., F.G.S. Henry Woops, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. Miss M. 8. JoHnston. G. W. Youne, Hsq., F.G.S. Treasurer. G. J. Hann, Hso., Pu. D), HIR-S:, E:G:S. Secretary. A. SmirH Woopwarp, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington, London. S.W. Wotal Secretaries. Bath— Rev. H. H. Winwoop, M.A., F.G.S. Hertfordshire—J. Horxinson, Esq., F.G.S. Berlin—MeEssrs. FRIEDLANDER & Son. Oxford—Pror. W. J. Souuas, F.R.S. Cambridge—H. Woops, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. Staffordshire—Dr. WueEntton Hinp, F.G.S. Cheltenham—L. Ricuarpson, Esq., F.G.S. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR ENDING 3lsr DECEMBER, 1910. READ AND ADOPTED AT THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEBTING, HELD AT THE APARTMENTS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BURLINGTON HOUSE, 247rH MARCH, 1911. Dr. HENRY WOODWARD, F.R.S., Prestpent, IN THE CHAIR. THe Council, in presenting their Sixty-fourth Annual Report, have pleasure in recording another year’s successful work. The volume for 1910 comprises instal- ments of the monographs of “ Carboniferous Ganoid Fishes,” by Dr. Traquair ; “ English Chalk Fishes,’ by Dr. A. S. Woodward; “Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, ”’ by Mr. H. Woods; and “ British Graptolites,’ by Miss Elles and Miss Wood (Mrs. Shakespear). It also includes a small complete monograph of “ British Carboniferous Arachnida,” by Mr. R. I. Pocock, which the Couneil think will prove acceptable as a valuable contribution to our knowledge of these rare fossils. All the large monographs of which parts are included in this volume, are now approaching completion, and the Council hope soon to begin the publication of other works which have been in preparation for some time. Owing to unforeseen delay in the completion of some of the contributions, the volume for 1910 was not issued until the end of January, 1911, and as a con- sequence the expense of binding and some of the printing (amounting to about £100) could not be included in the balance-sheet for the year, which, as usual, has been brought down to the end of December. ‘The total expenditure on the volume, however, as now ascertained, only slightly exceeds the actual income, though it 6 must be added that this result is due to the generosity of the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, which gave to the Society the five plates illustrating Carboniferous Fishes, and to the gratuitous services of Mrs. Shakespear, who prepared all the original drawings for the text-figures of Graptolites. The Council are still much concerned about the difficulty of obtaiming new personal subscribers to replace the losses sustained each year, and have published various advertisements without much success. They would welcome the help and personal influence of the members in making the work and needs of the Society more widely known among those who are interested in the study of fossils. Among losses during the past year the Society mourns the death of a distin- euished conchologist, the Rev. R. Boog Watson, F.R.S.H. The thanks of the Society are due to the Council of the Geological Society for permission both to store the stock of back volumes, and to hold the Council Meetings and the Annual General Meeting in their apartments. In conclusion, it is proposed that the retirmg members of Council be Prof. Garwood, Mr. Lang, Mr. Clement Reid, and Prof. Watts; that the new members be Mr. H. Dewey, Mr. Upfield Green, Dr. Rowe, and Dr. Strahan; that the President be Dr. Henry Woodward; the Treasurer, Drea: Hinde; and the Secretary, Dr. A. Smith Woodward. Annexed is the Balance-sheet. ‘OLGT twat ay} LOF SoTPTIGRIT [[B OpNpUt Jou soop JUaUTA}TAS aAoqT oly} foUIN[O A [VNUTY ot} Fo twoTpaTAiio9 ur AVTAp 0} SUING “AMO “AA \ “NOUMAN “7, “O ‘stOPIPLYy - eas “dived ‘SMAUANY “AA ‘SVHO qqta Ty M TI6L 79 Yeon "Y0IG poyeplpostoy “yu9 tod @ [VIN OOEF oF ydrodea oy} Woes OSTL OAVT OM + 4991100 aq 0} jE PUY puUe ‘scatponoa ay} YIM yt pareduroo ‘yuNooov oaoqe ot} POUMULXS OAVT, AAA OL 0 fod Cc rf STS Sa) Sy ey) Ue) los | puey Ut ysey yinoooy ytsodaq—yurg ye sour) eq ‘PO “Sh Gaz pozussead you onbaryo snuww ‘PZ SET SPH JUNO JUeLING —yurg yv oourpeg L LaF Boe 6 0h 0 0 00F Z 6 0a SI 0 cL 0 SI + Ser 9 9 z 9 OT zo IL 91 OL 622 a Gi te Gu lee 0 IL 86 0 &L OF ooo 9 § FI OI ST 18 oF pee “A ‘aauaAsvaay, “OW A sasavyo 440g BOURINSUT OAT SUIST}AOAP YW yo0yg tof aoded Suryorg 300A STISULIIVAL PU STISTAOY AIOMOTYLS PUL 95vISOT TUNIAVLOMOT, 8 ALPINA TITX'T ‘TOA ‘WOINQIaystp pur suryporg somojs o1ydvrsoyyiy Suraocad pur peyueyy Suyuad orpdeasoyyy pur odAyo7[[09 soyryd SaTMea SYIO[G SUIYLUL PNV SaINSY-JXo} OUIMVACT wodeg - AIN'T ‘TOA ‘Styqutad ssordaeqyory OL © oa L L&8F qisodaq] M0 4so10}zUT al . . . . . » . (xe} AWLODUI sset) Yo} “yuoo tod g [V}ITN COEF wo spuopratq Nb ie.) 11 0 (avak [) xeq, emoouy predeyy FL 62 “pyy “OO » nvnq ‘sassepy Aq seleg Tt wy * gdoqUIa]T 0} YOo}s YoRq JO sa[eg Graal stoqumoayy £q pred aseraaed &&& LL Wiks) “aes 5 0 6G & G I161 ‘ * 0 91 686 9246 OI6T ‘ s OAs GG G06I-806T— Stodiosqng stequeyy : : : ‘ —- qunoooy 4Sv[ WOTy oouRTeg ‘OIGL “ISTE Laquacay 02 “OTB 9ST humnune wows “LO ‘TANIH ‘f AOYOAD “YO HLM INAODOV NT ALAHTIOOS 'IVOIHdVANOLNOW TVd 88D ts Ol) ivi Bak. CORRECTED TO Ist NOVEMBER, 1911. Aberdeen, University Library. Adelaide (Australia) Public Library. Adlard, R. E., Esq., Bartholomew Close. E.C. Allen, Messrs. H. G. & Son, King Edward Mansions, 14, Grape Street, Shaftesbury Avenue. W.C. Allen, H. A., Esq., F.G.S., 28, Jermyn Street. S.W. Amherst College, Mass., U.S.A. Amsterdam, Royal Academy of Sciences. Anderson, 'l'empest, Esq., M.D., F'.G.S., 17, Stonegate, York. Andrews, C. W., Esq., D.Se., F.R.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington. S.W. 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Neumeyer, Dr. Max, Halle-a.-d.-Saale (Germany). New South Wales, Royal Society of, Sydney. » 10) 7 SJ y New York (U.S.A.) Public Library. Newcastle-on-Tyne, Armstrong College. Newecastle-on-Tyne, Literary and Philosophical Society of, Westgate Street, Newcastle- on-'yne. Newcastle-on-Tyne Pubhe Library. Newington Public Library, Walworth Road. $8.E. g Yo Newport Free Library, Newport, Monmouthshire. Newton, E. T., Esq., F.R.S., Vice-President, Florence House, Willow Bridge Road, Canonbury. N. Noble, Arthur H., Esq., 28, Jermyn Street. S.W. North Devon Athenzum, Barnstaple. ) North Staffordshire Field Club, Stoke, Staffordshire. ") ] Northampton Natural History Society, Northampton. I A > ] Northumberland, His Grace the Duke of, K.G., F.R.S., Alnwick Castle. Norwich Free Library. Norwich, Norfolk and Norwich Library. , yi Nottingham Free Library. Oke, Alfred W., Esq., F.G.8., 32, Denmark Villas, Hove, Sussex. Oldham Free Public Library. Oswestry Free Pubhe Library. Oxford, Bodleian Library. Oxtord, Radcliffe Library. Paisley Plilosophical Institution. Paris, Heole des Mines. Paris, Geological Society of France, 7, Rue des Grands Augustins. Paris, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire de Paléontologie. Paris, Sorbonne, Laboratoire de Géologie. Part, G. M., Esq., Hotel Metropole, Folkestone. Peabody Institute, Salem, Mass., U.S.A. Penzance, Royal Geological Society of Cornwall. Peterborough Natural History, Scientific, and Archaeological Society. Philadelphia (U.S.A.), Academy of Natural Sciences. Pittsburgh (U.S.A.), Carnegie Museum. Plymouth Free Public Library. Plymouth Institution, Library of, Athenzeum, Plymouth. Poole Free Library. Portis, Dr. A., Professor of Geology, The University, Rome. Portsmouth Free Publie Library. Power, Edward John, Esq., F.G.S., 25, Ashburn Place, South Kensington. S.W. Prague (Bohemia), Royal Geological Institution of the German Carl Ferdinand University. reston Free Public Library. Preston Free Public Library Pryor, M. R., Esq., Weston Manor, Stevenage, Herts. Queensland Museum, Brisbane. Rastall, R. H., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., Christ’s College, Cambridge. Reading Public Library and Museum (W. H. Greenhough, Librarian), Reading. Reed, I’. R. Cowper, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., Gaultier, Madingley Road, Cambridge. Reid, Clement, Esq., F.R.S., One Acre, Milford-on-Sea, Hants. Rennes (France), University Library. Reynolds, Prof. 8. H., M.A., F.G.S., University, Bristol. Richardson, L., Esq., F.G.8., Local Secretary, 10, Oxford Parade, Cheltenham. Rochdale Free Public Library. Rowe, A. W., Esq., M.S., M.B., F.G.S., Shottendane, Margate. Rudler, F. W., Esq., I.8.0., F.G.S., Ethel Villa, Tatsfield, Westerham, Kent. Rugby School Natural History Society. Salfeld, Dr. Hans, Geological Institute of University, Gottingen, Germany. St. Andrews, University Library. St. Helens Free Public Library, The Gamble Institute, St. Helens. Salford Borough Royal Museum and Library, Peel Park, Manchester. Salisbury Free Library. Scarborough Philosophical Society. Scharff, R. F., Esq., Ph.D., National Museum, Dublin. Schmidt, Dr. Martin, Biichsenstrasse 56, Stuttgart. Scott, D. H., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.R.S., Hast Oakley House, Oakley, Hants. Sheffield Free Public Library. Sheffield, Literary and Philosophical Society of, Church Street. Sheffield, Weston Park Public Museum. Sheppard, Thomas, Esq., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull. Sherborne, King’s School, Library of. Shrewsbury Free Public Library. Simpson, Rey. A., B.A., B.Sc., F.G.S., 28, Myrtle Park, Crosshill, Glasgow. Smith, Mrs. Emma, Henecotes House, Hexham. Sollas, Protessor W. J., D.Se., F.R.S., Local Secretary, 173, Woodstock Road, Oxford. Somersetshire Archeological and Natural History Society, Museum, 'l'aunton. Sophia, University of. South Shields Free Public Library. Southport Free Public Library. Spencer, W. K., Esq., M.A., 19, Avondale Road, South Croydon. Stebbing, W. P. D., Esq., F.G.S., 784, Lexham Gardens, Kensington. W. Stechert, G. K., Esq., 2, Star Yard, Carey Street, Chancery Lane. W.C. Stepney Borough Reference Library, Bancroft Road, Mile End Road. E. Stockholm, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Stoke Newington Public Library, Church Street, Stoke Newington. N. 16 Stoke-upon-Trent Free Library, Stoke-upon-Trent. Stonyhurst College, Blackburn. Storey, Charles B. C., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., 24a, Portland Place. W. Strahan, A., Esq., M.A., Sc.D., F.R.S., Geological Survey, 28, Jermyn Street. S.W. Sunderland Corporation Museum. Sunderland Subscription Library, l'awcett Street, Sunderland. Sutcliffe, W. H., Esq., F.G.8., Shore Mills, Littleborough, Lancashire. Swansea Public Library. Swansea, Royal Institution of South Wales. Sydney, New South Wales, University of. Sydney, New South Wales, Australian Museum. Tasmania, Royal Society of. Toronto (Canada), University Library. Torquay Natural History Society, Museum, Babbacombe Road, ‘Torquay. Toulouse (France), University Library. Trafford, H. H., Esq., The Bungalow, Croston, near Preston. Traquair, R. H., Esq., M.D., LU.D., F.R.S., The Bush, Colinton, Midlothian. Treacher, Llewellyn, Hsq., F'.G.S., Somercroft, Twyford, Berks. Truro, Royal Institution of Cornwall. Tiibingen (Germany), University Library. Tunbridge, E. W., Esq., F.G.S., Rocklands, Woodbourne Road, Edgbaston, Birmingham. Upsala (Sweden), University Library. Vienna, Royal Natural History Court Museum, Geological Department. Walker, Sir B. E., C.V.O., LL.D., Canadian Bank of Commerce, Toronto, Canada. Wandsworth Public Library, West Hill, Wandsworth. 8.W. Warren, S. Hazzledine, Esq., F.G.S., Sherwood, Loughton, Hssex. Warrington Museum and Library. Warwickshire Natural History and Archeological Society, The Museum, Warwick. Washington, U.S. Geological Survey. Watts, Professor W. W., M.A., F.R.S., Imperial College of Science, South Kensington. Weg, Max, 3, Konigstrasse, Leipzig, Germany. Wesley and Son, William, 28, Essex Street, Strand. W.C. West Ham Public Library. KE. West Hartlepool Public Library. Whitby Literary and Philosophical Society, Museum, Whitby. Wilmore, Albert, Esq., D.Sc., F.G.S., Fernbank, Colne, Lancashire. Wiltshire Archeological and Natural History Society, Devizes. Winchester College Natural History Society, Winchester. S-We Winwood, Rev. Henry H., M.A., F.G.S., Local Secretary, 11, Cavendish Crescent, Bath. Wolverhampton Free Public Library. i i Wood, J. G., Esq., M.A., F.S.A., F.G.S., 7, New Square, Lincoln’s Inn. W.C. Woodhead, J. H., Esq., F.G.S., 14, Staverton Road, Brondesbury Park, Willesden Green. N.W. Woods, Henry, Esq., M.A., F.G.S., Local Secretary, Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. Woodward, A. Smith, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., Secretary, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington. S.W. Woodward, Henry, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., President, 13, Arundel Gardens, Notting Hill. W. Worcester Public Library and Hastings Museum, Worcester. Workington Public Library, Workington, Cumberland. Wright, Joseph, Esq., F.G.S., 10, May Street, Belfast. Wiirzburg (Germany), University Library. Yorkshire Philosophical Society, Museum, York. Young, George W., Esq., F.G.8S., 34, Glenthorne Road, Hammersmith. W. Yule, Miss A. F., Tarradale House, by Muir-of-Ord, Ross-shire. N.B. CATALOGUE OF THE CONTENTS OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ALREADY PUBLISHED BY THE PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. Vol. I. Issued March, 1848, forthe Year 1847 The Crag Mollusca, Part I, Univalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood (pp. i—xii, 1—208, pls. i—xxi, “and title- page). The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. I, Part I, Chelonia, &c., by Prots. Owen and Bell (pp. 1-—76, pls. 1—xxvili, viliA, KA, XiliA, XVIA, Xvili A, xix*, xix B, XIx C> X1x D)! The Eocene Mollusca, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. F. E. Edwards (pp. 1—56, pls. i—ix). » II. Issued July, 1849, for the year 1848 The Entomostraca of the Cretaceous Formations, by Mr. T. R. Jones (pp. 1—40, pls. 1—vil). The Per ia Fossils, by Prof. Wm. King (pp. i—xxxvull, 1—258, pls. i—xxviii*). The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. I, Part I, Crocodilia and Ophidia, &e., by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—68, pls. xxix, i—xvi, ii A). The Fossil Corals, Part I, Crag, London Clay, Cretaceous, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime (pp. “[—Ixxxv, 1—72, pls. i—xi). The Crag Mollusca, Part II, No. 1, by Mr. S. V. Wood (pp. 1—150, pls. i—xii). The Mollusca of tke Great Oolite, Part I, Univalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett Tl » III.' Issued Aug., 1850, for the Year 1849 IV. Issued June, 1851, forthe Year 1950 (pp. i—vill, 1—130, pls. i—xv). 1e een Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part III, No. 1, Oolitic and Liassic, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 1—64, pls. i—xiii). Tue Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—118, pls. i—xxxvui, vii A, ix A). The Fossil Corals, Part II, Oolitic, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime (pp. 73—146, pls. xili—xxx). The Fossil Lepadidz, by Mr. Charles Darwin (pp. i—vi, 1—88, pls. i—v). Vie: Issued dune, 1851, | | | | cae r | | The Fossil Corals, Part III, Permian and Mountain-limestone, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime (pp. 147—210, pls. xxxi—xlvi). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part I, Tertiary, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 1—23, pls. i, ii), The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. I, Part II, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Me Davidson (pp. 1—54, pls. i—v). The Fossil Biacopods, Vol. I, Part III, No. 2, Oolitic, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 65—100, pls. xiv—xviil) The Hocene Mollusca, Part IL, Pulmonata, by Mr. F. H. Edwards (pp. 57—122, pis. X—XvV). The Echinoderms of the Crag, London Clay, &c., by Prof. E. Forbes (pp. i—viii, 1—36, pls. i—iv, and title- -page), The Fossil Corals, Part IV, Devonian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime (pp. 211—244, pls. xlvii—lvi). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Introduction to Vol. I, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 1—136, pls. i—ix). The Mollusca of the Chalk, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe (pp. 1— 26, pls. i—x). The Mollusca of the Great Oolite, Part IL, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett (pp. 1—80, pls. i—viui). The Mollusca of the Crag, Part II, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood (pp. 151—216, Is. x11I— xx) The Repule of the Wealden Formations, Part I, Chelonia, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—12, pls. i—ix). VI. Issued Aug, 1852, for the Year 1852 ~ Ville ssued Deer 1853: for the Year 1 853 "The Volume for the year 1849 consists of two separate portions, each of which is stitched in a paper cover, on which are printed the dates 1848, 1849, and 1850. The one portion contains ‘ Cretaceous Entomostraca’ and ‘ Permian F ossils ’ ; the other, ‘London Clay Reptilia,’ Part IT, and ‘ Fossil Corals,’ Part I. 19 CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES—Continued. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 1, Part II, No. 2, Cretaceous (pp. 55—117, pls. vi—xii), with Appendix and Index to Vol. I, by My. Davidson (pp. 1—30, pl. A). The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part II, Dinosauria, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1 —54, pls. i—xix, xvi A). The Mollusea of the Great Oolite, Part III, Bivalves, by Messrs. Morris and Lycett (pp. 81—147, pls. ix—xv). The Fossil Corals, Part V, Silurian, by Messrs. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime (pp. 245—322, pls. lvii—)xxii). The Fossil Balanide and Verrucide, by Mr. Charles Darwin (pp. 1—44, pls. i, ii). The Mollusea of the Chalk, Part II, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe (pp. 27—36, pls. X1—xvl). The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 1, Prosobranchiata, by Mr. F. KE. Edwards (pp. 125—180, pls. xvi—xxiil). Vol. VIII! Issued May, 1855, for the Year 1854 | The Mollusea of the Crag, Part II, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood (pp. 217—342, pls. xxI—xxx1). =a The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—26, pls. i—xil). The Eocene Mollusca, Part III, No. 2, Prosobranchiata, continued, by Mr. F. E. Edwards (pp. 181—240, pls. xxiv—xxvil). ; The Mollusea of the Chalk, Part III, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe (pp. 37—68, pls. XVli-—-XXvll). The Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. T. R. Jones (pp. i—xii, 1—68, pls. i—vi). The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part I, by Dr. Wright (pp. v—x, 1—154, pls. i—x). . 1X.? Issued Feb., 1857, for the Year 1855 The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright (pp. 155—302, pls. X1—Xx1ll). The Fossil Crustacea, Part I, London Clay, by Prof. Bell (pp. i—viii, 1—44, pls. i—xi). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part IV, Permian, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 1—5], ls. 1—1V). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 1, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson (pp. J—48, pls. i—viil). The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations, by Prof. Owen, Part IV (pp. 8—26, pls. iv—xi), and Supplement No. 1 (pp. 1—7, pls. i—uiii). The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. I (Supplement), by Prof. Owen (pp. 77—79. pls. Xxvlil A, XxXvili B). 7 X. Issued April, 1858, for the Year 1856 pls. xxli—xxxvl). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 2, Carboniferous, by My. Davidson (pp. 49—80. pls. ix—xvi). The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplement No. 1), by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—19, pls. i—iv). The Reptilia of the Wealden Formations (Supplement No. 2), by Prof. Owen (pp. 20—44, pls. v—xil.) The Polyzoa of the Crag, by Prof. Busk (pp. i—xiv, 1—136, pls. i—xxii). ae XJ]. Issued Nov., 1859, for the Year 1857 The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part IV, by Dr. Wright (pp. 391—468, pls. XxxvH—xlill). The Eocene Mollusea, Part III, No. 3, Prosobranchiata continued, by Mr. F, E. Edwards (pp. 241—350, pls. xxvili—x xxiii). The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplements No. 2, No. 3), by Prof. Owen (pp. 27—30, pl. vil, pp. 1—25, pls. 1—vi). The Reptilia of the Purbeck Limestones, by Prof. Owen (pp. 31—39, pl. viii). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. 11, Part V, No. 3, Carboniferous by Myr. Davidson (pp. 81—120, pls. xvii—xxvi). » [XI]. Issued March,186], for the Year 1858 The Fossil Brachiopoda, Part V, No. 4, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 121—210, pls. xxvu—xlvii). Mei, Issued Dec., 1861, The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 1, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—14, for the Year 1859 pls. i—vi). The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 1, by Prof. Owen (pp. 15, 16, pl. vii). The Eocene Mollusea, Part IV, No. 1, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood (pp. 1—74, pls. The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright (pp. 303—390, i—xiii). 1 This Volume is marked on the outside 1855. *? This Volume is marked on the outside 1856. 20 CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES—Continued. The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. II, Part V, No. 5, Carboniferous, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 211—280, pls. xlviii—lv). The Reptilia of the Oolitic Formations, No. 2, Lower Lias, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—26, Vol. XIV. Issued May, 1863, pls. i—xi). for the Year 1860 ) The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 2, by Prof. Owen (pp. 27, 28, pl. xii). The Fossil Estheriz, by Prof. Rupert Jones (pp. i—x, 1—134, pls. i—v). The Fossil Crustacea, Part II, Gault and Greensand, by Prof. Bell (pp. i—vii, 1—40, pls. 1—xi). The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part I (Asteroidea), by Dr. Wright (pp. 1—130, pls. i—x, x A, x1, xii). ent to the Great Oolite Mollusca, by Dr. Lycett (pp. 1—129, pls. xxxi—xlv). + XV. Issued May, 1863, for the Year 1861 | Supplem The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part I (Devonian and Silurian), by My. J. W. Salter (pp. 1—80, pls. i—vi). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VI, No. 1. Devonian, by Mr. Davidson (pp. » XVI. Issued Aug., 1864, 1—56, pls. i—ix). for the Year 1862‘) The Eocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 2, Bivalves, by Mr. S. V. Wood (pp. 75—136, pls. X1V—XX). The Reptilia of the Cretaceous Formations (Supplement, No. 4), by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—18, pls. i—ix). The Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck Formations (Supplement, No. 3), by Prof. Owen (pp. 19—21, pl. x). The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part Il, by Mr. J. W. Salter (pp. 81—128, pls. vii—xiv). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VI, No. 2, Devonian, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 57—131, pls. x—xx). The Belemnitidz, Part I, Introduction, by Prof. Phillips (pp. 1—28). The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—40, pls. i—xvi). The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. If, Part II (Liassic Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright (pp. 131—154, pls. xi1i—xviii). The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part III, by Mr. J. W. Salter (pp. 129—176, pls. xv—xxv). The Belemnitide, Part II, Liassic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips (pp. 29 — 52, pls. i—vii). The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part I, Introduction, Felis speleea, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford (pp. i—1, 1—28, pls. i—v). Title-pages, &c., to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the London Clay, Cretaceous, and Wealden Formations. i Crag Foraminifera, Part 1, by Messrs. T. Rupert Jones, W. K. Parker, and » AVII, Issued June, 1865, for the Year 18638 » &VIII. Issued April, 1866, for the Year 1864 H. B. Brady (pp. i—vi, 1—72, pls. i—iv). Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part I, Tertiary, by Dr. Duncan (pp. i—iii, 1—66, pls. i—x). The Fossil Merostomata, Part I, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward (pp. 1—44, pls. i—ix). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 1, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 1—88, pls. i—xi)). Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IV, No. 1, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan (pp. i—iii, 1—44, pls. 1—xi). The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part IV (Silurian), by Mr. J. W. Salter (pp. 177—214, pls. xxv*—xxx). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 2, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 89—168, pls. xili—xxii). The Belemnitide, Part III, Liassie Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips (pp. 53—88, pls. Vili— xx). Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part I, by Mr. EH. W. Binney (pp. 1—32, pls. i—vi). Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part LV, No. 2, Liassic, by Dr. Duncan (pp. 45—73, ls. x1i—xvll). SOME liggncnl ame, 1a) The oe Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part II, by Dr. Wright (pp. 65—112, fou casa _ Pls. ix, x, xii—xxi, xxi A, Xxi B). ; The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I, by Messrs. J. Powrie and E, Ray Lankester (pp. 1—32, pls. i—v). The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part II, Felis spelea, continued, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford (pp. 29—124, pls. vi—xix). » XIX.) Issued Dec., 1866, for the Year 1865 s XX. Issued June, 1867, for the Year 1866 1 From 1865 onwards the Volumes are issued in two forms of binding: first, with all the Monographs stitched together and enclosed in one cover; secondly, with each of the Monographs separate, and the whole of the separate parts placed in an envelope. The previous Volumes are not in separate parts. Vol. XXII. Issued Feb., 1869, for the Year 1868 ,» XXIII. Issued Jan., 1870, for the Year 1869 » XXIV. Issued Jan., 1871, for the Year 1870 » XV. Issued June, 1872, ; for the Year 1871 » XXWVI. Issued Oct., 1872 for the Year 1872 | Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part I, No. 2, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan (pp. 27—46, CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES —Continued. ¢ Supplement to the Fossil Corals, Part IL, No. 1, Cretaceous, by Dr. Duncan (pp. 1—26, pls. i—ix). The Fossil Merostomata, Part II, Pterygotus, by Mr. H. Woodward (pp. 45—70, pls. X—xXvV). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 3, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 169—248, pls. XXLI—XXXVil). The Belemnitide, Part IV, Liassic and Oolitic Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips (pp. 89—108, pls. xxi—xxvil). The Reptilia of the Kimmeridge Clay, No. 3, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—12, pls. i—iv). The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part ‘III, Felis spelea, concluded, with FB, lynx, by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford (pp. 125—176, pls. xx—xxii, XX11 A, XXil B, XXill). pls. x—xv) The neat Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part III, by Dr. Wright (pp. 113—186, pls. XXli—XXIX, XXIX A, XXLX B). The Belemnitide, Part V, Oxford Clay, &c., Belemnites, by Prof. Phillips (pp. 109—128, pls. xxvili—xxxvi). The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part I (concluded), by Messrs. J. Powrie and H. Ray Lankester (pp. 33—62, pls. vi—xiv). The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part IL, by Prof. Owen (pp. 41—82, pls. XVil—xx). The Crag Cetacea, No. 1, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—40, pls. i—v). The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part II, by Mv. E. W. Binney (pp. 33—62, pls. vii —xii). The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part LV, by Dr. Wright (pp. 187—160, pls. xxx—xxxix). The Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. III, Part VII, No. 4, Silurian, by Mr. Davidson (pp. 24.9 —397, pls. xxxvili—}). The Kocene Mollusca, Part IV, No. 3, Bivalves, by Mr. 8. V. Wood (pp. 137—182, pls. XXI—XXv). The Fossil Mammalia of the Mesozoic Formations, by Prof. Owen (pp. i—vi, 1—115, pis. i iv). XLli—X Vill). The Fossil Merostomata, Part III, Pterygotus and Slimonia, by Mr. H. Woodward (pp. 71—120, pls. xvi—xx). Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, Part I (Univalves), by Mr. S. V. Wood, with an Introduction on the Crag District, by Messrs. 8. V. Wood, jun., and F. W. Harmer (pp. i—xxxi, 1 —98, pls. i—vii, and map). Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden ([guanodon), No. IV, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—15, pls. i—i11). The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part IV, Felis pardus, &c., by Messrs. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford (pp. Tyo pls. xxiv, XXv). The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part V, Ovibos moschatus, by Mr. W. Boyd Dawkins (pp. 1—30, pls. i—v). | The Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part III, by Mr. E. W. Binney (pp. 63—96, pls. i—vli), with an Index to the Tertiary and Secondary Species. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part V, by Dr. Wright (pp. 161—184, pls. xl—xliv). The Fossil Merostomata, Part IV (Stylonurus, Hurypterus, Hemiaspis), by Mr. H. Woodward (pp. 121—180, pls. xxi—xxx). The Fossil Trigoniz, No. I, by Dr. Lycett (pp. 1—52, pls. i—ix). eee to the Fossil Corals, Part III (Oolitic), by Prof. Duncan (pp. 1—24, pls. CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES—Continued. ‘he Fossil Hehinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VI, by Dr. Wright (pp. 185—224, pls. xlv—li). Supplemene to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part I (Tertiary and Cretaceous), by Mr. Davidson (pp. 1—72, pls. i—vii1). Supplement to the Crag Mollusea, Part II (Bivalves), by Mr. 8S. V. Wood (pp. 99—231, pls. vili—x1, and add. plate). See to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Iguanodon), No. V, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—18, pls. i, 11). Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Hyleochampsa), No. VI, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—7). The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part I, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—14, pls. 1, 11). Vol. XXVII. Issued Feb., 1874, for the Year 1873 ———_——_-. The Post-Tertiary Entomostraca, by Mr. G. 8. Brady, Rev. H. W. Crosskey, and Mr. D. Robertson (pp. i—v, 1—232, pls. i—-xvi). The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I (Cypridinide), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Messrs. J. W. Kirkby and G. 8. Brady (pp. 1—56, pls. i—v). The Fossil Trigoniw, No. II, by Dr. Lycett (pp. 53—92, pls. x—xix). . XXVIII. Issued July,1874 for the Year 1874 pls. xix—xxiv). Tlye Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VII, by Dr. Wright (pp. 225—264, pls. Inimtlxii): The Fossil Trigoniew, No. III, by Dr. Lycett (pp. 93— 148, pls. xx—xxvii). The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part II, by Prof. Owen (pp. 15—94, pls. 113—xxil), XXIX. Issued Dec. 1875, Pe he Flora of the Carboniferous Strata, Part 1V, by Mr. E. W. Binney (pp. 97—147, for the Year 1875 | | The Carboniferous and Permian Foraminifera (the genus Fusulina excepted), by Mr. H. B. Brady (pp. 1—166, pls. i—xii). , X&XX. Issued Dec.,1876, |] Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part II, No. 1(Jurassic and Triassic), for the Year 1876 by Mr. Davidson (pp. 73—144, pls. ix—xvi). Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Poikilopleuron and Chondrosteosaurus), No. VII, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—7, pls. i—vi). The Fossil Trigoniw, No. 1V, by Dr. Lycett (pp. 149—204, pls. xxvili—xl). The Eocene Mollusea (Univalves), Part IV, by Mr. 8. V. Wood (pp. 331—361, pl. xxxiv). The Carboniferous Ganoid Fishes, Part I (Paleoniscide), by Dr. Traquair (pp. 1—60, pls. i—vii). The Fossil Reptilia of the Mesozoic Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen (pp. 95—97, pls. xxiii, xxiv). The Fossil Elephants, Part I (EH. antiquus), by Prof. Leith Adams (pp. 1—68, pls. i—v). XXXI. Issued Feb.,1877 for the Year 1877 3 | Supplement to the Eocene Mollusca (Bivalves), by Mr .S. V. Wood, 2 plates. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part VIII, by Dr. Wright (pp. 265—300, pls. lxii A, ]xili—]xix). Index and Title Page to the Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. I (Hchinoidea), by Dr. Wright (pp. 469—481). The Fossil Merostomata, Part V (Neolimulus, &ec.), by Dr. H. Woodward (pp. 181—263 pls. xxxi—xxxvi, and title-page). XXXII. Issued Mar.,1878,_ Supplement to the Fossil IE OSD 5 Volt IV, Part II, No. 2 (Jurassic and Triassic), for the Year 1878 Mr. Davidson (pp. 145—242, pls. xvii—xxix). The Lias Neer Part I, by Dr. Wright (pp. 1—48, pls. i—vii). The Sirenoid and Crossopteryg lan Ganoids, Part I, by Prof. Miall (pp. 1—82, pls.i, 14, 1 ye) |e Supplement : the Reptilia of the Wealden (Goniopholis, Petrosuchus, and Sucho- saurus), No. VIIT, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—15, pls. i—vi). The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part A (Preliminary Treatise), by Prof. Boyd Dawkins (pp. 1—xxxvill). LB) CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES—Continued. The Eocene Flora, Vol. I, Part I, by Mr. J. S. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen (pp. 1—88, pls. i—v). | Second Supplemant to the Crag Mollusca (Univalves and Bivalves), by Mr. S. V. Wood (pp. 1, 11, 1—48, pls. i—vi, and title-page). Vol. XX XIII. Issued May,1879, } The Fossil Trigoniw, No. V, by Dr. Lycett (pp. 205—245, pl. xli, and title-page). for the Year 1879 | The Lias Ammonites, Part II, by Dr. Wright (pp. 49—164, pls. ix—xviii). Supplement to the Reptilia of the Wealden (Goniopholis, Brachydectes, Nannosuchus, Theriosuchus, and Nuthetes), No. LX, by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—19, pls. i—iv). The Fossil Elephants, Part II (KH. primigenius), by Prof. Leith Adams (pp. 69—146, \ pls. vi—xy). (pp. 89—5S8, pls. vi—x1). The Fossil Echinodermata, Oolitic, Vol. II, Part III (Asteroidea and Ophiuroidea), by Dr. Wright (pp. 155—203, pls. xix—xxi, pp. i—iv, and title-page). Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part I1I (Permian and Carboniferous), by Mr. Davidson (pp. 245—316, pls. xxx—xxxvil). The Lias Ammonites, Part III, by Dr. Wright (pp. 165 —264, pls. xix—x]). The Reptilia of the London Clay, Vol. II, Part I (Chelone), by Prof. Owen (pp. 1—4 pls. i, 11). XXXIV. Issued May,1880, ‘he Hocene Flora, Vol. I, Part II, by Mr. J. 8. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen for the year 1880 The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. I, Part [X, by Dr. Wright (pp. 301—324, pls. Ixx—lIxxv). Supplement to tke Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. IV, Part IV (Devonian and Silurian, from Budleigh-Salterton Pebble Bed), by Mr. Davidson (pp. 317—368, pls. XXXVili—xlil). ,. XXXY. Issued May,1881, } The Fossil Trigoni (Supplement No. 1), by Dr. Lycett (pp. 1—4). for the Year 1881) The Lias Ammonites, Part IV, by Dr. Wright (pp. 265—328, pls. xxii A, xxiiB, xli—xlviil). The Reptilia of the Liassic Formations, Part III, by Prof. Owen (pp. 83—134, pls. xXxi—xxxill, and title-page). The Fossil Elephants, Part III (EH. primigenius and E. meridionalis), by Prof. Leith Adams (pp. 147 —265, pls. xvi—xxvili, and title-page). The Eocene Flora, Vol. I, Part III, by Mr. J. S. Gardner and Baron Ettingshausen (pp. 59—86, pls. xil, xill, and title-page). Third Supplement to the Crag Mollusca, by the late Mr. 8. V. Wood (pp. 1—24, pl. i). The Fossil Echinodermata, Cret., Vol. I, Part X, by Dr. Wright (pp. 325—371, pls. Ixxvi—lxxx, and title-page). Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. LV, Part V, by Dr. Davidson (pp. 8369 —383, and title-page). Do., Vol. V, Part I (Devonian and Silurian), by Dr. Davidson (pp. 1—134, pls. i—vli). The Lias Ammonites, Part V, by Dr. Wright (pp. 329—400, pls. xlix—li, liia, liii—l xix). », XXXVI. Issued June,1882, for the Year 1882 The Trilobites of the Silurian, Devonian, &c., Formations, Part V, by the late Mr. J. W. Salter (pp. 215—224., an title-page). The Carboniferous Trilobites, Part I, by Dr. H. Woodward (pp. 1—38, pls. i—vi). Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, Part If (Silurian), by Dr. Davidson (pp. 185—242, pls. vitimxvii). The Fossil Trigonize (Supplement No. 2), by the late Dr. Lycett (pp. 5—19, pls. i—iv, and title-page). The Lias Ammonites, Part VI, by Dr. Wright (pp. 401—440, pls. Ixx—lIxxvii). ,. XXX VII. Issued Oct.,1883, for the Year 1883 The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part I, by Mr. J. S. Gardner (pp. 61—90, pls. x—xx). The Carboniferous Entomostraca, Part I, No. 2, by Prof. T. Rupert Jones, Mr. J. W. Kirkby, and Prof. G. 8. Brady (pp. i—iii, 57—92, pls. vi, vii, and title-page). The Carboniferous Trilobites, Part Il, by Dr. H. Woodward (pp. 39—86, pls. vu—x, and title-page). Supplement to the Fossil Brachiopoda, Vol. V, Part III, by Dr. Davidson (pp. 243—476! pls. xvili—xx1i, and title-page). The Lias Ammonites, Part VII, by Dr. Wright (pp. 441—480, pls. Ixxvili—lxxxvil), » XXX VIII. Issued Dec., 1884, for the Year 1884 | The Eocene Flora, Vol. II, Part I, by Mr. J. S. Gardner (pp. 1 —60, pls. i—ix) CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES-—Continued. The Eocene Flora, Vol. 11, Part III, by Mr. J. S. Gardner (pp. 91—159, pls. XX1— Xx vil, and title-page). Vol. XXXIX. Issued Jan.,1886. The Stromatoporoids, Part I, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson (pp. i—iii, 1—130, pls. i—xi). . mee 4 The Fossil Brachiopoda (Bibliograph Vol. VI (p : ; - . ; g: po gra 5 WO jou dl 163), by th late Dr. Dav ee: | and Mr. W. H. Dalton. E ¥) ae elate Dr. Damiieen The Lias Ammonites, Part VIII, by the late Dr. Wright (pp. 481—508, pl. Ixxxviii, and title-page). | The Morphology and Histology of Stigmaria Ficoides, by Prof. W. C. Williamson (pp. 1—iv, 1—62, pls. i— xv). - XL. Issued Mar.,1$87, | The Fossil Sponges, Part I, by Dr. G. J. Hinde (pp. 1—92, pls. i—viii). for the Year 1886 ) The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 1, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston (pp. 1—56). The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part I, by Mr. S. S. Buckman (pp. 1—24, pls. i—vi). \ The Pleistocene Mammalia, Part VI, by Prof. Boyd Dawkins (pp. 1—29, pls. i—vii). The Fossil Sponges, Part II, by Dr. G. J. Hinde (pp. 93—188, pl. ix). The Paleozoic Phylopoda, Part I, by Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. Woodward (pp. 1—72, » XLI. Issued Jan., 1888, Bisate é ‘ ae Hea Year 1g97 ) The Soe cae eee Part I, No. 2, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston (pp. 57—136, pls. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part II, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman (pp. 25—56, pls. Vll—xiv). The Stromatoporvids, Part II, by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson (pp. 131—158, pls. xii— XSIEX9) The Tertiary Entomostraca (Supplement), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Mr. C. D. Sherborn (pp. 1—55, pls. i—ii). The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 3, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston (pp. 187—192, pls. J11. Issued Mar.,188¢ viimxi). | pa ee ee * The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part III, by Mr. 8. 8. Buckman (pp. 57—144, pls. xv, Xxiil A). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part I, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne (pp. 1, 11. 1—46, pls. i—iv). Title-pages and Prefaces to the Monographs on the Reptilia of the Wealden and Purbeck (Supplements), Kimmeridge Clay, and Mesozoic Formations, and on the Cetacea of the Red Crag. _— oT The Cretaceous Entomostraca (Supplement), by Prof. T. Rupert Jones and Dr. G. J. Hinde (pp. i—viii, 1—70, pls. i—iv). The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 4, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston (pp. 195—224, pls. xli—xXV1). The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part IV, by Mr. 8.8. Buckman (pp. 145—224, pls. XX1IV—XXXV}). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part II, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne (pp. 47—154, pls. v—vili, vill A, 1x—xv). » XLII. Issued Mar., 1890, for the Year 1889 The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. II, Part I (Asteroidea), by Mr. W. Perey Sladen (jp. 1—28, pis. i—viii). The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part V, by Mr. S. 8. Buckman (pp. 225—256, pls. XXXvii—xliv). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part III, by the Rev. G. F. Wiidborne (pp. 155—250, pls xvi—xxiv). Title-pages to the Supplement to the Fossil Corals, by Prof. Duncan. » XLIV. Issued Apr.,1891, for the Year 1890 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 5, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston (pp. 225—272, pls. XV1iI—xx). The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VI, by Mv. 8. 8. Buckman (pp. 257—312, pls. xlv—lvi). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Part IV (Conclusion of Vol. I) (pp. 251—3844, pls. xxv—xxxi, and title-page). 5 55 Vol. II, Part I, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne (pp. 1—56, pls. i —v). A XLV. Issued Feb., 1892. | The Stromatoporoids, Part III, by Prof. Alleyne Nichoison (pp. 159—202, pls. xx—xxv). for the Year 1891 | Vol. XLVI. ” pV AULT. ip AAD. XLVII. . Issued Oct., 1896, 1b fe LIT. CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES—Continued. The Stromatoporoids, Part IV (Conclusion), by Prof. Alleyne Nicholson (pp. 203— 234, pls. xxvi—xxix, and title-page). The Palxozoie Phyllopoda, Part IT, by Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. Woodward (pp. 73— 124, pls. Xili— XVii). The Jurassic ¢ Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 6, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston (pp. 273—324, pls, XXI—XxXvVi). The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VII, by Mr. S. S. Buckman (pp. 313—344, pls. lvii—lxxvi). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. II, Part II, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne (pp. 57—88, pls. vi—x). Issued Nov., 1892, for the Year 1892 The Fossil Sponges, Part III, by Dr. G. J. Hinde (pp. 189—254, pls. x —xix). The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. II, Part II (Asteroidea), by Mr. W. Percy Sladen (pp. 29—66, pls. ix—xvi). The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part VIII, by Mr. S. S. Buckman (pp. 345—376, pls. lxxvii—xcil). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. I, Part II], by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne (pp. 89—160, pls. xi—xvii), Issued Dee., 1893, for the Year 1893 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 7, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston (pp. 8325—290, pls. XXV11—XXxXil). Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites, Part I, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 1—80, pls. xi), The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part IX, by Mr. 8.8. Buckman (pp. 377—456, pls. xclll—Cill). The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part II, No. 1, by Dr. R. H. Traquair (pp. 63— 90, pls. xv—xviil). Issued Nov., 1894, for the Year 1894. The Crag Foraminifera, Part Il, by Prof. T. R. Jones (pp. 73—210, pls. v—vii). The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 8, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston (pp. 391—444, pls. XXxi1—x]). Carbonicola, Anthracomya, and Naiadites, Part II, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 81—170, pls. Xli—xx). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. II, Part 1V, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne (pp. 161—212, pls. xviii —xxiv), Issued Oct., 1895, for the Year 1895 The Jurassic Gasteropoda, Part I, No. 9, by Mr. W. H. Hudleston (pp. 445—514, pls. xli—xliv, and title-page). Car ponicelal Anthracomya, and Naiadites, Part Ill, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 171—182, pl. xxi, and title-page). The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Part I, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 1—80, pls. i, ii). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. III, Part 1, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne (pp. 1—112, pls. i—xvi). ae Crag Foraminifera, Part III, by Prof. T. R. Jones (Pp. 211—314). for the Year 1896 | The Crag Foraminifera, Part IV, by Prof. T. R. Jones (pp. vii—xv, 315—402, and title. page). The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Part II, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 81—208, pls. 11 Issued Det., 1897, ——-Xxv). for the Year 1897 | The Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland, Part I, by Dr. A. H. Foord (pp. 1—22, pls. i—vil). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. II, Part I, by the Rev.G. F. Whidborne (pp. 113—178, pls. xvii—xxi). The Palwozoic Phyllopoda, Part III, by Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. Woodward (pp. 125 —176, pls. xvili—xxv). The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Part III, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 209—276, pls. XVI—XxXyY). Issued Dec., 1898, } The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part X, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman (pp. i—xxxii, Suppl. for the Year 1898 pls. i—iv). The Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland, Part IT, by Dr. A. H. Foord (pp. 23—48, pls. vili—xvli). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. III, Part III, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne (pp. 179—236, pls. xxii—xxxviii), 3 Vol. LIII. my ALY xy ANS Wile sy WUNIN 55 LIE 26 CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES—Continued. The Paleozoic Phyllopoda, Part IV, by Prof. T. R. Jones and Dr. Woodward (pp. i—xv, 175, 176, 177—211, pls. XXvi—xxxi, and title- page). fecal Dien, TO The Cretaceous emellioranchion Part I, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 1—72, pls. i—xiv). fouile Vou "| ‘he Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Part IV, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 277—360, pls. XXVI—Xxxix). The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part XI, by Mr. S. 8. Buckman (pp. xxxiii—Ixiv, pls. v—Xiv). The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Part II, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 73—112. pls. xv—xix). The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Part V, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 361—476, pls. x1 —liv). Issued Dec., 1900, | The Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland, Part III, by Dr. AH. Foord (pp. 49—126, for the Year 1900 pls. xvili—xxxil). The British Pleistocene Mammalia, Title-page for Vol. I, by Messrs. Dawkins and Sanford. The Structure of Carboniferous Plants, Title-page, by Mr. E. W. Binney. The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Part III, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 113—144, pls. xx— XXVl). The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Vol. II, Part I, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 1—34, pls. i—vi), Title-page and Index for Vol. I. Issued Dee., 1901, | The Carboniferous Cephalopoda of Ireland, Part IV, by Dr. A. H. Foord (pp. 127— for the Year 1901 146, pls. xxxlli— xxxix). British Cae Part I, by Miss Elles and Miss Wood, edited by Prof. Lapworth pp. 1—54, pls. i—iv). Ganoid Fikes of British Carboniferous Formations—Part I, Paleoniscide, No. 2, by Dr. Ramsay H. Traquair (pp. 61—87, pls. viii—xviii). The Cave Hyena, by Prof. S. H. Reynolds (pp. 1—25, pls. i—xiv). The Fishes of the English Chalk, Part I, by Dr. A. Smith Woodward (pp. 1—56, pls. xa) = The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Part IV, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 145—196, pls. xxvii —XXXVlil). British Graptolites, Part I, No. 2,. by Miss Elles and Miss Wood, edited by Prof. Lap- worth (pp. i—xxvill, 55— “94, pls. v—xill). Issued Dec., 1902, _ for the Year 1902 | pls. xiv—xx). The Cretaccous Lamellibranchia, Part V, by Mr. H. Migods (pp. i—xliii, 197—232, pls. xxxix—xlii), Title-page and Index for Vol. I The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Vol. II, Part I, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 85—124, pls. vii—xx1). The Oarneniter ous Cephalopoda of Ireland, Part V, by Dr. A. H. Foord (pp. 147—234, pls. xl—xlix), Title-page and Index, The Lower Paleozoic Trilobites of Girvan, Part I, by Mr. F. R. Cowper Reed (pp. 1— 48, pls. i—vi). British Graptolites, Part III, by Miss Elles and Miss Wood, edited by Prof. Lapworth (pp. xxix—lu, 103—134, pls. xiv—xix). Issued Dec., 1903, for the Year 1903 The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part II, No. 2, by Dr. R. H. Traquair (pp. 91—118, pls. xix—xxvi). The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Vol. II, Part I, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 1—56, pls. i—vil). The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Vol. II, Part III, by Dr. W. Hind (pp. 125— 216, pls. xxii—xxy). The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part XII, by Mr. 8. S. Buckman (pp. lxv—elxviii, pls. xv—xix). The Lower Paleozoic Trilobites of Girvan, Part II, by Mr. F. R. Cowper Reed (pp. 49—96, pls. vii—xiii). British Graptolites, Part IV, by Miss Ellesand Miss Wood, edited by Prof. Lapworth (pp. lui—)xxii, 135—180, pls. xx—xxv). Issued Dec., 1904, for the Year 1904 : Fishes of the English Chalk, Part II, by Dr. A. Smith Woodward (pp. 57—96, CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES—Continued. The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. II, Part III, by Mr. W. K. Spencer (pp. 67—90, pls. xvii—xxvi). The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Vol. II, Part II, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 57—96, Vol. LIX. Issued Nov., 1905, | pls. viii—xi). for the Year 1905 | The Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, Vol. II, Title-pages and Index, by Dr. W. Hind. The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part XIII, by Mr. S. 8. Buckman (pp. elxix—cevili, ls. Xx—xxiv). The Cornbrash Fauna, Part I, by the Rev. J. F. Blake (pp. 1—100, pls. i—ix). The Pleistocene Bears, by Prof. 8. H. Reynolds (pp. 1—35, pls. i—viii). The Fishes of the Old Red Sandstone, Part II, No. 3, by Dr. R. H. Traquair (pp. 119—130, pls. xxvii—xxxi). The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Vol. II, Part Il], by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 97—182, pls. xli—xix). The Lower Palxozoic Trilobites of Girvan, Part III, by Mr. F. R. Cowper Reed (pp. 97—186, Title-page and Index, pls. xiv—xx). The Cambrian Trilobites, Part I, by Mr. P. Lake (pp. 1—28, pls. i, i1). British Graptolites, Part V, by Miss Elles and Miss Wood, edited by Prof Lapworth (pp. Ixxili—xevi, 181—216, pls. xxvi, xxvii). » UX. Issued Dec., 1906, for the Year 1906 and Postscript). Ganoid Fishes of British Carboniferous Formations, Part I, Paleoniscidw, No. 3, by Dr. R. H. Traquair (pp. 87—106, pls. xix—xxiil). The Fishes of the English Chalk, Part II, by Dr. A. Smith Woodward (pp. 97—128, pls. xxi—xxvi). The Inferior Oolite Ammonites, Part XIV, by Mr. S.S. Buckman (pp. ccix—celxii, Title-pages, Preface, and Index). The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Vol. II, Part IV, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 183—180, pls. xx—xxvii). The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. Il, Part IV, by Mr. W. K. Spencer (pp. 91—1382, pls. xxvii—xxix). The British Conulariz, by Miss Ida U. Slater (pp. 1—40, pls. i—v, Title-page and Index). The Cambrian Trilobites, Part II, by Mr. P. Lake (pp. 29—48, pls. ui, iv). British Graptolites, Part VI, by Miss Elles and Miss Wood (Mrs. Shakespear), edited by Prof. Lapworth (pp. xevii—exx, 217—272, pls. xxvili—xxxi). The Devonian Fauna of the South of England, Vol. II, Part V, and Vol. III, Part IV, by the Rev. G. F. Whidborne (Vol. II, pp. 215—222, Title-page and Index ; Vol. III, pp. 237—247, Title-page and Index). The Cornbrash Fauna, Part II, by the Rev. J. F. Blake (pp. 101—102, Title-pageand Index). » UWXI. Issued Dec., 1907, for the Year 1907 The Fishes of the English Chalk, Part 1V, by Dr. A. Smith Woodward (pp. 129— pls. xxvli—xxxil). Illustrations of Type Specimens of Inferior Oolite Ammonites (pls. i—vii). The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Vol. II, Part V, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 181—216, pls. xxvilii—xxxiv). The Fossil Echinodermata, Cretaceous, Vol. II, Part V, by Mr. W. K. Spencer (pp. 183—1388, Title-page and Index). The Cambrian Trilobites, Part III, by Mr. P. Lake (pp. 49—64, pls. v, vi.) British Graptolites, Part VII, by Miss Elles and Miss Wood (Mrs. Shakespear), edited by Prof. Lapworth (pp. exxi—exlvili, 273—358, pl. xxxii—xxxv). LXII. Issued Dec., 1908, for the Year 1908 39 The Pleistocene Canide, by Prof. S. H. Reynolds (pp. 1—28, pls. i—vi). Ganoid Fishes of British Carboniferous Formations, Part I, Palaoniscide, No. 4, by Dr. R. H. Traquair (pp. 107—122, pls. xxiv—xxx). The Fishes of the English Chalk, Part V, by Dr. A. Smith Woodward (pp. 153—184, pls. xxxili—xxxviil). The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Vol. II, Part VI, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 217—260, pls. xxxv—xliv). The ote of the Chalk, Part I, Cephalopoda, by Mr. D. Sharpe (Title-page and ndex). The Belemnitidse, by Prof. Phillips (Title-page and Index). ,» LXIII. Issued Dec., 1909, for the Year 1909 The Sivenoid Ganoids, Part II, by Prof. L. C. Miall (pp. 33—34, Title-page, Preface, Vol. LXIV. LXY. 2) fond ( CATALOGUE OF VOLUMES—Continued. Ganoid Fishes of British Carboniferous Formations, Part I, Paleoniscide, No. 5, by Dr. R. H. Traquair (pp. 128—158, pls. xxxi—xxxv). The Fishes of the English Chalk, Part VI, by Dr. A. Smith Woodward (pp. 185—224, Issued Jan., 1911 ‘ pls, xxxix—xlvi). : ; GA aye STOO The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Vol. II, Part VII, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 261—28}, Tae ae pls. xlv—]). The Carboniferous Arachnida, by Mr. R. I. Pocock (pp. 1—84, pls. i—iii). British Graptolites, Part VIII, by Miss Elles and Miss Wood (Mrs. Shakespear), edited by Prof. Lapworth (pp. 359—414, pls. xxxvi—xli). ( The Pleistocene Mustelidx, by Prof. S. H. Reynolds (pp. 1—28, pls. i—viii). Ganoid Fishes of British Carboniferous Formations, Part I, Paleoniscide, No. 6, by Dr. R. H. Traquair (pp. 159—180, pls. xxxvi—x]). The Fishes of the English Chalk, Part VII, by Dr. A. Smith Woodward (pp. i—vili, 225—264, pls. xlvii—liv, including Title-page and Index). The Cretaceous Lamellibranchia, Vol. II, Part VII, by Mr. H. Woods (pp. 285—340, pls. li—liv). The Fossil Sponges, Title-page and Index to Vol. I, by Dr. G. J. Hinde (pp. 255—264). Issued Feb., 1912, for the Year ]911~ \ Palxontographical Soctety, 1911. A MONOGRAPH BRITISH PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA VOL. th PAR LV: THE MUSTELIDA. SIDNEY H. REYNOLDS, M.A., F.GS., PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL. Pages 1—28; Puates I—VIII; TITLE-PAGE AND TABLE OF CONTENTS OF VOL. II. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1912. PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, LONDON AND DORKING. PALMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTITUTED MDCCCXLVII. VOLUME FOR 1911. LONDON: MDCCCCXIT. MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. VO. ii ORDER OF BINDING AND DATES OF PUBLICATION. PARTS AND PAGES PLATES ISSUED IN VOL. PUBLISHED FOR YEAR General Title. Table of Contents of Vol. II | —_ 1911 February, 1912 Cave Hyena, pp. 1—25 -—XIV 1902 December, 1902 Bears, pp. 1—35 I—VIII 1906 December, 1906 Canide, pp. 1—28 Vali 1909 December, 1909 Mustelide, pp. 1—28 I—VI 1911 February, 1912 A. MONOGRAPH OF THE BRITISH PLEDSTOCENE MAMMALIA VOLS Er BRITISH PLEISTOCENE HYAINIDA, URSIDA, CANIDA, AND MUSTELIDA. SUD NEN SE RE YNOUDSS MEAG EH G.Se PROFESSOR OF GEOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF BRISTOL. f7O eNO Ne: PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1902—1912. S , TABLE OF PART I. Hyena crocuta.—Historical Introduction Distribution Skull Dentition Vertebral Column Ribs and Sternum Shoulder Girdle ... Anterior Limb Pelvic Girdle Posterior Limb Conclusions Bibliography PART II. Ursus.—Historical Introduction Distribution Skull Dentition ; Vertebral Cae Shoulder Girdle ... Anterior Limb Pelvic Girdle Posterior Limb Comparison of Cave, Brown, and Guzily Beata Bibliography PART EE: Canis.—Historical Introduction Lycaon anglicus . Distribution of Canis lupus C. familiaris C. vulpes C. lagopus... Skeletal Differences between Gone and eeee exes Canis. ee eibotion 4 in British Deen Deposits Distribution in British Caves Skull CONTENTS SCO OO ST Coa SS tg Seal le mA NO; piswl, Lieve 8, ples LV, V: la) pls. Vil; Vil VEE. » lls}. 2 1S pl Exe alS> piss Xe cl, . 20, pl. XII. . 20, pls. XIII, XIV. . 22. . 23. geil Bele . 10, pls. I—V. 12 pl VL 216; pls. Vill, VEE » Al&). 10. 11, pls. I-IV. VI TABLE OF CONTENTS. PART IlJl—continued. Canis.—Dentition sie arse ei si ee eo peel Ve — Vertebral Column ee sce ie ee a ep alo, spl: Wel. — Limb Girdles ys ae x ee j6 spate: = Limbs ... a oe gi a aa peaked. Mutual Relations of Pleistocene and Post-Pleistocene Canide ... re py 22k Conclusions s. : ~~ Rk oe Ke na) gps Bibliography... oie aa “ie Sen oe a2 Ds 20. AGRA snVie Mustelide. — Introduction Mee ee pele Mustela martes by. : ae ae Oe a Mustela robusta or Nor Fe ae Dade — Mustela putorius bi 5: ee Hee. | 08 as == Mustela erminea P. Aat a9 $s 3 Pe 6: — Mustela vulgaris a De: a e: Ere OOF == Gulo luseus ... oP Bee iz 7 sha, ADEs = Meles taxus ... el ee = e vp. 8: = Lutra vulgaris a : a - vA Ap AkO! == Distribution in British Pleistocene — see eae oe alalk. == Skull <- ee = sie mt i pelos pls: b= Vek _ Dentition .. es ee i a ... p. 15, pls. I—VI. — Vertebral Column __... e. tee oe Pe lid, piss VEL value — Limb Girdles we Nes ase +8 ee nally — Limbs see ane a 63 a pa pO: — Conclusions ... ee 3 afr oF ep aao! _ Bibliography mh a “sh ven aD e0- MONOGRAPH ON Ei, Se aS ei eae vie Ae hie OF THE PLEISTOCENE PERIOD (EE, ES en. Order—CARNIVORA. Famiry—MUSTELIDAs. EINER ODUC TION: Tue Pleistocene Mustelidx,’ which form the subject of the present memoir, are an easier group to deal with than either the Urside or Canidee, not showing the variability and inconstancy of character which render it so difficult to come to a satisfactory conclusion about the mutual relationship of the members of the above groups. Including, as the group does, the glutton, badger, and otter, in addition to the Musteline (marten, polecat, stoat, weasel, etc.), it 1s somewhat too extensive and diverse to be conveniently treated from the historical aspect as a single entity. In the following paragraphs only the literature of a more general character will be referred to, each species being subsequently considered separately. As was the case with the bears and hyenas, the remains from the great Continental caves attracted attention at an earlier date than those of Britain, Goldfuss’ recording bones of the glutton from the caves of Gailenreuth in 1818 ! As ina previous memoir dealing with the Pleistocene Canide, the classification and nomencla- ture adopted are those of Flower and Lydekker, ‘An Introduction to the Study of Mammalia, Living and Extinct’ (1891). The generic name Mustela is employed in a wider sense than is now usual, most zoologists adopting Nilsson’s name Putorius for the polecat, stoat and weasel. * ‘Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.,’ ix, 1818, p. 318, and ‘Siugethiere der Vorwelt,’ p. 468. 2 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. and Sundyvig in 1823, and Schmerling’ those of the badger, marten, and polecat, from the caves of Litge in 1833. Marcel de Serres, Dubrueil and Jeanjean’ figured an otter’s mandible from Lunel Viel in 1839, while Croizet and Jobert? recorded the same species from the Puy-de-Dome deposits in 1828. The remains of the smaller Mustelidz were naturally not as a rule recognised at so early a date as those of the larger species, but Buckland,* as early as 1822, figured musteline teeth from Kirkdale, which he attributed to the weasel, and Goldfuss’ figured a mandible from Gailenreuth, which he attributed to a Viverra. Schmerling,’ however, pointed out that the latter bone was musteline. The records to the date of writing were summarised by H. v. Meyer’ (1832), F. Holl® (1829—1831), de Blainville® (1844), and Giebel! (1847), while Owen, in 1842," and subsequently in 1846,” gave a full account of the available information regarding British occurrences. Gervais’ (1859) dealt fully with all French records. Five species of Mustelide were recorded by Falconer™ (1868) from the various caves of Gower, and other records were given by Dawkins” (1869) in his paper on the “ Distribution of British Post-glacial Mammals.” Very little has been written concerning Musteline remains from Ireland, though Adams,” in 1881, recorded the marten and badger from Ballynamintra, co. Water- ford, and Scharff the badger, otter and stoat from the caves of co. Clare,” and the stoat from Kesh,’* co. Sligo. The most important records of quite recent date in England are those of the Ightham” fissure, in which, in addition to Mustela robusta, the polecat, weasel and badger were met with. During comparatively recent times a number of important papers dealing with the Pleistocene Mustelide have been published on the Continent. EH. Cornalia, in his ‘ Mammiferes fossiles de Lombardie ’”? (1858—1871), described remains of the badger, marten, and polecat, some of the polecat skulls being very large. This 1 «Recherches Oss. foss. Cavernes de Litge,’ 1, pp. 158—166 ; u1, pp. 5—15. w ‘Recherches Oss. humatiles Cavernes de Lunel Viel,’ p. 70, pl. ui, figs. 14 and 15. 8 «Recherches Oss. foss. Dept. Puy-de-Dome,’ p. 89. 4 ©Plile Trans. exai, p. 182, plaxx. » “Die Umgebungen von Muggendorf,’ p. 282, pl. v, fig. 3. 6 « Recherches Oss. foss. Cavernes de Litge,’ ii, p. 5. 7 *Paleologica,’ p. 47. 8 * Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde,’ p. 36. » * Ostéographie,’ fase. 4. 10 «Fauna der Vorwelt,’ i, pp. 55—64. 1 « Brit. Foss. Mammals,” ‘ Rep. Brit. Assoc.’ (Manchester, 1842), pp. 70—72. 2 « Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds,’ pp. 109—122. 13 * Zoologie et Paléontologie Frangaises,’ pp. 243—253. 14 “Pal. Mem.,’ p. 520. 15 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xxv, p. 192. 16 «Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.,’ (2) i, p. 205. 17 «Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,’ xxxiii, B, pt. i, pp. 40—48. 18 Ibid., xxxu, B, pt. 4, p. 205. 19 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Svc.,’ 1, p. 200, and lv, p. 425. 20 «Pal. Lomb.,’ ed. Stoppani, ser. 2. 2 MUSTELIDA. 3 paper was followed in 1879 by Liebe’s'’ account of the caves at Vypustek, in Moravia, where glutton, marten, stoat, and polecat were met with. In Woldrich’s’ three beautifully illustrated papers (1880, 1882, 1884), on the fauna of Zuzlawitz, near Winterberg, in the Béhmerwald, remains of polecat, stoat and weasel are figured, and in particular some very large skulls, which are attributed to the polecat, closely resemble the form afterwards described by Newton as Mustela robusta. Lastly, in 1886 appeared an important paper by Winterfeld,* giving a general account of the Quaternary Musteline remains of Germany. Il. GENERAL ACCOUNT OF THE VARIOUS BRITISH MUSTELIDA. Mustela martes, 1Hb Pint Marten. Two British species of marten, the pine marten (Jfustela martes, Linn., or abietum, Fleming) and the beech marten (Mustela foina, Erxl.), have commonly been recognised as members of the British fauna. Alston,* however, shows good reason for believing that Mustela martes is identical with Mustela sylvatica of Nilsson, and that Mustela foina is not really an inhabitant of the British Isles. He mentions among others the following points of difference between the skulls of M. martes and M. foina, though many of them appear to be inconstant or inappreciable. M. martes. M. foina. 1. The breadth of the skull across the zygomatic 1. The breadth of the skull across the zygomatic arches is rather more than half the length. arches is much more than half the length. 2. The arches are highest posteriorly, whence 2. The arches are regularly curved, and broadest they slope rather suddenly downwards and and highest in the middle. forwards. 3. The sides of the muzzle are nearly parallel. The sides of the muzzle are converging. fee 4, The anterior narial opening is oval. The anterior narial opening is heart-shaped. 5. The palate is comparatively narrow. 5. The palate is comparatively broad. 6. The upper premolars are placed regularly in 6. The upper premolars are crowded, and often the line of the series; the fourth has the inner placed diagonally, their anterior extremities cusp large and placed nearly at right angles being directed inwards; the inner cusp is to the axis of the tooth. small and placed somewhat diagonally. =~ 7. m. | has a slightly developed inner tubercle. m. | has a well-developed inner tubercle. The marten was not mentioned by Owen in his ‘ British Fossil Mammals and 1 «Sitzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien,’ lxxix, pt. i, p. 472. 2 Thid., lxxxii, pt. i, p. 82; lxxxiv, pt. 1, p. 194; and lxxxviii, pt.i, p. 993. > * Ueber quartiire Mustelidenreste Deutschlands,’ Berlin. 4 «Proce. Zool. Soe.,’ 1879, pp. 468—+474, and ‘ Zoologist,’ iii, 1879, pp. 441—448. 4 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. Birds,’ and was not included by Dawkins in his list’ of preglacial mammals, but part of a right mandibular ramus found in the Upper Freshwater Bed at West Runton was described by Newton.? Records of the remains of the marten in British Pleistocene deposits are scanty. Dawkins and Sanford® mentioned a skull and lower jaw imbedded in breccia in the Williams collection from Bleadon. Falconer! detected marten remains which he attributed with hesitation to Mustela foina im three of the Gower caves, viz. Long Hole, Ravenscliff, and Spritsail Tor. Adams® recorded it from Ballynamintra, co. Waterford. Scharff? mentioned that while abundant remains of martens were found in the Newhall and Barntick caves, co. Clare, these were all in the upper strata, and hence, it may be concluded, were probably not Pleistocene. A (probably) Prehistoric skull from Edenvale, co. Clare, and a mandibular ramus from the Lanewith cave are figured on PI. II, figs. 4, 5, of the present memoir. Cuvier’ and Kriiger® have alluded to the occurrence of bones of marten at Gailenreuth. Mustela robusta, tun Gran Pouecar. This name was applied by Newton? to the remains of a large Musteline found in England, as yet only in the Ightham fissure. In the first imstance only a left humerus, a right ulna and certain bones of the extremities were found, and as a result of a careful comparison with the corresponding bones of the marten and pole- cat, Newton arrived at the conclusion that they were distinct. A further series of limb-bones with part of a skull and mandible was described and figured by the same author’ in 1899, and their affinities to the polecat rather than to the marten were pointed out. Though the Ightham specimens were the first remains of the giant polecat which had been found in Britain, such had long been known on the Continent. Cornaha"” (1870) had figured large fossil skulls of polecat from Lombardy. Woldrich” (1881—1883), others from Zuzlawitz, near Winterberg, in Bohemia, ' «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xxv (1869), p. 210. > “Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ “ Vert. of Forest Bed,” p. 25. * « British Pleistocene Mammalia: Felidee,” ‘ Pal. Soc.’ (1866), p. xxii. + «Pal. Mem.,’ ii, 1868, p. 525. 5 «Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.,’ (2), i, 1881, p. 208. 6 «Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,’ xxxiii (1906), B, pt. 1, p. 41. 7 «Oss. Foss.,’ ed. 2 (1823), iv, p. 467. 8 «Geschichte der Urwelt,’ ii, p. 851. » «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1 (1894), p. 200. 19 Ibid., lv (1899), p. 425. 'l_ «Mon. Mamm. foss. de Lombardie,” ‘ Pal. Lomb.,’ ii (1870), p. 33, pl. x1. 12 « Sitzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien,’ lxxxii, pt. 1 (1880), pl. ui, figs. 24—26, and ibid. laxxviii, pt. 1 (1883), pl. 1, figs. 1, 2. MUSTELID-_E. 5 while Hensel! (1881) gave full figures and measurements of large recent skulls. Boule and Chauvet? (1899) alluded to the occurrence of the remains of a large polecat among an Arctic fauna described by them from the Charente. All these authors agree in referring the large skulls to the recent species of polecat, Mustela putorius. Newton was the first to propose a distinctive name for this large form. He, however, thought it possible that the Ightham form might be the same as that to which Meyer’ gave the name Mustela antigua. The latter author’s use of the name is, however, unaccompanied by any description, and he does not indicate that he intended to apply it to large forms of the polecat. The splendidly preserved cranium figured in the present memoir (PI. I, figs. 7—) was obtained by Mr. W. J. Lewis Abbott from the Ightham fissure in 1907. A comparison of this skull with skulls of Mustela martes in the British Museum and Bristol University collection shows that there are a number of obvious points of difference. Mustela robustu differs from Mustela martes im (1) the width and shortness of the palate; (2) the shortness antero-posteriorly of m.1; (3) the absence of pm. 1; (4) the less inflated character of the auditory bulla; and (5) the somewhat more flattened character of the cranial roof. The skull is clearly that of a polecat, the only appreciable difference from Mustela putorius bene in point of size. Mustela putorius, THE PoLEcar. The records of the occurrence of the polecat in British Pleistocene deposits are very scanty. Owen* figured a skull from Berry Head, and mentioned that an almost entire skull had been found in a raised beach near Plymouth. Falconer’ recorded it from Bacon Hole, Long Hole, and Spritsail Tor, Gower, and Newton® from the Iehtham fissure. The British Museum contains a considerable number of bones from the Brixham cave, and a few have been obtained by the Rey. H. H. Mullins at Lanewith. Of the continental records the following may be alluded to: Cuvier described? some musteline bones which de Blainville* referred to the polecat. Schimerline® figured a good cranium and mandible from Liege. Kriiger’’ referred to polecat 1 “Craniologische Studien,” ‘ Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.,’ xlii (1881), pl. vi, figs. 1, 2. 2 «Comptes Rendus,’ exxviii (1899), p. 1188. 3 *Paleologica,’ 1832, pp. 54, 130. 4 « Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds,’ p. 112. 5 «Pal. Mem.,’ 11, p. 525. 6 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ lv (1899), p. 425. 7 «Ann. Mus.,’ xx, p. 437, and subsequently ‘ Oss. Foss.,’ ed. 2 (1823), p. 467. 8 « Ostéographie—Mustela,’ p. 57. 9 «Recherches Oss. Foss. Cavernes de Liege,’ ui, pl. i. 10 «Geschichte der Urwelt,’ p. 851. 6 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. remains from Gailenreuth. The descriptions of the bones of polecats by Cornaha (1870), Woldrich (1880 and 1883), Hensel (1881), Boule and Chanvet (1899), have been sufficiently dealt with under the head of Mustela robusta, and need not be repeated here. Mustela erminea, THE Stoar orn ERMINE. The fact of the stoat bemg a member of the British Pleistocene cave-fauna was established by Owen,’ who figured a skull from Berry Head, near Brixham. The teeth and larger of the jaws figured by Buckland? from the Kirkdale cave as weasel, were shown by Owen! to be those of the stoat. It was obtained by McEnery’ from Kent’s Hole, Torquay, and by Falconer* from Bacon Hole, Gower, while Scharff recorded it from the Kesh® caves, co. Shgo, and the Newhall and Edenvale® caves, co. Clare. Karly continental records of the occurrence of Mustela erninea are, to say the least, very scanty. Neither Cuvier, de Blainville, nor Schmerling refer to it. Liebe’ (1879) records it from Vypustek, Woldrich® (1882, 1884, 1888) from Zuzlawitz, Winterfeld? (1886) from O. Ruzsin, in Hungary. Mustela vulgaris, tue WRASEL. Y 5 Though it cannot be doubted that the remains of the weasel have occurred in many British Pleistocene deposits, the records are very scanty. Buckland’ recorded it from the Kirkdale cave, but, as Owen" pointed out, the teeth and jaws figured by him are in the main too large for the weasel, and should be attributed to the stoat. The smallest mandible figured (‘Rel. Div.,’ pl. xxii, fig. 12) may belong to the weasel. McKnery” figured a skull from Kent’s cave, which he attributed to the weasel, and de Blainville’ assented as to the correctness of this determination ; Owen," however, attributed McEnery’s specimen to the stoat, and im this was |< Brit. Foss. Mammals and Birds’ (1846), p. 116 et. seq. 2 * Reliq. Diluv.’ (1824), pl. vi, figs. 28, 29, and pl. xxiii, figs. 11, 13. 3 «Cavern Researches’ (1859), pl. E, fig. 17. 4 «Pal. Mem.’ (1868), p. 525. ‘Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,’ xxxii, B, pt. 4, p. 206. 6 Thid., xxxiii, B, pt. 1, p. 40. ‘Sitzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien,’ Ixxix, pt. 1, p. 477. 8 Tbid., lxxxii, pt. 1, p. 35; lxxxiv, pt. 1, p. 199; and lxxxvini, pt. 1, p. 997. » * Ueber quartiire Mustelidenreste Deutschlands ’ (1886), p. 25. 10 « Reliq. Diluv.,’ table facing p. 1 and description of pls. vi and xxii (1824). ‘1 « Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds’ (1846), p. 117. 12 «Cavern Researches’ (1859), pl. EH, fig. 17. 18 « Ostéographie—Carnassiers, Mustela,’ p. 59. 14 « Brit. Foss. Mami. and Birds’ (1846), p. 117. on ~ EK eC rrr rh el err MUSTELIDA. 7 followed by Woodward and Sherborn.’ Owen gives no special account of the weasel in his ‘ British Fossil Mammals and Birds,’ and it is not included by Dawkins in his list of British post-glacial Mammalia. Passing to the continental records : Schmerling” figured a musteline cranium and mandible which he did not venture to name, but which agreed in point of size with the weasel. Woldrich,’ in each of his three papers on the ¢ Diluvial Fauna of Zuzlawitz,’ described bones of the weasel, referring very small specimens to a new species under the name of Feetorius minutus. Newton' recorded skulls and limb-bones from the Ightham fissure both of the common weasel and of a smaller variety, which he, following Woldrich,’ referred to under the specific name of minuta. Itisrepresented in the Manchester Museum by an imperfect mandible from Creswell Crags, and by other remains from Dog Holes, Warton Crag, Lancashire. Gulo luscus, THE GLuTroON. The earliest recognition of the glutton as a member of the Pleistocene fauna is due to Goldfuss® who in 1818 gave a good figure of an almost perfect skull from Gailenreuth, seeking to make of it a new species under the name of Glo spelzus. Ata later date he obtained a specimen from Sundwig to which he referred in his ‘Siiugethiere der Vorwelt,’ 1823 (p. 481). Soemmering also procured a very well-preserved skull from Gailenreuth, which he submitted to Cuvier, who gave a reduced figure of it.’ Schmerling® obtained only teeth, a femur and part of a pelvis from the caverns of Liége. The remains of the glutton found in Britain are rare and fragmentary. They are first met with in the Forest Bed, part of a left mandibular ramus having been described by Newton® from Mundesley. It has been recorded from a considerable number of Pleistocene caves. The earliest record is that of Bellamy” from Yealm Bridge, Devon, confirmed by Pengelly” in 1871. ‘Catal. Brit. Foss. Vertebrata’ (1890), p. 368. ‘ Recherches Oss. Foss. Cavernes de Liége,’ ui, pl. i, figs. 4—6. 3 «Sitzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien,’ Ixxxviii (1884), pt. 1, p. 1000. 4« Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ lv (1899), p. 425. > Tbid., 1 (1894), p. 201. 6 «Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.,’ ix (1818), p. 311, pl. viii. The mandibular ramus attributed by Goldfuss to a Viverra and figured by him (‘Die Umgebungen von Muggendorf,’ vy, 1810, 3) is assigned by Schmerling to a marten or polecat (‘Cavernes de Liége,’ ii, p. 5) and by de Blainville (‘ Ostéographie—Carnassiers, Mustela,’ p. 53) to the glutton. 7 “Oss. Foss.,’ ed. 2, 1825, pl. xxxi, figs. 23—25. 8 «Recherches Oss. Foss. Cavernes de Litge,’ i, p. 167. 9 “Geol. Mag.’ [2] vii, 1880, p. 424, pl. xv,.and “ Vert. Forest Bed” (‘ Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ 1882), p- 17, pl. vi. 10 ‘Nat. Hist. 8. Devon.,’ pp. 89, 94, 102. 1 «Trans, Devon. Assoc.,’ iv, 1871, pp. 98, 102. i Ls) 8 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. Dawkins and Sanford! (1866) include it in their list of Pleistocene mammals on the evidence of the crowns of three canine teeth obtained from the caves of Bleadon and Banwell, Somerset, and from one of the Gower caves (see Text-fig. 1, ¢, D, and 8, for the Somerset specimens). It is not, however, mentioned by Falconer? in his list of the Gower cave-fauna, and Woodward and Sherborn? do not include Gower as one of the localities where its remains have been met with. Dawkins! in 1871 described a left mandibular ramus from the Plas Heaton cave, Cefn, near 8. Asaph, this fine specimen, which is shown in Text-fig. 1, 4, bemg now preserved in the Grosvenor Museum, Chester. Finally, in 1875 Busk* added Creswell Crags to the list of localities, though the determination was based only on two fragments of pelvis (see T'ext-fig. 2). A comparatively recent continental record of the occurrence of the glutton is by Liebe® (1879) from Vypustek in Moravia. Winterfeld’ (1886) discussed its distribution, and gave some German records of its occurrence in loess and other deposits. Meles tavus, tHE BapGer. The remains of the badger were discovered in Pleistocene caves at an early date, and have been recorded from a yery large number, though, perhaps, not from so many as the habits of the animal would lead one to expect. The earliest records of the badger from Pleistocene deposits are by Schmerling® (1833), who gave good figures of the skull and lmb-bones from the caves of Litge, and by Minster? (1836), who described it from the neighbourhood of Baireuth. Both these authors regarded their species as distinct from the modern species, Schmerling referring to his as Meles antediluvianus and Miinster to his as Meles antiquus. M. de Serres, Dubrueil and Jeanjean” in 1839 figured a skull and other bones from Lunel Viel, and affirmed the identity of the badger of the caves with the recent species, a point concerning which subsequent writers have been unanimous. 1 « British Pleistocene Mammalia” (‘ Pal. Soc.,’ 1866), pt. 1, p. 21. 2 «Pal. Mem.,’ ii, 1868, p. 525. 3 «Catal. Brit. Foss. Vertebrata,’ 1890, p. 350. 4 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe.,’ xxvii, 1871, p. 406. > Ibid., xxxi, 1875, p. 687. 6 «Sitzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien.,’ xxix, 1879, pt. 1, p. 476. 7 «Ueber quartiire Mustelidenreste Deutschlands,’ 1886, p. 40. ‘Recherches Oss. foss. Cavernes de Litge,’ i, 1833, p. 158. 9 «Verzeichniss der Versteinerungen . . . zu Baireuth,’ 1836, p. 87. 10 «Recherches Oss. humatiles Cavernes de Lunel Viel,’ 1839, pl. 1. ox Oe de MUSTELID. 9 Nordmann! in 1847 recorded it from Odessa, and McHnery, as reported by Blainville? (1844) from Kent’s Cave, Torquay. Owen’ (1846) figured Fie. 1.—Glutton (Gulo luscus). AX. Left mandibular ramus seen from the outer side. B. The same seen from the inner side. From the Pleistocene of the Plas Heaton Cave, Cefn, near St. Asaph (Grosvenor Museum, Chester). ©. Crown of left upper canine. From the Pleistocene of the Bleadon Cave, Somerset (Taunton Museum). [D. and E. Crowns of left lower canines. From the Pleistocene of Banwell Cave, Somerset (‘Taunton Museum). All three teeth seen from the outer side. Nat. size. Fig. 2.—Glutton (Gulo luscus). Busk’s figure of a fragmentary innominate bone from the Pleistocene of Creswell Crags. Reproduced by permission of the Council of the Geological Society. Nat. size. 1 _ w ‘Découv. Gites riches en Oss. foss. Odessa,’ p. 4. ‘ Ostéographie,’ fase. 4. ‘ Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds,’ p. 109. bo 10 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. McHnery’s specimen—a well-preserved mandible, now in the British Museum. He also recorded the badger from Berry Head. H. von Meyer’ (1859) described remains of the badger from the neighbourhood of Weimar, giving a number of references to French and other records. Dawkins and Sanford’ (1866) recorded it from Banwell and Wookey Hole, and Falconer® (1868) from a number of the Gower caves. Other records are from the caves or fissures of Durdham Down,* Uphill,’ Ightham,*® Cefn’ (near St. Asaph), and Hoe Grange.® Pleistocene deposits other than caves have yielded bones of the badger at Newbury, Berkshire, and Grovehurst, Kent, though the age of the latter deposit is somewhat doubtful. Adams’ records it from Ballynamintra, co Waterford, and Scharff’ from the Edenvale, Newhall and Barntick caves, co. Clare. The remains of the badger were remarkably abundant in the Lanegwith cave, near Mansfield, and included the remarkably elongated skull figured in PI. V. Lutra vulgaris, tHE OTTER. Owen" referred to a mandible of this animal as having been found in the Norwich Crag at Southwold, and to a humerus found in the same beds at Aldborough, but Newton” was unable to see the specimens and verify the record. He, however, recorded it from the Forest Bed of Kast Runton. He further believed that an otter occurred in Britain in Red Crag times, referring™ to de Blainville’s species Lutra dubia, a specimen from the Red Crag of Foxhall, near Woodbridge, which differed from Lutra vulgaris in having the carnassial tooth longer from before backwards, and narrower than in the recent species, while ' « Paleontographica,’ vii, 1859, pp. 41—49. 2 « British Pleistocene Mammalia” (‘ Pal. Soc.,’ 1866), pt. 1, p. xxu. 3 «Pal. Mem..,’ ii, p. 525. 4 «Proce. Bristol Nat. Soc.,’ n.s., v, 1885-—88, p. 44. > Tbid., n.s., ix, 1898—1900, p. 159. 6 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ lv, 1899, p. 428. 7 * Geol. Mag.’ [3] 11, 1886, p. 571. 8 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ lx, 1905, p. 50. 9 «Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.’ [2] i, 1881, p. 208. 10 ‘Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,’ xxxiu, B., pt. 1, p. 42. 11 « Brit. Foss. Mamm. and Birds,’ p. 119. 12 «Geol. Mag.’ [3] iv, 1887, p. 145. 13 «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xlvi, 1890, p. 444. 14 “ Vert, Pliocene Deposits” (‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’) p. 12. MUSTELID At. 1] the inner tubercle is also smaller. The specimen further differs from Lutra vulgaris in that each of the premolars has the posterior root much longer in proportion than the anterior. In the same memoir (p. 13) Newton described a new 1. TABLE SHOWING tHE Disrripurion or Musrenin® IN THE Pueisrockn“t Depost's oF THE Britisu Isnns Stoat (Mustela erminea). Polecat (Mustela putorius). Badger (Meles taaus). Otter (Lutra vulgaris). Glutton Marten (Mustela martes). Giant polecat (Gulo luscus). (Mustela robusta). Weasel (Mustela vulgaris). | EMbocene dg posits si iige coe. wamisee sees ania ts |e | ee |e ah fia rel PLEISTOCENE | CAVES AND eae | | | | Baconmloley GOweNr.e,.ssccs cess pee oot ae + oO aaa co. Waterford ............| + eae | Banwell . ya oe ee | | pes + Barntick, co. “Clare” Bb 4! ae aes eee Bench... Ae ee ee BA | BCUEY Head. 5.62. cde ensesc seals | + ar | Ieee ye Kori ees eee a Meroe ee + ag Seer | af ain Brixham _., ; + 2 | | Cefn, near St. “Asaph Creswell Crags .. rote | Dog Holes, Warton Crag Ash eee ene ne af | Durdham Down Edenvale, co. Clare ............... . |} + Grays Thurrock, Essex ... die ian | Pall Aer Happaway, Torquay eee oa ae cel ae ea +5 Pome | Hoe Grange, near Matlock _ MecinG Manne et ok. acs Geos i + + ipswich ....... | | | | | Kent’s Cave, Torquay . Pht Sees ke | ae ste Kesh; co: Sligo ........... a | Kirkdale ...... 1 | | +? +? Langwith Bassett, | near Mansfield - ; oe Long Hole, Gower Newhall, co. Clare Vesa ©. Wie: Oreston | Re Ne otacea| | | Plymouth (raised beach) a, ted ce ; ae Ravenscliff, Gower _.. {se | Shandon ... : : rail a || eter Spritsail Tor, Gonen = | =F ial teeceal| |, eee a ier | ++ ++ toto ++i 4¢: i +44+444 + +4 ape se teed as + Teesdale... ; | Wipe. ese coe \NICOL Gy ae en A ch Ah es tod | Yealm Bridge, Devon ...... af ++ $44: + Norre.—Some of the records from co. Clare are probably Prehistoric rather than Pleistocene. 12 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. species (Lutra reevesi), founding it on a right lower carnassial tooth which had not cut the jaw, from the Norwich Crag of Bramerton. As is natural from the habits of the animal, the remains of the otter are scanty in caves, but more abundant in river-gravels and similar deposits. Marcel de Serres, Dubrueil and Jeanjean' described and figured a lower jaw from Lunel Viel, which they referred to a new species, and Croizet and Jobert? described bones from the Puy-de-Ddéme district. The only Post-Phocene specimens referred to by Owen in his ‘ British Fossil Mammals and Birds’ are from the peat and its associated marls of Cambridgeshire, and belong to the Prehistoric rather than to the Pleistocene fauna. Dawkins and Sanford’ (1866) stated that the only Pleistocene remains of the otter with which they were acquainted were from Kent’s Hole, Torquay, and Banwell Cave, and from the brick-earth of Gray’s Thurrock, Essex. In Dawkins’ paper on the “ Distribution of the British Post-glacial Mammals” (1869) the additional cave-localities of Durdham Down and Long Hole, Gower, were given, with Ipswich, as a river deposit. The otter occurs rarely in the Langwith Cave. Scharff? recorded the otter from the Newhall Cave, co. Clare, this being the first notice of its occurrence in Ireland in Pleistocene strata. Ill. DESCRIPTION OF THE SKELETON. The Mustelidee form a large and somewhat heterogeneous group of Carnivores, and are grouped with the Ursidee and Procyonide in the section Arctoidea. The cranial part of the skull tends to be considerably elongated and somewhat sharply marked off from the facial portion. The glenoid cavity is relatively far forward. The Mustelide agree with the Felidae and Hyeenide, and differ from the great majority of the Urside, Viverridee, and Canide, in having no alisphenoid canal. ‘The auditory bulla is not as a rule much inflated. The palate is generally considerably produced behind the last molars. The hamular process of the pterygoid is prominent. The infra-orbital foramen is generally very large, and the orbit communicates widely with the temporal fossa. The post-glenoid process tends to curve over the mandibular condyle, and sometimes holds the mandible attached to the cranium. The dental formula in the great majority of cases is 1. $,¢. >, pm. $-4,m. 4. In 1 * Recherches Oss. humatiles Cavernes de Lunel Viel,’ p. 70, pl. 11, figs. 14, 15. ‘Oss. foss. Dept. Puy-de-Dome,’ p. 89. 3 * British Pleistocene Mammalia” (‘ Pal. Soc.,’ 1866), pt. 1, p. xxit. * «Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xxv, 1869, p. 198. > «Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,’ xxxiii, B. pt. 1, p. 41. to MUSTELIDA. 1: we ror 3. The upper carnassial, pm. 4, differs rare cases the molars may number from that im Urside and resembles that in Felide, Hyenide, and Canidae, in possessing a more or less antero-internally placed inner tubercle supported by a distinet root. i. Tae Skul. Mustela.—The cranial portion of the skull is not so sharply marked off from the facial as in Meles and Lutra. The sagittal and superciliary crests are less developed than m Meles; the occipital crest on the other hand is commonly very strong. The post-orbital processes of the frontal and jugal are fairly prominent, and sometimes approach one another, especially in Mustela erminea. The foramen magnum is of relatively large size. The auditory bulla is considerably inflated. The infra-orbital foramen is smaller in proportion to the size of the cranium than in Lutra and Meles, and the post-glenoid process is not sufficiently recurved to hold the mandible attached to the cranium. Gulo.—The cranial portion of the skull is more strongly marked off from the facial than in Mustela, but less so than in Lutra. There is a greater development of ridges, especially of the sagittal crest, than in any other British member of the Mustelidze, except Meles. The jaws are very powerful. The foramen magnum is of relatively smaller size than in Mustela, and the auditory bulla, though variable, is less inflated. The paroccipital process of the exoccipital is prominent, while the post-orbital process of the Jugal is very shghtly developed. The post- elenoid process 1s much incurved, and holds the mandible firmly attached to the cranium. Meles.—The skull of the common badger bears a very close resemblance to that of the glutton in general form, development of ridges, strength of jaws, and relative size of the foramen magnum. Also in the development of the paroccipital process of the exoccipital and of the post-glenoid process, which attaches the mandible to the cranium perhaps even more firmly than in Gulo. The superciliary ridges are somewhat stronger than in (iuvlo, and the zygomatic arch is rather stouter. Lutra.—The skull of the otter is of a pecuhar character, broad and depressed, with the cranial portion, which is much expanded posteriorly, sharply marked off from the facial portion by a strong constriction behind the orbits. The sagittal and superciliary ridges are but shghtly developed. The infra-orbital foramen is very large, and the post-glenoid process 1s not so much recurved as in Meles. The ventral surface of the cranial portion of the skull is notably broad and flattened, and the auditory bulla is very little inflated. The mandible is small and weak in comparison with that of Meles. PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. (1) Taste or Comparative Mrasurements or Mustrnine SKULLS. “CSU HOLM.spag) a4 kK Re) 3 | Ge) oo 23 3 1D uD | Ua [PANG ‘1109 = we an a] = 1D a] D =) os | -“SIWerd ‘srephyna vepvy Lal | : ete! = — =f = 2 “C109 Ney No Ye) SUT[[DIY) Ploysuuyy Ne ease gato} pall | ise) Sg © | TBI “YILMSUT ‘9u9004 3g ve Hod of Xe) SFOS “SI9[q “ABA srry? saga zy “CMLOD Net 19 19 («10 1219 SUTIMIL) Plegsanypy 2 6S GG XS i te a ee Iva “YJIMouey ‘ouad = xt oD ae) N pe) sH Se) i= -OFS19] qi ‘suey saqazy ca “CSUN 40g) F88T IT 19 Ne) 19 Ne} ‘ON ‘oumoqsuiyyig | No} i OH I~ boul (eo) uD bil i~ N I q MALS = = OS 5 3 a 5 2 | “qsInyaAory ‘auad N 0) H o5 se) NX ve) sH Stl a -O4FSTOT “SnxrDy 8279 TT il , | “CSNY | 19 10 Nolte) | | “9IT) “1°96 11-01 ON ON Cobre oan Sa ON ‘ABMION ‘puns.lasyy o SC WT SW oD a Oo - or © “quaoar ‘9 8198N] OTN | TSI = = “CT[OD teu109) attogs -prBIY tvou ‘many ysy ela) peas 10 Ne} 19 | “UIDOISLO[ ‘yn & SF Ss wo US G6 SE Tl ah Ol “ABA S20pb]na wjapsn TE ee a ere = = “CTLlOD HOGG STMOT) BUOISpIepY ue é I Ip 10 wD Ne} IRA “UIBIYILST ‘aue003 38 ; Spee? Ge lS ete) es Go he ee) | “S10[q “24vh]na vyazenzy oe Leas a Le! =| = = Wea es z id x =a | | : “CSU “$ttgq) | , 19 10 Ye) Ye) 12 | peep Aistog ‘aua09 oe) 5 SLR Ge Sy 1S) Sel ees ae) We) “SI “Daum vpaysnqy + aH fF HH A aos Z nN | | —. = — 7 —~ —— — = ——— —— | a aceye) | | TIUIOD) PMO PIB ee te. a Ned ‘ | Ran uIBYyAY Sy ‘oroysry me SS SAK Seal) Neale Bee Bi ee 8 | -add ¢ ‘sniwoynd Dan | “s) Se ali ee Ta! oY ae iS) “CSUN “1g ) ‘T6010 “ON ‘oarqsuns 19 19 Z Ne) eye) -IpqUg ‘YyBouOg quadea ou SI sil ely Cs See) 9 snrcognd vjajsn qe No} + lo N tl nN qo of ~~ | “(TOD wWoqqy | | STMOT) OUO]SPLByT | 1 pre) Ye) 19 19 | Iau ‘UIBYIYST ‘aua004 a ee RO eh TS Ge pele BOE” mam aie) | -SI8Tq ‘pysnqo.t Dpaqsnyg te Re EXC N ‘al Se N Se iJ st "CSUY “ARI } | {86621 ON ‘Auten gs | hs 4 iil RS Ge) ee o > NN x queded © PourofmajsnTy I~ 19 NN N HF Ow aN + A i | “(oyu | “Sn WBN) exBlQ 0g | 12 19 . SOARD [[BUMEN OLtoysiy | = ge 2 a Sa ee BUS GO Ge g | Old ¢ ‘sazupum vjapanzy | re) aN oD > oc) N qo | | | = = a ee eS) mo : c 2 i prone. lame tien Sig base iis Sees) chai enon show mame ep att Fee eae ccs) 2: Bis ee atl ae Sh Get 2 Oc Sco) acs Biel ache, ers ofl fe] 8 | ny 6 in @ Gtr Be go Tle Cae, oe 8 GE aq: : | | OO Oe SAG) Betsy ENG) Bidet 3 : ee ee| i) Sana Cita A 8 oe eich se EQ fi 8 | q Serie San ole ; : Set Seles : ae! RBs] ake as SSS 2 Sl Ss | A IN) 3 for, ao (=| Gy otsl a Ish poe) 8 7a: = | mH ore 15 Crna ies BE St Ae Roto p Batch thes | 2 aro) & : jor Bia oinot Soe 2 - oO : 8 by 6 | TS in 3O esl day Bile (sia Gy a Biel: 2 : | Gol BG oS ic) SAS. B ty ate) ei Slan Biel ges 3 8 | Sl Git Bom ee ear ash sta 8 5 ey 8 Be) suey 2” a one! Bos te) o CUB IS Big Os os 2 SEO) | 5 Qo pea sare = R By ties 6.) 5 aS | . ro ey Me) wala ps}. 8 SAI ie SR FI Sepsis cal | C4 fee eG Coats te io tas We ech eeepc, suse) penne ee AS ec Se) See jell ss) (ea, : PeeS CaS oH we ia i as Sone} 3 fel (i 6 EGY eins) Bost fe] @ cS) ES ae} 3 el awe i 2@F (GOS OG aS EEG :o oa | IS [3 en fetal io Sy Set i ry ESS ei ey Say F oy hi 5 FQ 6 8 Se a 85.,+ 90 m =e | a aS) fl eet as, aay Som OH ray Selae) | “a ay Scale See OE Gs © SO So 8 2 Pe) ig I m Seon [ov a> 7a oe Sa gl ss Sc & ‘Sg Seas a2 AC | | SEs egagsse hes segas.lg ibs | “a 2 6p Hoe Rdomg 2M en cape) Ales | SOR Ss Og Sr CATA OAS aR HH LO | | SSHSASSEESEZE SSE RS SH a Ss | ABR Pes ea Fons sas ss | gC Gh SHS oe 4 Sy PH ee 4 ES Se | =! N oD wi10 No) - io 6) on) Lal coal | | | | | } | | | | MUSTELIDA. 15 B. Tue Denririon. Musteia.— Dental formula—i. 3, c. +, pm. 3-4, m. t. Permanent Dentition of the Upper Jaw.—I. 1 and 2 are very small, one-rooted, simple teeth, 1. 3 is a larger and caniniform tooth. The canine is a relatively very large tooth with a long shghtly recurved crown. Pm. | is a very small one- rooted tooth which, while present in Mustela martes and other representatives of the genus Murtes of Nilsson, is absent in AZ. putorius, M. robusta, M. erminea and M. vulgaris, representatives of the genus Putor‘us of Nilsson. Pm. 2 and 3 are simple conical teeth with two roots and a rather well-marked cingulum. Pm. 4, the carnassial, is a large tooth with a prominent blade consisting of a larger anterior and a smaller posterior lobe. The cingulum is well developed, and there is a prominent inner tubercle near the anterior border of the tooth. M. 1, which is as large a tooth as pm. 4, is short, but very wide, with a raised outer portion bearing several small, ill-defined cusps, and a depressed and more flattened inner portion terminated by a raised semicircular inner border. Permanent Dentition of the Lower Jaw.—l. 1, 2 and 3 are all very small teeth, their crowns being only from a quarter to a third as long as that of the canine, which is somewhat sharply recurved. Pm. 1 is a small, simple, one-rooted tooth, and like pm. 1, is absent in Putorius. Pm. 2, 3 and 4 are all very similar teeth with two roots and conical crowns. In pm. 3, and still more in pm. 4, there are indications of a slight additional cusp on the posterior edge of the main cusp. M. 1 is a large tooth with a bilobed trenchant blade and a depressed posterior portion or talon only half the length of the blade. M. 2 is a small one-rooted tooth with a rounded crown. Gurto.—Dental formula—i. 3, c. +, pm. 4, m. 4. Permanent Dentition of the Upper Jaw.—I. 1 and 2 are relatively powerful teeth, rather sharply curved downwards, with edges of a somewhat chisel-shaped character and indications of slight lateral cusps. I. 3 isa large caniniform tooth with a strongly marked cingulum, which passes obliquely along the inner face of the tooth, ending in a slight cusp not far from the point. C. is of the usual character, and powerful, but not specially large. Pm. 1 is a simple, conical, one-rooted tooth. Pm. 2 is two-rooted, and has the apex of the crown placed far forward. Pm. 3 is a very powerful two-rooted tooth with a rather low conical crown. Pm. 4, the carnassial, is a large tooth with a prominent bilobed blade supported by two roots, the anterior lobe being the larger. The inner tubercle, which is supported by a third root, is small and depressed, but very sharply marked off from the rest of the tooth. There is a fairly promiment cingulum which is raised into a sheht cusp at the anterior end of the tooth. M. 1 is a rather large tooth transversely placed. A depression divides it into an outer portion supported by two roots and 16 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. raised into three ill-defined cusps, and an inner somewhat larger portion with a low cusp and a raised inner border. Permanent Dentition of the Lower Jaw.—l. 1, 2 and 3 are relatively powerful teeth not differing greatly in size, though 7. 3 has the crown somewhat expanded ; i. 2 arises from the jaw at a point behind i. T andi. 3. CG. is a powerful tooth with a somewhat prominent cingulum, which often gives off a ridge running along the inner face of the tooth to the apex. Pm. 1 is a small one-rooted tooth with a circular crown. Pm. 2, 3 and 4 are powerful two-rooted teeth mereasine pro- gressively in size. ‘I'he crown is conical, and the apex, central in pm. 4, is further forward in pm. 3 and still further forward in pm. 2. M. T is a powerful tooth with a large blade, consisting of two equal-sized trenchant lobes and a small depressed talon. M. 2 is a small tooth with an oval crown not raised into any prominent cusps. JT We ¢ “ar ‘ ee ais) 1 4 1 Maies.—Dental ftormula—4. 3, ¢. 7, pm. 4, m. >. Permanent Dentition of the Upper Jaw.—I. 1 and 1. 2 are simple teeth with somewhat chisel-shaped blades, 1. 3 is more caniniform. ‘The contrast in size between i. 3 and c. is not so greatasin Lutra. Pm. 1 is a very small tooth which almost always falls out at an early period. As a rule its alveolus is completely closed in old animals. Pm. 2 and 3 are simple, conical, two-rooted teeth. Pm. 4, the carnassial, has a prominent blade with a large conical anterior lobe and an ill- defined and often scarcely recognisable posterior lobe. The inner tubercle is large and depressed and not so much anteriorly placed as in Mustela, or so sharply marked off as in Gulo. M. 1 is a very large tooth with a broad surface covered by a series of small tubercles, which rise to form two rather prominent cusps at the antero-external border. This tooth has three roots. Permanent Dentition of the Lower Jaw.—The lower incisors are simple teeth of the saine character as those in the upper jaw. ‘The canine has a thickened base to the crown, which is somewhat sharply recurved. Pm. 1 is very small, and early falls out ; pm. 2, 3, and 4, are simple conical two-rooted teeth. M. 1 is a long and relatively very large tooth. The anterior half has a rather ill-defined bilobed blade, with a cusp placed internal to the posterior lobe. The posterior half has a some- what depressed middle portion surrounded by a series of low cusps, M. 2 is a small one-rooted tooth, bearing several shght elevations on the crown. Lurra.—Dental formula—i. 3, c. f, pm. 3, m. 9. Permanent Dentition of the Upper Jaw.—l. 1 and i, 2 are small cylindrical teeth ; i. 3 is somewhat larger and more caniniform, but the canine, which is a rather long and slender tooth, contrasts strongly in point of size with the incisors. Pm. 1 is a very small simple tooth, and often falls out early. Pm. 2 and 3 are simple conical two-rooted teeth. Pm. 4, the upper carnassial, has a trenchant blade, with one very prominent principal lobe and a somewhat smaller posterior lobe. The MUSTELID A. 17 inner tubercle is large and depressed, with a sharp raised edge. M. | is a large, somewhat irregular tooth, broader than long, with two cusps on the outer edge, divided by a depression from two on the inner border. Permanent Dentition of the Lower Jaw.—I. 1 is very small; i. 2 and 3 are slightly larger, but are very simple one-rooted teeth. The canine, as in the upper jaw, is greatly larger than the incisors. Pm. 2, 3 and 4 are simple, conical, two- rooted teeth, the cone in pm. 2 being obliquely truncated in front. M. 1, the carnassial, is a relatively large tooth, somewhat variable in character. The posterior half, or talon, is depressed ; the anterior half bears two trenchant lobes, with a large tubercle internal to the posterior lobe. The cingulum is prominent in m. | and all the lower premolars. M. 2 is a rather small square tooth, with a flattened crown and a single root. co. Tor VERTEBRAL CoLUMN. The numbers of the vertebre are as follows: Cervical. Thoracic. Lumbar. Sacral. Caudal. Mustela a 14 ~ 6 3 ; 18—33 Gulo 7 15 5 3 . 14orl1d Meles_ . 7 : 15 5 3 , 18 Intra 7 144-15. 5-6. 3 25—26 There is httle in the vertebral column of the Mustelidze which demands special comment, but allusion may be made to the following points: (1) The length of the tail in Lutra. (2) The relatively large size of the atlas vertebra in Lutra and Mustela. (3) The length of the spines of the anterior thoracic vertebree of Glo. (4) The elongated character and shortness of the neural spines of the lumbar and posterior thoracic vertebrae of Mustela. (5) The expanded character of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebre of Lutra. p. Tae Limp GIRDLns. The Pectoral Girdle. shape and in the character of the acromion, which is always strongly developed, while the coracoid process is scarcely defined. In Mustela, Gulo, and Lutra there is a very large pre-scapular fossa and the coracoid border is gently curved. The supra-scapular border in Gulo and Lutra forms an angle not much less than a right angle with the spine. In Mustela the supra-scapular border is very short, and the Q 2) The scapula shows a considerable amount of variation in 18 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. IN g-* Fic. 3.—The left scapula seen from the outer side. A\ Polecat (Mustela putorius), from the Pleisto- cene of Ightham (Corner Coll.). B Badger (Meles tavus), from the Pleistocene of the Langwith Cave (Mullins Coll.). © Otter (Lutra vulgaris), from the Prehistoric peat of Burwell fen (Sedgwick Mus.). Natural size. 1, glenoid cavity; 2, spine; 3, acromion; 4, coracoid process; 5, pre-scapular fossa ; 6, post-scapular fossa ; 7, supra-scapular border ; 8, coracoid border. Fia. 4.—A Left innominate bone of a weasel (Mustela vulgaris). B left innominate bone of a stoat (Mustela erminea). Both from the Pleistocene of Ightham near Maidstone and preserved in Dr. F. Corner’s collection. © right innominate bone of a giant polecat (Mustela robusta) from the Pleistocene of Ightham (Lewis Abbott Coll.). [D right innominate bone of a marten (Mustela martes) from the ? Prehistoric deposit of the Edenvale Cave, co. Clare (National Mus., Dublin). Natural size. All bones seen from the ventro-external aspect. 1, acetabulum; 2, obturator foramen ; 3, ischium ; 4, sacral surface of ilium: 5, iliac surface of ilium; 6, tuberosity of ischium ; 7, pubis. MUSTELID AS. 19 post-scapular fossa is only about half as wide as the pre-scapular fossa at its widest. The scapula in Meles differs considerably in shape from those of the other members of the group, especially as regards the post-scapular fossa, which is about equal in size to the pre-scapular. The supra-scapular border forms an angle of about 60° with the spine, and the coracoid border is sharply angular. The development of the spine is greatest in Meles and Lutra, less in Gulo, and slight in ——_ = = —— ——— = SS Ss =S>= w SSS a Se OG Fig. 5.—A right innominate bone of a badger (Meles tarus), from the Pleistocene of the Langwith Cave (Corner Coll.). B left innominate bone of an otter (Lutra vulgaris), from the Prehistoric peat of Roach Fen (Sedgwick Mus.). Both bones seen from the ventro-external aspect. Natural size. Lettering as in Fig 4. Mustela. The acromion is prominent and sharply recurved in all four genera, but less in Gulo than in the others. The Pelvic Girdle.—In Mustela and Lutra the pelvis is relatively weak and the ilium is little expanded. In Gulo, and still more in Meles, the ilium is considerably expanded. In Gulo the junction between the supra-iliac and acetabular borders of the ilium is gently rounded, while in Meles, it forms a prominent projection. The ischial tuberosity is more prominent in Meles than in Gulo. 20 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. (2) Tasies or ComparaTIVE MEASUREMENTS OF THE Lims Girpuzs. Meles taxus, Lutra vulgaris, | Pleistocene, Lang- Prehistoric, Burwell with (Mullins fen (Sedgwick Coll.). Mus.). | SCAPULA. } | 1. Length from coracoid process to end of | i) on oc een el spodonancacer eas ade don un antose ance oonurnee 9°45 EU | 2. Length measured along glenoid border ... | 7:55 6:0 | | 3. Maximum diameter of neck .................. 2:0 18 | _ Liens Ssh | “Mustela martes Mpiererebtslt) atustela puter | Mustela ve | apeen tacus, | BERRA ? Prehistoric, | yontham aie rius, Pleisto- | garis, Pleisto- | TEioeane. iene cea. | | Newhall, Co, piranastone cene, Ightham, | cene, Ightham, Teac Gamipes (Sone: | | , Clare (Nat. (Lewis Abbott | M2: Bland avon ere RROSLOUe (Corner Coll.). wick Mus, Mus, Dublin). Golly: (Corner Coll.). | (Corner ( oll.). | * Camb.). $ i a < a || PELVIC GIRDLE. 1. Maximum length ............... 61 5°35 3°9 | 18 1L0 10°4 2. Length from acetabulum to | supra-iliac border of ilium ... | 3-2 2-8 2-2 steal 6:05 | 4:8 3. Dorso-ventral measurement | of ilium at widest point......... | 1-2 Tent fg) "35 | 2°8 1:95 | 4, Antero-posterior diameter of | | \praceta bull wnt i ienec are -ceresereeeeess | “95 8 “65 "25 17 13 5. Length from acetabulum to | posterior border of ischium ... | 2-05 1:8 | 1:35 5 3:0 4°3 | 6. Maximum diameter of obtu- | | | | Tabor LOramaenes nese ee | 17 | alas | 1-0 | 5 | We eS i Er. THe Limes. These show a progressive decrease in relative length from Gulo, in which they are longest, through Meles, Lutra, and the larger members of the genus Mustela to Mustela erminea and vulgaris, in which they are very short. The limbs are sub-plantigrade in Gulo, Meles and Lutra, digitigrade in Mustela. The claws are strong (except sometimes in Lutra), and in Mustela are semi-retractile. Anterior Iimb.—The humerus in Meles and Lutra is a very powerful bone with strong deltoid and supinator ridges. An ent-epicondylar foramen is present in Meles, Gulo and Mustela, and may or may not be present in Lutia. In Meles the radius and ulna are also very short powerful bones, the lower end of the ulna bearing a prominent ridge on its inner side. The metacarpals tend to be shorter than the metatarsals, especially in Lutra. Posterior Limb.—In Mustela this is considerably longer than the anterior, but the difference is less marked in the other genera. In Meles and Lutra the femur does not show such conspicuous ridges for the attachment of muscles as does the humerus of these animals. The fibula is slender, and stands somewhat widely away from the tibia except at the extremities. The metatarsals and digits are of ereater relative length in Gulo than in Meles. MUSTELID A. 2] Fia. 6.—Limb bones of a polecat (Mustela putorius). fA right femur; B left tibia; © right fibula (anterior view); D right humerus; E right radius (antero-external view); F right ulna (inner aspect). All from the Pleistocene of the Brixham Cave and preserved in the Kritish Museum. In Text-figs. 6 to 10 the anterior aspect of the femur and tibia is shown, the posterior aspect of the humerus. Lettering of Text-figs.6 to 10. 1, head of femur; 2, great trochanter ; 3, third trochanter ; 4, internal condyle of femur; 5, external condyle of femur; 6, cnemial crest; 7, head of humerus; 8, trochlea ; 9, internal condyle of humerus; 10, external condyle of humerus; 11, ent-epicondylar foramen ; 12, humeral articulating surface of radius; 13, carpal articulating surface of radius; 14, sigmoid notch ; 15, olecranon. All figures of the natural size. Fia. 7.—Limb bones of a giant polecat (Mustela robusta). A right femur; B right tibia; © right fibula (posterior aspect) ; D left humerus; F right ulna (inner aspect). All from the Pleistocene of the Ightham Fissure. The femur, tibia and humerus are preserved in the collection of Dr. F, Corner, the fibula and ulna in that of Mr. W. J. Lewis Abbott. Fig. 8.—Limb bones of a weasel (Mustela vulgaris). AX right femur; B right tibia; DPD left humerus ; F left ulna (outer aspect). All from the Pleistocene of the Ightham fissure. The femur, humerus and ulna are preserved in the collection of Dr. '. Corner, the tibia in that of Mr. W. J. Lewis Abbott. PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. TmnosNn], YS4ltg oY} UL portosord puv oavy Avmuddeyy oyy Jo ou Prt 4} “(MLA [euI04xX0-0.104uR) suiped FyoIt FZ ‘snaouny qysm GQ ‘eiqy quent g a00qSI0L I oy} Woz [Ty *(qoodse zou) vupn “IMUloF FHT YY *(sna} sajayy) tospeq wv Jo souoq quiry—F6 DLA 3 OF LID AS. a wy STI y ) MI ayy ut peatosead puv “Wag [IOs ‘snaomny yysu GQ “(qoedse aeqno) venqy yet O *VIG'} 9991 GQ ‘muy qyou VW x ‘asplaquieyg “uMesnyt YOAUcpeg Img jo qvod o1mojstyorg ey} WotZ [Ty ‘(joodsv couur) vuln yoy Jd‘ (qoodse aor104sod) snrpea joy F swwobna DLyVT) 18440 UB JO souog quIIT—'OT ‘OIA 24 PLEISTOC ENE. MAMMALIA. (3) Tasues or CompaRATIVE MEASUREMENTS Or THE Bongs or THE ANTERIOR LIMB. | Mustela robusta, | | | Mustela putorius, Mustela vulgaris, var. minuta, Meles tazus, Lutra vulgaris, Pleistocene, Naps : 3 Pleistocene, Prehistoric | Ightham, nr. mulbisice OND spe oce ae Happaway, No. Burwell Fen, Maidstone 48919 (B i Mus ) Ailes ae f M. 65811 (Brit. Camb. (‘Sedgwick (Corner Coll.). | Ely, oem 5 BuOnE Mus.). Mus., Camb.). (Corner Coll.). = = == ——— | | - ~ A =: = Humerus. | Is UGS ¥E AW Wenadancronoy nbededaoe vee 2 guotn | a7 4-2 2:0 115 94 /2. Maximum diameter at distal (aXe ae pea ene rnc cnicace tin pono BCob BoSaneGn 15 1:05 “4, 33 | 3:15 M a Lutra vulgaris ustela putorius, Meles taxus, araniatonicie Pleistocene, Pleistocene, Burwelliven Brixham, No. Happaway Camb. (Sedgw tok 48920 (Brit. Mus.). (Brit. Mus.). iene : Cama) | ” w/e Ravius ileal (shaken) sieve soaecucnesancae te toTontoracscaas 30 9:1 64. 2. Longer diameter at carpal articula- LOTS: Petien Veen sodecaie ucla meceroat teen aGne 6 19 1°35 Mustela robusta, | Mi Mustela vulgaris, Meles taxrus 2 - Pleistocene, AST Be ee ISR eo te Pleistocene, PS Oa Ightham, nr. | Basan, No. Ightham, nr, Happaway, No. | irranciil Fen Maidstone (Lewis | 48897 (Brit. Mus.) “Maidstone M, 5808 (Brit. (Sedgwick uae ) Abbott Coll.). | (Corner Coll.). Mus.). 8 oh = — | Una | | Mena this ac Manan eethe eeeeaae 5:05 | 3°95 10°05 | 8°75 5 | \ | (4) TaBLEs or Comparative MrAsukEMENTS OF Bones or Posterior Limes. — a = = - Mustela vulgaris, | Mustela robusta “ A 7 Meles taxus ‘ 8 Pleistocene, — ip aeee tes a ee Pleistocene, tains eels tb Ightham, nr. BeErhan No Teena ae Bapuamey Ne: Burwell Wen | ei 2 : : g Aah : EAM Goa aoe 48921 (Brit. Mus. ). Maidstone MM: es (Sedgwick Mus.). Ooo (Corner Coll.) ae = = ~ —— — Fruur Ih, LUMEN goovoncanooonebhanbosdescdsceDNe | 6°4 47 2°05 12°3 9°45 | 2. Longer (right to left) diameter AGICONG VCS orem eeieaert seraete ree ies 13 10 “4. 27 2°35 | MUSTELIDA. 25 TABLE OF COMPARATIVE MBASUREMENTS—continued. | Mustela robusta, ; » | Mustela vulgaris Meles taxus, é | Pleistocene Mustela putorius, mlaiahadone Biaistocane Lutra vulgaris, = A Pleistocene, 7 z Seri eget} Prehistoric Ightham, nr, Tai Ightham, nr, Happaway, No, 3 = Pckd Maidstone | , Brixham, No. | waidstone (Lewis| M. 4933 (Brit. | Burwell Fen. (Corner Coll.) | 49922 (Brit. Mus.).)""“ a inott Coll.). Mus.). Soe Oe as) | } —E ee — = iin 2} TIBIA | | | | } | | DON OG acer cc. ccoescswciincasaeuewse 67 | 475 1°85 10°95 10-4 2. Right to left diameter at proxi- “2 O16) a ers 1:25 | 95 35 29 2:25 | | Aside nobutta, | Mustela putorius,, Lutra vulgaris, | Tehtham aH Pleistocene, | Prehistoric, | Merino iMownie Brixham (Brit. _ Burwell Fen AEore Cols Mus.). Sedgwick Mus.). | FIBULA. HOM ODUR erstecsnc ee gaa hoActustee sestae coheisen? De 465 9-4. IV. CONCLUSIONS. The present memoir has afforded little scope for critical treatment and is almost purely descriptive in character. No novel conclusions have been reached. Of the eight species of Mustelidze described, only the marten, glutton and badger appear in British Pliocene deposits, and only Mustela robusta and the glutton are no longer found in Britain. No Musteline remains are recorded from Scottish Pleistocene deposits, and only the marten, stoat, badger, and otter from those of Ireland. Sincere thanks are tendered to Mr. W. J. Lewis Abbott, Dr. F. Corner, and the Rey. EH. H. Mullins for kindly placing their large collections of Musteline bones from Ightham and Langwith at my disposal for examination and figuring. I am further indebted to Mr. H. St. George Gray, Mr. A. Newstead, Professor T. McKenny Hughes, Dr. R. F. Scharff and Dr. A. Smith Woodward for the loan of specimens preserved respectively in the Taunton Museum, Sedgwick Museum (Cambridge), Grosvenor Museum (Chester), the National Museum of Ireland and the British Museum. I further wish to thank Dr. C. W. Andrews, Mr. Oldfield Thomas and Mr. H. Woods for help and information, and Mr. J. Green for the care he has taken with the illustrations. 26 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY. 1810. G. A. Goldfuss, ‘Die Umgebungen von Muggendorf.’ 1812. G. Cuvier, ‘ Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles.’ 1818. G. A. Goldfuss, “ Beschreibung emes fossilen Vielfrass-Schiidels aus den Gailenreuther Hohle,” ‘ Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop.,’ ix, p. 313. 1822—23. J. F. Krueger, ‘Geschichte der Urwelt,’ p. 851. . . . Quedlinburg and Leipzig. 1823. G. A. Goldfuss, ‘ Siiugethiere der Vorwelt.’ 1823. G. Cuvier, ‘ Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles,’ ed. 2, iv. 1824. W. Buckland, ‘ Reliquize Diluviane,’ p. 15. 1825. G. Cuvier, ‘ Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles,’ ed. 3, iv. 1828. J. B. Croizet and A. C. G. Jobert, ‘ Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles du Département du Puy-de-Déme,’ p. 89. 1829—31. F. Holl, ‘ Handbuch der Petrefactenkunde.’ 1832. H. von Meyer, ‘ Paleologica,’ p. 47. 1833. P. C. Schmerling, ‘Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles—Cavernes de Liége.’ 34. G. Cuvier, ‘ Recherches sur les Ossemens fossiles,’ ed. 4, vil, pp. 484—516. 36. G. von Miinster, ‘ Verzeichniss der Versteinerungen . . . zu Baireuth,’ Pp of. 839. J. C. Bellamy, ‘ Natural History of South Devon,’ pp. 86—101. 39. M. de Serres, J. M. Dubrueil, and B. Jeanjean, ‘ Recherches sur les Ossemens humatiles des Cavernes de Lunel Viel,’ p. 67. 1842. R. Owen, “ Report on the British Fossil Mammalia,” ‘Rep. Brit. Assoc..,’ Manchester, pp. 70—72. 1844. H. M. D. de Blainville, ‘ Ostéographie,’ fase. 4. 1846. R. Owen, ‘A History of British Fossil Mammals and Birds,’ pp. 109—122. 1847. C. G. Giebel, ‘ Fauna der Vorwelt,’ i, pp. 55—64. 1847. A. Nordmann, ‘ Découverte de Gites riches en Ossemens fossiles faite en 1846 a Odessa.’ 1853. F. J. Pictet, ‘ Traité de Paléontologie,’ 1, pp. 214—220. 1859. P. Gervais, ‘ Zoologie et Paléontologie Frangaises,’ pp. 243—253. 1859. H. von Meyer, “Meles vulgaris aus dem diluvialen Charen-Kalke bei Weimar,” ‘ Paleeontographica,’ vu, pp. 41—49. 1866. W. Boyd Dawkins and W. A. Sanford, “ British Pleistocene Mammalia,” esPall mS OCs, sls) kX, exextie 1868. H. Wankel, “‘ Die Slouper Hohle und ihre Vorzeit,’ ‘Denkschr. k. Akad. Wass. Wien,” xocviil, pt-. 25.099. 1878. 1879. 1379. 1880, 1881. W381. 1882. 1885. 1885. 1886. 1886. 1890. 1890. 1891. MUSTELID A. 27 . W. Boyd Dawkins, “On the Distribution of the British Post-glacial Mammals,” ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xxv, p. 192. . KE. Cornalia, “ Monographie des Mammiféres fossiles de Lombardie,” ‘ Pal. Lomb.,’ ed. Stoppani, ser. 2, pp. 20—31, pl. xi. . W. Boyd Dawkins, *‘On the Discovery of the Glutton in Britain,” ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xxvu, p. 406. . W. Pengelly, ‘Trans. Devon Assoc.,’ iv, pp. 98, 102: . G. Busk, “List of the Mammalian Remains ... in the Rock Fissure Cavern in Creswell Crags, Derbyshire,” ‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ xxx1, p- 685. A. Nehring, “ Die quaterniren Faunen von Thiede und Westregeln nebst Spuren des vorgeschichtlicher Menschen,” ‘Archiv fiir Anthropologie,’ Mp. o78. EH. R. Alston, “On the Specific Identity of the British Martens,” ‘ Proc. Zool. Soc.,’ pp. 468—4.74; and ‘ Zoologist,’ 11, pp. 441—448. T. Liebe, “ Die fossile Fauna der Hohle Vypustek in Mihren,” ‘Sitzb. k. Akad. Wiss. Wien.,’ lxxix, pt. 1, p. 472. 1882, and 1884. A. Woldrich, “ Diluviale Fauna von Zuzlawitz bei Winter- berg im Béhmerwald,” ibid., 1xxx1i (1880), p. 32; Ixxxiv (1882), p. 194; and Ixxxviii (1884), p. 993. A. L. Adams, ‘“‘Report on the Animal Remains of the Bone Cave of Ballynamintra, co. Waterford,” ‘Trans. Roy. Dublin Soc.,’ (2) i, p. 208. R. F. Hensel, “Craniologische Studien,’ ‘Nova Acta Acad. Caes. Leop..,’ xlny pr 125. EK. T. Newton, “ Vertebrata of the Forest Bed Series of Norfolk,” ‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ p. 25. R. Lydekker, ‘Catalogue of the Fossil Mammalia in the British Museum,’ eppe Zoho. E. Wilson, “ The Bone Cave or Fissure of Durdham Down,” ‘ Proc. Bristol Nat. Soc.,’ n.s., v, p. 44. H. Hicks, ‘On the Ffynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Caves,” ‘Geol. Mag.,’ (3) i, p. 566. F. Winterfeld, ‘ Ueber quartiire Mustelidenreste Deutschlands.’ Berlin. HK. T. Newton, “On some New Mammals from the Red and Norwich Crags,” ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce.,’ xlvi, p. 444. A. Smith Woodward and C. Davies Sherborn, ‘A Catalogue of British Fossil Vertebrata.’ London. EH. T. Newton, “ Vertebrata of the Pliocene Deposits of Britain,” ‘Mem. Geol sury., p: 10: } 28 PLEISTOCENE MAMMALIA. 1894. E. T. Newton, “The Vertebrate Fauna of the Ightham Fissure,” ‘ Quart. SOO: Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ 1, p. 200. M. Boule and G. Chauvet, “Sur lExistence d’une Faune d’Animaux arctiques dans la Charente « l’Epoque quaternaire,’ ‘Comptes Rendus,’ exxvil, po L183: . T. Newton, ‘‘ Additional Notes on the Vertebrate Fauna of the Rock Fissure at Ightham (Kent),” ‘Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ lv, p. 425. . Wilson and 8. H. Reynolds, “ Uphill Bone Caves,” ‘ Proc. Bristol Nat. SoG “Ns, ix; p- P52: . F. Scharff, ‘“ Exploration of the Caves of Kesh, co. Shgo (Mammals except Man),” ‘Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,’ xxxu, B, pt. 4, p. 202—205. . F. Hamy, “Le Gulo borealis dans la Grotte de la Grande Chambre a Rinxent, Pas de Calais,” ‘ Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris,’ xu, p. 137. . F. Scharff, “ Exploration of the Caves of co. Clare (Animal remains except Birds),” ‘Trans. Roy. Irish Acad.,’ xxxiil, B, pt. 1, p. 205. . W. Jackson, “ On the Vertebrate Fauna found in the Cave-earth at Dog Holes, Warton Crag,” ‘ Lancashire Naturalist,’ Feb., 1910, p. 330. PEATE a PLEISTOCENE MUSTELID®. Cranium and Mandible. Polecat (Mustela putorius), and Giant Polecat (Mustela robusta). (Natural size.) Mustela putorius. Dorsal \view of a ? Prehistoric cranium from Je¢htham, near Maidstone Ventral! (Corner Coll.). Lateral view of a cranium from Brixham (Brit. Mus.). Palatal view of the corresponding mandible (Brit. Mus.). Outer) Inner} aspect of the same mandible. Mustela vobusta. Dorsal |. Wont [view of a cranium from Iehtham, near Maidstone (Lewis Abbott entra fateeal | Paul). Palatal view of the corresponding mandible (Lewis Abbott Coll.). See of the same mandible. Inner] a. Occipital condyle b. Auditory bulla d. Post-orbital process of frontal}Plates I to VI. e. Infra-orbital foramen jf. Mandibular condyle — « th VE AS ON ATCC NR AVS elIG/AVE, SOE INI. WEOLe 2ynolds, Pleistocene Mustelidee. POEECAT: MUSTELA Q [oare, J.Green del. hth.et PUTORIUS, & GIANT POLECAT: M.ROBUSTA. Cranium & mandible. PoATE ee PLEISTOCENE MustELip®. Cranium and Mandible. Marten (Mustela martes), Stoat (Mustela erminea), and Weasel (Mustela vulgaris). Fig. Cy ~~ . 10. TT, Ze 1 is (All except fig. 12 @ natural size.) Mustela martes. Dorsal 9). : ; ; = view of a ? Prehistoric cranium from the Edenvale Cave, co. Clare Ventral ig ; (National Mus., Dublin). Lateral Inner) view of a left mandibular ramus from the Pleistocene of the Langwith Outer} Cave, near Mansfield (Mullins Coll.). Mustela erminea. Dorsal | Lateral | Outer aspect of the right ramus of the corresponding mandible (Brit. Mus.). -view of a cranium from the Pleistocene of Berry Head (Brit. Mus.). Ventral view of an imperfect cranium from the Pleistocene of Kent’s Hole, Torquay (Brit. Mus.). Mustela vulgaris. Dorsal } view of a cranium from the Pleistocene of the Ightham Fissure, near Lateral) Maidstone (Lewis Abbott Coll.). Left mandibular ramus seen from the outer side, from the Pleistocene of the Brixham Cave (Brit. Mus.). The same two and a half times natural size. Lettering as in Plate I. PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. IQII. molds, Pleistocene Mustelide. Pee, 7 Wax25: pm.2. pm4 Me. 5 pv 4. ue if J.Green del lith.et imp. MARTEN: MUSTELA MARTES, STOAT: M.ERMINEA, & WEASEL: M.VULGARIS. Cranium & mandible. PGA PLeistocens Musrenipm. Cranium and Mandible. Weasel (Mustela vulgaris, var. minuta), and Badger (Meles tavus). (Natural size except figs. 2a and 4a.) Mustela vulgaris (var. minuta). Fite. 1. Dorsal 2. Ventral 3. Lateral 2a. Anterior part of fig. 2 two and a half times natural size. view of a cranium from the Pleistocene of Ightham, near Maidstone | (Corner Coll.). 4, Associated right mandibular ramus seen from the inner side (Corner Coll.). 4a. The same nearly three times natural size. Meles taxus. 5. Left mandibular ramus of a young individual seen from the inner side. 6. Left mandibular ramus of a young individual seen from the outer side. Both the above specimens are from the Pleistocene of the Happaway Cave; 5 is preserved in Dr. F. Corner’s Collection; 6 in the British Museum. 7. Left side view)of a cranium and mandible from the Langwith Cave, Mans- 8. Anterior ae field (Mullins Coll.). 9. Inner view of a left mandibular ramus from the same locality (Corner Coll.). Lettering as in Plate I. PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. !I9I1I. ynolds, Pleistocene Mustelidae Pi iit dims. dim4. wt J.Green del.lith.et imp. WEASEL: MUSTELA VULGARIS (vAR.MINUTA), & BADGER: MELES TAXUS. Cranium & mandible. PLATE LY: PLEISTOCENE MUSTELIDA. Cranium. Badger (Meles tavus). (Natural size.) Fia. 1. Dorsal > 2. Ventral 3. Lateral view of a cranium from the Pleistocene of Grovehurst, Sittingbourne (Brit. Mus.). Lettering as in Plate I. PAL AS ON TOIGRAP HNC AE SsiOlCE Tay = Nollie IV. 1dse. tel = Maus en Reynolds Pleisto¢ te meee J.Green del. lith.et imp. BADGER: MELES TAXUS. Cranium PATE “Ve; Piuisrocens Musrexipa. Cranium. Badger (Meles tawus), var. (Natural size.) Fic. ie Dorsal 2. Ventral 3. Lateral view of a remarkably elongated cranium from the Pleistocene of the Lanegwith Cave, near Mansfield (Corner Coll.). Lettering as in Plate I. PALA ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.IQII. Reynolds, Pleistocene Mustelhde. BADGER: MELES TAXUS. (vAR.) Cranium. d.Green del. hth.et imp. PAW AVile PLEISTOCENE Mus! ELID&. Cranium and Mandible. Otter (Lutra vulgaris). (Natural size.) 1. Dorsal \view of a cranium from the Prehistoric peat of Burwell Fen 2. Ventralf (Sedgwick Mus., Cambridge). 3. The same cranium with the associated mandible seen from the right side. 4. Inner view of the left ramus of the above mandible. Lettering as in Plate I. PALA ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY .IQII. Reynolds Pleistocene Mustelhde. Pl. VI 4 m1. jom.4 pn.2 J.Green del. lith.et imp. OTTER: LUTRA VULGARIS. Cranium & mandible PEAR Wall, PLEIStocENE MustTenip2. Vertebre. Badger (Meles taaus). (Natural size.) Atlas, dorsal view | Axis, left side view Third cervical, posterior view From the British Museum Collection. Fourth cervical, posterior view : >| From the collection of Dr. F. Corner, F.G.S. of Poplar. > The same bone, left side view Fifth cervical, posterior view First thoracic, left side view Dorso-anterior view of the same bone Fifth thoracic, left side view Dorso-anterior view of the same bone From the British Museum Collection. Thirteenth thoracic, posterior as the collection of Dr. F. Corner, Fifteenth thoracic, left side view GES: First lumbar, left side view Third lumbar, posterior view bite as ‘From the British Museum Collection. The same bone seen from above Sacrum, ventral view All these vertebra are from the Pleistocene of the Happaway Cave, Devon. a. Neural spine b. Neural canal ce. Pre-zygapophysis des bee yeapopa ye: alpiaces vililand WAlEl e. Vertebrarterial canal jf. ‘Transverse process g. Anapophysis h. Metapophysis PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.IQII. Reynolds, Pleistocene Mustelidee. Be Pie a a J.Green del. lith.et amp. BADGER] NIEEES TAXU Se Vertebre. PAE Vaal: PietsroceNE Musrevip#. Vertebre. Polecat (Mustela putorius), and Otter (Lutia vulgaris). (Natural size.) Mustela putorius. TG: 1. Atlas, dorsal view | 92. Axis, left side view 3. Fourth cervical, left side view] All from the Pleistocene of the Brixham Cave, 4. The same bone, anterior view | and preserved in the British Museum. 5. Sacrum, dorsal view 6. Sixth lumbar, dorsal view Lutra vulgaris. 7. Atlas, ventral view. 8. Axis, seen from the right side. 9. Third cervical, posterior view. 10. Fifth cervical, anterior view. 11. Sixth cervical, seen from the left side. 12. Seventh cervical, anterior view. 13. First thoracic, anterior view. 14. Ninth thoracic, seen from the left side. 15. Twelfth thoracic, posterior view. 16. Thirteenth thoracic, seen from the left side. 17. Fourth lumbar, posterior view. 18. Fourth lumbar, seen from the right side. 19. Sacrum, dorsal view. All the Otter vertebra figured are from the Prehistoric peat of Burwell Fen, and are preserved in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. Lettering as in Plate VII. PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1911. Reynolds, Pleistocene Mustelidze. Pl. VIL — tae a J.Green del. lith.et imp. POLECAT: MUSTELA PUTORIUS, & OTTER: LUTRA VULGARIS. Vertebre. THE GANOID FISHES OF THE BRITISH CARBONIFEROUS FORMATIONS. BY RAMSAY HH. TRAQUAIR, M.D., LL-D.. BRS, LATE KEEPER OF THE NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS IN THE ROYAL SCOTTISH MUSEUM, EDINBURGH. PART 1 Nowe: PALMONISCID A. Paces 159—180; PLates XXX VI—XL. EON: DION: PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. Frprvuary, 1912. ve = : 2 A * PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, LONDON AND DORKING. \ oi oy z Pies = 7 all ® a it ee oo RHADINICHTHYS FUSIFORMIS. 159 maxilla is of the usual Palaoniscoid shape and has its broad postorbital portion covered with wavy and contorted ridges, which in most instances pass into a narrow band of irregularly-shaped tubercles stretching along the dentary margin. ‘The mandible is very stout, its depth behind equalling two-seveuths of its length ; in shape it rapidly tapers towards the symphysis. Externally it is covered with closely set, slightly wavy ridges, which, running from behind forwards, diverge from each other along a longi- tudinal line placed rather below the middle of the bone, on whose upper and lower margin they obliquely impinge, but the strie forming the lower side of this somewhat feather-like pattern are much more horizontal in direction than those on the upper side. The jaws are armed with conical teeth of two sizes, large ones being placed at short intervals inside a row of minute external ones. The bones of the shoulder-girdle are striated with tolerably coarse wavy ridges, which, on the upper or vertical part of the clavicle, are again fretted with minute transverse indentations. The scales of the body are of moderate size, rhomboidal and tolerably thick. On the front part of the flank (figs. 6, 7) they are tolerably equilateral, with slightly concave upper and convex lower margin; the covered area is very narrow; the articular peg moderate in size, and the keel of the attached surface only slightly developed. ‘Towards the tail (fig. 9) and along the back the scales become smaller and more oblique, and in front of the dorsal fin there are four or five imbricating median scales of a larger size. Along the belly (fig. 8) they become very low and narrow, and on the caudal body-prolongation they are, as usual, smali, and acutely lozenge-shaped, while imbri- cating V-scales clothe the upper margin of this part. ‘The scales are marked externally by a very ornate and easily recognised sculpture, though it is excessively difficult by means of words to give anything like an adequate idea of its peculiarities. It consists of sharp furrows or grooves, sometimes interrupted and intercalated, some of which run parallel with the anterior and inferior margins, while others run more or less diagonally across the remaining portion of the sculptured area. According to the elevation or flatness of the interspaces between these furrows, a greater or less appear- ance of ridging is produced in different specimens (compare figs. 6 and 7), and in all the ridged appearance is pretty strongly developed in tie scales of the back between the dorsal fin and the occiput. The ornament becomes less sharp posteriorly, but ‘nevertheless it is developed to a greater or less extent even on the scales of the caudal body-prolongation. Some amount of a tolerably coarse denticulation is also observable, especially on the flank-scales, and, as very commonly happens, it disappears towards the margins of the body and the tail. As regards the pectoral fin, I stated in my first notice of this species that so far as can be made out by careful examination. with a good lens its principal rays seem to be articulated up to very near their origins—a feature which would certainly be at variance with the characters of Rhadinichthys, and hence I appended a ‘*?” to its position in 23 160 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. that genus. Re-examination of the case, however, makes me doubtful if my former interpretation of it be correct. ‘The specimen is distorted and fragmentary, and though the fin in question is near the head, its connection with the shoulder-girdle is not seen, and it has accordingly struck me that we have here to do, not with the pectoral, but with the ventral fin. At all events, in the specimen represented in Pl. XXXV, fig. 5, we have distinct remains of the pectoral fin in the form of several rays which are still unarticulated, though of considerable length. I may say, however, that in no specimen which I have as yet seen, is there a satisfactory demonstration of the structure of the pectoral fin. ‘he ventral fin is also seldom well seen ; an exception to this rule is, however, met with in the specimen represented in fig. 4, in which a well-developed ventral is seen, with rays which are moderately closely articulated. ‘The dorsal is placed far back, its anterior commencement being only very slightly in front of that of the nearly opposed anal. Both fins are of good size and expanse, triangular-acuminate, their rays delicate with rather distant articulations, the joints being smooth or with one longitudinal furrow. The caudal is powerful, deeply cleft, and inequilobate, the upper lobe being nearly twice as long as the lower; its rays are delicate, smooth, dichotomising towards their extremities, and divided by tolerably distant transverse articulations. ‘The anterior margins of all the fins are minutely fulcrated. Observations.—The characteristic features of the above-described interesting Paleoniscid are so distinct and striking that we are fortunately free from any troublesome doubts and questions as to species, for even although the scale-markings may show some amount of individual variation as to their strength and sharpness, it is easy to pick out even fragmentary remains of fusiformis and place them together as belonging to one well-defined form. And after what I have said above regarding the pectoral fin, I con- sider myself justified in removing the query with which I formerly qualified its position in the genus Léhadinichthys. Geological Position and Locality. —Common in the fish-beds of Calciferous Sandstone age near Glencartholuw, Hskdale. 18. Ruapinicurays (?) ancustuLus, Zraquair. Plate XXXVI, figs. 1, 2. RuaviNicutuys (?) anaustuLus, Traquair. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxx, 1881, p. 8s, pl. myfigs. 10; 1s —_— — A, S. Woodward. Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. 11, 1891, p. 468. Specific Characters.—A fish of very small size; head proportionately large; tail- pedicle deep; scale-sculpture consisting of a few delicate, straight, non-bifureating transverse ridges, RHADINICHTHYS (?) ANGUSTULUS. 16] Deseription.—The following description is taken from two specimens in the collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland, one of which, the larger and less perfect, measures 24 Inches in length, while the other and more perfect example (Pl. XXXVI, fig. 1) attains a length of only 1yinches. The length of the head is equal to about one-quarter of the total; the greatest depth of the body is at the shoulder, and is contained about six times in the entire length of the fish, while it is not so much as twice the depth of the tail-pedicle, the dorsal and ventral margins being nearly straight. ‘I'he general contour is therefore peculiarly short and straight, and wanting in the usual more or less fusiform outline, while the tail-pedicle is of great proportional depth. All that can be said of the head is that it is typically Paleoniscoid in structure, with oblique suspensorium, etc., and that some traces of a minute ridged ornament are seen on some of its delicate bones, eg. the mandible. ‘lhe body-scales (fig. 2) are of moderate dimensions in proportion to the size of the fish, and are warked each with three or four delicate, yet sharply defined, and somewhat distant ridges, which run right across the outer surface of the scale from before backwards, parallel with the superior and inferior margins; on the minute lozenge-shaped scales of the caudal body-prolongation these ridges, now excessively fine, are diagonal in position. The V-scales of the tail are proportionally largely developed. The pectoral and ventral fins are small, the dorsal and anal nearly opposite, though the former arises a little in advance of the latter. The two last-named fins resemble each other in their triangular-acuminate contour; the caudal is not completely preserved, but its appearance seems to indicate that it was bifurcated in the usual manner. The fins are preserved only in the smaller of the two specimens, and their rays are so excessively delicate that it is impossible to describe their articulations, but they are closely set, and appear to bifurcate towards their extremities. Observations.—On account of its general structure, so far as can be made out, along with the form and position of the fins, though the condition of the rays of the pectoral cannot be established, this strange little fish may be placed, at least provisionally, in the genus Rhadinichthys. As regards the scales, a somewhat similar sculpture may be seen on those of various other Carboniferous Palaoniscidee, such as Llonichthys microlepidotus and ZF. striatulus, Rhadinichthys Grossarti and Styracopterus fulcratus, but the present species is distinguished from all these by obvious details of form. It seems to be somewhat rare; two specimens are in the collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland, while another is noted by Dr. A. Smith Woodward as belonging to the British Museum. Geological Position and Locality.—Only known as yet from the fish-bearing shales of Calciferous Sandstone age exposed in the banks of the River Esk near Gleneartholm. 162 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. Genus—Myrioueris, Everton, 1864. Generic Characters.—Fusiform ; suspensorium oblique; gape wide; teeth conical ; dorsal fin placed nearly opposite the interval between the ventrals and the anal; caudal completely heterocercal, inequilobate ; scales minute, rhombic and striated; fulera, when visible, very minute. This genus was founded by Sir Philip Grey Egerton! on two specimens from the Keuper of New South Wales—one without fins, while the other was represented by a photograph, showing the head of the fish with the pectoral, ventral, and dorsal fins, the anal and caudal being wanting. ‘The affinities of tle fish, which was, moreover, remarkable for the minuteness of its scales, were supposed to be with ero- lepis, which according to modern ideas implied that they were Paleoniscid. Twenty-six years afterwards? Dr. A. Smith Woodward published descriptions and figures of the same species from the same locality and horizon, as well as of a second species (M. Jatus), which clearly showed that, except in tle smallness of the scales, the genus was typically Paleoniscid, with the fins shaped and placed much as in Llonichthys and Acrolepis. ‘he condition of the rays of the pectoral fin, as regards transverse articulation, remains, however, still doubtful in the type species of the genus. In 1893 I published a description of a new Paleoniscid fish from the Coal Measures of Co. Kilkenny, Ireland, contained in the Museum of the Owens College, Manchester, which I referred to this genus under the name of MWyriolepis Hibernicus on account of the smallness of tle scales and otlier resemblances which it bore to the Australian JZ, Clarkei, and with it I also identified another specimen from the same locality in the Geological Museum in Jermyn Street, London. In both of these specimens the tail is wanting, but that deficiency in the Carboniferous species has now been remedied by specimens figured by H. Bolton and by Smith Weodward, to which reference will be made in their proper places. 1. Myrio.eris Hisernica, 7raguair. Plate XXXVI, fig. 3; Plate XXXVII, figs. 1—3. MyRioLePis HIBERNICUS, Traquair. Geol. Mag. [3], vol. x, 1893, pp. 51—56, pl. iii. — -~ Herbert Bolton. Trans. Geol. Soc. Manchester, vol. xxii, 1894, pp. 1—4, pls. i, il. — — A. §. Woodward. Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. [7], vol. xviii, pp- 416—419, pl. x. 1“ On Some Ichthyolites from New South Wates,” in‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xx, 1864, pp- 1—5, pl. i. 2 “ Fossil Fishes of the Hawkesbury Series at Gosford, N. S. Wales,” ‘Mem. Geol. Surv. N.S. Wales,’ No. 4 (Sydney, 1890), pp. 7—11, pl. ii, figs. 3, 4, pl. ili, figs. 1—3. MYRIOLEPIS HIBERNICA. 163 Description.—In Plate XXXVI, fig. 3, is represented the specimen in the Jermyn Street Museum, in which we have a good general indication of the contour of the fish, though it is deficient in the caudal region, being cut off just behind the dorsal and anal fins. ‘The head is a little twisted upwards on the shoulder; making allowance for that and for the lost tail-end, the original length may be estimated at about thirteen inches, of which three may be allotted to the head, the length of which will therefore be contained a little over four times in the total. In the head the cranial roof-bones appear to have been finely tuberculated. The sus- pensorium is very oblique, impressions of the operculum and branchiostegal plates are feebly visible, and in the mouth are indications of the presence of conical teeth, So far as the internal skeleton is visible it conforms to the Paleeoniscoid type, but it is not well shown. The pectoral fin is of moderate size for the fish; in its contour it is rounded distally ; its first ray seems to be unarticulated, but the rest are jointed up to their origins. The ventral fin is rather long-based and is placed right between the pectoral and the anal. The dorsal and anal, also moderate in size, are triangular-acuminate in contour ; the dorsal is situated partly opposite the anal and partly opposite the space between that fin and the ventral. ‘I'he rays of all these fins are uumerous, fine and closely articu- lated, but I have not detected any fulera. Nor are the markings on the fin-rays here observable. The scales are very small, being about 3'5 inch across; as regards their markings, these are like those of the fin-rays, namely, invisible in this specimen. So far we have a fish whose configuration reminds us of /onichthys, except that perhaps the dorsal fin looks a little further back than is usually the case in that genus ; now, to complete the figure, we want the tail and the caudal fin. ‘This part is supplied in another specimen described and figured by Mr. Herbert Bolton in 1894, and Mr. Bolton’s remarks, not being lengthy, may be quoted in full: ‘The additional inforna- tion of Myriolepis Hibernica supplied by this specimen may be summarised by saying that the species possessed a powerful heterocercal tail of the Paleoniscid type, and that the head-bones were thin and covered by a ganoine layer of fine raised ridges. ‘The opercular apparatus was continued underneath the jaw by a numerous series of branchio- stegal rays.” Dr. Smith Woodward has, however, described and figured a remarkable specimen, which not only shows all the fins, but raises some interesting points regarding the specific characters of the fish itself, and to the kindness and complaisance of ils describer I enjoy the privilege of refiguring the specimen and of making some comments thereon. The specimen (Brit. Mus., P. 9604), Pl. XXXVII, fig. 1, is comparatively small, its length being equal to about 64 inches as it lies, wanting a good piece of the upper lobe 164 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. of the caudal fin. It yields us in the first place a view of the external markings of the scales and of the fin-rays. The scales resemble those of the Jermyn Street specimen in size and in form, the ornament which is seen on their outer surfaces (fig. 2) consisting of fine flexuous ridges passing into tubercles and mainly horizontal in direction. ‘The pectoral tin has, as in the other specimen, a broad rounded contour, but its termination extends as far as to opposite the commencement of the ventral, the contour of which is well preserved and shows some minute fulera along the anterior margin; the dorsal fin commences opposite the origin of the ventrals; the anal fin is of the usual triangular acuminate form; the tail-pedicle seems unusually deep for the size of the fish; the sculpture of the joints of the fin-rays consists of fine longitudinal striations (fig. 3). The British Museum specimen, as it lies on the stone before us, differs obviously from the Jermyn Street one in the following particulars : (1) The fins on the ventral aspect of the body and the intervals between them are smaller. lor example the pectoral fin, as has been already remarked, has its apex reach- ing to opposite the commencement of the ventral. (2) ‘The dorsal fin is situated further forwards, the front of it being opposite the beginning of the ventral. (3) The caudal pedicle is proportionately deeper than in the Jermyn Street speci- men, at least it is so calculating from the contour of the hinder extremity of the body in that specimen. Now, of these discrepancies, only two explanations are possible—either we are dealing with a distinct species, or the British Museum specimen has been, as is so common with the Palaeozoic ‘* Ganoids,”’ subjected to deformation by irregular pressure during the process of fossilisation. ‘lhe latter explanation seems to me to be the more readily acceptable, and Dr. Smith Woodward has already in his description of the specimen in question noticed ‘ the crushing of the head a little downwards and backwards upon the anterior part of the abdominal region.” I would refer the apparent anterior position of the dorsal fin and the appearance of tlie tail-pedicle to the same cause. Geological Position and Locality.—¥rom the Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of Co. Kilkenny, Ireland. fenus—Puanerostion, Traquair, 1881. Generic Characters.—Fusiform ; completely heterocercal ; dorsal fin acuminate, but not, strictly speaking, triangular; anal fin commencing opposite the middle of the dorsal ; caudal inequilobate, bifurcated ; rays of all the fins delicate, bifurcating once ; fulcra absent ; principal rays of pectoral articulated. Head typically Paleeoniscoid m structure, with oblique suspensorium, and anteriorly-placed orbit; maxillary and mandibular teeth conical, sharp, enamel-capped, and of different sizes, the smaller ones PHANEROSTEON MIRABILE. 165 being more externally placed than the larger. Scales wanting over by far the greater part of the body, but present as follows : (1) A row of median scales in front of the dorsal fin. (2) A set of scales median and lateral, clothing the prolongation of the body-axis along the caudal fin. (5) A few median scales in front of the lower lobe of the caudal. (4) A few rows of small thin scales on the flank, immediately behind the shoulder- girdle. 1, PHANwROSTEON MiRABILE, Traquair. Pl. XXXVII, figs. 4—7. 1881. PuHanerosrron mrraBiie, Rk, H. Traquair. Trans. Roy. Soc. Hdinb., vol. Xxx, p. 39, pl. ii, figs. 6—8. 1891. —- — A. S. Woodward. Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. u, p. 476. Description.—As only one species of Phanerosteon can be accurately defined, it is hardly necessary to give a specific diagnosis. The entire length of the most perfect specimen (PI. XX XVII, fig. 4) is four inches, but one in the private collection of the writer measures nearly four inches and a quarter ; the usual proportion of the head to the total length is as one in four, or four and a half. he cranial roof-bones (fig. 6) are granulated with minute tubercles, which occasionally are confluent. ‘The suspensorium is oblique, the operculum (op.) oblong with rounded off postero-superior angle, and showing traces of fine ridges corresponding with the lines of growth; the suboperculum (s.op.) is somewhat quadrate- rhomboidal with convex posterior margin. ‘The maxilla (wz.), of the typical Paleeonis- coid shape, has its postorbital portion marked with fine ridges running parallel with the posterior and superior margins; the dentary margin and infraorbital process are finely tuberculated; the slender mandible displays on its outer surface numerous delicate ridges obliquely impinging on its upper margin. ‘T'eeth were not observable on the original specimens, but they are very distinctly seen on two of those now before me, and are smooth, conical and sharp, with distinct enamel-cap, besides being of two sizes, large and small, the large ones being more internally placed. A few branchiostegal plates (47.) may be seen under the mandible in most heads, but in no case is the entire series exhibited. ‘The orbit is large, but is, as usual, anteriorly placed, and the ethmoid forms a rounded prominence above the mouth. ‘he bones of the shoulder-girdle present nothing peculiar in their configuration and arrangement. On the front part of the flank immediately behind the clavicle are several dorso- ventral bands of scales ; the exact number of these bands is difficult to ascertain, though there cannot be less, I think, than five. ‘hese scales are small, thin, quadrangular, 166 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. higher than broad; ganoid externally, though I see no very distinct sculpture, while internally they show traces of the well-known “peg and socket”? articulation. ‘Then, in the middle line of the back just in front of the dorsal fin, is a row of scales, oval in shape, slightly imbricating in arrangement, and distinctly sculptured with ridges, which are approximately concentric im disposition. The next scales we meet with are those clothing the prolongation of the body-axis along the upper lobe of the caudal fin, which are exactly as in any other Palaoniscoid fish, and as solid and well-preserved as in any other “ganoid ” of similar size from Carboniferous beds. Along the upper margin of this part we find the usual median row of pointed imbricating V-scales, and simul- taneously with this median row there commences, on each side, a band of lateral ones covering the right and left aspect of the prolonged body-axis, these being minute, acutely lozenge-shaped, and, like the median scales, delicately sculptured with ridges and grooves; this band of lateral scales does not, however, extend to the origin of the caudal fin-rays until the base of the lower lobe is passed. A few imbricating, similarly a or RS SAY NSS S Yr es NY yyy nek Ve Ok Fic. 9.—Re-toration of the skeleton of Phanerosteon mirabile, Traquair. Slight!y enlarged. b.9., body-scales ; br., branchiostegal rays; 7.c/., infraclavicle ; mn., mandible; mzx., maxilla; op., opere alum ; or., orbit; p.cl., postclavicle ; p.t., yost-temporal ; pop., preoperculum ; S.cl,, supraclavicle ; S.0Op., suboperculum. pointed and sculptured median scales may also be seen just in front of the commencement of the lower lobe of the caudal fin. The almost complete absence of body-scales reveals the internal skeleton in a manner unusually distinct for fishes of this family. ‘here is no trace of vertebral centra, the position of the persistent notochord being indicated by an empty space. ‘This is succeeded on the neural aspect of the anterior part of the body by a series of neura- pophyses forming the neural arches, each of which is surmounted by a slender backwardly-inclined neural spine. Posteriorly the neural arches and spines are united into one piece, bifurcated proximally, corresponding hemal pieces being seen on the opposite aspect. Behind the anal fin, where the hamal spines are seen supporting the lower lobe of the caudal, they are laterally flattened and dilated at their extremities ; further on they are concealed from view by the scales of the caudal body-prolongation. There are no ribs in the abdominal region, nor have I seen with certainty any heemal pieces or hamapophyses in this region, though I once supposed I had done so. The contour of the pectoral fin is not seen in any specimen, as its rays are always ————— PHANEROSTEON MIRABILE. 167 more or less crumpled, but it is very clear that the principal rays were articulated up to their origins. From the same cause the shape of the ventral is also undefinable, but the presence of a triangular-shaped pelvic bone is proved in more than one specimen. The dorsal fin is elevated and pointed, but has not exactly the same triangular- acuminate form as in such typical genera as Honichthys, ete. ; but that is simply due to the longest rays which form the apex of the fin being further back, and those in front, about eight in number, becoming gradually elongated. The exact number of rays cannot be ascertained, but I think there cannot be less than nineteen or twenty. This fin is supported on two sets of interspinous bones, proximal and distal. ‘Chose of the proximal set (axonosts) are directly superimposed on the extremities of the neural spines, but they are more numerous and consequently more closely placed ; their exact number is not ascertainable. Their distal extremities articulate with the proximal ends of the second set (baseosts), with which they correspond in number; the latter are rather shorter and have both extremities somewhat dilated. The anal fin has the same form and size as the dersal, and is supported by inter- spinous bones of which I can only see one set. ‘hese are proportionally longer than the corresponding elements of either of the upper sets, and are slender, enlarged at each extremity, and diminish im length posteriorly, the last being only about half as long as the first. As before it is difficult to determine the exact number of these ossicles. The caudal is not so deeply bifurcated as in the more typical representatives of the family, or rather we may say that its lower lobe is proportionately not so long. It is, however, very heterocercal and inequilobate, with a very strong upper lobe; its rays, similar in general appearance to those of the dorsal, are, however, finely and minutely dichotomised towards their extremities. The joints of the rays of all the fins are ganoid, and frequently show longitudinal striations, but I have not, after most careful examination, been able to detect any fulcra on the anterior fin-margins, unless we designate as such the median row of imbricating V-scales which run along the upper margin of the caudal body-prolongation, as in other Palzeoniscide. Observations—So many more or less perfect specimens of this most interesting little fish have been now obtained from the Eskdale fish-beds, that there can be no doubt that the above-described condition of the squamation is normal for the genus and species, and that the condition in question is but one of the many forms of abnormal squamation which we may see arising in this family of Paleeoniscidz, in which the body is usually completely covered with the ‘regulation ” array of rhombic and angular scales. Specia- lisation has, in fact, produced many variations of form and condition of the scales in. the Paleeoniscide, such as— (1) The scales may become thin, rounded, deeply imbricating : Coccolepis, Agassiz ; Thrissolepis, A. Fritsch ; Cryphiolepis, Traquair. (2) Body may become naked except for a few isolated patches of scales, e.g. behind 24 168 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. the shoulder-girdle, in front of the dorsal fin, on the caudal body-prolongation : Phane- rosteon, ‘Traquair. (3) Scales may also disappear, except a patch on each side of the abdominal region and a row of >-shaped scales supporting the lateral line canal: Z/pisopholis, Smith Woodward. Other Acipenseroid families include geriera in which the body-scales are degenerate up to total disappearance, e.g. Chondrosteus (fam. Chondrosteida), Polyodon, Crossopholis (fam. Polyodontide). Or, as we find in Acpenser itself, the typical rhombic ganoid scales may be displaced by scutes. But whatever may be the condition of the scales on the body of the fish, those which clothe the termination of the prolongation of the body- axis are always present and of the same contour. (See the arrangement in Cryphiolepis, p. 105, text-figure 4 of this work.) Geological Position and Locality.x—Not wicommon in the fish-beds of Lower Carboni- ferous age (Calciferous Sandstone Series) exposed in the banks of the River Esk at Glencartholm, near Langholm. The small, apparently scaleless fish described by A. Fritsch as Phanerosteon pauper from the Lower Permian Gas-coal of Bohemia, is not proved to belong to this genus. Certainly the “restored”’ figure which accompanies his description runs very wide of the mark—the details of the head, vertebral axis and fins not resembling to any sufficient extent the details of the corresponding structures in Ph. mirabile. Genus—Wouvrvs, Traquair, 1881. Generic Characters.—Fusiform : dorsal fin arising behind the middle of the back, not acuminate in front, long-based, extending almost to the commencement of the tail- pedicle ; anal fin with a shorter base than the dorsal; caudal strongly heterocercal but not bilobate, triangular, its rays gradually diminishing posteriorly ; pectorals unknown ; ventrals small, arising slightly in front of the dorsal. Fin-rays in no case dichotomised ; fulcra absent. Scales rhomboidal, sculptured; a prominent row of median scales between the occiput and the commencement of the dorsal fin. ‘Teeth small, cylindro- conical. The structure of the head is decidedly Palaeoniscoid, with oblique suspensorium and wide gape; superethmoidal prominence not largely developed. 1. Honurus Park, Zraquar. Plate XXXVIII, figs. 1—6. Hoxurvs Pari, Traquair. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxx, p. 438, pl. i, figs. 9—12. _— — A. 8S. Woodward. Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. ii, 1891, p- 526. HOLURUS PARKI. 169 Length 2? inches to about 5 inches ; greatest depth of body contained about 32 times, and the length of the head a little over 4 times in the total. ; Of the cranial roof-bones, the parietals, squamosals, and frontals may be readily identified, and these are ornamented externally by sharp and delicate tubercles, which sometimes assume an elongated contour. ‘I'he suspensorium is oblique, the opercular bones seem rather small, and, from defective preservation, their external ornament is not well shown, though on the operculum a few raised striz similar to those on the other head-plates may be observed. ‘The maxilla has its upper margin as usual cut away In front for the orbit; its broad postorbital portion is ornamented with delicate ridges running parallel with the posterior and superior margins. The mandible is of medium stoutness ; its outer surface shows traces of delicate striation. Only very few teeth can, with considerable difficulty, be detected ; they are minute and cylindro-conical in shape. So far as exhibited, the bones of the shoulder-girdle are in every respect conformed Fic. 10.—Holurus Parki, Traquair, outline-restoration. Nat. size. br., branchiostegal rays; e/., clavicular arch; mn., mandible; ma., maxilla; op., operculum ; or., orbit ; pop., preoperculum ; s.op., suboperculum, according to the usual Palzeoniscoid type, and are ornamented with ridges similar to those of the head-bones. The body-scales (figs. 4, 5), rather small for the size of the fish, are rhomboidal in form, and very ornately sculptured externally with minute and delicate, yet very distinctly marked, ridges and furrows, whose general pattern on the flank-scales (fig. 4) may be described as follows: Below a diagonal running between the antero-superior and postero-inferior angles of the scale, these ridges have a nearly horizontal direction, parallel with the lower margin, some of the lowest also turning up along the anterior margin; while immediately above this diagonal some ridges are seen running downwards and backwards parallel with it, while the uppermost pass backwards parallel with the upper margin and then turn down parallel with the upper part of the posterior one; a few denticulations of the posterior margin are usually seen about the middle. Further back the denticulations disappear, the pattern becomes less marked, the ridges tend to fuse together, and the intervening furrows to degenerate into streaks and punctures, till at last the minute lozenge-shaped scales on the sides of the powerful caudal body- prolongation are nearly smooth. Along the middle line of the back, commencing near 170 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. the occiput and extending to the dorsal fin, is a row of large and conspicuous median imbricating scales (fig. 6), each emarginate in front, pointed behind, and becoming more and more acute as the dorsal fin is approached; externally these scales are sculptured with prominent longitudinal ridges. Behind the dorsal fin, acutely pointed scales run along the upper margin of the caudal body-prolongation in the usual manner, I have not seen the pectoral fin, and only in one specimen are some imperfect remains of a ventral discoverable, this being placed slightly in front of the commencement of the dorsal. ‘lhe dorsal fin commences behind the top of the arch of the back and extends to the commencement of the tail-pedicle; its longest rays have only about half the length of the base of the fin, and as they become very gradually elongated in front, and remain pretty long behind, a peculiarly rounded and proportionally somewhat long-based form of dorsal is here produeed, which is very different from the high triangular-acuminate contour which is prevalent in this family. The anal is somewhat similarly shaped, but has a shorter base, for although the termination of its base is opposite that of the dorsal, it commences a little further behind. he caudal fin, arising from the lower margin of a powerful body-prolongation, is not bifurcated, but assumes a somewhat triangular shape, with the posterior margin only gently concave; its anterior rays being com- paratively short, and then gradually diminishing posteriorly. ‘The rays of these fins are nowhere seen to dichotomise, but become simply attenuated distally; they are divided by transverse articulations, which are distant enough to leave the joints longer than broad ; externally they are ganoid and distinctly striated in the direction of their length. No fulcral scales are observable on the anterior margin of any of the fins. Observations. —In its non-bifurcate caudal and rounded, non-acuminated and proportionally long-based dorsal fin, this remarkable fish, which in 1881 I adopted as the type of a new genus, Holurus, contradicts the definition of the Palzoniscidz given by me at the commencement of this monograph; and in the want of dichotomisation of the fin-rays it also differs from hitherto described genera belonging to this family (with the exception of Hurylepis, Newberry). Nevertheless, the structure of the fish being in other respects so decidedly Paleoniscoid, I feel constrained to retain it in the Paleoniscide. ‘he specific name is after the late Mr. Walter Park of Langholm, to whose zeal as a collector the finding of many interesting specimens of the Eskdale fishes was due, Geological Position and Locality.—Near Gleucartholm, Eskdale, in the fish-beds of Lower Carboniferous age (Calciferous Sandstone Series). ~ — CANOBIUS. ] Genus—Canosius, Zraguatr, 1881. Mesovoma (pars), Traquair. Generic Characters—LBody fusiform; caudal fin very heterocercal, deeply cleft, inequilobate, the upper lobe elongated; dorsal and anal fins short-based, triangular- acuminate, nearly opposite each other, the former commencing only very slightly in frout of the latter; pectorals and ventrals obscure. Suspensorium nearly vertical ; snout rounded, slightly projecting over the mouth; orbit large; gape moderate ; denti- tion unknown. Scales rhomboidal ; in some cases there is a median row of large imbri- eating scales between the occiput and the origin of the dorsal fin. The type species of this genus of small fishes is Canodius Ramsayi, a form which to the general configuration of a Paleoniscid unites a disposition of the suspensorial and opercular apparatus which is almost identical with the condition of these parts in the Platysomid vrynotus. Here again we have a fish which contradicts what I ence con- sidered to be an essential character of the Palzeoniscidae—namely the oblique direction of the suspensorium—but which according to its other points of structure it would be hard to exclude from that family. It will also be convenient to include under Canodcus several other species of small Palzeoniscidee which resemble the species “* 2amsay:”’ in external form as well as in the direction of the suspensorium, although in certain other points of cranial osteology, they differ from that species as well as from each other. ‘'I'wo of these species, viz. C. pulchellus and C. politus, I accordingly, in 1890, separated under the generic name of JZesopoma, adding to the proposed new genus the small species from the West Lothian Oil Shales, which I had previously described as Rhadinichthys macrocephalus. Wowever, seeing the difficulty in establishing a satisfactory generic diagnosis for J/esopoma, 1 have come to the conclusion that it is better to withdraw it for the present, and to merge its species in the genus Canodbius. Outside the boundaries of the United Kingdom a small Palzoniscid occurs which by Mr. Lawrence M. Lambe is referred to this genus. ‘This is the Paleoniscus (thadi- nichthys) modulus of Sir J. W. Dawson from the Albert Shales (Lower Carboniferous) of New Brunswick, which was referred also to Palexoniscus by Newberry, but to Rhadinichthys by Smith Woodward and by Eastman. It is said to be about the same length as Canobius Ramsayi, and its backwardly placed dorsal fin, with a nearly vertical suspensorium, gives great probability to Mr. Lambe’s idea of its generic position.’ 1 See J. W. Dawson, ‘Canad. Naturalist’ (n. ser.), vol. xii, 1878, text-fig., and in ‘ Arcadian Geology,’ Suppl. p. 100, text-fig. 1. A.S. Woodward, ‘Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Muss) pti 1S oie p. 466. C. R. Eastman, ‘ Geol. Surv. Iowa,’ vol. xviii, p. 292. L. A. Lambe, ‘Mem. Geol. Surv. Canada,’ “ Paleozoic Fishes from the Albert Shales of New Brunswick,” p. 31, pl. xi, figs. 1—7. il ~ w GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. The generic name is taken from Canobie, the district in which the fish-bearing beds of Glencartholm are situated. 1. Canosius Ramsay, Zraguair. Plate XXXIX, figs. 1—3. Specific Characters.—Suspensorium nearly vertical, preoperculum simulating that of Lurynotus in being pointed above and below; body-scales comparatively smooth, being marked only with faint ridges and furrows, posterior margins of the scales rarely showing any denticles ; a row of especially large median scales runs along the back from the occiput to the dorsal fin. Description.—Length 25 to 3 inches; shape shortly fusiform, deep in front and tapering rapidly towards the tail. ‘I'he length of the head is contained five times, and the greatest depth of the body little more than three times in the total. The head is short and deep, with a very obtusely rounded snout in front, behind which and nearly right over the mouth is a circular orbit of considerable size. As far Fig. 11.—Outline-sketch of the principal external head-plates in Canobius Ramsayi, Traq. br., branchiostegal rays; d., dentary ; other letters as in Fig. 12. as can be made out, the bones of the cranial roof seem quite Paleeoniscoid in their arrangement; their external surfaces are marked with comparatively coarse flattened corrugations. ‘The suspensorium is nearly vertical, being only very slightly inclined backwards; the posterior margin of the opercular flap has a regularly curved semilunar contour. ‘The operculum is small, its anterior margin is nearly vertical, but its inferior one is so oblique as to look as much backwards as downwards, and cousequently the posterior margin is considerably shorter than the anterior one, the superior being the shortest of all. It 1s succeeded below by a suboperculum of a somewhat rhomboidal shape, the acute angles being the postero-superior and the antero-inferior; its vertical depth is fully as great as that of the operculum, and its anterior and posterior margins continue uninterruptedly into the gentle curvature of those of that plate. The preoperculum simulates that of Awrynotus aud other Platysomidze, being a narrow plate, with acute superior and inferior angles and a very obtuse anterior one; its long posterior margin, which fits on to the anterior margins of the operculum and suboperculum, is gently convex and nearly vertical in position ; the other two short margins are gently concave, the antero-superior being the longer, and fitting on to the posterior margin of an elongated suborbital, while the shorter antero-inferior one is in contact with the CANOBIUS RAMSAYI. 173 hinder margin of the maxilla. The maxilla forms posteriorly a rather broad and somewhat rhombic-shaped plate, whose anterior angle passes into a narrow process extending on below the orbit. ‘The mandible is small, straight, and slender; below it are seen a few branchiostegal rays or plates. Immediately in front of tie antero-superior margin of the preoperculum, and touching the maxilla below, is a narrow and slightly curved suborbital, and again in front of this is a circlet of narrow ossicles, whose number cannot be ascertained, surrounding the entire orbit. ‘lhe orbit is large, and is situated immediately behind the rounded snout, and above the anterior part of the maxilla. Like the bones of the cranial roof, those of the face are ornamented externally with tortuous flattened rugee, except the mandible, which is marked with finer and nearly parallel ridges running from behind forwards with a slight obliquity towards the superior margin, No teeth are visible on either jaw. Fra. 12.—Restored outline of Canobius Ramsayi, Traquair. Slightly enlarged. e., superethmoid; /., frontal ; mn., mandible; ma., maxilla; op., operculum ; o7v., orbit; p., parietal; p.¢., post-temporal ; pop., preoper- culum; s.op., suboperculum, ‘The bones of the shoulder-girdle are constructed on the usual Paleoniscid type, and are ornamented with flattened ridges like those of the head. The seales of the body are arranged as usual in dorso-ventral bands, of which 34 may be counted between the shoulder-girdle and the commencement of the lower lobe of the caudal fin. They are of moderate size, largest on the anterior part of the flank, smaller dorsally and posteriorly, and low and narrow on the belly. A row of especially large, median, imbricating scales runs along the back from the occiput to the commencement of the dorsal fin. ‘These median scales are marked each with a few tolerably well- pronounced longitudinal ridges, as are also the imbricating V-scales of the upper caudal lobe ; but the body-scales in general are comparatively smooth, being marked only with faint ridges and furrows, proceeding somewhat diagonally from before backwards and downwards, and which usually stop short before they arrive at the posterior margin of the scale; in many specimens these striz are nearly entirely obsolete on the scales below the lateral line. There may also often be observed on the flank-scales a number of very delicate vertical grooves close to and parallel with the anterior margin of the ganoid 174 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. area, For the most part the posterior margins of all the scales are even and entire, denticulations being only occasionally, and indeed rarely visible. The pectoral fin is shown in one specimen ; it is small and composed of numerous delicate rays which seem to be jointed for a considerable part of their length. I have not seen the ventral in any specimen which I have examined. ‘lhe dorsal is situated far back so as to be situated nearly opposite the anal; both fins are short-based, triangular- acuminate in shape, and are composed of delicate, brilliantly ganoid and distantly articulated rays. ‘The caudal is very heterocercal, deeply cleft and inequilobate, the upper lobe being about twice the length of the lower, and nearly equalling one-third of the entire length of the fish; its delicate rays are similar in character to those of the dorsal and anal. Delicate fulera are visible on the anterior margins of all the fins. Geological Position and Locality—Not wncommon in the fish-bearing beds of Calciferous Sandstone age (Lower Carboniferous) exposed in the banks of the River Esk near Glencartholm. 2. CANOBIUS ELEGANTULUS, Zraqguair. Plate XXXIX, figs. 4—6. CANOBIUS ELEGANTULUS, Traquair. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxx, 1881, p. 47, pl. v, figs. 1—4. —- A. 8S. Woodward. Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. 11, 1891, p. 431. Specific Characters.—like C. Ramsayi i general form and dimensions ; flank-scales having the greater part of the exposed surface sculptured with five or six prominent straight ridges running across the scale in a direction nearly parallel with the upper and lower margins, and ending in sharp points on the posterior margin. A median row of specially large imbricating scales extends from the occiput to the origin of the dorsal fin. Descriplion.—Length from 2 to 2% inches; length of head contained nearly five times, the greatest depth of the body about three and a half times in the total. Shape shortly fusiform, rapidly tapering towards the tail, the upper lobe of the caudal fin being elongated. ‘I'he head is short and deep. The cranial roof-bones, which are Paleoniscid in form and arrangement, are marked externally with tolerably sharp, tortuous, and often reticulating ridges. ‘The direction of the suspensorium is nearly vertical, the posterior margin of the opercular flap evenly rounded. ‘The operculum is a quadrate plate with rounded-off postero-superior angle, but its lower margin is not quite so oblique as in the last-described species ; it is succeeded below by a suboperculum of nearly the same size, but having its postero- inferior angle correspondingly rounded off. ‘lhe preoperculum is very difficult of detection, but seems to me to be represented by a very narrow plate in front of the operculum and suboperculum. In front of this there is, instead of the one long vertical suborbital, which we saw in C. Ramsayi, a chain of three or four short ones, in front CANOBIUS ELEGANTULUS. 17d of which again there appears to be a circle of long, narrow, curved ossicles, whose number is uncertain, apparently surrounding the entire orbit, which is proportionally very large, and seems indeed to occupy almost the entire space between the snout and the opercular bones, ‘There is considerable difficulty in making out the exact form of the jaw-bones. One thing is, however, certain—viz., that the maxilla has not the shape usually found in the Palaoniscide, but has a somewhat triangular form more resembling that in certain Platysomide, such as Mesolepis, ete. ‘Tle gape seems to be small, and the mandible delicate; no teeth can be seen on either jaw. ‘The bones of the face are, like those of the cranial roof, sculptured externally with tolerably fine and occasionally flattened tortuous ruge. The bones of the shoulder-girdle present nothing calling for special remark ; their external surfaces are sculptured in a manner similar to the bones of the head. The scales are moderate in size and mostly of the usual rhomboidal form all over the body ; but there is a median row of specially large imbricating scales of a more or less oval shape extending from the occiput to the origin of the dorsal fin, besides the Fie. 13.—Outline-sketch of the principal external head-plates in Canobius elegantulus, Traq. The sub- and circum-orbital plates have been omitted owing to their not being preserved with sufficient distinctness. a@f., anterior frontal or dermal ectoethmoid; other letters as in Fig. 12. usual V-scales along the upper margin of the tail. There are about thirty oblique dorso-ventral bands of scales from the shoulder-girdle to the commencement of the lower lobe of the caudal fin. The ganoid area of the flank-scales shows, in the first place, a few delicate yet sharp vertical grooves close to and parallel with the anterior margin, succeeding which the greater part of the exposed surface is sculptured with five or six prominent straight ridges running across the scale, nearly parallel with the upper and lower margins, ending in sharp points on the posterior margin. A very similar sculpture pervades the entire squamation, though the corresponding ridges on the median scales of the back are somewhat convergent, and the minute lozenge-shaped scales of the caudal body-prolongation are nearly smooth. I have not seen either the pectoral or the ventral fins. ‘The dorsal and anal are nearly opposite each other, the former commencing only a little more anteriorly; both fins are very similar in shape, being short-based and triangular-acuminate ; each contains about twenty rays, which are delicate, smooth, distantly articulated, and dichotomising ‘towards their extremities. The caudal is very heterocercal, deeply cleft, and inequilobate, ‘the upper lobe being elongated; the rays are delicate, smooth, and distantly articulated ; 20 176 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. the lower lobe contains about fourteen rays, but the number of those in the upper one cannot be accurately ascertained. Oéservations.—This very decidedly marked species closely resembles the foregoing in the general form of the body and fins, in the shortness of the head with its large orbit, and im the direction of the suspensorium; but it may at the first glance be distinguished by the bold and peculiar sculpture of the scales; the ridges on the head-bones are likewise different in character, and the dorsal and anal fins seem to be somewhat more anteriorly placed. In addition to these diagnostic characters, an examination of the head reveals certain osteological differences, which might easily be considered to be of generic importance. Of these differences the most striking is the form of the maxilla, which here (see ‘lext-fig. 12) assumes a somewhat triangular form, reminding us of that bone in the Platysomid AZesolepis, while in Canobius Ramsayi it is not so much modified from the ordinary Palzoniscid type. Our knowledge of the osteology of the head of C. elegantulus being still by no means complete, it will, I think, be at present more convenient to be satisfied with the more obvious resemblances of general configuration, and to leave this very pretty species, provisionally at least, in the same genus with Canobius Ramsayi. Geological Position and Locality—Not uncommon in the Lower Carboniferous (Calciferous Sandstone) fish-beds at Glencartholm, Eskdale. 3. CANOBIUS PULCHELLUS, T'raqguair. Plate XXXIX, figs. 7—11. CANOBIUS FULCHELLUS, Traquair, Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxx, 1881, p. 51, pl. v, figs. 9—18. — — A. S. Woodward. Cat. Foss. Vishes Brit. Mus., pt. ii, 1891, p. 432. MersopoMa PULCHELLUM, Traquair. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6], vol. vi, 1890, p. 493. Specific Characters.—Varying in length from 23 to nearly 4 inches; cranial osteology more typically Paleeoniscid than in the two previously described species. Outer surfaces of cranial plates tuberculated, facial plates striated externally. Scales highly ornate, there being first a band of ridges and furrows parallel with and close to the anterior margin, then flexed below so as to become parallel with the lower margin and with the set of transverse ridges and furrows which fill up the space above them on the inferior, posterior and superior parts of the exposed surface of the scale (see figs. 8, 9, and 11] on Pl. XXXIX). A median row of conspicuous scales extends from the occiput to the commencement of the dorsal fin. Description.—Yhe length of one absolutely entire specimen is 22 inches; that of a larger specimen deficient in the extremity of the upper lobe of the caudal fin is 34 inches. ‘I'he length of the latter specimen when entire would probably amount to + inch more. CANOBIUS PULCHELLUS. i The length of the head is pretty nearly equal to the greatest depth of the body and is contained slightly more than 43 times in the total. he shape is fusiform, the body being deepest midway between the head and the commencement of the dorsal fin, and thence tapering rapidly and elegantly towards the tail-pedicle. The cranial roof-bones are ornamented with small rounded tubercles, which some- times tend to become elongated, especially on the posterior or parietal region. The ethmoidal region forms a rounded projection over the mouth; the orbit is large and anteriorly placed. ‘Ihe suspensorium is more oblique than in Canobivs Ramsayi ov in C. elegantulus, but less so than in the typical Paleoniscidee ; the posterior margins of the opercular and subopercular plates pass into each other so as to form a continuous gently curved line. ‘lhe operculum is a small oblong plate with rounded inferior margin and postero-inferior angle ; the suboperculum, nearly equalling the operculum in size, has its upper margin correspondingly concave, and its postero-superior angle slightly produced upwards. ‘The preoperculum cannot be very distinctly made out, but I rather suspect that it more resembles that bone in typical Paleeoniscidee than in Canobius Ramsayt. ‘The maxilla is elongated and its shape is decidedly Palaoniscid, though its broad posterior part is not so suddenly cut away from the orbit as in more typical forms ; the mandible is slender and tapering, but neither in it nor in the maxilla are any teeth discermble. All the facial bones are ornamented with delicate ridges, usually fiexuous, though on the mandible they are pretty straight, parallel with the inferior margin and touching the superior one at acute angles, owing to the tapering shape of the bone. On the narrow infraorbital part of the maxilla the ridges pass into rows of tubercles, which pass obliquely downwards and backwards or, conversely, upwards and forwards. The scales are moderate in size; the median row of scales between the head and dorsal fin is rather conspicuous, but not so much as in C. Ramsayi and C. elegantulus. Taking a flank-scale as an example, the covered area is narrow, the exposed one is ganoid and sculptured with closely-set bold ridges and furrows, forming a pattern, which in its main features is characteristic of a large number of Paleeoniscide. First, we have a few vertical ridges running close to and parallel with the anterior margin, and then turning round below to run backwards parallel with the inferior one, the rest of the area being occupied with ridges which run parallel with the superior and inferior margins, but of course directed against the vertical portions of the first-mentioned set. Some amount of waviness is frequently observed in these ridges, and, where they come to the posterior margin of the scale, they end in sharp denticulations. On other parts of the body, such as the back, belly and tail, the mdges tend to pass into one set, which traverse the scales somewhat diagonally from before backwards. I have not observed the pectoral fins ; the ventral is preserved in one specimen, but shows nothing peculiar inits structure. ‘lhe dorsal and anal are nearly opposite each other, the former commencing an almost inappreciable distance in advance of the latter ; 178 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. both fins are well developed, triangular-acuminate, composed of rather stout smooth rays which dichotomise towards their extremities and are divided by tolerably distant articulations. ‘The caudal is deeply cleft, very heterocercal and inequilobate, the upper Jobe appearing produced ; its rays are similar in character to those of the dorsal and anal. Very distinct fulera are seen along tlie anterior margins of all the fins described. Several examples have occurred of what seems to me to be only a variety of the above described form, the only appreciable difference being the more delicate markings on the scales (Pl. XX XIX, figs. 10, 11). Observations.—I know of no previously-described fish with which the present species can be confounded. In general contour it resembles Canobius Ramsayi and C. elegantulus, but it may at once be distinguished from both by its scale-markings as well as by the more typically Paleeoniscoid configuration of its facial bones. In the form of the opercular bones and the direction of the suspensorium, a condition is presented which is somewhat intermediate between that in Canobius Ramsayi and in ordinary Paleeoniscidee, and which did induce me to make a separate genus ‘ AZesopoma”’ for this and the three following species. But considering that so much still remains to be learned concerning the more minute characters of these small fishes, it is perhaps better to avoid premature multiplication of genera by including them provisionally in Canobius, to which they certainly bear a greater general resemblance than to any other generic form. Geological Position and Locality Near Glencartholm, Eskdale, in the fish-bearing beds of Lower Carboniferous age exposed in the banks of the River Esk. 4. CanoBius PoLitus, Zraguair. Plate XXXIX, figs. 12—16. Canonius votirus, Traquair. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xxx, 1881, p. 83, pl. v, figs. 14—16. Mesopoma poutitum, Traquair. Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6], vol. vi, 1890, p. 498. Canopius Ppouitus, 4. S. Woodward. Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. ij, p. 4338. Specific Characters.—Attaining a length of 3 inches, sometimes a little more, the general proportions being those of the genus. [lank-scales mostly smooth and sharply denticulated along the posterior border; sometimes showing traces of transverse striation ; median scales of the back, between the head and the origin of the dorsal fin, not specially large and prominent, excepting a few just in front of that fin. Description —Vhe type specimen, deficient in the caudal extremity, is represented in Pl. XXXIX, fig. 12. Subsequent work by various collectors has, however, provided a good many with tails, of which two belonging to the British Museum are shown in figs. 13 and 14 of the same plate. CANOBIUS POLITUS. 179 The shape is fusiform, the dorsal and ventral margins being pretty evenly and elegantly curved. ‘he length of the head is contained approximately twice in the distance between the tip of the snout and the commencement of the dorsal fin and thrice up to the origin of the caudal. The cranial roof-bones are ornamented with comparatively coarse ridges, frequently, and in some specimens more than others, becoming broken up into round or elongated tubercles. ‘The snout forms a rounded prominence over the mouth, and behind it is placed the orbit, of considerable size. ‘The suspensorium is only very slightly oblique in its direction ; the operculum and suboperculum are nearly of equal size, and when their external ornament is seen it is more or less of a striated character. ‘The maxilla apparently resembles that of the preceding species in form, having a short, broad posterior portion passing into a narrow tapering process which runs forwards below the orbit. ‘The mandible is short, stout, and straight, and ornamented with longitudinal and oblique ridges, which are somewhat finer than those on most of the other bones of the head; on its margin several minute sharp conical teeth may be distinguished. The scales (figs. 15, 16) are of moderate size, largest and least oblique on the front of the flank, and diminishing in size posteriorly and towards the dorsal and ventral margins. Along the belly, between the pectoral and anal fins, the scales are also low and narrow; but those along the middle line of the back are not specially large or prominent, excepting a few just in front of the dorsal fin. Over nearly the whole of the body the scales are almost smooth on their exposed surfaces—only on the back near the middle line do we observe a few grooved striations, while on the flank- scales of some specimens we also observe some faint indications of obsolete ridges passing with some slight obliquity from before backwards and downwards. ‘The posterior margins of the scales of the side of the body are, as far back as the tail-pedicle, marked with tolerably well-marked deuticulations. In the type specimen (fig. 12) a small pectoral fin is visible, but unfortunately its state of preservation is not such as to render a minute description warrantable : remains of the ventral are also seen midway between the pectoral and anal. The dorsal fin commences only very slightly in front of the anal; both are of the usual acuminate form, with tolerably delicate rays, which are smooth, distantly articulated and dichoto- mising towards their terminations; well-developed fulcra are seen along their anterior margins. ‘The caudal fin is well seen in figs. 13 and 14; it is of the usual heterocereal deeply divided contour, and its rays are similar in character to those of the dorsal and anal, Observations. —Vhis species is evidently very closely allied to the preceding, from which it may, however, at once be distinguished by the smoothness of its scales and by the greater coarseness of the ornament on the cranial roof-bones, which, moreover, always partakes more or less cf a ridged character; the suspensorium seems also more nearly vertical in its direction. 26 180 GANOID FISHES OF THE CARBONIFEROUS FORMATION. Geological Position and Locality—Near Glencartholm, Eskdale, in the fish-bearing shales of Calciferous Sandstone (Lower Carboniferous) age. ‘The original specimens were collected by the Geological Survey of Scotland. 5. CanoBius MacrocrePHALUs, Zraquair, sp. Plate XL, figs. 1—4. RHADINICHTHYS MACROCEPHALUS, Traquair. Proce. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. xvii, 1890, p. 398. MrsopoMa MAcrocEPHALUM, Traquair. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [6], 1890, vol. vi, p. 493. CanosBlus MAcrocePHALUs, A. S. Woodward. Cat. Foss. Fishes Brit. Mus., pt. il, p. 433. Specific Characters.—Attaining a length of 4 inches; length of head, which is proportionally short and deep, contained a little over four times in the total; depth of body at shoulder equal to twice that of tail-pedicle, so that the form of the fish tapers conspicuously from before backwards; scales mostly smooth, with very minute denticulations ; no specially large scale in the middle line of the back ; cranial roof- bones tuberculo-striate ; suspensorium nearly vertical in direction. Description Owing to the frequent distortions to which these fishes have been subjected in the process of fossilisation, it is difficult to lay down their proportions with perfect accuracy ; however, we may specially note the large size of the head and the tapering form of the body from the shoulder to the tail-pedicle. The cranial roof-bones have a tuberculo-striated ornament; the orbit is large; the suspensorium neatly vertical. No good view is to be had of the facial bones in spite of the large number of specimens which have been collected ; nevertheless the form of the maxilla and the presence of branchiostegal rays or plates may be noted in some examples. The dorsal fin commences at or about twice the length of the head from the tip of the snout, and is of the usual acuminate shape; as is also the anal, the commence- ment of which is only a very small distance belind it. The rays of both fins are rather distantly articulated, the joints being either perfectly smooth or having at most a single fine Jongitudinal furrow. The caudal is small, but completely heterocercal, and deeply cleft ; its rays are like those of the dorsal and anal. ‘I'he pectoral is seen in one specimen; it is small, with very few rays, the careful examination of which leads to the conclusion that, as in Lhadinichthys, the principal rays were unarticulated till towards their distal extremities. ‘Traces of the ventral are seen just in the middle between the pectoral and the anal. The scales are of moderate size, largest on the flank, and becoming smaller on the belly, the caudal extremity, and the back, although there is no median row of enlarged PLATE XXXVI. (lhe cost of this plate has been defrayed by the Carnegie ‘Trust for the Universities of Scotland.) Fic. 1. Rhadinichthys (?) angustulus, Traquair; natural size. From the Lower Carboni- ferous (Calciferous Sandstone Series), Glencartholm, Eskdale. Specimen in the Collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland. 2. Scales from another specimen of the same species, from the same horizon and locality, inagnified six diameters. Also in the Collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland. 3. Myriolepis Hibernica, Traquair. Specimen deficient posteriorly, but showing all the fins except the caudal, natural size. &. pect., right pectoral; 7. vent., right ventral; d., dorsal; a@., anal. From the Coal Measures, Jarrow Colliery, Co. Kilkenny, Ireland. In the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London. im +ap. Jd.Green 3. d.Green. Figs.1 & 2.R.H.Traquair. ig. * Tea) PLATE XXXVII. (The cost of this plate has been defrayed by the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.) Fic. lL. Myriolepis Hibernica, ‘Traquair. Entire specimen showing head and all the fins. Natural size. From the Coal Measures of Co. Kilkenny, Ireland. Specimen in the British Museum (P. 9604). 2. Scale-ornament of the same specimen, maguified five diameters. After Smith Woodward. 3. Fin-rays of the same specimen, magnified five diameters. After Smith Woodward. 4. Phanerosteon mirabile, Traquair. A fine entire specimen from the Lower Car- boniferous of Glencartholm, Eskdale. Natural size. In the Collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland. . One of the original type specimens from the same horizon and locality. Natural (>) | size. Collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland. 6. Head of another of the original specimens from the same horizon and locality, in the Collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland. Magnified two-and-a-half times. 4r., branchiostegal rays; c/., clavicle; 7.c/., infraclavicle; mz., maxilla ; 0., orbit; op., operculum ; pé., post-temporal ; s.op., suboperculum. 7. Tail deficient in the extremity of the lower lobe of the caudal fin, also in the Collection of the Geological Survey of Scotland. Magnified two-and-a-half times. ) Carboniferous Palseoniscide . Plate XXXVII. 6 oils Figs.1&4.d. Green. Figs.2&3.d.Green after A.S.Woodward. Figs 5,6,7 R.H. Traquair. Fig. 5. J.Green in lap. PLATE XXXVIII. (The cost of this plate has been defrayed by the Carnegie 'l'rust for the Universities Fie. co OK of Scotland.) Holurus Parki, Vraquair. Entire specimen, natural size; showing especially the head and the dorsal and caudal fins. From the Lower Carboniferous (Calciferous Sandstone Series), Glencartholm, Eskdale. Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. Another and somewhat larger specimen of the same species, also represented of the natural size. From the same horizon and locality. Im the Royal Scottish Museum. One of the type specimens, previously figured by the author in ‘'I'rans. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh,’ vol. xxx, pl. i, fig. 9. Natural size. In the Collection of the Geo- logical Survey of Scotland. Same horizon and locality. Flank-scale, magnified six diameters. Scale further back, also magnified six diameters. Median dorsal scales, also magnified six diameters. Plate XXXVI. Figs.1& 2.J. Green Fig. 3, P.A. Traquair Figs. 4-6 .R.H Traquair ‘ Jj.Green in lap. PLATE Xt. (The cost of this plate has been defrayed by the Carnegie ‘Trust for the Universities of Scotland.) Fia. 1. Canobius macrocephalus, 'Vraquair; type specimen, natural size. From the Pum- pherston Oil-shale, “ Curly Seam,” worked in the Broxburn District, West Lothian. Specimen in the Collection of the Author. 2. Another specimen from the same horizon and locality, natural size. In the Royal Scottish Museam, Edinburgh. 3. Specimen showing well the bands of scales on the body, natural size. From the same horizon and locality. In the Royal Scottish Museum. 4. Young specimen, natural size. Same horizon and locality; also in the Royal Scottish Museum, 5. Canobius crassus, ‘Traquair ; counterpart, or imprint, of unique specimen, natural size. From Glencartholm, Eskdale, in the Collection of the Author. Carboniferous Poleontiscade. Plate XL. Jd.Green del. J-Green in lap Palxontographical Society, i911. THE ros > hi FW hS Boks OF THE ENGLISH CHALK. BY ARTHUR SMITH WOODWARD, LL.D., F.R:S., KEEPER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM; SECRETARY OF THE PALMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. PART VII. Paces 225—264; Pirates XLVII—LIV; TITLE PAGE AND INDEX. LE OINDIO UN: PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. Frpruary, 1912. PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON, LONDON AND DORKING. PALASONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. INSTETUTED MDCCCXLVIL. VOLUME FOR 1911. LONDON: MDCCCCXII. THE FOSSIL FISHES OF THE ENGLISH CHALK. ORDER OF BINDING AND DATES OF PUBLICATION. PAGES Title-page and Index (i—viii) 1—56 57—96 97—128 129—152 153—184 185—224. 225—264 PLATES ISSUED IN VOL. FOR YEAR PUBLISHED I—XIII | XIV—XX | XXI—XXVI | XeXeV ai — XE | XXXITI—XXXVITI | XXXIX—XLVI XLVII—LIV Leu 1902 1903 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 February, 1912 December, 1902 December, 1903 December, 1907 December, 1908 December, 1909 January, 1911 February, 1912 THE FOSSIL FISHES OF THE HNGLISH CHALK. BY ARTHUR SMITE WOODWARD, EL.D.,. FAR-S:, KEEPER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY IN THE BRITISH MUSEUM; SECRETARY’ OF THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. PROUN DZONE PRINTED FOR THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1902—1912. SYSTEMATIC PAGE ivy) Subclass TELEOSTOML ,.. Order ACTINOPTERYGII ... ae 3 | 3 Suborder ACANTHOPTERYGIL Family CarRaNnGID® ... a8 3 Aipichthys 3 == nuchalis 4. Family StrroMATEID® He oD | Berycopsis 5 — elegans 5) — major oe, ell pulchella ...— 13 Family Berycipz ... me 13 Hoplopteryx ite lis — lewesiensis... 14 — superbus ... 20 | — simus oe 2a) Homonotus ras Pe — dorsalis 25 — rotundus ... 28 | Trachichthyoides fog) eR) = ornatus 29 | Suborder APODES Ba: ghd 30 — Family Mur2{nip# . eee eo!) Urenchelys fs ma =~ anglicus ... 31 Suborder ISOSPONDYLI a 32 Family Scopenip# ... ae won| Sardinioides Be: a 32 — illustrans ... 3 Acrognathus ae Pee 36 | — boops siske 36 | Family Encnuopontipz ... 37 Apateodus = 382 striatus ne 38 lanceolatus |. 41 Prionolepis ae Ws 2 | angustus .. 42, | Cimolichthys —... <3) — lewesiensis 44 Halee at nig ee) —— eupterygius som NG) | INDEX. PAGE Subclass TELEOSTOMI (cont.) Order ACTINOPTERYGII (cont.) Suborder ISOSPONDYLI (cont.) Family EncnHopontip& (cont.) Enchodus oe ae 55 — lewesiensis ... 57 pulchellus ... 62 Family DERCETIDe ... .. 64 Dercetis ... < 1 65 latiscutatus ... 65 maximus na 66 Leptotrachelus ... Pe 68 elongatus 68 Family HaLosaurIp& ey es Enchelurus Be a 74. ~ anelicus ... 74 Family CrENOTHRISSIDE... 77 Ctenothrissa — = 77 = Tadians 4. 73 —- microcephala 83 Aulolepis Hee = 80 — typus ... in 8O Family CLureipm ... Ze OS Syllamus 2 en is) — anglicus Sa 289) Family CHrrocenTRIDEZ ... 92 Ichthyodectes... ceo ~- minor "28 6 —- elegans ... 97 tenuidens... 98 Portheus... age ae ee — mantell Ey LOL — daviesi oe LOZ Saurodon Fee .. 108 — intermedius .. 104 Family PherHopontipz# ....._ 105 Plethodus AP oe LO? -— expansus.... 107 as pentagon ... 109 — oblongus ... 110 Family Evopips __... pee Lee vl FOSSIL FISHES Subclass TELEOSTOMI (cont.) Order ACTINOPTERYGII (cont.) Suborder ISOSPONDYLLI (cont.) Family ELorip™ (cont.) Osmeroides be — lewesiensis... — levis — latifrons Dinelops ... ornatus Pachyrhizodus ... basalis eardneri... dibleyi subulidens : (7) magnus EHlopopsis Crassus Thrissopater megalops ... Protelops anglicus Family TomoanaTHIpsa Tomognathus — mordax Suborder HTHEOSPONDYLI ... Family AspIpORHYNCHIDA ... Belonostomus - cinctus Suborder PROTOSPONDYLI Family Pacnycormip™ Protosphyreena ... ferox compressi- rostris munor stebbingi Family Evenaruips Lophiostomus dixoni Neorhombolepis... excelsus (7) punctatus Family Sem1onoTip® Lepidotus £ — (F) pustulatus Family PycnopontTIpa Anomeeodus OF PAGE THE ENGLISH CHALK. PAGE | Subclass TELEOSTOMI (cont.) Order ACTINOPTERYGII (cont.) Suborder PROTOSPONDYLI (cont.) Family Pycnopont1p™® (cont.) Anomceodus angustus... 163 willetti 164 Ceelodus ... wt on 6s parallelus 166 — fimbriatus 166 Gyrodus (¥) cretaceus ... 167 Pyecnodus scrobiculatus 168 Phacodus punctatus 168 Acrotemnus faba 169 Suborder CHONDROSTEL 170 Family Potyvopontrp® ela) Pholidurus 170 _— disjectus pe 7A) Order CROSSOPTERYGIT ... ee h7/)l Suborder ACTINISTIA ... Soe Gall Family CeLacantuipz ...._ 171 Macropoma ne we 7 manteli ... 172 precursor... 181 | Subclass HOLOCEPHALLI. . = Sell BE Order CHIM HROIDETL SS ee tS2 Family CHImmrip& . els, Edaphodon tf les. — sedgwicki ... 183 mantelli ... 185 AASSIZ1 186 reedi 187 Ischyodus 188 thurmanni . 188 (?)ancisus 5 eee Elasmodectes ... <= FL96 willetti 190 IcHTHYODORULITES ... eo. UE Celorhynchus ... a — cretaceus 193 Subclass ELASMOBRANCHII _... seen lis}3} Order SELACHII ~~ Sloe Suborder ASTEROSPONDYLI... 193 Family ScyLuip” ... a. 193 Seyllium 194. — antiquum . 194 — dubium joo 1S SYSTEMATIC INDEX. PAGE PAGE Subclass ELASMOBRANCHILI (cont.) Subclass ELASMOBRANCHII (cont.) Order SELACHIT (cont.) | Order SELACHIL (cont.) Suborder ASTEROSPONDYLI Suborder TECTOSPONDYLI ... 223 (cont.) | Family SQUATINID#... non eee: Family Ginatymosromip™.,. 195 Squatina 4. ae eae Cantioscyllium ... mee LO5y,| =e Crane: . 224 decipiens 195 Family My.rospatip& hee eo Family Lamnip# .. cee PLO Ptychodus ay w. 225 @orax. .., : oe a aGs| mamumuillaris... 230 pristodontus = 197 — rugosus el! faleatus ... 4, 198 polygyrus ... 232 jaekeli —... oe 200), latissimus ... 235 affinis ee 20k — decurrens ... 239 Oxyrhina ae re 202 mortoni . 244 mantelli ie 02 angustidens ... 204 erassidens ... 205 | Lamna ... ee ooo, PAO | SUPPLEMENT. — appendiculata ... 206 | arcuata ... ... 208 | Berycopsis elegans ... os ia . 245 — semiplicata . 208 | Hoplopteryx ... ne = 3 .. 246 —— ssuleata, 7.2 > 209) | — superbus ae ae ... 246 Seapanorhynchus ne 20 | —- SImUS ~.. ree Ms . 246 = rhaphiodon 211 | Apateodus striatus ... bs 5 ... 246 subulatus 212 Ctenothrissa radians... =e La 2Ad Family CestRaciontip® .., 213 Aulolepis typus Es me ar yee A Cestracion co ... 213 | Portheus sp. ... ae seb 2 .. 248 -— canaliculatus 214 | Portheus S) Oey me sah ae w. $248 Synechodus Dee ... 216 | Pachyrhizodus sp. ... oe ne im 249 — dubrisiensis 217 | Elopine or Albulid ... te a Le 0) nitidus 219 | Protosphyrena : “ide nA Psmge 5) | illingworthi 220 — stebbingi ae near eared)! | recurvus ... 221 | Gyrodus (?) cretaceus * i = 20 Family Noripanip® ... 222 | Acrotemnus faba 252 Notidanus ws ... 222 | Notidanus pectinatus oe me a oe 22 MUACLOdONN ee 22s 2p. . Ichthyodectes elegans ; maxilla and den- SAS Ok . Aipichthys velifer ; restoration... . Berycopsis elegans ; restoration . Beryx splendens ; recent fish . Hoplopteryx lewesiensis ; restoration ... . Skulls of Berya decadactylus, Hoplo- pteryz lewesiensis,and Hoplopteryx simus . Sardinioides crassicaudus; restoration . Chlorophthalmus chalybeius ; recent fish . Odontostomus hyalinus ; recent fish . Apateodus striatus; diagram of jaws ... . Cimolichthyslewesiensis; diagram of jaws . Halec eupterygius ; diagram of jaws . Eurypholis boissieri ; restoration . Enchodus lewesiensis ; diagram of jaws . Enchodus pulchellus ; palato-pterygoid . Leptotrachelus triqueter ; restoration ... . Leptotrachelus triqueter ; showing large fish in distended stomach . Halosaurus oweni; recent fish ... . Enchelurus anglicus; outline of fossil ... 19. . Ctenothrissa radians ; restoration . Chirocentrus dorab; recent fish ; . Skulls of Chirocentrus dorab and Ichthyo- Ctenothrissa vevillifer ; restoration dectes ae sh a Ichthyodectes minor ; mandible tary a . Chirocentriies coroninii ; skeleton . Portheus molossus; head . Portheus molossus ; pectoral fin . Portheus molossu ; pelvic fin ... 9. Portheus mantelli ; dentary ). Portheus daviesi ; maxilla . Saurodon wiphirostris ; head . Saurodon intermedius; head 33. . Elops saurus ; recent fish . Elops saurus ; skeleton of head . EHlops saurus ; jaws, ete. . Elops saurus; cranium ... ue . Osmeroides lewesiensis ; restoration . Pachyrhizodus subulidens ; restored head . Astronesthes niger ; recent fish ... . Aspidorhynchus acutirostris ; restoration . Hypsocormus insignis ; restoration . Protosphyreena perniciosa ; pectoral fin Anogmius aratus ; skeleton PE XT WiG URS: PAGE | FIG. 3 44, Protosphyreena; pectoral arch and fin ... 7 45. Protosphyrena ferow and Protosphyreena 14 | compressirostris ; outlines of rostra 15 | 46. Celodus parallelus; splenial dentition | 47. Ceelodus Jimbriatus ; splenial dentition 16 | 48. Pholidurus disjectus; caudal fuleral scale 33) | and fin-rays a “Ne 33 49. Macropoma mantelli ; restoration 38 50. Macropoma mantelli ; microscopic struc- 39 | ture of air-bladder 45 | D1. Chimera phantasma ; jaws Ey. 51 | 52. Chimera colliei; mandibular dental 56 | plates Bt ee ox ae 59 | 53. Edaphodon sedgwicki ; vomerine dental 63 | plate re, Bee 6g ne 69 | 04. Edaphodon sedgwicki; palatine dental plate Ae en. eh ae 69 | 55. Edaphodon sedqwicki; mandibular dental 75, | plate Ae a ne a 76 | 56. Ischyodusthurmanni; mandibular dental He | plates o wh me aa 7g | 57. Coraz; microscopic structure of tooth 92 58. Corax pristodontus ; teeth | 599. Corax falcatus ; outlines of teeth 94 60. Oxyrhina mantelli; teeth RES 96 61. Oxyrhina mantelli; restored dentition | 62. Lamna cornubica; dentition 97 | 63. Lamna ap) endiculata ; teeth 99 64. Lamna appendiculata ; teeth 100 | 65. Mitsukurina owstoni; recent fish 100 | 66. Scapanorhynchus elongatus and S. lewisi ; lO || heads and teeth ... ay 102. 67. Scapanorhynchus lewisi ; trunk 103 | 68. Cestracion philippi ; jaw ny 104 | 69. Ptychodus; diagram of dentition 105 | 70. Ptychodus decurrens; remains of jaws 106 | 71. Ptychodus decurrens ; mandible restored 11] | 72. Ptychodus mammillaris ; microscopic 112 structure of tooth 112 | 73. Apocopodon sericeus ; teeth 113 | 74. Ptychodus latissimus ; lower teeth 115 | 75. Ptychodus latissimus ; upper teeth 130 | 76. Ptychodus decurrens ; remains of denti- 138 tion Bee a he 142 | 77. Ptychodus decurrens ; lower teeth 145 | 78. Portheus sp.; maxilla 146 | 79. Portheus mandible ERRATA. P. 101, fig. 28. For “one fifth” read “ one half.” P. 181, line 9. Add “ Plate XXXIX, fig. 3.” P. 183, line 34. For “ Plate XX XIX, fig. 3” read “ Pl. XL, figs. 4, 5.” PAGE 151 152 166 166 170 173 178 182 183 184 184 ho bo bw bo © bb bo “I & © bo bo [ody ¢ ELYCHODUS: Family Mytt0patipe. Genus PTYCHODUS, Agassiz. Ptychodus, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill., 1835, p. 54 (name only), and vol. iii, 1839, p. 150. Aulodus, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, 1850, p. 366. Sporetodus, HE. D. Cope, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Territ., i, no. 2, 1874, p. 47. Hemiptychodus, O. Jaekel, Eociinen Selachier Monte Bolca, 1894, p. 137. Generic Characters.—Teeth quadrate in shape, with more or less elevated crown, which overhangs to some extent and is separated from the root by a Fic. 69. Ptychodus; diagram of arrangement of teeth in upper (A) and lower (B) jaws. 0, middle row; I—VI, paired lateral rows. constriction ; crown enamelled, and marked with transverse or radiating ridges, surrounded by a more finely marked marginal area of variable width; attached surface of root smooth, not grooved. Teeth arranged as a close pavement in longitudinal rows on the symphysial portion of the jaws (Text-fig. 69); a median row in one jaw (probably upper) of relatively small teeth, flanked by several symmetrical pairs of rows which diminish in size laterally ; the median row in the opposing jaw (probably lower) comprising the largest teeth, and the flanking paired rows gradually diminishing in size laterally. Vertebral centra in the form of well-calcified, short, biconcave discs, each strengthened by delicate concentric lamine. aAe) ae iw) 26 FOSSIL FISHES OF THE ENGLISH CHALK. Type Species.—Ptychodus mammillaris, from the English Chalk. Remarks.—This is an exclusively Upper Cretaceous genus, of which most of the species are known only by scattered teeth. The plan of arrangement of the dentition has been discovered in P. decurrens (Pl. LI, figs. 4-6, 9-12; text- figs. 70, 71, 76, 77), and in P. mortoni; while the jaw-cartilages and vertebral centra have hitherto been observed only in the former species. The number of teeth in each jaw is very great, and the new teeth from behind increase only slowly in size. Williston’ has counted about 550 teeth in a well- preserved upper dentition of P. mortomi, where they are arranged in seventeen antero-posterior rows; and he estimates that the total number cannot have been Fig. 70. Ptychodus decurrens, Agassiz; remains of jaws with dentition in small block of chalk, slightly reduced in size.—Zone of Holaster subglobosus; Glynde, Sussex. Willett Collection, Brighton Museum. A. Upper aspect, showing extent of decayed symphysis; B. lower aspect, without symphysis; C. part of upper dentition, oral aspect; D. posterior end-view of middle upper teeth ; E, F. posterior and anterior teeth respectively of the left upper inner paired row. md., mandible; ptq., pieces of cartilage of upper jaw (pterygo-quadrate) ; 0’., 1’., teeth of upper middle and inner paired rows; o., 1., teeth of lower middle and inner paired rows. From Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. 1x (1904). less than 600. They are fewer in P. decurrens, where there is no evidence of more than thirteen or fifteen rows. In two specimens referable to the latter species (Text-figs. 70, 76), some teeth of both jaws are actually seen in their natural position ; while in one of the specimens (Text-fig. 70), the dentition is shown to be restricted to the long symphysial portion of the jaw, as represented in the restored sketch, Text-fig. 71. The rami of the jaw meet in an acute angle at their elongated symphysis, and the cartilages resemble those of existing Elasmo- branchs in being only superficially calcified. 1S. W. Williston, “Cretaceous Fishes,’ Univ. Geol. Surv. Kansas, vol. vi (1900), p. 239, pls. xxv—xxvil. PTYCHODUS. 227 ‘he microscopic structure of the teeth has already been described by Agassiz! and Owen.’ They always consist of vaso-dentine, with a moderately thick layer of gano-dentine on the coronal surface ; and they have no internal cavity (Text- fig. 72). The vaso-dentine of the root is of very open texture, with the medullary canals irregularly vermiculating; while that of the crown is traversed by canals which rise towards the surface, diverging from each other and branching dichotomously, so as to maintain a direction vertical to the surface towards which they proceed. From each medullary canal minute calcigerous tubules radiate Fic. 71. Ptychodus decurrens, Agassiz; diagram of mandible, oral aspect, showing arrangement of teeth on symphysis, based on specimen shown in Text-fig. 70. From Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ix (1904). outwards, those near the base at right-angles, those nearer the surface at more and more acute angles, until the canal itself terminates just below the translucent g@ano- dentine in a tuft of such tubules. The calcigerous tubules are more wavy than the medullary canals, rapidly branch and subdivide to extreme minuteness, and finally terminate by anastomosing with each other. A transverse section (‘Text- fig. 72 B) shows that the medullary canals do not form the centres of well- separated prismatic denticles, such as are always distinct in the teeth of the existing Myliobatis, Rhinoptera, and Aitobatis. Teeth occasionally occur in which the enamel-layer has been destroyed either 1 L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., vol. i (1843), p. 162, pl. K, figs. 1, 2. 2 R. Owen, Odontography (1840), p. 57, pls. xviii, xix. 228 FOSSIL FISHES OF THE ENGLISH CHALK. before or during fossilisation. One such specimen in the Brighton Museum has been described under the name of Aulodus agassizi.' The vertebral centra have hitherto been found in direct association with the teeth of Ptychodus only in one specimen of P. decurrens, now in the British Museum (PI. LII, fig. 6). They are biconcave discs of approximately circular shape, remarkable for their very short antero-posterior measurement. The crushed and broken example shown in Pil. LII, fig. 6, exhibits a fragment of the nearly B ania Py Fie. 72. Ptychodus mammillaris, Agassiz; vertical transverse section {A) and horizontal section (B) of tooth, highly magnified. After Agassiz. smooth outer face of the primitive double-cone (a.), and also a portion of its inner layer (b.), which is marked by numerous fine radiating ridges. Within the double-cone the centrum is strengthened by closely arranged concentric lamine (c.), which are so delicate that they are often distorted or even partially destroyed in the fossils (Pl. LII, fig. 16). These lamine are pierced by a few rounded pores in irregular order, but they are never united by cross-bars. The thin middle part of the centrum is solid (seen in fig. 16, but broken away in fig. 6). Where each 1 F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex (1850), p. 366, pl. xxxii, fig. 6. See also so-called “ incipient teeth of Ptychodus,” op. cit., pl. xxx, figs. 4, 5. PRY CHODUSs: 229 pedicle of the neural and hzemal arches was attached, the concentric lamin of the centrum are penetrated by a deep cavity (d.), which is filled by matrix in the fossils, but must have been occupied originally by unealcified cartilage. It is interesting to observe that nearly similar vertebral centra occur in the Lamnid shark, Corax (supra, p. 197), and one specimen has been referred to Selache,' which is the existing genus most closely related to Corav. It is, there- fore, now uncertain whether the Selachian vertebre from the Cretaceous of Antarctica which have been referred to Ptychodus,’ really pertain to this genus. Ptychodus is widely distributed in Upper Cretaceous formations in Europe and North America, but it appears and disappears suddenly in both regions. — It begins with the low-crowned and simply ridged teeth of P. decurrens, which at first seem to represent a comparatively small variety; and it ends with teeth which are either very high-crowned (2. vugosus) or marked with gyrate ridges (P. polygyrus). Its predecessors have not hitherto been recognised, but the teeth Fie. 73. Apocopodon sericeus, Cope; teeth of type specimen, nat. size— Upper Cretaceous; Maria Farinha, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. A. Median tooth, coronal view, nat. size, with (B) part of its superficial gano-dentine, much magnified ; C. side view of the same tooth; D. teeth of first and second inner paired rows, anterior view; E. same teeth, lower or attached surface. of Ptychodus seem to be connected with those of the Tertiary Myhobatidee by the dentition named Apocopodon, which occurs at the top of the Cretaceous series in South America.’ In this genus (Text-fig. 73) the teeth are more or less distinctly quadrangular (A), with ends bevelled as irregularly as those of Ptychodus. The coronal surface is flattened and invested with a thin layer of gano-dentine, re) which is marked with fine antero-posteriorly-directed wrinkles (B). The root is sharply constricted from the crown (c), and differs from that of the teeth of Ptychodus in being very slightly marked on its lower face with a few shallow, broad, antero-posterior grooves (D, E), which become deeper and more numerous in 1 Selache davisi, C. Hasse, ‘‘ Einige seltene paliiontologische Funde,” Paleontogr., vol. xxxi (1884), D2, plu, figs. 16; 17. * A. S. Woodward, “ On Fossil Fish-remains from Snow Hill and Seymour Islands,’’ Wissensch. Ergeb. Schwed. Stidpolar-Exped., 1901-03 (1908), vol. ii, pt. 4, with plate. 3K. D. Cope, ‘A Contribution to the Vertebrate Paleontology of Brazil,” Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. xxiii (1886), p. 2—A. 8S. Woodward, ‘ Notes on Some Upper Cretaceous Fish-remains from Sergipe and Pernambuco, Brazil,” Geol. Mag. [5], vol. iv (1907), p. 194, pl. vii, figs. 4, 5. 230 FOSSIL FISHES OF THE ENGLISH CHALK. the typical Myhobatide of the Tertiary period. Flanking the median row there are at least three paired rows of teeth, which rapidly diminish in size outwards. 1. Ptychodus mammillaris, Agassiz. Plate XLVI, figs. 18 —27; Text-figure 72. 1822. Teeth allied to Diodon, G. A. Mantell, Foss. S. Downs, p. 231, pl. xxxu, figs: 17, 18, 20, 218 25,20, 29. 1835-39. Ptychodus mammil’aris, L. Agassiz, Poiss. Foss., Feuill., p. 54 (name only), and vol. iii, p. 151, pl. xxvb, figs. 12—20 (? fig. 11). 1835-39, Ptychodus altior, L. Agassiz, op. cit., Feuill., p. 54 (name only), and vol. ii, p. 155, pl. xxvb, figs. 9, 10. 1839. Ptychodus decurrens, L. Agassiz (errore), op. cit., vol. iii, p. 154, pl. xxvb, figs. 3, 5. 1850. Ptychodus mammillaris, F. Dixon, Geol. Sussex, p. 361, pl. xxx, fig. 6, pl. xxxi, fig. 4. 1850. Ptychodus latissimus, F. Dixon (errore), op. cit., pl. xxxi, fig. 3. 1889. Ptychodis mammillaris, A. 8. Woodward, Catal. Foss. Fishes B.M., pt. i, p. 133. 1890. Ptychodus mammillaris, A. 8. Woodward, Ann. Rep. Yorks. Phil. Soc., 1889, p. 39, plas figs. 3—14. 1911. Ptychodus mammillaris, G. E. Dibley, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. Ixvii, p. 271, pl. xxii, figs. 3—5. T'ype.—Detached teeth; British Museum, and National Museum of Natural History, Paris. Specific Characters.—The type species, of which the largest known teeth Ineasure about 45 cm. im transverse diameter. Median portion of tooth much raised, and more or less sharply defined from the granulated marginal area; its upper surface flattened and crossed by regular, prominent, transverse ridges, which pass down the sides and are often continued gradually into the concentric lines of well-marked marginal granulations. Marginal area relatively wide, covered with granulations which are mostly elongated and arranged in lines concentric with the border of the crown ; this area also often crossed by a few shallow radiating grooves. Description of NSpecitmens.—In the more typical teeth of this species the median raised portion gradually passes into the marginal area without any nterposed groove, while its regular transverse ridges usually end in coarse tubercles which soon become finer and tend to be arranged in lines continuous with the concentric rows of granulations on the marginal area. ‘The granulations are often so fine that they give the border of the tooth a silken aspect, and this is heightened by the shallow radiating grooves which cross it. Good iilustrations of such teeth from a large specimen are given in Pl. XLVII, figs. 13—18. One tooth of this series (fig. 13) is evidently from the lower middle rew, while another (fig. 14), showing especially well the passage of the median transverse ridges ito the marginal granulation, probably represents the inner paired row of the upper jaw. The lateral teeth (figs. 15—18) are obliquely distorted, their middle portion is comparatively small and low, and the marginal area is widest on the outer side. PrycHoDuUSs: 23] In another typical specimen, the teeth are considerably smaller and exlibit a more pronounced elevation of their median portion, at least im the upper jaw (Pl. XLVII, figs. 19, 20). A small tooth of the upper middle row (fig. 19,0’) is nearly heart-shaped, and its conspicuous median raised portion, though now worn, must have been crossed originally by four or five well-marked ridges. A tooth which seems to be referable to the inner or second paired row of the upper jaw (fig. 20) is clearly unsymmetrical, and the outer paired teeth (fig. 19) show the usual oblique distortion and the predominance of the marginal area in their outer half. In other specimens the lateral extension or widening of the outer paired teeth is still more marked than in those now described. In a few teeth with the marginal granulation still fine and typical, the median portion is less elevated and more coarsely ridged (Pl. XLVII, figs. 21, 22). This condition, however, 1s commoner in teeth with a coarsely granulated marginal area, Which are known from several localities but cannot yet be recognised as characterising any particular zone. pl. iy, is. t Gee — saxonicus, Petrascheck). = — CuvikERI, Geinitz. Ibid., p. 48, pl. xiii, figs. 6, 7. 1872—3. — sTRIATUS, Geinitz. Ibid., pt. 1, p. 210, pl. xlvi, figs. 9—18 ; pt. 2, p. 41, pl. xiii, figs. 1, 2, 9, 10. 1899. — UNDULATUS, J. Simionescu. Fauna Cret. super. Urmis, p. 26, pl. ii, fig. 2. 1904. — Broneniartil, C. Airaghi. Boll. Soe. geol. Italiana, vol. xxiii, p. 192, pl. iv, figs. 3—5. 1911. —- Cuviert, H. Andert. Inoceramen d. Kreibitz-Zittauer Sand- steingeb., p. 44, pl. 1i, fig. 2. INOCERAMUS. 311 Deseription.—Shell inequivalve, very inequilateral, of slight, moderate or considerable convexity, sometimes inflated. Height greater than length. Hinge- line of variable length in proportion to the height of the shell, forming more than a right-angle with the anterior margin. Umbones terminal, curved inwards and more or less forwards; the left umbo more prominent than the right. Anterior marginal part of valves flattened, more or less nearly perpendicular to the plane of the valves, either limited by a sharp edge from the flanks or without a definite boundary. Anterior ear developed in some flat varieties. The concentric folds may be absent, indistinct, or moderately or strongly developed, with the dorsal and ventral slopes similar or with the ventral slope steeper than the dorsal. Usually the folds are regular, but are not continued on to the posterior ear. The curvature of the folds is often nearly symmetrical ; its convexity on the convex and on some of the flat forms is small, but is greater on the flat forms with a relatively short hinge. The growth-lnes are distinct and variable in number, and are sinuous where they pass on to the posterior ear. Remarks.—The forms included in this species show a great amount of variation, and seem in that respect comparable with some species of Micraster and Echinocorys. Several of the varieties have been described as distinct species, but the study of a large series of specimens has shown so many intermediate forms that one can only regard the varieties as modifications of a very plastic species. The features in which variation is most marked are the convexity of the valves, the number, strength, and curvature of the concentric folds, the distance between the growth-lines, the size and distinctness of the posterior ear, and the height of the shell. Some forms of this species are only slightly convex (Plate LUI, fig. 7, Text- fies. 73—83), so that in large specimens considerable portions of the shell approach flatness. In other forms the valves are moderately or considerably convex, and sometimes inflated (Plate LII, figs. 4, 5, Text-figs. 63—68). The amount of convexity may remain nearly uniform throughout the growth of the shell, or the earlier part may be only slightly convex and the later part very convex—in such cases the early part resembles the adult shell of the large flat varieties (Figs. 64, 65). The two valves may be of nearly equal convexity (Plate LI, fig. 5), or the left valve may be very convex whilst the right valve is only slightly convex (Plate LII, fig. 6). The concentric folds vary in strength, number, form, curvature and regularity. In the majority of cases the folds are prominent and form strong ridges (Figs. 68, 69, 78, 82, 84), but they may become only gentle undulations (Figs. 74, 77, 81), and are sometimes indistinct or absent (Figs. 73, 75, 76, 79). The dorsal and ventral surfaces of the folds may slope equally, or the ventral slope may be steeper than the dorsal, giving a step-like appearance. The crest of the fold is 312 CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA. Fig. 63.—Inoceramus Lamarchi, Park. The type. Upper Chalk (probably zone of Micraster cor-anguinum), near Dover. British Museum, No. L9801. Left valve and dorsal view. Part of the posterior ear is concealed by flint. Natural size. os Fic. 64.—Inoceramus Lamarcki, Park. Anterior view of specimen shown in Fig. 65. x INOCERAMUS. 313 Fia. 65. Fia. 67. Fie. 65.—Inoceramus Lamarcki, Park. Upper Chalk (probably zone of Holaster planus), Swaffham, Norfolk. Norwich Museum, No. 3354. Right valve. x 4. Fie. 67.—Inoceramus Lamarcki, Park. Upper Chalk (zone of Holaster planus), Newmarket. Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. Right valve. Natural size. , ‘Foss. S. Downs,’ p. 214, Middle Chalk (probably zone of Terebratulina lata), near Lewes (probably Malling). British Museum, No. 4753. Right valve. Natural size. Fic. 66.—Inoceramus Lamarcki, Park. The original of I. Lamarcki, Mantell pl. xxvii, fig. 1. 314, CRETACEOUS LAMELLIBRANCHIA. Fic. 68.—Inoceramus Lamarcki, Park. The type of I. Brongniarti, Mantell, ‘Foss. 8. Downs,’ p. 214, pl. xxvii, fig.8. From Lewes or Brighton, probably zone of Micraster cor-anguinum. British Museum, No. 4751. Left valve and dorsal view. Natural size. Fig. 69.—Inoceramus Lamarcki, Park. The original of I. Cuvieri, Mantell, ‘ Foss. S. Downs,’ p. 213, pl. xxviii, fig. 4. Zone of Micraster cor-anguinum, Southeram. British Museum, No. L22094. x 4. ln Oe. ——