PALAMONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. VOL, LEXI THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Vou, 0G -Pare- i. Paces 485—652; Prarzes XLV—LIL. ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. Parr I. Paces 1—48; Prarzs I— VIII. Issurp For 1918. California Academy of Sciences RECEIVED BY PURCHASE Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2011 with funding from California Academy of Sciences Library http://www.archive.org/details/monographof7211918pala PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. NOL eM, exe xy: CONTAINING 1. THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Vol. Il, Part I By Mr. F. W. Harmer. Hight Plates. 2. THE ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. Part I By Dr. F. R. CowPER REED. Eight Plates. ISSUED FOR 1918. gO LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALAZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. AGENTS FOR THE SOCIETY DULAU AND CO., LTD., 34-36, MARGARET STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE, W. 1. DECEMBER, 1920. THE PALAONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY was established in the year 1847, for the purpose of figuring and describing British Fossils. 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Members desirous of forwarding the objects of the Society can be provided with plates and circulars for distribution on application to the Secretary, Dr. A. Samira Woopwarpd, British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington, London, 8.W. 7. The following Monographs are in course of preparation and publication : The Cambrian Trilobites, by Mr. Philip Lake. The Carboniferous Insects, by Mr. Herbert Bolton. The Paleozoic Asterozoa, by Dr. W. K. Spencer. The British Bellerophontacea, by Dr. F. R. Cowper Reed. The Phocene Mollusca, by Mr. F. W. Harmer. The Pleistocene Mammalia, by Prof. 8S. H. Reynolds. Owing to scarcity of paper, the Council has decided to omit from the g A peer present volume the usual lists of members and publications. Full particulars can be obtained from the Secretary. Members deceased during 1918: Mr. W. E. Balston, Mr. C. H. Cunnington, Mr. Upfield Green, Dr. J. Foulerton, Prof. McKenny Hughes, Mr. H. R. Knipe, and the Duke of Northumberland. New members: Miss Angus, Lieut.-Col. C. Broad, Mr. Cecil W. Cunnington, Lieut. W. Angus McIntyre, R.E., and the Kendal Municipal Museum. ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COUNCIL FOR THE YEAR ENDING 31st DECEMBER, - 1917. READ AND ADOPTED AT THE ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING, HELD AT THE APARTMENTS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY, BURLINGTON HOUSE, 5TH APRIL, 1918, Dre. HENRY WOODWARD, F.R.S., PRESIDENT, IN THE CHATR. ed Tue Council, in presenting its Seventy-First Annual Report, regrets that, owing to the various difficulties of existing circumstances, its publications still remain in arrear. The volume for 1916 was completed in February, 1918, but its publication and distribution were unfortunately delayed by the shortage of labour, and it cannot be issued until a few weeks hence. ‘There is no lack of offers of Monographs to the Society, and the volume for 1917 has already been arranged to contain instalments of Plhocene Mollusca, Cambrian Trilobites, Paleeozoic Asterozoa, and Wealden and Purbeck Fishes. 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To replace the losses sustained the Council would welcome help in making the work and needs of the Society more widely known. The thanks of the Society are due to the Council of the Geological Society for permission both to store the stock of back volumes, and to hold the Council Meetings and Annual General Meeting in their apartments. In conclusion, it 1s proposed that the retiring members of Council be Mr. Dewey, Dr. Trechmann, Mr. Woods, and the late Dr. Hinde; that the new members be Mr. C. H. Cunnington, Mr. Ernest Gibson, Mr. A. W. Oke, and Dr. A. Strahan; that the new Vice-President be Dr. A. Strahan; that the President be Dr. Henry Woodward; the Treasurer, Mr. Robert 8. Herries; and the Secretary, Dr. A. Smith Woodward. Annexed is the Balance-sheet. 0 0 Yen) “SLOJIPNW- SPOS poxeplosuoH -yueo zed ¢ peyeN QQEZe 10y qdivcet ay} Woes Os[e oary am 64 'NOSEHID LOOTVM ONVT dM NOSd1I9 TSANG | AGMAG AYNAH ‘SI6I ASTD YOU TAT “LAINSVALT, ‘SHIMAaFT “GQ Laadoy ‘spuog senboyoxmy “yueo red 9 QaFa puv ‘uvory «vA, “quod aed ¢ “pg ‘soy OLGF IY} Loy pur Bien & Coys) oq JUNO VY JUILIND uo Yue oj ong : : yisodaq wo 4ser0} U7 OF HE pug pur ‘stoyonoa oy YIM at pareduioo “gunooor aaoqe oY} pourmexe sary aA, ind 2 fond | =_— CG POL | & & PeLe | (6) ek So PS SEOUL | ks she THI (xR} eurooUt Sso[) spuog aonbeyoxg “yue0 10d g OOF Wo pueprarq I GLEe: eon WoT IBM “FWA. Jed ¢ ‘pg “SOT O[ZF WO pueprarq One? ale] : 2 (xe ottoouI SS9]) OHS “Yue Jed g [RVN OOSF Uo puaprar 0 ong WINDY ysodeq ‘yurg ye oourreg | oO el & (awa [) xvz, atoouy preday OL O : ; © 4P0F8 JO 9ouVINSUr yywcoMe-TUW | BE G Zp PYI “OO Y ne[ng ‘sasseyy Aq sapeg [eeu | O 21 OF SIaq MITT OF YoY youq Jo sayeg G 6 ff ; yurg (On SG) Sdaquueyy Aq pred aserieg OY Gir @) 19}.10g—sasiryo Ayeqg | OL BL 0 torydiiosqug eyetduoour aud GL 0 ; OURINSUT oY—uNTwWeatg | Q IT Gl aO oo Gun IZI Ge AoMOyRIs pur oSvysog | —--—-—__ — OL Z¢ TINMRLOTOY Ss ATRp@IIEg 0) 8.38 g 6I6I-8I6I y OL 66 Surjuid orpdeasoyqy pue ad £40] 100, OY i) rer OKIE ARIE 4 a He SyooTq suttedord puv suoryraysnqp SUIMBI(T 0 & GFP &F 916I-L161—suondiosqng sroqmayy 0 Oct (JunodDv 10) XX OA “oye ‘Buyuag ZG On Gi as : : : JUNOOY 4Sv] Woaz aourpeg fie Sy Rigas a ewe eg sae og: ng “ZIGL FSLE aquasagy 07 “26 7ST Mivnwpp wot 7g) “AMUASVEL , “Sd “VW “OSG ‘SHINUHH ‘s LYAAOU ALM INAO90V NI A LATOOS TIVOIHdVYNOLNOW 1TVd FAL, Council and Officers elected March, 1918. President, HENRY WOODWARD, Ese., LL.D., F.R.S., F.G.S. Vite-Presidents, F. A. Baruer, Esq., D.Sc., F.R.S. E. T. Newton, Hsq., F.R.S. Rey. Canon Bonney, D.Sc., F.R.S. | A. Stranan, Esq., Sc.D., F.R.S. Council. H. A. Auten, Hsq., F.G.S. E. Heron-Auuen, Hsq., F.L.S., F.G.S. C. W. Anprews, Hsq., D.Sc., F.R.S. Joun Hopkinson, Hsq., F.L.S., F.G.S. G. Barrow, Hsq@., F.G.S. Rev. H. N. Hurcuinson, M.A., F.G.S. Miss M. C. CRosFIELp. | Miss M. S. Jonnston. C. H. Cunnineton, Hsq. A. W. Oxsz, Esq., LL.M., F.G.S. E. Grsson, Esa. S. HazzueEpINE WARREN, Hsq., F.G.S. Watcor Gisson, Esqa., D.Sc., F.G.S. Pror. W. W. Warts, LL.D., F.R.S. Hersert L. Hawkins, Esq., M.Sc., F.G.S. GrorcE W. Youne, Hsq., F.G.S. Treasurer. Rozsert S. Herries, Esq., M.A., F.G.S. Secretary. A. Smrra Woopwarp, Esq., LL.D., F.R.S., British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington, London, S.W. 7. Paleontograpbical Society, 1918. THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA OF GREAT BRITAIN, BEING SUPPLEMENTARY TO © Vv. WOODS MONOGRAPH OF THE CRAG MOLLUSCA. BY Beer MEER Elon.. M.A.CAnTAB., I.G.S., BUR. METS... MEMBRE HONORAIRE DE LA SOCIETE BELGE DE GEOLOGIE ET DE PALEONTOLOGIE. MOE. aie RAT i. Paces 485—652; PLares XLV—LII. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALAHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. DecemBgr, 1920. so _ a : 2 i r -: a ' = S . n + _" PL ri a A 5 i - > eae ee a FE. at “ a Seer 7 » z ; ‘ ‘ = -& % f S . f ‘ ‘ a, Bin, a = = . £ = a ~— ° i —- = = mnt s 4 ‘ - Le ‘ © ‘ . PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON AND WEST NEWMAN, LTD., LONDON AND DORKING, a t — et ‘ Mies > f 4 ‘ * 5 | : . ‘ — =a — = aie s a = aes he si or oS = \ ' = ge = erie hae . THE PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA OF GREAT “BREEAIN. VOLUME II. INTRODUCTION. THE commencement of a new volume gives me the opportunity of offering a rapid summary of my views as to the relation of the various horizons of the Knglsh Crag to each other and to those of Belgium and Holland, as well as to the different conditions under which they may have originated. It seems desirable, however, in the first place to discuss with some care an opinion lately expressed by my friend Mr. R. B. Newton, that “the Coralline Crag, the St. Erth beds and the Lenham beds of Britain, together with the Diestien and Anversien of Belgium, are of Upper Miocene or Mio-Phocene age, while the Boxstones or Nodule beds of Hast Angha should be referred to the Vindobonean division of the Middle Miocene.”! A recent paper by Mr. A. Bell’ supports the view that the Boxstone fauna is considerably older than the Coralline Crag, but I cannot think the latter has any close relation to the Lenham bed and still less to the Anversien (Miocene) of Belgium, zones a@ Panopexa Menardi and a Pectunculus pilosus. Belgian geologists consider that the latter deposits indicate approximately the western limit of the Anversien sea. No traces of these beds are known in the region between Antwerp and the Belgian coast. That the Miocene sea ever reached the Coralline Crag region of Suffolk seems to me improbable. For some time I have considered, on the contrary, that the fauna of the Coralline Crag resembles more nearly that of the Waltonian of Hssex and of its equivalent, the Scaldisien of Belgium, and that it should be grouped, not even with the Lenham-Diestien deposits as Lower, but with the former, the Waltonian and Scaldisien, as Upper Phocene. ! Journ. of Conch., vol. xv, p. 118, 1916. 2 Geol. Mag. [6], vol. v, p. 15, 1918. 64 486 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. It is true that in 1848 in the Introduction to the first part of his Monograph of the Crag Mollusca, following the ideas then current, Wood expressed the opinion that the Coralline Crag might be of Miocene age,’ but two years later, in his second part of 1850, that view was withdrawn,’ and no attempt has been made since, either in this country or abroad, to revive it. Four hundred and thirty species of marine Mollusca were reported by Wood from the Coralline Crag in his synoptical list of 1874.° Of these only about 90, 21 per cent., were known at that time from Walton, but even then he had come to the conclusion that there was a close and general connection between the two deposits.’ The subsequent investigations of Prof. Kendall and the late R. G. Bell at Walton, and my own at Little Oakley have strongly supported Wood’s later opinion. Of the 430 Coralline Crag species referred to, 270, or about 64 per cent., are now known from the Waltonian or from some later horizon,® while hardly any of the rest can be considered as common or representative Coralline Crag forms. To regard a species of which only one, or at the most a very few specimens, have been obtained during the labours of a century, as of equivalent value for purposes of analysis to others of which a large number could be found at any time in a few hours, is misleading. It is by the general facies of a fauna— by the abundant and not by the rare examples—that we should be guided. While, therefore, nearly all the more characteristic Coralline Crag species continued to exist in the Anglo-Belgian basin during Waltonian times, or even to a later period, no such correspondence can be traced between the Coralline Crag fauna and that of the Belgian Miocene of Antwerp. Out of 2380 species of Mollusca reported from the latter,® only 106, or 46 per cent., are known from the Coralline Crag, the rest being generally and distinctly of an older type. The true Belgian equivalent of the Coralline Crag is the zone a@ Isocardia cor of Van den Broeck, for which I have revived his name, Casterlien, the fauna of the two beimg practically identical. Of about 150 species from the latter recorded by that authority’ and by M. Bernays,’ all but about half-a-dozen have been obtained from the Coralline or the Waltonian horizons. The Casterlien fauna of 1 Mon. Crag Moll., pt. 1, Introduction, p. v, 1848. 2 Op. cit., pt. 1, p. 302, 1850. 3 Op. cit., 1st Suppl., pt. 1, p. 203. 4 In the 4th ed. of his Antiquity of Man (p. 250, 1875), Lyell quoted Wood’s opinion that the Walton bed had an essential affinity with the Coralline Crag. 5 The discovery by Alfred Bell in the Coralline Crag of Boyton of some typical Red Crag species such as Nassa reticosa, unknown from the Gedgrave horizon, tends still further to connect the latter with the Walton beds (see Journ, Ipswich Field Club, vol. iii, pp. 11, 15, 1911). 6 Ann. Soc. Malac. Belg., vol. ix, pp. 118, 184, 1874. 7 Op. cit., p. 187. 8 Bull, Soc. Belge Géol., vol. x, Mém., p. 128, 1896. INTRODUCTION. 487 Belgium, moreover, bears a general resemblance to the Scaldisien of that country similar to that existing between those of the Coralline and Waltonian Crags. ‘The connection between the Coralline-Casterlien and the Waltonian-Scaldisien is as clearly marked as the difference between those groups and the Miocene of Antwerp. In his Phocene Deposits of Britain, p. 222, 1890, the late Cl. Reid identified the Lower Red Crag (Waltonian) with the Astien of Piedmont, and the Coralline Crag with the Plaisancien, placing the first in the Upper and the second in the Lower Pliocene, but in the hght of our present knowledge I cannot see any sufficient reason for such a separation. The principal difference between the Coralline and the Waltonian Crags is, that the latter contains a large number of boreal species unknown from or exceedingly rare in the former, but the sudden appearance of such shells in the Anglo-Belgian basin was due, [ submit, to the subsidence of the northern part of the area at that period, described in one of my former papers,' by which the Crag sea was for the first time brought, probably somewhat suddenly, under the influence of marine currents from the north. THE LENHAM BED. While agreeing with Mr. Newton that the Lenham fauna is older than that of the Coralline Crag, I cannot consider it to be Miocene. I do not think that the ANTWERP Og gemians ae ° ‘olkeslone alay, Oe AY BRUSSELS, Louvain 2 8 Cassel x Gramnmont } Tournar Fig. 1.—Sketch map, showing the connection between the Lenham bed and the Diestien sands of Louvain and Diest (after Rutot).—F. W. H. list of Lenham fossils given and figured by him could be taken by anyone having a working knowledge of the subject for a typical collection of Coralline species. Stratigraphically the Lenham bed is connected with the sands of Louvain and Diest (zone d Terebratula grandis of Van den Broeck) by a remarkable series of isolated Diestien hills which form a curved line extending from west to east through Folkestone, Calais, Cassel, Tournai, Grammont, Brussels and Louvain ; beyond that region, as at Diest, these deposits cover the country with a continuous sheet (see Fig. 1). The Diestien sands have been EEE regarded as Phocene by Belgian geolegitte, 1 « pretenuis. Trophon clathratus. Mactra elliptica, var. obtruncata, and - & var. attenuata. others. I have obtained between 600 and 700 species and well-marked varieties of mollusca within an area of twenty yards square at this truly prolific spot. This zone is specially characterised by the first appearance in the Crag basin of dextral Neptuneas of a distinctly arctic and carinated type, though the sinistral Waltonian species, V. contraria, is still the more abundant.’ In the group of Red Crag deposits, for which I have adopted the name “ Newbournian,” the southern element is not so preponderant as it is in the Waltonian, and it contains a larger percentage of northern and recent species. The localities, the fauna of which I refer to this division, occur in an area to the north and north-east of those last described at Foxhall, Waldringfield, Newbourn and elsewhere as shown on the map, Fig. 4. The latest or Butleyan division of the Red Crag may be studied at Bawdsey, Alderton, Hollesley, Sudbourn, Butley, and in the stack-yard just below Chillesford Church, a district lying to the north-east of the Newbournian area (see map, Fig. 4). This group of deposits has been long known to contain a molluscan fauna of a decidedly northern as well as of a more recent type. Including, in addition to some of the shells given above as characteristic of the earlier part of the Red Crag, the following species may be specially mentioned : Nassa tucrassata, var. . Nucula Cobboldie. Buceinum undatum, var. caerulea. Loripes diwaricatus. Purpura lapillus, recent vars. Cardium angustatum. Neptunea antiqua, recent British form. A (Serripes) granlandicum, Anomalosipho altus. Astarte compressa. Natica catena. Tellina pretenuis. Trochus tumidus. Mactra constricta. 1 In my paper on the Crag of Essex (Waltonian), Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvi, p. 718, 1900, this shell was regarded as equivalent to the recent British form N. antiqua. In the present work [ consider it to be a different and northern species, N. despecta (see Vol. I, pp. 160 et seq.). * A photograph of the Oakley section appeared on p, 483 of the first volume of this work. INTRODUCTION. 497 Counting specimens as well as species, the percentage of northern and recent forms im this division is considerably greater, and of southern and extinct forms considerably smaller than in the earlier horizons of the Red Crag. he typical Neptunea antiqua of British seas begins to be more common, while the proportion of sinistral forms of that genus, as compared with that of the dextral ones, is less. It will be seen from the above remarks that my views on the Red Crag differ widely from those of the late Sir Joseph Prestwich, who divided the latter into two parts only, in the lower of which he grouped the very different faunas of == Cy = - = ae =oie Hoxne—————talesworth#-— —Eastono/Bavent_ Fig. 4. MAP SHOWING THE RELATIVE AREAS 3 z aie OCCUPIED : eG = = ——— qDunwich BY THE DIFFERENT ZONES Stata fa (a ES as : L ————— a Weatleton OF THE - {Etat Bs == EAST ANGLIAN CRAG. ine a ae i $< rere : BLEIGUS Seat AEN SSS . ‘unshore fHollesle QSAR Meo Fate aiderton Bentley\ Xn ) ~ (QYSS \ ° Y. olattingstone : Felixstowe EXPLANATION ! = = <= = OES Z >t = DUNMOW3=—EBRAINTREE=S5- z = -ON- oS TRE =e : —_ ALTON-ON ISS Crag Th THE-NAZE ....Morwich Crag yFrinton .....Gravel JELACTON-ON-SEA : Fig. 4 (reproduced by permission of the Council of the Geological Society).—F. W. H. Walton-on-the-Naze, Sutton, Bawdsey, Sudbourn and Aldeburgh,’ the upper consisting of what he originally called “the unfossiliferous sands of the Crag” (now believed to be a part of the deposit which has been deprived of its shells by the infiltration of acidulated water) and of the Chillesford beds. The Norwich Crag, in which he included the Weybourne beds containing J'ellina balthica, he held to be equivalent, partly to his lower (namely to the Crag of Walton, Sutton, Butley, etc.), and partly to his upper or Chillesford division. The beds met with in the Dutch ‘borings, for which I have adopted the term 1 He remarks, “I can see no distinction in the organic remains from the base of the Red Crag to the top of the lower division,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xxvii, p. 354, 1871. 498 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. “Amstelien,”’ containing a somewhat more boreal fauna than do the Sealdisien and Poederlen of Belgian geologists, are not known from Belgium but only to the north of it; they may probably represent the Newbournian or Butleyan zones of the English Crag. Nothing has been met with in Belgium or Holland that I can identify with the Iceman of Hast Anglia. The history of these Red Crag deposits shows, therefore, a gradual but constant change in their fauna, from one having an affinity with that of the Mediterranean to one decidedly boreal, with a noteworthy percentage of distinctly arctic species. THE ICENIAN CRAG. Norwich, Chillesford, Weybourne. Norwica Horizon. The beds I group under this name occupy a distinct and wide-spread area to the north of that of the Red Crag which they are not known to overlap (see map, Fig. 4). They never exhibit the highly inclined bedding characteristic of the latter, and appear to have originated under different conditions, in an open and _ shallow sea, possibly as the western edge of the great delta deposit of the Rhine, which attaims such proportions in the sub-soil of Holland. The Icenian beds come on suddenly, extending northwards more or less continuously from Aldeburgh in Suffolk to the Norfolk coast, a distance of 40 miles in one direction, and covering an area from west to east of about 20 miles in another (ig. 4). Towards the west they are comparatively thin, and near Norwich finally disappear, while they thicken rapidly in an easterly direction, having been found to reach, at Southwold in Suffolk, a thickness of 150 feet, the mollusca maintaining generally the same comparatively recent and shallow-water character throughout. In East Anglia, as in Holland, subsidence seems to have gone on part passu with the accumulation of sediment. The marine fauna of the Icenian Crag is of an increasingly impoverished character, the total number of species reported from the Norwich zone being not more than 150 in all, of which only about 40 are really abundant, most of them still living in British seas,' while the number obtained from the later Weybourne zone is still less. By this time the greater part of the characteristic shells of the earlier Crag horizons had disappeared. Specimens from the Norwich sections are generally smaller as well as thinner and more fragile than those of the Red Crag, some of them approaching in character those of a freshwater deposit. Cardiwm edule, for example, specimens of which from the Red Crag of Oakley are usually 1 The best list of the Icenian Mollusca of Bramerton is that published by Mr. Jas. Reeve in the Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc., vol. i, p. 69, 1879 (70 species in all), the result of many years’ labour. His specimens are in the Norwich Museum. INTRODUCTION. 499 large, thick and solid, are smaller and rather delicate in the Icenian Crag of Bramerton, so much so that it is not always easy to obtain them in perfect condition. In the first volume of this work (p. 413) I suggested that the impoverished condition of many of the Icenian fossils may have been due to a decrease in the salinity of the Crag water—a feature reported by Swedish observers as met with in the Baltic.1 It seems to me not unlikely that the advance of the Scandinavian ice may have wholly or partially blocked the northern outlet of the Icenian sea, which may have still received volumes of fresh water (at least in summer) from the rivers of central or southern Hurope. ‘The local presence of land and freshwater species in these deposits was formerly supposed to indicate the existence of estuarine conditions at this period.2. A more probable explanation seems to be that such fossils were introduced in places by streams into what was then becoming a land- locked and increasingly brackish lake. The matrix of the Icenian Crag appears to have been to a considerable extent of southern origin. It contains many pebbles of white quartz and much mica, as do the Chillesford beds, next to be described, probably derived in both cases from the Paleozoic rocks of the Ardennes. The Rhine and its effluents seem to have been a not unimportant factor in the later Pliocene history of Kast Anglia. When the Introduction to Wood’s First Supplement to the Monograph of the Crag Mollusca was written in 1872, his son and I were disposed to separate a certain portion of the Icenian beds as newer than the rest, and as a fluvio-marine deposit equivalent to that of the Churchyard-pit at Chillesford, but I now consider this was a mistake. Further comparison of the faunas of these various exposures has shown that the difference between their fossils is very sheht, while the fauna of the Churchyard-pit, so far as it goes, 1s, I think, very different. With the latter I associate the many exposures of laminated clays to be dealt with in the next paragraph, confining to these two the term “ Chillesford beds.” The conditions under which they originated, if my explanation of the subject is correct, were of an estuarine character, while the beds which I now group as those of the Norwich horizon originated in a shallow and somewhat wide-spread and brackish sea. Among the characteristic species of the Norwich division the following may be specially mentioned : Nassa inerassata. Scala grenlandica. 5 pusillina. Turbonilla internodula. Purpura lapillus, recent variety. Littorina littovea and varieties. Neptunea antiqua. z rudis and varieties. Bela turricula. Tissoa semicostata. Potamides tricinctus, var. icenica. Paludestrina minuta. Turritella terebra. | Nucula Cobboldiz. 1 See also as to this, H. W. Shimer, Amer. Natur., vol. xlu, p. 473, 1908, ” 2 Hence the term “ Fluvio-marine Crag, 500 PLIOCENE Nucula tents. Leda oblongoides. Oardium edule, thin variety. % Serripes grenlandicum. Astarte compressa. 5» (Tridonta) borealis. Fellina (Macoma) lata. MOLLUSCA. Tapes aureus (local). 5» virgineus. Corbula striata. Scrobicularia piperata (local). Mactra subtruncata. » ellapiica: Mya arenaria. obliqua. “ es Together with a number of non-marine forms. The arctic species Astarte (Tridonta) borealis is specially characteristic of the northern part of the Icenian Crag, occurring frequently near Norwich and at the Weybourne horizon, but it is less so at the southern localities. It may be noticed that while the sub-estuarine Mya arenaria is common in the Icenian, it is almost unknown from the Coraline and Waltonian horizons, where the more distinctly marine Mya truncata is rather abundant. For the guidance of collectors when dealing with imperfect specimens it may be remarked that the hinge of these two species is different. (See figures in a paper by Sir H. H. Howorth, Proc. Zool Soc., p. 755, figs. 241—245, 1909.) CHILLESFoRD Horizon. Overlying in places the Red, Norwich, and in one locality the Coralline Crag, are some beds of dark laminated clay,’ always highly micaceous, which maintain the same character from Chillesford in Suffolk to Burgh in Norfolk,’ where, in my opinion, they abruptly disappear. When plotted on a map they are found to arrange themselves along a narrow and sinuous belt, as if representing the bed of a former and muddy estuary. Differing essentially from the coarse sandy matrix When examined microscopically the late Cl. Reid could not find this deposit to contain a of the typical Crag, they must have originated under different conditions. single Crag fragment of sand, the grains consisting of quartz, small and little worn. The view that the Chillesford Clay is of an estuarine character seems to be supported by the fact that at one spot the complete and undisturbed skeleton of a large cetacean, which Dr. Crisp ascertained to be 31 feet in length, was found in it.’ At the Churech-pit at Chillesford typical Chillesford Clay is underlain conform- ably by a bed of stratified sand containing a special group of fossils, which are not the drifted shells of dead animals like those of the Red and Norwich Crags, but for the most part double and thin and fragile. They are of a northern type but never contain the characteristic form of the Weybourne horizon, ‘'ellina (Macoma) balthica. In the superabundant mica they contain, the Chillesford beds resemble — a ! First described by Prestwich in 1849 (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. v, p. 345). > Rep. Brit. Assoc. (Norwich), Trans., p. 61, 1868, INTRODUCTION. 501 those of the Noryvich zone, connecting it with the latter as well as with the Ardennes, probably representing one of the channels by which the drainage of that region then reached the sea. The abrupt disappearance towards the north of typical Chillesford beds near Burgh may have been due, I suggest, to the invasion of this region by the Weybournian sea. If my view of the case is correct, it follows that a shght elevation of this region took place at this stage, the shallow sea of the Norwich Crag being for a time converted into land traversed by the micaceous and sheltered waters of the Chillesford estuary. Scale of Miles 3 ie) € 12 + Beccles \ \ \ NX Chille&s d : 4 Fie. 5—Map showing the principal exposures of undoubted Chillesford Clay (marked +) between Chillesford in Suffolk and Burgh in Norfolk in the Bure valley, the probable course of one of the estuaries of the Rhine during this stage. The dotted area is that covered by the Westleton shingle of Prestwich (Pleistocene). —F. W. H. (Reproduced by permission of the Council of the Geologists’ Association.) The total number of the more characteristic mollusca of the horizon represented by the Chillesford Church-pit is not great, but they differ considerably from those of the Norwich and Weybourne zones, conditions suggesting a difference in the con- ditions under which they were deposited. Among them may be specially mentioned : Turritella communis. Leda oblongoides. Nucula tenuis. Cardium (Serripes) grenlandieum. Leda lanceolata, Tellina (Macoma) calearea. 66 502 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Weryspournge Horizon. The deposition of the Chillesford beds, which thus indicates a sheht upheaval of the western part of the Crag area, was followed by an inconsiderable depression which enabled the sea to re-invade the northern portion of the county of Norfolk, encroaching, probably in the form of a small inlet, as far to the south as Belaugh in the valley of the Bure, and to Crostwick, Spixworth and Rackheath to the south of that river. Unfortunately none of these sections are now accessible. At Weybourne and elsewhere on the Cromer coast there are some fossiliferous deposits containing, together with those of the localities named above, a meagre mollusean fauna of about 50 species, of which 34, or 68 per cent., are common and abundant British forms, 21 are arctic, 35 Scandinavian, 32 west Huropean and 25 Mediterranean. Of the non-British species 4 are arctic and 7 Scandinavian, while 6 are not recorded living. The most distinctive feature of the Weybourne beds, however, is the occurrence in them, as stated above, of T'ellina (Macoma) balthica, a species unknown from the Norwich or Chillesford horizons, which made its first appearance in the Crag at this stage in great abundance, specimens of this shell outnumbering those of all the other Weybourne species taken together. The increasingly impoverished character of the Crag fauna is strongly marked at this horizon. A list of the Weybournian mollusca was published by me in 1905 in the Bull. Soc. Belge de Géol., vol. xix, p. 326. There are some laminated beds at Walton-on-Naze of somewhat similar though not identical character to those of Chillesford, which were considered by Prestwich and afterwards by the younger Wood and myself to be Chillesford Clay ; I now think this was a mistake, and confine that term to such deposits as occur in the region lying between Chillesford and Burgh, as shown in Fig. 5, where they always maintain their typical and highly micaceous appearance—an indication I think of their southern origin. Other laminated clays are found in places on the Cromer coast which the Rev. J. Gunn and Cl. Reid regarded as Chillesfordian, but they are associated with beds of typical T'ellina balthica (Weybournian) Crag, a deposit I consider to have been introduced from the north, Tellina balthica being a Scandi- navian shell and a northern immigrant which reached this district suddenly and in ereat abundance at that stage of the Plocene history. The Chillesfordian and southern estuary must represent a slight elevation of the Icenian area or a shrinking of the Icenian basin, the Weybournian beds a limited re-invasion of Norfolk by the northern sea. If these views are correct, the presence or absence of this molluse from the fossiliferous beds of north-east Norfolk may give us a reliable test of their comparative age. INTRODUCTION. 503 THE WESTERN BASIN. St. Erth, Wexford, Manxland. The true relation of the fossiliferous deposits of the Hast Anglian Crag basin to those of the western area, viz. of St. Erth on the one hand, and of Wexford and Manxland on the other, has given rise to some difference of opinion. As to the older of the three, those of St. Erth, S. V. Wood, jun., who first described them in 1885, just before his premature death,! and Messrs. Kendall and R. G. Bell, whose paper appeared a year later, reéarded them as being more or less equivalent to an early stage of the Red Crag.” Gwyn Jeffreys and the late Clement Reid,*® however, believed them to be older—a view which the researches of Mr. Alfred Bell, given in two other papers, lead me to support.* A large number of specimens, many of them those left undescribed by Wood, and some believed by Mr. Bell to be new to science, are now in the British Museum. Some of these, with the kind permission of Dr. A. Smith Woodward, I am able to figure in the present work; others I may give hereafter. A con- siderable number are minute forms belonging to genera such as Odostomia, Turbowilla, Hulima, Rissoa, ete. A few are larger and deserve here a passing notice, as, for example: * Nassa semireticosa, Etheridge and Bell, Pl. ILI, fig. 11. pseliad,. s. Vi Wood, MS; Pl XXXII, fies 22. » mutabilis, var. erthensis, S. V. Wood, MS., Pl. XXXIII, fig. 26. *Bittiwm reticulatum, var. trinodosa, Etheridge and Bell, Pl. XI, fig. 4. 3 incile, Watson. *Turritella erthensis, sp. nov., Pl. XLII, fig. 4. Three of these, marked (*), are exceedingly common at St. Hrth. ‘They are very distinct, and, so far as I can ascertain, are unknown from any Miocene or Phocene deposit, either in England or elsewhere. Many of the characteristic and abundant groups of the Red Crag univalves, moreover, are unrecorded from St. Erth, as, e. g., certain species of Nassa, Buccinum, Ocinebra, Neptunea, Sipho, Searlesia and Scala. Speaking generally, the mollusca of the latter are not of a Red Crag type, northern shells being wholly absent. At the same time it must be remembered that the area from which they have been obtained is very restricted. Possibly other exposures will be discovered hereafter which may throw further ight on the subject. 1 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xli, pp. 65—73, 1885. 2 Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii, pp. 201—215, 1886. 3 « Pliocene Deposits of Britain,’ Mem. Geol. Surv., pp. 59, 61, 62, 1890. 4 Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [8], vol. ii, pp. 620—642, 1883; Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, pp. 111—166, pls. i—iui, 1898, 504: PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. The fauna of the Wexford gravels is much newer, having on the whole a northern and Pleistocene rather than a Phocene character, including abundant specimens of Nassa incrassata, N. reticulata (the most characteristic Red Crag Nassas being altogether wanting), a thick and coarsely sculptured form of Purpura lapillus, with very many species of northern Trophon, Buccinum undatum, Ocinebra erinacea, Scala similis, and many examples of a sinistral Neptunea (not the southern N. contraria of the Crag, but a short tumid form allied to an arctic species, N. deformis—see Pl]. XXXVI, figs. 30, 31) and other recent shells. The Wexford beds have been described by Mr. Alfred Bell in papers often quoted in this work. The Manxland drift contains a fauna allied to that of Wexford, both of them containing many northern and recent forms with a few of a decidedly Phocene type.t. An explanation of this well-known mixed character of the Manx shells, so different, as Prof. Kendall observes, from the natural grouping, is that we have in Manxland the remains of two distinct deposits, one older than the other, but this view is not accepted by Mr. Alfred Bell. THE PLEISTOCENE AND HOLOCENE DEPOSITS. No general agreement has been at present arrived at from the point of view of their marine conchology as to the relation which the various exposures of these beds bear to each other. The fauna of the interesting deposit at Selsey in Sussex, however, deserves a passing notice. Originally described systematically by Godwin- Austen in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society for 1857 (vol. xii, p. 4), it has been subsequently studied by Mr. A. Bell, who has collected and identified from it more than 220 species of marine mollusca besides 120 vertebrate and invertebrate forms belonging to other groups. The molluscan fossils are in unusually perfect condition, many of them being here figured as British for the first time. Taken as a whole they seem to be unique, of a well-marked southern character, having no equivalent in any of our post-Plocene deposits. As to this, reference 1s suggested to the lists in the undermentioned paper by Mr. Bell” The subject deserves further investigation, though unfortunately it is only occasionally that the Selsey deposit is accessible to the collector. The subject of the Crag deposits has been more fully treated by the author in the following papers : 1896. ‘The Pliocene Deposits of Holland and their Relation to the English and Belgian Crags,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lii, pp. 748—782. 1898. ‘The Lenham Beds and the Coralline Crag,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. liv, pp. 808—356. 1 See Vol. I, p. 123, of the present work. 7 Rep. Yorks. Phil. Soc., 1892, p, 62. THEREBRA (STRIOTEREBRUM) BASTEROTTI. 505 1900. “The Crag of Essex (Waltonian) and its Relation to that of Suffolk and Norfolk,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. lvi, pp. 705—743. 1901. “The Influence of the Winds upon Climate,” Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. lvu, pp. 405—476. 1902. “The Later Tertiary History of Hast Anglia,” Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvu, pp. 416—451. 1905. “ L’horizon weybournien du Crag icenien,” Bull. Soc. Belge de Géol., vol. X1x, pp. 322—328. 1905. “The Pliocene Deposits of the Eastern Counties of England,” Proc. Geol. Assoc. (Jubilee vol.), pp. 86—102. A detailed and complete list of the numerous works relating to the Phocene deposits, commencing with that published in 1704 by 8S. Dale on the fossil shells of Harwich Cliff in the ‘ Phil. Trans.,’ vol. xxiv, pp. 1568—78 to those of the year 1890, was given by the late Clement Reid in that year in his ‘* Plhocene Deposits of Britain,” together with many original remarks thereon and a comprehensive review of the whole subject (Mem. Geol. Survey, pp. 19—41, and pp. 71—146). Genus TEREBRA, Adanson (continued from Vol. I, p. 54). Sub-genus STRIOTEREBRUM, Sacco, 1891. Terebra (Strioterebrum) Basteroti (Nyst). Plate XLVI, fig. 8. 1814. Buccinum duplicatum, Brocchi (not Linné), Conch. foss. subap., vol. ii, p. 347. 1825. Terebra duplicata, Basterot, Desc. Geol. Bass. tert. 8. O. France, p. 53. 1836—44. Terebra duplicata, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sic., vol. i, p. 227, 1836; vol. ii, p. 194, 1844. 1840. Terebra duplicata, Grateloup, Conch. Terr. tert. Adour, pl. xxxv, fig. 24. 1843. Terebra Basteroti, Nyst, Coq. foss. Belg., p. 582. 1856. Terebra Basteroti, Hornes, Foss. Moll. Tert. Wien, vol. i, p. 132, pl. xi, figs. 27, 28. 1867. Terebra Basteroti, Da Costa, Gaster. Dep. terc. Portugal, p. 80, pl. xiii, fig. 10. 1875. Terebra Basteroti, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. vi, p. 278, no. 289. 1881. Terebra Basteroti, Fontannes, Moll. plioe. Vall. du Rhone, vol. i, p. 125. 1890. Terebra Basteroti, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 257. 1890—91. Terebra Basteroti, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. ix, p. 265, no. 3880, 1890; 7’. (Strio- terebrum) Basteroti, Moll. Terr. Tert. Piem., pt. x, p. 33, pl. ii, fig. 1, 1891. Specific Characters.—Shell solid, slender, turreted; whorls about 12, flattened ; ornamented by numerous, fine longitudinal costz and minute spiral striz with a sulcation below the suture; spire elongate, regularly diminishing upwards to a blunt point; suture slight; mouth small, angulate above; canal short, distinct. 506 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Dimensions.—L. 18—25 mm. B. 5—6 mm. Distribution —Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Gedgrave. Miocene: France, Italy, Vienna basin, Belgium, Portugal. Lower Pliocene: Italy, France. Upper Phocene: Italy—Orciano, Peccioli, Legoli, Bologna, Asti, Masserano, Cornare. Remarks.—The specimen figured under this name is one Mr. Bell received from Mr. Kennard, who obtained it from the Broom Hill pit at Gedgrave. It belongs to a species characteristic of the Miocene of Italy, Portugal, France, Belgium and Vienna, but is found also in the Phocene of Italy and France. Except for the present specimen it is unknown from the English Crag. Genus OVULA, Bruguitre, 1789. Ovula spelta (Linné). Plate XLV, fig. 7. 1766. Bulla spelta, Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1182. 1822. Ovula spelta, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vol. vii, p. 370. 1824. Ovula Leathesii, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. v, p. 124, pl. cccelxxviil. 1836—44. Ovula spelta, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sic., vol.i, p. 233, pl. xii, fig. 18, 1836; vol. ii, p. 198, 1844. 1842—48. Ovula Leathesii, 8. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 544, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 14, pl. ii, fig. La, 1848. 1843—81. Ovula Leathesii, Nyst., Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 605, pl. xliii, fig. 19, 1843; O. spelta, Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 61, pl. v, fig. 4, 1881. 1864. Ovulum Leathesii, S. P. Woodward in Green’s Hist. of Norfolk, ed. 3, p. 118. 1871. Bulla spelta, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 144, 490. 1871. Ovula adriatica, A. Bell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [4], vol. vii, p. 359; Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 454. 1872. Ovula spelta, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 203, 209, 213. 1875. Ovula spelta, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. vi, p. 158, no. 74. 1883. Ovula (Simnia) spelta, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg et Dollfus, Moll. mar. Rouss., vol. i, p. 134, pl. xvi, figs. 27, 28. 1886. Ovula (Simnia) spelta, Dollfus et Dautzenberg, Feuille des Jeunes Nat., vol. xvi, p. 104. 1890. Ovula spelta, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 251. 1890—4. Ovula spelta, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. ix, p. 191, no. 2176, 1890; Neosimnia spelta, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. xv, p. 64, 1894. 1892. Ovula spelta, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 35, fig. 22. 1908. Amphiperas (Neosimnia) spelta, Kobelt, Icon. schalentrag. europ. Meeresconch., vol. iv, p. 188, pl. evii, figs. 14—17. 1911. Amphiperas (Neosimnia)- spelta, Cerulli-Irelli, Palaeont. Ital., vol. xvii, p. 268, pl. xxvi, fig. 7. Specific Chavacters.—Shell slender, elongate, widened in the middle, attenuate at each extremity; mouth contracted at the summit, somewhat enlarged towards TRIVIA EUROPA. 507 the base; columella expanded centrally, excavated below; outer lip thickened, forming a short canal at the point of union with the columella; inner lip thin, expanded, with an obtuse fold on the upper part. Dimensions.—L. 16 mm. B. 10 mm. Distribution.—Recent : Mediterranean, Adriatic, Canary Isles. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Gedgrave, Ramsholt, Sutton, Boyton. Waltonian: Walton-on-Naze, Little Oakley. Newbournian: Waldringfield, New- bourn. Jcenian: Bramerton. Miocene: Vienna, ‘l'ouraine. Lower Phocene: Italy—Piacentino—Albenga. Upper Pliocene: Astiano, Monte Mario, Altavilla. Scaldisien: Antwerp. Pleistocene: Pozzuoh. Remarks.—This species, recorded by several authors from the Miocene and Pliocene of central and southern Europe, is widely diffused in the existing Mediterranean. Wood records the type-form from the English Crag, but it is a rare shell in our deposits. Dr. 8. P. Woodward gives it from the Icenian of Bramerton on the authority of the late Mr. R. Fitch, but the specimen cannot now be traced. The late Mr. Charlesworth considered its occurrence at that locality more than doubtful. Genus TRIVIA, Gray, 1832 (continued from Vol. I, p. 51). Trivia europea (Montagu). Plate XLV, fig. 11 (continued from Vol. I, p. 49). 1823. Cyprea coccinelloides, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. iv, p. 107, pl. ccelxxviii, fig. 1. 1836—44. Cyprea coccinella, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sic., vol. i, p. 236, 1836; vol. ii, p. 199, 1844. 1843-—81. .Cypreea coccinella, Nyst, Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 609, pl. xlv, fig. 14, 1843; C. europxa, Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 59, pl. v, fig. 2, 1881. 1859. Cyprea europa, G. B. Sowerby, Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xix, fig. 28. 1864. Cyprea europea, 8. P. Woodward in White’s Hist. of Norfolk, ed. 3, p. 118. 1870—89. Cyprea europea, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 349, no. 314, 1870; Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 454, 1871; Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Hdin., vol. x, p. 296, 1889. 1872. Cyprea europewa, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 11, pp. 203, 209, 213. 1873—5. Trivia europa, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. iv, p. 294, no. 55, 1873; vol. vi, p. 153, no. 80, 1875. 1874—92. Cyprea europxa, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, pp. 187, 356, 1874; Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. xi (Mémoires), pp. 122, 182, 1892. 1878. Trivia europea, G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. arct. Norv., pp. 154, 358. 1892. Trivia europea, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 37, fig. 23. 1908. Trivia europea, Kobelt, Icon. schalentrag. europ. Meeresconch., vol. iv, p. 51, pl. eviii, figs. 18, 19. 1901. Trivia euwropxa, Brggger, Norges geol. Undersggelse, No. 31, p. 660. 1912. COyprea europea, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, No. 4, p. 76, 0. 183. 1914. Trivia europxa, F. W. Harmer, Plioc. Moll. Gt. Brit., vol. i, p. 49. 1915. Trivia europxa, R. B. Newton, Journ, of Conch., vol. xv, p. 69. 508 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Remarks.—A passing reference was made to this well-known Crag shell in Vol. I of the present work, but it was not figured. As I am now describing the other species of Crag Trivias it seems desirable to represent a typical specimen of T’. ewropxa in order to show on the same plate the difference between them, and to give also some further reference to the literature of the subject. Dimensions.—L. 6—20 mm — B. 5—14 mm. Distribution.— Recent : British Seas—Shetland to Guernsey. West European— English Channel to Gibraltar, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Aigean. Norway— Christiania fiord to Trondhjem, Lofoten Islands, widely diffused and abundant. Fossil : Lenham, St. Erth, Coralline Crag passim. Red Crag— Waltonian, Newbournian, Butleyan. Icenian: Thorpe near Norwich, Pleistocene: Billockby, Gorleston, Selsey, Isle of Man, Cheshire, Lancashire, Yorkshire, Kelsey Hill, Saltburn, Garvel Park, Largo, Cumbre, Shewalton. Wexford to Portrush. Belgium—Casterlien, Scaldisien, Poederlien. Holland—Scaldisien. Phocene: Biot, Altavilla, Orciano, Bologna, Livorno, Messina, Gourbesville. Pleistocene: Monte Pellegrino, Ficarazzi, Catania, Reggio, Gravina, Livorno, Valle Biaia. Tapes-banks: Christiania fiord. Remarks.—VThis species, varying in size from yar. minor to var. sphericulata, the last a Miocene form, is very abundant in the Red Crag, especially at Oakley, where I have collected many specimens. In the Icenian Crag it has only been reported from one locality, the well-known but now inaccessible pit at Thorpe near Norwich, from which formerly so many interesting fossils were obtained. It would not be difficult to obtain permission to re-open this famous section, but at present but little local interest is taken in the subject. The wonderful success which has attended the exploration of the Little Oakley pit, the existence of which was discovered almost by accident, should stimulate similar inquiry elsewhere. Trivia retusa (J. Sowerby). Plate XLV, fig. 8. 1823. Cyprea retusa, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. iv, p. 107, pl. ecelxxviii, fig. 2. 1842—48. Trivia retusa, 8. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p.544, 1842; Cyprea retusa, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 16, pl. ii, fig. 8. 1871. Cyprea retusa, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 143, 488. 1872. Cyprea retusa, A. and R. Beil, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 203, 209, 213. 1881. Cyprea retusa, Nyst, Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 60, pl. v, fig. 3. 1890. Cyprea retusa, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 243. 1892. Cypreea retusa, Van den Broeck, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), p. 147. Specific Characters.—Shell small, ovato-globose, ornamented by a comparatively small number of transverse ridges, without dorsal furrow; mouth sub-central. Dimensions.—L. 10 mm. B. 8 mm. TRIVIA AVELLANA. 509 Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag, Waltonian and Newbournian zones of Red Crag, fairly common in places. Remarks.—This species and its variety anglix may be distinguished from the typical form of 17’. europea by the smaller number of its transverse ridges, generally about 8 or 9 in number, and by its more globular and rounded form. It is not so abundant in the Crag as is the latter, though fairly common in places. I have obtained 40 specimens or more from Oakley. It is a Pliocene species. I have no knowledge of its having been found at any Pleistocene locality. Var. anglie, 8. V. Wood. Plate XLV, fig. 9. 1842—48. Trivia anglix, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 543, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. 1, p. 16, pl. u1, fig. 7, 1848. 1871. Cyprea retusa, var., Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xxvii, p. 488. 1881. Cyprea retusa, var. anglix, Nyst, Conch. Terr, tert. Belg., p. 60. 1890. Cypreea angliw, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 248. Varietal Chavacters.x—Resembles 7’. retusa in size, form, and the smaller number of its transverse ridges, but may be distinguished from the latter in having a well-marked dorsal sulcus. Dimensions.—L. 10 mm. B. 8 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil: Coraline Crag: Sutton. Waltonian: Walton-on-Naze, Little Oakley. Newbournian: Waldringfield, Newbourn, Sutton. Remarks.—This form is rare in the Crag, but it has been reported from the Coralline horizon and from several localities in the Red. I found half a dozen specimens at Oakley, one of which is here figured. By Jeffreys and Nyst it was regarded as a variety of 7’. retusa, a view which in his Supplement Wood seemed inclined to accept. Trivia avellana (J. Sowerby). Plate XLV, fig. 10. 1823. Cypreea avellana, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. iv, p. 107, pl. ecelxxviii, fig. 3. 1842—48. Trivia avellana, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p, 543, 1842; Cypreea avellana, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 15, pl. 11, fig. 5, 1848. 1843—81. Cyprea avellana, Nyst, Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 608, pl. xlv, fig. 13, 1843; Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 58, pl. v, fig. 1, 1881. 1870—98. Cyprea avellana, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 349, no. 311, 1870; Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 454, 1871; Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 156, 1898. 1871. Cyprea avellana, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 143, 488. 1872. Cypreea avellana, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 203, 209, 213. 1875. Trivia avellana, Dollfus, Etud. Terr. tert. Cotentin, vol. vi, p. 367. 1890. Cyprea avellana, C. Reid, Ploc. Dep. Brit., p. 243. 1892. Cyprea avellana, Van den Broeck, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), pp. 122, 123, 143. 1894. Trivia avellana and vars., Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. xv, p. 51, pl. in, fig. 41 ; 7. spheeri- culata, var. propeavellana, p. 49, fig. 35. 67 510 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Specific Characters.—Shell ovato-globose, thick and strong; generally larger than the typical 7. affinis, covered by numerous transverse ridges more or less interrupted by a distinct longitudinal sulcus, outline rounded at both ends, not projecting. Dimensions.—L. 16—20 mm. _ B. 14-—17 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: St. Erth. Coralline Crag: Sutton, Gedgrave, Boyton. Red Crag—Waltonian to Butleyan (passim). Scaldisien, Poederlien: Belgium. Miocene: Italy, France—Touraine. Plocene: France—Gourbesville. Remarks.—What I regard as the typical 7’. avellana is a large, wide and strong shell with a suleated back, the upper part having a flattened outline. It has been separated from 1’. affinis by the transverse ridges being continuous across the sulcus, while in the latter they are said to be thickened, irregular and discon- tinuous, but this is an irregular characteristic. The two shells are allied, but they seem to be most easily separated by their form, size and general appearance. Similar fossils occur in the Italian Miocene, and, according to Lyell, in the Faluns of Touraine. Trivia affinis (Dujardin). Plate XLV, figs. 12, 13 (continued from Vol. I, p. 50). 1870—98. Cyprexa affinis, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 349, no. 313, 1870; C. (Trivia) europxa, var. affinis, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xu, p. 136, 1898. 1871. Cyprea avellana, var., Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvu, p. 143. 1872. Cypreea (Trivia) afinis, Von Koenen, Mioc. Nord-Deutsch. Moll.-Fauna, vol. 1, p. 122, no. 140. 1872. Cyprea affinis, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, p. 203. 1875. Trivia affinis, Dollfus, Etud. Terr. tert. Cotentin, vol. vi, p. 367. 1878. Trivia affinis, de Stefani e Pantinelli, Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. iv, p. 188. 1886. Trivia affinis, Dollfus et Dautzenberg, Feuille des Jeunes Natur., vol. xvi, p. 205. 1890. Cyprea avellana, var., C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 243. 1914. Trivia affinis, F. W. Harmer, Plioc. Moll. Gt. Brit., vol. i, p. 50. Specific Characters.—Smaller, narrower and more elongate than 7’. avellana, the transverse ridges being finer and less regular. Dimensions.—L. 15 mm. B. 10—12 mm. Distribution. —Not known living. Fossil: St. Hrth. Coralline Crag: Sutton. Waltonian: Walton-on-Naze, Little Oakley. Newbournian: Sutton, Waldringefield, Felixstowe, Shottisham. Miocene: France—Touraine, Germany, Italy, Vienna basin. Plhocene: Biot, Siena, Asti, Gourbesville. Remarks.—This species is allied to 7. avellana, and was considered to be a variety of it by Jeffreys. It 1s, however, not so globose and more elongate, as shown in my plate and in the specimen figured by Wood. It does not seem to be so common in the Crag as I supposed when writing my notice of it in the first volume of this work, and it is not a Pleistocene species as there stated, KRATO LAIVIS. 511 Genus ERATO, Risso, 1826. Erato levis (Donovan). Plate XLV, fig. 1. 1799. Voluta levis, Donovan, Brit. Shells, vol. v, pl. elxv. 1803. Cypreea voluta, Montagu, Test. Brit., pt. i, p. 203, pl. vi, fig. 7. 1842—48. Hrato levis, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 544, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. 1, p. 18, pl. ii, fig. 10, 1848. 1844. Marginella levis, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sic., vol. ii, p. 197. 1853. Marginella levis, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. iii, p. 502, pl. exiv, b, figs. 4, 5. 1856. Hrato levis, Hornes, Foss. Moll. 'Tert. Wien, vol. i, p. 79, pl. viii, fig. 16. 1859. LHrato levis, G B. Sowerby, Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xix, fig. 27. 1864. Hrato levis, S. P. Woodward in White’s Hist. of Norfolk, ed. 3, p. 117. 1867—71. Marginella levis, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 400, pl. vii, fig. 3, 1867; vol. v, pl. xcii, fig. 1, 1869; in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 143, 488, 1871. 1870—71. Marginella levis, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 349, no. 307, 1870; Erato levis, Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 454, 1871. 1871. Erato levis, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 208, 209, 213. 1873—75. Erato levis, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. iv, p. 294, no. 58, 1873; vol. v, p. 274, no. 25, 1874; vol. vi, p. 153, no. 85, 1875. 1874. Hrato levis, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. Malac. Belg., vol. ix, p. 118. 1886. Hrato levis, Dollfus et Dautzenberg, Feuille des Jeunes Natur., vol. xvi, p. 105. 1890. Hrato levis, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 24. 1890. Hrato lwvis, Carus, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. ii, p. 372. 1890—4. Hrato levis, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. ix, p. 191, no. 2177, 1890; Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. xv, p. 58, pl. iii, figs. 62—68, 1894. 1892. Hrato levis, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 39, fig. 25. 1898. Hrato levis, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg et Dollfus, Moll. mar. Rouss., vol. ii, p. 794. 1902. Hrato lewis, Conch. Soc. List., Journ. of Conch., vol. x, p. 22, no. 379. 1903. Hrato levis, Cossmann, Ess. Paleeoconch. compar., vol. v, p. 188, pl. viii, figs. 10, 11. 1906. Hrato lxvis, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. vii, p. 333. Specific Characters.—Small, pyriform, inflated above, base attenuated, solid, without sculpture ; whorls 5 or 6, the last occupying nearly the whole of the shell; Spire minute, very short, projecting; suture indistinct; mouth narrow, elongate, — nearly equal in width, length co-extensive with that of the body-whorl; canal wide and open; outer lip thick and broad, forming a rim continued round the base, inside closely notched with about 15 small teeth ; pillar flexuous, with 2 or 3 slight plaits and a row of minute tubercles above. Dimensions.—L. 10 mm. B. 7 mm. Distribution.—Recent: British coasts, local, Shetland to Guernsey. Brittany, west Atlantic, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Algean. Fossil; Coraline Crag: Sutton. Waltonian: Walton-on-Naze, Little Oakley. Newbournian: Bentley, Waldringfield, Newbourn, Sutton, Butleyan: Butley. Icenian: Bramerton. Miocene: Touraine, Vienna basin, Italy. 512 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Phocene: Biot, Bologna, Orciano, Livorno, Caltabiano, Messina. Pleistocene: Monte Pellegrino, Ficarazzi, Gravina, Livorno, Valle Biaia, Naso, Messina. Remarks.—This small shell, known to Wood from two localities only, has since been found not only in the Coralline, but, though rarely, at all horizons in the Red Crag from Walton to Butley, and fide R. Wigham, in the Icenian of the Norwich district. It is a southern and Miocene form with a wide range in the Pliocene and Pleistocene of the Mediterranean region. Prof. Sacco figures 8 or 9 different varieties of it. Erato Maugeria, Gray. Plate XLV, fig. 2. 1841. Hrato Ma ugerize, Gray in G. B. Sowerby, Conch. Illustr., fig. 57. 1842—48. Erato Maugeriw, 8. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 544, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll; pt, p. 19> pli, fig. 11. 1851. Erato Maugerix, 8S. P. Woodward, Man. Moll., p. 379. 1858. Hrato Maugerix, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Ree. Moll., vol. i, p. 190. 1871. Marginella Maugerix, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 148, 488. 1871. Erato Maugerive, A. Bell, Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 454. 1872. Hrato Maugerie, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 2038, 209, 213. 1886. Erato Maugeriwx, Dollfus et Dautzenberg, Feuille des Jeunes Natur., vol. xvi, p. 205. 1890. rato Maugerix, C, Reid, Plioe. Dep. Brit., p. 248. Specific Characters.— Smaller than H. levis, conoidal, subangulated; spire short; whorls 3—4, tumid, base subcanaliculate, with a few folds on the lower part of the columella; outer lip slightly thickened in the middle. Dimensions.—L. 5mm. B. 4 mm. Distribution.—Recent: West Indies. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Gedgrave, Sutton, Boyton. Red Crag: Little Oakley, Sutton, Shottisham, Butley. Miocene: Touraine. Pliocene (Sacco) ? Remarks.—I have found two or three specimens of this West Indian and Miocene shell at Oakley, and it has been obtained at various other localities of the Coralline, where Wood says it is not rare, though in the Red Crag it is decidedly so. Genus VOLUTA, Linné, 1767. Voluta Lamberti, J. Sowerby. Plate XLV, fig. 3. 1816. Voluta Lamberti, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. ii, p. 65, pl. exxix. 1837. Voluta Lamberti, Charlesworth, Mag. Nat. Hist. [n.s.], vol. i, pp. 37, 90, fig. 7. 1842—74. Voluta Lamberti, 8. V. Wood, Aun. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 543, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 20, pl. ii, fig. 8, 1848; 1st Suppl. pt. i, p. 7, 1872; pt. ii, p. 173, 1874. VOLUTA LAMBERTI. 513 1843—81. Voluta Lamberti, Nyst, Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 587, pl. xlv, fig. 4, 1843 ; Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 56, pl. iv, fig. 1, 1881. 1864. Voluta Lamberti, S. P. Woodward in White’s History of Norfolk, ed. 3, p. 117. 1869. Voluta (Pyrgomitra) Lamberti, Morch, Journ. de Conch., vol. xvii, p. 428. 1871. Voluta Lamberti, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 146, 492. 1871. Voluta Lamberti, A. Bell, Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 454. 1872. Voluta Lamberti, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 204, 210, 214. 1874—92. Voluta Lamberti, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, pp. 260, 272, 1874; Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), pp. 122, 1382, 1892. 1875. Voluta (Scaphella) Lamberti, Dollfus, Ktud. Terr. tert. Cotentin, vol. vi, p. 366. 1896. Voluta Lamberti, Bernays, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. x (Mémoires), p. 128. 1900. Voluta Lamberti, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 261, pl. 1, fig. 5. 1912. Voluta Lamberti, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, No. 4, p. 84, no. 212. 1916. Maculopeplum Lamberti, R. B. Newton, Journ. of Conch., vol. xv, pp. 76, 111. Specific Characters.—Shell large, strong and solid, subfusiform, more or less elongate, but varying in the proportion between its length and its breadth; whorls 5 or 6, but slightly convex, compressed below the suture, smooth or but very finely striated, the last much the largest, sometimes three-fourths the total length ; suture shght; spire conical with a truncate and obtusely rounded apex; mouth oval, acutely angulated above, passing into a short, rather wide and open canal; outer hp gently curved ; columella with 4 oblique and prominent plaits. Dimensions.—L. 120—180 mm. B. 60 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Lenham. Coralline Crag: Ramsholt, Gedgrave, Sutton, Aldeburgh, Boyton. Red Crag—Waltonian to Butleyan (passim). Iceman: Norwich, doubtful. Casterlien, Scaldisien, Poederlien: Belgium. Scaldisien, Poederlien: Holland. Gourbesville, France. Remarks.—This fine shell is found everywhere in the Phocene of the east of England from Lenham to Butley and in that of Belgium, in fair abundance. — It is reported in Dr. 8. P. Woodward’s list from the Icenian of Norwich on the authority of the late R. Wigham, but this has never been confirmed by any later authority and may be regarded as doubtful. A closely allied shell is reported from the Miocene of Touraine under the name of V. (Aulica) miocenica by Messrs. Dollfus and Dautzenberg, and similar forms are known from other Miocene deposits. Whether any of these should be regarded as varieties of the Anglo-Belgian and Pliocene V. Lamberti or specifically distinct from it, 1s a matter for continental rather than for English geologists. There are two distinct types of this shell in the Crag—one short and tumid, about twice as long as broad, the other slender and three times as long. 514. PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Genus CASSIDARIA, Lamarck, 1812 (continwed from Vol. I, p. 59). Cassidaria bicatenata (J. Sowerby). Plate XLV, fig. 14. 1824. Cassis bicatenatus, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. ii, p. 117, pl. cli. 1837. Cassidaria bicatenata, Charlesworth, Mag. Nat. Hist, [n.s.], vol. i, p. 38. 1842—48. Cassidaria bicatenata, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 538, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 27, pl. iv, fig. 5, 1848. 1844—81. Cassidaria bicatenata, Nyst, Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 565, pl. xliv, fig. 6, 1844; Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 34, pl. ii, figs. 14d, 14/, 1881. 1871. Cassidaria bicatenata, A. Bell, Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 454; Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [4], vol. viii, p. 356. 1872. Cassidaria bicatenata, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 203, 209, 218. 1872. Cassidaria bicatenata, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 142, 487. 187492. Cassidaria bicatenata, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, pp. 184, 187, 260, 1874; vol. xiv, p. 70, 1881; vol. xix, p. 17, 1884; vol. xx, p. 26, 1885; Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), pp. 121, 182, 147, 1892. 1890. Cassidaria bicatenata, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 240, pl. ii, fig. 7. 1896. Cassidaria bicatenata, Bernays, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. x, p. 131. 1896—1902. Cassidaria bicatenata, F. W. Harmer, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. li, p. 779, 1896 ; vol. lvi, p. 722, 1900; Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. xvii, p. 419. 1912. Cassidaria bicatenata, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, No. iv, p. 76, no. 185. Specific Characters.—Shell large, solid, ovato-ventricose; whorls 6 or 7, the last inflated, much the largest, seven-eighths the total length; angulated and ornamented by transverse ridges, strong and clearly marked in the type, extending to the base, and having towards the upper portion 2 or 3 tubercular rows of a cancellate character; occasionally the shell is traversed with a thick and prominent varix, the labial rib of an earlier period of growth; at other times, but infrequently, the external sculpture becomes of a more or less obsolete character ; mouth large, showing inside and faintly the exterior sculpture, bounded by a strong and thickened labial rib; outer lip denticulated within; canal short, wide and open, turning to the left ; columella internally ridged. Dimensions.—L. 90 mm. 5B. 60 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Corallme Crag: Gedgrave, Ramsholt. | Waltonian: Walton-on-Naze, Beaumont, Little Oakley. Newbournian: Bentley, Waldringfield, Newbourn, Sutton, Felixstowe. Butleyan: Bawdsey, Hollesley. Bolderien, Diestien, Casterlien, Scaldisien, Poederlien: Belgium. Scaldisien, Poederlien: Holland. Remark:s.—This fine and very distinct shell is especially interesting, as it is unrecorded, so far as I know, either as recent or fossil, from any locality outside the Anglo-Belgian area; although not abundant, it is found in most of our Crag exposures. From Oakley, for example, I have about 40 examples in my own possession, though they are all fragmentary. Perfect specimens have been CASSIDARIA TYRRHENA. 515 obtained, however, from many exposures of the Coralline and Red Crags. M. Van den Broeck has reported it from the zone @ Pectunculus pilosus of Antwerp (Bolderien), but it is unknown from any other Miocene horizon of any part of Hurope. Var. ecatenata, 8. V. Wood. Plate XLV, figs. 15, 16. 1872. Cassidaria bicatenata, var. ecatenata, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., Ist Suppl., pt. i, p. 11, pl..vi, figs. 2a, 20. 1868—81. Cassidaria bicatenata, Nyst in d’Halloy, Abr. élem. de Géol., p. 612, 1868; var. ecatenata, Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 34, pl. u1, figs. 14 a, 14 e, 1881. Varietal Characters.—Differs from the type in the absence of a distinct keel and of any cancellation on the upper part of the upper whorls. Dimensions. —L. 85 mm. B. 60 mm. Distribution —Not known living. Fossil; Corallme Crag: near Orford. Waltonian Crag: Little Oakley. Newbournian: Sutton, Felixstowe. (Probably elsewhere in the Red Crag.) Remarks.—The specimen now figured (fig. 16) from the Newbournian Crag of Sutton belongs to the Wood Collection in the Norwich Museum, and corresponds with the var. ecatenata, described by him in 1872, in the absence of distinct angulation and the want of the special tuberculation characteristic of the type- form. There is another specimen in the Crowfoot Collection at Norwich, also figured (fig. 15), having a strong varix across the centre of the body-whorl, the origin of which is explained by Wood’s fig. 2 of the immature shell shown on the plate named above. Cassidaria tyrrhena (Chemnitz). Plate XLV, fig. 17 (continued from Vol. I, p. 58). 1914. Cassidaria tyrrhena, F. W. Harmer, Plioc. Moll. Gt. Brit., vol. i, p. 58, pl. ii, fig. 13. Remarks.—When examining a consignment of shelly material he had received from Father Codd (now the Bishop of Ferns), which had been collected at Blackwater in the Wexford gravels, my colleague Alfred Bell detected a small fragment, now figured, which we both think may be identified with C. tyrrhena. It shows the varix which is found occasionally in specimens of C. bicatenata from the Crag, as it is sometimes in recent examples of the present species. venus FICULA, Swainson, 1840. Ficula condita (Bronegniart). Plate XLVI, fig. 12. 1823. Pyrula condita, Brongniart, Mem. Terr. calc. Vicentin, p. 75, pl. vi, fig. 4. 1825. Pyrula condita, Basterot, Mem. Geol. Env. Bordeaux, p. 67. 1842—48. Pyrula reticulata, 8S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 543, pl. vw, fon i 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 42, pl. ii, fig, 12, 1848, 516 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 1853. Pyrula condita, Hornes, Foss. Moll. Tert. Wien, vol. i, p. 270, pl. xxvii, figs. 4—6. 1871. Pyrula acclinis, Jeffreys (pars), in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 145, 490. 1872. Pyrula cancellata, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 11, pp. 204, 210. 1874—84. Ficula condita, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, pp. 120, 184, 187, 1874 ; F. intermedia, vol. xvii, p. cliv, 1882; vol. xix, pp. 18, 30, 35, 1884. 1875. Pirula (Ficula) condita, Dollfus, Etud. Géol. Terr. tert. Cotentin, p. 367. 1881. Ficula intermedia, Nyst, Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 40, pl. i, fig. 8. 1885. Ficula condita, De Gregorio, Conch. Medit. viv. e foss., p. 317. 1890. Pyrula reticulata, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 254, pl. in, fig. 4. 1890—91. Ficula condita, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. ix, p. 203, no. 2412, 1890; Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. viii, p. 23, pl. i, fig. 27, 1891. 1898. Pyrula reticulata, F. W. Harmer, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. liv, p. 319. 1912. Ficula reticulata, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, No. 4, p. 78, no. 186. 1916. Ficus reticulata, R. B. Newton, Journ. of Conch., vol. xv, pp. 73, 111, 141, pl. iv, figs. 1, 2. 1917. Ficula condita, A. Bell, Geol. Mag. [6], vol. iv, pp. 412, 413. Specific Characters.—Shell large, pyriform, the body-whorl and mouth occupying nearly the entire length, squarely angulate and flattened above, excavated and narrowed below ; spire excessively short and depressed ; ornamented by numerous fine but well-marked transverse ridges with still finer ones in the interspaces, crossed by delicate longitudinal strize and by the lines of growth. Dimensions —L. 60—65 mm. B. 35 Distribution.—Not known living. 4.2. mm. Fossil: Boxstones. Lenham. Coralline Crag: Ramsholt, Gedgrave. Waltonian: Walton-on-Naze. Newbournian: Sutton, Waldrinefield. Miocene: Belgium, France, Vienna basin, Germany, Italy. Pliocene (Casterlien, Scaldisien) : Belgium—Waenrode. Scaldisien: Holland. Remarks.—Considerable difference of opinion has existed as to the correct determination of the shell figured by Wood as Pyrula reticulata. Of late years it has been more generally referred to the genus Ficula (Iicus) and to the species condita, with which it seems to me most nearly to agree. It is a distinctly Miocene form, but appears to have been also a rare survivor to Pliocene times. Specimens occurring in the Coralline Crag present no appearance of derivation. Those from the Red Crag are worn, as indeed are many other of the shells of that formation. The specimen now figured belongs to the York Museum, and was found in the Newbournian Crag of Sutton. Genus NASSA, Lamarck. Sub-genus HINIA (continued from Vol. I, p. 3238). Nassa (Hinia) assimilis, sp. nov. Plate XLVII, fig. 12. Specific Characters.—Shell small, solid, conical; whorls 7, flattened, shghtly angulate above, the last much the largest, three-fourths of the total length; NASSA (UZITA) RETICOSA. 517 rapidly diminishing to a blunt point ; suture well marked but/not deep ; ornamented by wide and oblique but not prominent longitudinal costa, placed close together and crossed by rather strong spiral striz, the basal portion, which is also spirally striated, being separated from the rest of the body-whorl by a deep groove; mouth irregularly ovate with an angular notch above and ridged. within ; inner lip wide, ridged and folded upon the pillar; canal short, turning abruptly to the left and ending in a deep notch. Dimensions.--L. 12 mm. B. 6 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: St. Erth. The shell here figured is from the Warburton},Collection in the Remarks. British Museum, where it bears the name of N. costulata. It does not agree, however, with Brocchi’s figure of the N. costulata of Renier, and so far as I can make out is an undescribed species. The sculpture, consisting of wide, flattened cost crowded together and crossed by spiral striae, is different ‘from that. of any Nassa hitherto described from our English deposits, though somewhat like that of the WV. diversa of Bellardi. In other respects, however, our shell is different. In the Warburton Collection in the British Museum there is a characteristic specimen of the recent British shell Nassa reticulata, labelled from St. Erth, but accompanied by a notice in Robert Bell’s handwriting: ‘This came with Mr. Wood’s specimens.” The locality given for it may probably have been a mistake. Sub-genus UZITA (continued from Vol. T, p. 66). Nassa (Uzita) reticosa, type (J. Sowerby). Plate XLVI, figs. 1—3 (continued from Vol. I, p. 62). 1818. Buccinum reticosum, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. 11, p. 17, pl. ex, fig. 2. 1848. Nassa reticosa, 8S. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 33, pl. 1, fig. 10a. Remarks.—As to this form Sowerby and Wood are practically agreed. The specimens now figured, though not absolutely the same, may be regarded as typical. Var. rugosa (J. Sowerby). Plate XLVI, fig. 11. 1818. Buccinum rugosum, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. ii, p. 16, pl. ex, fig. 3. 1844. Buccinum elongatum, var. B, Nyst, Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 572, pl. xlv, fig. 3. 1914. Nassa reticosa, var. costata, F. W. Harmer, Plioc. Moll. Gt. Brit., vol. i, p. 63, pl. iii, fig. 15. Remarks.—In my short allusion to this interesting, abundant, but very variable group of shells, I lost sight of the fact that the B. rugoswm of Sowerby does not agree with that figured subsequently by Wood under that name. Sowerby gives three figures of this group, viz, of B, elongatum, B. reticosum and B. rugosum, two 68 518 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. of them agreeing more or less nearly with those of Wood. The third, however, is different. As figured by Sowerby, it is a distinct form easily separated from other varieties of this species by its prominent and rather distant ribs. As Sowerby’s Memoir is considerably the older, his shell must be accepted as the true var. rugosa, Wood’s name being withdrawn in its favour as well as one of those described by me (in error) as var. costata in Pl. III, fig. 15, of Vol. I. For Wood’s shell I propose the varietal name |Voodii, sce below, while my fig. 15 becomes var. rugosa. Among a large number of specimens of this variable species it is not easy to refer all of them to those that may be fairly regarded as varietal types, as some are of an intermediate character. It may be desirable, however, to figure examples of those that may be regarded as specifically distinct, of which I have about ten kinds in my collection. Var. Woodii, nov. Plate XLVI, fig. 6. 1848. Nassa reticosa, var. rugosa, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 33, pl. iii, fig. 10 b. Remarks.—For reasons just given Wood’s varietal name of rugosa must be discontinued in favour of Sowerby’s costated variety. I substitute for it that given above in remembrance of my old friend. ‘The specimen now given is from the Crowfoot Collection and was found at Butley ; its whorls are wide and buecini- form as in that figured by Wood. Var. elongata (J. Sowerby). Plate XLVI, fig. 4. 1818. Buceinum elongatum, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. ii, p. 15, pl. ex, fig. 1. 1842—48. Nassa elongata, 8. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 539, 1842; N. reticosa, var. elongata, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 33, pl. il, fig. 10 ¢. Remarks.—Wood’s figure of this variety corresponds very closely with what is one of the most distinct and abundant forms of N. reticosa in the English Crag. It is elongate in form, generally rather thin and fragile, the longitudinal costa being fine, conspicuous and numerous—confined, as a rule, to the upper whorls. Nyst’s figures of this species are also elongate, but the sculpture is coarser and the ribs stronger and less numerous. It may be interesting to notice that a closely allied, if if not identical shell, Nassa aubigiensis (fig. 8), occurs in the Lower Pliocene of Bosq @ Aubigny in the south-west of France, a specimen of which I have received from my friend M. Dautzenberg and is here given for comparison. ‘This is interesting, suggesting a southern origin for this remarkable group of molluses. Appearing first in the Coralline Crag of Sutton, in which they are very rare, they become abundant in that of Boyton, where Mr. Bellinforms me they were formerly obtained in great numbers. From the Waltonian Crag he and I have obtained about 500 specimens, including rarities. In the later beds of the Red Crag, on the contrary, they became less common and finally disappeared, killed off possibly by the increasing cold. I NASSA (UZITA) RETICOSA. 519 have before pointed out the importance of the Boyton fauna as forming a link between the Coralline Crag of Sutton and Gedgrave and the Red Crag of Walton and Oakley. Var. costata, S. V. Wood. Plate XLVI, fig. 7. 1848. Nassa reticosa, var. costata, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 33, pl. iui, fig. LOA. 1914. Nassa reticosa, var. costata, F. W. Harmer, Plioc. Moll. Gt. Britain, vol. i, p63; pl. am, fio. 16. j Remarks.—The specimen figured by Wood under this name is a small shell with strong longitudinal coste. It is not uncommon, either in the Coralline Crag of Boyton or in the Waltonian of Walton and Little Oakley. My own fossil, fig. 7, comes from Walton. It is not unlike the var. rugosa, but is smaller and more delicately striated. Var. tiara, 8. V. Wood. Plate XLVI, fig. 10. 1842-48. Nassa reticosa, var. tiara, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 539, 1842 ; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 38, pl. iui, fig. 10d, 1848. Remarks.—This distinct variety is rare in the Crag and is not often obtained perfect. Var. fenestralis, 8. V. Wood. Plate XLVI, fig. 5. 1848. Nassa reticosa, var. fenestralis, S. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 38, pl. in, fig. 10. Remarks.—This variety occurs both in the Coralline Crag of Boyton and in the Red Crag of Oakley and elsewhere. It is specially characterised by its turreted spire and its granulated sculpture. Var. concinna, 8. V. Wood. Plate XLVI, fig. 9. 1848. Nassa reticosa, var. concinna, S. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 33, pl. i, fig. 10 g. Remarks.—This variety is small and slender with delicate sculpture, longitudinal and transverse, the latter extending to the base. It occurs also in the Belgian Crag, as do most of the varieties found in that of Hast Angha. Var. deformis, S. V. Wood. 1848. Nassa reticosa, var. deformis, S. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 38, pl. 1u, fig. 10 f. Remarks.—This form may possibly be an abortive growth. I have never met with it myself. 520 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Genus LIOMESUS, Stimpson, 1865 (continued from Vol. I, p. 116). Liomesus Dalei (J. Sowerby). Plate XLV, figs. 4—6. 1825. Buecinum Dalei, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. v, p. 139, pl. ececlxxxvi, figs. 1, 2. 1842-48. Buccinum Dalei, 8. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 540, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. 1, p. 34, pl. iii, fig. 10, 1848. 1844-81. Buccinum crassum, Nyst, Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 569, pl. lxiv, fig. 7; B. Dale, p. 570, 1844; Buccinopsis Dalei, var. crassa, Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 17, pl. ii, fig. 1, 1881. 1853. Buecinum Dalei, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. iii, p. 408, pl. cix, figs. 1, 2. 1859. Buccinum Dalei, G. B. Sowerby, Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xvii, fig. 12. 1867-71. Buccinopsis Dalei, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 298, 1867; vol. v, p. 218, pl. lxxxiii, fig. 2, 1869; in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 142, 486, 1871. {870-1911.° Buccinopsis Dalei, A. Bell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [4], vol. vi, p. 214, 1870; Geol. Mag., vol. viii, p. 453, 1871; Journ. Ipswich Field Club, vol. iii, p. 15, 1911. 1872. Buccinopsis Dalei, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 203, 209, 213. 1874-1892. Buccinopsis Dalei, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, pp. 260, 272, 1874; vol. xiv, p. 70, 1879; vol. xix, p. 18, 1884; Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), pp. 121, 131, 1892. 1878. Buccinopsis eburnea, G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. arct. Norv., p. 265, pl. xiii, fig. 13. 1887. Buccinopsis Dalei, Kobelt, Icon. schalentrag. europ. Meeresconcb., vol. i, p. 116, pl. xxi, fig. 3. 1890. Buccinum Dalei, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 238. 1896. Buccinopsis Dalei, var. crassa, Bernays, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. x (Memoires), p. 128. 1896-1900. Buccinopsis Dalei, F. W. Harmer, Quart. Journ, Geol. Soc, vol. lii, p. 756, 1896 ; vol. liv, p. 317, 1898; vol. lvi, pp. 712, 719, 1900. 1902. Liomesus Dalei, Conch. Soc. List, Journ. of Conch., vol. x, p. 25, No. 494. 1906. Liomesus Dalei, Sykes, Proc. Malac. Soc., vol. vii, p. 341. 1912. Buccinopsis Dalei, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, no. 4, p. 78, No. 190. Specific Characters.—Shell usually strong and solid, ovato-elongate, with a truncated base ; whorls 5 or 6, decidedly convex, the last much the largest ; suture deep; spire varying in length, regularly enlarging, sometimes smooth, at others ornamented by spiral striation as well as by conspicuous lines of growth; mouth large, angulated above, terminating in a short, wide, and open canal which turns to the left; outer lip gently curved, not expanded; sculpture, where present, generally very fine above, stronger below. Dinensions.—L. 830—50 mm. B. 15—30 mm. Distribution.—Recent : west coast of Ireland; Shetland, Aberdeenshire, soft ground beyond the Dogger Bank. Norwegian coasts, Lofoten Islands. Fossil: Coralline Crag. Red Crag—Waltomian to Butleyan (passim). Icenian: Chillesford, Southwold, Haston Bavent, Bramerton, Postwick. Diestien, Casterlien, Scaldisien, Poederlien: Belgium. Scaldisien, Poederlien: Holland. Remarks.—This shell, which has a limited range both as recent and as fossil, is specially characteristic of the Anglo-Belgian Phocene. In the Red Crag it is NEPTUNEA TENUISTRIATA. 521 found everywhere and in considerable abundance though it is less common in the Coralline. It varies in size, form, and the length of the shell, which in some of the Belgian specimens reaches as much as 90 mm. It is not at all common in the Icenian Crag, in which it has only been obtained rarely from three or four localities. My fig. 4 corresponds to the var. crassa of Nyst, fig. 5 approaches more nearly the B. eburnea of Prof. Sars, but there are many intermediate forms, some of them being without distinct sculpture. As a rule the spiral sculpture is fine and delicate in the earlier whorls, often becoming coarse and strong in the lower ones, as shown in my fig. 6. Genus NEPTUNEA, Bolten (continued from Vol. I, p. 370). Neptunea tenuistriata, f. W. Harmer. Plate XLVI, fig. 15. 1918. Neptunea tenuistriata, F. W. Harmer, Plioc. Moll. Gt. Brit., vol. i, pt. i, p. 369, pl. xxxvu, figs. 1, 2. Dimensions.—L. 40 mm. B. 24 mm. Distribution.—Butleyan Crag: Hollesley or Butley (additional). Remarks.—In Vol. la specimen from Bridlington was figured under the present name which seemed to correspond with one of the Newfoundland species, Musus striatus (Reeve), which I had received from my friend Prof. Sparre Schneider. Up to that time it had not been reported from the Crag. As to the identification of the Crag fossil with it I think there can be no doubt. The latter belongs to my own collection. Genus MUREX (continued from Vol. I, p. 359). Murex Harrisoni, A. Bell. Plate XLVI, fig. 2. 1915. Murex Harrisoni, A. Bell, Geol. Mag. [6], vol. ii, p. 167. Specific Characters.—Shell small, thick and solid, ovato-turreted with a wide base; whorls convex, the last much the largest; ornamented by 7 irregular ribs, the labial one thickened, flat, varicose and much expanded; spire short, rapidly diminishing in size upwards; suture deep; mouth oval; outer lip wide, straight, rectangular both above and below, flattened and enlarged at the base, denticulate within ; inner lip strong, reflected on the pillar; canal open, narrow, slightly oblique. Dimensions.—L. 24mm. B. 13 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil ; Isle of Man (Cranstal Point). 522, PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Remarks.—Vhe specimen figured under this name is one of two from the Manx- land drift received from the Rey. 8. N. Harrison by Mr. Bell, which we are unable to identify satisfactorily with any recognised species known to us. Messrs. Dollfus and Dautzenberg, moreover, who have been kind enough to examine this form and the one next described, inform me that they cannot find anything, either recent or fossil, to which they can be referred. We have pleasure in dedicating it to its discoverer. Genus OCINEBRA, Leach (continued from Vol. I, p. 347). Ocinebra Kendalli, sp. nov. Plate XLVII, fig. 3. Specific Characters. —Shell thick and solid, ovate, turreted ; whorls 5, convex, angulated obtusely below the suture; ornamented by about 10 strong and con- tinuous ribs which extend to the base and the canal, and by strong spiral ridges crossing the ribs which are shghtly granular at the points of imtersection ; spire short, rapidly diminishing upwards toward a blunt and flattened apex; suture deep but not channelled; mouth oval with a distinct and narrow canal; outer lip angulated above, expanded and strengthened by a prominent varix, with several well-marked tubercles within; inner lip thin, nearly straight in the middle, covering the pillar. Dimensions.—L. 25mm. B. 15 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil ; Manxland drift. Remarks.—This is another of the Rev. 8. N. Harrison’s discoveries, which, as stated above, neither I nor my friends are able to identify. It is one of the shells which are of a decidedly older type either than that of the Wexford fauna or, generally, of the Manxland beds. Genus EUTHRIA, Gray (continued from Vol. I, p. 363). Euthria cornea (Linné). Plate XLVII, fig. 1. 1918. Huthria cornea, F. W. Harmer, Plioc. Moll. Gt. Brit., vol. i, pt. 11, p. 361, pl. xxxvii, figs. 7,8 Remarks.—The specimen now figured under the present name is also from St. Krth and belongs to the British Museum (Natural History). It differs materially from the variety figured in my first volume, being larger, with more convex whorls, compressed below the suture and a bent and strongly recurved canal. It agrees much more nearly with Bellardi’s type-figure. RAPHITOMA LAVIS. 523 Genus RAPHITOMA, Bellardi (continued from Vol. 1, p. 388). Raphitoma levis (A. Bell). Plate XLVI, fig. 10. 1846. Pleurotoma sp., E. Forbes, Mem. Geol. Sury., vol. i, p. 426, no. 127. 1890. Plewrotoma levis, A. Bell, Rep. Brit. Assoc. (Leeds), p. 410. Specific Characters.—Shell smooth and solid with a comparatively wide base and a slender elongated spire; whorls 6, convex, the last expanded, much the largest, more than half the total length; upper part gradnally tapering to a blunt and rounded apex, suture well-marked but not deep; mouth oval, angulate above, rounded below ; outer lip gently curved, somewhat expanded ; canal short, rather wide, open. Dimensions.—L. 12 mm. B. 4 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Wexford. Remarks.—The shell figured under this name belongs to the R. nebula group, but it shows no sign of sculpture, either longitudinal or transverse. It is probably the same as that mentioned by Forbes as ‘‘a small tapering smooth species from Wexford,” and is certainly that included in Mr. Bell’s report on the Manure Gravels to the meeting of the British Association at Leeds (op. cit.). It comes to me from the British Museum, where it is labelled “ St. Erth,”’ but as soon as Mr. Bell saw it he recognised it without hesitation as his original specimen from Wexford, which he afterwards sent to Mr. Warburton, from whom the Museum purchased it. There is a specimen in the British Museum labelled “ Plewrotoma communis, Ktheridge and Bell,” which I consider should be referred to R. Keepingi, described in Vol. I, p. 388, of this work. Raphitoma levigata (Philippi). Plate XLVIT, fig. 9. 1915. Raphitoma levigata, F. W. Harmer, Plioc. Moll. Gt. Brit., vol. i, pt. ii, p. 274, pl. xxx, figs. 35 —37. Distribution.— Fossil : Selsey (additional). Remarks.—A small but well-marked specimen of this southern shell, which was found at Selsey, has recently reached me from the York Museum. Genus MANGILIA, Risso (continued from Vol. I, p. 382). Mangilia indistincta, Monterosato. Plate XLVII, fig. 11. 1915. Mangilia indistincta, F. W. Harmer, Plioc. Moll. Gt. Brit., vol. i, p. 250, pl. xxix, fig. 19. Distribution.— Fossil: Selsey. Ttemarks.—The specimen now given under this name corresponds more nearly 524 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. with the one belonging to Mr. Tomlin, received from the Marchese di Monterosato, which I was allowed to figure as above, than with anything else I can find. It seems specially characterised by its distinct labial sinus. My specimen belongs to the York Museum, where it is called Clavatula sp., and was found at Selsey. It is possibly the same as that given by Alfred Bell in his paper of 1893 as Pleurotoma striolata.’ Genus ADMETE, Kroyer (continued from Vol. I, p. 411). Admete Sheppardi, A. Bell. Plate XLIX, fig. 9. 1919. Admete viridula, var. Sheppardi, A. Bell, The Naturalist, p. 57, fig. 1. Specific Characters.—Shell thin, oval, turreted ; whorls 6, decidedly convex, the last tumid, much the largest, two-thirds the total length; ornamented by inconspicuous longitudinal coste extending to the base, and by delicate but distinet spiral ridges which cross them; spire elongated, ending in a blunt point ; suture fairly deep; mouth ovate, angulate above; canal short, bending to the left ; outer lip thin, regularly curved; inner lip forming a thin callus upon the columella. Dimensions.—L. 15 mm. B. 8 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil : Bridlington. Remarks.—The shell figured under this name is one of three discovered by Mr. A. Bell in Mr. Headley’s collection of Bridlington fossils, which he considers a new species. The sculpture is more delicate and less conspicuous than in the typical A. viridula. Its discoverer now considers that it deserves a distinctive specific name. Admete contabulata, Friele. Plate XLIX, figs. 10. 1879—1901. Admete contabulata, Friele, Jahrb. Deutsch. Malak. Gesell., vol. vi, p. 276, 1879 ; Norsk. Nordhav. Exp., Mollusca, pt. 11, p. 24, pl. viii, figs. 31, 32, 1886; pt. ii, p. 85, 1901. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, thin, strongly angulate, with a flattened ledge below the suture; whorls 5, rapidly increasing; ornamented by well-marked ribs which cross the ledge obliquely, dying out on the last whorl, and by spiral ridges which are continuous to the base; apex smooth, obtuse and mammiform ; columella straight, with two inconspicuous folds; canal short; base pointed. Dimensions.—L. 8 mm. B. 5 mm. Distribution.—Recent ; Norwegian coast, Spitzbergen. Fossil: Bridlington. ! Rep. Yorks. Phil, Soe., p. 70, 1893, BITTIUM CRASSICOSTATUM. 525 Remarks.—This interesting shell was also discovered by Mr. Bell when examining Mr. Headley’s collection, where he noticed about 8 specimens of it. I am not aware that it has been reported as recent except by Mr, Friele among the mollusca of the North Sea Norwegian Expedition. That author remarks : it may be easily distinguished from Admete viridula by its strongly angulated whorls, which, when. crossed by its standing ribs, become almost nodulous, and by its smooth mammiform apex. Genus BITTIUM (continued from Vol. I, p. 419). Bittium crassicostatum (Htheridge and Bell). Plate XLVI, fig. 4. 1898. Cerithium (Bittium) reticulatum, var. crassicostata, A. Bell, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 148. Specific Characters.—Shell strong and solid, slender, subcylindrical; whorls convex ; suture deep and channelled; spire slender, elongate, gradually tapering ; ornamented by 5 or 6 rounded and projecting ribs continuous from apex to base, except as interrupted by the suture, with wide interspaces, and by coarse spiral ridges which cross the ribs; mouth small, oval, angulate above, rounded below. Dimensions.—(Broken specimen) L. 12mm. B. 3 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: St. Erth. Remarks.—Of this form Mr. Bell reports he obtained 3 or 4 specimens at St. Erth. I think it may be regarded as a new as well as an interesting species, as do MM. Dollfus and Dautzenberg. It is somewhat similar to the Bb. robustum of the Anglo-Belgian Crag described in Vol. I, p. 417, of this Memoir, but differs materially from it both im form and sculpture. The specimen here figured is from the Warburton Collection in the British Museum, where it is regarded as a variety of C. (Bittiwm) reticulatum. I prefer to consider it specifically distinct. Bittium incile, Watson. Plate XLVII, fig. 7. 1897. Bittium incile, Watson, Journ. Linn. Soc. (Zoology), vol. xxvi, p. 246, pl. xix, figs. 14, 14a. Specific Characters.— Shell small, solid, conical ; whorls 8—9, nearly flat; spire elongate, regularly but slowly tapering upwards; suture deep, channelled ; ornamented by 3 spiral rows of well-marked rounded nodules on each of the lower whorls, arranged also in longitudinal lines, the base having 3 sharp and strong ridges ; mouth ovate, angulate above. 69 526 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Dimensions.—L. 7 mm. B. 2°5 mm. Distribution.__Recent : Madeira, Porto Santo, Selvagens, Grand Canary. Fossil: St. Erth. Remarks.—I am indebted to my good friend M. Dautzenbere for identifying the charming St. Erth fossil from the British Museum here figured (which there bears the name of Cerithiwm tuberculatum, no. 18156), with a specimen of Bittinm incile he received in 1898 from Canon Norman. The Rev. R. Boog Watson, who first described this species, states that it 1s very common in the waters of the Madeira Sea. Our shell is quite fresh and perfect, and does not seem to have been carried far from its original home. The occurrence of this and other distinctly southern species in the St. Erth bed is not only interesting but suggestive. ‘'T'wo other fossil species of Bittium are also known from that locality which are unrecorded as living forms. Bittium dissimile, sp. nov. Plate XLVII, fig. 5. 1898. Cerithium reticulatum, var. punctulum (not C. variculosum, Nyst), A. Bell, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 144, pl. i, fig. 12. Specific Characters.—Shell small, turreted, fairly solid; whorls 9 or 10, shghtly convex ; ornamented by about 10 rounded and rather prominent longitudinal cost intersected by spiral ridges, 4 on each whorl, which become granulate at the poimt of contact; spire forming an elongated cone, regularly diminishing in size to a blunt point; mouth small, subovate. Dimensions.—L. 5 mm. B. 2 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: St. Erth. . Remarks.—The St. Erth fossil, here figured as a new species, is also from the Warburton Collection, where it is labelled “ Cerithium punctulum”’—a name given by Wood in 1842 to a shell from Walton,’ which was afterwards identified by him, but I think in error, with an Oligocene species, the C. variculosum of Nyst.? In Vol. I, p. 418, Pl. XLI, fig. 5, I described and refigured Wood’s Walton shell, which is still in the British Museum under its original specific name of punctulum, reporting it also from St. Erth on the strength of Mr. Bell’s identi- fication given above. Comparing the two specimens and the two figures from Walton and St. Erth respectively, however, I find they are not the same; I therefore describe the latter as a new species, B. dissimile, with which view MM. Dollfus and Dautzenberg concur. 1 Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 538, 1842. * Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 69, pl. viui, fig. 3, 1848, CERITHIOPSIS TUBERCULARIS. Or bo J Genus CERITHIOPSIS, Forbes and Hanley (continued from Vol. I, p. 424). Cerithiopsis tubercularis, var. subulata (S. V. Wood). Plate XLVI, fig. 6. 1848. Cerithium tuberculare, var. subulatum, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 70, pl. viii, fig. 5b. 1865. Cerithiopsis acicula, Brusina, Conch. Dalm. ined., p. 17. 1884. Cerithiopsis tubercularis, var. subulata, Buequoy, Dautzenberg et Dollfus, Moll. mar, Rouss., vol. i, p. 205, pl. xxvii, fig. 3. 1898. Cerithiopsis minutum, A. Bell, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 144. Varietal Characters.—Differs from the type in its slender, elongated and sub- cylindrical spire and in its flattened whorls. Dimensions.—L. 5 mm. B. 1 mm. Distribution.—Recent : Guernsey, Bantry Bay and elsewhere. Mediterranean, Adriatic. Fossil : St. Erth. Corallme Crag: Sutton. Remarks.—Vhis well-marked variety was first described by Wood from the Coralline Crag. The specimen now figured is from the Warburton Collection of St. Erth fossils in the British Museum, where it is labelled Cerithium minimum. The species reported by me, however, under that name in Vol. I of the present work, p. 428, Pl. XULI, figs. 22, 23, is a shorter and wider shell and is the variety nana of Wood. Genus SCALA, Klein, 1753. The use of the generic term Scalaria (Lamarck, 1801), by which the group of molluseca described below was so long known, has been recently discontinued in favour of the earlier and pre-Linnean one given above. The Scalide, moreover, have been of late much subdivided, and the names of many new sub-genera are now found in recent conchological works. The nomenclature here used is in the main that adopted by M. Cossmann in the ninth volume of his ‘* Hssais de Paléoconchologie comparée”’ (1912), in collabora- tion with M. de Boury of Paris, who has devoted many years to the study of the Sealas, upon which he is regarded as a distinguished authority. As no less than sixteen of these subdivisions are represented in the English Crag, and there are some other points which deserve discussion, it seems desirable in the present memoir to deal with the Crag Scalas as a whole. It is not practicable, however, that the characteristic features of these different groups can be fully given here; a reference, therefore, to M. Cossmann’s work is recommended to those who desire a more detailed knowledge of the subject. 528 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. A recent author remarks as to the various species of the Sealidz that for the most part they are “tres difficiles a determiner.” I am the more fortunate, therefore, that in studying this group I have been able to avail myself of the special knowledge and experience of such an expert as M. de Boury. [Since this was written I have heard with deep regret that my good friend has passed away. | Dr. W. H. Dall proposes to use the generic term Hpitoniwm (Bolten, 1798), instead of Scala,’ but so far as I know the former has not been adopted by Huropean conchologists. The alteration seems to me undesirable, as Scala forms the root-word of most of the new sub-generic names of the present group. Unfortunately there has been, and still is, considerable difference of opimion as to the use, generic and sub-generic, of some of the names which have been adopted by our best authorities. As the present memoir is intended primarily for the use of geologists, and specially for students of the Crag, to whom asa rule such controversies have but little interest, it seems desirable to retain the old generic name of Scala (Scalaria), by which they have been known for so long, for all the species here dealt with, using the subsidiary names as sub-generic only. As urged in my first volume, the introduction of new generic names, now so much in vogue, is bewildering and not helpful to the geological student who has the old text-books to work with and the old lists of fossils to consult. It should be avoided so far as practicable in works like the present, though each case must be decided on its own merits. Sub-genus SPINISCALA, de Boury, 1910. Scala (Spiniscala) Trevelyana (Leach). Plate XLVIII, figs. 15, 14. 1822. Scalaria Trevelyana (Leach) in Winch, Ann. Phil., vol. xx, p. 434. 1846. Scalaria Trevellyana, Lovén, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., vol. iii, p. 88, no. 118. 1853. Scalaria Trevelyana, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. iii, p. 213, pl. Ixx, figs. 7, 8. 1859. Scalaria Trevelyana, G. B. Sowerby, Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xv, fig. 19. 1867—84. Scalaria Trevelyana, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 93, 1867; vol. v, p. 209, pl. Ixxi, fig. 4, 1869; in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 491, 1871; Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 137, 1884. 1873—6. Scalaria Trevelyana, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. iv, p. 356, no. 324, 1873 ; vol. v, p. 282, no. 117, 1874; vol. vii, p. 98, no. 617, 1876. 1890. Scalaria Trevelyana, de Boury, Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. xiv, p. 291, no. 68. 1890. Scalaria Trevelyana, Carus, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. ii, p. 293. 1890—1. Fuscoseala Turtonis, var. Trevelyana, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. ix, p. 316, no. 5140, 1890; Fuscoscala Trevelyana, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 19, 1891. 1892. Scalaria Trevelyana, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 127. 1901. Scalaria Trevelyana, Brogger, Norges geol. Undersggelse, no. 31, p. 661, pl. xvi, fig. 18. 1903. Scalaria (Linctoscala) trevelyana, Kobelt, Icon. schalentrag. europ. Meeresconch., vol. iii, p. 20, pl. lxi, figs. 11—138. 1912. Scala (Spiniscala) Trevelyana, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 32. 1 Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vol. liii, no. 2217, p. 471, 1917. SCALA (SPINISCALA) TREVELYANA. 529 Specific Characters.—Shell conical, rather thin; whorls convex, disjoined ; ornamented by about 16 narrow and flattened longitudinal ridges, oblique and usually continuous, occasionally varicose, the upper part of them expanding into a small and short spine-like projection; spire elongate, slender, regularly tapering to a fine point; suture fairly deep; mouth subcircular, angulate above; outer lip thickened by the last rib; umbilicus and basal ridge wanting. Dimensions.—L. 25 mm. B. 8 mm. Distribution. —Recent: British coasts from the Land’s End to Shetland, the Moray Firth and Berwick to Scarborough; Cork to Londonderry. West Atlantic, Naples (Carus). Dogger Bank; Christiania fiord, Bergen, Christiansund, Bohuslin, Cattegat. Fossil: Estuarine clays: Belfast. Holocene: Portrush. Miocene: Piedmont. Lower Pliocene: Biot, Piedmont, Genoa. Upper Pliocene: Italy—Piedmont, Bologna, Val d’Era, Cornaré. Sicily— Altavilla, Caltabiano, Messina. Pleistocene: Valle Biaia, Ficarazzi, Castroreale. Norway—'apes-banks : Christiania. Remarks.—This species, widely diffused as recent, being reported to range from British seas in one direction into Scandinavia and in another to the Mediterranean, has been recorded as fossil from a number of southern localities, especially from the Phocene and Pleistocene of Italy and Sicily. In Great Britain it occurs in the estuarine clays of Belfast and in the Holocene of Portrush, while Prof. Brogger has figured a typical example from the post-glacial Tpes-banks of the Christiania fiord. As to its position as a Crag shell, however, some difference of opinion has existed. In 1848 Wood figured a unique and imperfect specimen from the Newbournian Crag of Sutton, which, having compared it with a recent shell in his collection, he referred to the present species. Prof. Sacco accepts this view, but he distinguishes Wood’s Sutton fossil by the varietal name of cragtrevelyana. Up to the present no other specimen of this form has been recognised in the Crag since 1848, so that the existence of the typical S. trevelyana in our Pliocene deposits must be considered doubtful. In his first Supplement of 1872, however, Wood figured another and I think different shell under the present name, which M. de Boury regarded as specifically distinct. It is described in the next paragraph as S. aldebiana. The sub-genus Spiniscala, of which M. de Boury took the Italian S. frondicuia as the type, was considered by him to include a group of Scalas turricu- late and generally more or less slender, of moderate size, having an elongate spire, a deep suture, convex and slightly disjoimed whorls, numerous ribs, lamelliform and reflexed, the upper part of the latter being somewhat enlarged and spinous, with an imperforate base and without a basal disc. 530 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Var. cragtrevelyana, Sacco. Plate XLIX, fig. 3. 1848. Scalaria Trevelyana, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 94, pl. viii, fig. 20. 1891. Scalaria (Fuscoscala) Trevelyana, var. cragtrevelyana, Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem , pt. ax, p. 19. Varietal Characters—Smaller and more fragile than the type, with finer and more numerous coste. Dimensions.—L. 10 mm. B. 4 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil: Newbournian Crag: Sutton. Icenian: Bramerton. Remarks.—Accepting the view of Prof. Sacco and M. de Boury that the specimen figured by Wood in 1848 as S. 7'revelyana should be regarded, not as the typical form, but as a variety of that species, I figure one from the Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge, which M. de Boury considered to be the same. Scala (Spiniscala) aldebiana (Sacco). Plate XLVIII, fig. 31; Pl. XLIX, fig. 1. 1870. Scalaria Trevelyana, 8S. V. Wood and F. W. Harmer, Rep. Brit. Assoc. (Liverpool), p. 90. 1872. Scalaria Trevelyana, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., Ist Suppl., pt. i, p. 58, pl. iv, fig. 6. 1872. Scalaria Trevelyana, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 214, 216. 1874. Scalaria Trevellianum, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, p. 292. 1879. Scalaria Trevelyana, J. Reeve, Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc., vol. i, p. 79. 1891. Scalaria (Fuscoscala) Trevelyana, var. aldebiana, Sacco, Moll. Terr. 'Terz. Piem., pt. 1x, p. 21. 1912. Scalaria Trevelyana, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, No. 4, p. 70, no. 161. 1918. Scala (Spiniscala) aldebiana, de Boury MS. Specific Characters.—Shell allied to S. Trevelyana, but much smaller; whorls convex, rounded; spire short; suture deep; base enlarged; mouth subcircular ; umbilicus and basal ridge wanting. Dimensions.—L. 5 mm. B. 3 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil: Icenian Crag—Norwich zone: Bramerton, Aldeby, Beccles, Yarn Hill, Easton Bavent. Weybourne zone: Weybourne. Middle Glacial Sands: Billockby. Scaldisien: Belgium, Holland. Remarks.—The shell described under this name differs essentially both from the recent S. T’revelyana of British seas and from Wood’s Sutton fossil, described in the last paragraph. It was originally based on an imperfect specimen obtained from the Icenian Crag of Aldeby by Messrs. Crowfoot and Dowson. I have since found a good many others, some perfect, one of which, from Bramerton, I have here figured. Prof. Sacco, regarding it as allied to S. Trevelyana, proposed to call it a variety of that species from the locality at which it was first noticed, but M. de Boury, agreeing that it is not the typical S. T'revelyana, preferred to regard the name aldebiana as specific rather than varietal, with which I agree. Comparing my figs. 13, 14 and 31 of Plate XLVILI, I think this view will seem not SCALA (SPINISCALA) OAKLEYENSIS. 53] unreasonable. S. aldebiana seems to be met with generally, though not very abundantly, in the various localities of the Icenian Crag. Dr. Tesch has been kind enough to send me some of the specimens included in his list of shells from the Dutch borings under the name of XS. T'revelyana. They belong to this form, as may probably do those from Antwerp recorded by M. Van den Broeck. Scala (Spiniscala) oakleyensis, sp. nov. Plate XLIX, fig. 5. Specific Characters.—Shell of moderate size, turreted, conical; whorls 7 or 8, convex, disjoined, the last expanded, nearly half the total length; ornamented by about 12 thin, narrow, distant, rather oblique and nearly continuous ribs, a few of them, rather larger than the others, subvaricose, the upper part widening into a short spine-like projection; spire elongate, regularly tapering upwards; suture deep; mouth subcircular, angulate below ; base excavated; basal ridge wanting. Dimensions.—L. 14 mm. B. 6 mm. Distribution.—Not reported living. Fossil: Waltonian Crag: Little Oakley. Remarks——This is another specimen that M. de Boury was kind enough to examine for me, but without being able to identify it with any species known to him, either recent or fossil. He thought it belonged to the subgenus Spiniscala, but as it was not perfect he hesitated to express a decided opinion. It comes from Oakley, the prolific locality from which I have obtained so many interesting things, including a number of fragmentary Scalas. Possibly, now that attention is drawn to this shell, a more satisfactory example of it should be found. There may be other Crag localities from which, if carefully worked, equally good results might be obtained as from that locality. Sub-genus LINCTOSCALA, de Boury, 1891. Scala (Linctoscala) frondicula (S. V. Wood). Plate XLVIII, figs. 19, 20. 1842—48. Scalaria frondicula, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 5385, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. 1, p. 92, pl. viii, fig. 16, 1848. 1843—81. Scalaria frondosa, Nyst, Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 398, pl. xxxviii, fig. 7, 1848; S. frondicula, Aun. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 108, no. 118, 1871; Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 87, pl. vi, fig. 15, 1881. 1870. Scalaria frondicula, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 351, no. 369. 1871. Scalaria frondicula, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 145. 1872. Scalaria frondicula, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, p. 204. 1874—92. Scalaria frondicula, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, pp. 120 et seq., 1874; vol. xii, p. 70, 1877; vol. xvi, p. 76, 1879; vol. xix, p. 26, 1884; Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), pp. 123, 133, 147, 1892. 1876. Scalaria frondicula, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. vii, p. 98, no. 6138. 1890. Scalaria frondicula, Carus, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. ii, p. 293. 1890—91. Linctoscala (?) frondicula, Sacco, Boll. Soe. Geol. Ital., vol. ix, p. 317, no. 5157, 1890 ; Scalaria (Linctoscala) frondicula, Moll. Terr, Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 26, pl. i, fig. 38, 1891. 532 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 1890—91. Scalaria frondicula, de Boury, Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. xiv, p. 297, no. 72, 1890; Linctoscala frondicula, vol. xv, p. 194, pl. iv, fig. 4, 1891. 1896. Scalaria frondicula, Bernays, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. x (Mémoires), p. 129. 1907. Scalaria frondicula, Ravn, Danske Kgl. vid. Selsk. Skrift. [7], vol. iii, p. 295, pl. iti, fig. 14. 1912. Scalaria frondicula, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, No. 4, p. 70, no. 159. 1912. Scala (Spiniscala) frondicula, Cossmanu, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 30, pl. i, figs. 28, 29. 5D 1914. Scala (Spiniseala) frondicula, Cerulli-Irelli, Palaeont. Ital., vol. xx, p. 221, pl. xx, figs. 21, PP), ONS. Specific Characters.—A species variable both in form and in the number of its coste, not unlike S. frondosa, but having a narrower base and a more elongate spire; the whorls are convex and slightly disjomed, the spinous termination of the ribs being less marked and prominent than in that shell; the suture is deep and, as in S. frondosa, a basal ridge is wanting. Dimensions.— L. 20 mm. B. 8 mm. Distribution.—Fossil : Coralline Crag: Gedgrave, Sutton, Boyton. Waltonian : Little Oakley. Newbournian: Waldringfield. Miocene: Belgium, Denmark. Lower Phocene: Biot, northern Italy (very common), Tuscany. Upper Phocene—Casterlien (zone @ Isocardia cov) : Antwerp. Scaldisien: Belgium, Holland. Italy—Asti, Bologna, Monte Mario. Sicily— Caltabiano, Messina. Remarks.—S. frondicula ig common in the Coralline Crag of Sutton and Gedgrave, occurring also, though rarely, in the Waltonian and Newbournian zones of the Red Crag. It seems to be widely diffused in the Italian Plhocene, specimens from which are regarded by M. Cossmann as the typical form of this species. Sign. Cerulli-Ivelli figures several varieties of it from Monte Mario, but their cost are not so numerous as in the Crag fossils. A nearly allied form from the Mediterranean under the present name has been identified by Jeffreys and the Marchese di Monterosato with our Crag shell, but M. de Boury doubted whether they are the same. He considered, moreover, that the Mediterranean form of SN. frondicula differs from Wood’s species, proposing to call it S. frondiculoides. Sub-genus LAMELLISCALA, de Boury, 1910. Scala (Lamelliscala) frondosa (J. Sowerby). Plate XLVIII, figs. 21, 22. 1829. Scalaria frondosa, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. vi, p. 149, pl. dlxxvii, fig. 1. 1842—48. Scalaria frondosa, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 535, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. 1, p. 92, pl. vin, fig. 15, 1848. 1871. Scalaria frondosa, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 108, no. 119. 1871-84. Scalaria soluta, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 145, 1871 ; Proc. Zool, Soc., p. 136, 1884. eb 4 od) ~~ SCALA (LAMELLISCALA) FRONDOSA. 1872. Scalaria frondosa, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, p. 204. 1890. Scalaria frondosa, de Boury, Boll. Soe. Malae. Ital., vol. xiv, p. 295, no. 70. 1890. Scalaria frondosa, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1911. Scalaria frondosa, A. Bell, Journ. Ipswich Field Club, vol. iii, p. 16. 1914. Scala (Spiniseala) frondosa, Cerulli-Irelli, Palaeont. Ital., vol. xx, p. 226, pl. xx, fig. 41. 1918. Scala (Lamelliscala) frondosa, de Boury, MS. Specific Characters.—Shell rather small, fragile, imperforate, conical, turreted; whorls 8—9, convex, disjoined, the last much the largest; ornamented by 9 to 10 thin, sharply edged, lamellar and membranaceous costa, reflexed, distinctly spinous and projecting above; spire conical, short, rapidly diminishing in size upwards ; mouth subovate; basal ridge wanting. Dimensions.—L. 12—20 mm. B. 6—10 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil : Coralline Crag: Gedgrave, Sutton, Boyton. Upper Pliocene: Monte Mario. Scaldisien: Holland (?). Remarks.—S. frondosa may be easily distinguished from other Crag species by its texture and sculpture, its sharply-edged and spinous coste and its compara- tively short and conical spire. A difference of opinion has existed, however, as to its relation to some nearly allied forms with which it has been occasionally identified. By Jeffreys (op. cit.) it was referred to a recent Mediterranean species —S. soluta, Tiberi—but this view is not accepted by M. Cossmann, who places the latter in a different group, Parviscala.! At one time M. de Boury referred it doubtfully to S. muricata, Risso,? but in a letter recently received from him he now expresses the opinion that, although similar, the Crag S. frondosa is specifically distinct. Nyst figured in 1843 a specimen under the present name, but if it is correctly drawn it is not the same as our shell®; indeed in 1881 he identified it with an allied Crag form, 8. frondicula.* Wood stated in 1848 that he had only four specimens of S. frondosa in his collection from the Coralline Crag of Gedgrave and Sutton, but Mr. Bell informs me he has since obtained it from Boyton. A few examples of it may be found in our museums, principally smaller than Wood’s type, but it must be still regarded as a rare Coralline Crag shell. I have not found it at Oakley, nor has it been reported from any other locality in the Red Crag. Dr. Tesch records it from the Scaldisien of Grave-Oss in Holland, but, as stated above, it seems doubtful whether the typical S. frondosa has been found in the Netherlands. Seguenza gives it from the Upper Pliocene of Sicily and the Pleistocene of Livorno, but as he identifies his fossils from those localities with S. celesti, Aradas, S. pumila, Libassi, some other Mediterranean species, his 1 Hss. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 36, 1912. 2 Hist. nat. de l’Eur. merid., vol. iv, p. 113, pl. iv, fig. 45, 1826. 3 Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 393, pl. xxxviii, fig. 7, 1843. 4 Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 87, 1881. 534 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. references can hardly be relied on. The specimen from the Upper Pliocene of Monte Mario, however, figured by Sign. Cerulli-Irelli as 8. frondosa, seems to be the true Crag shell. Sub-genus CLATHRUS, Oken, 1815. Scala (Clathrus) communis (Lamarck). Plate XLVII, figs. 28, 29. 1819. Scalaria communis, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vol. vi, p. 228, no. 5. 1836—43. Scalaria communis, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sic., vol. i, p. 167, pl. x, fig. 3, 1836; vol. i, p. 144, 1843. 1846. Scalaria clathrus, Lovén, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Férh., vol. iii, p. 88. 1853. Scalaria communis, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. iii, p. 206, pl. Ixx, figs. 9, 10. 1859. Scalaria communis, G. B. Sowerby, Tl. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xv, fig. 16. 1867—71. Scalaria communis, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 91, 1867; vol. v, pl. xxi, fig. 3, 1869 ; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 491, 1871. 1871. Scalaria communis, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 98, no. 59. 1872. Scalaria communis, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, p. 210. 1873—76. Scalaria communis, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. iv, p. 354, no. 820, 1873 ; vol. v, p. 282, no. 115, 1874; vol. vii, p. 98, no. 618, 1876. 1874. Scalaria communis, 8. V. Wood, Mon, Crag Moll., Ist Suppl., pt. ii, p. 183, add. pl., fig. 5. 1884. Scalaria (Clathrus) communis, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg et Dollfus, Moll. mar. Rouss., vol. i, p. 240, pl. xxiii, figs. 14—17. 1890. Scalaria (Clathrus) communis, Carus, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. ii, p. 291. 1892. Scalaria communis, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 126, fig.111. 1892. Scalaria communis, A. Bell, Rep. Yorks. Phil. Soc., p. 63. 1901. Scalaria communis, Brogger, Norges geol. Undersggelse, no. 31, p. 661, pl. xvii, fig. 18. 1905. Scala (Clathrus) communis, Kobelt, Icon. schalentrag. europ. Meeresconch., vol. iii, p. 4, pl. lix, figs. 1—11, 1419. 1907. Scalaria (Clathrus) communis, Scalia, Att. Accad. Gioen. Sci. Nat. Catania [4], vol. xx, p. 33, no. 251. 1912. Scala (Clathrus) communis, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 36, pl. i, fig. 40. Specific Characters.—Shell solid, imperforate, conical, turriculate; whorls convex, disjoined, with a smooth surface; ornamented by longitudinal coste, about 9 on the body-whorl, distant, slightly curved and reflected, not flattened, rarely varicose, rather broader above, each cemented to that on the succeeding whorl so as to form a continuous and oblique series; spire tapering regularly to a blunt and slightly inflected apex; sutures fairly deep; mouth subelliptical, angulated above and below; peristome continuous, thickened by the labial rib and by the inner lip, which is broad at the base. Dimensions.—L. 830—40 mm. B. 10—15 mm. Distribution.—Recent: British coasts, Finmark to the Canary Islands, Mediter- ranean, Adriatic, Adgean. Fossil: Waltonian Crag: Little Oakley. Newbournian: Wald- ringfield., SCALA (CLATHRUS) COMMUNIS. 535 Pleistocene: March gravels, Selsey, Torbay, Cheshire, Strethill, Lilleshall, Cumbrae, Shewalton. Phocene: Roussillon, Altavilla, Livorno. Pleistocene : Sicily—Messina, Ficarazzi, Monte Pellegrino, Catania, Castroreale. Calabria—Regeio, Gravina. Christiania Tapes-banks. Remarks.—The sub-genus Clathrus, of which the present species is taken as the type, includes a group of imperforate Scalas, solid, conical and turreted, with smooth, convex, disjoined whorls, and lamelliform costa, cemented at the suture and having a rounded base. S. communis has rather a wide range as a recent shell, but as a fossil seems characteristic of Pleistocene rather than of Phocene deposits. It has been but rarely recorded from the English Crag, but is reported by Prof. Brggger from the Pleistocene T'apes-banks of the Christiania fiord, and by Seguenza from a number of Sicilian and Calabrian localities. Dr. Scalia has found it in the comparatively recent sub-Htnaen beds of the Catania region, as I have done in the March gravels and Mr. Bell at Selsey and elsewhere. In the Min. Conch., vol. i, p. 49, Sowerby, referring to another Crag species of Scala, remarks that specimens of it are generally so brittle that they are apt to fall to pieces. My own experience is similar as to those found in the Red Crag!: out of a hundred in my collection from Oakley almost all are imperfect, owing probably to the disjoined character of the whorls, many of them being composed of a single whorl only. In the Icenian or Norwich Crag, on the contrary, complete examples of Scala, most frequently those of S. granlandica, « non-disjoined species, are the rule rather than the exception. It is possible, therefore, that in the Red Crag some species of Scala may have been more common than we have been accustomed to suppose, fragmentary specimens of them haying been passed over by collectors without notice. The importance of preserving imperfect specimens when collecting, for subsequent and more careful examination, cannot be too strongly insisted on. As far as the present species 1s concerned, M. de Boury recognised among some broken fragments of Scala from Oakley, hardly good enough to figure, one or two which he considered the true S. communis. I am figuring a recent specimen of S. communis for purposes of comparison, together with another from the York Museum, which was found at Waldringfield and has been identified with it.’ 1 Perfect specimens are more frequently met with in the Coralline Crag, the molluscan fauna of which was evidently accumulated under different conditions. 2 M. de Boury doubted whether this identification was correct. I suggest, however, that the latter specimen may probably represent a Crag form of the present species. 536. PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Scala (Clathrus) Harmeri, de Boury, MS. Plate XLVII, fig. 30. Specific Characters.—Shell differmg from 8. proxima in its more concave whorls, its deeper suture, in the form of its mouth and in the character of its coste. Iistribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Waltonian Crag: Little Oakley. Rema-ks.—When examining my collection of Scalas from Little Oakley, M. de Boury selected one or two imperfect fragments which he could not identify with any species known to him, proposing to call it S. Harmeri, remarking it was “assez voisin”’ to an Italian fossil he had described in 1890 as C. prowimus—a form Prof. Sacco considered to be a variety of S. communis, but which some other writers considered as specifically distinct from the latter. With the Oakley frag- ments referred to, M. de Boury sent me a similar specimen of S. prowima from the Phocene of Castel Arquato. While greatly appreciating the compliment, I preferred at first to associate the two shells (figs. 30 and 31) as varieties of one of them, viz. of S. provima (fig. 31), and when my plate was printed described them as such. M. de Boury, however, retained his opinion, and in the present year renewed his very kind offer, which under the circumstances it would have been ungracious to decline for a second time. Scala (Clathrus) proxima, de Boury. Plate XLVI, fig. 31. 1890. Clathrus provimus, de Boury, Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. xiv, p. 250, no. 51, pl. iv, fig. 9. 1890—1. Clathrus communis, var. provima, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. ix, p. 317, no. 5147, 1890; Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 23, 1891. 1908. Scalaria (Clathrus) proxima, Dollfus, Cotter et Gomez, Moll. Tert. Portugal, p. 10, pl. xxxim, fig. 12. 1905. Scala (Clathrus) provimus, Kobelt, Icon. schalentrag. europ. Meeresconch., vol. iii, p. 8, pl. lix, fig. 10, 1912. Scala (Clathrus) provima, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 36, pl. i, figs. 38, 39. Specific Characters.—Shell elongate, smaller and more slender than S. communis, fairly solid, imperforate; whorls convex, disjoined; spire conical, regularly and gradually diminishing in size upwards; ornamented by 8 or 9 narrow longitudinal cost, prominent, reflexed, slightly oblique; mouth oval to circular, rather small; peristome continuous, foliaceous ; outer lip varicose, thickened by the last rib; basal ridge wanting. Dimensions.—L. 830 mm. B. 10 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Miocene: Portugal. Lower and Upper Pliocene: northern Italy. ftemarks.—In the last clause I have explained why the present species, which SCALA (CLATHRUS) SUBULATA. 537 has no certain connection with the British Scalas, has been figured in this memoir. Should any further and more perfect specimens of either of the shells referred to be found hereafter in the Crag, it may be useful for comparison. As to the relation of S. prowima and S. communis, M. de Boury remarks that in the former the coste are more numerous, somewhat irregular and unequal, while the whorls increase in size more gradually. Scala (Clathrus) subulata (J. Sowerby). Plate XLVII, figs. 26, 27. 1823. Scalaria subulata, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. iv, p. 125, pl. ccexe, fig. 1. 1842—72. Scalaria subulata, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 535, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 93, pl. viii, fig. 18, 1848; Ist Suppl., pt. i, p. 98, 1872. 1843—81. Scalaria subulata?, Nyst, Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 394, pl. xxxviii, fig. 8, 1843 ; Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 186, no. 302, 1871; Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 89, pl. vi, fig. 17, 1881. 1870. Scalaria subulata, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 351, no. 370. 1871. Scalaria foliacea, var., Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 145; S. subulata, p. 496. 1872. Scalaria subulata, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 11, pp. 204, 210, 214. 1874—92. Scalaria subulata, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, pp. 187, 356, 1874; vol. xiv, pp. 71, 76, 1879; Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), pp. 123, 147, 1892. 1890. Scalaria subulata, C. Reid, Plioe. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1896. Scalaria subulata, Bernays, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. x (Mémoires), p. 129. 1912. Scalaria subulata, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, no. 4, p. 70, no. 157. 1912. Scala (Clathrus) subulata, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 37. Specific Characters.—Shell slender, turreted, elongate, subulate ; whorls about 10, disjoined, convex, smooth; ornamented by fine longitudinal costa, lamelliform and oblique, 8 to 10 on the last whorl, a few occasionally varicose ; suture deep ; mouth subovate ; base imperforate ; outer lip thickened by the labial rib; peristome reflected, continuous. Dimensions.—L. 16 mm. B. 5 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Gedgrave, Sutton. Waltonian: Walton- on-Naze, Beaumont, Little Oakley. Newbournian: Sutton. Casterlien (zone a Isocardia cor.), Scaldisien: Belgium. Scaldisien: Holland. Remarks.—This form was at first rezarded by Jeffreys as a variety of S. foliacea, but afterwards, having been dredged as he believed by McAndrew off Teneriffe, he reverted to Wood’s original description of it as specifically distinct. Nyst states (op. cit., p. 89), that the identification of the Teneriffe shell with S. swbulata was, “sans doute,’ incorrect. The present species may be distinguished from S. foliacea by its slender and more elongate spire and the less fimbriated foliation of its costee. M. de Boury informed me that, in his opinion, the present species 1s not repre- sented in Italy. 538 PLIOCENE MOLLUSGA. Sub-genus NOBILISCALA, de Boury, 1917. Scala (Nobiliscala) foliacea (J. Sowerby). Plate XLVI, fig. 25. 1823. Scalaria foliacea, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. iv, p. 125, pl. ecexe, fig. 2. 1842—48. Scalaria foliacea, 8. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 535, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 98, pl. viii, fig. 17, 1848. 1870. Scalaria foliacea, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 851, no. 373, 1871. Scalaria frondosa, var., Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 145, 491. 1871—81. Scalaria foliacea, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 108, no. 113, 1871; Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 86, pl. vi, fig. 14, 1881. 1872. Scalaria foliacea, A. and R. Bell., Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 204, 210, 214. 1873. Scalaria foliacea, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. iv, p. 356, no. 327. 1874—92. Scalaria foliacea, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, p. 292, 1874; Bull. Soe. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), pp. 183, 143, 147, 1892. 1889. Scalaria foliacea, De Gregorio, Ann. Géol. Paléont., vol. vi, p. 6, pl. 1, fig. 82. 1890—1917. Scalaria foliacea, de Boury, Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. xiv, p. 281, 1890; Clathrus (?) foliaceus, vol. xv, p. 189, 1891; S. (Nobiliscala) foliacea, Journ. de Conch., vol. lxiii, p. 60, 1917. 1912. Scala (Clathrus) foliacea, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 37. 1912. Scalaria foliacea, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, no. 4, p. 70, no. 158. 1914. Scala (Clathrus) foliacea and vars., Cerulli-Ivelli, Palaeont. Ital., vol. xx, p. 233, pl. xxi, figs. 3—7. Specific Characters.—Shell turreted, imperforate; whorls smooth, convex, dis- joied; ornamented by 5 to 7 longitudinal ribs, oblique, lamelliform, thin, distant, reflected ; spire conical, elevated, regularly diminishing in size upward; mouth circular, angulate above; peristome reflected ; base rounded, without a basal ridge. Dimensions.—L. 25 mm. B. 10 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Gedgrave, Sutton, Boyton. Waltonian : Walton-on-Naze, Beaumont, Little Oakley. Newbournian: Waldringfield, Sutton, Felixstowe. Scaldisien: Belgium, Holland. (?) Phocene: Biot, Asti, Monte Mario, Farnesina, Pisa. (?) Pleistocene: Reggio. Remarks.—S. foliacea has been reported from several localities in the Coralline Crag, where it is rather abundant, and from the earlier part of the Red Crag, where it is less so. It is a special form, easily recognised by its foliaceous coste, which are not so numerous as they are in other allied Crag species. Nyst gives it from the Scaldisien of Belgium. His non-photographic figure, however, Supposing it to be accurate, which at present I have no means of ascertaining, gives the impression of its being somewhat different from the Crag shell. It has been called var. belgica by Prof. Sacco. Signor Cerulli-Irelli, moreover, figures some specimens under the same varietal name, but these do not correspond SCALA (LEPIDOSCALA) CAVELLI. 539 accurately with the typical Hnelish 8S. foliacea, nor do those which he identifies with S. septemcostata of Conti. M. de Boury reported S. foliacea from Asti, but with hesitation, and the Marquis de Gregorio a multicostate variety of that species from Pisa. On the whole, I am compelled to doubt whether the true S. foliacea of the Crag occurs in Italy. In any case Sowerby’s name stands good for the English fossil. In a letter recently received from him, M. de Boury proposed the new sub- generic name Nobiliscala for this and some allied species. Scala (Nobiliscala) belgica (Sacco). Plate XLVIII, fig. 26. 1881. Scalaria foliacea, Nyst, Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 86, pl. vi, fig. 14. 1891. Scalaria foliacea, var. belgica, Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 27. 1892. Scalaria foliacea, A. Bell, Rep. Yorks. Phil. Soc., p. 67, pl. i, fig. 29. 1912. Clathrus belgicus, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. comp., vol. ix, pp. 37, 171, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2. 1914. Scala (Clathrus) foliacea, CerullisIrelli, Palaeont. Ital., vol. xx, p. 233, pl. xxi, figs. 6, 7. 1917. Scala (Nobiliscala) belgica, de Boury, Journ. de Conch., vol. xiii, pp. 36, 60. Specific Characters.——Shell small, solid, conical, turreted; spire pyramidal; whorls convex, disjoined, the last two-fifths the total length; ornamented by 9 > J ’ 5 J longitudinal coste, shghtly oblique, jomed at the suture so as to be continuous from base to summit; mouth oval. Dimensions.—L. 10—24 mm. B. 5—11 mm. Distribution.— Not known living. Fossil: Selsey. Scaldisien: Belgium. Italy—Monte Mario. Remarks.—The fossil here figured was found many years ago at Selsey and elongs to the York Museum. photograph of it was submitted to M. de belongs to the York M A photograph of it was submitted to M. d oury and identifiec 1im with Prof. Sacco’s var. belgica of S. foliacea. In its Boury and identified by 1} th Prof. S g ; general appearance it corresponds very closely with the one represented by M. ossmann as Clathrus belgicus, though it is smaller and possibly immature, but no C Clathrus belgicus, though it I] d possibl ture, but not so nearly with Nyst’s figure of the Belgian shell from which it takes its name. rst considered by M. Cossmann to belong to Clathrus, it has been more recen At first considered by M. C to belong to Clathrus, it has b tly referred by M. de Boury to a new sub-genus, Nobiliscala. Signor Cerulli-[relli reports it from the Upper Phocene of Monte Mario, but it is unknown from the English Phocene. Sub-genus LEPIDOSCALA, de Boury, MS., 1919. Scala (Lepidoscala) Cavelli, sp. nov. Plate XLVII, fig. 24. Specific Characters.—Shell turreted ; whorls about 8, convex and rounded ; ornamented by fine lamelliform and oblique costz, 16 on the body-whorl; suture deep; spire elongate, regularly increasing in size; mouth subcircular ; peristome continuous, 54.0 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Dimensions.—L. 24 mm. B. 10 mm. Distribution.—N ot recorded living. Fossil: Newbournian Crag: Waldringfield. Remarls.—The fossil described under this name was discovered by Mr. Bell in the Cavell Collection at Framlingham College, and is now figured by the permission of the Principal of that institution. In the default of finding anything recent or fossil with which it might be identified, I have named it after the late Mr. Cavell, of Saxmundham, formerly a zealous collector from the Crag deposits of Suffolk. I submitted a photograph to M. de Boury, who agreed with me that it 1s new, and that it should be referred to a special sub-genus, Lepidoscala. Sub-genus FUSCOSCALA, Monterosato, 1890. Scala (Fuscoscala) tenuicosta (Michaud). Plate XLVIII, figs. 17, 18. 1819. Turbo Turtonis, Turton, Conch. Dict., p. 208, pl. xxvii, fig. 97. 1829. Scalaria tenuicosta, Michaud, Bull. Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. ii, p. 260, fig. 1. 1836—44. Scalaria planicosta, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sic., vol. i, p. 168, pl. x, fig. 4, 1836; S. tenuicosta, vol. u, p. 145, 1844. 1853. Scalaria Turtonis, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. i, p. 204, pl. Ixx, figs. 1, 2. 1859. Scalaria Turtonis, G. B. Sowerby, Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xv, fig. 18. 1867—69. Scalaria Turtonx, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 89, 1867; vol. v, pl. Ixxi, fig. 2, 1869. 1871. Scalaria tenuicosta, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 138, no. 312. 1873—76. Scalaria Turtone var. tenuicosta, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. iv, p. 354, no. 321, 1873; vol. vii, p. 96, no. 609, 1876. 1878. Scalaria Turtonx, G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. arct. Norv., p. 359. 1884. Scalaria tenuicosta, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg et Dollfus, Moll. mar. Rouss., vol. i, p. 248, pl. xxii, figs. 12, 13. 1889—91. Scalaria tenuicosta, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. viii, p. 352, no. 1883, 1889; Scalaria (Fuscoscala) Turtonis and vars., Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 15, pl. i, figs. 16—21, 1891. 1890. Scalaria tenuicosta, de Boury, Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. xiv, p. 282, no. 66. 1890. Scealaria tenuicostata, Carus, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. ii, p. 291. 1892. Scalaria tenwicosta, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 126. 1892. Scalaria turtonx, Praeger, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [3], vol. ii, p. 262. 1905. Scala (Fuscoscala) tenuicostata, Kobelt, Icon. schalentrag. europ. Meeresconch., vol. ii, pp. 9, 11, pl. lxi, figs. 1—5. 1912. Scala (Fuscoscala) tenuicosta, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. 1x, p. 38. 1914. Scala tenuicosta, Cerulli-Irelli, Palaeont. Ital., vol. xx, p. 235, pl. xxi, figs. 10, 11. Specyfic Characters.—Shell slender, conical; whorls 14--18, slightly convex ; ornamented by discontinuous coste, about 12 on the body-whorl, sinuous or oblique and rather irregular, occasionally varicose, extending to the base of the shell, also by excessively fine inconspicuous spiral striz; spire elongato-subulate, regularly diminishing in size towards the apex; suture well-marked, but not deep; mouth subcircular ; peristome continuous; without basal ridge. SCALA (FUSCOSCALA) MOOREI. 54d Dimensions.—L. 25—45 mm. B. 8—15 mm. Distribution—Recent: British seas, chiefly southern and western, Mediter- ranean, Adriatic, Algean. North Atlantic from Norway to Madeira. Fossil: Pleistocene: Torbay, Bute, Ayr, estuarine clays of Belfast, Limavady. Upper Pliocene: Monte Mario, northern Italy, Rhone Valley, Altavilla. Pleistocene: Calabria; Sicily—Messina, Catania, Ficarazzi, Monte Pellegrino. Remarks.—The specific name of Turtonx or Turtonis has been rejected of late years in favour of tenwicosta on the ground that an author has no right to describe a new species under his own name or that of any member of his family. In the opinion of M. de Boury, the form figured by Wood as S. Turtoni is not the typical British shell, but a different species which he proposed to call S. inclusa as explained in the following paragraph. WN. tenuicosta (Turtonis) has not been satis- factorily identified from the English Crag, but it occurs in some of our Pleistocene deposits, as in the estuarine clays of Belfast, as well as in those of several Hnelish and Scottish localities. It seems to be a variable form, one variety being subulate and comparatively slender, corresponding with the figures given by MM. Buequoy, Dautzenberg and Dollfus (op. cit., pl. xxin, figs. 12 and 13), the other having a broader base as represented by Forbes and Hanley. One of the specimens now figured (Pl. XLVII, fig. 18) is from the estuarine clays of Belfast, the other (fig. 17) is a recent example from Exmouth. S. tenwicosta ranges as a recent shell from Great Britain and the Norwegian coast to Madeira. As a fossil it is reported from the Pliocene of the Rhone valley and of Italy and Sicily, as well as from the Pleistocene of the last-named district and of Calabria. Scala (Fuscoscala) Moorei, sp. nov. Plate XLVIII, fig. 32. Specific Characters.—Shell conical, turreted, with a wide base; whorls 6 or 7, convex, the last expanded, much the largest; ornamented by about 12 narrow coste, somewhat oblique, which reach the base, not so large as the mtervening spaces; suture rather deep; spire rapidly diminishing upwards; mouth sub- circular; outer lip thickened by the labial rib. Dimensions.—L. 20 mm. 5B, 10 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Newbournian Crag: Felixstowe. Remarks.—The shell here figured. was found in the Newbournian Crag at Felixstowe by Major Moore, to whom I venture to dedicate it. M. de Boury considered it a new species. It is one of two specimens obtained at the same place, the other being more worn, (1: 542 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Sub-genus LINCTOSCALA, Monterosato, 1890. Scala (Linctoscala) inclusa, de Boury, MS. Plate XLVITI, fig. 27. 1870. Scalaria Turtonis, A. Bell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [4], vol. vi, p. 216. 1871. Scalaria Turtone, Jeffreys, in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 491. 1872. Scalaria Turtoni, 8S. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., 1st Suppl., pt. i, p. 58, pl. iv, fig. 7. 1872. Scalaria Turtonis, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 11, p. 216. 1890. Scalaria Turtonis, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1891. Scalaria (Fuscoscala) Turtonis, var. angliorum, Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, pp. 18, 21. Specific Characters.—Shell fairly large, turreted ; whorls convex and rounded, regularly increasing in size; ornamented by rather fine costz, oblique or curved and somewhat irregular ; spire elongate, with an acute apex; suture deep; mouth subcircular ; peristome continuous; basal ridge wanting. Dimensions.—L. 80 mm. B. 11 mm. Distribution.—Not reported living: Fossil: Icenian Crag: Sudbourne Church-walks, Beccles. Remarks.—As stated in the last paragraph, M. de Boury proposed to separate the shell described and figured by Wood (op. cit.) as S. Turtoni from that form. It differs materially both from the 8. tenwicosta of foreign authors and from the recent shell of our British coasts. In a letter received from the first-named authority in January, 1918, he suggested for it the name of S. inclusa, in which I follow him. The specimen here figured under that name is the one found by Alfred Bell in the now inaccessible section of the Icenian Crag at Sudbourn Church-walks, and was afterwards included in Jeffreys’ list. M. de Boury says it resembles S. trinacria, Phil., but that it is not the same. Sub-genus CIRSOTREMA, Moérch, 1853. Scala (Cirsotrema) fimbriosa (S. V. Wood). Plate XLVITI, figs. 1, 2, 6. 1842—79. Scalaria fimbriosa, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 585, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 91, pl. viii, fig. 12, 1848; 2nd Suppl., p. 25, pl. iii, fig. 17, 1879. 1871. Scalaria lamellosa, var., Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, pp. 145, 49]. 1871—81. Scalaria fimbriosa, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 128, no. 113, 1871; Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 89, pl. vi, fig. 18 a, 1881. 1872. Scalaria fimbriosa, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 204, 210. 1874—92. Scalaria lamellosa, var. fimbriosa, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, pp. 120, 136; S. fimbriosa, p. 292, 1874; Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), p. 147, 1892. SCALA (CIRSOTREMA) FIMBRIOSA. 545 1890. Scalaria fimbriosa, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1891. Scalaria (Cirsotrema) lamellosum, var. post-fimbriosa, Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 48. 1896. Scalaria fimbriosa, Bernays, Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. x (Mémoires), p. 129. 1911. Scalaria fimbriosa, A. Bell, Journ. Ipswich Field Club, vol. iu, p. 16. Specific Characters.—Shell imperforate, turriculate, thick and solid; spire elongate, regularly conical; whorls convex, subdisjoined; ornamented by longi- tudinal coste, lamelliform and reflected, of unequal size, irregularly varicose, and by strong and rather distant spiral ridges, with others excessively fine in the inter- Spaces ; basal ridge well marked, crossed obliquely by the longitudinal coste ; suture deep; mouth subcircular ; peristome thickened, continuous; outer lip wide, varicose. Dimensions.—L. 30—40 mm. B. 13—16 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Gedgrave, Sutton, Ramsholt, Boyton. Waltonian : Walton-on-Naze, Beaumont, Little Oakley. Newbournian: Waldring- field, Newbourn, Bentley. Bolderien (Van den Broeck), Casterlien (Bernays), Scaldisien (Nyst): Belgium. Remarks —This somewhat variable species is one of the most common of the Crag Scalas. I have obtained more than 100 specimens of it from Oakley, most of them, however, imperfect. It has been regarded by Jeffreys, Van den Broeck and Prof. Sacco as a variety of the S. lamellosa of Brocchi, but their view has not been generally accepted. Its most characteristic feature seems to be, that a yarying number of the longitudinal coste are coarsely and irregularly varicose. In one specimen here given (PI. XLVITI, fig. 1) there is one varix on each whorl, in others there may be 3 or even 6. Very occasionally, such varices are absent as in Pl. XLVIII, fig. 8. This is also the case in the typical 8. lamellosa, an imperfect specimen of which from the Miocene of Antwerp I have here figured to show the points of resemblance and of difference between the two forms. On the whole I follow Wood, de Boury and others in regarding S. finubriosa as a distinct species, peculiar to the Anglo-Belgian deposits. var. exfimbriosa (Sacco). Plate XLVIII, figs. 3, 4. 1881. Scalaria fimbriosa, Nyst, Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 89, pl. vi, fig. 18 b. 1891. Cirsotrema exfimbriosum, Sacco, Moll. Terr, Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 48. Varietal Characters.—Differs from the type form in size, its finer and more cancellate sculpture and its less prominent varices. Dimensions.—L. 24—26 mm. B. 10 mm. Distribution.—N ot reported living. 5A. PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Fossil: Waltonian Crag: Little Oakley. Newbournian: Wal- dringfield, Brightwell (probably elsewhere). Scaldisien : Antwerp. Remarks.—Prof. Sacco has pointed out that the two specimens described by Nyst as S. fimbriosa are not alike, proposing to call the smaller of them Cirsotrema eafimbriosum. I have found at Oakley some broken specimens of what is evidently the same shell, and there are others, fortunately fairly perfect, in the museums at South Kensington and at York, which I am permitted to figure. I venture to regard them, however, as varieties of the Anglo-Belgian S. jfimbriosa rather than of the allied Italian species S. lamellosa as proposed by Prof. Sacco. Scala (Cirsotrema) lamellosa (Brocclu). Plate XLVIII, fig. 5. 1814. Turbo lamellosus, Brocchi, Conch. foss. subap., vol. ii, p. 379, pl. vii, fig. 2. 1843—71. Scalaria lamellosa, Nyst, Coq. foss. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 393, no. 336, 1843; Ann. Soe. malac. Belg., p. 116, no. 170, 1871. 1856. Scalaria lamellosa, Hérnes, Foss. Moll. Tert. Wien., vol. i, p. 474, pl. xlvi, fig. 7. 1870. Scalaria lamellosa, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 351, no. 366. 1876. Scalaria lamellosa, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. vii, p. 96, no. 612. 1880. Scalaria lamellosa, Fontannes, Moll. plioc. Vall. du Rhone, vol. i, p. 123, pl. vii, fig. 17. 1890. Cirsotrema lamellosum, de Boury, Boll. Soe. Malac. Ital., vol. xiv, p. 199, no. 20. 1890—1. Cirsotrema lamellosum and vars., Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. ix, p. 319, no. 5207, 1890 Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 47, 1891. 1912. Cirsotrema lamellosum, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 50, pl. ii, figs. 27, 28. Specific Characters.—Differs from 8S. fimbriosa in sculpture; the longitudinal coste are stronger, equally prominent and regular, and are not interrupted by prominent varices. Dimensions.—L. 32 mm. B. 12 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Miocene: Belgium, Piedmont, Vienna basin. Lower Phocene: Biot, Piedmont, Ligurian coast—Savona, Albenga. Upper Phocene: Piedmont, Parma, Bologna, Orciano, Reggio, Altavilla. Remarks.—At first I was inclined to regard the Sutton specimen (PI. XLVITI, fig. 6), from which the varices, generally so characteristic of S. fimbriosa, are absent, as a variety of the Italian S. /amellosa. 1 am now disposed to agree with M. de Boury that it should be rather considered an abnormal specimen of the former, more or less intermediate between the two species. Scala (Cirsotrema) funiculus (S. V. Wood). Plate XLVIII, fig. 8. 184274. Scalaria fimbriata, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 585, 1842; S. vari- cosa, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 90, pl. viii, fig. 14, 1848; S. funiculus, 1st Suppl., pt. i, p. 98, 1872 ; pt. u, p. 207, 1874. SCALA (CIRSOTREMA) HAMULIFERA. DAD 1870. Scalaria varicosa, A. Bell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [4], vol. vi, p. 216. 1871. Scalaria Jimbriosa, var., Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xxvii, p. 145. 1872. Scalaria varicosa, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 204, 210. 1890. Scalaria fimbriata, de Boury, Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. xiv, p. 282. 1890. Scalaria funiculus, C. Reid, Plioe. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1891. Cirsotrema varicosum, var. ligustica (7), Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 52, pl. ii, fig. 38. 1911. Scalaria funicula, A. Bell, Journ. Ipswich Field Club, vol. iui, p. 16. 1912. Scalaria funicula, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoften, no. 4, p. 70, no. 162. Specific Characters.—Shell elongate, turreted, imperforate; whorls disjoined, decidedly convex ; ornamented by very fine net-hke cancellation, the transverse and longitudinal ridges being nearly equal in size, together with a few strong and prominent varices; suture deep, channelled; mouth subcircular, with a strong basal ridge. Dimensions.—L. 25—30. B. 10 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Sudbourn, Gomer, Sutton, Boyton. Waltonian: Walton-on-Naze (Kendall), Little Oakley. Newbourman: Waldring- field, Sutton, Felixstowe. Sealdisien : Dutch borings (Tesch). Miocene: Piedmont (de Boury). ltemarks.—This seems to me a distinct form allied to S. fimbriosa, but smaller and more slender, with much finer sculpture, the varices standing out prominently from the fine intervening cancellation. Originally referred by Wood to the S. vari- cosa of Lamarck, it was afterwards regarded by him as a separate species under the present name. As to this shell, Jeffreys remarked in 1871 (op. cit., p. 491) “not Turbo varicosus, Brocchi, nor S. varicosa, Lamarck,” regarding it in a different list (p. 145) as a variety of S. fimbriosa, but he afterwards identified it with a shell figured by G. O. Sars as S. varicosa (op. cit., pl. xxxiv, fig. 9). Sub- sequently, however, in 1884, the latter described it, together with another species —the S. obtusicostata of the same author (pl. xxii, fig. 9)—as new, under the name of S. coarctata.' In the face of this conflict of opinion I have no hesitation in adopting for the present form Wood’s name of S. funiculus as that of a distinct species. Prof. Sacco describes a somewhat similar fossil from the Italian Pliocene as Cirsotrema varicosum var. ligustica’ ; he notes its resemblance to our Crag shell, but does not consider it the same, nor do I. Scala‘ (Cirsotrema) hamulifera (S. V. Wood). Plate XLVIII, fig. 12. 1848. Scalaria hamulifera, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 9J, pl. viii, fig. 13. 1871. Scalaria fimbriosa, var., Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 145. 1 Proc. Zool. Soc. London (1884), p. 139. * Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 52, pl. ii, fig. 33. 546 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 1871. Scalaria hamulifera, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 112, no, 140. 1872. Scalaria hamulifera, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 11, p. 204. 1890. Scalaria hamulifera, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1912. Boreoscala hamulifera, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch, compar., vol. ix, p. 56. 1918. Scalaria (Cirsotrema) hamulifera, de Boury, MS. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, turriculate, imperforate; whorls 8 or 9, convex ; ornamented by numerous, very fine, closely-set, longitudinal and lamelli- form cost, occasionally varicose, acutely pointed or hook-shaped at the suture, with delicate spiral ridges; spire regularly tapering; suture distinct ; basal ridge nearly obsolete ; mouth subcireular. Dimensions.—L. 17 mm. B. 6 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Sutton. Gourbesville, Normandy (fide de Boury). Remarks.—Only one example of this small and delicate species was known to Wood. M. Cossmann groups it with Boreoscala, but in a private letter received from M. de Boury the latter informed me that, having examined the type-specimen in the British Museum, he adopted Wood’s view and associated it with the fimbriosa (Cirsotrema) group. Jeffreys regarded it as a variety of that species—a view, however, I am unable to accept. M. Cossmann reports it from the Crag of Gourbesville in Normandy, on the authority of M. de Boury. The imperfect specimen now figured belongs to the Reed Collection at the York Museum. It is probably the one identified some years ago by Mr. A. Bell. Although not very satisfactory I do not know any other Crag Scala to which it can be more _ probably referred. ‘The fine transverse lines characteristic of this species, which do not appear on my figure, are distinctly though somewhat obscurely shown in the specimen itself. The figure hardly does justice to the latter. It ought to have been enlarged, but unfortunately it was broken in the process of figuring. The identification must therefore remain a doubtful one. It is to be hoped that another specimen may turn up hereafter. Scala (Cirsotrema) signata, de Boury, MS. Plate XLVIII, figs. 15, 16. 1879. Scalaria geniculata (Brocchi), 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., 2nd Suppl., p. 26, pl. iv, fig. 11. 1890. Scalaria geniculata ?, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 256. Specific Characters——Shell small, rather fragile; whorls distinctly convex ; ornamented by numerous fine but prominent longitudinal coste, placed obliquely, and by short well-marked spiral ridges in the interspaces, with a small basal disc ; spire short, regularly tapering ; suture deep. Dimensions.—(Of Crag specimen) L. 6mm. 8B. 3 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. SCALA (BOREOSCALA) GRGINLANDICA. 547 Fossil: Coralline Crag: Sutton. Remarks.—The specimens represented under this name are probably the same as that figured by Wood and identified by him, though doubtfully, with Brocchi’s species.1 One of them (fig. 15) belongs to the Wood Collection in the Castle Museum at Norwich, where it bears, in his well-known writing, geniculata. Ina letter recently received from M. de Boury the latter expressed a strong opinion that Wood’s shell is not that described by Brocchi, but an the name SNS. undescribed form which he suggested may be called S. (Cirsotrema) signata. The specimen, no. 16, belongs to the Reed Collection at York, where it bears the name of S. funiculus. I do not think it is that species, which is, in my opinion, more correctly represented in my Plate XLVITI, fig. 8. Sub-genus BOREOSCALA, Kobelt, 1905. Scala (Boreoscala) greenlandica (Chemnitz). Plate XLVII, figs. 13—16. 1795. Turbo (Clathrus) grenlandicus, Chemnitz, Conch. Cab., vol, xi, p. 155, pl. exev a, figs. 1878—79. 1841—70. Scalaria grenlandica, Gould, Rep. Inv. Mass., ed. 1, p. 249, fig. 170, 1841 ; ed. 2, p. 314, fie. 582, 1870. 1846. Scalaria grinlandica, Loven, K. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Forh., vol. iii, p. 88. 1848—72. Scalaria grenlandica, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 90, pl. vii, fig. 11 b, 1848 ; Ist Suppl., pt. i, p. 59, 1872. 1859. Scalaria grenlandica, G. B. Sowerby, Til. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xv, fig. 17. 1864. Scalaria grenlandica, 8. P. Woodward in Gunn’s Hist. of Norfolk, ed. 3, p. 117. 1870. Scalaria grenlandica, 8. V. Wood, jnr., and F. W. Harmer, Rep. Brit. Assoc. (Liverpool), p. 90. 1871—84. Scalaria grenlandica, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 491, 1871; Proc. Zool. Soc., p. 137, 1884; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xl, p. 319, 1884. 1872. Scalaria grenlandica, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 214, 216. 1874. Scalaria greenlandica, Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xix, pl. xiv, fig. 107 a. 1878. Scalaria grenlandica, G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. arct. Norv., pp. 194, 359, pl. x, fig. 15. 1879. Scalaria grenlandica, Jas. Reeve, Proc. Norwich Geol. Soc., vol. i, p. 71. 1899. Scalaria grenlandica, Posselt, Medd. om Grgnl., vol. xxiii, p. 233. 1901. Scalaria grenlandica, Friele og Greig, Norske Nordh. Exped., pt. 11 (Mollusca), p. 79. 1905. Scala (Boreoscala) grenlandica, Kobelt, Icon. schalentrag. europ. Meeresconch., vol. iii, p. 24, pl. 1xu, figs. 1—3. 1910. Scalaria grenlandica, Odhner, Archiv Zool., I. Svensk. Vet.-Akad., vol. vii, no. 4, p. 10, pl. i, fig. 1b. 1912. Boreoscala grenlandica, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 54, 1915. Scalaria grenlandica, A. Bell, Geol. Mag. [6], vol. ii, p. 168. 1915. Epitonium (Arctoscala) greenlandicum, Johnson, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., Occas. Papers, vol. vii, Fauna of New England, no. xiii, p. 103. Specific Characters.—Shell imperforate, thin, rather fragile, slender, elongate, conical; whorls convex, contiguous, not disjoined ; ornamented by obtuse longi- 1 Turbo geniculatus, Conch, foss. subap., vol. u1, p. 659, pl. xvi, fig. i 548 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. tudinal ribs, not very prominent nor soldered together, varying in number, occa- sionally varicose, oblique on the lower whorls, as well as by flattened, closely-set spiral ridges; spire varying in length, subulate ; suture fairly deep, obscured by the ribs; mouth ovate, somewhat angulate above; outer lip strengthened by the last rib; mner lip thickened at the base; basal ridge not so strongly marked as in S. similis. Dimensions.—L. 30—35 mm. B. 10—12 mm. Distribution.—Recent : doubtfully British. Norwegian coast—Christiania fiord to Finmark, Lofoten Islands. Cireumpolar—Iceland, Faroe Channel, Spitzbergen, Murman coast, Barentz Sea, Arctic shores of Siberia, Behring Strait, Greenland, eastern and western North America. Fossil; Butleyan Crag: Butley. Icenian: Norivich zone, gene- rally diffused. Weybowrne zone—Belaugh, North Walsham boring, Runton, Wey- bourne. Pleistocene : Middle Glacial—Billockby, Bridlington, Dimlington, Kelsey Hill, King Edward, Clyde beds, Fairhe, Uddevalla, north coast of Russia. Remarks.—This characteristically northern and circumpolar form seems to have been one of the latest species of Scala to establish itself im the Crag basin. An occasional specimen has been found at Butley, but I have no note of a verified example of it from earlier horizons of the Red Crag, any which may have been so reported being probably S. similis, Sowerby, to be described in the next paragraph, and this, for reasons there given, I consider should be regarded as specifically distinct. S. granlandica is, however, a characteristic species of the British Pleistocene. It seems to be a species variable in size and in the number of its ribs. At the Jermyn Street Museum, for example, there are two typical specimens from Bridlington, one of them haying 14 ribs and measuring 20 mm. by 8 mm., the other is broken, with only 9 ribs, but having been, when perfect, about 30 mm. in length by 12 mm. in breadth. Generally, however, they maintain their distinctive character. M. de Boury considered that one of the specimens I have referred to 8. graen- landica (Pl. XLVII, fig. 13) resembles more nearly the typical S. similis. It might be regarded, I think, as a variety of either species. Var. erebricostata, G. O. Sars. Plate XLVII, fig. 17. 1872. Scalaria grenlandica, Dawson, Canadian Nat. [n.s.], vol. vi, p. 394, pl. vi, fig. 11. 1874. Scalaria grenlandica, Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xix, pl. xiv, fig. 107 b. 1878. Scalaria grenlandica, var. crebricostata, G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. arct. Norv., p. 194, pl. xxiii, fig. 1. 1887. Scalaria grenlandica, Tryon, Man. Conch., vol. ix, pl. xvi, fig. 91. 1901. Scalaria greenlandica, var. crebricostata, Friele og Grieg, Norske Nordhav. Exped., pt. iii (Mollusca), p. 79. SCALA (BOREOSCALA) SIMILIS. 549 1905. Scala grenlandica, Kobelt, Icon. schalentrag. europ. Meeresconch., vol. ili, p. 25, pl. lxii, fig. 1. 1917. Scalaria grenlandica, var. crebricostata, A. Bell, Naturalist, no. 723, p. 96. Varietal Charactevs.—Shell larger than the typical Crag form, with a much broader base, a less slender spire, more tumid and rounded whorls and a deeper suture. Usually the longitudinal ribs are finer, less prominent, more numerous and curved or sigmoid on the lower whorls, the spiral ridges being coarser and more distinct. Dimensions.—L. 45 mm. B. 16 mm. Distribution.—Recent : Norwegian Coast between North Cape and Bear Island. Greenland. Banks of Newfoundland. Fossil: Bridlington. Canadian Pleistocene: Riviere du Loup. Remarks.—The large and ventricose form of 98. grewnlandica described by Prof. G. O. Sars as var. crebricostata, seems to have had a rather wide distribution in circumpolar regions as a recent and Pleistocene shell, being reported as lying from Bear Island south of Spitzbergen, Finmark and Greenland, and as fossil from the Riviere du Loup in Canada, as well as from Bridlington. While examining Mr. Headley’s collection from the latter place my colleague Mr. A. Bell noticed a specimen of it, and I have since found another in the British Museum which I am permitted to figure. It differs essentially from the typical Crag variety of SN. greenlandica, which is a more slender shell having fewer longitudinal ribs. Scala (Boreoscala) similis (J. Sowerby). Plate XLVI, figs. 18-22. 1812. Scalaria similis, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. i, p. 49, pl. xvi, figs. 1, 2. 1842-48. Scalaria similis, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 534, 1842; S. greenlandica, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 90, pl. vin, fig. lla, 1848. 1871. Scalaria similis, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 132, no. 277. 1871. Scalaria grenlandica (pt.), Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 491. 1872. Scalaria grenlandica, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 11, p. 210. 1890. Scalaria grenlandica (pt.), C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1912. Boreoscala grenlandica, var. similis, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 54, pl. 1, fig. 4. Specific Characters.—Shell belonging to the same group as S. granlandica, but much stronger and more solid, with coarser and more prominent sculpture, more convex whorls, a deeper suture and a less slender and elongate spire—generally it is not varicose, and the basal ridge is more strongly marked. Dimensions.—L. 30—40 mm. B. 12—15 mm. Distribution —Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Boyton. Waltonian: Little Oakley. Newbournian: Holywell, Sutton, Newbourn, Waldringfield. Butleyan: Butley. icenian: Bramerton, Wexford gravels, 72 550 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Remarks.—My attention was called to the essential difference between the present shell and the recent and northern S. granlandica by M. de Boury, who expressed a strong opinion that Sowerby’s specific name similis, by which it was originally described and was at first known to Wood and to Nyst, should be revived. The fossil distribution of these shells tends to support that view, showing that S. similis is a characteristic though not a very abundant Red Crag species, appearing first, so far as my experience goes, in the Coralline Crag of Boyton and the Waltonian of Little Oakley and found not infrequently at later horizons of the Red Crag. Generally it is unknown from the Pleistocene, either of Great Britain or of Norway, though a few examples, broken or imperfect, have been obtained from the Wexford gravels. It 1s a strong and solid shell and in marked contrast with S. grenlandica, which is thin and fragile. he latter and its variety crebricostata are typical circumpolar species with a wide northern range, the first being the most abundant Sca/a of our Icenian and Pleistocene deposits, but unre- corded from the earlier horizons of the Red Crag. Hence these shells seem to have distinetly a zonal value. Moreover they differ in form and sculpture and are not the same, though they belong to the same group. Whether the difference should be regarded as specific or varietal may be left, perhaps, as a matter of opinion. Sub-genus TURRISCALA, de Boury, 1890. Scala (Turriscala) anglorum, Sacco. Plate XLVIII, figs. 33; Plate XLIX, fig. 4. 1871. Scalaria torulosa, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 140, no, 321. 1874. Scalaria torulosa, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, p. 119. 1879. Scalaria torulosa, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., 2nd Suppl., p. 25, pl. ii, fig. 13. 1890. Scalaria torulosa, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1891. Turriscala torulosa, var. anglorum, Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, pp. 77, 79. 1911. Scalaria (Acirsa) torulosa, A. Bell, Journ. Ipswich Field Club, vol. i, p. 16. 1918. Scala (Turriscala) anglorum, de Boury, MS. Specific Characters.—Shell turreted, thick, imperforate; whorls but slightly convex; spire elongate, subconical; ornamented by well-marked longitudinal costee not so wide as the interspaces, and by very fine spiral Imes; suture slight ; base angulated; mouth subcircular; peristome contmuous with a_ strongly thickened margin. Dimensions,—Li. 25—28 mm. B. 8-—9 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Boyton. Newbournian: Waldringfield. Remarks.—A single specimen of Scala from the Coralline Crag of Boyton, obtained by Mr. Charlesworth some years ago, was described by Wood under SCALA (CLATHROSCALA) CANCELLATA. 55] Van den Broeck’s specific name of torulosa. It cannot now be traced, but it is quite perfect, and judging from Wood’s figure seems to have been a genuine Crag shell and not derivative. S. torulosa appears to have been a variable form, Prof. Sacco having figured seven distinct and named varieties of it as Italian fossils. He considers that the Boyton shell, although “assai vicina al typo,” is different from any of them, proposing to call it var. anglorum. M. de Boury, however, preferred to retain that name as that of a distinct species.' There is an imperfect specimen from Waldringfield in the British Museum of Natural History, now figured, which seems to be the same as Wood’s shell. M. Van den Broeck states that . torulosa is common in the Bolderien (Miocene) of Antwerp. Sub-genus CLATHROSCALA, de Boury. Scala (Clathroscala) cancellata (Brocchi). Plate XLVIII, fig. 9. 1814. Turbo cancellatus, Brocchi, Conch. foss. subap., vol. ii, p. 377, pl. vii, fig. 8. 1826. Turritella cancellata, Risso, Hist. nat. Eur. mérid., vol. iv, p. 110, pl. iv, fig. 40. 1870. Scalaria cancellata, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 351, no, 364. 1871. Scalaria cancellata, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 96, no. 46. 1872. Scalaria cancellata, S. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., Ist Suppl., pt. i, p. 59, pl. iv, fig. 2. 1876. Scalaria cancellata, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. vii, p. 96, no. 611. 1878. Cirsotrema cancellata, de Stefani e Pantinelli, Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. iv, p. 85. 1898-91. Scalaria cancellata, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. viii, p. 352, no. 1870, 1889; vol. ix, Clathroscala cancellata and vars., p. 822, no. 5268, 1890; Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, p. 84, pl. 11, figs. 93, 94, 1891. 1890. Clathroscala cancellata, de Boury, Boll. Soc. Malac. Ital., vol. xiv, p, 216, no. 31. 1912. Clathroscala cancellata, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 70, pl. iii, fig. 25, 26. Specific Characters.—Shell fairly solid, imperforate, turreted, subulate ; spire slender, elongate; whorls about 12, with an occasional varix, slightly convex, regularly diminishing upwards, the last about one-third the total length; ornamented by numerous fine longitudinal and spiral ridges extending obscurely to the base, which is obtusely angulate and flattened ; suture well-marked but not deep; peristome continuous; mouth subovate. Dimensions.—L. 33 mm. B. 10 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Orford. Miocene: Turin, 'lortona. Lower Pliocene: Biot, Ligurian coast, Siena. 1 In a recent letter M. de Boury expressed a doubt whether this species might not belong to the sub-genus Hemiacirsa. 592 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Upper Plocene—Astiano: Orciano, Val d’Era, Bologna, Livorno. Sicily— Altavilla. Remarks.—The specimen figured by Wood in his Ist Supplement under this name seems to have been sent to him by the late H. B. Woodward as having been obtained from the Coralline Crag in the neighbourhood of Orford, probably from Gedgrave. It is a very different form from that next described, being larger, stronger and less delicately sculptured. As I cannot trace the original, I have figured a typical example of S. cancellata from the Phocene of Altavilla near Palermo which seems to me to correspond satisfactorily with Wood’s Orford shell and may be identified with it. It is evidently a very rare form in the Crag. Scala (Clathroscala) Woodi, Deshayes. Plate XLVIII, figs. 10, 11. 1842—48. Scalaria decussata, 8S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 535, 1842; S. can- cellata, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 95, pl. vii, fig. 22, 1848. 1864. Scalaria Woodi, Deshayes, Descrip. Anim, sans Vert., vol. ii, p. 339. 1871. Scalaria Woodi, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 146, no. 357. 1872. Scalaria cancellata (Wood, not Brocchi), Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soe., vol. xxvii, p. 145. 1872. WScalaria cancellata, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. 1i, p. 204. 1891. Clathroscala cancellata, var. Woodi, Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. 1x, p. 85. 1912. Clathroscala Woodi, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. 1x, p. 71. 1919. Scala (Clathroscala) Woodii, de Boury, MS. Specific Characters.—Shell much smaller than the typical 8. cancellata, elon- gate, tapering to a fine point, thin and fragile; whorls 9 or 10, shghtly convex ; ornamented with fine longitudinal coste and delicate transverse striz ending abruptly at the peristome ; mouth subcircular ; peristome continuous. Dimensions.—L. 12—14mm._ B. 4—5 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Sutton, Gomer. Remarks.—The present form was originally identified by Wood with S. can- cellata, Broechi, but this view has not been generally adopted, though Prof. Sacco considered our shell might be a variety of that species. By most authorities it has been regarded as specifically distinct under the name S. Woodi, proposed for it in 1864 by Deshayes. It is smaller and more fragile than S. cancellata, with very delicate sculpture. Wood stated that he had obtained many specimens of it at Sutton, all of them being more or less broken. The very different fossil described in the last paragraph, figured by Wood in his Ist Supplement, was recognised in 1891 by Prof. Sacco as a typical S. cancellata. It does not appear that this specimen was known to Deshayes, Nyst or Jeffreys. S. Woodi was not noticed by anyone prior to Sacco in the paper and on the date named above. SCALA (GYROSCALA) CANHAMI. 5D3 Sub-genus GYROSCALA, de Boury, 1887. Scala (Gyroscala) Canhami, sp. nov. Plate XLVII, fig. 23. Specific Characters.—Shell coarse and solid, turreted, imperforate; whorls convex, not disjomed; ornamented with about 12 strong longitudinal coste, slightly oblique, lamelliform and reflexed ; base of the last whorl with a conspicuous and wide basal disc; suture deep; spire slender, elongate, regularly diminishing in size upwards; mouth subovate; outer lip thickened by the labial rib ; peri- stome continuous ; base narrowed; spiral sculpture inconspicuous or wanting. Dimensions: L. 30 mm. B. 10 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil: Newbournian Crag: Foxhall. Remarks.—The shell now figured belongs to the York Museum, where it has remained for some years undescribed. It bears Brocchi’s specific name of pseudo- scalaris, but has, it seems to me, but a slight resemblance to the figures of that species, either of its original describer or of subsequent writers. M. de Boury, to whom I submitted a photograph, believed it to be new. I dedicate it, therefore, to the memory of the Rev. H. Canham, who for many years resided at Waldringfield in the centre of the Newbournian district, and was a zealous collector of Crag fossils. The sub-generic term Gyroscala was proposed by M. de Boury for a division of the Scalide, of which the recent Mediterranean form S. commutata was taken as the type. The special characteristics of this group are fully described by MM. Cossmann and himself in the works before alluded to. Scala (Gyroscala) inedita, sp. nov. Plate XLVI, fig. 25 Specific Characters.—Shell turreted, elongato-conical ; whorls decidedly convex, regularly diminishing upwards to a blunt apex; ornamented by fine, rather distant ribs, placed somewhat obliquely; suture deep; basal dise well marked, multicostate; mouth subcircular. Dimensions.—(Of imperfect specimen) L. 8 mm. B. 4 mm. Distribution.—N ot recorded living. Fossil: Sudbourn Church-walks. Remarks.—The imperfect fossil figured under this name belongs to the York Museum where it is also labelled S. pseudo-scalaris. It differs materially, however, from that species, and M. de Boury, to whom I submitted a photograph of it, considered it a new and undescribed form. Scala (Gyroscala) pseudo-Turtoni (8S. V. Wood). Plate XLIX, fig. 2. 1870. Scalaria pseudo-scalaris, A. Bell, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [4], vol. vi, p. 216. 1872. Scalaria Turtoni, var. pseudo-Turtoni, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., Ist Suppl., pt. i, p. 58, pl. iv, fig. 5. 1872. Scalaria pseudo-scalaris, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ui, p. 216. d54 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil; Ieenian Crag: Sudbourn Church-walks. Remarks.—The imperfect specimen here ailuded to, now in the York Museum, was figured by Wood as a variety (pseudo-Turtont) of S. Turtont (op. cit.). M. de Boury pointed out, however, that the presence of a thin basal ridge, alluded to by Wood and clearly though faintly marked in his drawing, shows it to belong to a different group of the Scalide, viz. to Gyroscala. He did not agree with Mr. Bell’s reference of it to S. pseudo-scalaris, but considered it new and a distinct species. He retained Wood’s varietal name pseudo-T'urtoni as specific, in which I follow him. Sub-genus PLICISCALA, De Boury, 1887. Scala (Pliciscala) obtusicostata (3. V. Wood). Plate XLVIII, figs. 24, 25. 1842—48. Scalaria obtusicostata, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 5385, 1842 ; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 95, pl. viii, fig. 21, 1848. 1871. Scalaria obtusicostata, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 145. 1872. Scalaria obtusicostata, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, p. 204. 1890. Scalaria obtusicostata, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1918. Scalaria (Pliciscala) obtusicostata, de Boury, MS. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, fragile; whorls 8 or 10, convex ; spire regularly tapering toa sharp point ; ornamented by numerous and fine longitudinal ribs and by delicate and inconspicuous spiral ridges; suture well marked ; base marginated, flattened ; mouth sub-circular; peristome continuous. Dimensions.—hL. 6—8 mm. B. 2—3 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil : Coralline Crag: Sutton. Remarks.—This small shell, originally described by Wood in 1848, has only been recorded from the Coralline Crag of Sutton, from which locality there are a fair number of specimens in his collection at the Norwich Museum. In 1878 Prof. G. O. Sars described some small Scalus from Finmark and the Norwegian coast, one of which, on the authority of Jeffreys, he identified with the Crag S. obtusicostata,' and the other with that originally referred by Wood to S. varicosa, Lamarck (afterwards S. funiculus®). In 1884 (op. cit.) Jeffreys stated that in consultation with Prof. Sars and after further examination of his specimens, he had come to the conclusion that both of these shells belonged to the same species, which he considered new and named S. coarctata.2 They may belong to the same group as the Crag 8. obtusicostata, having a marginated and flattened base and numerous coste, but I do not think they are the same as the Crag shell. 1 Moll. Reg. Arct. Norw. (1878), pp. 195, 348, pl. xxii, figs. 9a, 9b; pl. xxxiv, fig. 9. * Mon. Crag Moll., lst Suppl., pt. i, p. 98, 1872; pt. ii, p. 207, 1874. 5 Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. (1884), p. 139. SCALA (HYALOSCALA) MINUTA. 555 Sub-genus HYALOSCALA, de Boury, 1890. Scala (Hyaloscala) minuta (J. Sowerby). Plate XLVIII, figs. 34—357. 1823. Scalaria minuta, J. Sowerby, Min. Conch., vol. iv, p. 125, pl. ecexe, figs. 3, 4. 1833. Sealaria minuta, 8. Woodward, Geol. Norfolk, p. 44. 1842—48. Scalaria clathratula, 8. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. [1], vol. ix, p. 535 (pt.), 1842 ; Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 94, pl. viii, fig. 19 b, 1848. 1871. Scalaria clathratula, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol, xxvii, pp. 145, 491. 1871—81. Scalaria clathratula, Nyst, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. vi, p. 108, no. 56, 1871; Conch. Terr. tert. Belg., p. 88, pl. vi, fig. 16, 1881. 1872. Scalaria clathratula, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, pp. 204, 210, 214. 1874—92. Scalaria clathratula, Van den Broeck, Ann. Soc. malac. Belg., vol. ix, p. 292, 1874; vol. xvii, p. 154, 1883; Bull. Soc. Belge Géol., vol. vi (Mémoires), pp. 123, 147, 1892. 1885. Scalaria clathratula, Lorié, Arch. Mus. Teyler [2], vol. 1, pp. 184, 230. 1890. Scalaria clathratula, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 256. 1911. Scalaria minuta, A. Bell, Journ. Ipswich Field Club, vol. ii, p. 16. 1912. Scalaria clathratula, Tesch, Med. v. d. Rijks. v. Delfstoffen, no. 4, p. 70, no. 156. 1912. Hyaloscala minuta, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 40, pl. i, fig. 45. Specific Characters.—Shell imperforate, varying in size both in length and comparative width, subulate, turreted; whorls 8, convex, contiguous, the last not much expanded ; ornamented by numerous delicate and lamelliform coste, variable in number, shehtly poimted above ; suture rather deep; spire slender and elongate ; mouth subcircular, outer lip reflected, with an elevated margin. Dimensions.—L. 5—12 mm. B. 2—5 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil: Lenham. Coralline Crag: Sutton, Gomer, Boyton. Newbournian: Newbourn. Icenian: Thorpe near Norwich, Yarn Hill. Scaldisien: Holland. Casterlien (zone a [socardia cor), Scaldisien, Poederlien : Belgium. Remarks.—The Crag shells originally described by Sowerby as a new species under the name of S. minuta, have been for many years identified with the recent Turbo clathratulus of G. Adams. M. de Boury and M. Cossmann, however, have recently urged that this has been a mistake, proposing to revive for them Sowerby’s original name of S. minuta. M. de Boury believes, indeed, that the recent S. clathratula is unknown as a Pliocene fossil. As stated above, S. minuta, which is exceedingly common in the Coralline Crag, varies both in length and width, as shown in the figures here given (Pl. XLVIII, figs. 34 to 37); all of these have been submitted to and approved by M. de Boury as typical specimens of that species. Sowerby’s figure is that of a minute form not unlike my fig. 37. One of Wood’s, which is much larger, corresponds more nearly with my fig. 34. The latter writer says, moreover, that the shells have a varying 556 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. number of ribs, from 14 to 21. The S. minuta of Sign. Cerulli-Irelli is considered by M. de Boury to be a different species, for which he proposes the specific name tubulata. JT am informed that the Belgian shells are the same as those from the English Crag. Scala (Hyaloscala) clathratula (G. Adams). Plate XLVIII, figs. 28—30. 1798. Turbo clathratulus, G. Adams, Ess. Micros., ed. 2, p. 637, pl. xiv, fig. 19. 1803—8. Turbo clathratulus, Montagu, Test. Brit., vol. ii, p. 297, 1803; Suppl., p. 124, 1808. 1819. Turbo clathratulus, Turton, Conch. Dict., p. 208. 18538. Scalaria clathratula, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. ii, p. 209, pl. Ixx, figs. 3, 4. 1859. Sealaria clathratula, G. B. Sowerby, Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xv, fig. 20. 1867—69. Scalaria clathratula, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 96, 1867; vol. v, p. 210, pl. xxi, fig. 5, 1869. 1890. Scalaria clathratula, Carus, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. 1, p. 293. 1890. Hyaloscala clathratula, de Boury, Boll. Soc. Malae. Ital., vol. xiv, p. 247. 1892. Scalaria clathratula, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 127. 1912. Scalaria (Hyaloscala) clathratula, Cossmann, Ess. Paléoconch. compar., vol. ix, p. 39. Remarks.—It may be interesting to illustrate the difference between the Crag S. minuta and the recent S. clathratula by comparing some verified specimens of the latter with those of the former already figured. Fig. 30 in my plate represents a recent and minute S. clathratula from the Gironde, which I received from M. Dautzenbere; fig. 28 is a much larger and also recent variety of that species from the Holmes Collection at the Norwich Museum ; fig. 29 is taken from one preserved at the York Museum, which was dredged from the Dogger-bank. It is of the minute type. Both species vary considerably in size; otherwise they are considered to maintain the same general character. S. clathvatula has been recorded from the Miocene of Messina by Seguenza and from the Phocene of Biot by Alfred Bell, but the specimens cannot now be traced. Sub-genus ACRILLA, H. Adams, 1860. Scala (Acrilla) exsemicostata (Sacco). Plate XLVIII, fig. 7. 1874. Scalaria semicostata, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., lst Suppl., pt. ii, p. 188, add. pl., fig. 1. 1891. Scalaria (Acrilla) exsemicostata, Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. ix, pp. 60, 67. 1918. Scala (Acrilla) exsemicostata, de Boury, MS. Specific Characters.—Shell slender, subulate; whorls about 12, convex ; orna- mented by numerous thin and delicate coste with sharp edges smaller than the intervening spaces, and by exceedingly fine and inconspicuous spiral lines, the last SCALA (PLESIOACIRSA) CHATWINI. 557 whorl being margined by a well-marked ridge; suture rather deep; spire elon- gate, gradually and regularly diminishing in size upwards to a sharp point ; mouth small, subcircular. Dimensions —L. 19 mm. B. 6 mm. Distribution—Not known living. Fossil: Red Crag: Woodbridge district (probably Sutton). ftemarks.—The specimen here represented is unique and is the one described by Wood. It came from the Whincopp Collection and belongs to the York Museum. It was at first identified with an Eocene shell, S. semicostata, figured by Sowerby, but this view is not now accepted. Prof. Sacco, regarding it as a new and distinct species, has named it S. (Acrilla) evsemicostata, in which he was followed by M. de Boury. The specimen is fragile, quite perfect, and does not seem to me to show any signs of being derivative. Sub-genus PLESIOACIRSA, de Boury, MS., 1909. Scala (Plesioacirsa) Chatwini, de Boury, MS. Plate XLVIII, figs. 38, 39. 1872—79. Turritella ? penepolaris, S. V. Wood, Mon, Crag Moll., Ist Suppl., p. 58, pl. iv, fig. 20, 1872; T. (Mesalia) penepolaris, 2nd Suppl., p. 26, pl. ii, fig. 14, 1879. 1890. Turritella ? penepolaris, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 260. Specific Characters.—Shell imperforate, turreted, subcylindrical, whorls con- tiguous, slightly convex; spire slender, elongate, gradually but regularly diminish- ing in size upwards; ornamented by delicate, inconspicuous spiral striz and by faint oblique lines of growth; suture distinct; mouth subcircular. Dimensions.—L. 20 mm. B. 5 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Sutton, Boyton. Waltoman: Little Oakley. Scaldisien : Dutch borings. Remarks. —The worn specimens now figured have been identified with the Turritella penepolaris of Wood. M. de Boury referred them, however, to a subgenus Plesivacirsa, asking me to adopt the specific name Chatwini as a compliment to the late Librarian of the Geological Society, whose friendly assistance from time to time we have been glad to acknowledge. S. Chatwint is not unlike a variety of Acirsa decussata from the Itahan Pliocene described by Prof. Sacco,! but M. de Boury considered it to be both generically and specifically distinct from the latter, proposmg the name here 1 Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt ix, p. 93, pl. ii, fig. 104. 73 558 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. adopted in preference. It is not a common Crag shell, but has been obtained from the Coralline Crag of Boyton and Sutton, from the Waltonian of Little Oakley by myself, and from one of the Dutch borings by Dr. Tesch. Genus ACIRSA, Morch, 1857. Acirsa Eschrichti (Holbdéll). Plate XLIX, figs. 6, 7. 1838. Scalaria (Acirsa) borealis, Beck in Lyell, Phil. Trans. [1], p. 37, pl. u, fig. 11. 1842. Scalaria Eschrichti, Holboll in Moller, Ind. Moll. Groenl., p. 10. 1858. Scala (Acirsa) Esehrichti, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., vol. 11, p. 621. 1863—77. Mesalia borealis, Jeffreys, Rep. Brit. Assoc. (Newcastle), p. 78, 1863; & Belgian Crag. J. opalina has a rather wide range, from the Shetland Islands to the Mediterranean, and is said to be abundant in places though very local. b) Oo d Jeffreysia diaphana (Alder). Plate L, fig. 20. 1844—48. Rissoa (?) glabra, Alder, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 325, pl. viii, figs. 1—4, 1844; R. diaphana, Trans. Tynes. Nat. Field Club, p. 55, 1848. 1853. Jeffreysia diaphana, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. iii, p. 152, pl. Ixxvi, fig. 1. 1859. Jeffreysia diaphana, G. B. Sowerby, Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xiv, fig. 13. 1867—69. Jeffreysia diaphana, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 59, 1867; vol. v, pl. lxix, fig. 6, 1869. 1878. Jeffreysia diaphana, G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., p. 359. 1886. Jeffreysia diaphana, Kendall and R. G. Bell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xl, p. 2i1. 1893—98. Jeffreysia diaphana, A. Bell, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [3], vol. 11, p. 629, 1898; Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xu, p. 149, 1898. 1901. Jeffreysia diaphana, Conch. Soe. List., Journ. of Conch., vol. x, p. 18, no. 362. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, thin, ovato-conical; whorls 43, convex, the last three-fifths of the total length; spire regularly diminishing in size upwards to a blunt and abrupt point; suture deep; mouth ovate, angulate above, rounded below ; umbilical chink narrow. Dimensions. —L. 2 mm. B. 1 mm. Distribution—Recent : British coasts in certain places from the Shetlands to the Channel Islands, Dublin, Cullercoates, coast of Norway, Cherbourg, Spezzia. Fossil: St. Erth, Selsey. é Remarks.—The specimen of J. diaphana here figured was obtaimed from St. Hrth and belongs to the British Museum of Natural History. Jeffreysia globularis, Jeffreys, MS. Plate L, fig. 19. 1853. Jefireysia globularis, Jeffreys in Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., vol. iv, Appendix, p. 2€8, pl. exxxiil;, fig: o- 1859. Jeffreysia globularis, G. B. Sowerby, Ill. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xiv, fig. 15. 1867—69. Jejreysia globularis, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 62, 1867; vol. v, pl. lxix, fig. 7 1878. Jeffreysia globularis, G. O. Sars, Moll. Reg. Arct. Norv., pp. 347, 359, pl. xxxiv, fig. 8. 1886. Jeffreysia globularis, Kendall and R. G. Bell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii, p. 211. 1892. Jeffreysia globularis, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 180. 79 606 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 1893—98. Jeffreysia globularis, A. Bell, Proc. Roy. Inish Acad. [3], vol. ii, p. 629, 1893; Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 149, 1898. 1901. Jeffreysia globularis, Conch. Soc. List, Journ. of Conch., vol. x, p. 18, no. 364. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, thin, obliquely orbicular ; whorls 3, tumid, the last much the largest, three-fourths the total length; spire very short, compressed ; apex blunt; suture deep; mouth oval, half the length of the shell, expanded ; outer lip incurved above, rounded below ; inner lip separated from the pillar; peristome entire, distinct; umbilicus deep. Dimensions.—L. 1—2 mm. B. 1—2 mm. Distribution.—Recent : Skye, Shetlands, English Channel (Locard), Norwegian coast, Finmark. ; Fossil: St. Erth. Remarks.—The specimen of J. globularis here figured is from the Wood Collec- - tion at the British Museum, and is probably the one reported by Messrs. Kendall and R. G. Bell in their paper of 1886. Genus ALVANIA, Risso, 1826. Alvania Whitleyi (A. Bell). Plate L, fig. 40. 1898. Rissoa Whitleyi, A. Bell, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 158. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, rather sohd ; whorls 6—7, convex, obtusely subangulate in the centre; ornamented by about 12 strongly-marked rounded coste which do not reach the base; crossed by fine, conspicuous spiral ridges ; spire short, rapidly and regularly diminishing to a rounded apex; suture deep; mouth short, oval, angulated above; outer lip thickened by the labial rib. Dimensions. —L. 2 mm. B. 1 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil : St. Hirth. Remarks.—Vhe present specimen, which belongs to the British Museum, was found by Mr. A. Bell in some unexamined material left at his brother’s death. He described it as a new species, remarking that it was nearly allied to a Miocene fossil, the Rissoa clotho of Hérnes, with which at first we were disposed to associate it, as a closely-related variety.' On further comparison with Hornes’ figure, how- ever, we now prefer to regard it as specifically distinct, both from that species or from any other with which we are acquainted. It is a beautiful shell and quite fresh and perfect. 1 Foss. Moll. Tert. Wien, vol i, p. 574, pl. xlviu, p. 20. ALVANIA CIMEX. 607 Alvania cimex (Linné). Plate L, fig. 43. 1758. Turbo cimex, Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. x, p. 761, no. 530. 1808. Turbo calathiscus, Montagu, Test. Brit., Suppl., p. 132, pl. xxx, fig. 5. 1826. Alvania europea, Risso, Hist. nat. Eur. mérid., vol. iv, p. 142, pl. ix, fig. 116. 1858. Alvania calathiscus, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., vol. i, p. 331, pl. xxxv, fig. 3 a. 1859. Rissoa (Alvania) europxa, Chenu, Man. Conch., vol. i, p. 307, fig. 2185. 1873. Rissoa (Alvania) cimex, Weinkauff, Cat. europ. Meeresconch., vol. ii, p. 303. 1874—76. Rissoa (Alvania) cimex, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. v, p. 4, no. 374; p. 282, no. 128, 1874; vol. vii, p. 102, no. 673, 1876. 1878. Rissoa europea, Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xx, pl. 1, fig. 2. 1878—84. Rissoa (Alvania) cimex, Monterosato, Enum. e Simon. Conch. Medit. (Giorn. Soc. Sci. Nat. Palermo, vol. xiii, 1878), p. 84; Alvania (Acinus) cimex, Nom. Gen. e Spec. Conch. Medit., p. 62, 1884. 1889—95. Rissoa cimex, Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. viii, p. 355, no. 1988, 1889; Alvania (Acinus) cimex, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. xviii, p. 24, 1895. 1890. Rissoaw (Alvania) cimez, Carus, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. 11, p. 331. 1892. Alvania cimicina, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 156, fig. 135. 1892. Rissoa cimex, A. Bell, Rep. Yorks. Phil. Soc., p. 63, pl. 1, fig. 21. 1901—7. Rissoia (Alvania) cimea, Scalia, Att. Accad. Gioen. Sci. Nat. Catania [4], vol. xiv, p. 7, no. 90, 1901; vol. xx, p. 32, no. 228, 1907. 1914. Rissoia (Alvania) cimex, Cerulli-Irelli, Palaeont. Ital., vol. xx, p. 198, pl. xv, figs. 68, 69. Specific Characters.—Shell thick and solid, ovate; whorls 6, slightly convex, the last ventricose, two-thirds the total length; spire regularly conical, with a minute rounded apex; ornamented by numerous longitudinal costee and by spiral ridges nearly equal in size, which become more or less tuberculate where they intersect ; suture channelled, but not deep; mouth rather short, ovate-angulate above ; outer lip thickened, ridged internally ; inner lip strong; peristome con- tinuous. Dimensions.—L. 5mm. B. 3 mm. Distribution.—Recent : Isle of Jura, Cumbrae (Jeffreys). Mediterranean (widely distributed), Adriatic, Algean, Crete, Lycia. West Atlantic (Carus). Fossil : Selsey. Upper Pliocene: Monte Mario, Astiano, Val d’Era, Altavilla. Pleistocene : Messina, Monte Pellegrino, Ficarazzi, Sciacca, Reggio, ‘Taranto, Gravina, Livorno. Sub-Htnean beds: Salustri, Cibali, Catira, Nizzeti, San Paulo. Remarks.—This very distinct and southern shell has been reported by Mr. Bell as a British fossil from Selsey only, where he informs me that years ago it was fairly common. In the south of Hurope it occurs in the Upper Pleistocene of Asti, Monte Mario and Altavilla, while Seguenza gives it from a number of Italian and Sicilian localies and Dr. Scalia from the fossiliferous deposits on the flanks of Kitna. 608 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Jeffreys points out (op. cit., vol. iv, p. 11) that the Turbo cimex of Donovan and Montagu is a different species. Alvania fenestrata (Etheridge and Bell). Plate L, fig. 46. 8. Rissoa fenestrata, A. Bell, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [3]. vol. ii, p. 629, 1893; Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 152, 1898. Specyic Characiers.—Shell minute, ovate, fairly strong and solid; whorls convex, the last tumid, much the largest, two-thirds the total length; ornamented by numerous distinct and rounded costz, placed close togetler, occupying the upper part only of the body-whorl, and by strong spiral ridges below; spire very short, rapidly diminishing upwards to a blunt and rounded point; suture deep; mouth ovate, expanded, large in proportion to the size of the shell; base of inner lip furnished with a prominent umbilical chink. Dimensions.—L. 1 mm. B. 1 mm. Distribution.—N ot known living. Fossil: St. Erth. Remarks.—The St. Erth fossil here figured is from the Warburton Collection at the British Museum, and has been identified by Mr. A. Bell as the one found by him and described by Mr. Etheridge and himself under the above name. It is a distinct form with comparatively coarse sculpture ; in Mr. Bell’s opinion it is the only example that has been found. Alvania Cossmanni, A. Bell, MS. Plate L, fig. 47. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, ovate, solid ; whorls convex, the last ventri- cose, much the largest; ornamented by very fine but distinct reticulate sculpture on the upper part of the last whorl; on the base and on the lower part by rather strong spiral ridges; spire short; mouth subcircular, expanded; suture clearly marked. Dimensions.—L. 1 mm. B. 1 mm. Distribution.—N ot recorded living. Fossil : St. Erth. Remarks.—The shell figured under this name was found by Mr. Bell, but has been left unrecorded in his collection at the British Museum. It is one of the smallest of the St. Erth Rissoas, but it looks like a mature specimen. Alvania crassi-striata (S. V. Wood). Plate L, fig. 49. 184248. Rissoa crassi-striata, S. V. Wood, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (1), vol. ix, p. 533, 1842; Mon. Crag Moll, pt. i, p. 106, pl. 11, p. 15, 1848. ALVANIA MONTAGUI. 609 1871. Rissoa crassi-striata, Jeffreys in Prestwich, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 145. 1872. Rissoa crassi-striata, A. and R. Bell, Proc. Geol. Assoc., vol. ii, p. 204. 1890. Rissoa crassi-striata, C. Reid, Plioc. Dep. Brit., p. 255. Specific Characters.—Shell small, turriculate, solid; whorls 6 or 7, distinctly convex; ornamented by about 12 strong, obtuse longitudinal costee which reach the base of the shell, and by well-marked spiral ridges in the interspaces of the ribs; spire elongated, ending in an acute point; suture deep; mouth subcircular, obtusely angulate above; outer lip thickened and marginated, striated within. Dimensions. —L. 3°5 mm. B. 1:5 mm. Distribution. —Not known living. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Sutton. Remarks.—This fossil from the Coralline Crag was regarded by Wood, Jeffreys and the brothers Bell as a distinct species, unknown either as living or as fossil, otherwise than from the English Crag. It belongs to the group known under the generic or subgeneric name of Alrania, oval in form, having a short spire, vrooved. Wood states it is an clathrated sculpture and a mouth internally ¢ abundant species at Sutton. Alvania Montagui (Payraudeau). Plate L, fig. 50. 1826. Rissow Montagui, Payraudeau, Moll. de Corse, p. 111, pl. v, fig. 14. 1836—44. Rissoa Montagui, Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sic., vol. i, p. 153, 1836; vol. 11, p. 126, 1844. 1856. Rissoa Montagui, Hornes, Foss. Moll. Tert. Wien., vol. i, p. 569, pl. xlviii, fig. 13. 1858. Alvania Montagui, H. and A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll., vol. i, p. 331. 1876. Rissoa (Alvania) Montagui, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. vii, p. 102, no. 686. 1878. Rissoa Montagui, Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. xx, pl. 1, fig. 3. 1884. Rissoa Montacuti, Jeffreys, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 122. 1884. Rissoa Montagui, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg et Dollfus, Moll. mar. Rouss., vol. i, p. 285, pl. xxxiu, figs. 1—6. 1884. Alvania Montagui, Monterosato, Nom. Gen. e Spec. Conch. Medit., p. 58. 1886. Rissoa Montagui, Kendall and R. G. Bell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii, p. 211. 1890. Rissoa (Alvania) Montagui, Carus, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. ii, p. 328. 1892. Alvania Montagui, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 158, fig. 136. 1892—98. Rissoa Montagui, A. Bell, Rep. Yorks. Phil. Soc., pp. 63, 76, pl.i, fig. 20, 1892; Proe. Roy. Irish Acad. [3], vol. ii, p. 629, 1893; Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 151, pl. ii, fig. 11, 1898. 1895. Alvania Montagui, Sacco, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. xviu, p. 23. 1907. Rissoa (Alvania) Montagui, Scalia, Att. Accad. Gioen. Sci. Nat. Catania [4], xx, p. 33. Specific Characters —Shell small, solid, ovato-conical, whorls but slightly convex; ornamented by strong, straight, rounded costee which die out on the last whorl, and by strong spiral ridges covering the base of the shell, producing sight granulations at the points.of contact; suture deep, channelled; mouth oval; outer lip thickened, suleated within, not denticulate. Dimensions.—L. 5 mm. B. 3 mm. 610 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Distribution.—Recent : Atlantic coasts of Spain, Madeira, Mediterranean (widely diffused), Asiatic, A¥gean. Fossil: St. Krth. Pleistocene: Selsey. Miocene: Touraine, Anjou, Vienna basin. Phocene: Astiano, Altavilia, Messina. Pleistocene: Livorno, Rhodes. Sub-Etnaen beds : Nizzeti. fiemarks.—This southern species has been found rather commonly at St. Erth by 8. V. Wood, Messrs. Kendall and R. G. Bell and by Mr. A. Bell, having been also reported by the latter from Selsey in a deposit the fauna of which is distinctly of a southern character. It may be easily recognised by its form and its strong sculpture. It is unknown from the Anglo-Belgian Crag, though it had a wide range in time from the Miocene of France and Vienna to the sub-Ktnaen beds of Sicily. The specimen from St. Erth now figured is from the Wood Collection at the British Museum of Natural History. CO Alvania Wyville-Thomsoni (Jeffreys). Plate LI, fig. 1 1877—84. Rissoa wyville-thomsoni, Jeffreys in Friele, Nyt Mag. Natur., p. 3, 1877; R. Wyville- Thomsoni, in Lamplugh, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xl, p. 321, pl. xv, fig. 3; Proc. Zool. Soe. London, p. 122, no. 29, 1884. 1893—1917. Rissoa Wyville-Thomsoni, A. Bell, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [8], vol. ii, p. 635, 1893; Naturalist (Yorkshire), no. 723, p. 96, 1917. 1901. Rissoa wyville-thompsoni, Friele og Grieg, Norske Nordhay. Exped., Mollusca, pt. 111, p. 78. Specific Characters.—Shell ovate, small, turreted; whorls 5, convex, the last much the largest, ventricose, the upper ones without sculpture, the lower ornamented by numerous longitudinal coste, distinct but not prominent, which hardly reach the base, and by fine, well-marked spiral ridges; spire short, ending in a small flattened apex ; suture deep; mouth subcircular with a small umbilicus ; outer lip thin, regularly rounded, slightly expanded. Dimensions.—L. 38 mm. B. 1:5 mm. Distribution.—Recent: “ Lightning” and “ Porcupine” (0) Gt.) fossil: Bridlington. Exped. (560 f.), Noringen Exped., cold area (488 Remarks.—Vhe Bridlington fossil here figured is one of a number found by Mr. Bell among some loose stuff received from Mr. Headley. It agrees with Jeffreys’ drawing of the original specimen which is in Mr. Headley’s Collection, bearing the identification of the author. I believe these are the only fossil representatives of the species that have. been recorded, but being a minute form it may have escaped notice elsewhere. Mr. Bell informs me that it is one of the most common of the Bridlington [?issoas in Mr. Headley’s Collection. ALVANIA DENSECOSTATA. 61] Alvania densecostata (Htheridge and Bell, MS.). Plate LI, fig. 22. 1893—98. Rissoa densecostata, A. Bell, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [3], vol. 11, p. 629, 1893; Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 152, 1898. Specific Characters.—Shell solid, minute, elongato-turreted ; whorls convex ; ornamented by numerous fine, nearly straight ribs, crowded closely together, intersected by spiral striz which become stronger and more prominent below the periphery. Dimensions.—L. 3 mm. 8B. 1 mm. Distribution.—Not known hving. Fossil: St. Erth. Remarks.—Mr. Bell informs me that this fossil is the same upon which his R. densecostata was originally founded. It was then perfect, but unfortunately the apex is now missing. Alvania Bellii, sp. nov. Plate LI, fig. 23. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, solid, ovato-conical; whorls 5, the last ventricose, much the largest, three-fourths the total length, obtusely angulate at the periphery and contracted below it; ornamented by strong and prominent longitudinal ribs, which terminate suddenly on the body-whorl and are replaced by well-marked spiral ridges with fairly wide imterspaces, also by exceedingly fine striz on the upper part of the shell; spire short, rapidly diminishing upwards towards a blunt and truncated apex ; suture well marked and somewhat channelled ; mouth large in proportion, expanded, angulate above and rounded ‘below ; outer lip thin; lower part of the mner lip reflected on the columella, which is nearly straight. Dimensions.—L. 2°5 mm. B. 1 mm. Distribution.—Recent : Not reported living. Fossil: St. Erth. Remarks.—The fossil figured under this name is from the British Museum where it has been labelled “ ht. clathrata,” probably by an oversight—it is not the f. clathrata of Phihppi. As I cannot find anything else to which I can satisfactorily refer it I dedicate it to my colleague, often named in this work, to whom students of the St. Hrth fauna are much indebted. Alvania curta (Dujardin). Plate LI, figs. 24, 25. 1837. Rissoa curta, Dujardin, Mém. Soc. Géol. France, vol. ii, p. 279, pl. xix, fig. 5. 1856. Rissoa curta, Hornes, Foss. Moll, Tert, Wien., vol. i, p. 571, pl. xlvin, fig. 15, 612 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. 1886. Rissoa (Alvania) curta, Dollfus et Dautzenberg, Feuille Jeunes Natur., vol. xvi, p. 15. 1890—95. Rissoa curta, var., Sacco, Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., vol. Ix, p. 325, no. 5343, 1890; Alvania curta, Moll. Terr. Terz. Piem., pt. xviii, p. 28, 1895 1893—98. Rissoa intusstriata, A. Bell, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad. [3], vol. 11, p. 629, 1893; R. curta, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 151, pl. 1, fig. 8, 1898. 1919. Alvania curta, Cossmann et Peyrot, Actes Soc. Linn. Bordeaux, vol. iii, pt. 11, p. 582, pl. xvu, fies. 43—46. Specific Characters.—Shell small, fairly solid, ovato-conical ; spire rather short ; whorls 6, shehtly convex, the last much the largest ; ornamented by about twelve strong coste which extend nearly to the base of the shell, and by very fine spiral striz; mouth ovate; outer lip thickened without, distinetly ridged within ; umbilicus distinct. Dimensions.—L. 445 mm. B. 2 mm. Distribution. —Not known living. Fossil: St. Erth. Miocene: Touraine, Vienna basin, Italy—Tortoniano. gured was found by Mr. Bell at St. Remarks.—One of the specimens here fi Erth. It was originally described by himself and Mr. Htheridge as a new species under the name of I’. intusstriata, but has been since referred by the former to the R. curta of Dujardin. If this identification is correct it 1s not only interesting, but, as bearing upon the probable age of the St. Hrth beds, important; I. curta is an extinct form, having had a wide distribution in Miocene times, but I cannot find that it has been recorded otherwise from any Pliocene horizon. Alvania partim-cancellata (S. V. Wood, MS.). Plate LI, figs. 26, 27. 1886. Rissoa partim-cancellata, S. V. Wood in Kendall and R. G. Bell, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlii, p. 2i1. 1893—98. Rissoa partim-cancellata, A. Bell, Proc. Roy. Irish Acad., vol. 1, p. 629, 1893; BR. Lanciex, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, p. 151, pt. 11, fig. 7, 1898. Speeific Characters.—Shell minute, ovate; whorls 5, slightly convex, regularly diminishing in size upwards, the last much the largest; spire about one-third the total length ; ornamented by numerous longitudinal coste disappearing towards the periphery against a series of spiral ridges which continue to the base of the shell, with a single line near the suture; suture shehtly channelled ; mouth oval. Dimensions.—L. 3 mm. B. 1°5 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: St. Erth. Remarks.—This interesting little fossil, belonging to the Warburton Collection at the British Museum of Natural History, where it has been referred in error to ALVANIA OBELISCUS. 613 the Rissoa Lancie of Caleara, was originally discovered by Wood, whose name | now adopt. It belongs to a group of Rissoas rather distinctive of, and common, according to Mr. A. Bell, at St. Erth, in which the upper part of the whorls are covered by fine longitudinal costee and the lower by distinetly-cut spiral ridges. It is specially characterised by the single row of the latter on each whorl near the suture. Our shell is not so tumid as the one figured by Mr. Bell, but he considers it to be the same. Alvania obeliscus (Htheridge and Bell, MS.). Plate LI, fig. 28. 1898. Rissoa obscura, A. Bell, Trans. Roy. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 153. Specific Characters.—Shell small, conical; whorls about 7, nearly flat ; orna- mented by strong longitudinal costz, 15 or 16 on the last whorl, and by well-marked spiral ridges, specially conspicuous near the base; suture distinct but not deep ; spire somewhat elongate, regularly diminishing upwards; mouth ovate, compressed and angulated above, rounded below ; outer lip thin. Dimensions.—L. 4mm. 8B. 3 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil ; St. Erth. Remaris.—The fossil figured under the specific and MS. name obeliscus, Htheridge and Bell, was referred by Mr. A. Bell to the F. obscwra of Philippi,’ but our shell is strongly ridged transversely and of this Plilppi’s figure shows no trace. He (A. Bell) remarks that it may be a variety of ft. parva, the var. interrupta of which, except for its strong sculpture, it somewhat resembles. On the whole, however, I prefer to regard it as specifically distinct. It is of a St. Erth type, and in some respects not unlike several shells from that place which are here figured. Alvania erecta, A. Bell, MS. Plate LI, fig. 29. Specific Chavracters.—Shell minute, ovato-conical; whorls 6, convex, the last rather tumid, much the largest ; ornamented by numerous fine longitudinal costee which die out at the periphery, and by delicate spiral lines which become somewhat stronger below it; suture distinct and slightly channelled, with a spiral line immediately above it; spire short, reguiarly diminishing in size towards an acute point; mouth rather small, oval; outer lp gently rounded, incurved above, not much expanded; inner lip somewhat reflected ; peristome continuous. Dimensions.—L. 2 mm. B. 1 mm. ———— 1 See Philippi, Enum, Moll. Sic., vol. il, p. 127, pl. xxiii, fig. 10, 1844. 80 614 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: St. Erth. Remarks.—This specimen from St. Hrth belongs to the British Museum, where it bears Mr. Bell’s name of I. erecta. He considers it a distinct species and so far as he knows unique. Alvania Enysii (A. Bell). Plate LI, fig. 30. 1898. Rissoa Enysii, A. Bell, Trans. R. Geol. Soc. Cornwall, vol. xii, p. 151, pl. ii, fig. 12. Specific Characters.—Shell small, elongato-conical; whorls 7—8, nearly flat, slightly angulate or constricted immediately below the suture; spire regularly tapering to a blunt point; suture well marked; ornamented by numerous straight coste which die out on the last whorl, hardly extending to the base, and by distinct spiral ridges which are continuous beyond the termination of the ribs: crossing the latter, producing slight tuberculation where they intersect, and are prominent at the base of the shell; mouth ovate, angulate, with a small chink above; outer lip roundly lunate; peristome continuous; inner lip slightly deflected in front of a minute perforation. Dimensions.—L. 6mm. B. 3 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: St. Erth. Remarks.—This species, which Mr. Bell considered a distinct form, was originally described from a specimen found by him now in the Museum of the Royal Geological Society at Penzance. Others have been found since, one of them being in the Sedgewick Museum at Cambridge (here figured) and another in the British Museum of Natural History. It was named after Mr. J. D. Enys, who was President of the above-named Society when Mr. Bell’s paper was submitted to it. Alvania dubiosa, Etheridge and Bell, MS., sp. nov. Plate LI, fig. 31. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, solid, ovato-conical ; whorls 5, convex, the last tumid, about two-thirds the total length, the three lower ones ornamented by well-marked longitudinal ribs, nearly straight, which die out or are cut off by strong spiral ridges, continuous to the base ; upper whorls without sculpture ; spire turreted, decreasing in size, compressed above, ending in a blunt rounded point ; suture deep; mouth oval, rather short, expanded below, outer and inner mouth thickened. Dimensions.—L. 3°5 mm. B. 2 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil; St. Erth. ALVANIA PUNCTURA. 615 Remarks.—The unique specimen figured under the above name belongs to the Warburton Collection at the British Museum of Natural History, and was described by Messrs. Etheridge and Bell as a new species. It belongs to the type before mentioned in which the longitudinal coste are cut off by conspicuous spiral ridges, continuous to the base, with generally a distinct transverse line at the suture. Alvania punctura (Montagu). Plate LI, fig. 32. 1803. Turbo punctura, Montagu, Test. Brit., pt. ii, p. 320, pl. xii, fig. 5. 1853. Rissoa punctura, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Conch., vol. iii, p. 89, pl. Ixxx, figs. 8, 9. 1859. Rissoa punctura, G. B. Sowerby, Il. Ind. Brit. Shells, pl. xiii, fig. 13. 1867—69. Rissoa punctura, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. iv, p. 17, 1867; vol. v, p. 207, pl. lxvi, fig. 8, 1869. 1870—90. Rissoa punctura, A. Bell, Journ. de Conch., vol. xviii, p. 852, no. 394, 1870; Proc. Roy. Soe. Edin., vol. x, p. 296, 1890. 1873. Rissoa (Alvania) punctura, Weinkauff, Cat. europ. Meeresconch., vol. ii, p. 19, no. 308. 1874—76. Rissoa (Alvania) punctura, Seguenza, Boll. R. Com. Geol. Ital., vol. v,'p. 4, no. 384; p- 282, no. 134, 1874; vol. vii, p. 102, no. 679, 1876. 1890. Rissoa punctura, Carus, Prod. Faun. Medit., vol. ii, p. 330. 1892. Alvania puncturata, Locard, Coq. mar. Cotes de France, p. 162. 1898. Rissoa (Alvania) punctura, Bucquoy, Dautzenberg et Dollfus, Moll. mar. Rouss., vol. ii, p. 797. 1901. Alvania punctura, Couch. Soe. List, Journ. of Conchology, vol. x, p. 18, no. 341. 1913. Rissoa (Alvania) punctura, Dautzenberg et Durouchoux, Feuille des Jeunes Natur., vol. xliv, p. 30. Specific Characters.—Shell minute, ovato-conical ; whorls 6, convex and rounded, the last about three-fifths the total length; ornamented by numerous fine longi- tudinal and transverse thread-like striz or ribs, forming delicate and closely-set cancellation; the longitudinal ribs do not, however, reach the base; in worn specimens the surface appears to be indented with a series of delicate punctures ; suture deep, but not excavated; mouth oval, rounded, but little expanded; outer hip thin, with a thickened labial rib; inner lip reflected on the pillar. Dimensions.—L. 2mm. B. 1 mm. Distribution —Recent: Widely distributed in British seas from Guernsey to Unst. Norwegian coast from the Christiania fiord to Finmark and the Lofoten Islands. Brittany, Provence, Canary Islands, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Augean. Fossil: Coralline Crag: Sutton. Waltonian : Walton-on-Naze. Selsey, Shewalton. Irish estuarine clays. Holocene: Portrush. Phocene: Biot. Pleistocene: Sicily—Monte Pellegrino, Ficarazzi, Messina. Calabria—Reggio, Taranto. Tuscany—Livorno, Valle Biaia. Uddevalla. Christiania fiord —Tapes- banks. ftemarks.—This well-known British shell, widely distributed according to 616 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Jeffreys from Guernsey to Unst, has been reported as a fossil from the Coralline Crag of Sutton, from Walton-on-Naze, from the Pleistocene deposits of Selsey and elsewhere, and from Portrush. The Sutton specimen here figured agrees in form with the type shell, but was unfortunately broken by accident while in the artist’s custody and does not show very clearly the longitudinal sculpture; there is another, however, in the York Museum from Portrush in which both it and the transverse — markings are distinctly exhibited. R. punctura has been obtained by A. Bell from the Plocene deposits of Biot, and is reported by Seguenza from various Pleistocene localities in Sicily and Calabria, by Malm from Uddevalla and from the Tapes-banks of the Christiania fiord by Prof. Brogger. As arecent shell it ranges from Finmark to the Canaries. Alvania multistriata (A. Bell). Plate LI, fig. 33. 1892. Rissoa multistriata, A. Bell, Rep. Yorks. Phil. Soe., pp. 62, 67, 76, pl. i, fig. 26. Specific Chavacters.—Shell minute, conical, rapidly tapering; whorls 5, convex, the last more than half the total length; ornamented by well-marked, closely set spiral ridges, and the lower whorls and the upper part of the last by rather swollen ribs which do not extend far below the suture; mouth oval; outer and inner lips thin; umbilicus minute but deep. Dimensions.—L. 3 mm. B. 1:5 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil: Selsey. Remarks.—This beautiful fossil, to which the artist has hardly done credit, 1s another unique form obtained by Mr. A. Bell during his long-continued investi- gation of the Selsey bed, a work extending over a period of nearly twenty years, and resulting in the discovery of an unexpectedly rich, distinct and interesting molluscan fauna of more than 200 species, some of them new to science, which, although of Pleistocene age, seem to be of a comparatively southern type. LITTORINA LITTOREA. 651 Remarks.—Specimens under this name have been figured both by Samuel Woodward and by 8. V. Wood. They are not identical with the var. sulcata, but belong to the same group, being, however, much smaller, more slender and more strongly sculptured than that variety. Var. complanata, nov. Plate LII, figs. 19, 20. Varietal Characters.—Shell wide, large, thick and strong; whorls 5, the last much the largest, three-fourths the total length, flattened and angulated above ; ornamented on the lower part of the whorls by fine spiral sculpture, and on the upper by one or two rounded and prominent ridges which are continuous to the apex; spire short; mouth very large, projecting; outer lip thickened outside. Dimensions.—L. 24 mm. B. 24 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil ; Icenian Crag: Bramerton, Thorpe and elsewhere. Remarks.—Several examples of this fine shell belonging to the carinata group, but distinct from other varieties of it, have been found by Mr. Jas. Reeve at Bramerton and Thorpe. One of our specimens (fig. 19) belongs to the Sedgwick Museum at Cambridge. Var. pyramidata, 8S. V. Wood. 1848. Inttorina littorea, var. pyramidata, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, pl. x, fig. 14f. Dimensions.—L. 18—22 mm. B. 10—12 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Icenian Crag: Bramerton. Remarks.—Belongs to the suleata group, but having stronger spiral ridges with an elongated spire. Tam unable to procure a specimen of this rather distinct variety, and must therefore suggest a reference to the one figured by Wood. Var. earinata (S. Woodward). Plate LII, figs. 21, 22. 1838. Turbo carinatus, 8S. Woodward, Geol. of Norfolk, p. 44, pl. iti, fig. 11. 1848. Littorina littorea, var. carinata, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. x, fig. 14 7. 1864. Litorina litorea, var. carinata, 8S. P. Woodward in White’s History of Norfolk, ed. 3, p. 118. Varietal Characters.—Having a short pointed spire, with fine spiral sculpture and one or more strong ridges on the body-whorl. 652 PLIOCENE MOLLUSCA. Dimensions.—L. 18 mm. B. 16 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil: Icenian Crag: Bramerton and elsewhere. Remarks.—This shell may be taken as typical of a short-spired and strongly- carinated group, not uncommon at Bramerton, departing widely from the variety sulcata. Originally regarded by 8S. Woodward as specifically distinct, it was sub- sequently considered by Wood and others as a variety of L. littorea. Var. bicarinata (S. Woodward). Plate LI, figs. 23, 24. 1833. Turbo bicarinatus, 8. Woodward, Geol. of Norfolk, p. 44, pl. iii, fig. 13. 1848. Littorina littorea, var. bicarinata, 8. V. Wood, Mon. Crag Moll., pt. i, p. 118, pl. x, fig. 14 e. 1864. Litorina litorea, var. bicarinata,S. P. Woodward in White’s History of Norfolk, ed. 3, p. 118. Varietal Characters.—Shell of moderate size, ornamented by strong and pro- minent ribs (generally two), having a spire varying in length, and in the type form an expanded base; suture deeper than in the variety carinata. Dimensions.—L. 18 mm. B. 12 mm. Distribution.—Not recorded living. Fossil: Icenian Crag: Bramerton. Remarks.—This variety is most nearly allied to the carinata group, from which it differs in its stronger ribs, its longer spire and its deeper suture. Var. angulata, nov. Plate LII, fig. 25. Varietal Chavacters.- -Shell of moderate size, thin and delicate; whorls 6, convex, angulated, with a wide sloping shelf below the suture, the last whorl much the largest; ornamented by fine spiral lines and two or three distinct ridges; spire elongate, rapidly diminishing upwards to a sharp point; suture deep; mouth rather large, somewhat expanded, angulated by one of the spiral ridges; outer lip thin; inner lp widened. Dimensions.—L. 18 mm. B. 14 mm. Distribution.—Not known living. Fossil: Iceman Crag: Bramerton. Remarks.—This charming little shell seems to differ from anything figured by Wood. Our specimen belongs to the collection of Bramerton fossils at the Norwich Castle Museum. Var. truncata, nov. Plate LII, fig. 26. Dimensions.—L. 20 mm. B. 15 mm. Distribution.Not recorded living. Fossil; Icenian Crag: Bramerton. PLATE XLV. Hrato levis, Donovan. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) . Hrato Maugerix, Gray. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Voluta Lamberti, J. Sowerby. Felixstow. (Crowfoot Collection) Tiomesus Dalei (J. Sowerby). Coralline Crag. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Ovula spelta, Linné. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Trivia retusa (J. Sowerby). Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Trivia anglie (S. V. Wood). Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Trivia avellana (J. Sowerby). Walton-on-Naze. (Harmer Collection). Trivia europea (Montagu). Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Trivia affinis (Dujardin). Miocene, Touraine. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Cassidaria bicatenata, J. Sowerby. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Ditto, var. ecatenata, S. V. Wood. Beach specimen. (Crowfoot Collection) ; : Ditto. ditto. Sutton. (Norwich Museum) Cassidaria tyrrhena, Chemnitz. Wexford. (Harmer Collection) PALZ ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 Harmer, Crag Mollusca PLATE XLV = 5 Green. del. London Stereoscopic Co. Imp. = ne _ 8 ul? “ bd + : F o - od . u < , ‘ . a = . . ‘ . f f , ‘ ’ . . . J . « ‘ ‘ ¢ j — ——— — —— —— - - . é sell} 2 ye } — / — . r , ‘ { ‘ ‘ ‘ . | ox mH co po PLATE XLVI. Nassa (Uzita) reticosa (J. Sowerby), var. typica. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. ditto. Newbournian Crag, sation (Crowfoot Collection) Ditto. ditto. Coralline Crag, Boyton. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. var. elongata (J. Sowerby). Little Oakley. (Harmer Canoeing) Ditto. var. fenestralis (S. V. Wood). Inttle Oakley. (Harmer Collection) : 2 : Ditto. var Woodii, nov. Butley. (Crowfoot Collection) Ditto. var. costata (S. V. Wood). Walton-on-Naze. (Harmer Collection) ; : 3 ; Nassa (Uzita) aubigniensis. Bosq. @ Aubigny. (Harmer Collection) Nassa (Uzita) reticosa, var. concinna (S. V. Wood). Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) ; : : : Ditto. var. tiara (S. V. Wood). Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. var. rugosa (J. Sowerby). Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Ficula condita (Brongniart). Corallme Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) Neptunea tenwistriata, sp. nov. Butleyan Crag, Hollesley. (Harmer Collection) PALA ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,1918 PICA Ee, xlay a. Harmer, Crag Mollusca. London Stereoscopic Co. Imp. J.Green. del Wty us 3 ke 5 iA Y a ‘ ee ae Vise u} F 7 y ai fh i re : in ay 7 ; ul i MT it ips tan, ne i ; a a oe Ae a one rr n ® Celt , * y . é —e 7 : : - 4 > 1 a . ia - “ ie ® ’ @ : es 7 — en fad 4 ; 7 a e = WT > eye ! . awe" ad we me VS we F i> ; .' be « —— , aS - 7 - {s ; Fe y - s al » 4 . - Py ° . ai he " * .- Xe e mM ry 7 i ows a od" ; ' =) 7 Vcr - et a ~ - oy ‘ol ; + F ‘ ' 7 7 * os = &% 7 ° xh a 0 j \ aS g % ah ~ ‘ a | » * : . ¢ ’ i : Ea : d 3 : : ® we > * AG 5 @ he . - o ' . . ‘ “ . . . ‘ . . © "i ns r v = a z. i er | ; ; peroeoe et ik ae 7 : ° e ~ =f * > r ’ ny 2 : ‘s ‘ ° 7 c i} } aoe / ath . . * * 7 - 7 7 % t 8 5 : ’ ‘ Fs 1 8 8 C . . : ‘ 5 I) 20. PLATE XLVII. Euthria cornea, Linné. St. Erth. (British Museum) Murex Harrison, A. Bell. Manxland Drift. (Harrison Golleoton) Ocinebra Kendalli, sp. nov. Manxland Drift. (Harrison Collection) Bittium crassicostatum (Htheridge and Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) ‘ ; : ; Bittium dissimile, sp. nov. St. Erth. (British Museum) ; Cerithiopsis tubercularis (Montagu), var. subulata (S. V. Wood). St. Erth. (British Museum) . ; : Bittium incile, Watson. St. Erth. (British Museum) : Terebra (Strioterebrum) Basteroti (Nyst). Coralline Crag, Gedgrave. (Harmer Collection) Raphitoma levigata (Philippi). Selsey. (York Museum) Raphitoma levis (A. Bell). Wexford Gravels. (British Museum) Mangilia indistincta, Monterosato. Selsey. (York Museum) Nassa (Hinia) assinilis, sp. noy. St. Erth. (British Museum) Scala (Boreoscala) greiulandica (Chemnitz). | Recent—Finmark. (Harmer Collection) : : : Ditto. Recent—British Seas. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Bridlington. (British Museum) Ditto. Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) : : Ditto. var. crebricostata (G. O. Sars). Brdleton (British Museum) Scala (Boreoscala) similis (J. Sowerby). Waldringfield. (Ipswich Museum) : : : Ditto. Bramerton. (Norwich Museum) Ditto. Butley. (Ipswich Museum) Ditto. Oakley. (Harmer Collection) ; Ditto. Coralline Crag, Boyton. (York Museum) . ; Scala (Gyroscala) Canhami, sp. nov. Foxhall. (York Museum) Scala (Lepidoscala) Cavell, sp. noy. Waldringfield. (Framlingham College) : y he: Scala (Nobiliscala) foliacea (J. Sowerby). Sutton. (Cambridge Museum) Scala (Clathrus) eine (J. Son erby). Sutton. (Norwich Museum) . Ditto. Sutton. (Norwich Museum) ; na : Scala (Clathrus) communis (Lamarck), Waldringfield. (York Museum) Ditto. Recent. (Harmer Collection) ; P : Scala (Clathrus) Harmert, de Boury. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) ; ; ; Scala (Clathrus) provima, de Boury. Castel d’Arquato. (Harmer Collection) PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 Harmer, Crag Mollusca. PLATE XLVI J.Green. del London Stereoscopic Co. Imp Bien Scala (Cirsotrema) fimbriosa (S. V. Wood). Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Waldringfield. Collection) Scala (Clathroscala) cancellata (Brocchi). PLATE XLVIII. (A. Bell Collection) var. exfimbriosa (Sacco). Red Crag, Brightwell. ditto. Waldringfield. (York Museum) Scala (Cirsotrema) lamellosa (Brocchi). Scala (Cirsotrema) fimbriosa var. anglica, nov. Scala (Acrilla) exsemicostata (Sacco). Scala (Cirsotrema) funiculus (S. V. Wood). Coralline Crag, Boyton. (York Museum) (British Museum) Miocene, Antwerp. (Norwich Museum) Coralline Crag, Sutton. (British Museum) Newbournian Crag, Woodbridge. (York Museum) Waltonian Crag, Little Oakley. Pliocene, Altavilla. (Harmer Collection) Scala (Clathroscala) Woodii (Deshayes). Gedgrave. (Ipswich Museum) Ditto . Gedgrave. (York Museum) Scala (Cirsotrema) hamulifera (S. V. Wood). Gedgrave. (York Museum) Scala (Spiniscala) Trevelyana (Leach). Recent. (Norwich Museum) Ditto . Belfast Clays. (Jermyn St. Museum) Scala (Cirsotrema) siqgnata, de Boury, MS. Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Norwich Museum) . . Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) . Ditto Scala (Fuscoscala) tenuicosta (Michaud). Ditto Museum) Ditto Scala (Lamelliscala) frondosa (J. Sowerby). Ditto Scala (Gyroscala) inedita, sp. nov. Scala (Pliciscala) obtusicostata (S. V. Wood). Ditto . Coralline Crag, Boyton. (York Museum) . . Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Jermyn St. Museum) Recent, Exmouth. (Norwich Museum) . Belfast Estuarine Clays. (York Museum) Scala (Linctoscala) frondicula (S. V. Wood). Coralline Crag, Gedgrave. (Cambridge Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Norwich Museum) Sudbourn Church-walks. (York Museum) Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Harmer Collection) Scala (Nobiliscala) belgica (Sacco). Selsey. (York Museum) Scala (Linctoscala) inclusa, de Boury, MS. Sudbourn Church-walks. (York Museum) Scala (Hyaloscala) clathratula (G. Adams). Recent. (Norwich Museum) Ditto Ditto. . Dogger Bank. Recent, Gironde. (York Museum) (Harmer Collection) Scala (Spiniscala) aldebiana, Sacco. Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) Scala (Fuscoscala) Moorei, sp. nov. Waldringfield. (Moore Collection) Scala (Turriscala) anglorum (Sacco). Waldringfield. (British Museum) Scala (Hyaloseala) minuta (J. Sowerby). Ditto. Ditto. Ditto. Scala Ditto. . (Plesioacirsa) Chatwini, de Boury, MS. Boyton. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Cambridge Museum) Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Norwich Museum) Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Norwich Museum) Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Norwich Museum) (York Museum ) (Harmer PALZ ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 Harmer, Crag Mollusca. PLATE XLVI1I J.Green del London Stereoscopic Co. Imp. FIG. pwn ww Wb bw ING bo oo NI fmt bo we Or oe Scala (Spiniseala) aldebiana ( Scala (Gyroscala) pseudo-Turt PLATH XLIX. Sacco). Bramerton. (Crowfoot Collection) ; oni (S. V. Wood). Sudbourn Church-walks. (York Museum) Scala (Spiniscala) cragtrevelliana, Sacco. Bramerton. (Cambridge Museum) Scala (Turriscala) anglorum (Sacco). Waldrinefield. (York Museum) Scala (Spiniscala) oakleyensis, sp. nov. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Acirsa Eschrichti, Holboll. Riviere du Loup. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Belfast Estuarine Clays. (Belfast Museum) Pyramidella leviuscula, 8. V. Admete Sheppardi (A. Bell). Wood. Boyton, (Harmer Collection) . Bridlington. (Headley Collection) Admete contabulata, Friele. Bridlington. (Headley Collection) Turbonilla paucistriata (Jettre Turbonilla Kendall, sp. nov. ys). Walton-on-Naze. (Harmer Collection) St. Erth. (British Museum). Turbonilla post-acuticostata, Sacco. Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) Turbonilla pusilla (Philippi). Ditto. var. grossa, Marshall. Selsey. (Harmer Collection ) Selsey. (York Museum) Turbonilla recta (Etheridge and Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) . Turbonilla lactea (Linné). St. rth. (British Museum) Ditto. St. Erth. (British Museum) Turbonilla expallida, sp. nov. St. Erth. (British Museum) Turbonilla obliqua, Degrange-Touzin. St. Erth. (British Museum) Turbonilla dubiosa, sp. nov. Turbonilla parvula, sp. nov. St. Erth. (British Museum) . St. Erth. (British Museum) . Ditto. St. Erth. (British Museum) Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) densic vostata (Philippi). St. Erth. (British Museum) . Ditto. St. Erth. (British Museum) ; : : Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) varicula (8S. V. Wood). Walton-on-Naze. (York Museum) Ditto. var. ewpansa, nov. Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) . Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) filosa Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) rufesc Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) formosa (Jeffreys). Selsey. (York Museum) (S. V. Wood). Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) ens (Forbes). Selsey. (York Museum) Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) similis, 8. V. Wood, var. ecostata, nov. Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) . Ditto. var. typica, nov. Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Harmer Collection) : Turbonilla (Pyrgolidium) internodula, 8. V. Wood. Butley. (Cambridge Museum) Ditto. Bramerton. (Norwich Museum) Ditto. var. ligata, J. Reeve. Ditto. var. acuminata, nov. Ditto. var. conica, nov. Wa Bramerton. (Reeve Collection, Norwich Museum) Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) lton-on-Naze. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. ditto. Walton-on-Naze. (York Museum) : : : Turbonilla (Pyrgolidium) rosea (Monterosato). Coralline Crag, Boyton. (Harmer Collection) Turbonilla (Pyrgolidium) columnaris (Bonelli). Coralline Crag, Boyton. (York Museum) Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) ignota Turbonilla (Pyrgostelis) tenuis Pyrgulina scalaris (Philippi). Pyrgulina spiralis (Montagu). , Sp. nov. Coralline Crag, Gedgrave. (York Museum) suma, Etheridge and Bell. St. Erth. (British Museum) Selsey. (Jermyn St. Museum) Selsey. (Jermyn St. Museum) Ditto. St. Erth. (British Museum) Ditto. Selsey. (York Museum) Ditto. var. elongata, Philippi . Selsey. (York Museum) Pyrgulina interstincta (Montagu). St. Erth. (British Museum) Ditto. var. terebellum (Philippi). St. Erth. (British Museum) Miralda excavata (Philippi). Portrush. (Harmer Collection) PAGE, 530 PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. 1918 Harmer, Crag Mollusca. PLATE XLIX ww Green, del T j a lan T. London Otereoscopic Co. imp, % ie « r ™ . ‘ : ri | ‘ ' 2 a - i ; A { ; ab t 1 j { ‘ j " ' : t i i j i = ; wi ’ ¥ ‘ ; ‘ lp a= ‘ 5 i= 7 d UY & _ y . y y i ’ S 1 . i ; i u v " - ? = = i) = . : i = 5 : a - CONTI SS Oe whe -- 10, PEARE “id. Menestho suttonensis, 8S. V. Wood. Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Wood Collection) . Menestho albula (Fabricius). Bridlington. (Headley Collection) Menestho truncata, Etheridge and Bell. St. Erth. (Harmer Collection) Menestho derivata, 8. V. Wood. Bridlington. (Headley Collection). Menestho Stefanisii (Jeffreys). Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Wood Collection) Menestho Jeffreysii, A. Bell. Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) Menestho britannica, A. Bell. Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) Ditto. var. elongata, noy. Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) Menestho basistriata, Etheridge and Bell. St. Erth. (British Museum) Hulima polita (Linné). Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) ; Hulima stenostoma, Jeffreys. St. Erth. (British Museum) . Bulima bilineata, Alder. St. Erth. (British Museum) EKulima minima, sp. nov. St. Erth. (British Museum) : Hulima subuliformis, A. Bell. St. Erth. (British Museum) Hulima fusco-apicata, Jeffreys. St. Erth. (British Museum) Hulima tenuissima, sp. nov. Coralline Crag, Boyton. (Bell Collection) Bulima robusta, A. Bell, MS. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Jeffreysia opalina (Jeffreys). St. Erth. (British Museum) . Jefireysia globularis, Jeffreys, MS. St. Erth. (British Museum) Jeffreysia diaphana (Alder). St. Erth. (British Museum) . Hulima (Acicularia) intermedia (Cantraine). Recent. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Coralline Crag, Boyton. (Bell Collection) . HKulimene terebellata (Nyst). Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. var. acuminata, Etheridge and Bell. Oploo. (‘Tesch Collection) Ditto. var. conica (R. G. Bell, MS.). St. Erth. (British Museum) . Bulimene pendula (S. V. Wood). Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) , Ditto. var. parva, nov. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) Hulimene turgida (Etheridge and Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) Lulimene bithyneformis, Etheridge and Bell. St. Erth. (British Museum) Hulimene grandis, A. Bell, MS. Walton-on-Naze. (York Museum) Odostomia densa, sp. nov. Waldringfield. (Harmer Collection) ; Odostomia conoidea (Brocchi). Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Norwich Museum) Odostomia polita (Bivona). Coralline Crag, Sutton. (Harmer Collection) Odostomia eulimoides, Hanley. St. Erth. (British Museum) Odostomia fastigiata, sp. nov. Coralline Chas, Boyton. (Harmer Collection) Odostomia Normani, Friele. Newbournian Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) Odostomia elongata, A. Bell. Selsey. (York Museum) ; Odostomia magna, Etheridge and Bell. Selsey. (York Museum) Alvania Whitleyi (A. Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) Alvania (Massotia) lactea (Michaud). Selsey. (Jermyn St. Museum) . Alvania (Acinopsis) cancellata (Da Costa). Selsey. (York Museum) Alvania cimex (Linné). Selsey. (Jermyn St. Museum) Alvania (Galeodina) carinata (Da Costa). Selsey. (Jermyn St. Museum) Alvania reticulata (Montagu). St. Erth. (British Museum) Alvania fenestrata (Ktheridge and Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) Alvania Cossmanni, A. Bell, MS. St. Erth. (British Museum) ; Manzonia costata (Adams). Selsey. (Jermyn St. Museum) Alvania crassistriata (8S. V. Wood). Sutton. (York Museum) Alvania Montagui (Payraudean). St. Erth. (British Museum) Manzonia zetlandica (Montagu). Portrush. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Little Oakley. (Harmer Collection) ; ; Hemiaclis elongata (Etheridge and Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) Heniaclis attenuans (Jeffreys). Coralline Crag, Sutton. (York Museum) PAGE. 582 581 582 583 584 584: 585 586 586 587 588 589 590 590 591 591 592 604 605 605 592 592 594, 596 596 596 596 597 597 598 598 60] 599 600 602 602 603 603 604 606 621 619 607 620 617 608 608 624 608 609 622 622 593 504 Harmer, Crag Mollusca. PALA ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 PEATE Is: ondon ig A fe) \ ee ales tereoscopic Uo. Imp. CONAN PEE SSeS eS ae COR bh po we 52 C2 SI PLATE LI. Rissoa membranacea (A. Adams). Belfast, Estuarine Clays. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. var. Jabiosa (Montagu). Belfast, Estuarine Clays. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. ditto. Belfast, Estuarine Clays. (Harmer Collection) Rissoa alata, Philippi. Belfast, Estuarine Clays. (Harmer Collection) Rissoa dissimilis, sp. nov. St. Erth. (British Museum) Ditto. St. Erth. (Cambridge Museum) : Rissoa lineolata, Michaud. St. Erth. (British Museum) : Rissoa (Persephona) violacea, Desmarest. St. Erth. (Belfast Museum) Rissoa Guerini, Recluz. Selsey. (York Museum) Ditto. St. Erth. (British Museum) : Rissoa parva (Da Costa). St. Erth. (British Museum) Ditto. Belfast, Estuarine Clays. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. var. interrupta (A. Adams). St. Erth. (British Museum) Rissoa venusta, Philippi. Selsey. (Harmer Collection) Rissoa basi-sulcata, Etheridge and Bell. St. Erth. (British Museum) Rissoa semicostata (S. Woodward). Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Butley. (Harmer Collection) Alvania Wyville-Thomsoni (Jeffreys). Bridlington. (Headley Collection). Alvania subperforata (Jetfreys). Bridlington. (Headley Collection) Alvania textiliformis, A. Bell, MS. St. Erth. (British Museum) Ditto. St. Erth. (British Museum). ; ; : Alvania densicostuta (Etheridge and Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) Alvania Belli, sp. nov. St. Erth. (British Museum) Alvania curta, Dujardin. St. Erth. (British Museum) Ditto. St. Erth. (Cambridge Museum) : : Alvania partim-cancellata (S. V. Wood, MS.). St. Erth. (British Museum) Ditto. St. Erth. (Harmer Collection) . 3 Alvania obeliscus (Ktheridge and Bell, MS.). St. Erth. (British Museum) Alvania erecta, A. Bell, MS. St. Erth. (British Museum) . : Alvania Enysti (A. Bell). St. Erth. (Cambridge Museum). ; Alvania dubiosa, Etheridge and Bell, MS. St. Erth. (British Museum Alvania punctura (Montagu). Portrush. (York Museum) . Alvania multistriata (A. Beli). Selsey. (York Museum) 5 Cingula pentodonta (S. V. Wood, Jr.). St. Erth. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. var. picta (Etheridge and Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) Ditto. var. rigida (Etheridge and Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) Cingula bicarinata, A. Bell. Selsey. (York Museum) : Cingula cingillus (Montagu). St. Erth. (British Museum) . Rissoa inconspicua, Alder. St. Erth. (British Museum) Rissoa scutula, A. Bell. Selsey. (York Museum) : Ceratia proxima (Alder, MS.). Garvel Park. (Harmer Collection) Onoba striata (J. Adams). St. Erth. (British Museum) Onoba aculeus (Gould). Garvel Park. (Harmer Collection) : Cingula conuloidea (Etheridge and Bell). St. Erth. (British Museum) Cingula substriata (Philippi). St. Erth. (British Museum) Cingula semistriata (Montagu). Selsey, (York Museum) Barleeia cingulata, A. Bell. Selsey. (Harmer Collection) PaGE. 625 626 626 626 630 630 628 636 629 629 630 630 631 627 635 634 634 610 616 OIL 617 611 611 611 611 612 612 613 618 614 614 615 616 637 638 638 640 640, 633 635 644 641 643 638 638 639 645 PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 Harmer, Crag Mollusca. PLATE LI J.Green. del London Stereoscopic Co. Imp. an ot Ai oo a - , 7 _ i 7. ae a - 1 ee = Q oO - Oo bo pe bo bo oC bp be J © ee) bo bo PLATE LILI. [ittorina littorea (Linné). Bramerton. (Norwich Museum) . Ditto. Bramerton. (Reeve Collection) . Ditto. Garvel Park. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. March. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. Butley. (Crowfoot Collection) Ditto. Bramerton (Reeve Collection) Ditto. Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. var. vulgaris, 8. V. Wood. Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. ditto. Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) . Ditto. ditto. Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) . Ditto. var. parva, nov. Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) . Ditto. var. antiqua, 8. V. Wood. Bramerton. (Fitch Collection) Ditto. var. sulcata, S. Woodward. Bramerton. (Wigham Collection) Ditto. ditto. Bramerton. (Fitch Collection) Ditto. var. distorta, nov. Bramerton. (Norwich Museum) Ditto. var. conica, nov. Bramerton. (Fitch Collection) Ditto. var. elegans, 8S. V. Wood. Bramerton. (Fitch Collection) Ditto. var. complanata, nov. Thorpe. (Sedgwick Museum) Ditto. ditto. Bramerton. (Fitch Collection) Ditto. var. carinata (S. Woodward). Bramerton. (Crowfoot Collec- tion) : Ditto. ditto. Bramerton. (Fitch Collection) : : Ditto. var. bicarinata (S. Woodward). Bramerton. (Crowfoot Collec- tion) ; : Ditto. ditto. Bramerton. (Fitch Collection) Ditto. var. angulata, nov. Bramerton. (Fitch Collection) Ditto. var. truncata, Linné. Bramerton. (Fitch Collection) Littorina obtusata, Linné. Portland. (Harmer Collection) . Ditto. ditto. Wexford. (Harmer Collection) Ditto. ditto. Bramerton. (Harmer Collection) . PALZONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 Harmer, Crap Mollusca. PLATE LII J.Green del London Stereoscopic Co. Imp. BIOL .yi9iI20@ Invidgnspoinowlad et RSL EO A A Beauueie: ‘ ; i Ghee eG Palzecontographical Society, 1918. A MONOGRAPH BRITISH ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. BY Pee COWL cat, MA.. ScabDe Ges: RART I. Paces 1—48; Puatrns I—VIII. LONDON: PRINTED FOR THE PALMHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY. Decemeber, 1920. 3 : [e) A Qa a < 4 8 a [e) A a & A a 4 a = io] a 5 - a ia a Zz < a fe) Rn Z < Q EI a B 4 by a a a Sl Sl io} Ay BRITISH ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. TxeEReE has been no recent detailed study of the species of the Bellerophontacea occurring in the British Ordovician and Silurian rocks, and the existing nomen- clature, particularly of the genera, is in a state of considerable confusion. The poorness of most of the material has always proved a serious obstacle to the satisfactory determination of British species, and this difficulty has only been partly removed by the author’s examination of a large number of specimens. The types of Sowerby’s species have been re-examined, and a revised and fuller descrip- tion of them has been drawn up with the additional aid of further examples from the original localities, whenever such has been possible. The material from Girvan which has been submitted to me by Mrs. Gray, is occasionally in a good state of preservation and comprises many new forms. Mr. Turnbull’s collection from Haverfordwest has also proved of considerable interest. But apart from Mrs. Gray’s collection the majority of the fossils which have been studied are in the Sedgewick Museum, Cambridge, the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, London, and the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), South Kensington, and my thanks are due to the authorities, who have given me every assistance in studying the specimens. CLASSIFICATION. Our knowledge of the structure of this interesting group of Mollusca as represented in Ordovician and Silurian beds, has been much advanced of late years by the labours of Koken,! Lindstrém,” Ulrich and Scofield,’ and Perner,* while ' Koken, ‘Neues Jahrb. f. Miner.,’ suppl. vol. vi (1889), pp. 375—395; ‘Die Leitfossilien’ (Leipzig, 1896), pp. 100, 392, 393; “Die Gastrop. Balt. Untersilurs.” (‘ Bull. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersburg’ [v], vol. vii, no. 2, 1897), pp. 115—143; and ‘Neues Jahrb. f. Miner.,’ 1898, vol. i, pp. 3—11. 2 Lindstrom, “Silur. Gastrop. Pterop. Gotland” (‘Kongl. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,’ vol. x, no. 6, 1884), pp. 69—88. 3 Ulrich and Scofield, “ Lower Silur. Gastrop. Minnesota” (‘ Final Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Surv. Minnesota,’ vol. i, pt. 11, 1897), pp. 844—929. 4 Perner, ‘Syst. Silur, Bohéme,’ vol, iv, Gastrop. I (1903), pp. 54162. 2, ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. reference must be made to the work of Clarke,' Knod,? Spitz,’ and others in connection with the usage of the generic names. We need not here concern ourselves with the earlier views on the classification of the group, or with the discussion of its true zoological affinities and position. If we follow the last edition (1915) of Zittel-Eastman’s ‘Text-book of Paleeon- tology’ we place it in the vicinity of the Pleurotomaride. Ulrich and Scofield instituted a separate sub-order for the group and called it Bellerophontacea, and this seems a convenient, if not quite natural, method of designating an assemblage of gastropods possessing certain distinctive features in common. The further division into two sections or groups characterised by the absence or presence of a slit-band, was adopted by Perner (op. cit., pp. 58, 59), and seems more suited to the present imperfect state of our knowledge than the elaborate arrangement into families which is employed in Zittel-Hastman’s ‘ 'T'ext-book.’ The group-names chosen by Perner for the two sections are unfortunate, and do not express the fundamental feature on which his classification is based. If names are required we might suggest Integridorsata as more suitable than his Cyrtolitoidea, and Fissidorsata in place of his Bucanioidea, for neither Cyrtolites nor Bucania are the origially described or characteristic representatives of the eroups. A third section or sub-group is required for those in which the slit is replaced by a chain of pores, and the name Terebridorsata might be applied to it. The following are the British GunerA so far recognised from Ordovician and Silurian beds: Grovp I. Integridorsata (dorsum without median fissure, band, or row of perforations). Sinuites. Cyrtolites. Sinwitopsis. Bucaniella. Oxydiscus. Grovp II. Fissidorsata (dorsum with median fissure or band). Bellerophon seus. str. Temnodiscus. Bucania. Bucaniopsis. Kokenospira. Cymbularia. Tetranota. Zonidiscus. Conradella. ( = Phragmolites) [ Salpingostoma. | Sus-Grovup IT. Terebridorsata (dorsum with median row of perforations). Trematonotus. Phragmostoma. Incerte sedis. Carinaropsis. 1 Clarke, “ Paleozoic Faunas of Para” (‘ Arch. Mus. Nac. Rio de Janeiro,’ vol. x, 1899), English edition, 1900, pp. 34—43 ; “ Foss. Devon. Parana” (‘ Mon. Serv. Geol. Minér. Brasil,’ vol. i, 1913, Rio de Janeiro), pp. 165—175. 2 Knod, ‘ Neues Jahrb. f. Miner.,’ suppl. vol. xxv (1908), pp. 503—508. 3 Spitz, “ Gastrop. Karnischen Unterdevons” (‘ Beitr. Palzeont, Geol, Oesterr. u, Orients,’ vol. xx, 1907, p. 124), r INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 3 HISTORICAL REVIEW OF BRITISH SPECIES. J. de C. Sowerby in 1839 (Murchison’s ‘ Silurian System’) described and figured the following new species ! Bellerophon bilobatus. Bellerophon aymestriensis. 5s acutus. os globatus. [ Euomphalus | perturbatus, 5 carinatus. [ i | tenuistriatus. 3 expansus. Bellerophon wenlockensis. striatus (non Bronn). a dilatatus. o trilobatus. = apertus (non Sowerby, 1820). bs An var. J. H. Portlock in 1843 (‘Geological Report on Londonderry, Tyrone, and Fermanagh’) described the following species from the Ordovician rocks of Tyrone : Bellerophon bilobatus, var. nov. compressus. Bellerophon dilatatus, Sow. var. ‘3 elongatus, Portlock. 5 gibbus, Portlock. F, McCoy in 1846 (‘Synopsis of Silurian Fossils of Ireland’) described a species aS Huomphalus furcatus, but it has subsequently been regarded as identical with B. perturbatus, Sow. He also recorded many of Sowerby’s and Portlock’s species from Irish localities. J. Phillips in 1848 (‘ Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ vol. 11, pt. 1, p. 356) established a new species under the name of Bellerophon obtectus for a shell from the Silurian of Marloes Bay. J. W. Salter in 1851 (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. vii, p. 172) recorded several of Sowerby’s species from the Lower Palwozoic of the Girvan district, and figured one from Drummuck as B. acutus, Sowerby (op. cit., pl. ix, fig. 18). J. W. Salter in 1854 (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. x, p. 74) described a Bala species from Shropshire as Bellerophon (Bucania) sulcatinus, Kmmons ?, but the name lingualis was proposed for it. The name B. nodosus was appled to another species previously described by McCoy as B. ornatus (Conrad). F. McCoy in 1851—4 (‘Synopsis of the British Paleozoic Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum, Cambridge,’ pp. 308—311) redescribed several of Sowerby’s species, and established a new species under the name Bellerophon subdecussatus. Bellerophon ornatus (Conrad) was also recorded. J. W. Salter in 1866 (‘Mem. Geol. Surv.,’ vol. iii, p. 350, pl. xis, fig. 2) described a new Arenig species as Bellerophon hippopus. J. W. Salter in 1873 (‘Catalogue of the Cambrian and Silurian Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum’) introduced the name Bellerophon Ruthveni for a species + alatus, Portlock. 1 The original generic names in square brackets are now regarded as erroneous or proved to be preoccupied. z ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACHA. from the Ludlow beds, and he recorded most of Sowerby’s Ordovician and Silurian species from various localities. H. Hicks in 1873 (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc.,’ vol. xxix, p. 50) briefly described and figured two new species from the “Tremadoc” beds of the St. David's district under the names Bellerophon solvensis and B. ramseyensis. Hl. Hicks in 1875 (‘ Quart. Journ. Geol. Soce., vol. xxxi, p. 318) described and figured a new Arenig species from Wales under the name Bellerophon llanvirnensis. Rh. Htheridge in 1877 (‘ Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc., Edinburgh,’ vol. iv, p. 175) described a fossil from Drummuck, Girvan, as Bellerophon ef. subdecussatus, McCoy. In 1878 was published the ‘Catalogue of the Cambrian and Silurian Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street,’ and the following MS. names were recorded (without descriptions) for various Ordovician and Silurian species : Bellerophon bilobatus, var. anceps Fellerophon discus, Edgell, MS. a Griffithi, MS. ae ep leatus, MS. ek angie os - Ordovician. ja a e Silurian. 5 lingualis, MS. _ ionicus, Salt., MS. Se semirugosus, Salt., MS. e ventriculatus, Edgell, MS. fh. B. Newton in 1892 (Geol. Mag,’ [3], vol. ix, p. 389) described a Wenlock species as T'rematonotus britannicus. F. kh. C. Reed in 1901 (§ Geol. Mag.’ [4], vol. vin, p. 358) described and figured the species to which Salter had applied the MS. name Bellerophon Ruthvent. Ff, R. C. Reed in 1906 (¢ Geol. Mag.’ [5], vol. i, pp. 363—367) defined four new species from the Bala beds of the Haverfordwest district under the names Bellerophon (Sinuites) erypticus, Bellerophon? multirugatus, Bellerophon (Bucani- opsis) secundus, and Conradella, sp. Group I. INTEGRIDORSATA. Genus SINUITES, Koken. Generic Characters—Shell involute, composed of few whorls overlapping and embracing; umbilicus closed or very small. Dorsum rounded or flattened, not carinated. Aperture not abruptly expanded, with dorsal margin excavated by more or less deep rounded or V-shaped sinus and lateral margins projecting forwards as rounded or subangular lobes (“apertural lobes”). Interior of outer whorl with one or more transverse thickenings of shell. The name Sinuites! is here adopted in place of Ulrich and Scofield’s Proto- warthia® because of its priority. The genotype is Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby, sens. str. 1 Koken, ‘ Leitfossilien’ (Leipzig, 1896), p. 392. ? Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., pp. 848, 867. SINUITES ANCEPS. 5 Perner! and Bassler* have employed this generic name. Unfortunately the species b. bilobatus has been made to comprise a somewhat miscellaneous assort- ment of forms, and the customary usage of the specific name has become loose and unsatisfactory, as the author? pointed out in 1906. The chief criteria of the various species included in this genus lie in the shape of the transverse section of the whorl, the height of the umbilicus, the internal thickenings of the shell, and the outline of the apertural lobes and shape of the dorsal smus. The expression ‘“ apertural curve” is used below to indicate the curve described by the lateral margin of the mouth (= apertural lobe) in relation to a straight line let fall vertically through the umbilicus from the base of the dorsal sinus. The external ornamentation would be more often useful as a distinguishing specific feature if more generally preserved. 1. Sinuites anceps (Salter, MS.). Plate I, figs. 1—3. 1878. Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby, var. anceps, Salter, MS., Catalogue of Cambrian and Silurian Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology, Jermyn Street, p. 57. Specific Characters.—Shell somewhat compressed laterally, outer whorl em- bracing all the inner whorls; umbilicus closed, minute, subcentral, situated at rather less than half height of shell. Outer whorl gradually increasing in height to mouth, with early part of whorl rounded and subparabolic in section and very faintly trilobed, but becoming subrhomboidal in section towards mouth ; sides steep, gently convex below, but excavated above, so as to meet the dorsum at right angles; dorsum becoming increasingly flattened and elevated towards mouth, broad, with sharp, subrectangular lateral edges. Mouth sub- rhomboidal, with lateral lobes large, angulated (?) and projecting, and with a deep U-shaped sinus occupying the whole flattened dorsum. Surface of shell marked with fine, gently sigmoidal transverse strize curving back concentric to sinus on dorsum, and with a few stronger transverse ridges. ‘T'races of weak, narrow, internal thickenings crossing sides and dorsum. Horizon.—Middle Bala Beds (Soudley Sandstone). Locality.—Horderley ; Soudley Quarry, Craven Arms. Dimensions.—Height, about 23 mm. Thickness at umbilicus, about 12 mm. Remarks.—-The original specimen [28025| named by Salter is in the Jermyn Street Museum. There is some variation in the degree of globosity of the shell and in the excavation of the sides, for in another specimen [28027] (from the same locality) in Jermyn Street these features are more pronounced than in the 1 Perner, op. cit., p. 59. * Bassler, ‘ Bibliogr. Index Amer, Ordov. ‘Silur. Foss.’ (Bull. 92, U.S. Nat. Mus. 1915), vol. i, p. 1159. 3 Reed, ‘Geol. Mag.’ [5], vol. 3, 1906, p. 364. 6 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. type. Three specimens in the Sedgwick Museum show similar variation. With regard to affinities, the flattened dorsum recalls the species Sinuwites planodorsatus, Ulr.,! from Kentucky, but the shape of the sides, height of the outer whorl, and depth of the sinus forbid us considering it identical. The apertural curve is in no specimen perfectly preserved. 2. Sinuites balclatchiensis, sp. nov. Plate I, figs. 4—7. Specific Characters.—Shell subglobose, rounded. Outer whorl completely embracing inner whorls, increasing shghtly in height and more rapidly in width to mouth, with dorsum high, rounded, strongly arched, but becoming obtusely angulated towards mouth. Mouth about one and a half times as wide as high, slightly expanded at sides, with rounded, U-shaped sinus in outer hp and rounded apertural lobes strongly arched forwards. Apertural curve rounded, not angulated. Umbilicus closed; situated at about half the height of the shell or below the middle. Surface with very faint transverse striae near lip, but elsewhere smooth. Interior of shell finely granulose, generally without any marginal thickening of lips but with one transverse internal thickening on dorsum some distance behind mouth. Shell-substance thin. Dimensions.—Height of shell, 18:0 mm. ; height of outer whorl above umbili- cus, 11°0 mm.; height of outer whorl below umbilicus, 7°0 mm.; width of outer whorl above umbilicus, 14°5 mm.; width of outer whorl below umbilicus, 9°5 mm. Horizon.—Lower Ordovician : Balclatchie Group. Locality.—Balclatchie, Girvan. Remarks. The relations of this species to the typical S. bilobatus (Sowerby) ” are close, but the Girvan form differs by having a more sharply and narrowly arched back, parabolic rather than semi-elliptical in cross-section, and a more rapid increase in the width of the whorls towards the mouth. As mentioned below, the name bilobatus has been applied in a very loose and _ indefinite manner, and several species have been included by British paleontologists under this specific designation, while its varied usage by foreign geologists has still further increased the confusion. In all of the specimens from Balclatchie in Mrs. Gray’s collection the shell is very thin, and has a shining, black, corneous appearance, which seems to be due to its natural and original character, and not to secondary changes or to the state or method of preservation. The holotype is in Mrs. Gray’s collection. 1 Ulrich & Scofield, op. cit., p. 871, pl. Ixin, figs. 31—35. * Sowerby in Murchison’s ‘ Silur. Syst.,’ p. 643, pl. xix, fig. 13. SINUITES BILOBATUS. 7 3. Sinuites bilobatus (Sowerby). Plate I, fig. 8. 1839. Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby, in Murchison’s Silurian System, p. 643, pl. xix, fig. 18. 1848. Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby, Férussac et D’Orbigny, Hist. Nat. Cephal., vol. i, p. 188, pl. vin, figs. 2, 3. 1852. Bellerophon bilobatus, Sowerby, McCoy (pars), Syn. Brit. Pal. Foss. Woodw. Mus. fase. 11, p. 308. 21843. Bellerophon gibbus, Portlock, Geol. Rep. Londond., p. 398, pl. xxix, fig. 5. Specific Characters.—Shell subglobose, outer whorl completely embracing all inner whorls; umbilicus minute or closed, subcentral, situated at a_ little less than half the height of the shell; dorsum and sides rounded. Mouth transverse, wider than igh, with prominent sharply rounded or almost bluntly rectangular apertural lobes projecting forwards; dorsal sinus U-shaped or bluntly V-shaped, open, deep; base of mouth scarcely expanded, not reflexed. Surface of shell with fine, regular, transverse arched striz, distinct near mouth, concentric to edges of lips, sharply arched forward on apertural lobes, well marked behind sinus on dorsum and having a few stronger striz between them. Interior of shell with faint traces of low, broad, transverse thickenings of shell, usually one or two developed close to oral margins, most distinct on dorsum, obsolete on sides of whorl. Dimensions.—(Type specimen [6850]). Height, about 35 mm. Thickness, about 25 mm. Horizon.—Bala Series. Localities.—(1) Horderley ; Cynwyd; Corwen ? Remarks.—The above description is based on Sowerby’s type [6850] in the Jermyn Street Museum. The apertural lobes in this specimen have their anterior ends imperfect, but judging from the curve of the strize must have been bluntly rectangular or obtuse rather than broadly rounded. The ornament is rarely preserved in the majority of specimens, but shows well in the type. So much confusion has arisen from an indiscriminate use of this specific name that its strict limitation is necessary. Sowerby’s original description, which is too brief to be satisfactory, is as follows; ‘“ Nearly globose, smooth; aperture two- lobed. Diameter 1} inch, width of aperture 1 inch 3 lines.” The first locality which he gives is Horderley, and then follow Wistanstow, Welch Pool; Michael- wood Chase; Tortworth and Berwyns. MHorderley is a Bala locality, and it is highly doubtful if the Silurian localities, Tortworth and Michaelwood Chase, should stand. The Horderley Ordovician shell will therefore be considered the type of the species, which has been re-defined above. Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., pp. 852, 912, OXYDISCUS ACUTUS. 19 possessing a slit-band. The original type chosen preferably by Koken for the genus, is the Middle Devonian shell 0. imitator, Koken, from the Hifel, instead of B. curvilineatus, Conrad, of the Corniferous Limestone, which is the type of rg > Oye ae = files . ay Me : L . ; Meek’s distinct genus T'ropidodiscus,! about which there has been unwarranted confusion. Perner’s? subgenus of Owydiscus, named Cyrtodiscus, is not here regarded as well established. ]. Oxydiscus acutus (Sowerby). Plate IV, figs. 1, 2. 1839. Bellerophon acutus, Sowerby in Murchison’s Silurian System, p. 643, pl. xix, fig. 14. 1848. Bellerophon acutus, Férussac et D’Orbigny, Hist. Nat. Ceph., vol. i, p. 208, pl. viii, figs. 1O—11. 1852. Bellerophon carinatus, Sowerby, McCoy (pars), Syn. Brit. Pal. Foss. Woodw. Mus., fase. ii, p: 309, Specific Characters.—Shell lenticular, composed of few whorls; umbilicus about one-third or rather less than one-third the diameter of the shell, with subangular umbilical edges and short steep umbilical slope. Whorls triangular in cross-section, higher than wide ; outer whorl large, increasing rather slowly in size, with sharply carinated acute dorsum and more or less flattened sides. Mouth oblique to vertical axis, high, narrow. Surface of shell covered with fine, transverse, oblique striz, very slightly arched back. Dimensions.—Height (average), 10—40 mm.; thickness (average), 4—5 mm. Horizon.—Bala Series. Localities.—(1) Horderley [6916]; (2) Onny River and Ticklerton [28021 — 28024, Jermyn Street Mus.]; (3) Twll-du. Remarks.—The type of this species is from the “upper beds of the Caradoc Sandstone ” of Horderley, and Sowerby (op. cit.) described it as follows: “ Com- pressed, smooth, umbilicated ; whorls keel-shaped, acute: umbilicus broad ; aper- ture triangular, longer [= higher] than wide. Diameter nearly half an inch, width of aperture about two lines.” The original specimen [6916] is in the condition of an internal cast, and there is no sign of a slit-band on it or on any other specimens which | have seen. For this reason it seems necessary to refer the species to the genus Ovydiscus rather than to Zonidiscus, though the shells bear a considerable resemblance to Z. grayt and Z. shallochensis from the Girvan area. We may, however, call attention to the resemblance of O. acutus to O. hunteri and the other species with which the latter is compared. Only in one specimen [28024] have I seen the surface-ornament preserved. McCoy (op. cit.) included O, acutus with his B. carinatus, putting them both under the name Bellerophon carinatus, Sowerby ; and consequently his specific diagnosis is based on two distinct forms. 1 Clarke, ‘Paleoz. Faunas of Para’ (1900), p.40; id. ‘Foss. Devon. Parana’ (1913), pp. 390, 391. 2 Perner, op. cit., p. 72. 20 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACHEA. 2. Oxydiscus bougangensis, sp. nov. Plate IV, fig. 3. Specific Characters.—Shell high, narrow, lenticular, much compressed, of 3—4 whorls, dorsally acute. Umbilicus small, moderately deep, about one-fifth the diameter of the shell and situated at less than half its height. Outer whorl rapidly increasing in height, large, embracing fully three-fourths of preceding whorl, more than twice as high as wide; sides gently convex, more or less flattened, rising to a much compressed very acute sharp dorsal ridge ; umbilical edge abruptly subrectangular ; umbilical slope short, vertical. Surface smooth ? Dimensions.—Height of shell about 50 mm. Hovizon.—Lower Ordovician: Stinchar Limestone Group. Locality.—-Bougang, Knockdolhan, Ayrshire. . Remarks.—This shell may be compared with O. subacutus, Ulrich,’ but in ours the outer whorl is larger and embraces the preceding whorl to a greater extent. The surface is not sufficiently preserved to determine the character of the orna- mentatior, ‘The type specimens are in Mrs. Gray’s Collection. 3. Oxydiscus hunteri, sp. nov. PI. IV, figs. 4-8. Specific Characters.—Shell lenticular, dorsally acute, composed of 4—5 whorls. Umbilicus large, rather shallow, exposing all the inner whorls, about two-fifths the diameter of the shell and with its centre situated below the middle of the shell; umbilical edge abruptly rounded to subrectangular; umbilical slope vertical. Whorls scarcely overlapping; higher than wide, subtriangular; outer whorl large, gradually increasing in size to mouth, embracing less than half height of preceding whorl, sublanceolate in cross-section, swollen towards base, then becoming slightly concave at base of high narrow compressed solid carina. Surface of shell ornamented with closely-placed transverse lines of somewhat unequal strength strongly arched back, oblique to umbilical edge, and meeting earinal edge at about 30°—45°, having somewhat irregularly developed short fine wrinkles set at right angles to them in interspaces, producing a minute cancel- lation. Mouth sloping obliquely backwards. Dimensions.— I it Height of shell ; 5 ASO Samar, 3 . about 17-0 Height of outer whorl without carina at mouth 12:0 ,, (ditto withcarima) . 7:0 Width of ditto at mouth, abouts 10:0) a ‘ f about 5°d Horizons.—Lower Ordovician : (1) Balclatchie Group (conglom.) ; (2) ? Stinchar Limestone Group. Localities.—(1) Balclatchie, Girvan ; (2) Aldons, near Girvan. 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 918, pl. lxii, figs. 62 —65; pl. Ixxxii, figs. 23—25. OXYDISCUS PERTURBATUS. 21 Remarks.—Most of the Balclatchie specimens occur as internal casts and in such the solid carina is not represented, but in one specimen (fig. +) in Mrs. Gray's Collection the shell is fortunately preserved and we see the nature and relations of the carina and the character of the ornamentation. The affinities of the shell are undoubtedly with O. subacutus, Ulrich,! and probably with O. annularis, Perner,: though in the high narrow carina it is more like O. (Cyrtodiscus) procer, Barr.’ The course of the transverse lines is like that of O. swbacutus, but the fine cross wrinkles are more like those of Cyrtolites subplanus, Ulrich,* and Cyrtolitaria nitidula, Ulrich. There is no slit-band visible on the keel, and this separates it from Zonidiscus to which at first sight it might be thought to belong. The typical examples of O. hunteri are in Mrs. Gray’s Collection from Balclatchie. 4. Oxydiscus ? perturbatus (Sowerby). 21839. Euomphalus tenuistriatus, Sowerby in Murchison’s Silurian System, p. 641, pl. xxii, fig. 14. 1839. Euomphalus perturbatus, Sowerby, ibid., p. 641, pl. xxii, fig. 16. ? 1846. Huomphalus furcatus, McCoy, Syn. Silur. Foss. Ireland, p. 13, pl. i, fig. 11. 1859. Bellerophon perturbatus, Sowerby in Murchison’s Siluria, 2nd edit., p. 218, Foss. 39, fig. 6. 1866. Bellerophon perturbalus, Sowerby, Salter, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, p. 350, woodcut 16; ibid., 2nd edit. (1881), p. 557. 1884. Bellerophon perturbatus, Sowerby, J. D. La Touche, Handbook to the Geology of Shropshire, p- 57, pl. ui, fig. 46. Specific Characters.—Shell coiled rather loosely, discoidal, composed of about five whorls in contact but scarcely overlapping each other, enlarging gradually, the outer whorl more rapidly increasing in height to mouth. Umbilicus open, rather shallow, exposing all the inner whorls, situated rather below centre of shell. Whorls higher than wide; sides rounded, somewhat swollen at base; dorsum sub- angular and weakly carinate in early part of outer whorl but becoming less so towards mouth. Mouth high, with very shallow open dorsal sinus. Surface of shell crossed by closely-placed equidistant or subequidistant regular equal trans- verse strong lines arched back gently in simple curve obliquely directed to dorsal carina, which they meet at about 75° or less, uniting with those of opposite side ; interspaces occasionally show several fine intermediate striz. Dimensions.—Height, about 10 mm. Horizon.—(1) Lower Bala (Llandeilo Flags) ; (2) Arenig Series. Localities.—(1) Pensarn, Caermarthen ; Middleton, Corndon ; ? Shelve; (2) Bath House, Bangor; Long Plantation cutting, Haverfordwest. ! Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 913, pl. Ixii, figs. 62—65. * Perner, op. cit., p. 74. pl. Ixxxvi, figs. 1—3. 3 Ibid., p. 74, pl. Ixxxviii, figs. 22 —24, text-fig. 50. * Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., pl. lxii, figs. 40—44. 5 Ibid., p. 866, pl. lxii, figs. 58—55. bo bo ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACKEA. Remarl:s—Vhe original specimens of Huomphalus tenuistriatus [p. 63] and Hi, perturbatus |6964] are in the Jermyn Street Museum. Both are in a poor state of preservation, the latter being especially poor as well as distorted, so that a satisfactory diagnosis of specific characters is impossible. It has generally been considered that these two species are identical, and owing to the pre-occupation of the name fenuwistriatus by a Carboniferous species of Bellerophon, the name per- turbatus is usually applied to this fossil. It is a common and well-marked species im the Upper Arenig and especially the Llandeilo of Wales, but it is very rare to find a well-preserved and uncrushed example. Salter says that it is one of the most characteristic shells of the Llandeilo Flags in North and South Wales. The type-specimen of 1. tenuistriatus |p. 63] consists merely of the impression of the exterior of an imperfect shell. he umbilicus is open and shallow. The whorls rapidly increase in size and are higher than wide, with gently convex sides ; the dorsum seems to have been subangular and carinated ; the transverse lines are equal, equidistant, and closely-placed and arch back simply but obliquely and seem to meet the carina at about 30°. No slit-band can be detected. The type-specimen of H. perturbatus | 6964] is an internal cast, which accounts for its smooth appearance, and is much crushed and distorted. ‘lhe umbilicus seems to be larger and the whorls to increase more slowly in height than in L. tenwi- striatus, though this may be due to the distortion which the shell has suffered. The type of H. perturbatus was obtained from the Llandeilo Flags of Pensarn, Caermarthen. In some questionable specimens from Shelve there are 2—4: very fine transverse lines between the stronger ones, the latter being further apart than in the type, though they are closely crowded near the mouth. The true generic position of these shells is somewhat doubtful, but they are most perhaps referable to Ovydiscus, agreeing in general shape, degree of enrolment of the whorls, open umbilicus, and ornamentation. Salter’s reference of them to the genus Bellerophon is certainly incorrect, for this name, as now understood, is restricted to another group of shells with completely different characters. Considerable doubt must still exist as to the identity of Sowerby’s H. tenwi- striatus with H. perturbatus, the rapid enlargement of the whorls, large round aperture, and angle at which the striz meet the dorsal edge, being points of difference. The poor condition of the types renders an accurate diagnosis impossible. 5. Oxydiscus ? llanvirnensis (Hicks). Plate IV, figs. 9—11. 1875. Bellerophon Ulanvirnensis, Hicks, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxxi, p. 188, pl. xi, figs. 1, 2. Specific Characters.—Shell sublenticular, compressed, of 4—65 whorls, the outer whorls rapidly increasing in size and height, scarcely overlapping; dorsum CYRTOLITES. 23 angulated and sides gently convex. Umbilicus open, shallow, exposing all inner whorls. Whorls crossed by regular strong equidistant thin transverse prominent lamellz, in places minutely fimbriated, and having several very fine transverse strize in interspaces; lamelle more crowded and shghtly sigmoidal near mouth, being arched gently back on sides of whorls and then forwards, but apparently sharply bent back close to dorsal keel so as to meet it at about 45°. Slit-band absent ? Dimensions.—Height about 30 mm. Horizons.—(1) Upper Arenig; (2) Llandeilo Flags. Localities—(1) Llanvirn Quarry ; (2) Abereiddy Bay; Traethllwyn, Llanrhian, St. Davids. Remarks.—Hicks’s definition of this species was as follows: “Spire of three very rapidly increasing whorls. Outer whorl greatly expanded, but compressed. Lines of growth strongly marked, arched backwards and approximating to each other more closely in the expanded outer portion. Diameter 1} inch.” Neither the type [28001] in the Jermyn Street Museum nor the counterpart of the type in the Sedgwick Museum are well preserved, both being flattened and somewhat distorted, but in the latter we seem to be able to detect a sharp bending of the transverse lines close to the dorsal edge, and also the presence of intermediate strie. The specimens [28018, 28019, 28020] from the Llandeilo beds of Abereiddy Bay in the Jermyn Street Museum are better preserved than the type, but were labelled B. perturbatus [= H. tenuistriatus|, from which they differ considerably in ornamentation. The generic reference of this species is a matter of uncertainty, the rapid enlargement of the outer whorl and the ornamentation beg unlike that of Oxydiscus, and if a slit-band is present it may be referred to Conradella. Genus CYRTOLITES, Conrad. Generic OCharacters.—Shell composed of few whorls (2—3), not overlapping, scarcely contiguous, the last occasionally free, enlarging rapidly to mouth; dorsum carinated ; whorls occasionally with weak lateral carina on each side giving a broadly lanceolate or subquadrate section; no apertural sinus; mouth simple, entire; sides of whorls usually with transverse swellings or ribs more or less developed, or transverse lines meeting the keel at a large angle. The type of this genus is Oyrtolites ornatus, Conrad,! and Koken’s’ definition of the genus in 1896 agrees with this form, whereas Ulrich and Scofield’s? is too wide and includes species probably referable to Koken’s Temnodiscus (1897 non 1896). Perner* has remarked that the genus Cyrtolites contains a rather heterogeneous assemblage of species, and the Bohemian forms do not appear to 1 Conrad, ‘Ann. Rept. Nat, Hist. Surv., New York,’ 1838, p. 118. 2 Koken, ‘ Die Leitfossilien’ (1896), p. 100. 3 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., pp. 846, 858. 4 Perner, op. cit., p. 79. 24 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. conform closely to the above definition. The entire and scarcely sinuated mouth seems a character of primary importance. 1. Cyrtolites budleighensis, sp nov. Plate IV, figs. 12—14. Specific Characters.—Shell igh, somewhat compressed, composed of 2—3 whorls rather higher than wide, in contact with but not overlapping each other, the last whorl rapidly increasing in size. Umbilicus large, open, shallow, completely exposing all the whorls, with centre situated below centre of shell. Whorls broadly lanceolate to subrhomboidal in cross-section, widest at about one-third their height; dorsum narrow, subangular, becoming somewhat rounded near mouth; sides convex, swelling out to maximum diameter below middle, then forming obtuse subangular umbilical edges and sloping inwards to umbilicus. Mouth vertical, rhomboidal in shape, subangular above and widest at umbilical edges; lateral margins obtusely angulated and projecting forwards, with upper edges inclined to dorsum at about 60°. Surface of whorls with faint traces of transverse lines and growth ridges ; and with some weak transverse broad ribs or swellings on upper part near mouth. Dimensions.— Height of shell : : : ; ; ‘ ~ 28:70 mm: Height of outer whorl near mouth ; : a PizO ats. Width of outer whorl near mouth : : eels. 0 0 Horizon.—Ordovician pebbles in Triassic conglomerate. Locality— Budleigh Salterton. Remarks.—Towards the mouth the dorsum almost loses its carination. The specimens [G. 15296, 15298, 15299, 15301], all of which are in the British Museum, are in the state of internal casts and so do not show the external ornament, and the transverse ribs or swellings in any part are somewhat indistinct. The cross-section and enrolment of the shell resemble C. subplanus, Ulrich! and C. vretrorsus, Ulrich var. fillmorensis,* from the Ordovician of Minnesota. 2. Cyrtolites craigensis, sp. nov. Plate IV, fig. 15. Specific Characters.—Shell of 3—4 whorls in contact, but not overlapping, rapidly increasing in size, but more rapidly in height than width, subtriangular to subrhomboidal in section, dorsally carinate, and sharply angular; sides of whorls convex; umbilical edge subangular; umbilical slope steep or almost vertical. Umbilicus wide, deep, open, exposing all inner whorls; centre of umbilicus situated at rather more than one-third the height of shell. Mouth not expanded, higher than wide, oblique, sloping backwards; lateral edges arched gently forwards. Surface unknown (smooth ?). 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 862, pl. lxii, figs. 40-44. 2 Ihid., p. 861, pl. lxii, figs. 38, 39. or CYRTOLITES NODOSUS. 2 Dimensions.—Height of shell, about 32 mm.; width of outer whorl near mouth, about 10 —12 mm. Horizon.—Lower Ordovician: Stinchar Limestone Group. Localities. —Craighead, Girvan; (?) Minuntion, Ayrshire. Remarks.—Only internal casts of this species have been found; so that the surface-ornament is unknown. From the shape of the cross-section, umbilical edge, rate of increase in size of whorls, and general characters there 1s considerable resemblance exhibited to C. subplanus, Ulrich,’ of the Trenton Formation and to C. dilatatus U. and 82 of the Black River Group. ‘The types are in Mrs. Gray’s Collection. 3. Cyrtolites nodosus (Salter). Plate V, figs. 1—2. 1852. Bellerophon ornatus, Conrad, McCoy, Syn. Brit. Pal. Foss. Woodw. Mus., fase. ii, p. 310. 1854. Bellerophon nodosus, Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. x, p. 73. 1866. Bellerophon nodosus, Salter, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, p. 349, woodcut 15; cbid., 2nd edit. (1881), p. 555. Specific Characters.—‘‘ Spire exposed, of about three rapidly increasing whorls which are half as thick as broad, and of a subrhombic section ; the umbilical faces rounded and much shorter than the other flattened ones. Sides marked by thick raised [transverse] ridges which are not so broad as the intervening hollows ; they are curved backward towards the flattened dorsal keel and nearly meet it, and extend over the rounded edge of the steep umbilicus. The lines of growth are beautifully regular, and they take a decided curve backward along with the ridges. They are closely crenulate over the sides and back, and on the umbilical face reticulate with each other. Their reticulated appearance arises from the close approximation of the raised crenulate edges which thus decussate each other, and become in some parts connected into a network. The ridges or plaits vary in their distance from each other, but are very prominent.” Dimensions.— I ia Height of shell : : : ; . 26 mm: : 22 mm. Height of outer whorl at moutl Sie ciAee gre ; red ee Width of outer whorl at mouth ee a : sie t pe Hovizon.—Bala Series. Localities—Soudley ; Onny River; Horderley ; Llwyn-yr-hwch; Maen Bras, N. of Bala; Cefn Llwydlo. Remarks.—The above is Salter’s description of the species, and he points out the characters by which C. ornatus, Conrad, differs from it. In the American species the lines of growth are direct across, the umbilicus has a sharper edge, and the plaits do not go beyond it. The localities which he gives are 'l'eirw River, 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 862, pl. Ixu, figs. 40 —44. 2 Tbid., p. 865, pl. Ixii, figs. 20—23. 26 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. South of Llangollen; Llwyn-yr-hych, Beddgelert ; near Llanfyllin; Hope Bowdler, Shropshire. 4. Cyrtolites nodosus, var. llandoveriana, nov. Plate V, figs. 3—6. Varietal Characters.—Shell of about three whorls in contact but scarcely over- lapping, the outer one rapidly increasing in size to mouth, bluntly carinated, somewhat higher than wide, broadly lanceolate to subcordiform in cross-section, with obtuse umbilical edge at less than half height of whorl. Umbilicus open, deep, exposing all the inner whorls; umbilical slope smooth, without ribs, rather steep. Upper portion of sides of outer whorl ornamented with regular strong subangular transverse slightly oblique and very weakly-arched ribs, set at equal distances apart, separated by gently concave wide interspaces and nearly or quite meeting the corresponding ribs of the opposite side (without any bending back) on the carina. Mouth bell-shaped with margins shehtly and suddenly everted. Dimensions.— I II Height of shell : : 5 . 13 mm. : 25 mm. Height of outer whorl at mouth : rg es : 14 99 Horizon.—Lower Llandovery. Localities—Blaen-y-cwm, Nantyr, Glyn Ceiriog [28050—52]; ? Sevin Lletty- rhyddod. Remarks.—This shell seems to have the transverse ribs rather sharper and narrower than in the type-form, and those of the opposite sides nearly or quite unite on the carinated dorsum. There are three internal casts of this form [28050—52] in the Jermyn Street Museum which have come under my notice, and one from the same locality in the Sedgwick Museum, Cambridge. Another specimen in the latter Museum from the Lower Llandovery of Sevin Llettyrhyddod, which probably belongs to the same species, shows the distal portion of the outer whorl ornamented with equidistant granulated thread-like transverse lines covering the ribs and interspaces and having the same general course as the former so as to meet the carina at an angle of 75°. This Llandovery form here regarded as a variety of C. nodosus, Salter, seems more to resemble C. retvorsus, Ulrich,' than C. ornatus, Conr., and may prove to be specifically distinct from Salter’s shell. 5, Cyrtolites thraivensis, sp. nov. Plate V, figs. 7—10. Specific Characters—Shell of three whorls, coiled discoidally ; whorls in contact, not overlapping, rounded, subcircular in section, with weak dorsal carination, rather rapidly increasing im size, without umbilical edge or lateral angulation; outer whorl crossed by 15—20 coarse broad low rounded to 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 861, pl. Ixii, figs. 832—37, ISOSPIRA. 27 subangular equidistant transverse ribs, becoming weaker on dorsum and near suture line, set at right angles to dorsal carina, and separated by wider shallow concave interspaces occupied by 10—15 fine concentric lines, not fimbriated but cancellated by fine obliquely spiral lines. Dorsum very obtusely angulated by weak low carina. Umbilicus large, wide, open, exposing all the whorls; centre situated at about one-third the height of shell. Mouth vertical with whole peristome somewhat thickened near edge and inner lp somewhat expanded and reflexed. Dimensions.—Height of shell, about 80 mm.; width of mouth, about 17 mm. Horizon.—Upper Ordovician: Drummuck Group (Starfish Bed). Locality.—Thraive Glen, Girvan. Remarks.—The shell named Bellerophon nodosus, Salter,! from the Teirw River, near Llangollen, much resembles this species, but the whorls increase more rapidly in size and have fewer and coarser ribs and fimbriated Jines in the interspaces. Cyrtolites ornatus, Conrad,’ has the sides angulated with an umbilical ridge at which the ribs end, but is an allied species. Genus ISOSPIRA, Koken. Generic Characters. —Shell symmetrically coiled, with rapidly enlarging rounded whorls; growth-striz pass over dorsum without sinus or bending. No keel. Mouth simple, entire. Koken’s* definition of this genus is accepted by Perner (op. cit., p. 88). It appears to be allied to Cyrtolites, but we have not a full knowledge of its characters, and its position amongst the Bellerophontacea is open to doubt. 1. Isospira huttoni, sp. nov. Plate V, fig. 11. Specific Characters. —Shell composed of loosely coiled whorls, 15—3 in number, contiguous, not overlapping, rounded, subcircular in section, rapidly increasing in size; umbilicus situated at about one-third to one-fourth the height of shell. Mouth not expanded, circular, without sinuation of lip. Surface of whorls covered with numerous regular equidistant fine transverse lamellee, minutely fimbriated, without sinuation except near beginning of outer whorl, separated by rather wider interspaces crossed by faint spiral lines in continuation of fimbriations on transverse lines. Dimensions.—Height of shell, about 14°0 mm.; height of mouth, about 9:0 mm. ’ Salter, ‘Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt. Brit.,’ vol. iii, p. 555, text-fig. 15. ? Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 860, pl. lxu, figs. 27—29. 8 Koken, ‘Gastrop. Balt. Untersilurs’ (1897), p. 137. 28 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACHEA. Horizon.—Middle Ordovician: Whitehouse Group. Locality.—Shalloch Mill, near Girvan. Remarks.—All the specimens available are more or less crushed and distorted, but the reference to the genus Isospira seems certain. The shell is not unlike I. bucanioides, Koken.! C. planicosta, Perner,’ C. tuboides, Barr.,* C. kokent, Perner,* and C. evimius, Barr.,° are comparable in shape or ornamentation. Genus BUCANIELLA, Meek. Generic Characters.—Shell imyolute, subglobose with volutions rounded, rapidly enlarging; dorsum trilobate or quadrilobate owing to presence of revolving grooves. Umbilicus more or less open, usually deep; mouth transverse; outer lip sinuate. No sht-band. Surface with fine growth-striz and occasionally revolving lines. The name Bucaniella was proposed in 1870 by Meek® for broad-backed trilobed Silurian species of Bellerophon without a slit-band; and the present author follows Clarke’ in thus restricting the use of the term. Koken® would include forms possessing a slit-band, but Ulrich and Scofield? (who write the name of the genus Bucanella) definitely state that in the type species there is no slit-band and they put it in the same family as Sinuites |= Protowarthia]. The type species is B. nana, Meek. 1. Bucaniella trilobata (Sowerby). Plate V, fig. 12; Plate VI, figs. 1—3. 1839. Bellerophon trilobatus, Sowerby in Murchison’s Silurian System, p. 604, pl. iu, fig. 16. 1848. Bellerophon trilobatus, Sowerby, Ferussac et D’Orbigny, Hist. Nat. Cephal., p. 209, pl. vu, figs. 24—27 (? pl. viii, fig. 16). 1852. Bellerophon trilobatus, Sowerby, McCoy, Syn. Brit. Palseoz. Foss. Woodw. Mus., fase. u, p. 311. 21852. Bucania trilobata (Conrad), Hall, Paleeont. New York, vol. ii, p. 18, pl. iv bis. 1884. Bellerophon trilobatus, Sowerby, Lindstrém, Silur. Gastrop. Pterop. Gotland, p. 80, pl. iv, figs. 13—15. 21901. Bucania trilobata (Conrad), Grabau, Bull. New York State Mus., no. 45, vol. ix, p. 213, fig. 114. 21909. Bellerophon trilobatus, Sowerby, Moberg and Grénwall, Om Fyledalens Gotlandium, Kung]. Fysiogr. Sallsk. Handl., vol. xx, no. 1, p. 44, pl. i, figs. 13, 14. 1 Koken, op. cit. (1897), p. 137, text-fig. 10. 2 Perner, op. cit., p. 82, pl. Ixxxix, figs. 9—11, text-fig. 56 a, b. 3 Ibid., p. 85, pl. lxxxviii, figs. 4—5, text-figs. 58, 59. 4 Tbid., p. 87, pl. lxxxix, figs. 12, 13, text-fig. 61. 5 Ibid., p. 84, pl. Ixxxvu, figs. 5—8, text-fig. 57 a, b. 6 Meek, ‘ Proc. Amer. Phil. Soce.,’ vol. v (1870), p. 426. 7 Clarke, “ Foss. Devon. Parana” (‘ Mon. Serv. Geol. Mineral. Brasil,’ vol. i, 1913), pp. 168—170. 8 Koken, ‘ Die Leitfossilien’ (1896), p. 100. 9 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 848. BUCANIELLA TRILOBATA. 29 Specific Characters —The original description of this species, the type of which came from the Upper Ludlow Passage Beds of Felindre, is as follows : ‘* Convoluted, smooth, 3-lobed, central lobe largest; inner whorls small, visible; aperture about twice as wide as long; length and breadth four lines.” McCoy (op. cit.) described it more fully as follows: ‘‘ Globose, umbilicus small, deep; whorls trilobed by two deep spiral furrows, the lateral lobes half the width of the mesial one ; very convex> mesial lobe most prominent, slightly flattened. Width of small specimens three lines, length the same; proportional width of umbilicus 7%5 as compared with the diameter of the shell.” McCoy’s specimens are poor internal casts from the Tilestones (Upper Ludlow) of Storm Hill, Llandeilo, which is the only locality he mentions for this species. Remarks.—There is some doubt as to whether the Wenlock shells attributed to this species ought to be separated as a variety or even distinct species; they agree with those from Gotland figured by Lindstrém (op. cit.) in possessing a very wide flattened back with an unusually broad non-elevated median lobe, such as is found in Bucania trilobata (Conrad) from the Niagara Formation in America. One of the Wenlock specimens (a/870) m the Sedgwick Museum, from Dudley, was stated by Salter! to be the largest specimen known and measures 45 mm. across the mouth and about 32 mm. in height (Pl. VI, fig. 1). The specimens from the Upper Ludlow of Storm Hill and of the Kendal district (Pl. VI, figs. 2, 3) have the median lobe relatively more elevated and more convex, and the whole shell seems more laterally compressed and less globose, thus resembling some Lower Devonian species from South America. All the specimens occur as internal casts, and as the correct generic position of the species depends on the presence or absence of a slit-band, which the state of preservation does not prove, there has been much difference of opinion on this point. As mentioned above, the name Bucaniella was proposed by Meek for broad- backed, trilobed Silurian species of Bellerophon without a slit-band. For certain early Devonian similarly trilobed shells possessing a slit-band, Clarke’ suggested the name Plectonotus, and he has recently’ reviewed the whole question of the validity of these genera. Clarke (op. cit., 1900, p. 36) was of the opinion that Sowerby’s Bellerophon trilobatus was a Devonian shell; but this is erroneous, Sowerby having founded the species on a Silurian specimen. But as no slit-band has been definitely proved to exist in the British Silurian B. trilobatus it appears best to refer this species to Bucaniella, in the strict sense in which Meek used the term. Many of the Devonian forms described by Sandberger and others from Europe, America, and South Africa bear an external resemblance to this Silurian species, and Whidborne* has described a British Upper Devonian shell as Tropidodiscus 1 Salter, ‘Cat. Cambr. Silur. Foss. Woodw. Mus.,’ p. 157. 2 Clarke, ‘ Paleeoz. Faunas of Para’ (1900), p. 40. * Id., “ Foss. Devon. Parana” (‘ Mon. Serv. Geol. Miner. Brasil,’ vol. i, 1913), pp. 168—170. * Whidborne, ‘ Mon. Brit. Devon. Fauna’ (Palont. Soc.), vol. iii, (1896), p. 68. 30 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. trilobatus (Sow.) ? var. bisulcatus, Roem., and somewhat superficially discussed the question of its reference to Sowerby’s species. But the affinities of the Devonian forms cannot be discussed here. Horizons.—(1) Upper Ludlow; (2) Wenlock Series; (8) Upper Llandovery ; (4) Lower Ludlow. Localities. —(1) Felindre; Storm Hill, Llandeilo; Kendal; (2) Dudley; (38 Hastnor Park [28061]; Tonlegee, Galway ; (4) Freshwater Hast, Pembrokeshire. 2. Bucaniella quadrisulcata, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 4, 5. Specific Characters.—Shell involute, subglobose. Outer whorl nearly com- pletely embracing inner whorls, broader than high, increasing rather rapidly in size towards mouth; dorsum narrowly rounded, strongly convex, separated from lateral portions of whorl by deep revolving groove on each side, and itself divided into three portions by pair of weaker revolving furrows, the median portion of dorsum being the widest; lateral portions of whorl swollen below outermost revolving grooves. Umbilicus deep, small, situated below centre of shell. Dimensions.—Height, 6 mm. ; width of mouth, 5 mm. Horizon.—Llandovery Series. Localities —The Frolic, Haverfordwest ; ? Tonlegee, Galway. Remarks.—This shell differs from B. trilobata (Sow.) by possessing two pairs of revolving grooves, but otherwise it closely resembles that species. Only internal casts are known. ‘There is no trace of a slit-band. In the Jermyn Street Museum one of the specimens labelled Bb. trilobatus, from Tonlegee, Co. Galway, shows similar weak additional revolving grooves. The type-specimens are in the Turnbull Collection in the Sedgwick Museum, and come from the Llandovery of Haver- fordwest. Group Il. Fisstporsata. Genus BUCANIA, Hall (restr.). Generic Characters.—Shell involute, composed of few (8—5) whorls; umbilicus large, more or less open. Aperture usually transverse, not abruptly expanded ; dorsal sinus broad V-shaped with central slit. Slt-band distinct, raised or depressed. Surface of shell ornamented with equal or unequal revolving lines or riblets crossed by oblique transverse growth-lines parallel with the margin of the aperture, the intersections of the two sets of lines being nearly always rectangular. The definition and limitations of this genus as laid down by Ulrich and Scofield’ are here followed. The type is Bellerophon sulcatinus, Hmmons,’ of the Chazy Limestone. 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., pp. 850, 883—886. 2 Emmons, ‘Geol. Rep., 2nd. Distr., New York,’ 1842, p. 312, fig. 4. BUCANIA GRAVIDA. 31 1. Bucania evoluta, sp. nov. Plate VI, fig. 6. Specific Characters.—Shell composed of 3—4 whorls rather loosely coiled, scarcely overlapping, rapidly increasing in size, rather higher than wide, sub- elliptical in section. Outer whorl] rather rapidly increasing in height to mouth, with dorsum bearing narrow, strongly elevated keel; sides gently convex, with no umbilical edge. Umbilicus shallow, exposing all the whorls, with centre situated at about one-third height of shell. Surface cancellated, bemg marked with thick, low rounded, oblique spiral lines closely placed, directed forwards to meet. slit- band at 45°—30°, and crossed by a few widely separated transverse sublamellose ridges (? fimbriated) and by finer lines arched back and meeting slit-band at about 60°—75°. Dimensions.—Height of shell, 14°0 mm.; width of whorl near mouth, 7°5 mm. Horizon.—Lower Ordovician: Balclatchie Group (Conglomerate). Locality.—Balclatchie, Girvan. Remarks.—There is only one specimen of this species, and the ornament is only partially preserved. It seems to resemble B. subangulata, Ulrich, but is higher and more compressed, and the whorls overlap less than in that species. 2. Bucania gravida, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 7—9. Specific Characters.—Shell discoidal, subglobose, composed of 38—4 low transverse whorls slowly increasing in size to mouth. Umbilicus subcentral, deep, exposing inner whorls, with sharp angular umbilical edges and_ steep flattened umbilical slopes. Whorls transverse, wider than high; dorsum broad, gently convex or somewhat flattened, with the umbilical edges limiting it and situated at about half the height of the whorl. Slit-band narrow, slightly raised. Surface of whorls crossed by transverse strong subequidistant rather remote growth-ridges or lines meeting the slit-band at about 60°, with the broad interspaces occasionally crossed by very delicate minute and somewhat sinuous strie at right angles to the transverse ridges and interrupted by them. Dimensions—Height of shell, 12—14 mm.; width of whorl near mouth, 11—12 mm. Horizons—(1) Lower Ordovician: Stinchar Limestone Group; (2) Lower Ordovician: Balclatchie Group. (1) Craighead, Girvan; (2) Balclatchie, Girvan. Remarks.-—This species seems related to Bucania contorta (Kichw.)’ in shape and general characters from stages C and D in the Baltic Provinces. The 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 891, pl. xvi, figs. 20—23. 2 Hichwald, ‘ Leth. Ross.,’ vol, i, pt. ii (1860), p. 1072, pl. xli, figs. 3a, b; Koken, ‘Gastrop. Balt. Untersilurs,’ p, 123. Localities. 32 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACKEA. American species B. emmonsi, Ulr. and Scof.,! and B. halli, Ulr. and Scof.,? may also be compared. ‘The fine ornament in the interspaces is rarely preserved in our specimens, and Hichwald does not show any trace of it in his figures of B. contorta. 3. Bucania playfairi, sp. nov. Plate VI, fig. 10. Specific Characters. —Shell subglobose, composed of 3—4 low transverse whorls, broader than high; umbilicus deep, rather more than one-third the diameter of shell, with centre situated at more than one-third the height. Outer whorl gradually increasing im width, swollen and overhanging umbilicus laterally, with convex dorsum, and narrowly rounded umbilical edge; umbilical slope steep, igh. Sht-band narrow, with strong raised edges. Mouth slightly expanded at sides, transverse. Surface of shell marked by equidistant coarse imbricated transverse lamella, set rather close together, fimbriated at their edges and meeting slit-band at about 60°—75°, with low rounded spiral ridges in interspaces corre- sponding to fimbriations of lamellz and interrupted by them, set slightly oblique to slit-band. Dimensions.—Height of shell, about 16 mm.; width at mouth, about 15 mm. Horizon.— Middle Ordovician : Whitehouse Group. Locality. —Shalloch Mill, Girvan. Remaris.—Vhe affinities of this species seem to be with Bucania halli, Ulrich and Scof.,’ and probably with B. radiata (Hichw.).? It is dedicated to the famous Scottish geologist, Playfair. 4. Bucania c/. punctifrons (Emmons). Plate VI, fig. 11. One fragment of the dorsum of the outer whorl of a distorted shell shows an ornamentation apparently identical with that of B. punctifrons (Emmons)* of the Trenton Formation. The small oval pits on the surface seem formed by the contact of fimbriated lamellose lines, and these pits appear to be arranged in indistinct transverse lines inclined back to the narrow carina at about 45°. The slit-band is not clearly visible, probably owing to the state of preservation and slight crushing of the dorsum, but there is a narrow elevated ridge probably representing it on the broad flattened back. 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 887, pl. lxvi, figs. 1—3. 2 Tbid., p. 886, pl. Ixvi, figs. 4—8. 3 Koken, ‘ Gastrop. Balt. Untersil.,’ p. 121, fig. 5. 4 Emmons, ‘Geol. Rep., 2nd Distr., New York,’ 1842, p. 392, fig. 5 (Bellerophon punctifrons) ; Hall, ‘ Paleont. N.Y.,’ vol. i, p. 187, pl. xla, figs. 1 a—e; Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 894, pl. xlvii, figs. 41—44, KOKENOSPIRA. 33 Dimensions.—Height of shell (estimated), about 11 mm. Horizon.—Lower Ordovician : Stinchar Limestone Group. Locality — Craighead, Girvan. 5. Bucania, sp. 1873. Bellerophon subdecussatus (pars), McCoy, Salter, Cat. Cambr. Silur. Foss. Woodw. Mus., p- 68 (non pp. 97, 83), ref. No. */;,,*. Specific Characters.—Shell subdiscoidal, of 3—4 transverse whorls in contact, scarcely overlapping, slowly increasing in size to mouth. Umbilicus deep, exposing all inner whorls; umbilical edge subangular; umbilical slope rather steep. Whorls wider than high, with gently convex or slightly flattened dorsum. Sht-band narrow, slightly raised. Mouth not expanded, with short, broadly V-shaped dorsal sinus. Surface ornamented with regular fine transverse lines, meeting slit-band at 75°-—90° [with small oval pits between them ? ]. Dimensions.—Height of shell, about 8°0 mm.; width near mouth, about 6:0 mm. Horizon.—Middle Bala Beds. Locality.—Allt yr Anker, Meifod. Remarks.—This specimen, which is in the Sedgwick Museum, is completely distinct from the typical Bellerophon subdecussatus, McCoy,' from the Denbighshire Flags of Llanrwst, described below under the genus Kokenospira, the wide open umbilicus exposing all the inner whorls, and the ornamentation entirely marking it off. The appearance of pits between the transverse striz does not seem to be due to the texture of the rock, and may be an original character, but the imperfect character of the surface (the specimen being an internal cast) renders the true nature of the ornament rather uncertain. If the pitted appearance is trustworthy, we may compare this shell with Bucania punctifrons, Emmons’; the shape and general features of our specimen support this comparison, and the whole appear- ance of the shell recalls that species. Genus KOKENOSPIRA, Bassler. Generic Characters.—Shell globose or subglobose, involute ; umbilicus open, rather large; aperture not expanded; lips thin; dorsal margin deeply excavated. Slit-band wide, flat, elevated, having usually a broad concave space on each side. Surface ornamented with straight uninterrupted revolving lines or ribs, strong on the lateral parts of the dorsum, fine on the slit-band ; transverse growth-lines generally very delicate. 1 McCoy, ‘ Syn. Brit. Paleoz. Foss. Woodw. Mus.,’ p. 311, pl. it, fig. 25a (non fig. 25). 2 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 894, pl. Ixvii, figs. 41—44. ~ D 34. ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. Ulrich and Scofield,! in 1897, separated off the species described by Koken? as Bucanella | sic] esthona under the generic name Kokenia, and referred to it also a new American species Kokenia costalis, Ulr. & Scof. Unfortunately the generic name was pre-occupied, having been used by Holzapfel in 1895,° as Bassler* has pointed out, and the latter author has suggested the name Kokenospira in its place. Perner does not record any members of it from Bohemia. The genus Kokenia 1s mentioned amongst the Bucanndee in Zittel-Hastman’s ‘'Text-book of Paleeon- tology’ (2nd edit., 19138, p. 522). 1. Kokenospira credibilis, sp. nov. Plate VI, figs. 12—14. Specific Characters.—Shell globose, whorls broader than high. Umbilicus deep, more than one-third the height of the shell in diameter; umbilical edges subangular; umbilical slopes very steep. Outer whorl large, rapidly increasing in size, about three times as wide as high, laterally overhanging but not concealing most of the inner whorls; dorsum broad, gently convex, more or less flattened. Sht-band wide. Mouth transverse, as wide as, or wider, than total height of shell. Surface of shell ornamented with revolving thread-like lines, parallel to sht-band, near which they are crowded and faint, but becoming stronger and wider apart towards and upon umbuilieal edge. Dimensions.—Height of shell, 12—15 mm. Horizon.—Llandovery Series. Localities—Gas Works, Haverfordwest ; ? The Frolic, Haverfordwest. Remarks.—Vhis species is allied to the better known K. lingualis and K. mullochensis from Girvan (see below). All the specimens, except a few internal casts, are more or less crushed and distorted, and it does not seem possible to separate those from the Gas Works and the Frolic. All the material was obtained by Mr. Turnbull, and is in the Sedgwick Museum. 2. Kokenospira euphemoides, sp. noy. Plate VI, fig. 15. Specific Characters.—Shell subglobose, composed of a few transverse rounded whorls. Umbilicus deep, rather less than one-third the diameter of the shell. Outer whorl rounded, convex, wider than high, with strongly arched 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., pp. 849, 882. 2 Koken, ‘ Neues Jahrb. f. Miner.,’ suppl. vol. vi (1889), p. 389, pl. xiii, figs. 1, la. § Holzapfel, ““Obere Mitteldevon Rhein. Geb.” (‘Abhandl. k. preuss. geol. Landesanst.,’ n.s., pt. 16, 1895), p. 159. * Bassler, Bull. 92, U.S. Nat. Mus., ‘Bibliogr. Index Amer, Ordoy, Silur. Foss.,’ vol. i, 1915, p. 687. KOKENOSPIRA LINGUALIS. 35 dorsum, subangular? umbilical edge, and short rather steep umbilical slope. Shit-band broad, slightly raised, with 18—20 closely-placed, regular, thick, revolving parallel lines on each side of it, rather smaller and more crowded close to it, 4—5 lines lying in a space equal to its width. No revolving lines on umbilical slope. A few concentric transverse growth-lines are developed close to the apertural margin. Dimensions.—Height of shell, about 15 mm. Horizon.—Llandovery Series : Camregan Group. Locality. —Cuddystone Glen, near Girvan. Remarks.—Vhough this species is based on only one specimen in Mrs. Gray’s Collection, yet the characters are sufficiently well marked and distinctive as to prove that it cannot be placed in any previously described species, though it 1s allied to several of the other Girvan forms defined below. 3. Kokenospira latidorsata, sp. nov. Plate VII, fig. 2. Specific Characters.—Shell subelobose, of 3—4: low transverse whorls. Umbilicus very large, conical, deep, about four-fifths the diameter of the shell. Outer whorl increasing slowly im width to mouth, with very transverse cross-section. Dorsurm broad, shghtly convex ; umbilical edge subangular. Slit-band somewhat elevated, broad, not well preserved. Umbilical slope flattened, making an angle of about 30° with dorsum. Dimensions.—Height of shell, 19 mm.; width of umbilicus, 14 mm. Hovizon.—Bala Series. Locality.—Cardington, Shropshire. [G. 20706 Brit. Mus. | Remarks.—Only one internal cast of this species is known, but it shows the entire shell with the dorsum and the wide-open umbilicus. It is uncertain if the surface has any ornament, and the details of the slt-band cannot be observed. The allied species, K. maccullochi, from the Balclatchie Beds, differs by possessing a less acute umbilical edge and more rounded whorls. 4. Kokenospira lingualis (Salter). Plate VI, fig. 16; Plate VII, fig. 1. 1854. Bellerophon (Bucania) sulcatinus, Emmons ?, Salter, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. x, pp. 68, 74, (nom. prop. B. lingualis). 21884. Bellerophon sulcatinus, Emmons, J. D. La Touche, Handbook to the Geology of Shropshire, p. og, pl. v, fig. 101. Specific Characters.—Shell subglobose, discoid, of few whorls. Umbilicus deep, about three-fifths the diameter of the shell; umbilical edges narrow, subangular; umbilical slopes steep. Whorls transverse, more than twice as wide as high, very slowly increasing in size; dorsum gently convex, becoming 36 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. flattened towards mouth. Sht-band wide, slightly sunken between raised edges. Surface of dorsum ornamented with fine revolving lines, about 10 on each side of sht-band, adjoining which they are more crowded, and all decussated by very fine transverse strive ; umbilical slopes smooth ? Dimensions.— I Height . about 10 mm. : about 13 mm. Thickness. v ou ; UE LO. Hovizon.—Bala Series. Localities —Onny River, Shropshire ; Tyrone. Remarks.—There are four specimens of this species (Nos. 28006, 28007), three on one piece of rock, in the Jermyn Street Museum, from the Onny River; and these are the shells, so far as can be ascertained, which Salter described in 1854 (loc. cit.) as Bellerophon (Bucania) sulcatinus, Emmons ?, suggesting the name lingualis if they should turn out to be a different species. The specific diagnosis was given in the following words: “ B. uncialis et ultra, convolutus, anfractibus a dorso convexiusculo depressis, striatis. Carina lata, plana (sublevis ?), marginata, vix elevata. Striz concentrice fortes, circiter 10 (ad carinam seepissime inter- striate et in etate plurime), a lineis crebris valde reflexis undigue decussate. Apertura lata, expansa, semi profundo. This very beautiful shell differs from B. suleatinus, as figured by Hall, in having regular ribs towards the angular edge, which become interlined and form a broad band of close striz as the shell grows older. ‘The umbilical face, too, is free from ribs, which I have some reason to think is not the case with B. sulcatinus. The strie, too, on that shell appear to meet at a very much more obtuse angle than in ours. It should be called B. lingualis if the above characters are sufficient to separate it. It must have been a very thin shell.” Salter adds (p. 68) that this shell is also found in ‘Tyrone.’ This Onny River species cannot be referred to Bucania as now interpreted and restricted, of which genus B. sulcatina is the type, and it is obviously referable to Kokenospira. The species from the Redhill Beds described by me in 1906 as Bellerophon (Bucanopsis) secundus* may be identical (see p. 39). Bucan|ilella esthona Koken,® which Ulrich and Scofield have chosen as the type of their genus Kohenia, bears a considerable resemblance to Salter’s species, and K. costalis, Ulr. & Scof.,* is also closely allied. Probably B. lateralis, Kichw.,’ is also allied. 1«Cat. Camb. Silur. Foss. Mus. Pract. Geol. Lond.’ (1878), p. 57. * Reed, ‘Geol. Mag.’ [5], vol. iti (1906), p. 366, pl. xx, figs. 15, 15 a. 5 Koken, ‘ Neues Jahrb. f. Miner.,’ suppl. vol. vi (1889), p. 389, pl. xiii, figs. 1, la. 4 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 882, pl. lxiv, figs. 46—49. 5 Hichwald, ‘ Leth. Ross.,’ vol. i, pt. i (1860), p. 1083, pl. xl, fig. 28; Koken, ‘Gastrop. Balt. Untersilurs,’ p. 127. KOKENOSPIRA MACCULLOCHI. 37 5. Kokenospira lingualis, var. girvanensis, nov. Plate VII, figs. 5—8. 1877. Bellerophon cf. subdecussatus, McCoy, Etheridge, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc. Edinb., vol. iv, p. 175, pl. u, figs. 9, 10. Specific Characters.—Shell subglobose, of 3—4 whorls rather clesely enrolled. Umbilicus deep, about two-fifths to one-half the diameter of the shell. Whorls transverse, wider than high, subreniform in section, increasing slowly im width and height. Outer whorl embracing about half of preceding one, with rounded convex dorsum, bearing rather broad, shehtly elevated sht-band with thin raised edges and very fine closely-placed lunule; umbilical edges narrowly rounded; umbilical slope short, steep. Mouth transverse, not expanded (except slightly towards base), with short, broad, V-shaped sinus in outer lip. Surface of dorsum ornamented with 16—28 strong revolving regular longitudinal Imes on each side of slit-band and parallel to it, becoming more widely separated outside the inner 8—16, which are rounded, thick, and closely placed, the outer ones being thinner, sharper, and twice as far apart; umbilical edge and slope with 6—10 similar thin widely separated revolving lines; interspaces concave, occupied by fine, regular, equidistant transverse lines at right angles to the revolving ones except near the slit-band, where they bend back and meet it at about 30°—45° A few strong arched growth-ridges concentric with apertaral margin near lip meet the slit-band at about 45°. Dimensions.— I Ul Height of shell — 14:0 mm: iae22-0 mam. Width near mouth . sou 5 oa : about 23°0-.,, Hovrizon.—Upper Ordovician: Drummuck Group (Starfish Bed). Locality. —Thraive Glen, near Girvan. Remarks.—Among the examples of this shell in Mrs. Gray’s Collection there is some variation with regard to the number and closeness of the revolving strive and the transverse growth-lines on the surface; and it seems impossible to consider these Girvan shells as more than a variety of Salter’s K. lingualis when a comparison is made with a large number of specimens from the same bed. The crushed specimen with unusually strong growth-ridges, which Etheridge described and figured in 1877 (op. cit.) as Bellerophow cf. subdecussatus, McCoy, shows how misleading imperfect and distorted specimens may be. 6. Kokenospira maccullochi, sp. nov. Plate VII, figs. 9—12. 5 low transverse whorls. Umbilicus Specific Characters.—Shell composed of 4 very deep, about three-fourths the diameter of the shell, with its centre situated at about two-fifths the height of shell, exposing all the whorls, which only 38 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. embrace one another for about half their height. Outer whorl transverse, more than twice as wide as high, with more or less flattened broad dorsum, increasing rather rapidly in size to the mouth; umbilical edges subangular, situated a little below middle of whorl; umbilical slope steep. Slit-band narrow, slightly elevated, with sharp narrow edges. Surface of dorsum with 8—10 thick, low, rounded, equal revolving lines on each side and 6—8 on umbilical slope, becoming rather further apart laterally. ‘Transverse striz indistinct. Dimenstons.—Height of shell, about 21 mm.; width at mouth, about 18 mm. Horizon.—Lower Ordovician: Balclatchie Group (Conglomerate). Locality.— Balclatehie, near Girvan. Remarks.—This species exposes the inner whorls more than any of the others from Girvan, but it is allied to KX. wicholsoni and K. lingualis var. girvanensis in most respects. The wider and more open umbilicus and the sharper angulated umbilical edge in the. adult are distinguishing marks. Owing to the state of preservation the transverse striz are not clearly visible, but the revolving lines seem so close together as to leave little room for them in the interspaces. The types occur in Mrs. Gray’s Collection, and the species is dedicated to the Scottish geologist, James MacCulloch. 7. Kokenospira mullochensis, sp. nov. Plate VIII, figs. 1, 2. Specific Characters.—Shell subelobose, of 3 transverse rounded whorls. Umbilicus deep, small, about one-fourth the diameter of the shell. Outer whorl rather rapidly increasing in size and embracing three-fourths of preceding whorl, wider than high, with broad convex dorsum and rounded umbilical edge. Slit-band narrow, not elevated. Mouth slightly expanded at base, wider than high, with broad, shallow, Y-shaped sinus in outer lip. Surface of whorl ornamented with closely placed, low, thick, rounded revolving spiral lines parallel to the sht-band, 12—14: on each side of it on dorsum, crossed by obliquely transverse delicate strive: meeting slit-band at 45°—60°. Dimensions. — I UI Height of shell. ; . about 14 mm. 28 mm. Width of mouth . . ; et lk ies : Be 45 Horizon.—Lower Llandovery : Mulloch Hill Group. Locality.—Mulloch Hill, near Girvan. Remarks.—The dorsum is more convex, the umbilicus smaller, the sht-band narrower, and the revolving lines thicker and closer than in K. lingualis var. girvanensis. The interspaces are also much narrower on the dorsum than in that species, and the revolving lines seem to be equal and equally spaced, with the transverse lines crossing them, thus producing a marked cancellation. As in the case KOKENOSPIRA SECUNDA. 39 of the Drummuck species, there seems to be a globose variety with more numerous revolving lines. Most of the specimens in Mrs. Gray’s Collection occur as internal casts, but the shell is occasionally preserved both in the case of the type and the variety. 8. Kokenospira nicholsoni, sp. nov. Plate VIII, fig. 3. Specific Characters.—Shell subglobose, of 3 transverse rounded whorls. Umbilicus deep, about one-third the diameter of the shell. Outer whorl large, embracing fully three-fourths of preceding whorl; wider than high, subreni- form in section, with dorsum broad, gently convex; umbilical edges narrowly rounded; umbilical slopes short, steep, rounded. Sht-band broad, shghtly elevated, with 8—10 strong low revolving lines parallel to it on each side and a few successively wider apart on the umbilical slopes; fine transverse, regular, closely-placed lines crossing them at right angles are present in the larger interspaces. Dimensions.—Height of shell, about 12°5 mm.; width of mouth, about 15 mm. Hovrizon.—Lower Ordovician: Stinchar Limestone Group. Locality.— Craighead, near Girvan. Remarks.—This somewhat imperfectly known species appears to be separable from K. maccullocht on account of its smaller umbilicus, the more rounded umbilical edges and the more embracing whorls. The mouth is not preserved, and no perfect specimens are available, the only examples of the shell which I know occurring in Mrs. Gray’s Collection. 9. Kokenospira secunda (Reed). 1906. Bellerophon (Bucanopsis) secundus, Reed, Geol. Mag. [5], vol. iii, p. 366, pl. xx, figs. 15, 15a. Specific Characters.—* Shell subglobose, with broad rounded back; of few volutions; whorls transversely subquadrate, broader than high; umbilicus moderately large, deep, with subangular margins [= umbilical edges], exposing inner whorls; aperture transverse, more or less expanded; inner lip reflexed on inner end of last whorl; sht-band rather broad, with narrow raised margins, not depressed, and fine gently curved lunule ; surface of shell on each side of band marked with rather strong, regular, straight, parallel, subequal, revolving raised lines, about 24 in number, closely crowded near band but becoming more widely separated laterally, crossed at right angles by very fine, transverse, slightly wavy strie.” Dimensions.—Height, about 15 mm, 4.0 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACBKA. Horizon.—Upper Ordovician: Redhill Beds. Localities.— Prendergast Place and Lane, near Haverfordwest. ftemarks.—No further specimens of this Welsh species have been found since the above description was given by me in 1906. The true generic position of this shell is in Kokenospira as now established, and its nearest affinities are with K. lingualis var. girvanensis from the Drummuck Group, as above mentioned in the description of that species, and with the type of K. lingualis (Salter), with which it may prove to be identical. 10. Kokenospira subdecussata (McCoy). Plate VIII, fig. 4. 1852. Bellerophon subdecussatus, McCoy, Syn. Brit. Pal. Foss. Woodw. Mus., fase. ii, p. 311, pl. it, fig. 25a (non fig. 25), : 1873. Bellerophon subdecussatus, McCoy, Salter, Cat. Camb. Silur, Foss. Woodw. Mus., p. 97 (Lower Wenlock Group { Denbighshire Flags |, Llanrwst, Denbigh), a/612 (non pp. 68, 83). Specific Characters.—* Globose, of one and a half or two very rapidly enlarging whorls, subcompressed towards the very obtusely angular or rounded circum- ference; sides gibbous, umbilicus small, deep, partially exposing the whorls; surface with strong transverse ridges, circling backward from the umbilicus to the undefined band, forming a wide V-shaped sinus (about four or five of these transverse ridges in the space of one line near the mouth); they are crossed by much finer spiral strie, about the same distance apart, from one to three of which are usually stronger than the rest near the band. . . . Rare in the schists of Llanrwst; and fine Bala Sandstone, Mulock [ste] Quarry, Dalquorhan, near Girvan, Ayrshire; not very uncommon in the Upper Bala rock of Allt yr Anker, Meifod, Montgomeryshire.” Horizon.—W enlock Series: Denbighshire Flags. Locality.—Llanrwst. [4/612, Sedgw. Mus. Camb. | Remarks.—The above is McCoy’s diagnosis of the species, but it is a composite one based on specimens from the three different localities and horizons. The type of the species should apparently be the specimen from Llanrwst (a/612, pl. i 1, fig. 25a), of which McCoy only figures a portion of the ornament; Llanrwst is the first locality mentioned and the description of the ornament is undoubtedly derived from this shell. Unfortunately the specimen only consists of the hollow impression of the exterior of a portion of the outer whorl, but it shows the shape of the whorl, the slit-band, and transverse and spiral striz. The Mulloch specimen (pl.i 1, fig. 25) is a nearly complete shell, but is much crushed and distorted; it shows a rather different ornament and a very narrow slit-band poorly preserved, and the shell seems to have been more globose with a broader and less arched dorsum ; it was not collected from the Mulloch Hill Group (Llandovery) judging from the character TETRANOTA CARRICKENSIS. 4] of the rock, but probably was obtained from the Drummuck Group (Up. Bala). The Allt yr Anker specimen (a/163*) recorded also by Salter in his ‘Catalogue,’ is completely distinct from the Llanrwst shell and has been described on p. 35 of this memoir as an undefined species of Bucania. As here stated, McCoy’s definition of the species is made up from the com- bined characters of the three specimens, and is consequently not applicable strictly to any one; the species, therefore, rests on an insecure foundation, though probably the Mulloch Hill as well as the Llanrwst specimen is referable to the genus Kokenospira. The Llanrwst specimen has a rather narrow, strongly-arched dorsum, and the shell could not have been globose as McCoy describes it, the section of the outer whorl being apparently parabolic; the slit-band is of moderate width, well defined by raised edges, between which it is sunken; the revolving lines are strong, equidistant, and few in number, four or five lying on each side of the slit-band on the dorsum, and between these lines are very delicate revolving strie ; the transverse striz are as strong or rather stronger than the revolving lines, are nearly equidistant, and lhe about the same distance apart as the latter, but are rather less regularly placed, and curve back to meet the slit-band at about 45°. Genus TETRANOTA, Ulrich and Scofield. Generic Characters.—Shell thin, involute; whorls transverse, dorso-ventrally compressed ; umbilicus open, large ; aperture moderately expanded, chiefly laterally, transverse, wider than high; inner lip without callosity ; dorsal sinus more or less deep with a short central slit. Slit-band wide, elevated, bordered on each side by a more or less raised edge; about midway between it and the narrowly rounded or angular umbilical edges there is a marked lateral ridge on each side, occasionally dying out near aperture. Surface-ornamentation composed of rather delicate sublamellose regular transverse lines of growth, often crossed at right angles by another set of minute lines. No representative of this genus seems to have been previously described from British strata. It was originally described from America by Ulrich and Scofield,! with Bucania bidorsata, Hall, from the Trenton Formation, as its type-species. The error made by Koken in connecting generically several established Huropean Silurian and Devonian species with this American shell has been pointed out by Ulrich and Scofield (op. cit.). 1. Tetranota carrickensis, sp. nov. Plate VIII, figs. 5—11. Specific Characters.—Shell subglobose, composed of 4—5 broad convex whorls, scarcely overlapping. Umbilicus deep, exposing all the whorls, more 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., pp. 849, 875—877. 6 4.2 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. than one-third the diameter of the shell. Outer whorl large, gradually increasing in size and more rapidly in width than height towards mouth, becoming twice as broad as high; umbilical edges acute or subangular, becoming rounded or obtuse near mouth and in old shells; umbilical slopes steep, high; dorsum strongly arched, convex, becoming lower and flattened towards mouth; centre of dorsum raised into a low, broad, rounded, gently elevated revolving ridge carrying slit-band ; a narrow, sharp, revolving lateral keel is situated on each side at about three-fifths the distance between the sht-band and the umbilical edge, becoming obtuse or nearly obsolete near mouth; interspaces between central ridge, keels and umbilical edges more or less concave. Slit-band well-marked, gently concave, with sharply raised edges and crossed by strong equidistant regular lunule. Mouth transverse, very slightly expanded at sides, with short broad median sht and gently rounded apertural lobes. Surface of shell crossed by regular closely-placed, strong, arched transverse minutely granulated thread-like limes, bending back to meet. slit-band at about 30°. Dimensions.—Height of shell, 13°0 mm; width of mouth, 15°0 mm, Hovizon.—Lower Ordovician : Balclatchie Group. Localities—Balelatehie and Ardmillan, Girvan. Remarks.—Vhe affinities of this species with Tetranota sexcarinata, Ulr. & Scof.,'are close. The ornamentation in our species is rather finer, and the dorsum is more arched, except towards the mouth. Apparently this is the form which has been frequently entered as “ Bellerophon trilobatus, Sowerby,” in lists of Girvan fossils. The type specimens are in Mrs. Gray’s Collection. 2. Tetranota carrickensis, var. craigensis, nov. Plate VIII, figs. 12, 13. Varietal Characters.—The only difference between the Craighead and Ardmillan specimens of 1’. carrickensis seems to lie in the position of the lateral keels, which in the Craighead form are placed rather nearer the slit-band, being about half-way between it and the umbilical edges. But none of the Craighead specimens in Mrs. Gray’s Collection are well preserved or perfect. It is, however, possible that this form is a distinct species. Horizon.—Lower Ordovician: Stinchar Limestone Group. Locality.—Craighead, near Girvan. 3. Tetranota carrickensis, var. etheridgei, nov. Plate VIII, figs. 14, 15. Varietal Characters.—Slit-band narrower than in 7’. carrickensis, and surface of shell with the transverse lines crossed by finer ones, causing a minute cancellation of the surface. 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 878, pl. Ixv, figs. 3—9. TETRANOTA HIPPOPUS. 43 Dimensions.— I IT (No. 593 Roy. Scott. Mus.) (Young) Height of shell : 5 5 19-0 mm. d 8:0 mm. Width of whorl at mouth . ISAO? & : Tee oh Horizon.—Upper Ordovician: Drummuck Group. Locality.—Thraive Glen, Girvan. Remarks.—The specimens are poor, two of the three in the Geological Survey Collection at Edinburgh being in the condition of internal casts of old shells, the third specimen having part of the shell preserved. The single example in Mrs. Gray’s Collection is a young individual and accordingly has the lateral revolving keels sharper, whereas in the older individuals they are almost obsolete. The cancellation of the surface recalls 7’. bidorsata (Hall).' The co-types are in the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh. 4. Tetranota hippopus (Salter). Plate VIII. fig. 16. 1866. Bellerophon hippopus, Salter, Mem. Geol. Surv., vol. iii, p. 350, pl. is, fig. 2; ibid., 2nd elit. (1881), p. 557. Specific Characters.—Shell subglobose, composed of low transverse whorls much wider than high, with broad flattened dorsum divided into a gently raised median portion bearing broad slit-band, and outer low, rounded convex lateral portions separated from the median elevation by broad, shallow, revolving depressions. Umbilicus large, open?; umbilical edges sharp or subangular. Slit-band with faintly raised edges, and crossed by strong equidistant lunule. Mouth with deep U-shaped dorsal sinus and strongly arched lateral lobes. Surface of dorsum ornamented with strong transverse, sublamellose, equidistant lines arching back sharply to meet the slit-band at 20°—30°, with 2—3 finer lines between them. Hovrizon.—Arenig Series. Locality.—Ritton Castle, west of the Stiper Stones, Shropshire. Remarks.—A fuller diagnosis than the above is not possible owing to the lack of perfect specimens. Salter’s figure (op. cit.) gave a fair idea of the general characters, but did not sufficiently emphasise the lobation of the dorsum. The description which he gave of the species was as follows: “B. latissimus, uncialis, striatus, vix costatus, anfractu ultimo maxime dilatato, stris imequalibus conspicuis. Carina lata prominens. Apertura paullulum contracta. © Umbilicus profundus.” In addition he makes the followmg remarks: ‘ Broad-involute, the outer whorl very wide, and rather depressed on the back with something of a furrow on each side of the broad band, which is rather prominent and well-defined in allages. Striz arched backward, every third or fourth one stronger than the 1 Ulrich and Scofield, op. cit., p. 877, pl. Ixv, fig. 16 dh ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. rest but not producing prominent ridges as in B. arfonensis; nor do they form conspicuous ridges on the band as in that species. Umbilicus open, broad, deep.” The only two specimens (nos. 28008, 28009) of this species are in the Jermyn Street Museum and correspond to Salter’s figures; but they are fragmentary, the larger specimen (28009) showing the dorsum of the terminal portion of the outer whorl with the surface ornament, slit-band, dorsal sinus, and part of the lip. The other specimen is a less perfect but larger portion of a smaller shell. This species appears to belong to the genus T'etranota as defined by Ulrich and Scofield, and it seems to be the only English species so far discovered. Its nearest ally appears to be 7. obsoleta, Ulr. & Scof.,! which occurs in several Ordovician beds in Minnesota. Genus CONRADELLA, Ulrich and Scofield. Generic Characters.—Shell coiled symmetrically ; whorls in contact but scarcely overlapping, enlarging gradually, strongly keeled dorsally. Umbuilicus open. Aperture oval or subcordiform, widest in middle or below, entire, with margins abruptly expanded and inner lip reflexed, without dorsal sinus or callosities, but having long narrow median dorsal slit with raised edges extending about half the length of outer whorl and followed by elevated slit-band. Surface of shell ornamented with imbricating transverse lamelle, having their edges often plicated so as to form revolving ridges; fine transverse growth-lines generally present. The type of this genus is C. obliqua, Ulrich and Scofield,’ from the Black River Group. Koken, ‘Gastrop. Balt. Untersilurs’ (1897), p. 129, rw 3 48 ORDOVICIAN AND SILURIAN BELLEROPHONTACEA. sented by the Trenton species Cyrtolites nitidulus, Ulrich,’ and Bassler in 1915 (op. cit., p. 368) has adopted their views. If their generic name has therefore any independent right to stand, the latter species must be its type. 1. Temnodiscus fletcheri, sp. nov. Plate IX, fig. 6. Specific Characters.—Shell lenticular, much compressed, acutely carinated ; com- posed of few (2—3) whorls in contact but not overlapping, rapidly increasing in size but more in height than width, lanceolate in cross-section; sides of outer whorl very gently convex (? becoming flattened towards mouth), meeting at very acute angle (15°—20°) in carina. [Slit-band very narrow.| Umbilicus open, shallow, about one-third or one-fourth the maximum diameter of the shell, with centre situated at about one-third its height; umbilical edges subangular ; umbilical slopes very short, vertical. Surface of whorls ornamented with regular, equi- distant, narrow, transverse sublamellose ribs, nearly straight on sides but curving back and becoming weaker and closer near carina, which they meet at 30°—45° but do not cross; edges of ribs fimbriated ; interspaces slightly concave, crossed by regular, equidistant, raised spiral lines, alternating in successive interspaces and bearing closely-placed small granules; near apertural margins the transverse ribs and spiral lines become finer, less regular and more closely placed. Dimensions.—Height of shell about 14 mm.; height of mouth about 9 mm. Horizon.—Wenlock Shale. Locality.—Dudley. Only the one specimen [27995] in the Jermyn Street Museum is Remarks. known to me, but it exhibits such marked characters as to merit a distinct specific name. The mouth is not preserved, nor the slit-band. In shape, but not precisely in ornamentation, the shell resembles 7. pharetra (Lindstrém)’ from the Silurian of Gotland. The ornament, however, is more like that of some American Ordovician species of Conradella. 2. Temnodiscus monilifer, sp. nov. Plate IX, fig. 7. Specific Characters—Shell high, narrow, compressed, sharply angulated on dorsum, cornuate, composed of 1—1} free curved whorls with the umbilicus open and perforated. Whorl very rapidly increasing in size to mouth, lanceolate in cross-section, with gently convex sides meeting at an acute angle on the dorsum. Mouth oblique, about 15 times as high as wide. Shit-band flattened, becoming narrower and completely (?) closed to form an acute keel in proximal part of shell. Sides of whorl crossed by regular equidistant thick lamellae, gently arched 1 Ulrich, ‘Journ. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist.,’ vol. 11 (1897), p. 12, * Lindstrém, op. cit., p. 83, pl. vi, figs. 39—51. Fig. led oes Oe ie Sinuites anceps (Salter MS.). Side view. x 14. Middle Bala, Hor- derley. Mus. Pract. Geol. [28025]. Dorsal view. xX 13. 106. Front view. x 1. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. x 13. Same horizon and locality. Mus. Pract. Geol. [28027]. Dorsal view. x 14. Ditto. Internal cast. Dorsal view. x 13. Bala Series, Soudley Quarry. Sedgwick Mus. Sinuites balelatchiensis, sp. nov. Internal cast with portion of shell pre- served. Side view. X 13. Balclatchie Group, Balclatchie. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. . Front view. xX 14. Ditto. Side view of internal cast, showing transverse groove. x 1}. Same horizon, locality and collection. Sinus view. xX 14. Ditto. Dorsal view. x 13. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Restored outline of sinus view. x 14. Sinuites bilobatus (Sow.). Side view of type. Nat. size. Middle Bala, Horderley. Mus. Pract. Geol. | 6850]. Sinus view. Nat. size. 8b. Front view. Nat. size. Sinwites discoides, sp. nov. Internal cast. Side view. xX 2. Balclatchie Group, Ardmillan. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Dorsal view. xX 2. 9b. Ornament. x 20. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. x 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto ?. Internal cast. Side view. x 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. Dorsal view. x 2. Sinuites elongatus (Portl.). Internal cast. Side view of supposed type. x 14. Bala Series, Tyrone. Mus. Pract. Geol. [27990]. . Sinus view. x Il. Ditto. Side view, showing ornament. X 13. Same horizon, locality and collection [27991 ]. Portion of ornament. x 10. Ditto ?. Internal cast. Side view. x 14. Starfish Bed, Thraive Glen, Girvan. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Pace 5. eo) 10. PALA ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY 1916 Reed, Bellerophontacea. SINUITES. T ABrock, del London Stereoscopic Co. imp — ~ A _ nh _> Ox . SJ a. lie. IN 1S: 18a. 19. 19 a. PEAT sie Sinuites maccallumi, sp. nov. Internal cast. Side view. x 14. Bal- clatchie Group, Ardmillan. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Dorsal view. x 14. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. xX 13. Same horizon, locality and collection. . Sinus view. x 14. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. x 13. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Simus view. X 13. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto ?. Internal cast. Side view. x 23. Same horizon, locality and collection. Sinuites pseudocompressus, sp. nov. Internal cast. Side view. x IH. Middle Bala. Long Lane Quarry, Craven Arms. Sedgwick Mus. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. x 1}. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Sinus view. > 14. Same horizon, Horderley. Sedgwick Mus. Stnuites pusgillensis, sp. nov. Internal cast. Side view. x 13. Corona Beds, Pusgill. British Mus. (G. 22064). Dorsal view. x 14. 9b. Front view. x 14. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. xX 14. Same horizon and locality. Sedgewick Mus. Ditto. Internal cast. Sinus view. x 1}. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Front view. Xx 14. Same horizon, locality and collection. Sinuites semirugosus (Salter MS.). Dorsal view. x 13. Bala Series, Tyn y twyl. Mus. Pract. Geol. [28039]. Ditto. Side view. ™X 2. Same horizon, locality and collection [| 28040]. Ditto. Simus view. xX 2. Bala Series, Vyrnwy Dam. Sedgwick Mus. Portion of ornament. x 10. Ditto. Internal cast. Three-quarter front view. x 14. Bala Series, Tyn y twyl. Mus. Pract. Geol. [28041]. Ditto. Restored outline of front view. Sinuites soudleyensis, sp. nov. Internal cast. Side view, with portion of shell showing ornament. Nat. size. Bala Series, Horderley. Mus. Pract. Geol. [28026]. Front view. Nat. size. 186. Sinus view. Nat. size. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. x 14. Bala Series, Soudley. Sedgwick Mus. Dorsal view. xX 1d. Paae. 10. 10. 10. 10. 10. ie ale ise 15. Tet 13. Is: PALA ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 Reed, Bellerophont ACEA. Ni sane Ap Nlice) T A Brock, del PLATE i Sa esta el London Mtereoscopic Co imp = 4 =e Fia. 10. Me Milian 9 Tr 2a: 15. layer 14. 1lAa. 15. PEAT he oie Sinuites soudleyensis, sp. nov. Internal cast. Simus view. xX 14. Bala Series, Soudley. Sedgwick Mus. Ditto. Internal cast of young shell, front view. x 14. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Ornament of second layer of shell. x 5. Bala Series, Hor- derley. Mus. Pract. Geol. [28028]. Sinuites subrectangularis, sp. nov. Internal cast. Side view. xX 14. Drummuck Group, Thraive Glen, Girvan. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Inferior view. x 14. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view (compressed shell). x 14. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Sinus view. X ld. Ditto. Dorsal view, showing ornament on shell. x 12. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Globose form. Sinus view. x 1 Same oe horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Narrow form. Sinus view. X I+. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Narrow form. Dorsal view. Nat. size. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Narrow form. Side view. Nat. size. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Side view of specimen with shell preserved. x 13. Drummuck Group, Girvan. Geol. Surv. Mus. Edinb. [M. 2888 B. | Dorsal view. 11). Inferior view. 11¢. Ornament on dorsal edge. x 5. Sinuites ? separatus, sp. nov. Internal cast. Side view. x 1}. Bal- clatchie Group, Balelatchie. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Dorsal view. xX lt. Sinuites spheroidalis, sp. nov. Internal cast with portion of shell preserved. X 2. Balclatchie Group, Balclatchie. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Ornament. x 10. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. x 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. Dorsal view. X 2. Sinuitopsis congruens, sp. nov. Side view. xX 2. Balclatchie Group, Balclatchie. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. 15a. Sinus view. x 2. 150. Front view. PaaeE. 15. 14. 14. 14. 14. 14. 14. 15. LGe 18. PALA ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 Reed, Bellerophontacea. PLATE ll 1-4 SINULTES. IS SINUITOP SIS. T. A Brock, del London Stereoscopic Co imp = Aa. 10a heli: 12. NYO. 13. 14. 14a. 15. ana PLATE IV. PAGE. Oxydiscus acutus (Sow.). Internal cast. Side view of type. x 2. Bala Series, Horderley. Mus. Pract. Geol. [6916]. 19. Dorsal view. << 2s Wlb= “hront yaews oc 2: Ditto. Side view of specimen with shell preserved showing ornament. x 2. Bala Series, Onny River. Mus. Pract. Geol. [28024]. ils). Restored dorsal view. xX 2. Oxvydiscus bougangensis, sp. nov. Side view. x 14. Stinchar Limestone, Bougang. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. 20. Restored dorsal view. xX 14. Oxydiscus huntert, sp. nov. Side view of specimen with shell preserved. x 14. Balclatchie Group, Balclatchie. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. 20. Dorsal view. xX 1}. 4b. Ornament. x 10. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. XX 14. Same horizon, locality and collection. 20. Ditto. Ditto. x 13. Same horizon, locality and collection. 20. Ditto. Simus view. X 13. Same horizon, locality and collection. 20. Ditto. Side view. X 13. Same horizon, locality and collection. 20. ; Dorsal view. — 3. Same horizon, locality and collection. Tsospira huttoni, sp. nov. Side view. X 25. Whitehouse Group, Shal- loch Mill. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Dorsal view. xX 24. 1106. Inferior view. x 24. llc. Ornament. x 8. Bucaniella trilobata (Sow.). Dorsal view of internal cast. x 2. Wen- lock Series, Dudley. Sedgwick Mus. PAGE. 20. 25. 28. PALA ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 mMeed, Bellcrophontacea. PLATE V [sO CYRTOLITES. IL ISOSPIRA. L242 BUCANTIE LLA- T.A Brock, del London S Stereascopice Co imp > pA Vole Pia. 1. Bucaniella trilobata (Sow.). Internal cast. Dorsal view. x 14. Wenlock Series, Dudley. Sedgwick Mus. [a/870]. 2. Ditto? Internal cast. Dorsal view. x 38. Upper Ludlow (Kirkby Moor Flags), Benson Knot, Kendal. Sedgwick Mus. 3. Ditto. Ditto. Side view. xX 3. Same horizon, locality and collection. 4. Bucaiiella quadrisulcata, sp. nov. Internal cast. Dorsal view. x 4. Llandovery Series, The Frolic, Haverfordwest. Sedgwick Mus. 5. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. x 5. Same horizon, locality and collection. 6. Bucania evoluta, sp. nov. Internal cast with portion of shell preserved. Side view. x 2. Balclatchie Group, Balclatchie. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. 6a. Ditto. Ornament. x 6. 6b. Inferior view. xX 2. 6c. Dorsal view. x 2. 7. Bucania gravida, sp. nov. Internal cast with portion of shell preserved. Side view. X 2. Stinchar Limestone, Craighead. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. 7a. Dorsal view. x 2. 7b. Ornament. x 4. 8. Ditto. Sinus view (shell preserved on left side). x 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. 9. Ditto. Small specimen. Side view. X 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. 9a. Dorsal view. X 2. 10. Bucania playfairi, sp. nov. Internal cast with portion of shell preserved. Side view. xX 2. Whitehouse Group, Shalloch Mill. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. 10a. Dorsal view. x 2. 100. Inferior view. 2. 11. Bucania ef. punctifrons (Hmmons). Internal cast (distorted). Dorsal view. x 23. Stinchar Limestone, Craighead. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. lla. Ornament. xX 6. ; 12. Kokenospira credibilis, sp. nov. Dorsal view. xX 4. Llandovery Series, Gas Works, Haverfordwest. Sedgewick Mus. 13. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. x 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. 13a. Dorsal view. x 2. 14. Ditto. Internal cast. Inferior view. xX 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. 15. Kokenospwra euphemoides, sp. noy. Side view. X 2. Camregan Group, Cuddystone Glen, Girvan. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. 15a. Dorsal view. X 2. 16. Kokenospira lingualis (Salter). Group of three shells. x 2. Bala Series, Onny River. Mus. Pract. Geol. [28006]. 30, Ole Sl. ol. Ol. 32. 32. o4. o4. PALZ ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,I9S!18 Pecd,Bellerophontacea. PLATE VI Wee mero 1-8, BUCANIE LEA. 6-11. BUCANIA. l2-16 KOKENOSPIRA. TA Brock, del London Stereascopic Co imp \ Fig. 12. 1, a. RGAE Vile Kokenospira linguahs (Salter). Side view of one of Salter’s original specimens. xX 24. Bala Series, Onny River. Mus. Pract. Geol. 28007 |. Dorsal view. xX 24. 1b. Inferior view. X 23. Kokenospira latidorsata, sp. nov. Internal cast. Side view. X 1}. Bala Series, Cardington, Shropshire. British Mus. [G. 20706]. Dorsal view. X14. 206. Front view. x 14. Kokenospira lingualis var. girvanensis, nov. Dorsal view. xX 2. Drum- muck Group, Thraive Glen. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. (Figd. Etheridge, op. cit., 1877.) Ornament. x 4. Ditto. Side view of specimen with part of shell preserved. x 13. Same horizon, locality and collection. Sinus view. X 4 Ditto. Dorsal view. x 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Side view. xX 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Dorsal view. x 23. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Inferior view. X 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. Kokenospira maceullochi, sp.nov. Sideview. xX 2. Balclatchie Group, Balclatchie. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Inferior view. xX 2. 906. Dorsal view. x 2. Ditto. Side view. xX 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Side view. X 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Ditto. xX 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. Inferior view. X 2. 126. Sinusview. xX 2. PaGen. 35. ou) Ox 37. 38. PALZ ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 Reed, Bellerophontacea. 'Sidnace AE Ney KOKENOSPIRA. 5 a = London Stereaseopic Co. imp T A Brock, del PA hie Vane Kokenospira mullochensis, sp. nov. Internal cast. Side view. X 14. Mulloch Hill Group, Mulloch Hill. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. . Front view. x 14. Ditto. Ornament. xX 6. Same horizon, locality and collection. Kokenospira nicholsoni, sp. noy. Internal cast. Side view. x 2. Stinchar Limestone, Craighead. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. . Dorsal view. xX 2. 30. Inferior view. Kokenospira subdecussata (McCoy). Dorsal view of squeeze from original specimen. X 4. Denbighshire Flags, Llanrwst. Sedgwick Mus. (a/612). Tetranota carrickensis, sp. nov. Dorsal view of crushed specimen with shell preserved. x 23. LBalclatchie Group, Ardmillan. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Ditto. Ditto. x 4. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Simus view. X 23. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Ditto. % 23. Same horizon, locality and collection. Ditto. Internal cast. Dorsal view. xX 2. Same horizon, locality and collection. . Front view. x 2. 9b. Side view. xX 2. Ditto. Internal cast of young shell. Dorsal view. x 3. Balclatchie Conglomerate. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. Ditto. Outline restoration of front view. Tetranota carrickensis var. craigensis, nov. Internal cast. Dorsal view. x 24. Stinchar Limestone, Craighead. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. . Side view. x 234. Ditto. Internal cast. Dorsal view. x 23. Same horizon, locality and collection. Tetranota carrickensis var. etheridget, nov. Side view. X 2. Drummuck Group, Thraive Glen. Mrs. Gray’s Coll. . Sinus view. xX 2. 140. Inferior view. x 2. 14c¢. Ornament. x 10. Ditto ? Internal cast of old shell. Dorsal view. x 14. Drummuck Group, Thraive Glen. Roy. Scottish Mus. (No. 593). . Front view. xX 14. 150. Side view. x 12. Tetranota hippopus (Salter). Sinus view of one of Salter’s original specimens. xX 14. Arenig Series, Ritton Castle. Mus. Pract. Geol. [28009]. 4.0. 43. PALA ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, 1918 PLATE Vil ceed, Bellerophon tacea. 30 L Leg ee | et while (de iP S16 TE TRANOTA. »KOKENOSPIRA. = TA Brock, del v 5 a f e - S i ’ t a = i ' i] i H Y i i ; - i i 4 ' } 1 tbe 5 q a ing i ’ * ‘ : o ie i 4 ’ = = : , ’ : sf ‘ a ; : t i ; ‘ f : F al i \ a 1 = fg is c ) dl - ' ‘ 7 . ——— . > . a Mf 6 i : . le 4 i i ; U - 1 t | : i Zolteg 1 a) a) ‘ j : ; if . 1 ‘ x : ; ' : a “ y : i al ‘ : 1 u 1 ¢ fo : - ; rf : 1 i , a ‘ : | 7 i 1 ¢ y . te , ’ : ‘ ray = ‘ 4 \ a i = i ‘ i Fi ‘ \ z é = ¢ P P as ad ¥ id i < = i i :. : : ‘ : ey ' a = i 4 = i j I : . "he i ba 1 ; ] :! = jh : ‘ ¥ - 1 nf 7 ie I i iV ‘ ' i 4 x 5 ‘4 t i J y : . ‘i ) ) . \ = i y j ; ; ve ' ; 1 : 7 ' “ : = 4 ‘ r ' \ 7 i] uf L 4 . by i - \ ari “7 ‘ : i ; * . v & a - * ( = i 1 “ “ -) i) ‘ a) ! 1} = e y , - I 1 i F ‘ a ; ; 4 A 1 f f ? , ‘ = i i : i ‘iy 5 ee 2 ; : = bs 5 ; 4 v - a i : a ; A : o = 7 ‘ 1 = ih, ham ; 5 a : i ‘ i re , — - J t i ih: 7 we : i ‘ = 7 . { ; : 7 t f s . ; » { : 7 Be s ; er ue 1 ‘ : : : a f : P h ey i i : ‘ aa I eV, I p i : 2 om eo a ; i 1 AF F s* = - 7 a | | fs we Tt ri ae oY ¢ * Ne ' / ‘ ‘\ ( Aj s i % ot a } oe uy ; : 1 - t 7 Tes ‘ a twa ev t s4 \ a: ‘ ‘ . 4 Ne > : = oat [ i f ll a * if i i iS r * * | . 1 4