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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Vie a Varn.

FIRST MEMOIR.

ON THE BOMBYCINE MOTHS.

SS.

LIBRARY OF

R. D. LACOE.

For the Promotion of Research in

PALEOBOTANY and PALEOZOOLOGY

RETURN TO

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION

WASHINGTON, D. C.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

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FIRST MEMOIR.

ON THE BOMBYCINE MOTHS.

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BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO,

INCLUDING

THEIR TRANSFORMATIONS AND ORIGIN OF THE LARVAL
MARKINGS AND ARMATURE,

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Family 1—NOTODONTIDA-.

BY

ALPHEUS S. PACKARD.

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THE BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.

CLONER ENE IS:

I. Introduction. | VI. Geographical Distribution of the American Noto-
II. Hints on the mode of Evolution of the Bristles, | dontide.
Spines, and Tubercles of Notodontian and other | VII. Phylogeny of the Lepidoptera.
Caterpillars. VIII. Attempt at anew Classification of the Lepidoptera.
TI. On Certain Points in the external Anatomy of Bom- IX. A rational Nomenclature of the Veins of the Wings
bycine Larvie. of Insects, especially the Lepidoptera.
TV. On the Incongruence between the Larval and Adult X. Systematic Revision of the Notodontid, with spec-
Characters of Notodontians. ial Reference to their Transformations.

V. Inheritance of Characters acquired during the Life-
time of. Lepidopterous Larvie.

I.—INTRODUCTION.

For some years past the writer has been collec ing materials for a genera: account, systematic
and developmental, of our North American Bombycine moths. The leading object or motif of
the essay has been to collect materials for working out the origin of the larval forms of the higher
Lepidoptera.

The attempt has been made, so far as material and opportunity have allowed, to describe in
as detailed a way as possible the transformations of our Bombycine moths, in the light of the
recent very suggestive and stimulating work of Weismann, entitled Studies in the Theories of
Descent (1882). Until within a few years the majority of descriptions of caterpillars have been
prepared simply for the purpose of identification, or for taxonomical uses, and without reference
to the philosophic or general zoological significance of these changes. The transformations of
some of the European Sphingid have been very carefully worked out by Weismann, and also by
Poulton, but it is believed that the life histories of the lower, more generalized families usually
referred to the Bombyces, especially of the Notodontid, Ceratocampide, Saturniide, Hemileu-
cide, Cochliopodide, and Lasiocampide, will bring out still more striking and valuable results,
inasmuch as they, or forms near them now extinct, are believed to be closely similar to the stem
forms from which many of the higher Lepidoptera have probably been evolved.

The aim therefore in such studies should be—

1. To treat the larve as though they were adult, independent animals, and to work out their
specific and generic as well as family characters.

2. To trace the origin of mimetic and protective characters, and to ascertain the time of larval
life when they are assumed, involving—

3. The history of the development of the more specialized set (hairs), spines, tubercles, lines,
spots, and other markings.!

! Besides the work of Weismann, compare also the suggestive papers of E. B. Poulton, in Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London, 1884-1888, and my papers: Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,
xxiv-v, 1890-91.

7

8 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

4, To obtain facts regarding the ontogeny of our native species and genera which, when added
to what we know of the life histories of European, Asiatic, and South American Bombyces, may
lead to at least a partial comprehension of the phylogeny of the higher Lepidoptera, viz, those
above the so-called Microlepidoptera.

The transformations of the Bombycine moths are especially noteworthy and useful for the
purposes we have indicated, since the group is rich in stem forms, because of its probable
geological antiquity, and because of the remarkable and significant differences presented by the
larvie of many of the groups in the numerous successive stages of their larval life, these stages
being characterized by distinctive and highly modified shapes, colors, markings, and armatures.
These peculiarities, signalizing nearly each stage, were, we believe, evolved in direct response
to the changes in their environment, in their mode of life, or to changes in their food plants,
and the necessity of being protected through unconscious mimicry from the assaults of insects and
reptilian and avian enemies.

The transformations also afford the clearest possible evidence of the action of what Darwin
calls ‘inheritance at corresponding periods of life,” and which Hieckel has tersely designated as
“ homochronic heredity.”

This fact, moreover, of inheritance at corresponding periods of life throws light on the
problem so much under discussion at the present day of the transmission of characters acquired
at different epochs during the life of the individual. We have devoted a section to a discussion
of this question, or rather to a review of some of the facts which strongly suggest the truth of
this principle.

The characters, so unexpected and striking, as for those worked out in Heterocampa biundata,
H, guttivitta, and obliqua, for example, as well as numerous other of the Notodontians and allied
families, are plainly enough useless to the insect in the pupa or imago condition, and have evidently
been inherited as the result of impressions or stimuli received from without at different periods in
the life of the caterpillar alone.

Such cases occur in many other Arthropods, especially in the barnacles, and in the Decapoda,
as well as in the parasitic worms, but the causes can nearly as well be investigated in these insects,
which are so accessible.

Another series of problems is opened up by a study of the mouth-parts of the Bombyces and
of their venation, which disclose facts intimately bearing on the genealogy of the Lepidoptera.

In no other Lepidoptera has the agency of use and disuse, particularly the latter, been more
marked. While the mandibles are present in certain of the Tineina and Pyralidina, they have
totally disappeared from the so-called Macrolepidoptera, or higher and less generalized and primi-
tive groups. In the Bombyces, particularly the Saturnians, the maxill, owing to disuse, have
undergone great reduction, with complete loss of their original function. In another direction,
i, e., in the veins of the wings, there has been a reduction in their number, and this is correlated
with their loss of power of taking food, the great but weak wings of these colossal moths being of
no use in seeking for food, which they do not need; as, unlike the swift visitors of flowers, the
butterflies, Sphinges, and Noctuids, they are too feeble of flight to sip the nectar of flowers, or
too short lived to need any nourishment.

The geographical distribution of the Bombyces also tends to confirm the view that they are
an ancient and generalized group, and to this subject we have given special attention.

In the systematic portion of the work I have endeavored to arrange the families, genera, and
even the species, in accordance with the probable phylogeny of the group. I have begun my
account of the entire superfamily with what I regard as the most primitive family. The seven
subfamilies of Notodontians easily fall into this arrangement; it is not difficult to perceive that
the Gluphisiin and Datanin are the most generalized, and that the Cerurin are the most spee-
ialized, whether we study the larve or imagines, though much the clearest light of course is thrown
upon the subject by thelarve. It is less easy to indicate the true succession of the genera, though
the way is made very plain in the subfamily of Heterocampinie.

The proper sequence of the species in a large genus is always difficult to make out. It is
obvious, however, that the old, unphilosophic method of designating such and such a species as the
type of a genus, and then arranging all the others under it, is a thoughtless procedure. Usually

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 9

the type species is the most modified, that most unlike its congeners, unless, as is often the case, it
happens to have been the first one of its genus to have been discovered and described.

We have thought it better and more philosophical to begin with that species whose larva is
the most simple and generalized, and then arrange in their natural order those whose larve are
more and more specialized or modified, as regards the number and variety of their markings, or
the complexity of their armature. In the genus Ichthyura, for example, the larva of I. apicalis
(vau) is the most simple and generalized, not having the high tubercles and bright varied mark-
ines of J. inclusa and albosigma. I have therefore supposed this to have been the first species to
have evolved, and this decision is supported by the wide distribution of the species and the rather
large number of varieties and subvarieties into which the form has been broken up.

Tn the ease of the imago, that species which has plain wings without complicated bars and
spots is more primitive than those with more complex markings.

This course may at times lead to error and uncertainty, and involve more or less hypothesis
or guesswork, but the simple attempt will lead to a more careful scrutiny of the larval character-
istics, and to a profounder, more thorough, and better knowledge of the biology of the genus, and
that of course is the aim in such work. Of course the systematic part of this or any other work
of the sort is a necessary preliminary to all other higher endeavors to a complete history of the
eroup from a morphological and biological point of view.

On this account it is, we think, a great pity that some of the compilers of our check lists of
Lepidoptera and other insects, and of our zoological text-books and other works of the sort, still
persist to cater to the tastes, rather than true needs, of amateurs and collectors by beginning at
the wrong end, i. e., with the “highest” forms rather than with the “lower” or more primitive.
Such lists and works would have a far higher educational value and Jead to much better mental
training if such compilers could have had some knowledge of the immense impetus given to the
science and the new way of dealing with systematic zoology which has resulted from the labors
of Darwin, Fritz Miiller, Weismann, and others.

In describing caterpillars, particularly those of the Bombyces, I have been particular to dis-
tinguish between the three thoracic and the ten abdominal segments, because the former usually
differ from the abdominal segments in the number, arrangement, and relative size of the tubercles,
warts, and other markings. The warts or tubercles also are grouped into dorsal, subdorsal,
and supraspiracular rows (though this latter may in some cases be the subdorsal row), and an
infraspiracular row or series.

Tn order to obtain further material to finish and to perfect this monograph of the Bombyces,
the author would like to obtain from collectors and students in all parts of the country, especially
in the Sonthern, Western, and Pacific States, the egg, larve, or moths, in order to fill up gaps, as
well as to afford material for illustration.

Should anyone rear any of these Bombyces, with a view to publication, I should be greatly
obliged for alcoholic specimens of the eggs and different larval stages, which might be sent after
such deseriptions were published.' Such specimens would be carefully kept and returned. It will
only be by such cooperation that we shall arrive at a fair knowledge of the transformations of
this extensive group.

This monograph could not have been prepared without generous aid from friends and cor-
respondents, as well as from those in charge of the several museums mentioned below, whose
hearty cooperation I now acknowledge.

Iam specially indebted to Prof. C. V. Riley for the opportunity of freely examining from time
to time his extensive collections, so rich in preserved laryze, both blown and alcoholic, the result
of yearsof labor while residing in Mlinois, St. Louis, and in Washington, D.C. After presenting
them to the United States National Museum, he has continued to allow me to examine the Bom-
byces, and loaned me specimens of laryie as well as moths for study and illustration. He has also
permitted the use of numerous colored sketches, made by himself or his assistants under his

1 It is earnestly hoped that anyone receiving this memoir will kindly reciprocate by sending the eggs and larve
of any Bombycine moths not herein described, packed in tin boxes, to the author, at Providence, R. I., or during
July and August, at Brunswick, Me. We still lack the eggs and young larve of Ellida, Lophodonta, Drymonia,
and Notodonta.

10 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

direction, and has generously turned over to me all his notes on transformations, geographical
distribution, etc., his contributions very much enhancing the value of this work.

I am also indebted to the authorities of the American Museum of Natural History, New York,
for the opportunity of examining the types of the late Mr. Henry Edwards, and a few types of
Mr. Grote. Other material and types in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge,
Mass., of the Boston Society of Natural History, particularly the Harris collection, and the
collection of the American Entomological Society Philadelphia, have been examined, and to
the authorities in charge I am specially indebted. I should also acknowledge the frequent aid
rendered by Mr. Henry Edwards before his death, and the labors of those who have in former
years done much pioneer work in collecting and describing the Bombyces, especially of my friend,
Mr. Aug. R. Grote, now of Bremen, Germany.

Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson, of New York, has generously given me valuable material, and
given me free access to her collection, and in this and other ways laid me under special obligations.

Mr. H. G. Dyar and Mr. B. Neumogen have freely shown me their important collections,
and generously loaned specimens for illustration and study. Mr, Dyar has in a number of ways
rendered most efficient aid, and has my hearty thanks. We have together made a number of
comparisons, and thus arrived at results which otherwise would have been less certain.

Dr. J. A. Lintner, State Entomologist of New York, has opened his collection to me, and loaned
me several cored drawings of larvee.

From Rey. E. D. Hulst, of Brooklyn, I have received by exchange many specimens.

Dr. R. Thaxter has permitted me to examine his very valuable collection of larve, now in
the Cambridge Museum, and Professor French, of Carbondale, Il, has also kindly helped me. I
am much indebted to Miss Emily L. Morton, of Newburg, N. Y., for eggs, Jarve, and the use of
several colored drawings of Datana larvie, etc., and for notes on their habits. To Miss Caroline
BE. Soule also I am under obligations for a fine colored sketch of Nerice bidentata.

I am also indebted to the following entomologists who have aided ine with larvae, eggs, moths,
local lists, ete.: Mr. O. S. Westcott, Chicago, Ill.; Mr. Tallant, Columbus, Ohio; Mr. Graef,
Brooklyn, N. Y.; Mr. Trevor Kincaid, Olympia, Wash.; Mrs. Fernald, Amherst, Mass.; Mr.
Charles Palm, of New York; Mr. William Beutenmueller, in charge of the collection of insects
in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, and to others whose aid is acknowledged
in the course of the work.

To Mr. Joseph Bridgham, who has made the drawings of the larval stages, I am under special
obligations. Besides the work of drawing, he has secured many of the larve, and shown the
utmost pleasure in aiding me to the extent of his ability. It is to be hoped that the work of the
lithographer will bring out the delicacy of color and fidelity in drawing of the artist.

I have also had ten drawings of Walker’s types in the British Museum, made by Mr. H.
Knight, of London, with the permission of Dr. A.Guenther, superintendent of the zoological
department, to whom my hearty thinks are due; also for his courtesy in allowing me, with the
kind aid of Mr, A. G. Butler, assistant in entomology, to examine some of Walker’s types.

IT have also had copied in the plates a number of excellent colored drawings of caterpillars,
made by the late Maj. John Eatton Le Conte, which were loaned me for such a purpose by his son,
Dr. John Lawrence Le Conte, a few years before his death. They were made in Georgia, presuma-
bly at Sans Souci, on the Ogeechee River, about 16 miles south of Savannah.!

BRowN UNIVERSITY, PROVIDENCE, R. I.

1See Seudder's biographical sketch of J. L. Le Conte, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., Aug., 1884, p. 9.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. et

II.—HINTS ON THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRISTLES, SPINES, AND TUBERCLES OF NOTODONTIAN
AND OTHER CATERPILLARS.!

It is not improbable that, as a rule, all caterpillars at first lived on grasses, herbaceous and
low-growing plants generally, and that gradually they began to climb trees, as the latter became
developed, and in time became adapted to an arboreal station. As is well known, no deciduous
trees or flowering plants appeared in such numbers as to form genuine forests before the Cretaceous
period, and about that time in geological history began to appear the kinds of insects which visit
flowers and trees that blossom.

The species of the great lepidopterous family Noctuidze, of which we have in the United States
alone over a thousand species, are, as a rule, low feeders. Certain species of Mamestra and of
Agrotis, ordinarily feeding on grasses and low herbs, will however, especially early in the spring,
ascend trees and shrubs of different kinds and temporarily feed upon the buds; and in summer
a species of Mamestra will ascend currant bushes in the night and cut off the young, fresh shoots.

In the group of forms represented by Catocala, Homoptera, and Pheocyma we have true
tree inhabiting caterpillars, and, like the Notodontians and dendricolous Geometrids, their bodies
differ remarkably from those of the low feeders, being variously spotted and mottled with shades
of brown and ash, to assimilate them to the color of the bark of the tree they rest upon, and are,
besides, provided with dorsal and lateral humps and warts, to further assimilate them, in outline
as well as in color, to the knots and leaf-scales on the smaller branches and on the twigs among
which they feed. And then there is the small group of Noctuo-bombyces, represented by species
of Apatela, Platycerura, Raphia, Charadra, and their allies, which closely “mimic” the hairy,
penciled, or spiny arboreal Bombyces.’ It should, however, be observed that this is scarcely a
case of mimicry, but rather of adaptation; the presence of hairs, pencils, spines, and bristles being
apparently due to the caterpillars having changed their environment from herbs to trees, and being
subjected to the same conditions as the Bombyces themselves.*

In the exclusively low feeding caterpillars of certain groups of butterflies the body is usually
smooth and adorned with lines and spots, while the general feeders and many arboreal forms are
often variously spined and tuberculated, yet many spined caterpillars of butterflies feed on low
herbs. The Sphingidie in part feed on low plants and in part on trees, and they do not, except as
regards the caudal horn, exemplify our thesis.

‘This section is reprinted with some alterations from an article in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of
Natural History, xxiv, 1890, pp. 482-515, 556-559.

“Of 34 species of North America Noctuo-bombyces, whose transformations are known, all except 1 feed upon
trees. (See Edwards’s catalogue. ) <

3It is hardly necessary for us to express our entire disagreement with the view of Mr. A. G. Butler, that these
Noctuidie are really Notodontians, or in any way allied to them. It seems to us that the characters which he uses.to
remove them from the Noctuide are superficial and adaptive. Nearly twenty-five years ago I satisfied myself, after
an examination of the denuded head and wings, that the Noctuo-bombyces were true Noctuidw, and did not depart
essentially from the typical genera.

‘While many, though not all, butterfly larve, as shown by Scudder and W. H. Edwards, have spine-like eland-
ular hairs in the first stage, which may in some cases persist into one or two later stages, the body in many species,
especially in those which are not general feeders, but select low-growing, herbaceous plants, becomes smooth and
ornamented with stripes or spots. However, as a rule, butterfly larvie can not be divided, as the Bombyees, etc.,
into high and low feeders; yet from Scudder’s ‘‘ Classified list of food plants of American butterflies” (Psyche, 1889) the
following facts and conelusions may be stated:

Hesperidv.—Out of 45 species enumerated, all but 6 feed on herbs and especially on grasses, and those which
feed on tall shrubs or trees, such as Dpargyreus tityrus and 5 species of Thanaos, stand at the head of the group, which,
as everybody knows, is the lowest family of butterflies and nearest related to the moths.

Papilionide.—Of the 6 species enumerated, 3 feed on trees as well as shrnbs and herbs; 1 of these, however
(P. cresphontes), feeds on trees alone. None of this family are hairy or spined when mature, except P. philenor, with
its peculiar flexible, spike-like growths.

Pierinw.—Of 10 species, all feed on herbs, rarely on low shrubs, and none are armed with hairs, bristles, or
spines. The other two groups (Lycenidw and Nymphalid@) are general feeders, occurring indifferently on herbs, vines,
and trees, except the striking case of the 8 Satyrinwe, which feed exclusively on grasses and herbs (Z. portlandia,
however, sometimes frequenting the Celtis), The very spiny Argynnis larvie feed on Viola. It should also be noted

1 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Of the great group of Geometridee many kinds are arboreal (Dendrogeometrids), and in
such cases are alihost invariably tuberculated in manifold ways. We know of no hairy or tufted
caterpillars of this group or of any family below them, with the exception of the Pterophoride.

The arboreal Pyralidie, Tortricide, and Tineidie live in such concealment, between leaves, or
in buds, or as miners, that they differ little in their surroundings from the low-feeding forms, and
ave thus scarcely ever tubercwlated or spiny; in fact, we can not recall one of these groups which
are sv. The Pterophoridie are, to be sure, spiny, but they are low feeders, and their peculiar
excretory sete (the Driisenhiirchen or glandular hairs of Zeller') are similar, as Dimmock has.
observed, to the glandular or long hairs of plants; Miss Murtfeldt adding that “‘there is a very
close imitation in the dermal clothing of the larvie [of Leioptilus sericidactylus| to that of the young
leaves of Vernonia, on which the spring and early summer broods feed.” (Psyche iii, 390, 1882.)

Returning to the Bombyces, all the Notodontians, without any exception, known to us have
trees as their principal, if not exclusive, food plants. Thus, of the 37 species of this group whose
larval forms are known, and which are enumerated in Mr. H. Edwards’s “ Bibliographical catalogue
of the described transformations of North American Lepidoptera,” together with an additional
species (Ichtiyura strigosa) omitted from the catalogue, all are known to feed on trees, unless we
except Datana major, which feeds on Andromeda. It is noteworthy that the only species found
thus far on a herbaceous plant is the caterpillar of Apatelodes torrefacta, which Harris found
on the burdock, though usually it is an arboreal insect. This apparently omnivorous feeder
resembles the species of Halesidota, all of which occur more commonly on trees than on herbs,
and thus differs markedly from the majority of the Lithosians and Arctians, unless we except
the Nolidw. Now the larva of Apatelodes is hairy, the long, white hairs having scattered among
them black ones, with more or less black pencils, thus resembling the peculiar yellowish or white
caterpillars of Halesidota, with their black tufts and pencils. Similar forms are some of the
arboreal, hairy Noctuide, as Charadra deridens. It seems evident that the resemblance to each
other in such different groups is the result simply of adaptation, brought about by two factors,
the primary one being a change from a low-feeding to an arboreal station, and consequent isolation
or segregation, and the secondary one being natural selection, the latter further tending to pre-
serve the specific form.

It will be seen by the following review that the North American Bombyces in general, with
the exception of the Arctians and Lithosians, live on trees, and this will in general apply to the
Old World species. In the group of Lasiocampidie, represented by Tolype, Artace, Heterocampa,
Gastropacha, and Clisiocampa, the station is an arboreal one, none being known to feed on
herbaceous plants. All the Ceratocampidie, all the Hemileuvidie and Attaci, the Platyptericide,
all the Cochliopodidie (Limacodes), including both the naked and spiny genera, as well as the
Psychid, live exclusively on trees. Of our North American Liparidie, all are arboreal in station,
except the Californian Orgyia vetusta, which lives on the lupine. Finally we come to the Arctians.
aud Lithosians, whose hairy, or rather setose, larvee in general feed on herbaceous plants and
sometimes on trees, being in many cases omnivorous, while those of the Nolidw and Nycteolide
whose history is known, are arboreal.

Of the Zygienidie, including the Ctenuchidie, the species are low feeders, living on lichens,
grasses, and other low plants, or upon vines. The Dioptid genus Phryganidia feeds on the oak.
Of the Agaristide, some are low feeders, Euscirrhopterus gloveri feeding on Portulaca, while the
majority prefer vines (Vitis, ete.). As to the boring habits.of the Hepialidse and Cossidie, which
we now consider as independent groups, related to the Tineina, rather than belonging to the
superfamily Bombyces, these seem to be the result of early adaptation.

An examination of the food plants of the British species of Bombyces, taken from Stainton’s.
Manual of British butterflies and moths (1857), gives the same results for the Old World, as will
be seen by the following statements:

that many moths, Notodontians among them, which in the Northern States feed on trees alone, in the Gulf States,
according to Abbott, feed on shrubs, vines, and low plants, as well as trees.

In reply to an inquiry, Mr. W. H. Edwards kindly writes me: ‘I do not think that the butterfly larva which
live on trees are under more favorable conditions than low feeders as to healthiness or ease of rearing.”

' Revision der Pterophoriden. Linniea entom., 1852, vi, 356. Mentioned by Dimmock.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 13

Nolidew.—Of the 3 British species, 2 feed on the oak and 1 on the hawthorn and sloe.

Liparide.—Of the 12 species, all feed on trees and shrubs, except Lelia canosa, which lives on
reeds and other water plants. It is tufted.

Notodontidw.—Of 24 species, 1 ( Diloba ewruleocephala, which is smooth, with no protuberances)
feeds on the hawthorn and other plants.

Platyptericide.—Of the 6 species, 5 feed on trees and 1 on a shrub.

Endromide.—The single species is arboreal.

Psychide.—The 2 species, whose larval habits were known, feed on trees and shrubs.

Cochliopodide.—tThe 2 species feed on trees.

Saturniide.—The single British species feeds on the heather, a shrubby plant.

Lasiocampide.—oOf 11 species, 5 feed on trees, the others on shrubs and herbs.

Noctuo-bombyces.—All the British species are reported as ‘living on trees and shrubs quite
exposed.”

Bombycoidew.—All the species of Acronycta live on trees and shrubs.

Influence of a change from low to high feeding plants, i.e., from living on an herbaceous to an
arboreal station.—It appears, then, that the more typical Bombyces, such as the Ceratocampide,
Hemileucide, Attaci, Notodontians, Cochliopodid, and Liparidie, are arboreal in their station,
their bodies being variously protected by spines, spinulated tubercles, hairs, or tufts. The group is
indeed particularly distinguished for the manifold modifications undergone by what are morpho-
logically setze, and it is an interesting inquiry whether the great development of these spines and
hairs may not have originally resulted from some change in environment, such as that from
low-feeding to high-feeding or arboreal habits.

It may be objected that the sete and spines were originally due to the stimulus arising from
the attacks of parasitic insects, such as ichneumons and Tachine, or that, as hairy caterpillars
are not usually devoured by birds, these hairs and spines have originated through natural selec-
tion, and are danger signals, indicating to birds that the wearers of such hirsute and bristling
armature are inedible. But while the final purpose or ultimate use of such an armature may serve
the useful purpose of protection, and while natural selection may have been the leading secondary
factor in the preservation of varietal and specifie forms of hairy and spiny caterpiilars, this does
not satisfactorily account for. the initial causes of the growth of tubercles, spines, ete.

If spines and hairs form hedge-like guards against the attacks of parasitic insects, why are
they not developed as well in the great multitude of low feeders as in the less numerous high
feeders? It may be said, however, that Huprepia caja is more subject to the attacks of ichneumons
than almost any other larve. (A.G. Butler in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1891.) Everyone knows
how efficacious any hairs or bristles are in deterring ichneumons and Tachine from ovipositing on
caterpillars, and it is well known that naked or slightly piliferous laryie are more subject to their
attacks than those which are densely hairy or spinose.

The eruciform type of larve.—In endeavoring to account for the origin of the tubereles and
spines, as well as the hairs of caterpillars, let us glance at the probable causes of the origin of the
caterpillar form, and of the more primary colors and markings of the skin.

It was Fritz Miiller who, in his Fiir Darwin (1864), maintained that ‘the so-called complete
metamorphosis of insects, in which these animals quit the eggs as grubs or caterpillars, and
afterwards become quiescent pupie, incapable of feeding, was not inherited from the primitive
ancestor of all insects, but acquired at a later period.” !

In 1869 Dr. F. Brauer? divided the larvie of insects into two groups, the campodea form and
raupen form, and in 1871°-1873 we adopted these suggestive views, giving the name of eruciform
to the larvee of weevils and other coleopterous larvie of cylindrical form, as well as to the larvie of
Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera, all of which are the result of adaptation, being derivatives
of the primary campodea type of larva. Brauer’s views on these two types of larvee were also
adopted by Sir John Lubbock in his Origin and Metamorphoses of Insects, 1873.

‘Facts and Arguments for Darwin, with additions by the author, Translated from the German by W.S. Dallas,
F.L.S., London, 1869.

*Betrachtungen iiber die Verwandlung der Insekten im Sinne der Descendenztheorie. Verh. K. K. Zool. bot.
Ges. Wien, 1869.

‘Embryology of Chrysopa. American Naturalist, Sept., 1871.

14 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

While the origin of the eruciform larvie of the Cerampycidie, Curculionidie, Scolytide, and
other wood-boring and seed-inhabiting and burrowing Coleopterous larvie in general, is plainly
attributable to adaptation to changed modes of life, as contrasted with the habits of roving,
carnivorous, campodeiform larvie, it is not so easy to account for the origin of the higher metabolous
orders of Diptera, Lepidoptera, and Hymenoptera, whose larve are all more or less eruciform. We
are forced to adopt the supposition that they have independently originated from groups either
belonging to the Neuroptera (in the modern sense) or to some allied but extinct group.

Restricting ourselves to the Lepidoptera; as is well known the Lepidoptera are now by some
believed to have descended from the Trichoptera or from forms allied to that group. We should,
however, prefer the view that the Lepidoptera, Trichoptera, and Mecoptera had a common origin
from some earlier, extinct group. The similarity of the imagines of certain of the lower Tineina
and certain of the smaller Trichoptera is certainly very marked, the most significant feature being
the fact that the mandibles in the two groups are either absent or minute and rudimentary.

We have attempted, however,! to show that the larve of the Panorpidee, judging from Brauer’s
figures and descriptions, are much nearer in shape and ornamentation to caterpillars than to
case worms. Hence, it seems to us probable that the ancestral or stem form of the Lepidoptera.
was probably a now extinct group, somewhat intermediate between the Mecoptera (Panorpide)
and the Trichoptera.

The primitive caterpillar.—We would suggest that the earliest type of Lepidopterous larva
was allied to some Tineoid which lived not only on land but on low herbage, not being a miner or
sack-bearer, as these are evidently secondary adaptive forms. It is evident, when we take into
account the remarkable changes in form of certain mining Tineoid larve described and figured by
Chambers? and by Dimmock,' that the flattened, footless, or nearly apodous mining larvie of the
earlier stages are the result of adaptation to their burrowing habits. The generalized or primitive
form of the first caterpillar was, then, like that of Tineoid larvie in general, and was an external
feeder rather than a miner. The body of this forerunner or ancestor of our present caterpillars
(which may have lived late in Carboniferous times, just before the appearance of flowering plants
and deciduous trees) was most probably cylindrical, long, and slender. Like the Panorpid larvie,
the thoracic and abdominal legs had already becom differentiated, and it differed from the larvie
of Panorpids in the plant of the abdominal legs being provided with perhaps two pairs of
crochets, thus adapting them for creeping with security over the surface of leaves and along twigs
and branches. The prothoracic or cervical shield was present, as this is apparently a primitive:
feature, often reappearing in the Noctuidie, and sometimes in the Bombycina, and always present
in the boring larve of the Hepialidie and the Cossidee.

As tactile hairs, defensive or locomotive sete, and spines of manifold shapes occur in worms,
often arising from fleshy warts or tubercles, it is reasonable to assume that the piliferous warts of
lepidopterous larvee are a direct heirloom of those of the vermian ancestors of the insects. In our
primitive caterpillar, then, the piliferous warts were present, eventually becoming arranged as.
they now are in ordinary Tineoid, Tortricid, Pyralid, Geometrid, and Noctuid larvee.

Origin of the green color of caterpillars.—The cuticle may at first, as in that of caseworms and
Panorpid larvie, bave been colorless or horn colored. But soon after habitually feeding in the
direct sunlight on green leaves, the chlorophyll‘ thus introduced into the digestive system and
into the blood and the hypodermal tissues would cause the cuticle to become green. Afterwards,
by farther adaptation and by heredity this color would become the hue in general common to-
caterpillars. Moreover, some of the immediate descendants of our primitive caterpillars were
probably lighter in hue than others; this was probably due to the fact that the lighter-colored ones:
fed on the pale-green underside of the leaves, this difference becoming transmitted by heredity.

''Third Report U.S. Entomological Commission. Genealogy of the Hexapoda, pp. 297-299, 1883, Also American
Naturalist, Sept., 1883, 932-945.

2 American Entomologist, iii, 1880, 255-262; Psyche, ii, 81, 137-227; iii, 63, 135, 147; iv, 71. Refers to the larvae
of the *‘Gracilaridw ” and ‘“ Lithocolletide” together with Phylocnistis.

8 Psyche, iii, Aug., 1880, 99-103.

‘See the important and quite conclusive footnote by Professor Meldola on p. 310 of Weismann’s Studies in the
Theory of Descent, Vol. i (‘I have already given reasons for suspecting that the color of green caterpillars may be:
due to the presence of chlorophyll in their tissues, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1878, 159.—R. M.”).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, LD

Origin of the lines.—As Weismann has shown, the primitive markings of caterpillars were
lines and longitudinal bands, the spots appearing from interruptions or what may be called the
serial atrophy of the lines or bands. It is not difficult to account for the origin of the dorsal line,
as this would naturally be due to the presence of the heart underneath. This dorsal line is, for
example, wanting in the freshly hatched larvie of Spilosoma virginica and Hyphantria textor, but
after the first molt of S. virginica there is a slight, diffuse dorsal line of no decided color, though
after the second ecdysis it is decidedly whitish, or at least much paler than the surrounding dorsal
region. In pale caterpillars the dorsal line may be darker. In the first stages of the two moths
in question there are no lines or bands; only the piliferous warts. Whether the subdorsal or the
spiracular lines were the first to originate is uncertain, bat probably, from what Weismann has
concluded from his-studies of the Sphingidew, the subdorsal arose first. In the second stage of
Spilosoma virginica the subdorsal lines are reddish lines extending between the two subdorsal
rows of alternating subdorsal piliferous warts, the line becoming more decided, however, in the
third stage of this species, there being as yet no signs of a spiracular or of any lateral line. In
the freshly hatched larva of H. textor, however, what may be the first beginnings of the subdorsal
line are elongated brownish linear spots inclosing the subdorsal row of larger piliferous dots, but
not reaching the sutures between the segments. These patches, however, do not in the second
stage unite to form continuous lines, but two rows of decided black elongated spots inclosing
the black piliferous tubercles. In the freshly hatehed larva of Edema albifrons each of the two
subdorsal lines is a row of elongated black spots connected on the three thoracic segments, but
separated by the sutures along the abdominal segments.

The spiracular line is seen in the same larva of the same stage to be a yellowish band ineclosing
the spiracles, and there seems to be a tendency in some, if not many, larvie for the spiracles to be
inclosed and connected by a parti-colored or bright line, and for this to have a darker (as in Edema)
or lighter edging. Why the spiracles themselves are so apt, as in Bombyces and Sphinges, to be
inclosed by a dark or conspicuous line remains to be explained.

To return to the subdorsal lines in the pale-reddish larva of Datana, probably D. integerrima,
these lines before the first molt are also inclosed by the two rows of subdorsal piliferous spots,
and in both the first and second stages there are pale spiracular lines, which appear to be contem-
poraneous with the subdorsal line. In the third stage a new dark-red line is interpolated between
the subdorsal and spiracular. In the fourth stage the spiracular line has disappeared, and there
is a supra and an infra-spiracular pale line on the now brown, dark skin of the caterpillar, Seen
from above there are four pale lilac lines, but after molting two of them disappear, and in the
last stage there are only two subdorsal lines to be seen, if my colored drawings, very carefully
made by Mr. Brigham, are correct. We thus see that after the subdorsal and spiracular lines are
formed, others are rapidly introdueed—and some may as rapidly vanish, as necessary features of
certain stages—which, when they become useless are discarded.

The admirable and most suggestive work of Weismann has placed on a sound basis the theory
of the origin of the lines, bands, and spots of the Sphingidwe. The additional notes by Professor
Meldola and the beautiful researches of Mr. Poulton have added to the strength of the arguments
of Weismann. The lines, bars, stripes, spots, and other colorational markings of caterpillars, by
which they mimie the colors and shadows of leaves, stems, etc., have evidently been in the first place
induced by the nature of the food (chlorophyll), by the effects produced by light and shade, by
adaptation to the form of the edge of the leaf, as in the serrated back of certain Notodontians, by
adaptation to the colors of different leaves and to the stems, often reddish, shades of greens, yellows,
reds, and browns being as common in the cuticle of caterpillars as on the surface or cuticle of the
leaves and their stems or in the bark of the twigs and branches. We (and probably others) have
observed that the peculiar brown spots and patches of certain Notodontians do not appear until
late in larval life, and also late in the summer or early in the autumn contemporaneous with the
appearance of dead and sere blotches in the leaves themselves.

Now, to say that thesc wonderful adaptations and marked changes in the markings of cater-
pillars are due to “natural selection,” and to let the matter rest there, is quite unsatisfactory.
Natural selection may account for the elaboration of these larval forms with their markings after
they have once appeared, but we want to discover, if possible, the original causes of such orna-

16 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

mentation, i. e., the primary factors concerned in their evolution. Weismann in his earlier work
repeatedly asserts that these changes are due to the direct action of external conditions together
with natural selection. Within afew years past many naturalists have returned to a more profeund
study of the causes of variation along some of the lines vaguely pointed out by Lamarck.'! It is
noteworthy that Darwin changed his views somewhat in his Variation of Animals and Plants under
Domestication, and laid more stress on the influence of the surroundings than in his Origin of
Species.

Neither Weismann nor other authors, however, so far as we know, have formally discussed
the probable mode of origin of humps, horns, tubercles, spines, and such outgrowths in larvie.
They are so marked and so manifold in their variations in form, and so manifestly related, and in
fact have so evidently been directly developed by adaptation to changes in the habits of the
Notodontian caterpillars and tree-feeding larvie in general that this group affords favorable material
for a study of the general problem.

Spines and prickles in animals, like those of plants, serve to protect the organism from externa]
attack, and also to strengthen the shell or skin; they are adaptive structures, and have evidently
arisen in response to external stimuli, either those of a general or of a cosmical nature, or those
resulting from the attacks of animals. It is almost an axiomatic truth that a change of habit
in the organism precedes or induces a change of structure.

What has caused the enlargement and specialization of certain of the piliferous warts? As
remarked by Sir James Paget, “* Constant extrapressure on a part always appears to produce
atrophy and absorption; occasional pressure may, and usually does, produce hypertrophy aud
thickening. All the thickenings of the cuticle are the consequences of occasional pressure, as the
pressure of shoes in occasional walking, of tools oceasionally used with the hand, and the like,
for it seems a necessary condition for hypertrophy, in most parts, that they should enjoy intervals
in which their nutrition may go on actively.” (See Lectures on Surgical Pathology, I, p. 89, quoted
by Henslow, who remarks in his suggestive work, ‘‘The origin of floral structures through insect
and other agencies,” that ‘‘the reader will perceive the significance of this passage when recalling
the fact that insects’ visits are intermittent.””)

It is now assumed by some naturalists that the thorns, spines, and prickles of cacti and other
plants growing in desert or dry and sterile places are due either to defective nutrition or to “ebbing
vitality” (Geddes), or by others, as Mr. Wallace, to the stimulus resulting from the occasional
attacks or visits of animals, especially mammals. It should be berne in mind that the great deserts
of the globe are of quite recent formation, being the result of the desiccation of interior areas of
the continents, late in the Quaternary epoch, succeeding the time of river terraces. Owing to this

‘Herbert Spencer says: ‘‘The direct action of the medium was the primordial factor of organic evolution” (see
The Factor of Organic Evolution, 1886). Claude Bernard wrote: ‘‘ The conditions of life are neither in the organism,
nor in its external surroundings, but in both at once” (quoted from J. A. Thompson’s Synthetic Summary of the
Influence of the Environment upon the Organism, Proc. Roy. Phys. Soc., ix, 1888). Sachs remarks: ‘‘A far greater
portion of the phenomena of life are [is] called forth by external influences than one formerly ventured to assume”
(Phys. of Plants, 1887, 191, English translation). Semper claims “‘ that of all the properties of the animal organism,
variability is that which may first and most easily be traced by exact investigation to its efficient causes” (Animal
Life, ete., preface, vi). ‘‘External conditions can exert not only a very powerful selective influence, but a transform-
ing one as well, although it must be the more limited of the two” (Ib., 37). ‘‘No power which is able to act only as
a selective, and not as a transforming, influence can ever be exclusively put forward as the proper efficient cause—
clusa eficiens—of any phenomenon (Ib., 404).

2Henslow also adds that ‘‘atrophy by pressure and absorption is seen in the growth of embryos, while the
constant pressure of a ligature arrests all growth at the constricted place. On the other hand, it would seem to be
the persistent contact which causes a climber to thicken.”

It mayhere be noted that the results of the hypertrophy and overgrowth of the two consolidated tergites of
the second antennal and mandibular segments of the Decapod Crustacea, by which the carapace has been produced,
has resulted in a constant pressure on the dorsal arches of the succeeding five cephalic and five thoracic segments,
until as a result we have an atrophy of the dorsal arches of as many as ten segments, these being covered by the
carapace. Audouin early in this century enunciated the law that in articulated animals one part was built up at
the expense of adjoining portions or organs, and this is beautifully exemplified by the changes in the development
of the carapace of the embryo and larval Decapod Crustacea, and also in insects. For example, note the change in
form and partial atrophy of the two hinder thoracic somites of some beetles, as compared with the large prothorax,
due probably to the more or less continual pressure exerted by the folded elytra and wings.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. dd

widespread change in the environment, involving a drying up of the soil, much of it alkaline, the
direct influence on plant life must have been profound, as regards their protective defenses, and
after spines began to develop one can well understand how their shapes should have been regulated
for each species and preserved by the set of minor factors which pass current under the term
“natural selection.”

Animals may also, in some cases, have developed spines in response to a change of environ-
ment. If we glance over the epochs of paleontological history we shall see that at certain periods
trilobites, brachiopods, ammonites, and perhaps other groups showed a tendency to become tuber-
culated, spiny, or otherwise excessively ornamented. These periods must have been characterized
by great geological changes, both of the relative distribution of land and water and perhaps of
climate and soil. Among the brachiopods, more spiny species occur in the Carboniferous period
than in the earlier Paleozoic times.! Among the trilobites, although in Paradoxides and in other
genera the gene and sides of the segments are often greatly elongated, we only find forms with
long dorsal spines at the close of the Silurian and during the Devonian.’ There are no such spiny
forms of ammonites as in the uncoiled Cretaceous Crioceras,* ete.

These types, as is well known, had their period of rise, culmination, and decline, or extine-
tion, and the more spiny, highly ornamented, abnormal, bizarre forms appeared at or about the
time when the vitality of the type was apparently declining. Geddes claims that the spines of
plants are a proof of ebbing vitality. Whether or not this was the case with the types of animal
life referred to, whether the excess of ornamentation was due to excess or deficiency of food, it is
not improbable that the appearance of such highly or grotesquely ornamented forms as ce:tain
later brachiopods, trilobites, and ammonites was the result of a change in their environment during
a period when.there were more widespread and profound changes in physical geography than had
perhaps previously occurred.

If the tendency to the production of spines in past geological times was directly or indirectly
due to a change in the milieu, and if plants when subjected to new conditions, such as a transfer
to deserts, show a tendency to the growth of thorns, or if those which are constantly submerged
tend to throw out ascending aerial roots,' or if, like epiphytes, when growing in mid-air, they throw
out descending aerial roots, I have thought it not improbable that tubercles, humps, or spines may
have in the first place been developed in a few generations, as the result of some change in the
environment during the critical time attending or following the close of the Paleozoic or the early
part of the Mesozoic age, the time when deciduous trees and flowers probably began to appear.

I have always regarded the Bombyces, or the superfamily of silkworm moths, as a very
ancient one, which has lost many forms by geological extinction. We thus account for the many
gaps between the genera. . Both the larvie and the moths differ structurally far more than the
genera of Geometrids and of Noctuidie, and the number of species is less. The two latter families
probably arose from the great specialization of type in Tertiary times; while evidently the great

‘Although there are spiny brachiopods in the Silurian, they become more common in the Devonian (e. g., Atrypa
hystrix, Chonetes scitula, C. coronata, C. muricata, Productella hirsuta, P. hystricula, P. rarispina, ant Strophacosia
productoides), and are apparently more numerous in the Carboniferous formation (e. g., Productus longispinus, P.
nebrascensis, Chonetes ornata, C. mesoloba, C. variolata, C. salmaniana, C. setigerus (also Devonian), C, fischeri, ete.,
Productella newberryi, besides the Permian Productus horrida.

2 Besides Paradoxides, there are such forms as the Cambrian Hydrocephalus carens, the Silurian Dalmania punctata,
Cheirurus pleurexanthemus, and Eurycare brevicauda, while the spiny species of Acidaspis seem to be more abundant in
the Devonian than in the Silurian strata, but those which bear dorsal spines, such as Deiphon forbesii and drges
amatus, are Devonian.

® Quite long spines occur in the Cretaceous species of Crioceras and Aneyloceras matheronianum of Europe, but
none, so far as we are aware, in earlier times.

4See N.S. Shaler: Notes on Taxodium distichum, Mem. M. C. Z., xvi, 1, 2, and W. P. Wilson: The production
of aerating organs on the roots of swamp and other plants, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., April 2, 1889, quoted in
Garden and Forest, Jan. 1, 1890. Shaler conjectures that the function of the ‘‘ knees” is in some way connected
with the aeration of the sap. Mr. Wilson shows that “ besides the cypress, other plants which habitually grow with
roots covered with water (the water gum, Nyssa silvatica, var. aquatica, Avicennia nitida, and Pinus serotina) develop
similar root processes; and what is still more suggestive, Mr. Wilson has induced plants of Indian corn to send roots
above the surface of the soil by keeping it continually saturated with water.” It is to be observed that the aerial
roots of the latter develop in a single generation.

S. Mis. 50 2

18 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

group or superfamily Tineina and allied forms, in some of which the mandibles still persist,! and
which in other features (besides haying, as in Nepticula and Phyllocnistis, nine pairs of abdominal
legs*) show their-aflinity to the Trichoptera and Mecoptera, originated at an earlier date. As is
well known, the Cretaceous land was covered with forests of oaks, liquidambars, maples, willows,
sassafras, dogwood, hickory, beech, poplar, walnut sycamore, laurel, myrtle, fig, etc., at or soon
after the close of the Laramie epoch, and this may have been the time, if not earlier in the
Mesozoic, when in all probability the low feeding caterpillars of that time began, perhaps through
overcrowding, to desert their primitive herbaceous food plants and to ascend trees in order to feed
on their leaves.

Darwin* has made the significant remark “that organic beings, when subjected during several
generations to any change whatever in their conditions, tend to vary.” Further on he refers to
the general arguments, which appear to him to have great weight, ‘in favor of the view that
variations of all kinds and degrees are directly or indirectly caused by the conditions of life to
which each being, and more especially its ancestors, have been exposed” (p. 241), and he finally
concludes: ‘‘ Changes of any kind in the conditions of life, even extremely slight changes, often
suffice to cause variability. Excess of nutriment is perhaps the most efficient single exciting
cause” (p. 258).

When, in Mesozoic or possibly still earlier times, caterpillars began to migrate from herbaceous
plants to trees, they experienced not only some change, however slight, in the nature of their
food, but also a slight climatic change, so to speak, involving a change in the temperature. Insects

‘Dr. A. Walter has discovered the presence of minute rudimentary mandibles in the European Micropteryx
callella, Tinea pellionella, Tineola biseliella, Argyresthia nitidella, Crambus tristellus, and two genera of Pterophorida
(Sitzungsb. Jena, Ges. fiir Med. u. Naturwiss., 1835). I have also detected them in Coleophora coruscipennella and in
another Tineid of a genus as yet undetermined.

2The larve of Phyllocnistis have no thoracic legs, but have eight pairs of membranous retractile abdominal legs
and an anal pair. (American Entomologist, iii, 256.) Mr. H. T. Stainton kindly informs me that the larvae of
Nepticula have no thoracic legs ‘‘ but possess nine pairs of abdominal legs,” which, however, bear no hooks; ‘ they
look like so many fleshy prominences.”

’The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication, second edition, revised, London, 1888. In the
same work Darwin says: ‘‘Nathusius states positively (pp. 99,103), as the result of common experience and of his
experiments, that rich and abundant food, given during youth, tends by some direct action to make the head [of the
pig] broader and shorter, and that poor food works a contrary result.”

Darwin also states that ‘the nature of the food supplied during many generations has apparently affected the
Tetigth of the intestines, for, according to Cuvier, their length to that of the body in the wild boar is as 9 to 1, in
the common domestic boar as 13.5 to 1, and in the Siam breed as 16 to 1” (Ib.,77). See also the cases mentioned by
Semper in his Animal Life, ete., pp. 60-62, and Neumayr’s Stiimme der Thierreichs, 1889,123. Virchow claims that
the characters of the skull depend on the shape of the jaw, this being due to differences in food; and here might be
quoted the witty remark of Brillat-Savarin, ‘‘ Dis-moi ce que tu manges, je te dirai ce que tu es.”

The most remarkable case, and one directly applicable to our subject of the probable cause of the growth of
spines, is that cited by Prof. J. A. Ryder: ‘‘Even certain species of fishes, when well fed and kept in confinement,
not only spawn several times during a season, instead of only once, as I am informed by Dr. W. H. Wahl, but also
when kept from hibernating, as he suggests, tend to vary in the most astounding manner. The wonderful results of
Dr. Wahl, attained in the comparatively short period of six years, show what may be done in intensifying the
monstrous variations of Japanese goldfishes, through selection, confinement in tanks and aquaria, with comparatively
limited room for swimming, plenty of food, etc., all of which conditions tend to favor growth and metabolism, and
the expenditure of energy under such wholly new and restricted conditions as to render it almost certain, as he
thinks, that these factors have something to do with the development of the enormous and abnormally lengthened
pectoral, ventral, dorsal, double anal, and caudal fins of his stock. Some of the races of these fishes have obviously
been affected in appearance by abundant feeding, as is attested by their short, almost globular bodies, protuberant
abdomens, and greedy habits, as I have observed in watching examples of this short-bodied race living in Dr.
Wahl’s aquaria. In these last instances we are brought face to face with modifications occurring in fishes under
domestication which are infinitely in excess, morphologically speaking, of anything known among any other
domesticated animals. That the abundant feeding and exposure to a uniform temperature during the whole year
and confinement in comparatively restricted quarters have had something to do with the genesis of these variations,
through an influence thus extended upon the metabolism affecting the growth of certain parts of the body, which
have tended to become hereditary, there can searcely be any doubt” (American Naturalist, Jan., 1890).

Darwin states that in India several species of fresh-water fishes “are only so far treated artificially that they
are reared in great tanks; but this small change is sufficient to induce much variability ” (Variation of Animals and
Plants under Domestication, ii, 246).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 19

living in trees or shrubs several or many feet above the ground are certainly exposed to a more
even temperature, as it is colder at night even in midsummer within a few inches of the ground,
say about a foot, the usual height to which grasses and herbs grow. The changes, therefore, by day
and night are greater at the surface of the ground than among the leaves and branches of a tree.
Moreover, forests, not too dense for insect life, with glades and paths to admit the sunlight and
heat, must necessarily have a more even temperature and be less exposed to cool winds, and less
subject to periods of drought than grassy fields. There is also a less free circulation of air among
grasses and herbs, which may be more or less matted and lodged after heavy rains, than among the
separate and coarser leaves of trees, such as the different species of oak, which in North America,
at least north of Mexico, harbors a far greater number of species of insects (over 500) than any
other plant known. On the whole, forest trees support a far larger number of kinds of phytopha-
gous insects than grasses or herbs, and may this not be due to better air and a freer circulation,
to a more equable temperature, perhaps of a higher average, and thus lead insects to eat more?
May not the plump bodies of the larger silkworms, as the larval Attaci, the Ceratocampids, and
especially the Cochliopodid (Limacodes), be in some way due to their strictly arboreal environ-
ment?! ;

When the ancestors of the present groups became fairly established under these changed
conditions, becoming high feeders, and rarely wandering to low herbaceous plants, we should
have a condition of things akin to geographical isolation.’ The species would gradually tend to
become segregated. The females would more and more tend to deposit their eggs on the bark or
leaves of trees, gradually deserting annual herbs.

For example, the females of the Attaci and their allies, as well as the Cochliopodidie, may have
at first had larger wings and smaller bodies, or been more active during flight than their descendants.
Their present heavy, thick bodies and sluggish habits are evicently secondary and adaptive, and
these features were induced perhaps by the habit of the females ovipositing directly upon leaving
their cocoon, and cocoon-spinning moths are perhaps as a rule more sluggish and heavy-bodied
than those which enter the earth to transform, as witness the Ceratocampide compared with
the cocoon-spinning silkworm (B. mori) and the Attaci. Spinning their cocoons among the
leaves at a period in the earth’s history when there was no alternation of winter and summer
and probably only times of drought, as in the dry season of the Tropics at the present day, the
females may have gradually formed the habit of depositing their eggs immediately after exclusion
and on the leaves of the trees forming their larval abode. The females thus scarcely used their
wings, while (as in Callosamia promethea) the males, with their larger wings, lighter bodies,
broadly pectinated antenne, and consequently far keener sense of smell, could fly to a greater
or less distance in search of their mates.2. The principal of segregation* so well worked out by
Mr. Gulick, to which Mr. Romanes’ theory of physiological selection is a closely allied factor, if
not covering the same ground, would soon be in operation, and the tendency to breed oniy among
themselves, rather than with the low feeders, would more and more assert itself, until, as at present,
arboreal moths, as a rule almost, if not wholly, oviposit exclusively on the leaves or bark of trees.

1 The fat, overgrown slugworms (Limacodes) may be compared to the overfed, high-bred pig, which eats.
voraciously, has little need of rooting, and takes but little exercise. Where, as among cave animals, there is a
deficiency of food, we have a constant tendency to slimness, to an attenuation of the body. This is seen in the
blind cave arthropods, such as the blind crayfish, blind beetles, blind Cxecidotiea, ete., compared with their allies
which live under normal conditions. (See the author’s memoir on the Caye Fauna of North America, etc., Mem.
Nat. Acad. Sciences, iv, 24, 1889.)

2The secondary sexual characters so marked in Bombyces are perhaps the result of their peculiar arboreal
habits; so also the apterous tendency of Orgyia and a few other forms, especially the arboreal Psyechidie (Cceticus
and Thyridopteryx), as well as Anisopteryx and Hibernia. The larvie of the Nyssia feed on trees or low plants. It
may be questioned whether any wingless female Lepidoptera live on herbaceous plants. Contrast with them the
grass-feeding species of Noctuidie, as those of Agrotis, Leucania, ete.

3In fact nearly the whole group of insects is an example on a yast scale of the principles of segregation,
geographical isolation, and physiological selection. As soon as the ancesters of insects acquired wings their milieu
was changed, The air rather than the earth became their habitat; the acquisition of wings introduced them to a
new world of existence, and free from the attacks of creeping enemies and other adverse conditions to which the
terrestrial Myriopods and Arachnids were subjected; the winged insects living a part of their lives, and the most
important part, above the surface of the soil, multiplied prodigiously, the number of species being estimated by
millions when we take into account the fossil as well as the living forms.

20 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Coming now to the origin of humps, fixed or movable, and of spines, the change from herbva-
ceous to arboreal feeding grounds doubtless affected not only the shape of the body, causing it in
many cases to be thiek and fleshy, but also led to a hypertrophy of the piliferous warts common
to all lepidopterous larve. The change was probably not necessarily due to the stimulus of the
visits and attacks of parasitic insects, because the low feeders are, if anything, at the present day
at least, more subject to injury from them than arboreal caterpillars. The cause was probably
more pervasive and a result of a change of the environment, such as is seen in the growth of
thorns on desert plants, or the knees of the cypress and other water plants, or the aerial roots of
ochids and other epiphytes; and that they may have originated with comparative suddenness
seems probable when we bear in mind the aerial roots of corn artificially produced in the lifetime
of a single individual; though it should be taken into account that plants are far more plastic
than animals.

If the reader will look at the recapitulations we have given at the end of the detailed life
histories of certain Notodontians, it will be seen that not only are there different adaptive charae-
ters in the larval, pupal, and imaginal stages, but that the larva itself in its different stages is
wonderfully adapted to different surroundings.

1, At first some, indeed most, species live socially on the underside of the leaves near where
they were born, and thus concealed from observation. Many have glandular hairs, while the
tubercles are more or less uniform. :

2. Toward the end of Stage II and in Stage III they feed in exposed situations on the upper
side of the leaves, and at the same time appears the showy style of ornamentation both as regards
colors, hairs, and tubercles, approximating to that of the mature caterpillar, whose life apparently
is conditioned by its bright colors and bizarre trappings.

The smooth-bodied, green larve of Gluphisia, Nadata, Lophodonta, ete., are the primary forms.!
Their shape, coloration, and retired habits ally them biologically to the larve of the European
Panolis piniperda and other smooth-bodied, green caterpillars with reddish or yellowish stripes,
which feed on trees. These smooth larvie are, however, rare and exceptional, especially in North
America.

But now, owing to a change in the environment, there arose a tendency to the hypertrophy of
the normal piliferous warts, and in the actual life history of the caterpillar the tendency manifests
itself in the third stage of larval life. We are inclined to believe (1) that the hypertrophy of certain
of the tubercles was effected in a comparatively sudden period in consequence of a comparatively
sudden change from herbs to trees, and (2) in response to a sudden exigency; (3) that the spines
and stiff, dense spinnlated hairs were immediately useful in preventing the attacks of parasitic
insects, while (4) the poison glands at the base of the tubercles (in the Attaci, etc.) served to render
them distasteful to birds, (5) the bright colors serving as danger signals.

The Lamarckian factors (1) of change (both direet and indirect) in the milieu, (2) need, and
(3) change of habit, and the now generally adopted principle that a change of function induces
change in organs? and in some or many cases actually induces the hypertrophy and specialization
of what otherwise would be indifferent parts or organs; these factors are all-important in the evo-
lution of the colors, ornaments, and outgrowths from the cuticle of caterpillars.*

‘I am however inclined, since writing the above, to regard Datana and Pygiera as the most primitive forms of
Notodontians, the smooth-bodied larvie of Gluphisia being secondary and adaptive forms.

2R. Marey: Le transformisme et la physiologie expérimentale, Cours du Collége de France. Revue scientifique,
2° Série, iy, 818. (Function makes the organ, especially in the osseous and muscular systems. )

See also A. Dohrn: Der Ursprung der Wirbelthiere und das Princip des Punctionswechsels, Leipzig, 1875.

‘It is possible that the close resemblance of the warts, projections, and spines of certain arboreal caterpillars
which so closely mimie the spines, leaf scars, and projections of the branches or twigs or plants, has been brought
about in a way analogous to the production of spots and lines on the body of caterpillars. Darwinians attribute
this to the action of ‘“‘protective mimiery,” but this expression rather expresses the result of a series of causes to
which we have endeavored to call attention. The effect of dark and light shades and the light and shade in
producing the stripes and bars of caterpillars are comparatively direct and manifest; but how can thorns and other
projections on trees and shrubs affect caterpillars directly? Given the origination by hypertrophy of warts and
spines, and it is then easy to see that by natural selection caterpillars may have finally become adapted so as to
mimic similar vegetable vrowths. Our object is to endeavor to explain the causes of the primary growth and
development of such projections, i. e., to lay the foundation for the action of natural selection.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 21

a

The following table is an attempt at a classification of some of the structures arising from
the various modifications of the primitive piliferous warts or tubercles common to nearly all, if not
all, smooth-bodied lepidopterous larvee. As is well known, the term “hair” does not properly
apply to the bristles or hair-like structures of worms and Arthropoda, as morphologically they
are not the homologues of the hairs of mammals, but arise, as Newport first showed, through a
modification and hypertrophy of the nuclei of certain cells of the cuticle. Hence the word seta,
as suggested by Lankester, is most applicable.

A.—TUBERCLES.

a. Simple and minute, due to a slight thickening of the hypodermis and a decided thickening of the over-
lying euticle; the hypodermis contains a large unicellular gland, either for the secretion of the seta or for the
production of poison,

. Minute piliferous warts. (Most Tineid, Tortricid, and Noctuid larvee. )
. Enlarged smooth tubercles, bearing a single seta. (Many Geometrid and Bombycine larvee.)
. Enlarged spherical tubercles, bearing a number of setie, either radiated or subverticillate. (Aretians, Lithosians,
Zygenide, including some Glancopinee. )
. High, movable, smooth tubercles, having a terrifying function. (Schizura, Xylinodes, Notodonta, Nevice.)
5. Low and broad, rudimentary, replacing the “caudal horn.” (Charocampa, the European Pheosia dictwa, and
dictwoides. )
b. More or less spinulose or spiny (disappearing in some Sphinges after Stage I).
1. Long and slender, usually situated on top of the eighth abdominal segment, with microscopic spinules in Stage I.
(Most Sphingidie and Sesia.)
2. Smooth subspherical warts. (Zygenidie, e. g., Chaleosia, East Indies); or elongated, but stillsmooth. (Altacus
atlas, and a species from Southwestern Territories, U. 8. A.)
. Subspherical or clavate spiny tubercles of many Attaci; the spinules usually short.
. Spinulated spines or elongated tubercles of Ceratocamipd and Hemilucidw. (H. io and H. maia, etc.)
. Spike-like hairs or spines, (Samia cynthia, Anisota, East Indian Hypsa, Anagnia.)
. Antler-like spines. Early stages of Heterocampa biundata, guttivitta and obliqua. )

who

St hm Oo

o

B.—Sere (‘‘Hairs,” BRISTLES, ETC.).

1. Simple, fine, short or long, microscopic or macroscopic sete, tapering hairs, scattered or dense, often forming
pencils. (Many Bombyces, Zygienide, Noctuo-bombyces, Apatelie )
. Glandular hairs, truncate, spindle-shaped or forked at the end, and secreting a more or less viscid fluid. (Many
in Stages I and IT of Notodontians, many butterfly larve, and in the last stages of Pterophoridie.)
3. Long, spindle shaped hairs of Apatelodes, Apatela americana, figured in Harris Corr., Pl. II, fig. 2; also Packard’s
Guide, fig. 236, and the European Tinolius eburneigutta Walk.
4, Flattened, triangular hairs in the tufts or on the sides of the body of Gastropacha americana, or flattened, spindle-
shaped seales in the European G. quercifolia.'
5. Spinulated or barbed hairs. (Most Glaucopides, ete., Arctians, Lithosians, and Liparidie, and.many other
Bombyces. )

bo

C.—PSEUDO-TUBERCLES.

The filamental anal legs (stemapoda) of Cerura and Heterocampa marthesia.
2. The long suranal spine of Platyptericidie.

THE USUAL POSITION OF THE MORE SPECIALIZED WARTS, HUMPS, OR HORNS.

Everybody has noticed that the horn characteristic of larval Sesiv and Sphinges is uniformly
situated on the back of the eighth abdominal segment and no other, and that when it is absent,
as in Choerocampa, ete., it is replaced by a small, low, and flattened tubercle, the segment itself
being somewhat swollen. The larval Agaristidie (Alypia, Eudryas, Copidryas, Psychomorpha,
ete.) have a prominent, gibbous hump on this segment, or at least this segment is more or less
prominent and humped, not only in this family, but also in certain smooth-bodied Noctuidie, as
Amphipyra, and Olygia versicolor, ete. 7

In many Notodontide the first abdominal segment bears a conspicuous hump, sometimes
forked, often ending in a seta.

In the larval Ceratocampidie, either the prothoracic segment or the second and third thoracic
segments bear high conspicuous horns and spines. They may be roughly classified as follows:

‘See my article in Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Ser. 6. ix. pp. 372-875. 1892.

299 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Prothoracie segment.—With a large subspherical tubercle on each side bearing numerous
radiating hairs (Lasiocampide of first stage) or pencils of hairs (Parorgyia); two antlers (H.
guttivitta, biundata and H. obliqua).

Second thoracic segment.—Two high slender spines. First stage of Anisota senatoria, A. stigma,
and Dryocampa rubicunda.

Third thoracic segment.—Two spinulose pappose flaps, Empretia stimulea.

First, second, and third thoracic segments—Each with a pair of high spines, Citheronia regalis
and Hacles imperialis.

Second and third thoracie segments. —Bach with a pair of long horns, Sphingicampa bicolor.

First and third thoracic segments.—In Stage I of the European Aglia tau (Poulton).

First abdominal segment.—Movable tubercle in Schizura and Xylinodes.

Bighth abdominal segment.—The caudal horn of Sesia and most Sphingidwe, Pheosia, and
Endromis, Bombyx mori, and other species—Sphingicampa, Eacles, Citheronia, and Aglia tau
(Stage I).

So far as I am aware no one has suggested why these horns and high tubercles, and often
pencils of hairs, are restricted to these particular segments. As a partial explanation of the reason
it may be stated that the presence of these high tubercles, etc., is correlated with the absence of
abdominal legs on the segments bearing the former. It will also be noticed that in walking the
apodous segments of the caterpillar are more elevated and prominent than those to which the legs
are appended. They tend to bend or hump up, particularly the first and the eighth abdominal,
the ninth segment being reduced to a minimum, and the tenth simply represented by the suranal
and paranal plates, together with the last pair of legs.

As is well known. the loopers or geometrid worms, while walking, elevate or bend up the part
of the body situated between the last thoracie and first pair of abdominal legs, which are appended
to She seventh uromere. Now, in the larva of Nematocampa filamentaria, which bears two pairs of
remarkable filamental tubercles rolled up at the end, it is certainly very suggestive that these are
situated on top of the loop made by the caterpillar’s body during progression, the first pair arising
from the second and the hinder pair from the fourth abdominal segment.

It seems, therefore, that the humps or horns arise from the most prominent portions of the
body, at the point where the body is most exposed to external stimuli; and the force of this is
especially seen in the conspicuous position of those tubercles which are voluntarily made to nod or
so move as to frighten away other creatures. Perhaps the tendency of these segments to loop or
hump up has had a relation of cause and effect in inducing the hypertrophy of the dermal tissues
entering into the composition of the tubercles or horns.

Analogous positions are in the vertebrates utilized, as in spiny, osseous fishes, or the sharks,
the horned Amphibia, or horned reptiles and horned inammals. The prominence of the foundation
parts, from which the tubercles arise, may lead to a determination of the blood toward such places,
and thus in well-fed or overfed (possibly underfed) individuals induce a tendency to hypertrophy,
which once set up in early generations led to the production of incipient humps which became more
developed as they proved useful and became preserved in this or that form by natural selection.
On the other hand, the hypertrophy of certain piliferous warts would tend to cause an arrest of
development or a tendency to atrophy in the piliferous warts of adjoining segments, And in like
manner may the simple set have become hypertrophied on account of their great utility as
deterrent organs, and become wonderfully modified in this and that direction in such and such
forms, until they became in recent geological times the common and normal inheritance not only
of scattered species but of certain genera in scattered families, and even of entire families.

It is to be observed, as one will see by referring to the special larval histories and the recapit-
ulations which we have appended, that in the species of Schizura the evolution or hypertrophy of
the movable or nutant tubercles begins in the third stage at about the time when the young
caterpillars leave their common birthplace on the underside of the leaf and seek more conspicuous
feeding grounds on the outer edge or on the upper side of the leaf, where they are exposed to
the visits of ichneumons, or Tachine, or carnivorous Hemiptera, or to the onset of open-mouthed
insectivorous birds. At the same time arise the bright colors, spots, and stripes, the very peculiar
v-shaped silver or yellowish-white mark characteristic of the species of Schizura—these are per-

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 23

haps danger signals—though later in life the brown shades and green tints, so like the green leaf
with its serrated, blotched, sere-patched edges, would often deceive the most obscrvant of birds.

In regard to the nutant.or movable tubercles, it may be observed that a slight motion
of these appendages may suffice to scare off an approaching ichneumon or Tachina. If most
insects have, as supposed by Exner and by Plateau, more imperfect vision than has formerly been
attributed to them, so that they are extremely nearsighted and only clearly perceive bodies when
in motion, then even slight movements of these tubercles, while the caterpillar itself was immobile,
would probably be sufficient to frighten a parasitic insect and deter it from laying its eggs on the
caterpillar.

GROUPING OF NOTODONTIAN LARV4 ACCORDING TO THEIR AFFINITIES AND ALSO THEIR
ADAPTATION TO ARBOREAL LIFE.

As is well known, the larvee of this family vary greatly in form and ornamentation for a group
of such moderate numbers; and the following synopsis has been prepared in order to show this
great variety in as graphic a manner as possible:

1. Body smooth, not hairy, with red and yellow spots. Gluphisia.

2. Body smooth, moderately hairy. Datana.

3. Very hairy, the body almost totally concealed. Apatelodes.

4. Body smooth, hairless; with no humps or tubercles, of a noctuid shape; anal legs never
elevated; color green, with yellow lines, the latter sometimes edged with reddish; feeding less
conspicuously than any others of the family. Nadata, Lophodonta, ete.

5. Body with two dorsal tubercles; also hairy. Ichthyura.

6. Body smooth, polished; a single hump, surmounted by a horn on the eighth abdominal
segment. Pheosia.

7. Back 2-8-humped, serrate, body smooth, not brightly striped. Notodonta, Nerice.

8. Body smooth, gayly striped, eighth abdominal segment gibbous. Hdema, Dasylophia.

9. Body smooth, with nutant tubercles on first and eighth abdominal segments; end of body
uplifted. Colors green with brown patches simulating dead blotches on leaves. Hyparpaa,
Schizura, and Nylinodes.

10. Body with stout spines and with spiny tubercles on first and eighth abdominal segments.
Schizura unicornis. ;

11. Body smooth, tapering; anal legs normal, often with two prothoracic tubercles, enormous
in early stages. Heterocampa guttivitta, biundata, and obliqua,

2. Body smooth, striped; anal legs normal. Heterocampa manteo.

13. Body with two dorsal prothoracic tubercles; anal legs filamental; each ending in an
eversible flagellum. Macrurocampa marthesia.

14. Body with two lateral prothoracic tubercles; anal legs filamental, each ending in an
eversible flagellum. Cerura.

15. Body doubly humped on the abdominal segments; filamental anal legs. The Old World
genus Stauropus.

So far as I have gone in the examination of the structure of the moths, this succession of
genera roughly corresponds with the classification of the family. Judging by the moths alone.
Datana stands at one end of the series and Cerura at the other.

Perhaps Cerura has generally been placed at the end of the group because of its fancied
resemblance to the larva of Drepana, but this is deceptive, because the long caudal filament of
the latter genus is simply a hypertrophy of the suranal plate, and the anal legs themselves are
atrophied, while in Cerura they are enormously hypertrophied, probably owing to their active use
as deterrent appendages.

SUMMARY.

One would suppose that the two genera Nadata and Lophodonta, with the Old World genera
Pterostoma, Ptilophora, Drymonia, Microdonta, and Lophopteryx! (of the two species L. eucullina,
which is humped on the eighth abdominal segment, connects with the plain-bodied L. carmelita

1 The first larval stages of the following genera are still unknown, and the author would be much indebted for
eggs or alcoholic specimens of the larve of the first and later stages: Ellida, Lophodonta, Drymonia, Notodonta,

24 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and the above-mentioned group, Pheosia, Leiocampa) should properly, by their smooth, noctui-
form shape, stand at the bottom of the family, as being nearest related to the primitive forin of the
group. But until we know more of the earliest stages it is best to suspend our judgment.

1. The more prominent tubercles and spines or bristles arising from them are hypertrophied
piliferous warts, the warts with the seta or hair which they bear being common to all caterpillars.

2. The hypertrophy or enlargement was probably primarily due to a change of station from
herbs to trees, involving better air, a more equable temperature, perhaps a different and better
food.

3. The enlarged and specialized tubercles developed more rapidly on certain segments than
others, especially the more prominent segments, because the nutritive fluids would tend to more
freely supply parts most exposed to external stimuli.

4. The stimuli were in great part due to the visits of insects and birds, resulting in a mimicry
of the spines and projections on the trees; the colors (lines and spots) were due to light or shade,
with the general result of protective mimicry or adaptation to tree life.

5. As the result of some unknown factor several of the hypodermic cells at the base of the
spines became in certain forms specialized so as to secrete a poisonous fluid.

6, After such primitive forms, members of different families, had become established on trees,
a process of arboreal segregation or isolation avould set in, and intercrossing with low feeders
would cease.

7. Heredity, or the unknown factors of which heredity is the result, would go on uninter-
ruptedly, the result being a succession of generations perfectly adapted to arboreal life.

8. Finally the conservative agency of natural selection would operate, constantly tending
toward the elaboration and preservation of the new varieties, species, and genera, and would not
cease to act in a given direction so long as the environment remained the same.

9. Thus, in order to account for the origin of a species, genus, family, order, or even a class,
the first steps, causing the origination of variations, were in the beginning due to the primary
(direct and indirect) factors of evolution (Neolamarckism), and the final stages were due to the
secondary factors, segregation and natural selection (Darwinism), F

IIl.—ON CERTAIN POINTS IN THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF BOMBYCINE LARVA.

Homology of the “flagellum” of Cerura, ete., with the planta of the other abdominal legs.—We
have in a former! article, in describing the larvee of Macrurocampa marthesia and of certain species of
Cerura, called attention to the nature of the stemapoda?® or filamental legs of those caterpillars,
and their generally undisputed homology with the anal legs of other Notodontians. P]. XXX VII,
fig. 9, represents the anal legs of Dasylophia anguina in its first larval stage. It is intermediate in
form between the normal leg and the stemapod. It has no ecrochets, but the planta, of which the
“flagellum” of Cerura and H. marthesia seems to be the homologue, is retracted and the retractor
muscles, one of which is divided, are much as in the filamental legs of Cerura, ete.

Note on the modifications in the tenant or glandular hairs of the thoracic feet.—As is well known,
the thoracic feet of caterpillars are five jointed and end in a single claw, with apparently a
rudimentary one at the base. Usually, besides the unguis or claw, there is a tenant hair, which
is generally spine like, but besides these appendages there are sometimes more or less flattened,
lamellate setee, which are curious and worthy of notice. In Parorgyia parallela, besides the unguis

' Proceedings Boston Soc, Nat. Hist., xxiv, 1890.

*The term ‘‘tails” or eandal filaments is too vague for these highly modified anal legs; hence we propose the
term stemapoda or stemapods for those of Cerura and Macrurocampa. The derivation is Gr. cryyua, filament, zoic,
rode, leg or foot. Mr. J. Hellins, referring to these organs in Buckler’s Larvie of the British Butterflies and
Moths (Roy. Soe., ii, 138), remarks: “ But now through Dr. T. A. Chapman’s good teaching, I regard them as dorsal
appendages, somewhat after the fashion of the anal spines of the larvie of the Satyridie.” This, I am satisfied, is an
error. After repeated comparisons of the filamental anal legs of Cerura with those of Macrurocampa marthesia, and
comparing these with the greatly elongated anal legs of young H. unicolor as figured by Popenoe, and taking into
account the structures and homologies of the supraanal and paranal flaps, one can scarcely doubt that those of
Cerura are modified anal legs.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 25

and the spine-like tenant hair, there is a lamellate, flattened hair. Pl. XX XVII, fig. 10, represents
the end of a thoracic leg of Heterocampa manteo. Besides the unguis and tenant hair at the end,
there are two singular, thin, flattened, oval leaf-like sete arising near the middle of the joint.
The use of the claw and tenant hair as grappling organs is quite apparent, but the function of the
singular lamellate hairs is a matter of conjecture.

Hints on the origin of the prothoracic or cervical shield.—Not only in the wood-boring Lepi-
doptera, such as the larvie of the Hepialidie, and the Cossidie, as well as the Sesiide, is there a
well-marked cervical shield, but also in the grubs of Cerambycidie, and some other Coleopterous
families whose larvie bore in hard substances, and in such groups this hard, chitinous plate
serves to protect the base of the head and adjacent parts of the body most exposed to injury.
Developed in the borers of widely different orders, and obviously of direct use to the animal, it
has probably arisen in response to an external stimulus, an extra quantity of chitin having been
developed by the hypodermal cells of the tergal arch of the prothoracic segment, which by friction
has become thickened, just as the skin of the sole of the foot in savages becomes thick and horny
in those accustomed to go barefoot in dry, rough places.

In the lower lepidopterous families, as the Tineina, Tortricidie, Pyralide, as well as in the
low-feeding Noctuids, which hide under stones, sucii as the cutworms, a well developed cervical
shield is génerally present.

In the Bombyces, which feed exposed both on trees and on herbaceous plants, the cervical
shield is rarely even well developed, but there are sporadic cases of its development, and especially
of its appearance in the early stages and of its suppression in later larval life, which are of interest
and merit notice.

In the Notodontian genus Cerura, the prothoracic segment is unusually broad and flat above,
although it is not smooth, chitinous, or polished; whether its use is to support the large lateral
tubercles or to resist pressure and friction is a question.

In the first stage of Dasylophia anguina there is a small cervical shield (PI. XX XVII, fig. Le),
which bears four glandular sete on each side of the median red dorsal line.

In Datana integerrima, a small, transversely oblong, conspicuous black cervical shield is
present in the freshly hatched larva and in the subsequent stages. There is, however, no shield
or rudiments of one in Edema albifrons or in Heterocampa and Macrurocampa.

In the other Bombyces there is no genuine shield, but in the first stage of some forms the two
dorsal piliferous warts on the prothoracie segment are more or less enlarged and sometimes
coalesced so as to indicate that the shield may have been formed by the enlargement and
coalescence of these warts.

The supraanal or suranal plate—This plate, the poder of Kirby and Spence, in Bombycine
and Geometrid larvie, both as to its shape and ornamentation, affords excellent characters for
distinguishing species, and we have found it of great use, especially in describing Geometrid
caterpillars. It varies much in shape and ornamentation in Notodontid, also in Attacide .and
Ceratocampide. In Noctuide it is not, so far as we know, very characteristic. It seems to be
especially developed in those larve which constantly use the anal legs for grasping, while the frout
part of the body is more or less raised. It is thus correlated with enlarged anal legs.

Morphologically this plate appears to represent the dorsal arch of the tenth or last abdominal
segment of the body,! and is the “anal operculum” or lamina supraanalis of different authors.”
This suranal plate is in the Platyptericide remarkably elongated, forming an approach to a
flagellum-like terrifying appendage, and in the larva of Aglia taw forms a long, prominent sharp
spine. Its shape also in Cerura caterpillars is rather unusual, being long and narrow. In the
Ceratocampide, especially in Anisota, Dryocampa, Eacles, and Citheronia, this plate is very
large, the surface and edges being rough and tuberculated, while it seems to attain its Inaximum
in Sphingicampa, being triangular, oe in a bifid point.

‘See my note, “‘The number of abdominal segments in Hepdupte rous larve
1885, pp. 307, 308.

2Compare E. Haase, ‘On the constitution of the body in the Blattide.” Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1890,.
297-234. Translated from Sitzungsb. Ges. Naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, Jahrg., 1889, 128-136.

fees ican Naturalist, March,

26 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The ninth abdominal segment is unusually well developed in the Attacidie and the Cerato-
-campidie, sometimes, as has been previously stated, bearing a true “caudal horn,” which takes
the place of that usually growing on the eighth segment. In the Rhopalocera, the suranal plate
is in general, especially in Hesperidw and Papilionidie, small and rounded, much as in the
Noctuidie, but in the Nymphalide it is more or less specialized, and remarkably so in the larva of
Neonympha phocion and other satyrines, where it is greatly elongated and forked. (See figures
in Seudder’s “ Butterflies of New England;” also W. Miiller’s figures of larva of Prepona.)

The paranal lobes.—These are the homologues of the two anal valves (valvule of Burmeister,
“the podical plates” of Huxley) observed in the cockroach, and occurring in nearly all, if not all,
insects. In Geometrid larve they are full, fleshy, lobe-like, or papilliform, bounding the areas on
each side, and appear as if projecting backward from the base of the anal legs.

In the Ceratocampide these paranal lobes are not well developed. In the larva of Cerura they
are much as in Geometrid caterpillars, where they end each in a seta.

The paranal forks.—We have already called attention to these two bristles in our description
of the larve of Cerura. (Proceedings Boston Soc. N. H. xxiv, p. 553.) They are well developed,
arising from the end of a papilla projecting directly backward. Their use has been indicated by
Mr. John Hellins,! who refers to a pair of sharp points underneath the anal flap, ‘which are used to
throw the pellets of frass to a distance.” Occurring in Notodontian and other arboreal caterpillars,
notably the tree-inhabiting Geometrids, they are wanting in Noctuide (including Acronyeta and
Catocala), Sphingidie, and Rhopalocera, as well as the lower Geometrids and the Microlepidoptera,
and are not developed in the Sphingidie. In Ichthyura (Clostera) they are slightly developed. In
the European Urapteryx sambucata (received from M. P. Chrétien) these lobes are very large,
papilliform, and setiferous, and in our Cheerodes, ete., they are similarly developed and the
use of the two set or the fork is undoubtedly the same as in Cerura. :

The infraanal lobe.—My attention was first called to this lobe or flap while examining some
Geometrid larvee. It is a thiek, conical, fleshy lobe or flap, ending often in a hard chitinous point,
and situated directly beneath the vent. In appearance it is somewhat like the egg-guide of the
Acrydii, though the latter is thin and flat. Jts use is evidently to aid in tossing the pellets of
excrement away so as not to allow them to come in contact with the body. In a large not iden-
tified Geometrid worm, which lives on the ash, this flap is large and conical, ending in a blunt
chitinous point. In a large geometer belonging to another genus, the tip is sharper and harder,
and in what is probably a larva of Endropia, while the paranal forks are well developed, the
infraanal lobe ends in a stiff bristle. Whether this infraanal lobe is the homologue of the ninth
urosternite or ventral plate [ will not at present undertake to say.

Glandular sete.—Among the Notodontide the freshly hatched larvie of several genera are
provided with glandular hairs of various shapes. In Datana integerrima they are clavate; in
Dasylophia anguina they are clavate, somewhat flattened, and are dark, but clear at the tip,’ while
in all the other caterpillars we have observed that the glandular hairs are confined to the body,
those on the head tapering to a point, and apparently not fitted for secreting a fluid; those on the
head of Dasylophia are glandular, all ending in a slight transparent bulb.

Other genera of this group will probably on further investigation be found to possess glandular
sete in their first larval stages. They occur in the freshly hatched larva of what is probably a
species of Heterocampa, also in Nadata gibbosa, Ichthyura inclusa, and Pheosia rimosa.

It is to be observed that the freshly hatched eaterpillars of Ceratosia tricolor Smith are
provided with glandular hairs. They are flattened at the tip, which is slightly tridentate, with

1'The use of these I find explained by Mr. Hellins in his description of the larva of C. bifida in Bueckler’s Larvie
of British Butterflies and Moths, ii, p. 142, as follows: ‘‘At the tip of the anal flap are two sharp points, and another
pair underneath, which are used to throw the pellets of frass to a distance.” Similar dungforks are very generally
present in Geometrid larvie, the paranal papilliform tubercles being well developed, though we have not seen them

in use.

I have noticed a caterpillar of C. borealis in the process of defecating, and with the forceps pulled off a pellet
which was held by the two spines of the paranal tubercles. Mr. Dyar tells me he has both seen and heard the
caterpillars casting their pellets with the aid of their spine against the side of a tumbler.

2PILXXXVII, fig 11. Glandular hairs of Dasylophia; a, of body; b, of the head; ¢, of prothoracie shield.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 27

grooves passing down the shaft from the notches between the teeth. They occur not only on the
back and sides of the body segments, but also on the sides of the abdominal legs. The occurrence
of such hairs in this genus is interesting from the fact that they have not yet been observed in
Aretians, to which this moth has been referred, nor in the Noctuide, among which it should be
placed, since no Arctians have when hatched smooth glandular hairs.!

I1V.—ON THE INCONGRUENCE BETWEEN THE LARVAL AND ADULT CHARACTERS OF NOTODONTIANS.

As is well known to zoologists, from the writings of Fritz Miiller and later students, in groups
of animals which generally undergo a metamorphosis, two or more species of the same genus may
differ remarkably in respect to their early life, one species passing through a complicated meta-
morphosis while a closely allied form has a direct development, hatching in the form of the adult.
The embryo, however, in the latter case rapidly passes through a series of changes, constituting
a premature, abbreviated, or condensed metamorphosis, epitomizing the ordinary early stage of its
metamorphic allies. Thus the lobster differs from the other marine macruran crustacea in having a
condensed metamorphosis before hatching from the egg, rapidly passing through a nauplius and
a zoéa phase. Itis so with some crabs. All the fresh-water Decapoda, notably the crayfish, have
no postembryonic metamorphosis. The fact that the embryo exhibits a condensed metamorphosis
shows their origin from metamorphic forms.

These are perhaps the most remarkable cases of incongruence between what may be closely
allied genera and even species.

Also two allied species of Gammarus may differ in toto as regards the mode of segmentation
of the yolk, total cleavage occurring in one marine species (G@. locusta) and partial or peripheral
cleavage in two fresh-water forms (G@. pulex and fluviatilis).

Examples of such great divergences in larval or early life, or in the condition in which the
animal is hatched, in species closely similar in adult life, are not uncommon in worms, Echinoderms,
Molluses Soweecen besides insects, and the phenomenon is with little doubt due to the changed
Poaditions of the environments to which forms with such exceptional modes of development have
been exposed.

The principle, then, of divergence or incongruence of larval charactersin forms whose adults
are closely allied has been established in the lower classes of Metazoa. The most remarkable
and puzzling case, perhaps, is that of Balanoglossus, whose Tornaria larva is so much like that of
Echinoderms, while the adult is a protochordate animal.

As a matter of fact this does not affect the classification of these animals. Zoologists have
not thrown forms with a direct development into distinct groups where the adults have not
shown any differences; at the same time no one would unite the two species recognized as such
which presented no easily observed differences if one had a direct and the other a metamorphic
development. In the present state of our knowledge it may be well to at least provisionally
mark the differences between the two forms, so divergent in their early life, by giving them
distinct names, and thus emphasizing the fact that of the two closely allied forms one has
diverged from the other through having been subjected to a different set of external influences,
whatever such conditions may have been.

Systematic zoology has undergone within the last thirty years an entire change. Our present
systems of classification are now attempts to arrange animals in the order of their probable
appearance, 1. e., phylogenetically, and as the subject is yet in its infancy, and our attempts
provisional and tentative, we are obliged to give great weight to any differences in the larval
conditions of animals with a metamorphosis, because such differences were undoubte:dly due to
differences in the environments of their parents. Indeed if it had not been owing to changes in
the physical and biological environment, animals would never have risen beyond the dead level
of the lowest Protozoa.

Such reflections as these and a knowledge of the mode of development of the lower classes
of invertebrates are all-important to the students of insects, especially of the metamorphic orders,

UPS XXXVII, fig. 12. Gieadaiee hairs of Ceratosia tricolor, a, from the Poel thoracic and fact erdgenna seg-
ment; b, those on the first and second abdominal legs.

28 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Mecoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Hymenoptera, where
there are so many and perplexing cases of incongruence or divergence in larval forms whose
parents are very closely allied.

It is worthy of notice that in respect to Diptera the veteran dipterologist, Baron R. von Osten
Sacken, remarks of the nemocerous flies: “An arrangement of the imagoes based upon such prin-
ciples will of necessity be justified by a more or less tangible correspondence in the characters of
their larvie. This structural correspondence, this parallelism of larvee and imagoes among the
Nemocera, suffers, as far as I know, but one exception, Mycetobia pallipes and Rhyphus. In both
almost identical larve produce flies belonging to different families.” (Berliner entomolog. Zeit-
schrift, Bd. xxxvii, 1892, Heft iv, p. 418.) In the copy kindly sent me by the author a second
case of Anopheles and Dixa is mentioned in the printed copy, but struck out by the author in the
emended copy.

Eyeryone is familiar with the fact that there is a nearly similar incongruity between the larve
of the Muscide and the flies. Many new facts bearing on this subject appeared in Portchinsky’s
article on the habits of the necrophagous and coprophagous larvie of Muscidee, of which an English
abstract by Baron R. von Osten Sacken appeared in the Berliner ent. Zeitschrift for 1887. After
speaking of the wonderful power of adaptation of these larve to their environment, he states:

Distinctly related species belonging to different genera issue from larvie almost indistinguishable from each
other. And again closely related and almost indistinguishable imagoes, species of the same genus, differ in their
oviposition (size and number of eggs), and their larve follow a different law of development (as to the degree of
maturity the larva reaches within the body of the mother and the number of stages of development it passes through).

In one case even (Musca corvinw) larvie of the same species were found to have a different mode of development
in northern and southern regions of Russia.

Here also it is evident that the cause of the incongruity is due to the fact that the larvae, for
the time being different animals from the adult, are modified by their environment, the similar
surroundings and habits of the larvie of quite different genera causing the larve externally at
least to closely resemble each other. Whether they are so similar in their internal organs remains
to be seen. Dr. C. W. Stiles, who has studied so carefully by microscopic sections tapeworms of
externally similar form, and which can not be separated by external characters, tells me that the
internal organs seem to afford excellent specifie and generic characters.

Lepidopterists in general do not hesitate to base their systems of classification on the larval
as well as adult features. They in general regard their systematic arrangements of the imagines as
more or less provisional, and all acknowledge that it is immensely satisfactory, even after they are
pretty well satisfied with th eir arrangement of the adults of a group, whether a genus or family,
to work out the larval stages and to check their classifications based on adult features by the
larval characters. In many cases they may be led to change the position of a species or genus,
or to split up a genus or species.

But, after all this, the fact that so many larvee, even in the same group, are hatched with such
different shapes and characters; the fact that some are so much more simple and primitive than
others, opeas up most perplexing yet interesting questions and problems. We may, however, be
able to solve these, and in the present group of Bombyces it seems to us that the different larval
forms, some primitive and geueralized and others more or less modified or specialized, give clues.
to the phylogeny of the groups which we confess we had not expected.

And in this memoir we have endeavored, though often it is mere guesswork, to drop the old-
time method of putting the type species first and then ranging the others after it in an ill-assorted
group, and have attempted to begin with what has seemed to us to be the ancestral form of the
group, following with the later forms. This can be best accomplished by taking into consideration
the caterpillar, beginning with the generalized forms and ending with the later more modified
or specialized forms. In such a large genus as Heterocampa this is not difficult to do. For
example, as we shall see hereafter, the larva of H. manteo is as simple and generalized as any,
while that of H. wnicolor is the most modified, with its semi-stemapoda, from which Macrurocampa,
with its fully formed stemapoda, may have descended. And then, while Cerura, with its stemapoda
alike in all the species, is often or generally placed first in the group, it is evident that it was
descended from some Heterocampa-like form through Macrurocampa. Aided by our knowledge of

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 29
the larval forms, especially of the earliest stages, it is not difficult to construct a genealogical
tree of the subfamilies Heterocampine and Cerurine. When taking into account the larval stages
of the entire family, even with our present imperfect knowledge, it is easy to see that Datana
stands at the base, is the more generalized primitive form, and was perhaps the first to diverge
from the stem-form of the family.

The first author to cali attention and at the same time to treat in a philosophic way of what
he has ealled “the incongruence of form relationship, between larvie on the one hand and imagines
on the other” is Weismann, in his well-known work entitled Studies in the Theory of Descent. In
Chapter II of the second volume, entitled “Does the form relationship of the larva coincide with
that of the imago?” he points out certain incongruences between the larval and adult characters.
Ee claims that “neither the group of Microlepidoptera nor those of the Noctuina, Bombycina,
Sphingina, and Rhopalocera can be based systematically on larval characters,” adding the quali-
fication, ‘Several of these groups are indeed but indistinctly defined, and even the imagines
present no common characteristics by which the group can be sharply distinguished.” Within the
families, however, he states: “There there can be no doubt that in an overwhelmingly large
majority of cases the phyletic development has proceeded with very close parallelism in both
stages; larval and imaginal families agree almost completely. On the other hand, ‘in the butter-
flies a perfect congruence of form relationship does not exist, inasmuch as the imagines constitute
one large group of the higher order, whilst the larvie can only be formed into families.” But in
this case Weismann does not seem to be aware that the imaginal Rhopalocera as such is quite an
artificial group, and that the imaginal families recognized by Bates, Scudder, and others have
perhaps more equivalent, congruent, or nondivergent larval forms than his remarks would seem to
imply.

But without attempting to enter into an exposition or criticism of Weismann’s general
statements, his whole discussion being most suggestive and stimulating, we will turn to what he
says of the Notodontide :

An especially striking case of incongruence is offered by the family Notodontide, under which Boisduval,
depending only on imaginal characters, united genera of which the larve differed to a very great extent.
In fact, in the whole order Lepidoptera there can scarcely be found associated together such diverse larvie as are here
placed in one imago family.

He then refers to the short cylindrical caterpillars of Cnethocampa, which, however is not a
Notodontian, but a Lasiocampid. He then briefly refers to the larvee of Harpyia (Cerura) and the
saterpillars of Stauropus, Hybocampa, and Notodonta. Without giving further attention to the
family, he returns to the butterflies. This family, then, presenting ‘‘an especially striking case of
incongruence,” we will briefly discuss, referring the reader for fuller details to the figures on the
plates.

In the first place, as a matter of fact, the more one becomes familiar with the Lepidoptera
and their larval forms the easier it is to distinguish the larvie by their ‘‘ family” characteristics,
premising, however, that the term family is of very uncertain meaning, and that different
authors differ as to what to call a family as much as they do what to designate a species. But
no one, we think, need to err in correctly picking out or identifying any Bombycine larva except,
perhaps, a few Notodont laryie, which are liable to be confounded with certain Thyatiride, and
the hairy Noctuidie, but even then a careful examination will show family differences even when
adaptation and modification have nearly bridged over the fundamental differential characters.

In this work I have divided the family into seven groups, which may be for convenience
regarded as so many subfamilies. I was first led to do so by the larval characters alone, but
found that this classification would also apply in general to the moths, so that there proved not
to be so much incongruity as was expected. There appear to be, then, seven larval subfamilies
and seven imaginal subfamilies. Others may not agree with this view, but it is the most rational
classification I have been able to make.

Beginning with the most simple forms of larva, those of the Gluphisine, which, both as
regards those of the Old and New World, are tolerably constant, the adults certainly differ notably
from those of other subfamilies, as also do the larvee and pupie.

30 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The remarkably woolly and penciled larve of Apatelodes are congruous with the very distinct
imagines of the subfamily Apatelodine, which are so well defined by their structural characters.

The hairy and brightly banded larve of the Pygerine, so unlike those of other Notodontians,
are paralleled by the general appearance and structure of the moths, so much so thatthe group was
regarded as a distinet family (Pygieride) by Duponchel. The larve of the European Pygierinie
are hairy and gaily striped, and related in much the same way to our larval Datana as the imago
is to our imaginal Datana.

The larvee of the subfamily Ichthyurine, represented by only a single genus, need not be
confounded with those of any other division of the family, though there is a great deal of plasticity
within the limits of the group. The most generalized species is the larva of I. apicalis (vaw) and
its allies brucei (multnoma), since it has no large specialized tubercles like those of inclusa and
albosigma, and the latter species differs, both as regards larva and imago, from J. inclusa. The
incongruence in this group is not greatly emphasized.

But in the two next subfamilies there is a striking lack of congruity between the larva and
moth, both in the genera and species.

Among the Notodontinz we have Hyparpax, whose imago is so different, in the shape of the
wings and in the color of the body and wings, compared with any other genus of the group or
even of the family; yet the larva is very nearly allied to those of Yylinodes and of Schizura.

A remarkable case of incongruence is the larva of Schizura concinna. This well-known
caterpillar, with its formidable armature of long hobnail-like spines and its gay head and swollen
coral-red dorsal hump, would seem to be the type of a distinct genus, and yet from a study of its
adult character it is not separable from the other species of Schizura, and we have dropped the
genus (@demasia we originally proposed for it from the lack of stable differential characters.
The freshly hatched larvie, however, is undistinguishable from that of other Schizurie yet known,
and perhaps we have done violence to the principles of classification in not allowing it to remain
in the genus we originally proposed for it. At all events, it with other Schizurie evidently had a
common pareutage, and it has diverged since it first molt farther away from the stem than others
of its cospecies and may be regarded as an incipient genus. It is also plain that the causes which
have acted upon this organism have from the first been of a quite different nature from those which
have been efficient in causing fixed variations in other directions, resulting in the fixation of the
other species of the genus. <As the change takes place after the first molt, this may have been
produced in the Tertiary period. Its larval stages are discussed at some length under the head of
the species in the systematic portion of this work.

On the other hand, in the genus Seirodonta we have a remarkable case of congruence in its
larva as compared with that of Heterocampa manteo. It is almost impossible until after repeated
and careful comparisons to distingush the caterpillars of Seirodonta bilineata and H, manteo, though
the imagines differ somewhat, perhaps generically. At times I have united Seirodanta with
Heterocampa, but for the present conclude to keep them apart, as others have done, but really the
genus is not so “good” a one as Gidemasia.!

In the genus Heterocampa, as the name implies, there is a remarkable degree of diversity
between the caterpillars of the different species, and our knowledge of them, especially of their
early stages, has greatly extended since the days of Doubleday.

If we take account of the fully grown caterpillars, it seems quite evident that there are several,
perhaps three, “larval” genera in the group. In H. manteo, guttivitta, biundata, obliqua, and astarte,
the body in the fully grown larva is smooth and unarmed, but in pulverea, which has a pair of
small tubercles on the prothoracic segment, we have a notable persistance of early larval features.
Unfortunately we are not yet familiar with the early stages of this caterpillar. Possibly this
species is the’stem form of the group. :

In H. unicolor we have a transfer of the differential generic characters from the prothoracic
region to the anallegs. Though the high prothoracic tubercle appears in the first stages and
perhaps, as in Macrurocampa, in all except the last stage, when the larva is on a level with the fully

'T have some sketches made by Mr. Bridgham of a larva in its first three stages which is Schizura-like, and as
it feeds on the elm it is probably Seirodonta, Should it prove to be such, this genus is a Schizura in the early stages
and a Heterocampa in the last.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Sil

grown pulverea, itoutstrips that form, and the new forces of variation are concentrated at the other
end of the body, resulting in the hypertrophy of the anal legs.

This tendency once initiated, it became accelerated, until in the larva of Maerurocampa it
culminated in a pair of anal filaments with their evertible flagella as fully finished as in Cerura,
the larva using these in the same manner as deterrent structures; and yet nature holds on to the
prothoracie armature, rudimentary to be sure, through all the stages of larval development up to
and including the fourth or penultimate stage. Without doubt by very careful and closesobserva-
tions in the past geological times of the Tertiary, the courses of the variation along this line would
have been worked out had there been an eye and trained mind behind it to observe.

Attention should also be called to the remarkable incongruence in the first larval stages of
this subfamily, the presence of nine pairs of antlers in H. guttivitia and of but a single pair,
restricted to the prothoracic segments, in H. biwndata, though the moths are very closely allied.

In the succeeding and what we regard as the latest and most highly modified or specialized
‘group, taking the larve into account, are the Cerurine.

The imago of Cerura is structurally quite distinct from Macrurocampa, but apparently the
sluggish habits, the infrequent, weak, and more or less curtailinent of the power of flight common
to the entire family of Bombyces have led to a lack of variation in form and structure which does
not obtain in the larvee themselves.

The larva of Cerura is evidently a derivation from Macrurocampa or some lost ally, at least
some member of the subfamily Heterocampine. The prothoracie horns of the young larva of
Cerura, owing to the great development and specialization of the first segment succeeding the
head, are thrown wide apart and project out laterally. These horns are yet perhaps an heirloom
from the dorsal horns of Heterocampa.

The Cerura lary varied in the direction of the enlargement of the prothoracic segment to
form a sort of hood to admit the head, serving to make a visage calculated to frighten away any
assailant. Itis the puff adder among the Bombycine caterpillars, as the larva of Charocampa
is among Sphingid larve. The stematopoda, which seemed to have proved very useful in
Macrurocampa, were retained in Cerura, being apparently too useful to be lost.

While the Cerura caterpillars assume a defensive and offensive attitude in order to frighten
away other animals, they do not mimic the appearance of other animals; but in the singular
caterpillar of Stauropus there is such a mimicry, the thoracic legs being much longer than in any
other known lepidopterous larva and the stemapods being thickened and shortened, so that when
the creature throws itself into a sprawling, grotesque attitude, with the tail up in the air, as
remarked by Hermann Miiller, it resembles a great spider. At the same time the style of coloration
is changed; it has not the green and red tints of Cerura, but is tinted light and dark horn-brown,
like the bodies of many large spiders.

In the case, then, of Stauropus, variation has gone on in a novel and determinate direction,
the process of natural selection ending in a result not to be observed in the case of any other
lepidopterous larvee, the initial cause of variation being apparently the result of protection due to
a resemblance to members of another class of arthropods.

THE PROBABLE CAUSES OF VARIATION, LEADING TO INCONGRUOUS LARVAL CHARACTERS,

We have seen that the moths of the Bombyces are far less active, have a weaker flight, are
more sluggish, and hence are more uniform in color and markings than any other superfamily of
Lepidoptera. The females remain stationary on the bark of trees and in similar situations, while
the males seek and find them, not so much by virtue of swiftness of flight as by their unusual
power of scent, as evidenced by their well-pectinated antenne. Variation, then, is the result more
of disuse of the wings and of the maxill than any other cause, these suffering more or less reduction.
The very short or vestigial maxillze of the Saturnians and the reduction in the number of veins of
the wings in that group is the result of disuse; but, on the whole, variations in details of structure,
in the specialization of the scales, of the parts and appendages of the legs, of the palpi, and other
parts so striking in the Noctuina are very noticeable.

On the other hand, from causes potent though obscure, the degree of variation in the larval
forms is most striking. We have every reason to believe that this great degree of modification

ae MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and specialization of larval forms in the Bombyces is due to changes in their environment after
they had effected their descent from their Lithosian ancestry. It was from adaptation to totally
new surroundings which at once broke up the old simplicity of shape of their early ancestry an4
induced a striking plasticity of form and of structural features.

Such changes as these could not have been brought about so recently as the Quaternary
period, but must have been most active during the late Mesozoic and throughout the Tertiary.
Probably the date of the appearance of the Bombycine phylum was coeval with the appearanée of
the Cretaceous forests.

We have always maintained that the Bombyces are a very old type, which have lost a
ereat many forms by geological extinction. In number of species the type is at present far less
numerous than the Noctuina. The ranks of the latter have not been thinned by the ravages of
geological time; on the contrary, there are few and unimportant gaps in their numbers—few links
which are missing.

We would suggest, then, that the plasticity of the larval forms of the Bombyces, especially
in the “lower,” or to speak more correctly, the more primitive and in a degree generalized, families,
is due to the great changes in their environment during the Cretaceous and Tertiary periods.

This is indicated by the facts in geographical distribution to be stated in more detail further
on. When species are widely distributed this is to be taken as an evidence that they have had a
high antiquity. When, for example, a group like the Heterocampine is entirely wanting in Europe
and the western portion of North America, such great gaps in distribution are naturally to be
attributed to geological extinction.

It will be recalled that the opossum and other marsupials are extinct in Europe, though existing
at present in Australia and America. Lingula was once abundant all over the globe; it now only
lives along portious of the American and Asiatic and Australian coasts. Limulus was represented
by several species in the Jurassic of Europe but now only occurs on the northeastern shores of
North America and the eastern shores of Asia from the Malaysian Peninsula to Japan, having
become extinet in other parts of the world.

In like manner the great gaps in the genera of our existing Bombyces are probably due to
geological extinction, and also to the great plasticity or marked difference in the larve, as compared
with the homogeneousness of the imagines, these being due to the widespread changes in the
environment which took place during the later Mesozoic and Tertiary periods, and which reacted
on the insects in their early rather than later stages.

This incongruity between the larval and adult stages, then, was probably most marked in the
periods before the Quaternary, while since then there has been divergence. We have some reason
to suppose that the families of Noctuids and Geometridi, so numerous in species, were largely
evolved during the Pliocene and Quaternary.

Where a family or subfamily is equably developed both in the Old and New worlds, we are
inclined to suppose that it was a recently evolved group.

It is well known that America has lagged behind Europe, geologically speaking, although
America is the older continent as such; the process first of specialization and then of extinetion
has gone on more rapidly in the Old World, or at least the western portion of it.

Were fossil Bombyces ever to be found in Europe, we should expect to discover among them
representatives of the Cochliopodide, of the Attacine Saturniidie, Ceratocampide, and Notodon-
tid, now characteristic of North and South America or of the tropical regions of Asia and perhaps
of Africa.

Among the Notodontide the Heterocampide, for example, now confined to eastern North
America, Central America, and western South America, may have flourished in Europe contem-
poraneously with the sequoia, magnolia, liquidambar, gum tree, and other existing types of
vegetation now extinct in Europe. Although Macrurocampa is an American genus, some form like
it may have existed in Europe, from which the European Cerurinw may have evolved, unless the
type migrated from Asia. There is a species of Stauropus in India, though there are few Noto-
dontiaus in that country, and southeastern Asia is evidently the center of development of the bulk
of the European genera of Bombyces, geological extinction in these moths having gone on very
extensively in Europe, perhaps as the result of the cold of the Glacial epoch.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 33

V.—ON THE INHERITANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERS IN LEPIDOPTERA.

Perhaps in no other group or order of animals may we study the subject of the inheritance of
aequired characters with more success than in the Lepidoptera. In these insects the four stages
of existence—the egg, larva, pupa, and imago—are definite and fixed, and during each of the three
last periods the organism is, so to speak, a different creature, with distinct and separate shape
and structure, external and internal, and during each leads a different life. Family, generic, and
specific characters are inherited at each of these stages, and at each there is a combination of
congenital and acquired characteristics, some of both classes of which, i. e., those least marked,
are difficult to separate from each other.

The following is an attempt at a rough grouping of such features at the last three stages. We
omit the egg stage, for though they more or less vary in shape and ornamentation, this is perhaps
due more to difference in the structure of the lining of the oviduct of the female than to the action
of external circumstances on the egg after it has been laid. Yet this should be said with some
reservation, because we are not aware that any one has discussed the probable mode of origin of
the specifie differences in the shape and color of the eggs of birds or the shape and markings of
the eggs of insects, though undoubtedly the agency of external causes, together with natural
selection, has had something to do with the variation.

It has seemed to us that the relation of specific and generic characteristics in the eggs of
insects is a most difficult problem. Yet it should be observed that while the differences in orna-
mentation and shape are primarily due to the impression on the shell received from the lining of
the oviduct, yet the wonderful diversity we see in the eggs of insects is often readily seen to be
correlated with the external conditions in which they exist after having been deposited by the
parent. In birds the thick, solid shell and the oval shape of the murre’s egg seem due to the
unprotected manner in which they are left on the rocks and shelves, from which they are liable
to fall.

We may contrast with such an egg that of the robin, in which the shell is thin and uniform
in color, since it is protected from harm by being contained in a nest; so also the color of the
murre’s eggs may be due to the action of protective mimicry, the spots assimilating them to lichen-
grown rocks, by which they escape the observation of their natural enemies, the fox, the mink,
and other egg-devouring animals. So the eggs of Chrysopa, of many bugs, ete., are in shape and
mode of attachment beautifully adapted to prevent them from being seen by egg-devouring
animals.

In the larval histories given in this work we have endeavored, where they have been observed
with sufficient completeness, to discriminate between the congenital and the acquired characters.

1. Larval state-——A. In this state we have the inheritance of congenital characteristics.

B. Inheritance of what were originally acquired characters, the results of attacks of enemies:
Examples are the tubercles armed with spines and sometimes with caltrops (Empretia, ete.) and
stripes, all apparently inherited at different periods of larval life, the least important specific
and varietal characters probably having been acquired during the life of an.individual.

2. Pupa state.—A. Cocoon: The absence or presence of a cocoon was doubtless originally due
to differing external conditions, while the dense, perfect cocoon is characteristic of the spinning
moths (Attacidie, Lasiocampidie, etc.); the Ceratocampide make none at all, but, like the Sphinges,
the larvee simply bury themselves in the earth before pupation. In the Arctiidze and the Lipa-
ridie the cocoon is chiefly composed of the barbed larval hairs, with a little silk to fasten them
more firmly together; in the Geometride certain larvze spin a loose, thin web. In such cases the
spinning of a cocoon is intimately associated with a change of larval habits, and is, with little
doubt, an acquired habit, originally formed by a single individual.

B. The shape of the pupa is often dependent on the presence or absence of a cocoon. In the
Notodontidz the cremaster is often absent in genera such as Gluphisia, which spins a very slight
cocoon, and Lophodonta, which spins no cocoon, and is closely allied to those which do. In
Cerura there is no spine on the rudimentary cremaster, because the pupa lies in a very dense
cocoon fastened to the bark of trees, etc., and being in no danger of being shaken out no cremas-

S. Mis. 50——3

34 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

terial spine or hooks are developed. The cremaster affords excellent generic and specific characters.
In the subterranean pupa of Datana it is present, and is of use in aiding the pupa to reach the
surface of the ground. It is very large and acute in the subterranean pupie of Ceratocampide
and Sphinges. It is evident that in the presence or absence of the cremaster, and in its shape
and in the number of hooks and their shape, we have a set of very plastic characters (though
excellent for distinguishing genera and species) whose variability and plasticity is due to the
varying habits of the pupa, whether living above or under ground, whether protected by a very
thin, loose, net-like cocoon or by a solid double one like that of Cerura or of the silkworms. Also
whether the thread is continuous and can be readily reeled, as in Bombyx mori, or whether the
thread is often interrupted at the anterior end, as in Platysamia cecropia, is a feature which was.
probably the result of a slight change of circumstances and may have been inaugurated as the
result of variation in a single individual during a single lifetime, afterwards in succeeding genera-
tions becoming fixed by homochronie inheritance.

3. Imago state.—It is easier to select what may have been acquired characters in caterpillars
than in butterflies and moths, and yet the latter have a complicated series ef what may originally
have been acquired characters. It should be borne in mind that while caterpillars live for weeks
and even months, are subject to frequent molts, are active, and are dependent on a proper supply of
their food, usually this or that plant, butterflies and moths perish, as a rule, directly after mating,
taking little or no food. Of course acquired characters are most marked in the parts which are
most used, as the maxill, wings, and external genital armature.

The absence of maxillz or their very rudimentary condition in Bombycine moths is, with little
doubt, a recently acquired character. The very arbitrary distribution in Lepidoptera of scent.
organs (Androconia, etc.) are apparently characters recently acquired. The wonderful variations.
in the markings of the wings, due to a variety of slight causes, may often arise during an indi-
vidual’s lifetime and become a matter of inheritance, the result of sudden changes in temperature,
moisture, or dryness, and changes in food of the larva. By subjecting individual pupe to pro-
longed cold, or vice versa, varieties and a greater or less number of broods may be produced
artificially, and this may illustrate how seasonal varieties have arisen in nature.

Many species are only separated by differences in the male genital armature. These, as is.
well known, are subject to great individual variation, and why should not the characters peculiar
to a distinct variety, or even species, arise during the lifetime of two individuals when mated?
An unusually vigorous polygamous butterfly may have some new congenital extra development
of hooks and processes, and by frequent use develop the muscles controlling these to the extent
of providing an acquired character, which may be, if useful, inherited in the next and succeeding
generations,

But an especially interesting and fruitful field of investigation would be a study of wingless.
Lepidoptera, such as the cankerworm, the autumn moths allied to it, the tussock moths (Orgyia),
and especially the sack bearers or Psychidie.

The loss of wings in these cases seems to be due to disuse in individuals more sluggish than
others, and with little doubt has been the result of inheritance of what were originally acquired
characters. It is easy to imagine how this has been induced by a study of a series of forms,
beginning with certain European genera, in which the wings of the female are very small, and
passing to those in which they become simple pads, as in Orgyia, and ending with tbose such as
Anisopteryx, in which their reduction is still further carried out. And then Lepidoptera should
be compared with certain of the Ephemer, whose hind wings are so much reduced; with Pezzo-
tettix and other Orthoptera with aborted wings, and certain Hemiptera in which the wings are
aborted, ending with the great order of Diptera, comprising a vast number of species, in which
the hind wings have not only undergone a great reduction, but have been transformed through
change of function into balancers, with their extraordinary sense organs, It is not difficult to see
that the disuse of wings may have begun in the life of a single individual, which, losing its wings
and having perhaps inherited a tendency to this lesion through corpulency and other bodily
changes, became inactive, averse to flight, and finally transmitted the peculiarity to its offspring.

In a paper in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History (xxiv, 482), on the
life history of Drepana arcuata, I have described the different stages of this moth, and at the end

MEMIORS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 35

recapitulated the congenital characters, and finally given a synopsis of the chief steps in the
evolution of the adaptional characters, which appear after the first exuviation. It seems very
probable that these later features were the result of the action of external stimuli, both physical
and biological, and that they were acquired not only during the lifetime of the larva, but at certain
distinct stages or periods during the growth of the creature. The changes are both colorational
and structural, and during the different stages the larva was adapted for different surroundings,
and thus at each important stage was virtually for the time being a distinct animal.

During the pupa stage special and unusual structural adaptations arose, the cremaster being
unusually developed, and also a pair of cephalic hooks, seeming to entangle the head in the web
of the cocoon, so that the pupa can not be thrown out of the curled leaf, which remains in the first
brood on the trees. These I regard as characters acquired by the insect after birth and in response:
to the exigencies of life at different stages. I will here add the conclusions given in that paper.

RECAPITULATION OF THE SALIENT FEATURES IN THE ONTOGENY OF DREPANA ARCUATA,
A. CONGENITAL CHARACTERS OF THE LARVA.

1, Anal legs obsolete; suranal plate already ending in an elevated rod-like spine in Stage I.

2. Glandular hairs (split at the end) present only in Stage I.

3. Piliferous warts well developed but of uniform size on all the segments in Stage I.

4. Head and body dark brown, but the warts pale; uromeres 1 and 7, pale yellowish in
Stage I.

5. Crochets of abdominal legs more numerous than usual, forming an incomplete circle,
compensating for the lack of anal legs and crochets.

6. These congenital characters are of generic value, the specific characters appearing at and
after Stage III.

B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL CHARACTERS,

1. Reduction in size and length of hairs after Stage I, glandular hairs being replaced by
ordinary tapering ones.

2. At the beginning of Stage III the body becomes yellowish-green, and the dorsal region,
previously dark, becomes broken up into pale yellowish-green spots. Head distinctly banded
with yellow.

3. In Stages IV and V the greenish portions of the body become darker, like that of the food
plant, and the reddish-brown parts are assimilated to the hue of the leaf stalks and twigs.

4, In Stage III the prothoracic dorsal warts degenerate, and those of the two succeeding.
stages slightly progress in development.

5. The ninth uromere becomes as large as, if not slightly larger than, the eighth, and separated
by a distinct suture from the tenth—a very unusual feature in caterpillars.

6. The chief adaptational features are: (1) colorational, to enable the partly or fully grown.
caterpillar to escape observation, and (2) structural, the unusually large ninth and tenth abdom-
inal segments being upraised, with the upturned threatening suranal rod or spine fitted to frighten.
away ichneumons or Tachinie, and possibly insectivorous birds.

C. A SPECIAL ADAPTATION IN THE PUPA.

The pair of cephalic stout hooks serving to entangle the head in the web of the cocoon, the
cremaster also being unusually well developed, so that the pupa, which in the first brood remains
on the tree, is slung by its head and tail, and can not be thrown out of the curled leaf.

D, PROTECTIVE COLORATION OF THE MOTH,

When I first noticed the moths, with their broad wings outspread and resting on the upper side-
of the leaves, I mistook them for pieces of dead, dry, yellowish leaves whieh had fallen upon and
become fastened to the surface of the fresh leaf.

36 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ACQUIRED CHARACTERS IN THE NOTODONTID 42.

In the succeeding systematic portion of this work I have given a number of life histories of
the family, and with more or less detail pointed out the later adaptional as distinguished from
the congenital characters. I have on pages 21-23, called attention to the varying shapes of the
tubercles and setie in the larvee of the Bombyces and other of the higher Lepidoptera and to their
probable mode of origin and why they appear on certain segments in preference to others. The
attention of the reader is calied to the summary or recapitulation of changes especially in the life
history of Datana integerrima, Apatelodes torrefacta, Symmerista albifrons, Macrurocampa marthesia,
and of three species of Cerura, while there is a summary of the steps in the assumption of the
adaptive characters at the different larval stages of several species of Schizura. The steps in the
evolution of what may be regarded as acquired characters in Sehizura, and in Dasylophia anguina,
Hyparpax, Heterocampa, ete., are readily seen by an examination of the plates.

The Notodontians are remarkable in general for the humps, tubercles, and spines of their
larvie, some of which are congenital, while others appear at different stages after birth. Still some
larvie of this group are entirely without them and remain so throughout their larval life. And
this is an argument that the various processes of the cuticle or outgrowths of the entire integu-
ment are characters originally acquired during the postembryonic life of the young insect.

Take for example the larval Nadata gibbosa; this, like the caterpillar of Gluphisia and of
Lophodonta, is a smooth-bodied larva, ornamented with lines, but entirely unarmed. The life
history of V. gibbosa shows that it is born with a smooth body, without any traces of tubercles or
enlarged bristles, while no traces of the yellowish subdorsal lines appear until at the end of the
second stage, the only ornamentation being coloration. This form is therefore a primitive one, and
this fact would seem to demonstrate that the humps, tubercles, and spines so frequently observed
in the group arose within recent geological times, and were acquired during the postembryonie
stages of the larve of different genera in response to various changes in the surroundings of
different species, these finally becoming fixed and regularly transmitted along various lines of
development, resulting in a series of forms constituting the present genera of the family.

One of the most notable cases in the family is that of the loss at about the middle of the
larval life of the remarkable antlers of Heterocampa biundata. During the three earliest stages
the larva bears on the prothoracic segment a pair of enormous antlers with four tines. At the
‘second molt these are discarded, and in the two last stages are represented by a pair of conicai,
rounded, polished, piliferous knobs. The rest of the partly grown body of the larva is smooth.
After casting its horns the larva assumes a new set of coloration markings, so that in its last
two stages it is a totally different creature in appearance from the earlier stages.

One of the plates represents a series of colored drawings, by Mr. Bridgham, of the still more
wonderful changes undergone by the caterpillar of Heterocampa guttivitta, representing five
stages, nearly each of which presents notable differences. In the first, directly after hatching,
the reddish larva has not only a pair of enormous antlers with four tines on the first thoracic
segment, but a pair of long antler-like spines on abdominal segments 1 to 6 and also 8 and 9,
those on segments 1 and 8 being about three times as large as the others. It is certainly one of
the most singular larvie of the family.

Now this bizarre armature is entirely discarded at the first molt, with the exception that the
prothoracie antlers are represented by a pair of knob-like tubercles, the other segments, however,
showing no trace of the former existence of spines. Also, while the body was not striped in Stage
I, it is now paler red, with a more brownish tint, and is marked with four yellowish stripes. At
the end of this stage the lines become effaced and the body grows more yellowish on the sides.
In the third stage the tubercles still persist, but the markings differ very much, as reddish dorsal
patches appear in the middle and near the end of the body, and there are anticipations of the
markings of the fully grown eaterpillar. In the present stage the insect closely resembles the
mature larva, having bright crimson markings on the thoracic segments and on the third and
fourth and on the fifth and sixth abdominal segments, these bright spots becoming somewhat less
decided and conspicuous in the final stage.

Fig. 1 (p. 37) represents the first larval stage of H. obliqua, its horns being like those of H. gut-
tivitta (I11a), and also dropped at the first molt.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ot

Now, it seems natural to suppose that the disappearance of the armature of this insect with
the first molt was due to the lack of need for it by the caterpillar, which gradually became adapted
to a life on the underside of an oak leaf, where it assumed a simple spindle-shaped body extended
when at rest along the midrib, in which position we haye found the older caterpillar, its body
glaucous-green and so marked with yellowish lines and reddish spots, as well as with dashes and
lines, as to be wonderfully assimilated to the greenish, reddish, and whitish hues of the leaf under
which it was sheltered.

Sin

a
HAD

Fia. 1.—Early stages of Heterocampa obliqua and H. guttivitta—I. Heterocampa obliqua Pack.—Freshly hatched larva; Ja, dorsal
view; Ib, spine on third; Ic, spine on eighth; Jd, spine on ninth abdominal segment; Je, prothoracic horns of stage I, enlarged. II. Hetero-
campa obliqua Pack.—Stage IL; iZa, horns on first prothoraciec segment. III. Heterocampa guttivitta Walk.—Horns in stage I; @, pro-
thoracic horn; b, one on second abdominal; c, one on third to fifth, and d, on ninth abdominalsegment. (The sete are in some cases omitted).

It also seems reasonable to suppose that these adaptational, colorational features were acquired
by the ancestors of the present forms during the different stages succeeding the first ecdysis.
And thus we are warranted in assuming that this and multitudes of other cases of adaptation to
the change in habits and modes of life and special situations were acquired originally, at different
periods after birth, during an earlier geological period than this, when the ancestors were fewer
in number and more plastic than now. Otherwise, how can we have the differentiation of a few

38 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ancestral forms into the present series of genera, subfamilies, and families represented by such a
great number of species?

Indeed, it seems difficult to account for the evolution of the vast hordes of existing species of
insects, unless we assume that there was going on throughout the entire process the rise and
gradual perfecting of postnatal acquired characters, such characters becoming fixed by heredity
and reappearing with unerring certitude at different stages in the life of the individual, while in
some animals whose postnatal metamorphosis became suppressed we have the more salient stages
epitomized during the life of the embryo.

The reddish and russet spots developed in the three, and especially two, last stages of the larva
of these Notodontians are, as shown by the experiments of Wood, and especially of Poulton, the
result of the environment, being due to the action of the color of the spots of the leaves on the
sensitive portions of the skin or cuticle of the caterpillars. It seems to be fundamentally due to
the action of both physical and physiological processes. The skin is spotted and painted by the
reflection of the red and russet tints of the leaves on the sensitive skin of the living organism.

The results are inherited at a corresponding period of life, just as the tubercles, spines, horns,
and other kinds of armature. Hence for thousands of generations we have had such spotted
caterpillars. Now if, as is quite obvious, the spots are thus suddenly produced, since light and
dark hues were so produced in Mr. Poulton’s laboratory, at a certain time in the life of the cater-
pillars observed by him, as we know by his experiments the colors were produced in the individuals
of a single generation, it would seem to follow that in nature the characters were thus acquired in
the larva at a certain stage in the life of the individual, and have been transmitted by homochronous
inheritance. Moreover, this appears to be a case where the characters have been produced by
the direct action of the environment.

At the time, the last of summer, when the leaves are fully mature, preparing to fall off and
beginning to be variously spotted and tinted, there is made ready the peculiar environment of these
leaf-feeding larve, and so long as these conditions of red and russet spotted or tinted leaves exist
we shall continue to have similarly spotted caterpillars; should the leaves remain green, we should
not expect to have such spotted larvie. Now, these changes in the larvie are due to the primary
factors of organic evolution, i. e., to changes in the environment, to the reflection of these bright
or russet colored patches on the cuticle of the animal. By the neo-Darwinian, the organization
and production is attributed to “natural selection,” as if it were the main and only efficient cause
of evolution, but really it is not so at all. It may act as a subordinate factor after the colors are
produced, and serve to preserve those individuals most distinctly marked, those less so more
readily falling a prey to birds and insects. Natural selection does not originate, but after the new
structures or markings have appeared, as the result of the operation of the primary factors of
organic evolution (the views of neo-Lamarckians), natural selection comes in as a late and quite
subordinate factor to preserve the organism.

Family Ceratocampide.—lIt is easy to believe that this group might have evolved from such a
thoroughly armed caterpillar as that of Heterocampa guttivitta, whose ontogeny we have just out-
lined, as all the Ceratocampidie bear spines which vary in degree of complexity. We are now
acquainted with the life history of each important genus of this interesting group. We will select
the case of Sphingicampa bicolor,a creature of marvellous beauty of ornamentation, which feeds
on the Gleditsehia or spiny locust. After a detailed study of the larva through its first larval
stages to its maturity, we have drawn up the following summary of the more salient features in
its ontogeny, dividing the characters into those which are congenital and those which we believe
to have been acquired during the stages succeeding the first:

SUMMARY OF THE SALIENT FEATURES IN THE ONTOGENY OF SPHINGICAMPA BICOLOR,
A. CONGENITAL CHARACTERS OF THE LARVA, ALL APPEARING IN STAGE I,

1, The two pairs of enormous spines of second and third thoracic segments one-half as long
as the body and ending in a two-spined, large, flattened, dark bulb, freely movable and plainly
defensive in function.

2, The large, reddish, spiny ‘caudal horn” on the eighth uromere ending in two bristles.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 39

3. The double piliferous tubercle on the ninth uromere becoming obsolete in Stages IV and V,
4, The abdominal region is longitudinally striped with dark and whitish bands, but there are
no transverse marks in Stage I or in later stages.

B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL CHARACTERS,

1, The head slightly angular, face subtriangular, with a light-brown or greenish lateral stripe
(Stages II-V).

2. Appearance of a transverse row of dorsal granulations on the hinder end of each segment
in Stage II, persisting through larval life.

3. The eight thoracic spines lose their bulbous tips and become simply slightly forked in Stage
III and later.

4, The two dorsal spines of uromeres 1-7 are in Stage II larger than the others; in Stage III
they become ivory white externally and in Stage IV larger and silvery white on the outside.

5. In the last two stages the eight thoracic spines become very much shorter in proportion to
the size of the body and become less movable; as they decline in size and functional importance,
the metallic, silvery, dorsal spines on the abdominal segments become conspicuous and apparently
useful to the larva.

The following summary of a better-known caterpillar, that of Hacles imperialis, will bring out
more clearly, perhaps, the point we wish to make, i. e., that the later adaptational characters have
been acquired during the lifetime of either one or of a series of ancestral forms leading up to the
present one.

SUMMARY OF THE CHIEF ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF EACLES IMPERIALIS.
A. CONGENITAL CHARACTERS,

1. In Stage I there are three pairs of very long dorsal deeply forked thoracic horns, nearly
half as long as the body.

2, A similar median spine on the eighth abdominal segment, with one half as long on the ninth.

3. The abdominal segments are transversely banded with black.

4, The lateral spines on the abdominal segments bifid and nearly as large as the subsimple
dorsal ones.

5. Body pale chestnut brown; head light reddish.

6. The spiracles minute and difficult to detect, as they are situated in one of the transverse
black bands.

B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL CHARACTERS.

1. The forks of the larger dorsal spines disappear at the end of Stage ITI.

2. The dorsal thoracic spines become recurved in Stage III.

3, The dorsal thoracic and caudal horn become much shorter and stouter in Stage IV, when
the characters of Stage V (and last) are nearly assumed.

4, In Stage II the dorsal spines on the prothoracie segment begin to grow shorter and stouter.

5. In Stage IT the large horns begin to be less deeply forked.

6, The transverse black stripes disappear at the end of Stage II.

7. The dorsal and lateral spines on abdominal segments 1-7 are much smaller in proportion
in Stage III than in Stage IT.

8. Toward the end of Stage III the colors of the body become more conspicuous and variable.

9. In Stage III the spiracles become parti-colored and very conspicuous.

10. The dorsal thoracic and the ‘caudal horn” become much shorter in Stage IV and not
forked at the tip.

11. The hairs become long and abundant in Stage IV.

12. The body in Stage IV becomes much stouter and heavier than before, while the head has
not greatly gained in size proportionately.

The European Aglia taw appears to be the sole representative in the Old World of the
American group or family Ceratocampide, though with the larval, pupal, and imaginal characters

40 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

it seems to be the type of a distinet subdivision of the Ceratocampidie (the subfamily Agliine), as
we have named the group. This form is a connecting link between the genuine Ceratocampide
and the Saturniidse. As originally shown by Duponchel and more recently by Mr. Poulton, before
the last molt the caterpillar wholly discards the congenital characters, viz, its spinous armature,
characters common to the Ceratocampidx, and assumes an entirely and strikingly different shape.
It is now destitute of any spines at all, its body is rather short and thick, the segments full convex,
and it closely approximates the general appearance of a Saturnian larva, though the majority of
these are armed with more or less spinose tubercles; the caterpillar of the Brazilian Attacus betis
Walker, however, is figured and described by Burmeister as being smooth-bodied. The Aglia is
now quite a different creature from what it was in its earlier stages; its conditions of existence have
somewhat changed, and in adaptation to such changes its means of defense are of a different nature.
It now feeds passively on its food plant, and is dependent on its colors, various delicate shades
of green and yellow, to escape the observation of its vertebrate and insect enemies, and if discovered
it appears to rely on its large, terrifying eye-spot and somewhat sphinx-like attitude to frighten
away its aggressors.

Now, it seems most natural to suppose that the features of the last stage were in the ancestors
of this insect acquired wholly or in part during a definite epoch in the lifetime of one or perhaps
of a few generations. The mature characters were not originally congenital and would have
perhaps been useless in the early stages of the caterpillar. They may have suddenly appeared in
a single individual and then have become transmitted by heredity and fixed by natural selection, or
this process may have extended through several, though not very many, generations.

The chief factors in the origination of such a striking change in shape and ornamentation after
the last molt appear to have been the atrophy of the spines and tubercles by disuse, the larva, by
a change in its mode of life, with more sluggish habits and perhaps feeding in less exposed
conditions, not needing them, the same change resulting in a transfer of the nutritive thuids.
and bringing about the deposit of pigment in definite places, as in the eye-spots.

Whether one accepts the view of the transmission of acquired characters or not, it must be
conceded that the remarkable changes exhibited by Aglia in the last stage must have been
induced with more or less suddenness; that the tendency, at least, to the change was probably
originated during the lifetime of perhaps a single individual. The case seems to us to almost
amount to a erucial one, and if it can be explained by any other mode of reasoning than
the one suggested it will be a matter of interest. Certainly the congenital characters show a
remarkable contrast with what we assume to be acquired characters, and we know of no better
example which could be cited to prove the fact of the transmission of acquired characters.

Family Saturniide.—in the larval stages of this regal family we have great contrasts between
the first and later stages, both in armature and coloration, as summarized below, each stage
differing remarkably from the others:

RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF PLATYSAMIA CECROPIA,.

A. CONGENITAL CHARACTERS.

—_

. The sete in Stage I blunt, slightly bulbous, and glandular.

. The tubercles are all of the same size.

Body in Stage I dark, almost blackish green; head jet-black; tubercles yellowish green.
The homologue of the “ caudal horn” shows plainly its double origin.

The difference between the colors of the larva of the first and last stages very marked.

~

=o

or

B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL FEATURES,

1. The thoracic dorsal tubercles in Stage II and onward are longer than the abdominal ones.

2, Five rows of indistinet black spots along the body in Stage II, not so distinct asin S. cynthia,
the body being still dusky green. (These do not originate from lines.) At the end of Stage II
the larva is more like cynthia of the same age, the body being more yellow and the black spots
more distinct. The spots disappear at the end of Stage IV.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 4

3. The thoracic dorsal tubercles deep orange; their homologues on the abdominal segments
amber yellow.

4, The tubercles at the end of Stage II and in Stage III spotted on the sides with black.

5. In Stage III the dorsal tubercles of second and third thoracic segments showy coral red.
The subdorsal and infraspiracular tubercles tipped with pale blue; in Stage II the same tubercles
are almost entirely pale blue. i

6. The head becomes green in Stage IV, with a black spot on the side.

7. The larva is most gaudily colored and conspicuous in the last two stages, while in S.
cynthia there are not such marked differences between the different stages, though the last is the
most variegated, owing to the beautiful turquoise-blue trappings.

In Callosamia promethea the freshly hatched caterpillar is most remarkably banded, and all its
marks and tubercles are in striking contrast with the fully grown larva. The differences may be
epitomized as follows:

RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF CALLOSAMIA,
A. CONGENITAL FEATURES,

1. Hatched with heavy black transverse bands on a yellow body, and the head black, banded
with yellow; the bristles moderately long; thus the larva is already a rather conspicuous object.

2. The dorsal thoracic tubercles already differentiated in size and color from those on abdom-
inal segments 1 to 7. The differences between the freshly hatched larva and the last stage very
marked; more so than in Platysamia or Samia.

B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL FEATURES.

1. In Stage IL the body becomes paler, and thus the black bands more conspicuoys. The
second and third thoracie dorsal tubercles and those on abdominal segments 1 to 8 are now all
yellowish and of the same size. .

2, Disappearance in Stage III of the transverse black bands. The abdominal tubercles all
become blackish. 5

3. In Stage IV the head becomes yellow, being less conspicuously marked, and the dorsal
abdominal tubercles are about half as long and large as those on the second and third thoracie
segments.

4, The body becomes in the last stage much smoother than before, the dorsal prothoracic and
abdominal tubercles being much shorter than in Stage [V. This reduction of size and inconspicu-
ousness of the dorsal abdominal tubercles is carried out to excess in C. angulifera, where they
become obsolete, and the larva is simply a large green caterpillar with inconspicuous markings,
and simply pretected by its green color, like the majority of lepidopterous larye, not being so
strikingly marked as in the fully fed Samia.cynthia.

It is not improbable that the reduction and atrophy of the dorsal tubercles in question is also
accompanied by a great reduction, if not total abolition, of the poison glands at the base of these
spines. However, having lost the power of resisting or avoiding attack by this means, it, by the
action of the law of correlation, also loses its bright markings or danger signals, and having
become harmless to its enemies it is preserved from,extinction by passively relying on its smooth,
glaucous-green body to escape the observation of its natural enemies.

A tendency to the same end is seen in the larva of Samia cynthia, which is paler, less gaily
ornamented with bright markings, and also is much less heavily intercalated than the caterpillar
of Platysamia cecropia. '

It is evident that of the two species of Callosamia, C. promethea is the more primitive form and
C. angulifera a derivation from it; the former is what systematists call a “higher” species and
C. angulifera a “lower,” but many “lower” species are simply a set of those individuals which
have undergone some degree of modification or degeneration, and are later in point of origin.

Likewise the Asiatic genus, Samia (S. cynthia being an introduced form), with little doubt, is
a form which has undergone more or less modification and indeed a slight degree of reduction or
atrophy, and is thus a later form, the genus Platysamia being an earlier type, since it has probably
been envolved from Saturnia, which is the most primitive genus of the family.

42 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The terms “high” and “low” are expressions much misused and misapplied; the terms
generalized, or early or primitive; and modified, specialized, or later, are perhaps truer to nature,

It is not always the highest—i. e., most specialized—forms which are furthest removed from
the ancestral forms. For example, the Diptera, especially the Muscide, are the most modified of
insects, i. e., the furthest removed structurally from the winged ancestral forms; but the Hyme-
noptera, especially the wasps and bees, when we take into account the adult stage, are the
“highest ”—i. e., the most specialized—of all insects.

The life histories of the colossal moths, Telea polyphemus and Actias luna, are of much interest
in connection with this topic, and our remarks should be illustrated by elaborate detailed descrip-
tions and colored figures, but the essential points may be indicated by the following epitomes. It
-should be premised that the shape of the tubercles and the glandular set they bear differ greatly
in the freshly hatched larva from their appearance after the first molt:!

RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF TELEA POLYPHEMUS.
A. CONGENITAL FEATURES,

1. The sets (bristles) of Stage I but little longer than the tubercles, and both truncate and
distinctly bulbous at tip.

2, A slight but distinct differentiation in size and color of the dorsal tubercles, those of the
third thoracic and ninth abdominal segments being of the same size, and larger than those on
uromeres 1-7, and of a deeper yellow shade. (Stage I.)

3. The homologue of the “‘ caudal horn” is distinctly double and more deeply divided than in
any other American genera of Attacine; each fork about as long as thick. (Stage I.)

4, Abdominal legs each with 24 crotchets—a larger number by 6 to 8 than in the other genera.
‘(Stage I.)

5. Each abdominal segment (uromere) with a lateral pair of transverse black slashes in
Stage I.

6. The two tubercles in Stage I on the suranal plate slender, papilliform, and approximate.

B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL CHARACTERS.

1. The lateral pair of black transverse stripes on each uromere nearly or quite disappear in
Stage IT.

2. The segments more convex and angular in Stage Til.

3. Appearance of a yellowish lateral oblique stripe connecting the lateral tubercles of the
Jower and upper row in Stage IIT.

4. Appearance of the pale purplish edging of the suranal plate and anal legs in Stage III.

5. Appearance in Stage IV of the pearly spot on the outside of the dorsal tubercles.

The generic characters are mostly assumed in Stage IIT.

RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF ACTIAS LUNA,
A. CONGENITAL FEATURES.

1. Sete tapering to a point, not bulbous, and finely barbed. (Stage I.) Most of them are
three or four times as long as the tubercles.

2, Some larvee in Stage I with a very broad lateral dark band along the side of the body,
some without it; no transverse stripes present, but the head in front is twice banded with dark
brown.

3. The second and third dorsal thoracic tubercles differentiated in Stage I, being slightly
larger than the abdominal ones.

4. On the suranal plate are two rudimentary tubercles, each bearing a tuft of bristles.

5. The dorsal median tubercle on uromere 8 does not show such marked traces of its double
origin as Stage I of CO. promethea or T. polyphemus, but it is more duplex than in P, cecropia.

1 See Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts and Sciences. Boston, xxviti, p. 80. 1893.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 43

B. EVOLUTION OF LATER ADAPTATIONAL CHARACTERS.

1. Dorsal tubercles in Stage II higher than before.

2. The lateral dark band disappears in Stage IT.

3. In Stage IIL the dorsal thoracic tubercles become nearly twice as long and thick as.the
abdominal ones.

4, The head is not banded in Stage IV.

5. The tubercles brightest (pink or dark carmine) and most conspicuous in the last stage.

6. A distinct infraspiracular yellow line in Stage IV, and the suranal plate and anal legs lined
with yellow, and the surface of the suranal plate and sides of the anal legs amber-colored.

Family Cochliopodide.—The slug-like larve of the Bombycoid family Cochliopodide, so
remarkable from their snail-like mode of locomotion, their abdominal legs being entirely atrophied,
in their life history offer strong circumstantial evidence in favor of the primitive rapid acquisition
of striking characteristics at the first molt. These larve, as we have elsewhere stated, are born
without traces of abdominal legs, are nearly colorless, and with bodies more cylindrical than in the
full-grown caterpillar. In the more specialized tuberculated and spiny genera Adoneta and Empre-
tia (and probably Euclea) the tubercles are already differentiated in Stage I, much as in the last
stage, but otherwise the change from the first to the second stage is very great, so that the set of
congenital characters is very different from the assemblage of acquired characters, especially the
addition of great numbers of bristles on the tubercles, and the gay varied colors and markings of
the body. This sudden change, after but a single molt, shows that these characters are suddenly
acquired. The larve from being minute, pale-yellowish worms, hatching from almost invisible
scalelike transparent eggs, after the first molt undergo a striking change, the result of feeding in
amore exposed situation and of consequent successful adaptation to prevent recognition on the
part of hostile insects and birds. The armature of poisonous glandular spines and the development
of bright warning colors are evidently characters acquired late in larval life, when the creatures
are large enough to attract notice.

In illustration of the changes due to adaptation undergone by members of this family, I have
selected the following examples, copied from a previous paper :!

RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF EMPRETIA STIMULEA.
A. CONGENITAL FEATURES.

1. The tubercles on the second and third thoracic and the first, seventh, and eighth abdominal
segments three times the size of those on abdominal segments 2-6, these tubercles being already
differentiated at birth and more markedly so than in Adoneta.

2. Head not capable of being withdrawn into and concealed by the prothoracic segment.

3. The tubercles each bear only three two-forked glandular sete.

4, The body is more cylindrical than in the later stages and colorless.

B. EVOLUTION OF ADAPTATIONAL FEATURES.

1. In Stage II the form and general colors of the full-fed larva are assumed.
2. The tubercles are now armed with numerous poisonous spinules.

Norre.—From what we now know of the congenital as compared with the later acquired adaptational characters
of Cochliopods, it is evident that the latter are acquired at an earlier stage than in most other caterpillars.

RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF ADONETA SPINULOIDES.
A. CONGENITAL FEATURES.

1. No tubercles on the prothoracie segment.

2. The dorsal tubercles on the second and third thoracic and first, fourth, seventh, and eighth
abdominal segments double the size of those on the other segments, the tubercles being already
differentiated at birth.

1 Proceedings Amer. Philosophical Society, Phil. xxxi, pp. 83-108, 1893.

44 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

3. The prothoracic segment not yet forming a hood, the head not retracted within it so readily
as in the last stages.

4, The tubercles each bear only three three-forked glandular sete.

5. The segments are more distinct than in the later stages.

6. The body is pearly white, slightly purplish on the back.

B. EVOLUTION OF ADAPTATIONAL FEATURES.

1. The body in Stage IT assumes nearly the form and colors of the last stage, the tubercles
being armed with numerous spines and some of them tinted with red.
2. In Stage III the colors and appearance of the full-fed larva are assumed.

RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE SALIENT ONTOGENETIC FEATURES OF LITHACODIA FASCIOLA,
A, CONGENITAL FEATURES,

1. The larva is hatched without any tubercles.

2, The glandular hairs are of the same size and shape in the dorsal and subdorsal rows, being
short, with a tine at the middle and forked at the truncated end.

3. The body is more cylindrical than in the last stages and not skiff-like, and the segments are
distinct and simple.

4, The body is at first colorless.

B. EVOLUTION OF ADAPTATIONAL FEATURES,

1. The body becomes skiff-like when 5.5 mm. in length.

2, The color is pea green, like that of the leaf it feeds on, with straw-yellowish marks and spots.

3. The skin becomes rough and granulated and the plateau distinctly marked in Stage III
or LV.

4, In the last stage the minute spines disappear.

VI.— GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE AMERICAN NOTODONTID#.
MAPS I-X.

The Lepidoptera are, as regards the higher groups, from the Bombyees to the butterflies, very
largely tropical, the number of species diminishing as we pass from the equator to the poles.

Mr. Wallace! states that the distribution of butterflies corresponds generally with that of
birds in showing a primary division of the earth into eastern and western rather than into
northern and southern lands. From his studies on che distribution of butterflies and ‘‘Sphingina”
(including, however, the geriide, Castniidie, Agaristide, Zygzenide, Uraniid), he concludes
that “the neotropical region is by far the richest and most peculiar.”

The Zygewenide or day-flying moths are usually restricted to the Tropics, as we have seen in a
striking manner when descending from the temperate zone of Mexico to Cordova, which is
situated in the tropical zone (tierra caliente), and it is easy to recognize the fact that our United
States species of this family have been derived from the tropical regions of Central and South
America and the Antilles.

It would be premature for us to enter into even a provisional account of the distribution
of the Bombyces as a whole until we have completed our survey of the members of the entire
superfamily, and our remarks at present will be therefore confined to the Notodontidie.

It may, however, be well to bear in mind some general results which are quite obvious to one
who has paid even slight attention to the Bombycine moths.

While the Notodontid appear to be both tropical and temperate forms, though it should be
porne in mind that we know but little of the tropical forms, and few species are known from India
or southern Asia in general, certain other families are largely tropical.

!'The Geographical Distribution of Animals, 1876, ii, p. 483.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 45

Upon the whole, the Ceratocampide are tropical, many more species occurring in Brazil and
Central America than in North America, and this may be said of the family Hemileucidie.

The family Saturniide is a tropical group, only a single genus occurring in Europe, while in
North America north of Mexico there are six. In tropical America, Africa, and southeastern
Asia, including China, the species and genera are far more numerous and form a characteristic
feature of the fauna.

Another family riehly developed in the tropics of South America, Africa, and Asia is the
extensive family of Lasiocampide, many of them rivaling in size the colossal Attaci, and judging
from a collection of Central African caterpillars of this group in the museum of Brown University,
eollected on the Upper Congo, their armature of spines is the most formidable of any of the
Bombyces. And here it may be observed that the most spiny forms appear to be tropical, and
this tends to prove that originally nearly all our spiny caterpillars appeared in warm regions,
while the densely hairy forms, like Arctian larvee, predominate in cool temperate regions.

The Psychide, though so richly developed in Europe, appear on the whole to be widely
distributed over the tropical regions, including Australia.

The group of Cochliopodide or slug caterpillars is richly developed in Central and South
America, as well as in India, but is entirely wanting in western North America, while in Europe
there are only two species, this paucity or absence of species. being probably due to geological
extinction in the westerneportions of the Old and New Worlds.

The small family of Megalopygide (Lagoid) is confined to the New World. One genus (Lagoa)
occurs in the eastern United States, but the species are most. numerous in the forest regions of
eastern South America.

The family Liparide appears on the whole to exist in greater force in the Tropics of America
and Asia than in the temperate regions to the northward.

On the other hand, the extensive group of Aretiide and Lithosiide predominate in the tem-
perate regions, and its species, in rare cases—a few of Arctia—extend to the Polar Regions, only
one other genus, Laria, a Liparid, sharing the regions of the Arctic Circle, a species of each genus,
Arctia and Laria, also being Alpine in Europe and North Aimerica.

We will proceed to analyze the Notodontian fauna of North America.

The animals of our American continent south of the Polar Region may roughly be divided
into three grand assemblages, i. e., (1) those inhabiting the northern moist and forest-clad regions;
(2) those inhabiting the elevated, dry plateau region of the Cordillera mountain ranges, extending
southward over the Mexican plateau, and which may be called the Plateau Province (it is Allen’s
Arid Province); (3) those inhabiting the tropical portions of southern Florida and the low tropical
shores of southern Texas and of Central America.

In our essay on the geographical distribution of the Geometrid moths,! pubhshed in 1876,
we called attention to the elements from which our present insect fauna has been formed, and
claimed that the tropical elements in our fauna originally migrated from Central America by
three avenues, i. e., the Pacifie Coast, the central plateau of the Cordilleras, and the Atlantie
Coast, and we have always been of thee opinion that the Mexican fauna had strongly influenced
the Pacific Coast fauna, as well as the fauna of New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada.

As to the Arid province, or Plateau province as it might also be designated, it may be observed
that within the limits of the United States it comprises the Central province of Agassiz, together
with the Pacific Coast or California province, and to which Dr. Allen gives the name of Campes-
trian subprovinee. The southern equivalent of the Campestrian is the Mexican subprovince. We
very much prefer the word Mexican to the term “Sonoran” of Dr. Merriam.’ Originally the term
“Sonoran” was applied by Cope to a restricted portion of northwestern Mexico known politically
as Sonora.

But Dr. Merriam has, somewhat unwarrantably it seems to us, extended the term “Sonoran”
to include not only the elevated portions of Mexico, but also almost the whole of the United States

'A monograph of the Geometrid moths or Phalwnide of the United States. Report U. 8. Geological Survey,
F. V. Hayden, geologist in charge, Vol. X, 1876.

2The Geographic Distribution of Life in North America, with special reference to the Mammalia. Proc.
Biological Society of Washington, vii, pp. 1-64, April, 1892. With a map.

46 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

south of the Great Lakes and New England, his Upper Sonoran being the equivalent of the
Carolinian of other writers, and his Lower Sonoran corresponding to the Austroriparian subprovinee
of Allen. Such an enormous extension of the term Sonoran seems unfortunate, and it is to be
hoped that it will not be generally adopted.

The word Mexican, being far more general in its application, is obviously a more natural
and general term, and means more to the general student than the restricted word ‘ Sonoran.”
Sonora is but a small district or portion of Mexico, and while we might perhaps retain the name
Sonoran for the fauna of northeastern Mexico in the sense originally intended by Professor Cope,
to give it the very great extension now proposed is at least inadvisable.!

Another consideration is the probable origin of the fauna of this Arid or Plateau Province.
The region covered by the fauna and flora of the Great Plains of the United States (Campestrian)
and of the Mexican Plateau is entirely distinct from the northern or cold-Lumid and the southern
warm-humid subregions of our continent.

It is possible that it is in a large part made up of the remnants of the Pliocene fauna, which
underwent great modifications during the process of desiccation of the treeless, elevated western
portion of our continent (originally the Mesozoic Pacifis of Clarence King). Doubtless during the
period of elevation and of drainage, resulting in the formation of the extensive desert tracts of the
United States and Mexico, when the surface became deforested, owing to the lack of sufficient rain-
fall, the present assemblage, or at least the immediate forerunners of the plants and animals of
this vast plateau region, formerly inhabitated by the lacustrian life of the Eocene, Miocene, and
Pliocene Tertiary epochs—times of tropical humidity and heat—was gradually brought into
existence.

The general name “ Arid province” applied by Dr. Allen to this plateau region seems appro-
priate, and for the two quite distinct subprovinces Dr. Allen’s term Campestrian is well selected,
and for the southern we hope the term Mexican will be reserved, especially since the tropical
portiens of Mexico seem, so far as our present knowledge extends, scarcely distinguishable from
that of Central America in general. We shall venture in this work to use the word Mexican in the
sense in which the term Sonoran has been employed by Dr. Merriam.

The maps published by Dr. Allen in his most recent essay on the geographical distribution of
North American mammals (Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, iv, pp. 199-243,
1892) will, with a few minor changes, serve our purpose in illustrating the distribution of the insects
and in a more restricted way of the Bombycine moths (see Map I). We may have in our former
essay contrasted too sharply the Central province and the Pacific Coast district.

We will first contrast our North American assemblage of Notodontide with that of Europe,
including northwestern Asia (the ‘Paleartic” region of Sclater) and inclusive of the tropical
portions of southeastern Asia (Wallace’s Oriental Region). We purposely omit any reference to
the term Nearctic, believing it an unfortunate appellation, neither philosophical nor true to the
fact that America is zoologically an older continent than Eurasia, its plants and animals having
lagged behind in development that of the flora and fauna of the Old World, geological extinction
having gone on more rapidly in Europe than in America, at least in northwestern America, while
the ending Arctic is quite inapplicable to an assemblage of north temperate animals.

The Notodontian fauna of America is naturally richer than that of Eurasia, because of the
greater extent and diversity of surface of the continent over which it is spread.

In Staudinger’s Catalogue of European Lepidoptera of Notodontidie there are enumerated
14 genera and 42 species; in Ameriga, north of Mexico, we have 21 genera and about 78 species.

The following lists will present in a graphic way the resemblances and differences between the,
Notodontian fauna of the two hemispheres, it being understood that by Eurasia we mean Europe
and Asia, without the Oriental region; and by North America, that continent less Mexico and
Central America.

‘In his valuable essay entitled ‘‘Laws of temperature control of the geographie distribution of terrestrial
animals and plants,” Nat. Geogr. Mag., vi, Dec., 1894, Dr. Merriam divides the United States into three regions: the
Boreal, Austral, and Tropical. The Austral region is divided into three zones: the Transition, Upper Austral, and
Lower Austral. The Upper Austral zone comprises two principal subdivisions: an eastern or Carolinian area and a
western or Upper Sonoran area. The Lower Austral zone comprises two principal subdivisions: an eastern or Aus-
troriparian area, and a western or Lower Sonoran area (p. 277).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 47

The Notodontid of North America are in this work divided into seven subfamilies; of these
the Gluphisine, Pygerine, Ichthyurine, and Notodontine occur both in Eurasia and North America,
while two of the seven, the Apatelodine and Heterocampine, are peculiar to North America, and
extend through Central into the eastern forest-clad tropical region of South America,

Genera common to Eurasia and North America.

Lophopteryx. Pheosia.
Gluphisia. Notodonta.
Ichthyura. ; Nerice. (China and Nepaul.),
Lophodonta. Cerura.
Drymonia.

Genera peculiar to North America.
Apatelodes. Hyparpax.
Datana. Euhyparpax.
Nadata. Xylinodes.
Ellida. Schizura.
Dasylophia. Seirodonta.
Symmerista. Heterocampa.

Macrurocampa.

Of this assemblage several genera extend into Central and South America (the Brazilian
subregion), and, besides those enumerated, Nadata, Hyparpax, and Schizura will perhaps eventu-
ally be found to exist in the Brazilian subregions. I have included Apatelodes, as it is so closely
allied to Parathyris, and may be found to be identical with it. Cerura is of doubtful occurrence

in South America.
Genera common to North and South America.

Apatelodes. Heterocampa.
Dasylophia. Macrurocampa.
Symmerista.

It appears from these facts that our Notodontians have originated in North America, the
species of those genera ranging into tropical South America haying perhaps migrated from the
northward, and their ancestors may have formed the Notodontian fauna of Miocene and Pliocene
North America.

Within the limits of the United States there are profound differences in the Arid Plateau
province and the humid or eastern province.

American genera not occurring in the Campestrian subprovince, including the Pacific Coast district
(south of Oregon).

Apatelodes. Symmerista.

Datana (only 1 species). Hyparpax.

Lophodonta. Xylinodes.

Drymonia (occurs in Colorado). Seirodonta.

Elida. Heterocampa. (Except H. plumosa from
Nerice. Arizona.)
Dasylophia. j Macrurocampa.

Excepting three species of Schizura and Euhyparpax, the entire group of Heterocampine-
is wanting in western America, and it is significant that the Heterocampine are entirely wanting
in the Old World, as is also the group Apatelodine.

Now, confining our attention to the United States and British America, we will give a tabular
view of the species of the forest-clad, humid, northeastern portion of North America, adding in
a parenthesis after the name of each species either (1) for the Appalachian subprovince or (2)
showing its residence in the Austroriparian subprovince. Where a species ranges through both
subprovinces both numbers are inserted.

48 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Speecces inhabitating the Cold Temperate subregion and Humid province (Allen) (i. e., the northern or
boreal and the eastern or forest-clad province).
Subfamily I.—GLUPHISIN &.
Gluphisia septentrionis (1). G, lintneri (1). G. severa (1).
Subfamily I1.—APATELODIN 2.
Apatelodes torrefacta (1, 2). A. angelica (1).
- Subfamily I1].—PyG arin zs.
All the (13) species of the genus, except Datana californica.

Subfamily 1V.—IlCHTHYURIN @&.

Ichthyura apicalis (van) (1). Ichthyura albosigma (1).
inclusa (1, 2). brucei (1).

strigosa (1).
Subfamily V.—NOTODONTIN A.

Nadata gibbosa (1, 2). Notodonta stragula (1).
Lophodonta angulosa (1, 2). simplaria (1).
ferruginea (2). Ellida caniplaga (1).
‘basitriens (1). Nerice bidentata (1).
Drymonia georgica (1, 2). Dasylophia anguina (1, 2).
Lophopteryx elegans (1). interna (1).
camelina (1). Symmerista albifrons (1, 2).
Pheosia dimidiata (1), packardii (1).
Subfamily VI.—HETEROCAMPIN ”.
Hyparpax aurora (1, 2). Heterocampa manteo (1, 2).
perophoroides (2). biundata (1, 2).
Xylinodes lignicolor (1, 2). guttivitta (1,2).
Schizura ipomev (1, 2). 2 pulverea (1, 2).
leptinoides (1, 2). obliqua (1, 2).

apicalis (1).
unicornis (1, 2).

badia (1).

astarte (2).
belfragei (2).

subrotata (2).
eximia (1). hydromeli (2).
concinna (1, 2). unicolor (1).
Seirodonta bilineata (1). Macrurocampa marthesia (1, 2).
: Subfamily VII.—CERURIN&.
Cerura borealis (1, 2). Cerura cinerea (1, 2).
occidentalis (1). scitiscripta (1, 2).

scolopendrina (1).

It will be seen from the foregoing list that out of 52 species 25 are, so far as yet known,
restricted to the Appalachian subprovince, though extending westward in some cases to the
Pacific Coast, a few, notably Gluphisia septentrionis, Ichthyura apicalis (vau), and a species of
Cerura, extending to the northern limits of the Hudsonian district. None of the family are peculiar
to the Alpine summits of this or any country.

Species inhabiting the Arid province (Campestrian) and Pacific Coast district.

Those from the Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region (including Oregon and Washington)
are marked (1); those from the Pacifie Coast district (including California and Arizona), (2).

Subfamily 1.—GLuUPHISIN A.

Gluphisia wrightii (2). Gluphisia albofascia (1).
form ridenda (1). formosa (1).

rupta (1). severa (2),

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 49

Subfamily 11].—PyG arin a.

Datana californica (2).
Subfamily 1V.—IcCHTHYURIN &.

Ichthyura apicalis (1, 2). Ichthyura brucei (1).
var. ornata (1, 2). var. multnoma (1).
var. astorie (1). albosigma (1).

var. bifiria (2).
inornata (2).
Subfamily V.—NOTODONTIN&.
Nadata gibbosa (1, 2). Notodonta stragula var. pacifica (2).
Pheosia dimidiata (1, 2).
Subfamily VI.—HETEROCAMPIN &.

Schizura ipomere (1, 2). Schizura concinna (salicis) (2).
perangulata (1). Heterocampa plumosa (1, 2).
unicornis (2).

Subfamily VII.—CERURIN A.
Cerura scolopendrina (1, 2). Cerura cinerea (1, 2).

This list shows ina very striking way that not only is there not a genus of Notodontine as far
as we yet know peculiar to the vast Campestrian subprovince, but also, with perhaps the exception
of one species (Heterocampa plumosa), there is not throughout the whole of western North America
any of the family widely distinct from eastern forms. Allof the species and varieties of Gluphisia
appear to be but climatic varieties of the eastern G. septentrionis and severa; the single species
of Datana (D. californiea) may prove to be a local variety of D. ministra. The only distinct
species of Ichthyura is J. inornata, whose specific rank is quite doubtful, since I have been
inclined to regard it as only a climatic variety of I. apicalis. Schizwra perangulata is, however,
quite distinct, and yet it is closely allied to S. eximia.

In fact, the greater part of the number of Campestrian species are really inhabitants of the
humid, wooded mountains and elevated valleys which rise out of the dry, rainless plains and
plateaus, and the species found there are truly members of the Appalachian fauna, the areas
which they inhabit being simple outliers on the western and Pacific slopes of the Appalachian
subprovince (Canadian and Alleghanian fauna), which extends southward along the elevated
ranges of the Rocky Mountains of the Cascade Range and the Sierra Nevada.

The Notodontians are peculiarly tree-inhabiting forms, and in a region so destitute of forests
and of deciduous trees as the Plains, the Great Basin, and California we should not expect good
material for characterizing faune. Hence the distribution of this restricted group of moths
presents very different results from that of insects in general and of mammals and birds, and it is
difficult to separate on such slender evidence the Californian or Pacific Coast district fauna from
the Campestrian, though when we take into account other groups of insects, especially Coleoptera,
we seem warranted in such a differentiation of the faunze of western North America.

From what we know of the life histories of the Californian and Campestrian Notodoutians
their principle food plants in that region are the poplars and willows which flourish along the
river courses of that dry area, others feeding on the scrub oaks of the plains and foothills.

This interdigitation of Campestrian (dry) and humid forest-clad mountain tracts, with the
outliers from the Boreal (Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian) and Alleghanian (‘¢ Transition”
Merriam) faunie is well shown on Dr. Merriam’s map.!

‘In our zoogeographical map published in 1883 (Vol. XII, Hayden’s Annual Report) we believe we were the first
to represent on a colored map the southward extension along the Rocky Mountain range and Sierra Nevada, as
well as along the Appalachians and Adirondacks of the Boreal (Canadian) province. Having visited those moun-
tains and studied the Alpine fauna of those regions, and from general knowledge, it is somewhat surprising to read
on page 226 of Dr. Allen’s article the following statement:

“Dr, Packard, in his otherwise excellent zoogeographical map of North America, failed, however, to recognize
the southward extension of the Cold Temperate subregion along the principal mountain systems of the continent.”
On the contrary, as anyone will see on examining my map, I have carried down along the Rocky Mountain range a
long loop of the isotherm of 40° as nearly far south as Santa Fé, N. Mex., and colored the mountain ranges and
spurs within the loop pale blue, the same hue as that used in coloring the Boreal proyince.

S. Mis. 50 +

50 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The distribution of most of the genera and nearly each species of Notodontians is shown om
the nine plain maps accompanying this memoir. It is believed that by having a number in con-
spicuous type, representing a distinct species, the map will both show at a glance the known
localities where they were found and also the distribution. When the entire group has been
discussed, we hope to present a final colored map showing the general distribution of insect life
in North America,

SEASONAL VARIATION.

Almost nothing has been done on this subject, except for the butterflies by Mr. W. H.
Edwards, whose able investigations are well known. The only facts known as regards the
Bombyces are those stated to us by Mr. Beutenmiiller, who, in breeding Ichthyura apicalis, has.
found that the summer and winter broods of this species are different in hue, the pale individuals
belonging to the summer brood and the darker ones to the earlier winter brood.

We! have also called attention to the cases of Drepana arcuata and Dryopteris rosea, first
noticed by the late S. Lowell Elliot. Mrs. Slosson tells us that in Franconia, N. H., the early May
brood of the Geometrid moth, Selenea kentaria, is darker and richer in hue than those of the later
or summer brood.

CLIMATIC VARIATION IN THE NOTODONTID AE.

In an essay on the general subject of climatic variation in our Monograph of Geometrid
Moths (pp. 584-589) we called attention to the changes in the size of the body, in the shape of the
wings, and in the coloration, observed in Colorado and on the Pacific Coast, in individuals of
species ranging across the continent. We gaye a list of 27 species of Geometrid moths which
attain a larger size as we go west, and which in some cases have longer, more pointed wings than
individuals from the Atlantic Coast.

Our observations on individuals of the present family. have been very scanty from the lack of
material, none of the collections I have been able to consult being rich in number of individuals;
also from deficiency on the labels of exact localities, and of information as to whether captures
were made on the plains or among the mountains in a State like Colorado, and whatever is
stated here should be regarded as merely tentative and suggestive, rather than final and
conclusive.

Notodontide which attain a larger size in the Campestrian subprovince, including the Pacifie Coast,
than in the Atlantic or Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces.

Ichthyura inornata. Schizura wnicornis var. conspecta.
Pheosia dimidiata. Cerura cinera and yar. cineroides.
Species which have longer wings in the Campestrian subprovinces than in the Appalachian and
Austroriparian.
Schizura concinna (Ssalicis). Cerura nivea.
Species which tend to bleach out or to become paler than eastern individuals, and to lose their dark
markings in the Arid or Campestrian subprovinces (including the lowlands of California).

Gluphisia wrightii. Ichthyura apicalis.
var. astorie.
severa.
var. formosa. Schizura unicornis.
var. conspecta,
var. albofascia (Utah). Cerura cinerea.

and var. nivea.

It is not improbable that the Campestrian (Colorado and Utah) species of Gluphisia, such as
G. ridenda, G. rupta and albofascia are climatic varieties of @. septentrionis.

1 Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 491, 1890.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 51

MELANISM IN THE WHITE AND ROCKY MOUNTAIN AND PACIFIC COAST MOUNTAIN REGIONS.

Without at present entering into the discussion of the general causes of melanism, we will
draw attention to such cases as have fallen under our notice in the present group.

It seems generally recognized, however, that melanism is due to elevation (not necessarily a
high latitude) united with an excessively humid or wet climate. We have such elevated areas over
which the rainfall is excessive in the White Mountains, in the Adirondacks, in the mountains of
British America, the Cascade Range and its spurs in British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon,
and in the elevated portions of the Sierra Nevada and of the Rocky Mountains, with their subordi-
nate ranges and spurs. In such a cool and moist climate we also have much cloudy weather and
far less direct sunlight than on the drier and more sunny lowlands. This does not exclude the
fact that melanism may occur in a low and wet region, as the west coast of Afriea.

Mrs. Slosson, who has spent numerous summers in Franconia, N. H., and has had wide
experience in collecting Lepidoptera in that region, as well xs in Florida, informs me that it is
almost invariably the case that the White Mountain moths are darker and richer in hue than
southern individuals of the same species.

The following facts bear on this point: ;

“But it is alsoa known fact that many species of animals, especially of insects, which are
found at a high level on mountains have a darker coloring than their allies at a lower level. Thus
there are remarkably dark species and varieties of beetles occurring at high levels.” (Eimer’s
Organic Evolution, p. 96.)

The late Dr. Weinland, who lived some years in the United States, remarks, as quoted by
Eimer, “that darker pigment is always produced on mountains, as in Vipera prester, the Black
Mountain variety of Vipera berus, asin the black rattlesnake of the White Mountains in North
America” (Ibid., p. 98).

Kimer thinks only two causes, apart from moisture, aid in the production of dark hues in Alpine
animals, i. e., “either light or decreased atmospheric pressure.” But is not the cloudiness and
dullness of the skies about mountain summits, i. e., the absence of sunlight as compared with the
bright sunny days of the lowlands, sufficient, with moisture, to account for the increase in dark
pigment? Though, to be sure, the heat and moisture of the west coast of Africa cause the greatest
extreme of melanism in the negro races,

Cases of melanotic forms, both in the Rocky Mountains and on the humid, cool portions of the Pacific
Coast, and on the Atlantic Coast regions.

Gluphisia severa var. slossoniz (White Mountains).
Ichthyura brucei var. multnoma (Oregon and Washington).
Pheosia dimidiata var. portlandia (Oregon and Washington).
Notodonta stragula var. pacifica (California).
Heterocampa guttivitta. Franconia, N. H.
Cerura multiscripta. In the Northeastern States.
It shouid be noted that Cerwra scitiscripta is represented in New England by the dark form
C. multiscripta.
It is greatly to be desired that hereafter collectors working in the Rocky Mountain regions, as
well as anywhere in the Campestrian region, including the Pacific Coast, should carefully state on
their labels the exact locality, with date (at least the month), of their captures.

VII.—ON THE PHYLOGENY OR CLASSIFICATION OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.

It hardly need be said that the classification of the Lepidoptera is in a very unsatisfactory
state. This is due largely to the fact that the group is so homogeneous, that the habits and
environment of the species are so uniform, and that the adaptive modern characters have hidden
the slight primitive or ancestral characters which crop out in certain forms; hence the phylogeny
of the order is difficult to unravel. It is now perhaps generally supposed that the Lepidoptera
have originated from the Trichoptera, or from forms very much like them, the most generalized
Tineina being closely similar to the caddis flies, though we shall endeayor to show that this view

52 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

is not well founded, since it is more probable that both Trichoptera and Lepidoptera have had a
common parentage. On the other hand, all agree in placing the butterflies at the head of the
series as the most specialized modern group of families. But as regards the natural sequence of
the groups between these two assemblages there are wide differences of opinion. Certainly the
division of the order into Rhopalocera and Heterocera is amateurish and artificial, as is the
separation of the order into the divisions of Macrolepidoptera and Microlepidoptera.

The principles which it seems to us should be kept in view in working out the relations of the
groups are the following:

1. We should keep constantly in mind that a true classification of the Lepidoptera is, like
that of any other group of organic beings, an expression of the phylogenetic development of the
members of the group.

2. The mouth-parts and particularly the highly modified and specialized maxillie, being
diagnostic of adult Lepidoptera, as also the absence of functional mandibles, these characters,
together with the pupal ones, are of great phylogenetic importance and of primary taxonomie
value in the establishment of suborders.

3. As in the case of the Diptera, which were divided by Brauer into Diptera cyclorhapha and
orthorhapha, the pupa serving for a division of the order into suborders, the larval and imaginal
characters agreeing with those drawn from the pupa, so’‘the pupal characters of Lepidoptera, as
first employed by Chapman, are, it seems to us, of fundamental importance in the classification
of the order into subdivisions of suborders, i. e., of superfamilies and families. Owing to the
adaptive characters of the imago and also of the larva we have hitherto been very much in the
dark as to the most fundamental features, such as will be of permanent value in the establishment
of the minor groups named. Yet it will be seen that in general the imaginal characters agree
with the pupal ones.

Thanks to the labors of Walter! on the mouth-parts of the imago of Eriocephala, and to
Dr. T. A. Chapman’s® paper on the pups of Heterocera, a truly epoch-making one, we now have
clews to the arrangement of the order which promise the most valuable results. Inspired by the
labors and suggestions of these two authors, I have endeavored, after studying the structure of
Eriocephala and Micropteryx and what pupie of other forms could be collected, to work along
the lines laid out in these papers.

Those entomologists who disbelieve in the importance of the transformations of insects in
taxonomy should bear in mind the value of larval as well as pupal characters in the Trichoptera,
Mecoptera, Siphonaptera, Neuroptera, and Hymenoptera. As regards the Coleoptera, it is
evident that their classification thus far as based on adult characters is quite unsatisfactory, the
more generalized forms having been placed at the head of the order and the extremely modified
weevils (Rhyncophora) regarded as the “lowest” group, and that we shall have to depend on the
larvie for the clew which will lead to a revision based on scientific evolutional principles. In 1883
the writer attempted to show that the campodea-form larva of the Meloidw and Stylopide were the
most generalized coleopterous larvee, that the primitive Coleoptera were carnivorous forms, and
that the scavenger and phytophagous families were derived from them; the weevils and Scolytide,
instead of being the lowest, proving to be really the most modified and, therefore, recent groups.

4, The older, more generalized groups of moths are much less numerous in number of species
than the more modern and specialized groups; such are the generalized Tineina and the Bombyces
as compared with the Geometride and Noctuidie, as well as the butterflies, this being probably
in part due to geological extinction.

5. While the peculiar shape of caterpillars, with their round heads, reduced cephalic append-
ages, three pairs of jointed thoracic feet, and abdominal legs, not exceeding five pairs, is diagnostic

| Zur Morphologie der Schmetterlingsmundtheile, Sitzungsb. Jena. Ges. Med. und Naturwissens., 1885. Beitriige
zur Morphologie der Schmetterlinge, Jena. Zeit., 1885, pp. 751-807.

2On some neglected points in the structure of the pup« of Heterocerous Lopidoptera and their probable value
in classification, ete. Trans. Ent. Soe. London, 1895, pp. 97-119.

’Third Report U. S. Entomological Commission, 1883, p. 299. This view has been adopted and extended by
M. C. Houlbert, who has published a new classification of the Coleoptera. See Rapports naturel et phylogénie
des Coléopteres. Bulletin des Sciences nat. de l’Association des Eleves de la Faculté des Sciences de Paris, iv,
May, 1894, pp. 62-171.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. De

of Lepidoptera, only the larve of the Trichoptera, Panorpide, and Tenthredinide approaching
them, they do not seem to afford salient features of value for subordinal characters. Yet there
are some archaic features, such as the arrangement of the hooks on the abdominal legs, the
presence of eversible coxal glands on the under side or on the sides of the body; and in the larva
of Eriocephala we have subordinal characters in the absence of a functional spinneret, also in the
extraordinarily large size of the antennw, and of the maxillary palpi of that genus.

The process of specialization in the larva has effected not so much the general form of the
body as the armature of the abdominal legs and of the body. Chambers, and also Dimmock,
(Psyche, iii, 99, 1880) has shown in Lithocolletis and in Gracilaria, especially, the changes which
take place in the head and mouth parts as well as feet of the larva after the first molt, in adapta-
tion from a mining to a free existence. But in free-feeding forms it is difficult to distinguish a
normal Tineid larva from a Tortricid or Pyralid larva, and as yet no characters diagnostic of them
and other families have been indicated. With the exception of the larve of certain Tineina, of
the Cochliopodide (Limacodidie), of the Psychidie, those of the Hesperians and the onisciform
caterpillars of Lycaenidie, lepidopterous larvee are remarkably homogeneous in form, as they are
in habits. The only reliable larval characters for distinguishing families are the differences in the
piliferous tubercles, the number of hairs or sete arising from a tubercle, or the shape and size of
the tubercles themselves, and even within the limits of any family there is great variation in
these, as seen in the Saturniidie, or the Ceratocampide, or Arctiidie, ete.

The resemblance between the larvie of the Trichoptera and the Lepidoptera is remarkably
close, their internal and external anatomy being nearly the same, the Lepidoptera differing chietly
in the presence of abdominal legs; these, however, being absent in Micropteryx.

Supposing that the Lepidoptera did spring from some neuropterous group allied to the stem
form of the Trichoptera, the type at once after the primitive lepidoptera ceased to live in the water,
if its ancestors were aquatic, assumed abdominal legs, hooks developed on them, at first a pair, then
more until two complete rows appeared, and the larva was fitted to climb the stems of plants in
order to feed on the leaves. Eventually we may imagine that the larvee, owing to the attacks of
insect parasites, sought shelter by mining leaves, seeds, twigs, stems, trunks, and even roots of
plants. In adaptation to these novel surroundings, the mining forms by disuse lost their legs,
their bodies became flattened and otherwise modified as in certain Tineina, or the sack bearers
were modified in adaptation to their peculiar habits. This great diversity in the mode of obtain-
ing their vegetable food and their exposure to varying surroundings resulted in manifold special
adaptations in ornamentation and armature, hence the groups most successful in the struggle for
existence became very numerous in genera and species.

The generalized forms may be detected by the larvee having one-haired warts, with minute
tubercles without spines, but other primitive forms have large tubercles, warts, humps, or highly
colored lines, bands, or spots. While the larval characters are useful in distinguishing genera
or families, they do not appear to present salient subordinal characters, as they do in Coleoptera,
Diptera, and Hymenoptera.

6. The generalized pupal forms are those nearest to the pupa libera of Trichoptera and the
Neuroptera, ete.; such is that of Micropteryx. Those pupe with more or less free abdominal
segments, the Pupe incomplete of Chapman, are plainly more archaic or generalized than those
belonging to his division, Pupe obtecte, which comprise the modern or specialized forms. Where
the ends of the maxillary palpi appear externally under the eyes; where the labial palpi are
visible; where what we call the paraclypeal pieces are present, we have survivals of the characters
of the pupa libera of Micropteryx. When these features have been by modification lost, we have
the uniform obtected pupa of the Neolepidoptera, and these characters are so persistent that they
are of high taxonomic value.

7. The pupa, then, is of the greatest importance in defining the larger groups of the haustellate
Lepidoptera, and chiefly for the reason that the lepidopterous pupa, with its so-called wing and
appendage cases, appears to represent not only what may be called a subimaginal condition, but a
still earlier, lost, or extinct imaginal type, a type perhaps midway between the ametabolous and
metabolous series. This is suggested by the wing-cases which are as in ametabolous nymphs,
such as those of Dermaptera, Termitidee, and Psocidie, as well as of Hemiptera; and, as shown
by Spuler, the venation of the lepidopterous pupa is almost identical with that of the Blattidie

54 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and Fulgoride. The wings of the lepidopterous pupa may be said to be in the nymph stage of
the ametabolous insects mentioned, since they are direct outgrowths from the tergites of the
segments from which they arise. If the wing-cases of any lepidopterous pupa, together with the
meso- or metathorax, are, before its larval skin is molted, removed and spread out, they bear, as
Spuler shows, a striking resemblance to those of a beetle, Termes, Psocus, or any Hemipterous
uymph. There are no traces in the pupa of any of the isolated chitinous pieces in the membrane
connecting the wings with the trunk, which are seen in the imago. If the wing of the immature
imago is removed from the pupal wing case, it will be seen to differ greatly in shape and venation
from that of the pupa. The pupal venation is ancestral and phylogenetic; that of the imago is
more specialized, showing the results of along process of adaptation and modification. So it is
with the appendages; those of the maxilla, labium, and of the legs differ greatly, as anyone has
observed who has studied fresh pupie, as compared with those from which the imago is ready to
emerge. Those of the pupa show important differences; they are not simply cases, but differ in
structure, and possibly represent the appendages of an ametabolous ancestor, a progenitor which
may have descended from the campodeiform ancestor of the class of insects.

The importance of the pupa is also seen when we compare those of the generalized Lepidoptera
with the more primitive generalized dipterous families Bibionidie, Cecidomyiidie, Tipulide,
Mycetophilide, ete. The close resemblance between the orthoraphous Dipterous pupa and Tineid
pupa attords strong evidence that the two orders are not only closely allied, but even that they
may have originated from a common ancestry, the loss of thoracic aud of abdominallimbs and the
reduction of the head and its appendages of dipterous larvie, as well as the reduction of the
hind wings, being due to modification from disuse. In the Dipterous pupa (Culex, ete.) the hind
pairs of wings are nearly as well developed as those of lepidopterous pup.

8. The imaginal features in the haustellate Lepidoptera will in general be found to correspond
with the pupal characters, though they are not so salient and striking as the latter after these
have been once observed and appreciated. In the moths (Heterocera) especially, the adaptative
characters have concealed the more fundamental or primitive characters. What we regard as
adaptative or secondary characters are the absence of vestiges of mandibles and of maxillary
palpi, coupled with the great development of the maxilla themselves, the usually broad frenate
wings, and the difference in shape of the two pairs, besides the specialization of the scales, not
only of the wings, but of those forming the vestiture of the legs (in Noctuids, ete.).

9, What we regard as generalized or ancestral characters in the haustellate Lepidoptera are
those which have proved of especial service in studying the phylogeny of the order. These are
the retention of neuropteroid characters, such as the square head, the small eyes, the vestigial
mandibles; in the Eriocephalidz, the retention of the lacinia and galea, the retention of the
maxillary palpi; in the higher moths the elongated thorax, the large metathorax, with separate
scuta, the exserted large male genital armature of MMioeOpiers yx and of the Psychide, the small
narrow wings of both pairs, and the trichopteriform venation of the more generalized Tineina
and of the Eriocephalidie (Protolepidoptera); also as respects the markings of the wings, the
absence of highly colored spots, and even of bars crossing the wings. When, as in the highly
colored Tineids, the wings are spotted, they are often barred, this style of markings seen in Adela,
having been ake handed down from or at least reminding us of certain beautifully orna-
mented and barred trichopterous genera.

It will be seen, then, as we pass up from the Protolepidoptera to the butterflies, that there
has been more or less extinction of neuropteroid features and an increasing specialization of the
parts of the thorax, of the maxillee, of the shape of the wings, including their scales and markings
in general, spots sueceeding bands and bars, brighter and more varied markings the dull uniform
hues of many micros and Bombyces.

THE STEM FORMS OR PROGENITORS OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.

It seems to us that in the discovery of two-lobed maxillz in Eriocephala, and other anatomical
features we have new data for discussing this subject, or at least for critising the view perhaps
quite generally held that the Lepidoptera have directly descended from the Trichoptera or from
forms more closely resembling them than other neuropteroid orders.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 55

The first author to suggest the derivation of Lepidoptera and the Trichoptera from a common
stem form was A. Speyer.! He speaks of the great similarity of the venation of the trichopterous
wings to those of the Hepialidie, Cossid, Micropterygidie, and to the hind wings of the Psychide,
though allowing that there is no Trichopteron whose venation entirely agrees with that of any
Lepidoptera. He points out the fact that there are certain moths whose pup have free limbs, as
Heterogenea, Adela, and Micropteryx, and that members of both orders spin a cocoon, He refers
to the dissimilarity in the mouth-parts of the two orders, the maxillie and labium, but does not
specially refer to the distinction in shape between the mavxille of the two orders. Speyer does
not believe that the Lepidoptera directly descended from the Trichoptera, but that they had a
common origin, the latter being the earlier to appear, their remains occurring in lower geological
strata.2 He thinks this common stem-form in the imago state had through disuse slightly
developed biting mouth parts; that they took little or no nourishment, like the moths. The
duration in the adult life was probably short, and the ancestors of the Lepidoptera were in the
larval state aquatic, like caseworms. He suggests that the outer lobe of the maxillie were at
first simple in shape, but in the course of time by adaptation to the slowly increasing depth of
the corollas of flowers, became a hollow sucking organ. This yiew was also held by H. Miiller in
1869, who claimed that ‘There is the closest affinity between the Phryganeide and Lepidoptera,
and the Phryganeide have the buccal organs precisely in that rudimentary state which we
should presuppose appropriate to the primordial race or type of Lepidoptera.” Miiller also claimed
that both Lepidoptera and Phryganeidz proceeded from a common stock. (Amer. Nat., y. 288,
1871).

In a review entitled “‘The position of the caddis flies” (Amer. Nat., v, 707, 1871) we pointed
out that in the trunk characters, especially the thoracic, these insects were fundamentally uch
less allied to the Lepidoptera than has been supposed.

But in the mouth parts also we have a character of fundamental importance which still further
separates the two orders, notwithstanding the fact that both orders in the imago state lack
mandibles. This is the presence in the maxilla of Eriocephala of a lacinia, and of a true galea,
while the maxilla of Trichoptera entirely differs, having not only no lacinia, but a much reduced,
almost vestigial, galea,’ the maxillary palpi being very large.

In respect, then, to the maxillw, the Lepidoptera are nearer the ametabolous, mandibulate
insects than the Trichoptera, while some genera of the former order (Eriocephala) have well-
formed mandibles, and many others (Tineide, Pyralidie, and Crambide) have vestigial ones.

In fact the venation of Eriocephala and of Micropteryx is in general remarkably like that of
Amphientomum, a generalized Psocid, and it is not altogether impossible that these insects
with their reduced prothorax and concentrated or fused meso and metathorax, together with their
maxillary fork, may have had some extinct allies which were related to the remote ametabolous
ancestors of the Lepidoptera.

Here might be recalled the suggestion of Hermann Miiller in the same address from which we
have just quoted, that there is a close relationship between the Tipulariz and the Lepidoptera, in
the similar venation of the wings in many Tipulariz (Limnobia, Ctenophora) and the Phryganeide,
“and, finally, the circumstance that it is far easier to deduce morphologically the proboscis of the
Tipule from the buccal organs of the Phryganeid than from those of any other order of insects.”
By this statement he probably means the strong resemblance of the haustellum (rather a lapping
organ than a sucker) of the Trichoptera to the lapping organ or proboscis of the Diptera. This is
a point which needs further examination. The close similarity of the pupa of the more generalized
Diptera and of the more generalized Lepidoptera also needs to be emphasized, for it is suggestive
of an early close relationship between the two orders.

1 Ent. Zeitung, Stettin, Jahrg. 31, p. 202, 1870.

>The cases of a trichopterous insect have recently been discovered by Dr. Anton Fritsch in the Permian beds of
Bohemia. K. béhm. Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften, November 23, 1894. The earliest Lepidopterous remains,
referred to a sphinx and to Pterophorus, occur in Jurassic strata.

*See our figure of the maxilla of Limnephilus, fig. 4, Pl. LIX (lac should be galea), Third Report United States
Entomological Commission, 1883; also the much more detailed figures of R. Lucas in his Beitriige zur Kenntniss der
Mundwerkzeuge der Trichoptera, 1893.

56 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The conclusion seems to be with our present knowledge that the Lepidoptera, Trichoptera,.
and Diptera may possibly have had a common ancestry, and that it may be found that the
Lepidoptera was the first to be differentiated, and the Diptera the last, since they are more highly
modified. The line of descent of the metabolous orders might tentatively be thus expressed:

Hymenoptera
Diptera

Siphonaptera

if. Lepidoptera
Ny

/
Trichoptera

~S
Col t as
oleoptera 2 ;
ae |

~
|

.
'

Neuroptera

/

Mecoptera /

\
|
1

4
/
ee
-

Platyptera-like-forms

VIII.—ATTEMPT AT A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.

The first step toward a scientific classification of the Lepidoptera was taken by Dr. Chapman
in his suggestive paper on neglected points in the pup:e of Heterocerous Lepidoptera. His
division of the groups based on pupal characters is the following:

LEPIDOPTERA-HETEROCERA.

A. OBTECT%. Pupa smooth and rounded, externally solid, inner dissepiments flimsy. Free segmentsin both
sexes fifth and sixth (abdominal), Never emerges from cocoon, or progresses in any way.
Dehiscence by irregular fracture.

. Macros. Larva with hooks of yentral prolegs on inner side only. (Exposed feeders.) Sphinges,
Bombyces, Nolidw, Nycteotida, Noctuina, Geometra.

2. Pyraloids. Larva with complete circle of hooks to ventral prolegs. (Concealed feeders.) Pyrales,

Phycida, Eudorida, Crambidae, Gelechida, Plutellida, Ecophorida. (Epigraphiide, Alucitida.)
3. ——?. Doubtful whether Pyraloids or of separate (classificatory) value. Hyponymeutide, Argyresthide,
Coleophoride. (Perittia?), (Elachistide ?).

B. INcoMpLer, Pupa less solid and rounded, appendages often partially free. Free segments may extend
upward to third (abdominal), Seventh always free in male, fixed in female. Dehiscence
accompanied by freeing of segments and appendages previously fixed. (Except in 1) pupa
progresses and emerges from cocoon,

1. Pupa attached by cremaster. Free segments. 4567. 456. Plerophorina.

2. Pupa free to move and emerge from cocoon.

a. Larva concealed feeder, often a miner, and usually rather active when not cramped by the mine.

1, Free segments. 56. 567. Lithocolletida, Gracilariide.
2. Free segments. 456. 4567.

a. TINE® (Tineidw, Psychide, Sesiide).

b. Torrrices (Tortricina, Cossus, Exapate, Simaethis). (Castnia.)

3. Free segments. 3456. 34567.

1

a, ZEUZERA and HeEPravs tend to lose third as a free segment (are gaining it as a fixed segment).
b. TISCHERIA,
¢, ADELID.®. Ovipositor (of imago) formed for piercing plant tissues.
d. Nepricutipx. Antenne separate from head in dehiscence.
. Larva exposed feeder. Slug-like in form and movement, head very retractile. Free segments,
34567. 3456.
1. MicropreryGip.' Eight pairs abdominal legs, curious appendages, moss feeders,

2. CocuLioropip®. Legs evanescent, but traces of extra pairs and of curious appendages. Max. palps
large in pupa, not in imago.

S

°

3. ZYGAENID.©. Legs of Macro type. Max. palps evanescent in pupa.

‘T have only seen a portion of a pupaof these and of Psychids. I have had none of my own, and have not been
able to examine them freely.—T. A. C.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 57

C. ?, Pupa with no free segments, appendages adherent to all abdominal segments. Lyonetia,
Cemiostoma, Bedellia.

Nore.—Eriocephala (Micropteryx purpurella, etc.) appears by imaginal characters to belong to Adelidw. But
the pupa is truly incomplete, not semiincomplete, as all the other Incomplete are; that is, the appendages are all
absolutely distinct and free, and all the abdominal segments are ‘‘free;” moreover, it possesses working jaws.

Apparently a few months after the publication of Dr. Chapman’s paper Professor Comstock’s!
able and suggestive paper appeared, in which he uses the venation of the wings as taxonomic
characters, and proposes to make the following divisions of the Lepidoptera:

A. Suborder JUGATE.

B. The Macrojugate ...---.------------ +--+ 2-2 2222-2 22 nee ee ene eee eee Family HEPIALID#
Microjugatie.... ..-- ---- === 5-225 0 = on = a oe on oe wo ee eee ene Family MIcROPTERYGID.

A A. Suborder FRENATA.
B. The microfrenate.

CHET Rel in elaeeee eee me eee eae ea Sees alee seisiel sisiote wie (ta <]att=/=)='= l= Superfamily TINEINA
CHCA Tear byt Ctl Cia tee ee eee Sone ate == =m === == Se eaters Superfamily TORTRICINA
CR CH COT YT CAB terete at areata tata ste aaa ie ima iniatinimclalns=pnietnte = Superfamily PyRALIDINA

BB. The Macrofrenate.

Without entering into further details, we only add the succession of the families of this
division given by the author in ascending order, beginning with the most generalized:

Megalopygidie. Cymatophoride. Saturniina.
Zygaenidx in part. Noctuide. Drepanide.
Psychide. Liparide. Lasiocampide.
Cossidee. Agaristidz. Hesperidie.
Limacodide. Arctiide. Papilionide.
Dioptide. Sesiide. Pieridi.
Notodontidie. Thyridide. Lycaenide.
Brephide. Zygaenina. Nymphalide.
Geometridae.

The objection we should make to this arrangement of the Lepidoptera into two suborders,
Jugatie and Frenatie, is that the characters used are too slight, and do not agree with the more
fundamental pupal characters or with important imaginal features. The jugum is of slight if
any functional value, and in Micropteryx, as in Trichoptera, occurs both in the hind and front
wings, a point apparently overlooked by Comstock. The Hepialidw, as we shall hope to show,
are much less generalized forms than the Eriocephalide, or even the Micropterygide ; the pupe of
both these groups have free limbs and abdominal segments, belonging to what Speyer calls a group
of Pupa libera. The Hepialid also neither possess maxillary palpi nor vestigial mandibles; they
are borers in the larval state, and the pupa has not free limbs, but is a pupa incompleta. They
are scarcely ancestral, though very primitive, forms, but have already become modified, having
no traces of mandibles and no mavxillee, and in our native species the labial palpi have already
begun to degenerate. We therefore scarcely see good reasons for placing the family at the
very foot of the order below Micropteryx, but should regard the family as a side branch of the
Palolepidoptera, which, very soon after the appearance of the order, became somewhat specialized.

Comstock’s Frenatze comprises a heterogeneous collection of families. some of which have no
frenulum at all; and when present they offer secondary sexual characters. The absence or
presence of a frenulum is hardly, then, a sufficiently fundamental character to be used in
establishing a great primary division. Besides this there is a rather close alliance between the
Hepialidw and Cossid, the latter having a rudimentary frenulum. Chapman remarks that while
Cossus and Hepialus are quite distinct in pupal characters, there appear to exist in Australia
many forms uniting them with Zeuzera into one family. The venation is also quite similar, and
while the two families of Cossidie and Hepialidze are in some most important respects quite far
apart, one being, so to speak, tineid and the other tortricid in structure, yet it would, we think,
be a forced and unsound taxonomy to assign them to different suborders.

1 Evolution and Taxonomy. An essay on the application of the theory of natural selection in the classification
of animals and plants, illustrated by a study of the wings of insects and by a contribution to the classification of
the Lepidoptera. Ithaca, N. Y., 1893.

?In his drawing of the wings of Micropteryx Comstock has not represented the jugum-like flap on the
hind wing, which is present in Micropteryx purpurella, though not apparently in Eriocephala calthella, Since it
occurs on the hind as well as fore wings, I doubt that it is of much use in keeping the wings spread.

ah MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Suborder I.—LEPIDOPTERA LACINIATA OR PROTOLEPIDOPTERA.

’The taxonomic importance of Walter’s most interesting discovery, that Mriocephala calthella
has maxillee constructed on the type of those of biting or mandibulate insects, i. e., with an inner
(galea) and outer lobe (lacinia) besides the palpi (fig. 2), was apparently overlooked by him as
well as others, though its bearings on the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera, insisted on by Walter, are,
it seems to us, of the highest interest. The presence of two maxillary lobes, homologous with the
galea and lacinia of the Mecoptera (Panorpidie) and Neuroptera (Corydalus, Mymeleon, as well
as the lower orders, Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Coleoptera, etc.) in what in other important respects
also is the “lowest” or most primitive genus of Lepidoptera, the lacinia being a rudimental,
searcely functional, haustellum or tongue, and not merely a vestigial structure, is of great
significance from a phylogenetic point of view, besides affording a basis for a
division of the Lepidoptera into two grand divisions or suborders, for which
we would propose the names Lepidoptera laciniata and Lepidoptera haustellata.

Walter thus writes of the first pair of maxille:

The other mouth parts also of the lower Micropteryginw have a most primitive char-
acteristic. In the first pair of maxille of Micropteryx calthella, aruncella, anderschella, and
aureatella, cardo and stipes are present as two clearly separate pieces. The former in /,
calthella and aruncella, in comparison with the latter, is larger than in anderschella and
aureatella, In the last two species the eardo is still tolerably broad, but reduced. The stipes
is considerably longer than the cardo in the last two species, while it is of the same thickness,
From the stipes arises the large six-jointed palpus maxillaris, making two or three bends
and concealing the entire front of the head and all the mouth parts. At its base, and this
is unique among all the Lepidoptera, two entirely separate maxillary lobes arise from the
stipes. The external represents the most primitive rudiment! (anlage) of a lepidopterous
tongue. (Fig. 2.)

It is evident from Walter’s figures and description that this structure is not
a case of reduction by disuse, but that it represents the primitive condition of
this lobe, the galea of the maxilla, and this is confirmed by the presence of the

lacinia, a lobe of the maxilla not known to exist in any other adult lepidopterous
er ne: insect, it being the two galee which become elongated, united, and highly
1, lacinia; g, galea; Specialized to form the so-called tongue, haustellum, or glossa of all Lepidoptera
ae aa above the Eriocephalide, which we may therefore regard as the types of the
cardo.—After Walter. Lepidoptera laciniata.

Another most important feature correlated with this, and not known to exist
in Lepidoptera haustellata, is the presence of two lobes of the second maxillw, besides the three-
jointed labial palpi, and which correspond to the mala exterior and mala interior of the second
maxillee of Dermaptera, Orthoptera, Platyptera, Perlidie, Termitide, and Odonata, and also, as
Walter states, to the ligula and paraglosse of Hymenoptera. in this respect the laciniate
Lepidoptera are more generalized insects than the Trichoptera or Mecoptera. :

Walter thus deseribes the two lobes or outer and inner mala of the second mavxille :

Within and at the base of the labial palpi is a pair of chitinous leaves provided with stiff bristles, being the
external second lobes of theunderlip, formed by the consolidation of the second pair of maxillie and which reach when
extended to about the second third of the length of the second palpal joint. Itsinner edge is directly connected with
theinner lobe (mala interna). The latterare coalesced intoa short wide tube which, by the greater size of the hinder
wall, opens externally on the point, also appearing as if at the same time cut off obliquely from within outward.

1In accordance with an English author, I think, but whose name escapes me, I use the term rudiment in the
sense of the German word Anlage, and vestige for an organ which has or is undergoing reduction, degeneration, or
atrophy. I am aware that the word Anlage has no English equivalent, but can scarcely accept the word
“fundament” as better than rudiment. We may, then, speak of germs or rudiments, and of rudimentary when
referring to the incipient organs of the young or adult, regarding vestigial organs as those on the point of atrophy
from disuse. The term blast for Anlage I should accept for embryonic structures in their incipient or germinal
condition.

2 In his paper on the larva of Eriocephala, ete. (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1894, p. 335), Dr. Chapman separates
the old genus Micropteryx into two families: Hriocephalidw and Micropterygide. Wis group Eriocephalidwe I have
regarded as comprising the type of the suborder Lepidoptera laciniata or Protolepidoptera,

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 59

The outer exterior edge of the tube forms a strongly chitinous semicircle which, becoming thinner, finally passes
into the delicate membranous hinder wall. Also anteriorly a delicate membrane appears to cover the chitinous
portion. ‘

We have here in opposition to the weak naked underlip represented by a triangular chitinous plate in other
Lepidoptera a true ligula formed by the coalescence of the inner lobes of the second maxille into a tube, as in
many Hymenoptera, and with free external lobes which correspond to the paraglossx of Hymenoptera.

Walter has also detected a paired structure which he regards as the hypopharynx. As he
states:

A portion of the inner surface of the tube-like ligula is covered by a furrow-like band which, close to the
inner side, is coalesced with it, and in position, shape, as well as its appendages or teeth on the edge, may be
regarded as nothing else than the hypopharynx.

>

While he refers to Burgess’s discovery of a hypopharynx in Danais archippus, he remarks that
this organ in the lower Micropterygine (Eriocephalid) exhibits a great similarity to the relations
observable in the lower insects, adding:

The furrow is here within coalesced with the inner side of the labium, and though I see in the entire structure

_ of the head the inner edge of the ligula tube extended under the epipharynx as far as

the mandible, I must also accept the fact that here also the hypopharynx extends to the

mouth-opening as in all other sucking insects with a well-developed underlip, viz, the
Diptera and Hymenoptera,

Another feature of importance diagnostic of this suborder is the
mandibles (fig. 3), which, in form, size, and the presence of teeth, are
closely related to those of the lower mandibulate orders, being, as Walter
states, in the form of true gnawing jaws, like those of the biting insects,
They possess powerful chitinous teeth on the opposed cutting edge, twelve
to fifteen on each mandible, and also the typical articulating hook-like
processes by which they are joined to the gena, and fit in corresponding
cavities in the latter. In Micropteryx and other of the more generalized
moths the mandibles in a very reduced form have survived as functionless
vestiges of the condition in Eriocephala.

Turning now to the head and trunk, we find other primitive characters
correlated with those just mentioned.

The head is of moderate size, as well as the body, with small compound
eyes, and with two ocelli. The occipital region is well developed, as is the
epicranium; the clypeus and labrum are of moderate size. eee ven eee Si

The generalized nature of the thorax is especially noteworthy. The outer articulation: s, cavity of
prothorax is seen to be very much reduced, the two tergites being separate — the joint (acetabulum); 4, end
and minute, not readily seen from above. The rest of the thorax is very °? 70m side of the cutting
long, exhibiting but little concentration. ‘

The mesothorax is but slightly larger than the metathorax. The mesoscutum is very short;
the seutellum rather triangular than scutellate.

The metathorax is but little shorter and smaller than the mesothorax and remarkable for the
widely separated halves of the scutum, a neuropterous character (corapare Ascalaphus and
Corydalus), in which it differs from Micropteryx. The shape of the scutellum is that of a low
flattened triangle.

As regards the abdomen, attention should be called to the disparity in size and shape between
the sexes; also to the male genital armature, which is very large and completely exserted,
‘and reminds us of that of Corydalus, in which, however, the lateral claspers are much reduced;
and also of that of certain Trichoptera (Sericostoma, Tinodes, Stenophylax, Hydropsyche, ete.).
The venation of both pairs of wings is much as in Micropteryx.

The larval characters of this suborder it would be difficult to give, for in the remarkable larva
of Hriocephala calthella, as described and figured in Dr. Chapman’s elaborate account, we appear to
have a highly modified form, entirely unlike the simple apodous larva of Micropteryx and perhaps
quite unlike the primitive stem-forms of lepidopterous larvie. Chapman well represents its form, as
we can testify from mounted specimens in a slide kindly given us by him. The body is broad

60 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and flattened, the segments very short in proportion to their width, the prothoraciec segment,
however, very long in proportion to the others, but the surface rough and corrugated, not with a
hard smooth dorsal plate, as in many Tineidze, Tortricidie, Cossidie, etc., since it is not a boring
insect. The eight pairs of abdominal prop-like tubercles, which we should hardly regard as
homologues of the abdominal legs, are, like those of the Panorpidie, simple tubercles armed
with a spine. The tenth or last abdominal segment is armed with a pair of dorsal spines, each
arising from a tubercle. The singular flattened and fluted setee represented by Chapman are
unique in lepidopterous larvie. He also describes a trefoil-shaped sucker on the under side of
the ninth and tenth abdominal segments, “very unusual,” though as it appears to be paired it
does not seem to me, as Chapman thinks, to indicate “a further point of relationship to Limacodids.”

Dr. Chapman states that ‘the head is retractile so far that it may occupy the interior of the
second thoracie segment,” and he says that ‘‘ the antenne are remarkably long for a lepidopterous
larva.” He remarks that “there are two strong mandibles, with four brown teeth,” and adds:

Two pairs of palpi are also visible—two and three-jointed—apparently those usual in lepidopterous larvie, but
I have not defined their relations, There is also a central point (spinneret).

Tadd rough sketches of the mouth parts, as far as I could draw them with the camera from
specimens mounted in balsam by Dr. Chapman. The labrum (fig. 4, D lbr.) is less divided than

Fic. 4.—Head of larva of Eriocephala calthella. A, anterior region enlarged; id, mandible;

mx, maxilla; ant, antennwe; sp, spinneret?; B, 1st maxillw and 2d maxillie Ip; O, the same;
D, Jabrum (lr).

usual in lepidopterous larvie, but is not, except in this respect, much unlike that of Tineids eg..
Gracilaria (see Dimmock’s fig. 2, p. 100, Psyche, iii). The four-jointed antennie (fig. 4, ant.),
ending in two unequal sete, are of very unusual size and length, and so are the maxillary palpi
(fig. 4, mx. p.), which are much larger than in any caterpillar known to me, and are greatly
in disproportion to the maxillary lobes; the maxilla itself differs notabiy from that of other
caterpillars; what appears to be the lacinia is palpiform and twojointed. The labium and its
palpi are much as in Gracilaria, but the palpi appear to be three-jointed, with a terminal bristle
(it is possible that there are but two joints). Unlike the larva of Micropteryx, that of Eriocephala
does not appear to possess a well-marked spinneret, while it is easy to see it in the former genus.
In Eriocephala I can only detect a lobe, which appears to be simply the rudiment (Anlage) of a
spinneret (unless the latter is in my specimens bent under the head); but this organ needs
further examination on fresh specimens. It would be interesting if it should be found that the
spinneret is in a generalized condition, as compared with that of Micropteryx.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 61

The pupa.—Unfortunately we are as yet ignorant of the pupa form, Dr. Chapman has only
found the headpiece of the pupa, but refers it to the ‘“ Incomplete,” and thinks it probable that
the pupa has the “third and following abdominal segments free.”

The egg.—The egg, according to Chapman, is “large and spherical,” in confinement deposited
in little groups, to the number of 25 in all. ;

Diagnostic characters of the Lepidoptera laciniate.—I add the characters of this suborder.
Imago: Mavilla, with a well-developed lacinia and galea, arising, as in mandibulate insects, from a
definite stipes and cardo; the gale not elongated, nor united and differentiated into a haustellum,
each being separate from its fellow. The maxillary palpi enormous, six-jointed; mandibles large,
scarcely vestigial, with a broad-toothed cutting edge, and with three apparently functional hinge
processes at the base, as usual in mandibulate insects. Hypopharynx well developed, somewhat
as in Diptera and Hymenoptera. The second maxillie divided into a mala exterior, recalling
those of mandibulate insects; palpi three-jointed. Thorax with prothorax very much reduced;
metathorax very large, with the two halves of the scutum widely separate. Venation highly
generalized; both fore and hind wings with the internal lobe or ‘jugum,” as in Trichoptera;
veins as in Micropteryx and showing no notable distinction compared with those of that genus;
scales generalized; fine, scattered sete present on costal edge and on the veins; abdomen
elongated, with the male genital armature neuropteroid, exserted; the dorsal, lateral, and sternal
appendages very large.

Egg spherical. Larva in form highly modified, compared with that of Micropteryx, with large
four-jointed antenne and very large three-jointed maxillary palpi; no spinneret?. No abdominal
legs, their place supplied by a pair of tubercles ending in a curved spine on segments 1-8; a sternal
sucker at the end of the body. Pupa libera?.

Suborder Il.—LEPIDOPTERA HAUSTELLATA,!

This group may be defined thus: Maxillee with no lacinia, the gale being highly specialized
and united with each other to forma true tubular haustellum or glossa, coiled up between the labial
palpi. The maxillary palpi large, and five or six-jointed in the more generalized forms, usually
vestigial or entirely wanting in the more modern specialized families. Mandibles absent as a rule,
only minute vestiges occurring in the same generalized forms. Wings both jugate and frenulate,
mostly the latter; tending to become broad and with highly specialized scales, often ornamented
with spots as well as bars, the colors and ornamentation often highly specialized; the thorax
highly concentrated, the metathorax becoming more and more reduced and fused with the
mesothorax; the abdomen in the generalized forms elongated and with a large exserted abdominal
male genital armature.

Pupa incomplete, the abdominal segments 3 to 6 or 7 free; in the more generalized primitive
forms the end of each maxillary palpus forming a visible subocular piece or “eye collar” or a
flap-like piece on the outside of the maxille; the labial palpi often visible; clypeus and labrum
distinct; paraclypeal pieces distinet; no cremaster, or only a rudimentary one, in the generalized
primitive forms.

Laryee with usually a prothoracic dorsal chitinous plate; the armature consisting in the
primitive forms of minute one-haired tubercles, the four dorsal ones arranged in a trapezoid on
abdominal segments 1-8, becoming specialized in various ways in the later families into fleshy
tubercles or spines of various shapes; five pairs of abdominal legs, with hooklets or erochets forming
a complete circle in the more generalized forms (in Hepialidie several complete circles), the hooklets
in the later, more specialized groups usually forming a semicircle situated on the inner side of the
planta. ‘

This suborder may be subdivided into two series of superfamilies and families, the
Paleolepidoptera and the Neolepidoptera.

‘If the term Lepidoptera haustellata should be thought inapplicable from the use of the word Haustellata for
haustellate insects by former authors, the term Lepidoptera glossata could be used instead,

62 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

I. PALEOLEPIDOPTERA (Pupe libera).

The characters of the group are those of Micropteryx, as this is the only genus yet known.
Its larva has a well developed spinneret; though it has no abdominal legs, the other features
are so truly lepidopterous that the absence of legs may
be the result of reduction by disuse rather than a primitive
feature.

The pupa (fig. 5) has entirely free antennie, mouth-
parts, and limbs, and bears considerable resemblance to
that ef a caddis fly. It is a pupa libera.

The mandibles (fig. 5 md.) are enormous and, as
described by Chapman, are adapted for cutting through the
dense cocoon. The maxillie are separate and curled up
on each side and partly concealed by the second maxil-
lary (labial) palpi (fig. 5 mx. p.), not extending straight
down, as in the Pupe incomplete and obtecte; the maxil-
lary palpi are situated just in front of the mandibles
and extend outward and forward, reaching to the antenne.
The labrum is deeply cleft and strongly setose, as is the
epicranium; the clypeus is square, with a singular white
delicate iembrane projecting from it, the use of which is.
unknown. The hind legs extend beyond the end of the
abdomen, which is simple, not terminating in a cremaster;
the sides of the segments bear a single large seta.

The trunk characters of the imago are much as in
Eriocephala. The head is larger and squarer; the eyes
very small; there are two ocelli present; the clypeus and
labrum are short and small.

Fic. 5.—Pupa of Micropteryx purpurella, front The prothorax is very much reducéd, much as in Erio-
views md, mandibles; mx. p, masillary Palys; cenhala; the metathoracic scuta show an advance over those
ma'. p, labial palpus; 1b, labrum, with its long sete. i x : :

. of Eriocephalain being united on the median line instead of
separated; the metascutellum is very large, longer and more scutellate than that of Eriocephala.

The shape and venation
of the wings (fig. 6) are nearly
identical with those of Erio-
cephala, being long, narrow,
and pointed, both pairs nearly
alike in size, and except that
on the hinder pair there is a
*“jugum” or angular anal fold ;
the scales are of generalized
shape all over the wings.

II. NEOLEPIDOPTERA.

This series may be divided
into two sections, correspond-
ing in the main to the Pupe _\ _ Wie ee
incomplete of Chapman (the = ee

iriocephalidze and Microp-

terygidie included by Chap-
man being removed) and his
Pupe obtecte, for the first of which we would suggest the name Tineoids, and for the second,
comprising the large broad-winged forms, Macrolepidoptera or Platylepidoptera.

FG, 6.—Venation of fore and hind wings of Micropteryx purpurella; j, jugum, on each wing;
d, discal vein. I, costa; II, subcosta; III, media; IV, cubitus, ete.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 63

1. Tineoids or Stenopterygia.

These are Tineoid forms with many vestiges of archaic features, usually with narrow wings,
of dull hues or with metallic bars, or with highly specialized scales, and spots, and the venation
generalized in the earlier forms. The maxillw are sometimes aborted (wholly so in Hepialidie) ;
palpi either well developed, more or less reduced, or wanting; mandibles rarely occurring as
minute vestiges; the thorax neuropteroid; in the more primitive forms, becoming shorter, and the
segments fused together in the later or more specialized groups.

The pupe are incomplete; the more primitive forms with the eye collar; labial palpi visible;
paraclypeal pieces distinct; abdomen often in the most primitive forms with no cremaster.

Larvee with one-haired tubercles, the four dorsal ones arranged in a trapezoid on abdominal
segments 1-8; usually a prothoracic dorsal plate; the abdominal legs sometimes wanting in certain
mining forms and Cochliopodidie; larvie often case-bearers or borers; crochets on the abdominak

Fie. 7.—Larva of Fia. 8.—Larva of Fig. 9.—Larva of Simdaethis oxycantha; A, side view.
Adela iridella; en- Nematois violellus;
larged. enlarged,

legs in the primitive types arranged in two or more complete circles; in the lowest forms a well-
marked spinneret.

From the generalized types many offshoots or lines of descent arose whose position is difficult
to assign until we know more about the pup, as well as the venation, so that the following
grouping is entirely provisional; the more generalized forms are evidently archaic and very
primitive, and the members of the groups may be briefly called for convenience Tineoids, from
their general resemblance to the Tineina.

Remarks on the Tineina.—It must now be very obvious that we need to reexamine and revise
the Tineina, and especially their pup and imagines, particularly those of the more generalized
forms, such as the Tineidie (Tinea and Blabophanes) and the Talporidie, comprising all those
ancestral forms with broad wings and generalized venation, which may have given rise to the
neolepidopterous families,

Then careful studies should be made on the Adelidie, Choreutide, and Nepticulide, and other
families and genera in which the mandibles have persisted (though in a vestigial condition),

64 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and also those with functional or vestigial maxillary palpi, such as Tineidie, Gracilariid,
Elachistidie, ete.

It is evident that the classification of the Tineina will have to be entirely recast. Instead of
placing the Tineidie, with their broad wings and generalized venation, at the head of the Tineina,
as done in our catalogues and general works, they should go to the base of the series, not far
from the Micropterygidw. On looking over the venation of the Tineidie repre-
sented on Spuler’s Pl. XX VI, it is evident that the very narrow-winged genera
such as Coleophora, Ornix, Lithocolletis, Nepticula, Gelechia, Cemiostoma, and
(Ecophora, are highly modified recent forms when compared with Tinea and
Blabophanes, as well as the Adelide (Adela, fig. 7), Nematois (fig. 8), and Choren.
tide (Simethis, fig. 9, larva, and Choreutis), and justify Chapman in associating
them with the Pyraloids in his group of Pupe obtecte.

The pupa of Gracilaria (fig. 10) and of Bueculatrix (fig. 11) shows the eye-
collar, the paraclypeal tubercles, as well as the labial palpi. On the other
hand, the pupa of the pyraloid genus Cryptolechia (figs. 22, 28, C. quercicella, C.
schlaginiella) shows no traces of the maxillary palpi (eye-collar).

Family Prodovide.—Having already discussed the chief characteristics of
the Palolepidoptera, represented by the family Micropterygidie, we may next
eall attention to the most primitive of the Neolepidoptera. These we believe
to be the very remarkable genera Tegeticula (Pronuba) and Prodoxus, repre-
senting the family Prodoxidie. The structure of the imagines and their larval
and pupal forms have been described at length and figured by Dr. C. V. Riley,!
who has deseribed the ege as being very long, cylindrical, soft, and flexible;
the boring laryie as being either without abdominal legs, but with thoracic Fic. 10.—Head of
ones (Tegeticula), or entirely apodous (Pronuba). Dr. Riley gives a careful and eT ee hy
detailed account of the male and female pupa of Tegeticula (Pronuba), but does ~
not mention the ‘‘eye-collar” or case of the end of the maxillary palpi (figs. 12, 13, mx. p.), which
is very large, especially in Tegeticula, much more so than in the rest of the Tineina or in any
of the other Neolepidoptera. It is thus in a degree intermediate between that of the Neo- and
Paleolepidoptera. The maxille (mx.) are well developed, but there are no traces, so far as I can
see, of the “maxillary tentacles” so greatly developed,
according to Riley, in the imago; but the specimens kindly
lent me by Dr, Riley for examination are
the cast shells, and further examination
and search for them should be made on
living or aleoholic specimens. ‘The labial
palpi (mx. p.) and the paraclypeal pieces,
as well as the eye-suture separating the
‘‘olazed eye” from the rest of the eye, are
well developed. Abdominal segments 2-9
are free and armed with the enormous
dorsal spines well deseribed and figured
by Riley. Figs. 14 and 15 represent the
cast pupa skin of Prodoxus decipiens
Riley.

The venation is almost exactly as in
Tineidee, but the structure of the maxille,
as described and figured by Riley, presents an extraordinary feature, in which this family, and
especially the present genus, differs from all the other insects. I refer to the remarkable
“maxillary tentacles.” Riley thus describes them:

t
™y¥P

Fic. 11.—Pupa of Buceulatriz quinquenotella; A, oblique; B, side view of
head; cb, cocoon-burster; C, side view of head of C. canadensella.

The male possesses no very marked characters, but the female is most anomalous; first, in possessing a pair of
prehensile, spinous, maxillary tentacles (fig. 1b), found, so far as we now know, in no other genus of Lepidoptera.

1 Proc. Amer. Assoc. Ady. Se., xxix, 1880,

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 65

With her maxillary tentacle, so wonderfully modified for the purpose, she collects the pollen in large pellets and
holds it under the neck and against the front trochanters. In this manner she sometimes carries a mass thrice the

‘size of her head (fig. a, 7b, mt.).

In Riley’s figure of Tegeticula (Pronuba) maculata this organ is repre-

Fic. 13.—Cast pupal skin of Tegeticula
yuccasella; mx. p., maxillary palpus.

Family Tineide.—This group comprises generalized forms of

Tineina.

sented as arising from the same joint (pal-
piter) as the maxillary palpi; it is jointed
and bears stout bristles, and would naturally
be regarded as the maxilla itself, but Riley,
in his diagnosis of the family Prodoxide,
says: ‘Maxillary palpi long, elbowed. five-
jointed, the basal joint either protuberant
(Prodoxus) or modified into a prehensile
tentacle” (Tegeticula). It is evident that
this structure needs further examination
to establish its real nature or homology.
Indeed, I am disposed to regard the so-called “maxillary tentacle”
as the maxilla itself, and perhaps the “maxilla” of Riley is the
lacinia or inner lobe of the maxilla, but have had no material for
examination to settle this point. If this should prove to be the case
it would carry the family down among the Lepidoptera laciniata.

Another striking feature of the imagines of this family is the
long ovipositor, which is very “extensile, the terminal joint
horny, in one piece, and adapted
to piercing and sawing.” (Riley.)

The family evidently is a
more primitive one than the
Hepialide, although the larva
in one genus is entirely apodous
and thus much modified.

Fic. 12.—Head of pupa of
Tegeticula yuccasella.

The larvie are sack-bearers, but

have five pairs of abdominal legs; the wings
are rather broad and the venation is gener-
alized, that of Tinea biselliella showing no
reduction in the number of veins. The max-
illary palpi are five and six-jointed. The
pupa (fig. 16, Tinea tapetzella) has well-devel-
oped maxillary palpi (mx. p.); the maxille
are short, indeed not so long as the labial
palpi (mx. p.); the abdominal segments 4-7
are free; there is no true cremaster, though

and ending with BL, the most modified forms.
A.

Fic. 15.—Pupa of Pro-
doxus decipiens, side view ;
sp, prothoracie spiracle. *

Fic. 14.—Cast pupal skin of Prodoxus deci-
piens; A, another specimen; p, paraclypeal
piece; mx, p. maxillary palpus; mz, maxilla;
mz', labial palpus.

a pair of terminal plates. As regards Blabophanes (fig. 17), Spuler! (p. 627)
remarks that the differences in yenation between this and Tinea are so
much greater than usual within the limits of a single family that a more
isolated position should perhaps be assigned to this genus.

The succeeding families of genuine Tineina may provisionally be arranged
in the following ascending order, beginning

with A, the more generalized,

Adelide.—Maxillary palpi five-jointed in Nemophora, in Adela no mavxil-

lary palpi in moth. Larva of Adela with numerous dorsal piliferous plates,
those of Simethis being similar; those of Nematois (fig. 8) being confined to the thoracic segment.
Gracilariide,—Maxillary palpi present. Pupa with maxiliary palpi well developed (fig. 10).

Nepticulide.

1 Zur Phylogenie und Ontogenie des Fliigelgeaders der Schmetterlinge.

S. Mis. 50 5

Zeits. wissens. Zoologie, 1892.

66 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

B.

Lithocolletide.—No maxillary palpi in moth. Pupa of Tischeria (figs. 19, 20) with no traces
of maxillary palpi, but the labial palpi well developed; no cremaster.

sate
Fic. 16,—Cast skin of pupa of Tinea tapetzella;

A, head; B, end of abdomen; C, last three seg-
ments of same enlarged; D, another view of C.

Fia. 18.—Head of pupa of Adela caprella; A, side view

Fic. 17.—Pupa of Blabophanes ferruginella, head;
T, tore; IT, middle leg; A, hook on end of abdomen. of part of head, showing maxillary palpi (7. p.), ete.

Lyonetide.—In Bucculatrix (fig. 11, B.) maxillary palpi present in the pupa, but minute; labial
palpi large.

Choreutide.—The pupa’ (fig. 21) is like that of Tischeria in wanting maxillary palpi. As to
the true position of the family from other characters I have no knowledge.

1 Por the pupa of this and other rare Tineids I am indebted to M. P. Chrétien, of Paris.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 67

Elachistide.—Maxillary palpi of imago minute. Wings narrow and the veins reduced in
number of branches.

Lavernide.

Hyponomeutide.

Argyresthide.

Glyphipterygide.

Coleophoride.

Occophoride. '

Plutellide.

Galechide.—In the pupa of Cryptolechia (figs. 22, 23) we have an example of the modern Pupa
obtecta, there being no eyepiece (maxillary palpi) and no labial palpi visible, while a cremaster
is well developed. Both in its larval, pupal, and imaginal characters
the transition to the Pterophoridw, Crambide, Phycidie, and Pyralidi
is not great, and we can thus see that these families may have
descended from the Tineina,

Family Taleporide.—This group, comprising the genera Solenobia
and Talweporia, has evidently either directly descended from the case-
bearing Tineidie or the two families have had a common origin. They
form a side branch by themselves and
are the direct ancestors of the broad-
winged, more recent Psychide. Their
relations are shown in the genealogical
tree at the end of this chapter.

The imagines have, according ‘to
Stainton, no maxillary palpi, and the
tongue is wanting, while the females are
wingless. The head is broad, and in
tact in this group we have, so te speak,
Tineid Bombyces. The venation (fig.
50) is generalized Tineid, and it is evi-
dent from a long abode in cases that the
features which separate the family so
widely from the Tineidz are the result
of disuse and resulting adaptation. The
family had diverged considerably from
the Tineid source along a path which
unmistakably ends in the Psychidie.
Without specimens of the wingless
female we are unable at present to compare them with those of
the Psychide; and we still need examples of the larvee (living
and in alcohol) to compare with those of the Tineids on the one

Fic. 19.—Pupa of Tischeria tine-
torella,?.

Fic. 20.—Pupa of Tischeria marginea; hand and those of the Psychid on the other.
ge ee pe The pupa of Taleporia pseudobombycella’ (fig. 24) has a broad
same, side view.
head, with distinet paraclypeal pieces and glazed-eye-sutures.
The maxillary palpi (mex. p.) are large and well developed, extending under the eye trom the
antennie to the labial palpi, which are large, but short and very broad. The maxille are present,
but small. The abdomen bears no cremaster, but there are two terminal small spines which
may be the homologues of the anal-leg hooks of the pupie of Psychidwe. The scars of the four
pairs of anterior abdominal legs are present, as in Psychidie.
In 7. conspurcatella (fig. 25) the maxille are much more rudimentary, and before exuviation
concealed by the long labial palpi (mz. p.); the maxillary palpi (ma. p.) ave large and triangular.

r

‘I am greatly indebted to Dr. T. Algernon Chapman for kindly sending me the pupw of the European
T. pseudobombycella, and pup, with imago, of 7. conspurcatella. For the loan of Solenobia pin eti and walshella, pupe
and other specimens, I am indebted to the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University.

68

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In the pupa of Solenobia walshella Clemens (fig. 26), the maxillee (ma.) have undergone less

reduction than in Taleporia, as they are well developed, but the European species 8. pineti

Fic. 21.—Pupa of Choreutes bjerk-
andella; outer eyepiece and maxil-
lary palpi not drawn; mz’, labium.

Fia. 24.—Pupa of Laleporia pseudobombycella; A, head enlarged; B, end of body.

Fie. 22.—Cast shell of pupa of Fic. 23.—Pupa of Crypto-
Cryptolechia schlaginiella; p, para- lechia quercella, 9 ; I—I1I,
clypeal piece; mz’, labium. legs.

Zeller, has outstripped the American one in the process of
degeneration and modification, and the maxillie (fig. 27, mx.)
are very much shorter and smaller, though the maxillary palpi

are of the same shape and size. In this
genus the abdomen has no cremaster and no
terminal hooked spines, the pupa in exuvia-
tion being fastened to the sides of the cocoon
by numerous hooked setie (fig. 26, A).

Family Psychide.—The transition from
the Taleporidie to the Psychidie is a most
natural one, whether we compare the pupa
or imago. In Fumea the wingless females

have legs and antenna,

while in Psyche they

¢ are wanting and they

never leave their case,
or when the female of
Fumea ‘escapes from

B
the pupa, it emerges
from the case and sits
We on the outside” (Stain-
©
LI ton). On reading the

views of Spuler we dis-
covered, by comparing

the pupe of the two groups, their evident relationship. Indeed, Spuler appears to place
‘Taleporia in the Psychidw, though at present they are universally referred to the Tineina,

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 69

remarking that its venation is typically Tineinan. He adds that in shape and mode of life the
females of many species of Fumea, and those of Epichnopteryx and of the Taleporide, are much
more nearly related to each other than those of other species of Fumea and Psyche the species

of the latter genus falling into two groups,
judging by their venation, and he states that
Psyche febretta is “the nearest relation of
the type from which on the one side the
Zygenide and on the other the Arctiide and
Liparidee have descended. The Lithosiidie
are also perhaps to be added, and indeed
belong to a branch which extends from the
Taleporide to the Crambide and Phycide.”
From an examination of the pupa, and also
the statements of Chapman and of Com.
stock, it is evident that the Psychide should
be removed from
the Bombyces and
placed among the
Tineoid moths.
Itisevidentthat
the line of develop-
ment from the nar-
row tineid-winged
Taleporide to the
broad- winged Psy-
chide was nearly
direct. Perhapsthe
slight changes in
venation and much
greater breadth of
the wings and the
pectinated antennze
are the result of

of the Taleeporidi, the resemblance is most striking
and naturally suggests the direct evolution of the
Psychids from the latter group. The head is broad
and has the same general shape as in the Taleporide,
jneluding the form of the eyes, of the clypeus and of the labrum, which,
however, in the Psychidze is more distinct from the eclypeus, though in
Solenobia walshella it is nearly as separate.

The shape of the cases of the maxillary palpi of Psyche graminella,
(@eceticus abbotii, fig. 28), and Metrua elongata is as in Solenobia walshella
and S. pineti. The maxillie (mwv.), fairly well developed in the Psychide, are
much as in Solenobia walshella. The labial palpi (mx’. p.), though varying
much in the different genera of Psychidie, are essentially as in the Taleporide.
Compare those of Psyche, Giceticus, and Entometa with those of Talaporia
pseudobombycella. Those of Platceceticus are longer than in the other Psy-

Fig. 26.—Head of pupa of Sole-
nobia walshella; A, end of body.

Fic. 25.—Pupa of Taleporia conspurcatella; A, head enlarged; B, the
same, seen from within; mz. p., maxillary palpi.

adaptation to the stationary mode of life of the females, the males
acquiring greater power of extended flight and a more acute sense of
smell in order to discover the presence of the females.

In comparing the pupe of different genera of Psychidze with those

Fig. 27._-Head of pupa
of Solenobia pineti.

chide, but still more rudimentary than in Solenobia. In regard to the shape of the maxillary
palpi, which unite, forming a continuous bar or piece in front of the labrum, Thyridopteryx (fig.
29, mx. p.) differs from other Psychidie and approximates to certain Hepialidi (fig. 33).

70

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Fig. 29 represents the pupa of Thyridopteryx ephemeraformis, and its close resemblance to that
of Oncopera intricata (fig. 33) will be seen in the presence of the large piece between the base of

the maxillary palpi.
maxillary (labial) palpi. The former (mx. p.) is subdivided
into an inner and an outer small lobe. In the Psychide the
paraclypeal pieces, or tubercles, as we might call them, are
always present. They are convex and very rugose. The
labial or second maxillary piece in the Australian Humetopa
ignobilis is of the same shape and sculpturing as in Psyche
graminella, but the large, round, rugose pieces on each side,
or first maxillary palpi, are single, not divided into two
parts, unless the irregularly trapezoidal pieces between the
maxillary palpi and the eyepiece be the homologue of the
outer portion.

In the Australian Metura elongata (fig. 30) the short
reduced labial palpi are much as
in Psyche graminella, but are more
deeply divided. The two divisions
IT am inclined to consider as the
second maxillary (labial) palpi. In
this genus the first maxillary palpi
are also as in Psyche graminella.

It will then be seen that in the
pupa of this family the first and
second maxillary palpi vary very
much in form, as they probably do
in the imagines, being more or less
atrophied in the latter, where they
need to be carefully examined. On
the other hand, the maxillke them-
selves (for in their pupal condition
inhaustellate Lepidoptera they have
retained the separated condition of

form.

a cocoon or Case-opener,

pieces are large.

Fic. 29.—Pupa of Thyridopteryx ephemeraformis, ¢ ;

A, side view of end of body, showing one of the two
terminal hooks; vestiges of 3 pairs of abdominal legs-

anal leg.

In Weeticus abbotii (fig. 28) the maxillary palpi are separated by the second

Fic. 28.—Pupa of (ceticus abbotii; eb, cocoon-
opener.

those of the laciniate Lepidoptera), though short, are quite persistent in

The pupa of Plateceticus gloverii differs from that of Gceticus abbotii
in the undivided first maxillary palpus (eyepiece) and the elongated
second maxillie, as well as the narrower clypeal region, and the lack of

By an examination of the figures it will be seen that
the outer division of the eyepiece varies much in size.
This is due to the varying width of the male antenne,
which, when wide, as in Pinara (Entometa), Metrua, Thy-
ridopteryx, and Pysche overlap and nearly conceal it,
while it is entirely hidden in Plataceticus.
hand, in male pup:e of Hepialus aud Oncopera, where the
antenne are small, narrow, and not pectinated, these
The end of the body has no cremaster,
but, what is unique, a hook arising from each vestigial

On the other

Finally, it will be readily seen that from an examination
of the pup the views of Speyer, of Chapman, and of Comstock, as to the position of the Psychide
is fully confirmed, while I should go a little further and place them still nearer the Hepialidie.
They are, however, still more modified than this last-named group, since the females are wingless

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. a

and limbless. It is very plain that they are an offshoot from the Tineoids, and especially from
the Taleporide, which have no tongue and whose females are wingless and sack-bearers.

Remarks on the Family Hepialide.—This group is assigned by Comstock, from the venation
alone, to a position at the bottom of the lepidopterous scale, even below the Micropterygide,
By Chapman it is more correctly placed above the latter group. He even places it above
the Nepticulidee, Adelidie, and Tischeria. The family evidently branched off from tineid-like
forms.

Since receiving and studying Chapman’s paper it has become very plain to me that Hepialus
and its allies are simply colossal Tineoids, and that
Speyer was right in 1870 in suggesting that the
Hepialide stand very near to the tineids.!

These views, arrived at independently by these
authors, are confirmed by the trunk characters and
also by the larval characters, as pointed out by Dyar,’
and which Ihave been able to confirm by an examina-
tion of the freshly hatched larva of Hepialus muste-
linus and fully grown larvee of the Australian Oncopera
intricata Walk., as well as those of Hepialus humuli
and H. hectus of Europe.

In 1863° I pointed out the similarity in the head
and thorax of Hepialus ( Sthenopis) argenteo-maculatus to
those of the neuropterous Polystoechotes, and referred
to the elongated thorax of Hepialus, especially “the
unnatural length of the metathorax, accompanying
which is the enlarged pair of wings, a character
essentially neuropterous.” Reference was also made
to the metascutum, which is divided into two halves,
being separated widely by the very large triangular
scutellum. I also drew attention to the transverse
venule or spur of the costal vein and to the great
irregularity in the arrangement of the branches of
the cubital neryure, also to the elongated abdomen,
and finally I remarked, *‘the Hepiali are the lowest
subfamily of the Bombyces.” But in those days I did
not fully perceive the taxonomic value of these gen-
eralized characters, which have so well been proved
by Chapman from imaginal and pupal characters to
be such as to place the Hepialide at or near the base
of the Tineoid series. Chapman, unaware of the
existence of mine and of Speyer’s paper, says:

The metathoracie structure of Hepialus came as a yery
unexpected confirmation of the idea that of the Tortricoid group
it was the nearest to the lower Adelids, and despite its special-

ization was near the line by which Tortrix was derived from
some Adelid form (p. 113).

Fig. 30.—Pupa of Metrua elongate; mz’, labial palpi.

‘In his suggestive paper (Ent. Zeit. Stettin, 1870), Speyer refers to the similarity of the venation of Hepialide
and Cosside, and remarks that they resemble the Trichoptera no less than the Micropterygidx, though the Hepialid
exhibit other close analogies to the Trichoptera. He adds that the middle cell of the wing in the Phryganeida is
not fundamentally different from that of the Hepialidz, Cossidx, and Micropteryx, also the hind wings of Psychide,
On page 221 he associates the Zygaenidie with the Cossid, Cochliopodide, Heterogynidie, Psychidie, and Hepialide,
and remarks that all these families are isolated among the Macros; the Cochliopodide and Zygaenide alike in the
pupa state by the delicate integument and the partially loose sheath, these groups standing nearest to the Tineids
with complete maxillary palpi, forming the oldest branch of the lepidopterous stem, and haying been developed
earlier than the Macros.

2A classification of lepidopterous larve. Annals N. Y. Acad. Sei., viii, 1894, p. 196.

*On ‘Synthetic types in insects,” Boston Jour, of Nat. Hist., 1863, pp. 590-603.

72 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

I will now refer to some characters of the Hepialide which further show that they are
colossal Tineoids, and should be placed very near the base of the order, though still proving, in
their boring larval habits and in the reduced maxillary and labial palpi, the entire absence of a
haustellum and of mandibles, that the family (at least Hepialus and Sthenopis) has undergone a
considerable degree of modification, compared with the Micropterygide.

ee

Fie, 31.—Larva and pupa of Hepialide. 1. Hepialus mustelinus.—Freshly hatched
larva; A, thoracic segments; B,terminalabdominal segments. 2. Hepialushumuli.—End
of body of pupa; a.l., anal legs; TX, male genital organs. 3. Gnotus.virescens.—Head
of pupa; map, maxillary palpi; ma’. p, labial palpi. 4. H. hwmuli.—Head of pupa.

(Cut loaned by the New York Entomological Society.)

Beginning with the larva, that of the Australian Oncopera intricata, when compared with
the larva of the colossal Tineoid moth, Maroga unipunctaria, of South Australia, is the same in
structure, though less specialized in the colors of the tubercles and in the sculpturing of the
head, but it has the same shape of the body, the same arrangement of the one-haired tubercles,

though the sete are smaller and shorter, and the same complete circles of crochets on all the
abdominal legs.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 73

Fig. 311 represents the freshly hatched larva of Hepialus mustelinus, 1.3 mm. in length. The
head is no wider than the prothoracic seginent, whose dorsal plate is well developed. The mouth-
parts are quite large, especially the spinneret, while the hairs, which are acute at the end, are in
this stage as long as the body is broad. Fig. 311, A shows the arrangement of the one-haired
tubercles on the thoracic and first abdominal segment, and fig. 311, B those on the four terminal
segments. The abdominal legs appear to have at this stage only ten crochets, or at least
very few.

Fig. 32.—1, 2, Full-fed larva of Hepialus hwmuli; 3,4, H. hectus. Fic. 33.—Pupa of Oncopera intricata;
A, end of body enlarged; sp, spiracle.

(Cut loaned by the New York Entomological Society.)

Fig. 521.2 represents the larva of the European Hepialus humuli' and the arrangement of the
one-haired tubercles; the prothoracie plate is thin and slight. In H. hectus (fig. 323,4), which is more
specialized, the prothoracice plate is more developed, and the piliferous tubercles (except one) are
much larger, forming plates. Yet this larva will be seen to be much less specialized than that of

‘For blown specimens of this and Hepialus hectus, and numerous other rare specimens of other larye and pupa,
Iam greatly indebted to the kindness of Dr. 0. Staudinger, who presented them to me from the immense collection
of Lepidoptera and other insects in his establishment at Blasewitz-Dresden, Germany.

14 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the sack-bearing Adela viridella (fig. 7), which has similar enlarged dorsal and lateral plates, not
only on the thoracic but also on the abdominal segment (fig. 312).
The pupa of Hepialus is said by Chapman to differ from that of Tortrix,

1 Oe “in having the third abdominal segment free, but in a peculiar and modi-
KY E el - Q\ fied manner,” ete. He does not refer to the mouth-parts. I also add a
Seu A> ZY N figure of the front of the head of the pupa of Hepialus humuli, which, with
S \) that of G?notus virescens, from New Zealand, I owe to the kindness of
7 @) 4 Dr. T. Algernon Chapman. The structure of the head is very peculiar.
a On the vertex are prominent callosities, giving strength to the head in
breaking out of the cell. The eye is large, divided by a distinct line, the
outer part of the eye more or less corrugated. Directly under the eye are the
I large triangular maxillary palpi (fig. 31,; mv. p.). The maxilla themselves
f LZ are short, but not shown in the figure. The clypeal region is narrow, with
tubercles and rugosities; the labrum is scarcely
JA differentiated from the front edge of the clypeus,
but is slightly bilobate on the base. On each side
are what I call the paraclypeal pieces or sclerites
(p.), of the homology of which I am not sure, unless
they are identical with the tubercles seen in most
Lepidoptera on each side of the labrum, and for-
merly regarded as the mandibles. It is present,
though small and reduced, in Hepialus. The labial
palpi (mex.’ p.) are large and wide, and divided at
the end.
Fig. 31, represents the head of Gnotus virescens
S Doubieday. The paraclypeal pieces are not differen-

tiated; while the labrum appears to be slightly dis-
tinet from the clypeus, and excavated in the middle
of the front edge, the labial palpi (ma.’ p.) are very
short; the maxillary palpi are as in Hepialus.

The underside of the end of the body of this
pupa, including abdominal segments § to 10, is represented by fig. 31,; on the eighth segment is
the well-developed toothed ridge, while each side of the segment is irregularly dentate. On the
ninth segment (IX) are the rudiments of the male genital cpening of the moth, a longitudinal
scar situated between the usual two tubercles, while the vestiges of the anal legs of the larva
(a. l.) are represented by the longitudinal flattened tubercles inclosing the scar or vestige of the
anus.

I have examined the pupa of the Australian Oncopera intricata (fig. 33) (in the specimen
figured the right antenne was nearly obsolete) and of the Mexican Phassus triangularis H. Edw.,
all of which present some remarkable generalized features. In Oncopera the labial palpi (mz.’)
are visible; the entire piece is very wide at the base, and is divided at the middle into the two
palpal cases. Between it and the deeply lobed labrum is a piece, unless the two lobes are the
paraclypeal pieces, of the nature of which Iam uncertain. Is it the homologue of the eye-collar;
and if so, are the two lateral portions the maxillary palpi? The maxillie themselves (m2) are well
developed, but at their base are divided by an impressed line, representing a portion which I am
unable to name. The three pairs of feet are easily identified. The outer division of the eye is
large, and the cocoon-breaker, consisting of two solid thick ridges on the vertex, adapted for
breaking out of its cell in the tree it inhabits, are well marked. Abdominal segments 5-7 are
free in the 2, and on 3 to 6 is a row of spines at each end; on segments 7 and 8 there are four
transverse rows of stout spines, and on 9 two rows of small spines. There is no cremaster. On
the underside of segment 8 is a row of about fifteen stout spines, and vestiges of three pairs of
abdominal legs are distinct. The pupa is provided on the abdomen with a few long sete.

The pupa of Phassus (fig. 34) is remarkable. The larva bores into a very hard tree, according
to the late Mr. H. Edwards, who kindly gave me a specimen of the pupa. The head is remarkably

Fic. 34.—Pupa of Phassus trianyularis; A, end of body.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Wes

adapted for its life in a cell, being broad, obliquely truncated, the small antenne being protected
by the flaring sides of the head, which is very solid, with numerous rugosities and small tubercles.
The region about the mouth is remarkable. The clypeus and labrum are very narrow, the eye
transversely elongated, with an impressed line in the middle.
The eye-collar (mz. p.) is distinctly separated from the max-
illee (m2x.).

The two pieces (lp.) at the base of the maxilla may pos-
sibly prove to be the labial palpi; if so, is the piece marked /.
the labium? The two paraclypeal pieces or tubercles (p.) appear
to be the homologues of those in the Psyechidie.

The pup of this family are very extraordinary, but it will
be seeu that they are Pupe incomplete, not Pupe libere, and
prove that the family should stand much above the Microptery-
gidie rather than below them, so far as regards pupal characters.

The shape of the head of Hepialus mustelinus and the
reduced labium, with its
two-jointed palpi and the
still more atrophied maxillary palpi, are interesting. In H.
tacome the palpi of both pairs are larger, showing that the
process of reduction in Hepialus is a rather late one.

The very primitive, generalized shape of the thorax of
the Hepialide is noteworthy. In Hepialus mustelinus the
collar or prothorax is very much reduced, while in H. tacome
it is very long and generalized, as in Sthenopis and the Aus-
tralian Abantiades argenteus. The mesoscutum is consider-
ably shorter than in H. tacome. In the latter species the
metascutum is entirely divided by the large scutellum, while
in H. mustelinus it is only partly divided, the apex of the
scutellum passing a little beyond the middle of the scutum.

It is thus quite evident that Sthenopis is an earlier form
penne of pupa of Megalopyge (Lagoa), than H. tacome, and that the latter is more generalized,

having undergone less modification than H. mustelinus.

The genus Hepialus oceurs in Australia, and that continent appears to be the original home
of the family. In Abantiades argenteus the antennie are tripectinate, and the labial palpi are very
large; in Hectomanes fusca the antenne are
bipectinated, but the labial palpi are much
reduced, being scarcely visible, while On-
copera intricata is remarkably modified;
though the antenne are simple, the eyes
are very large, nearly meeting on the front,
while the three-jointed labial palpi are
remarkably long and slender, extending
upward, and the hind legs have a remark-
able broad, flattened, curved pencil of hairs.

It thus appears that on the Australian
continent this interesting family, which may
be a survival of Jurassic times and coeval
with the marsupials, has branched out along
several lines of specialization, the most
degenerate form being Hepialus, whieh has Hie: 37.—Head of pupa of eee Jalapa. Mexico; ma', labial

= A 5 palpi; p, paraclypeal piece; mz., maxilla; max. p, maxillary palpi.
survived also in Europe and in North
America, especially on the Pacifie Coast. On the whole, however, as we have seen, it is not so
generalized a group as the Micropterygid, a group common to Europe and North America.

Fic. 35.—Head of Parasa chloris.

76 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Its relations to the Cossidie, including the Zeuzerinw, remain still to be elaborated; they are
rather close, yet the Tortricoid affinities are very apparent, and need further examination.. The
pupa of Zeuzera pyrina (fig. 40) is of the same character as in Prionoxystus, but the maxillary
palpi are larger, the lateral palpi more reduced, while the cell-breaker is very long, being much
more developed.

Fig. 39 shows the front of the head and maxille of the Cossid, Prionoxystus robinia, which is.
more Tortricid than Hepialid; p., paraclypeal pieces; ma. p., maxillary palpi; (., labial palpi;
mu., maxille. Fig, 40 represents the head and end of the body of Zeuzera pyrina.

Remarks on the Cochliopodida.—Chapman removes this group from
the Bombyces after a study of their larval and pupal characters. We
should, after studying the pup: of five or six genera, agree with his
suggestion that this and the family Megalopygide (Lagoide) should be
removed from the Bombyces and placed near the Tineoids, from which
they have undoubtedly descended. That the line of descent, however,
was directly, as Chapman suggests, from the Eriocephalide seems to us
a matter of doubt. The larvie of the Cochliopodids present some
notable differences from that of Hriocephala, whose so-called “eight
pairs of abdominal legs” appear to be merely spine-bearing tubercles.
Although the head of Eriovephala is partially retractile, this adaptation
may have no phylogenetic significance.

Fig. 35 represents the front of the head of Parasa chloris, showing
the maxillary palpi, and a lateral process (p.) connected with it, which
I have not seen in any other pupe, and
may be internal. I have also observed
it in the cast pupal skin of Tortricidea
testacea. The maxillie are either shorter
oer no longer than the large labial palpi.
The paraclypeal tubercles are well devel-
oped in this group. If we compare the
head of the pupa of Parasa and of other
genera, especially Limacodes and Hetero-
genea, with that of Tinea, there will be
observed a close resemblance, especially
in the maxille, maxillary palpi, and labial
palpi, indicating the more or less direct
descent of the family from some tineid
form, perhaps an extinct ally of Nepticula,
since Chapman speaks of ‘‘a resemblance
that is almost identity in the pupa” of Nepticula as compared with that of Limacodes.

Remarks on the Megalopygida.—The genus Megalopyge (Lagoa) is remarkable for the shape of
the pupa, which is somewhat as in Cochliopodidie, confirming the view that the two families are
allied, though still presenting some notable differences in larval characters. Fig. 36 represents the
pupal features as seen in the front of the head of a Megalopyge from Florida (probably J. crispata
or opercularis). The maxille seem to be aborted; on each side of the second maxillary (labial)
palpi, under the eye, are the first maxillary palpi, whose structure needs further examination,

Very different is the head of an allied Mexican species, Lagoa superba (fig. 37), in which the
second maxillie (labium) are well marked, though the palpi are only represented by two short
lobes. Here the maxillie are present, and the maxillary palpi are represented by a large lateral
irregular round piece.

The next series of families begins with.the Tortricida, from which may have descended the
Cossidie. As will be seen by comparing fig. 38 of the pupa of Tortrix rileyana with that of the
Cossidie (fig. 39, head and mouth parts of the pupa of Prionoxystus robinie), Dr. Chapman’s
opinion that Cossus has “no character at any stage to distinguish it from Tortrices” is well
sustained. The pupal characters of Zeuzera pyrina (fig. 40) also show that it belongs to the same

Fig. 38.—Pupa of Tortrix rileyana, ¢; A, 9, end of body, with cremaster.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ua

family as Cossus and its allies. In the Cossidw there are no separate pupal maxillary palpi, the
lateral flap (mx. p.) not being separate. The labium and its palpi are long and narrow, as in
Yortrix. The paraclypeal pieces are distinct.

Fic. 39.—Front of head of pupa of Prionoxy-
stus robinie; mx. p, labial palpi.

The point of departure of Tor-
tricidie from the Tineina has still Fic. 40.—Pupa of Zeuzera py-
+o b ked Lena st he rina; cb, cocoon-burster; A, end
o be worked out; it must have of body of 9
been some generalized genus in
the pupa of which the eye-collar (maxillary palpi) and labial palpi
were well developed.

Here might be placed the two families Thyrididze and Sesiide.
After a reconsideration of the transformations of these groups we
agree with Dr. Chapman that as regards the latter “it is Tineoid

in spite of some Tortricid characters.” We should, however, not |
absolutely place these families in the Tineina, but should rather /
regard them as immediate descendants from some Tineoid genus ">,

with a well-developed eye-collar (fig. 41, Trochilium fraxini, mx. p.)
and with a well-developed labrum. The generalized nature of the
pupa of Trochilium is also shown in the large distinct paraclypeal
pieces, The two families have evideutly directly
descended from some Tineoids, but they may
have become much modified and specialized,
especially in the venation, and form aside branch —_ Fie. 41.—Pupa of Trochitiwm fraz-
of the Tineoid series, with absolutely no relation ea ae gene
to the Sphingidie, near which they are usually
placed. We have been unable to obtain the pupa of Thyris for examination.
Family Zygenide.—Another group supposed by Spuler (venation) and
also Chapman (pupa) to be closely related to the Tineoids is the Zygrenide,
from which I should separate the Syntomide. The pupa of Zygzena is said
- by Dr. Chapman to possess ‘“ ill-developed eye-collars (maxillary palpi),” and
the dehiscence is typically incomplete. I have been unable in the specimens
kindly given me by Dr. Chapman to detect the vestiges of the “ eye-collar,”
but the cast pupa skins examined are not well preserved, and these pieces
may be more easily detected in living and alcoholic specimens. Comstock
places the Zygenidie high up, remote from the Tineina, but at present I am

I.a, 42.—Pupa of Har- : : ae : «pp .
risina americana, 9. disposed to regard the Syntomidie as a distinct group, with a different origin,

and more nearly related to the Arctiide. I fully agree with Chapman that
Zygiena is near the Tineina; and I also agree with Comstock that Tripocris and Pyromorpha
have “a remarkably generalized condition of wing structure.”

78 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

I should regard Ino (Triprocris) as a more generalized genus than Zygena. Judging
from the venation, Harrisina has undergone a little more modification than Ino; Pyromorpha
also seems rather more primitive than Zygiena. I see no reason for regarding Pyromorpha as
the type of a distinct family.

I have only the pupa of Harrisina americana (fig. 42) and of two
species of Zygrena to examine, but with this scanty material, that of
Harrisina seems to be the more generalized form, that of Zygiena the
more specialized. As Zygwna does not occur in America, but is an
Burasian and African genus, it is possible that in its generalized Zygenid
fauna America, as in other groups of animals, has lagged behind Europe,
Zygiena, with its numerous species, being a more advanced or specialized
type brought into existence by more favorable conditions.

Origin of the Lithosiida.—lt seems to me that the group of forms.
usually referred to the Lithosiidee, but which are nearest to the Tineina,
is that represented by Enemia (Eustixis, Mieza), Gita, and Tantura
(Penthetria), as the imagines of these genera, whether we consider the shape
of the head and body, antenne, and legs, or the venation and shape of
the wings, are the nearest to the Tineide and appear to form a family
of Tineoid moths. Indeed,
Enemia is now referred to the
Tineina of the family Hypo-
nomeutide, and possibly the
Lithosiidie originated from that
family or from a group stand-
ing between it and the Pro-
doxidee.

The pup have the long,
narrow head and eyes of Tine-
ina. The eye-collar is wanting,
but vestiges of the labial palpi
are present, and also vestiges of
the paraclypeal pieces. Judg-
ing by the venation, Enzemia
is the more generalized and
Tantura the more modified
genus. Thepupaof Wta aurea
(fig. 43) in the head characters
is rather more generalized than that of Tantura, the
labial palpi being a little larger and the base of the
maxilla more flaring, as if forming rudimentary eye-
collars or palpi; but the abdomen and its end is
much more specialized than in Tantura, as it is
long, slender, conical, and ends in a well-developed
cremaster, provided with curved setae, adapting it for
retaining its hold in its slight cocoon. In general
appearance and structure it is like a Geometrid pupa, Fig. 44.—Pupa of Tantura parvula, showing the labial
resembling one also in its markings, having longitu- ne Etanca ba Papel ce" he ee
dinal stripes. In Tantura (fig. 44) the shape of the
abdomen is more generalized, there being no cremaster, but hooked setie enabling it to retain its
hold within its beautiful loose basket-like cocoon.

It is probable that these genera descended from some broad-winged Tineina, and possibly
from the Prodoxide ; Hyponomeuta, and especially Argyresthia, appear to be later, more specialized
forms.

Fic. 43.—Pupaof @ta aurea,
drawn from a cast skin.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 19

This group (Enemia, Gta, aud Tantura) almost directly intergrade, judging by the venation,
with the Lithosiide; Byssophaga, Cisthene, and Crocota connecting them with Lithosia, though the
larve of the latter are much more specialized and Arctiiform. Hence the line of descent from
the generalized Tineina to the group represented by Enwemia, ta, and Tantura to the Lithosiidie

and from these to the Arctiidie is more or less direct.

illary palpi.

to its inclosure in a dense cocoon.

Family Syntomide.—The position of the Syntomidie is difficult

to determine. The pupa is obtected, though it has
_in Scepsis retained the labial palpi. Judging by
the larval and pupal characters, the family stands
much nearer the Arctiidie than the Zygienide, but
yet is more generalized than the former. In the
venation the group stands near the Arctiide, i. e.,
the venation of the generalized Ctenucha approxi-
mates that of HLpicallia virginalis, while in Didasys
and Syutomis the venation is more aberrant and
modified; so also are the lJong-tufted larvie of
Syntomis and Cosmosoma, compared with that of
Ctenucha, in which the tufts are shorter, less
developed, and less specialized.
A clew to the origin of the geometrid moths.—In
examining the pupa of Phryganidia californica, aud

lines of descent.

Family Nolide.—The structure of the pupa of Nola (fig. 45, V.
ovilla), besides its larval and adult characters, convinces me that
the genus is the typeof a distinct family, and forms a line of descent
somewhat parallel with and near to the Lithosiide.
the labial plpi well developed and the paraclypeal pieces large.
The end of tie abdomen is rounded and uncovered, in adaptation

It is interesting to note the gradual widening of the
wings, especially the fore wings, as we pass from Lithosia
to Arctia; also to notice the gradual change in the
larval and pupe characters, those of the Arctiian
pup being slightly less primitive than in the more
generalized Lithosiidie.

It is also interesting to note that in ascending from
the Tineoid precursors of the Lithosiidze to the mem-
bers of the latter family
we pass from incomplete
to obtected pupie, show-
ing that the division into
pupe incomplete and pupe
obtecte may be at times
artificial, these divisions
placing arbitrary metes
and bounds to series pass-
ing from the more gener-
alized to the more special-

Fic. 45.—Pupa of Nola ovilla; 4,end of body of 2; B, ized forms, and perhaps
head; p, paraclypeal piece; mz.’ p, labial or second max- representin eg un broken

The pupa has

Fia. 46.—Pupa of Phryganidia californica; a, anus; A, end
of body, side view, with cremaster.

finding the more essential features to be as much like those of the geometrid moths as any other
group, I came upon results entirely umexpected to myself and which give aclue to the origin of this
great group of moths. It has beeome evident that Phryganidia can neither be placed among the
Zy genide or Syntomide, though possessing some pterogostic features like those of the latter group.

80 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Another fact considered was that the larva of Melanchroia (M. eephise and M. geometroides),
formerly associated with the Lithosiidze, has been shown by Dewitz to be geometrids. Another is
the absence of a pair of legs in the Nolidz, which I find must, by their pupal and other characters,
be regarded as a distinet family from the Lithosiide. Still another fact is the conclusion I have
arrived at that the Lithosiide have almost directly descended from the Tineide or from an extinct
group closely allied to them, and that from the Lithosiide have arisen not only the Dioptide,
perhaps including Phryganidia, the Cyllopodide, and Hypsid, but also the Syntomide and
Nyctemerid, as well as the Arctiide.

On reexamining the larva, pupa, and imago of Phryganidia (we have no knowledge of the
transformations of the genuine Dioptide as at present limited), it has seemed to me that the
genus has little of fundamental value to separate it from the geometrid moths.

First, as to the larva of Phryganidia, while in the shape of the head and the slender cylindrical
body it differs little from the larva of Melanchroia and that of geometrids in general, if the two
anterior pairs of abdominal legs were atrophied there would be no essential difference. That this
is probable is seen in the larva of Nola, which has but four pairs of abdominal legs, one pair being
atrophied.

The end of the body (eighth abdominal segment) is humped, but the larve of the East Indian
Eusemia and Hypsa are also humped at the end of the body. Phryganidia only differs in being
slenderer and without hairs, and seems more closely allied to the larve of the Hypsidw than to
that of any of the allied groups. It does not spin a cocoon.

The pupa is obtected, and in its essential features more like those of geometrids than those of
Lithosiide or any Zygenid or Syntomid genera. Itis naked and suspended by a remarkably long
cremaster; the end of the abdomen is otherwise peculiar. The head presents no vestigial
characters, there being no traces of maxillary palpi, of paraclypeal pieces, or apparently of labial
palpi (fig. 46). With a complete knowledge of all its stages, it is still difficult to assign it a definite
position. When we know more about the Dioptide, where it probably belongs, the problem may
approach a solution, but that its affinities are closely with the Geometride is shown by comparing
the pupa with that of Cleora. In the general shape of the head, of the eyes, of the front, and
especially of the abdomen, the resemblance is close; the peculiar shape and markings of the last
three abdominal segments are nearly identical in both genera, though the cremaster of Cleora is
much shorter.

In this connection reference should be made to the striking resemblance between the pup
of @ta aurea and Cleora pulchraria. To my great astonishment I find the pupa of Cleora has
the same vestigial head-characters as Gta; the general shape of the pupa is the same; the mode
of dehiscence the same, the shape of the vertex and its mode of separating when the moth issues
from the pupa case; also the same shape of the eyes, of the peculiar clypeus and labrum, while the
more pronounced vestigial characters are the labial palpi, forming a triangular area, and the large
semidetached paraclypeal pieces. Cleora shows that it is a more modern form in having no
traces of a vestigial eye-collar (maxillary palpi) such as occur (though very slightly developed) in
(ta. The shape of the end of the body, with the cremaster, is much the same, the shorter
cremaster of Cleora being an adaptation to its life in a slight openwork cocoon. In the peculiar
markings of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments Cleora is more like Phryganidia.

Judging by the pupal characters, then, the Geometride have directly descended from the
Lithosiidie, the latter, as I have satisfied myself, having directly originated from the generalized
Tineina.

The imago of Phryganidia appears not to differ much from those of the Dioptide, to which it
has been referred by Butler. I am unable to see any important differences between the Dioptide
and Cyllopodide, though my material is scanty. In the slender body, shape of the head, and
proportions of the clypeus, shape of antenne and palpi, both of these families do not essentially
differ from Melanchroia, which is now known to be a geometrid, nor from the geometrids
themselves. ;

In its venation Phryganidia is nearly identical with that of a Josia from Jalapa, Mexico, in
my collection; the peculiarity is the origin of veins II, and II], from a common stem, in which
Phryganidia apparently differs from some if not all other Dioptide. But the venation of the

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 81

Dioptide (including Phryganidia) and of the Cyllopodide is nearly identical with that of
Melanchroia, and the latter is a true geometrid in its venation, and in the shape of its larva, being
a looper. Of its pupa we know nothing. The venation of the geometrids is very persistent
Hence I conclude that the day-flying, usually bright-colored Dioptidse and Cyllopodidie, as well
as the Hypsidie, are direct offshoots from the Lithosian stem, and that their general resemblance
to such Lithosians as Crocota and Eudule, as well as Ameria, is based on real affinity. The day-
flying habits of some geometrids is also well known. The larva of Euphanessa is a geometrid,
but its moth has been usually associated with the Lithosiid, though its venation is geometrid.
Riley describes the larva of Gta aurea as having ‘extremely small” anterior abdominal legs, the
anal ones being much longer. Probably when we learn more of the transformations of the families
we have mentioned it will be found that the presence or absence of certain abdominal legs will
be found to be a secondary adaptational character. It is noticeable that the dull-eolored
Phryganidia, with only incipient clouds instead of bars and spots, is a primitive form as regards
markings.

After an examination of the pupal and imaginal characters of Geometrids, Dioptids, Hypsids
and Syntomids, it seems to me that all these groups represent more or less parallel lines of
development which originated from the generalized Lithosiide, the latter, with the Zygwnide,
haying sprung from generalized Tineina. The Nolide represent a side branch, which evolved
from a Lithosian perhaps like Clemensia. The Arctiidse have also apparently directly descended
from the Lithosiide. The Syntomide and Nyctemeridz, which seem closely allied by larval
characters, have also directly descended from the Lithosiide.

Finally, it appears that the Geometride are a rather more primitive type, and have no
relationship to the Noctuide, the latter having more or less directly descended from the A garistidie,
the latter from the Hypside or an allied. group. The fact that the young larve of many Noctuide
have only two pairs of legs seems to have no phylogenetic significance.

In this preliminary abstract space has prevented my giving details and figures'to prove the
truth of the assertions and conclusions here presented.

Hints on the origin of the Noctuide.—The Noctuidwe may have descended from the A garistidie,
since the pup of several genera I have examined are of the same type as those of Alypia and
Eudryas, having a similar lanceolate labium (second maxillary palpi). It is possible that the
Agaristidx are the direct offshoots of the Hypside or came from an extinet group closely allied
tothem. Of this I can, from the want of specimens, only judge from the figures in Horsfield and
Moore’s Catalogue of Lepidopterous Insects, ete., Part Il. The caterpillars of Hypsa, Eusemia,
particularly #. basalis, are not only much like ordinary Noctuidie, but are also closely similar to
those of Eudryas and Alypia, that of EF. basalis being humped on the eighth abdominal segment,
and with the dark bars and spots of the larvie of these Agaristids. Hence, quite contrary to our
former prepossessions, it appears probable that the Noctuidi may be the descendants of the
Agaristid, instead of being connected by the Deltoids with the Pyralids. That the Noctuide,
as well as the Geometride, are a modern group is shown not only by the pupal and other
characters, but by the fact that they comprise so many closely allied genera and species, the pup
‘as well as imagines possessing no vestigial characters.

The following tabular view will express in a tentative way my present views as to the
phylogeny of the Lepidoptera, or, in other words, the relationship of the suborders and of the
principal families, and will thus serve temporarily as a genealogical tree of the order.

It will be seen by this scheme that the-genera of the Protolepidoptera, Palaeolepidoptera,
and those Neolepidoptera with incomplete pups (including all the families up to Lithosiidz) have
narrow wings, the internal border of the wings, or “folded portion” of Spuler, being slightly
developed. The flight of these genera is a fluttering one and, in general, of short duration.

In the later Lithosiidw we see a rapid enlargement of the folded portion or a widening of
the wings, and with this widening of the wings, with an increase in wing-power and the ability
to take longer and higher flights, we seem to have had a great increase in the number of genera
and families, until in the butterflies, with their very broad wings, we have not only a fluttering
and direct long flight, but also the power of soaring high in the air. On the other hand, the

S. Miss. 50 6

82 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Sphinges, with their peculiar swift, powerful fight, met with success in life much beyond that, of
the Ceratocampid, from which they probably originated.

We have, from time to time, for thirty years past, insisted on the generalized and primitive
features of the Bombycine moths or those families generally included under this head, and now it
seems very clear that they have retained many more vestigial characters, and are thus more
generalized and ancient groups than the Noctuidie, Geometridex, and Sphingide.

Space has prevented our speaking of the vestigial characters of the imagines cf the

3ombycine moths, such as the vestigial maxillary palpi of the Saturniidie.

It is hoped that hereafter more attention will be paid to a study of the pupal structures.
of Lepidoptera, particularly of the Tineoid moths. And it need scarcely be urged that it is
most desirable that the authors of future catalogues of Lepidoptera will begin with the most
generalized forms, the tineids, and end with the butterflies, as being in better accord with the
results of recent studies and with the principles of evolution. In that way there will gradually
be infused among collectors and beginners more scientific conceptions of the origin of the
Lepidoptera, and thus ‘the collection and examination of these insects will have an educational .
value which at present seems in some quarters entirely lacking.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 83

GENEALOGICAL TREE OF THE LEPIDOPTERA,

Nymphalidie
Lycenide
Papilionide Pieride
|__|
Hesperidie
Castniide
| Sphingidie
Noctuidie | Geometridae
} Hemileucidie |
Agaristide |
| Saturniidie
| Ceratocampide Platyptericid
| ¢
| Notodontidee Endromide
| are:
| Bombycidee |
Hypside | Perophoride |
Lasiocampide ,
Liparidie : | Arctiidie
i |
| | Syntomidie Nolidss
|
| Dioptide cabs ATR
Cyllopodidee |
| Nyetemeride
| Nyet id
cap ite
Lithosiide
Chalcosiidie
| Pyralidi
Zygenide Seana
Sesiidw Pterophoride
Psychide | |
Megalopy gid Tineina Thyrididie Aincitidie
(10-15 families?) | |
Tale poride | Cossidie | Tineolidie
| | |
Cochliopodidie Hepialidee |
Prodoxidie Tortricidie | |
‘|

Suborder II. Lepidoptera haustellata.

|

. Neolepidoptera (Pupe incompletie and Pup obtectie.)

. Palwolepidoptera (Micropterygide. Pup: liberi).

Suborder I. Lepidoptera laciniata (Protolepidoptera. Eriocephalide).

84 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

IX.—A RATIONAL NOMENCLATURE OF THE VEINS OF INSECTS, ESPECIALLY THOSE OF LEPIDOPTERA.

Hitherto there has been an unfortunate lack of uniformity in the nomenclature of the veins
of the wings, different names having been applied to the veins of different orders of insects.

In his paper on the phylogeny and ontogeny of the veins of the wings of Lepidoptera, Spuler
has, however, given us a simple scheme and a numbering of the veins which will, we think, apply
in general to the wings of insects of all orders.

Redtenbacher had previously pointed out that “the geologically older Orthoptera and
Neuroptera have a much richer and more complicated venation than the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera,
Hymenoptera, and Diptera; thus among the Rhynchota the oldest forms, the Cicadidee and
Fulgoride, have a much greater number of veins than the Hemiptera. There is no doubt put
that the oldest insects were provided with an excess of veins; that, on the other hand, in the course
of development this superfluity has disappeared by a process of reduction, and in this way a simpler
system of venation has resulted. It is also to be observed that the size of the wings has had a
considerable influence on the number of the veins, since small forms almost without exception
have fewer veins than insects with large wings.” Redtenbacher also believes “that the normal
type of a differentiated wing may be found in those insects whose fore and hind wings are most
similar in size and shape,” and states that the venation is not useful as an ordinal character, but
is of more service in separating Suborders and families.

We agree with Spuler in rejecting Redtenbacher’s system, which is partly based on Adolpl’s
untenable theory of convex and concave veins, but, more especially for the reason that
Redtenbacher assumes that the primitive form of venation is that of the Ephemeride. He
remarks: ‘There is scarcely another group of insects whose wings show the prinitive type, the
fan-shaped form, as the May flies.” It may be objected to this that the Ephemeride, though in
most respects generalized and primitive insects, yet are, as regards the wings, highly modified or
specialized. That this is the case is also suggested by the reduction or atrophy of the mouth
parts. On the other hand, the retention of sexual organs paired throughout, the ducts remaining
‘separate, with open, paired outlets, shows that the May flies are, in this respect, more primitive
than any other winged insects. But as regards the thorax and the wings, we observe that in
them a high degree of modification has taken place. Thus the two pairs of wings are very unlike
in size and shape, and this feature is a secondary one. Hence the large number of main
longitudinal veius in the wings of Ephemera is a case of irrelative repetition of parts mostly
situated in the fan-like field, due to a process of specialization, a process which is manifested in
quite another way in the wings of the Dermaptera, also a primitive type.

Redtenbacher regards the eleven longitudinal veins (I-XI) of Ephemerids as the normal
number, and considers that the Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, ete., have lost certain of the veins by a
process of reduction. This view has been adopted by Comstock in his suggestive paper,
“‘Byolution and taxonomy,” but it seems to us to be untenable, the anal field (‘faltentheil” of
Spuler) not being of primary importance. On the other hand, Redtenbacher’s use of Roman
numerals for the main veins, and of a combination of Roman and Arabic numerals for their
branches, is very convenient.

Spuler divides the wings of each pair into an outspread portion (Sprettentheil) and a folded
part (Faltentheil). The veins of the former area he numbers in the same manner as Redtenbacher,
beginning on the costal edge of the wing, while those of the folded area (the submedian and
internal or first and second anal veins of other authors) he does not name, but simply numbers
with the Greek letters wa 6. He considers that Hagen was right in believing the Phryganide,
Tipularix, and some Microlepidoptera to be forms with a schematic, i. e., primitive venation
(Stettin. Ent. Zeit., p. 316, 1870).

Spuler shares the opinion of Fritz Miiller (Termitid), Brauer and Redtenbacher (Libellulide),
and Haase (Papilionide), that the costa is only a hypodermal structure, a thickening of the edge,
which does not have a trachea as its origin (Anlage), and which therefore has nothing to do with
the veins.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

85

Spuler also shows that the venation of the Orthoptera, especially their most generalized form
Blatta, is fundamentally nearly identical with that of the Lepidoptera, veins I-V being readily
homologized with those of the latter group; so also with the most generalized Hemiptera (Fulgora,

fig. 47).

We may also draw attention to the remarkable resemblance in the venation of the

generalized Psocid genus Amphientomum, which at first sight,

from the shape and size of the wings, reminds one of a Micro-
i pteryx or Eriocephala, while it also has a few
seales like those of these moths.

But that the system of venation of Spuler
is morphologically the correct one is fully
and satisfactorily proved by the ontogenetic
the veins.
(Kosmos, i, p. 390) was the first to examine
the incipient venation of two semipupal moths (Castnia ardalus).
observed that in the immature pupa the cross veins were wanting, and that

_ development of

Fig. 47.—Venation of fore wing of Ful-
gora.—-After Spuler.

Fritz Miiller

He

different longitudinal veins, which afterwards more or less completely disap-

Fic. 48.—Venation of
semipupa of Cerura vi,

nula.—After Spuler. tive one.

peared, were present, and hence he regarded the pupal venation as the primi-
This view Spuler has adopted i

and extended, and it plainly enough,
supported by the researches of Brauer and Redtenbacher on
the venation of the nymph of Odonata, solves the problem

of the venation of insects in general x

aud especially for Neuroptera, Tri- aU 3 ‘B
F 2 ce

choptera, Mecoptera (Panorpide), r=

Fic. 50.—Venation of Talepo-
ria pseudobombycella.—A fter 5
Spuler. easily seen. Hence
small pup from which
the larval skin has just been cast, and are trans-
parent, are the fittest objects for examination.

The primitive and generalized condition of
the semipupal wing is shown in Spuler’s figure
of Cerura vinula (fig. 48), to which we have
added the numbering of all the veins. He shows
that the fundamental pupal venation of Lepi-
doptera will also apply to Orthoptera (Blatta),
Hemiptera, Trichoptera, etc. He proves that
the cross veins are of quite secondary and subor-
dinate importance. The results of Spuler’s in-
vestigations, extended through different groups
from Timeina to Rhopalocera, and illustrated by
many figures, are both interesting and convince.
ing. The comparison of the venation of the
fore wing of the adult of Gracilaria syringella
(fig. 49, A), compared with that of its semipupa

Lepidoptera, and Diptera.

Spuler’s methed was to strip off
the loose skin of a caterpillar just beginning to papate, and examine the
jhcipient venation of the wings of the young pupa on the living insect.
placed the living pupa in water and then, since the process of thickening
and resulting concealment of the veins of the wing is retarded, the tra-
cheal branches become slightly enlarged, filled with air, and thus are more

Fic, 49.—Venation of Gracilaria syringella; A
moth; B, of semipupa.—After Spuler.

He

Fic. 51.— Venation of Hepialus mustelinus; d, anterior; d', posterior
discal vein; j. jugum.

(fig. 49, B). shows that the generalized venation of the latter is similar to that of Micropteryx,
veins IV, LV, not being connected by a cross vein with III and its branches; and veins II and

III with their branches, being separate.

The yeins and their numbering are indicated by Spuler’s.

figure of Taleporia pseudobombycella and one we have drawn of Hepialus mustelinus (fig. 51).

86 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

It may be remarked that Spuler agrees with Brauer and Redtenbacher, as well as Haase, that
Adolph’s system of convex and concave veins is entirely erroneous. :

We adopt, then, Spuler’s system of venation, and earnestly trust that it may be generally
accepted as simple, intelligible, and applicable to all orders of insects, based as it is on
ontogenetic, as well as anatomical, grounds.

The following system applies to the Lepidoptera as well as all other orders. Fig. 52
represents the venation of a Notodontian (Heterocampa obliqua). We merely deviate, from
motives of convenience and for the sake of uniformity, from Spuler’s numeration of the two anal
veins, by numbering them VI and VII, instead of designating them by the Greek letters a /.

VIE

Fic. 52.—Venation of Heterocampa obliqua; the names of the veins as designated below; d,
anterior; d', posterior discal vein; f, frenulum; se, subeostal cell.

The following table will show the numbers and names of the five veins of the outspread
portion of the wing and two (rarely three) of the fan-like or inner portion. Instead of denoting
the veins by the noun and adjective as, for example, the median vein, we may, with Comstock,
call it in descriptions or diagnoses, media, or refer to it as Vein III.

I. Costa. VY. First anal (submedian).
Il. Subcosta (radius). VI. Second anal (internal).
Ill. Media. - i VII. Third anal.

LY. Cubitus (median vein of some authors).
PARTIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY,

Miiller, Kritz. Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Termiten, Jenaisch. Zeitschr. f. Naturw., 1875. —

Brauer, I’. Ansichten iiber die paliiozoischen Insekten und deren Deutung. Annal K. K. naturh. Hofmus,
Wien, i, pp. 86-126. 2 Pl. 1886.

Redtenbacher, Joseph. Vergleichende Studien iiber das Fliigelgeiider der Insecten. (Annalen des K. K. Naturh.
Hofmus., Bd. i, pp. 153-231.) 12 Pls. Wien, 1886. Abstr. by J. I. Comstock in Amer. Nat., xxi, pp. 932-934. 1887.

Brauer, I., u. Redtenbacher, J, Ein Beitrag zur Entwicklung des Fliigelgeiiders der Insekten. Zool. Anz., 1888,
pp. 443-47.

Haase, Erich. Zur Entwicklung der Fliigelrippen der Schmetterlinge. Zool. Anz., xiv, 1891, pp. 116-117.

Spuler, A. Zur Phylogenie und Ontogenie des Fliigelgeiiders der Schmetterlinge. Zeits. wissens, Zoologie, liii,
pp. 597-646. 2 Pl. 1892.

Comstock, J. H, Evolution and Taxonomy, ete. Ithaca, N. Y. 1°93.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CO
=]

X.—SYSTEMATIC REVISION OF THE NOTODONTIDE, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THEIR
TRANSFORMATIONS.

Family NOTODONTID A Stephens.

Bombycites Div. Legitime (in part) Latreille, Gen. Crust. et Insect, iv, p. 217, 1809.
Dimorphe (in part), Ptilodontes, Andrie, et Melalophe Hiibn., Verz., pp. 145, 147, 162, 1816.
Notodontide Steph., Ill. Brit. Ins. Haust. ii, p. 10, 1828.
Notodonte (in part) Newman, Sphinx vespiformis, p. 42, 1832.
(in part) Duncan, in Brewster’s Edin. Encyel., ix, p. 131, 1833.
Notodontites (in part) Newm., Entomologist, May, ti, p. 383, 1834.
Notodontides (in part) Boisd. Ind, Méth. Lép. Eur., p. 84, 1840.
Dicranuride Notodontida, et Pygarida, Duponch., Cat. Méth. Lép. Eur., pp. 86, 89, 95, 1846.
Dicranuridi Steph., Cat. Brit. Lep. Br. Mus., p. 38, 1850.
Ptilodontes Pack., Proe. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 351, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Notodontide Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 559, 1892.
Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 121, May, 1893.
Neumegen and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. xxi, June, 1894, pp. 179-208.
Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., Sept., 1894, pp. 112-117.

Family characters—Uead squarish in front (when denuded), but in nature densely scaled,
often crested between the antenne. Clypeus large, subscutellate in shape, suddenly narrowing
toward the labral region, which is slightly bent down; above, the clypeus is broad, the margin or
base being straight transversely, not hollowed out on each side for the reception of the antenne,
the hole for the insertion of the latter being very shallow; the surface of the clypeus either
somewhat convex or with a slight median elevation, terminating in the labral region. The
epicranium and occiput both very short, occupying a very short (in a longitudinal sense) region
behind the antennie and eyes.

Base of epicranium ridged. Antenne usually either wholly pectinated or pectinate on the
basal two-thirds; the joints scaled above, the branches generally six times as long as the joints;
in the 2 the antennez are simple, rarely with short pectinations. Maxillze well developed; the
maxillary palpi formiag small papille at the base of the maxille. Labium indistinct, subtriangular,
small; the labial palpi well developed, either porrect and reaching the front, or ascending and
passing beyond the front (longest in Symmerista).

Thorax with a definite collar; the edge of the patagia distinct, often edged with dark scales,
and often a dorsal tuft. When denuded the prothorax is seen to be small, much reduced in size;
the mesonotum shorter than broad; the mesoscutellum transversely subovate or lozenge-shaped ;
the metathorax above very narrow, linear (in a transverse sense); metathoracic flanks narrow,
half as wide as those of the mesothorax.

Wings: Fore wings narrow, noctuiform, about half as long as wide; costa either straight or
slightly convex; apex either pointed or much rounded; outer margin very oblique; inner margin
full near the base, with often a median tuft, the subcostal vein passing very near the costa
toward the apex; a subcostal cell often present; the discoidal or discal veins situated in the
middle of the wing. The last subcostal vein(III,) forms the independent vein. There are three
branches of the cubital vein, and these features will enable one in difficult cases to determine
whether the moth is a Notodontian or a Noctuid.

Hind wings reaching two-thirds of the way to the end of the abdomen, attached to the fore
wings by a frenulum confined by a ‘ frenulum hook” or loop, situated on the vein; costa straight;
apex much rounded (compared with the Noctuidie); outer edge long, rounded, the costal vein
passing very near the subcostal, turning from it to the costa near the origin of the discal venules;
three branches of the cubital vein; two subcostal venules (LI, III).

Legs rather short; femora and tibiz usually densely pilose; fore tibia sometimes (Lophopteryx)
armed with a spur; hind tibiw with two pairs of stout spurs.

88 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Abdomen cylindrical, sometimes (Heterocampa pulverea) with a row of dorsal tufts, besides.
the one often present at the base on the first abdominal segment.

The Notodontide are associated with the Ceratocampide, Saturniid, and Hemileucide, both
as regards their larval and adult characters. In the moths the head characters are somewhat like
those of the Saturniaus, the elypeus being large and longer than wide, while there are but three
branches of the cubital vein in either pair of wings.

Larval characters.—The body is noctuiform, and either smooth and unarmed, or with simple
subdorsal lines, or gaily banded and spotted, and armed either with double or simple tubercles,
situated either on the eighth abdominal segment alone or on other abdominal segments. These:
tubercles may be double at the end and nutant, or the single one on the eighth abdominal segment
may bear a horn and the larva become sphinx-like. Often the body is hairy and banded, but not
usually (except in Datana) both hairy and banded. The eggs low, hemispherical, usually reticulated.

The pupa obtected, with no vestigial characters; either unarmed or with a well-developed
cremaster. It is either subterranean or more usually protected by a thin, rarely dense, silken
cocoon.

There are seven well-marked groups of the family which may be regarded as of the rank of
subfamilies. The mest generalized of these groups appear to be the Pygwrinw, the Gluphisine
seeming to be a side branch, which has undergone reduction and modification in each stage.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SUBFAMILIES OF NOTODONTID&.

Head small, antenne short; palpi feeble; wings short. Larva noctuiform; body plain green, banded with yellow,
SOmMeL Mes With) pink Corsal pRLeNeSe ee eees eee aean ace e cere es esc ee eee eee eee eee ee Gluphisine
Head broad in front; fore wings broad and faleate; antenne heavily pectinated to the tips; abdomen three-tufted
at tip. Larva with the body hidden by long wool-like hair with short sparse hairs, like Gastropacha. Apatelodinw
Antenne ciliated; body and wings reddish ocherous, fore wings crossed by from four to five straight parallel lines,

Larve brightly banded and very hairy; no warts except in stage I.......-....---.22---. 2.0 --0-200e Pygerine
Antennie densely pectinated; wings short and hard. Larva banded, either with small warts or with two large
dorsalstuberclese. pe co sat ets eS oe eee eat oe ane oe inte im elaleie soc nite ico sel ee ae ee Ichthyurine
Antenne usually but slightly pectinated; rarely plumose; fore wings more or less rounded at apex; internal edge
with a tuft. Larva either smooth or with two to eight abdominal humps.-.--...-.-..------------- Notodontina

Head tufted on the vertex; g antenne filiform on the distal fourth; vestiture of end of abdomen often forked. Larva
either smooth or with high nutant dorsal humps; end of body elevated; anal legs more or less slender and

rarely (Macrurocampa) forming stemapoda..-.-. ...---. -<- 22+ 2cn0 - one wena ne ona ones wee ene woe ITeterocampina
Head large, front broad, triangular; antennie pectinated to the tips in both sexes. Larve with the anal legs con-
verted into stemapoda or long filaments; the thoracic legs in the Eurasian Stawropus very long....-.--- Cerurina:

Subfamily I.—GLUPHISIN 2.

Moth.—Head small, not prominent, broad in front; eyes hairy; antenne shorter than usual,
with long pectinations extending to the tips. Palpi small, feeble, slender, not reaching the front.
Thorax either smooth or well crested. :

Fore wings shorter and broader than usual; apex of hind wings moderately produced. No.
subcostal cell; the first subcostal venule of the hind wings varying much in length, usually very
short. Legs densely scaled, the scales spreading out on each side. Abdomen short, tapering in
é rapidly to the end.

The species are ash-gray, varyiug in being whiter or darker in hue. But a single genus yet
known.

Eqg.—Low, flattened, hemispherical, of smaller size than in the other subfamilies; surface:
of shell smooth. i

Larva.—Body noctuiform, tapering toward each end, smooth, entirely unarmed; green, with
two subdorsal yellow lines, and either plain green or with dorsal pink-red spots. Freshly hatehed
larva with a large round head wider than the body, which is long and slender, tapering toward
the end, entirely unarmed, with the sutures deep, segments not wrinkled.

Cocoon.—Very thin and slight, spun between the leaves.

Pupa.—Of unusual shape, being flattened, oval cylindrical; end of abdomen round and blunt;.
cremaster obsolete, with no spines. Darker in color than usual.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

GO

2

Although this is mentioned as the first subfamily of the group, it is, contrary to my former
opinion, probably a side branch, rather than a primitive group. The smooth larva may be a case
of reduction. The absence of a cremaster, and the simplicity of form in the pupa, and the small,
feeble palpi and small head of the imago may be due to reduction of these parts.

Gluphisia Boisduyal.

Pl. XXXVIII, figs. 1-4 (venation).
Bombyx auctorum.
Drymonia (in part) Huebner, Verz. Schmett., p. 144, 1816.
Notodonta (in part) Ochs., Schmett. Eur., iii, p. 79, 1810.
Notodonta (in part) Godart, Hist. Nat. Lép. France, iv, 20, 4, 1822.
Peridea (in part) Stephens, Cat. Brit. Ins., 1829.
Ill. Brit. Ins., Haust., ii, 32, 1829,

Gluphisia Boisd., Ind. Méth., 88, 1840.

Westwood, British Moths, 1841.

Duponchel, Gat. Méth. Lép. Eur., p. 94, 1844.
Glyphidia Herrich-Seb., Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur., ii, p. 124, 1845.
Gluphisia Staudinger, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 74, 1871.

Grote, Check List, p. 18, 1882.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. America, p. 30, 1891.
Melia Neumoegen, Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 225, 1892.
ELumelia Neumoegen, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 25, 1892.
Gluphisia and Eumelia, Neum, and Dyar, Revis. Notod., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, pp. 193, 194, June, 1894.

Head rather small, not prominent; front broad in é, narrower in &, rather full, with loose,
uneven, long scales; no tufts at the base of the antenne; eyes with long, rather dense, hairs in 6
and 2. Antenne shorter than usual, curved inward, with long pectinations extending to the
tip; in 2 the pectinations short, increasing in length to the middle; the upper side, including the
pectinations, densely scaled. Palpi small, feeble, slender, cylindrical, with rather long hairs, not
very distinct from those of the front; tne end of the palpi themselves depressed, not reaching
the front.

Thorax smooth, the scales of the prothorax not forming a “collar,” but continuous with those
behind or with a well marked median crest.

Wings: Primaries rather short and broad, a little more than one-half as broad as long; costa
straight. a little convex toward the somewhat pointed apex; outer margin oblique, a little shorter
than the internal. Hind wings reaching, when spread out, to near the end of the abdomen; costa
straight; apex produced and slightly pointed; outer margin bent a little in the middle and so as
to be parallel with the costa of the fore wings.

Venation: Fore wings, first subcostal venule not uniting with the main vein at the origin of
the fifth venule to form a subcostal cell; the third subcostal venule very short, arising very near
the apex, at or near the outer third of the fourth venule.

Hind wings with the first subcostal venule varying much in length, usually very short.

Legs: Femora and tibie clothed with long dense hairs, spreading out on each side,

Abdomen short, tapering in ¢ rapidly to the end; in 2 thick, heavy, and obtuse at the end.

In coloration the species somewhat recall those of Cerura, being whitish gray, and often
having a straight broad median band on the fore wings, of which the outer side is somewhat wavy,
and bent just before the fourth median venule. The hind wings are nearly white. The style of
markings is substantially the same in the two sections of the genus, and is more persistent than
even the structural characters.

The genus is readily identified by the short, small, feeble palpi, the hairy eyes, the well
pectinated antenne, and the short, broad fore wings.

Structurally Gluphisia is in many respects the simplest genus of the group, its larva being
noctuiform and without any projections. The larve are often, perhaps usually, even, without any
red spots. G. septentrionis (trilineata Pack.) is the typical, and appears to be the more
generalized, species.

Eqg.—Low, flattened, hemispherical, much smaller than in any other known genus of the
family; surface of the shell smooth; green.

90 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva.—Body noctuiform, tapering toward each end; smooth, entirely unarmed. Head
rounded, smooth, with a black stripe on each side. Body with a subdorsal yellow line on each

side of back, otherwise pale green, or with several dorsal pink patches.

Freshly hatched larva with a large round head, wider than the elongated body, which tapers
toward the eud; segments smooth, sutures deeply impressed; glandular hairs short, minute,
ending in three prongs; no lines or spots.

Cocoon.—Slight and thin, spun between leaves.

Pupa.—F lattened, oval, rounded obtusely at each end; cremaster obsolete, with no traces of
spines. Color darker than usual.

Geographical distribution.—The species range throughout the Appalachian Subprovince into
the Hudsonian fauna, and westward oceur in the Campestrian Subprovinece. None have yet been
found south of the thirty-second parallel of latitude, either on the Atlantic or Pacifie slopes of the
continent. The genus also extends over Europe, being represented by a single species (@. crenata)
which inhabits England and Europe, extending eastward into central Russia and doubtfully into
Spain. One species (C. liturata Walk.) inhabits Silhet and India (Madras).

It is divided into two sections, as follows:

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

I. Thorax with no tuft: in hind wings the two branches of the subeostal vein short, dark ash-gray, with a

dullluteous medianiandioniore wanes? sie cen seme nin wesc la = lene mls eee G. septentrionis
Paler gray, median band on fore wings clearer and paler clay-yellow.....-..-.--.---------- G, wrightii

II. Thorax usually with a tuft; head rather small; palpi feeble; the two branches of the subcostal vein of
hind wings long.

Mouse color; no discal spots; antenne almost plumose.............---.---------2- ---------- G, lintneri
A dorsal thoracic tuft, and a bright, distinct basal and discal spot ...........---.------------ G, severa.

SECTION I.

The differences between this section and the second are brought out in the description of the

latter.
Gluphisia septentrionis Walker.

(Pl. I, figs. 1, 2, 3, 4; VU, fig. 1; VII, fig. 6.)

Gluphisia? septentrionis Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1038, 1855,
Gluphisia trilineata Pack., Proce. Ent. Soc. Phil., ili, p. 355, 1864.
Grote, Check List Lep. N. A., Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Dasychira clandestina Walk., Can. Nat. and Geol., vi, p. 36, 1861.
Gluphisia clandestina Grote, Can. Ent., ix, p. 27, Jan., 1877.
Not Gluphisia trilineata Pack., 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Com., 270, 1890. !
Gluphisia septentrionalis Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 303, Dee., 1893.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 593, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 193, June, 1894.
Race quinquelinea, Dyar, Ent. News, iii, p. 158, 1892.

Larva.

(P). VIII, figs. 1-5.)
Edwards and Eliot, Papilio, iii, p. 129, 1883. (Brief description.)
Dyar, Psyche, vi, 146, Sept., 1891. (Describes egg and last stage, also cocoon and pupa.)
Edwards, Bibl. Cat. Transf. N. Amer. Lep., p. 68, 1889.
Beutenmiiller, Bull, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 67, 1892. (Last stage described.)

Moth (68, 22).—Head, thorax, and abdomen ash-gray, varying in being darker or paler.
Fore wings usually lighter than the thorax, with a short basal dark line composed of two scallops,
one on the subeostal vein, the other situated in the median interspace, inclosing and bordered
with whitish gray, beyond which is a broad dark diffuse band crossing the wing; the third or

! The larva referred to as living on the elm is Seirodonta bilineata. See also pp. 452, 665.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 9

extradiscal line not always distinct, forming an oblique wedge-shaped costal mark, which is bent
outward on the subcostal vein ‘and irregularly scalloped between all the venules, the space
inclosed by these two lines forming a broad obscurely luteous or clay-yellow band which is about
two or three times as wide on the costal as on the inner edge of the wings. This broad band is,
especially in the 9, clouded with blackish scales toward the middle and hind edge, or in some
$ ¢ grayish near the costal edge. A submarginal twice-bent line obtusely bent in the second
median interspace, and again toward the apex of the wings. Fringe concolorous with the wings
and spotted with dark on the ends of the venules.

Hind wings slightly paler than the fore wings, usually nearly as dark as the fore wings,
becoming darker toward and at the outer edge, sometimes with a dark cloud on the inner angle.
The wings beneath uniformly light ashen, with a distinct black costal spot on the outer third of
the fore wings, and on the hind wings just beyond the middle of the costal edge a dark blotch,
from which in some specimens a broad diffuse line passes in toward the middle of the wing.

Length of body, 6,9 to12mm.; ¢,11mm.; expanse of wings, é, 27-30 mm.; 2, 33 mm,

The species will be recognized by the uniform cinereous tinge, by the three transverse lines
on the fore wings, by the broad clay-yellowish band, limited within by the slight inwardly curved
inner or second line and externally by the scalloped extradiscal line, and by the plain outer half
of the wing, interrupted near the margin by the rather obscure twice-waved darker line, and by
the plain hind wings.

My original type, formerly in the museum of the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, is now
in my own collection,

Having obtained a colored drawing of Walker’s type in the British Museum (P]. VII, fig. 1),
there seems no reasonable doubt but that his name has priority.

Hgg.—Hemispherical in shape, though unusually low, shell smooth, shining greenish when
fresh or the embryo is within, as the shell is unusually thin and transparent. Under a Tolles
triplet the shel]l is seen to be very minutely pitted; under a half inch objective the shell is seen to
be ornamented with closely crowded, convex swellings or blebs, with a distinet swollen or thickened
hexagonal edge and a moderately sized central boss or low papilla. The egg is unusually small
compared with those of other Notodontians, especially those of Pheosia dimidiata, being only half
as large. Diameter, 9 mm. They are laid singly on the underside of the leaf of the aspen, and
from their greenish color and small size are difficult to detect. The larva emerges from the egg
through a bean-shaped hole on one side of the egg, as i Pheosia.

Larva, Stage T.—Length when first hatched, before feeding, 2.5 to 3 mm.; length when
described, soon after hatching, 4mm. Head round, smooth, large, or twice wider than the body;
pale whitish green, nearly of the color of the body, which is whitish green, with no stripes, spots,
or markings of any kind; the body long and slender, rather flattened, with the sutures deeply
impressed, the segments being unusually convex, but entirely smooth, not wrinkled. The
elandular hairs (Pl. VIII, fig. 5) are very short, minute, moderately thick, and slightly swollen at
the end, which is divided into three rather slender processes or forks. Body tapering to the end,
which is not uplifted; in fact, the attitude of the young larva is singular, the body being curved
laterally so that the head nearly touches the tail. The larva feeds on the underside of the leaf.

The eggs and young larva were found July 2, on Birch Island, Casco Bay, Maine; some
freshly hatched larvie also occurred July 6.

They had already spun on the underside of the leaf a roundish, white mat of silk, on which
the caterpillar rested preparatory to exuviation.

When 7 mm. in length just before molting (July 4) the head is still much wider than the
body, and now there are two faint dark dots on the head (on the vertex) and two subdorsal straw-
yellow lines extending from the front edge of the prothoracie segment to the suranal plate. The
sutures are also yellow. The body tapers from the prothoracic segment to the end.

One molted July 5, and is described as follows:

Larva, Stage TI.—Length at first, 7 mm; differs from Stage I in the two conspicuous black
dividing short bands on the head, ending above the eyes. The two yellow subdorsal lines and
the transverse linear bars formed by the yellow sutures are as at the end of Stage I. The body
is still rather flattened. The glandular hairs are retained in this stage, and are very short and of
the same shape as in Stage I.

92 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva, Stage 1[7.—Length, 10mm. The head is still large, much wider than the body, and
green, with a purple stripe on each side. The yellow lines are more distinct than before, and the
body has a purplish tinge. (Described from Bridgham’s figure (PI. VIII, fig. —) observed July 8.

Larva, Stage 1V.—Length, 20mm. In one observed July 20, and nearly full-grown, the head
is still without the lateral black stripe, and the two subdorsal yellow stripes are very distinct, but
there are no pink spots anywhere on the body. The small spiracles are pale orange.

In another drawn by Mr. Bridgham (P1]. VIII, fig. 4), and also 20 mm. in length, the head is
not banded, but the body is prettily spotted with pinkish red, in the following manner: Two round
dorsal spots on the first thoracie segment; a broad pink-red transverse band on the second and
third thoracic segments, each broken into two by a transverse median whitish line; on abdominal
segments 3-9 is a pair of dorsal red, rounded spots, growing larger and more distinct toward the
end of the body, there being four spots on the ninth segment. The subdorsal yellow lines are
well marked. ;

Larva, last ( fifth) stage-—Length, 30mm. One found onthe aspen August 6, was pale green,
near the color of the underside of the leaf. Head! smooth, polished, darker green than the
body, with two black stripes on each side, not meeting above on the vertex. Body green, tapering
at each end, smooth, nearly hairless, with no piliferous warts, the scattered hairs being minute;
two fine subdorsal yellow lines, and Dyar has observed a faint whitish substigmatal lie on
second and third thoracie segments. Thoracic segments 1-3 each with dorsal pink-red blotches
or spots, two on the prothoracic segment, while those behind are not so divided. Abdominal
segmerts 3 to 9 each with a conspicuous pink-red dorsal square spot, the space between the spots
more or less yellow; nene on the suranal plate, which is smooth and rounded, while the two
subdorsal yellow lines do not meet on it; no spots or dots on the side of the body below the
subdorsal lines. Thoracic and abdominal legs of the same color
as the body.

Dyar remarks that it is often associated with Raphia frater,
which it much resembles in general structure, though it is more
slender. (Psyche, vi, 146, September 18.)

Cocoon.—A very slight web of silk spun between two leaves,
simply enough silk spun around the edge of the inclosure to hold

FiG.53.—End of pupa of Gluphisia septen- the leaves together, the silk mostly confined to the edge of the
troniss 2, vestige of genital outlet ef Aoooon, which measures about 22 by 20mm. The pupa lies very
loosely in its cocoon.

Pupa.—Length, 15-16 mm. Of very unusual shape, being flattened oval cylindrical; posterior
end of the body (fig. 53) much rounded and blunt, smooth, with no distinct traces of a cremaster,
much less than in other pup inclosed in cocoons; surface of the body rather smooth, less
pitted, and the minute pits or punctuations more distinct and numerous on the dorsal than on the
ventral surface. In color dark brown, much darker than usual in Notodontians or other moths.

Habits —The eggs are laid the last of June and during the first week in July in Maine,
and probably two weeks earlier in southern New England. There are apparently five stages,
and the duration of Stage I is about three days, as is that of Stage II, and that of Stage IIT
about five days.

One larva July 26 spun a very slight cocoon between two leaves, and pupated July 28. On
this caterpillar there were no red spots.

The moth appeared in the breeding box at Providence May 30, having been brought from
Maine in the pupa state; another one appeared June 1, also from Maine, in the larva state.

Mr. Howard L. Clark has reared this moth from caterpillars found on the Balm of Gilead at
Warwick, R. I. The moth appeared July 22, having been in the chrysalis state about ten days.

Riley states (MS. notes) that the moths occur in May, June, and July. Mr. G. H. Hudson
gives the following dates of capture of the moths at Plattsburg, N. Y.: May 22,1; May 29, 1;
June 3,1; June 5,1; June7 to 24, 22; July 10,1; July 16,1; July 17,1; July 20,1, July 27 to-
August 13, 30.

female.

Dyar’s measurements of the width of the head for the last four stages are as follows: Calculated, 0.48, 0.74,
1.14, 1.75, 2.7 mm. Ratio, 0.65. Found, 0.7, 1.2, 1.7, 2.7mm. (Psyche, vi, 147.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 93

Dyar states that there are two broods each year, and I suspect this is the case, though I have
not observed this for myself. Mr. G. H. Hudson also thinks there are two broods, and writes me
that this is the first bombyecid to fly. .

Food plants.—Usually occurring on the aspen or Populus tremuloides. I have also found it
on the yellow birch, one from this tree beginning to pupate August 14. Mr. H. 8. Clark has bred
it from the Balm of Gilead, and 8. L. Elliot found it on the willow and sweet gum.

Geographical distribution.—This is a species of wide range, and so far as yet known is more
common in northern New England, especially in cool, elevated mountain stations, than in the
Middle States. Mrs. Fernald has collected it at Orono, Me. I have found the larvee commonly
at Brunswick, Me., and Mrs. Slosson has collected the moths commonly from year to year at
Franconia, N. H.,a very cool, elevated valley about 1,200 to 1,500 feet above the sea. The
locality of Walker’s type is “St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson’s Bay, Dr. Barnston.” It
has oceurred at Cambridge, Mass. (Harris Coll. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist.); Detroit, Mich.; Lawrence,
Mass. (Mr. Treat, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Eastern New York (H. Edwards, Elliot, Dyar); New York
and Middle States (Grote, and Coll. Amer, Ent. Soc. Philadelphia); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson);
Carbondale, Il.; Wisconsin, Ohio, Maine, Middle States, New York (G. H. French); Racine, Wis.;
Chicago, Ill. (Westcott); Fort Collins, Colo., June 21 (C. F. Baker); Pennsylvania (Strecker);
Manhattan, Kans., June 20, just like New England examples, but a little larger than any except
a bred one from Maine (Popenoe); New York and Nebraska (U.S. Nat. Mus.), race quinquelinea
(Pl. I, p. 4), Pacific Coast, northwest (Dyar). Of its distribution southward we as yet know
nothing, and so far as is known the species is restricted to the Appalachian subprovince (or the
humid province of the cold temperate subregion of the North American region, of Allen).

Gluphisia wrightii H. Edwards.
(Pl. I, figs. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10-13.)

Gluphisia wrightti H. Edwards, Ent. Amer., ii, p. 11, April, 1886.
Gluphisia ridenda H, Edwards, Ent. Amer., ii, p. 11, April, 1886.
Pack., Psyche, vi, p. 499, Aug., 1893.
Gluphisia rupta H. Edw., Ent. Amer., ii, p. 12, April, 1886.
Pack., Psyche, vi, p. 499, Aug., 1893.
Gluphisia albofascia H. Edw., Ent. Amer., 11, p. 12, April, 1886.
Pack., Psyche, p. 499, Aug., 1893.
Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 196, 1894.
Gluphisia formosa H. Edw., Eut. Amer., ii, p. 12, April, 1886.
Kirby, Sy n. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 593, 1892.
Pack., Psyche, vi, p. 500, Aug., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Revis. Notod., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, pp. 193,194, June, 1894.

The following description of the single female example forming the type of Edwards's wrightii
is copied from his paper in Entomologica Americana (ii, p. 11):

Gluphisia wrightii (n. sp.).—Head, thorax, and abdomen very dark gray, thickly speckled with black scales,
but lighter on the underside; the primaries are also very heavily covered with black seales. A little above the
basal half of wing runs a waved line of pale gray, and from internal angle another waved line more oblique. The
space between them is closely scaled with black, but toward the inner margin is an almost square buff patch,
across which runs a black line. Space behind the middle band blackish, shading into pale gray at the submarginal
dentate line. Margin and fringe pale gray, spotted with black. Secondaries sordid white, with a dusky submar-
ginal shade, connecting with the blackish anal spot. Beneath smoky white, with faint indications of a double
median band, Expanse of wings, 42 mm., 1 9, San Bernardino, Cal.

I have been led to reconsider my view as to the affinities of G. wrightii, and agree for the
present with Mr. Dyar that it is very near G. rupta; we need more examples and a better knowl-
edge of the venation than we now possess to settle the question of its exact relationship.

As these forms have already been described by Mr. Edwards, I copy his descriptions, adding
my own views as to their synonymy:

Mead, thorax, and abdomen dark gray, plentifully sprinkled with black, especially on the upper side. Feet
and legs also gray mottled with black. Antenne with the shaft white, pectinations blackish. Primaries with a
buff patch at the base, in which area few black scales. Behind this a gray band, edged before and behind with

94 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

black, and sprinkled with black scales. Then a rather wide buff or fawn-color shade, through which runs a waved
rather indistinet blackish band. Behind this fawn-color band is another of white or silver-gray, edged with a
conspicuous dentate black line, with some black seales toward the apex. The space behind the dentate line is pale
gray. Fringe whitish, flecked with black. Secondaries yellowish gray, shading into dark smoky toward the
margins. Underside sordid white, dark on the apex of the primaries, with faint traces of the median band.

Expanse of wings, 30 mm.; length of body, 12mm.; 3 ¢, 19. ;

Denver, Colo., Hy. Edwards, 1 ¢, Montana, Coll. Neumoegen.

California (French); G. ridenda, Colorado, Montana (French); G. rupta, Colorado (French); G. albofascia, Utah
(French).

G. ridenda (figs. 5, 6, Pl. VIII, fig. 7) Edw. is very closely allied, representing G@. trilineata in
Colorado. The Edwards collection contains 3 ¢. I have a ? from Colorado which I compared
with Mr. Edwards’s type specimen before his death. Its venation is the same as in G. trilineata;
its body and wings are paler gray, the broad median band on the fore wings is clearer, and pale
tawny yellowish. It is not improbable that C. ridenda will ultimately prove to be merely a climatic
variety of the Eastern trilineata.

G. rupta Edw. (Pl. I, fig. 9) 1 2, Colorado, I regard as a variety which should be united with
G. ridenda. The single (type) specimen is a 2, without antennie or abdomen.

It is of the same size and with the same shape of wings asin G.ridenda. Head and prothorax
paler than in G. ridenda. Fore wings pale gray, as pale asin ridenda and whiter than in trilineata;
base of wings pale, with a black longitudinal streak, alittle oblique on the costa, and behind is a
diffuse black irregular band; the inner line is black, and as in ridenda. The inner black line
forming the inner border of the luteous or tawny yellowish median band is very distinct, oblique,
not bent outward, as in ridenda. The band is much narrower than in ridenda, the outer and inner
black lines nearly meeting on the inner edge of the wing. The outer line is not so much bent on
the costa. No middle line present. The space beyond the narrow pale line just beyond the outer
line is dusky, much as in trilineata, where it is palein ridenda. Submarginal scalloped line not so
near the edge of the wing as in ridenda, Fringe checkered as in ridenda and trilineata, The hind
wings are as in ridenda, with no transverse line. Beneath asin G. ridenda, but with a broad dusky
cloud on the outer fourth of the fore wings, not reaching the edge.

G. albofascia Edwards (PI. I, figs. 7, 8).—The 2 ¢ type specimens are from Utah, and seem
to be only a pale form of G. ridenda, probably due to its living in a drier, less rainy, more sunny
region. It is to be noted that the Western varieties named have no longer fore wings than in the
Eastern trilineata. It seems to beidentical with (. formosa, but scarcely separable from G. ridenda,
being, with little doubt, a climatic variety of the latter’ species. The 2 ¢ marked albofuscia
resemble G, formosa, only the nearly clear spaces of the latter in albofascia form dark, broad,
very distinct bands. There are two dark dusky patches on the hind wings. The examples
of G. albofascia are more typical of the species (if it be regarded as distinct from ridenda) than
those placed under G. formosa.

The fore wings somewhat luteous-gray at base; on the inner third is a broad black band
widening on the costa and still wider on the internal edge, where it reaches a little beyond the
middle of the wing. A clear luteous-gray median space, beyond which on the outer third of the
wing isa broad black band, between which and the submarginal scalloped line is a gray band.
Hind wings with a diffuse broad band on the outer fourth, forming a dark patch on the internal
angle, and another in the independent interspace. On the underside of the wings the dark bands
show through, as do the two dusky spots on the hind wings.—Utah and Colorado (June, U.S.
Nat. Mus.).

G. formosa Edwards (P1. I, figs. 10-12)—Four ¢, all from Utah. As already stated, I regard
this as a synonym of G. albofascia, both species being with little doubt climatie varieties of @.
ridenda,

The antenne are well pectinated, rather more so than in G. ridenda, The wings are much
paler gray than in ridenda, the hind wings being almost white, but the thorax and abdomen are
as in ridenda. Fore wings with black scales at the base, but with no definite lines such as are to
be seen in trilineata and ridenda, but just beyond the base the wing is more or less luteous, as in
ridenda. Middle of the wing with a broad, pale, flesh-colored or luteous band, bordered on the
inside by a very distinet black line, like that of ridenda, becoming wider on the costa. In the

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 95

middle of the band is a dark line nearly parallel with the inner one, dilating on the veins and all
the lines forming distinet dark costal spots. The outer third of the wing gray, with dark scales
and with an irregular blackish wavy line, much as in ridenda and rupta. Hind wings whitish,
with no lines, and with three dark dots on the fringe of the internal angle. The outer third of
the wing faintly dusted more or less with fine dark scales. Wings pale whitish beneath; two
blackish costal spots beyond the middle, and costa of both wings speckled with dark seales. A
faint diffuse band passes across the hind wings just beyond the middle, and the margin of both
wings is speckled with dark scales. Body beneath pale, and the legs (tarsi) ringed with dark
scales.

After preparing the preceding descriptions I find that Mr. Edwards adds to his description
of G. formosa the following remark:

It is possible that G. ridenda and G. rupta are forms of one species, and that G. albofascia aud G. formosa are
forms of another, but I prefer to consider them as distinet until future investigation shall determine their true
position.

Mr. Dyar tells me that he has a specimen of G. formosa from El Paso, Tex. Professor French
reports it from Utah. G. var. ridenda occurred at Fort Collins, Colo., May 23, June 11, and at
Denver July 25 (C. P. Gillette).

SEcTION II (Humelia Neum.).

This section corresponds to the genus (sic) Melia or Eumelia of Messrs. Neumoegen and Dyar.
At first, with only a single specimen of var. slossoni@ to judge by, I thought it was the type of a
distinct genus, as the head, antenni, palpi, and venation seemed so different, but after careful
and repeated examinations of specimens, labeled avimacula, lintneri, wrightii, and severa, and
observing the general identity of form of body, wings, and especially of markings, as well as
the larval characters, Dr. Dyar stating that the larva of the Californian severa does not
differ generally from that of EF. trilineata, I think with our present knowledge it would be quite
unnecessary to recognize EKumelia as a distinct genus.

The structural differences between G. trilineata and G. severa, var. slossoniv, and which at
first led me to think them generically distinct, are the following:

A 2. The head is remarkably small, much more so than in G. trilineata, and is loosely scaled
in front. The antenn are pectinated, the branches a little longer than in @ trilineata. The palpi
are short, small, depressed, with loose scales; and they are not quite so large and long as in
trilineata. The thorax differs from that of Gluphisia trilineata in having a median dorsal tuft.
The legs are hairy, and much as in trilineata, the tarsi being ringed with gray and darker scales.
The fore wings are narrow, but with the costa unusually convex, much more so than in trilineata;
the apex is somewhat rounded, but much as in trilineata; the outer edge is very faintly excavated
below the apex. The hind wings are of the same shape as in trilineata. There are six branches
of the subeostal vein; branch 1 is longer than in trilineata and ends half way between the end of
costal vein and end of branch 2 of the subcostal; the costal area is wider toward apex than in
trilineata. The fifth and sixth branches are nearly as in trilineata. The lower diseal vein is not
so much bent as in the last-named species. The three cubital veins are nearly as in triliaeata,
but the second median space is wider than in that genus. The submedian vein (V)is represented by
a simple fold. In the hind wings the two branches of the subcostal are much longer than in
trilineata, the space between them long and narrow, in trilineata short and broad triangular.
The discal veins are, taken together, slightly curved, where in trilineata they make a decided
angle at the origin of the independent vein; and there is a common origin of the lower discal and
of the two median veinlets. The second median interspace is much wider than in the species of
the other section of the genus. Vein VI is represented by a simple fold.

96 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Gluphisia lintneri (Grote. )
(Pl. I, fig. 18.)

Dasychira lintneri Grote, Can. Ent., ix, p. 85, 1877.
Gluphisia lintneri Dyar, Can, Ent. xxiii, p. 159, 1891.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 593, 1892,

Pack., Psyche, vi., p. 500, Aug., 1893.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 194, 1894; Journ. N, Y. Ent. Soce., ii, p. 115,

Sept., 1894.

Originally described as a Dasychira, this is a true Gluphisia, but, with G. severa and
avimacula, belonging to a distinct section of the genus. The antennie are provided with long,
close pectinations; the body is stout and hairy, and there is not a well-marked dorsal tuft present;
the costa of the fore wings is much more convex than in G. septentrionis, and the apex somewhat
produced as in G, severa. Body stout and hairy; antennie almost plumose, having long, dense
branches, white, the branches dusky.

Body and wings ash or mouse gray. Head nearly as large in proportion as in G. seplentrionis;
palpi feeble, small, not distinct from the hairs of the front. Fore wings with the costa much more
convex than in G. septentrionis, and the apex somewhat produced, of the same color as the
body; a basal black line bent outward at a right angle on the costal vein, and again sending out
a distinct long loop on the cubical vein; the middle or intradiscal black line firm, straight, not
curved inward as in septentrionis, slightly bent outward on the cubical vein; extradiseal line
slightly sealloped, bent inward on the costal edge. A very faint, linear, dark, discal spot. A
tawny or clay-yellow (luteous) patch at base of wing in the median space and passing a little
beyond the basal line. The space between the inner and the outer (extradiscal) line is filled in
with clay-yellow, forming a broad median luteous band which is nearly as wide on the inner edge
as ou the costal edge. There is also a series of submarginal lunate faint luteous patches or
blotches, with some black scales intermingled. The costal edge is entirely free from luteous
scales. Hind wings dark, like the fore wings, with a distinct dark line on the outer third, which
is most distinct on the inner edge of the wing, sueceeded by alight shade. Beneath the wings
are dusky and both crossed by a common dark diffuse line. No discal spot, asin wrightii and var.
avimacula.

Expanse of wings, ¢40mm.; length of body, ¢ 15 mm.

Geographical distribution.—Plattsburg, N. Y., April 23, flying to light April 12, 20, 23, 30,
May 11 (G. H. Hudson) (U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 6217); Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); New
York?, April (U.S. Nat. Mus.); New York (French).

Gluphisia severa Edwards,

(P1. I, figs. 14-16.)

Gluplhisia severa H. Edwards, Ent. Amer., ii, p. 167, Dec., 1886.
Gluphisia avimacula Hudson, Ent. News, ii, No. 8, p. 155, Oct., 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 593, 1892.

Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 194, 1894.
Gluphisia severa var. slossonia, Packard.
Melia danbyi Neum. Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 225, 1892.
Eumelia danbyi Neum. Can. Ent., xxv, p. 25, 1892. 7
ELumelia severa Neum, and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 194, June, 1894; Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 115,

Sept., 1894.

Larva.
Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 508, Aug., 1893.

Of the two female specimens placed under @. severa in the Edwards collection, one (not the
type, which is a 2 from Soda Springs, Cal., April 15, with eggs), probably added after his
description was published, I regarded provisionally as a specimen of G. ierightii. Its locality is
Sierra Nevada, Cal. (and Mr. Beutenmiiller suggests that it may have been taken at Mount
Shasta). The specimen is perfectly preserved, and in its structural characters is closely allied to
G. severa. The thorax has a median tuft, as in G. severa. From the type of wrightii it differs in
the more distinet and darker markings, being less rubbed.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 97

A decidedly luteous subtriangular spot extends from the base of the wing to the inner distinet
line crossing the wing, which line is situated half way between the base of the wing and the inner
side of the median band, this line having been rubbed off in the type of wrightii. The space
between this line and the median band is whitish gray. The broad blackish median band incloses
a sinuous linear Iuteous discal spot, and there is a luteous patch near the internal edge of the
wing. The inner edge of the median band is less distinctly simuous than in the type of wrightii,
and so is the white outer bordering line, which, however, is more zigzag. The edge of the wing
is stone-gray, as in the type of wrightii, and incloses the usual scalloped dark line, as in the type
of wrightii. Hind wings as in the type; a diffuse dark band crosses the wing beyond the middle,
and a second outer one is parallel to it, but does not reach the middle, and the two bands inclose
a white linear spot, as in the type.

The species occurs in northern as well as southern California, and is quite variable.

G. severa Edwards.—The single type is a ? from Soda Springs, Cal.

The type is much larger than the Sierra Nevada specimen, and well preserved. Antenne
with short pectinations. Body and head dark: gray. Wings unusually dark; fore wings dark
gray on the basal third, with a very small luteous spot on the cubital and internal veins. Median
band broad and dark, almost black, and not bordered by the narrow scalloped outer line, the
wing being suffused with black to the outer edge. A narrow faint luteous linear diseal spot.
Halfway between the scalloped pale gray line and the outer edge of the wing is a submarginal
series of tawny or Iuteous patches. Hind wings just as in the Sierra Nevada example, and
venation as in wrightii. Wings underneath dark and much diffused, the line on the fore wing
less sinuous than in the wrightii type. Hind wings with two parallel broad dark bands, just as in
the Sierra Nevada specimen of G. wrightii. The shape of the head and the wings is the same in
the Californian severa and the eastern form. In both forms the hind wings are nearly the same.

Var. avimacula.—The following is a description of a type specimen presented by Mr. Hudson to
the United States National Museum: Body and fore wings ash-gray, basal line black, with a large
irregular loop just below the median vein filled in with luteous scales. Middle line black, sinuous;
extradiseal line diffuse, oblique, and sinuous; no luteous median band, this space being ash-gray,
with obscure luteous scales near and on inner edge; an indistinct submar ginal series of blackish
seallops; avery distinct, irregular, reniform black discal spot, filled in with distinct luteous scales,
so that there are two distinet conspicuous clay-yellow spots in this species; hind wings with no
distinet line and no common line beneath. Expanse of wings, 57 mm.; length of body, 16 mm.

Plattsburg, N. Y., May 10, 15, 21, 22 (G. H. Hudson). Professor French has danbyi from
Victoria and severa from Shasta County, Cal.

G. severa var. slossonie.—Body and wings pale ash-gray; the prothoracic segment colored as the
head, but the rest of the thorax is dark brown, the median thoracic tuft aiso dark brown. Fore
wings black-brown on basal one-fifth, this portion sending out five sharp tooth-like projections
along the subcostal, internal, and second anal veins. <A broad distinct median oblique band, with
irregular lobulate edges, and widening on the costa; it incloses a very distinet diseal triangular
white spot, the apex pointing outward. A submarginal broken row of dark spots arranged much
asin Gluphisia trilineata,

Hind wings with no markings, but at the inner angle is a faint short curved dark band,
edged externally with white, but not reaching beyond the middle of the internal space. Fringe
concolorous with the wing, but checkered with small black spots.

Wings beneath much as in Gluphisia trilineata; the black band is faint, its outer edge indicated
‘on the costa by a dark spot. Expanse of wings, 58 mm.; length of body, 15 mm.

I am indebted to Mrs. Annie Trumbull Slosson for the privilege of examining and describing
a single remarkable specimen in a perfect state of preservation taken at Franconia, N. HW. Mrs.
Slosson, unlike many entomologists, has kindly allowed me to partially denude the under
side of the wings of her unique specimen, so that the venation could be carefully drawn with the
aid of thecamera. She has determined the species to be new. The species was not to be found in
the collections of Mr. Graef or Mr. Neumogen, and Mr. Beutenmiiller had not seen itin the Henry

Ydwards collections, now fortunately in the possession of the American Museum of Natural
History at Central Park, New York. I had deseribed the form as Ceruridia slossoniv, regarding
S. Mis. 50

7

98 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

it as the type of a new genus, allied to, but distinct from, Gluphisia, owing to the notable differ-
ences in the venation, as well as the presence of a dorsal tuftand other characters given below.
After sending my description for publication Mr. Dyar wrote me that he had seen the specimen
with my name on it in Mrs, Slosson’s collection and that it seemed to him to be a dark ? of
Gluphisia avimacula Hudson, adding that Mr. Neumogen’s “ Melia danbyi” is referable to the same
genus, but his name “Melia” is preoccupied. Since then I have reexamined Edwards’s type of
G. severa, and have received from Mr. Dyar a specimen of G@. lintneri. Mr. Dyar also wrote me as.
his opinion that the species of Ceruridia or Melia (Eumelia) are not generically different from
Gluphisia, as he has collected G. severa in the Yosemite Valley, Cal.

As the result of my studies, especially of the venation, I am inclined to divide the genus.
Gluphisia into two sections and to believe that in the forms mentioned below we have a number
of climatic or temperature varieties of a species allied to G. lintneri (originally referred to
Dasychira by Grote), and which is common to both the Atlantic and Pacifie coasts.

Of all these forms the variety slossoni@ is the most remarkable, from its very dark markings,
and deserves to receive a distinct name. That these forms may be the result of climatic causes,
acting on the insect in its pupal state, seems pretty well established from the remarkable results
obtained uot only by Weismann and W. H. Edwards, but also the more detailed experiments
made by Mr. F. Merrifield and published with elaborate plates in the Transactions of the
Entomological Society of London for 1891 (p. 155) and 1892 (p. 33) (xxxvi).

In comparing G. slossoniw with Hudson’s description of avimacula, it seems most probable
that it is a melanotie form, due to the colder and damper situation of Franconia, N. H., which is
about 1,400 feet above the sea. In slossonie the thorax is lighter, the pale ocherous basal and
discal spots of avimacula are whitish gray in slossonia, and the basal and middle lines of the
median band are swamped by the broad black-brown band of slossonia; the hind wings of
slossoniv agree with Hudson’s description of avimacula.

The following account of its transformations is copied from Dyar (Psyche, vi, p. 503, Aug.,.
1893):

Egg (?).—Hemispherical, the base flat; smooth, slightly shiny whitish green, the micropyle round, small, black.
Under a half-inch objective it is seen to be covered with irregular flattened reticulations, not raised above the-
surface of the egg, much as in Cerura, but more irregular, ranging in shape from quadrilateral to hexagonal.
Diameter, 1.1 mm. Found on a poplar leaf, deposited singly. I am not sure that this egg belongs to this species, as.
it failed to hatch, but it was found with the larvie and probably belongs here.

First larval stage.—Not observed,

Second slage.— Head slightly bilobed, not shiny, pale green; mouth whitish; ocelli black; width, 0.9mm. Body
smooth, slender, without humps or tubercles, uniform pale green, not shiny, with a faint yellow subdorsal line. No:
other markings

Third stage.—Only the cast head-case was observed, the width of which was 1.45 mm.

Fourth stage.—Width of head, 2.8 mm, Much as in the first part of the last stage. There is a moderately
distinet, pale yellow, subdorsal line without other markings, or else traces of lateral and stigmatal yellowish lines,
the former broken, the latter continuous, but faint. Spiracles small, faintly ocherous. As the stage advances the:
stigmatal line becomes the most distinct, the others becoming faint.

Fifth stage.—Head very slightly bilobed, somewhat flattened in front, uniform pale, sublustrous green, mouth
parts paler, jaws black; width, 3.5mm, Feet normal, all used in walking, concolorous with the body, the claspers.
whitish. Body long and slender, noctuiform in appearance, without humps or tubercles; piliferous dots absent, the
hairs being reduced to mere rudiments. Coior uniformly nonlustrous pale green, semitransparent, showing plainly
the pulsations of the dorsal vessels. An obseure, pale yellow, stigmatal line. Spiracles dull ocher. The larva
rests on a slight web on the back of the leaf, the head held out flat.

As the stage advances the markings become much more pronounced, The head is mottled with white, especially
on each side of the clypeus; clypeus white centrally; a yellow line appears on the side of the head from the base of
the antennwe behind the ocelli, in line with the stigmatal band when the insect is in its normal position of rest.
Stigmatal line distinet, pale yellow, bordered above, very narrowly, with crimson on the thoracic segments, and
reaching nearly to the end of the anal plate. Dorsal region whitish green, becoming almost white; subventral
region clear green, with yellow dots; spiracles orange, feet faintly tipped with vinous. There are faint traces of a
yellowish subdorsal line and one on each side of the dorsal vessel, but they become white and are seen as somewhat
more distinct parts of the general whitish dorsal shading. Still later the rudimentary piliferous dots become
surrounded with yellow. There are seven on each side above the stigmatal line, seven in the subventral space
(where they appear more distinctly on account of the absence of white shading), and others on the venter ot the-
legless segments. \

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF

CIENCES. 99

Length of larva, 41 mm. at maturity.

Cocoon.—Spun among leaves. It is composed of gummy silk, slight, but tough,

Pupa.—Nearly cylindrical, rounded, no eremaster; abdomen punctured, cases coarsely creased; color uniform
dark brown, nearly black. Length, 17 mm.; width, 6 mm.

Pood plants.—Poplar (Populus tremuloides and P. balsamifera). Laryie from Yosemite, Cal. (Dyar.)

Dr. Dyar tells me that he has found at Keene Valley, New York, the larva of G. avimacula
or slossoniv, which is exactly like that of G. severa, described above.

Subfamily I1.—APA?rELODIN as.!

Head more prominent than in the previous family; antenn:e well pectinated to the tips; palpi
large, stout, ascending, reaching well beyond the front. Fore wings triangular, faleate, and with
the outer edge bent in front of the middle on the sixth subeostal venule. Hind wings with the
apex much rounded. Hind legs very thick, the femora oval.

Larva cylindrical, almost entirely concealed by the long wool-like hair, through which arise
long pencilsof hairs; in angelica, hairs short. Freshly hatched larva clothed with long white hairs.

The reference by Mr. Druce (Biologia Centr. Amer., p. 208) of this genus to the Lasiocampidie
seems to us to be quite erroneous, as the venation is truly Notodontian and very unlike that of
any of the Lasiocampide known to us, in all of which there are four branches of the eubital vein
of both wings, and no bristle (frenulum) on the hind wings. The larva does, however, have a
superficial resemblance to that of some Lasiocampe. Let the reader compare the venation of
Apatelod& with that of Ichthyura and Nadata. The end of the abdomen is also tufted much as
in Ichthyura. Apatelodes also spins no cocoon. Acronyctodus of Edwards is closely allied; the
single species known is from Vera Cruz, Mexico.

Apatelodes Packard.
(Pl. XXXVIII, figs. 5, 5a-5e, venation.)

Phalana, Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep., Georgia, p. 151, 1797.
Pygaera (in part) Hiibn., Verz. Schmett., p. 162, 1816.
Parathyris Hiibn., Verz. Schmett., p. 158, 1816,
Apatelodes Packard, Syn. Bombycidie U.S., Pt. II, Proc. Ent. Soe, Phil., p. 253, Nov., 1864.

Grote, Check List N. A. Moths, p, 18, 1882.

Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer., Pl]. LYI, p. 208, March, 1887.

Smith, List Lep. Bor, Amer., p. 29, 1891.

Head moderately prominent, the front rather broad, more so than usual, subtriangular, the
hairs clothing it rather uneven and loose. Antenne in 2 evenly branched to the end, but the
pectinations shorter than usual, about as long as the thorax. Palpi large, thick, stout, slightly
ascending, reaching well beyond the front, tips broad; third joint minute, nearly concealed, not
distinet from second joint. Eyes naked.

Thorax simple, not tufted. Fore wings triangular; nearly one-half as broad aS long; in the
?much broader; costa straight, much curved at the apex; outer margin hollowed just below the
apex, rendering it unusually faleate. Below the apex the outer edge of the wing is oblique, not
indented, but making an obtuse angle with the straight inner edge. Costal vein extending nearer
the apex than usual. First, second, and third subcostal venules suddenly detlexed upon the
costa very near each other. Apical interspace broadly triangular. The fourth and fifth subcostal
venules of the same length; no subcostal cell. Discal area short and broad; the discal venules.
situated within the middle of the wing; the posterior discal venule oblique, though curvilinear.

Hind wings large, full, and rounded on the outer margin, of an irregular pentagonal form
reaching nearly to the tips of the abdomen. Both discal venules very oblique, especially the
hinder one. Tibise with broad flat concavo-convex tufts. Femora densely pilose, giving the joint
an oval form; hind tibise with dense scales, making it unusually broad, with four large spurs.
Abdomen of 4 slender, with a tuft on each side of the tip.

Coloration, no discal spot; with gray-brown transverse lines and blotches.

The genus is easily recognized by the broad, very faleate fore wings, their peculiar venation,
and by the unusually broad hind tibize and the large tufts at the end of the male abdomen.

' This name was proposed by me in MS., but Neumoegen and Dyar afterwards published it in 1894; the fact that.
it was proposed by two different authors shows that it is well founded.

100 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The genus may be also distinguished by the short antennal pectinations; by the large palpi;
by the simple, untufted thorax; by the faleate fore wings, the outer edge not scalloped, and by
the broad concavo-convex tibial tufts.

The generic name was suggested by the resemblance of the hairy larva to Apatelu americana,
Our species can not be referred to the same genus as Parathyris cedo-nulli of Cramer, at least
until we have examples of that South American form for comparison.

Pgg.—Very much flattened, resembling a very shallow inverted plate, with sloping sides,
the surface appearing as if ringed, each ring inclosing a circle of 5 to 7 spines.

Larva.—Body eylindrical, nearly smooth, almost completely covered by long, fine, dense hairs,
through which are seen on each side the lateral row of black spots; most of the hairs dark on
the distal half, pale at base, and from the black dorsal spots arise from two to four spindle-shaped
black hairs forming median dorsal pencils on the abdominal segments. A long, slender median
pencil arises from the second and third thoracic segment, and a single median pencil is directed
backward, arising from the eighth abdominal segment. Freshly hatehed larva, smooth-bodied,
thickly covered with Jong white hairs, arising from small tubercles.

Pupa.—?

Geographical distribution.—The species range from New England and Canada southward ta
Florida and Georgia, and appear to exist in Surinam and Brazil. The genus is well represented
in Central America; three species, according to Druce, occurring in Mexico, one, A. adrastria
Druce, near A. torrefacta, recorded from Cordova, Mexico, Yucatan, Costa Rica, ang Panama;
A. ardeola Druce occurs in Panama and also on the Amazons, while another inhabits Guatemala.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Wings not dentate, fore wings with four brown lines and a double brown spot near base...... A. torrefacta
Wings dentate; fore wings with a square transparent spot near apex; no distinct lines.....-.-. A. angelica

‘Pore wings grayish drab, tinged with reddish, the lines and marks all obsolete” (Edwards)... A. indistincta

Apatelodes torrefacta (Abbot and Smith).
(BIS Vid ties 20s)

Phalena torrefacta Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 151, Pl. LXXVI, 1797.
Pygera torrefacta Wiibu., Verz. Schmett., p. 162, 1816.
Parathyris torrefacta Walk., Cat. Lep. Ins. Br. Mus., v, p. 1088, 1885.
Apatelodes torrefacta Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 353, 1804.
Astasia torrefacta? Harris, Ent. Corr., p. 307, 1869.
Apatelodes torrefacta Grote, Check List N. A. Moths, p. 18, 1882.

var. floridana H. Edwards, Ent. Amer., ii, p. 13, April, 1886.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. 1, p. 851, 1892.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 183, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 118,

Sept., 1894.
Larva.

(Pl. IX, figs. 1-8.)

Abbot. Abbot and Smith’s Nat. Hist. Rarer Insects of Georgia, Pl. LXXVI, 1797.

Harris. Ent. Corresp., p. 307, 1869. (Full-fed larva and habits deseribed.)

Soule. Psyche, v, p. 49, Jan., 1889. (Eggs and five stages described, with notes on habits.)

Packard. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, pp. 519-522, 1890. (Stages I-VI described.) Fifth Rep. U.S.
Ent. Comm. Forest Ins., p. 647, 1890.

Beutenmiiller. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y., v, p. 87, 1893. (Egg and larval stages described.)

Moth (52,29 ).—Soft velvety ashen. Palpi and hind margin of the thorax reddish brown.
Fore wings with a large reddish brown spot on the base of the internal margin; no discal spots;
beyoud is a line of the same color which erosses the wings and is curved inward on the costa.
An outer, nearly straight, slightly flexuous, very faint line. Just beyond the middle of the wing is
a similar but more distinct line. A wavy submarginal line, curved outward just before reaching
the costa. A minute subapical white spot margined externally with reddish brown. Hind wings
tinged with reddish. A light median obsolete line terminates on the internal margin in a white
spot, which above and below is reddish brown, Fore wings a little paler beneath; the subapical

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 101

spot present, the apical region being reddish brown. Within isa regularly curved light line. In
the middle of the wing is an obsolete reddish line.

Hind wings discolored with red along the median vein, there bending into the middle of the
internal margin; this is faintly continued upon the costa. A submargiual white line. Fringe on
the internal angle, reddish brown. The lateral tufts on the end of the abdomen reddish brown.
The female only differs in the much broader wings.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 45 mm., 250 mm.; length of the body. ¢ 20 mm., ? 24 mm.

Var. floridana Edwards, much redder, lines fainter, the discal whitish spots more clearly
defined. Beneath, wings foxy red. (Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York, and Coll. Neumoegen.)

The following notes are based on the sketches and notes made for me by Mr. J. Bridgham,
who kindly preserved for me in alcohol specimens of the two later stages, from which, with the
aid of his excellent drawing, the following description of those two stages were drawn up. It
appears that there are six larval stages.

Egg.—The eggs were laid on the wild cherry June 22, and hatched July 9; another lot
received from Miss Morton, hatched July 5-6. They are much flattened, resembling a very
shallow inverted plate, with sloping sides. The surface appears as if covered with overlapping
rings, each inclosing a circle of five, six, and sometimes seven spines.- Diameter, 1 mm.

Miss Caroline G. Soule describes the eggs as at first green, and five days later sordid
yellowish white, circular, flat on both top and bottom, translucent, and looking like tiny gelatine
lozenges, 1.5 mm. in diameter.

Larva, Stage I.—Length, 4-5 mm. Head and body pale greenish white or whitish flesh, with
no black or dark marks; head moderately large; body covered thickly with long white hairs,
mostly curled, which arise in irregular and scattering tufts from four dorsal and three lateral
tubercles; the hairs arising from the thoracic are rather longer than those from the abdominal
segments.

Larva, Stage I7.—Length, 6 mm., July 16. Much as in the first stage, the hairs a little
denser, and the head and body still whitish, with no dark spots.

Miss Soule says that after the first molt the larva becomes ‘even whiter and fluffier than
before, with a dorsal line of black dashes, and a dark pencil on the tenth segment. A few had gray
hairs over the head.”

Larva, Stage I1IT.—Length, 11 mm., July 25. Color of the head and body the same, but the
woolly white hairs on the thoracic segments appear to be thick and inatted. Now appears along
the back of each abdominal segment a conspicuous black dash, and from the eighth abdominal
segment arises a long, slender, tapering black pencil, which projects backward.

Miss Soule says: “As before, with the addition of a gray pencil on the second and third
segment.”

Larva, Stage TV.—Length, 20 mm., August 3. The head is yellowish white, but the body
slightly pale gray. From the second and third thoracic and eighth abdominal segments arises a
black pencil, each about the same length as the other, viz, abeut twice as long as the thickness
of the body; the anterior pencil points forward, the two others backward. The interrupted black
dorsal stripe is as before.

Miss Soule states that in this stage ‘“‘a lateral and subventral line of black arrowheads
appeared. One larva became bright yellow, with the pencils tan colored, with black tips, and one
was of a soft gray, with black pencils.”

Larva, Stage V.—Length, 27 mm., August 7. (This and the last stage described from alcoholic
specimens as well as from Mr. Bridgham’s colored drawing.) Head normal, rounded, the sides
and top somewhat swollen, the median suture somewhat depressed: of a peculiar white-flesh color.
Prothoracie segment without a pencil or a lateral black patch; second thoracic segment with two
contiguous rounded tubercles from which arise two long pencils whose hairs blend together to
form a common median deep ocherous pencil inclined forward, becoming black at the distal
third. Third thoracic segment with a similar pencil inclined backward. A similar median
pencil on the eighth abdominal segment. There is now a dorsal row of six long median black
stripes on abdominal segments 2 to 7. Between these spots arise a pair of dorsal pencils
composed of curious long spindle-shaped flexible black hairs, pale at the base, which taper from

102 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

near the end to a sharp point. The pencils consist of three to four hairs arising from a pair of
small warts, one clese to but on each side of the median line and situated just behind each dark
dorsal dash. On the sides of the second thoracic and the ninth abdominal segment is a black
patch, more or less oblong and jagged on the upper edge. The sutures between the segments
are not black. The underside of the body is blackish. At the base of the abdominal legs is a
black ring, and another near the planta, and a longitudinal black stripe down the outside of the leg.

Miss Soule adds that “the yellow one came out with the body black, the hair maltese-gray,
lighter over the head; pencils darker gray with black tips. The gray one was like it.”

Larva, Stage VI,—Length, 35 mm., August 11. The hairs concealing the body are now
uniformly white (Harris, referring to the living larva, says, “of a beautiful white color”), having
entirely changed their color. The dorsal black lines are now more connected; the three long
pencils are pale at base and black toward the tip. The lateral black spots send two points
upward, and the sutures are now black. The head is stained with black on the vertex and along
the sutures and around the mouth-parts. The thoracic and abdominal legs are black, but the
plantie of the abdominal feet are pale. Most of the hairs are dark on the distal half but pale at
the basal half, and from the black lateral spots arise from two to four spindle-shaped black hairs;
also several others which stand out from the mass of duli gray hairs, arising from minute tubercles
along the sides of the body. The legs are hirsute, and the body is black beneath.

Miss Soule’s full-fed larva was 51 mm. in length, ‘*densely covered with long silky hair,
varying in color from pure white to deep gray; pencils almost black with black tips. Head gray.
Body hardly to be seen, but black wherever visible.”

Summary of the larval changes.

1. No glandular hairs, and in Stage I the body is alrealy covered with long woolly soft hairs.

2. In the third stage appears the dorsal black stripe, and a single black pencil on the eighth
uromere.

3. The two other black thoracic pencils appear in Stage LY.

4, The hairs become yellow and the pencils bicolored, while the lateral black spots appear in
Stage V.

5. The last stage (VI) is signalized by an entire change in color from ocher-yellow to white
or gray.

Length of egg stage, sixteen to seventeen days; of first larval stage, seven days; Stage IT,
nine days; Stage III, eight to nine days; Stage IV, four days; Stage VI, nine days (Harris);
prepupal stage, three days (Harris’s pupal stage).

Cocoon.—Harris states that it does not spin a cocoon, but probably enters the earth. Miss
Soule also states that no signs of spinning were found.

According to Abbot, in Georgia the caterpillar “went into the ground Jane 20, came out the
14th of July. Another went in the 17th of October and came out on the 25th of April.”

Habits —Dr. Lintner has described quite fully the larva of the other species (4. angelica
Grote) which feeds on the ash and syringa, transforming to the pupa state September 14. His
larva seems to differ in the ‘numerous fine black linings, among which may be traced two forming
a vascular stripe and two similar lateral stripes on each side.” Lintuer also speaks of “four dorsal
white lines, posteriorly black,” on the prothoracic segment, and also of “short stiff red hairs on the
sides of the second and third thoracic segments, and indeed it is evident that the larve of the
two species differ considerably in markings.” Our larva, on the other hand, appears to be identical
with that described by Harris (Correspondence, p. 307) under the name of Astasia torrefacta? Sm.
and Abb., the two last stages of which he describes. He found it on the burdock, and says that
it “eats leaves of willow well,” and further on states that he found one “‘on a leaf of Prunus
virginiana.”

Miss Soule states that a female found at Nonquitt, Mass., laid a mass of eggs July 13, the
larve hatching on the 26th. The first molt oczurred August 2, the second August 5, the third
August 10, the fourth August 15, the fifth August 26. The freshly hatched caterpillar rested on
both sides of the sassafras (Sassafras officinale) and ash (Fraxinus) leaves, and moved very fast.
“When touched they curled up like the aretians.. They drank greedily and ate their cast skin.”

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 103

“The larva fed on sassafras grew faster and larger than those fed on ash, and molted and
pupated earlier.”

This conspicuous hairy caterpillar, which evidently feeds exposed on the leaves, seems to be
somewhat omnivorous in its tastes, and sometimes feeds on herbaceous plants, as the burdock.
Hence, it apparently belongs to the same category of hairy penciled white and black spotted and
tufted caterpillars, as those of Halesidota, those of the Liparidie, and certain species of Noctuide,
as Platycerura fureilla, ete. It is noteworthy as being in this respect exceptional among
Notodontians.

Mr. Beutenmiiller has bred this species; the eggs were laid June 24, the larva entered the
ground August 2, pupated August 4, and the moth emerged August 27-29.

Pupa.—?

Food plants —Wild cherry, Prunus virginiana; found on burdock; eats willow well (Harris -
Corr., 307); sassafras and ash (Soule); willow, alder, blackberry, bayberry, azalea, sassafras,
viburnum, and hazel (Beutenmiiller). Feeds on the ironwood, gall berry, sassafras, ete. (Abbot);
Phaseolus helvolus (Abbot’s MS. drawings in library of Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).

Geographical distribution Cambridge and vicinity of Boston (Mus. Comp. Zool., Sanborn,
Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald); New York (Grote); Georgia (Abbot);
Florida (H. Edwards); Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Ohio, Texas, var. floridana, Florida (French) ;
‘Chicago. Ill. (Westcott); New Jersey, Pennsylvania, July and August (Palm); Kanawha Valley,
W. Va. (W. H. Edwards, Mus. Comp. Zool.). Larva, Bushburg, Mo., September 17; moth, Indiana,
‘Ohio, Missguri, Alabama (U. 8. Nat. Mus.).

Apatelodes angelica Grote.

(Pl. XLIX, fig. 1.)
Parathyris angelica Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 322, Sept., 1864. ¥
Apatelodes hyalinopuncta Pack., Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 254, Nov., 1864.
Apatelodes angelica Grote, Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iv, p. 207, Feb., 1855, Pl. 4, fig. 1, 9, p. 184.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 852, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent, Soe., ii, p. 113,
Sept. 1894. i

Larva.
(PI. XLIX, fig. 1.)
Lintner, Ent. Contr., iii, p. 130, 1874. (Detailed description).

Moth (32 ,12).—The female differs from A. torrefacta in having both wings well toothed on
the outer edge, the apex of the fore wings much more acute, the outer margin more oblique, and
in having much smaller palpi. In coloration it is quite distinct, since it does not possess the
prominent lines and spots of A. torrefacta. Both species have the subapical square transparent
spot, but in A. torrefacta it is small and inconspicuous, while a second adjoining one is wanting.

Body and wings very uniformly pale cinereous. Head, legs, and thorax concolorous. On the
inner third of the fore wings is a straight, rather broad, darker band, which inereases in width
toward the costa. Beyond the median broad pale gray band the wing is darker. The costal edge
is fuscous, the median crest of the thorax is tipped with brown, and beyond the middle of the
patagia is a narrow transverse liné. Hind wings fuscous gray, with an indistinct submarginal
line slightly waved and edged with gray. Upper part of abdomen reddish. Fringe darker.
Beneath, the fore wings are crossed by two bands, the inner fuscous, the outer dark gray. The
margin of the wings dark gray, especially the fringe. The thin broad tuft on the hind tibiz is
edged with brown. On each side of the base of the abdomen is'a broad oblong spot, edged broadly
with white before and behind.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 43 mm., 250 mm.; length of body, ¢ 20 mm., 2 22 mm.

The species derives the name I gave it from a peculiar square transparent spot edged with
brown, situated just below the apex of the fore wings, nearly opposite the middle point of the
wing. The lower subcostal venule separates it from a much smaller adjoining one in the
extradiseal space.

104 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva (full fed)—Head subrotund, dark brown, and two lines on the front lighter brown.
Body with the thoracic segments tapering; terminal segments tapering and flattened posteriorly;
ventral region flattened, the anal legs projecting behind. Color of the body, gray; numerous fine
black linings, among which may be traced two forming a vascular stripe and two similar lateral
stripes on each side. On segment 1, anteriorly, are four dorsal white lines; posteriorly, black;
segment 2 is black anteriorly, behind which are irregular black linings; segment 3, as the preceding
one; on segments 5 to 10 the dorsal black linings assume a V shape, the apex resting on the suture
and inclosing centrally two yellow-green subelliptical spots, with a similar spot exterior to each
within the superior lateral stripe.

From the first segment long whitish brown hairs project over the head, nearly concealing it;
from the middle of the second and third segments whitish hairs project forward, of which those

‘on the latter segment are shorter and arranged somewhat in tufts, beneath which, when extended,
some short, stiff, red hairs are seen; laterally below the stigmata are two rows of fascicles of white
hairs of unequal length, mingled with a few longer brown ones, extending rectangularly with the
body until to its middle, whence the remainder are directed backward; from the terminal segment
white and brown hairs, of greater length than elsewhere on the body, project horizontally, brush-
like, backward; short whitish hairs are scattered sparsely over the body. (The larva escaped
before its description could be completed, and the remainder is from memory.) On the vascular
line on each segment is a tuft of black hairs about 0.06 inch long, the ends of which converge to a
point. The prolegs project laterally, almost hidden by the hairs. Ventrally is a broad fuscous.
stripe. (Lintner.)

Habits.—Lintner found eight or ten larve near Albany, early in September, feeding on the
ash, and Mr. Meske collected them from the lilae (Syringa vulgaris). When not eating, they
usually occurred resting on and closely appressed to a twig. The first transformation to a pupa
was on September 14. The larva has a marked gastropachan aspect. (Lintner.)

Food plants.—Ash and Syringa. '

Geographical distribution—Medford, Mass. (W. H. Dall, Mus. Comp. Zool. Cambridge);
eastern New York (Lintner, Meske); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Middle Atlantic States (Grote,
Coll. Amer. Ent. Soe. Phil.); Ontario, Canada; New York, New Jersey (Palm); North Carolina,
Ohio, Irvington, Il. (French); Enterprise, Fla. (Thaxter).

Var. indistincta H. Edwards.

Apatelodes indistincta Edw. Ent. Amer., ii, p. 15, April, 1886.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 852, 1892.
Var. indistincta, Neum, and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., p. 184, 1894.

Primaries of a grayish drab, tinted with reddish, the lines and marks all obsolete; the
surface dotted with black irrorations. There is near the apex a semitransparent square spot,
with a smaller one beneath it. The fringe is reddish chestnut. The secondaries are reddish
testaceous, without marks. Underside wholly reddish fawn-color, with a few black and brown
specks, but wholly without the dark shading so conspicuous in A. torrefacta. Thorax color of
primaries. Abdomen reddish testaceous, with brown dots. Expanse of wings, 35 mm.; length of
body, 18 mm.,1¢. Indian River, Florida, Coll. B. Neumoegen, (Ent. Amer., ii, p. 13); Florida
(French). ; i

Subfamily I11.—PyG arin a.

Ilead rather large, the front rather broad; the antenne ciliated, not pectinated in the male.
The body and wings are usually, and in all the species of Datana, reddish ocherous, the fore wings
being crossed by from four to five straight parallel lines. Egg oral cylindrical, smooth; top
depressed.

Larva brightly banded and very hairy; no tubercles, the body being smooth. They spin
no cocoon, but pupate deep in the earth. !

‘Harris says of D. ministra: ‘When ready to transform, all the individuals of the same brood quit the tree at
once, descending by night, and burrow into the ground to the depth of 3 or 4 inehes, and, within twenty-four
hours afterwards, cast their caterpillar skins, and become chrysalids without making cocoons. They remain in the
ground in this state all winter, and are changed to moths and come out between the middle and end of July.”
(Treatise, p. 430.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 10d

Pupa rather stout, head prominent, notched at the end; the surface rugose and very coarsely
punctured, the pits being more or less confluent, especially on the thorax. Cremaster wide at base,
bearing a pair of double sharp spines. 5

I am at present inclined to think that this group may be the most generalized one of the
family, owing to the smooth and hairy larvie, resembling those of the Nyctemerid, Liparidee, ete.

Datana Walker.

(Pl. XXXIX, and Pl. XL fig. 5. Venation.)

Phalena Drury, Ill. Nat. Hist., ii, 1773.

Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, 1797.
Pygera? Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 73, 1835.
Petasia? Westwood, Drury’s Ill. Exot. Ent., ii, p. 27, 1837.
Datana Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1060, 1855.
Eumetopona Fitch, 2d Rep. Nox. Ins. N. Y., p. 255, 1856.
Datana Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths., p. 18, 1882.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 612, 1892.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans, Amer. E~t. Soc., xxi, p. 197, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soce., ii, pp. 112,

116, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—Head not prominent, rather sunken; front vertically oblong, narrower in 2; the
seales clothing it short, closely, and evenly cut. Antenne not pectinated in 2, the joints only
slightly produced beneath, and ciliated. Between the antenne at base is a minute vertical
pointed tuft. Maxillee about as long as the head, sometimes separate, but usually united and
rolled up. Palpi short and stont, ascending, second and third joints bent upward even with the
front; the scales on the second joint long, bushy, even with or passing beyond the end of the
minute third joint.

Thorax rather large, pilose, convex, not tufted. Fore wings one-half as long as broad,
triangular; costa straight, becoming curved at the apex, which is pointed and slightly falcate;
outer edge slightly scalloped and in ¢ very slightly excavated just below the apex. Hind wings
with the costal edge convex and bent down toward the apex, which is somewhat produced;
outer edge slightly bent on the second median venule. Venation: A narrow subrhomboidal
subcostal cell, otherwise much as in Nadata, but with the costal region wider toward the apex.

Legs with the femora and tibiee densely hairy; the second pair of spurs on the hind tibie
longer than the first; tarsi rather thick. Abdomen long, somewhat flattened in ¢, with a slight
tuft at the end; claspers large, long, and well developed.

Coloration usually very uniform, the species closely resembling each other, as do the larvee,
but differing somewhat in the venation of the fore wings; body and wings ocherous, thorax with a
darker brownish pateh, which is contracted and square behind; fore wings usually ocherous,
reddish brown, with a regular curved basal whitish brown line, and three parallel more or less
straight outer lines, with one or two diseal dots; hind wings and body pale ocherous.

The species are readily recognized by the simple ciliated antenne, short palpi, and the
peculiar mode of coloration.

As regards the protective mimicry exhibited in these moths when at rest, Grote remarks that
Datana in repose “looks hke a broken twig, the shaded thorax, with its raised tufts at the sides,
like the top of the twig at the break.” (Can. Ent., xx., p. 184, Sept., 1888.)

Larva.—Body cylindrical, brightly banded, of uniform thickness, and with no tubercles or
humps; usually with long, rather dense, pale hairs. Freshly hatched larva, head large; body with
long clavate glandular hairs of unequal length; with faint subdorsal and lateral stripes.

Pupa.—Head prominent, projecting well beyond the body, and with two parallel dorsal ridges;
the surface of the body quite rough, being corrugated and granulated.

Geographical distribution.—The species are confined to the Appalachian and 4ustroriparian
subprovinces, except one (or two) species on the Pacific Coast. One species, Datana integerrima,
is said by Mr. Druce (Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 245) to occur at Jalapa, Mexico, this being in the
tropical or subtropical belt.

106 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The following synopsis and descriptions of the moths of this genus have been kindly prepared

for me by Mr. Dyar:
: SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES OF DATANA,

Outer margin of primaries distinetly excavated between the veins.
Color entirely smoky or blackish browunk 5. =2c6 s/o. ..2c\ asia ets oe eae see Ol hela s lee ee ee tees angusii
Color yellowish brown or paler.
Discal spots faint or absent; size medium.

Colomyellow=DIOW IN so ce ee ie eee ele ase ie ats ce ae eee eee ministra
OTT Tes GCC OTIS a re wget aati rae em oe a et californica
DisesMapous dIkuLnch; (G12Z0 Lane Chem pte mate lore mee oie cereale eee eee drexelit

Outer margin indistinctly excavate, nearly entire in the 2.
Color tawny brown or purplish.
Tawny brown, discal spots: distinetis size large ven. fo oe oe eee eee ee eee major
More or less purplish, discal spots indistinct, of medium size.
Thoracic patch reddish brown.

Fore wings dark brown with a purplish flush ---...---- 2-222 --2 e nce ewe ee eres jloridana
Fore wings dull whitish lilac, more or less covered with cinnamon-brown scales. -..- palmii
MHORACLE MPA LCM OCHONOUB Save ete mi orem ate en pete ee et ale late eel modesta —

Color yellowish buff.
haracre patch baAwily PLOW oa) ata aa = = ee ee ae sperspicua
Mlraracie patch: as) pale; as ibe WHO AK So a eee ete re elated robusta

Outer margin of primaries entire.

Primaries dark reddish brown; lines and fringe concolorous... -.-.-...---.-------------------- inlegerrima
Primaries luteous tawny, the lines and fringe not concolorous... ..-.--.----.----------+--+----- contracta

SYNOPSIS OF THE LARVAE.

Secondary hairs shorter than primary ones; larvie moderately hairy.
Primary hairs (from the warts) and secondary (from the skin) concolorous, pale.

Stripes: very narrow, pale yellow. -.—< J...) 2 <a. ence = eam = oem eee ee i angusii
Stripes moderately broad, preenish) yellow - << -.<--- <0 dnce eae aoe meee eee ee eee ; aletentne
Stripes lemon-yellow, confluent posteriorly - <= <2 a. ceo oe enone emi eee eels drexelii
Primary hairs pale, secondary discolorous, dark.
Secondary hairs black; head red.
Stripes broken into quadrate spots . --.....--.------ -----+ 2222 eee eens on ene eens major
Stripes continuons.
Mead darks redid neo wis pene meee ler le elas a faie ww ota w]e = telat amt mteta tate iste tetas jloridana
CMe ea chp sal rea a a a alee palnii
Secondary hairs brown; head black or red -.-...-... ..-.-------. ---- ------ = + -2-- -222 200 perspicua
Secondary hairs long, concolorous with primary ones, pale; larve very hairy.
ASS ALLOW OULOPSOLOCC yearn a ade ee al ln taal integerrima
Lines broad, creamy White... <2... .2.-. 2-20 2s cnc sme ene eens wee cern ater nn enw ne cone ness eecems contracta

, Datana ministra Walker.
(Pl Es fig. 8) ays hes)

Phalena ministra Drury, Ilustr. Exot. Ent., ii, p. 25, pl. 14, fig. 3, 1773.
Abbot and Smith, N. H. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 161, Tab. Ixxxi, 1797.
Pygava? ministra Harr., Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 73, 1835; Rept. Ins. Mass., p. 312, 1841; ibid., third edit., Pl. VI,
figs. 6, 212, 1862.

Petasia ministra Westw. Edit. Drury, Ilustr., 11, p. 27, pl. 14, 1837.
Datana ministra Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 1061, 1855.
EPumetopona ministra Fitch, 2 Rept. Nox. Ins. N. York, p. 235, pl. 4, fig. 3, 1856; 3d Rept., p. 19, 1857.
Datana ministra Morris, Synopsis, Lep. N. Amer., p. 247, 1862.

Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. § c., xxi, p. 197, 1894.

Larva.

(Pl. X, figs. 1, 1a, 1b, le, 1d, le.)

Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 161, Pl. LNXXT, 1797.
Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., 1st edit., p. 312, 1841; Ins. Inj. Veg., 2d edit., p. 332, 1852.
Fitch, 2d Rept. Nox. Ins. N. York, p. 237, 1856; 3d Rept. Ins. N. York, p. 337, 1857.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 107

Harris, Ins. Inj. Veg., Flint’s edit., p. 429, 1862.

Grote and Robinson (quote Angus in lit.), Proc. Ent. Soc. Philad., vi, p. 11, 1866.
B.D. Walsh, Practical Entom., ii, p. 7, 1866.

Harris, Entom. Corresp., p. 308, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1869.

Le Baron, 4th Mlinois Rept., p. 186, 1875. Life history (figs.).

French, Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill., xv, p. 189, 1877.

J. Marten, Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill., xviii, Append., p. 119, 1880.

D, Coquillett, Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill, xviii, Append., p. 167, 1880.

W, Saunders, Ins. Inj. Fruits, p. 61, 1883.

W. Beutenmiiller, Can. Ent., xx, p. 16, 1888. (Egg and all the larval stages.)
Lugger, Bull. 10, Agr. Stat. Univ. Minnesota, p. 78, March, 1890, Pl. I, fig. 5, larva; PI. II, fig. 5, moth.

Moth.—Fore wings and base of thorax above cinnamon (Ridg.,' III, 20); costal shade russet
(Ridg., I11, 16), not well marked. Thoracic patch ochraceous (Ridg., V, 7) in front, shading
posteriorly into chestnut (Ridg., 1V, 9). Lines and discal dots as in D. angusii, but the discal
dots are frequently obsolete, and the outer one, when well marked, is seldom linear. The sparse
irroration, lines, discal dots, and fringe all concolorous, mars brown (Ridg., III, 13). Outer margin
of fore wings distinctly scalloped, and hind wings also perceptibly so. Hind wings pale straw-
yellow, cream buff (Ridg., V, 11), immaculate or slightly shaded with brown; abdomen a little
darker. Underside a little darker than hind wings above, shading into brown on fore wings,
especially toward the outer margin. Fringe dark, as above.

Expanse of wings, 42-55 mm.

Paler in color than PD. angusii; darker than D. californica; distinguished from D. drexelii
and D. major by its smaller size and less distinct discal dots; from D. drevxelii further by the
absence of a strongly contrasting costal shade; from D. major by the usually paler secondaries;
but in this last instance specimens may occur very difficult to distinguish (Dyar).

The following description of preparatory stages of Datana ministra is by Mr. Beutenmiiller
(Can. Ent., xx, p. 16):

Egg.—Pure white, ovoid, with flattened base, the apex with black dot showing impregnation. Laid in masses,
from 25 to 50 on underside of leaf.

Young larva.—Head black, shining, second segment orange-brown in front, cervical shield black. Body-color
chestnut-brown, with the stripes a little darker, anal clasps and thoracic feet jet black. Length, 3 mm.

After first molt.—The head jet black, as is also the whole of the second segment and anal segment. Body-color
now much darker, as are also the stripes, these being almost obscured, except along the lateral region. Thoracic
feet black. Length, 12 mm.

After second molt.—Head black, rather small; second segment yellow except the cervical shield, black. The
thoracic feet, abdominal and anal legs, and termination of anal segment jet black, while the stripes are very clear
yellow on the chestnut-brown ground, Scattered over the body are also a few short sordid white hairs. Length,
20 mm.

Until after this molt the larye feed upon the underside of leaf (parenchyma), and do not attack the edges
until after the third molt begins.

After third molt.—Head jet black, second segment orange, cervical shield black. Body color reddish brown
with rather broad yellow stripes; anal clasps, tip of legs, and thoracic feet jet black; underside striped equally with
reddish brown and bright yellow. Length, 30 mm.

After fourth molt.—Head jet black, neck yellow, cervical shield jet black, shining. Body chestnut-brown, the
stripes bright yellow and equidistant; the feet and anal clasps jet black, abdominal legs yellow-banded, with jet
black outside. The hairs over the body are now quite long. Length, 33 mm.

Stage next to last.—Length, 26mm. Head black, as wide as the body. First thoracic segment black. The
body is yellow, not greenish yellow, as in the adult, and the stripes are reddish brown, the color of brown roofing
slate. Just before molting the first thoracic segment becomes gamboge-yellow on the plate and straw-yellow around
the edges. A broad dorsal reddish-brown line, fully twice as wide as the others. There are four lateral stripes, all
of the same width, the yellow spaces between them only alittle more than one-half as wide as the brown bands.
The third brown band includes the black spiracles. Thoracie feet black; suranal plate and anal legs black; middle
abdominal legs dark, four of the legs pale livid reddish; plant pale. The hairs are minute, short, not apparent
without a lens.

The head and thoracic segments often held bent over backward, so that the thoracie feet stick up, while the
tail is so bent up as to nearly meet the head.

Last stage.—Length, 30mm. Head black. Body with white, conspicuous hairs, many of them one-third longer
than the body is thick. The body is now distinctly greenish yellow, and the prothoracie plate gamboge-yellow.

‘See Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors.

108 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The stripes are black, not reddish dark brown, as before. The third or spiracular band is a little wider than before,,.
and continued on to the prothoracie segment under the gamboge-yellow plate. Base of the legs and space around
and between them honey-yellow, not dull reddish yellow, as in the previous stage. Middle abdominal legs reddish
yellow, with a large black chitinous plate above the planta.

Among 77 specimens, forming a cluster op an apple tree at Salem, Mass., all molted August
18 into the last stage. There was no variation among these, except very slight differences in the
width of the green stripes.

The larva spins no cocoon, but enters the ground to pupate.

Pupa.—Of the usual shape. End of abdomen obtuse, cremaster with a short bifid spine, each
fork ending in two spinules, with an external shorter mesial one at base.

Habits—From Mr. D. 8. Harris, of Cuba, Il., we learn that in 1882 the caterpillars of this
species were “so abundant on the black walnut that many persons have cut down their walnut
trees when they were near their houses.” The larva is to be found from the latter part of July to
the last of September. It is single brooded. It occurred at Providence, R. I., on the birch,
September 10-12.

The characteristic attitude of this, as other species, when disturbed, is to raise the head and
tail, each about as much as the other, the entire caterpillar forming three sides of an oblong
square. When feeding, the last fourth of the body is slightly elevated. The larvee remain
clustered together throughout life, until they disperse to pupate.

Mr. Lugger states that the eggs are deposited, several hundred together, in a patch upon the
underside of terminal leaves. Each egg is white and spherical. In Minnesota the caterpillars
‘frequently oceur in vast numbers, entirely defoliating our largest oaks.” The moth in Minnesota
issues late in June or early in July.

Mr. Lugger found one eaterpillar covered with 249 eggs of a Tachina fly.

Eggs, June (Riley); larvee, August, September, October, and November (Riley); moth, May,
July, and August (Riley).

Food plants.—Apple, pear, cherry, quince, linden, walnut, hickory, oak of various species,
chestnut, beech, hazel, hornbeam, birch, locust, etc. (Beutenmiiller); In Kansas, Betula nigra
(Popenoe) and Quercus palustris (Popenoe); hickory, birch, oak, sumac, and walnut (Riley).

Geographical distribution.—Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Salem,
Mass., Boston (Harris, Packard); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald); New York (Angus, Beu-
tenmiiller, Dyar); New Jersey (Palm); Chicago (Bolter, Westcott); Pennsylvania (Strecker);
Manhattan, Kans., June 13 (No. 5) (Popenoe); Canada, New Hampshire, Maine, New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm); Missouri, District of Columbia, and Virginia (U.S, Nat. Mus.) ;.
New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Wisconsin, Champaign, Ill., California (French).

Datana californica Riley (inedited).

The only notes we have on this unpublished species are the following:
Datana Califernica.

Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 198. 1594,

Larvie, October 13, also adult; Santa Clara County, Cal.

Nore.—These laryee have been known to fruit growers at Santa Clara for several years back as doing injuries
by stripping whole rows of apple aud plum trees. They do not attack pear trees. A few larvee were still present
on October 13, 1887, and about the defoliated trees many pupie were found in the loose, dry soil, but most numerously
among bunches of grass, where they frequently occurred several together. (Riley.) Professor French also reports
it from California.

Dr. Dyar informs me that Dr, Tl. H. Behr has found the larvie on the oak near.San Francisco,
but failed to obtain the moth. “According to recollection, it is just like ministra, but paler
throughout; about the color of Nadata behrensii (pinkish buff)”. (Ridgway, v. 14.)

Datana californica ?.
(Pl. XI, fig. 1, la-1e.)

I have received nine or ten larvie from Olympia, Wash., from Mr. Trevor Kineaid, who sent.
them early in October, and one of which lived on unttl the second week in November, the others
pupating in the earth. They were feeding on Quercus garryana. I have also received (August 1)

-

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 109

several of the same species or variety from Judge P. C. Truman, of Volga, S. Dak., which differs
from the same form only in slight respects (i. e., the yellow spot below the suranal plate), and
which also lives on the oak. I will first describe the Oregon specimens from lie.

Larva.—Length, 35 mm. Head black, rough, punctured. coarsely so below the vertex: the
punctures more or less conflnent on the sides aad in front, with fine lines and ridges. Shape of
the body as in D. ministra; prothoracic shield entirely ocher-yellow (not lemon or sulphur yellow),
the yellow extending down each side of the plate and, as in D. ministra,

crossed longitudinally by a black lne, below which is an ocherous pe
yellow line. Body on each side with five narrow, somewhat wavy, bes =
lemon or greenish yellow lines; the fourth or lateral line wavy or fy i pls a

scalloped and interrupted at the sutures; the fifth line broken and tie eS
represented by short portions between the thoracic and the abdominal

legs. All the lines are narrower than in D. ministra. Thoracic legs \

entirely black ocherous around the base, but not so much soas in DP. _Fis. 54—Pupa of Datana from
ministra. Middle abdominal legs ocherous, with an external dusky 237P* “ssh Dorsal wiew of
brown, not black, not very large patch just abovetheplanta. Two

ocherous patches behind the thoracic. and behind the fourth pair of abdominal legs in the place
where the abdominal legs would be if present; these patches as in D. ministra, but smaller. Of
the four unbroken lines the three subdorsal ones are continuous; the uppermost or dorsal one is
slightly narrower than the third one from the top or middle of the back. The ventral median
line is broad and continuous, also Jemon-yellow, like those above. End of the body black, the
yellow lines scarcely reaching the tenth segment, and not coalescing under or below the suranal
plate, as they do in D. ministra. In this respect the larva is more as in D. angusii, though in the
South Dakota specimens two of the lines do coalesce and form a small yellowish patch. The
body is hairy, much as in D. ministra in color, being pale gray or testaceous, i. e., pale tawny and
not white, as in D. angusii. The hairs are long and abundant, those of the thoracic and three
last abdominal segments longer than the others; the shert dorsal ones form tufts, nearly meeting
over the middle of the back, and the lateral pairs are grouped in tufts directed downward.

[ at first referred the larva to D. angusii on account of the narrow lemon-yellow lines, but it
differs from that species in having one more lateral line, the ventro-lateral one (though in a
blown specimen of D. angusii given me by the late Mr. Elliot, this line is represented by a faint
yellow mark on each segment); it also differs in the prothoracic plate being always ocher-yellow:
also the thoracic segments between the legs are not ** purplish black,” but ocherons yellow.

Tt differs from D. ministra, to which it is nearest allied
(and in this respect I agree with Dr. Dyar, to whom I sent
Specimens) in the narrow lemon rather than sulphur yellow
lines, in these lines not being confluent on each side below
the suranal plate (though in the South Dakota specimens
slightly so), and in the ventro-lateral or fifth line not being
so distinct. The body beneath with ocherous patches, bat
smaller, less extensive than in D. ministra, the latter, how-
ever, differing in this respect in different sets of specimens.

This may preve to be a climatic variety of D. ministra;
I should certainly think so if its food plant in South Dakota
and_in Oregon were the apple, as we should hardly expect
to find any species of the genus on the Pacific Coast. though
D. californica may be authoctonous. The South Dakota
Specimens are in one respect, i. e., the small yellow bands on the sides of the tenth segment.
lutermediate between D. ministra and the Oregon examples.

The following is a description from life of the South Dakota specimens:

Larva.—Length, 17 mm. Head large, black: prothoracic shield ocherous yellow. Body
black, with five narrow lemon or greenish yellow stripes on each side, all of nearly uniform
width; the longest (fifth) are broken and not readily seen; end of the lines confluent on the
tenth abdominal segment, forming a small ocherous spot below the suranal plate. A median

Fic. 35.—Pupa of Datana from Olympia, Wash.

110 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ventral greenish yellow line. Thoracic legs black, greenish at the base; abdominal legs black on
the outside, but greenish yellow at base within and on the plantie. The body is dusted quite
densely with long and abundant pale whitish gray hairs, those of the thoracic and eighth and
ninth abdominal segments much longer than the others; the short dorsal hairs on the second and
third thoracic and fourth to eighth abdominal segments forming tufts meeting over the middle
of the back, while the lateral hairs are grouped in tufts which are directed downward.
Pupa—tThe following description is that of the pupa of the Olympia, Wash., larva, 2 :
Head a little less prominent than in pupa of D. angusii, not distinetly notched, and the ridges
much less distinet. Body elongated, not very plump, suddenly pointed at the end. and bearing
a large, broad cremaster ending in four spines, the two inner ones the longer, and with a small
lateral spine at base. Surface of the body and abdomen coarsely punctured, Length, 20 mm.

Datana angusii Grote and Robinson.
(PIA, fig. 1) o 3 fig. 2, 2.)
Datana angusii Grote and Rob., Proce. Ent. Soe. Phil., vi, p. 9, 1866, pl. 2, fig. 1.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., 1, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 197, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent., Soe. ii, p. 116/
Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(PL. X, fig. 2.)
Grote and Robinson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, p. 10, 1866. (Last larval stage.)
Beutenmiiller, Can. Ent., xx, p. 185, 1888. (Last larval stage.)
Moth.—Exterior margin of fore wings excavated between the veins in both sexes. General
color above and below smoky brown (mars brown, Ridgway’s Nomenclature of Colors, P1. IIT, fig.
13), but paler, shading into burnt umber (Ridg., III, 8) along costal edge of fore wings. The dark
quadrate patch which covers the head and the anterior part of
the thorax is burnt umber, shading darker posteriorly. Fore
wings sparsely irrorate, with brown-black scales, crossed by
five transverse lines which, with the apical streak, discal dots,
and fringe, are concolorous. The lines have the same arrange-
ment as in all the species of the genus and are not quite con-
stant in their course. The first one crosses the wing at the
basal third and is greatly arcuate; second at about the middle,
‘ : passing outside of the rounded obscure inner discal dot and
Te ce Pape of Datana angus. Hel, ithey inside or through the outer elongate, sublinear discal
dot situated on discal ‘cross vein; third line intermediate
between second and fifth; fourth contiguous to fifth, which is at the outer third of wing; the
fourth line is narrower than the other, and often obscure. All these lines, except first and fifth,
are obscure on the costal edge. Apical streak short from just
below apex or outer margin, and runs inward and downward,
ending at about vein 4. Anterior to the streak, and between
the median vein and costa, the wing is of a brighter tint, con-
structing the costal shade seen in all the species. Hind wings
and abdomen evenly concolorous, mars brown, the abdomen
darker at tip. Below uniformly paler than hind wings above;
the body parts a shade darker. Primaries shading darker
toward the apices; the fringe brown-black, as above.
Expanse of wings, 46-53 mm.
This species is marked exactly like D. ministra and D. califor- —_¥16. 57.—Pupa of Datana angusii. Eud
nica, but differs in the dark smoky-brown color throughout. From ee
D. integerrima, with which it is often confounded, it differs in the scalloped outer margin of the fore
wings, the dark hind wings, nearly concolorous with the primaries, and in the comparative scarcity
of irroration on the primaries and the absence of pale shades bordering the transverse lines
(Dyar).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. IGE

Egg.—WLaid in irregular patches of about 75 on the underside of @ leaf; oval cylindrical,
larger at the lower end by which they are attached, bulging out a little above the base, and
contracting toward the top, which is somewhat crater-like; the*micropyle dark, distinct, and
situated at the bottom of a saucer-like depression; outside and below the rim of this crater is
usually (not always) anirregular crenulated edge or rim, which is partly eaten away by the larva
in escaping from the egg. The shell is smooth, polished, not pitted when examined by a strong
lens, milk-white, and resembling cheap white earthenware pottery. Under a 4 inch A eyepiece
the shell is seen to be ornamented with fine polygonal areas, but those of the lower part of the egg
are not distinctly six-sided, being less regular and distinct than in the egg of D. palmii. Diameter
about two-thirds mm., being considerably less than the height.

Larva.—The specimens here described were received under the above name from Mr. James
Angus, September 4. I failed to note their length, but they were nearly, if not quite, full-grown.

Head black, including the mouth-parts. The prothoracic shield is distinct, transversely
oblong, black. Body black, with four narrow, pale whitish yellow stripes on each side. The two
dorsal stripes are wide apart, leaving a broad dorsal median black stripe; the space between the
first and second line is a little wider than between the second and third; the fourth line is
slightly wider than the others, scalloped, and interrupted by the sutures between the segments.
Beneath the lateral ridge along the base of the legs is an irregular livid purplish stripe beginning
on the third thoracic segment. There are no hairs along-the back, and those along the side are
unusually short and are pale grayish in color. The body beneath is black, with a median livid
pinkish line along the abdominal segments, widening between the abdominal legs, and ending on
the seventh segment, the end of the body, including the anal legs, being black.

The following account of its transformations is copied from Beutenmiiller:

Egg.—Similar to that of D. ministra; can not be distinguished fromit. Laid in masses on the underside of leaf.

Young larva after first and second molts.—Can not be distinguished from those of D. ministra.

After third molt.—Little change except in size. The stripes are now confluent about the anal segments.
Length, 30 mm.

After fourth molt.—Head jet-black, cervical shield now chestnut brown instead of black; otherwise as in
D. ministra, Length, 40 mm.

Mature larva.—Head jet-black, shining, slightly punctured; cervical shield and neck wholly golden-yellow.
Body black, with four equidistant, stripes of citron-yellow on each side and three on the underside. Abdominal
legs and bases of thoracic feet orange. The stripes all become conjoined at the posterior extremity. The anal plate
jet-black, very shiny and nearly smooth, and not roughly punctured, as in D. minisira, The hairs over the body are
sordid white. Length,55mm. Single brooded.

Mr. Beutenmiiller writes me that ‘the young larva of D. angusii is different in coloration
from all the other known species. The first aud third thoracic segments are wine colored, as are
also the dorsal region of the fourth, fifth, and seventh abdominal segments, and the body is
greenish brown, provided with the usual number of yellow longitudinal stripes.”

Habits.—At Salem, Mass., [ found (August 26) 14 full-grown larvee and 40 others in the fourth
stage; early in the morning of August 28 these had molted and begun to feed. Larva in July and
August; moths April to July, District of Columbia and Maryland (Riley).

Pupa.—Body rather stout, surface very coarsely punctured, the pits more or less confluent,
especially on the thorax; head prominent, deeply notched at the end, and with two prominent
parallel ridges in front, with a deep valley between. The four terminal spines of the cremaster
equal in Jength and shape. On each side of the common base is a conical projection. Length,
15 mm (Figs. 56, 57).

Food plants.—Hickory (Carya) and walnut (Juglans) Beutenmiiller; linden (Packard). In
Manhattan, Kans., Betula (Popenoe), black walnut and hickory (Riley). ;

Geographical distribution Brookline, Mass. (Shurtleff Mus. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Jamaica
Plain, Mass. (Jack, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Beverly, Mass. (Burgess, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.);
Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Chicago, Il. (Bolter); Hlinois, Pennsylvania (Strecker); Auburn,
Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Salem, Mass. (Packard); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); Missouri and District
of Columbia (U.S. Nat. Mus.); New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Arkansas (Palm); Ames,
Iowa (H. Osborn); Canada, Rhode Island, New York, Wisconsin, West Virginia, Indiana,
Carbondale, Il. (French),

112 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Datana drexelii Edwards.
(Pl. II, fig. 5, 3 ; fig. 6, 9.)

Datana drerelii H. Edw., Papilio, iv, p. 25, Feb., 1884.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1892.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 198, 1894; Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 116,
Sept., 1894.

Larva.
(Plate XI, figs. 2,2, 2c, 3.)
Edward, Papilio, iv, p. 25, 1884.
Beutenmiiller, Can, Ent., xx, p. 57, 1886.
Dyar, Psyche, y, p. 418, 1890.

Moth.—Exterior margin of the primaries less distinctly scalloped in the ¢ than in the 2, but
fore wings distinctly so in both, with the markings as in D). ministra, but larger, and the costal
shade is bright, distinct, contrasting. Its tint is ochraceous (Ridg., V, 7). Thoracie pateh
tawny ochraceous (R, V, 4) in front, shading darker, as in D, ministra. Discal dot large and
distinet, darker than the line (‘*Prouts brown,” R., Ill, 11), the inner round, outer elliptical.
Hind wings darker than is usual in ministra, shaded, somewhat powdered with russet (R., III, 16),
a faint paler extramesial band sometimes perceptible. Underside essentially like D. ministre.
Occasionally a dark shade, concolorous with the lines, fills up a part or most of the space between
the first and fifth line below the costal shade. Expanse of wings, 48-55 mm (Dyar),.

Egg.—Subspherical, shell thick opake, porcelain white; micropyle smaller than in D. major.
see p. 116.

Larva, Stage I.—* Head rounded, black, shiny; width, 0.6 mm. When nearly hatched the
larva is scarcely distinguishable from D. major. The anal feet are rather long and elevated.
Body sordid yellow, cervieal shield, anal plate, and feet blackish. A number of short hairs from
the head and from about six rows of small blackish tubercles, which are larger in proportion than
in the subsequent stages. As. the stage advances the body becomes reddish, with four lateral
stripes on each side and three ventral, about as wide as the intervening spaces, dull yellow and
confluent posteriorly. During this stage the larvie eat the parenchyma in the same manner as
D. major. (have estimated that a single larva eats about 90 sq. mm. of witch-hazel leaf.”

Stage 11.—* Head black and shiny, with afew hairs; width,1..dmm. Body brown,stripes dull
yellow, narrower than the intervening spaces, extending from the cervical shield and the anterior
edge of the prothoracic segment to the anal plate, and becoming a little confluent there. Cervieal
shield, anal plate, thoracic and anal feet, and the abdominal feet outwardly black. Hairs short
and pale. During this stage the larvie eat the whole leaf.”

Stage I17.—‘ Head higher than wide, depressed at the sutures of the clypeus: smooth, shiny
black; width, 1.8 mm. Body brown, the stripes yellow, confluent posteriorly and along the
anterior edges of the prothoracic segment. Otherwise as in the previous stage.”

Stage I V.—* Head shaped as before, smooth, centrally depressed at the top of the elypeus
and more slightly along the central suture; clypeus and labrum wrinkled; all shining black;
width, 3.2mm. Cervical shield black or partly brown; in some examples nearly all light brown;
anal plate, thoracic feet, and the abdominal feet outwardly black. Body black or partly brown, the
anterior half of the prothoracic segment yellow, the stripes strongly confluent on the last segment.
The bases of the légs and corresponding spots on the legless segments, as in the mature larva, of
a darker yellow than the lines. Each segment is shaded centrally with this yellow, but it does
not cause the lines to appear confluent, on account of its darker shade. Hairs sordid white, besides
other short, fine, brownish hairs seen with a lens.”

Stage V.—“ lead as high as wide, flattened in front, depressed at the upper part of the
sutures of the clypeus, punetured. Clypeus and labrum somewhat wrinkled. Color shiny black,
the antenne and palpi white ringed, their bases greenish. Width, 5.4mm. Body black, cervical
shield honey yellow; anal plate, thoracic and anal feet, and the abdominal feet outwardly black.
Anterior half of the prothoracic segment yellow; stripes narrower than the spaces, citron-yellow,

CIENCES. as

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF 8

running into the yellow part of the prothoracic segment, and confluent posteriorly on the tenth
abdominal, which is all yellow except the anal plate and a dorsal band. The three upper laterai
lines are connected also on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments by a broad, dark yellow
shade. The bases of the legs and corresponding spots on the apodous segments (on the first,
second, and seventh, eighth; and ninth abdominal segments) also dark yellow, forming expansions
‘of the subventral line and reaching the lowest lateral line, except on the thoracic segments and
the ninth abdominal. On the apodous segments in the center of each yellow patch is a small,
black spot, representing the absent legs, but this is not present in all examples. Hair rather
abundant, sordid white, the long and short hairs concolorous, arising from minute blackish
tubercles which, in the black parts of the body, are each surrounded by a minute yellow ring.”

“ Pupa.—Exactly like that of D. major; the two cremasters each bear three spines in a
transverse row, the posterior one the longest. Length, 25 mm.; width, 10 mm.

“Single brooded, the winter being passed in the pupa state beneath the ground. The
duration of the larval stages was as follows: First stage, five days; second stage, six days; third
stage, six days; fourth stage, seven days; fifth stage, seven days.

“ Food plants —Hamamelis virginica, Vaecinium stamineun,

“Larvie from Ulster County, N. Y.”

(Dyar, Psyche, Vol. v., 1888-1890, pp. 418-420.)

Food plant—High bush huckleberry ( Vaccinium corymbosum), Hamamelis (Elliot and Edwards) ;
Tilia, Popenoe.

Geographical distribution—New York (Beutenmiiller, Dyar); New York and New Jersey
(U.S. Nat. Mus.); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); New York (French).

The belated larvie of what I regard as D. drevelii (Pl. XI, fig. 2) occurred on the sassafras
at Providence, R. I., October 3, and are described as follows:

Length, 26 mm., head black, body pale yellow ocher, prothoracic segment yellow; cervical
plate transversely oblong, shining brown-black. Dorsal and subdorsal region of the body of a
peculiar pale reddish vandyke brown, inclosing eight lines which are lemon-yellow, thus slightly
differing in hue from the body beneath and on the sides. The dorsal and first or upper subdorsal
lines somewhat wider than the two lines beneath, and the lowest or fourth (intraspiracular) line is
waved and twice as wide as those above. Spiracles minute, black, situated in the pale reddish
brown band above the fourth or lateral yellowish line. The ninth abdominal segment pale
yellow ocher, the lines ending in this area, though not blending with each other before reaching
the ninth segment. A ventral lemop-yellow median line, with a broad, pale reddish brown band
on each side. Thoracie legs black; the four pairs of middle abdominal legs externally tipped
with black; anal legs slender, black. Suranal plate small, transversely oval, its surface shining
black, with irregularly scattered punctures and piliferous depressions rather than warts, from
which about twenty black and a few gray hairs arise. The hairs on the body are few and
seattered, and no longer than the body is thick; they are uneven in length and pale in color.

Datana major Grote and Robinson.
Cea eae oaeoners)
Datana major Grote and Rob., Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, p. 12, May, 1866, pl. 2, fig. 30.
Grote, New Check List, N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 615, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 198, 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XH, figs. 1-6. )
Andrews, Psyche, ii, p. 272, 1878.
Dyar, Can, Ent., xxi, p. 34, 1889.
Moth.—Exterior margin of primaries less distinctly scalloped than in any of the preceding,
less in the ¢than in the?. Of the size of D. drexelii, but almost identical with D. ministra in
coloration. The tintis alittle darker, and the secondaries are dark, darker than in D. drevxelti, and

S. Mis. 50-—8

114 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

almost concolorous with primaries. The discal dots are large and distinct, exactly as in D. drevelii.
Otherwise the moth is the same as its allies.

Expanse of wings, 47-60 mm,

From PD. drevelii it ditters in the absence of the bright costal shade, the more uniform coloration;
from PD. ministra, as already pointed out under that species. With the other species it could
scarcely be confounded. (Dyar.)

Hog.—Of nearly the same size and shape as in that of D. drevxelii, but considerably smaller
than that of D. palmii, Differs from that of D. drevelii in the upper end with the micropyle being
somewhat depressed. It is round, barrel-shaped, the shell porcelain white. The micropyle is
somewhat larger than that of D. drevelii. Described from living specimens received from Miss
C. G. Soule.

Larva.—l have not seen the larva alive. The excellent figures kindly loaned me by Miss
Morton well represent this species, which is readily recognized by its checkered appearance.

The following deseription of the eggs and larval stages has been kindly sent me by Dr. Dyar:

Hgg.—hLaid in patches of 90, 95, 102, on underside of leaf of the food plant, Andromeda
ligustrina, Cylindrico-pyriform, being of less diameter just below the summit, flattened at base
and vertex. Uniform white, with a rather large central black spot at vertex. Diameter, 1.1 mm.;.
height, 0.7 mm. f

Larva, first stage—Head round, shining black; width, 0.5 mm.; cervical shield, anal plate,
thoracic and anal feet, and leg-plates black. Body wine-red, a broad subdorsal and lateral yellow
band, each containing a narrow red line. No lines on venter. Hairs, several from a wart, the
warts minute, dark brown; no secondary hairs.

Second stage.—Uead shining black or with a slight brownish tint, rounded, rather higher than
wide; width, 1.1 mm. Body dark wine-red, the bands as before, greenish yellow; venter with a
liarrow central pale yellow line. Later the bands become almost white. Besides the hairs from
the warts, short, fine, secondary hairs are present on the skin.

Third stage.—Head higher than wide, narrowing toward apex, the sutures depressed. Color
red-brown, the ocelli and mouth black; width, 1.6m. Cervical shield black or partly orange; feet
aud anal plate shining black. Body blackish brown, the stripes at first as before, but later they
appear as four very broad, lateral, clear white (or bright yellow) bands, with slight traces of the
ventral lines. In a few the pedal line is tolerably distinct, but narrow. Bases of the legs and
corresponding spots on legless segments dark wine-red. Hairs not abundant, pale, the secondary
ones very short.

Fourth stage—Head as before; width, 3.1 mm. Body black, the side stripes much broader
than the intervening spaces, continuous, clear white (or yellow). The ventral stripes (two pedal
and medio-ventral) are represented by a few linear dots or are absent. Cervical shield light brown;
anal plate black or partly brown. Thoracic, anal feet, and leg plates black, the bases of the feet
red, as before. The stripes are not confluent at either extremity.

Fifth stage—Head rounded, as high as wide, shagreened, shining; color, orange-brown or
light inahogany-red; width, 5.3 mm. Cervical shield, anal plate, bases of legs, and corresponding
spots on legless segments mahogany-red. Anal and thoracie feet blackish. Body black, the
ventral lines as before, but the lateral are broken by the black ground color into a series of
subquadrate spots, as follows: The two upper lines are broken in all the segmental incisures and
broadly through the center of the segment; the third (lateral) is broken in the same manner, but
less broadly in the center of the segment, while the fourth (substigmatal) is not broken in the
incisure nor center of the segment, but once before the spiracle and again toward the posterior
edge of the segment. The spottings are partially obsolete at the extremities. Primary hairs
arising from the wart-areas long, white; secondary ones very short, black. There are two forms
of this larva in which the spots are pure white or bright yellow, respectively.

Larvie from Dutchess and Ulster counties, N. Y. (Dyar.)

Pupa.—éand?. Head rather prominent, roughly corrugated, with the three frontal ridges.
moderately well marked; the head is broader and the ridges less marked than in D. perspicua.
Thorax and body coarsely punctured, but not so much so as in D, perspicua. The body is less dull,,

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. tales

more shining than in D. perspicua; in the, latter species the metanotum varies in being either
punctured or not. Cremaster almost exactly as in D. perspicua, but the underside is nearly
smooth, not so coarsely corrugated, and without the six longitudinal ridges of D. perspicua; the
four spines are nearly as in D. perspicua. The 2 has one sexual sear, which is long and linear; in
the ¢ the region on each side of the genital fossa or sear is regularly swollen, the surface convex.
The transverse fossa at the base of the tenth abdominal segment with five or six teeth, the teeth
less ridge like and regular than D. perspicua.

Remarks.—Vestiges of the abdominal legs appear in these pupe. On the fifth and sixth
segments is a pair of irregular tubercles, none exactly alike, the left one on the fifth abdominal
segment being conical. The rudiments of theanal legs are quite distinet. In pupa of D. perspicua
there are faint vestiges of legs on the sixth segment. Vestiges of abdominal larval legs, due to
their being imperfectly absorbed during the process of pupation, were also observed in the pupa
of a Datana from Olympia, Wash., indicated on fourth and fifth abdominal segments by a deep
crescentiform depression, perhaps representing the outer and inner edge of the planta, Similar
vestiges were observed in the pupa of D. angusii, For specimens I am indebted to Miss Ida M. Elliot.
The markings of the larva whose lines are divided into spots, indicates that it may be the latest
form of the genus.

Habits—Egegs of second brood deposited July 25; larvie of second brood in July, August,
and September, New York and Maryland. (Riley.) ‘*They always keep in close clusters and feed
together.” (Le Conte.)

Food plant.—Andromeda ligustrina, and in Georgia on Andromeda mariana.

Geographical distribution—New Bedtord, Mass. (Miss Elliot); Massachusetts (Mrs. Fernald);
Narragansett Pier, R. L., and Newburg, N. Y. (Miss Morton), (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Maryland (Stratton
Coll, Ent. Soe. Phil., U. S. Nat. Mus.); Arkansas (Palm); New York, Tiffin, Ohio; Maryland,
Savannah, Ga. (Le Conte); Carbondale, Ill. (French).

Datana floridana Graet.
(PIS he os l2) 2.)

Datana floridana Graef, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe., i, p. 37, Sept., 1879.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 198, 1894; Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soc.,ii, p. 116, 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XIV, fig. 1.)
Koebele, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., iv, p. 21, 1881.
Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 573, 1893.

Moth.—As in D. palmii, but browner, the pale scales iess prominent, the lines less contrasting,
obscure. The diseal dots are, however, more distinct than in D. palmii, Secondaries more
heayily tinged with brown. The Florida specimens show very little of the whitish or pale lilae
tint, while specimens from Long Island are almost as pale as D. palmii from the Catskills.

Save D. palmii, the species has no very close allies. In general appearance 1t comes nearest
to D. integerrima, but difters obviously in its purplish tint and entire lack of pale shades bordering
the lines. (Dyar.) (For Dyar’s description of the larva see Appendix A.)

Larva. The larva is black, with eleven parallel yellowish lines running the full length of the
body. There is one immediately between the legs under the body, one on the line of, and inter-
rupted by, the legs, the rest above and equidistant from each other, leaving the back with a
somewhat broader black space. The head, the summit of the body-segment, the anal covering,
and the summits of al! the legs are deep mahogany-red in coler. The feet are all black; those on
the last segment are partially aborted.

Habits —“Tt has the habit, which seems to be common to the genus, of raising and throwing
back the head and tail over the body when disturbed.” (Koebele.) Lary in October, moths in
March, Florida (U. S. Nat. Mus.).

Food plant.—Andromeda mariana L. (Riley).

Geographical distribution.—Florida (Graef, French).

116 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Datana palmii Beutenmiiller.
(PII ig. 97 45) 10; 2.5)
Datana palmii Beut., Psyche, vi, p. 299, Jan., 1890.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1872.
yar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 198, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., iv, p. 116, 1894.

Larve.

(P1. XIV, figs. 2, 2a, 3, 3a.
Dyar, Ent. Amer, vi, p. 181, 1890.

Moth.—Thoracie pateh burnt umber (R., III, 8), shading into tawny olive on head and collar
(R., 111,17). Thorax and primaries of a pale whitish lilac color, between R., 11, 13, and R., I,
21, but paler than either, and shading into a brownish tone along the costa; wings rather thickly
irrorated with mars brown (R., III, 13) scales, with line and fringe of the same color. Lines 1, 2,
and 5, are distinct, the others faint. Discal dot obsolete, represented by faint shades. Secondaries
glossy pinkish buff (R., V, 14) more or less tinged with brown. Abdomen darker, especially toward
the base. Below even paler than the secondaries above, shading into a brownish tint on primaries,
the fringe on these wings being as dark as above. Exterior margin of primaries only slightly
scalloped.

Expanse of wings, 40-50 mm.

This form is probably not specifically distinct from D, floridana. The color of the pale scales
is brighter and they are more numerous, which gives the wing a lighter appearance and brings
out the lines more prominently. In the larvie, that of D. palmii has the head and other red parts
lighter than in D. floridana, being nearly a cherry-stone color in the former and * mahogany-red”
in the latter. The stripe may be a little narrower in D. palmii, though this is doubtful. (Dyar.)

Egg.—Laid in a pateh of 75-80 on underside of the leaf. The egg differs from that of Dd.
drexelii in being smaller, thin-shelled, somewhat like fine porcelain. Its diameter is nearly as
great as its height. The tip is not depressed, being full, convex, forming a regular cap, which
is clearly separated by a slight constriction from the rest of the egg; most of this cap is eaten
away by the larva in hatching. Micropyle large, distinct, and dark, from the shell at this place
being thin and transparent. Under half-inch objective, A eyepiece, the surface of the shell,
including the cap, is seen to be ornamented with fine polygonal areas.

Larva, first stage-—Head black and shining; width, 0.5 mm. Body brown, with four lateral and three ventral
dull yellowish stripes wider than the intervening spaces. Cervieal shield, anal plate, and feet black. The hairs
arise from minute blackish warts. During this stage the larve eat only the parenchyma of the leaf, and sit with the
extremities of their bodies elevated like the other species of the genus.

Second stage.—Head higher than wide, flat in front, black (in a few examples, brownish), smooth, and shining;
width, 0.9 mm.; furnished with a few pale hairs. Body reddish brown, the stripes yellowish. Cervical shield, anal
plate, and feet shining black. During this and subsequent stages the larvie eat the whole leaf, remaining together
upon one twig until it is defoliated.

Third stage.—Head black to blackish red in different examples; eyes and mouth black; width, 1.6mm. Body
dark reddish brown, the stripes dull yellow, arranged as in the next stage, the subventral ones interrupted at the
bases of the legs and correspondingly on the legless segments. Cervical shield, anal plate, thoracic and anal feet,
and the abdominal feet outwardly black. A few short pale hairs.

Fourth stage.—Head higher than wide, rounded, quite flat in front; depressed a little at the sutures at the
top of the triangular plate and furnished with a few hairs; color black or blackish red to light mahogany-red, or
even orange tinted in different examples of the same brood; the eyes and jaws black, labium and antennie yellowish ;
the latter black ringed. Body black, becoming brownish; four lateral stripes, a subyentral and ventral one pale
yellow, the lateral ones becoming almost white in some examples. All nearly as wide as the intervening spaces.
They run nearly to the anterior edge of joint 2, except the first and second lateral, which stop at the cervical shield
and end before reaching the anal plate, except the third lateral and the ventral. The subventral line is interrupted
by the light reddish bases of the legs and by reddish spots on the legless segments, except on joint 13. Cervical
shield, anal plates, thoracie feet, and the abdominal outwardly shining black; the anal plates punctured and
narrowly bordered with ocher-yellow. In some examples with red heads this border is broader, and the cervical
shield is partly ocherous orange. Hair whitish, thin, and short, growing from minute black tubercles.

Fifth stage.-—Head as high as wide, rounded, a little flattened at the extreme front; depressed at the sutures
at the top of the triangular plate, and very minutely punctured: a few blackish hairs; color light reddish orange

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. eh

or with a brownish tinge not unlike the color of a cherry stone; labium and antenne paler, the latter with two
black rings; jaws black; eyes blackish. Body black, the stripes pale yellow, the lateral ones in some examples
becoming white and in a few canary-yellow; narrower than the intervening spaces, continuous from cervical shield
and the anterior edge of joint 2, except the subventral; somewhat interrupted and irregular on joints 12 and 13,
and barely reaching the anal plate, except the third lateral. Cervical shield, anal plate, and abdominal feet, except
an outward blackish band on the latter, concolorous with the head. Bases of all the legs (except the anal) and
corresponding spots on the legless segments darker red. Thoracic and anal feet black. Hair thin, about5 mm. long,
with some short, more numerous, fine black hairs, seen with a lens. At maturity the head is more of a brownish red.
Length, about 50 mm. Pupation occurs in a subterraneous cell, and the winter is passed in this state.

Pupa.—Similar in shape and color to those of the other species of Datana and not to be distinguished from them.
The two cremasters are short, each with three spines, of which the middle one is usually shortest.

Food plant.—Vaccinium stamineum. Lary from Ulster County, N. Y.

(Dyar in Entomologica Americana, Vol. VI, 1890, pp. 181-183.)

Geographical distribution.—Appalachian sabprovince; Delaware Water Gap, Pa., June (Palm
ex Beutenmiiller, French); Arkansas (Palm).

Datana modesta Beutenmiiller.
(Pl. I, fig. 13, 9.)

Datana modesta Beut., Psyche, vi, p. 297, Jan., 1890.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892.
Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 198, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soce., ii, p. 116, 1894.

Moth.—Exterior margin of wings rather distinetly scalloped, almost as much so as in D. major.
Thoracic patch ochraceous (R., V,7), scarcely darker posteriorly, paler than the thorax. Thorax
and primaries “hazel” (R.,1V,12), but darker than the plate, with searcely any costal shade.
Lines obsolete, the first and fifth just discernible, a shade darker than the wing. Fringe
concolorous. Diseal dot large, distinct, blackish. At base and terminally, below the obsolete
apical streak, a yellowish shade prevails, concolorous with the discal dots. Secondaries, abdomen,
and underside almost exactly as in D. floridana, but the fore wings are in the present species
brighter in tint, and the secondaries lack the peculiar gloss of floridana and palmii.

Expanse of wings: 2, 51 mm. (no é ).

A distinct species, which, in the absence of all knowledge of the larva, finds, we think, its
nearest allies in foridana and major. The type is in the collection of Mr. Charles Palm.

Geographical distribution—Florida (Graef); Kissimmee, Fla., May (Palm); Florida (Palm,
French).

Datana perspicua Grote and Robinson.
(Pl. II., fig. 14, ¢ ; 15, 2.)
Datana perspicua Grote and Robinson, Proe, Ent. Soe. Phil., iv, p. 489, 1865, pl. 3, fig. 1; Proc. Ent. Soe.
Phil., vi, p. 141, May, 1866.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 199, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 116,
1894.
Larva.
(Pl. XIV, figs. 4, 4a, 4b.)
Angus in Grote and Rob., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, p. 15, May, 1866.
Edwards, Ent. Amer., iii, p. 170, 1887.
Dyar, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 82, April, 1891. (Egg and all the stages, pupa, ete.)
Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., i, p. 61, June, 1893. (Last three stages. )

Moth.—Exterior margin slightly scalloped. Thoracie patch ocher-yellow (R., V, 9), shading
posteriorly into ochraceous (R., V, 7) and finally into tawny (R., V, 1). Thorax and fore wings
buff-yellow (R., VI., 19), the latter with a few brown scales, which are absent on the costal portion,
Lines, discal spots, and fringe hazel (R., 1V,12). First and fifth line distinet, and second and third
very faint on their costal third, the fourth line obsolete. Discal dots large, the outer somewhat

118 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

diffuse and spreading. Apical streak unusually long and distinet. The three branches of the
median vein are outlined distinetly in brown, and there is a faint shading of this color along
internal margin centrally. Hind wings very pale buff (R., V, 15), but much paler, without dark

shades; underside as hind wings aboye, the outer edge of

LT é primaries darker, with the fringe dark brown, as above.
e- A JN Expanse of wings, 47-53 im.
J a

A very distinct species with only one close ally, namely,
D. robusta Strecker. It differs from all the other species in

[ss } | at its bright yellow color. (Dyar.)
/ / a \ Egg.‘ In general shape subpyriform; flattened at base
( \ and top, depressed centrally at vertex, the usual black spot
f small and indistinct, situated at the bottom of the puncti-
/ form depression; the whole surface punctured. Color, white;
= the lid-like top of a somewhat brighter white. Width, 0.9
a soa min.; height, 0.8 mm. The egg is. of the type of thatof D.
ky ——__metascutum w''\ major, but resembles that of D. ministra in coloration, by
lee abl Sea possessing a discolorous lid like top. This is the part of the
[jiveeneeee ae shell eaten by the young larva in hatching. Laid in masses

Fig. 58.—Head and thorax of pupaofD.perspieua, of varying numbers on the underside of the leaves of the
Se a no met pes et tooUalan ky gy
; Larva, Stage I.—‘* Length near the end of the stage,
about 5mm. When first hatched the head is black, 0.5 mm. wide; the body is yellowish, with a
reddish dorsal and subdorsal line, not reaching the extremities;
cervical shield, feet, and anal plate black. As the stage ad-
vances, the body becomes reddish, with four lateral yellow
stripes on each side and three ventral, as in its allies, which
remain throughout the larval stages. They are nearly as wide
as the intervening lateral spaces, a little confluent posteriorly,
and are colored yellow. Black hairs arise from small black
tubercles and from the elevated anal feet.” (Dyar.)
Larva, Stage II.—* Head higher than wide, slightly pune-
tured, black; width, 1.1 mm. Body parts colored as before.
The hair is short, blackish, and arises from minute tubercles

Vic. 60.—Pupa of Datana perspicua. End
that are much smaller than in the previous stage.” (Dyar.) of abdomen, showing the vestigles of the male

genital outlet, of the anal legs, and the ere-
master

Larva, Stage ITT.—* Head shiny black, punctured, the cly-
peus smooth; width, 1.6-1.8 mm. Cervical shield, anal plate,
and thoracie feet black. Body dark red, the stripes broader than the intervening spaces, bright
yellow: abdominal feet red, the anal pair black. A few short hairs; spiracles small, black.” (Dyar.)

The specimens described below were received Au-
gust 23, from Mr. James Angus, and sonamed by him.

Larva, Stage ITT or IV?.—Length, 17 mm. The
head is black, not quite so wide as the body. A shining
black chitinous transversely oblong prothoracie shield.
The body is moderately hairy, the hairs reddish; it is
deep straw or lemon yellow, with eleven pitehy reddish
lines; thé median dorsal line is mueh broader than any
of the others and broader than the spiracular line; of
the two subdorsal lines, the upper is a little wider than
| | | | / / the lower; the lowest orinfraspiracular line is interrupted

by the sutures; the two ventral lines of the same reddish

color pass along at and ineluding the base of the thoracie
and abdominal legs. The suranal plate is small, shining black. The anal legs are conical, black,
except the reddish planta, which is distinetly eversible, being seen at times to be retracted,
though armed with hooks. The two paranal plates are dark at the end; the end of the body is
constantly upheld. The thoracic and abdominal legs are black.

Fic. 59.—Pupa of Datana perspicua, underside of head.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 119

Immediately after molting one can see the fluids of the body under the neck; the head is
cherry-red, while the suranal plate, anal and other abdominal, and also the thoracic legs are pale
carneous.

Stage V?.—Length at first, 20 mm., becoming the next day 23-25 mm. Body as before, but
the stripes are blackish red, there being no other change of importance. The suranal plate is a
little larger than before.

Last stage-—Length, 40 mm. Head large, black, as wide as the body. Prothoracic shield
dark reddish black.

The stripes are of the saine relative width as in Stage III, but have lost their red color, and
are brown-black, while the yellow of the body has a greenish tinge. There is no red at all on the
prothoracic segment or on the legs or on any part of the body. The suranal plate is large and
black, the black median dorsal line wider on the segment in
front. The hairs are now whitish and thicker than in the previous
stages.

I notice that the hairs on the thoracic segments have at
times an individual motion, and are jerked one way and another,
as also the warts which give rise to them.

When irritated it discharges a drop of green fluid, its partly
digested food.

One pupated September 20, and another a little later.

Pupa.—Body long, but not very thick. Head projecting
in front, with three ridges, one median. Cremaster with four
long equal acute spines, the points long and tapering, almost
setiferous; surface rugose. A lateral small, stout spine on each
side of the base. The vestiges of the ¢ sexual opening broad,
with a round tubercle on each side. Surface of the body
corrugated with confluent punctures on head and thorax; abdo-
men coarsely punctured, Length, 22 mm.

Food plants—Sumae (Rhus glabra and R. typhina) (Miss
Morton, Mr. Dyar, Dr. C. V. Riley).

Habits.—Larve occurring in July and September; moths in
June, July, and September (Riley).

Geographical distribution.—Chiecago, Ill. (Westcott); Colo
rado Springs, Colo., June 25, at light (Gillette); West Farms, RGGI nmtateeatamcamen eases
N. Y. (Angus); Newburg, N. Y. (Miss Morton); New Jersey and
Pennsylvania (Palm); Chicago, Ill. (Bolter); Manhattan, Kans. (Popenoe); Colorado (Edwards
Coll. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., N. Y.); Illinois (Strecker); Mr.-Dyar has received this species from
Miles City, central Montana; Missouri, District of Columbia, Kansas, Virginia, and New York
(U.S. Nat. Mus.); New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Missouri, Carbondale, Ill. (French).

Datana robusta Strecker.
(Rite 16s gas Lie o>)

Datana robusta Streck., Lep. ind. and Exot., p. 151, 1872.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 199, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 116,
1894.

Moth.—Closely allied to D. nerspicua and marked in exactly the same way. The outer margin
of primaries seems less distinctly scalloped. Thoracice* patch ocher-yellow, shading into tawny
posteriorly exactly as in D. perspicua, or entirely ocher-yellow, with only a few tawny scales
defining its posterior border. In this latter case it is paler than the thorax, Thorax and primaries
clay color (R., V,8, a little paler), heavily dusted with hazel scales (R., [V, 12), these predominating
in the space between first and fifth lines below the median vein, all throughout giving a dark
cast to the wing; lines, spots, and fringe, as in D. perspicua, or rather fainter. Rarely, only the
outer lines are discernible. Median venules marked with brown rather more heavily than in D,

120 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

perspicua. Secondaries as in D. perspicua, but tinged with brown along outer marg‘n or on the
outer half.

Expanse of wings, 48-50 mm.

There are uo good specific differences between this form and PD. perspicua. Though quite
different in general appearance, it is simply D. perspicua intensified. I would not suggest uniting
the two, however, especially as the larva of D. robusta is unknown. (Dyar.)

Geographical distribution.—Dallas, Tex. (Strecker Coll.); San Antonio, Tex. (Bolter); Texas
(French).

Datana integerrima Grote and Robinson,
(Pl. H, fig. 20, g ; 21,9.)
Datana integerrima Grote and Rob., Proc. Ent. Soe.Phil., vi, p. 12, 1866, pl. 2, fig. 4.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., i, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 199, 1894; Journ, N.Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 116,
1894,

Larva.
(Pl. XIII, figs. 1-6.)
Angus in Grote and Rob., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., vi, p. 13, 1866. (Full-fed larva described.)
Beutenmiiller, Can. Ent., xx, p. 134, 1888. (Stages IV and V, last described. )

Dyar, Psyche, p. 421, Dee., 1890. (Last stage described.)
Packard, Journ. N. York Ent. Soce., i, p. 59, June, 1393. (Last stage described.)

Moth.—Fore wings entire, as in D. contracta; body colored in the same manner except that.
the abdomen is less yellowish. Fore wings cream-buff (R., V, 11), so heavily irrorated with mars
brown (R., IIT, 15) as to appear of the latter color; costal shade brighter, tawny, but not as dark
as the thoracic patch. Lines distinct, concolorous with the fringe and irroration; the irrorations.
are absent fora short space bordering the lines, causing them to appear bordered distinctly by
paler shades. These shades border all the lines on the outside except the first, which is bordered
ou the inner side only, but rather faintly. Discal dots obscure, blackish. Hind wings and
underside as in D. contracta, but paler, lacking the yellowish tint of that species.

Expanse of wings, 45-50 mm.

Allied to D. contracta, but the ground color is less yellowish, the irrorations more numerous,
and all the markings are concolorous with the fringe. (Dyar.)

Eqg.—“ Deposited on underside of leaf of walnut in a closely placed mass of 300 and upward.
Rather small, elongate, hemispherical, approaching cylindrical; apex somewhat flattened, color
dull white. Surface somewhat roughened, but without regular markings. Diameter, 0.7 mm.”
(Riley MS. notes.)

Larva.—The following notes are written out from an examination of greatly enlarged drawings,
made by Mr, Bridgham at Providence. The figure of the fourth stage agrees with Mr. Beuten-
miiller’s description of the fourth stage of Datana integerrima. The food plant is the walnut. As.
is well known, these larvie feed in large conspicuous clusters, being social through larval life.

First stage-—Length, when 24 hours old, 5 mm., July,24. In this larva the head is very large,
entirely black and hairy, being nearly twice as wide as the end of the body. The body is brick-red,.
with a faint subdorsal and lateral yellowish stripe along the body, and a diffuse spiracular yellowish
line. There is a distinet small, black prothoracie shield, transversely oblong, from which arise
about twenty blaci hairs, slightly clavate, two or three of them as long as the segment is thick.
A distinct black suranal plate is present; it is entire and rather large, though not so wide as the.
tenth abdominal segment. The piliferous warts are minute, aud the dorsal and lateral glandular
hairs arising from them are more or less club-shaped, some of them markedly so, and not quite so
long as the body is thick. The thoracic legs are black; the middle abdominal legs are concolorous.
with the body; the plantwe dusky; the anal legs are about half as thick as the others and black
at the end.

In another specimen of this stage, of the same length, which is just about exuviating (July
23), the body being very long and the head small in proportion to the body, the suranal plate is.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. eM

divided into two oval lanceolate black plates, the small ends pointing toward the head. Otherwise
the body is marked as in the above-described specimen, except that there are black spots at the
base of the middle abdominal legs. The hairs are not represented as so clavate as in the other
specimen. It is possible that the latter is in the second stage, but if so, the suranal plate would -
not probably be so large and entire.

Third stage.—Length, 7 mm. (probably not of the normal length, owing to confinement), July
30. Aboutready to molt, as the prothoracic segment is somewhat swollen. The black prothoracie
plate still persists, and the hairs arising from it are about twice as long as those elsewhere, but
the black suranal plate has disappeared; the anal legs are still slight, and the body beyond the
sixth abdominal segment is upraised. The reddish color has deepened, and the yellowish lines
are more distinet, while the spiracular line, inclosing the distinct black spiracles, is pale lilac; the
middle abdominal legs do not appear to be spotted. :

Fourth stage.—Length, 10 mm., August 13 (evidently underfed and unnaturally small). The
head is large, as wide as the body in front; the cervical shield still persists, as do the clavate
hairs. The color has now changed to a dark reddish brown, above and beneath, with longitudinal
gray stripes seen from above and four seen sideways; the additional stripe is the infraspiracular
one, while the spiracular one has moved up, the spiracles being situated between them.

The following is a description of another larva of this stage received from Mr. Angus,
August 25:

Length, 15mm. Head shining black, as wide as the body.

The body of the usual cylindrical shape, rather slender, dark pitehy reddish brown all over.
Prothoracie shield transversely oblong, not so square at the corners as in D. perspicua. There are-
four dull whitish rather obscure lines on each side, which are of nearly the same width and of
exactly the same color; they are somewhat irregular on the edges, being somewhat broken and
of the same distance apart. The lowest or infraspiracular line is a little wider and more distinct
than the others, and extends along the lateral ridge. The body beneath is of the same color as
above. The suranal plate is black, rounded; the anal legs are black at the tips. The middle
abdominal legs are stained black above the plantie, and the thoracic legs are black. The hairs
are long and white; those on first thoracic segment, and eighth and ninth abdominal, longer than
those elsewhere; those on the prothoracic segment stand up and curl over the head, and two or
three of them are as long as the three thoracic segments put together. The spiracles are black.

Fifth stage.—Length, 28 mm., August 29. Very different from the fourth stage, the color
being still darker, while oniy two grayish lines are seen from above, and two lines when the larva
is Seen from the side. The two dorsal and the supraspiracular lines have disappeared. The body
isnow clothed with numerous soft fine gray hairs, many of which are nearly as long as the body.
The anal legs are still smaller than in the preceding stage.

Lecapitulation.—1. In this species the larvie of the first four stages apparently have clavate
glandular hairs, an unusually late persistence.

2. The body is reddish in the three first stages, but becomes dark in the fourth, while in D;
ministra the body is reddish in the fourth, being less precocious than in this species.

3. The loss of two of the longitudinal stripes in stage V is noteworthy, and the habits of the
larva should be noted by the future observer to learn the probable cause of such a change; also why
in PD. ministra, and perhaps in other species, there is such a decided change in the general color
and stripes in the last as compared with the penultimate stage.

4, The black suranal plate seems in Stage I to be entire, and to divide in two at the end of the
stage, not being present in the third stage. It is to be hoped that those who may hereafter rear
the species of Datana will preserve specimens of the earlier stages in aleohol for future study.

Habits.—Eges, August; larve, August and September; adults, May and August; localities,.
Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, New York, Maine, and District of Columbia; food plants, walnut,
hickory, larkspur, thorn. (Riley MS. notes.)

Food plants.—The larve prefer black walnut, but feed on hickory, butternut, ete. (Angus);
walnut (Pilate); “Live together in large companies on walnut (Juglans), hickory (arya), beech,.
(Fagus), and also on oak (Quercus), but very rarely” (Beutenmiiller); willow, honey locust, thorn,,
and apple (Riley). In Kansas, Juglans nigra (Popenoe).

122 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Geographical distribution.—Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); West
Ferms, N. Y. (Angus); Kanawha Valley, West Virginia (W. H. Edwards, Mus. Comp. Zool.);
Ohio (Pilate); Kittery, Me.; New York, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Champaign, Ill. (French);
Chicago, Ill. (Westcott); Manhattan, Kans., moth, May 25-June 2 (Popenoe); Arkansas (Palm),

Datana contracta Walker.
(PIOUE fig. 18, 4551959)
Datana contracta Walker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1062, 1855.
Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Amer., p. 247, 1862.
Grote and Rob., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, p. 14, 1866; pl. 2, fig. 8, fig. 6, var.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., ili, p. 355, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 613, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar,Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 199, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 116, 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XIV, figs. 7, 7a, 7b.)
Angus in Grote and Rob., Proc, Ent. Soe. Phil., vi, p. 14, 1866. (Pull-fed larva deseribed.)
Beutenmiiller, Can, Ent., xx, p. 134, 1888. (Fourth and last stage described.)
Packard, Jour. N. York Ent. Soce., i, p.60, June, 1893. (Full-fed larva deseribed.)

Moth.—Exterior margin of fore wings entire. Thoracie patch ocher-yellow shading into
tawny behind; thorax a little paler than the fore wings, which are buff (R., V, 15); the costal
shade brighter, more ocherous; the wing rather thickly dusted with brown-black seales,
concolorous with the pulverulent line and with moderately distinct discal dots. Bordering the
lines the irrorations are absent for a short space, causing the lines to appear as if bordered with
obscure pale shades. Frequently lines 1 and 2 are joined or approximated on the internal
margin, though the character is variable. Fringe mars brown (R., III, 15), not concolorous with
the lines. Hind wings paler than the fore wings, slightly glossy, powdered with brown scales most
thickly toward the outer margin. Below pale, the terminal area of fore wings shaded with
bright brown.

Expanse of wings, 40-45 mm. (Dyar.)

Larva before the last molt.— Head and cervical shield jet-black, shining. Body black, with
four equidistant sordid white stripes along each side, being as wide as the intervening spaces,
except the dorsal space, which is the widest. Body beneath concolorous with the upper side, with
three longitudinal stripes, and the intervening spaces much broader. On each of the fourth, fifth,
tenth, and eleventh segments two reddish brown patches. Thoracic feet and claspers of the
abdominal legs jet-black, with their bases reddish brown. The body is also sparsely covered
with sordid white hairs. Length, about 30 mm.” (Beutenmiiller.)

The larvie were sent me by Mr. James Angus, and were received September 1. It feeds on
the walnut, and will eat the ash or rose.

Full-grown larva.—Lenegth, 30mm. Head large, as broad as the body, entirely black, including
the mouth parts. First thoracic segment with a distinet gamboge-colored transversely oblong
plate, with three indistinet blackish clouds on it. The body is jet-black, with four continuous
whitish yellow very distinct stripes on each side, and a fifth broken one between the bases of
the legs, both thoracie and abdominal. The three upper stripes are equidistant, the upper or
subdorsal one being slightly wider than the others. The fourth stripe is on the lateral ridge, and
is broader than the others, and wavy. The width of the dorsal black stripe is like that of D
perspicua, There is a median ventral whitish yellow stripe which ends before reaching the anal
legs. The thoracic legs are black, but gamboge-yellow at the enlarged fleshy base. The middle
abdominal legs are gamboge-yellow, each with a large external black patch above the planta.
The two subdorsal whitish yellow lines end before reaching the suranal plate, leaving a black
space; the plate is also black, and the anal legs are wholly black above and beneath and on the
sides. The head and body are clothed with long white hairs, much longer and thicker than in D.
perspicua and longer than the body is thick.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 5

Mr. Angus writes me that there seem to be two varieties of D. contracta.
One of them is a light chestnut-brown with the usual yellow lines, and the other is more the color of D. minisira;
indeed, so much so that I thought they might prove to be that species, but the lines are precisely the same as the
other variety in width and color.

Habits.—Eggs, August 9; larvae, June, August, and September; adults, June, July, October,
and November; localities, Missouri, District of Columbia, and New York. (Riley.)

Food plant.—Oak (Miss Morton and Mr, Angus); “Oak (Quercus), chestnut (Castania), hickory
(Carya)” (Beutenmiiller); oak and witch-hazel (Riley).

Geographical distribution.—Massachusetts (Very, Mus. Comp. Zool.); New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Illinois (French); West Farms, N. Y. (Angus); New York (Palm);
Newburg, N. Y. (Miss Morton and Mrs. Fernald): 3uffalo, N. Y., and Chicago, Ill. (Bolter);
Racine, Wis.; Chicago, Ill. (Westcott); New York, southwestern Arkansas (Palm).

Subfamily [V.—IcHTHY URINE.

Head larger than in the Gluphisine, but yet not so prominent as in the succeeding
subfamilies; the front rather broad; clypeus (denuded) seutellate; eyes hairy; antenne short,
well pectinated to the tips; palpi large, long, ascending. Thorax usually with a dark median
crest. Fore wings short and broad, apex slightly upturned; outer edge a little bent; no
subcostal cell, the first three subcostal venules turned abruptly up on the costa; usually marked
by four cross lines, two of them forming a large V. Hind wings with a rounded apex. Legs
very densely scaled. Abdomen in é long and slender, with a spreading dark tuft at the end.

Egg.—Hemispherical, with meridional ribs, on the surface ornamented with polygonal areas.

Cocoon.—Thin and irregular in shape; spun between leaves.

Larva.—Body rather long, slightly flattened, striped with yellow and dark, and somewhat
hairy, usually with a pair of twin tubercles on first and eighth abdominal segments each.
Freshly hatched larva with the hairs all tapering, at first without abdominal tubercles or hairs.

Pupa.—Unusually thick, full and blunt at the end; cremaster ending in a spine bearing two
broad upeurved flattened hooks, each bearing four to five long sete.

Ichthyura Hiilmer.
(Pl. XL, figs. 1-4, venation.)

Melalopha Hiibner, Tentamen, p.1 (no deser.), 1806 (18102).
Pygara Ochs., Schmett. Ent., ii, p. 224, 1810.
Tchthyura Hiibn., Verz. Schmett., p. 162, 1816.
Melalophe Hiibn. (in part) Verz. Schmett., p. 162, 1516.
Clostera Stephens, I]. Br. Ent. Haust., ii, p. 12, 1828.
Boisduval, Gén. et Ind. Méth., p. 89, 1840.
Duponchel, Cat. Méth. Lép. Enr., p. 95, 1844.
Herr.-Schaeff., Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur., 1845.
Tehthyura Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1054, 1855,
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 351, 1864.
Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.
Melalopha Kirby! Syn. Cat. Het., i, p. 608, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent. xxxv, p. 121, May 1, 1894.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p, 190, June, 1894.

Motih.—Head not prominent, the front rather broader than usual, squarish: the clypeus
] 1 JI
(denuded) scutellate in shape, raised in the middle and on the edges in front. Eyes hairy;
antenn short, as long as the thorax, thickly scaled above: branches long, slowly shortening
toward the end, sparsely ciliated. In the ¢ the branches short, but distinct. Manilla distinct,

1'The use of this name by Kirby in place of Ichthyura seems scarcely justifiable, since in the Tentamen no
description is given, and in the Verzeichniss the name Melalophi is the name of a stirps, under which are the groups
or coitus Pygera and Ichthyura, the species under each being enumerated. Hiibner also does not in the Verzeichnis
spell the word Melalopha, the singular of Melalophie; he simply uses it to designate a group or coitus or genus
(in the modern sense). To resurrect and rehabilitate Melalopha under the name Melalopha seems scarcely defensible
or advisable.

124 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
but separate. Palpi large, long, ascending, appressed to the front below; second joint long,
continuous, pilose beneath; third joint small, pointed, not very distinct from the second.

Thorax with a conical well-marked median crest, which sends off a spur backward, and a
slight ridge on each side. Wings: Primaries oblong, more than one-half as broad as long; costa
convex to beyond the middle, thence ascending to the upturned apex, which is slightly pointed;
outer margin a little bent, entire, nearly straight over halfway down, thence regularly rounded to
the internal angle. Venation: No subcostal cell; the first three branches of the subcostal vein
turned abruptly up to the costa, and ending farther from the apex than in Gluphisia, Nadata, or
Datana.

Hind wings broad, apex rounded, outer edge rounded, longer than the internal margin.

Legs densely hairy; fore legs densely hairy to the ungues. Abdomen with a long spreading
tuft on the upper side of the end, reaching beyond the genitals.

Coloration: The species usually whitish ocherous, with oblique, in part dislocated, transverse
lines, two of these usually forming a distinet large V-shaped mark; a deep brown patch
extending from the vertex of the head between the antennie back to the top of the crest; the
outer line on the costa very distinct silvery white, more or less oblique and sometimes S-shaped;
beyond this mark is a subapical rust-red patch.

The genus is readily ideutified by the broad front, the hairy eyes, the well-pectinated
antenne of both sexes, the large palpi, and the unusually short and broad fore wings, which are
not faleate at the apex; also by the well-marked dark brown median erest on the thorax, and by
the laterally tufted tip of the abdomen.

Hyg.—Hemispherical, moderately high, with irregular meridional swollen portions and the
surface ornamented with polygonal areas inclosed by slightly thickened walis.

Larva.—Body rather loug, slightly flattened, ornamented with bright, usually yellow, and
dark stripes, and usually with two twin dark dorsal tubercles on the first and eighth abdominal
segments, with numerous pale hairs. The tubercles (in apicalis) obsolete, the body being smooth
but striped,as usual. In Stage I eylindrical, with fine hairs all tapering; with indications at the
end of the stage of lines and abdominal tubercles.

Cocoon.—Thin, irregular in shape, spun between two leaves.

Pupa.—Body unusually thick, and full and blunt at the end, with a slender cylindrical
cremaster, ending in two broad stout upcurved flattened hooks, each bearing four to five long setie.

Geographical distribution.—The species are common to the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and
the intervening region, covering the Appalachian, Austroriparian, and Campestrian subprovinces.
Whether any extends into the Mexican (Sonoran) is doubtful. The genus is represented in
Europe aud America by several species in each hemisphere, and does ot occur in either Asia or
Africa, nor in the tropies.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES AND VARIETIES.
A. Lines anastomosing; basal line dislocated on cubical vein, not toothed; white costal mark oblique or
more nearly straight.

Basal line forming a sharp angle; usually mouse colored............-...---------+---------- I. apicalis
Barcerand paler than Basteru ag ca Ute. aoa ot eof) nie = alana etait ete aie mie Sener are eat var. ornata
Pale, almost ‘sordid! white. 2.24 s-- oe ao ~ en oe Se cao oe ee eee ae a = ree ee var. aslori@
Pale-purplish’: arms of \V eipuogeese- = -a12-1-is cam ee as cota eee eee een ae eee var, bifiria

Largest and palest species; white costal mark oblique; apex of V forming a loop; no thoracie band.
I, inornata.
Smaller than inclusa; pale subocherous; second, third, and fourth lines much more sinuous than in
apicalis or inclusa; subapical patch pale ocherous; costal mark oblique, sinuous; brown thoracie band

ODSCUNG, vas ann oe ecl e2 mee ceeeia = eee a em ie sei ncaa eal ne eee aera tere et anette I, strigosa
Costal mark more oblique and distinct than in strigosa; no thoracie band............. var. lueulenta
Usually large; a white, nearly straight, costal mark; subapical patch ocherous......-------- I. inclusa
Small, dark mouse-color; subapical patch rust-red..-. ... 2... 2222 2 e eee oe eee enone var. inversa

Small, paleiocherous: subapical patch ocherous:. 5 oc oacdeeseisee in ee === eee var. palla

White costal mark oblique; subocherous, inner arm of V firmer, less sinuous..--..------ var. jocosa

Near apicalis, pale, lines subparallel, not anastomosing.............------ -- 2222 cece cena ences I. brucei
Unusually dark, costal markiolscure=.....- 2... ona eeee ences ae cieoe le sala yar. mulinoma
Smaller, basal line bent and curved; subapical patch very obscure .........-...------------- var. alethe

B. Lines not anastomosing; V very narrow; white costal mark S-like................--------- I, albosigma

Paler subapical patch, Drown cc. ac cloccwie ose secs se seine see aver Bieber cies pene ee eae var. specifica

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125

SYNOPSIS OF KNOWN LARVE.

A. No tubercles on first and eighth abdominal segments.

A dorsal gray band containing three brown lines...-.-.....--...--.....2.202-0------ Tein paises I. apicalis
Like apicalis, but with a broad orange stigmatal band, inclosing a black line; body purplish
Dilek een errs ae ee er a oe et SCO oe ee Ae et ee I. brucei, var. multnoma

Three faint dorsal red lines; three dark lake-red lateral stripes, and two yellow lateral stripes.. J. strigosa
B. A dark tubercle on first and eighth abdominal segments.
Body yellow, with three dorsal and three lateral black lines.............-. 22.2.2 .ce2-+secese I, inelusa
Body yellow, three dark dorsal lines, and a broad lateral dark band, below which the warts are ocherous
I. albosigma

Ichthyura apicalis Walker.
(P1. IU, figs. 1-8.)

Ichthywra apicalis Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1058, 1855.
Clostera vau Fitch, Fifth Rep. Nox. Ins. N. Y., p. 65, 1859.
Ichthywra indentata Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, p. 352, 1864.
Ichthyura ornata Gr. and Rob., Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 191, 1868.
Clostera incarcerata Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 86, 1869.
Ichthywra indentata Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, May, 1882.
Ichthywra astorie Edw., Ent. Amer., ii, p. 14, April, 1886.
Ichthyura bifiria Edw., Ent. Amer., ii, p. 167, Dec., 1886.
Pack., Ent. News, iv, p. 79, Mareh, 1893.

Ichthyura vau Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.

var. ornata Pack., Ent. News, iy, p. 77, March, 1895.
Melalopha vaw Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 611, 1892.
Ichthyura incarcerata Pack., Ent. News, iv, p. 78, March, 1893.

var. astoriw Pack., Ent. News, iv, p. 79, March, 1893.

Melalopha vau Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 123, May, 1893.

var. ornata Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 123, May 1893.

var. bifiria Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 123, May, 1893.

var. astoriew Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 123, May, 1893.
Ichthyura apicalis Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 303, Dee., 1893.
Melalopha apicalis Neum. and Dyar, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 192, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p Lib,

1894,

Larva.
(Pl. XV, fig. 1; var. astorie, figs. 2, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 3, 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f.)

French, Can. Ent., xvii, pp. 248-250, Dee., 1885. (Eggs, full life history; cocoon and pupa of I. ornata.)
Beutenmiiller, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 67, 1892. (Two last stages described. )

Dyar, Ent. News, iii, p.5, 1892. (Complete larval history of var. bifiria.)

Packard, Journ. N. York Ent. Soc., i, p. 26, March, 1893. (Third and last Stuge described.)

Dyar, Can. Ent., 1892. (All the stages.)

Moth.—Several and 2. Ground color of body and wings unusually dark mouse-ash, much
darker as a rule than in J. inclusa. Fore wings with the basal line straight in its general course,
making a more distinct and complete angle on the cubital vein than in JZ. inelusa or var. inversa.
Second line slightly bowed inward, meeting the short third line on the cubital vein. The V-shaped
mark (composed of the third and fourth line) distinct; its outer arm ending on the costa as a
distinet white oblique sinuous mark, much more obliquely bent outward than in J. inclusa and
inversa. This costal mark is bordered externally by a deep rusty reddish brown patch, much as
in I. inclusa, the patch often being more or less faded and obsolete. A submarginal, slightly
sinuous series of dark spots. Hind wings mouse colored, with a dark diffuse transverse line
beyond the middle, which is often wanting.

Beneath, the wings are concolorous with the hind wings above; the whitish costal mark
distinct, and from it originates a darker diffuse line common to both wings, and on the hind wings
very sinuous, being bent outward behind the subcostal vein and inward behind the cubital vein.

Expanse of wings: ¢, 27mm; 2, 29 mm; length of body: ¢, 13 mm; 9,12 mm.

This common and variable species is usually considerably smaller than J. inclusa, and I always
recognize it by the very distinct and oblique white costal mark (as I will eall this costal ending

126 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

of the fourth line), This mark is bent inward in the middle, and thus forms a rounded loop
(sometimes an angle), which is directed outward, behind the costal edge, and becomes indistinct
between the fourth and fifth branches of the subcostal vein.

That this species (Fitch’s vaw) is Walker's I. apicalis is not to be doubted, since I now have
an excellent colored drawing of Walker’s type in the British Museum which leaves no doubt as
to its specific relations, having the markings and hue of normal vau from Maine. His type was
collected by Dr. Barnston.

This species is very variable, and what, with my present material, seem to constitute its
varieties I will endeavor to point out, premising that my views are subject to future correction
after we have much fuller collections of the moths and after we know more of their transformations,
Meanwhile it is to be hoped that there will not be a further multiplication of nominal species in a
genus already so burdened with synonyms.

Walker's Ichthyura apicalis' is the same as J. vau, as I judge from an excellent colored figure
(Pl. VII, fig. 4) made for me by Mr. H. Knight from Walker's type, but it is impossible to determine
from his brief description, as he does not say whether the albida maculaque costali is oblique or not.
Mr. Dyar has also come to the same conclusion from a pen-and-ink sketch of the type received
from Mr. Butler. In Baruston’s MS. deseription, quoted by Walker, the larva is described as
“brown, thick, with 16 feet, and with a band on part of the back;” ‘*feeds on the poplar leaf.” This
description will apply better to vaw than to any other species known to me, as I have reared vaw
from the poplar, and the larva is brown, short, though not with ‘a band on part of the back.”

After examination of my type of I. indentata in the Harris collection, I find it agrees with
Fitch’s description of vau.

I regard J. ornata G. & R. as only a climatie variety of Fitch’s vau, and a specimen of J,
ornata G. & R., so labeled by Mr, Edwards, is also labeled “inearcerata Boisd.;” and on comparing
Boisduval’s description of incarcerata with specimens of ornata trom California, Truckee Valley,
Reno, Ney., and Colorado, I do not see any specifie differences,

I. incarcerata (I. ornata), Pl. WU, figs. 4-7: While these represent small individuals, many are
larger, and it is a larger and generally paler form than J. apicalis (vaw) of the Eastern States, and
I think it is simply a climatic variety of the Eastern form. One ¢ and a 2 in the Edwards
collection are as dark as the typical Eastern vau, and the pale form may be a seasonal variety.
Indeed, Mr. Beutenmiiller informs me that in J. apicalis (vaw), which he has reared, this pale form
is the summer brood, the dark individuals belonging to the winter brood.

One 2 from Truckee and a small é from Sierra Nevada, California, are very pale (expanse of
wings, 35 mm.). Aiso from Alameda County, Cal. (U.S. Nat. Mus.).

A large, well-preserved, fresh specimen from Lincoln, Nebr. (U.S. Nat. Mus.), collected May 21
by Prof. L. Bruner, is unusually pale, having a faded-out look, and is evidently a form (astorie
Edw.) of var. incarcerata (ornata), being like one of that variety (a 2 ) from Colorado, but differing
in haying no reddish brown shade on it. (See PI. VII, fig. 3.) This form, subvar. astoriw, has
also been reared by Mr, Dyar from eggs sent him from Miles City, Mont., and whose larval stages
I have deseribed beyond, my pup not having disclosed any moths. Although the rainfall at
Astoria, Oreg., is very heavy (80 inches annually) and the climate humid, yet the Astoria specimen
in the Edwards collection is no darker than those from Montana and from Kansas. This is
somewhat unexpected and remains to be explained, unless it be discovered that there is a dark
winter brood.

The young larva was found feeding on the aspen at Brunswick, Me., and molted August

10-12, when it became 10 mm. in length.
Young larva in third stage.—Length, 10. mm. Head black. The body is on the sides and at
the end livid dark brown. The warts and humps on the first thoracic and first and eighth

' Walker (Cat. Lep. Het. British Museum, y, 1058) thus refers to a moth which he describes as Ichthyura apicatie:

Mas. Cinerea; caput nigro-fuscum; frons et palpi subtus albida; antennwe cane ramis cinereis; thorax vitta
dorsali nigro-fusea; alee anticw fusco-cinerew, linea undulosa albida macu!aque costali rufo-fusea; postice cinere:r ;
subtus albidie fascia gracili discali undulosa fuscescente.

“Larva brown, thick, with 16 feet, and with a band on part of the back; feeds on the poplar leaf, which it
draws together with silk. Cocoon slight and white. ‘he moth appears in June.”—Barnston MSS.

a, b.—St. Martin’s Falls, Albany River, Hudson Bay. Presented by Dr. Barnston.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 2K

abdominal segments are of the same color, but the other piliferous dorsai warts are yellow. There
are four parallel whitish gray dorsal lines, or rather three dark, livid-brown, fine dorsal lines
ona grayish white field.

Last stage (P1. XV, fig. 1). —Length, 25mm. Head brown-black, flattened, as wide as the body;
with gray hairs. The prothoracie plate is widely divided into two trausversely oval brown-black
plates. The body is marked with a broad, dorsal, ash-gray band, containing three vandyke brown
more or less broken lines. The sides of the body darker and containing two darker, irregular,
broken lines, On the first thoracic segment are no dorsal yellow warts, but two on each side, the
upper one in front of the spiracle, button like, prominent. On the seeond and third thoracie
segments are four yellow tubercles, forming a transyerse series. On the second to eighth abdom-
inal segments the yellow warts are arranged in a very low trapezoid, and the two anterior ones
are minute. Those on the ninth segment form a curved line. The suranal plate is broad and
rounded, speckled with black. There are no humps or specialized warts on the first and eighth
abdominal segments, thus differing from the larva of J. inclusa. The thoracic legs are blackish;
the abdominal and anal legs livid ash.

The larva differs decidedly from that of J. inelusa, though the moth is nearly allied.

The moth bred from this caterpillar is of the dark mouse-colored form, normal, usual in Maine
and Franconia, N. H. One like it from Illinois is in my collection,

The following description is of a larva reared in Maine from eges received from Mr. Wiley,
of Miles City, Mont., and, as Dr. Dyar states, is “the pale Western form,” and perhaps var.
astoric (Edw.).

Life history of var. ornata subvar, astorie (Pl. XV, figs. 2, 3)—The eggs were kindly sent me
by Mr. C. A, Wiley, of Miles City, Mont.; they were deposited on the willow May 24, 1893, and
were received June 5, but the larva had hatched out and must have been feeding several days, as
the body was filled out, the head not being quite so wide as the body. The larvie feed on the
underside of the leaf, and if transferred to the upper side walk back beneath.

Hyg.—Diameter, 0.7 mm.; hemispherical or flattened conical, moderately high, very broad,
broader than high; the surface not regular, having an irregular meridional swollen portion, the
top being somewhat swollen. The surface is pitted as seen under alens. Under a one-half-inch
objective it is divided into slightly convex polygonai areas, with definite thin raised edges.

The hole eaten by the larva for its exit is characteristic, being round, with the edge
crenulated, each concavity representing the incision made by the jaws; in some cases the disk cut
out is connected by a stalk with the side of the hole.

Larva, Stage T.—Length, 4 mm.; head black; body long and full, with the segments rather
full and convex, especially on the sides, particularly on the sides of the third abdominal segment.
The first and eighth abdominal segments fuller, more convex than the others, and dorsally swollen,
almost humped, and dull dark varnish or pitchy red, causing them to be very distinct in appearance
Jrom the other abdominal segments. Along the sides of the body is a broad longitudinal band of
the same pitchy red hue; it is most distinct and continuous on the abdominal segments, but
divided into two broken lines on the upper edge, and it is a little broken on the three thoracic
segments, where it is most emphasized on the swollen sides of each segment, and wanting in the
sutures between the segments. The body is greenish yellow, and in the dorsal yellow portion
of the back are three faint broken parailel equidistant dorsal lines. On the side of the body
low down are three broken reddish brown lines, the lower one the broadest, and passing along
the base of the abdominal legs. The hairs are of unequal length, whitish. Prothoracie plate
short and wide, black, distinet. Suranal plate broad, short, triangular, black. Thoracic legs
blackish; abdominal legs (including the anal ones) pale greenish, the color of the body, but with
a dark chitinous eallosity on the outside just above the planta.

The larva molted June 14-15.

Stage I1.—Length, 8-11 mm. Head flattened, small, not so wide as the body. A short, broad,
dark brown prothoracic shield, not interrupted in the middle. The first and eighth abdominal
segments decidedly swollen above, almost humped; the color chocolate-brown, and concolorous
with the broad lateral band, which incloses two faint, pale, broken lines, and is often broken

i

128 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

into rings inclosing whitish spaces. Four straw-yellow dorsal bands, varying from whitish
to straw-yellow, and inclosing three narrow, broken chocolate lines. Below the broad lateral
chocolate band are two whitish yellow irregular lines, one just above and the other just beneath
the spiracles. Underside of the body with the abdominal legs pale livid-gray. On the outside
of the abdominal legs above the planta is a dark chocolate-brown patch. Suranal plate dark
chocolate brown. The hairs are sparse and pale gray, uneven in length; the few longest ones
arise from the thoracic segments and from the eighth to ninth abdominal segments. The piliferous
warts are yellow on the yellow ground and brown on the brown portions of the skin. On the
eighth abdominal segment are two yellow piliferous tubercles situated on the brown skin.

It molted June 22,

It seems to be like the Eastern apicalis (vaw) in Stage III.

Stage I/J.—Length, 15 mm. Head chitinous brown, mottled with close-set dark spots.
Prothoracie shield divided into two parts by a pale median space. In general as in Stage II,
but the four pale dorsal lines are whiter than before, becoming straw-yellow around the bases
of the yellow piliferous warts. The brown lines and lateral band and the brown swollen first and
eighth abdominal segments are as before. Hairslong whitish. On the brown bands and segments
the piliferous warts are pale, not prominent.

The larvee have now sewed together two leaves and live between them much as does
T. inclusa.

The larve molted into the last stage June 28 to July 12.

The larva when of this stage is more like J. inclusa when about 15 mm. long than the fully
grown Eastern apicalis (vau), though in J. inelusa the eighth abdominal segment is not brown,
according to Bridgham’s figure, and is somewhat as is albosigma in its third stage.

Last stage.—Length, 30 mm. Body thick and full. Head not so wide as the body by a fifth;
pale yellowish brown or chitin colored, with darker flecks; it is much flattened in front, the
clypeus flat and sunken. Jaws and ocelli blackish, contrasting with the light-colored head.
Body of a peculiar light yellowish sienna-brown, with a grayish tinge. Skin somewhat rough,
with fine minute warts giving rise to fine close-set pale gray hairs of unequal length. On the
prothoracie segment are two dusky dorsal flattened low warts elongated transversely, the
corresponding ones on the succeeding segments being bright yellowish brown, each giving rise to
one or two long thick pale hairs. A lateral yellowish brown wart in front of the prothoracic
spiracles. On the second thoracic segment are three yellowish brown warts on each side, forming
a transversely straight line of six warts crossing the segment. On the third thoracic segment is
a transverse row of eight similar warts, the additional ones being one just above the base of
each leg of the third pair; corresponding warts are present on the prothoracic segmeut. Wo
trace of a hump or of any other distinctive mark on the first or eighth abdominal segments, but in
place of them are two small yellowish brown warts, situated just in front of the line of six warts
common to all the abdominal segments, though there are two similar but much smaller, nearly
obsolete, warts which occur in the same position as on the other abdominal segments, those on
the second abdominal segment being the most distinet. Three faint broken parallel dorsal lines
and a faint lateral spiracular band, above and below which is a faint whitish line. The skin is
covered with somewhat irregular confluent colorless spots of irregular shape. All the legs are of
the same color as the body.

It pupated between the leaves July 12.

Var. bifiria Edwards.
Pl. III, fig. 8.

Var. Ichthyura bifiria H. Edwards, Ent. Americana, iil, 167, December, 1886.
Pack., Ent. News, iv, p. 79, Mareh, 1893,

The single type differs from Mr. Edwards’s type of brucei in the oblique silver-white costal
streak being more sinuous, as is also the line across the wing which forms the continuation of the
streak. On the other hand, the other (inner) arm of the V is straight, not sinuous, the inner two
lines about the same. The submarginal spots and streaks are the same in both species.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 129

I am inclined to agree with Mr. Dyar that this is a variety of I. apicalis. I am unable,
however, to see any important difference between J. apicalis, var. inearcerata, and alethe Neum.
and Dyar, though I leave it as a synonym of brucei, as Mr. Beutenmiiller suggests, Dyar agreeing
with his view.

The following account of the preparatory stages of Ichthyura bifiria Hy. Edw., by Dr. Harrison
G. Dyar, is copied from the Entomological News, 1892, p. 5:

Egg.—Hemispherical or slightly conoidal, the base flat, but rounded at its edges; smooth under a lens, but under
the microscope covered with numerous, crowded, shallow depressions, which form by their edges narrow, roundedly.
hexagonal reticulations. The color is dark gray before the egg hatches. Diameter, 0.7 mm.

First stage.—Head shining black, labrum pale; width, 0.55 mm, Body slightly flattened, whitish; cervical shield
lhlack; a few pale hairs; joints 5 and 12 are slightly enlarged dorsally; the lateral region and joints 5, 7, and 12
dorsally are wine red. ‘Thoracic feet large, pale; the abdominal normal, all used in walking. Leneth,2.5mm. The
larva hatches by eating a round hole in the vertex of the egg, leaving the rest of the shell untouched. It lives,
singly, in a shelter constructed by spinning two or more leaves together.

Second stage.—Head black and shining, the central suture deep; width, 0.65 mm. Body flattened, pale whitish
yellow, with narrow triplicate dorsal, and very broad lateral bands of dull wine color, as are also the humps on joints
5and 12. Cervical shield and anal plate black; venter dull greenish; legs black.

Third stage.—Head flat in front, slightly bilobed, brownish black, but paler centrally around the clypeus; a few
dark hairs; width, 1.4mm. Body pale yellow; joints 5and 12, a triple dorsal line, broad lateral and confused triple
subventral lines all dark brown, Cervical shield and anal plate blackish; scattered pale hairs arise trom smooth,
low, round tubercles, concolorous with the markings.

Fourth stage.—Head pale brown, shaded with black in front; jaws and ocelli black; a white shade on each side
of the elypeus; width,2.6mm. Body as before, but the lateral band is faintly divided by a double yellowish line, and
joint 13 is nearly allyellowish. The round, smooth, piliferous tubercles are distinctly yellow in the yellow markings.
Cervical shield small, bisected, pale brown; anal plate not distinguishable. Hair whitish, both from body and head.
As the stage advances the colors become quite pale, and the appearance is much changed; humps on joints 5 and 12
very slight, dark purple. Ground color whitish gray, becoming pale purple, a triplicate dark purple dorsal line, the
central one most distinct, the others broader and diffuse. All these lines are more or less broken into mottlings. A
similar stigmatal line with some purple mottlings subventrally; venter paler; spiracles black. The piliferous
tubercles are normal in arrangement, much as the warts in Halesidota; row (4) small, posteriorly to the spiracles, row
(7) apparently absent. ‘The head is held out flat, as in Gluphisia.

Cocoon.—Composed of several leaves spun together and lined with threads.

Pupa.—Nearly cylindrical, flattened a little ventrally, gradually tapering posteriorly, but of nearly even width,
no part enlarged; Jast abdominal segments rounded, cremaster long and slender, terminating in a knob that, under
the microscope, is seen to consist of a row of radiating, strongly recurved hooks, which hold firmly to the silk of the
cocoon. Color dark red-brown, the thorax and cases nearly black. Length, 11 mm.; width, 3.5 mm.

Food plant.—Willow (Salix).

Larvie from Yosemite Valley, California. These larvee had but four stages, and there are two breods in a year.

Iehthyura bifiria, as well as I. brucei Hy. Edw., must come very near J. vau Fitch, if they are not merely Western
forms of it, but the larva of J. vaw is still unknown, so that it is impossible to compare the early stages.

We now return to the normal J. apicalis.

Cocoon.—The cocoon which I have is more completely formed than that of I. inclusa, the
‘surface next the leaves being a continuous firm web, more cocoon-like. It is tent-like and spun
between two leaves, as in J. inelusa. It measures 22 by 15 mm.

Pupa.—Not so fall, rounded, and blunt at the end as in that of ZI. inelusa. Abdominal
segments with scattered coarse punctures, and the surface is dull, not so shining as in J. inclusa.
Cremaster slenderer than in J. inelusa, the two dorsally curved hooks not so broad and thiek as
in J. inclusa and about half as large. Length, 16 mm.

Habits—In general the same as those of J. inclusa, the moth laying its eggs in northern
New England probably late in June and in July, the larvee occurring throughout August. In Miles
City, Mont., the eggs are stated by Mr. Wiley to have been laid on the willow as early as May 24.
Whether it is double-brooded remains to be seen. It occurred in Kansas May 21. (Bruner).

Food plant.—The normal New England form of apicalis feeds on the aspen, while “the pale
western form astoriv” in Montana feeds on the willow.

Geographical distribution.—The species with its varieties range from New England, ineluding
the colder portions, as Franconia, N. H., to the Pacific Coast. It is to be looked for throughout
the greater part of the “cold temperate subregion of Allen, or the boreal (Canadian) province
of authors from lower Canada (Quebec Province) westward to Alaska.” It also spreads in its

varieties (ornata, bifiria, and astoriw) through the Appalachian and Campestrian subprovinces,
including Montana, Washington, and California. Var. indentata, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
S. Mis. 5|0——9

130 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Arkansas (Palm'); normal form, St. Martins Falls, Albany River, Hudson Bay (Dr. Barnston
fide Walker); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Franconia, N. H. (Slosson); Bostov, Mass.; Pough-
keepsie, N. Y. (Dyar); Dublin, N. H. (Leonard, Harris coll.); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson);
Illinois, Manhattan, Kans. (Popenoe); Colorado, a 2 about halfway between the normal form
and incarcerata (Pack. coll.); Yo Semite, Cal.; Portland, Oreg.; Seattle, Wash.; Victoria, British
Columbia; Denver, Colo., May 2. The Western form inearcerata (ornata), Kansas (Brauner);
Colorado (Pack. coll.), California (Morrison), in hue and size exactly like one from Truckee:
Valley (Mr. Glasham); a very small pale 2 from Reno, Nev. (Pack. coll.); a rather large oue
from Olympia, Wash. (T. Kineaid); Seattle, Wash. (Dyar); indentata, Kittery, Me; New
Hampshire; vau, Maine, New York; ornata, California; bifiria, Soda Springs, Colo. (French);
var, ornata, Fort Collins, Colo. (Baker),

Ichthyura inornata Neumoegen.

(Pl. TI, figs. 9-11.)

Ichthyura inornata Neum., Papilio, ii, p. 134, Oct. 7, 1882.
Pack., Ent. News, iv, p. 78, March, 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 128, May, 1893.
Melalopha inornata Neum. and Dvar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soce., xxi, p. 192, 1894; Journ. N, Y, Ent. Soe., ii, p. 115,
1894.

Apparently, although at first sight this is a distinct species, it may prove to intergrade with
apicalis (incarcerata). Its characters are brought out in the following notes published in
Entomological News, 1893. Until we know its larval history it may be better to regard it as a
distinct species.

I am strongly inclined to regard this form as a climatic variety of J. vau var. ornata. One
medium-sized ornata from southern California intergrades with J. inornata, though it is much
smaller. It has the large diffuse discal spot and pale leaden intervenular patches of inornata.

Of I. inornata Neum., a tale and female from Arizona are in the Edwards collection. It is.
the largest and palest of all our forms. It scarcely differs from J. ernata in the situation of the
lines and their relative distribution; the oblique costal white line and its continuation across the
wing are the same, and the obtuse almost rounded apex of the V does not quite reach the edge,
just as it does not in ornata, but the loop made by the obtuse apex is more marked in inornata.
The short middle line, ending on the hind edge of the wing, and the dislocated basal line are
exactly as in ornata.

I. inornata, then, appears to be only a very large and unusually pale subocherous form of
apicalis, following the same law of climatic variation, i. e., increase in size and a pale, faded
appearance in Pacific Coast examples (south of Oregon), due probably to a hot, dry, desert region,
with a light-colored surface soil. By adaptation to these conditions the moths are better protected
from observation, and thus the life of the species is assured.

Geographical distribution.—So far as known confined to southeastern Arizona. Mr. Neumoegen
does not state the exact locality in ‘southeastern Arizona” whence this form was brought, but it
would seem to be a member of the Mexican (Sonoran) subprovince. Thus far no species of
Ichthyura is cited from Mexico by Mr. Druce in the Biologia Centrali-Americana.

Ichthyura strigosa Grote.
(Pl. IIT, figs. 12-14),

Ichthyura strigosa Grote, Bull. U. 8. Geol. Geogr. Survey Terr., vi, p. 582, Aug. 30, 1882; Check List N,.
Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Pack., Fifth Rep. U. 8S. Ent. Com. Forest Trees, p. 453, 1890.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p, 29, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 610, 1892.
var. luculenta Edw. Ent. Amer., ii, 10; April, 1886.
Pack., Ent. News, p. 78, March, 1893.
Melalopha strigosa Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., p. 191, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soce., ii, p. 115,.
1894,

-— — ee st

‘All the species found by Mr, Palm in Arkansas were collected in the southwestern counties.of that State..

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. LSE

Larva.
Packard, Vifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm, Ins. inj. Forest Trees, p. 453, 1890.

Moth.—One male. Smaller and duller brown than J. apicalis, with a slight Jilae tint on the
head, thorax, and fore wings. Palpi whitish below, dark brown above, as in J. apicalis; front of
head slightly broader and squarer; median thoracic brown band as in J. apicalis. Fore wings
with the costal edge straighter and the apex less turned up than in J. apicalis, the apex being
slightly more rounded than in that species or in J. inclusa. Basal line distinct, making a sharp
angle on the cubital vein, and more ineurved in the subeubital space than in I. apicalis; second
line much more suddenly incurved than in J. apicalis, the same line being straight in I. inclusa;
the short third line as in JI. apicalis, but more sinuous. Fourth and outer line much as in J.
apicalis, but the species differs from all the others known by the large conspicuous irregular
whitish ocherous patch which fills in the costal curve of this line and extends halfway from the
costal end of the line to the apex of the wing; no deep brick-red discoloration on each side of
costal half of fourth line, so distinct in J. apicalis, but a long distal blackish stripe extends along
the first cubital venule to the submarginal row of brown dots, which are not so distinet as in J.
apicalis or I. inclusa, though the marginal row of dark brown lunules is as distinet as in J. inelusa.
Fringe as in J. inclusa, but that on the hind wings much darker. Hind wings darker than in
I. apicalis. Wings beneath much as in J. apicalis, but there is no reddish tint toward the apex; ~
and the white oblique costal streak is much less distinct. There are traces of a common brown
diffuse line. Abdomen a little shorter, the fan or tuft of scales perhaps shorter and expanding
wider.

Expanse of wings, 25 mm.; length of body, 12 mm.

This species differs from J. inelusa and apicalis in the transverse lines on the fore wings being
very much more sinuous, and it need not be confounded with any of our other species. The white
costal mark is oblique and curved much as in apicalis.

Larva before the last molt—Head broader than the body, flattened in front, dull black, with
long white hairs. Body flattened, with yellow and reddish longitudinal stripes; three dorsal faint
red stripes on a yellowish ground, and three deep lake-red lateral stripes, the lowermost the
broadest and deepest in hue. Two bright yellow lateral stripes. Five pairs of flesh-colored
abdominal legs, which are pale amber, colored like the underside of the body. Length, 9mm.

Larva after the last molt—Markings much as in the previous stage. Length, 17 to 18 mm.

Cocoon.—The rude cocoon is formed by tying a few leaves together, gathering them by a web
at the edges, thus forming a roomy chamber, partly lined with silk, within which the chrysalis
rests.

Pupa.—Smaller and not so full and rounded at the end as in J. inelusa; cremaster as in that
species, ending in two stout, very short, recurved spines. Length, 12 min.

Habits—The caterpillar of this interesting species was found July 30, at Brunswick, Me.,
feeding on the aspen (Populus tremuloides). It molted August 10, and about the 20th began to
spin a silken cocoon between two leaves. The moth (a male) appeared in the breeding cage at
Providence, May 20. Like J. inclusa, it sits with the wings folded sharply over the back, with the
fore legs held straight out in front and the tufted tail upeurved.

Food plant.—Populus tremuloides.

Geographical distribution.—This species is a member of the Appalachian fauna. Brunswick,
Me. (Packard); Kittery Point, Me. (R. Thaxter); Maine (U. S. Nat. Mus.); Maine, Canada.
(French); var. luculenta Indiana (French).

Ichthyura inclusa Hiibner.
(Pl. III, figs. 17-19.)

Phalena anastomosa Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, 1797.
Ichthyura inelusa Hiibu., Zutr, Dritt. Hund., p. 36, figs. 561, 562, 1825.
Clostera americana Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass., p. 314, 1841, 3d edit., Pl. VI, fig. 12, and figs, 213-215.
Ichthyura inclusa Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., iv, p. 1059, 1855.
Clostera americana Fitch, Fifth Rep. Nox. Ins. N. York, p. 65, 1859.
Ichthyura inclusa Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 244, 1860.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, p.351, 1864.

Doe MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Tehthyura intersa Pack., Proce. Ent. Soe, Phil., p. 352, 1864.
Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1891.
Melalopha inglusa Neum., and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 192, 1894; Jour.N.Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 115, 1894.
Pack., Ent. News, iv, p. 79, March, 1893.
Melalopha inclusa var. inversa Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 127, May, 18953.
Tehthyura palla French, Can, Ent., xiv, p.33, Feb., 1882.
Ichthyura inclusa Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 29, 1881.
Melalopha inelusa Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 610, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent. , xxv, p. 123, 1893.
Ichthyura jocosa H. Edw., Ent. Amer., ii, p. 10, April, 1886.
Pack., Ent. News, iv, p. 79, March, 1893.
Melalopha jocosa Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 193, 1894; Jour, N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 115, 1894,

Larva.

(Pl. XVI, figs. 1, 1a, 2, 2a.)

Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 143, Tab. LXXII, 1797 (colored figure).

Harris, Ins. Inj. Vegetation, Ist edit., p. 314, 1841; 2d edit., p. 333, 1852; 3d edit., p.431 (colored figure), 1862;
Ent. Corr., p. 310 (P1. III, fig. 3b), 1869.

Fitch, 5th Rep. Nox. Ins., N. York, p. 845, 1858.

H. Edwards, Papilio, iii, p. 24, 1885 (young larva),

French (palla), Can. Ent., xiv, p. 34, 1882 (full-fed larva); Can. Ent., xvii, p. 41, 1885 (life history).

Soule, Pysche, v, p. 262, Aug.—Dec., 1889 (life history).

Packard, Bulletin U. 8. Ent. Comm. 7, Forest Ins., p. 122 (quotes Harris); Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv,
p. 517, 1890; Journ. N. York Ent. Soc., i, p.22, 1893; 5th Rep. U. 8S. Ent. Comm. Forest Ins., p. 453, 1890
(life history); Jour. N. York Ent. Soce., i, p. 22, March, 1893 (eggs and life history).

Moth.—Numerous 6 and 2. Body and wings pale cinereous, with ocherous tints, and dusted
with brown scales. Palpi brown on the side and above. A broad dark brown median band
extending from between the antennie back to the summit of the thoracic erest. Fore wings with
a basal white line which is dislocated upon the cubital nervule, but not forming so distinct and
regular an angle or point as in J. apicalis (vaw). A short line beyond, meeting an «oblique line
which passes from the basal third of the costa to the outer third of the inner (hinder) margin of
the wing, which, with the fourth line, forms a large V-shaped mark. Both lines are shaded within
with brownish. The fourth line is slightly bent just below the costa on the last subcostal venule,
but is not nearly so much so as in J. apicalis, and more distinct on the costa than in the middle of
the wing; externally this costal white mark is shaded toward the costa with rusty ocherous.

A submarginal slightly undulating row of brown linear spots, which is dislocated inward on
the second cubital interspace. Fringe with dark spots at the ends of the venules.

Hind wings with a darker waved line just beyond the middle; beneath they are lighter than
the fore wings, with the submedian line present. '

Expanse of wings, é, 30-35 mm.; ?, 35 min.; length of body, 2, 18mm.; ?, 20mm.

This species is the most common in the Appalachian subprovince, being the largest of all, and
is distinguished by the white costal mark on the outer third of the wing being only slightly bent
outward behind the costal edge, and not very oblique, as it is in J. apicalis.

It varies in hue, some individuals being dark, almost mouse-colored, and others with pale
ocherous as a ground color. Whether there are seasonal yarieties remains to be seen.

Var. inversa Pack. (Pl. U1, figs. 20,21). Smaller, darker, more mouse-colored than J. inelusa,
since the areas corresponding to the light portions of J. inclusa are in the present form densely
dusted with mouse-brown scales. The fore wings are also more bent on the outer edge than in
normal J. inclusa. The dark reddish madder-brown thoracic band narrower than in J. inclusa.
Fore wings with the basal line dislocated as in J. inclusa, but the lower portion is slightly waved,
as on the outer lines. It differs from J. inclusa chiefly in the costal portion of the fourth line
(outer arm of the V) being sinuous, and from J. apicalis in not being oblique; the costal mark is
bent outward near the costal edge, and bent inward and outward again before leaving the rusty
ocherous costal patch in which the mark is situated. The third and fourth lines situated as in

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 133

T. inclusa, but the first and second lines are situated nearer together than in J. inelusa. The
subapical brownish-tinged region bordering the upper half of the fourth line is narrower and of
a deeper reddish brown line than in J. inclusa, The submarginal series of linear spots is not so
distinct as in J. inclusa, while the dark line crossing the hind wings is paler than in that species.

Beneath, the wings are a little darker; the line common to both wings is much more distinct
than in J. inclusa, and the costa of the fore wings is margined with reddish,

Expanse of wings, ¢, 24mm.; 2, 32mm.; length of body, ¢,12mm.; 2, 15mm.

This variety differs in its smaller size and in the costal portion of the fourth line being
sinuous, bent outward near the costal edge, then bent inward and again bent outward.

Geographical distribution—Thus far only known to myself from the Appalachian province;
New York City (Elliot); Janeville, Md. (Mus. Comp. Zool.). Professor French sends me the
following localities: Canada, Lincoln, Nebr., Colorado.

Var. Ichthyura patla French.—The caterpillar of this moth was found feeding on willows in
southern Illinois through the most of September, resting in an inclosure formed of several leaves
fastened together at the ends of the twigs, but no more than half a dozen occurred in a nest.
Those put in breeding cages pupated before the middle of October. The moths appeared in the
following April and May.

The moth is related to J. inclusa Hiibn. and J. ornata G. & R.; more nearly to the latter in
size and coloration, but differs from both in several particulars. Besides size and color, it differs
from I. inclusa in the coloring of its larva. It differs from J. ornata in the color of the seales
sprinkled over the fore wings, the color of the spots outside the fourth line, and the continuation
of that line, as it is seen here partially obsolete opposite the disk, as well as in some other points.
The apices are no more produced than in J. inclusa, nor is the costa more bent (French). We
would add that, judging from two specimens received from Professor French, we are inclined to
think that this is a variety of J. inclusa Hiibner.

Larva.—Length, 1.25 inches when crawling; body nearly cylindrical; two black tubercles, close together, on
the top of third and eleventh segments. On the back are four bright but narrow yellow lines alternating with
narrow black ones. The stigmatal line is black; above this, on the subdorsal space, an irregular alternation of black
and white. Below the stigmata a narrow yellow line; below this, on the substigmatal space, the body is flesh
colored. Head shining black. A few gray hairs scattered over the body. (French.)

The moth.—Length of body, 0.56 inch; expanse of wings, 1.10inehes. General color of body and fore wings, pale
eray, the latter rather sparsely sprinkled with dark brown scales. Palpi brown above, searcely projecting beyond
the head, third joint concealed by the hairs of the others. Front slightly brownish, a tuft of pale gray scales at the
base of each antenna, the usual deep brown mark from the antenne to the top of the thoracie crest. Fore wings
with the usual transverse lines alinost white. The basal line makes a bend ontward on the median vein; from this
it goes in a straight course to the submedian vein; from this to the posterior or inner margin it curves a little
outward. A second line extends from the costa about one-fourth of the distance from the base obliquely to the
posterior margin, near the posterior angle. A third line passes straight across the wing from the posterior margin to
the second, a little below the median vein. The fourth begins as a white spot on the costa a little more than two-
thirds of the distance from the base, and joins the second on the posterior margin, making the usual ‘*V” as in the
allied species. ‘The fourth line is slightly S-shaped in its costal third. Outside the fourth line is a subterminal,
somewhat zigzag row of black spots, some of which are often faint or obsolete. In the discal cell there is usually a
faint oblique line that seems to be a continuation of the third line, though it does not reach the costa, and the end
of the cell sometimes appears like a short line. There are three oblique shades of brownish olive, more or less
distinet, that cross the wing parallel to the second line; the first, beginning on the costa mside the basal line, faintly
borders that line to the submedian vein, and is seen below that vein on the third line; the second, outside the second
line through its whole course, is darkest next the line; the third from both sides of the fourth line to the middle of
the outer border faint, except along the line. Just outside the S-part of the fourth line are three grayish yellow
spots with a few reddish brown scales. Hind wings pale smoky gray with a faint whitish line from the fourth of
the fore wings to the anal angle. Beneath, the fore wings are about the color of the hind wings above, pale along
the costa and terminally; the hind wings are paler, with a dark transverse line. (French, Can. Ent., xiv, 33.)

Tehthyura jocosa H. Bdw. (PI. IT, fig. 22). One 2 type; Indian River, Florida, This is, as I
have satisfied myself by an examination of the type in the American Museum of Natural History,
New York, only a small inclusa, differing from the normal form of the species in the inner arm
of the V being firmer and less sinuous, being interrupted at the union with it of the short middle
line which ends on the hind edge of the wing, while in inclusa the line is not usually interrupted,
although two of the inelusa in Mr. Edwards’s collection do have the line interrupted as in his

134 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. :

type of I. jocosa. The latter is also more generally subocherous than usual, and without a line on
the hind wing.

For the opportunity of examining five alcoholic examples of the first stage of this larva, I am
indebted to Professor Riley; those of the last stage I have collected from the poplar. Mr. H,
Edwards (Papilio, iii, 24) briefly deseribes the second stage, and adds that it “feeds in companies
until after the second molt; the larvee then separate and act independently of each other.”

The eggs of the normal form of this species (i. e., TZ. inclusa) were received from Mr. W. N.
Tallant, of Columbus, Ohio. They were laid July 20 and the larvie hatched August 10 or 11. It
feeds at first socially on the aspen, eating out patches on the under surface of the leaf.

Hgg.—Diameter about 0.6 mm, Hemispherical, rather high; the shell is thin, white (the egg
is reddish just before the larva hatches), The shell under a Tolles half-inch objective is seen to be
covered with minute polygonal cells which are tolerably distinet, with slightly thickened walls. -

Larva, Stage I.—(Hatched August 10-11. Deseribed two days after hatching, and also from
alcoholic specimens of the same brood.) Length, 3 mm. The body is rather long, cylindrical,
head rounded, but little wider than the body at first before the latter becomes filled out after
eating a few days, as later it is no wider than the body; it is shining jet-black, and provided with
scattered, long, stiff, tapering bristles. The prothoracic and suranal plates are shining brown-
black. The former is moderately large, about three times as broad as long, irregularly trapezoidal,
narrowing a little behind, and shows no signs of division into two halves; four hairs arise from
the front and four from the hinder edge. The piliferous warts on the thoracic as well as
abdominal segments are more or less conical, and none bear more than a single hair. The second
thoracic segment bears two minute median dorsal tubercles, one on each side of the median line
of the body, and smaller than those on the third segment, while the next one on each side of the
body is larger than the homologous ones on the third thoracic segment. The tubercles on the
second and third thoracic segments are arranged across the segment in a straight line, four of
them being visible on each side above. On the abdominal segments the four dorsal tubercles are
arranged in a more or less curved line, the curve becoming more marked toward the end of the
body, until on-abdominal segment 8 the curve is almost semicircular. On the first abdominal
segment the two median tubercles are larger than any on the thoracic segment, and are larger
than the subdorsal and lateral ones on the segment in question, and are decidedly larger than the
homologous ones on the second to seventh abdominal segments. The four dorsal tubercles on
segments 2 to 7 are all of the same size, but the two on the eighth segment are nearly as large as
those on the first,-and are about twice as large as those on the seventh abdominal segment; on
the eighth seginent, however, the subdorsal tubercles are nearly as large, but are narrower than
the two in the middle. This segment is slightly humped, and bears a brown spot surrounding the
bases of the two twin tubercles, and a similar spot occurs on the first abdominal segment. The
four dorsal warts on segment 9 are arranged in a trapezoid, the two in front being one-half as
large as the two behind. The upper subdorsal row of tubereles are partly connected by short
lines or streaks, and between this and the next row of warts lower down is a broken fine brown
le, which is, however, almost obsolete. A fine nearly obsolete (or is it incipient?) dorsal brown
line. In more advanced specimens the body is plainly striped on each side with three interrupted
dark reddish lines. The piliferous tubercles or warts are dark brown, and give rise all over the
body to but a single hair. A pair of especially large long hairs arises from the second thoracic and
ninth abdominal segments. The hairs are long and slender, and though under a low power they
appear to be tapering, under a one-fifth objective they are seen to be docked or blunt at the end
and some at least slightly but distinctly bulbous at the tip; they are also seen to be hollow and
truly glandular; the end appears to be flattened; as seen sideways, the hairs appear to taper. The
hairs vary much in length, some being longer than the body is thick. An unusual, if not unique,
feature, exceptional among bombycid larvie in the first stage, is the microscopic hirsuties clothing
the body. Under a one-fifth inch objective the microscopic hairs are very short, quite uniform in
length, very dense, and taper to a point.

The suranal plate is distinet, blackish, nearly as long as broad, rounded triangular, and bears
on the edge eight piliferous warts of nearly equal size, besides two arising from the surface, a little
in front of the middle. The spiracles are round and remarkably small.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 135

The thoracic legs are black, and at the end near the claw are two tenant hairs which are long .
and large, curved backward and somewhat knife-shaped. The abdominal legs haye a black
chitinous scale on the outside above the planta. These are at first crotchets.

The general color of the body is deep straw-yellow, with a greenish tinge and a waxy
appearance or gloss on the skin, while the obscurely marked stripes are reddish. '

Staye II.—Length, 5-6 mm. (August 18-20). Now the generic and part of the specific
characters are assumed, the species in this stage being easily distinguishable from the others of
the genus. The larve feed socially on the underside of the leaves, in confinement hiding between
the leaves in the breeding box.

The head is black, as wide as the body. The prothoracie shield is pitch-black, and now is
divided by a pale median line. The body is bright yellowish green. There are three dorsal dark
brown lines, the median jess broken than the others. The three lateral lines are now distinct, the
middle one being one half as wide as the others, the two others bearing the larger subdorsal and
lateral tubercles, respectively. The situation and relative proportion in size of the tubercles
(which are dark) are as described in Stage I; the two large twin dorsal pairs on abdominal seg-
ments 1 and 8 are larger, higher, and more distinct than before, and each bears about four or five
stiff, dark bristles of unequal size and length. The suranal plate is blackish. The hairs are now
slender, pale or dull whitish, tapering, and in general about as long as the body is thick. The
legs as before, but the abdominal ones with a larger and rather more distinct squarish chitinous
patel above the planta. (Described soon after molting).

Stage IT I.—(Described August 29, immediately after molting). Length,12 mm. The head is
now not so wide as the body, black. The prothoracie shield is distinctly divided. Body bright,
glistening, yellowish green, with three narrow dorsal black lines, the median one less broken than
the others. These are succeeded by a broad diffuse subdorsal, almost double black stripe, on
which a black piliferous wart is situated, one for each segment. Below is a similar wart,
including a broad line, and above and below this is a fine black-brown, somewhat broken line; the
lower one is the spiracular line, the dark spiracles being minute and interrupting the line, so that
there are four instead of three lateral lines in this stage, the additional line being the lowest or
spiracular one. :

The two large twin tubercles on the first and eighth abdominal segments arise from a common
fleshy hump, that on the eighth segment being slightly the smaller of the two pairs. Each bears
six to seven black hairs. The hairs are in general sordid white, and are not so long as the body is
thick. The suranal plate is large, black, and the anal legs are nearly all black on the sides.

Recapitulation.—(Corrected from that published in Proc. Bost. Soc., xxiv, 517.)

1. In Stage I the two median dorsal tubercles on the first and eighth abdominal segments are
larger than the homologous ones on the second to seventh abdominal segments, and each pair is
situated on a brown raised ground.

2, The prothoracic shield is undivided; in Stage II it begins to be divided, becoming separate
in the last stages.

3. Toward the end of Stage I the three lateral lines are faintly indicated.

. The hairs in Stage I are glandular and slightly bulbous.

. The tubercles in Stage I all give rise to but a single hair.

. The three dorsal dark reddish lines appear at the end of Stage IT.
. The spiracular line appears in Stage ITI.

Cocoon.—The caterpillar, living during the last stages in a rude cocoon or tent spun between
two leaves, or within a folded leaf, transforms within it, the cocoon being a loose web with
abundant brown silken strands.

Pupa.—Large and thick; wings not reaching, to the hinder edge of the third abdominal
segment; abdomen unusually full and rounded at the end; the two last segments smooth and
polished, scarcely pitted; the terminal spine (cremaster) forming a slender rounded spine searcely
thicker at the end than at the base, and terminating in two broad, stout, suddenly upcurved
flattened hooks, with a broad sharp edge sending off three or four long, slender set, which are
entangled in the silk strands of the cocoon. Length, 17 to18 mm. (Fig. 60).

ole

1D

136 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Habits.—Dyr. Harris, in his “ Treatise,” quite fully describes the habits of this tent-inhabiting
caterpillar, remarking: ‘“ When young they sometimes fold up one side of a leaf for a nest, and
eat the other half.” He also fully describes the tent made by the social mature larve, which we
have also observed on the poplar, “made of a single leaf folded or curled at the sides, and lined
with a thin web of silk.” He also states that ‘the caterpillars go out to feed upon the leaves
near to their nests.” It thus appears that from early larval life the caterpillars live in much the
same way as the fully grown larvie, dwelling in tents, and, unlike most Notodontians, continuing
to live socially in ‘swarms of twenty or more,” until they disperse, preparatory to pupation.
While feeding exposed, they are probably not eaten by birds, as their colors and markings serve
as “danger signals.”

The following account is copied from Harris’s Correspondence (p. 210). He observed tuem on
the Balm of Gilead:

August and September, 1835: Gregarious caterpillars on the Balm of Gilead tree; folding up the leaf and lining
it with silk as a common web, the petiole being also fastened to the trunk by silk.

Larva.—Color of the larva yellow; head, geminate tubercles on the fourth and eleventh segments, tip of last
segment, and true feet, black; three narrow dorsal and three broader lateral vitte, and spiracles, black. The larva
is much like that of Clostera anachoreta (Erust, 165, fig. 214) and C. reclusa (Ernst, 165, fig. 216) and closely resembles
C. anastomosis. Thin cocoon formed in a box October 4, 1835. Another cocoon
formed in October, 1837, disclosed the imago June 15, 1838.

August 10, 1838: Found the laryze in great abundance on the Balm of
Gilead tree. These caterpillars are gregarious, and form a common shelter
consisting of a leaf folded longitudinally and lined with a thick web of silk,
beneath which the insects are sheltered when not feeding. They eat the whole
of the leaves except the veins, which remain untouched. The petioles of the
small leaves used as habitations are fastened with silk. The larger leaves sub-
sequently used for shelter are not thus secured. They do not eat the leaves
which serve for habitations, but sometimes fold one-half of the leaf and eat the
corresponding side. When fully grown the caterpillar measures 1} inches or
more in length.. They do not vary in color or markings at different ages. Body
slightly hairy, light yellow; the head, true feet, a double wart on the fourth,
another on the eleventh anal valve, three slender dorsal stripes and three broader
lateral ones on a dusky ground, and the spiracles, black. In the oldest caterpil-
lars there is an orange-colored line at the sides of the body below the spiracles.
The upper lateral black stripe is the broadest aud becomes indistinct toward the
second, which gives to the sides the appearance of a broad, dusky stripe marked
with three black lines. The thinly scattered hairs on the body are whitish, and
proceed indiscriminately from the surface, and not from regular tubercles.

The caterpillar of this moth occurred on the poplar (B. grandi-
dentata), at Providence, September 11 to 15. They were living
within a tent made by drawing two or three leaves together, several
smaller branches of the tree having been defoliated by them. It pupated a few days after, the
moth appearing in the breeding cage June 1 of the next year.

The eggs oceur in April and May and July and August; the larvee from May to July and
August to September; adults, March, April, and May, and July and August (also all winter months.
in confinement in breeding cages. (Riley.)

Food plants.—Different species of poplar, especially P. tremuloides. J. palla was reared by
Professor French on the willow, poplar, willow maple.) (Riley.)

Geographical distribution—It ranges trom Maine and Canada to Georgia (Abbot) and
Florida (Packard), thus extending through the Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces.
Maine (Packard); Massachusetts (Harris, Sanborn, Shurtleff); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald);
Rhode Island (Packard); New York (H. Edwards, Elliot, Dyar); Racine, Wis.; Chicago, Ill.
(Westcott); southern Illinois (French); Georgia (Abbot); Jacksonville, Fla. (Packard); Indian
River, Florida (H. Edwards); Texas (Riley); Denver, Colo., April 30, May 9 (Gillette). Its western
and southwestern limits are not exactly known. Professor French sends me the following
localities of specimens in his collection: J. inclusa, Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin,
Ohio; var. inversa, Canada, Lincoln, Nebr.; Colorado; var. palla, normal, Carbondale, IIL. ;,
Lincoln, Nebr.

Fic. 62.—Head of pupa of Ichthyura
inclusa.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. at

Ichthyura brucei ‘H. Edwards,
(Pl. III, figs. 23-25.)

Ichthyura brucei, H. Edw., Ent. Amer., i, p. 17, April, 1885.
Dyar, Ent. News, iii, p. 6, Jan., 1892.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 611, 1892.
Pack., Ent. News, iv, p. 79, March, 1892.
Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 170, May, 1893; Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 180, May, 1892.
Tehthyura multnoma, Dyar, Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 179, July, 1892.
Melalopha brucei, Neum, and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p.123, May, 1893; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 191,
1894; Journ. N. Y, Ent. Soe., ii, p. 115, 1894.
Melalopha alethe Neum, and Dyar, Can, Ent., xxv, p. 122, May, 1893.

Larva.
Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 408, Feb., 1893.
Moth.—I1 will first copy Mr. Edwards’s description of this form, and then add some observa-
tions of my own:

Grotnd color of primaries sordid white, with the lines and marks rich brown. <A basal and subbasal line, the
former whitish, edged with brown, and dentate in the middle, the latter almost straight. Behind the middle is a
broad brown shade through which from costa to internal angle runs a clear white line, which on costa is broadly
produced into the distinct white mark usual in the genus. Between this and the margin a row of seven brown spots,
in the middle of which is a brownish cloud resting on posterior margin, which with the fringe is brownish.
Secondaries wholly mouse-color; thorax sordid white at the sides, the center broadly brown. Abdomen dull sordid
white; antennie and palpi brown, the shaft of the former whitish. Underside mouse-color, with darker bent
median band common to both wings, and the white costal mark on primaries indicated by a pale dash.

I. brucei differs from I. apicalis (vaw) in the V being about one-half as wide, the base of the
inner arm of the V ending just about the middle of the wing, hence the four lines are much more
parallel to each other than in J. apicalis or I. inelusa. In I. brucei the oblique costal white mark
is less sinuous and in yar. multnoma less bent behind the costa than in brucei.

Geographical distribution —Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Brunswick, Me. (Packard, Mus.
Comp. Zool.); Kittery, Me. (R. Thaxter); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Colorado (Bruce, fide
Edwards, French).

Var. multnoma Dyar (Pl. ILI, fig. 26). I regard this as a dark variety of I. brucei. The
markings of a male kindly loaned me by Mr. Dyar are identical in position with those of a specimen
of I. brucei from Franconia, N. H.; it only differs in the much darker colors. Tle basal line is
widely dislocated in the same way. In my J. brucei the fourth or outermost line is situated a little
nearer the outer edge of the wing, and the incomplete V mark is a little narrower than in multnoma,
but this is a common variation. In size, in the marginal dark spots, and the subapical reddish
orange patch the two forms are identical.

First larval stage.—Head round, shining black, with a few hairs; width, 0.5 mm. Body somewhat flattened,
with long pale and black hairs rising singly from large concolorous tubercles; color sordid grayish, tinged with dark
vinous on joints 2, 5, 7,8, 11, and 12 over the dorsum. Feet normal, the thoracic dark, the abdominal concolorous with
the body. As the stage advances the whitish spaces on the back become nearly white and the piliferous tubercles
come out black and distinct in three rows on each side. At the end of this, and of each following stage, the larva
spins a house of thread and leaves in which it molts, and in which it remains during the succeeding stage, when not
eating. The larvie are solitary.

Second stage-——Head as before; width, 0.9 mm. Body flattened, with deep segmental incisures; piliferous
tubercles large, concolorous at first, but later black; sets: short, black. Color blackish vinous, except the dorsum
of joints 3, 4, 6,9, 10, and 13, which is greenish white, containing tubercle 1 and a very narrow dark dorsal line. The
anal plate (1. e., joint 14 or the tenth abdominalsegment) is vinous. Lateral and subventral tubercles pale. Thoracic
feet black.

Third stage.—Head rounded, median suture deep, shiny black, hairy; width,1.8 mm. Warts rather large, each
with a hair, and other somewhat shorter hairs*arise from the body. Color vinous black with pale yellow dorsal
patches on joints 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 13 anteriorly, inclosing warts i and ii. A dark dorsal line, each side of which
are a few vellow mottlings on the dark segments; subventral warts largely yellow, the others concolorous with
the markings, except row i, which is dark on the yellow segments. Setie all blackish. Later, joints 5 and 12 are
seen to be a little enlarged dorsally; a narrow, broken, waved line appears along warts i in the yellow markings;
the yellow pateh on joints 9 and 10 extends faintly on joint 11; there is a broken, irregular, yellow, superstigmatal
line, distinct only on the yellow-marked segments, and some rather more continuous yellow mottlings along the:
substigmatal ridge.

133 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Fourth stage.—Head rounded, clypeus depressed, median suture deep; hair short, dense, white; color biack,
slightly shiny, brownish centrally in the depression around the median suture; width, 3mm. Warts rather large,
rows i and ii on joints 3, 4, 6, 9, 10, and 13 and all the subventral warts yellow, the others black. Joints 5 and 12
enlarged dorsally, velvety black, Color purplish black, a broad, yellow, dorsal band, except on joints 5 and 12,
containing a broken, triple, dorsal line, fainter on joints 7, 8,and 11. The rest of the body is purplish black, the
subventral region included. Hair dense, white, consisting of fine short hairs from the body, with single, slightly
longer and larger ones from the warts. As the stage advances a marked change takes place. A broad pale gray
dorsal band, coutaining very faint triple dark line, obsolescent and broken; warts i and ii orange, except on joints 2
and 5, row ii on joints 3, 4,6, 9,10, and 13 broadly orange; a broad, pale bluish, subdorsal band, heavily mottled with
vinous black; joints 5 and 12 dorsally, and lateral spots on all segments (most distinct on joints 3-5), velvety black.
A broad, broken, deep orange, stigmatal band, divided by an irregular black stigmatal line and consisting of orange
spots spreading from the warts of rows iy and y and adjacent mottlings, barely confluent. Venter blackish; thoracie
feet shiny black.

Cocoon.—Not different from the house made at the end of each staye, except that there are a few transverse
threads to support the pupa.

Pupa.—Small but robust. Dorsal outline arched, ventral nearly straight, ronnded at both ends; cremaster, a
long spine of even thickness thronghout, smooth, shining; abdomen very slightly punetured. Color red-brown,
darker ventrally and dorsally, nearly black on the thorax and cases, with a green tinge on the latter. Length,
13 mm.; width, 4.5mm. There are two broods each year.

Food plant.—W illow (Salix).

Habitat—Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade range and, probably. also western British Columbia.
Found by Prof. O. B. Johnson at Seattle, Wash. Larva from Portland, Oreg. (Dyar.)

Ichthyura albosigma (Tl itch).
(PI. III, figs. 27-30).

Clostera albosigma Fitch, 2d Rep. Nox. Ins. N. York, p. 274, pl. 2, fig. 4, 1855; 5th Rep. Nox. Ins. N. York,
p. 64, 1859,
Ichthyura albosigma Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 244, 1862.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, p. 352, 1864.
Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Pack., 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. Forest Ins., p. 454, 1890 (figure of moth in text).
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p, 29, 1891.
Melalopha albosiqma (sic) Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 610, 1892.
var. specifica, Dyar, Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 180, July, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Can. Ent., xxv, p. 122, 1893; 'l'rans. Amer. Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 191, 1894;
Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., p. 114, 1894.

Larva.

(Pl. XVI, figs. 3, 3a, 3b, 4, 5.)

Fitch, 2d Rep. Nox. Ins., p. 274, 1855 (egg, full-fed larva, cocoon); 5th Rep. Nox. Ins. N. York, p. 64, 1859,
Packard, Jour. N. York Ent. Soc., i, p. 27, March, 1893 (three last stages described).
Moth.—Several éand?. Wings less ocherous than in J. inclusa, quite clear, and bathed with
a slight lilae tinge. The dark brown thoracie band is wider, more triangular in front than in
I. inclusa and apicalis, extending on the low thoracic tuft as a broad cordate concolorous mark.
Pore wings, with the basal and second lines distinet and parallel, crossing the entire wing, the basal
line not being dislocated. The third line, reaching only as far as the subcostal vein, slightly
bent, connected at its base with the fourth line and forming a narrow obscure V, very different in
shape from that of the other species. The outer or fourth line, passing forward from the hinder
edge of the wing, curves outward on the fourth subcostal venule, where it becomes a white V-shaped
mark, the deep, large sinus being filled in with a large patch of reddish vandyke brown, the patch
being bounded behind by the cubical vein. From this sinus the line obliquely retreats to the
costa, after forming a very distinct subcostal loop. Beyond the loops and sinus the wing is
brownish to the edge, including the apical region. Diseal spot forming a faint line with a second
inner parallel one. An obsolete dark submargiual diffuse line, paler within. Hind wings with
no line, quite pale.
Beneath, light clay-yellow, with no common line; the outer line shows faintly, while the
broad costal whitish mark is quite distinct through the wing; costa ferruginous. The abdominal
tuft edged with dark brown, much as in the other species.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 139

Expanse of wings, ¢, 30 mm.; length of body, ¢, 14 mm.

This not uncommon species differs from all the others in the distinct S-shaped portion of the
fourth or outer line, situated between the costal edge and the cubital vein, the outer curves of
the S being filled in with reddish brown. Also the basal line is not dislocated, both this and the
second line crossing the entire wing and being parallel.

Var. specifica Dyar. Under this name Dr. Dyar briefly mentions a form of this species
captured at Manitou, Colo., May 2, “which differs from the type by its much paler color.”
Colorado (French).

Egg.—* Of a hemispheric form and dark brown, with a wide glaucous gray ring on the outer
margin.” (Fitch, p. 275.)

Larva.—The following description is drawn up from Mr. Bridgham’s colored drawings of the
three last stages and an alcoholic specimen of the mature larva. It occurred ou the poplar, July 9
to 13, those in the three last stages occurring at these dates. Other specimens were reared by
Mr. Bridgham and the moths obtained from them. (For stage II see Appendix A.)

Larva in Stage I1T.—Length, 26mm. Head as wide as the body, reddish. The body reddish
on the sides, and green along the back, interrupted by a reddish patch on the first and one on the
eighth abdominal segments, each of which incloses a median tubercle. The green back incloses
three parallel dark green, indistinct, interrupted lines. There are two greenish tubercles on the
side of the body, one above and the other below the spiracle.

Stage 1V.—Length, 350 mm. The hair is still reddish, but the body has now lost its green
shade on the back, which is pale, with three darker parallel dorsal lines. The two median
tubercles are now as well developed as in the last stage. The side of the body is pale reddish,
with dark lateral tubercles on the thoracic and first abdominal segments, those on the succeeding
segments being yellowish, as on the abdominal legs, including the anal pair and suranal plate.
The thoracic legs are pale.

Full-fed larva.—Length, 30 mm. Head hardly as wide as the body, black, with a y-shaped,
pale brown line in front, formed of a median line extending down from the vertex to the apex of the
elypeus, and then dividing so as to extend down on each side, ending before reaching the antenne.
The head is flattened and densely covered with grayish hairs. The three thoracic segments bear
each six lateral, rather large, yellowish warts, the lowest one the largest, ea:h bearing about six or
seven hairs of unequallength. There is a high median finger-shaped, fleshy nutant black tubercle
on the first abdominal segment, bearing numerous short, unequal hairs; it is rather high, finger-
shaped, and bent over backward. On the eighth segment is a shorter, smaller, paler one. It is
evidently of double origin, its longest diameter being transverse to the body, and somewhat
wedge-shaped; the end is somewhat swollen on each side, with a slight valley between the
swellings, showing that it was originally formed of two separate tubercles, and this is also
suggested by the fact that each swelling bears eight or ten short unequalhairs. The thoracic legs
are black; the abdominal legs are dark, especially toward the planta.

Colors (described from Bridgham’s figure): Body straw-yellow, with three dorsal, more or less
interrupted grayish or pearly pale brown lines and a broad lateral stripe, below which the
tubercles are ye‘iow ocherous. The suranal plate is flattened, rounded in outline, and hairy, with
the surface rather rough and hairy. In my single alcoholic specimen there is no sign of a
prothoracie shield or plate.

Although the imago of J. apicalis is very near that of J. inclusa in markings, the larva is very
different, there being 10 median dorsal tubercle on the first abdominal segment. In the lack of
these tubercles I, strigosa resembles J. apicalis. On the other hand, the larva of J. albosigma, in
respect to the presence of the two dorsal abdominal tubercles, approaches that of J. inclusa.
These two species, then, as larvie, belong to the same genus, while the two other species (apicalis and
strigosa), as respects the larvee, differ generically from inelusa and albesigma, though the moths
arecongeneric. It is evident that the larvie of apicalis and strigosa are more generalized, since they
lack the rather highly specialized dorsal tubercles so prominent in the two other species of the
genus. If weregarded the moths alone we might erroneously consider that apicalis and inclusa were
both coeval, whereas apicalis must be a much older, more generalized form; hence, speculations on
the phylogeny of Lepidoptera based on the imagines alone may often be uncertain.

140 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The larva of J. albosigma is closely allied in shape and in the two dorsal abdominal dark
tubercles to the European J. reclusa, except that the tubercles in the American species are much
larger and more prominent.

Fitch states that the “white stripes along each side form divers-shaped rings and letter-like:
marks. The stripes upon the back are interrupted upon the two humped segments.”

Cocoon.—* Formed of yellowish gray silk, loosely woven and attached to the underside of a
leaf.” (Fitch, p. 275.)

Food plant.Species of Populus, the aspen, ete.; poplar and willow (Beutenmiiller).

Geographical distribution—This fine species extends throughout the Appalachian into the
Campestrian subprovince as far as the Rocky Mountains, in this region, however, varying from
the type in being “much paler.” Orono, Me.; Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald, Riley, U.S. Nat.
Mus.); Maine (Mus. Comp. Zool.); Massachusetts, July 15 (Sanborn); Providence, R. I. (J.
Bridgham); New York (Fitch); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Ohio, July (Riley); Seattle, Wash.
(coll. of Professor Johnson, fide Dyar); Portland, Oreg. (Dyar); Canada, Maine, Newton, Mass.;
New York, Wisconsin, Tiffin, Ohio (French); var. specifica, Manitou, Colo. (Dyar, French).

Habits.—Fitch, who has carefully observed the habits of this species, states that the-
caterpillar attains its full size about the middle of July.

Several of the caterpillars commonly live together upon a particular limb, which they strip of its leaves,
eating all the leaf except its median and portions of the other coarse veins. They construct a kind of nest by
drawing two or more leaves together with the silken threads which they spin from their mouths, forming a hollow,
ball-like cavity within, in which they repose when not engaged in feeding. ‘Three of these caterpillars which I
transferred with their nests to a feeding cage on the 14th of July all spun their cocoon within the nest a day or two.
afterward. The moths all came out on the 25th of July, thus remaining in their pupa state but a little over a week.
The moth crawls from its cocoon, and, with its fore feet clinging to a twig, hangs perpendicularly downward,
swinging with the breezes until its wings become dry and stiff. It then discharges one or more drops of an opaque-
birch-red fluid and takes to flight. (Fiteh.)

Subfamily V. Noroponvin 4.

Moth.—Head moderately large, but not prominent; ¢ antennie often feebly pectinated to the
tips, often with short stout branches ciliated at the tips; in the 2 either ciliated or simple
(Symmerista). Palpi moderately long, reaching to .the front of the head, or unusually long
(Symmerista). Thorax either smooth or with a high tuft. Fore wings usually broad, with the
costa often convex and the apex well rounded; internal edge with a tuft in the more typical
genera; costal region usually rather wide or sometimes narrower (Pheosia). Subcostal cell either
absent or present. Abdomen full, not forked at the end in the 2.

Egg.—Low hemispherical; shell finely pitted with polygonal areas.

Larva.—The body either smooth, subnoctuiform, with no markings except a lateral line
(Nadata and Lophodonta), or humped either on the eighth abdominal (Pheosia, Dasylophia,
Symmerista) or on second and third or on several (4-5) of the abdominal segments (Notodonta),
or on abdominal segments 1-8 (Nerice); the dorsal humps in Pheosia bearing a horn in the
American species. All except Nadata and Lophodonta gaily banded, spotted, or otherwise-
conspicuously colored and marked, with bright longitudinal stripes.

Either thin and slight or the larva enters the ground to pupate; in Pheosia a
subterranean earthen cell lined with silk.

Pupa.—Body somewhat elongated; head not prominent; cremaster either obsolete, without
spines (Lophodonta), or ending in a broad spinulated stout plate or ending in two stout spines.
(Symmerista), or armed with four spines (Nadata); or the spine is very long, slender, cylindrical,
and ending in two hooks (Nerice), no subfamily pupal characters being present.

Cocoon,

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA OF NOTODONTINAD,

A very high thoracie tuft; palpi large; species yellow ocherous, with two twin silvery white discal spots; outer:
edpoeor wings scalloped soc: = Seen cee rece are stealer eta fol ncoe ate Ste ete tee OTe 2m leo aa Nadata

Fore wings with a tuft on the inner edge; palpi large; antennie with slightly larger branches than in Notodonta.
Lophodonta.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 141

Antenne heavily pectinated; palpi larger than in Lophodonta--..--..__-..--------.-------------------: Drymonia

Fore wings acute at apex, and with a large tuft; with no cross lines; outer edge of fore wings scalloped.
Lophoplerya

Antenne well pectinated; palpi small; fore wings long, much produced toward the rounded apex; dark brown

PITLG RV ON ALIS ULC HICH HELO mM CHORS LIN GA yam mte rete fes eee ove attete rel roa sete ie at at eo lnlolictas mnie (alain ieialate(e/aracee cise letay ate Pheosia
Antenne subsimple; apex of fore wings well rounded; no subcostal cell; tuft rather small ....-....... Notodonta
Antenne more widely pectinated than in Notodonta; fore wings squarer, less rounded at apex.--..--.---... Elida
Antenne pectinated to the tips; palpi large and long; a high ee tuft; apex of fore wings well rounded; inner

ECO en With) MO MOULUS Se Sai elem mew eatin imam main ale wie a a wml wl al alm mim ww nmin win Nerice
Head with a high tuft; palpi long slender, fore wings acute, with black longitudinal slashes........-. Dasylophia
Head with a high tuft; apex of forewings square; costal edge of fore wings white ...--..---.---.-----. Symmerista

SYNOPSIS OF THE LARVE (THAT OF ELLIDA NOT KNOWN).
»

A. Body not humped, noctuiform,

Body cylindrical; not hairy; with two faint yellow subdorsal lines .-..........---...-......-.------ Nadaia
As in Nadata, but more wrinkled; a faint double dorsal line and a lateral pink line extending alongside of
I A) ee ee Lophodonta
Body as in Lophodonta, green, a lateral yellow spiracular line besides the subdorsal one..-.-..----- Drymonia
(Larva of American species not known) European larvie with two separate large high dorsal papille on eighth
SED C0 Co UNH oa) Sa OST ae al ence een Lophopteryc
B. Body sphinx-like, with a caudal horn or only a hump.
Novineslon bands s Skin smooth, poreel ame likes sas sem ayes eee aS acc ees eee eee Pheosia
C. Body with from three to five humps on abdominal region.
Head large, square; anal legs used in walking...-..-.-..------.----------- Be eect ee steers ote Notodonta
D. Abdominal segments 1 to 8 with a forked hump.
Divisions'of the humps opened andi closed! like'a, birdis bile = ooo 2 ac 2 ie ere teem we oleh a ene Nerice
E. A low dorsal knob on the eighth abdominal segment.
Anal legs with no hooks; end of body uplifted; body gaily striped.-.........-..-.----.---.------ Dasylophia

F. Eighth abdominal segment swollen on sides and above.
Head small, rounded; body conspicuously banded; suranal plate lunate; anal legs with hooks -...Symmerista

Nadata Walker.
(Pl. XLI, fig. 1, venation.)

Phalena Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 163, 1797. .
Cosmotricha (in part) Hiibner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett., iii, 1816.
Nadata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1062, 1855. :
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 356, 1864.
Alastor Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 87, 1869.
Nadata Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 614, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.. xxi, p. 185, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., p. 115, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—Wead moderately prominent; front triangular, broad above; below the base of each
antenna is a large spreading tuft of long scales reaching halfway down the front and partially
covering the eyes, which are naked, not hairy. Antenne in ¢é with long slender pectinations, the
branches extending to the tips; in the 2 the pectinations hardly longer than the joints. Palpi
large, long, stout, ascending porrect, the third joint rather short, thick, but distinet; second joint
not hairy at the end. Mavxille small, rather short.

Thorax with a remarkably high pointed tuft on the front part and sending a ridge down each
side to the end of the tegule; beneath, very hairy. Fore wings distinctly pointed at the apex,
which is somewhat more so than in Datana; costa convex on the outer half, especially in the 2 ;
outer edge regularly convex behind the apex, but little shorter than the internal edge, more
oblique in 2 than in 4; in @ slightly scalloped. Discal veins situated within the middle of the
wing, so that all the venules are longer than usual. A rather short subcostal cell; apical region
of the costa very narrow, the first, second, third, and fourth subcostal venules ending very near
ach other and near the apex. Hind wings somewhat produced toward the apex; outer edge
regularly convex, much longer than the internal edge; the lower discal vein oblique, much
curved; both diseal venules, as in Datana and Gluphisia, situated nearer the base of the wing
than usual.

142 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Legs hairy, the hind tibiwe with long scales spreading outward; two pairs of spurs, the apical
ones much larger than the first pair. Abdomen in ¢ rather broad, with rather prominent lateral
tufts, adding to the breadth of the hind body.

The genus differs from its allies in the well-pectinated autennie, the large palpi, the high
sharp thoracic tuft, and the scalloped fore wings, the species being yellow ocherous, with two twin
silvery white discal dots.

Hqg.—Uemispherical.

Larva.—Body cylindrical; piliferous warts minute; no tubercles or humps present; the
ornamentation consisting only of two yellowish subdorsal bands, with no spots. Freshly hatched
larva in shape like the mature larva, only the head is larger in proportion and the body is
provided with bulbous glandular hairs.

The larva does not spin a cocoon, probably entering the earth to pupate.

Pupa.—sStout, thick; cremaster ending in a conical stout spine, with four upeurved spinules.

Geographical distribution.—The single species known ranges from Maine and Canada to Oregon
and southward on the Pacifie Coast to California, and on ‘the Atlantic Coast to the Gulf States,
including Florida and Texas. The genus thus prevails over the Appalachian, Austroriparian,
aud Campestrian subprovinees, spreading throughout the whole of America north of Mexico
and south of the Hudsonian faunal limits.

Nadata gibbosa Abbot and Smith.
(BL Sy ese)

Phalena gibbosa Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 163, Tab. LXX XII, 1797.
Cosmotrichagibbosa Hiibn., Samml. Exot. Schmett., iii, Taf. XIX, fig. 1-4, Penn., 1816.
Nadata gibbosa Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1062, 1855.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 356, 1864.
Alastor gibbosa Boisd., Lep. Cal., p. 87, 1869.
Grote, Check List N. Amer, Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Nadata gibbosa Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 186, June, 1894; Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p.
113, Sept. 1894.
Nadata doubledayi Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 365, 1864.
Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 614, 1892.
Nadata doubledayi, var. oregonensis, Butler, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1881, p. 317.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Nadata behrensii H. Edwards, Ent. Amer., i, p. 49, June, 1885.
Nadata gibbosa, var. rubripennis Neum, and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., i, p. 24, March, 1893; Trans. Amer.
Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 186, 1894; Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soce., ii, p. 113, Sept. 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XVII, figs. 1, la, 1b, 2, 2a.)

Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, Pl. LXXXII, 1797 (colored fig.). TFull-fed larva.

Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 308, 1869.

Boisduval, Lep. Cal., p. 87, 1869.

Lintner, Ent. Contr., iii, p. 150, 1874, fig. 8 (uncolored fig.). Full-fed larva.

Packard, American Naturalist, viii, p. 691, 1874. (Quotes Lintner.)

Riley, 5th Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. on Forest and Shade Tree Insects, pp. 153, 424, 1890, Pl. XI; ibid. (fig. 6,
colored fig. from drawing by Lintner).

Soule, Psyche, vi, p. 197, Dee., 1891. (Deseription of egg, five larval stages, and pupa.)

Packard, Journ. N. York Ent. Soe., i, pp. 57, 58, June, 1893. (Five stages described. )

Moth.—Of a uniform light buff, with a rusty tinge; fore wings a little deeper in tone, with an

extradiscal slightly curved ferruginous line, parallel with the margin. Two small silvery discal
dots, varying in size; the diseal space within these dots clearer than the rest of the wing. An
inner straight rusty line, which is slightly bent below the cubital vein. The wings beneath much
paler. The fringe between the points of the scallops is white. Hind wings above of the same
pale hue as the underside of both pairs of wings.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 143

Expanse of wings, ¢, 40-45 mm.; 2, 46 mm.; length of body, é, 17 mm.; 2,21 mm.

Nadata behrensii H. Edwards (types examined, 2 ¢,12),from Siskiyou County and Butte
County, Cal. It does not seem to differ from N. gibbosa. The 2 has a paler body and wings; the
fore wings are more pointed, and, as ina number of Pacific Coast moths, it is on the whole larger
than the Eastern form of gibbosa.

On examining my type of V. doubledayi in the collection of the American Entomological
Society I find that it is not even a variety of gibbosa. It only differs in having the underside of
the palpi and of the fore legs dusky, characters which are not of varietal importance.

The three examples labeled V. doubledayi in the United States National Museum are without
discal dots, there being only a dusky shade in their place. <A single 2 from Washington, D. C.,
has only one discal dot, and there is another 2 without any. One 2 in the same collection from the
St. Cruz Mountains, California, is as large as any specimen I have seen, and with two discal dots
larger than in any of the other fourteen specimens examined; it is less deep ocherous than usual.

The eggs were received from Mr. H. Meeske, and hatched June 12. They were laid on the
oak, and the larve were raised on the leaves of that tree. Compare also the description of the
five stages by Miss Soule in Psyche, Vol. VI, p. 197.

Eqg.—Deseribed by Miss Soule (Psyche, vi, 197) as hemispherical and opaque yellow, with a
white bloom all oyer them. I still need specimens for examination under high powers of the
microscope. (Sec Appendix A for a fuller description of the egg.) .

Larva, Stage T—Length, 2.5 mm. -Tie head is large, full, and rounded, pale green, witha
yellowish tinge like the body, only clearer, more amber-like; it is wider than the body, which is
pale yellowish green. The body is smooth, without distinct piliferous tubercles, though there are
scattered long, fine glandular hairs, which are ocherous brown in color, arising from microscopic
tubercles. These hairs under a $-inch objective at first appear to be simple tapering hairs, but
after close observation are seen to be clear and slightly flattened and bifid at the tip. The body
tapers regularly from the prothoracic segment to the end.

Stage II (end of stage ?).—Length, 12 mm., June 20. The head is rounded, smooth, as wide as
the body where it is thickest; yellowish green. The body is cylindrical, tapering decidedly
toward the end; the segments are distinctly wrinkled above. The body is pale green, with two
broad diffuse yellowish longitudinal bands, one on each side from the prothoracie segment to the
end of the body. The hairs are minute, and, with the tubercles they arise from, not easily seen.

Stage IIT —Length, 13 mm., June 23. Of the same shape as before. The head is still much
wider than the body; it is a little deeper green, but the color of the body differs from that of the
previous stage in being whitish glaucous green, since the body is covered with a soft whitish
exudation or bloom, so as to obscure the lateral faint yellow stripe.

Stage IV.—Length, 18 mm., June 29. The head is very large, wider than the body, and
pea-green in color, while the body is more whitish, covered with a white bloom. The lateral pale,
straw-yellow line is not very distinct. There is a faint, very narrow, vascular median dorsal line
over the dorsal vessel. The skin is wrinkled above, and flecked above and on the sides with white.
The suranal plate is well rounded and edged with straw-yellow. The prothoracic segment is much
wider than those behind, and the body tapers rapidly toward the end. The spiracles are ringed
with light sienna-brown, rendering them rather conspicuous. The thoracic and abdominal legs are-
pale green.

Stage V and last.—Body green, large; head very large, full. rounded, high toward the vertex,
as wide as the body, deep pea-green; the labrum whitish green; mandibles bright yellow, tipped
with black, making them yery conspicuous. Body glaucous pea-green, thick, full, soft, tapering
toward the end, and the surface with minute, raised, flattened, more or less confluent granu-
lations. A lateral yellow line formed of yellow, raised, flattened areas. Spiracles deep red.
Supraanal plate conical, flattened, apex much rounded, the edge colored bright yellow. Thoracic
and abdominal feet pale pea-green; all concolorous. Length, 33 mm.; thickness, 6 mm.

CONGENITAL LARVAL CHARACTERS.

The freshly hatched larva is in shape like the adult, only the head is larger in proportion, and.
the body is provided with bulbous glandular hairs. There are no lines nor white dots.

144 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ACQUIRED LARVAL CHARACTERS.

The two subdorsal yellowish longitudinal stripes probably appear at the end of the second stage.
In Stage III the whitish bloom appears. In Stage IV the suranal plate is edged with yellow.

This is, next to Gluphisia, the simplest, least specialized Notodontian larva; more so than
that of Lophodonta. The body is without tubercles or humps; the piliferous warts are minute and
the simplest markings are colorational, i. e., two yellowish subdorsal bands, with no spots. In the
Notodontians the subdorsal lines are the first to appear, before the lateral ones.

The following is a copy of an article entitled “The number of larval stages in the genus
Nadata,” by Mr. Harrison G. Dyar, Psyche, October, 1892, which we reproduce, as it gives a full
account of the transformations of this species in California, and contains interesting notes on the
habits:

In Psyche, recently, I expressed the opinion that species of Nadata had more than six larval stages, which was
founded on certain measurements made from Nadata gibbosa. I have not since obtained this species in the early
stages, '! but have bred another from the egg, which is N. oregonensis Butl. In this species, the number of stages
appears to be normally six; but two individuals carefully bred in confinement and two bred in the open air had but
five stages, while another specimen, less carefully reared in confinement beside another bred in the open air on its
growing food plant under a net exhibited six stages, but not the normal ones, All the larvae appeared to omit the
normal second stage, even those that had six stages. These latter inserted an extra stage between the fourth and
fifth, not differing in markings from the fourth, as will be seen in what follows. The growth during the first stage
was very great, ont of all proportion to the subsequent growth, and, previous to molting, the new head, in process
of formation behind the old one, caused an enormous projection of the body.

The calculated normal series for the widths of head stands as follows: I, 0.79 [II, 1.13]; III, 1.62; IV, 2.31; V,
3.3; VI, 4.7 mm.; ratio, 0.70 mm.

From the larvx that had five stages I obtained the following measurements: Virst, 0.75; second, 1.55; third,
2.35; fourth, 3.3; fifth, 4.7 mm.

From those that had six stages—first example: First, —;* second, 1.4; third, 2.2; fourth, 2.7; fifth, 3.2; sixth,
—mm.* Second example: First, —;? second, 1.5; third, 2.3; fourth, 2.8; fifth, 3.7; sixth, 4.8 mm.

It will be seen that in the first example an extra stage oceurred between the normal Stages IV and V, and this
is verified by the changes in markings; for in those that had five stages, the markings changed in the fourth stage,
while in this the fourth stage was like the third and the change did not occur till the fifth stage.

In the second example the fifth stage was abnormally large, so much so that the last four stages in this case
present a good series with the ratio 0.77, and, judging from these stages only, it would certainly be inferred that
the species had eight larval stages, + with the following series of widths of head (caleulated): 0.77, 1.0, 1.3, 1.7, 2.2,
2.8, 3.7, 4.8 mm; ratio, 0.77 mm. Compare with this the last four measurements of the second example.

The species of Nadata, then, present examples of variation in the number of larval stages, as well as an
abnormal development.

It is probable that Mdema albicosta acts in a similar though less prononnced manner.°

The following descriptions apply to the species of Nadata that is common in the Yosemite Valley, California,

1 Miss Soule has recently written the life history of NV. gibbosa (Psyche, vy. 6, 197) and found five stages, as did
also Dr. Riley (see 5th Rept. U. S. Ent. Com., 1890). Unfortunately, Miss Soule has given no measurements of the
head, but she has given the length of the larva in all its stages, and the numbers she gives correspond well with a
series derived with the ratio 0.60. This does not corroborate my observations (on V, oregonensis), as to do so a stage
should appear lacking between Stages I and II, provided that the measurements were made at the first of each stage.
Miss Soule’s figures are 3.16 (=19), + (—=.25), 4 (—=.50), 3 (=.75), and 14 (—1.25) inches, while the calculated series
would be .16, .27, .45, .75, 1.25 inches, thus showing no gap in the series anywhere. To suit my observations the
newly hatched larva should have measured 0.10 inch instead of 0.16 ineh. Miss Soule says ‘not quite 4%; inches,”
which is certainly nearer 0.16 than 0.10, as the latter would be not quite 4 inch.

But I do not think the length of the larva is a reliable measurement to take, as it is subject to great change
throughout the stage, and, even if taken as nearly as possible at the same time in each stage, is subject to inaceu-
racies through the expansion or contraction of the larval segments. Moreover, it takes no account of the growth
(luring either the first or the last stage, according as the measurements are made at the end or beginning of each
stage, and I should hesitate to assume that the growth was always strictly proportional. In fact, I believe that
in Nadata it is not so, for donble growth seems to take places in the first stage.

The measurement of the width of head is open to none of the aboye objections and possesses besides several
advantages not shown by measurements of the length of the larva.

2Measurement not recorded.

®Vhis larva died before molting the last time.

*From similar measurements made in the case of N. gibbosa, I inferred that that species had more than six
stages (see Psyche, y. 6, p. 147), but this inference is not justified by the facts.. It will be found, however; to have
pcecasionally as many as six stages.

5The series of widths of head as observed by me for Ldema albicosta were 0.40, 0.70, 1.30, 1.7, 2.3, 3.2, and I have
twice attempted in the pages of Psyche to make them fit a series in regular geometrical progression, but without

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 145

Pupa.—Body stout and thick, not tapering much to the end. Surface of the abdominal
segments moderately punctured, the two last segments quite smooth. The cremaster ends in a
conical stout spine, broad at the base and sharp at the end, the point terminating in an unusual
kind of armature which, seen from above or beneath, consists of four laterally radiating, slightly
upturned, stout spinules, the lower ones considerably smaller than the distal ones. Length,
22-23 mm.

Habits.—The caterpillar is most commonly found on the oak. Dr. Harris found it on the
oak, the moth occurring June 20. By the middle or last of September, in New England (Maine
and Rhode Island), it begins to pupate, not spinning a cocoon, and probably entering the ground
before assuming the chrysalis state. In Providence it occurred on the white oak, in Maine on the
red oak. In Georgia, according to Smith and Abbot, it “feeds on the chestnut oak and other
oaks. It went into the ground October 10 and came out March 13. Another went in June 1 and
came out the 19th of the same month.” It is therefore double-brooded in the Gulf States and
single-brooded in the North. The following notes on
its habits have been given us by Professor Riley:

A pair of this moth were taken May 2, 1882, from the eggs
of which larve hatched on the 9th. They went through their
first molt May 15; second, May 22; third, May 26, and fourth,
May 31. Pupated June 12 to 14. The moths issued from June
26 to July 10. Several larvie of this moth were found by beat-
ing on oak June 26 and July 10, 1882. The larvie are now very
plentiful and of all sizes, on several oaks. (5th Rep. U. 8.
Ent. Comm.)

Food plants.—Oak (Quercus of different species),
maple (Lintner), maple, white birch, sugar plum
(Dyar). (The statement in my Forest Insects, p. 414,
that Mr. Reed had found it on the maple, is an error.)

Geographical distribution—Ranges from Maine Wie, 63-Pupa of Vadata/gibbosa:
and Canada northward to Oregon and California,
occurring southward on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts to Florida, Georgia, and Texas.

Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald). I have a ¢ collected June 21 on the Vermejo River,
northeastern New Mexico, by Lieut. W. L. Ee eee of the Wheeler ee Plattsburg, N.Y.

marked success. <A series ¢ faces uted with the ratio 0.55 ould give 0. 44, 0.7 75, 1. 27, 2
0.73 or thereabout would interpolate a term between each one and give 0.41, 0.:
Thus it might be considered either that the species normally had eight stages (r ate 0. 73) antl Seniied ane Recon and
fourth normal stages, or that it had normally five stages (ratio, 0.55), but interpolated a stage between the third and
fourth normal stages, and reduced the measurement in the last stage to correspond with the ratio between those
that immediately preceded it. The latter seems the more probable, but the fact is that the growth of the head at
the first and second molts is double what it is at the third, fourth, and fifth. It is a curious case.

2.30, 4. a3) and! one > with the ratio

Nadata oregonensis Butler.

This was described as a variety of .V. doubledayi Pack.; but Mr. Butler writes me under date of June 30, 1892:
“The types ~ * have pale creamy buft-colored palpi; quite uniform in tint if there is a brown line
above it must be on the second joint, but I do not think there is one * * * looking at the moth without a lens
you would say the fringe was dark ferruginous on primaries * * and white tipped on interspaces.” , These
are the characters used to separate N. gibbosa from D. doubledayi in Dr. Packard’s description, and Mr. Butler’s words
show that his form is not a variety of NV. doubledayi, but the same as Hy. Edwards’s N. behrensii.

1881—Butler, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., p. 317.
behrensiti Hy. Edwards.
1885—Hy. Edw., Ent. Amer., i, 49.

gg.—Rather more than hemispherical, the base flattened; smooth, not shiny, white with a yellowish tinge;
diameter, 1.2mm. Under a microscope the surface is seen to be covered with very slight, obscure, rounded depres-
sions, but, is in fact, almost smooth.

Laid singly on the underside of the leaves of its food plants in early summer.

Normal Stage I (first larval stage).—Head slightly bilobed, rounded, shining pale greenish with a few hairs;
mouth brownish, ocelli black; width, 0.75 mm. Body slender, no tubercles or humps; feet normal, smooth, shiny,
pale yellowish green. Seti minnte, rather long but not evident, color blackish. As the stage advances great

S. Mis. 50 10

* # *

146 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

(Hudson); New York, Wisconsin, Ohio, Missouri, Alabama, Colorado, and California (U.S. Nat.
Mus.); Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Wisconsin, Carbondale, Il.; North
Carolina, New Mexico (French); Dallas, Tex. (Boll, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Topeka and Manhattan,
Kans. (Popenoe); Racine, Wis.; Chicago, Ill. (Westcott); Colorado Springs, Colo., June 25
(Gillette); Yo Semite, Cal.; Portland, Oreg.; Seattle, Wash.; Nanaimo, British Columbia (Dyar).

It thus appears to extend throughout the Appalachian, Austroriparian, and Campestrian
subprovinces; whether it occurs in the Mexican (Sonoran) subprovince remains yet to be
determined, as well as its extreme northern limits. s

Lophodonta Packard.
(Pl. XLI, figs. 2-3, venation.)

Phalena (in part) Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Georgia, p. 165, Tab, LXXXIII, 1797.

Peridea Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., ii, p. 32, 1829.

Notodonia (in part) Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 995, 1855.
Herr-Schaeft., Samm]. aussereur. Schmett., p. 66, 1855.

Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 239, 1862.

growth takes place; the color becomes green with a yellow subdorsal line much as in the mature larva. The body
is transversely creased. Duration of this stage abont four days.

Normal Stage 1[.—Not exhibited in any specimen seen by me, and probably does not occur.

Normal Stage III (second stage).—Head large, slightly bilobed, narrowing a little to vertex and flattened in
front, pale green, hardly shiny, mouth white, ocelli and tips of jaws black; width, 1.4 to 1.55 mm. Body slender
smooth, no perceptible hairs; legs normal, green, somewhat shiny; a broad yellowish green subdorsal line; spiracles.
black.

Normal Stage IV (third stage).—Head as before; width, 2 to 2.35 mm. Body slender, uniform green; a very
distinct, rather broad, pale yellow, subdorsal band from joint 2 to the anal plate; spiracles black, faintly surrounded
by yellowish. Scattered, very small, and short sete.

Normal Stage IV (fourth stage in same larvie).—Head large, flattened in front, very slightly bilobed, smooth,.
not shiny, pale green; ocelli black, labrum white, jaws black at tips, otherwise green; width, 2.7 to2.8mm. Body
transversely creased, leaf-green, with yellow piliferous dots bearing very small setie. A slightly darker dorsal line
and broad yellow subdorsal line from joint 2 to the end of the anal plate. Spiracles black, with small white.
centers.

Normal Stage V (fourth or fifth stage).—Head shaped as before, pale green, not shiny; ocelli black on a white:
ground, labrum white at tip, jaws green tipped with black, antenne yellowish; width, 3.2 to 3.7 mm. Body
yellowish green with many yellow irregular elliptical granulations and a distinet broad yellow subdorsal line,
continuous from joint 2 to joint 15 and bordering the anal plate, which is rounded. Joint 2 is narrowly edged with
yellow in front. Spiracles dark brown, paler centrally. Feet green, without any yellow spots.

Normal Stage VI (fifth or sixth stage).—Head full, rounded, slightly shiny, and absolutely shagreened; partly
retracted under joint 2; uniform leaf-green, ocelli black on a white ground, mouth-parts whitish, jaws straw-
yellow, tipped with black; clypeus small, triangular; width, 4.6 to 4.8 min. Body cylindrical, full, and rounded,
tapering slightly to the last segment, which is smaller than the rest, leaf-green or whitish green, densely covered
with white, irregular, flattened elliptical granulations, which on the yenter become transverse streaks. In specimens.
in which the ground color is suffused with whitish, joint 2, joint 13 posteriorly, and the anal feet remain leaf-green.
A broad, distinct, white subdorsal line, faint on the anterior part of joint 2. The anterior edge of joint 2 and the
border of the anal plate are bright yellow. Feet green, the abdominal ones covered with white granulations, and
a white line before claspers. Spiracles orange-red, faintly bordered with white. The edges of the white subdorsal
band are not even, but more or less incised, on the anterior segments being narrowly broken into contiguous elliptical
areas, or in some specimens broken throughout the whole length.

Cocoon.—The larvie enter the ground to pupate and form a rough cocoon of a few strong silken threads.

Pupa.—Cylindrical, tapering, rather thick posteriorly to the thorax, the ends rounded, most so anteriorly;
moyable sutures of abdomen deep; cremaster long, rather thick, tapering, and ending in two short divergent points.
Body shiny, densely punctured; cases creased and also shiny. Color black, with a shade of brown on the abdomen.
Length, 22mm.; width, 7 mm.

Food plant.—Black oak (Quereus kelloggii Newberry).

Nadata oregonensis is not well distinguished from N. gibbosa Sm. & Abb., especially in the iarval state. It seems.
to be related to gibbosa much as Papilio rutulus is related to P. turnus among the butterflies. Its habitat is very
probably coextensive with that of its food plant, which is said to be ‘‘on the coast ranges and on the western slope
of the Sierra Nevada throughout California and as far north as the middle of Oregon; on mountain sides and
summits only or in the elevated valleys, not on the plains or near the sea.” Mr. Edwards recorded it from Siskiyou
and Butte counties, and I found it in Mariposa County and at Portland, Oreg., but I am not aware that any record.
of its capture in the coast ranges has yet been made.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 147

Lophodonta Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., ili, p. 358, 1864.
Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30,1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 601, 1892.
Lophodonta and Pheosia in part, Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 196, June, 1894; Journ. N.Y,
Ent. Soce., ii, p. 115, Sept., 1894.

Head larger than in Notodonta, with the front pilose in ¢, the hairs passing a little beyond
the front. The antenne are more broadly pectinated than in Notodonta, but in the 2? simple,
though densely ciliated. The eyes are naked. The thorax is slightly crested in front, with a
posterior low median tuft of pale blue and black metallic scales.

Fore wings more triangular than usual; the costa straight, apex produced, though rounded
at the tip; internal edge nearly straight, tufted much as in Notodonta. Venation: Very similar
to that of Notodonta (N. basitriens), there being no subcostal cell, only differing in the second and
third subcostal venules, originating very near each other; venation of the hind wings the same
as in Notodonta. Hind wings with the costa straight; the outer margin much shorter than in
Notodonta.

Although the larva is so different from that of Notodonta, the adult is very similar, differing
chiefly in the longer palpi and the longer branches of the antennie.

Coloration much as in Notodonta, with transverse waved lines on the fore wings. Our
species are congeneric with Notodonta dromedaria of Europe, L. ferruginea resembling it closely
in markings and colors. I find that the European Peridea trepida Esp. tremula (8S. V., Hiibn.)
lias the same yenation, with no subcostal cell, as our three species of Lophodonta, and when the
European genera undergo the necessary revision the genus Lophodonta may have to be dropped
for Stephen’s Peridea.

Egg—Hemispherical, rather high; shell finely pitted, with microscopic, dense, crowded
eranulations; no polygonal areas.

Larva.—Body much as in Nadata, but the head is smaller and it has no such suranal plate,
this being small and rounded at the end, while the body is smooth, the skin not granulated.
From Notodonta it differs in the body being noctuiform, not humped. A faint double median

- dorsal line and a lateral line; the whole body pea-green. Spins no cocoon. When young the

caterpillars, according to Dyar, rest on a perch.

Pupa.—Body full and plump, the end of the abdomen very much rounded and obtuse, with
no distinct cremaster.

Geographical distribution.So far as is yet known, this genus is confined to the Appalachian
subprovince and to western Europe.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Mouse-gray, with no reddish median band on the fore wings; extradiscal line not sinuous.. ---- L. angulosa
Brick-reddish; a broad median brick-red band on fore wings; extradiscal line sinuous.-- -----. L. ferruginea
Ash-gray; base of fore wings within the extrabasilar scalloped line rusty brown......-..----- L. basitriens

Lophodonta angulosa (Abbot and Smith).
(Plate IV, fig. 3.)

Phalena angulosa Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 165, Tab. LX XXIII, 1797.
Notodonta angulosa Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 999, 1855.
Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 239, 1862.
Lophodonta angulosa Pack., Proc, Ent, Soe. Phil., iii, p. 358, 1864.
Grote, Check List. N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 601, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soec., xxi, p. 196, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent.
Soc., ii, p. 115, Sept., 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XVII, fig. 5.)
Dyar, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxvi, p. 162, 1894.
Moth—Two?. Body and wings mouse or ash-gray, with no brick-reddish seales except on

the lines. Thorax mouse-gray, behind the middle a rounded subtriangular area inclosing paler
tawny scales, and bordered with steel-blue scales. Fore wings with a basal angulated line bent

148 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

outward in the median space, and widely bordered with a pale reddish tawny patch, the line not
continued to the inner (hinder) edge of the wing. The middle (intradiscal) line very distinetly
bent outward on the costal edge, making a large rectangle on the ‘cubital vein, ending, after
making a small tooth, on the distinct reddish brown tuft on the hinder edge of the wing. Within
the costal portion of this line is a small white patch, and a very large white pateh on the outside

extending from the apex of the angle in the median space to the costa.

Extradiscal line wavy, forming about eight fine teeth, reddish brown, edged externally with
white, the line itself nearly straight, not wavy nor very oblique (much Jess sinuous than in J,
Jerruginea), and on each side of the costal end the wing is more or

~~

Fia. 64. Pupa of Lophodonta angulosa.

less marked with white. The space between these two lines does
not differ in shade from the ground color of the wing (while in LZ,
Jerruginea the space forms a distinct broad reddish brown band).
A very faint submarginal diffuse line composed of very obscure
dark colored lunules. Fringe of the sane hue as the wings, with
linear white marks at the end of the venules.

Hind wings and abdomen pale soft flesh-whitish, the costal
edge broadly margined with mouse color, interrupted by a trans-
verse broad costal band, and another at the apex, not reaching
inward beyond the second subcostal venule.

er, rudimentary cremaster. Beneath, both wings uniformly whitish, the costal edge slightly
and irregularly clouded, but the lines not reproduced beneath.

Expanse of wings, 2, 40-45 mm.; length of body, 2, 17 mm.

Egg.—Uemispherical, rather high, not flattened; the empty shell chalky white, under a
lens appearing to be very finely pitted; under 3-inch objective seen to be ornamented with dense
close-set rounded granulations, with no space between them, and no polygonal areas; micropyle
apical, distinct. Diameter, 0.7 mm. ‘The orifice eaten by the larva is irregularly oval.

Larva.—Somewhat like Nadata gibbosa, but *he head is smaller, and it has no supraanal
plate, and the body is smooth, not granulated. Head nearly as wide as the prothoracie segment,

but not so wide as the body; full and rounded, though a little flattened
above; deep pea-green, but concolorous with the body. On the sidea
pink line edged above with white extending to base of the antenn.
Mandibles green at base, with an orange-red line along upperedge. Tips
black. A short black line above at base of antennee. Body noctuiform,
tapering toward the anal legs, which are short and small, no larger than
the other abdominal legs, supraanal plate small, rounded at the end, not
large and conspicuous as in Nadata gibbosa. Segments not convex, but
the sutures distinct. A faint double median, whitish, somewhat broken

line, the two lines converging and forming a single one on the middle of

the supraaual plate and tinged slightly with pink. A distinct lateral pink
line begins on. side of the head and extends to end of the body along
the edge of supraanal plate. The line is somewhat finely brown, and is
edged below with white. The whole body and legs pea-green, slightly
darker below than along the back. Thoracic feet, greenish amber, spotted
externally with black. Length, 0.40 mm.

The following description of the larval stages, pupa, ete., are copied
from Mr. Dyar’s paper in Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History, November, 1894:

ot

Fig. 65.—Head of pupa of
Lophodonta angulosa.

“ First larval stage-—The newly hatched larva is entirely shining yellow, 3 mm. long. Head
cordate, as wide as high, pale brown, slightly shining; eyes black, mouth brown; width, 0.6 mm,
Body slender, long, smooth, with minute black set arising from inconspicuous black dots. Anal
feet extended nearly backward, slender, partly aborted. Color, leaf-green, shining, a yellow shade

stigmatally. All the feet black, contrasting.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 149

“ Second stage.—Head only very slightly depressed on top; rounded, green, not shining; jaws
reddish; a black stripe extends from the ocelli up the side of each lobe, running posteriorly, not
attaining the vertex and diminishing in width upward; width, 1.1 mm. Body smooth, with
minute dark sete; green; a faint stigmatal yellow line; all the feet except the anal ones are black.

“ Third stage—Head flattened before, clypeus small, depressed; median suture deep, but the
head not bilobed. Light green, not shining; a mottled brown band from jaw on each side, not
attaining the vertex, but narrowing upward, black at its extremities; ocelli black, jaws green,
tipped with brown; width, 1.5 mm. Body smooth, the sete minute, green, with four narrow yellow
bands on each side the lower substigmatal and bordered above narrowly with red-brown.
Thoracic feet blackish; abdominal ones black-tipped. The anal feet are not elevated, and are
used in walking, but they are small, and joint 13 is tapering.

“Fourth stage—Head shaped as before, always large for the body, held out nearly flat, recalling
the position of the head in Gluphisia. The line on the side is red-brown, bordered on both sides
with yellow, and is continuous with the stigmatal line of the body in the normal position. It does
not attain the vertex of the head, terminating in a black point at each end. Jaws yellow, with
two small reddish lines. Later the sides of the elypeus are defined by a pale yellow line and there
are two little yellow streaks at the vertex of each lobe continuing the lines on the body. Width,
2.6mm. Body green, including the feet, which are only faintly tinged with blackish, the thoracie
ones most strongly so. Slender, tapering posteriorly, the last segment small, though the feet are
used in walking and are not elevated in the normal position of rest. No cervical shield nor anal
plate distinguishable. There is a broad, double, dorsal, and single, waved, subdorsal, whitish line;
a lateral row of yellowish dots, obsoletely connected into a waved line, and a distinet, straight,
narrow, stigmatal, yellow line, bordered above with red-brown. Spiracle on joint 2 large, black-
ringed, the others reddish. The larva eats away the substance of the leaf from a midrib or vein
which it leaves and rests upon with the head generally turned toward the base of the leaf.

“ Fifth stage-—Head full, rounded, a little higher than wide, flattened in front, the sutures not
deep; smooth, shining green, under the lens minutely granular; jaws yellow, with a broad central
reddish band, and tipped with black; antenni white, the last joint reddish; a red-brown at joint
3 posteriorly; the second widens rapidly, reaching below the band over the ocelli, running
posteriorly to about the middle of the side of the head, in line with the stigmatal band of the
body, bordered on both sides narrowly with yellow; ocelli black; labrum pale, a whitish line on
each side of the clypeal sutures, and a faint double mark at the vertex, continuing the double
dorsal line of the body. Width, 4.2 mm. Body eylindrical, smooth, tapering posteriorly; joint
13 small, the last feet no larger than the others. Setz not distinguishable. Dorsum leaf-green,
with a suffusion of white, a distinct white geminate dorsal line; a very faint, narrow, waved and
broken subdorsal one; a lateral row of yellowish dots, obsolete at the extremities, three on each
segment, the central one higher than the others; a distinct yellow stigmatal line bordered above
narrowly and irtegularly with red-brown. Spiracle on joint 2 large, white, black-ringed, the
others whitish and brown-ringed. Subyentral space clear green, unspotted. Thoracic feet pale,
testaceous, with a few black dots outwardly.

“The larva seems a close ally of Nadata, but differs in habit, for it rests on the edge of the
leaf instead of the back, as Nadata does. In its normal position the clear green of the subventral
space joins nicely with the green of the leaf, and the distinct stigmatal line seems to represent an
edge or rib of the leaf.

“Cocoon.—Found beneath the surface of the earth; composed of silk mixed with grains of dirt;
elliptical, thin, complete; size, 25 by 12 mm.

“ Pupa.—Cylindrical, rounded at both ends, thickest through the fourth abdominal segment;
anal end almost flat; no cremaster, but a low rounded prominence. Cases creased; abdomen
sparsely punctured; color dark mahogany brown, shining. Length, 21 mm.; width, 7 mm.

“ Food plant.—Oak (Quercus).

“Larvee from Clinton County, N. Y.” (Dyar).

Pupa.—Body full and plump, but not very thick at the end; of the usual form and color; the
end of the abdomen very much rounded and obtuse, with no rudiment of a cremaster, only a
rounded knob. The segments slightly, not deeply or coarsely, punctured, Length, 15 mm,

150 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

“The pupa of this species is quite similar to that of others of the genus, presenting little
if any good distinguishing characters. The specimen in the collection is a shell only, and the
anterior half is destroyed by the emergence of the perfect insect. The general shape is robust
and the posterior extremity is obtusely truncate, and there is a slight obtuse undivided elevation
at the extreme tip.” (Riley MS.)

Cocoon.—* This is composed of scattering, coarse threads of reddish brown silk, in which
particles of earth and sand are incorporated. Length, 25 mm.; width, 10mm.” (Riley MS.)

Habits.—lt occurred on Quercus alba October 7, at Providence, when it began to pupate, the
moth appearing the following June. The larva is less common than that of Nadata gibbosa.
Abbot and Smith remark that in Georgia it “feeds on the overcup oak and other kinds of the
same genus. Some went into the ground May 30 and came out the 15th of June. Others that
went in the 16th of October remained till the 20th of April.” From this it appears that in the
Southern States this species is double brooded.

Dr. Harris found it at Milton, Mass., June 17, “inactive on trunk of an oak.” Larva occurs
in September and October; the moths in June, July, and August. (Riley).

Food plants. —Different species of oak.

Geographical distribution.—Iit ranges from Massachusetts (Harris) to Georgia (Abbot); Ithaca,
N. Y. (Mrs. Fernald); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Texas, Missouri, Georgia, and District of
Columbia (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Maine, Massachusetts, Georgia (French); New Jersey, Arkansas
(Palm); Illinois, Florida (Strecker).

Lophodonta ferruginea Packard.
(Pl. IV, figs. 1, 2.)
Lophodonta ferruginea Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, p. 357, 1864.

Grote, Check List N. Amer. Lep., p. 19, 1882.

Smith, List Lep. Bor, Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 602, 1892.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 196, June, 1894, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe. ii,

p. 115, Sept., 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XVIII, figs. 1-4ce.)

Thaxter, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 34, Feb., 1891. (Food plant stated.)
Dyar, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxvi, p. 394, Nov., 1894.

Moth— 8 and 2. Ferruginous or brick-red, with blackish ashen seales. The head and
prothorax are blackish ashen, while the red of the thorax, together with most of the fore wings
is ferruginous; the latter are ferruginous at base, interrupted on the costa by two short white
lines forming the endof a single line. Beyond isa dark band shaded within with ashen, and lined
without by four rusty, whitish lunules, margined beyond by a ferruginous line. Toward the
costa beyond this line and within the twin united rusty white diseal spots are some transverse
irregular whitish patches. The outer third of the wing is darker than the middle, while the
veins are almost black. There is a submarginal waved lunate rusty white line, and while the
fringe is dark, there are some white seales, and, what is generally not the case, the ends of the
venules are white. The tuft on the inner margin of the wing is broad and dark.

Hind wings rusty white, with an obseure middle band which becomes brown toward the costa,
which is margined without with whitish; beyond these is a broad dusky band, most distinet upon
the costa, where it is twice waved, and limited externally with a short white line. The margin is
black, while the frmge is dusky cinereous and concolorous with the abdomen.

Beneath, the body is much lighter in hue, and the wings are still paler, being dirty white and
crossed by a common middle obscure dusky line, while the margin next to the fringe is dark brown
and interrupted by venules.

Expanse of wings, ¢,45 mm.; length of body, ¢,18 mm.

This species is closely allied to the European L. dromedarius, not being congenerie with the
European 1. zizac, which is a true Notodonta. Lophodonta plumosa Edwards is a species of
Heterocampa.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 151

Habits —The moth was collected at Kittery, Me., July 18, by Mr. R. Thaxter, and at Man-
chester, Vt., August 3, by Mr. C. H. Roberts (as by labels in U. 8, Nat. Mus., Washington).
Pupa in August; moth, May, June, and August (Riley MS8.).

“The species is doubled-brooded at Plattsburg, N. Y., single-brooded in the Adirondacks,
though a single 6 emerged the same season” (Dyar).

Food plants. Betula (Thaxter, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 34, Feb., 1891); Betula papyrifera (Dyar).

Geographical distribution—Thus far only known to inhabit the Appalachian subprovince,
The following localities are the only ones yet known to me: Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Kittery,
Me. (Thaxter); Vermont, New York (U.S. Nat. Mus.); New Hampshire (C. A. Walker); Catskill,
N. Y. (Mus. Comp. Zool.); Plattsburg, N. Y., Keens Valley, Essex Co., N. Y., (Dyar); Boston,
Mass. (Sanborn); Manchester, Vt. (Roberts, U. S. Nat. Mus.); Maine, Canada, New York, North
Carolina (French); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Fort Collins, Colo., June 21, at light (C. H. Baker),

Jqg.—FElattened hemispherical: shell under a hand lens appears almost smooth, but under
a $-inch A eyepiece seen to be ornamented with six-sided areas, with raised, beaded edges.
Diameter, 0.7 mm.

Larva, Stage 1.—Just hatched. -Length,3mm. Head large, much wider than the body, black-
brown, smooth, polished, with a few scattered long slender hairs. Body uniformly pale yellowish
green, tapering to the end, the segments transversely wrinkled, hairs long and dark, slender and
tapering. <A faint darker dusty greenish prothoracic suberescentiform plate. Body with no
markings; no lines or spots.

Providence, June 19. Eggs kindly given me by Mr. W. Dearden. All the eggs hatched at
nearly the same time and on the same day.

The larva eats a hole out of one side, of the usual irregular kidney shape.

Pupa, August; adults, May, July, and August; localities, New York, Vermont, and District
of Columbia.

Pupa.—About 19 mm. long, robust, tip truncate, very slightly tapering; a very slight and
blunt projection at tip scarcely noticeable; general surface shiny, somewhat rugose, and remotely
punctate. No processes or teeth at sutures between meso and metathorax.

“ Hyg'—Laid singly, usually on the upper side, near the middle of the leaf of its food plant
(Betula papyrifera). Rounded, somewhat flattened, about the shape of two-thirds of a sphere
with flat base; diameter, 1 mm.; height, 0.6 mm. Slightly shining, fine turquoise-blue or more
rarely of a greenish blue tint. Microscopic reticulations neatly defined, but rounded, scarcely
angular, becoming small and indistinet at the micropylar region. On the sides the reticulating
edges of the cells become broad, flat, almost like bands, reducing the inclosed depressions to
shallow pits. Found during the early part of July at Keene Valley, Essex County, N. Y.

“ First larval stage—On hatching the larva leaves the shell largely intact and takes up a
position at the extreme apex of the leaf, where it eats the upper epidermis and parenchyma,
Head cordate, entirely shining black; width, 0.6mm. Body rather bright greenish yellow, thoracie
feet black, cervical shield transverse, dusky. Setie fine, short, black, distinct, but without evident
tubercles; not glandular; 1 and 2 nearly in line, 3 above spiracle, 4 substigmatal posteriorly, 5
subventral anteriorly, 6 absent as usual in the first stage. Feet all used; leg plates concolorous
with the body. No anal plate. Length, about 3 mm.

“ Second stage—The larva eats away the substance from the midrib of the leaf at the apex,
using the midrib as a perch on which it rests. Head slightly bilobed, greenish; a smoky black
shade covers the side, including the ocelli, and a narrow smoky band reaches the apex in front of
the lateral angle; mouth brown; a few sete; width, about 1mm. Body eylindrical, smooth, feet
normal, all used. Thoracic feet and leg plates black, except the anal pair. Set short and fine,
dark, from minute black tubercles, very inconspicuous; arrangement normal, six present. Body
green, with very faintly indicated addorsal, subdorsal, lateral and superstigmatal waved whitish
lines. Spiracles pale.

“ Third stage—Head rounded, flat before and held out flat; leaf-green; a smoky black band
behind ocelli extends backward and upward to the side of the head, where it ends tapering; mouth
reddish; width, 1.6 mm. Body as before, but the fine dark sete have no tubercles. Color pale
leaf-green; on joints 2-3 a yellowish line edged above with red extends up from below the spiracles

! The following notes on the transformations are copied from Dyar.

152 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

to the lateral line. Very obscure lines as before, waved, whitish. Thoracic feet black, except at
joints; abdominal ones all green, the claspers smoky. Spiracles reddish centered. Later there is.
a broken obscure substigmatal line, composed of oblique, pulverulent, yellowish dashes; the
stigmatal line forms undulations over the spiracles, and the addorsal line becomes broad, white,
sometimes with a median red mark on joint 13.

‘Fourth stage.-—The larva rests on the petiole of a leaf and eats all but the midrib on which it
rests. When the leaf is consumed the stem is bitten eff. Head light green, not shining; behind
the black ocelli a dark reddish band extends to middle of side posteriorly, ending in a blackish
shade and continuous with an oblique line on the body, which extends over the spiracle on joint 2
and ends on joint 3 at the lateral line; palpi reddish; width, 2.5 mm. Body smooth, green, with a
broad, geminate, white dorsal band (addorsal lines), filled in with dull red in some specimens; a
narrow waved subdorsal line; a row of white dots in place of the lateral line and a few yellow
dots for the stigmatal line. Spiracles light reddish. The oblique line on joints 2-3 is yellow below
and smoky red above, and may be faintly repeated on joint 4. Sete minute, dark. Feet green,
the thoracic ones marked with black on the joints.

“ Fifth stage—Head rounded, broad, flattened before; light green; a white line on each side of
elypeus and another from palpi converging slightly to vertex of each lobe; lateral band smoky
purplish red, fading to yellowish on its lower side, continuous with the line on joints 2-3. Body
soft, yellowish leaf-green, tapering posteriorly, full, plump, cylindrical. A broad, yellowish white
geminate dorsal band, the space filled in with reddish on joint 13; faint traces of a broken
subdorsal and two or three round yellow dots laterally and superstigmatally. Dorsum faintly
white shaded; subventral region clear, soft green. Thoracic feet reddish, black at tip. Seti
extremely minute except on the legs. Claspers brownish. Length, about 30 mm.

“The species is double-brooded at Plattsburg, N. Y., single-brooded in the Adirondacks,,
though a single ¢ emerged the same season.” —(Dyar.)

Lophodonta basitriens (Walker).
(Pl. IV, fig. 5.)

Notodonta basitriens Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., vy, p. 1000, 1855.

Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 239, 1862.

Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 93, Pl. XI, fig. 1, June 1864; Check List N. Amer.

Moths, p. 18, 1882.

Pack., Proe. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 365, Nov., 1864.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p.29, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p.601, 1892.
Pheosia basitriens Neum. and Dyar, Trans, Amer. Ent, Soc., xxi, p. 196, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., il,

p- 115, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—Three ¢. Ground color, especially of the thorax and fore wings, ash-gray. Head
and thorax ash-gray sprinkled with reddish brown scales; a distinct line extending across the
thorax between the fore wings. Palpi with a dark brown line on the outside. Antenne very
slightly pectinated, as‘in LZ. angulosa

Fore wings more pointed at the apex than in LZ. angulosa, with an oblique dark line crossing
the wing from the basal third of the costa to the outer fourth of the inner edge, and inclosing a
dark rusty brown patch which fades out on the costa, and is deepest in hue next to the large but
short and broad tuft, which is not acute as in NV. stragula, but with the distal edge very broad, as
in L. angulosa, Beyond the patch and tuft is a short sinuous or bent whitish line, the continuation
of a faint sinuous line extending from the costa, but which becomes much more distinct behind
the third cubital venule, ending on the inner edge of the wing, and continued on the costa of the
hind wings, thence extending as a scalloped line across the hind wings, whieh are pale, though
somewhat dusky on the outer margin. No brown marginal and apical brown spots like those
of N. stragula, and the wing is not so clear, but dusted with brown scales. Underside pale
subocherous, with a common diffuse scalloped line.

Expanse of wings, ¢ , 46-49 mm.; length of body, é , 19-20 mm.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Las

This species has the venation (no subcostal cell) of Lophodonta, and also agrees in the
antenne and shape of both pairs of wings. Dr. Dyar having called my attention to the absence
of a cell, I have reviewed the generic characters.

In its color and markings it is more like NV. stragula than a Lophodonta, and it is this
superficial resemblance to Notodonta which doubtless has led to its reference to that genus. This
species in general appearance, color, and markings is allied to and represents in our fauna the
European L. trepida (tremula). Thus the genus Lophodonta is represented in the European fauna.
Its larva, judging by Buckler’s figure, is like our Z. angulosa in shape, but marked with oblique
yellow and red bars. It is to be seen whether the European genus Peridea, to which trepida is
referred, is synonymous with the American Lophodonta.

Geographical distribution —Not known out of the Appalachian subprovince. Augusta, Me.
(C. G, Atkins); Maine (Mus. Comp. Zool.); Williamstown, Mass. (Grote); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs.
Fernald); New York (French); New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm).

Drymonia Hiibner.

(Pl. XLI, fig. 5, venation.)

Drymonia Hiibn., Verz. Schmett., p. 144, 1816.
Chaonia Steph., Ill. Brit. Ent., Haust., ii, p. 10, 1829.
Notodonta Boisd., Gen. et Ind. Méth., p. 87, 1840.
Dup., Cat. Méth. Lép. Eur., p. 93, 1844.
Herr.-Schaeff., Syst. Bearbeit. Schmett. Eur., ii, 1845.
Staudinger, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 73, 1871.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 184, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 113,
Sept., 1894.

Moth.— 2 and¢. Antenne heavily pectinated to tip, more so than in Lophodonta, Lophopteryx,
or Notodonta, and only less so than in Dasylophia (simple in ? trimacula).

Palpi stout, slightly longer than in Lophodonta, and extending a little farther beyond the
front. Eyes naked (both in the European trimacula and in georgica), as they are in Lophodonta.

Fore wings rather shorter and broader than in Lophodonta, less produced at the squarish
apex; outer edge less oblique; a large broad tuft on the inner edge. A subcostal cell present in
D. georgica (but absent in the European trimacula).

Hind wings a little shorter and rounder at the apex than in Notodonta or Lophopteryx.

Larva.—That of the European species noctuiform, with no tubercles, and much as in that of
Lophodonta.

Our DPD. georgica is very nearly allied to the European D. trimacula in structure and in
markings, only differing in a remarkable and unexpected way, considering the close similarity in
other respects in the two species, there being in the latter no subeostal cell, the venation being
much as in Lophodonta.

Hiibner founded his genus on PD. crenosa, chaonia, querna, and dodonea, not mentioning
trimacula (dodonea being a synonym of it),,.which is closely allied with our species. Whether all
these species are truly congeneric I can not state, since I have only trimacula to refer to, and since
European authors do not seem to have critically examined the structural features of these species.

Drymonia georgica (Herrich-Schaeffer).
(BI a i gen7s)

Phalena angulosa Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, 1797.
Notodonta georgica Uerr.-Schaett., Samml. aussereur. Schmett., p. 66, fig. 384, 1856.
Drynobia tortuosa Tepper, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., iv, p. 2, May, 1881, Pl. —, fig. 2
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 601, 1892.
Notodonta georgica Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 185, June, 1894; Journ. N, Y. Ent. Soc., ii,
p. 113, Sept., 1894.
Notodonta tertuosa Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 185, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii,
p. 115; Sept., 1894.

154 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva.
Thaxter, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 34, Feb., 1891.

Moth.—One é@. Antenne well pectinated to the tips; palpi passing beyond the front, longer
than in L. angulosa or ferruginea. Body and fore wings ocherous gray, with black lines and
patches. Collar edged with black; over the scutellum a transverse white stripe, behind which is
a black patch.

Fore wings quite broad, shorter and broader than in any Lophodonta or Notodonta, and pointed
at the apex. On base of wing, at origin of cubital vein, a short silvery white stripe, from which
a black line passes along the whole cubital vein, this and its branches being black, and the base
of the wing in front of the line dusky black. Wing covered by two white lines more or less edged
with black, the linear black discal mark being nearest to the extradiscal line; inner (extrabasilar)
line much curved and dentate, sending a tooth inward along the internal vein. Extradiscal line
much curved outward opposite the discal mark and but slightly scalloped. Three subapical black
intervenular black slashes, one in nearly each space behind, that in the second eubital space
being large and distinct. The space between the two lines filled in behind the third cubital venule
with black, relieved by fawn-brown on each side of the internal vein. Tuft on inner edge black.
Fringe fawn color, with venular spots. Hind wings sordid white; no discal mark or extradiseal
line. Beneath, sordid white; fore wings with faint discal mark and extradiseal line; hind wings
with two nearly parallel oblique dusky costal stripes on outer half of the wing.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 40 mm.; length of body, 4 16 mm.

Larva.— Length, 30 to 40 mm.; very robust; tapers slightly at either extremity; most
noticeably posteriorly. Anal legs moderately long. Color green, more or less lined and dashed
with yellowish white and very thickly and irregularly longitudinally dotted with dull wine-red dots,
more numerous along lower lateral margin, coalescing into a more or less distinet line; trophi,
thoracic feet, and tips of abdominal prolegs more or less marked with the same red color. Head
with a broad central yellow area bordered with reddish brown, tapering toward posterior margin
and continuous with very characteristic yellow stripe along the dorsum of the body, which is also
bordered, though narrowly, with wine-red, and more or less dotted and suffused with same color,
particularly on segments 1,5, and 6, This stripe narrows rapidly on first segment, is uniform
on second, widens very considerably to fifth, extending down on the side, narrows again to the
posterior margin of the seventh, widens gradually from anterior margin of eighth, and narrows
again slightly toward tip of anal plate. In the broadest portion, on segments 3-7 and 8 to tip, the
central space is green, irregularly lined, and dotted with whitish.

“Three specimens from Atlanta, Ga.; two from St. Louis, Mo., and one from Fortress Monroe,
Va.” (Riley MS.)

Pupa.—* Similar to that of L. ferruginea, but somewhat more tapering, and projecting at the
tip in two dorsally directed, very strong, short widely separated spurs. (Anterior half of pupal
shell wanting.”) (Riley MS.)

Habits—Uarva oceurs in September; the moths in May, June, and July. (Riley MS.)

Food plant.—Quereus. (Thaxter and Riley.)

This is evidently Tepper’s Drynobia tortuosa and Herrich-Schaeffer’s species, as I have
believed for several years past, and now feel sure after seeing specimens of it in Mr. Edwards's
collection.

Geographical distribution.—Bangor, Me, (Neumoegen); NewJersey, (Palm); San Antonio, Tex.
(Boulter); Dallas, Tex. (Boll, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Georgia (Abbot); Colorado (Coll. Tepper,
French); Wisconsin, Missouri, Virginia, Florida, and Georgia (U. 8. Nat. Mus.), Kittery Point,
Me. (French); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Fort Collins, Colo. (Baker).

Lophopteryx Stephens.
(Pl. XLII, fig. 2, venation, 2a, 2b, fore leg.)
Lophopteryx Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust., ii, p. 26, 1829.

Odontosia, (in part) Hiibner, Verz. Sechmett., p. 145, 1816,
Lophopteryz Duponchel, Cat. Méth. Lép. Eur., p. 90, 1844.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. WS)

Lophopteryx Staudinger, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 73, 1871.
Grote, New Cheek List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 605, 1892.
Notodonta (in part) and Lophopteryx Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, pp. 184, 196, June, 1894;
Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, pp. 113, 115, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—Head moderately prominent; front moderately wide, the scales long and dense,
projecting irregularly and forming a slight median crest (most marked in LZ. americana and the
European 4. camelina); vertex slightly crested or very moderately so (in the European cuculla
and camelina); palpi varying in not extending beyond (elegans) or surpassing the front (camelina,
American example), loosely hairy, not very distinct from the front (much larger in camelina than
in elegans); third joint not very distinct in elegans, but quite so in camelina. Eyes naked in elegans,
but in the European camelina and the American example distinctly hairy. Antenne in é with
short, stout, ciliated branches; in 2 thick, with more or less rudimentary branches (in elegans they
are slender, but distinct, acute, ciliated, but in the 2 of the two above-named Huropean species
the branches are undeveloped).

Thorax either simple (elegans) or somewhat crested, or (as in the European species camelina
and the Wisconsin example) with a high distinet crest, sloping backward and slightly inclined
forward. Fore wings with the costa regularly but slightly curved (elegans), or straight (in the
European species camelina, ete.); apex acute, square, outer edge a little bent and scalloped (less
distinetly so in cweulla); inner edge with a distinct or quite large (camelina) tuft. Hind wings
triangular, produced toward the apex; internal angle full and marked with a brown patch
(elegans) or with two short parallel lines (in the European species camelina and cuculla). Venation:
Fore wings with a short scale; no triangular subcostal cell; anterior discal venule very oblique,
directed inward, the hinder ones curved, not oblique; the costal region very narrow in both wings.
Legs very hairy, rather long, hinder pair with a long stout tibial spur arising from the basal
third.

Coloration: The species are wood or reddish gray, with longitudinal streaks, especially
toward the costa, and either with (European species) or without transverse scalloped lines. Hind
wings clear whitish, with (in elegans) a dark black patch at the internal angle.

The species differ from those of Notodonta in the larger tuft on the internal edge of the fore
wings, in the more pointed fore wings which are square at the apex, and in the presence of a
subcostal cell, as well as in the distinctly scalloped outer edge of the wing.

The genus is on the whole nearly allied to Pheosia, as seen in the venation, the shape of the
wings, the anterior pair being pointed toward the apex, with the outer edge very oblique, and
also in the markings, the fore wings in both having (in elegans) no cross lines, and being striped
longitudinally with dark brown in the subcostal interspace, and (in elegans) with a conspicuous
bent silvery white stripe extending from the base of the wing along the internal vein. In camelina
there are two scalloped cross lines on the fore wings, converging from the costa to the tuft on
the inner edge; there are also no silvery white markings.

While we unfortunately know nothing of the transformations of our American species, those
of Europe have been figured and described. The larva of the European ZL. camelina, which I owe
to the kindness of Dr. Heylaerts, of Breda, Holland, is characterized by two twin diverging high
dorsal papillxe or tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment, a very interesting feature, since they
probably represent what may have been the primitive double nature of the hump or horn of
Pheosia and other larvee with a “caudal horn.” The larva is not humped on any other segment,
and the body inereases in thickuess toward the eighth abdominal segment, as in Pheosia. I
should regard, therefore, Lophopteryx as the more primitive genus, and standing below Pheosia
and above Lophodonta, which has no hump at all.

Mr. Hellins says the larva of 1. camelina spins a cocoon of fine silk, covered with fine earth,
ete. The pupa ends in a small straight spike, tipped with four diverging tiny sharp points
(Buekler’s Larve of British Butterflies and Moths, ii, p. 163). The larva of Z. cuculla has on
abdominal segments 3 to 7 slightly raised dorsal humps, and on segment 8 “a more prominent and
sharper hump, ending in twin points, which are set with six hairs. “The larva of ZL. carmelita is

156 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

not humped, the skin is poiished and much wrinkled, and the end of the pupa is rounded, with
no cremaster, though the larva spins a tough cocoon of dirty gray silk, stuck over with fine
earth” (Hellins). (Is it possible that LZ. carmelita belongs to a different genus (Odontosia) from
L. camelina? L. euculla and camelina are closely related in structure and coloration. I have
not a specimen of carmelita to examine.)

Lo phopteryx elegans Strecker.
(Pl. IV, fig. 8.)

Lophopteryx elegans Strecker, Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1884, p. 255, Jan., 1885.
Notodonta notaria Edwards, Ent. Amer, i, p. 17, April, 1885.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Notodonta elegans Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 606, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 184, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soce.,
ii, p. 118, Sept., 1894.

Moth—Two Z,one 2. Head and thorax mouse color, the head, and the breast directly under
the former, darker than the thorax above; thorax behind the scutum edged with silvery white
scales, while the tegulee are edged with brown scales. Fore wings of a uniform pale vandyke
brown, darker on the costal region than on the outer margin, the limits extending between the apex
and the middle of the inner edge. Veins and their branches darker than the rest of the wing.
There are no cross lines. Four reddish brown streaks on the outer fourth of the costa, one ending
very near the apex; a large one in the fourth subcostal interspace, and a smaller, very narrow
streak in the fifth subcostal interspace.

The distinetive mark is the conspicuous silvery white stripe shaded with brown in front,
beginning at the base of the wing at the origin of the subcostal and cubital veins and extending
along the internal vein to its basal third, not reaching a point opposite the tuft. The latter is
small, subacute, and consists of pale ocherous and brown scales. Hind wings pale ocherous, dusky
at the inner angle, which is full and prominent, and brown in tint. There is no line on the wing.
At the base of the pale fringe in both wings is a distinct scalloped brown line. Underneath, the
fore wings are pale mouse-gray; the hind wings mouse color on the costal region, while the rest
of the wing is whitish ocherous with no spots or lines.

Expanse of wings, ¢,50 mm.; 2, 57 mm.; length of body, ¢, 20 mm.; 2,24 mm.

Mr. Edwards’s Colorado specimens do not essentially differ from Maine examples.

This is an exceedingly richly colored moth, and easily recognized by its mouse-brown hue and
the conspicuous but silvery white shade on the base of the fore wings. The Colorado examples
are frosty ash rather than reddish brown, as Eastern specimens are.

Geographical distribution.—Oldtown, Me. (Fish, fide Strecker); Umbagog Lake, Maine, July
4 (Packard); Lonsdale, R. I. (W. Dearden); Manhattan, Kans., June 15 (Popenoe); Colorado
(Edwards Coll., also Strecker); Fort Collins, Colo., June 22 (Baker); Lincoln, Nebr., June 6
(Bruner, U. S. Nat. Mus.); Colorado (French); Colorado, Nebraska, June (U.S. Nat. Mus.); New
York, Colorado (French); elegans var. grisea, Miles City, Mont. (Dyar).

So far as known, confined to the Appalachian subprovince and to the Rocky Mountain region
of the Campestrian.

Lophopteryx camelina Linn.
Lophopteryx americana Harvy., Can, Ent., ix, p. 95, May, 1877.
Grote, New Check List Lep. N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 606, 1892.
Lophopteryx capucina Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 196, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,
li, p. 115, Sept., 1894.

Moth—*é. Byes hairy; antenne short, with long pencils of bristly hair from each joint.
Primaries with uneven external margin. Bright brown in color, allied to camelina, but less rusty
or reddish. Nervules interruptedly marked in very dark brown, ‘Transverse anterior line single,
forming two approximate obtuse teeth on the cell, dentate below cubital vein. Transverse

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. eG

posterior line double, obliterate, with included paler shades which traverse the wing obliquely,
marked on costal region; a series of anteapical pale dots; purplish brown subterminal shade.
Median space diffused, shaded with purplish brown, more apparently so before the outer line, and
inferiorly where the median lines approximate; a terminal brown line, interrupted on the veins
opposite to the extremities of which the exserted fringe is dark brown. Hind wings ochery, with
concolorous fringes, becoming brown toward anal angles; a median pale shade, which intersects at
internal margin a blackish patch. Beneath, yellowish immaculate, the dots on costa of primaries
before apices repeated; fringe brown. Body rusty brown. Tooth on internal margin of primaries
not prominent. Expanse, 36mm, Collection Buff. Soc. Nat. Sei.”

“This seems to be a stouter and broader winged form than the European, in which it would
conform to Dr. Speyer’s law of variation in the Noctuz. The outer line is less distinct than in the
European species, of which it may be a modification.” (Harvey.)

Ihave received a é from Mr. O.S. Westcott, taken in Wisconsin, and he writes me: “T got
the name Lophopteryx americana Hary. from Grote.” I can not see that it differs from the
European L. camelina.

Geographical distribution—Found by Mr. C. A. Blake in New Jersey, near Philadelphia
(Harvey). The following localities have been sent me by correspondents in whose collection the
species is contained: New Jersey (Professor French); New Jersey, Pennsylvania (C. Palm);
Chicago (A. Bolter); Racine, Wis. (Westcott); Manhattan, Kans. (HE. A. Popenoe). In Europe
and Asia L. camelina ranges from central and southern Europe to Turkey, Siberia, and Amoor.

Larva—We copy the following account from Hellins in Buckler’s Larve of British Butterflies
and Moths (ii, p. 162). :

I have no notes of the egg or young larva. By the time the larva is 10 mm. in length it has a good deal of the
adult appearance, colors brighter than afterward, no red dots yet on the spiracular line. The full grown larva is
about 33 mm. 1n length, stout in figure, tapering slightly forward, the head much deeper and a little wider than 2;
there are no humps; on 12a pair of very prominent warts, the places of the usual dots marked by hairs; to use Albin’s
words, ‘‘in repose it always lifts up its hinder part,” and also throws back its front part till the back of the head
and segment 2 are quite bent over segments 5 and 6, There are several varieties of coloring; one mealy whitey-
greenish on the back, with the dorsal vessel like a blue thread, a subdorsal line of a faint bluish tinge, the side
below more green, the spiracular line, which extends around the anal flap, yellow, edged above with violet, and
bearing a red spot behind each spiracle; the spiracles black, the belly green, witha tinge of plum color, and showing
the usual ventral dots distinctly of a pale yellow, the head smooth, green, the mouth yellow, with a black line, the
warts on 12 bright red, thoracic legs pink, ventral prolegs green with red feet.

Another variety had the head and sides of a pale yellowish pink, “the back after 3 more
whitey-pink, with a darker tinted dorsal thread;” the warts on the eighth abdominal segment full
deep pink, the spiracular line yellowish, with the red spots behind the black spiracles.

This larva is remarkable for the double twinned high conical tubercles on the eighth
abdominal segment, whereas in Pheosia the horn is single. Possibly the double tubercles of
Lophopteryx camelina is the primitive condition, the single hump of Z. cucullina “ ending in the
twin points,” being intermediate between the twin tubercles of ZL. camelina and Pheosia. It will
now be a matter of great interest to discover the larva of our American Lophopteryx elegans. In
England the food plant of Z. camelinais the poplar, oak, alder, and hazel (Hellins). It should be
observed that the larva of the European L. carmelita is smooth, noctuiform, with no hump on the
eighth abdominal segment.

Pheosia Hiiebner.
(Pl. XLII, fig. 3, venation.)

Notodonta (in part) Ochs., Schmett. Eur., iii, pp. 45 and 63, 1810.
Pheosia Hiibn., Verz. Schmett, p. 145, 1816.
(Leiocampa) Boisd., Gen. et Ind. Méth., p. 86, 1840.
Zetterstedt, Insecta Lapponica, 1840.

Leiocampa Stephens, Ill., Brit. Ent. Haust., ii, 24, 1829.

Duponchel, Cat. Méth. Lép. Eur., p. 91, 1844.
Drymonia (in part) H.-Sch., Samml. aussereur., Schmett., p. 66, 1856.
Notodonta (Leiocampa) Staudinger, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 72, 1871.
Pheosia Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

158 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Smith, List. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1890.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 607, 1892.
Pheosia and Notodonta, (in part) Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc., xxi, p. 195, June, 1894; Journ.
N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 115, Sept., 1894.

Moth—WHead mederately prominent, much as in Notodonta, rather small, front narrower than
usual. Antenne in ¢ narrowly pectinated to the tips, with fine short pectinations, not being
simple. Palpi unusually small, rather slender, not reaching to the front, porrect. Eyes naked.

Thorax not very stout, subglobose; not tufted.

Fore wings unusually long and narrow; costal edge very convex, apex much produced and
rounded subacute; outer edge very oblique, in 2, more convex than in the ¢ ; inner edge full at the
base, straight toward the angle, the slight tuft on this angle being continuous with the edge and
projecting outward rather than downward. The hind wings reach when expanded three-fourths
of the distance to end of abdomen; produced toward the rounded apex; costa nearly straight;
internal angle much produced on the end of Vein VI, with a well-marked tuft.

Venation: No subcostal cell, though the first subeostol venule approaches its main vein very
closely at the origin of the fifth; anterior discal vein very oblique, directed inward; in the hind
wings, venation much as in Notodonta, except that both discal veins are directed inward, forming
a V, whereas in Notodonta the two form one straight line directed outward.

Legs not very stout; tibize with a flat broad tuft. Abdomen cylindrical, rather long, tip
obtuse, rounded.

Coloration: The species are whitish and brownish, with dark brown longitudinal intervenular
streaks; no cross wavy lines or discal spots.

The genus is characterized by the ¢ antennie being pectinated to the tip, by the small palpi,
by the long wings pointed at the apex, and by the small tuft on the edge of the fore wings.

Egg. —Hemispherical; sbell ornamented with dense microscopic granulations.

Larva.—Head rather small, narrower than the segments behind; body gradually increasing
in width to the eighth abdominat segment, which is either humped or bears a horn; suranal plate
long, lunate, coarsely granulated; skin smooth, polished; no distinct stripes or bands. Freshly
hatched larva: Head rather large, flattened, subcordate; a broad black prothoracic plate; on the
eighth abdominal segment a single dorsal oval wart; end of the body held up in walking.

Cocoon.—A subterranean cell lined with silk.

Pupa—Body rather slender; cremaster divided into two very short divergent spines.

Geographical distribution—This genus is common to Europe and temperate North America
from the Atlantic to the Pacific; occurring in the North American region, including both the
Humid and Arid provinces, but not yet known to inhabit the Austroriparian or Mexican (Sonoran)
subprovinces.

Pheosia dimidiata (Herrich-Schaeffer),
(Pl. VII, fig. 11.)

Drymonia dimidiata H.-Seh., Samml. aussereur. Schmett., p. 66, fig. 515, 1856.
Pheosia rimosa Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, p. 358, 1864.
Notodonta californica Stretch, Il. Zyg. and Bomb. N. Amer., i, p. 116, Pl. IV, fig. 5; larva, plate 10, fig. 9, 1872.
Pheosia dictwa Lintner, Ent. Contr., iv, p. 76, June, 1878.
Notodonta (Pheosia) rimosa Tepper, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe., i, p. 3, 1878.
Pheosia rimosa Grote, New Check List. N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882. -
Pheosia dimidiata Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Pheosia californica Grote, New Check List N. Amer, Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Pheosia rimosa Pack., Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm., p. 455, 1890. (Fig. of larva in text.)
Pheosia rimosa Smith, Cat. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Dyar. Psyche, vi, p. 128, 1891.

Kirby, Syn, Cat. Lep. Het.,i, p. 607, 1892.

Pack., Journ. N. York Ent. Soc., i, p. 63, 1893. (Life history.)
Pheosia portlandia Edwards, Ent. Amer., ii, p. 168, 1886.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Dyar, Psyche, vi, pp. 351-3538, Nov., 1892.
Notodonta deselones Neumogen, Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 227, September, 1892.
Pheosia dimidiata Neum, and Dyan, 1 Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 195, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe.,
i, p. 115, Sept., 1894.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 159

Larva.

(Pl. XX, figs. 1-7.)

Stretch, Nl. Zyg. and Bomb. N. Amer., i, p. 116, pl. 10, fig. 9, 1872.
Lintner, Ent. Contr., iv, p. 76, 1878.
Tepper, Ball. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., i, p. 3, 1878.
Goodhue, Can. Ent., xiv, p. 73, 1882.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., Ins. Inj. Forest Trees, p. 455, 1890. (Fig.)
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, pp. 522-523, 1890. (Stage III-V.)
Journ. N. York. Ent. Soc., i, pp. 63-68, 1893.
Dyar, Psyche, vi, pp. 194-196, Dece., 1891.
Psyche, vi, pp. 351-353, Noy., 1892. (Description in full of egg and of the five larval stages of var.
portlandia.)

Moth.—Thorax and head cinereous; the tuft on the patagia or shoulder tippets tipped with
dark brown. Fore wings rounded and somewhat produced toward the apex; of a delicate frosty
white and brown. Along the ends of the subcostal venules of the fore wings are long streaks of
brown; in the apical and subapical spaces are two long, longitudinal, broad streaks, oblique aud
parallel to the costa, which terminate just below the apex; middle of the wing white. A long,
broad line extends from the base to just above the inner angle on the outer margin, lined below
with white, and deflected upward along the outer edge. Tuft cinereous. Beneath, cinereous,
costa darker. The female darker than the male. Hind wings white, the region of the internal
angle and tuft dark brown. Legs and abdomen cinereous.

Four examples from Colorado are slightly darker and less fulyous than in Wisconsin and New
England individuals. .

A é ? from Franconia, N. H., received from Mrs. Slosson, is very large, expanding 60 mm.
It has more dark brown on the fore wings than usual, a large costo-apical dark brown patch
containing a white slash and a large wide brown region on the internal edge, extending up the
outer edge to near the apex, the ends of the independent and cubital venules white; but it is not
nearly so dark in the middle of the wing as in var. portlundia.

The imago of Stretch’s californica does not seem to differ from the Hastern form, and by Messrs.
Lintner and Dyar it is regarded as cospecific with the Eastern form. In respect to P. portlandia,
Talso regard this as only a climatic, melanotic variety of the Californian and Hastern dimidiata,
IT am indebted to Mr. Dyar for a specimen, though it is Somewhat rubbed.

The Oregon form is much darker and slightly larger than the Eastern form, and thus
conforms to the law in geographical distribution which obtains in the Geometrids, that on the
Pacific Coast, where the climate is humid, there is a tendency to greater size and darker, almost
melanistic coloration. Var. portlandia is a melanotie form, and is dark mouse or sable-brown.
The fore wings are marked precisely as in the normal forms, but the brown marks and slashes are
blacker, and the ground color of the wings smoky or dusky, not being frosted with white scales.
Hind wings dark mouse color on the inner edge, forming a broad band, extending to the heavy
dark patch at the inner angle, while the rest of the wing is sordid or smoky white, not frosty
white. While the length of the fore wing of my type from Maine is 25 mm., that of portlandia
is 26 mm., the entire expanse being 54 mm.

I find that the venation of portlandia does not differ from that of the Eastern dimidiata.

Mr. Lintner gives at length his reasons for regarding our dimidiata (rimosa) as cospecitie with
the European dictea. Specimens were sent by Mr. von Meske to Dr. Speyer, who did not doubt
that the two species were identical, the difference being very slight. He also gives at length the
results of his own comparisons. He likewise refers to the fact, which I have verified, that there
are two forms of the larva, both in Europe and in the United States, both on the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts, one being without and the other with a yellow lateral stripe. I should not hesitate
to regard the species as common both to Europe and America, were it not that the European
species is without a horn.

In the figures of the British larva of dictwa in Buckler’s work, published by the Ray Society,
(his fig. 1b, Pl. XX XV) the stripe is present on the eighth abdominal segment, while the large horn
of our form is represented by only a hump. In one of Buckler’s figures the hump of the green

160 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

variety is almost obsolete, and the black line is wanting. In Buekler’s figures of the allied
dicteoides there is only a hump. Judging by the figures, none of the British species seem
identical with ours. In Duponchel and Guenée’s Iconographie et Histoire Naturelle des Chenilles
t. ii, the larva is very well figured, but there is no horn, not even a marked lateral black line, and
the hump is not particularly well developed. We have not seen other figures of the European
caterpillar.

Mr. Meske also wrote me in 1877 as follows:

The imago of Notodonta rimosa Packard stands very near to the European Notodonta diciwa Linné, but the
larvie of those two species are entirely different. The larva of the former is very slender, light green, and hasa
eandal horn like a sphinx larva; it feeds on Populus tremuloides. This is the second case in the North American
fauna where the imago stands very near to its allied European form, while the larva is entirely different. The first
case is -Acronycta occidentalis as compared with Acronycta psi Linné.

It is well to keep the species thus distinct to emphasize the fact that the full-fed European
larva is more like the younger stages, having lagged in its development behind the American
form.

Egg.—Diameter, 1.5mm. Low hemispherical, about one-half as high as broad. Under a
Tolles triplet the micropyle in the center is distinetly seen, and the snow-white shell is distinetly,
though very finely, pitted or granulated. Under a 4 inch objective the markings are seen to
be very peculiar, the surface not being divided into polygonal areas, but studded with microscopic
beads, which form near the micropyle at the apex radiating series, and lower down lines of beads
more or less parallel with the equatorial diameter. From three to seven eggs are laid on a single
leaf. Probably the moth flies from one plant to another, laying a few eggs at a time.

Freshly-hatched larva, Stage I—Described a few hours after hatching, before they began to
feed. Length, 3.5-4mm. The head is rather large, shining black, smooth, and considerably
wider than the body; not spherical in shape, but somewhat flattened and subcordate or bilobed,
as the occiput is deeply indented. A large, broad, but antero-posteriorly rather short, black,
mostly smooth, prothoracic plate, with slight roughnesses near the front edge where the hairs
take their origin; the hinder edge slightly indented on the median line. On each side of the
plate is a lateral black piliferous wart. The second and third thoracic segments each with a pair
of conspicuous, oval, black, flattened, piliferous warts, and two small, round ones on each side, _
the lower one being about one-half as large as the upper. Abdominal segments 1 to 6 each
with four dorsal, piliferous, flattened black warts, the hinder ones a little farther apart than the
anterior ones, but yet close to the latter. On segment 7 the four corresponding warts are
arranged in a regular trapezoid, the two anterior ones being much nearer together than the
two hinder ones. On the eighth segment is a single central dorsal, black, oval, moderately
prominent wart, which is twice as large as the largest on the ninth segment; it is transverse,
bearing a bristle at each end, thus having plainly originated from what was once two separate
warts. The latter segment bears four black warts, arranged in a regular trapezoid. The ninth
and tenth segments are held up when the larva walks. The anal legs are black and a little
smaller and shorter than the middle abdominal legs. The black suranal plate is subtriangular,
being obtusely pointed in front; the surface is rough, bearing a rough, low tubercle in front on
which are minute piliferous warts. The body is somewhat flattened, beg broader than high,
and of a peculiar, pale glaucous or sea green, the skin being polished like porcelain.

The hairs under a $-inch objective are seen to be slightly bulbous at the tip, and therefore
glandular, but under a lower power appear to taper like ordinary set. In Stage II the hairs
are also slightly bulbous, and clear at the tip.

At the end of Stage I.—Length, 5-G mm. The body is much longer than before, so that the
tubercles are farther apart, and now the eighth segment has the dorsal wart surrounded by an
amber-yellow spot, rendering it more conspicuous, and also the lateral concolorous line has
appeared; the same tint occurs on the base of the abdominal legs.

(Specimens deseribed in part from life, August 2.) Length at the end of the stage, just before
exuviation,6 mm. The head is moderately large, in the single larva observed not so wide as the
body, as it was about to molt, the prothoracic segment being greatly swollen. (In alcoholie
specimens the head and black piliferous tubercles of the larva in the next stage can be seen
through.) The head is now black and slightly bilobed, and 1.5 mm. wide.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 161

The prothoracie plate is rather broad, but quite short antero-posteriorly, with four piliferous
warts on the front and four on the hinder edge. The piliferous warts on the succeeding segments
are large, distinct, black, and bear but a single hair. The tubercles on the second and third tho-
racic warts are arranged ina straight transverse row; the two dorsal ones are slightly larger than
those on the third thoracic segment. On the abdominal segments the four dorsal tubercles are all
of the same size and arranged in a trapezoid, which becomes longer, going backward to segment 7.
On the eighth segment there is a double large black tubercle bearing two bristles; the tubercle is
several times larger than any of the others, and is evidently the result of the coalescence of the
homologues of the two dorsal warts occurring on the segments in front. The ninth segment with
the four dorsal tubercles arranged in a square, with the lateral ones farther up on the back than
the homologous ones in front, and in a subdorsal position. The suranal plate is black-brown, nearly
three-fourths as long as broad, bearing six marginal and two dorsal median hairs. The thoracic
legs are black; the abdominal legs pale, with an external dark chitinous plate above the planta.

The general color of the body is glaucous green, being of the same hue as the color of the
underside of the aspen leaf, on which it feeds. There is a brown dorsal spot on the eighth
abdominal segment, on which the tubercle rests, while along the sides, low down, at the base of
the abdominal legs, and in corresponding places where the legs are wanting, is a row of irregular
reddish spots. The skin under a $-inch objective is seen to be studded with fine, dark, short,
conical sete or granulations which are largest and thickest on the sides of and at the base of the
middle abdominal legs. The hairs over the body are glandular, slightly bulbous, and about halt
as long as the body is thick.

The two tenant hairs on the thoracic feet are knife shaped, somewhat as in Ichthywra inclusa.
The plantie of the abdominal legs have a much larger number of crochets than usual in larvee of
Stage I, as there are twenty-six of them, forming a nearly complete but broken circle, and the
crochets themselves are rather short and blunt.

Stage [7.—Length, 8 mm. Molted August 3. The Pheosia characters are now declared,
owing to the transformation of the dorsal tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment into a fleshy
cone or low horn. The larva feeds on the edge of the hole which it eats out of the leaf, and at first
sight may be mistaken for a sawfly larva, owing to the dark reddish brown spots and band on
the sides, which resemble abdominal legs and assimilate it in appearance to the edge of the hole,
which turns dark after it has been eaten out by the caterpillar.

The prothoracic shield has now disappeared.—The head slightly narrows above and is slightly
bilobed, smooth, and shining, a little wider than the body, which narrows a little toward the end;
itis a dark chestnut-brown on the sides, pale chestnut in front. The body is pale green above,
still of the same hue as the underside of the leaf. The underside is peculiar in the thoracic and
short, thick abdominal legs being dark livid brown; with a large chestnut-brown patch on the
base of each, and on the first and second abdominal segments is a dark brown blotch where the
base of the legs would be if they were present; farther along in the space between the fourth
pair of legs and the anal legs is an irregular dark brown broad line extending along the side of
the body to the sides of the anal legs. The latter are used in creeping, but are about half as
large as the middle ones.

The hump on the eighth abdominal segment is now well developed, high, conical, and fleshy,
slightly inclined backward, dark at tip, and still bearing two bristles, though the dark chitinous
spine is obsolete; the horn-like tubercle is half as high as the segment is thick. The body behind
the “caudal horn” narrows rather rapidly to the end of the suranal plate, which is larger than
before, but pale and of the same color as the body.

The anal legs are used, but are about half as large as the middle ones and with much fewer
crochets, which are very numerous in the middle legs, forming a nearly complete circle. The
piliferous warts in general are now very much smaller and paler than in Stage I, being green, like
the body, and searcely visible under a strong lens. The hairs are sparse, only one arising from
a wart, and they are short and fine.

In this stage the subprothoracie eversible giand was observed in an alcoholic specimen. It
forms a large transverse sack, bleached white by the alcohol, and contrasting with the red skin
of the side of the segment. It sends off two lateral siphon-like long and slender finger-shaped

S. Mis. 50 11

162 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

diverging tubes, out of which the spray is probably forced. Their ends do not reach to the sides
and are not visible from them, but the gland is much as that of Cerura as figured by Poulton
(Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1887, Pl. X, fig, 7.)

Stage [17.—August 6. Length, 11mm. The head is now pale amber, but still dusky on the
vertex, and it is also still wider than the body. On each side of the body is a faint whitish
subdorsal line. The ** caudal horn” is dark brown, now nearly as long as the eighth segment is
thick vertically. The horn is slightly retractile in this stage, and the base is movable, being
capable of withdrawal and extension and is distinctly nutant, the apex sometimes hanging over
backward. The sides of the body along the base of both the thoracic and abdominal legs are
now dark reddish chocolate brown, being of the same color as the horn.

The lateral yellow line is well marked. The body beneath is pale green. The spiracles form
a dark dot surrounded by pale greenish.

Stage 1V.—Length, 20 mm. August 25. The body is now thicker than before. The head
is distinctly bilobed, rounded, narrowing a little toward the vertex. The caudal horn is now
larger, higher, and more acute than in the preceding stage; it is freely elevated or allowed to fall
over backward, is soft and flexible, but very slightly retractile, and bears a few scattered fine
bristles. It has a blackish shade extending up from a point above the last spiracle to the apex,
which is dark. The body is chocolate colored; the head redder, finely mottled with paler
reddish. The suranal plate is well rounded behind, the surface roughened, with no piliferous
warts, and this and the anal legs are more reddish than the body, being of a reddish pink hue.
The spiracles are much larger than in Stage IT], and are blackish, surrounded by a broad, pale,
flesh-colored ring. The middle abdominal legs have a shining chitinous black patch above the
planta, there being no such patch on the anal legs. The thoracic legs are dark, pitchy amber.

Mature larva.—Length, 40 mm. The head is usually of the reddish color of the body, but
lighter and mottled. Now all the characters of the larva are assumed. The body is of a peculiar
pearly hue, with a porcelain like polish, the head being of the same tint as the body. The head
is smooth, not quite so wide as the prothoracic segment, which is much smaller than the
somewhat swollen second thoracic segment. All the segments are slightly swollen in the middle.
The eighth abdominal segment is swollen dorsally, and is surmounted by a high, rather stiff, well-
developed horn, which is not granulated, but somewhat annulated; it is black, this tint extending
as a black lateral line below and behind the spiracle. The suranal plate is of peculiar shape,
being long crescentic, and bearing a small knob in front, the surface of the whole plate being
coarsely granulated, rust-red, becoming greenish in front. The thoracic feet are deep amber-red
or salmon color. Of the abdominal feet the first four pairs are large and thick, conical, blackish
in the middle, while the anal pair are very small, with a rust-red callous spot externally. On the
underside of the abdominal segments is an irregular greenish median line. Spiracles conspicuous,
black, ringed with yellowish white or nearly white. One observed August 50, immediately after
molting, had a very large head, nearly twice as wide as the slender body, and the suranal plate
was enormous, very wide in proportion to the width of the body. Horn freely movable, wrinkled
around the base, very black, and the black line on each side descends nearly to the spiracle, aud
is very distinet on the purplish reddish skin.

Recapitulation.—1. (Congenital characters.) The median dorsal tubercle or incipient “horn”
on the eighth abdominal segment is in Stage I plainly seen to be double, the result of the
coalescence and specialization of what were originally two dorsal warts. In Stage II this
tubercle becomes a well-developed, high, conical, fleshy horn.

2. (Acquired or adaptational characters). The prothoracie plate of Stage I disappears in
Stage I.

3. Appearance in Stage IL of the dark reddish brown spots and band on the sides of the body.

4, Appearance in Stage III of traces of a whitish subdorsal line, while the lateral yellow line
is well marked.

5. Horn in Stage IV becoming much as in the last stage, though more flexible.

Cocoon.—W hile Mr. Goodhue states that “the transformation takes place in a slight cocoon of
dead leaves fastened together with a few silken threads, on the surface of the ground, much in the
manner of Darapsa myron,” Mr. Tepper remarks that the caterpillar enters the ground to pupate.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 163

Dr. Dyar, in his account of the Californian insect, states that ‘‘the larvie turn bluish and enter
the ground to pupate, forming a cell lined with silk.”

Pupa.—Dark brown. Head case smooth, deeply incised between the abdominal segments,
Anal segment large and smooth, the cremaster ending in two short points ‘projecting almost
laterally from the last segment, which, nevertheless, hold to the silken web with considerable
firmness. Length, 26 mm.; width, 8 mm.” (Dyar).

Food plants.—Feeds on the poplar, aspen, Balin of Gilead, and willow, both in Maine and in
California.

Habits.—I first found the singular sphinx-like caterpillar of this moth over twenty-five years
ago at Brunswick on the Balm of Gilead, September 28. The general color was a purplish lead;
head and first segment greenish; the horn on the eighth segment black, the dark shade prolonged
into a lateral line; a kidney-shaped spot on the last segment; spiracles black, encircled with white;
below a yellow line. Beneath greenish and yellowish straw. October 6.it pupated.

The remarkable larva recalls those of the Sphingidie, and I confess when I first saw it I was
uncertain whether to regard it as a Sphingid or not. The horn is slightly retractile, and thus
being movable, must add to its efficiency as a terrifying appendage, while the black streak on
the sides heightens the effect of the horn. The spiracles also ave so large and conspicuous that
it is possible that they may add to a visage not altogether prepossessing to those insects or birds
which may desire to be too intimate with it. Many years ago, when a boy, I found this larva on
the Balm of Gilead poplar, aud well remember the peculiar porcelain polish and lilac tints of
the glaucous green skin and the prominent horn. Dr. Lintner (Hut. Contr., iv, 76) has given an
interesting account of this caterpillar, which he found both on the aspen and the willow, and he
also at first, as he says, mistook it for some Sphinx larva.

Dr. Dyar has described (Psyche, Vol. V1, p. 196) at length all the stages (five) of this species
(P. dimidiata H. 8.) from California, where it feeds on poplar and willow. His larvee were found
in the Yosemite Valley, California, and he says that in that region there are two broods a year,
the winter being passed in the pupa state. (In New York there seem to be also two broods, from
the statement of Mr. Tepper, given below.) it seems to differ in Stage I from the normal form in
the eighth abdominal segment having “a single large dorsal dot instead of row 1, but it bears two
setee” (p. 351).

In Maine I observed the eggs and freshly hatched young on the underside of the leaves of
the aspen the 26th of July and Ist of August. The female lays usually three eggs near together
on a leaf. The larva does not appear to eat them up, as the eggs are found throughout the
month, with simply the hole gnawed by the larva in making its exit. The young larva is solitary,
and eats a patch on the underside of the leaf. The larva in the second and later stages were
unusually frequent in Maine in 1890.

The larva has been described by Mr. C. F. Goodhue, who has found if on the poplar and
willow in New Hampshire late in September. “The transformation takes place in a slight cocoon
of dead leaves fastened together with a few silken threads, on the surface of the ground, much in
the manner of Darapsa myron.” The moth appears in spring, as well as in August; it occurs
throughout the Eastern and Middle States.

Mr, F-. Tepper has raised the caterpillar which occurred on the willow in New York June 22;
it went under ground a few days after, and the moth emerged August 22.

- Geographical distribution.—Geeurs in the Appalachian and Campestrian subprovinces. Orono,
Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); New Hampshire (Goodhue); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs.
Fernald); Albany, N. Y. (Lintner, Meske); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Seattle, Wash. (Johnson) ;
Victoria, British Columbia (Neumoegen).

Var. portlandia, Portland, Oreg. (Behrens, Dyar); normal form Chicago, Il. (Westcott);
Racine, Wis. (Meske); Colorado (U. S. Nat. Mus.); Alaska, Maryland, Colorado, Ohio, and
Nebraska (U. S. Nat. Mus.); Canada, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New
York, North Carolina, Los Angeles, Cal., Michigan (Cook, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Fort Collins, Colo.,
June 20, at light (Baker); New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Nebraska (Palm).

164 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Notodonta Ochsenheimer.
(Pl. XLI, fig. 6; XLII, fig. 1, venation.)

Notodonta Ochs., Schmett. Eur., ii, p. 45, 1810.
Hiibner, Verz. Schmett., p. 146, 1816.
Hylesia (in part) Hiibner, Verz. Schmett., p. 186, 1816.
Notodonta Boisd., Gen. et Ind, Méth., p. 86, 1840.
and Peridia, Duponchel, Cat. Méth. Lép, Eur., p. 91, 1844.
Notodonta Herr.-Schaefter, Syst., Bearb., Schmett., Eur., ii, 1845.
Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 995, 1855.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 356, 1864.
Staud., Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 72, 1871.
Grote, Check List N. Am. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 599, 1892.
(in part) Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 184, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe.,
li, p. 113, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—Head not prominent; front rather narrow, its vestiture long and loose, forming a
median crest between the antennie; the latter pectinated to near the tips, often with short stout
branches which are ciliated at the end; the joints in 2 simple; a tuft of scales at the base of each
antenna. Maxille slender, about the length of the front. Palpi porrect, reaching to the front,
moderately stout; third joint not very distinct from the second, which is hairy beneath. Eyes
hairy. Thorax smooth, not tufted. Fore wings a little less than one-half as broad as long; costa
convex near the base and toward the apex much more rounded than usual; outer edge oblique,
nearly as long as the internal edge; the apex much more rounded than usual; internal edge full
near the base, with a prominent tuft in the middle. Venation: Costal region rather wide; no
subcostal cell; fourth subcostal venule long; discal vein transverse, not oblique, each vein curved;
those of the hind wings oblique, both in the same line, not being oblique to each other. Legs
densely hairy. Abdomen rather full, simple at the end. Coloration of the species usually gray,
with reddish brown markings, and usually a discal spot.

The species of this genus differ from those of the allied genera in the well-rounded apex of
the fore wings, the feebly pectinated antennie, the branches being short and ciliated, in the tuft
on the inner edge, and in the presence or lack of a subcostal cell, while the outer edge of the
wings is not scalloped.

I find that although our JN. stragula in its larval and most of its adult structural characters is
closely related to the Kuropean NV. ziczac, yet the latter has no subcostal cell, though one is present
in N. stragula (three 6 examined). In N. simplaria, however, there is no cell. In larval characters
our N. stragula agrees with the Huropean VN. dromedarius, tritophus, and ziczac.

Larva.—Head large, square; a large high nutant hump on second and a lower one on third
-and a very prominent one on eighth abdominal segment, the latter ending in two tubercles. Anal
legs long, but used in walking. The European species have from three to five humps. In the
European JN. ziczac there are, judging by Buckler’s figures, as in our species, but three humps; in
N. tritophus there are four, while the larva of V. dromedarius most approaches Nerice in haying
five humps, four on each of the four basal abdominal segments and one on the eighth,

Pupa.—No distinet cremaster, the body being smooth and rounded at the end,

Geographical distribution.—lt is interesting to notice that in the European forms (and in
Europe there are more species than in North America) there is a tendency among the species,
which vary in the number of dorsal humps, to fill up the gap between the genus Notodonta and
Nerice. In fact, the latter genus exists in northeastern Asia,! and this fact adds another point of
resemblance between the fauna of northeastern America and northeastern Asia.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Fore wings rounded, mouse-gray, with reddish brown spots; no cross lines; tuft narrow, pointed; a distinct

linear disealispot:...2.22).0- <oecb a atnaiarle Ham are oa 6 eae epee eee pe te Om ie ele tee oe eee N, stragula
Ash-gray, with no brown; fore wings with two dark scalloped lines. ....-...---..-------.------ N. simplaria

1 Nerice davidi Oberthur, from the north of China.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 165

Notodonta stragula Grote.
(GRY Ls nip.)
Notodonta stragula Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 93, Pl. XI, fig. 2, g, 1864,
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 357, 1864.
Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths. p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor, Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 601, 1892.
Notodonta pacifica Behr, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2d ser., iii, p. 206, April, 1892.
straguia Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 185, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe.,
ll, p.113, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(Pl. XIX, figs. 1-3.)
Tepper, Bull. Ent. Soc., Brooklyn, i, p. 10, 1878.
Edwards and Elliot, Papilio, iii, p. 129, 1883.
Packard, 5th Rep. U.S, Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, pp. 456, 463, 1890.

Moth.—Anterior wings slaty gray, shaded with pale buff along internal margin, with a
chesinut-brown basal patch and some brown streaks and spots in the terminal space; internal
margin crested. Extreme base of the wing brownish; basal line distinct; subbasal space large,
grayish at costa, rich chestnut-brown below the cubital vein, pale buff along the internal margin,
which latter shade extends from base to internal angle. A very dark brown streak extends from
the basal line to the transverse anterior line below the median vein, and a similar streak at internal
margin. Transverse anterior line daik brown, grayish at costa, undulate, bordered auteriorly by
a pale buff shade from below subcostal vein to internal margin. Median space widest at costa,
-narrow at internal margin, grayish, with an elongate pale discal spot with dark brown center.
Transverse posterior line cinereous, indistinct, subdentate, continued. Terminal space with a
series of rich chestnut-brown streaks between the veins; two more, linear, near the apex. Posterior
wings pale cinereous with two indistinct median bands; anal angle touched with brownish.
Thorax and collar brownish; tegulie grayish; abdomen cinereous, slightly brownish above. Under
surface of thorax and inside of legs brownish; outside of legs and sides of thorax clothed with
cinereous hairs. Expanse of wings, 1.60 inches. (Grote.)

Dr. Dyar writes me that he has seen Behr’s N. pacifica. ‘It is just like N. stragula, but
darker, the thorax most black.” I have also seen a poor specimen in Mr. Dyar’s collection. It may
be compared with Pheosia portlandia, which I regard as a melanotic form of P. dimidiata. I
copy Behr’s description.

Anterior wings; basal third brown, bordered by a darker line, preceded by a dilution; from these the anterior
half ashy gray, the posterior half brown; the second line convergent and almost touching the first line that borders
the basal third of the wing, preceded by a discal linear mark, which is followed by a diluted shade, ending with a
well-darkened apical mark, divided by two nerves into three spots. Near the external margin a diluted fulvous
shade. Hind wings grayish.

Found in Placer County, Cal.

The species is similar to NV. ziczac, but the thorax is darker than the anterior wings.

Type in collection of the California Academy of Sciences.

Larva.—Dr. Dyar has sent me the following description of the early larval stages from his
notes:

“Stage I.—On hatching the larva runs to the apex of the leaf and sits with the anterior half of
its body projecting. It eats the upper surface of the leaf. Head round, pale brown; width, 5
mm. Body shining, sordid greenish, a subdorsal whitish line which becomes broken into oblique
segmentary lines on the abdomen, a whitish lateral line. Segments 6 and 12 slightly enlarged
dorsally. Thoracic feet and leg plates black. Cervical shield pale brown, tiansverse. ‘Tubercles
distinct, black, normal i-y, vi absent, a long one on the leg plate. (It is structurally not different
from Nerice in Stage I, and has the same habits.

“ Stage I7.—Head high, narrowed toward the vertex, flattened before; smoky blackish mottled
with pale in front in two ill-defined vertical bands. Body dark purplish with a blackish dorsal
band and a pale shade on the side of the hump on abdominal segment 8 and slight pale lateral
oblique lines. Prominence on abdominal segment 2 very slight. Thoracic feet black. Seti short
and obscure.

166 MEMOIRS OF THY NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

“ Stage IJ I.—Head narrowing toward vertex, with an angle between the front and sides;
clypeus rather large; sutures evident, the median depressed at vertex. Body cylindrical, abdominal
segment 8 enlarged dorsally, sloping off rapidly to segment 9, which is small; anal feet used,
about the same size as the other abdominal ones. On abdominal segment 2 a dorsal fleshy hump,
low, conical, nutant; a very slight one also on abdominal segment 3. Color lilac-white, diffusely
marked along the sides with a darker shade. A brown-black dorsal band narrowing out and
disappearing on abdominal segments 4-6, but distinct again posteriorly. Thoracic feet dark, a
faint white stigmatal line.

* Stage 1V.—Head higher than prothorax, concolorous with body, with a purplish band from
the palpi narrowing to the vertex of each lobe. Some nearly concolorous mottlings, especially
laterally posteriorly. Body lilac-white; the darker lateral streaks become oblique subdorsals, but
are faint, as is the white stigmatal line. Dorsal band continuous, but very narrow on abdominal
segments 4-6, velvety brown-black on the nutant hump on abdominal segment 2, reddish on the
humpon 8. Venter heavily shaded with purple-brown. Legs all dark; a white line on the one
on abdominal segment 6. Tubercles small, concolorous with very fine short sete. Seta iis borne
on the hump on the eighth abdominal segment, but ouly on the bases of the horns on abdominal
segments 2 and 3. Altogether similar to the iast (fifth) stage.” (Dyar.)

Dr. Dyar has reared the larva, and finds that there are five stages. The widths of the head are
(in the larva examined) 0.5, 1.1, 1.6, 2.35, 3.5 mm,

Larva before last molt—Head large, oval, flattened in front, narrowing toward the vertex,
which is slightly bilobed; the head is wider than the thoracic segments; the body is thickest on
the second and third abdominal segments, on each of which is a thick, fleshy, conical, soft tubercle,
the apex falling over backward; they may be elevated and somewhat enlarged or depressed, the
anterior tubercle the larger of the two; the body is much*
humped dorsally on the eighth segment; supraanal plate
smooth, much rounded; the anal legs slender, not nearly so
thick as the other abdominal legs. General color pearly,
glaucous, whitish gray, Somewhat marbled with brown; head
of the same color, marbled with brown; a broad, faint, lateral
band shaded behind with white. A brown dorsal line extends
from behind the head to apex of second tubercle on third
abdominal segment; thence a faint vascular line extends to

LEE SS Cr end of supraanal plate. The hump on eighth segment pale
Fic, 66—End of pupa of Notodonta stragula. rust, yellowish red on sides, deeper above in the middle. A

Set aL ST na DED aL pale pinkish stigmatal line. Length, 20 mm.

Mature larva.—Length, 40 mm. Does not differ except in size from previous stage. The head
is rather square on the sides, narrowing above, and scarcely bilobed above; it is of the same
general shape as in Schizura and Janassa. In this species, instead of a single hump on the first
abdominal segment, there is a large, high, soft, movable hump on the second, and which nods
backward, besides one a little stouter and shorter on the third. The humps are simple, with no
traces of a fork or of bristles, and they are both brownish, of the hue of a dead dry leaf. The
very prominent hump on the eighth abdominal segment bears two slight low tubercles, but no
bristles. The anal legs are long and slender, but the planta is well provided with crochets.
Underside of body dusky; the pale lilac lateral line sends a branch down the middle of the feet
on the sixth abdominal segment.

Tadd Mr. Edwards’s description of the full-fed caterpillar:

Head slate color, mottled with black, and with a pale stripe on each side. Mouth parts with a greenish tinge.
ody pale lilac, with the exception of the eleventh and twelfth segments, which are dull golden. The seventh and
eighth segments have raised prominences, which are also golden, that of the seventh being the largest. Laterally
there are some pale oblique streaks somewhat similar to those of many Sphingidwe; these do not meet on the back,
where there is a faint slate-colored line. Between the second and sixth segments, and common to all of these, is a
darker dorsal shade which reappears on the eleventh and twelfth segments. The spiracles are white, with a black
ring, and the lower lateral line is paler than the rest of the body. The twelfth segment bears a hump, and the sides
of the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth segments are pale brown, mottled with orange. Abdominal legs dull slate
color, mottled with black; thoracie legs black. Length, 55 mm.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 167

Pupa.—é. Body rather slender, much asin Lophodonta. Head rounded as usual. Abdominal
segments smooth, sparsely and finely pitted; end of the abdomen smooth, ending in a short, very
broad, cremaster, bearing near the outer edge on the underside four or five short spines and with
two spines, one on each side, at the end. Vestiges of the larval male sexual aperture with an oval
area on each side. Length, 17 mim.

Food plants.—W illow and poplar.

Habits.—The caterpillar of this moth has been reared by Mr. Tepper in New York. It was
found on the poplar July 4, the moth appearing July 27. (Bull. Ent. Soe. Brooklyn, i, 10.)
Messrs. Edwards and Elliot have found the food plant to be the willow.

This singular caterpillar is not uncommon at Brunswick, Me., late in August. It has the
peculiarity of raising and depressing the two large dorsal horns in the middle of the body; when
at rest they are depressed, appearing simply as humps; when erect they are somewhat larger and
eyaginated, with their pseudojoints like those of a telescope; probably they serve to frighten away
ichneumons. My specimens moited for the last time August 31.

A caterpillar of this species was observed feeding on the extremity of a partially eaten leaf
of poplar, and its oblique markings bore a striking resemblance to the twisted, partly dead, and dry
portion of the leaf. The larva stood feeding in a very conspicuous position, and would easily be
mistaken for an end of the poplar leaf.

The larva occurs in March, May, June, July, August, and September. (Riley MS.)

Geographical distribution.—This species is not uncommon in Maine, Canada, and southern New
England, inhabiting the Appalachian subprovince, Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Brunswick, Me.
(Packard); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald); Brookline (Shurtleff); Williamstown, Mass. (Nason fide
Grote); New Jersey (Palm); Chicago, Il. (Westcott); Brooklyn, N. Y. (Tepper, Elliot); Plattsburg,
N. Y. (Hudson); New York, Canada, Pittsfield, N. H.; Maine (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Canada, Maine,
Massachusetts, Wisconsin, Tiffin, Onio; Champaign, Hl. (French). The dark form pacifica Behr
oceurred in Placer County, Cal.

Notodonta simplaria Graef.

(Pl. IV, fig. 6.)

Notodonta simplaria Graef, Bull. Ent. Soe. Brooklyn, iii, p. 95, 1881, pl. 1. (The figure scarcely recognizable.)
Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 601, 1892.
Pheosia simplaria Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 195, 1891; Journ. N. Y. Ent, Soc., ii, p.
113, Sept., 1894.

This is a true Notodonta. The antenne are pectinated in the same manner. Fore and hind
wings a little sharper at the apex, especially the hind wings, hinder edge of collar and inner
edge of patagia black, and a black spot over the seutellum. Thorax gray, dark behind.

Fore wings granite ash-gray, and rather dark, blackish at base. On the inner third of the
Wing is a transverse scalloped line, the end of the line oblique, directed inward, and ending on
the short broad tuft. A distinct linear discal spot encircled by whitish scales. Extradiseal line
much excurved, so as to reach a point halfway between the discal spot and the apex of the wing;
it is not wavy in its oblique course in the median interspace, but scalloped on the submedian
space, and ending on the hind edge in a distinct, not wayy line, exactly parallel with that ending
on the tooth. A submarginal row of dusky intervenular round spots; fringe white, with seven
black dots. Hind wings whitish, a linear diffuse discal discoloration, but with no transverse
diffuse median band.

Underside of the wings uniformly pale whitish gray, a diffuse dark extradiscal line, with
diseal spots. (Description drawn up from a ¢ compared by Mrs. Slosson with Mr. Graef’s type.)

lixpanse of wings, ¢, 48-50 mmn.; length of body, ¢, 19-20 mm.

Geographical distribution —Catskill, N. Y., August (Graef); St. Johns, New Brunswick
(1. Edwards); New York (French).

NotE.—WNotodonta plagiata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., vii, p. 1749, 1856, belongs to the
European JN. tritophus (fide Grote and Robinson), with an erroneous locality.

168 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

LARVA OF PSEUDOTHYATIRA CYMATOPHOROIDES GROTE.
(Pl. XIX, fig. 5, 5a, 5b.)

This beautiful and interesting larva was detected on the yellow birch at Brunswick, Me.,
August 14. [t was dark horn-brown, the tail upturned, and the body when disturbed twisted into
a partial spiral. The next day it molted. I had supposed it might be a Notodontian, but Dr. Dyar
on reading my description thinks it is almost surely a Noctuid, and that if has been described by

t. Thaxter. The following description was made two days after it had molted and before the body
had filled out, as it tapered slightly to the end:

Stage ITI?.—Length, 8-9 mm. The head is large and broad, somewhat rounded, but seen
from in front somewhat square, being about as broad as long; it is much wider than the body, the
latter not yet being filled out; it is pale, raw sienna brown, with dense reddish brown spots
arranged in two broad diffuse median and two broad diffuse longitudinal bands; it is slightly
bilobed and much rounded on the vertex, not angular, and with no tubercles. The segments of
the body are transversely wrinkled. The body above is of a peculiar dark sea-green hue, and
below this runs into a dark umber-brown. The first thoracic segment has no tubercles or marks,
but is dark brown on the sides and on the back, with irregular scattered pale spots. On the
second thoracic segment is a prominent transverse ridge, with a small tubercle at each end; it is
dark on the anterior slope, but on the summit and on the posterior slope whitish ash. This pale
area extends back to the first abdominal segment, but does not include it, though it passes down
to the side of that segment and extends backward, forming a lateral diffuse, rather irregular
spiracular band, from which a pair of oblique pale stripes extend upward upon the back, not quite
reaching the fine median blackish line; posteriorly it forms the pale edge of the suranal plate.
A decided dorsal lump on the eighth abdominal segment, which is dark velvety wnber-brown
with the hinder edge below whitish. The end of the body is decidedly elevated, and the dark
anal lees are as large as the middle set of abdominal legs, which are flesh colored. The thoracic
legs are dark green, concolorous with the thoracic segment.

Ellida Grote.
(Pl. XLII, fig. 4, venation.)

Ellida Grote, Can. Ent., viii, p. 125, July, 1876.
Cymatophora Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., ix, p. 18, 1856.
Ellida Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 597, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 187, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 208,.
Sept., 1894.

Moth,—Head much as in Notodonta; the front shaggy, moderately wide; the hairs abundant;
eyes naked. The male antennie broadly pectinated; “female antennie more shortly and finely
bipectinate” (Grote). The palpi much as in Notodonta, being short and broad, the third joint
short and conical, but distinct, and reaching slightly beyond the front. The thorax is smooth,.
not tufted.

Fore wings not broad, the costa regularly convex; the apex not produced and rounded as in
Notodonta, but moderately acute; outer edge short; inner edge simple, not tufted. Venation
much as in L. basitriens, there being no subcostal cell. The costal region is rather wide;
six subcostal branches, the second very short; the sixth arises nearer the discal vein than in
L. basitriens. The arrangement of the discal veins is much as in LZ. basitriens, their course being
nearly straight. Hind wings somewhat pointed toward the apex. The subcostal does not fork so
far out near the outer edge of the wing as in Notodonta, while the two discal veins taken together:
make a regular curved line.

The abdomen is smooth, not tufted at the end, but conical. Legs moderately stout, pilose;
a pair of discal spurs on the hind tibise not projecting far beyond the hairs.

Coloration somewhat as in Schizura leptinoides, reminding one at first of that species; fore
wings ash-gray, with transverse lines, but the venules only slightly marked with dark spots and
streaks. A distinet curvilinear discal spot and just within it three short parallel distinet brown.
lines, which are most distinct in the median space, Hind wings ash-brown. Collar dark.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 169

The genus differs from Notodonta in the more strongly pectinated antennz, in the more
pointed, less rounded wings, and in the venation. The palpi are nearly the same.

Larva.—Unknown.

Geographical distribution.—So far as known, confined to the Appalachian subprovince.

Ellida caniplaga (Walk.).
(PI. IV, tig. 24.)

Cymatophora caniplaga Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., ix, p. 18, 1856.
Edema transversata Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 427, 1865.
Bombycia caniplaga Grote, Bull. Butt. Soe. Nat. Sei., ii, p. 5, 1874.
Lilida gelida Grote, Can. Ent., viii, p. 126, July, 1876; New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 597, 1892.

Smith, Cat. Lep. Superfamily Noctuidae, p. 29, 1893.
Ellida caniplaga Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 208, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 117,

Sept., 1894.

Moth.—Two 8. Head, palpi, and prothoracie collar vandyke-brown, the front part of the
thorax contrasting with the mouse-gray hinder portion. Fore wings uniform ash-gray; no
distinct transverse line at the base, but just before the middle of the wing are tiree vandyke-
brown parallel close-set lines which begin on the costa, but are most distinct and heavy between
the subcostal vein and above the median fold; the outermost and innermost of the three lines
extend to the inner edge of the wing, but the middle one is obsolete. The outermost of the three:
lines is situated very near the dark vandyke-brown, distinct, curvi-
linear discal spot, and this distinguishes the species from any other
Notodontian. On the outer fourth of the wing are two faint scal-
loped dark lines, represented by venular dots; a marginal row of
irregular brown spots.

Hind wings and abdomen dark ash-gray, and both pairs of wings
beneath of the same hue. The underside of the costa is not check-
ered with light and dark spots, as if is in Schizura and other genera,

Expanse of wings, ¢ 37-42 mm.; length of body, ¢ 35 mm. \

At first this species might be mistaken for a variety of Schizura i
leptinoides, as the shape of the wing, the discal spot, and the lines
are similar, but in no other species is the linear dark discal spot
situated so near the transverse lines, these three lines being heavier
and most distinct in the middle of the wing. Also the dark brown Fig. 67.—Frenulum loop on the costal
collar is peculiar, the thorax not being tufted. The pectinated ¢ — vemof the fore wing of Nerice bidentata.
antenne will separate the genus from any except Notodonta, to which it is nearest allied.

Professor Smith ineludes this genus in the Noctuidie, placing it in Bombycia, but its venation
is that of the Notodontinz, as it has but three branches of the cubital vein, and the subcostal
venules are as in the Notodontine. He also remarks: ‘The type is in the Saunders collection at
Oxford, England. <A figure sent me by Mr. Schaus proves it to be ‘Edema transversata Walk.,
Hllida gelida Grt’” (Cat. Noctuidie, p. 29, 1893.)

Geographical distribution—New York (Dyar); St. Catherines, Canada (Norman); Canada
(French); Kittery, Me. (R. Thaxter); Plattsburg, N. Y., April 29, May 15, 16, 30 (G. H. Hudson).

Nerice Walker.
(Pl. XLIII, figs. 1, la. Venation.)
Nerice Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., pt. v, p. 1076, 1855.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., ili, p. 358, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 487, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 187, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 114,
Sept., 1894.
Moth.—Head moderately prominent; front squarish, moderately broad, the scales on it evenly
cut, rather short; the tuft at the base of each antenna rather prominent. Antenne not quite half
as long as the fore wings, and in ¢ well pectinated to the tips; the branches four times as long as

170 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the antennal joints, and ciliated. Palpi large and stout, ascending, curving up in front of the
clypeus, and reaching well beyond the front of the head; the hairs beneath thick and spreading;
third joint small, conical. Mavxillee short, not reaching out to the palpi. Thorax with a high
pointed median tuft, sloping behind,

Fore wings a little-less than one-half as broad as long; costa convex, especially toward the
apex, which is rounded; outer edge oblique, slightly convex to the internal edge. Venation: A
long narrow subcostal cell; second and third subcostal venules unusually short, the apical space
between the costa and subcostal vein being very narrow; in this respect the genus is much as in
Lophodonta (especially L. basitriens); the third subcostal venule is one-half as long as the second.
The venation is otherwise as in Notodonta, the discal veins being the same, and vein VI looped at
base, as in Notodonta.

- The genus differs from Notodonta in having no tuft on the inner edge. The hind wings differ
from those of Notodonta in being shorter and rounder and in the apex being more produced,
while the venation differs in the costal vein being longer and turned up at the end on the costa;
otherwise the venation is much as in Notodonta.

The legs are much as in Notodonta, being rather slender, the femora and tibise densely pilose,
the latter with moderately large tibial spines. Abdomen blunt at the end, with a small anal tuft.

Coloration: The only North American species is whitish gray, with brown between the cubital
vein and the costa, sending two prominent teeth toward the internal edge. There are no
transverse lines of any sort. The hind wings are chocolate-brown.

This genus is distinguished by the antenn:e being pectinated to the end, and with longer
branches than in Notodonta; by the large palpi extending well in front of the head; especially by
the high prominent median thoracie tuft, and by the well-rounded apex of the fore wings. It
differs from Notodonta not only in the more broadly pectinated antenne, but in the much longer
palpi and the squarer fore wings, the outer edge being less oblique, while the internal edge is
simple, not bearing a tuft. The hind wings are also a little shorter and more rounded at the apex
than in Notodonta.

Larva.—The larva differs from that of Notodonta, or any other genus of the family, in the
abdominal segments being nearly all provided with a dorsal hump, the abdominal segments 1 to 8
having each a “large anteriorly directed prominence ending in a bifid ridge, the incision being
transverse, the anterior portion being curved backward and larger than the posterior part, the
two looking very much like the bill of an eagle, and susceptible of being opened and closed.”
(Marlatt.) It is silvery green, with dark bluish green subdorsal and lilaceous lines on the thoracie¢
segments. It is evidently adapted for protection while feeding on the edge of an elm leaf, the
serrations of the body resembling those of the edge of the leaf of its food plant.

Pupa.—Body rather stout, somewhat pointed at the end, which bears an unusually long,
slender, smooth, round cremaster, armed with very short curled sete, and ends in two up-curved
slender, hooks. The surface of the body with shallow and sparse pits; on the sutures of the
abdominal segments very finely shagreened.

Cocoon.—Formed of thick, brownish silk, situated within folded leaves or under some slight
protection at the surface of the soil. Concealed by particles of earth. (Marlatt).

Geographical distribution.—Besides a single species inhabiting the Atlantie and Central
States of North America, including Kansas, Walker describes a species (N. pallida) from Nepaul,
and Oberthur deseribes and figures V. davidi from the north of China, which is very similar to
our bidentata. The genus is not represented in western Asia, southern India, or in Europe.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. lean

Nerice bidentata Walker.
(PI. Vil, fie. 15.)

Nerice bidentata Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 1076, 1885.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 358, 1864.
Grote, Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Marlatt, Trans. of 20th and 21st meetings of Kansas Acad. Se. for 1887-88, xi, p. 110, 1889.
-ack., Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. Ins. Inj. Forest and Shade Trees, p. 267, 1890.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Bor. Amer., i, p. 487, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 187, June, 1894; Jour. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii,
p. 114, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(Pl. XIX, fig. 4, and Pl. XXIII, figs. 1, la, 1, 1e, 1d.)

Marlatt, Trans. 20th and 21st meetings Kansas Acad. Sc. for 1887-88, xi, p. 110, 1889. (Figs. of egg, larva,
pupa and moth.) ;
Packard, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 525, 1890.
Soule, Psyche, vi, p. 276, June, 1892. (Egg, five larval stages, and pupa described. )

Moth.—Three ¢. Head, prothorax, and thoracic tuft sable-brown, the rest of the thorax and
the internal border of the fore wings cinereous, edged in front with silvery white; this latter
portion of the wing is twice deeply indented by an inner, small, rounded tooth and an outer, large,
broadly triangular projection. The dark brown median portion shades into cinereous toward the
costo apical portion; two short oblique brown lines margined below with cinereous are situated,
each in an intervenular space, just above the middle of the outer margin. The hind wings, as well as
both pairs beneath, are very light brown. A faint median diffuse darker line crosses both wings.

Length of body, ¢,15 mm.; expanse of wings, ¢, 40 mm.

Byg.—*0.9 by 0.55 mm. Shape, hemispherical, with a broad flattened base, irregularly
encircled by a whitish cement fastening to the leaf. Surface shining, apparently smooth, but
when highly magnified is found to be covered with raised lines inclosing minute polygonal, usually
six-sided, areas. Color, honey-yellow; after hatching, nearly white.” (Marlatt.) ‘Very like the
egg of Nadata gibbosa.” (Soule.) (For Larval stages
I-IV see Appendix A.)

Larva.—* Length, 1.25 inches. General color,
polished bluish green. Head narrower above than
below and larger than segment 1; head of the same
polished green hue as the body, with four perpendie-
ular silvery green lines, the two outer ones running
parallel to the triangular piece and then taking its
V-shaped form. A row—four to six—of minute black
eye-spots at base of palpi. Three thoracic segments,
above pale silvery green, interrupted, however, by a
straight dorsal and wavy subdorsal line of the dark Fig. 68. Nerice bidentata; a, moth; 6, larva; ¢, pupa; d,
Pinishveréen.eeneral'colar. Seaments 4 to 1, inclas 70° 4 nclmains the cocoon: all, nblunal Sie) @urlieege

: S z enlarged, with outline of the surface pattern much magnified.
Sive, each with a large anteriorly directed prominence — ©. L. Marlatt, del.
ending ina bifid ridge, the incision being transyérse,
the anterior portion being curved backward and larger than the posterior part, the two looking very
much like the bill of an eagle and susceptible of being opened and closed. Segments from 1 to 6
gradually increasing; 6 to 9 about of a size, or showing but a very slight decrease; 10 and 11
somewhat smaller and of a size, though the prominence on 11 is more pointed and higher than
that on 10. Steep decline from 11 to anus, with but a very slight prominence on 12, The upper
half of the body, including prominences, is silvery-green, with the dark lines already mentioned
on thoracic segments, and an oblique dark line running on the other segments from anterior base
of prominence to the posterior portion of the following segment. Summits of prominences yellowish,
with extreme edges brown. Spiracles yellowish with a lilaceous annulation. Thoracic segments
with a lilaceous line, bordered above with yellow immediately above the legs; segments 4 and 5 with
a distinet and the rest of the segments each with an indistinct patch of the same two colors in a
line with it, frequently becoming confluent and forming another line from 10 to anal legs.” (Riley.)

This larva, judging by the figure and description of Mr. C. L. Marlatt,! is an exaggeration of

‘Trans. 20th and 21st annual meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science, 1887-88, xi, 1889, 110.

a2 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the appearance of the European NV. dromedarius, as each abdominal segment from the first to the
ninth bears a large, tleshy, two-toothed hump, the three largest on segments 3 to 5. Thus the
outline of the back is serrate, and perhaps mimics the serrate edge of the leaf of the elm on which
itfeeds. The body is greenish, with the upper half of the sides washed with white, with crimson
spots and bands, the tip of the dorsal protuberances being also crimson.

Mr. Marlatt does not state whether the dorsal tubercles are movable, or whether the caterpillar
is protected by mimicking the outlines or the colors of the leaves of its food plants. Further
observations are needed on this point.

Cocoon.—* The cocoon is formed on the surface of the earth, and consists of loose, yielding
silk and earth.” (Riley.) Marlatt states that the caterpillars spin “cocoons of stout, brownish
silk in folded leaves or under some slight protection at the surface of the soil, concealed by
particles of earth.

Pupa.—tThe body is rather thick, the cremaster very blunt, with a long, slender, acute point
bearing very short curled set, and divided at the end into two minute forks. Surface of the
body with shallow sparse pits; on the sutures of the abdomen very finely shagreened. Length,
16-18 mm. ‘The pupa was very active, rolling a foot or more at a time.” (Soule.)

Tam indebted to Miss Caroline G. Soule for the excellent colored figure of the larva on Pl, XTX.

Habits.—Myr. Marlatt has published in the Transactions of the Twentieth and Twenty-first
Annual Meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science (1887-88) an account of the habits and
transformations, with the accompanying figures, of this singular Notodontian. It appears to be
double-brooded, as the moths appeared in Kansas from May to June, and the females deposited
their eggs at that time, a second brood of moths probably appearing about the Ist of August,
as the caterpillars became fully grown September 14 to 21, They spin cocoons of stout, brownish
silk within folded leaves (fig. 66d) or under some slight protection at the surface of the soil,
concealed by particles of earth.

I once found the larva on the elm at Providence fully grown September 3, but failed to
describe it; it pupated September 6, and the moth appeared in May of the following year.

We are indebted for the following notes on the larva to Professor Riley:

Found September 16, 1869, at Bellville, on the common elm, a most singular caterpillar. September 26, 1869,
they all descended to the ground and formed their cocoons in the same corner of the breeding eage. It issued the
following May 4, 1870. From a larva found feeding on the elm August 26 the moth issued September 21. (Fifth
Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. p. 267.)

Mr. Dyar writes that he has found the larva in its second stage early in the summer (June)
in its “perch.” at Keene Valley, Essex County, N. Y.

Food plant.—It has not yet been found on any other plant than the elm.

Geographical distribution.—The genus ranges through the Appalachian into the eastern
portions of the Campestrian subprovince, not having yet been observed west of the great plains.

Franconia, N. H. (Slosson); Brookline, Mass. (Miss Soule); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald);
Trenton Falls, N. Y. (Doubleday); Providence, R. I. (Packard); New York (Grote); Missouri
(Riley and Miss Murtfeldt); Eastern Kansas (Marlatt); Topeka, Kans. (Popenoe); Canada,
Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Wisconsin, Ohio, Carbondale, Ill. (French); Plattsburg,
N. Y. (Hudson); New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm); Chicago, Ill. (Westcott).

Dasylophia Packard.
(Pl. XLII, figs. 5, 5a, 6, venation.)

Phalena Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 167, Tab. LXXXIV, 1797.
Notodonta Harris, Cat, Ins. Mass., p. 73, 1835.
Datana? Walker, Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 1062, 1855.
Datana? Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p 247, 1886.
Dasylophia Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil. iii, p. 362, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Hatima Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 569, 1892.
Dasylophia Neum, and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc., xxi, p. 200, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 116,
Sept., 1894.

Moth.—Uead large and rather prominent, vertex with two high pointed erect tufts, the tips of
which meet over the vertex, reaching to the level of the thorax in 2, a little shorter in ¢.
Antenne with long slender pectinations on the basal two-thirds, while the remaining third is

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 173

provided with lateral sete; in 2 simple. Palpi slightly ascending; third joint passing beyond, the
front, second joint slightly curved upward, the scales beneath the joints being short: third joint
half as long as the second, porrect, being directed forward at a slight angle with the second joint.

Thorax short; the seales of the prothorax distinctly marked,

Fore wings hardly one-half as long as broad; costa very slightly concave in the middle,
toward the tip a little convex; outer margin oblique; internal angle obtuse; the inner edge near
the base of the wing is fullin ¢, in the @ straight. Venation: A short subcostal cell, the diseal
vein of both wings forming a regular curve. Hind wings with the costa long and straight, apex
subrectangular; from thence the outer margin is longer than usual and slowly rounded to the
not very distinct internal angle. The wings reach to the basal two-thirds of the abdomen.

Legs pilose, the anterior femora densely so, those of the 2 with longer scales, and more
irregularly and thickly pilose.

Abdomen long, cylindrical, with lateral tufts, and tip of 2 slightly tufted.

In coloration the species are generally gray, with dark streaks running parallel to the venules.
There is a distinct basal longitudinal mesial streak and an outer very distinct geminate curved line.

The long, slender, aente palpi, the high conical tufts on the vertex of the head, tle shape ef
the wings, their markings, and the venation are sufficiently diagnostic of this genus.

Egg.—Shape of a flattened spheroid, the upper pole somewhat concave, a little broader at the
base than at the top. Surface of the shell covered with polygonal areas, which vary somewhat in
shape, size, and distance apart, the interspaces being rather broad.

Larva.—Head round; body elongated, rather slender, of nearly uniform thickness, with a low
rounded black dorsal knob on the eighth abdominal segment; no other armature except a pair of
subdorsal black warts on the first abdominal segment. Anal legs slender, uplifted. Three lateral
black lines, and base of all the legs with a black patch. Freshly hatched larva: Head very large,
body tapering behind; end of body with the slender anal legs, which are hookless and slightly
reversible, held up while in motion. Two subdorsal conspicuous papille on the first abdominal
segment, and two similar but much smaller ones on the eighth, which in the last stage form the
single dorsal knob. Glandular hairs unusually long, thick, clavate, black, clear, and colorless at
the end.

Cocoon.—Thin, loose but somewhat tough, covered with bits of earth, etc., and spun on the
surface of the ground.

Pupa.—Cremaster conical, cleft at the end, each fork blunt, and bearing three hooked set.

Geographical distribution—Cf the two species known, one (interna) is confined to the
Appalachian subprovince and the other ranges through the Appalachian and the Austroriparia :
subprovinces.

Gdemasia senata Druce (Biol. Centr. Amer., p. 235, pl. 25, fig. 1), from Jalapa and Panama
(volean de Chiriqui), has the shape of fore wings and the markings of a Dasylophia, and I am
quite of the opinion that it is not an Gidemasia (Schizura); the two black round spots near the
inner angle are just as in D. anguina. In fact I regard it as very closely related to D. anguina,
and hence as a representative species.

Mr. Neumoegen has kindly shown me Nystalea amazonica Staud., from Brazil, and which is a
genuine Dasylophia very closely related to our D. anguina. If this is so, then the genus ranges
through the Mexican (“Sonoran”) subprovince and the Central American region to Brazil.
N. indiana Grote I am inclined to regard as a Noctuid. !

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

Body and basal region of fore wings white; a distinct black line along cubital vein...-....---- D. anguina
Body and wings mouse-brown; no black line; basal region of fore wings tawny brown -..------ D. interna

unable carefully to examine:

“Nystalea indiana Grote, Papilio, iv, p. 7, 1884.

“Anterior part of thorax with a dull yellowish patch as in Datana, bordered by black; the rest gray. Fore wings
much elongated; antenn simple, ciliate, the cilia longer at base, atufton each jointateachside. Primaries cinereous,
paler on the dise, distinctly mottled; subbasal line faint, T. a. and t. p. lines close together, straight, parallel,
narrow, blackish-brown, equidistant from the indistinct black discal ringlet. On veins 2-3 (viii,-vii,), near the
base, a black patch; another between veins 3-4 (vi|-v;) just outside t. p. line. Subterminal row of small black
dots, two in each interspace, and terminal black shaded spots. Secondaries blackish, pale at base.” Expanse, 40 mm.
Hab, Florida.”

174 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Dasylophia anguina (Abbot and Smith).
(P1. IV, figs. 10, 11.)

Phalena anguina Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 167, Tab. LXXXIV, 1797.
Notodonta anguina Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 73, 1835.
Datana? anguina Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1062, 1855.
Drymonia cucullifera H. Sch., Sammi. aussereur. Schmett., p. 66, fi
Datana anguina Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 247, 1862.
Dasylophia anguina Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe., Phil. iii, p. 362, 1864.
Heterocampa punctata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 420, 1865 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Dasylophia anguina Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891; var. Trans. Amer, Ent. Soc., xx, p. 11, 1893.
var. punta gorda Slosson, Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 129, 1892.
Hatima anguine Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 569, 1893.
Dasylophia anguina Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 200, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe.,.
li, p. 116, Sept., 1894.

g. 381, 1856.

>

Larva.
(Pl. XXI, figs. 1-6.)
Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 167, Tab. LXXXIV (colored figure of larva with pupa and
moth).

Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 304, Pl. I, fig. 12, 1869 (col. fig.).

Dyar, Ent. Amer., v, p. 55, 1889.

Packard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 528, 1890, Pl. III, figs. 1-8 (figures of all larval stages). Fifth

Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm., p. 366, 1890 (Pl. XXXII, fig. 3). .

Moth—Two ¢,one 2. Ash gray, mixed with snow-white scales on the head, thorax, and
costa and base of fore wings. Basal region of fore wings whitish and inclosing a conspicuous.
long black line, extending along the cubital vein to the origin of the third cubital venule, and a
shorter one diverging from it situated in the discal space and ending at the base of the first
cubital venule; also a brown slash in the second cubital interspace. No transverse line on the
basal third of the wing. Near the apex of the wing are three subparallel black longitudinal
streaks. A transverse line on the outer fourth of the wing, which is obsolete on the inner edge
of the wing and faintly marked on the costa, with fine black specks on each side, and inclosing a
row of minute black dots. The veins and venules are speckled with black scales; two black spots
larger than the others are situated in the subeubital space inside of the cross line, and a larger
round black spot in the second cubital interspace, near the outer edge, besides a smaller one in
the first cubital interspace; they are encircled with whitish scales. A faint submarginal zigzag
brown line not reaching the apex of the wing and fading out near the internal angle.

Fringe of both wings white, with a pair of black twin dots at the ends of the venules; on
the outer edge of the fringe a dark slash situated opposite the ends of the venules.

Hind wings sordid white, becoming dusty on the outer fourth. In one 2 the hind wings are
entirely dark.

Expanse of wings, 35-36 mm.; length of body, 17-20 mm.

i copy Mrs. Slosson’s description of D. punta gorda, which appears to be a variety of
D. anguina. (See Pl. IV, fig. 10.)

Male.—Head and thorax appearing palest gray from admixture of pure white with cinereous. Abdomen,
secondaries, and ground color of primaries sordid white. Primaries streaked longitudinally with blackish, which
contrasts violently with ground color. A diffuse, heavy, blackish shade runs obliquely from apexinward, <A curved
blackish line, reaching neither costa nor internal margin at outer three-fourths of wing. Submarginal row of
distinet, blackish spots, two of which are much larger than the rest and margined with white. Costa interrupted
near apex by white spots. Fringe sordid white, interrupted by blackish. Somewhat smaller than D. anguina,
8S. & A., and differing markedly from that species in its sharp contrasts of color, which make it appear like a purely
black and white insect. It has no ocherous shade. The antennw resemble those of D. anguina, the pectinations not
as longas in those of D. interna Packard, Deseribed from two males taken at light, Punta Gorda, Fla. :

.

I received a few of the eggs of this moth from Miss Emily L. Morton, of Newburg, N. Y. The
young hatched July 25, and were fed on locust leaves.

Egg.—Shape of a flattened spheroid, the upper pole somewhat concave, a little broader at
the base than at the top. (Dyarsays: “Evenly rounded, flattened above and below.”) The shell
is very thin and transparent, so that the larva, with its yellowish head and red lines, can be
distinctly seen through it. The surface is covered with polygonal areas, which are not very
distinet, though as much so on the upper pole as on the sides. The areas vary somewhat in shape,
size, and distance apart, the interspaces being rather broad, and there are no beads like those om
the surface of the eggs of Schizura. Diameter, 0.7-0.8 mm.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. LS

Larva of first stage, just after hatching—July 25. Length, 3-4 mm. The head is very large,
nearly twice as wide as the body behind the middle, rounded, and with a fine, narrow black stripe
along the hinder edge; it is honey-yellow, with scattered black hairs. Body moderately slender,
gradually diminishing in width to the end, the anal legs being long and slender, larger than in the
young of Schizura. They are forked, long, and slender; the terminal third evaginate, nearly as
large at the end as at the base, and are held lifted up, together with the two preceding segments,
at an angle of about 45 degrees. The claws are entirely absent, the tip being soft, retractile, and
extensile, and the leg itself being provided with 12-13 stiff, dark, acute sete. They differ but slightly
from those of the fully fed caterpillar. The end of the leg is retracted by three slender retractor
muscles, one being single, the two others united near their insertion into the retractile portion.

The other abdominal legs are provided with a semicircle of ten hooks each, the inner two
hooks of one set being very short. All the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are dull greenish.
The body is deep pea green, the surface shining. The first abdominal segment shining red, with
two slender, papilliform, noupiliferous subdorsal deep red tubercles, situated in or just below the
subdorsal lines. There are two similar but much smaller piliferous red warts on the eighth
segment. Body behind the head with five red or reddish black lines; the single dorsal and the
two subdorsal lines narrow, nearly continuous, scarcely broken. The lateral line is slightly
interrupted like the others at the sutures. Below the spiracles is a much interrupted line of
heavier dark red, somewhat curved or sinuous slashes, situated at the base of the legs, becoming
less distinet behind the fourth pair of abdominal legs.

The hairs are stiff and black, mostly thick and clavate, and pale at the extreme tip. Those
on the head are slightly knobbed. On the prothoracic segment is a chitinous plate or shield from
which arise four of these hairs, of which two are about one-third louger than those ef the meso-
and metathoracic segment; they are about as long as the body is thick; those on the second,
third, and fourth abdominal segments are larger and longer, more distinctly clavate than those
elsewhere; they are smooth, black, but clear and colorless at the extreme tip.

Second stage, after first molt.—July 28. Length, 6-7 mm. The head is now more distinctly
amber colored and smaller in proportion than before. Body pale green, the dark brown stripes,
especially the dorsal one, being more distinct; the dorsal line is continuous, the two lateral ones
somewhat broken. The hairs are black, not so much club-shaped as before. The markings show
little change from the first stage, but the reddish first abdominal segment has grown paler. The
tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment have each lost their single hair.

Third stage, after second molt.—August 5. Length, 15mm. ‘The larva has now dropped the
elub-shaped sete, or “glandular hairs,” all the hairs being minute, tapering, and very short, while
the lateral humps on the eighth segment are decidedly larger than before and marked with two
parallel reddish brown lines, so that in respect to these humps the characters of the fully grown
larva are nearly assumed, while the tubercles on the first segments are still slightly larger in
proportion than in the mature larva.

The head is of moderate size, but little wider than the body, rounded, and orange-reddish. The
body is smooth and shining, straw yellow, the line blackish; the dorsal black line ends on the
smooth black knob on the eighth segment. The three lateral black lines are more or less
interrupted, situated in a broad whitish band, the middle line being the faintest, which incloses
on the first abdominal segment a jet-black tubercle. Low down is an infraspiracular row of
twelve black spots situated at the base of the legs, when present. There are four black spots on
the front part of the suranal plate, while the double reddish black slashes on the lateral humps of
the eighth abdominal segment are more pronounced than in the earlier stages. The extensile,
uplifted anal legs are black at the tips.

. Fourth stage, after third molt—August 10-11. Length, 22-24mm. In this stage the larva only
differs from the preceding one in the deeper, more distinct colors of the body and its markings,
while the body itself is larger and thicker. The black tubercles on the first abdominal segment
are slightly smaller than before.

Fifth stage, fully fed larva.—Length, 55 mm. Head rounded, greenish amber; body smooth,
of nearly uniform thickness, with a low rounded jet-black knob on top of the eighth abdominal
segment, in front of which is a narrow black dorsal line; anai legs very slender, uplifted. Three
lateral black lines close to each other and forming a broad, dark, wavy band. Base of all the legs
black, but the legs themselves pale; ground color of body, deep pink, flesh color. Differs from

176 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the fourth stage in the rather thicker body, slightly shorter anal legs, and the smaller first abdominal
black dorsal tubercles, while the black spots on the eighth abdominal segment are more pronounced.

Recapitulation.—(1) The larva hatches with the generic characters already established, viz,
with the long slender retractile anal legs, unprovided with hooks, and with the pair of hairless
dorsal tubercles on the first abdominal segment. (2) The two dorsal tubercles on the eighth
abdominal segment lose the hairs at the first molt and begin to assume the shape and coloration
seen at the last stage. (3) The clavate hairs disappear with the second molt. (4) In the third
stage the coloration and markings of the species begin to appear, the body changing from
pea-green to straw-yellow, the skin smooth and shining, and the lines and spots blackish, while
the reddish tint of the first abdominal segment, characteristic of the first stage, is discarded.

The earliest stages of Dasylophia are very different from those of Symmerista, the latter
apparently lacking the clavate hairs and tubercles of the former genus.

It is probable, though further field work is needed to prove it, that by the third stage the
eaterpillar is exposed to the same dangers and escapes them in the same way as the larva in
its final stage. Observations as to the position of the larva while feeding on the locust or wild
indigo leaf are needed in order to show how the reddish head, shining straw-yellow body, and
blackish stripes and markings assimilate it to its habitat; also whether ichneumons are repelled
by the movements of the anal legs, and whether such motions of the end of the body are sufficient
to drive away ichneumons and Tachinze from its otherwise unprotected, smooth body.

These remarks will also apply, though less strongly, to the caterpillar of Symmerista albifrons,
which has similar shape and coloration, though its anal legs are not retractile nor so long and
slender, and hence not so well calculated to frighten away unwel-
come insects. Experiments should also be made to ascertain
whether the two larvie in question are distasteful or not to birds.

It may be here observed that although many insects, according
to the recent views of Exner and Plateau, may not distinetly per-
ceive the outlines of bodies, yet all insects doubtless see objects
in motion. Hence any ichneumon or Tachina, or the carnivorous
beetles or bugs, may be frightened away by the sight of a mov-
ing or nodding tubercle like those on many Notodontians, and
still more by the movements of the filamental or even the slightly
elongated legs of other forms, or by the upturned abdomens of
Datana caterpillars.

Cocoon.—“ It formed a cocoon of leaves and silk of thin

Fic. 69.—Papa of Dasylophia anguina; loose texture” (Harris Corresp., p. 306). ‘ Pupa enveloped in a
an. l., vestiges of anal legs. thin, but a somewhat tough, cocoon composed of silk and bits
of earth, ete., constructed at the surface of the ground.” (Dyar.) The cocoon is loose, rather irreg-
ular, with sand, ete:, adhering to the outside, forming a thin network of coarse silk, just the sort of
structure to which the cremaster hooks would adhere to hold the pupa in place, 23 by 12 mm.

Pupa.—* It is 23 mm. long, 6 mm. in diameter, shining dark chestuut-brown; cremaster
short and blunt, terminating in several hooklets.” (Dyar.)

One @. Body rather long, moderately thick, upper surface of thorax finely corrugated.
Abdominal segments only punctured near the sutures and finely granulated on hinder edge of
segments 5 to 7. Two ¢ sexual openings or scars on segment 9 instead of one. End of body
tapering to a point. Cremaster conical, cleft at the end; surface longitudinally corrugated, each
fork or spine truncate, and bearing three long sets, which are curved at the end as in fig. 67.
Length, 20 mm. (U.S. Nat. Mus.).

Habits.x—Harris found the larva on Podalyria tinctoria August 3. “ Its position when at rest
is like the gregarious caterpillars (Pygera) of the apple tree, the head and tail being elevated.” He
found another caterpillar on Lespedeza capitata. “August 9 to 10 it formed a cocoon of leaves and
silk of thin loose texture; August 13, became pupa,” the moth appearing the following June.

Dyar, writing in New York, states: “The duration of each stage was about four days, with
the exception of the last, which was six days. The eggs hatched August 17 and the larva ceased
feeding September 6. They became pupa in a few days after constructing their cocoon, and
passed the winter in this stage. There are two broods of this insect in a season, those here
described being of the second brood.”

\

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Meee

The eges of this rather rare moth were sent me by Miss Morton, of Newburg, N. Y., haying
een laid about the 20th of July. The larva hatched at Brunswick, Me., July 25; the first molt
occurred July 28, the second August 6, the third August 10 to 11, and the fourth August 20 to 22,
Riley has found the larva as late as in October, the moths in March, April, and June.

Food plant.—Usually the wild indigo plant (Harris, Bridgham, at Providence); sometimes
the locust (Harris, Miss Morton); clover (Dyar); Lespedeza capitata (Harris); locust and Baptisia
tinctoria (Riley).

Geographical distribution.—Oceurs in both the Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces,
extending from southern Maine and from Massachusetts to Florida and Georgia, as well as Texas.

Kittery, Me. (Thaxter); Boston, Mass. (Harris); Brookline, Mass. (Shurtleff); New York, Provi-
dence, R. I. (Bridgham, Dearden); New York (Miss Morton, Dyar); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson);
Michigan, New York, District of Columbia (Riley); Georgia (Abbot and Siaith); Georgia (Riley);
New York, Wisconsin, Georgia (French); New York, Arkansas (Palm).

Dasylophia thyatiroides (Walker).
(Pr LV, fe. 9.)

Heterocampa thyatiroides Walk., Trans. Ent. Soc. London (3), i, p. 79, 1862.
Dasylophia interna Pack., Proce. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, p. 363, 1864.
Heterocampa tripartita Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 419, 1865 ( fide Grote and Rob.).
AXylina signata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxiii, p. 758, 1865 (fide Smith, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 121).

Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Hatima interna Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 569, 1892.
Dasylophia thyatiroides Dyar, Can, Ent., xxvi, p. 69, March, 1894.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 200, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,
11, p. 116, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—Two és. Light mouse-brown; palpi above blackish; sides of the tuft on the vertex of
the head grayish; prothorax with a faint dark line. Middle of the fore wings grayish, dusted
coarsely with brown. Differs from D. anguinad in having a zigzag or scalloped cross line on the
basal third of the wing within which the wing is tawny brown, not white, as in anguina; also a
double sealloped line ending just within the inner angle. Costa toward the apex interrupted by
gray spots, which are more distinct on the underside. A submarginal row of very oblique dark
linear spots between the venules, succeeded by lighter, longer streaks of hght tawny white.
Fringe gray, with dark spots. Pectinations of the antennie a little longer than in D. angwina.
Tarsi tipped with hghter scales. Hind wings mouse-brown.

Expanse of wings, ¢, 36 mm.; length of body, é, 16 mm.

This species differs decidedly from D. anguina in having a zigzag cross line on the basal third
of the fore wing within which the wing is tawny brown, not white; also a double scalloped line
ending just within the inner angle. Besides, there are no black lines, and the body is mouse-
brown in hue.

Dr. Dyar has kindly lent me a colored sketch of Walker’s type of H. thyatiroides in the
Oxford Museum, received from Colonel Swinhoe. There seems to be little doubt but that it is my
D. interna.

Food plants.—Dasylophia interna Pack.? Carya (R. Thaxter, Can. Ent., xxii, p. 54, February,
1891,

Geographical distribution.—Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Kittery, Me. (Thaxter); Dublin,
N. H. (Leonard, in Harris Coll. B.S. N. H.); New York (Mrs. Fernald); New York, July, moth
(Riley); Maine, New Hampshire (French); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson).

Symmerista Hiibner.
(Pl. XLII, fig. 2, 2a. Venation.)

Phalena Abbot and Smith (in part), Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 159, Tab. LXXX, 1797.
Symmerista Hiibn., Verz. Schmett., p. 248, 1816.
Edema Walk. (in part), Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1028, 1855.

Morris, Synopsis Lep. N, Amer., p. 242, 1862.

S. Mis. 50 12

178 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 358, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N, Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 572, 1892.
Symmerista Neum, and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 187, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 114,.
Sept., 1894.

Moth.—V ertex of the head with two large tufts uniting and forming a large, high, prominent,
vertical tuft just above the insertion of the antenne. The pectinations of the ¢ antenne are alittle
longer than the joints, becoming gradually obsolete toward the tips; the pectinations are densely
ciliated; in the @ the antennie are entirely simple and thread like. Eyes naked. The palpi are
usually long and slender, extending a third of their length beyond the front, and conniving at
their tips; third joint unusually long, equaling in breadth the width of the second joint. The
maxillie are very Short, not reaching out as far as the palpi. The thorax is moderately robust,
and is not tufted.

The fore wings are unusually broad and square at the apex, being about halfas long as broad;
costa straight; the apex somewhat pointed and square; outer edge near the apex nearly straight,
thence gradually rounded to the internal edge, which is not tufted. Venation: Quite unlike that
of Dasylophia and Notodonta; a small short subcostal cell, and a second, minute one beyond; the:
fourth subcostal venule ends on the costa within the apex; the discal venules are situated well
beyond the middle of the wing, and the two together form a nearly straight line; the independent
vein arises nearer the subcostal vein than usual.

Hind wings longer than usual, the outer two-thirds of the costa straight; the outer edge
regularly rounded, slightly bent in the middle. Venation: The subcostal vein divided about
halfway bet\veen the discal veins and the outer edge; the independent vein (II1,) arises much nearer
the subcostal than usual, and the diseal veins taken together form an oblique (not curved) line.

Legs rather slender; femora and tibice pilose; the hind tibic with long hair-like seales; the
tibial spurs rather stout, with the ends sharp and naked.

Coloration: The species gray, with cross lines and the costal edge white.

The genus may be recognized by the high conical vertical tuft on the head, by the unusually
long palpi, and by the straight costal edge and square apex of the fore wings, with their two
subcostal cells, and by the peculiar style of coloration.

Egg.—* Subglobose, slightly concave at the base, smooth, shining.” (Beutenmiiller.)

Larva.—Body increasing in width from the prothoracic to the eighth abdominal segment, the
head rounded, but slightly wider than the segment behind it. Skin smooth, shining; richly and
conspicuously banded with yellow or reddish bands and black lines; on the eighth abdominal
segment a large, shiny, coral-reddish hump. Suranal plate distinct, crescent-shaped.

Young larva.—Anal legs smaller than the other abdominal ones; body moderately thick; a
slight dorsal hump on the eighth segment, with minute, short, slightly bulbous hairs; a lateral
dark brown line and a yellowish spiracular band and a subdorsal dark line.

Cocoon.—* Made a cocoon in a roll of paper” (Harris Corresp.). “Spins a thin, white web”
(Abbot and Smith); spins a thin, white web, through which the pupa can be seen.

Pupa.—The abdomen ends in a short, cremasteral spine, which is flattened vertically, deeply
cleft, with tubercles, from which arise from three to four curved setie on each side, the entire
apparatus retaining a firm hold on the end of the mass of silk by which it adheres to the leaves.

Geographical distribution—So far as known, the species found in the United States are
confined to the Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces of North America, extending from
Maine to Florida and thence westward to Texas.

In Presidio,! Mexico, lives S. mandela (Edema mandela of Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Het., i, p..
235, pl. 25, fig. 3), which in the shape of the fore wings is allied to S. albifrons, but differs
decidedly in the marking, not having the white costal region.

| By Presidio we suppose is meant Presidio del Norte, which is in northern Mexico, on the southern bank of the
Rio Grande, just over the Texas border. This species should therefore be looked for in southwestern Texas and

southern New Mexico.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 179

We retain the name Symmerista because the first of the two species mentioned under it by
Hiibner is his S. albicosta; the other species is S. politia (Cramer). On examining Cramer's figure
of politia, though evidently poorly executed, we find that it differs generically from albifrons and
albicosta. Mr. Druce, in Biologia Centr. Americana, Heterocera, i, p. 239, adopts Symmerista for
S. politia Hiibner, and retains Edema for albifrons. This does not seem to us to be justifiable, and
we think another name should be given to the genus of which politia Cram. is the type. Moreover,
Druce’s Symmerista pinna, from Panama (fig. 9, tab. 25), is represented as of the shape and with
the marking of a Dasylophia. Ldema Mandela Druce loc. cit. (pl. 25, fig. 3), from Mexico, is allied
to S. albifrons, and is a true Symmerista, as we have restricted the genus.

Walker’s Edema producta, from St. Johns Bluff, in eastern Florida, is, as Mr. A. G. Butler
kindly writes me, “a Noctuid of the genus Ingura, and identical with I. abrostoloides.” In
Druce’s Heterocera, i, p. 235, it is still retained under Edema.

Symmerista albifrons (Abbot and Smith).

(P1. IV, figs. 13, albicosta; 14, albifrons.)

Phalena albifrons Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 159, Tab. LXXX, 1797, fig. 1.
Edema albifrons Walk.,'Cat. Het. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 1028, 1855.
Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 242, 1862.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 358, 1864.
Symmerista albicosta Hiibn., Verz. Schmett., p. 248; Noct., p. 440, 1816; Eur. Schmett. Noct., fig. 440, 1804?
Herr.-Sch. Syst. Bearb. Schmett. Eur., ii, fig. 131, 1845.
Staudinger, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 75, note, 1871.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 572, 1892. .
Symmerista albifrons Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 187, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.
ii, p. 114, Sept., 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XXII, figs. 1+.)

Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 159, Tab. LXXX, 1797. (Larva, pupa, and moth figured.)
Emmons, Nat. Hist. N. York, v, p. 242, Pl. XXXVII. (Larva and pupa figured.)

Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 304, 1869.

French, Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill., xviii, Appendix, p. 120, 1880.

Beutenmiiller, Ent. Amer., vi, p. 75, April, 1890. (Egg, all six larval stages, and cocoon described.)
Dyar, Psyche, v. p. 421, Nov.—Dec., 1890.

Packard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 525, 1890. (Stages I-V described.)

Moth—Six ¢ and two 2. Cinereous; head and prothorax tawny and whitish in front; paler
in?. Palpi brown on the sides. On the crest above, a brown line; behind is a median whitish
spot, with tawny scales, behind which are some brown scales; the rest of the thorax is dark ash.
Fore wings with two dark lines situated within the middle of the wing; the first basal one is light,
with two scallops, one on the costa margined within with dark; the outer one is situated within
the middle of the wing, and is a double dark line curved suddenly outward in the discal space;
behind, it is dislocated on the subcubital fold; it ends on the beginning of the white portion of
the costa, which is one-toothed just beyond the brown, pale-edged discal spot. From this tooth'
an obsolete third line runs parallel to the second to beyond the middle of the internal edge. The
white costal margin is contracted upon the middle of the fourth subcostal venule, and thence runs
directly to the apex. The region below the white portion of the costa may be dark ash, tinged
more or less with fuscous. The submarginal region is a little lighter, inclosing a submarginal
series of inwardly oblique or black linear lunate spots. Hind wings smoky white. Beneath, the
wings are uniformly whitish; the submarginal row of spots appear through. On the underside of
the hind wings is an obscure fuscous median line. On the first segment of the abdomen is a dark,
round spot. Expanse of wings, ¢, 56-45 mm.; length of body, ¢ , 16-15 mm.

1 My description is based on the sharp-toothed form, or albicosta Hiibn. (Eur. Schmett., fig. 440); the round-toothed
form is Abbot and Smith’s albifrons. Whether these variations also extend to the larya remains to be seen.

180 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Egg.—* Pale green, subglobose, slightly concave at the base, smooth, shining. Length,80 mm.;
width, 50 mm, Duration of this stage, thirteen days. Laid in small masses on the underside of
leaves.” (Beutenmiiller.)

For the description of the early stages of this caterpillar I have not full notes drawn up from
living specimens, but have to depend on alcoholic examples of the different stages and the
excellent colored sketches of Mr. Bridgham, so that this notice is in part provisional, as we have
yet to see the eggs, although one of the commonest caterpillars on the oak.

First stage, larva just hatehed.—Length, 5-6 mm. August 24. Just before the first molt the
body is moderately thick and of a pale yellowish tint; the head is brown,! not deep amber, as in
the subsequent stages. The anal legs are decidedly smaller than the other abdominal legs and
somewhat uplifted, or rather extended horizontally. They are slightly retractile, and probably
bear a few hooks. The large dorsal hump on the eighth abdominal segment, so characteristic of
the genus Symmerista, is already well developed, so that the chief generic characters of the larva
appear at birth. The hairs are minute, short, sparse, and very slightly thickened at the end, all
of the same length and arising from minute, microscopic warts. The dark dorsal line is only
faintly indicated; the laterai dark brown line well marked, most distinct on the prothoracie
segment, interrupted at the sutures, and faded out on the eighth abdominal segment. The large
hump on this last-named segment is large and high, but scarcely differs in tint from the rest of
the body, though slightly darker. On each side of the ninth segment is a large black comma-
shaped spot, the point directed forward and downward, while behind them is a median black dot.
There is a broad yellowish spiracular lateral band; above it a pale, dirty white band, edged above
by the lateral, or rather subdorsal, black line; the underside of the body, including beth the
thoracic and abdominal legs, is whitish. The anal legs bear about six hooks.

Second stage, after the first molt—Length, 6-8 mn. August 27. The head is still very large
in proportion to the body. The hump on the eighth abdominal segment is larger, more pronounced,
and orange-yellow, sometimes red; the head is dull amber. The dorsal line is now distinct, and
the subdorsal line is triplicated on the two anterior thoracic segments and duplicated on the
eighth abdominal. Behind the dorsal hump there are two, instead of one, median black dots, one
placed behind the other, and two black spots are added on the side of the body near the base of
the anal legs, i. e., two on the ninth and two on the tenth segments. On the pro. and mesotheracic
segments are two parallel, short, sinuous, blackish red lines. The spiracular band and underside
of the body asin the previous stage, but deeper straw-yellow. The anal legs have a longitudinal
reddish stripe on the outside or are reddish near the tip. The hairs are longer and slenderer than
before, taper a little, but are docked at the tip, and arise from warts, those on the back arranged
in a trapezoid.

Third stage, after the second molt.—Length, 20 mm, September 6. The general shape of the
body of the mature larva, with its large, smooth dorsal hump and peculiar shining banded skin,
is now assumed; the specific characters having apparently now appeared, though we have none
of the other forms (albifrons and packardii) with which to compare it. The head is still large,
wider than the body, which does not yet grow smaller toward the head as it does in the fully
grown larva. The body is now richly and very couspicuously banded so that already in this stage
the caterpillar becomes a very showy object. How it is regarded by birds and ichneumons remains
to be observed. The narrow thread-like dorsal line and the lateral line are now inclosed in a
broad, dull, whitish-gray band bordered on each side by a faint, dark line. There is a subdorsal
straw-yellow broad band. The spiracular deep straw-yellow band is bordered below by a double
blackish-red broken line. The dorsal hump is bright coral red, so bright and conspicuous as to
suggest that when the end of the body is suddenly moved at the presence of an ichneumon the
movements of the bright red mass may frighten away the unwelcome visitor. The black spots
and slashes on the ninth and tenth segments have increased in number. The two median
reddish black dots of the second stage have coalesced and formed a long stripe, flanked on each
side by a shorter stripe, and an outer dot on the ninth segment. On each side of the ninth and
tenth segments are two blackish spots.

Beutenmiiller says ‘ jet-black, shiny” (p. 75).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 181

Fourth stage, after the third molt.—Length, 30 mm. The markings and colors are the same
as in Stage V, but the larva at this period only differs from the third stage in being longer in
proportion, though with a greater number of black lines and spots, as described under the last
Stage.

Fifth and last stage.'—September 12. Length, 40-50 mm. The body now increases in width
from the prothoracie segment to the eighth abdominal, the head
being much rounded, but a little wider than the prothoracice segment
and more pitchy red. The arrangement of the markings is mainly
as in the third and fourth stages, but the straw-yellow bands are
now deep orange, often almost coral-red. The number of blackish
lines have increased. There are five instead of three dorsal lines,
the outer line on each side being the heaviest and most continuous
and searcely broken at the sutures. The black spots and slashes
on the sides at the base of the abdominal legs are more distinct and
numerous than before, as are the black spots on the eighth, ninth, hie) VO_mnaliof ode of @ pupa ‘of
and tenth segments, behind the dorsal hump. On the hinder edge — Svmmersta gibuirons)(shago toothed
of the eighth segment are eleven black spots, varying in size and
shape. Onthe ninth segment are three sublinear dorsal and two oblong black lateral spots, and
on the tenth segment are three dorsal coarse black dots, aud on each side a black dot and oblong
black spot. The supraanal plate 1s distinet, crescent-shaped, and deep honey-yellow, like the anal
legs. There is a median ventral, interrupted black line, also
indicated in the third stage.

In this genus, then, we have a return to the functional
anal legs, armed with hooks, the end of the body not being
more or less permanently uplifted or extended horizontally.
Instead of this deterrent or terrifying feature we have the
showy coral-red hump and the bright black and red bands on
a shining, glistening skin (already indicated as early as the
third stage), which may be danger signals to birds to whom
this caterpillar may be distasteful.

Cocoon.—A thin, white, irregularly oval, tough web,
through which the pupa is partly visible. Beutenmiiller says:
“The cocoon is irregularly oval, and is of a tough, sordid
white texture, and is spun on the ground amongst leaves” (p.
26). Miss Soule writes me that ‘of five specimens, three
spun flat circular cocoons between leaves and two pupated with no attempt at spinning.”

Pupa.—Body moderately stout, rather long, the end moderately blunt; the surface, except at
the end of the abdomen, coarsely punctured, and the sutures rather coarsely shagreened. The
cremaster (fig. 70) is peculiar in being double or deeply forked at
the end, each fork or spine being stout, flattened, rugose, but
with the tip smooth, polished, and slightly directed outward.
The spines are longitudinally ridged at the base, and transversely
so toward the smooth tip, and the inner side bears three long
slender sete, curved at the ends. These sete are often broken
off, aud their presence would not be suspected. The two spines
vary in distance apart, being in two out of three examples closely
contiguous, while in another specimen they are opened wide apart,
this difference being probably due to difference in contraction of
the muscles at the time of death. Length, 17-23 mm.

Habits.—This is perhaps the most common notodontian cater-
pillar to be found on the oak. At first the caterpillars are gregarious, but after the first or second
molt they begin to scatter over the tree. In Georgia, according to Smith and Abbot, the cater-
pillar “spun itself up in a thin white web between the leaves October 28, and came out on the

Fic. 71.—Pupa of Symimerista albifrons; ant,

anal legs; cr, cremaster (sharp-toothed form).

Fic. 72.—Pupa of Symmerista albifrons, 9.

'Beutenmiiller describes six stages.

1&2 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

wing the 18th of February. Others spun on the 29th of March, and came out on the 2d of May.
The whole brood teeds together, especially when small.”

Mr. James Pletcher reports that in 1854 the caterpillars appeared in great numbers and were
most injurious to both oaks and maples at Ottawa, Canada. (Rep., 32.)

It is common on white oaks in Rhode Island and Maine late in August and through September,
those observed at Providence spinning a thin cocoon between the leaves early in October and until
October 20-28, October 5 I found some small larvie (probably next to the last stage) with the
stripes straw-yellow instead of orange. The moth appears in June in the northern States.

Mr. Bentenmiiller publishes the following notes on its transformations: ‘“*The eggs from which
my observations were made were laid on June 19, and the young larve emerged on July 2. The
first molt took place on July 9, the second molt on July 17, the third molt on July 24, the fourth
on July 30, and the last molt on August 4. The larve were fully grown on August 12.” He adds
that it is single-brooded. His observations were made in New York, while, as will be seen by
Abbot’s statement, there are two broods of larvie in Georgia.

Riley states that, according to W. W. Daniels, ‘* When young the larvee feed in a phalanx, as
it were, lying parallel on the leaf and as close together as they can.” His specimens occurred at
Woodstock (Missouri). September 19, on the burr oak (Q. macrocarpa), some full-grown and others
just undergoing the third molt. ‘Entered the ground during the latter part of September and
transformed to chrysalids, appearing as moths the following April.” (Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm.,
p. 153).

Food plants.—Various species of oak; observed at Brunswick, Me., on the beech.

Geographical distribution.—Common in the Appalachian
and Austroriparian subprovinces.

Ottawa, Canada (Fletcher); Orono, Me. (Fernald); Bruns-
wick, Me. (Packard); Massachusetts (Harris, Fernald); New
York (Lintner, Beutenmiiller); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson);
New Jersey (Packard Coll.); Missouri (Riley); Manhattan,
Kans., not rare (Popenoe); Racine, Wis., Chicago, Il. (West-
cott); Chicago, Ill. (Daniels); Ames, Iowa, “plentiful” (H.
Osborn); St. Anthony’s Park, Minn. (Lugger); Georgia
(Abbot and Smith); Vermont, Wisconsin, New York, District
of Columbia, Virginia, Texas, Missouri (U. 8S. Nat. Mus.);
Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, New York, New
Jersey, Wisconsin, Texas (French); Seekonk, Mass., Taun-
ton, Mass., Lawrence, Mass., Andover, Mass. (Mus. Comp.
Zool.); New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Arkansas (Palm).

w

Fig. 73.—Pupa of round-toothed form (albi-

frons), from Florida; w, little black, irregular While in Florida, in April, I collected at Crescent City
a on the live or water oak a fully grown caterpillar which I

supposed to be Symmerista albifrons. Bringing it to Providence in a tin box, it spun a well-defined,
quite dense cocoon between the leaves late in April, but the moth did not emerge until September
30. Although the summer was a warm one, and the room in which it was kept had a warm
exposure, the moth was evidently retarded in its appearance by a change to a cooler climate. Unfor-
tunately, I did not make a description of the larva. It also occurs at Dallas, Tex. (Mus.Comp. Zool.).
This form is albifrons A. and §., and (PI. IV, fig. 14) seems to represent a variety of this species.
It differs from several specimens of S. albicosta slightly but distinetly; it is smaller, and the white
costal band is a little shorter and broader; inside of the discal spot it is not oblique, but straight,
and the tooth bounding the outer, costal side of the discal spot is larger, rounder, and fuller, less
conical than in S. albicosta. The submarginal scallops are less curved, and the space in front of
the discal spot is filled in more densely with reddish brown. Expanse of wings, 85 mm.

The pupa (fig. 71) differs in the cremaster being consolidated, not forked, and the sete are
well developed. Length,18 mm. In a Providence pupa of albicosta, however, the cremaster is
partly consolidated, only forked at the end, and the six set are well developed.

Mr. Dyar writes: “I have taken the form Symmerista albicosta in New York and Florida, the
typical albi/rons also in New York, but much more rare (Poughkeepsie). But Professor Lintner,
at Albany, takes only albifrons.”

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 183

Symmerista packardii (Morrison).

(PI. IV, fig. 12.)

Edema packardii Morr., Ann. Lye, Nat. Hist., N. Y., Vol. xi, p. 92, 1875.
Symmerista packardii, Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 187, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent,
Soe. ii, p. 114, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—* Expanse of wings, 51 mm.; length of body, 16 mm.

“The ground color of the anterior wings gray, sprinkled with black atoms and with white and
faint brownish and ocherous stains, the half line and the interior line absent; the orbicular spot
present, as a geminate, blackish, upright, lunate mark, preceded by a white stain; the reniform a
similar but simple and more distinet mark surrounded by a faint ocherous annulus; the median
shade passes between the spots; it is thickened below the reniform, forming a black spot, but is
afterward lost; the exterior line is only present ii the central part of the wings; it is geminate,
dentate, and forms a particularly prominent indentation opposite the reniform spot; a contrasting
apieal white shade, below which appears a diffuse blackish shade clearly cut above, and the black
distinct subterminal line formed of oblique marks between the nervules; fringes long.

‘“‘Posterior wings uniform dark fuscous, with lighter fringes. Beneath, gray, with numerous
black atoms; the lines and discal dots are obsolete.” (Morrison).

“Habitat, Waco, Tex., March 9;” Texas (French).

Morrison’s type is in the museum at Cambridge, Mass.

Norn.—Hdema producta Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1031, 1885, and Edema fuseescens
Walk., loc. cit., p. 1031, are species of Ingura, a genus of Noctuide, according to Grote and Robin-
son. Edema? plagiata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 427, 1865, ‘‘belongs to Parorgyia
Pack.” (Grote and Robinson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., July, 1568).

Subfamily VI.—HETEROCAMPIN 4.

Moth.—The head is tufted on the vertex, so as to haye a triangular-shaped hollow on top of
the head. The male antenne are filiform in their distal fourth. Fore wings usually long and
narrow (in Hyparpax, broad and short), with the outer edge very oblique, rather more so than
usual; a subcostal cell usually present, and long and narrow.

Larva.—Compressed or round, and, as the name of the typical genus suggests, varying
ereatly in shape, markings, and coloration; either noctuiform, with moderately long legs, becoming
in Heterocampa unicolor very long, and in Macrurocampa forming true stemapoda like those of the
Cerurinwe; body either smooth or armed with high nutant tubercles on first, fifth, and eighth, or
first and eighth, abdominal segments. Larvie in stage I often with large antlers.

Larvee usually spinning a slight, thin cocoon.

Pupa.—Stout, full, with the spine of the cremaster well developed.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

A. Antenne of ¢ almost or quite plumose nearly to the tip; palpi and legs long and slender; fore wings
broad and short; body and wings pink. Larva like that of Schizura, with a double hump on first and

SU La ty En 290 OL THR TT ot SUT NTT pes rey ere ort te el ee tec ane tera es Ayparpax
Like Hyparpax, but fore wings longer and narrower and more acute at apex; tip of ¢ antennie more
Fa] TNT GST ee] eee ee ce ee Tag ee yh cee ote Ae caine Shain age tenceenrapaireaietene te Buhyparpax

Like Schizura, but the fore wings scalloped; palpi rather slenderer and shorter; fore wings long and

narrow. Larva with end of body raised; a large double tubercle on first and a decided hump on eighth

ATEN CL OO SEUE KR RS 9) CO ta ee ey eee are et area ps etl ichs [ello oie me faye ae enter Xylinodes

B. End of ¢ antennz filiform; vertex tufted; palpi short and thick; wings often long and narrow, outer edge
more or less oblique. Hind wings longer and more pointed than in Heterocampa.

Larva; body somewhat compressed, with two or three abdominal humps, often a V-shaped, silvery dorsal

MANGE LoOntio Sebel aston Glelet meee eee ee eee ee eee = Stare Schizura
Differs slightly from Heterocampa in the venation, the subcostal cell being very long and narrow. Larva
in last stage smooth, unarmed, noctuiform, very closely resembling that of H. manteo------- Seirodonta

Fore wings produced toward the apex, outer edge usuzlly very oblique; a long subcostal cell; hind wings
short and rounded; ¢ antennie filamental at the en}. Larva varying from being simply noctniform to
having long substemapodiform anal legs -....-.---- Sc I BO eee eee a Heterocampa

Like Heterocampa, but with no subcostal cell. Larva with the ai on converted into true filamental
processes (Stemapoda) like those of Cerura......-....--..------------22--+-s-=--------- Macrurocampa

184 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hyparpaz Hiiebner.
(Pl. XLII, figs. 3, 3a. Venation.)

Hyparpax Hiiebner, Samm]. Exot. Schmett. Bd., ii, pl. 168, 1806.
Datana? Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., v, p. 1062, 1855.
Hyparpax Pack., Proc. Ent. Phil., iii, p. 355, 1864.

Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 18, 1882:

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 585, 1892.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans, Amer, Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 186, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 114,.

Sept., 1894.

Moth.—Front of the head rather narrow, densely pilose between the antenne, the scales being
long. Antenne almost plumose in ¢, being pectinated to the tips, with unusually long branches;
in 2 subsimple. Palpi very slender, porrect; second joint a little pilose beneath; third joint
slender, acute. Eyes naked. Thorax with a slight low tuft.

Fore wings two-thirds as broad as long, broad subtriangular; costa a little full at base, beyond
straight; apex rectangular, not falcate; outer edge equal in length to the internal, not scalloped,
conyex. Venation: The costal region is quite broad, and the first to the fourth subcostal venules.
arise very near to each other and end at the costal edge very near together; there is a long narrow
subcostal cell, and the second subcostal venule arises a little beyond the middle of it, while in
Xylinodes it arises near the distal end; fifth subcostal venule shorter than usual; the discal veins
are situated beyond the middle of the wing, and the course of the two is unusually oblique, the
hinder one not -being curved as it isin Xylinodes, but oblique; the origin of the first cubital venule
(III,) is unusually remote from that of the second.

Hind wings short and broad, much rounded at the apex. Venation: The subcostal vein
divides farther out from the discal vein than in Xylinodes and much farther out than in Schizura,
and the common origin of the hinder discal and first cubital venule (III;) is remote from that of
the second cubital venule ([V,). The internal vein (VII) is very short. The legs are very long
and slender, hinder pair of tibizee with two pairs of very long spines. The tip of the abdomen
is in the male pointed and slightly tufted when the claspers are outspread.

Coloration: Ocherous or pinkish ocherous, with pink lines and scales; a long discal line.

This genus is characterized by the broadly pectinated or plumose antennz, the branches
extending nearly to the tip; by the long slender palpi and legs, with the two pairs of long tibial
spurs; by the plain unscalloped fore wings, the plain, not tufted, thorax, and the peculiar style of
coloration. By its venation and larval characters it stands near Xylinodes and Schizura, although
the general appearance of the moth would not perhaps lead to this view. J

Larva.—Closely allied in its general shape and style of coloration to Xylinodes and Schizura..
A double red lump on the first and a tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment; the dorsal region
between these two segments green.

Freshly hatched larva.—Much like the young of Schizura in shape and in the position and
shape of the conical tubercles. Body thrice ringed with red, the dorsal tubercles of first and
eighth abdominal segments scarcely larger than those on the othe: segments.

Pupa.—Subterranean, the larva spinning no cocoon.

Hyparpax aurora (Abbot and Smith).
(Pl. 7, fig. XXIV.)

Phalena aurora Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, ii, p. 173, Tab. LXAXXVII, 1797.
Hyparpax aurora Hiiebner, Samml. Exot. Sechm., ii, pl. 168, 1806.
Datana ? aurora Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., vy, p. 1062, 1855.
Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 247, 1862.
Hyparpaz aurora Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 356, 1864.
Pack., Rep. V. U.S. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 156, 1890. (Larva, PI. III, figs. 6, 6a.)
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 585, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans, Amer, Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 186, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,
ii, p. 114, Sept., 1894.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1é

CO
On

Larva.
(Pl. XXIV, figs. 1-6.)
Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 163, Tab. LX XXII, 1797.
Edwards, Ent. Amer., iii, p. 169, Dec., 1887 (3 larval stages).
Packard, Journ. N. York Ent. Soc., i, p. 73, June, 1893.

Moth—Twoé,12. Ocherous yellow and roseate. Head and body rosy pink. Base of the
fore wings roseate, bounded externally by a pink line bent at aright angle upon the first anal vein
(V1). Between this line and the outer one the wing is ocherous yellow; outer edge of the wing
pivk. Hind wings white, either unspotted or with a pink line along the edge; a slight pinkish
discoloration at the internal angle. Abdomen roseate at the end. The legs are tinged externally
with roseate. Length-of body, 15-20 mm.; expanse of wings, 26 mm.

The young were reared from eggs kindly sent me June 26 by Miss Emily L. Morton, of New
Windsor, N. Y.

Larva, Stage I.—Length, 2.5mm. The head is very large and broad, about twice as wide as
the rather slender body, and dull honey-yellow or chitinous in color; with a few long light hairs
in front near the vertex. On the prothoracic segment are two rather large acute conical dorsal
tubercles of the same color as the head and larger than those on the first or eighth abdominal
segments, though all the dorsal tubercles on the body are unusually large, larger in proportion
than in the first stage of Schizura; those on the second and third thoracic segments are well
developed, but considerably smaller than those in front. Those on the first abdominal segment
are situated close together, while those on the first thoracic segment are rather wide apart. The
two on the eighth abdominal segment are not quite so large as those on the first abdominal
segment. The glandular hairs arising from these tubercles and those on the side of the body are
long, varying in length, and distinetly bulbous at the end, those on the thoracic aud posterior
thoracic segments being longer than those in the middle of the body, or in the allied genus
Schizura.

The body above pale yellow, with a greenish tinge, the sides of the body being cherry-red.
The iirst, third, and eighth abdominal segments are cherry-red all around, including the tubercles,
so that the body is thrice ringed with red. All the dorsal abdominal tubercles are quite large,
those on the first and eighth segments scarcely larger than those onthe other segments. The end
of the body is uplifted, both when walking and at rest. All the abdominal legs are reddish, and
the thoracic legs are dark. .

Stage 17.—Just molted, July, 1891. Evidently delayed in its growth. Length,6mm. Head
moderately large (now wider than the body, as the larva has not begun to feed); it narrows.
slightly above, and bears on the vertex two piliferous warts which are somewhat larger than
those below on the face, of which there are five, rather large conical warts, arranged in two rows,
each bearing a bulbous tipped glandular hair; the head is pale sere-brown (burnt sienna), with
six whitish spots arranged in two vertical rows. The clypeus and labrum are whitish. The
first thoracie, first, third, and eighth abdominal segments each bear two large high dorsal warts,
which are dark at the tips; they are flanked by subdorsal and lateral warts which are but a
little smaller; the dorsal ones in question are much larger and higher than those on the other
segments, andthe segments themselves area dull pale cherry-red. Thoracic segments 2 and 3 and
abdominal segments 2,4,7,9, and 10, together with the tubercles, are bright yellow. The legs
are all pale, though the anal ones are darker and redder. The glandular hairs are still bulbous
in this stage, rather short and even; those on the first thoracic and first, third,and eighth
abdominal segments being longer than those elsewhere.

These hairs are seen under a $-inch objective to be unusually large, distinctly flattened at
the end, which is broad and square, the tips being flattened and transparent. In a few of
the hairs the expanded tip appears to be ragged and broken, or toothed, and in one case
deeply forked.

The deseriptions of the following stages are drawn up from Mr. Bridgham’s excellent colored
figures, those of the two earlier stages having been compared with my descriptions and found to
be accurate in form and color, His examples of Stage I (from eggs Lsent him) were drawn July
3to 7; of Stage I, July 12; of Stage ILI, July 18; Stage LV, July 23; Stage V, and last, July 28.

186 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Stage TIT.—Length, 20mm. The head is somewhat angular, spotted with whitish, and the
tubercles are larger than before. The body has move of a lilac tint, and the tubercles, which were
yellow in the previous stage, are now still deeper yellow, tinged with white, rendering them more
conspicuous; a distinet lateral stigmatal line extends along eighth and ninth segments and along
the edge of the suranal plate. The end of the body is raised highup; there is no green on the body.

Stage TV.—Length, 25 mm. In the greater thickness and shape of the body, as well as the
bright green color, the larva of this stage closely resembles the caterpillar in its final stage. The
head is now smoother, the tubercles smaller, and the dorsal tubercles on the three thoracic
segments, as well as those on the second to seventh abdominal segments, are smaller than before,
while those on the first and eighth abdominal segments are now larger than before and very
prominent. The body is now of a deep delicate pea-green, with a large reddish brown triangular
patch extending from the prothoracic segment next to the head and ending at the anterior base
of the tubercles on the first abdominal segment. Behind the said tubercles a broad reddish brown
patch extends to the large tubercles on the eighth segment, the band being edged with whitish
yellow; from the rear of the tubercle a similar-colored band extends to the end of the suranal
plate. The underside of the body in front and the middle abdominal legs are brownish.

Stage V.cLength,35 mm. In shape and coloration just as in Stage IV, but the head is a little
darker, and the back of the larva between the two great abdominal tubercles, and also behind the
last tubercles on eighth segment, is green, not reddish brown, and this area is edged with irregular
reddish thread lines on a white field. Also a lateral infrastigmatal line is present along the end
of the body. In Miss Morton’s figure, copied in my Forest Insects (PI. III, figs. 6, 6a) the larva has
the same style of coloration.

I have not yet seen the fully fed larva, and we need a detailed description of it, as compared
with the final stage of Schizura and Janassa. (See, however, Appendix A.)

Cocoon.—The larva enters the ground, forming asubterranean thin case of dirt. (Abbot and
Smith.)

Habits —“The caterpillar was taken on the timber white oak, but feeds also on other species
of oak. It went into the ground and inclosed itself in a thin case of dirt July 15, appearing on
the wing August 7. Sometimes this species also buries itself in autumn, and remains till the
spring, at which season the moth may now and then be observed sitting on the oak branches.”
(Smith and Abbot.)

Food plants.—Ditterent species of oak.

Geographical distribution—Ranges through the Appalachian and the Austroriparian sub-
provinces, and is rare in New England, but not uncommon in the Southern States.

Orono, Me. (Fernald); Cambridge, Mass. (Harris Coll.); Newburg, N. Y. (Miss Morton);
Massachusetts, New York (French); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); North Carolina (Morrison);
Georgia (Abbot and Sinith). Its western limits are unknown.

Hyparpax perophoroides (Strecker),
Cosmia perophoroides Strecker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Se. Phil., p. 152, 1876.
Hyparpax aurostriata Graef, Entomologica Americana, iv, p. 58, June, 1888.
Smith, Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 585, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe , xxi, p. 187. 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p.
114, Sept., 1894.

Moth—Bight ¢, 12. I have examined two males of this form, kindly presented by Mrs.
Slosson, who captured them in Florida. I am not quite sure as to their specific distinctness from
H, aurora, which is a somewhat variable moth. Whether this form is a local variety or a distinct
southern species remains to be proved.

Tn one example the body and wings are uniformly pale ashen ocherous. The inner bent line
on the fore wings are exactly as in.typical awrora, and the oblique long linear discal mark is as in
that species; the outer line, however, is not so wavy as in aurora, The middle region of the wing
is of the same shade as the base and outer edge of the wing.

The other example, apparently from the same locality and captured at the same date, is dull
roseate all over the fore wings, and thus approaches the normal form.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 187

Mr. Graef’s specimens were received from Texas. He remarks: ‘I received more than a
dozen specimens from Texas, and they are all of this form and constant; H. aurora is a totally
different species.” I took it for granted that this form was distinet from aurora, but renewed
examination makes me inclined to regard it as a variety.

Mrs. Slosson, who tells me she has seen in Florida hundreds of the normal //. aurora, thinks
this variety is distinet. The following description of H. perophoroides is drawn up trom eight ¢ and
one 2 in her collection. In life Mrs. Slosson has noticed that the thorax is bathed with a glaucous
green tinge, which extends to the base of the fore wings, but disappears as the moth dies. Antenne
plumose. Head in front and markings on the wing rich pale wine-red; head above, thorax, and
eround color of the wings fawn-brown. Fore wings uniformly fawn-brown, two deeply stained,
wine-red, narrow, distinct transverse lines, nearly parallel, passing from the inner side of the wing
to the costal edge, and a third concolorous line starting from the junction of the median vein and
the inner line and ending on the costal edge nearly halfway from base of wing to the end of the
line it joims.. (These lines are situated exactly as in the normal examples of H. aurora.) Hind wings
suffused with pale wine-red on the outer fourth.

In two é the entire fore wings are uniformly suffused with pale claret-red, and in one é the
wings are suftused with the same tint, but the space between the three lines are deep, dull, wine, brick
red, like the lines themselves, the band being about twice as broad on the costal as on the hind edge.

Underside: Fore wings deep wine-red, paler along the outer margin; hind wings whitish, with
reddish scales on the costal edge.

Geographical distribution. Florida (Mrs. Slosson) and ‘Texas (Belfrage, Graet Coll.); Texas
(French).

Hyparpax venus Neumoegen.
(Pl. VH, fig. 18.)
Hyparpar venus Neum., Can. Ent., xxiv, p. 226, Sept., 1892.
Palm, Journ. N. York Ent. Soe., i, p. 20, Mareh, 1893 (P1. I, fig. 4).
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 186, 1894; Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 114,
Sept., 1894.

Moth.—* Head yellowish with rose center; antenne light brown; eyes black; collar, thorax,
patagia, as well as primaries, of beautiful light rose color; nerves concolorous; fringes whitish.
Beyond median cell, from costa to inner margin, a transverse white line, slightly bending
inwardly at its center.

“Secondaries and nerves white, with a rose-colored marginal line along costa and margin to
anal angle. A rose tint along anterior margin, fading toward center.

“ Abdomen yellowish-white, with rose anal tuft.

‘Below, primaries and secondaries of yellowish white, with concolorous nerves and fringes.
Costa rose and broad marginal rose tints, especially so on primaries, fading toward center.

“Legs rose colored; prominent yellowish-white tibial spines.

“Expanse of wings, 30 mm.; length of body, 9 mm.

“Habitat: Colorado. Type, 2, Coll. B. Neumoegen.

“Tt seems to be a rare species, for Mr. Bruce only caught one last year, and this summer
only five specimens, among which one 2, which, as he writes me, tallies in all details with the ¢.
Its name is warranted by its beauty.”

Buhyparpax Beutenmiiller.
Luhyparpax Beut., Bull, Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., v, p. 19, Feb., 1893.

“Primaries twice as long as broad; costa almost straight, very slightly coneave about the
middle; apex pointed; outer margin slightly rounded; inner angle obliquely rounded. Secondaries
reaching to the inner angle of the primaries, apex acutely rounded, outer margin almost oblique,
hind angle rounded. Body (2) slender, extending beyoud the secondaries; anal tuft obsolete.
Legs pilose, femora and tibize covered with long ciliated hairs, tarsi covered only with very short
scales. Head depressed, palpi very short and barely visible, owing to the scales covering the same
and the thorax. Antennie half as long as the primaries; stalk stout, with the pectinations to about
the middle of equal length, when they very gradually decrease in length to about 2 mm. before the
apex, which portion is without pectinations. The genus is allied to Hyparpax.” (Beutenmiiller.)

188 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Euhyparpax rosea Beut.
(Pl. VI, fig. 24.)
Euhyparpax rosea Beut., Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., v, p. 19, Feb., 1893.
Nenm, and Dyar, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soce., xxi, p. 204, June, 1894; Journ. Amer. Ent. Soc.,.
ii, p. 117, Sept., 1894.

“Head, thorax, and body pale ocherous, slightly tinged with pink. Primaries pinkish ocherous,
inclined to be rose colored, with
a very narrow undulated trans-
verse line of a deeper color
beyond the middle of the wing.
This line is somewhat curved
before reaching the costa. Be-
youd this line, before the outer
margin, is a row of very indis-
tinct spots of the same color,
At the end of the discal area is
a faint indication of an ocherous
spot. Secondaries rose colored,
with the cilia paler. Undersides
of all the wings wholly rose
color, without any markings.
The legs and body are also
tinged with pinkish. Stalk of
antenne, above, whitish with
the pectinations deep ocherous,
of which color are also the
antenne beneath. Expanse of

wings, 40 mm.”
“One male, West Cliff, Cus-

Fic. 74.—Venation of fore wing of Bukyparpax rosea. (Dyar del.)

— / ter County, Colo. (T. D. A;

a Cockerell). Coll. Hy. Edwards,

Fig. 75a.—Venation of part of hind w.ng of Buhy parpax rosea. (Dyar del ) Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.” (Beuten-
miiller.)

[ have not had an opportunity of carefully examining this moth, and am indebted to Dr. Dyar

for the figures of the venation.
Xylinodes Packard.
(Pl. XLII, fig. 4, venation.)
Tanassa Walk., Cat. Lep. Met. Br. Mus., v, p. 1101, 1855.
Nylinodes Packard, Proo. Ent, Soe. Phil., ili, p. 366, 1864.
Janassa Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Phya Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer., p. 242, June, 1887.
Janassa Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Tanassa Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 570, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 200, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 116,
Sept., 1894.

Moth.— 2 and °. Head as in Schizura, prominent; front when denuded subtriangular as in
Schizura, and tufted as in Schizura, a porrect tuft of scales on the vertex. Palpi as in Schizura,
short, stout, porreet, hardly reaching the front, tips of the third joint obtuse, beneath densely
clothed with short scales, conniving throughout. Male antenne rather broadly pectinated to the
distal third, the branches rather long, stout, each tipped with a tuft of cilie; in the & simple.
Thorax moderately stout, scales of the pronotum distinct; not crested above; beneath with
unusually long hair-like scales, with a longer prosternal tuft arising from beneath the eyes.

Fore wings broad, long, and narrow, being a little more than one-third as broad as long;
costa nearly straight, but yet more convex than in Schizura; outer margin very long, distinctly

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 189

scalloped; internal angle rounded, and a little within the middle of the inner margin is a
prominent tuft of dark scales; outer edge scalloped.

Venation: The second and third subcostal venules are very near each other, the subcostal
cell yery narrow, linear; the fourth subcostal vein arises within the middle of the subcostal cell.
The upper branch of the third subcostal is very short and passes straight to the costa just before
the apex. The upper discal vein is curved somewhat obliquely inward to the origin of the fifth
subcostal venule, then passing very obliquely, and uncurved, to the middle of the discai space,
where it meets the lower discal vein, which is perpendicular to the cubital venule from which it
arises. The venation of both wings is in fact just as in Schizura. Hind wings a little more
pointed at the apex than in Schizura; costa straight, bent down somewhat at the apex; outer
edge oblique, not very full, bent slightly on the first median interspace.

Legs: Femora buried and concealed in the long scales of the breast; fore tibie densely
pilose, presenting a flat expanse on each side; the middle and hind tibie with two long sharp,
nearly equal spurs.

Abdomen long, cylindrical, the tip square, scarcely tufted.

Coloration: Gray with darker streaks obliquely crossing the costa. The single species of our
fauna is more slashed and streaked than any of our other Notodontians.

This genus, both in its larval and adult characters, is so near Schizura that it seems scarcely
necessary to regard it as separate, and if may ultimately be found best to unite it with that
genus. It only differs in the scalloped fore wings, the rather stouter and shorter palpi, the
stronger pectinations of the antenn, the distinctly scaled pronotal pieces, and the long hairs on
the breast; the fore wings are also longer and narrower than in Schizura, and the outer edge more
oblique, while the inner edge has aslight tuft. Our generic name, Xylinodes, was given to it from
the resemblance of the markings of the fore wing to the noctuid genus Xylina, in which the fore
wings are also decidedly slashed. The name Ianassa should be dropped, since it was proposed by
Miinster in 1839 for a genus of sharks (Beitr. Petref., i, 1859). Ma. Druce (Biol. Centr. Amer.,
p. 242) points out the fact that Ianassa is preoccupied, and apparently ignorant that I had pro-
posed the name Xylinodes for the genus, changed the generic name to Phya.

Egg.—* Globular and smooth” (Dyar). Further observations are needed.

Cocoon.—A regularly oval thick earthen cell lined with silk, the larva transforming either on
the surface or within the earth.

Larva.—Head bilobed; on first abdominal segment a hump supporting a large double tuber-
cle, and on the eighth segment a decided hump bearing two small piliferous warts. End of body
and anal legs raised, much as in Schizura. Freshly hatched larva: ‘‘Tubercles on first abdominal
segment brown; anal feet partly aborted.” (Dyar.)

Geographical distribution—This genus is peculiar to the New World, extending through the
Appalachian and Austroriparian into the eastern portion of the Campestrian subprovinee, as far
west as Colorado, South Dakota, and Salt Lake, Utah. This genus also occurs in the Mexican
(Sonoran) subprovinee as Mr. H. Edwards has described (Ent. Amer, i, p. 129). Janassa laciniosa
is from Jalapa (Schaus) and Mazatlan. ;

Xylinodes lignicolor (Walker).

(PI. IV, fig. 15.)

Tanassa lignicolor Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1101, 1855.
Xylinodes virgata Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., 1ii, p. 867, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 31, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p.31, 1891.
Tanassa lignicolor Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p.570, 1892.
Euereta lignigera Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 423, 1855 ( fide Grote and Rob.).
Edema transversata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxx1i, p. 427, 1865 ( fide Grote and Rob.).
Tanassa lignicolor Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 200, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii,
p- 116, Sept., 1894.
Tanassa coloradensis Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 200, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii,
p. 116, Sept., 1894.

190 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva.

(Pl. XXV, figs. 1, la, 1b, le, 1d, le, Uf.)

Dyar, Ent. Amer., v, p. 91, 1889, (full life history, egg to moth).
Packard, Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., p. 157, 1890 (full-fed larva, pupa).
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 541, 1890.

Moth—Ywod,12. Pale cinereous. Pronotal scales discolored with ligneous brown. A
broad median thoracic dusky line, succeeded on the abdomen by a dark spot. Fore wings whitish
ash-gray, with brown scales arranged in streaks; on the costa the streaks are directed obliquely
toward the outer margin, ending upon the subcostal vein. Toward the apex there are two distinet
brown streaks, which are parallel to the costa; between and below the second streak there are two
whitish streaks. A dark brown discal dot is situated upon the lower discal venule; beyond it is
a brown streak; in the middle of the discal space is a light line which passes over the discal dot
and continues along the lowest subcostal space to near the outer margin. Below the median vein
the wing is slightly tinged with ocherous. Just below the basal portion of the median vein is a
brown streak, and the internal border is mottled and streaked with dark cinereous. The tuft is
dark brown. The outer edge of the wing is also darker than the discal portion. There are no
transverse streaks or lines. Hind wings white, the costa slightly discolored with ashen scales.
Abdomen nearly concolorous, being a shade darker than the hind wings. Beneath, of an ashen
hue, with a distinct median black line. Tarsi broadly ringed with dark scales.

Expanse of wings, 2, 57mm.; length of body, 2? , 25 mm.

Edwards’s Janassa coloradensis is a pale silver white variety of his Schizura perangulata, as I
find by a comparison with his type in the American Museum of Natural History.

Egg.—* Globular and smooth” (Dyar). (For amore complete description, see Appendix A.)

-This caterpillar has been already well described in all its five stages, by Mr. H. G. Dyar, in
Entomologica Americana (vy. p. 91, May, 1889). The points of special interest, noticed by Mr, Dyar
are (1) that only five eggs in the case observed were deposited on the same plant; (2) the larvie feed
singly and during Stages I and II they ‘“‘eat only the upper portion of the leaf, and their yellowish-
brown color well simulates its withered appearance; (3) subsequently they devour the entire leaf,
with the exception of the largest veins and rest on its edge, where they might be mistaken for a.
curled and discolored portion.” ’

Of the structural features and shape of the first stage, as compared with the last stage, Mr.
Dyar gives no detailed account, except referring to a “hump on joint 5,” i. e., the first abdominal.
segment. He now informs me that the tubercles are flat, distinct, with long glandular hairs.

In the second stage the head is said to be “slightly notched on top.” In Stage IIT the
important observation is made that “the markings of the mature larva now begin to be assumed.”
This is in accordance with what appears to be the rule in this group, i. e., that when the larvee
reach Stage III they feed more conspicuously and then begin to arise the special protective shape
and colors of the last stage and also the terrifying movable warts or spines, if present at all.

As regards the second stage of this larva, the following notes on some alcoholic specimens,.
kindly loaned me by Professor Riley and collected by Mr. Bruner in Nebraska, may be of interest.

Second stage.—Length, 6-7 mm. Head large, deeply indented on the vertex, each lobe bearing
near the end a piliferous wart. The two dorsal piliferous tubercles on each thoracic segment are
nearly of the same size, but those of the prothoracic pair are considerably larger than the meso-
thoracic, and the latter are larger than the metathoracie pair. The tubercles on the first abdominal
segment are a little larger than those on the prothoracic segment. Those on the eighth abdominal
segment are as large at the base, but not so high as those on the first abdominal segment; and
those on the ninth segment are quite large, being about two-thirds as large as those on the
eighth abdominal segment. All the sete arising from the dorsal and lateral tubercles are decidedly
clavate at the end.

Compared with Schizura ipomew of the same stage and size, the head of Janassa is seen to:
be larger and the lobes above more pointed. The shape and proportions of the thoracie and
abdominal segments are nearly the same, but the paddle-shaped sete are shorter, while the body,.
generally, is stouter. At this stage the two larvie appear to be scarcely generically distinct.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 191

Last stage—My. Dyar has quite fully described this stage, but there are some structural
features to which we would call attention. The head is distinetly bilobed, with no warts, but a
bristle on each side of the vertex. The markings of the head have been well described by Mr.
Dyar. From the first abdominal segment arises a large, double tubercle, undoubtedly movable as
in Schizura, and serving to frighten away parasitic insects. From the hump arise two dark,
smooth tubercles, which are directed forward and give rise each to a bristle.

On the eighth abdominal segment, where the spiracles are nearly twice as large as the others
on the abdomen, is a decided hump, bearing two small, piliferous warts. The anal legs and end
of the body are much as in Schizura, being raised at times.

The larva closely approaches those of the species of Schizura, haying essentially the same
style of coloration and the same arrangement of terrifying humps and tubercles, but not the
peculiar V-shaped dorsal marks of Schizura. The markings of the moths are quite different, and
while the two genera are quite distinct, they are more closely allied than any other two genera.

1 add the deseription drawn up from examples observed in Providence:

Head not very large, not so wide as the prothoracic segment; pale, almost whitish ash-gray ;
an irregular dark ash band on each side in front passing up from the mandibles and meeting on
the vertex, where a branch is sent out at right angles, uniting with its fellow in the median line
of the head; no median line above the apex of the vertex, but two spw’s are sent out above the
vertex from each side, which nearly reach the median line of the head, and inclose a clear round
space. Prothoracie segment pea-green on each side above the spiracle. Meso- and metathoracic
segments bright deep pea-green, bordered with reddish below; a long, narrow, triangular dorsal
light-brown band, slightly forked on the prothoracic segment, extends from the head to near the
base of the large dorsal tubercle on first abdominal segment; this tubercle is sensitive and
retractile as in the other species of this subfamily; it is large but not forked, the end being very
slightly cleft, blackish in the middle, and each small terminal wart has a dark hair which is bent
downward and forward. First to third abdominal segments pale gray and reddish brown, the first
less marbled and watered with gray than the second and third; the back of the fourth to ninth
segments clear deep pea-green, with around sinus in front on the fourth segment, and on the sixth
and front edge of seventh inclosing a watered, gray, elongated, irregular patch. On the eighth
segment a small dorsal tubercle tinted with brown; the eighth spiracle much larger and more
conspicuous than the others; around the seventh pair of spiracles are clear white patches. The
abdominal legs 1 to 4 are thick and fleshy, with a reddish brown circular line incomplete above;
anal legs small and slender, about one-third as large as the others. Length, 55 mm.

Pupa.—Body short and thick; “minutely but sparsely punctured. At the posterior edge of
the thorax is a row of granular square elevations, extending across in a curved line between the
wing cases.” (Dyar). Tip of abdomen unusually blunt; cremaster partly rudimentary, not
projecting beyond the tip, and consisting of two widely separate, flattened, squarish spines,
terminating in two small spines. Length, 18 mm.

Cocoon.—* Tough and parchment-like, semitransparent, similar to that of Schizura unicornis.
After forming its cocoon, the larva fades to,a nearly uniform whitish color, and the change to
pupa does not occur till about a month before the emergence of the imago in the spring.” (Dyar.)

Habits.—The caterpillar of this moth occurs on the oak at Providence from the middle to the
lastof September. The larva is very characteristic and allied to those of Schizura. In Professor
Riley’s collection are the regularly oval, thick, earthen cocoons lined with silk, and about three-
fourths of an inch in length, the caterpillar transforming on the surface or within the earth.

Riley records finding larve in March, and from July to September, and the moths as flying in
March, April, May, June, July, and August.

Food plant.—Ditterent species of oak; on beech in September, Brunswick, Me.; New York,
white birch (Dyar).

Geographical distribution.—Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson);
Cambridge, Mass., (Hyatt); Providence, R. I. (Packard); Lansing, Mich. (Miles); Eastern New
York, (Dyar); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); St. Anthony Park, Minn. (Lugger); Georgia, (Edwards);
Nebraska (Bruner); Volga, 8. Dak. (fruman, larvee on oak); New York, Pennsylvania, Arkansas
(Palm); Maine, New York, Nebraska, Missouri, District of Columbia, Georgia, and Texas (U.S.

192 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Nat. Mus.); Maine, Rhode Island, New York, Michigan, Champaign, Ill. (French); Dallas, Tex.
(Boll, Mus. Comp. Zool.).
Schizura Doubleday.

(Pl. XLIV, figs. 1-5. Venation.)

Phalena Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Georgia, p. 1797.

Hyboma (in part), Hiibner, Verz. Schmett., p. 200, 1816.

Schizura Doubleday, Entomologist, p. 59, 1841.

Heterocampa Div. III, Walker, List. Lep. Ins. Br. Mus., v, p. 1025, 1855.

(@demasia Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe., iii, p. 359, 1864.

Celodasys Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 363, 1863.

Schizura Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., ili, p. 363, i864.

Hatima Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 450, 1865.

(Edemasia Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Schizwra Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Calodasys Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Schizura (including Calodasys) Pack., Psyche, v, p. 53, May, 1888.

(@demasia Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Schizura (including Cwlodasys) Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.

(Edemasia Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.

Schizura Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.

Schizura (including Gidemasia) Pack., Psyche, vi, p. 522, Sept., 1893.
Neum, and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 201, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y.

Ent. Soe., ii, p. 116, Sept., 1894.

Moth—é and 2. Head more prominent than usual, on the vertex two tufts inclosing a
triangular hollow and projecting out between the antennie. Eyes naked. Antenne well
pectinated on basal two-thirds, the outer third filiform (thicker and more ciliated in S. apicalis
than usual); in 2 simple. Palpi short, thick, blunt at the end, not extending beyond the front;
second joint hairy beneath, the terminal scales reaching even with the tip of the third joint and
meeting beneath; the third joint small, short. Mavxillze well developed (in S. wnicornis), united,
and as long as the palpi.

Thorax not regularly tufted, but the ends of the tegule are slightly upturned and dark, and
on the underside below the head and in front of the legs is a large triangular tuft of long hairs,
the ends of which are even with the front of the head.

Fore wings a little less than one-half as broad as long, costa nearly straight, slightly convex
toward the apex, which is more pointed than usual; outer margin slightly angulated on the fifth
subcostal venule, becoming more oblique below. Venation: A short or long subrhomboidal
subcostal cell; costal region rather wide, the subcostal venules 1-4 not closely erowded; the
third subcostal venule (I1;) shorter than usual, otherwise the venation of both wings is mueh as
in Heterocampa.

Hind wings somewhat produced or pointed at the apex, much more so than in Heterocampa;
the costa nearly straight, slightly bent downward near the apex; outer edge long, the lower half
disposed to be parallel with the costal edge of the primaries.

Legs rather short; femora and tibive densely hairy, the hind tibis are shorter than usual and
with a broad tuft; the first pair of tibial spurs small and slender, the outer one of the apical
(discal) spurs twice the size of the inner one, Tarsi small.

Abdomen much slenderer than usual, with a distinct anal forked tuft, characteristic of the
genus.

Coloration: The species usually with dark ash-gray longitudinal slashes, costo-apical white
and black spots, transverse wavy lines, and a curvilinear discal spot, except in 8. concinna, where
the spot is a small black dot. The hind wings of the males are usually sordid white and those
of the females dusky or mouse colored.

The genus is recognized by the filiform end of the male antennz and the distinct male anal
tuft; by the peculiar vestiture of the head; by the short, thick palpi, as well as the prominent
head; characters in which it approaches Heterocampa, as well as the venation, though the hind
wings are longer and more pointed than in Heterocampa.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 193

On a careful revision of the generic characters of Gidemasia I do not find any of sufficient
value to separate it from Schizura, (/. concinna has all the adult characters of Schizura except
the style of coloration, the palpi of this species do not seem to be generically different from those
of the species usually referred to Schizura. An examination of the figures illustrating the
venation of S. ipomee and concinna will show a general agreement in the plan of venation.

When we come to the larval characteristics it would seem unreasonable to unite such a
peculiar species of larva as that of concinna with the species of Schizura as formerly limited by
us; but the same difficulty is met with in Heterocampa. Midemasia might be retained as a
subgenus or section of Schizura, but at present if seems best to at least unite the two genera.
Undoubtedly the old genus Cidemasia is partially evolved, and to some it may seem best on
account of its larval characters to retain it as a distinct genus. Before this is done, however,
we need more exact knowledge of the larval histories of the subfamily. At all events, the
differences which separate the adult S. concinna from the other species of Schizura are not at all
so marked as those which separate the other genera of the family as we have defined them.

Hgg.—Hemispherical, the surface marked with microscopic polygonal areas, becoming
obsolete toward the apex, so that it is smooth.

Larva.—Head and body somewhat compressed, head high, narrow, not so wide as the body.
The eighth to tenth abdominal segments uplifted, with rather long and slender anal legs, a high
nutant, slightly eversible, forked dorsal tubercle on the first abdominal segment; two high twin
fleshy tubercles on fifth abdominal segment, not quite so large as similar ones on the eighth
segment. Colors green on sides of the thoracic segments; the rest of the body russet, with fine,
irregular, reddish lines, and a characteristic silvery white dorsal V-shaped mark in front of the
last tubercle. In S. concinna the entire first abdominal segment is swollen and red, while the
piliferous warts are converted into long, solid, black, stout, blunt spines.

Freshly hatched larva.—Head very large, rounded; body studded with large piliferous conical
dorsal warts, those on the prothoracic segments as large as those on the first and eighth
abdominal segments, and those on the other segments large and well developed.

The glandular hairs long and bulbous at the tips. Body pale greenish yellow, with a pale
reddish band around the prothoracice and first, third, and eighth abdominal segments.

Cocoon.—A regularly oval earthen or thin silken web, with bits of leaves, etc., on the outside.

Pupa.—Moderately stout, end of abdomen obtuse; the cremaster with the spine deeply cleft,
each fork well developed, rather long, not much flattened, ending in a point and throwing off
near the end a short branch which nearly meets its fellow on the opposite fork.

Geographical distribution.—The species range throughout the Appalachian, Campestrian, and
Austroriparian subprovinces, but are most numerous in the Appalachian and Austroriparian
subprovinces. No species have yet been found in Mexico. :

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

A. Diseal spot linear. Transverse lines more or less distinct.
Fore wings with pointed apex; more or less distinct transverse lines; a linear dark discal spot inclosed
ina pale pateh; no reddish brown markings; largest species of the genus..---.-.....---- S. ipomee
No transverse lines; linear spot distinct; fore wings pointed at apex, whitish frosty gray, with no reddish
or brown lines and shades, except a faint extradiscal line; a hollow black low triangular mark on end

OMihovaxces =eoeeee Semamncacre oecece BF BES yae Gone seaeeie see Sa suae sea see ee ciaee Sceeeens S. leptinoides
Size of markings of unicornis; fore wings more pointed; light brown with whitish scales, no greenish
yellow scales; cross lines distinct; lunate discal mark very distinct-....--.--.--.---.---- S. apicalis

Fore wings squarish at apex; markings white, reddish, black and brown, distinct, and cross lines distinct,
the middle and extradiscal lines consisting of reddish brown lunules; two black subapical slashes, a

short white longitudinal streak in the second median interspace.......-.-.----.-------- S. unicornis
Shape of uwnicornis, wings slightly broader, thorax very dark brown, fore wings reddish, and a broad
longitudinal reddish shade beyond the distinct linear discal mark....-...-.--- ee eat S. badia
Fore wings grayish white, with a fawn-colored shade along internal margin. -.-..--.-.--.- S. perangulata

B. Diseal spot, a smal] round black dot; no transverse lines.
Closely resembling concinna, but larger, and fore wings much more produced toward apex; oblique

darkxcostall hands=csemseHecs = once ae ae aelwinitinsceaeaca oe setscmeee tee see eee Seseeeeca’ S. eximia
Fore wings squarish at apex; tawny ashen, with reddish brown patches; thorax pale ash; no transverse
lines;randicostall bandsiObsOleterca = sceatees= cones c cen oon cece ce nrcese tewcersccseceseecece S. concinna

S. Mis. 50 15

194 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

SYNOPSIS OF LARV.E (THAT OF S. APICALIS UNKNOWN).

A, With two or three large high dorsal abdominal forked tubercles,
Head striped; sides of second and third thoracic segments greenish; a whitish dorsal patch between the
first and second dorsal tubercles; conspicuous V-shaped mark just behind the second tubercle.
S, ipomee
Three high tubercles, higher than in the other species, especially the first; body more or less russet,
with voiereenipatches;, Head mot striped .-:-..2 co evee eee eee eee een ee eee See S. leptinoides:
Only two dorsal tubercles, that on fifth abdominal segment wanting; body russet or very dark green on
sides of thoracic segments behind the spiracles. Head not striped. V-shaped dorsal mark silvery
whiteand conspicaous: =. -/.-25 2. ..00-5 0c ons os ssazs dnd eeleneie eaten Oeee ee eee S. unicornis
Three small dorsal tubercles, sides of thoracic segments green; V-shaped mark absent (Dyar)-.. S. badia
Resembles larva of leptinoides in coloring, but structurally more like ipomew. When at rest greatly
hunched anteriorly, and the furcate prominence on first abdominal segment is very long (Thaxter).
An additional one on preceding serment (Dyar)..--...---..=--=-- --2-0- coe cee cee ens cecees S. eximia
B. First abdominal segment greatly swollen above and on the sides; hairs of the other species represented
by very stout, blunt spines.
Dorsal hump coral-red; spines black; body with black and white lines before and behind first abdominal
sepment;; yellow ocherous.alonm the back... 3. ----sem2 one eceeneseee= s+ oe eeeee ee S. concinna

Tadd Dr. Dyar’s synopsis, as he has seen the larvie of eximia. I have changed the name:
nitida to badia.!
Schizura ipomee (loubleday).
CRITE, fies 6, fs 17; (2)

Schizura ipomew Doubleday, Entomologist, p.59, Jan., 1841.
Heterocampa (Schizura) ipomee Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1026, 1855; xxxv, p. 1931, i866.
Helerocampa ipomee Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 241, 1862.
Schizura ipomee Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 363, 1864.
Celodasys biguttata Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., ili, p. 365, 1864.
Calodasys cinereofrons Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc., iii, p. 366, 1864.
Heterocampa ducens Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 417, 1865 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Heterocampa B. corticea Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxti, p. 418, 1865 (jide Grote and Rob.).
Heterocampa compta Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 418, 1865 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Helerocampa restipennis Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 421 ( fide Grote and Rob.).
Heterocampa nigrosignata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 422, 1865 (fide Dyar).
Calodasys telifer Grote, N. Amer. Entomologist, i, p. 99, June, 1880; New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p.19,.
1882.
Calodasys biguitata Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Schizura ipomew Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
telifer Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.

Schizura ipomew Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 568, 1892.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 203, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p.

117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(P1. XXV, figs. 2, 2a-2b, 3, 3a, 3b, 3c.)
Abbot, MS. (Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.).
Doubleday, Entomologist, p.59, Jan., 1841. Excellent uncolored figure of mature larva. Plate facing p. 60,
fig. 8.

Packard, figure of larya and moth copied from Abbot MS. in Library Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., in American

'Humped Notodontians with processes on joints 5 and 12, sometimes also on 8 and 9, the one on joint 5 often

fureate and nutant; anal feet uplifted. Rest on the edges of leaves and resemble the foliage except in one instance.
Processes on joints 5 and 12 reduced, rounded:

Conspicuously marked, brownish, with hump on joint 5 and head red; tubercles produced, black; larve

PTOMATIOUS, 25. 2 <2 ewe tens cose e + Se epee eee ctebat et oininisiam oom os els alate a hela ieee! CONCIRNG
Largely green, resembling the green foliage; tubercles obscure; larvie solitary ...--.---..----.------ badia
Processes on joints 5 and 12 well developed, that on 5 with fureate tip; larvie solitary, resembling withered or
distorted leaves.

Sides of thorax marked with green; V-mark conspicuous, A large white dorsal patch on joints5-8... ipomew
Without white patch... 22.6 osname anes ella pita sain elie wie in loos ene lm ee unicornis

Sides of thorax not green; V-mark pinkish, tending to become obscure.
Process on joint 5 moderate; a broad dorsal band on thorax and a distinct lateral line on body-.... leptinoides

Process on joint 5 long with a supplementary one on joint 4; dorsal band on thorax narrow; lateral line
ODSOLOG6 - cin ob 2's wie wa ola nmeln sets ow cine cme Sewers == aisielsinei= =inleic/ (0 sisile/ an resin i sista nee Oe metal oleae te eximia

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 19d

Packard, Amer. Naturalist, iv, p. 226, Pl. II, figs. 2,2a, June, 1870.
Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., Forest Insects, p. 155, 1890.
Proc. Bost. Sec. Nat. Hist., xxiv, pp. 534-539, 1890. Pl. LV, figs. 1-6 (Stages I-V figured).
Journ. N. York Ent. Soc., 1, pp. 69, 70, June, 1893.

Riley, in Packard's Rep. For. Ins., Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., p. 155, 1890.

Moth.—Head gray, verticai tuft above black. Thorax reddish brown, patagia blackish above.
No distinct line on the prothorax. Primaries reddish brown, nervules black. Base of the costa
dark, beyond cinereous with brown scales along the edge, which become indistinct waved lines
continued across the wing and are more oblique beyond the discal dot. One of these scalloped
lines two-thirds of the way from the base of the wings to the discal spot is more distinet than the
others, with a distinct scallop in the discal space. The linear reddish brown discal dot is
surrounded by gray, and below and beyond is a dark, rather broad discoloration curved around it.
Beyond this the black nervules are interrupted by gray scales. There are two obscure series of
reddish dots near the margin in the interspaces. Opposite the outer series of these spots the
fringe, otherwise ferruginous, is of a dirty white. Secondaries sordid white, discolored with
smoky brown at inner angle. The large tuft beneath the head is lilac-ashen. Beneath, the fore
wings are white, smoky in the middle. Costo-apical dots distinct. Fringe white, black at the
ends of the nervules; at the base are white dots in the interspace. Secondaries entirely white,
except the dusky spot on the inner angle. Legs ashen, ends of the scales dark, tarsi broadly
annulated with dark. Abdomen slender, whitish, a narrow mesial line beneath.

In the female the markings are more distinct. The two series of ferruginous waved or seal-
loped lines on each side of the median region are more distinet. The submarginal ferruginous
region is more broken up by ashen scales. The secondaries and abdomen above smoky brown,
with a pale mesial diffuse band ending on the inner edge in a diffuse, oblique, sordid, whitish band,
bordered on each side by sordid white. There are faint traces of a slight mesial fascia across the
wing. Beneath, both wings are dark smoky. A light ferruginous line on the abdomen, which is
itself larger than in the other species. Expanse of wings, male, 35-43 mm.; female, 40 mm.
Length of body, male, 17-24 mm.; female, 20 mm.

Celodasys cinereofrons Pack., as stated by Grote, is undoubtedly a variety of this species, now
to be referred to the genus Schizura. It differs in the costal region of the fore wings, except at
the base, being ash-gray, with a slight lilac tint; the inner edge also being grayish, the middle of
the wing from the base to the outer edge being dark brown. The following notes on the larva of
this variety were received from Professor Riley, and published in our Report on Forest Insects,
1890, p. 155:

June 20, found on oak two very small larvie, which entered the ground July 8 and emerged as moths July 30.
Color of larva as follows: Second and third segments grass-green; the horn of the fourth segment 1s hiforked and
the tips blood-red, also the tips of the two smaller horns on joints 8 and 11, The rest of the body and head reddish-
brown.

S. telifer (Grote) is only a variety of S. ipomec, with two long, distinct, black streaks, one
passing through the discal spot and the other extending along the submedian vein.

The eggs were kindly sent me by Miss Emily L. Morton, who obtained them at Newburg,
N.Y., from a female Schizura ipomee (Celodasys biguttata Pack.) of the normal form mated with
a male of the variety ©. cinereofrons Pack. Miss Morton informed me that a male of the normal
C. biguttata was also attracted. The eggs were laid July 11 and hatched July 17; the first molt
occurred July 19-24; the second on August 1-2; the third August 6-7; the fourth August 16-18;
the date of the last molt not noted, but about four or five days later.

Egg.—One mm. in diameter. Perfectly hemispherical in shape, with the surface marked on
the sides and near the base with minute polygonal areas which toward the top become gradually
smaller, with minute beads at the angles; the top of the egg is smooth.

First stage, larva just hatched.—Length, 2-3 mm. It shows an approach to the characters of
the fully fed larva in the uplifted small anal legs and the tubercles on the segments, though those
characteristic of the last stage are not specialized.

The head is enormous in proportion to the size and width of the body, being twice as wide as
the thoracic segments; it is well rounded, rather short antero-posteriorly; full and rounded on the
vertex, rounded, not angulated, above, and in color dark amber.

196 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The prothoracic segment is wider than the succeeding ones, with two very large dorsal
piliferous tubercles, situated far apart, while those on the meso- and metathoracic segments are
minute and situated not so near together as those on the abdominal segments. The tubercles on
the first, third, eighth, and ninth abdominal segments are larger than those on the other segments.
They are all darker than the body, and dull amber-brown in color.

The body in general is greenish yellow, with a pale reddish band around the prothoracie
segment and around the first, third, and eighth abdominal segments. The hairs are in most cases
about twice as long as the body is thick. On the head are a few scattered simple hairs, pointed at
the end. Those on the segments behind the head are in general clavate at the tip. Those of the
two large prothoracie tubercles and of the larger warts on the eighth and ninth abdominal
segments are nearly twice as long as most of the others, and are slightly bulbous at tip. Those
on the meso- and metathoracic segments are about a fourth longer than most of those on the
succeeding segments to the eighth abdominal.

The larva just before the first molt is nearly twice as large as when first hatched, but it can
be easily distinguished by its hairs alone from those in the second stage.

The thoracie legs are black, the abdominal, including the anal legs, dusky. Before molting
the larva doubles in length, finally being 6 mm. long.

Second stage, after the first molt.—Observed to molt July 19-24. Length,7-Smm. The larvais
very different from the preceding stage. The head, though smaller in proportion to the rest of the
body, is still much wider than the body, ending in the vertex in two conical tubercles, much as in
the adult; color of the head brown, with four rows of large round pale spots, three in each row;
the sides of the head and occiput pale. Prothoracic segment with two large black-tipped conical
tubercles, aud two much larger ones on the first and eighth abdominal segments, those on the
first being larger than those on the eighth segment and several times larger than in the first
stage; there is a sinaller pair on the fifth abdominal segment. Anal legs long and slender, of
much the same proportions as in the fully fed larva. Color of the body greenish, but the
prothoracic and first, third, fifth, and eighth abdominal segments reddish. The piliferous
tubercles on the side of the body are not so large and prominent as in Stage I.

The hairs are not quite so long as the body is thick and of more uniform length all over the
body than in Stage I, and decidedly different in shape from those of the first stage; they are
shorter, thicker, and somewhat shovel-shaped, being broad and flat at the end and slightly
notched or toothed on the edge, the flattened portion being striated; those of the head are still
simple. Those of the two prothoracic tubercles are twice as long as those on the meso- and
metathoracic segments, the hairs on the latter two segments and on the abdominal being
somewhat shorter than the body is thick; those of the two larger tubercles on the eighth and
ninth segments are a little longer than those on the smaller tubercles at the end of the body. In
nearly all the hairs the shaft is, under a 4-inch Tolles objective, seen to be finely spinulated.

Third stage, after the second molt.—Observed to molt August 1-2. Length, 10-11 mm., finally
becoming 13-14 mm. The head, tubercles, and hairs (sete) much as before, the head retaining the
same style of markings. The colors of the body, however, have changed; there is an irregular
double dorsal reddish resinous line on the thoracic segments. On abdominal segments 2 to 4 is a
single line, and on the same segments the dorsal tubercles are yellowish green, as are those on
segments 6 and 7. The ground color of the body is yellowish green, irregularly marbled on the
sides with resinous red. The anal and other abdominal legs are tinted with reddish. There is a
lateral reddish line along the sides of the thoracie segments; a double dorsal reddish line on the
seyen terminal abdominal segments extending out on the uplifted anal legs (not developed in
Stage II, though faintly indicated).

Those observed August 4 later on in this stage had changed a little since molting; have
assumed more of the distinctive coloring of the fully fed larva; the yellowish green parts,
especially on the thoraci¢ segments, are now of a bright pea-green, while the silvery white
V-shaped mark on the sixth to eighth abdominal segments, so characteristic of the genus
Schizura, is now very distinet. (This mark is faintly indicated in the previous stage by two broad,
slightly converging, whitish yellow dashes on the seyenth segment and a median pointed whitish

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 197

dash in front, but in the present stage these dashes are strengthened, united, broader, and
colored more distinctly.)

A noteworthy step taken at this stage is the final consolidation of the two dorsal tubercles of
the first abdominal segment, which now becomes a forked single tubercle.

Pourth stage, after the third molt.—Observed August 6. Length, 15-16 mm. The characters
of the full-fed larva are now almost wholly assumed. The head is high and narrow, the vertex
bearing two tubercles. The forked tubercle on the first abdominal segment is now larger and
higher than that on the eighth segment; all are reddish, tipped with black. The body is mueh
thicker than before and marbled, except on the pale pea-green meso- and metathoracic portions,
with reddish lines and spots, which are much more numerous than before. The hairs are now
entirely changed in shape, being simple and pointed like those on the head.

Fifth stage, after the fourth molt.—Observed August 16-18. Length, 25-27 mm., and finally
39mm. This stage does not differ essentially from the fourth, except that the horns are a little
higher. The markings and colors of the mature larva seem to be acquired in this stage.

The essential or specific characters may be best brought out by comparison with the
fully grown larva of S. wnicornis. S.ipomee is larger and the hairs are longer. The head is
less angular above and not so strongly marbled with the irregular network of reddish lines, and
has four dark lines in two pairs extending from the vertex to the base of the mandibles. The
arrangement of the four double red and vellow dorsal lines between the head and the horn on
the first abdominal segment is the same in the two species, but the space they occupy is wider in
S. unicornis, while the corresponding dorsal lines of the first behind the horn and the second
and third segments are firmer, less wavy than in S. wnicornis. The horn of the first abdominal
segment is higher and slenderer, not so thick at the base as in S. wnicornis, while those on the
eighth abdominal segment are much higher and more prominent. The four pairs of dorsal
oblique lines of S. unicornis are less distinct in S. ipomee and more wavy, while the V-shaped
dorsal mark just behind them is less sharp and distinct, with more red interlineations in S. ipomec.

The following description of two larve found at Brunswick, Me., on the red maple, August
14, describes the peculiar minicking coloration better than those hitherto published:

Full-grown larva.—Length, 28-335 mm. Wonderfully mimies a dull blood-red portion of a leaf
which had been eut partly off and become somewhat twisted, so that the larva itself would easily
be mistaken for such a part of a prominent terminal leaf. The deception was perfect, as I did
not myself at first see it when within ten inches of my eyes, and on holding it before the eyes of
an observing boy of thirteen he could not at first recognize it as a caterpillar. The same leaf had
blotches of dull red, and the flesh-red abdominal feet of the caterpillar clasped the concolorous
red leafStalk. One larva was much deeper blood-red in color than the other, the latter having a
more faded tint.

The head is high and narrow, not so wide as the body, but wider than the first thoracie
segment; it is pale livid purplish, darker down the front, with two parallel black-brown lines on
each side, bordered with paler, and inclosing a clear pale purplish band. The clypeus, labrum,
antenne, and region near the eyes are pale. A minute piliferous wart on each side of the vertex.
The first thoracic segment is mottled with reddish and pale flesh on the sides. A dorsal broad
band, divided in the middle by a pale yellow line, becomes one-half as wide behind on the second
thoracic segment and passes back to the horn on the first abdominal segment; the rest of the
second and third thoracic segments are pea-green, a little paler than the upper side, and darker
than the underside of a red-maple leaf, but on the whole very closely assimilated in tint to the
-color of the leaf.

The abdominal segments are in general faded, dull blood-red, due to fine, dark, flesh-red lines
and mottlings on a pale carneous ground. On the first abdominal segment is a high, nutant, fleshy,
soft, dorsal tubercle which is inclined a little backward, but on being touched bends over down-
ward near the back; the basal half is mottled and lined like the sides of the segment from which
it rises, but above becomes bright, clear, blood-red, the end being deeply forked, each fork bearing
a long black bristle. A median black line passes along the tubercle, becoming forked in front
and behind at the base. Two large, high, twin, soft tubercles on the fifth segment are not quite
so large as the two similar ones on the eighth segment, but are situated on a much larger hump;

198 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

they are of the same blood-red hue as those on the first segment. The small dorsal tubercles on
the second and third abdominal segments are minute and yellow; those on the fourth are partly
blood-red. The anal legs are long and slender. On the back of the abdominal segments 1-4 is a
porcelain white band, bordered with faint yellow, and divided by the sutures; the portion on the
first segment behind the tubercle is triangular, that on the fourth round; they each contain three
deep pink lines more or less broken and irregular. The V-shaped mark consists of a white oval
(acute in front) spot on the sixth segment, and the two arms of the V are formed by two converging
oval spots, with a yellowish white spot between the forks. The thoracic legs are pale flesh, the
middle abdominal legs of the color of the leaf-stalk, while the anal legs are paler. Beneath, the
body is green on the three thoracic segments, this color being continued back as a narrow band
to the first pair of abdominal legs; otherwise much as on the sides of the body.

Larva compared with that of S. unicornis.—Difters from C. unicornis in the head being purple
and having four dark narrow lines extending from the base of the jaws to the vertex; the dorsal
spine on the first abdominal segment is nearly three times as large and high as in @. wnicornis,
and ends in a deep fork, each tine of which bears a stiff truncated spine. A pair of dorsal,
rounded, small tubercles on each abdominal segment 1-8, those on the fifth and eighth segments
being much larger than the others and coral red in color, Coloration much as in C. unicornis, but
the branches of the V in front of the tubercle on the eighth segment are wider and inclose a
broken red line. Meso- and metathoracie segments green; body brick-reddish, slashed with pale
lines. with a broad dorsal band forked on the prothoracic segment and extending upon the horn
on the first abdominal segment; behind the horn are four dorsal, oval, light patches, each inclosing
three red lines.

Cocoon.—Earthen, regularly oval in shape, externally covered with sand, so that it closely
resembles that of Vylinodes lignicolor. (Riley.)

“The single specimen of the cocoon of this species in the national collection was constructed
in a sandy soil, and is extremely thickly covered with particles of sand, entirely concealing the
silken inner structure, which seems to be somewhat more copious and dense than in the ease of
S. unicornis. The cocoon is elongate oval, measuring about 22 mm. in greatest diameter.” (Kiley
MS. notes.)

Pupa.—Moderately stout; end of abdomen obtuse. The cremaster deeply cleft, each spine
well developed, rather long, not much flattened, ending in a point, and throwing off near the eud
a short branch which nearly meets its fellow on the opposite spine. Length, 21 mm,

Two ¢. Body not very stout (head not preserved in any cast shells), smooth, shining.
Hinder edge of the thorax with eight square, dark tubercles, with rudiments of a ninth.
Abdominal segments 5 to 7 shagreened on the hinder edge, and segmeuts 6 to 8 punctured
(these punctures acting as ball bearings?). Cremaster ending in two stout spines forked at
the end, much larger than in S. wricornis, and transversely corrugated. Length, 18-19 mm,
(U. S. Nat. Mus.)

Habits.—The following notes and descriptions are based on an examination of the material in
Professor Riley’s collection. The larva occurred on the oak September 24. In Virginia one was
found by Mr. Koebele on the birch September 14, and it has also been bred f-om the blackberry.
The larva makes an earthen cocoon, regularly oval in shape, covering it with sand on the outside,
so that it closely resembles that of Xylinodes lignicolor. C. unicornis spins a silken cocoon, with
débris collected and adhering to the exterior. It is evident that C. cinereofrons Pack. is only a
variety of biguttata, there being a series of connecting forms in Riley’s collection now in the
United States National Museum. The moth occurred at Cambridge, Mass., June 16, and in July
and August. (Harris.)

“Larve of this species are found from May to October at St. Louis, Mo., feeding on the
different kinds of oak and on maple. The moths issued in April and August. The celoration of
the larve is quite variable, though the most uniform marking is as follows: Color, green, speckled
with purple. A faint substigmatal sulphur-yellow line, most distinet on thoracic joints. A broad
pale subdorsal line, between which the dorsum is pale lilaceous, but thickly mottled with rich
purple-brown and ferruginous, leaving a narrow dorsal line distinctly marked. Two elevated

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 199

ferruginous warts on top of joints 4 and 11. Head large, pale green, with a distinct lateral black
and white stripe.” (Fifth Rep. U. 8S. Ent. Comm., p. 155.)

Riley has observed the larva in May, June, July, September, and October; the moths from
March to August.

Foot plants.—In the Northern States, different species of oak, and on maple, birch, blackberry
(Riley); red maple (Packard); ‘“‘Acer, Ulmus, Quercus, Betula, Vaccinium, Ceanothus” (Thaxter) ;
in the Gulf States on Ipomea coccinea (Abbot); in Grand Canyon on
an unknown leguminous tree (Townsend); honey locust (Beutenmiiller).

Geographical distribution.—Extends through the Appalachian,
Austroriparian, and the Campestrian subprovinces.

Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Massachusetts (Harris); eastern New ee
York (Miss Morton, Grote, Dyar, Doll); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); ‘
Chicago, Ill. (Westcott); New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm) ;
St. Louis, Mo. (Riley); Georgia (Abbot); larva found at Grand Canyon
of the Colorado, northern Arizona, July (C. H. Tyler Townsend, No.
312); Seattle, Wash. (in Coll. of Professor Johnson fide Dyar); Massa- _ Fis.76.—End of pupa of Schizwra
chusetts, New York, Wisconsin, Hlinois, Missouri, Nebraska, Virginia, (?7"*@: Showing the anal sear and
District of Columbia, and California (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Canada, Maine,

Massachusetts, New York, Wisconsin, Ohio, northern Illinois, Georgia, Texas (French); Seattle,
Wash. (Dyar); var. telifer, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. (Dyar).

male genital opening.

Schizura leptinoides (Grote).

(Pl. IV, figs. 18 9,19 g.)

Celodasys leptinoides Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 323, Sept., 1864, P1. IV, fig. 2 2.
Cecrita? mustelina Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii. p. 359, Noy., 1864.
Calodasys leptinoides Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Schizura leptinoides Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 568, 1892.

Calodasys mustelina Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Schizura mustelina Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 568, 1892.
Schizura leptinoides Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 204, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii,

p- 117, Sept., 1894.

Larva.

(Pl. XXVI, figs. 1, la, 1b, le, 2, 2a—2d, 3, 3b, 4, 4a—te.)

French,! Can. Ent., xviii, p. 92, May, 1886 (larva of ‘‘C. mustelina,” last stage).

Packard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p.539, 1890. (Stages I-III described.)
Journ. N. York Ent. Soce., i, p. 71, June, 1893.

Dyar, Ent. Amer. 1890. (Eggs and all stages).

Moth—One ¢, three 2. Antenne of 4 more broadly pectinated than in S. wricornis, and less
so than in S.ipomee. Head and thorax ash, with a delicate, pale, olive-green tint. Front of head
white, especially in 4 ; vertex olive-ash, with a blackish line on each side inside of the base of
the antenne (not so distinct in 2). Thorax behind uniquely marked with a distinet, black, low,
wide, hollow triangle, the base of which extends straight across the thorax from one side to the
other, the two sides of the triangle being formed by the black edges of the tegulie.

Fore wings more produced toward the apex than in S. wnicornis and less acute than in
S. ipomee; in the male, marked much as in S. unicornis (the species connecting wnicornis and
ipomee); ash-gray, with no olive tint; the wings slashed with narrow linear black lines, of which
there are three on the base of the wing, one on the costa, one on the subcostal venule, and one in
the submedian interspace. A basal curved, indistinct broken line (obsoletein 2 ) formed of longitu-
dinal black marks, and diffusely bordered externally with whitish gray. Beyond the cross line
the wing is whitish gray, becoming brownish on the inner edge of the wing. No distinct discal

' Dyar states (Trans. Amer. Wnt. Soc., xxi, p. 204) that the larva described by French is not that of S. leptinoides.

200 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

mark in my male, but a long, slender, two-sealloped discal line, sending four black lines outward
along the veins. In the ? a round, distinet discal dot. An outer, obscure, zigzag, double-sordid
white line, shaded externally with reddish brown, and indicated when obsolete by a double series
of short, longitudinal, black venular streaks. The venules beyond marked with black scales.
Fringe whitish, dusky toward the apex, and marked with dusky spots. Wings beneath, whitish,
dusky on the costal region.

Hind wings in ¢ white, slightly dusky on the outer edge, and a dusky diffuse patch on the
internal angle. Abdoiien in both sexes olive whitish ash, becoming paler toward the end, which,
in my single male, is not forked as usual in the genus.

The 2 differs very much from the ¢,and is much more common in collections. The fore wings
are uniformly of a peculiar stone-ash or leaden gray, the basal and outer lines obsolete; a minute
black discal dot present. There is, as in the ¢,a broken black line at the base of the wing in the
submedian space. The outer edge of the wing is clear ash-gray. <A series of longitudinal black,
sometimes red, wedge-shaped streaks just within the clear whiter marginal border, those opposite
the discal dot being the largest.

Hind wings of 2 uniformly mouse-gray, with no distinct dusky patch near the internal angle.
Beneath, both wings uniformly dusky, becoming clearer, paler gray on the outer edge. Fore
wings with four pale marks on the outer third of the costa.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 36 mm., 2 356mm.; length of body, ¢ 15mm., ° 15 mm.

This species differs from S. ipomec, besides other points noted above, in the longitudinal black
streaks on the fore wings, in the absence of an inner line, in the linear black discal spot, and in
the peculiar white, frosty gray hue or ground color of the fore wings, there being no reddish or
brownish shades, except what is faintly shown in the extradiscal line. It differs from S. unicornis
in the longer and more pointed fore wings and in the absence of reddish brown shades. From
both it differs in the peculiar black triangular mark on the thorax. The females are at once
recognized by the peculiar uniform leaden ash-gray ground color of the fore wings.

Egg.—Transverse diameter, 1 mm., of the same size and shape as those of S. ipomew. THemi-
spherical, moderately high, and under a high Tolles lens seen to be very finely pitted; under a
half-inch objective of Tolles the surface is seen to be divided into five and six-sided areas, with a
distinct raised edge; the surface smooth aud more often without the bead so common in eggs of
S. ipomec.

Toward and at the micropylar region the cells become longer, minuter, and more crowded, and
in this respect the egg seems to differ from those of S. ipomew, in which the areas are more or less
obsolete in the micropylar region.

Freshly hatched larva.—Length, 3 mm. The head is very large, nearly twice as wide as the
body; deep honey-yellow.

Prothoracie segment of the same tint as the head, but green behind. The rest of the body is.
pale yellowish green, with rather large honey-yellow warts. The first and eighth abdominal
segments are deep cherry-red, while the sides of the second to seventh segments above the legs
are the same color. On the first and eighth segments is a pair of dorsal cherry-red tubercles, those
on the first somewhat larger than those on the eighth segment; those on segments 2 to 7 are small,
of nearly uniform size, and concolorous with the greenish yellow segments. The end of the body,
including the anal legs and the ninth and tenth segments, is upheld as usual in the genus. The
thoracic and first four pairs of abdominal legs are dark. The anal legs smaller than those in front,
and are pale, being of the same color as the end of the body. The glandular hairs are distinctly
seen to be bulbous-at the tip and long and unequal in length, the two longest ones, i. e., those on
the prothoracic segment, being about three times as long as the body is thick.

Compared with the larva of S. ipomew of the same stage, the two dorsal warts on the
prothoracic segment appear to be a little smaller. The glandular hairs seen under a half-inch
objective are of the same length and general shape as in S. ipomew, but do not appear to be quite
so bulbous. !

' With the above description may be compared the following one drawn up from Riley's alcoholic specimens:
First stage.—Length, 4mm. The larva of this staze is very similar to that of S. ipomea, the shape of the head,
of the tubercles, dorsal and lateral, and of the peculiar paddle-shaped glandular hairs being identical. I can only

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 201

Within the egg the larva lies with the front of the head next the top of the dome, so that the
jaws are opposite the upper side, hence when it eats its way out of the shell, the more or less
bean-shaped opening is on one side rather high up, near the summit.

Fully fed larva.—tn Maine, at Brunswick, the caterpillar occurred fully fed on the beech and
also on the hornbeam during the first week in September.

This species is of the color of a dry, sere leaf, with no green upon the body, and is thus
readily separated froin S. ipomew; besides the body is thicker; it bears a striking resemblance to
a part of a dead leaf, and several leaves were noticed with portions partly cut off and somewhat
curled up, to which the caterpillars bore a striking resemblance, both in shape and color.

It was observed that the high dorsal tubercle on the first abdominal segment is both nutant
and slightly retractile, being invaginated when irritated. The larvie also occurred at Providence,
R. L., through September on the chestnut. It is also figured in MS. by Major Leconte as living in
Georgia. (PI. XXVI, fig. 4c-4e.)

Length, 25-30 mm. The body is compressed as usual. The head is somewhat notched above,
large and high, compressed, clay-yellow, with two broad dark bands in front, which are made up
of irregular, wavy, dark lines and spots. The labrum is carneous. A pair of minute piliferous
tubercles on the back of the third thoracic segment. On the first abdominal is a large, high, fleshy,
cylindrical, nutant tubercle of the same yellowish color as the body; it nods back and forth freely
as the creature walks; it bears a pair of cylindrical, chitinous, piliferous tubercles, with bases
rather wide apart, and which are reddish black at the base and pale at the tips. On the fifth
abdominal segment is a large, broad, fleshy hump, concolorous with the body, from which arise
two low, conical, uutant, fleshy tubercles, each bearing a low chitinous piliferous tubercle. (This
hump and its tubercles are not developed in S. wnicornis.) The eighth abdominal segment is
provided with a prominent, narrow, fleshy hump bearing two small piliferous warts. The anal
legs are about one-half as thick as the middle abdominal legs.

The body is uniformly the color of pale unburnt or Philadelphia brick, or of the same tint as
a sere, pale brown leaf, with no green upon it. Thereis a broad dorsal dark brown stripe along the
thoracic segments, which is continued upon the base of the head, which bears a broad triangular
dark spot. Behind the first abdominal hump is a long triangular flesh-colored dorsal band; eon
the third abdominal segment is a shorter similar patch, while a similar carneous band on the fourth
segment breaks up into three diverging stripes ending at the suture. The V-shaped dorsal spot
on the sixth and seventh segments is faded, pink edged with clay-yellow, and dark brown. Along
the abdominal segments is a narrow, dark, supraspiracular line. The thoracic and abdominal legs
are, like the body, pale, with reddish lines.

The apparent aim, or rather the result of the action of the environment, has been to produce a
caterpillar whose shape and color represent a sere-brown, more or Jess twisted portion of a serrated
leaf, such as that of a beech, hornbeam, and similar trees.

perceive a difference in the slightly smaller dorsal tubercles, especially those on the eighth and ninth abdominal
segments. There are probably slight differences in color, but Professor Riley’s specimens are faded out from long
immersion in alechol, so that it is impossible of course to say how the two larve differ in color until the two forms
have been compared in the living state.

Second stage.—Length, 7mm. Of the same size as S. ipomew of the same stage. The tubercles do not differ in
shape orin size. The specific difference (besides those of color, about which I can not ascertain) is that the two
vertical lobes of the head are more acute than in S. ipomew, while the surface seems to be less distinctly marked.
Moreover, the paddle-shaped glandular sete are decidedly shorter. By these marks alone alcoholic specimens of
the larvie of the two species of the present stage can be easily separated.

Third stage.—Length, 11mm. The same differences obtain as in the preceding stages. The vertical lobes of the
head are more acute in S. leptinoides than in S. ipomew, while the sets, now less flattened at the end, are in shape
like those of the third stage of S. ipomeaw, but are decidedly shorter. The dorsal and other tubercles are just as in
S. ipomee. It is probable that other specific distinctions are to be sought for in this style of coloration. Indeed, as
may be seen in alcoholic specimens, the head of S. leptinoides is simply rough on the surface and uniformly resinous,
while in S. iyomew of this stage the surface in front and on the sides are divided into whitish areas bounded by
brown lines. The coloration in general is much alike in the two species. The dorsal band along the thoracic
se ments and the V-shaped whitish yellow mark on the sixth and seventh segments are nearly as in the third stage
of S. ipomea.

202 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

It differs from any other species known to me in lacking any green color on the thoracic or
other segments of the body.

The larva of 8. mustelina described by Professor French is said to be 0:80 inch in length, and
“the sides of joints 3 and 4 are bright green,” otherwise it appears to agree with our specimens of
leptinoides. Probably the specimens deseribed by French, which were under size, were in next to
the last stage, or at all events had retained the green coloring of the earlier stages. He raised
three moths from his larvie. (Dr. Dyar writes me that French’s larva is evidently S. wricornis.)

Cocoon.—The caterpillar fastens leaves together for a cocoon, within which it changes.
(French.) It is oval, made of silk, uniformly thin, though dense and parechment-like, and my
Maine specimen spun between leaves.

Pupa—Two ¢&. Body rather stout, of the usual color. It is noteworthy from the head
being pointed and ending in two stout conical spines, or cocoon-cutters, arising from the
epicraniuin between the eyes. Cremaster ending in two stout spines,
AA. flattened vertically, and ending in four or five slightly eurved, short,
sharp spinules, witl a minute spinule at the base on the inside. Ves-
tiges of the anal legs small, narrow, not prominent. On hinder edge
of mesoscutum is a transverse row of ten large deep pits separated by
double tubereles, each tubercle being flattened above, with an im-

pressed median line giving a double appearance to the tip, which is
aw sae te ee ne dull, not polished as are the sides. Length, 18 mm.
the cocoon cutter; ant, antenna; pth, Habits.—Professor French, speaking of the habits of C. mustelina,
prothorax; sp, spiracle. says that ‘‘three nearly grown caterpillars were found at Carbondale,
Ill., on a rosebush September 18. By October 1 they had pupated, and the moths appeared on
May 20, 22, and 51 following. No efforts were made to rear asecond brood, but from the time
the larvee were found in the fall it is to be presumed that there are two broods in a season.”

The eggs here described were laid by a species of Schizura, and sent by Miss Emily L. Morton,
who is quite sure that it was Schizura leptinoides. They were laid June 3, at New Windsor, N. Y.;
they hatched June 12, all the others being out of the shell by noon of the next day. 1 did not
carry it beyond the first stage, but have little doubt but that
Miss Morton’s identification of the moth was correct.

Riley has found the eggs in August; the larvee in July,
August, and September; the moths in August. \
The moth was coilected at Cambridge, Mass., by Dr. Harris,
June 15. I have found the larva on the hornbeam at Bruns-
wick, Me.; it was uniformly pale russet-brown, the color of a

sere dead leaf. It began to pupate September 12.

Food plants—Carya (Thaxter); beech and hornbeam in
Maine; in Rhode Island, the chestnut and tupelo (Packard);
rose (French); hickory, walnut, butternut (Miss Morton); wal-
nut (Pilate); Georgia (Leconte’s figure, which I take to repre-
sent the larva of this species, fed onthe oak. Pl. X XVI, figs. Tic. 78-—Papa of Sehizura leptinociaeaamea
4c, 4d, 4e). Abbot (MS.) figures the larva giving as its food — of body.
plant Helianthus angustifolius. In New York, hickory and hop
hornbeam (Dyar). Dr. Dyar writes that leptinoides is generally a hickory feeder.

Geographical distribution —A member of the Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovincial
faunw; it ranges from Maine to Georgia, and westward to Illinois.

Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Kittery, Me. (Thaxter); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Massachusetts
(Harris); ¢, Buffalo, N. Y. (P. Fisher, U. S. Nat. Mus.); Newburg, N. Y. (Miss Morton); Platts-
burg, N. Y. (Hudson); Carbondale , Ill. (French); Ohio (Pilate); Savannah, Ga. (Leconte, Abbot) ;
Wisconsin and District of Columbia (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New
York, Pennsylvania, Ohio; Champaign and Carbondale, Ill. (French).

—

i eo Nauees 8

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 203

Schizura apicalis (Grote and Robinson).
(Pl. IV, fig. 222.)
Celodasys apicalis Grote and Rob., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., vi, p. 15, 1866, pl. 2, fig. 7, 3.

Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 568, 1892.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent, Soc., xxi, p. 203, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii,

p. 117, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—One 2. Of the size of S. unicornis. Head well tufted on vertex and at the insertion
of the antenne. Body and wings fawn color or grayish brown, with white scales; ends of
patagia and a parallel line on each side behind and a spot over the scutellum at the base of the
abdomen, dark brown. Fore wings with the costa unusually straight, apex a little more square
than in S. wnicornis, outer edge straight, less curved than usual, moderately oblique. No basal
line; extrabasal line composed of five scallops. Wings fawn color from base to this line, and
inclosing a distinct black streak parallel to the cubital vein; middle of wing whitish, frosted over
with white scales; discal mark large curvilinear, heavier and more curved than in S, wunicornis.
A narrow, white, wavy, extradiscal line, beginning as a very oblique white mark on the costa.
Venules Girt

Beyond the discal mark the wing is fawn-brown, with darker brown intervenular streaks and
white frosted patches. Hind wings white, with a large dark patch on internal angle. Abdomen
with a forked tuft. Underside of fore wings gray, white on the inner edge. Hind wings as above,
but grayish at the costal edge.

Expanse of wings, 633 mm.; length of body, ¢ 17 mm.

Recognized by the large, ieee distinct discal mark, the aieemer black submedian streak, the
fawn brown fore wings, and by the white bands in the middle of the wing, while the hind wings
are white, being brown in SN. wnicornis.

Geographical distribution.—Kittery, Me. (French); New York (Doll); Arkansas (Palm);
Florida (Slosson).

Schizura unicornis (Abbot and Smith).
(PI INV, fies: 20) 0; 21 9%)

Phalena unicornis Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, 11, p. 170, Tab. LXXXYI, 1797.
Hyboma unicornis Hiibn., Verz. Schmett., p. 200, 1816.
Notodonta unicornis Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 73, 1835; Rep. Ins. Mass., p.307, 1841; Treatise.
Edema wnicornis Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1050, 1855.

Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 241, 1962.

Harris, Treatise Ins. inj. Veg., p. 424, 1862.
Calodasys wnicornis Pack., Proce. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 364, 1864.
Celodasys edmandsii Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, p. 361, 1864.
Edema semirufescens Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 424, 1865 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Edema humilis Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 425, 1865 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Heterocampa? conspecta H. Edw., Proce. Cal. Acad. Sei., p.2, Sept. 7, 1874.
Colodasys unicornis Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Schizura unicornis Pack., Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. Forest Ins., p. 269, 1890.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p- 31, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
Hatima semirufescens Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het, 1 1892 ( fide Smith).
Schizura unicornis Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 203, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y, Ent. Soc., ii,

p. 117, Sept., 1894.

Larva.

(Pl. XXVIII, figs 1, la, 1b, 2, 2a-2e, 3, 3a-3e, 4, da-dd, 5, 6.)

Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 170, Pl. LX: XXIII, 1797 (colored figures of larva, pupa, and
moth).
Harris, Ins. inj. Veg., Ist edit., p. 307, 1841.
Ins. inj. Veg., 2d edit., p. 326, 1852.
Fitch, Third Rep. Nox. Ins. N. York, p..363, 1856.

204 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Harris, Treat. Ins. inj. Veg., third edit., p. 424, 1862.
Ent. Corresp., p. 302, Pl. II, fig. 8, (figure not well colored).
Payne, Amer. Ent., ii, p. 341, Oct., 1870.
Lintner, Ent. Contr., iii, 26th Rep. N. York Mus. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 131 (extra, 1872), 1874 (plain figures with
details).
French, Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill., xv, p. 191, 1877.
Marten, Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill., xviii, Append., p. 120, 1880.
Coquillet, Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill., xvii, Append., p. 181, 1880.
Packard, Bull. 7, U. S. Ent. Comm., p. 186, 1881.
Saunders, Ins, Inj. Fruits, p. 80, 1883 (larva and moth, 9, figured).
Riley, Fifth Rep. U. 8. Comm., p. 269, 1890.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm. Forest Ins., p. 269, 1890.
Proce, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 538, 1890 (plain figure of larva, Stage I).
Dimmock, Anna K., Psyche, iv, p. 279, June, 1885.

Moth.—Hight 6,2 9. Antenne not so broadly pectinated as in S. ipomee, and fore wings
squarish at the apex, not produced as in S. ipomec, the outer edge being much less oblique. Head
and thorax pale ash, with numerous pale green seales, giving the body (abdomen excepted) a
slight subolivaceous hue. The interantennal tuft on the vertex of the head is edged with black.
Thorax with two blackish lines across the front, the hinder one sometimes much the broader; hind
edge of the tegule black-brown and hinder edge of the secutal region dark.

Fore wings ash-gray, varied with whitish, reddish brown, yellowish green, and black markings,
They are crossed by three well-marked lines. The basal line is black, curved outward on the
costal region, and again on the cubital vein; and within is a narrower parallel brown line. The
base of the wing is whitish ash. Between the basal and median line is a transverse series of
lunules, which are brown on the costal region, the series consisting behind the subcostal vein of
four reddish lunules; the row is much curved outward between the costa and internal vein.
Beyond it is a narrow parallel brown line. Between this and the basal line the wing is darker
than elsewhere. <A distinct black discal transverse streak, widest on the median line, where it
ends. Between this and the middle line the wing is white. <A faint diffuse brown line just
beyond the discal line, but the true extradiscal line is a series of reddish, connected patches or
lunules, beginning on the subcostal vein and ending on the internal, the series being straight,
not curved. Costa white marked with black. A long black streak near the apex inside of the
costa, and a similar streak in the first cubital interspace. In the succeeding space near the
internal angle is a conspicuous white streak, within which is a black spot. Apical region whitish,
middle region of the outer fifth of the wing reddish, region of the internal angle brownish.
Fringe ash, with dusky venular spots.

Hind wings of ¢ sordid white, varying to dusky, with a whitish extradiscal broad diffuse line; a
dusky patch on the internal angle; in 2 the wings are uniformly mouse-brown, with no distinet
pale lines. Underside of fore wings uniformly mouse-brown, with four dark and five white spots.
on the outer third of the costa; hind wings in the é whitish, in 2 as on the upper side. Abdomen
forked at the end as usual. ;

Kxpanse of wings, ¢ 31-33 mm., 231-32 mm.; length of body, ¢ 15-17 mm., 915 mm.

This is our commonest species of Schizura, and is easily recognized by its squarish fore wings.
and by the variety of its markings in white, reddish, black, and brown, there being four cross.
lines on the fore wing, the middle and extradiscal being composed of reddish brown lunules; by
the two black subapical slashes, and by the white longitudinal short streak in the second eubital
interspace, in front of which is a short, black streak, and within a black, roundish spot.

Celodasys edmandsir Pack. is evidently a synonym of S.unicornis. The specimen ( é ) marked
edmandsii in Mr, Kdwards’s collection appears to be only a small wnicornis with narrower wings
than usual. The only difference is in the dusky tawny costa of the fore wings and the similarly
tinted hind wings, due perhaps to imperfect preservation. S. conspecta H. Edw., one 6 type from
California in American Museum of Natural History, New York, is only a climatic variety of S.
unicornis; the position of the markings is identical in the two forms, but conspecta is larger, the
fore wings as much produced as in any of unicornis. The pale area on the outer third of the wing
is clear and whitish, and the hind wings are clearer and whiter than in any eastern example of:

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 205

anicornis. This appears to be a climatic variety, following the same law of climatic variation as
we have already referred to.

Egg.—* Greenish to yellowish gray in color; transverse diameter, 8 mm.; hemispherical, not
flattened; surface under high power, with elevated ridges forming facets. A slight irregular
roughening occurs about the micropylar region.” (‘Deposited in captivity in Feb.” Riley MS.)

Larva.—The first stage of S. wnicornis differs but slightly from that of S. ipomew. Length,
2mm. The head and body are of the same proportions, the prothoracic tubercles of nearly the
same size, but those on the back of the meso- and metathoracic segments are larger than in S,
unicornis. The tubercles on the abdominal segments are of nearly the same proportions, but
slightly larger.

The first, third, and eighth abdominal segments are bright red in wricornis as in ipomec, and
the colors and markings in general scarcely different from those of ipomew. The anal legs are the
same in size and position in the two species, but the tubercles are on the whole larger in ipomec.

The hairs are clayate in wnicornis and of the same proportionate length as in ipomee.

It thus appears that no genuine specific differences exist between the freshly hatched larvie
of S. ipomee and unicornis and most probably leptinoides, though the caterpillars are so different
when fully fed. On the other hand, though we do not know the earliest stages of the other species
of Schizura, yet from our knowledge of those of Dasylophia anguina there seems little doubt that
the generic characters are quite clearly indicated in the first stage; that is, it will always be easy
to separate Schizura larve just after hatching from those of any other genus of Notodontians,
while if specimens of S. ipomew and unicornis of the first stage were mixed together it would be
almost impossible to safely separate them according to the species, the incipient specific characters
actually existing being too slight and indecisive.

Length, 20mm. Body much compressed; head not so wide as the body, compressed, flattened
in front, elevated toward the vertex, cleft, ending in two rounded conical tubercles, pale rust-red,
densely marbled with a fine net-work of darker lines. Body pale rust-red, with a pale pea-green
patch on the side of the second and third thoracic segments, not reaching to the anterior spiracle.
First abdominal segment with a large high acute conical tubercle, bearing at tip two very
slender, spreading, brown cylindrical tubercles. On fifth a slight hump, bearing two small
warts; eighth segment bearing a rather large dorsal hump, supporting two dark warts; in front is
a broken V-shaped silver mark, the apex directed forward. Anal legs brown, held out, with end
of body, horizontally. Three lateral obscure, oblique lines connecting with a dark, obscure, lateral
straight line placed some distance above the spiracles. Feet all rust-reddish, thoracic feet paler.

Length, 25 mm. Has a shorter smaller dorsal retractile tubercle than in S.ipomee. Thoracic
segments pea-green; the dorsal V-shaped mark on the seventh segment is prolonged to the front
edge of the sixth segment, this part really forming a separate narrow V, in front of -the apex, of
which on fourth and fifth segments each is a dusky brown patch, between the reddish brown
piliferous warts.

Before the last molt the larva is the same as the mature form. Length,15to18mm.

The dorsal hump is not so soft and retractile or sensitive as in the larva of S, leptinoides.

“Tt is a very singularly shaped caterpillar. General color in sound specimens, rich reddish
brown, in others grayish brown, shaded with very minute spots of a darker color, which give it a
shagreened appearance. A faint line of a darker color runs along each side from the third segment.
It is variegated on the back with a lighter color, somewhat in the shape of a letter W as one looks
from the head, and two lines forming a V mark.

“QLarve found on the blackberry were mostly very pale, with the white Y mark on joints 9
and 10 very plain, with much glaucous color about the back, and with the other shades of purple-
brown, flesh-brown, olive and pale green, which are found on the withering blackberry bushes,
all present. The glaucous and brown colors are especially noticed on the canes of this plant.”
(Riley in Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm., p. 269.)

Cocoon.—* Thin and almost transparent, resembling parchment in texture, and covered generally
with bits of leaves on the outside” (Harris). The larva spins a silk. cocoon with the débris on the
outside, judging by a specimen in the United States National Museum.

206 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

“'Phe cocoon is a rather close, fine silken one, and transparent when the outer protecting
material is removed. This last may be either a leaf, folded or otherwise, excrement, or other
matter which the larva entangles in the loose outer web of the cocoon for concealment and
protection.” (Riley MS.)

Pupa.—tLike that of S. ipemew, but slightly shorter, and the spine of the cremaster a little
more acute. Hinder edge of thorax, with a transverse series of nine square black tubercles;
surface slightly punctured, especially on the front edge of abdominal segments 5-7, the last three
segments smooth, tip rather blunt. Cremaster small, the two spines short and stout, granulated
and corrugated on the surface. Length, 20mm. (From U. 8. Nat. Mus.)

This is our commonest Schizura, and occurs on the willow and thorn late in August in Maine.
August 28 one had spun a slight cocoon.

“Length varying from 12 to 21 mm.; color rich shiny brown, In general characters, and
especially in the row of eight blunt, tooth-like, dull, black projections from the posterior dorsal
margin of the mesothorax, it resembles closely the pup of the two other species of this genus
which have this stage described, viz, S. leptinoides and S. ipomea. From these species it may be
distinguished, however, by the character of the two prongs to the cremaster. These are much
shorter than those of ipomee (which are three times as long as wide), being scarcely longer than
the width, and the inner branches or teeth are short, and the small inner basal teeth are absent
or nearly so. S, leptinoides is readily separated by the fact that the branches in this species are
themselves branched or bitoothed.

“About four days are required for pupation from the spinning up of the larva. At first the
color markings of the larva are retained with considerable distinctness in the pupa, but these are
soon lost and the normal brown color assumed.” (Riley MS.)

Habits —The caterpillar of this moth, more commonly met
with on the apple tree, we have found September 6 on the elm at
Brunswick, Me. At about this date, Harris says, it makes its
cocoon, which is thin and almost transparent, resembling parch-
ment in texture, and covered generally with bits of leaves on the
outside. The caterpillars remain in their cocoons a long time pre-
vious to changing to chrysalids, and the moth appears the follow-
ing May and June.

This and the other species of the genus are doubtless protected
from the attacks of birds by their close resemblance to a dead,
dry portion or blotch on the edge of the leaf, as they usually feed
on the edge.

Miss Emma Payne was the first to call attention to its mimicry of leaves partly dead. We
quote her interesting account:

fig. 79.—Pupa of Schizura wnicornis.

I think this worm furnishes a wonderful instance of mimicry of the vegetable by the animal organism. The
green segments just back of the head resemble a small portion of the green leaf, and the other parts admirably
counterfeit the brown and russet tints of the dead leaf, while the form of the animal in its various postures aids the
deception by its resemblance to a leaf partly alive and partly dead, the green mostly eaten and the brown torn.
(Amer. Ent., ii, p. 341.)

[ have noticed that this caterpillar feeds very conspicuously, but is protected by its resemblance
to the twisted, partly dead ends of some of the leaves, the oblique markings of the larva resembling
the twisted dead and russet portions of the leaf.

The following observations have been made by Professor Riley:

“The larva of the above species is found feeding on quite a number of different plants, such as
oak, elm, plum, apple, dogwood, alder, winterberry, rose, and blackberry, also on hickory.

“The insect is evidently two brooded, those of the first brood spinning up at the commence-
ment of July, while larve of a second brood, often only about one-fourth grown, are found as late
as October 10.

“The cocoon is very thin and looks much like parchment. It frequently draws a few leaves
together for this purpose, and changes to a chrysalis in about four days, which is at first of the
same color as was the caterpillar, the green segments being distinctly visible, but soon changes to

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 207

a shiny brown, with two points at the tail and one blunter one at the head. There are also slight
elevations on the under part of the abdomen where the prolegs of the caterpillar were.

“The mimicry of the larva when on the blackberry, either stem or leaf, is perfect, and the
imitative resemblance of the moth, when at rest, to the bark of a tree is still more striking. The
moth always rests head downward with the legs all drawn together and its wings folded round
the body, which is stretched out at an angle of about 45 degrees, the dull gray coloring of the
wings with the lichen-green and flesh color giving the whole such a perfect appearance to a piece
of rough bark that the deception is perfect.

“Some of the larve are, however, infested with Tachinids and with Ophion purgator Say.”
(Riley’s unpublished notes.)

Food plants.—Apple, plum, thorn (Crataegus), elm, and probably poplar (Packard), Betula alba
(Mrs. Dimmock); hazel (Corylus americana), Prunus virginiana (Lintner); Prinos verticillatus
(Abbot); locust, cherry, dogwood, alder, ilex, oak (Beutenmiiller).

Geographical distribution Common throughout the Appalachian and Austroriparian sub-
provinces. Its western limits not yet defined, though it inhabits Napa County, Cal., according
to Edwards.

Canada (Saunders); Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Franconia, N. H.
(Mrs. Slosson, and a fresh one was captured by her in the Summit House, on Mount Washington,
New Hampshire, at the end of July); Boston, Mass. (Harris, Shurtleff, Sanborn); Rhode Island
(Clark); New York (Grote, Lintner, Dyar); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Racine, Wis. (Emma
Payne); Manhattan, Kans. (Popenoe); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald); Georgia (Abbot and Smith);
Napa County, Cal. (H. Edwards); Canada, Kittery, Me.; New Hampshire, New York, Ohio,
Wisconsin (French).

Summary of the steps in the assumption of the generic or adaptive, i, e., protective characters of three
species of Schizura (S. ipomea, leptinoides, and unicornis).

The sunergeneric features of the partly elevated, uplifted anal legs and a difference in the
size of the tubercles appear at the time of hatching.

1. The head becomes marked much as in the adult in the second See

2. The tubercles begin to be differentiated in the second stage, when the prothoracie tubercles
are much smaller than in the first.

3. The tubercles of the first abdominal segment, originally separate, become united at the
ase in the third, and form a single high-forked tubercle in the fourth stage.

4, The glandular hairs differ generically in the second stage from those in the first. The
flattened glandular hairs appear im the second and disappear in the fourth stage.

5. The V-shaped dorsal mark on the sixth and seventh abdominal segments appears at the
end of the third stage, and is due to the coalescence of three separate, whitish yellow spots.

6. The pea-green color of the meso- and metathoracie segments appears at the end of the
third stage

It thus appears that the mimetic colorational features, being those which especially enable the
larva to escape observation, appear shortly before the creature is half grown, then changes
occurring at the end of the third stage, while the movable terrifying tubercle of the first
abdominal segment becomes developed at the same time.

When feeding on the edge of a leaf, the Schizurwe exactly imitate a portion of the fresh, green
serrated edge of a leaf, including a sere-brown withered spot, the angular, serrate outline of the
back corresponding to the serrate outline of the edge of the leaf. And as the leaves only become
Spotted with sere-brown markings by the end of summer, so the single-brooded caterpillars do not,
in the Northern States, develop so as to exhibit their protective coloration until late in the
summer, i. e., by the middle and last of August.

A feature of some significance is the large size of the prothoracie tubercles in the larva of the
first stage of S. ipomec, which in successive stages becomes reduced to a size no greater than
those of the other thoracic segments.

208 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Schizura badia (Packard).

(Pl. IV, fig. 23.)
(Edemasia badia Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, p. 361, 1864.
Helterocampa significata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 421, 1865 (fide Grote and Rob.)
(Edemasia badia Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1X82.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 20, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
Schizura nitida Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 204, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii,
p- 117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.
(Pl. XXVII, figs. 1, la, 1b, 2, 2a-2d.)
Dyar (ex. Thaxter), Psyche, vi, p. 177, Noy., 1891; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxvi, p. 395, 1894. (Egg and
stages I-V.)

Moth—Three ¢. Head above and prothorax reddish brown. Palpi and patagia behind,
blackish. Fore wings dark reddish with ashen and dark brown scales. Base of the wing reddish
brown; in the discal space before the linear black discal mark a cinereous area, but this region is
discolored with dark brown and continued to the outer edge as two blackish lines, one being the
fifth subcostal venule, the scales over which spread out toward the apex. Outer margin with
black and whitish streaks on the venules and in the interspaces. Apex white.

Hind wings whitish, becoming smoky toward the outer edge, especially on the venules.
Beneath, smoky cinereous. On the outer edge of the fore wings is a row of small black dots; ends
of the venules black.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 30 mm.; length of body, ¢ 15 mm.

In a well-preserved specimen collected by C. A. Shurtleff at Brookline, Mass. (Coll. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist.), the patagia are much darker than the rest of the thorax; the middle yellowish
ashen region is bordered on each side by zigzag lines; on the anterior half it is frosted over with
fine whitish scales. The costal third of the wing is white. The dots of the marginal row are each
succeeded within by white streaks. Abdomen pale cinereous, darker than the hind wings; the
tip is not so distinetly divided as in concinna. Schizura badia may be easily distinguished by its
deep reddish brown color, dark patagia, and light hind wings, and by the linear discal spot turning
at a high angle outward, and by the reddish shade, or two reddish-brown lines, in the middle
beyond. There are also distinct scalloped reddish brown lines at the base and beyond the discal
spot. The thorax is also darker red.

Larva.—‘I have found this larva on Viburnum lentago, and it is certainly not an Gidemasia.
It is without the red hump and black tubercles of Gi. concinna, the body being smooth, with dorsal
processes on the first, fourth, fifth, (?) and eighth abdominal segments; the sides of the thoracie
segments are green, but the usual V-shaped mark is, I believe, absent. I have not been able to
obtain the larva recently for more careful description.” (Dyar in Psyche, vi, p. 177.)

I. add Dr. Dyar’s description of the egg and of Stages I-V. As my nitida is a synonym of
concinna, Dyar’s description must be that of badia. Iam indebted to Dr. Dyar for specimens of
badia forming the subjects of Pl. XX VII.

““Hgg.—More than hemispherical, flat on the base, covered with shallow, rounded, hexagonal
areas, not distinctly defined, and becoming obscure and punctiform around the micropyle.
Diameter, 0.8 mm.; height, 0.6mm. Laid three or four together on the under side of a leaf of
the food plant (Viburnum).

“First larval stage-—On joint 2, two subdorsal sete on enlarged bases; on joint 5 a single
dorsal hump bears tubercle 1; on joints 6-11 two humps, tuberele 1 on each, becoming smaller
posteriorly; on joint 12 a low single hump. Head higher than wide, the lobes distinet; pale
testaceous brown. Body shining red-brown, finely mottled with yellow, this color replaced by
clear yellow subdorsally on joints 3, 4, 6,8, and 11, and subventrally on joints 6, 8, and 9; feet
dark. The sete have rather large, slightly conical, brown, chitinous tubercles, normal in arrange-
ment (6 absent), with several on the lower part of the square brown leg plate; sete slightly
enlarged at tip. Anal feet elevated.

“Second stage.-—Head bilobed with a tubercle at the apex of each lobe; red-brown with a
rounded, pale yellow patch on each side of clypeus above, one on the side of each lobe and the

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 209

¢clypeus itself the same color; ocelli dark; a few sete; width, 0.7 mm. A red-brown dorsal line
with markings of the same color, finely yellow dotted, along the lateral area and covering the
whole of joints 5, 7,10, and 12; the rest of the body pale yellowish, especially on joint 8. The
abdominal feet on joints 8 and 9 and the thoracic feet are pale. Tubercles 1 with enlarged bases,
forming slight dorsal prominences on joints 2,5, and 12. Anal feet brown, elevated. Set dusky
with glandular tips, normal, six present with five or six sets on leg plate.

“Third stage.-—Head small in proportion to the body, bilobed with a large tubercle at apex of
each lobe, rather flat before with several sete; pale brownish white, shaded with brown posteriorly,
with a vertical brown band before ocelli extending to vertex of each lobe, the pair connected by
an angular cross band above clypeus and again, faintly, near the vertex; clypeus greenish, ocelli
‘dark; width, 0.95 mm. Tubercles 1 with enlarged bases; a slight hump on joints 5 and 12 bearing
1 near the apex; a pair of tubercles in place of the cervical shield. Body at first yellowish, except
the sides of joints 2-4, which are green. Later shining leaf-green. A purple-brown dorsal band
dotted with white extends from joint 2 to the anal feet, widening a little on the middle of each
segment, covering tubercle 1 on joint 5, but on joint 6, 1 is bright yellow; the brown color covers
the whole of joint 7, even the foot, and stains the posterior half of joint 6 and a stigmatal patch on
joint 5. Tubercle 1 on joint 8 yellow. The brown band covers 2 on joints 9 and 10 and stains the
foot on joint 10, extending up anteriorly and also posteriorly on joint 11; it covers tubercle 1 only
‘on joints 11 and 12 and, becoming very narrow on joint 13, passes to the anal feet. A faint white
subdorsal band, stained with yellow, most distinct on joints $ and 9, and forming a somewhat
oblique yellowish mark on joint 11, suggesting the usual V-mark of Schizura larvee., The green
ground is partly replaced subventrally by whitish streaks. Thoracic feet pale. Setz pale, with
glandular tips.

“Fourth stage—Head much as before, but a brown line extending up from the ocelli is all that
is left of the brown on the sides of the lobes, and the band connecting the vertical lines above is
broken. Width,1.5 mm. Body as before in color, but the sete stiff, distinct, not glandular. The
green of the sides is considerably broken up by whitish streaks; tubercles 1 on joint 6, and 1 and
2 on joint 8, are yellow. As the stage advances the brown dorsal band partially fades out, the
white subdorsal line, broken on joint 11, becomes more distinct, and its posterior part forms a
distinet V-mark on joint 11. Tubercles 1 on joints 5 and 12 make slight, but distinet, fureate
processes. These disappear in the next stage.

“ Fifth stage.—Head small, flat before, rounded, higher than wide; white, with a faint yellowish
tinge; from each side of base of clypeus a band extends to vertex of each lobe, cut by a small
spot of the ground color each side of the clypeus and a larger one opposite apex of clypeus and
narrowly bordering clypeus above; this band is purple-brown, mottled with round dots of the
ground color; a similar fainter band behind the ocelli. A very slight prominence on joints 5 and
12, low, scarcely even a hump; otherwise the body is smooth, tubercles absent, setz small, dark,
but tubercle 6 and those on the leg can be distinguished; anal feet elevated. Body green, clear
on the sides of joints 2-4 with a dorsal purple-brown band mottled with white, which tapers and
ends at joint 5. A white subdorsal shade on joints 5-15, diffuse downward and cut by oblique
lines of the ground color (green), broken on joint 11, the posterior part continued forward from
joint 11 on joint 10 and becoming yellow, forms a V-mark supplemented by a few dots on joints 9
and 11. A distinet yellow patch surrounds tubercle 1 on joints 6-8 with a yellow dotted dorsal
shading; the spots 1 on joint 8 separated by a Y-shaped brown mark (in some cases the sides of
joints 5-8 are more or less covered with dark brown, mottled with whitish, being remains of the
brown marks of the previous stage), and the brown usually prevails in a band from the spiracle
on joint 5 back to the abdominal feet. Bases of the feet around tubercle 6 waxy white, this area
bordered by a rather irregular brown mark. Anal plate and feet dark. Spiracles pale brown.
Thoracic feet tinged with reddish.”

Food Plant.—Viburnum lentago. (Dyar.)

Habits.—Besides the facts already given, the moth oceurred in New York in August. (Riley.)

Geographical distribution.—Boston, Mass. (Sanborn, Shurtleff, Harris, Coll.); Dutchess
County, N. Y. (Dyar); Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Kittery, Me., Massachusetts, Illinois (French);
New York (U.S. Nat. Mus., Dyar); New York, New Jersey (Palm).

S. Mis. 50——14

210 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

Schizura perangulata (Edwards).
(Pl. VI, fig. 4 9,5 3,6 g.)

Gdemasia perangulata H. Edw., Papilio, ii, p. 125, Oct., 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Het. Bor, Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
Pack., Psyche, vi, p. 522, 1893.
Janassa lignicolor, var. coloradensis, H. Edw., Ent. Amer., i, p. 17, April, 1885.
Pack., Psyche, vi, p. 522, 1893. :
Schizura perangulata Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 202, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,.
ii, p. 117, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—“Primaries grayish white, with a fawn-colored shade along the iuternal margin,
especially toward the base of the wing. The anterior lines are obsolete, the posterior is broken
on the costa, but its course may be traced by a series of imperfect streaks, nearly to the posterior
margin, thence about the middle of the wing it forms a very acute angle to the center of the
internal margin, and is slightly dentate outwardly. There is a conspicuous discal mark, some
streaks near the apex of the costa and others near the internal angle, blackish brown, fringe.
fawn color. Secondaries sordid white, with a blackish blotch on anal angle, and the fringes and
margin dusky. Beneath, the wings are sordid white, shading into dusky on the costa, the primaries
broadly so, and inclosing some blackish streaks. Antenne fawn color. Thorax brownish fawn
color, mottled with darker shade, the collar brown-black. Abdomen sordid white, shading into.
fawn color at the base. Legs fawn color, mottled with brownish.

“‘Expanse of wings,38 mm. One ¢, Colorado, Coll. H. Edwards.” (Edwards in Papilio, ii,
pp. 125, 126, Oct., 1882.)

This species may be easily recognized, and differs from its nearest ally, S. eximia, by the.
distinet linear discal mark. It has on the fore wings near the internal angle a series of brown
slashes and a row of whitish-gray and dark slashes on the costa, near the apex, otherwise the.
Utah example is like it. The hind wings are white, with a dark spot on the internal angle; the.
wings are not dusky, nor with a whitish diffuse line such as is present in S. evimia. A é in Mr.
Neumoegen’s collection from Canyon City, Colo. (Pl. VI, fig. 6), has the reddish colors of S. eximia,
but it may be at once separated from it by the large linear discal mark. The fore wings are crossed
by reddish zigzag lines. The large dark shade or blotch beyond the discal mark is present, and the-
black slashes on the costal region and at the internal angle are well marked. The long black streak
on the base of the wing, along the cubital vein, is present and very distinct. A é specimen from
Ogden, Utah (U.S. Nat. Museum, PI. VI, fig. 5), is much bleached, without the reddish-brown zigzag
lines, and the fore wings are very pale silvery white on the costal region; the veins are darker, the
linear discal mark is indistinct, and beyond it is the usual dusky patch. The black stripes at the.
base of the wing extending along the cubital vein, and also along the inner edge, are distinct. The
hind wings are white, with a dusky discoloration along the internal angle.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 41-43 mm.; length of body, ¢ 20-21 mm.

Geographical distribution—A member of the Campestrian subprovinee, it is not known to.
exist either east or west of the Great Basin and Colorado Plains.

Denver, Canyon City, Colo. (Bruce, in Neumoegen collection); Salt Lake, Utah (Edwards);.
Ogden, Utah, June 20, 1885 (U. 8S. Nat. Museum), Colorado (French); State of Washington
(Strecker). I have examined this specimen, which extends the distribution of this species to near:
the Pacific Coast unless it occurred in a locality in the State east of the Cascade range.

Schizura eximia (Grote).
GELs Wal tipndide.)

G@demasia eximia Grote, Bull. U. 8. Geol. aud Geogr. Sury. Terr., Hayden, vi, p. 275, Sept. 19, 1881.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
Schizura eximia Packard, Psyche, vi, p. 522, Sept., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 202, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soo., ii,
p. 116, Sept., 1894.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Zaliit

Larva.
Pl. XXVII, fig. 3.
Thaxter. Can, Ent., xxiii, p. 34, 1891. (Food plant given.)
Thaxter, quoted by Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 177, Nov., 1891. (Brief description of larva.)
Dyar, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxvi, p. 397, 1894. (Stage IV described.)

Moth.—Three ¢. Very closely related to S. concinna, differing chietly in the more produced
fore wings, with the outer angle more oblique, and in its larger size. Head above and thorax
ash-gray, with a slight olive-green tint, behind reddish brown, asin S. concinna. Fore wings much
produced toward the apex, the outer edge very oblique. The markings and shades and discolora-
tion absent, exactly as in S. concinna, including the costal region, the internal region, and the
position, shape, and color of the round black discal dot. The internal region or margin of the
wing is less black than in S. concinna, and more as in S. badia, but darker and claret reddish; the
costal region is more distinctly marked with oblique dusky streaks than most of my examples of
S. concinna, and in this respect the costa is marked more as in badia. The long narrow blackish
basal streak on the submedian fold as in S. concinna. Hind wings whitish, with a large dusky
patch at the internal angle. The underside of both wings pale whitish and marked as in 8.
concinna.

Expanse of wing, 648 mm.; length of body, ¢ 18 mm.

Grote, in his description, compares this moth with S. badia, and does not refer to its close
resemblance to S. concinna. It differs entirely from S. badia in its round discal dot, that of S. badia
being long and linear; the thorax and wings are less reddish brown, and the wings are much
more elongated toward the pointed apex.

Larva.—Dyar, who regards (Psyche, November, 1891, p. 177) this species as ‘improperly
referred to Gidemasia,” and places it “next to S. leptinoides and near Janassa,” quotes the following
brief description of it from a letter from Dr. Thaxter:

(Edemasia eximia resembles Calodasys leptinoides in coloring, but structurally is perhaps more like biguttatus
(ipomew). When at rest it is greatly hunched anteriorly, and the furecate prominence on segment 4 is very long. I
should say it was surely a Ce@lodasys. ?

I copy Dyar’s description of Stage IV of this species. He states that the ‘‘larva superficially
greatly resembles Schizura leptinoides, and was at first mistaken for it.”

“ Fourth larval stage.—Head high, slightly bilobed, flat before; sordid whitish with a vertical
band on each side composed of brown-black dots confluent in streaks, continuous on its posterior
edge but breaking up inwardly, the pair connected across the median suture by three more reddish
but similar bands, which are indented on the suture and, joining there, border the clypeus.
Markings on side of head also reddish, dotted, confusedly, broadly reticulate. Width, 2.3 mm.
A long, nutant process on joint 5 preceded by an elevation on joint 4; a slight hump on joint 9
and a little larger one on joint 12, bearing the whitish tubercles 1. Sides of joints 2-4 sordid
whitish, confusedly reticulate with bands of reddish dots which become blackish stigmatally and
dorsally, forming a narrow stigmatal and dorsal band. Body pale brown, faintly marked with
dots of red-brown or blackish, V-mark distinct, pale yellow, with no inclosed dot. There is a
velvety brown-black subdorsal shade, irregularly touching the region of tubercles 1 and 2,
beginning in a narrow line on the side of the process on joint 5, becoming more and more
pronounced posteriorly till it fills in all the space around the V-mark. Joint 12 is again lighter,
the brown shade forming a pair of narrow lines on the anterior side of the hump, but obtaming
again on joint 13. Trace of a lateral line, but broken and diffuse. A distinct substigmatal line.
Abdominal feet on joints 7-10 pale, marked with reddish mottlings, the claspers vinous. An
oblique brown line runs from base of the horn on joint 5 to the anterior side of the foot on joint 7,
and another, subventrally, from below the hump on joint 12 to the posterior side of the foot on
joint 10 and, continued back subventrally, ends on the anal foot. Seti short, rather dark.

“ Fifth stage-—Much as before, but the process on joint 4 is pronounced, leaning backward to
touch the horn on joint 5; width of head, 3.5mm. There is a trace of a hump only on joint 8.
yv-mark distinet, pinkish, with centering red lines, but remaining narrow, not diffuse. Dorsal
shade mossy olivaceous brown, distinct only on joints 9-13, often quite greenish on joints 10 and

312 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

11; joints 6-8 suffused with pinkish dorsally. The area on the sides of joints 2-4 and the bases of
the feet on joints 7-10 below the substigmatal line translucent whitish, with sparse, dotted,
brown reticulations. Horn 6 mm. long, tapering, the distal half slender. When full grown
the larva becomes paler throughout, though different individuals vary in shade. Feeds solitary
on the edge of a leaf.”

Food plant.—Salix, Populus (Thaxter); white birch (Betula papyrifera). maple, beech; apple,
(Beutenmiiller); “a larva was found on the ground under an elm tree” (Dyar); ‘a more general
feeder than leptinoides” (Dyar).

Geographical distribution.—So far as yet known, an inhabitant of the northern portion of the
Appalachian subprovince.

Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Roxbury, Mass., (Sanborn, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); Kittery,
Me. (Thaxter, French); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); New York (H. Edwards); northern Kentucky
(Sanborn, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Massachusetts, New York, Champlain, Ill. (French); New York
(Dyar); Seattle, Wash. (Dyar); Pennsylvania, British Columbia (Palm); Keene Valley, New York
(Dyar).

Schizura concinna (Abbot and Smith).

(Pl. VI, figs. 1 and 2, 3, 3, @.)

Phalena concinna Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, ii, p. 169, Pl. LXXXV, 1797.
Notodonta concinna Harris, Rep. Ins. inj. Veg. Mass., p. 309, 1841; Treatise on Ins. 1nj. Veg., third edit.,
pp. 425, 426, larva fig. 210, Pl. VI, fig. 11, 1862 (colored fig. of moth).
Edema concinna Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1030, 1855.
Notodonta concinna Fitch, Third Rep. nox, Ins. N. York, p. 342, 1856.
Edema concinna Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 242, 1862.
(demasia concinna Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 360, 1864.
@demasia nitida Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 360, 1864.
Notodonta concinna Riley, Amer. Ent., ii, p. 27, Sept. and Oct., 1869. (Figures larva, pupa, and moth, the
latter copied from Harris.) 5
Heterocampa salicis Bdwards, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sei., vii, p. 121, 1876.
(Edemasia concinna Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
(demasia nitida Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Riley, Report Entomologist U.S. Dept. Agr. for 1884, p. 411, 1885.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm. Forest Ins., p. 457, 1890.
Notodonta concinna Dimmock (Anna K.), Psyche, iv, p. 279, 1885.
Dryocampa riversii Behr., Proc. Cal. Acad.Se. (2) ii, p. 94,1890. (S. salicis, fide Dyar in letter).
(Edemasia concinna Smith, List. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
(Edemasia salicis Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 177, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
(Edemasia nitida Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 567, 1892.
Schizura concinna Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 202, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soce..
ii, p. 116, Sept,, 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XXVI, figs. 5, 5a-5/f.)

Abbot and Smith, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, ii, p. 169, Tab. LXXXV,1797. (AI] stages figured.)

Fitch, Third Rep. Nox. Ins. N. York, p. 342, 1856.

Harris, Treat, Ins. inj. Veg., 3d edit., p. 125, 1862, moth, Pl. V1, fig. 11, larva, fig. 210 in text.

Ent. Corresp., p. 303, Pl. I, fig. 3, 1869. (Larva).

Marten, Trans. Dept. Agr. Ill., xviii, Append., p. 120, 1880.

Saunders, Can, Ent., xiii, p. 138, 1881; 12th Rep. Ent. Soe. Ontario, p. 21, 1882; Ins. inj. Forests, p. 63, 1883
(compiled, figs. copied from Riley and Harris).

Edwards and Elliot, Papilio, iii, p. 130, 1883.

Beutenmiiller, Entomologica Americana, iii, p. 157, 1887. (List of food plants.)

Rilev, Rep. Ent. U. 8. Dept. Agr. for 1884, p. 411, 1885 (figs. of larva, pupa, and moth).

Dimmock, Anna K., Psyche, iv, p. 279, 1885.

Packard, Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. on Forest Ins., p. 457, 1890. (Larval Stages IH, III, Vic)
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 531, 1890. (Egg and larval Stages II, IV, V.)
Journ. N. York Ent. Soc., i, p. 68-69, June, 1893. (Larval Stages I, II.)

Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 177, 1891. (Stages IIL to V of Gdemasia salicis.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 2S

Moth.—Three ¢, five?. Head ash, tawny ashen, with reddish brown discolorations, thorax
ash color with reddish brown scales behind. Fore wings very pale tawny in the middle of the
wing, between the cinereous costa and the brown inner margin. No transverse lines. At the
base along the cubital vein is a dark streak; there are three dark spots on the costo-apical region;
another faint linear minute streak in the apical interspace; in the two spaces below are two faint,
long, linear slight lines between the dark venules, A minute but distinct discal dot succeeded by a
linear streak reaching to the outer margin. Near the internal angle are two unequal linear spots.
A faint row of marginal brown lunules. Near the internal angle isa brown geminate discoloration.
Hind wings in é white with a dusky discoloration on the inner angle. Wings beneath pale; fore
wings a little dusky externally; the three costo-apical dots and the spotted fringe visible beneath.
Fringe brown on the venules.

Female: Base of the fore wings fuscous; beyond ashy; a distinct submedian dark basal streak,
aminute discal dot, with a faint brown streak beyond. Two twin costo-apical streaks, more distinct
than in the ¢, so also two larger, broader spots near the internal angle. The marginal row of
spots more distinct. Hind wings dark, ashy, reddish brown.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 50 mm., ? 30-31 mm.; length of body, ¢ 16 mm., 217 mm.

It differs from badia in the wings being narrower and longer; the base of the fore wings is less
reddish, rounder, not lunate. The fringe is whiter on the edge; there is no reddish tinge on the
hind wings. It is a slender species. After a careful examination I am unable to perceive any
difference between what I have decided to be nitida and this species. This species, like the rest of
the genus, is remarkable for the difference in the color of the hind wings in the two sexes.

A 4 in the United States National Museum, labeled “240 L, from Coeur d’Alene City,
Idaho, August 29, 1891,” is, though rubbed, evidently paler on the fore wings, with less reddish
brown than the Eastern individuals. There is no doubt about the species, as the basal
longitudinal reddish stripe is present, and it does not differ materially otherwise. It is no larger,
the alar expanse being 50 mm.

Var. salicis Edw. (one é. Type, California. I also havea ¢ given me some years since by Mr.
Edwards). I can not, after repeated examination, really perceive any difference between this and
the Eastern concinna; it only differs in size, being a little larger and with slightly more pointed
fore wings, as one would expect to find it, in accordance with the facts pointed out in my
Monograph of Geometrid Moths (p. 587), where a list of twenty-five species of Geometrids, which
grow larger on the Pacific than the Atlantic Coast, is given. The three last stages are described
by Mr. Dyar, and show that the larva is closely similar in each stage to the Eastern concinna.
Mr. Edwards’s description of the mature larva agrees exactly with our Rhode Island examples.

Egg.—Diameter about 6mm. Low hemispherical, the height being about half the diameter.
The shell is thin, smooth, and under a triplet not seen to be pitted, but under a half-inch objective
the surface is seen to be divided into regular, noderately large, flat polygonal areas, with slightly
raised but distinct edges. No micropyle visible, and no specialized arrangement of the polygons
on the apex of the egg.

Freshly hatched lavva.—Length, 3 mm, Head large, globular, smooth, and unarmed, a third
wider than the body, deep dark, honey-yellow. The body is greenish yellow above, cherry-
reddish on the sides; the prothoracic dorsal tubercles are larger and higher than those on the
second and third thoracic segments and connected by a chitinous band, becoming more distinct in
Stages ILand III. The first and eighth abdominal segments are reddish, including the pair of
dorsal tubercles, which are of the same size. The end of the body is held up, much as in the
fully grown larva, and I mistook it for a Schizura larva, like the ordinary species, until after it
had molted, as the tubercles are conical in this stage as in freshly hatched Schizure of other
species. In some individuals the greenish dorsal tubercles are dark at the tip. The glandular
hairs are bulbous at the tips, and a few at each end are nearly one-half as long as the body.

Three days after, June 27, they became 5 mm. in length, the head now small, and the larve
were preparing to molt, and July 29-30 three cast their skins.

Stage I[7.—Length, 4-5 mm. at first. Now the body is like dark opaque varnish in color.
The head is dark reddish varnish or pitchy in hue, and decidedly narrows aboye, bearing two
blunt knobs on the vertex; it is now wider than the body. The prothoracie shield is larger than

214 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

before. The sides of the second and third thoracic segments are yellowish with reddish lines,
and on the sides of the seventh abdominal segment is a pair of lobed bright straw-yellow spots
converging behind, and lower down are three yellow tubercles tipped with brown. There is a
similar single yellow tubercle on each side of the ninth segment. The prothoracic dorsal tubercles
are somewhat smaller than those on the first abdominal segment, and the eighth pair are also a
little smaller, but all the other dorsal tubercles are still large and conspicuous.

The same stage.—Length, 6mm. Head reddish amber, not dark coral-red as in the mature
larva; angular on the sides, with two thick, stout, rather large, black tubercles on the vertex,
bearing a hair; there are also five or six piliferous warts on each side of the head. Body with
large piliferous warts, those on the prothoracie and first abdominal segments much larger (about
three times) than the others, those on the prothoracie a little slenderer than those on the first
abdominal segment; those on the eighth segment broader at the base, and rather larger than
those on the first abdominal segment; those on the mesothoracic slightly larger than those on
the metathoracic; those on the second abdominal very slightly larger than those on abdominal
segments 3 to 6, the latter slightly decreasing in size from before backward, and all considerably
smaller than those on the ninth and tenth abdominal segments. All the tubercles, except those
on the head, bear slender hairs which are about one-third as long as the body is thick, and which
are broad and flattened at the end, which is abruptly truncate, All the tubercles on the body
are of the same color as the body, which is of a general mottled reddish hue, with no distinet
traces of longitudinal bands, except along the base of the legs; the skin is minutely dotted with
white specks and with small lateral black piliferous warts.

The only bright spots are the light straw-yellow bases of the dorsal tubercles on the second
and third thoracic segments, besides a pair of latero-dorsal oblique bright yellow patches on the
seventh abdominal segment and a small bright yellow spot on each side of the base of the tenth
segment. All the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are concolorous with the body. The anal
legs are normal, but smaller than the others, with numerous hooks, and are held slightly uplifted.

Third stage-—Length, 9mm. The body is rather stouter than in the previous stage. The
head is black, and all the tubercles on the head and body, together with the thoracic legs, and the
scale on the outside of the end of the abdominal Jegs are black. All the tubercles end in a hair,
now acute and simple, while the tubercles themselves are higher and more pronounced than
before. There are traces of a subdorsal and two lateral lines (these are effaced by the alcohol).

Fourth stage—Length, 13 mm. The head is still black, with the two large black tubercles
present, though smaller in proportion than before. All the tubercles on the body are much as in
the last stage in their relative size and shape; those of the third thoracic segments are of the
same size and height, the pair on the first abdominal segment being longer and larger than the
others, and those on the eighth abdominal segment have not increased proportionately in size,
but are still nearly twice as large as those on the seventh segment. The body is still reddish,
with (in the alcoholic specimen) traces of three or four reddish lines on each side, which are
bordered more or less regularly with whitish.

Fifth and last stage.—Length, 23-30 mm. Some notable changes have oceurred in the
coloration, while the shining black spines are much larger and more imposing than in the earlier
stages, all these changes adapting the caterpillar more completely to its exposed mode of life.

The head is now deep coral-red, smooth, with no traces of the tubercles characteristic of the
previous stages, the vertex being smooth and simply bilobed. ‘The two prothoracie dorsal spines,
instead of being larger than the other thoracie spines, as in Stage II, are much smaller, being
only about one-fourth as long or as high as the mesothoracic pair; the latter are sometimes a
little thicker but shorter than those on the third thoracic segment. Those on the first abdominal
segment are very long, rather slender, and arise from a deep coral-red, soft, swollen hump, whose
soft, red, swollen sides descend so as to embrace the spiracle. ‘The dorsal spines of the second
abdominal segment are of the same size as those on the third thoracic segment (smaller in
specimens 30 mm. in length), those of the following segments decreasing in size to those of the
seventh segment, while those on the eighth are slightly larger than those on the tenth segment.

The suranal plate is rounded, lozenge-shaped, with a row of fourlarge piliferous warts extending
across the middle, while around the hinder edge are four smaller ones. On each side of the black

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 215

dorsal line are seven wavy black lines alternating with white ones, so that the caterpillar is very
conspicuously banded and spotted. The small black tubercles on the side of the body all bear a
single hair. The anal legs are normal, about a third smaller than the other abdominal legs, and
with numerous hooks. The end of the body is often uplifted.

Until we know more of the exact structure and markings of the first stage, it would be
premature to attempt to recapitulate the leading points in the ontogeny of this curious larva.

What we have taken to belong to the second stage of concinna, and whose exact coloration
we failed to note when collected, shows that even probably when hatched from the egg the larva
is provided with its full complement of spines, and even more, there being two on the head, which
are lost in the last stage. Without specimens of all the other species for comparison, we can not
properly interpret the nature of the singular ornamentation, so unlike that of any other
Notodontian of the American or European fauna.

To recapitulate, it is to be noticed that:

1. The head is deep dull amber in Stage II, becoming black in Stages III and IV, and deep
‘oral-red in the last stage. The head is angular or squarish in Stages II-IV, bearing on the
vertex a pair of tubercles which disappear at the final molt. Of what use these tubercles are in
the early stages, and why if useful at that period of the insect’s life they are not retained in the
last stage, is difficult to understand, though the smooth shining dark coral-red head may, and
doubtless does, make the creature more conspicuous.

2. The hairs in the second stage are, as usual, enlarged at the end, being flattened and sud-
‘denly truncated.

3. A swollen coral-red dorsal hump arisés in the last stage on the first abdominal segment,
bearing two very long, black, blunt spines, which can be moved by the larva so as to terrify its
enemies. ;

4. The great dorsal spines along the entire body, and the large lateral ones, like elongated
hobnails, have in general grown larger from the second to the last stage, rendering the creature
probably still more distasteful and repulsive to birds and less open to attack from parasitic insects.

5. It is worthy of notice that in this species the dorsal tubercles and spines are separated
widely, while in other Schizure those of the first and eighth abdominal segments grow together
and form a single more or less movable terrifying spine. Xylinodes is intermediate, the tubercles
on the hump being in pairs.

6. On account of these unique characteristies and its system of conspicuous markings and
noticeable appendages, which all unite in giving warning to birds that it is inedible, and the entire
absence of protective mimicry, this larva occupies an unique place in the Notodontian group. In
other Schizurze we have a mixture of two properties; the larva is both disguised so as to resemble
a part of a brown-spotted green leaf, and has a movable deterrent spine on the back. In Symme-
rista the larva is so gaily colored as to at once indicate to birds that it is distasteful, but there
are no deterrent spines or bristles. It is obvious that experiments should be made by feeding
Symmerista, Schizura, and Dasylophia larvie to birds in order to see if they would be rejected
or not.

The young, at least after the first molt, are so spiny that it is difficult to say from what
existing form this caterpillar may have descended, though the stem-form was a Schizura, as Stage
I shows.

Cocoon.—Resembling that of S. wnicornis. (Harris.) ‘The cocoon is formed of very close fine
glossy silk, the leaves of the plant being drawn around it so as to conceal it entirely. It is almost
egg-shaped and very symmetrical.” (Edwards.) A cocoon given me by Mr. Beutenmiiller is
regularly oval, of silk, rather thin, semitransparent, and 15 mm. in length. It was spun between
leaves. Two broods in New York; the spring brood spinning on leaves, the winter brood in the
earth (Elliot).

Pupa.—* Short, broad, bright chestnut brown, very glossy and shining, the abdominal portion
showing the few hairs of the larval tubercles.” (Edwards.)

Habits.—Abbot states that in Georgia it breeds twice a year, the first brood making its cocoons
toward the end of May, the moths appearing fifteen days afterwards. As is well known in the
Northern States, the caterpillars of this species are common and conspicuous, feeding in clusters
in a very exposed manner on apple leaves.

216 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Harris states that the eggs are laid during July “in clusters on the underside of a leaf,,
generally near the end of a branch.” He then observes: “ When first hatched they eat only the
substance of the under side of the leaf, leaving the skin of the upperside and all the veins
untouched, but as they grow larger and stronger they devour whole leaves from the point to the
stalk, and go from leaf to leaf down the twigs and branches” (Treatise, p. 425). He adds: The fully
grown caterpillars ‘rest close together on the twigs, when not eating, and sometimes entirely cover
the small twigs and ends of the branches. The early broods come to their growth and leave the
trees by the middle of August, and the others between this time and the latter part of September.
All the caterpillars of the same brood descend at one time and disappear in the night. They
conceal themselves under leaves, or just beneath the surface of the soil, and make their cocoons,
which resemble those of the Unicorn Notodonta. They remain a long time in their cocoons before
changing to chrysalids, and are transformed to moths toward the end of June or the beginning of
July” (Treatise, pp. 425-426). This habit of feeding exposed and living gregariously up to the time
of pupation proves the almost entire immunity enjoyed by this caterpillar from the attacks of birds,
We have also noticed in Providence the simultaneous and sudden disappearance of a whole brood
from an apple tree at the end of September.

Regarding the habits of this species in California, Mr. Edwards states that he detected the-
caterpillars in the fall of 1875 “ feeding upon willows in the neighborhood of Mount Shasta. Six
caterpillars taken, all feeding close together, upon a dwarf willow, their brilliant colors giving to.
the plant at a little distance the appearance of a raceme of showy flowers. Ina few days they
began to undergo their change, and by the 27th of August had all transformed. The perfect
insects began to appear on-the 22d of December, a second followed on the 9th of January, and the
third on the 16th of March. The remaining specimens all died in the chrysalis state.” Mr. Dyar-
found the laryvie he describes on the maple in the Yosemite Valley in August.

The moth has been bred by Mr. Elliot from the willow, and i have found it in different stages.
of growth on the willow at Brunswick, Me., in August and September. It also feeds on the
aspen and blackberry in Maine. I have also found the caterpillar feeding on the huckleberry
( Vaccinium).

I found the eggs with the larve just hatching on the leaves of the willow at Brunswick, Me.,
June 24, The eggs were in this case somewhat scattered and few in number, and the larvee did
not feed gregariously. The larvie continue to hatch till the early part of August in Maine, as
August 14 I found the larvie in Stage IL and also fully grown on the aspen.

“This curious and, well-known caterpillar was received in August from Oregon. Mr. F.S..
Matteson, of Aumsville, states that he found it in large numbers on a young apple tree, entirely
denuding the branches of leaves. This mention is made as bearing upon the geographical
distribution of the species. The gregarious habits of these larvee when first hatched admit of an
easy remedy in hand picking.” (Riley, Rep. U. 8. Dept. Agr., 1884.)

After the second molt some of the larvee are ichneumoned. September 2 an ichneumon larva
had issued from the ventral side of the caterpillar and spun a white thin cocoon; the nearly dead
caterpillar was fastened by its back to the cocoon, After a day or two the caterpillar died and
turned whitish, the rows of black warts becoming conspicuous.

Riley has observed the eges in June; the larvie from June to October; the moths in May and
August.

Food plants.—Apple, cherry, plum, rose, thorn, pear, Betula alba, willow, aspen, blackberry,
bramble, huckleberry (Vaccinium). I have found the laryvee in Maine most commonly on the
willow, and it is probably from this tree that the insect has migrated to our fruit trees. In
California it feeds on the willow (Edwards) and maple (Dyar).

In Beutenmiiller’s list, besides the fruit trees already mentioned and different species of willow,
he has found it on the flowering dogwood, sweet gum, persimmon, snowdrop tree, bayberry, and
three different species of hickory. Apricot, wistaria, oak, locust, hickory, persimmon, poplar.
(Riley.)

Geographical distribution.—This species has a wide range, extending throughout the Appa-
lachian, Austroriparian, and Campestrian subprovinces from Maine and Canada to Missouri and
southward to Texas, Georgia, and Florida. -

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Bilt

London, Canada (Saunders); Quebec (Fyles); Brunswick, Me., common (Packard); Boston,
Mass. (Sanborn, Harris); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald); Newburg, N. Y. (Miss Morton);
Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); New York (Doll); Brooklyn, Long Isiand (Hulst); Providence, R. I.
(Clark, Bridgham, Packard); Janesville, Md. (M. C. Z.); southern Illinois (French); Missouri
(Miss Soule); Manhattan, Kans., “common on apple” (Popenoe); Aumsville, Oreg. (Matteson jide
Riley); Kansas, Missouri, Idaho, California, Oregon, Lowa, New York, District of Columbia, and
Virginia, Ceur d’Alene City, Idaho, August 29 (U. S. Nat. Mus.); salicis, Mount Shasta (H.
Edwards), and Yosemite Valley (Dyar): Normal form. Florida (Palm); Canada, Kittery (Me.);
Massachusetts, New York, Maryland, North Carolina, Georgia (French); var. salicis California
(French).

Seirodonta Grote and Robinson.

(P1. XLV, figs. 1, la, and 1b, venation. Pl. XLVIII, fig. 10, palpus.)

Cecrita? (in part) Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 359, Nov., 1864.
Heterocampa (in part) Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., Part xxxili, p. 419, 1865.
Edema (in part) Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., Part xxxii, p. 426, 1865.
Seirodonta Grote and Rob. (inedited), List. Lep. N. Amer., p. xi, Sept., 1868.

Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, pp. 569, 929, 1892.
Cecrita, in part, Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 206, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p.

117, Sept., 1894.

Moth—éand2. Head prominent, not quite as large as in Heterocampa; vertex broad,
triangular, with a flattened tuft in front of each antenna. Clypeus square, full in the middle, and
toward the vertex a median elevation. Antenne of ¢ pectinated three-fourths to the tip, as in
Heterocampa; in 2 simple, with a few ciliated scales beneath. Maxillee well developed, twice aslong
as the head, united and coiled up. Palpi porrect, extending well beyond the front; second joint
rather narrow and long, with a few spreading scales below; third joint of moderate size, rather
short, distinet, conical. Thorax not tufted, but the prothorax with long dense hairs beneath. Fore
wings not quite half as broad as long; costa slightly convex at the base and apex, straight between,
not bent at the apex; outer edge oblique, not angulated, but little shorter than the internal edge.

Venation: A long narrow subcostal cell, much as in Heterocampa (H. manteo), and the vena-
tion otherwise scarcely differs from that of H. manteo, except that the discal veins make a regular
eurved line. In the hind wings the costa is full near the base, more so than the species of
Heterocampa; apex a little more pointed than in H. manteo; the outer edge slightly bent in the
middle, while the costal vein is shorter, ending much nearer the middle of the costa than in
Heterocampa. Legs rather long, with only a single pair of tibial spurs, the outer one being twice
as long as the inner.

The genus differs from Heterocampa chiefly in the venation, the discal venules forming a line
much curved in. I confess that these characters seem to me quite trivial, especially when we take
into account the very close similarity of the larva to that of H. manteo and the great difficulty of
distinguishing one from the other. I had concluded to unite it with the Heterocampa, but regard
it provisionally as a distinct genus. The style of markings is not as we find it in Heterocampa,
there being two definite lines on the fore wings, arranged, however, much as in H. manteo.

To place this species in the genus Ceerita, close by guttivitta and biundata, is scarcely allow-
able, since the larvie seem to differ so much, though the earliest stages of bilineata have yet to be
observed.

Larva.—Body eylindrical, head smooth, rounded, no wider than the body, which is marked
almost precisely as in Heterocampa manteo, with two pale subdorsal lines, which diverge on the
prothoracic segment, are close together on the second and third thoracic segments, and again
widely separate from the front edge of the first abdominal segment to the end of the body; some-
times the space between is reddish and extends down on the sides of the third and sixth segments.
A yellow or white spiracular line. A pair of small dorsal piliferous tubercles on the first and
eighth abdominal segments; the other minute, much reduced. Anal legs long and slender.

Geographical distribution—The single species known is confined to the Appalachian sub-
province, but since it occurs at Franconia, N. H., may be found in the Hudsonian fauna.

218 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Seirodonta bilineata (Packard).
(PI Vip Pig. 8 d=)

Cecrita? bilineata Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 359, 1864.
Seirodonta bilineata Grote and Rob. (Inedited. Grote in letter.)
Heterocampa turbida Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., xxxii, p. 419, 1865 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Notodonta (Gluphisia?) ulmi Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 302, 1869.
Edema? associata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., xxxii, p. 426, 1865 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Seirodonta bilineata Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Pack., Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 268, 1890.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 569, 1892.
Cecrila bilineata Neum, and Dyar, Trans. Amer, Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 207, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii,

p. 117, Sept., 1894.
Larva.

(Pl. XXIX, figs. 1, la. Pl. XXXV, figs. 1, la—1e; 2, 3.)

Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 301 (P1. II, figs. 2, 3), 1869. (Searcely recognizable colored figures of larya.)
French, Can, Ent., xviii, p. 49, March, 1886. (Mature larva described. )
Packard, Vitth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 268. (Unecolored figure, Pl. XXXII, fig. 4. Dese.
ex Harris.

Moth.—Two ¢,two 2. Body and wings uniformly mouse-colored. Upper side of the palpi
cand end of the patagia dark.

Fore wings crossed by two distinct, dark brown, scalloped lines edged with gray, the inner
‘situated on the basal third of the wing and the outer forming the usual extradiscal line, the two
approaching each other on the submedian fold.!| The inner line is bent inward near the internal
edge of the wing on the internal vein (VI), then curved outward between this vein and the sub-
costal vein. The outer line is bent outward on the internal vein and curved inward on the
submedian fold, and thence by a series of scallops ends, after making a great curve on the outer
fourth of the costa. The space between the two lines is slightly darker than the rest of the wing.
A linear black, not very distinct, discal mark. Toward the apex are four dark costal marks.
A very faint submarginal line.

Hind wings and abdomen a little paler than the thorax and fore wings; a dusky patch near
the internal angle. Underside of the wings uniformly mouse-colored and eoncolorous with the
upper side of the hind wings.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 40 mm., 2? 35-40 mm.; length of body, 615 mm., 2 15-17 mm.

This plain, quakerish-in-garb species may be known by its uniform shining mouse tint and the
two narrow distinct curved and scalloped dark lines which cross the fore wings, and by the pale
mouse-colored hind wings.

Young and older individuals feeding on the elm were kindly sent me by Mr. Tallant, from Ohio,
-and were received July 10, A fully fed one (not mentioned, however, in the following description)
was found under an elm at Bath, Me., in August.

Larva, Stage IT.—“Head slightly bilobed, narrowed above, median suture deep; shining
brownish black, the elypeus pale; width, 0.9mm. Body with anal legs elevated, a little enlarged
dorsally on abdominal segments 1 and 8. Where the large black tubercles of row i are uniform
light green a yellowish subdorsal line faintly seen; anal legs reddish. Two dorsal purple-brown
patches (in this individual) on segments 2-5 and 10-12, respectively, incised or almost broken at the
intersegmental furrows. Sets rather coarse, blackish, single from normal concolorous tubercles.
Legs all pale. Length at end of stage about 9 mm. Calculated series of widths of head in 5
stages: I, .62; II, .95; III, 1.44; IV. 2.18; V, 3.3.” (Dyar MS.)

Larva, Stage IIT (?).—Length, 10mm. The head is much broader than the body, the front
broad and flat, pale yellowish green, with long dark hairs, and on each side a curved black-brown
line, not edged with white. The body is pale straw or lemon yellow, the sides below more greenish,
‘with red specks and short curved lines in front, there being very few behind the first abdominal
segment. The dorsal brick-red stripe is arranged as follows: On the prothoracic segment are

! This fold is the vestige of Vein V.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 219

two thread lines which converge a little to meet the broad single band on the second and third
thoracic segments, and including the two concolorous tubercles, which are dark at the tip, and are of
the same size but farther apart than those on the eighth segment. On the first abdominal segment
the red band breaks up into two subdorsal lines which pass into the blood-red, transverse, broad
band on the third abdominal segment, which extends down each side of the segment. On the
fourth and fifth segments are two parallel red lines, and on the sixth the broad single dorsal band
passes down on each side, forming a lateral lobe not quite so large or so full and rounded as that
on the third abdominal segment. This broad median, blood-red band contracts on the seventh and
eighth segments, where it ends. The anal legs have a reddish line on each side. A fine irregular
lateral yellowish line passes along the lower end of the spiracles, and there are faint indications
of an upper lateral parallel yellowish line, which are most marked in front.

Piliferous warts: None on the first thoracic segment; two minute dorsal ones, all of the same
size, on the second and third thoracic segments. Those on the first and eighth abdominal seg-
ments are large and equal in size: those on the second and third abdcminal segments are a little
larger than the others. The hairs on the dorsal warts are dark, those on the sides pale.

Stage IV (?).—Length, 15 mm. About to molt. The head with its dark lateral lines as
before; the tubercles as before, but those on the first abdominal segment are rather larger and
more prominent than those on the eighth segment. The two lateral lines on the second abdominal
segment are much wider, so that the inclosed space is very narrow, and the broad transverse’
reddish band on the third abdominal segment is interrupted in the middle by a whitish green
band which extends back more or less interruptedly to the seventh segment, on which it forms a
broad, green, oblong spot, the green edged with white and inclosing a median line. The reddish
band extends on each side of the ninth segment, and on the suranal plate is a lateral reddish, fine,
broken line and a median whitish line. The anal legs are much as before. Two well-defined
lateral yellow lines, while the body is more spotted along the whole length than before. The
spiracles are pale reddish. The thoracic and abdominal legs are green. This larva is much like
the drawings made by Bridgham (Pl. XX XV, fig. 3). It molted, after two days’ rest, July 14; on
July 26 it began to pupate when 25 mm. long.

Last stage-—Length, 25 mm. Head pale greenish, with a single dark purplish curved line on
each side, not edged with white. Sides of the body greenish, speckled with reddish. (As the
markings are not yet distinct, a further description could not be made.)

Full-fed larva.—One occurred on the elm August 30, at Providence (Bridgham); length, 27
mm. Head clear pale pea-green (not mottled with purplish), but the dark purple and white line
is present on each side. No broad purplish discal band, the space inclosed by the white lines
being whitish pale pea-green, and with a median white line beginning on the third thoracic segment.
‘The dorsal and lateral piliferous warts are yellowish. The two subdorsal white lines extend out
to the tip of the anal legs.

A full-grown larva received from Miss Caroline G. Soule July 24, from Brookline, Mass., on
the 26th of July began to form a cocoon on the bottom of the breeding box. Length, 30 mm.
Head greenish, finely mottled and netted with purplish; a faint dark purple line broadly edged
behind with white. Two white subdorsal lines, very distinct on the abdominal segments and
inclosing a broad purplish dorsal band, the two lines finely and faintly edged with reddish purple,
and contracting a little on the somewhat humped eighth abdominal segment. The retractile anal
legs have on each side a reddish purple line. The piliferous warts are all white, the hairs pale
brown. A single yellowish spiracular line, most distinct on the thoracic segments. A second one
not so distinctly marked and wanting the white edging of the lines on the head.

I have introduced these descriptions of Seirodonta bilineata and very carefully compared the
alcoholic larve with those of Heterocampa manteo without as yet being able to detect any difference
between these, except that in some individuals there are but two segments red on the side, where,
as in H. manteo, there are three segments thus marked, though the moths differ in generic and
specific characters.

On Pl. XXXYV are represented the earlier larval stages of what I suppose to be this species
rather than any of Heterocampa, as it fed on elm leaves. It will be seen that in the earlier stages
this genus is a Schizura rather than a Heterocampa, and it is thus a connecting link between the

220 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

two genera, and this justifies our placing it in a genus apart from Heterocampa, though its late
larval and imaginal characters are closely similar to those of Heterocampa.

Cocoon.—Subterranean, or spinning a slight cocoon when in confinement. ‘ This is a silken
affair, loosely constructed (judging from fragment in collection), and with earth and sand
incorporated and forming its predominating constituents.” (Riley MS.)

Pupa.—Length, about 20 mm.; rather slender; reddish brown in color, shining; punctuation
fine and not dense; dorsal teeth at suture between meso- and metathorax 10 in number, not large,
nearly twice as wide as long, central one largest. Tip of abdomen with two strong spurs as in
S. ipomee, bifurcate at tip, the inner branches approximating so as nearty to inclose a somewhat
oval space. Spurs more or less tuberculate.

“Described from two pupal shells evidently of undersized individuals.” (Riley MS.)

Food plants.—Elm (Harris, French, and myself), beech.

Habits.—This insect was known by Dr, Harris to inhabit the elm as early as 1837. The
caterpillar is found from August until October. Professor French has also described the larva
found on the elm. (Can. Ent., xviii, p. 49.) The larva which Harris (Ent. Corresp., p. 802) found
under a sycamore and reared on sycamore leaves is evidently the young of Heterocampa unicolor.
He found the caterpillar at Cambiidge, Mass., on the elm in September and October, and observed
it on fences August 28 and September 9, showing that the larva had then left its food tree. I
probably was in error in stating in the footnote on page 268 of my report on Forest Insects that.
the figures of Harris in PI. II “‘represent Lochmeus manteo,” as the latter species is not known
to feed upon the elm.

Professor French’s excellent description was based on thirteen individuals, all taken on a
young elm tree at Carbondale, Il., September 29.‘ By October 5 all but one had disappeared
for the purpose of pupation, going beneath the surface of the dirt in the breeding cage. Nine
imagines were produced the following spring, the times of emergence ranging from May 24 to
June 7. There seem to be two broods in a season, for larvee were found on elms during the early
part of summer, but these were not reared to find out the period of the summer brood.”

Riley records the moths as occurring in April, June, July, and August.

Geographical distribution.—N ot yet known beyond the limits of the Appalachian subprovince.
Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Bath, Me. (Packard); Portland,
Me. (i. S. Morse, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Boston, Mass. (Harris); Amherst, Mass. (Mrs. Fernald);
Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Providence, R. I. (Packard); Columbus, Ohio (Tallant); Maine,
Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Carbondale and Champaign, Ill. (French); New York, District
of Columbia, Missouri, Arkansas, Texas (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Lawrence, Kans. (I. H. Snow, Mus.
Comp. Zool.); Manhattan, Kans. (Popenoe); Chicago, Ill. (Westcott); Fort Collins, Colo. (Baker);
Arkansas (Palm).

Heterocampa (Doubleday).
(Pl. XLV, figs. 2-4; XLVI, figs. 1-5; XLVII, figs. 1-3, venation; Pl. XLVIII, fig.6, front of head; figs. 11, 12. palpi.)
Lochmaeus and Helerocampa Doubleday, Entomologist, p. 57, 1841.
Misogada Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 992, 1855.
Helerocampa (in part), Walk., Cat, Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, pp. 1022-1026, 1855.
Cecrita Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., xxxii, p. 449, 1855.
Stauropus ? Doubleday, Harris Corresp., p. 134, 1869.
Lochmaeus and Heterocampa Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, pp. 368, 370, 1864.
Litodonta Harvey, Can. Ent., viii, p. 5, Jan., 1876.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 563, 1892.
Heterocampa Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 563, 1892.
Heterocampa and Cecrita in part, Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, pp. 204, 206; Journ. N. Y..
Ent. Soc., ii, p. 117, Sept., 1894.

Moth—éand?. Head larger and more prominent than in any of the foregoing genera, but:
smaller than in Cerura; vertex triangular; front rather narrow, subtriangular, narrowing below.
Eyes naked; on each side of the eyes a long broad flat tuft, and on the head a dense tuft of long

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Dil

seales. Eyes naked. Antenne well pectinated on the basal two-thirds, beyond filiform; the
branches more or less ciliated; the joints above not densely scaled. Palpi much larger and rather
wider than usual, stout, ascending, reaching a little beyond the front; second joint longer than
the first and rather longer than usual; the scales on the upper side short and dense, below much
longer and uneven; third joint conical, often rather short, small, not always very distinct, being
more or less concealed by the long loose hairs of the second joint.

Maxille longer than usual and very well developed, forming several coils. Thorax not
crested. Fore wings rather less than one-half as long as broad; costa nearly straight or slightly
convex ; apex somewhat rounded or pointed or (in hydromeli) squarish, (in wnicolor abruptly bent),
but usually somewhat produced; outer edge long, oblique, convex (in wnicolor sharply bent on
first cubital venule, III,). Hind wings shorter and more rounded at the apex than in any other
genus of the family, outer edge shorter, more regularly rounded than usual; costal and inner edge
of nearly the same length. Wings not tufted.

es d. III,
moe IITs,

vit

Fic. 80.—Venation of Heterocampa obliqua; the names of the veins as designated on p. 66; d,
anterior; d’, posterior diseal vein; f, frenulum; sc, subcostal cell.

Venation much as in Schizura, but quite variable; usually a long narrow subcostal cell,
though it is sometimes open in individuals of the same species; the third subcostal venule is very
short, and the cell between it and the fourth is minute; in the superba and hydromeli group the
subcostal venules tend to be bent up at their end toward the costa, and so in astarte and biuwndata,
but usually they are diverted more toward the apex, and then more parallel with the costa; the
discal yenules vary in length and direction; the anterior one is usually short and diverted
obliquely inward to where it meets the sixth venule; the hinder discal venule either forms a
regular curvilinear line, or is broken into two portions forming an angle with the apex, pointing
inward, from which the median discal fold passes to the base of the wing; the first cubital vein
(III,) usually more or less detached at its origin from the second and at the bend throwing off the
hinder discal venule (d’).

Hind wings with the venation quite uniform, the first and second subcostal venules separating
a short distance beyond the origin of the anterior discal venule, the first being a little shorter than
the second branch (in manteo the second originates halfway between the first and the independent) ;

222 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

discal venules either situated nearer the base of the wings than usual, either forming a quite regular
curvilinear line (subrotata and guttivitta), or the hinder venule is decidedly bent inward (hydromeli
and unicolor) or regularly curved inward (biundata).

Legs rather stout, with thick, long tufts of scales; fore tibie with flat spreading tuft; hind
tibie with two pairs of large, nearly equal, long, sharp spurs. Abdomen long, cylindrical, not
tufted at the end, nor densely woolly, as in Cerura.

Coloration: The species are quite variable, but more or less dull gray, with indistinct scalloped
transverse lines and an obscure linear or a twin discal spot; hind wings gray, with a faint interrupted
diffuse outer line, or whitish; in the subrotata group the fore wings are pale ash, with tawny
blotches at the base, and diffused over the wing, while the dark markings are more distinet.

The genus is characterized by the unusually short hind wings, with their well-rounded apex;
the front of the head is rather narrow, the palpi stout and usually broad; the thorax very hairy
beneath. The species are nearer those of Schizura than any other genus of the family, showing
no near relationship to Cerura in adult characters, except the width of the head on the vertex.
The limits of the genus are doubtful, and some authors may in the future decide to divide it into
several, perhaps retaining Lochmieus and Cecrita as genera. I have been inclined to do this both
from the venation and the larval characters, but when we take into consideration the unusual
amount of individual variation in the venation such a course seems hazardous. If any division
were to be made it must be to retain Lochmcus for a single species, manteo.

The genus may be divided into five subgenera, which are, however, more or less artificial, and
appear to be perhaps incipient subgenera the result of the specialization of the type in different
directions.

Subgenus 1, Fore wings long, apex squarish; hind wings well rounded; in the hind wings the second

subcostal venule arising half way between the subcostal and independent..---...- H, (Lochmaus) manteo

Subgenus 2. Fore wings rather long, apex pointed; hind wings rounded, short; palpi not very thick and

stout; fore wings gray, with olive-green or reddish tints, and obscure scalloped inner and outer lines;
discal mark diffuse and indistinet; discal venules in both wings forming a regularly curved line.

H. (Cecrita) umbrata, obliqua, astarte, guttivitta, biundata, and plumosa

Subgenus 3. Antenn#® with longer pectinations than in the other species: fore wings short, broad and square

at the apex (subrotata and hydromeli); venation variable, the discal venules together forming an oblique

curve. 5 subrotata

Subgenus 4. Discal venules forming a rather sharp angle directed inward, and situated between the inde-

pendent venule and the first cubital venule. Female antenne nearly as well pectinated as in the male.

H., (Litodonta) hydromelé

Subgenus 5. Fore wings moderately long, with the outer edge bent, the fore wings very uniform in color,

and without distinct markings of any kind; venation nearly identical with that of astarte and obliqua.

H, unicolor

The generic characters of Litodonta given by Harvey were these: “It differs by the antenne
being pectinate in both sexes. ‘The thorax is more brushily tufted behind; the head more appressed ;
the abdomen shorter.” It seems to us that these characters are not of generic value, as H. subrotata
is very near H, hydromeli, but others may prefer to retain the genus as distinct, at least until
something is known of the larval history.

Larva.—Body usually thickened in the middle; head with a red lateral band edged with white
or with white and yellow, with equal red lines, the space between clear green, or filled in on first,
third, and sixth abdominal segments with red, which in some species extends down on the side;
anal legs either normal or long and slender. In Stage I larva either normal, unarmed, or with
from one to nine pairs of deer-like antlers; anal legs with normal or (H. wnicolor) with long,
slender, eversible ends.

Cocoon.—Regular oval, translucent, like very thin parchment in color and structure: spun
between leaves.

Pupa.—Body usually thick and plump; front of head with two parallel, slightly marked ridges
between the eyes; cremaster armed with two stout, large, conical spines, differing much in shape
in the different species.

Geographical distribution.—The genus is confined to the New World and the species range from
Nova Scotia and Maine to Mexico, Central America, Surinam, and Brazil. At present more species

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 223

are known to inhabit the Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces than any other region,
and none have yet occurred on the Pacific Coast above Mexico, The genus is possibly of South
American origin. I haye also in my collection a species structurally and in style of coloration
quite near H. biundata collected on or near the coast of Brazil by the late Prof. C. F. Hartt.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

1. (Subgenus Lochmeus.) Fore wings long; diseal squarish black mark inclosed in whitish gray.
Fore wings pale ash, crowned by four distinct scalloped lines...............-.-....--------- HH. mantea
2. (Subgenus Cecrita.) Fore wings rather short, especially in ¢ ; apex squarish; discal mark diffuse, indis-
tinet, gray, with olive green tint, and obseure scalloped inner and outer lines.
Palpi short, partly black; fore wings ash-gray, often without a greenish tint; transverse lines indistinct,
discal mark usually inclosed in a large, diffuse lunate pale ashen patch.........-....-- H. guttivitta
Palpi larger, blacker; body and fore wings more uniformly and persistently olive-green than in guttivitta,
scalloped lines more distinct; no whitish ash discal patch; body and wings sometimes reddish

insteadvofiereenish)-- == <o <2 sss cess oe eis oe Seesaw 2S nee Soins ao eenecc ect eee Hi. biundata
Antenne plumose; outer edge and fore wings oblique; brown-gray, markings much as in biwndata;
submarginal series of sublunate brown spots much as in biuwndata....-...---...----.----- A, lunata

3. (Subgenus Heterocampa.) Antenne with long pectinations; discal mark curvilinear, black; wings
greenish or brown, with distinct black stripes and lines.
a. Fore wings produced toward apex, outer edge very oblique. ,
Body and wings brown, the latter with black marks and reddish brown patches; a large oblique
subapicaliwhite:shad 6.40253 See ase aoe ise cee nee eee se Sane errata HL, obliqua
Body and wings green; inner line on fore wings less curved than in obliqua; marginal black lines
Moreceephyescallopedi;) athoLacCle crests se eaaeeeeeer eee ceseece sme seas eee ee aoe A, astarté
Without the subapical white shade; a heavy, broken, scalloped submarginal line; hind wings with
apy bitbishslin 6s eer oy tees ca aoe eerie eee Se eiee sera H, pulverea
Submarginal shade as in pulverea, but more dislocated H. belfragei
b. Fore wings short and square.

Body and fore wings either uniformly ocherous or brown, with a broad, white, subapical shade, and

a broad, curved, dark shade behind the distinct discal mark..................- --- H. subrotata
4, (Subgenus Litodonta.) Antenne of 9 heavily pectinated.
A thoracic crest; thorax and fore wings marked with sea-green...........-....--.-.------ HI, hydromelt

5. (Subgenus Slematocampa (new).) Outer edge of wing oblique; no definite markings; of a pale ash or-

reddish brown hue.
Two faintly marked scalloped lines on fore wings.--....--. -----. s00« cee+ eos ene e seen nce - H. unicolor-

SYNOPSIS OF THE KNOWN LARV#.

A. Lary with normal anal legs and young lary with normal piliferous warts.
A broad reddish band, extending from the side of first, third, and sixth abdominal segments.. H. manteo»
B. Young larve armed with horns; anal legs longer in full-fed larve.
Freshly hatched larva with nine pairs of horns; prothoracie pair of horns represented by tubercles in
stages IJ-1V; spots on the side of first, third, and sixth abdominal segments either absent or small,
AL. guttivitta
Young larva (Stage I) with a single pair of horns, persisting as tubercles through Stage IV. A large
oblique russet spot on side of first, third, and sixth abdominal segments. ....-...-..-.. HT. biundata
Full-grown larva with two prothoracic dorsal tubercles .........--..------ ------2---e-ee-- HT, pulverea
Body of full-fed larva thickened in the middle; two dorsa! red lines diverging on the first and widest
apart on second abdominal segment, then converging only slightly toward the fourth and fifth,
diverging very slightly again on sixth and seventh; in Stage I with six pairs of horns... H. obliqua:
C. Body with long black anal filaments in Stage I; in last stage reduced to nearly normal length.
Body green; a dorsal broad yellow and red band; no lateral lines...........-...----------- H. wnicolor-

224 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Heterocampa manteo (Doubleday).
(Pl. V, fig. 199; VII, fig. 21 3.)

Lochmeus manteo Doubleday, Entomologist, p.58, Jan., 1841.
Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 134, 1869.
Heterocampa manteo Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., v, p. 1024, 1855,
Tadana cinerascens Walker, Cat., Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 991, 1855. (Fide Grote and Rob.).
Heterocampa manteo Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 240, 1862.
Heterocampa subalbicans Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 336, Dec., 1863, pl. 8, fig. 2 (a good figure); New
Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm., p. 158, 1890.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. Br., i, p. 564, 1892.
Heterocampa manteo Neum, and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 206, 1894; Journ. N, Y. Ent. Soce., ui,
p. 117, Sept., 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XXIX, figs. 2-10.)
Doubleday, Entomologist, p. 58, Jan., 1841. (Uncolored figure of mature larva, plate facing p. 60, fig. 6;
pupa, fig. 7.)
Comstock (J. H.), Rep. U. 8. Dept. Agr. for 1880, pp. 259, 269, 1881.
Riley, Fifth Rep. U. 8S. Ent. Comm., pp. 158, 159, 1890.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent, Comm., p. 158, 1890.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, pp. 545-548, 1890.

Moth.—Three 2, two 2 (and others seen). Uniformly pale ash-gray, with three wavy diffuse
darker lines crossing the fore wings, and a large, heavy, black discal mark, becoming in rubbed
specimens two twin black dots inclosed in a pale ash spot. (Two very fresh and distinetly
marked ¢ from the United States National Museum used in this description.) Male antenne
moderately well pectinated, but less so than in most of the species. flead and thorax light
ash-gray; thorax behind over the mesoscutum darker. Fore wings ash-gray, varying from pale,
almost whitish, ash to a darkish ash, and crossed by four usually distinct, deeply scalloped, dark
lines, the scallops more or less filled in with pale gray. At the very base of the wings a short line
composed of one scallop, which is deflected on the cubital vein and passing out along the
internal vein becomes confluent with the second line. This second line is double, consisting of
two parallel, four-scalloped, dark lines, which pass straight across the wing, ending the same
distance from the base both on the costa and internal edge. A large, very conspicuous,
transversely oblong, black discal spot, which in old rubbed specimens usually appears as two
thin black dots inclosed in a pale area, and which is diagnostic of the species. Extradiscal line
double, composed of about ten scallops; where it ends on the costa dislocated and set in from the
subcostal portion. A little more than halfway from this to the edge of the wing is a dark,
sharply zigzag, diffuse line. A marginal row of about seven distinet black dots.

Hind wings dark mouse colored, with a faint, diffuse, whitish line, and a dusky patch on the
internal edge. :

Underside of the fore wings like the upper side of the hind wings, with the costal edge on
the outer third pale, with four dark spots. Hind wings sordid whitish; outer edge dusky, like
the fore wings. Fringe pale gray, with the venular spots alternating with the more distinet
marginal dots.

Hind legs very hairy, with two pairs of tibial spurs nearly equal in size.

EXxpanse of wings, ¢ 40-45 mm., 2 43 mm.; length of body, ¢ 21-23 mm., 2? 20 mm.

This is the most common species of the genus, being sometimes abundant enough to be
actually destructive to oaks in the Southern States. The species differs from the others of the
genus in the large, black, wide discal spot, in rubbed specimens represented by two black dots in
a pale field, in the uniformly pale ash color of the fore wings, and the four distinct, deeply and
numerously scalloped lines.

Lgg.—*About 0.8 mm. in diameter, hemispherical, shining; under high power, irregularly
hexagonally sculptured, the sculptures consisting of raised lines. Color of dried specimen a dull
pink.” (Riley MS.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, 225

From the inspection of the figure by Doubleday (probably copied from Abbot’s colored
drawing) of the larva of Lochmeus manteo Doubleday, I feel sure that Heterocampa subalbicans
Grote is a synonym. Indeed, it has been referred with a doubt by Mr. Grote to his species.
I am indebted to Professor Riley for an opportunity of examining and describing a series in
alcohol of the larvze in all the five stages (No. 2759 from box 12, 155), and have myself collected
the caterpillar in its last two stages, while Professor Riley has given me a blown specimen and
the opportunity of examining his own series.

Larva, Stage T.—Length, 4-6 mm. The head is very large, nearly twice as wide as the body,
and flattened in front, the outline seen from in front being somewhat six-sided. There are six to
seven minute piliferous warts, the black set arising from them being unusuaily large and stiff, and
tapering at the end; around the base of the warts are brown discolorations, and tho row of warts
-on each side of the median line, together with the outer row, are connected by an irregular, faint,
brownish band.

The body narrows in width to the end. The dorsal and lateral tubercles are well developed,
the dorsal ones being quite high, but on the whole rather small and all of the same shape; those
on the prothoracie and first abdominal segments are of about the same size, and only a little larger
than those on the second and third segments; the two dorsal ones on the eighth abdominal
segment are of the same size as those on the first abdominal segment, but are nearer together and
with somewhat larger bases. The ninth and tenth segments are rather long, with well developed
tubercles. The supra-anal plate is well developed, being rounded, not so long as broad, bearing
on the edge eight hairs, of which the two posterior ones are bristle-like and black; near the middle
of the plate are two black dorsal bristles. The paranal lobes are large and full, each bearing an
-excrementiferal bristle. The anal legs are long and slender, being as long as the ninth segment,
and are slightly retractile. The four anterior pairs of abdominal legs bear on the plant from
sixteen to eighteen crochets. The sete arising from the dorsal and lateral tubercles are long and
large, and though apparently tubular, taper, some to a point, while others are slightly docked,
but they do not, as usual, end in a broad elear tip. But along the extreme lower side of the first
and second and seventh and eighth abdominal segments is a series of singular battledoor-like
setie, a pair to each of the segments named, and arising from the lowest tubercle on the side of the
segment.

These battledoor hairs, which are modified secretory sets, are very short, only from one-third
to one-half as long as the other sete, and have a slender pedicel enlarging into an elongate
bulbous expansion, the surface of which is striated or wrinkled longitudinally, while the tip
appears under a half-inch objective to be clear. There is also a pair of remarkable foliaceous
oval appendages at the end of the thoracic legs, which we have not seen in the few other larva
whose feet we have specially examined. These are described and figured in our paper on the
“External structure of caterpillars.” !

The colors, being well preserved in the alcoholic specimens examined, may be described in
the absence of the living. The head is amber, mixed with resinous. The body is whitish above;
the tubercles and their bases pale straw-yellow, as are the anal region and anal legs; the setie
are brownish, and there are pinkish stains at the base of the prothoracic and first and eighth
abdominal dorsal tubercles. Hence it seems that in the first stage of this species the mode of
coloration of the final stage (V) is already indicated.

Second stage-—Length, 10-11 mm. The head is now proportionately smaller than before, the
dark spots more exaggerated, and the twin dorsal tubercles on the prothoracic and first and eighth
abdominal segments, while not much larger than the others, are much darker reddish brown, with
pink stains around their bases, and thus contrast with the others, which are yellow. The two
double dorsal pink lines, connecting the prothoracie and first abdominal tubercles, also the four
short lines in front of and behind the tubercles on the eighth segment, are now distinct; also the
subdorsal, white, lateral band on the outer side of the dorsal tubercles, while the subspiracular,
narrow, pale yellow line is distinet. The stigmata on the eighth abdominal segment is twice as
large as the others. The hairs are very long, black, and tapering. I can not see any battledoor
setie in this stage. The anal legs are provided with crochets.

! Proceedings Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., 1890.

S. Mis. 50 15

226 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Third stage.—Length, 12-15 mm. The characters of the final stage now appear. The head
has changed its shape and style of markings to that of the last stage; it is flatter in front, with
a lateral brown line edged with white, while the large, conspicuous, dark spots have disappeared,
and the color of the head is dull opaque-amber. The four red, parallel, dorsal lines on the second
and third thoracic and seventh and eighth abdominal segments are now distinct. AIl the dorsal
tubercles except those on the prothoracie and first and eighth abdominal segments have much
diminished in size, while the others have remained stationary.

Fourth stage—Length, 18 mm. ‘The piliferous warts in general are smaller than iu Stage ILI,
aud those on the prothoracic and first and eighth abdominal segments are smaller than before.
The eighth abdominal segment is slightly humped, and the anal legs are normal, though about
one-half as thick as those in front. The body is green, with a broad subdorsal and two narrow
lateral yellow lines, asin the last stage, the lower being the infra-spiracular line. The sides of the
three thoracic segments are dotted with reddish pink, and there is a reddish streak on the outside
of the anal legs. The subdorsal yellow lines diverge on the prothoracie segment, and along the
next two segments succeeding are edged within with pink red lines. Behind the two dorsal
tubercles on the first abdominal segment they are much farther apart, extending to the supra-anal
plate, and are whitish yellow, narrowly bordered with deep, straw-yellow, and inclose a narrow,
yellow dorsal line. (This line in the next stage extends to the prothoracie segment.)

Fifth and last stage-—Length, 30-32 mm. It differs in the dorsal piliferous warts on the first
thoracie and first and eighth abdominal segments being smaller than in the fourth stage, being
now no larger than those on the other segments, and the hump on the eighth segment has almost
disappeared. There is, as in the fourth stage, a conspicuous red dash on each side of the third
abdominal segment, and the other lines are as described in the fourth stage.

RECAPITULATION.

1. Head large, with dark spots and connected lines in Stages I and IT.

2. The spots disappear, and the peculiar lateral dark line edged with white characteristic of
the final stage appears in Stage III.

3. The piliferous tubercles on first thoracic and first and eighth abdominal segments attain
their maximum in Stage II; the tendency after this stage is to return to a simple, smooth body,
without excessive ornamentation or any decided change in coloration.

4. In Stage IIL all the other tubercles diminish in size.

5. The style of coloration of Stage V is indicated in Stage IL.

6. In Stage LV the tubercles almost reach their minimum, becoming still smaller in the final
stage.

7. The few tenant hairs present in the first stage are battledoor-shaped.

It is interesting to notice, in reviewing the larval history of this species, the strong tendency
shown after the second stage to a diminution in size of the tubercles, so that by the fourth stage
the body becomes smooth and free from all projections, humps, and spines, and thus more
noctuiform. At the same time the yellow and whitish stripes and pink blotches become indicated
at an earlier stage than usual, as if the aim were to adapt the caterpillar to the ribs and parallel
greenish and yellowish lines or shades of the leaf on which it feeds.

This is perhaps, as regards the other species, the most generalized and simple form in its
early larval stages, there being no horns and the dorsal warts of nearly uniform size.

In the group comprising H. biundata, guttivitta, and obliqua there is a singular degree of hyper-
trophy and specialization of the dorsal tubercles, while in the group represented by H. wricolor
the process of hypertrophy and specialization takes another direction, i. e., the anal legs, the larvie
becoming cerura-form.

ReMARrKS.—PI. XXIX, figs. 2, 2a represent what may prove to be the young larva of this spe-
cies. It was found by Mr. Bridgham on the walnut at Providence, R. [., July 5. I have no notes
on it. The following descriptions have been drawn up from Comstock’s specimens, the types of his
description in his report as United States Entomologist for 1880. His No, 249, * Notodonta on
oak, September 23, 1879,” is equal to var. ¢. of his description. Iam indebted to Professor Riley

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 227

for an opportunity of examining the specimens when they were in the collection of the United
States Entomologist, Department of Agriculture, Washington.

Stage IT ?—Length, 6 mm., probably not long before molting, as the head is as wide as the
body; it is rounded, of abnormal shape, not squarish on the sides. The piliferous warts on the
head are minute, but bearing long bristles, and connected by broad, dark brown bands. Forming
a rude Greek cross on each side of the vertex and on the side below are three dark spots, two on
the back side and one near the clypeus; the sides of the latter dark, forming a V.

On the body the piliferous warts are rather large and high, especially the dorsal ones. The
dorsal prothoracic tubercles are conical, rounded, twice as large as those on the second and third
thoracic segments, and deep reddish around the base. The two dorsal warts on the first
abdominal segment are as large or slightly larger than those on the first thoracic segment, and
somewhat forked at the tip, which is dark, giving rise to two bristles. The eighth abdominal
segment is gibbous on the back, bearing the dark red tubercles, which are slightly larger than
those on the prothoracic segment, and which are simple, not forked, and reddish above the base.
The suranal plate is rounded, bearing a few high slender conical setiferous warts. The anal legs
are long and slender, reddish, extending well beyond the suranal plate. The body is green, with
yellow markings, with two interrupted broad yellow bands, which are in fact broken into a series
of irregular spots. From the first thoracic segment two parallel, nearly contiguous, red dorsal
lines extend to the dorsal tubercles on the first abdominal segment, and inclosing a fine broken
yellowish line. A similar pair of red lines, but broader and more diffuse, on the last third of the
body. The sete are glandular, slightly enlarged at the tips. (The specimen, alcoholic, is not
well preserved.) ;

Stage 117.—Length, 10mm. The head is rather large, broader than the body, while the sides.
are now somewhat squarish. The origin of the lateral dark and white line is now seen to be thus:
The front is rather broad and flattened; on each side is a shgbtly curved row of about five dark
piliferous warts, which are connected by an irregular dark band, which begins on each side of the
vertex and curves around to the sides of the labrum. This line 1s broadly bordered by a whitish
band, and outside of this are three black blotches. The sutures of the apex of the clypeus are
broadly stained with black-brown, forming a V, as in the second stage. Piliferous tubercles
as in Stage II, but now the bristles taper to a point, though large and coarse, and the bases of
those of the first thoracic and first abdominal tubercles are reddish, those of the others yellowish.
The twin dorsal reddish lines are more distinct, and now there are two distinet, broad, subdorsal
white bands, containing on the inner side the dorsal tubercles, whose bases are yellowish. A
spiracular, narrow, straw-yellow line, passing just above the spiracles and partly inclosing them.
The anal legs are reddish, but no reddish spots or dots yet appear on the sides of the body, as
they do in the next stage. On the third abdominal segment. is a large, dark, setiferous tubercle,
which is reddish at base; it is one-half the size of that on the first segment.

The following description is drawn up from Comstock’s type (No. 4455, ‘‘ From eggs on oak,
D.C., June 24, 1889”), var. 6. One or two were in the fourth stage and the others fully grown.
Length, 32-34 mm. ‘They (the full-grown ones) have the dorsal region between the subdorsal lines
deep, continuous carmine or dull blood-red. The six thoracic piliferous warts are yellow, the
dorsal lines white, the subdorsal one white, more or less tinged with straw-yellow, two well-
marked lateral yellow lines, the supraspiracular being narrower than the lower ones. Below the
lower line the sides of the body are more continuously blotched with carmine-red than usual.
The lateral lines on the head are as usual black, edged externally with white. The base of the
mandibles and of the antenne are tinged with yeliow. The bristles are as usual long and stiff.

In two full-grown H. manteo, 35 mm. long, Department of Agriculture, ‘No. 359, ©.” (pl.
XXIX, figs. 3, 3a), kindly lent by Dr. Riley, the colorational characters often, though not always,
seen in Stage IV are retained, the red filling up the space between the subdorsal lines, passing far
down in great lobes on the sides of the abdominal segments 1, 3, and 6, those on segments 3 and
6 being the largest, and partly inclosing the spiracles. Te tubercles are small and normal, i. e.,
as in the mature larve generally.

In one larva, 359), 45 mm. long, the space between the two subdorsal lines is filled in solidly
with deep, dull blood-red, only interrupted by the dorsal yellow line, while the two lateral yellow
lines are distinct.

228 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

H. manteo var.—(“On birch, Virginia, September 14, 1882,” Department of Agriculture.)
Two blown specimens, full-grown larvie. (Pl. XXIX, figs. 5,5a.) Length,30 mm. The head is
moderate in size, Shaped as in that of normal manteo, with a lateral, narrow, brown line, bordered
externally with white. The head is rather freer from bristles, and is paler than in normal manteo;
in fact the whole body is paler, like the underside of a birch leaf, compared with the other blown
specimens. In one of the examples there is a fine, narrow, reddish V-shaped mark, the arms of
the V being situated outside of the clypeus.

On the prothoracic segment are two flattened, yellowish, piliferous warts, connected by a
slight low ridge. There are four dorsal smaller conical piliterous warts on the second and third
thoracic segments. (These are just asin H. manteo.) On the first abdominal segment are two
cylindrical, conical, coral-red dorsal tubercles, arising from smaller bases, and are (in one example)
deep blood-red, forming an oval spot, situated mostly on the outside of the tubercles. These tuber-
cles are of the size of those in Stage IV of normal manteo, and the conical nipples are themselves
larger than in some of thefourthstage of normal manteo, but of the same size as in the others; in fact,
these tubercles vary much in size in different individuals of normal manteo of Stage LV, which shows
that they are comparatively suddenly produced or are a lately acquired character, and are thus
inconstant. The third abdominal segmentis much as in normal manteo, Stage IV, but in one of the
specimens is a large, deep blood-red, irregular, oval, subdorsal spot of the length of the segment
itself, and in the subdorsal line on the sixth abdominal segment is a much smaller blood-red spot.
The eighth segment is dorsally decidedly gibbous, and bears two distinet, but small, yellow,
piliferous, flattened dorsal warts. The dorsal yellowish and the two subdorsal yellowish white lines
are of the same width and arrangement as in normal manteo, but the red inner border is nearly
obsolete.

What at once strikes the eye are the three pairs of unequal, deep blood-red, subdorsal spots,
which are partly inclosed by the subdorsal lines, On the sides of the body are thickly scattered
red spots, running sometimes into very short curved lines.

There is a spiracular yellow line extending from next to the head to the second abdominal
segment, beyond which it is obsolete. The abdominal feet are tipped with reddish; the anal legs
with two parallel reddish stripes beneath, while the lateral piliferous warts are yellow.

It varies much in the three pairs of subdorsal, abdominal, dark blood-red spots, as they are
entirely wanting in one of the specimens. It is plainly derived from normal manteo, and is adapted
for existence on the pale yellowish green underside of the birch leaf, while the deep blood-red spots
are similar in color to those of the birch twigs or leafstalks.

A larva near L. manteo, if not of that species.—Three blown specimens, ‘No. 350, on linden,
October 17, 1874,” were loaned me by Professor Riley. (Pl. X XIX, figs. 4, 4a.)

I can not see any difference between these specimens and H. manteo. Length, 34mm. The
head is deep amber, with a broad, black, lateral band bordered externally with a rather narrow
whitish band. The dorsal tubercles are as in H. manteo of the last stage. Those on the first
abdominal segment are small, low, flattened and red around the base. The eighth segment is
gibbous, with the piliferous warts small, normal, and yellow. The yellow dorsal line is distinet,
and the subdorsal lines are, as in H. manteo, broad and white, tinged with yellowish on the upper
edge, and broadly but very irregularly bordered with reddish inside, this edging broken up into
red scattered spots. The spiracular line is yellow, situated just below the spiracles, which, as
usual in this genus, are partly merged in the upper edge of the line.

Cocoon.—In confinement spinning “a very slight, elastic, silken cocoon,” some ‘a tough silken
cocoon, others one made only of a few threads, while some had no cocoon at all, but had made a
smooth cavity in the earth” (Riley). According to Comstock’s informant, in nature the mature
caterpillar entered the ground, where they laid most of the winter before transforming.

Pupa—é (head wanting). Length, 18 mm. End of body less blunt than in Schizura.
Last four segments smooth, polished; cremaster ending in two stout foot-like spines, the toe very
long and pointed, the heel pronounced; the surface transversely densely corrugated; vestiges of
anal legs swollen and quite distinet; two ¢ sexual openings, the hinder one being the smaller of
the two. (Drawn up from Riley’s No. 249.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 229

Pupa.—‘ Length, 16-22 mm. Body only moderately robust; shining, dark reddish brown;
dorsal teeth at posterior margin of mesothorax, 12 in number, gradually decreasing in size from
the center laterally, nearly rectangular, and without central indenture; two spines at tip of body
rather long and narrow, somewhat roughened, and each with an inner subapical tooth or branch,
in this respect somewhat similar to the pup of Sechizura. The slender outer branch is irregular
in length and direction, which, however, is generally outward.”
(Riley MS.)

Habits.—During 1880 a great amount of damage was done to
the foliage of oak forests in at least two counties of Arkansas by
this worm, which appeared in immense numbers in January. The
following extract is taken from Professor Comstock’s account in
his report as United States Entomologist (Agricultural Report,
1880):

There are probably two broods of the variable caterpillar in the course Fia. a0.—Pupa of H. manteo.
of the season, although but one, the fall brood, seems to have been noticed.

The moths appear in the latter part of April or in early May, and between that time and Jate September, when the
principal damage is done by the worms, there is abundant time for two broods of caterpillars.

In the District of Columbia for the last two years these larve have been noticed very abundantly upon oak,
hawthorn, and basswood, and doubtless feed upon other plants. In late September they had reached their full
size and entered the ground, where, as we gather from Mrs. Thomnias’s letter, they lie most of the winter before
transforming.

Professor Riley has sent us the following notes on its habits and food plants, which appeared
in our report on Forest Insects:

Two larve of a Notodonta were found feeding on oak and persimmon, in Virginia, June 18, 1882. Another one
was found June 20, also in Virginia, feeding on walnut; and two more July 19, feeding on oak. (It also feeds on the
white, post, and laurel oak, and linden.) One of the first found Jaryze spun up between leaves July 19, and another
one pupated on the surface of the ground July 21. The first moth issued August 5 and the other one August 12.

Larvie of a second brood were again found August 30, feeding on apple and black birch, and another full-grown
one September 3, feeding on persimmon.

Octover 1, 1870: 8. 8S. Rathvon describes it as injurious to the linden trees, stripping them and yoing from one
tree to another in the village of Lititz, near Lancaster, Pa. They went into the ground about the Ist of September.
The specimen he sent had fifteen large Tachina-fly eggs attached transversely across the end and third joints. The
white margin to the black stripe was missing, and the dark purple dorsal band extends to stigmata on joints 6 and
9 and to subdorsum on 4 and 11 (box 8, No. 29), also a variety in box 3, No. 53.

October 17, 1870: Bolter found 2 under oak leaves, both of them like that I found on oak October 2, 1870.

April 30, 1871: One has issued from an exotic oak in Shaw’s Gardens [St. Louis, Mo.]. The markings are much
more diffused, with a large whitish discal spot on primaries. That marked 45* from burr oak—Muhleman, issued
May 25, 1871. It is a variety and perfectly deceptive, like NV. wnicornis, taking the same tubular position.

Very abundant in 1873. October 12, leaves falling, obtained many from post oak. Three most persistent forms
blown, a (4 in cage 12), b (11 in cage 11), ¢ (1 in cage 10),

July 6, 1874: The imagines have been issuing very irregularly. To-day I sieved the cages, and especially 17,
in which there were a number of all three forms. They now are all alike, and the head is the only characteristic
part. All the color is gone from the body, which is now of a uniform paris green, more or less mottled with a pale
and dark shade, the vascular line dark and broken. Many of these are now crawling about quite actively, while
others are in the pupa state and others issuing. ‘They were all in a very slight elastic silken cocoon.

September 20, 1874: A number of all sizes on oak, separated into three lots—a, in eage 12; b, in cage 10; ¢, in
cage 5. They are very variable, and there are specimens intermediate between these three forms. Some have the
colors very bright and distinct, and others less so. A lot found on linden, but afterwards feeding well on oak, are
all of the hght form a in cage 13.

November 21, 1874: In sieving the cages containing forms a, b, and ec, they were found still in the larval state,
some having made a tough silken cocoon, others made one only of a few threads, while some had no cocoons at all,
but had made a smooth cavity in the earth. In cage 5 were found two large Tachina larve, certainly from form c,
one of which is preserved in box 7-40. April 10, 1875, one Tachina fly issued, marked 359°. One moth issued April
16, 1875, the larva of which was found on linden, but fed also on oak in cage 13, where there are many more in the
ground. Braconid parasite bred October, 1874. October 26, 1875: Nine from oak, all near form b.

“« qgs in August, Larve in April, June, July, September, and October (winter as larvee, transforming sometimes
as late as July). Adults in April, May, June. July, August.” (Riley MS.)

Food plants.—Different species of oak, including the white, post, burr, and laurel oak;
hawthorn, basswood, persimmon, walnut, apple, black birch; in Georgia it lives on Pinckneya
pubens (Abbot’s MS. drawings, Gray copy, Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.); linden, oak (Riley MS).

230 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Geographical distribution.—Ranges through the Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinees
and the eastern portion of the Campestrian (Nebraska), not having occurred west of the eastern
borders of the great plains. Two specimens only have been recorded from any of the New
England States, where others will probably be discovered, though rarely. It seems to abound
most from Pennsylvania southward to Georgia. Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Lawrence, Mass.
(Mr. Treat, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Detroit, Mich. (Mus. Comp. Zool.); Trenton Falls, N. Y.
(Doubleday); Plattsburg, N. Y. (G. E. Hudson); Peru, near Lancaster, Pa. (Coll. Amer. Ent.
Soe. Phil.); Washington, D. C., Virginia, Georgia (Riley); Tallahassee, Fla. (Koebele); St. Louis,
Mo., Nebraska, Arkansas (U. S. Nat. Museum); Canada, Maine, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Wisconsin, Champaign, Ill., Texas (I*rench).

Heterocampa guttivitta (Walker).
(PIL, fies 2 psa)

Cecrita guttivitta Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., v, p. 992, 1855,
Drymonia mucorea Herr.-Schaeffer, Samml. aussereur, Schmett., fig. 514, 1856.
Lochmeeus cinereus Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe, Phil., iii, p. 372, 1864.
Misogada sobria Walk., Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., xxx1i, p. 450, 1865.
Heterocampa doubledayi Scudder, in Harris Ent. Corresp., p. 134, 1867.
Heterocampa guttivitta Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882,
Heterocampa pulverea Pack., Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm., p. 159, 1890.
Lochmeus olivatus Pack., Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm., p. 39, 1890.
Heterocampa guttivitta Smith, List. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 564, 1892.
Cecrita guttivitta Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 207, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 117,

Sept., 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XXXI, figs. 1, la, la-1d, 1d, 1d’, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4, 4a, 5, 5a, 6, Ga, 7, Ta; XXXIII, figs. 1, 1a, le, 2, 2a, 3, 3a.)

French, Can. Ent., xii, p. 83, 1880.
Sixth Ann. Rep. 8. Ill. Normal Univ., p. 661, 1880.
Packard, Bull. 7. U.S. Ent. Comm. Ins. Inj. Forest Trees, p. 46, 1881. (Quotes French’s description.)
Fifth Rep. U. 8S. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 159, 1890. (H. pulverea by error.)
Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 397, 1890.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 548, 1890. (1. pulverea by error.)
Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 178, 1891. (Fourth and last larval stages; cocoon and pupa.)

Moth.—Four 2, four 2. Ground color pale olive-greenish ashen, with white scales and
patches. Head above greenish ash, in front ash, and the palpi ash-colored, and generally with no
black scales on the outside, though in some examples there is a streak of black, but less than in
H., biundata. Thorax varying from pale to dark ash, with dark olive-green scales; a dark line
across the hinder edge of the collar; over the mesoscutum dusky brownish, and on base of
abdomen a brown patch; the tegule edged with pale ashen scales.

Fore wings with the basal line indistinct, the scallop not so distinct and pointed as in
HH. biundata; middle line doubly scalloped; the spaces between the dark scallop filled with whitish
scales. Discal mark a distinet curved dark line inclosed in a large conspicuous Iunate or oval
pale patch; in some individuals on the inner side of this patch and extending below it is a dark
brown patch.

The outer line is sinuous, the scallops shallow; the line curves outward deeply opposite the
origin of the cubital venules and loses itself toward the costa in a diffuse greenish costal pateh.
There is a distinet submarginal series of about eight subtriangular dusky spots, the largest one
situated on the first cubital interspace; this Jine is seareely dislocated as compared with H.
biundata. Wind wings ash, whitish in spots; traces of an outer dusky band, distinct in the
center, where it is externally shaded with whitish; a diffuse sordid whitish band crosses the
wing, but is quite faint and best marked on the costa and at the internal angle. Beneath, the
lines and spots do not reappear, and boti wings are uniformly ash-brown, the line at base of
fringe dusky, the fringe whitish ash, spotted with dusky.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 44 mm., 2? 35-52 mm.; length of body, ¢ 20 mm., 2 20 mm.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Zeit

This is a very variable species, and it is difficult to separate some cabinet specimens, when
not fresh, from those of H. biundata, It is distinguished by the stouter palpi, the second joint
being broad and bushy at tho end, while the third joint is shorter than in biundata; the second
joint is either ashen or with a narrow blackish line on the outside, while in biwndata the side is
almost wholly black, and the third joint is much longer. It is best characterized, however, by the
usually not very distinct, linear, curved discal mark being inclosed in a large, diffuse, lunate, pale
ashen patch. In the well-preserved and fresh and rather melanotic Franconia specimens received
from Mrs. Slosson this spot 1s small and obliquely oval. It also differs from biundata in the less
distinct transverse lines of the fore wings. Rubbed and worn specimens are never so uniformly
olive-green as in biwndata, and have never been observed becoming ocherous yellowish or reddish,
as occasionally occurs in biundata. Many individuals are smaller than in biundata.

The specimens collected by Mrs. Slosson at Franconia, N. H., and they are very fresh and
well preserved, are decidedly darker than thoso from the Southern States and from near the coast,
while the lines and discal mark are rather more distinet. In the l‘ranconia examples there is a
diffuse whitish patch extending from the middle of the wing beyond the extradiseal line to the
apex, including the twe dark subapical spots or streaks.

Ina@example reared from the larva figured on P]. XX XIII, fig. 2, 2a, the cross lines on the
fore wings are obsolete and the wings are very pale whitish, with a slight olive tint, and the outer
half of the wings are whitish, while both wings beneath are very pale ashen in hue. The shape
of the wings is much the same in both species; in guttivitta, however, the costa of the fore wings
is a little more full, the wings being a little more produced toward the apex.

For my identification of this species I depend on a fairly well-preserved large 2 from Brooklyn,
N. Y., which, in 1889, I compared with and which well agreed with Walker’s type in the British
Museum. Mr. Rk. Thaxter also regards this as the guttivitta of Walker’s description. It is Loch-
mus cinereus of my Synopsis of the Bombycidie of the United States (Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii,
p. 372). The type of this species was formerly in the Museum of the Peabody Academy of Sciences,
but became lost or mislaid. It was much rubbed, not showing the characteristic markings, the
description being that of a worn specimen. It is tho Lochmeus olivatus of my report on Forest
Insects (p. 397), being erroneously determined as that species, and not the olivata of my Synopsis.

This is also H. pulverea of Riley and of my report on Forest Insects, p. 159, and clsewhere;
the pulverea of Grote and Robinson is quito a different species, as I have ascertained from an
examination of their type in the American Museum of Natural History at New York.

Larva (Pl. XX XT, figs. 1, la—1d’).—Found on the sugar maple, July 10, at Brunswick, Me.,
feeding on the underside of the leaf, eating out a little irregular patch; no eggs were to be dis-
covered.

Stage I—Length, 5mm. Head large, rounded, much wider than the body; pitchy chestnut,
or dull, dark amber. The body tapers gradually from the prothoracic segment to the end of the
body, which is elevated, as usual. Anal legs slender and as long as the eighth segment is thick;
paler at tips; cylindrical, and the tips are slightly eversible. The skin of the body is smooth and
shining, of a uniform pitchy, dull reddish color, with fine, narrow, thread-like, greenish yellow,
wavy lines. The dorsal region between the first thoracic and the eighth abdominal segments
is greenish yellow.

The larva is the most remarkable of its family, in possessing at this stage an extraordinary
armature of nine pairs of enormous horns like those of adeer. (Fig. 83, III, a, b, c,d). The protho-
racic pair are nearly three times as large as those on the first abdominal segment, and arise from
a dark piceous plate; each horn is stout, about twice as long as the body is thick, with two stout
acute tines reaching forward and outward, and a third upward, with a fourth small sharp one
projecting in front near the base; each tine bears a hair arising from near tho end. The tines are
more or less rough and finely spinulose, especially on the opposing bases of those projecting
upward and backward. The second and third thoracic segments are smooth and unarmed and—
much wrinkled transversely. On the first abdominal segment is a pair of long, slender horns
with the distal third smaller and bent forward and outward, with the end thickened and bearing
two or three minute spinules and a single long hair; this pair arises from a large black dorsal,
undivided plate, while those behind (on second to seventh segments) arise from a more rounded
black plate, divided into two half-moon-shaped pieces by a distinct greenish yellow space. Those

232 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the second abdominal pair are much smaller than the pair in front and those behind. Those:
of the third abdominal segment are not so large as the first, but much longer than those behind.
The pair on the eighth abdominal segment are of the same size and shape as those on the first
abdominal segment, but are slightly shorter. The suranal plate is rounded, convex, shining
black, giving rise to a pair of black horns shorter than the shortest ones in front. Thoracic legs.
blackish; the middle abdominal legs of a pitchy color.

It molted July 19, being perhaps belated, as are most in the next stage.

Stage [7.—Length, 5-6 mm, Head and body uniformly iiver-colored or reddish brown. Head
conical, rounded, entirely liver-red, like the body, with no lateral bands or any markings. Now
there is only a single pair of very short horns or tubercles situated on the prothoracic segment, with
no traces of the others. These prothoracic tubercles aro cylindrical, short, square at the end,.
which is dark and no longer than one-third the length of the anal legs, with no branches. The-
end of the body is uplitted; the anal legs are concolorous with the body. The body gradually
tapers to the end, with no traces of any markings.

I found, July 14, other larve on neighboring maple trees, of which the following is a descrip-
tion, and think it is the same species:

Stage I77.—Length, 10 mm. The head is now very large, subtriangular, rising higher than,
the body behind, and much wider than the body; greenish, with a broad, pale reddish band on
each side, meeting on the vertex. The prothoracic horns are now represented by the conical
piliferous tubercles of moderate size, dark reddish at the end, from each of which a reddish line
passes back to the first abdominal segment. ‘The third abdominal segment is pale reddish above,
the hue passing down to the base of the first pair of abdominal legs. Along the back of
abdominal segments 4 to 6 is a pale reddish band interrupted by the sutures. On abdominal
segments 7 to9 is an elongated, reddish, diamond-shaped, dorsal, pale red band, including the
suranal plates; a faint reddish lateral spot on the side of the sixth abdominal segment.
Abdominal legs yellowish, concolorous with the body. Anal legs long, slender, upheld; thoracic
legs pale; the sides of the body just above their base discolored with pale reddish. A distinet
subdorsal yellow line on each side of the body, not so distinct on the last three abdominal segments.

In three specimens, with little doubt of this species, which were 15 mm. in length, there are
two parallel red lines extending backward from the prothoracic tubercles and diverging, as in
the smaller specimens, on the first abdominal segment. -On the third abdominal segment is a
crescentiform dorsal red spot, the horns pointing anteriorly; on the segment behind is a median
triangular red patch, and on the five succeeding ones collectively is a much smaller one, cleft
behind. In this specimen the hollow of the crescentiform spot is filled with a yellow curved spot,.
but in one of the other examples there is in place of it a white patch, and the crescentiform spot
is represented by two short parallel lines. There is another reddish dorsal patch common to the
seventh and eighth segments. Indeed there is much variation in the markings. The suboval
yellow lines are distinct. There are four small, short, lateral, oblique, reddish patches on the
side of the body, one at the base of the third pair of thoracie legs, another at the base of the
fourth pair of abdominal legs, and in one of the specimens one at the base of the first pair of
abdominal legs.

Stage [V.—Length, 18-20 mm. Head large, wider than the body, flattened in front. The
band on each side is rather short and broad, not reaching to the base of the antennie and not
meeting above on the vertex; it is composed of lines of four colors, being black within, then white,
then a broad pink band broadly shaded externally with yellowish. No tubercles on the top of
the prothoracic segment, but a yellowish patch containing two lines forming the beginning of the:
two parallel reddish sienna-brown lines, which end on the first abdominal segment. Behind this.
spot are three yellow dorsal lines which end on the hinder edge of the third abdominal segment.
On this and the next segment is a conspicuous forked sienna-brown line, inclosing on the third
seginent a white triangular patch. The two subdorsal yellow lines are broad and distinet, edged
within with reddish on the eighth segment and on the suranal plate. Sides of the body with
scattered black specks. Spiracles yellow, finely edged with black. A slight, short, narrow oblique-
line on the side at the base of the legs of the third thoracic and sixth abdominal segments. A
reddish line on the inside of the anal legs. A black dot on the middle of the thoracic legs.

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It molted, passing into the last stage August 9-10.

Last stage —Length, 35 mm. Head as in H. biundata, with a short lateral four-colored band
of blaek, white, pink, and, externally, of yellow. Body with no reddish brown spots on the side,
though quite thickly speckled with dark red-brown. The rudiments or vestiges of the prothoracie
horns are very slight, forming a yellowish, slightly swollen area. Dorsal band snow-white, fading
into yellowish on the side, where there is a series of fine dark red-black dots; the line is widest on
the second and third abdominal segments, and at the suture, between the fourth and fifth segments,
the anterior part of the band connects by a narrow neck with the posterior division of the band,
which contains a whitish vascular line, bearing reddish dots on each side. Hach side of the body
on abdominal segments 7 to 10 snow-white, including the upper part of the anal legs, which are
marked with a red line. The thoracic legs are green, with a black dot in the middle.

Description of another larva on the red maple (Pl. XX XI, fig. 1,1a).—The egg was found July
3 on the red maple at Brunswick, Me., and it hatched July 11 or 12. The caterpillar eats the
surface of the leaf when first hatched.

Larva, Stage .—Length,6 mm. Head moderately large, a little wider than the body, rather
short, smooth, with a few scattered hairs, pale cherry-red. The body is moderately thick, a little
compressed, tapering from the prothoracie segment to the anal legs, the end of the body being
upheld, the anal legs long and slender, but not so long as the tenth abdominal segment is wide.
It bears a remarkable series of large black forked dorsal horns, so as to appear like a young
Ceratocampid. The first thoracic is slightly wider than the third thoracic segment, and bears ¢
large shining black cervical plate, which is nearly twice as wide as long, the posterior edge being
straight and blacker than in front. From this plate arise two large black horns, each with three
large, long branches or tines, which are thick, acute, ending in a dark bristle; the trunk of the
spine is short, the tines being three times as long as the undivided trunk, while there is a fourth
minute spur below the others; the two anterior tines rise high and arch over the head.

The second and third thoracic segments are unarmed, smooth, with no tubercles, but wrinkled.
From each abdominal segment (1 to 8) arises a pair of large high dorsal black horus. Those on
the first abdominal segment are nearly twice as large as those on the succeeding segment, and
arise from a large black plate which is entire, undivided; the horns in these, as all the abdominal
ones, are a little bent beyond the middle, at the end sending off a minute sharp spine, while they
end in a short black bristle. The six succeeding black dorsal plates are divided into two halves,
each half lunate in shape. The third pair of abdominal horns are nearly as large as the first pair,
while the three pairs following are of the same size as the second pair. The last pair of horns
arise from the tenth segment, which are not quite so large as those on the eighth, and the segment
bears a large undivided black plate which extends down the sides and to the base of the anal
legs, the latter being slender, rather long, shining black, and held extended out horizontally.
There are no horns on the ninth segment.

The body is transversely wrinkled and the ground color is pale yellow, but the sides are so
densely covered with fine, short, wavy, cherry-red lines as to appear red. Between the horns on
the sixth and seventh abdominal segments is a large clear yellow dorsal area. The thoracic legs
are black; the middle abdominal legs cherry-red, becoming blackish toward the plantie.

At times it jerks its head rapidly from side to side, as if to scare away an enemy.

Another larva (Pl. XXXII, fig. 1, lw).—This was a rather belated larva with the body some-
what shriveled, which occurred on the oak at Providence September 20-24. Length, 15mm. Head
moderately high and narrow; on each side of and rather remote from the distinct median suture
and nearly parallel to it is a dark thread-line, the frontal space inclosed being clear of dots. The
ground color of the head is like new parchment; on each side are dark specks, forming a band on
each side between the antennie and the prothoracic tubercles. The antenne are bright yellow.
First thoracic segment with two twin contiguous yellowish humps from which arise two pale raw
sienna-brown tubercles, each ending in a piliferous tubercle, rising quite high over the head; below,
not quite near the end, are two minute tubercles, the remnants of the tines of the horns of the
earlier stage. On all the posterior segments of the body the piliferous tubercles are obsolete,
and can not be detected with the lens. ‘Two thoracic dorsal brown parallel lines beginning between
the prothoracie tubercles, converging to the second thoracie segment and separating so as to form -

234 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

a large oval whitish spot on the second and fourth abdominal segments, and ending on the hinder
edge of the fourth, and beginning again on the fifth, then separating again so as to inclose a long
oval dorsal space on abdominal segments 5 to 8; then contract-
re ing and ending on the suranal plate between the bases of the
anal legs.
The oval white spots inclose two parallel faint reddish median
8 lines. The body is somewhat compressed, tapering to the end;
.g the anal legs are long, outstretched, slender, with a reddish line
on the outside and cherry-red at tips. Sides of the body flesh-
colored, with reddish dots and short lines. Thoracie legs pale,
with a cherry-red stripe on the outside. The middle abdominal
legs pale flesh, with a few short wavy reddish-pink lines and
specks on the outside. !
Pl. XX XIII, figs. 2, 2a, represent a larva from which I reared
irioc 81 Pas vier pecans mass the moth, a female of normal appearance.
body. Pupa.—Body rather stout and thick, the head rounded, much
as usual, coarsely corrugated, with two very faintly indicated low
parallel vertical ridges between the eyes. The abdominal segments are sparsely and not very
coarsely punctured; the Jast three segments as usual, smooth and polished. Behind the meso-
seutum are six square, flattened, dull, unpolished, black tubercles, not having any median impres-
sion to give them a double appearance (like that of Schizwra leptinoides). The cremaster ends in
two stout spines, which are larger and stouter than in H. biundata,
and of quite different shape, the terminal spine being broad and some-
what foot-like, the end being square, with the heel pointing inward
and the toe upward at right angles to the main spine. Vestiges of
the anal legs rather prominent, rounded, smaller than in H. biundata.
Vestiges of the sexual opening longer than in H. biundata. Length,
19 mm. !

Habits —The eggs were found at Brunswick, Me., as early as
July 3, and it hatched July 11 or 12. Other larvee, as observed in
Maine, hatched about the 8th to 10th of July, feeding on the underside
of the leaf, at first eating away a little irregular patch. Stage I lasts
nine days, Stage II probably four or five days. The last stage is
reached a month later, August 9-10; my belated individual occurred on the oak at Providence
as late as September 20 to 24. The larva has the habit of jerking its head rapidly from side to
side, as if vexed or to scare away some assailant.

FG. 82.—Pupa of Heterocampa qutti-
vitta. 9. Sp. spiracle.

‘Dr. Dyar sends me the following account of a variety of C. gu/tivitta larva (mature):

“T have twice found a peculiar variety of guttivitia (one at Woods Holl, Mass., one at Jefferson, N. H.), in
which a large brown dorsal patch was retained in the last stage. The following is a full description of it:

“Head oval, higher than wide, flattened in front, smooth, green; a purplish band on a whitish ground, preceded
by a narrow black line from base of jaw to vertex, joining the one or the other side; a short, similar band on the
posterior lateral angle of the head at ventral side; ocelli and jaws black; palpi yellowish; width about 3.5 mm.
Body smooth, the minute, black, normal set arising from whitish spots; anal feet slender, slightly used. Body
slightly smaller at the extremities, appearing enlarged centrally in the usual position of the larya, A broad white
subdorsal band, narrowly black-bordered above, broken on joints 2 and 11, Dorsal area yellowish greén, lateral
area leaf-green, brown-dotted, spiracles salmon color. On anterior edge of joint 2 a narrow yellow line, containing
two purple-brown spots. A narrow white dorsal line edged with black, linear to joint 4; on joint 5 it divides into
three, all coming together again on joint 8, forming an elliptical area; on joint 9 it again divides, each side branch
joining the subdorsal line on joint 11 posteriorily to the break, the central line running to joint 13. These lines are
yellowish white, scarcely black-bordered posteriorly to joint 4. Besides these normal markings are the following
dark purple brown patches: (1) a narrow oblique linear subyentral patch on joint 4 from base of foot upward and
backward; (2) a subdorsal pyriform patch on joint 7 between the dorsal aud subdorsal lines; (3) a single dorsal
cordate patch, the depression anteriorly, situated on joint 8, dividing the dorsal line and barely reaching the
subdorsal, In front of this heart-shaped spot the junction of the dorsal lines forms a white spot. In the second
example these brown patches were somewhat larger, and there was in addition a subventral patch above the foot on
joiuts 7 and 10, the latter sloping the other way from the one on joint 4.”

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 235

Riley notes larve as oceurring in July, and captures of the moths in May, June, July, and
August.

Food plants.—Rock or sugar maple, red maple, and the oak. Mr. Bridgham found a larva in
the third stage (10 mm. in length) on the apple at Providence, July 20. It is the same as that
represented on Pl. XX NI, figs. 4, 4a. He also found other larve on chestnut, maple, beech, and
viburnum.

Geographical distribution.—Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Portland,
Me. (B.S. Morse, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Natick, Mass., May 29,
Stratton (B.S. N. H.); Rhode Island (H. L. Clark); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Iowa, June (U.S.
Nat. Mus.); Racine, Wis. (Westcott) ; Washington, D. C., Georgia (A. Oemler, U. S. Nat. Mus.);
Punta Gorda, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); ‘St. Johns Bluff, East Florida, March and April” (Doubleday) ;
New York, Maryland, Washington, D. C., Florida, Georgia (U. S. Nat. Mus.); Maine, New
Hampshire, New York (French); Fort Collins, Colo. (Baker).

This species probably ranges from the southern limits of the Hudsonian fauna southward
through the Appalachian and Austroriparian subproyinces, and yery rarely occurs in the
Campestrian (Colorado).

Heterocampa biundata Walker.
(P1.V, figs.4 3,5 9.)

Heterocampa biundata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., v, p. 1025, 1855.
Lochmeus biundata Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 370, 1864.
Lochmeus olivata Pack., Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 371, 1864.
Heterocampa biundata Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 240, 1862.

Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Heterocampa semiplaga Walk., Can. Nat. and Geol., vi, p. 37, 1861.
Stauropus viridescens, Walk.,' Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., xxxil, p. 416,1865. (Fide Grote and Rob.)
Cecrita biundata Druce, Biol. Centr, Amer. Het., i, p. 234, May, 1887.
Cecrita obliqua Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Het., i, p. 234, May, 1887.
Cecrita viridescens Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Heterocera, i, p. 234, May, 1887.
Lochmeus cinereus Pack., Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 398, 1890.
Heterocampa biundata Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 564, 1892.
Cecrita biundata Dyar, Ent. News., iv, p. 34, Jan., 1893.

Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 206, 1894; Journ, N. Y. Ent. Soc., iv, p-
117, Sept., 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XXXII, figs. 1, Ja-1d; 2, 2a, 2b, 3, 3a, 3b, 4.)

Packard, Fitth Report U. 8. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 395, 1890. (Larva not described.)
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 543, 1890, fig. 2. (Brroneously referred to 7, guttivitta. )
Dyar, Ent. Amer., vi, p. 209, 1890. (By error as Heterocampa subrotata.) (Life History.)

Moth.—Five 6 and six 2. Antenne of é well pectinated on the basal two-thirds, filiform at
the end; the body and wings ash gray, often greenish ash, the wings more or less olive sea-green
in tint. Head ash-gray, sometimes greenish on top, ashen in front; palpi wide, bushy, ashen,
black on the sides; third joint thick, distinct, shorter than in guttivitta. Thorax ashen, greenish
on the sides at the insertion of the wings, sometimes entirely olive greenish, except behind
insertion of the fore wings; on front edge of the thorax a dark brown transverse stripe; a
more distinct transverse stripe behind, and the hiader edges of the tegule dusky; between the

\ H. viridescens (Walk.) is simply the female of H biunda., as Mr. A. E. Butler kindly informs me, and as had
previously been determined by Mr. Grote. It is mentioned ly Mr. Druce, under the name above, with the remark:
“JT do not agree with Messrs. Grote and Robinson in regarding this insect as synonymous with C. ( Helerocampa)
biundata.” ,

H. dardania Druce, Biologia Centrali-Americana, p. 237, from Jalapa, Mexico, appears by the figure to be very
pear HH. biundata, and may prove to be a variety of it.

HI. alector Druce, (1. ¢., p. 238) also, judging by the colored figure, seems to be very near the ° of H. biundata,
‘rather than pulverea G. and R.

236 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

two oblique tegular stripes the hinder part of the thorax is dark brown, including a small tuft on
the hinder edge of the thorax and a large two-lobed flattened tuft, which covers the base of
the abdomen, the posterior edges of the double tuft becoming blackish.

Fore wings long, the apex produced as in H. guttivitta; the wing with usually distinct
scalloped bands; two distinct unequal scallops at the insertion of the wing (obsolete in some
before me); middle double-scalloped line well marked; the scallops uneven, two in median space,
the largest one rectangular; a short acute scallop in front of the median vein and extended
outward along it; two nearly even-sized scallops on the costal edge; a clear space between the
middle and outer scalloped lines; outer scalloped line very irregular, scallops deep and heavy
black-brown, and the line of scallops curving inward from the cubital vein to near the apex on
the costa. The costal edge on outer third with three distinct narrow linear black spots, the
venules marked with black and whitish gray scales (in some males this outer line is almost
obsolete). A submarginal row of eight blackish spots, three of which are situated behind the
last median venule; this series is plainly dislocated, the subapical three being set farther inward
than those below, and this is a ready means of separating the species from H. guttivitta. In
three females the fore wings and thorax are yellowish green, while in the male of a clear sea-
green.

Hind wings uniformly mouse-colored or dusky ashen, yellowish on the costa, on the outer
third of which is the beginning of an outer whitish line, forming two scallops; the wing is
sometimes pale, almost whitish at base, but dusky toward and at the margin.

3eneath, the fore wings are clear ash, the costa a little dusky, with fine blackish linear marks
toward the apex; the submarginal row of blackish spots appear through, but the series is not
dislocated: hind wings not marked, except by three submarginal dusky spots behind the second
median yvenule at the internal angle; abdomen ash, with a faint yellow-green tint.

Expanse of wings, 4,45 mm.; °, 55 mm. (2.10 inches); length of body, ¢, 20 to 21 mm.; 2,
25 mm.

This species may be known by the fore wings being slightly more produced toward the apex
than those of H. guttivitta, by the clear space between the distinct middle and outer scalloped
lines, and by the dislocated series of submarginal dusky spots; the wings in the male are uniformly
sea or olive green, while in some individuals the hind wings are yellowish green or rather brown.
(My original description in third vol. Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia is defective, as the type
specimen was rubbed and without the greenish tint of fresh specimens.)

From HH. guttivitta it is distinguished by being more uniformly olive-green and by the lack of
whitish discal patches. The discal spot is almost obsolete, and with only a slightly marked dusky
patch beneath, this blackish patch being sometimes large and conspicuous in some examples of
H. guttivitta. The palpi are also larger, the third joint longer and slenderer, and the second joint
is black externally; the scalloped lines are more distinct, and this holds for old rubbed specimens,
while in H. guttivitta they tend to become obsolete.

The Franconia, N. H., specimens are less dark than those of H. guttivitta. In these specimens
the body and wings are suffused with ocherous yellow scales, while in one from Florida, kindly
given me by Mrs. Slosson, the body and wings are decidedly reddish brown, including the thorax
and end of the abdomen. This and guttivitta have given me more trouble than almost any other
Notodontians, as they are so liable to be confounded.

Larva.—tThe caterpillar of this species has been found by Professor Riley feeding on the maple,
and closely resembling in the last stage the caterpillar of H. guttivitta Packard. The type of my
original description was captured by myself in Brunswick, Me.; Professor Riley’s was bred in
Washington, D. C., the moth appearing May 28. Mr. Howard L. Clark has found it not
uncommonly in Rhode Island. My original type was from Maine.

Stage IIJ.—The larva was received from Mr. Joseph Bridgham, of Providence, R.1I., July 1
(Pl. XXXII, figs. 1, 1a). Length, 7 mm. Easily recognized by the pair of three-forked dorsal
prothoracic reddish brown horns, while on each abdominal segment is a pair of sharp conical
brown spines.

The head is rounded, reddish brown, with no tubercles or markings. <A pair of large, high,
thick, three-forked, reddish brown horns, like those of a deer, the lowermost tine smaller than the

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 237

two others above. There are no markings on the second and third thoracic segments, but on each
abdominal segment there is a pair of acute dorsal brown spines, those on the first and eighth
seginents being almost twice as large as the others. A pair is also situated close together on the
ninth segment. The end of the body is elevated, the anal legs small, slender, reddish brown.
The body is pale greenish yellow. A dorsal reddish brown band beginning from between the
horns, and widening so as to inclose the two spines on the first abdominal segments, then breaking
up into two lateral lines so as to inclose a greenish yellow area extending from the middle of the
first to the middle of the third segment; farther back it again breaks apart so as to inclose a pale
yellowish spot on the sixth and seventh segments; from thence the bands extend ouv upon the
anal legs.

The thoracic and middle abdominal legs are pale, like the body.!

Stage [1I.—Length, 10mm, It is green, smooth, with two large dorsal, conical, prothoracic
spines, not, however, much exceeding the vertex of the head. ‘The head is narrow toward the
vertex and as wide as the body in its thickest part—i. e., the middle; it is yellowish green, with a
double red line on each side, the outer line being much broader than the inner. The body tapers
to the end, and the anal legs, though long and slender, are used in creeping. The body is pea-
green; the prothoracic spines are yellowish at base, reddish brown at the tip; from the end of each
spine a narrow reddish thread line passes back and the two unite on the back of the prothoracic
segment to form a broad median dorsal line ending on the third thoracic segment. On the fourth
abdominal segment is a shield-shaped, bright brick-red spot; on the seventh a double linear,
coalesced oval reddish spot. A pair of widely separated, reddish, narrow, parallel dorsal stripes
on the top of the eighth abdominal segment, while the abdominal legs are striped externally with
red; all the other legs are pale greenish. A pair of broad, subdorsal, yellow, long lines extending
from the sides of the prothoracic segment to the side of the anal legs. There are no other spines
than on the segment next to the head.

Another larva of this species was found feeding on the rock maple, at Brunswick, Me., July
21, 1893; it molted August 2. It shook its head rapidly from side to side when disturbed.

Stage II.—Length, 10mm. Body moderately slender, somewhat compressed. Head and the
entire body reddish livid brick-red. The horns as in Pl. XXXII, fig. 1, la, and dull reddish.

The body is covered with fine reddish and yellow, short, irregular lines, which are somewhat
confluent, but the effect is dull reddish. On the first to third and on the fifth, sixth, and seventh
abdominal segments is a dorsal, median, bright yellow spot, which becomes on the seventh segment
forked, and resembles the similar spot in Schizura (these spots are not present in guttivitta,
which is entirely reddish, and in this stage it has two tubercles representing the horns of its
first stage).

July 28. It is now 12 mm. in length; it has not yet changed, but now there is much more
green on the sides of the body, and the yellow dorsal spots are larger and more whitish. There
is a short white line between the base of the horns. There are two whitish dorsal patches on the
ninth abdominal segment in front of the suranal plate. It molted August 2.

Stage II1T.—Length,15 mm. The horns are still retained in this stage. It is, perhaps, a little
stouter than before. It wags its head rapidly from side to side when disturbed. The head is now

On examining Dr. Dyar’s specimens I find that H. biundata differs in Stage I from H. guttivitta in having the
dorsal spines on abdominal segments 1-8 all of about the same size, those on segment 1 and 8 being no longer
than those on segments 2 to 7.

Another larva sent by Mr. Bridgham perhaps represents Stage III immediately after molting. The following is
a description of it:

Length, 8mm. The head is very large, much wider than the body (not yet filled ont), and produced toward
the vertex; on each side of the front is a dark, narrow, distinct line, outside of which is a dull reddish diftuse line.
The body tapers to the end, and is flesh colored, with greenish and yellowish hues. ‘The two large conical prothoracie
spines are flesh colored or very light brown, becoming reddish brown at the end. A dark, diffuse, vandyke-brown
dorsal line, double between the tubercles, uniting behind them and then diverging so as to inclose a whitish oval
area, containing a pair of minute, short, parallel reddish dashes; finally the band unites to form a dark patch on the
fourth and fifth abdominal segments; this divides again and stops before reaching the eighth segment, on which is
a diffuse dark patch more or less spotted with pale marks. ‘The sides of the body are more or less mottled and
streaked with reddish brown.

238 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

high, conical, reddish brick, with a broad yellowish stripe in front, including the clypeus, and
extending backward on the vertex to the occiput; sides of the head behind yellowish.

The body is now yellowish green, with broken dull reddish lines on the sides and a faint
reddish patch on the sides at the base of the third thoracic and first abdominal segments, and also
on the third and sixth abdorainal segments. Between the base of the horns is a broad whitish
green band. ‘The back is reddish, inclosing a white dorsal broad line, widening rapidly behind,
edged with yellowish; this line ends on the fourth abdominal segment. Another band of the
same color begins on the fifth segment and forks on the seventh segment. Anal legs now a little
longer than before and lined with reddish on the outside. The anal legs are rather long and
slender, and slightly retractile at the end.

At the end of the penultimate stage, when about to molt, the prothoracic horns are about as
long as the head is wide.

There is an oblique spot on the side of the first abdominal segment which is directed forward,
ending at the base of the third thoracie leg; also a large lateral brown spot on the side of abdom-
inal segments 3 to 5, passing down upon the base of the first pair of abdominal legs, and another
oblique russet or sere-brown spot on the side of the seventh abdominal segment, reaching to
the base of the pair of middle abdominal legs. The dorsal median band is snow-white, and the
anterior portion is connected by a narrow neck at the suture between the fourth and fifth
abdominal segments with the posterior portion; the upper side of each anal leg is also white. It
molted August 11.

Mr. Bridgham has figured the larva now to be described, and which he found on the oak at
Providence, September 10 (Pl. XXXII, figs. 3,3a). Ialso found it at Brunswick, Me., September 8.

Stage [V.—Length, 20mm, The head is deeply bilobed on the vertex, each lobe ending in a
large conical rounded lobe; it is dull lilac, and is much paler, almost rosy, up and down the front.
The first thoracic segment shows no signs of horns, these now being represented by two minute
dark tubercles, which do not seem to bear a hair. There are no other tubercles on the body, as the
hairs are fine, minute, and arise from very minute microscopic warts. The body tapers to the anal
legs, which are long, slender, and retractile, the small plant being entirely so. The suranal plate
is scarcely separated by suture from the ninth segment; it is smooth, and narrows toward the end,
where it is regularly rounded; at and below the end are two round tubercles situated above the
base of the anal legs. The body is delicate green, with a yellowish hue. A dorsal broad, very
white band originates between the prothoracic tubercles, broadens to the third abdominal segment,
ending in a triangular point on the fourth segment opposite the apex of another broad white line,
which begins on the fifth abdominal segment and splits into two on the hinder part of the seventh
segment, forming two broad subdorsal lines which extend to the end of the anal legs, the inner
aspect of which is reddish pitch in color. A similarly colored median stripe on the suranal
plate, inclosed between the white subdorsal bands. On each side of the first abdominal legs is a
dark oblique blood-red patch inelosing the spiracle and extending to the third pair of feet, widening
atthe end. A large lateral, roundish, oval patch on the side of the third segment; it is dark and
paler red and extends down to the plantie of the first abdominal legs. On the sides of the sixth
abdominal segment and inclosing the spiracles is a dark blood-red spot, like coagulated blood,
inclosing the spiracles, and in front bearing a light pink irregular patch, arid continued upon the
base of the fourth pair of abdominal legs. The spiracles are deep orange-brown. The thoracic
legs dark red, greenish at the sutures. The three last pairs of middle abdominal legs with a reddish
crescent-shaped dash above the plant.

Another caterpillar (Pl. XXXII, figs 2, 2a) was found in two successive years on the red maple
at Brunswick, Me., August 20-25, It rests on the underside of the leaf on the midrib, the head
touching the leaf and the anal legs outstretched and holding on to the midrib. It was about to
molt, as the prothoracic segment was swollen.

Stage IV.—Length, 25mm. The head is pale flesh colored, narrow, the vertex prolonged
above into two rather acute piliferous cones, each with a brown line behind. The larva may be
readily recognized by a pair of prothoracic horns which are long and high, being about half as
long as the body is wide, with three prongs; they are light brown in color. The body is very
narrow, compressed, pale green, the color of the leaf on which it feeds. Along the body is a

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 239:

broad white dorsal stripe, contracting toward the horns, becoming narrow behind them, but
widening to the third abdominal segment, contracting to a yellowish point on the hinder edge of
the fourth segment, where a second white band begins in a yellowish point, and is widest on the
sixth segment, becoming forked on the last four abdominal segments. The suranal plate is white
above; the anal legs white above, lined with red. On the sides of the third thoracic segment is
a short curved red line. <A large, broad oblique stripe, lined with red and white, on the side of
the fourth abdominal segment. The thoracic legs are stained with pale red; the middle
abdominal legs are pale green, stained with red above the plantw. The sides of the body are
finely dotted with dark blood-red.

Last stage-—Described August 11. Length, 24mm. Head high, conical, ending on the vertex
in two rounded tubercles, which are blackish; sides of the head reddish brown, the color of a
dead maple leaf; extending up and down the front is a white median band, including the labrum
and ¢lypeus, and extending back over to the white dorsal band beginning on the prothoracic
segment. Body of a delicate pea-green, with the characteristic white dorsal band, and on the
sides of the third thoracic and first abdominal segments the oblique sere-brown patch inclosing
the first abdominal spiracle. A second large sere-brown patch on the side of the third abdominal
segment, extending forward upon the second, and backward, forming a larger spot on the fourth
segment. A third oblique sere-browu patch is situated on the side of the sixth segment, inclosing
the spiracle and partly, like those in front, edged regularly with a darker reddish brown tint.
The white dorsal band is as before, but more pronounced, being wider and more continuously
edged with reddish brown. There are fine concolorous dots scattered over the sides of the body.

A larva which Dr. Dyar thinks may be a variety of H. biundata was observed on the red oak
at Brunswick, Me., August 27. Length,35-40 mm. The head is not so wide as the body, greenish,
with a pink stripe on each side. The body is thickest in the middle, a double dorsal pinkish
brown stripe inclosing a median white line and extending upon the first abdominal segment.
There are two subdorsal yellowish stripes which are interrupted on the third abdominal segment,
which is pinkish brown on the sides, but not above, while the succeeding segment is brownish
above but not on the sides, being bounded laterally by a yellowish line. On the fifth abdominal
segment is a broad dorsal, V-shaped, brown spot, the apex pointed anteriorly. Segments 7 and 8
with a dorsal brown patch. On the last segment are two narrow brown lines. The sides of the
anal legs arerusty reddish brown; an oblique reddish brown band extends from the first abdominal
upon the third thoracic segment and incloses the first abdominal spiracle; the third spiracle is
included in an oblique brown band extending from the brown dorsal spot above. An oblique
lateral brown band on the sixth abdominal segment, and on the seventh and eighth is a lateral
oval concolorous spot connecting the two segments. The ground color of the body is pea-green,
speckled finely and densely with black.

The rust-red brown spots are of almost exactly the same hue as the rusty sere spots on an
oak leaf, and it is thus at first difficult to detect the larva when feeding on the edge of a leaf.

This larva is, I am quite sure, the final stage of 7. biundata (Pl. XX XII, figs. 2, 2a), as I have
found it during the past season on the red or rock maple. One found August 28 was without the
oblique pale brown line on the third thoracic and first abdominal segments, and also without
the brown spot on the side of the sixth abdominal segment.!

' The following description is drawn up from a specimen sent me by Dr. Dyar, which proves to be H. biundata:

Length, 351mm. The head is not so wide as the body. Width,4 mm. It narrows aboye more than usual, so
that at the vertex it is scarcely more than one-fourth as wide as below. The sides are angular. The vertex is
bilobed, ending in two well-marked conical tubercles, which are black at the end, but not piliferous,

The head is whitish, polished greenish, with a faint purplish tinge. The region in front and on each side of
the clypeus and from there to the vertex is polished greenish, without the purplish tint.

The body in general is entirely free from piliferous warts or humps. There are four minute piliferous warts on
the first thoracic segment, which is normal. The body is spindle shaped, tapering toward each end, posteriorly to
the anal legs, which are small, weak, and polished faint purplish. The suranal plate is small, rounded behind,
smooth, with two dark dorsal stripes. The body is pale green. As the example before me is full-fed and about
ready to pupate, it is faintly marked with sere and brown, pale raw sienna on the sides of the first abdominal
segment, with a small patch, and on the sides of the sixth abdominal segnient, while the sides: of the third and
fourth, the whole of the third, the spot encroaching a little on the second segment, are washed with the same pale
brown or raw sienna tint. (Dr. Dyar suggests that the white dorsal marks must have been lost on account of the
approach of pupation.) 2

240 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Two young with horns exactly as in Pl. XXXII, figs. 2, 2a, were found on the maple August
20-29; one of them molted August 27,and then appeared as in Pl. XXXII, figs. 3,3a. When first
found they were stretched out motionless along the midrib on the underside of the leaf.

In the last stage the larva differs from that of H. guttivitta in having the three pairs of
lateral sere brown patches, the difference being simply colorational rather than as regards the
armature.

The last stage.—Length, 30 mm. The head is still high, bilobed, narrowing toward the vertex,
with two black lines in front extending from each side of the clypeus and ending on the vertex
near the tubercles, and another behind one on each side extending from the antenne and
mandibles back halfway up the back side of the head.

The antlers of the early stage are now replaced by two high, conical, rounded, polished knobs,
each bearing a minute bristle, and from them on the inside two parallel lines extend backward,

The anal legs are shorter than in the early stage, being about as long as the well-rounded
supraanal plate. Doubleday probably gives the characteristic attitude of this caterpillar when
not walking, its legs being moderately elevated.

Tadd a fuller description of this larva when fully grown.

Mature larva.—Length, 35 mm. Head high, narrowing from below to the vertex, which is
very slightly bilobed. Two black lines ascend from the antenne and approach each other on the
vertex, the space between the lines slightly roseate; outside the head is light uniform brown with
a slight greenish and lilac tinge; the clypeus is small, while the median suture of the epicranium
in front is very distinet. On the prothoracic segment behind the vertex are two contiguons, thick,
conspicuous, large, conical, bright red tubercles, dark at the tip; there are no other humps, and
none at the end of the body, which is thickest at and a little behind the middle, the body tapering
gradually to the long anal legs, which fork widely and are longer than the others, but are constantly
used. Supraanal plate unusually small. Color of a peculiar brownish green dotted with black
points and specks, with a white spot between the prothoracie tubercles. Body above finely
marbled with dark brown, with a broken, pale, flesh-colored line, beginning on the mesothoracic
segment, and on the first to third abdominal segments suddenly expanding into a large, broad,
sublozenge-shaped spot, suddenly succeeded, over the segment bearing the first pair of abdominal
legs, by a rounded spot. On the top of the fifth segment begins another dorsal patch of the
same color, which widens and extends down the sides of the third segment from the end. Along
the middle of this patch are two parallel dark lines; and two broader dark lines of speckles begin
on the fourth segment from the end of the body, converging and uniting on the second segment
from the end, forming on the last two segments a broad median dorsal line. Thoracic legs reddish;
abdominal legs reddish flesh color. Anal legs slender, reddish. On the oak at Providence,
October 9.

Yo recapitulate:

1. The pair of prothoracic antlers of the early stage of this larva, and those of guttivitta
obliqua and umbrata, is certainly the most unique and unexpected feature to be found among
Lepidopterous larve, and the object evidently is to render the creature frightful to its assailants.

2. The rest of the body is without large horns and markings, the latter of which appear in the
later stages and are such as to completely adapt it to a maple leaf late in summer or in the autumn
when portions begin to wither and to turn brown. Hence the horns, if present, would then only
serve to attract attention to it, and thus they are modified into much less prominent tubercles. It
should be observed that in the full-grown larva of H. astarte, which has the same general colors and
markings as H. guttivitta and H. biundata, and is thus protected, the prothoracic tubercles are
absent.

How to account for the appearance of such enormous horns may be impossible even after we
have become acquainted with the early stages of all the allied species, though it should be borne
in mind that the young of Oitheronia regalis and Hacles imperialis, as well as Anisota, have nearly
as large spines when first hatched.

Pupa.—Body plump; of the same shape as in H. guttivitta. Head full and rounded, with the
two parallel ridges between the eyes slightly larger and more prominent than in H. guttivitta

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 24]

(which shows that in this as well as in Schizura and perhaps some other genera of Notodontid:e
there may be useful specific characters in the front of the head). Other differences may be seen
by comparing our camera drawings with fig.82. The vestiges of the 2 sexual aperture are oval,
and shorter than in H. guttivitta. Behind the mesoscutum the dark transverse line or band
usually present is formed of six black tubercles (these in my single specimen may be somewhat
deformed in this respect and not entirely normal), which are not
square, but very short and transversely oblong, but otherwise as
in H, guttivitta. Length, 18-19 mm.

Habits —The habits and distribution of this species are very
similar to those of H. guttivitta. In Providence the larvie in the
second stage occurred July 1, and the fully fed larva occurs as late
as September 10.

In Maine I have found larvie 10 mm. in length feeding on the
rock maple July 21, and the fully developed caterpillars occur there
late in August and during the early part of September. As in H.
guttivitta, the young horned larva shakes its head rapidly from
side to side when disturbed. The larvee when nearly or quite fully
grown are often observed resting on the midrib on the underside of
the leaf. When full-fed they leave the tree and wander about before
pupating. tiley has captured the moth in May and in August.

Food plants.—The red and sugar maple (Packard); “fire cherry,
yellow birch, white birch, willow, witch hazel, dogwood, beech, hick-
ory, ete. (Dyar; see also the food plants in Dyavr’s description refer-
red to in Ent. Amer.”).

Geographical distribution.—Brunswick, Me. (Packard). In Fran-
conia, N. H., which appears to be an outher of the Hudsonian fauna,
this moth is less common, fewer having been captured at light by Mrs. Slosson than of H,
guttivitta, which is more frequently collected.

Massachusetts (Harris Coll.); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm);
Providence, R. I. (Clark, Packard); New York (Hulst); Aeey,
ington, D. C., New York, Illinois, Missouri (Riley, U. S. Nat.
Mus.); Kittery, Me., Tiffin, Ohio, Champaign, Ill. Givenchy:
North Carolina (Morrison); Winter Park, Fla., reddish form
(Mrs. Slosson).

The southern and southwestern limits of this species are
not known; it has not been discovered in Texas nor in the
Rocky Mcuntain region. It is recorded by Druce from Jalapa,
Mexico, and Volcan de Atitlan, Guatemala, 2,500 to 3,500
feet elevation ; San Geronimo, Guatemala, and Panama, Volean
de Chirique, 2,000 to 3,000 feet elevation. Mr. Druce adds:
“The Central American specimens before me agree well with
Walker’s type in the National collection. The female example
Fic. 84.—Pupa of Beas endof body. from the State of Panama is more distinctly marked with dark

brownish spots than any I haye seen from North America, but
specimens from Columbia in my own collection are exactly like those from New York.” (P. 234.)

It seems strange that so distinct a species as H. obliqua should be regarded by Mr. Druce as
a synonym of H, biundata.

The type of “Z. olivata” is in the Cambridge Museum.

S. Mis. 50 16

Fia. 83.—Pupa of Heterocampa biun-
data.

242 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Heterocampa obliqua Packard.
CPi Ve Ges. Tidks ots oie)
Heterocampa varia Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., p. 1023, 1855.
Heterocampa obiiqua Pack., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., iii, p. 368, 1864.
Heterocampa trouvelotit Pack., Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 369, 1864.
Heterocampa obliqua Grote and Rob., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., i, p. 178, 1867, Pl. IV, figs. 26g, 279.
Heterocampa brunnea Grote and Rob., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., i, p. 180, 1867, Pl. LV, fig. 289.
Heterocampa obliqua Grote, New Check List Lep. N. Amer., p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1882.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 563, 1892.
Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 33, Jan., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 205, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y.
Ent. Soc., ii, p. 117, Sept., 1894.

Larva.
CEISRECK. fio. 1, 1a; 1b, le; 2; 2a, 2b: 2c.)

Packard, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., iii, p. 27, March, 1895. (All stages. Figs. of Stages I, II, with spines of H.
guttivitta, stage I.)

Moth.—Two 6, two?. Dark brown, with darker streaks and lines, margined with reddish;
a large oblique costo-apical white patch.

Head, pectoral tuft, and thorax cinereous, except the black edges of the patagia and the
posterior margin of the thorax.

Fore wings of a uniform dark ashen brown; the basal half of the wing is crossed by three
interrupted lines, composed of linear, black, slightly curved lines or lunules, margined on both
sides with ferruginous ashen. The first or basal line is straight, aud reaches only to the base ot
the internal angle, which is black. The middle line is double, composed of two parallel linear
sinuate lines which become obsolete on the costa, is curved outward on the median vein much
more than in H. astarte, aud is obsolete on the internal edge, The third line is single and consists.
of the curvilinear black discal mark and a second curvilinear line below the fourth median venule.
On the costa it is represented by two parallel brown lines, inclosing a white spot. Outside and
parallel to the discal curvilinear mark is a line composed of two curved lunules, which are
geminate, and inclose a reddish brown line. From the upper line extends toward the apex a
very distinct white patch dusted over with ocherous scales. On its outer edge are three black
intervenular streaks, bathed with ferruginous scales. In the middle of the wing and just below
is a round rusty patch. Below the median vein and its branches the wing is lighter, and, like
the costa, covered with cinereous and dark ocherous scales.

Hind wings in ¢ pearly white, base of the fringe dark; a dark discoloration on the internal
angle; costadark. In the 2 the hind wings are dusky white at base, becoming quite dark grayish
brown toward the outer edge.

Underside of the fore wings dark, except in the middle region, which is very pale. White
and dark marks on the costal edge, and the costo-apical white patch appears through from above,
Hind wings white, the fringe discolored on the venules.

Expanse of wings, é 42 mm., ? 48-53 mm.; length of body, ¢ 22 mm., 2 20-23 mm.

This species differs from /Z. astarte in the uniform dark ash-brown hue of the fore wings,
there being in the usual normal form no olive.green scales intermixed, but rather a tendency to
reddish brown, as seen in var. brunnea; also in the larger oblique white subapical patch, the
oblique black shade bordering it externally being broader, more diffuse than in H. astarte, and
containing short intervenular black slashes, and this band is in //, obliqua continued to the internal
edge of the wing, where is « white lunule; also in the first median spaces is a distinct round or
oval white spot. The inner doubly scalloped line is much curved outward in the diseal space,
more so than in H. astarte. The marginal scalloped black line has much shallower scallops than
in Lf. astarte. The hind wings are also more dusky than in the latter species, those near the apex
becoming straight lines.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 243

In var. brunnea the fore wings are suffused with reddish brown, and there is a distinet reddish
brown patch beyond the discal mark, with less white in the usually white oblique subapical patch.

In var. trowvelotii, a large female expanding 55 mm., there is an olive tinge to the fore wings,
but within the inner line are three brown patches, while the middle of the wing is clear olive-gray;
beyond the diseal mark the wing is tawny-brown. It is near the normal H. obliqua, but much
larger, and olive-gray instead of brownish gray, rendering the markings more distinct; the hind
wings are smoky gray.

SS
x

Ia

“@
JIT

Fic. 85.—Early stages of Heterocampa obliqua and H. guttivitta.—I. Heterocampa obliqua. Freshly-hatched larve; Ia, dorsal view;
Ib, spine on third; Ic, spine on eighth; Jd, spine on ninth abdominal segment; Je, prothoracie horns of stage I,enlarged. II. Heterocampa
obliqua. Stage II; IZa, horns on first prothoracie segment. III. Heterocampa guttivitta. Horns im stage I; a, prothoracie horn; b, one
on second abdominal; ¢, one on third to fifth, and d, on ninth abdominal segment. (The set are in some cases in J and Ja by oversight omitted.)

The type was from Medford, Mass., and was collected July 19 by Mr. L. Trouvelot, and is now
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., where is also the type of H. obliqua,
normal form.

The eggs of this Heterocampa were received from Providence, through the kindness of Mr.
W. Dearden, July 13, and hatched at Brunswick, Me., July 20-21. It feeds on the oak.

244 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Egg.—Diameter, 0.9mm. Of the usual hemispherical shape, moderately flattened above; shell
under a lens seen to be finely pitted or shagreened; under 4-inch, A eyepiece marked with rather
large hexagonal areas, with well-marked raised edges, but not distinctly beaded. The hole eaten
on one side by the larva, in escaping, of the usual elongated kidney shape.

Larva, Stage I.—Freshly hatched. Length, 3.5mm. Head very large, much wider than the
body, somewhat flattened in front; pitehy amber, smooth, unarmed, surface dull, not polished.
On the first thoracic segment arising from a dark cervical plate is a pair of large branching horns
with three large equal curved tines, which are pointed and densely spinose; the short, stout
spinules dark, quite different from H. guttivitta. One tine points forward, one backward, and one
Jaterally outward, The body is purplish reddish, with no stripes or other marks, except a small
pale yellowish transverse dorsal spot in front of the base of the eighth segment. No horns on the
second and third thoracic segment. On first abdominal segment is a pair of simple dark horns
about as long as the segment is thick. On second segment a pair of minute sete; on third a pair
of blunt spines one-half as long and large as those on first segment. <A pair on eighth segment
two-thirds as long and large as those on the first, and a slightly smaller pair on the last (tenth)
segment. End of body carried uplifted, and the two cylindrical anal legs blunt at the end and
entirely dark. Thoracic legs blackish; the four pairs of middle abdominal legs dark livid. It
molted July 27. (In Fig. 83 the setie are not in every case correctly drawn.)

Stage I7,—Length, 6 mm. Head reddish brown. Now all the horns have disappeared, those
on the first thoracic segment only represented by two conical acute tubercles, which are black at
the tips and slightly forked, there being a small black supplementary spine on the inside of the
main one. The two spines are wide apart and project out laterally. On ninth abdominal segment
are two twin minute black spinules situated close together. Body pale reddish, color of an oak
twig, variegated with yellowish; a distinct linear dorsal line and a broad diffuse line on thoracic
segment; an irregular series of large dorsal yellowish spots, those on abdominal segments 1 to 4
and 6, 7, and 9 being the largest. Anal legs moderately long, reddish. It molted August 1.

Stage [1I.—Length, 8-9 mm. The head is now large, wider than the body, subtrapezoidal in
front, rounded above, and slightly bilobed; pale in front, yellowish on the sides. An irregular
pale reddish brown band on the vertex and on the sides inclosing in front four irregular reddish
spots of the color of a dead leaf which may be called sere-brown. Prothoracic spines now stout
and pale reddish, ending in three black spines. From each spine proceeds a broad reddish brown
band, the color of a dead leaf, and inclosing a large oval yellowish spot which extends along the
back of abdominal seginents 1 to 4. The spot incloses two reddish lines which dilate four times,
inclosing a roundish white spot in each dilatation. On segments 7 and 8 is a long triangular whitish
spot, inclosing two short reddish lines which dilate twice, inclosing two narrow oval spaces. The
back of segments 8 and 9 is reddish, the sides yellowish green, whitish; anal legs held up when
at rest, greenish, with a red stripe within. The reddish portion of the body consists of irregular
fine reddish and greenish yellow lines, the former predominating. It molted on the morning of
August 8, and ate up the cast skin before beginning to feed upon the oak leaves.

Stage [V.—Length, 12 mm. (Two days before the molt the lateral sere-brown spots appeared
as in this stage, but fainter.) By August 12 it had become 20 mm. in length. The three prongs
of the prothoracic spines as in Stage III, reddish, Head a little broader and rounder than before,
but with the same style of markings. The markings of the body as in Stage III, but the greenish
portion of the sides speckled with black. Dorsal spots as before, an irregular lateral sere-brown
spot just above the base of the third thoracic legs, and still higher up on first abdominal segment
is a contiguous spot, making an oblique band, as in the other species. The reddish brown edging
of the diamond-shaped dorsal spot on abdominal segments 1 to 4 extends down to the base of
the first pair of the abdominal legs. In this stage there is present a straw-yellow infraspiracular
line, just touching the spiracles, and best marked on the abdominal segment, and above on the
second thoracic segment are similar yellow lines, not reaching the front edge of the prothoracic
segment nor extending behind the oblique sere-brown band.

Stage V and last.—Described August 29. Length, 40 mm. Now there are no prothoracic
tubercles, but in place of each of them a very slight, elongated, flattened callosity. Head rounded,
not so wide as the body; luteous with a flesh tint and slightly purplish; an ashy irregular band

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 245

on each side of the head above the ocelli, with scattered spots between. The body is thickest in
the middle (much like Abbot’s drawing), and pale flesh, marked with numerons irregular reddish
pink wavy hair lines. The usual dorsal band is reddish, bordered with yellow, and ineclosing a
pale, almost whitish, band. From the prothoracie segment the two lines contract, dilating on the
second thoracic segment and becoming widest apart on the second and third abdominal segments,
and again widely separated on the seventh abdominal segment. The two lozenge-shaped spots
thus formed inclose two parallel median pinkish lines. On the suranal plate the two lines unite
to form a median pale sere-brown band. Thoracic and abdominal legs pale, marked with red.

The freshly hatched tarva differs from that of H. guttivitta in having no traces of tubercles
or horns on abdominal segments 4 to 6, in the first pair having tines of quite different shape,
being thicker and more spinose, these horus being dull chitinous, of the same hue as the head.
The other dorsal tubercles are about one-quarter as long, not elbowed, and stouter in proportion,
while those on the eighth segment are smaller.

The following description is of a larva stated by Mr, Dyar to be that of H. obliqua:

“Stage IV.—Head higher than wide, the sides rather angular, clypeus indented laterally,
sutures moderate, width 2.35 mm. In the position of rest the body is contracted so as to appear
enlarged at joints 7 to 10, tapering posteriorly. Anal feet 1.5 mm. long, tail-like. A pair of short
prothoracic horn-like tubercles, apparently tipped with red. Color leaf-green with numerous
small purple-brown dots and fine white streaks. A peculiar white dorsal band, recalling in shape
that of H. guttivitta, but without a subdorsal line. It is dilated on joint 2, narrow on joints 3
and 4, widens triangularly on joints 4 to 8, being widest on joint 6, where it extends to the
lateral region. It becomes narrow in the incisure between joints 8 and 9, then widens to joint 11,
and narrows again to the anal feet. It has an obscure brown border and ineloses little green
streaks in the anterior enlargement and others in the posterior one which almost predominate
over the white color. A series of red-brown mottled blotches around the spiracles and subven-
trally with ill-defined edges. One on joints £ and 5 runs obliquely forward and downward,
one on joints 6 to 8 backward and downward, and others on joints 9 and’ 10 not oblique. There
are traces of a white subventral line along the ridge, seen distinctly only on joints 12 and 13.
Anal feet white, with a brown line on top and black at the tip.

“Stage V.cVertex of head retracted below joint 2, not exceeding it, as in biwndata. Head
finely dotted and mottled with light red and black on a whitish ground, forming a diffuse gray
band from ocelli to vertex, with a crimson tinge around the ocelli; mouth dark crimson, as are
also the thoracic feet except at the joints; width, 3.5 mm. Body with a sordid white ground color
(in the brown form) or lighter green (in the green torm), thickly covered with white rounded
red-brown dots, arranged in irregular longitudinal streaks intermixed with white streaks, the
lateral patches of the previous stage largely obscured (or as before in the green form). Horns
absent; the cervical shield smooth. Anal feet short, divergent, white. Dorsal band as before, all
white, less thickly dotted with brown than the sides, defined by a brown shaded border and
tinged with yellow where the horns were and at the sides of the central enlargement and with
crimson on joint 2. (In the green form there is a faint double, rather irregular dorsal line, which
is green on joints 5 to 7, 9 and 10, and forms a green wedge-shaped patch on joints 11 to 13, edged
with brown and yellow, tapering posteriorly and ending in a line on joint 13. A pale yellow
stigmatal line.) The border of the band is broken on joint 11, as in the pattern of guttivitta.

“Three larvee on oaks (Quercus macrocarpa) at Plattsburg, N. Y., August, 1893, collected
with the assistance of Prof. G. H. Hudson and Mr. C. F. Hudson.” (Dyar.)

Geographical distribution.—This species is widely diffused throughout the Appalachian and
Austroriparian subproyinces, replacing in the former H. astarte of the Southern and Southwestern
States. According to Grote (List of 1868, footnote, p. xii), it is figured by Abbot in his inedited
manuscript drawings, and hence must inhabit the Austroriparian subprovinee. I also have a
specimen from Georgia from Mr. Hulst; Medford, Mass. (Trouvelot); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson);
New York to Pennsylvania (Grote); Rhode Island (H. L. Clark); Manhattan, Kans., May 14,
normal form (Popenoe); Winter Park and Enterprise, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); Missouri, Georgia,
Florida (U.S. Nat. Mus.); Massachusetts (var. trowvelotii); South Carolina (French); Arkansas
(Palm).

246 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Var. perolivata (Pl. V, fig. 7). In the collection of the United States National Museum is a
finely preserved Heterocampa (No. 2804, the moth appearing in confinement August 2, 1882) from
Fort Monroe, Va., which at first I regarded as probably undescribed, but which I now consider as
a variety of H. obliqua, and somewhat similar to Grote and Robinson’s figure of H. obliqua é.
The larva feeds on the live oak, and was found July 28. I have prepared the following
descriptions:

One 6. Thorax and fore wings almost entirely of a beautiful pale green, with no white
except two whitish costal patches, and a large white subapical oblique white patch, the black
lines and marks, with the discal mark obscure. The basal and inner (i. e., that on the inner third
of wing) lines as in astarte, rather than obliqua; discal mark black, elongated, obscure (on the
right wing obsolete). Extradiscal treble line as in astarte. The large oblique white mark as in
astarte, but the black line bordering it within is not so distinet as in astarte.

The marginal scalloped line as in astarte rather than obliqua, the scallops being nearly as deep
as in astarte. Hind wings snow-white, with black scales on the costal edge and a small dusky
spot on the internalangle. The intervenular dusky dots faintly shown.

Underside as in astarte. Abdomen pale fawn color, i. e., pale ocherous brown. The abdomen
is distinctly tufted at the end, more so than usual in the genus, perhaps because of its excellent
state of preservation.

Expanse of wings, 635 mm.; length of body, ¢ 18 mm.

Larva (Pl. X XIX, fig. 11).—(Described from a single ¢ specimen). Length, 32 mm. Body
cylindrical, without tubercles, and of the general appearance of Doubleday’s figure of the larva of
astarte. Head rounded and narrowing above, smooth above the vertex, with no traces of vertical
tubercles, and no traces of tubercles on the prothoracic segment;
a reddish band on each side of the head, ending near the eyes; face
in front pale, testaceous, not spotted. Body green, thickly dotted
with reddish brown on the back and sides. No russet marks or
reddish patches on the sides of the body. On the prothoracic seg-
ments two dark red lines converging behind and becoming parallel
just behind the middle of the segment and continuing close together
and parallel to each other as far as the hinder edge of the third
thoracic segment; thence not very rapidly diverging and becoming
farthest apart on the second abdominal segment; then converging
Fon Teed ORE Apne tinal only slightly toward the fourth and fifth segments, and ending

var. perolivata; end of body of ¢. nearly as wide apart on the ninth segment. These reddish lines

are thickened on the second abdominal segment and the space

between is dorsally filled in partly with red, but not enough so as to make a distinct spot. Inside

of the line on abdominal segments 1 to 10 are two fine parallel median lines, interrupted at the

sutures. The heavier outer or subdorsal lines are not lined or broadly edged within with yellowish

white, as they are in an allied species not identified (a blown larva in the United States National
Museum).

Pupa.— 6 of the usual shape and color. Head much rounded. Abdominal segments coarsely
punctured, the pits often confluent. The surface of the thorax is corrugated with transverse
ridges. Hinder edge of the thorax singularly ornamented with about eight large, rounded, black
tubercles, and the hinder edge of the eighth and ninth abdominal segments with about eight dorsal
tubercles or knobs. Cremaster ending in two separate stout spines, which are simple, slightly
curved, and divergent. The specimen is apparently not entirely normal in shape, being rather
slender, not full and plump as usual, and the end of the body is a little abnormal, the cremaster not
extending outward, probably injured in pupation. The vestiges of the anal legs are rounded
and knob-like, and indicate more plainly than I have yet seen their origin from the anal legs of
the caterpillar.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 247

Heterocampa astarte Doubleday.
(CI Vol hla Or)
Heterocampa astarte Doubleday, Entomologist, p. 57, 1841 (H. menas, Harris Corresp., p. 134, 1869).
Walk., Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., v, p. 1025, 1855.
Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 240, 1862.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 368, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Hep., i, p. 563, 1892.
Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 33, 1892; Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 205, 1894.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 205, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Sec.,
li, p. 117, Sept., 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XXXII, fig. 9, 9a.)

Doubleday, Entomologist, p. 57, 1841 (figure of larva and pupa), plate facing p. 60, figs. 1, 2.

Moth.—Three 6, two?. Fore wings more decidedly pale olive-green than any others of the
‘genus, with distinct black lines and markings arranged nearly as in H. obliqua. Palpi extending
but little beyond the head, gray, black along the upper edge and on the side of the second joint;
third joint rather short, acute, grayish. Thorax greenish gray; tegulie edged with dusky brown,
and a dusky brown transverse oval ring over the mesoscutum; a smoky brown spot on the base
of the abdomen.

Fore wings a little sharper at the apex than in H. obliqua, the outer edge being oblique, as in
that species, and the costal edge straight; the wing is of a decided pale olive-green tint, especially
in the middle of the wing. At the base of the wing is a black dot, from which a narrow black line
passes out just behind the cubital vein, a little way beyond the basal line. This line is double
and is represented by two black scallops, one on the costal and the other on the median space,
not passing farther back across the wing toward the internal edge. A second distinct black
double line on the inner third of the wing, somewhat curved in its course, and consisting of three
scallops, one on the costa, one in the median space, and the third, slightly curved, scallop in the
internal space. The discal mark is a conspicuous, long, curved black line, just within which is a
sinall diffuse smoky patch, connected on the costa with a double smoky line. Extradiscal line: a
double one of well-marked deep scallops curving inward behind the discal space, and ending on
the outer third of the internal edge; within this curved portion is a parallel row of dusky scallops,
situated directly behind the discal mark. Between the discal mark and submarginal line the
wing is quite clear and greenish. A distinct black line beginning on the first cubital vein and
curving forward and ending on the apex, and sending a black slash along the sixth subcostal
venule. Beyond this line is a broad dusky shade bounded externally by the marginal row of
‘distinct black scallops, which are much deeper than in H. obliqua. The costal edge is marked
with alternate dark and light short lines.

Hind wings in é snow-white, with the costa blackish, and a dark dot on the internal angle; in
the 2 sordid white, with a dark line across the middle, and the outer margin of the wing dusky
brown, with a black spot in the internal angle.

Under side of the fore wings dusky on the costal region, the discal mark and dusky sub-
marginal band showing through. The rest of the wing is whitish. The hind wings are whitish,
except the costal region, which is whitish, and in the 2 the wings are more dusky. The outer
margin of both wings is dusky, and the only whitish portion on the under side of the fore wings
is the large oblique subapical shade, while the base of the hind wings is whitish.

Expanse of wings, 445 mm., 255 mm.; length of body, ¢ 21 mm., ? 23 mm.

This superb and beautifully marked species is at once recognized by the pale, rich, olive-green
hue of the thorax and fore wings, with their distinct black markings, including the black linear
fliscal mark; by the often snow-white hind wings, and by the deeply scalloped marginal black line.

It differs from H. obliqua not only by its olive-green tint, but by the less curved inner line on
the fore wings, by the more deeply scalloped marginal line, and by the white hind wings of the
male, as well as other minor peculiarities.

248 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pupa.—Vigured by Abbot. Doubleday’s figure is a copy of Abbot's.

Food plant.—Various species of oak. Quercus nigra (Abbot MS.).

Habits.—In Texas the moth was collected by Belfrage, April 27 and 29, and July 11, showing:
that in that State it is double-brooded.

Geographical distribution.—H. astarte appears to be confined to the Southern States, and
not to extend so far north as H. obliqua with its varieties. It is properly a member of the
Austroriparian subprovince.

St. Johns Bluff, Fla. (Doubleday); Florida (Thaxter ex Grote); Bosque County, Tex. (Boll,
selfrage, U. S. Nat. Mus.); Georgia, Florida, Texas (U. 8. Nat. Mus.); Georgia (Abbot, MS.);.
Florida (French).

Heterocampa lunata Edwards.
(BE Ve ne 6.si5)

Heterocampa lunata (H, Edwards), Papilio, iv, p. 64, March, 1884.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 563, 1892.
Lophodonta plumosa H. Edwards, Ent. Amer., ii, p. 14, April, 1886.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 30, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 563, 1892.
Heterocampa lunata Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 205, 1894; Journ. N.Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p.117,.
Sept., 1895.

Moth.—Two ¢. On examining the type (a é from Colorado) of this species in the Edwards
collection in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, I find that it should be
referred to the genus Heterocampa, and that its position in that genus is near H, biundata. The
antennie are very plumose, the pectinations being somewhat longer than usual; the tip is simple,
as usual in the genus. The palpi are as usual ascending, larger and rather broad, more so than
usual, projecting well in front of the head; the third joint is concealed by the hairs of the second.
The apex of the fore wings is considerably produced; the outer edge of the wing long and
oblique. The shape of the hind wings, of the abdomen, and of the tufts on the thorax are as
usual in Heterocampa.

Specific characters.—Head and body brownish granite gray, the tint peculiar, approaching
that of H. manteo, but with more reddish brown scales. Palpi grayish, with a distinct black line.
along the upper edge. The markings of the fore wings are much as in H. biundata.

On the basal third of the fore wing is a faint zigzag line formed of four rather sharp scallops,
the largest scallop with a small narrow one above situated both in the submedian interspace;
the last seallop not directed outward, as in H. biundata. The linear discal spot is small, black-
brown, but distinct, though only half as large as in H. biundata. The extradiscal line is obsolete.
The outer or submarginal series of sublunate brown spots is much as in H. biundata, the spots
becoming linear in front of the cubital vein. The fringe and the brown line at its base are much
as in H, biundata.

Hind wings whitish, clouded on the costal margin; the fringe long, checkered, but not
clouded on the internal angle of the wing.

Expanse of wings, 443 mm.; length of body, ¢ 20 mm.

On comparing Edwards’s types of his linata in Mr. Neumoegen’s collection with his type of
plumosa in the American Museum of Natural History, both Dr. Dyar and myself find that they
are the same species.

Neumoegen and Dyar (Revision, ete.) regard Druce’s H, dardania as a synonym of this.
species.

Geographical distribution —A member of the Campestrian subprovinee. Colorado (Bruce,
U. S. National Museum and Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., New York); Arizona (Morrison, Coll.
Neumoegen); Colorado, Arizona (French); Fort Collins, Colo, (Baker); Mexico.(Druce).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. . DAO)

Heterocampa umbrata Walker.
(Pl. V, figs. 10,13 3,14 9.)

Heterocampa. umbrata Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., v, p. 1023, 1855.
Heterocampa pulverea Grote and Rob., Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., i, p. 185, Aug, 1867, Pl. IV, fig. 32 9.

Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Smith, List. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, pp. 563, 564, 1892.
Heterocampa athereo Doubleday, Harris Corr., p. 134, 1869.
Heterocampa umbrata Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Aimer. Ent. Soe., xxi, p. 205, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 117,

Sep., 1894.
Larva.

(Pl. XXXIII, fig. 8, 8a.)

French, Can. Ent., xii, p. 83, April, 1880 (last larval stage described); Sixth Ann. Rep.S. Ill. Normal Univ., p.
44, 1880.

Packard, Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm. on Forest Insects, p. 159, 1890 (copied from French).' (The larva
referred to in Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 548, 1s not that species.)

Moth.—One ¢,two?. Head, thorax, and fore wings pale ash, with a slight pale olive-green
tint. Palpi slender, short, black. Prothorax or “collar” with two slightly marked parallel lines
crossing it. Tegule with white scales in the middle, while the edges and ends are bordered with
white and black scales. Thorax behind with a blackish patch, succeeded on the abdomen by
seven dusky short basal tufts, brownish in ¢, of which the first one is very large, the others small,
the fourth one larger than the others, except the basal one.

Fore wings pale ash-gray, with a pale olive-green tint, a basal double black scalloped line at
the insertion of the wing, not reaching the internal edge, which is white. On the basal fourth of
the wing is a black scalloped line, followed bya broad, clear olive-ash space. Discal mark a curved,
narrow (distinct in ¢, in 2 not very distinct) line continued behind, i. e., on the cubital vein by a
distinct, broad, black shade containing three parallel narrow black lines (wanting in the ¢ I have
seen); this shade is much as in H. obliqua and curves outward, filling the second cubital space,
the outer end becoming a part of the submarginalline. A large semielliptical or pear-shaped, clear,
almost whitish, ash area beyond the discal mark, and traversed by a faint double scalloped dark
line, the extradiscal, which entirely crosses the wing. The characteristic mark in 2 is the black,
distinet, scalloped, broken, submarginal band, which is nearly obsolete on the costa and on the
internal edge, but broad and heavy between, and dislocated on the first cubital vein, the scallops
being heavy, wide, and black. (In the ¢ I have seen these scallops are disconnected and lighter in
hue, as well as narrower).

The edge of the wing is clear greenish ash. The fringe is of the same color, with black
venular streaks. Costa with three linear black subapical marks.

Hind wings alike in both sexes, with a distinct sinuous diffuse whitish band on the outer
third, this being the only species in the genus in which this line is present, and in this respect
strongly recalls H. marthesia. Beyond this line the wing is smoky, the fringe white, dusky at the
base, where is a black scalloped line. A dark spot at the internal angle.

Underside of the wings whitish, the dusky submarginal shade reproduced beneath in each
wing. Fringe as above.

Expanse of the wings, ¢ 45 mm., ? 45 mm.; length of body, ¢ 20 mm., 2 19 mm.

H, pulverea is readily recognized by the lack of the subapical oblique white shade, so distinct
in H, obliqua, by the heavy black scalloped line which is broken on the first median vein, by the
pale greenish tint of the thorax and fore wings, and by the unusual whitish sinuous line on
the hind wings.

My specimen, which agrees with Grote and Robinson’s description and figures, also agrees
with a type specimen in the American Museum in New York, and such a specimen labeled in
Mr. Grote’s handwriting in the collection of Mrs. Bridgham in New York.

'The description of the moth does not apply to pulverea, but was drawn up from H. guttivitta by error. The
references on pp. 328,492, and 649 are erroneous. Mr. Dyar writes that he believes Walker’s H. umbrata and H.
semiplaga are two carlier names for this species.

250 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva.—* Length, when at rest, 1.25 inches (in shape tapering slightly from the middle
forward, but more rapidly from that point backward, the body deeper than broad). General
color bright, clear green, a little spotted with white, marked as follows: Head gray, a little lighter
through thecenter. Joint 1 contains two dark purplish black warts on the dorsum, reddish purple
at the base, the space between them whitish. From these runs backward a bright, brownish
purple line, not very dark, at first about one-sixteenth of an inch wide. This expands, reaching
the subdorsum in the posterior part of joint 4, dividing in the middle in joint 3. The line runs
along the subdorsal region to the posterior part of joint 6, where they unite and cover the whole
of the dorsal part of joint 7 and all but a little of the posterior part of joint 8, when it again
separates and runs as two lines to the posterior part of joint 9. The space on the back of joints
3, 4, 5, and 6 between the purple lines is filled with orange. On joint 4 a spur is given off from
the purple line to the third thoracie leg, another runs from joint 6 to the first pro-leg, another
short spur on joint 9; both of the last with oblique lines of lighter shade, On joint 9 the orange
is outside the purple, extending down the lateral spurs. Joint 10 has no purple nor orange, except
a little below the stigmata, but it has faint yellow subdorsal lines. Joint 11 has purple subdorsal
lines which unite on the anterior part of joint 12, continuing backward as a broad dorsal line,
darkest on the anal plate. The space on joint 11 between the subdorsals is filled with orange.
Feet and legs purple, but the rest of the underside green; under the glass the above-described
brownish purple lines are not uniform, but mottled with irregular lighter lines.” (French).

From the above description it will be seen that the two prothoracie warts are retained
throughout larval life, this, as Dr. Dyar has remarked to us, being the only species in the genus
in which these tubercles are retained after the last molt. This fact shows that pulverea is the
most primitive species of the genus, but until we discover the first stage of astarte it will be
premature to construct a genealogical tree of the genus.

It is evident from the larval characters that this species should be placed below H. guttivitta
and H. obliqua and astarte, while the moth is near H, obliqua, with no near aftinity to H, guttivitta
and biundata. As it is the only species known to us with the tubercles retained in the last
stage, it is most probably the species which Doubleday has figured under the name H. athereo.

Habits.—All that is known with certainty is stated by Professor French as follows:

The single larva from which the above description was taken was found June 30 on the body of a white oak
tree. During the few days before it pnpated I fed it on the leaves of Quercus alba and Q. coccinea, both of which
it ate readily. July 6 it entered the dirt of the cage to transform, and produced the imago August 6.

In a volume (Gray’s copy) of Abbot’s manuscript drawings (fig. 117) is a fine colored sketch of
H. pulverea. It has well-marked prothoracic tubercles, and is drawn in different attitudes as
feeding on Styrax pulverulentum. (For stages I-V see Appendix A, p. 283.)

Geographical distribution.—Thus far it has not been met with beyond the limits of the
Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces.

Seekonk, R. I. (Mrs. 8. W. Bridgham); Lonsdale, R. I. (Dearden); Pennsylvania (Grote and
Rob.); New York (Grote, Hulst, Neumoegen); Carbondale, Ill. (French); ¢ and 2, Punta Gorda,
Charlotte Harbor, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); Georgia, (Abbot).

Heterocampa belfragei (Grote).
(Pl. V, fig. 15 3.)

Heterocampa belfragei Grote, Can. Ent., xi, p. 209, Nov., 1879; New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Litodonta belfragei Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1892.
Heterocampa belfragei Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 565, 1892.
Neum. aud Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 206, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii,
p- 117, Sept., 1894.

Moth.—One é. This is a true Heterocampa and near H. pulverea, and should not be included
in the subgenus Litodonta, although the nature of the female antennie is not known; it differs
from H. hydromeli in the outer edge of the fore wings being very oblique. Thorax ash-gray;
collar with two transverse black lines; tegulee edged with black, A broad black transverse tuft
on the basal segment of the abdomen.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 951

Fore wings with a heavy distinct black line near the base, straight and ending on the median
vein; basal scalloped black line on the basal third of the wing. A black costal spot in front of
the discal mark, which is linear, black, curved, and distinctly defined. No line behind. Extra-
discal line sinuous, doubly scalloped, inclosing whitish gray scales. Submarginal shade some-
what recalling that of H. pulverea, but narrower and less scalloped, much dislocated on the first
median venule. Fringe concolorous with the wing, with a fine black line at the base and with
linear venular spots.

Hind wings white, with a black line at the base of the fringe and with dark venular spots.

Underneath, both wings are whife, a little sordid on the costal region of both pairs of wings,
and the fringe of both wings is spotted with black.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 36 mm.; length of body, ¢ 16 mm.

This is a very distinct, well-marked species, and with a submarginal blackish shade as in
H., pulverea, but narrower and more dislocated.

Geographical distribution —< Clifton, Bosque County, Tex., March 23, April 15 and 21”
(Belfrage); Texas, Arizona (French).

Heterocampa chapmani Grote.

Heterocampa chapmani Grote, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geegr- Survey (Hayden), vi, No. 1, p. 258, Feb. 11, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 564, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 205, June, 1894.

I had, from Grote’s description, regarded this as identical with H. astarte, but since then Dr.
Thaxter has kindly shown me his three specimens, which were those he lent Mr. Grote, and
which were his types. They were obtained at Appalachicola by Dr. Chapman. The species is
figured by Abbot in his manuscript volume of drawings in the library of the Boston Society of
Natural History.

One ¢,two ?. Very similar to H. astarte in style and position of markings, and it may, when
we know the larva, be found to be only a variety of it, though quite a distinct one. It differs
from H. astarte as follows:

The black lines and the dusky shades and patches on the fore wings in H. astarte are in
H, chapmani reddish brown, and the olive greenish shade is in H. chapmani pale, almost whitish
ash, and on the scutellar region of the thorax reddish brown instead of dusky.

Fore wings with the basal line indistinct, reddish brown; no distinct dark, curved, black line
on the internal edge of wing as there isin H. astarte. The two scalloped intradiscal lines as in
H, astarte, but reddish brown. The discal line is less curved than in H. astarte, and not black,
but deep reddish brown. The three extradiscal scalloped lines just asin H. astarte, but dark
brown, not black. The submarginal oblique shade so distinct and black in H. astarte is in the
present form reddish brown, as is the submarginal scalloped line, and the scallops are within
filled in with spots of reddish brown; the dark spots on the fringe are reddish.

Hind wings not white at the base as in H. astarte, but subocherous or snuft-brown; a median
shade as in H. astarte, the outer edge of the wing broadly shaded with pale ocherous brown, but
this shade is broader than in H. astarte. Beneath shaded as in H. astarte, but the hue is
ocherous brown rather than dusky or blackish. Length of body, 2 22-23 mm.; expanse of
wings, ? 55 mm.

It will be seen that the difference in the two species or forms is in the color, and not in the
shape and position of the markings, but at first sight the two look quite different, and
provisionally should be regarded as so; this is also the view of Grote and of Thaxter. Yet it is
very plain that H. obliqua, astarte, and chapmani have originated from a common ancestor,

252 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Heterocampa subrotata Harvey.
(PL. V, figs.179, 18 g; 19 ¢. celtiphaga.)

Heterocampa subrotata Harvey, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., i, p. 263, Jan., 1874, Pl. XI, figs.2¢,49.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p.563, 1892.
Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 33, Jan., 1892.
Heterocampa celtiphaga Harvey, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., i, p. 263, Jan., 1874, Pl. XI, fig. 3, ¢.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1887.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 21, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 563, 1892.
Heterocampa superba H. Edw., Papilio, iv, p. 121, Sept., 1884.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 565, 1892.
Heterocampa subrotata Neum, and Dyar, Trans. Amer, Ent, Soc., xxi, p. 206, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii,
p. 117, Sept., 1894.

This very distinct species, which connects H. astarte and obliqua with H. hydromeli, is easily
recognized by its uniformly yellow ocherous fore wings and body, the fore wings being in the
middle quite clear, by the long distinct discal mark and by the broad diffuse dark shade behind
it, and by the broad white subapical shade. I copy Harvey’s original description of H. celtiphaga:

Smaller than H. subrotata; antenne pectinate, palpi dependent, thickly hirsute; thorax dark ashen; abdomen
paler, becoming dark ashen toward the tip; primaries dark olivaceous ashen, almost approaching to black, All
the lines light brown and narrow and similar to WH. subrotata in their conformation; apical white shade not as
extended. Fringes ashen; discal lunate mark brown; from this the scalloped transverse posterior line is externally
farther removed than in H. subrotata. Secondaries white, with an incomplete whitish median shade; terminal line
black, even; fringe ashen, pale at base, eut with darker hairs at extremity of the veins.

Expanse, 18 mm, Larva on hackberry (Celtis occidentalis).

The specimen was received from Mr. C. V. Riley. It is the smallest species of Heterocampa yet known to
science,

I have examined Edwards’s type of H. superba (from Texas) and a male also from Texas.
The following is a description of Edwards’s type specimen:

It is allied to H, obliqua in general style of markings, but has very shert wings and a square
apex. The fore wings are pale tawny ocherous, clearer than in H. astarte. At the base of the
wing behind the median vein is a short narrow black line, and a very long one starts from its base
and follows the base and hind edge of wing, as in HZ. astarte and obliqua. Beyond this the base and
middle of the wing is clear tawny ocherous. Discal mark, a curved black streak, and connected
with a long straight black streak in the second median interspace, this line being inclosed in a
large black diffuse patch extending below the line and inside of the discal spot; in front the bloteh
connects with the submarginal series of black intervenular straight streaks. Between this series
aud the discal spot are two parallel lines, the inner black, A faint linear submarginal scalloped
line. Fringe marked with black streaks.

Hind wings as in. H. obliqua var. brunnea, cloudy on the outer half with a faint pale band
beyond the middle of the wing. Both wings clouded on the under side, becoming darker toward
the margin, which suddenly becomes pale.

In comparing, with Dr. Dyar, H. superba, subrotata (one loaned by Mrs. Slosson), and celtiphaga,
the latter kindly loaned by Mr. Neumoegen, we found that these are nominal species and synonyms.
The specimen of H, celtiphagcé has a white spot at the base of the fore wings, and the inner margin
is edged with black. The oblique subapical shade is smaller than in subrotata. Mrs. Slosson’s
specimen of subrotata differs from the ones I have described in having no ocherous tint, and the
black shade under the discal mark is obsolete in both examples of swbrotata and celtiphaga. The
latter does not present varietal differences from subrotata, being only a little smaller (alar expanse,
27-25 min.), while the marks are not so distinct as in the dark non ocherous example of subrotata
in Mrs. Slosson’s collection.

We now describe what has been known as H. subrotata:

Moth.—One 2 (Pl. V, fig. 17).

Fore wings short and broad, and rather square at the apex. Body and fore wings uniformly
ocherous, collar and tegule edged with scattered dark scales. Palpi short, small, brown on the outer

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 253

side of the second joint. Fore wings with black scales at the base and extending along the inter-
nal edge of the wing; a black basal line interrupted by the eubital vein; a double black line on
the basal third of the wing composed of a large scallop in the discal and a larger one in the
submedian space. Middle of the wing entirely clear ocherous. A long, much-curved linear discal
black mark, from the inside of which a long, broad, smoky, blackish shade curves around, interrupt-
ing the extradiscal line and ending near the internal angle, behind the inner end of the whitish
subapical patch; in its hinder end near the internal angle are three black slashes situated in the
interspaces, and from it a short narrow black line crosses the second cubital venule, and which is
bordered by a narrow white line. Extradiscal line double, a deep long scallop parallel to the diseal
mark, and two short scallops in the first cubital space. The white subapical patch is unusually
broad, beginning on the first cubital venule and ending on the apex. <A scalloped marginal black
line. Fringe ocherous, with dusky venular dots.

Hind wings pale sordid whitish at base, becoming smoky externally, and crossed by a diffuse
whitish line which is slightly bent in the middle of the wing. No dusky spot at the internal angle.
The abdomen is pale ocherous. The underside of the wings is ocherous, the dark shade of the
fore wings appearing, though faintly.

I have not seen the male of this ocherous form, but Harvey describes it as differing from the
2 “by the subterminal line being more undulatory, by the less prominently contrasting brown
and whitish shades beyond the cell subterminally, while the antenne are pectinate.”

Expanse of wings, é 33min., ? 35 mm.; length of body, 2? 16-17 mm.

Geographical distribution.—Apparently mostly confined to the Austroriparian subprovince,
but occasionally met with in the Appalachian.

Central Alabama (Grote); Bastrop County, Tex. (Belfrage, U.S. Nat. Mus., the label being in
his handwriting); Punta Gorda, Fla.(Mrs. Slosson). (The exact locality of celtiphaga was not given
by Dr. Harvey); New York, Missouri, Alabama (French); superba, Texas (French); Chicago, Il.
(Westcott); Arkansas (Palm).

Heterocampa hydromeli (Harvey).
(RIE Venice 165)

Litodonta hydromeli Hary., Can, Ent., viii, p. 5, Jan., 1876.
Litodonia fusca Hary., Can. Ent., viii, p. 110, 1876.
hydromeli Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List, Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 563, 1872.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 208, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 117,
Sept., 1894.

Moth—One 2 and four 2 (in the Edwards Coll). Antenne, palpi, and vestiture of the head
above and in front just as in H. subrotata, but the pectinations of the antenne are a little longer,
though the shape of the wings and the markings are just the same. The antenne are white
above, with a black dot at base. Front of the head more hairy and with longer hairs than in
H, astarte, but the palpi are not so long, though very near in shape, black above and gray beneath.
Tegulie edged with black, as in H. superba, and the crest on the mesothorax as in H. superba and
astarte and allied species. Fore wings and body of a pale and whitish gray, tinged with a decided
sea or pale olive green, Thorax with two curvilinear black lines, one on each side on the pro-
thorax, meeting in the middle of the body. Thorax behind with black cross lines, and the tufts
and tegule tipped with black.

Fore wings short and broad, the apex more rectangular than usual except in superba; olive
and yellow scales at base of the wing, the irregular patch interrupting the basal black line, which
forms a diffuse patch between the origins of the cubital and submedian veins. Just beyond is a
transverse sinuous dark line, curving suddenly inward on the costa, curving outward on the
subcostal and cubital veins, and curving in again in the submedian space, then directed obliquely
outward and ending on the inner edge of the wing. From the angle on the submedian fold a
narrow interrupted line extends along the internal vein to the black line situated on the inner
third of the wing, and which is very sinuous, and ends in a black patch both on the costal and

254 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

inner edge. The discal linear black spot very distinct and prolonged obliquely to the subcostal
vein, and also extending to the origin of the first cubital venule, and from that point a black line
extends outward along the venule, ending in one of the submarginal series of bright sulphur-
yellow intervenular spots which are situated in the faintly marked dark lunules. <A series of
dark brown lunules at the base of the fringe, which is white, faintly checkered with dusky at
the end of the lunules.

Hind wings whitish, with a dark costal oblique streak near the apex.

Underside of the fore wings whitish, with three oblique brown streaks on the outer fourth of
the wing, just before the apex.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 28-30 mm.; length of body, ¢ 11 mm.

To show that the genus Litodonta is probably not well founded, it may be said that H. superba
is very near it, and differs mainly in the ¢ antenn not having quite such long branches, and in
the thorax and fore wings being washed with tawny yellow instead of sea-green,! and in having
no submarginal yellow spots. Otherwise the two species are very closely allied, being of the
same size and with the same shape of wings. The female has not yet occurred, so that we do not
know the nature of the antennie in that sex.

Habits.—It is two-brooded, as the moths were collected in Texas in April and May and also
in July and August (Riley MS.).

Geographical distribution.—Thus far this interesting species is confined to the Southern States
(Austroriparian subprovince), having occurred in Texas, where it has been collected by Belfrage,
and in Punta Gorda, Charlotte Harbor, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); Texas (U. 8S. Nat. Mus.); Texas
(Boll, Mus. Comp. Zool.); Texas (French).

Heterocampa unicolor (Packard).
(P1. V, fig. 20.)

Lochmeus unicolor Pack., Proc, Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 373, 1864.
Lochmeus marina Pack,, Proce. Ent. Soc. Phil., ili, p. 378, 1864.
Heterocampa unicolor Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.

Popenoe, Ist Rep. Kansas Exp. Stat., p. 35, 1888.

Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.

Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 564, 1892.
Misogada cinerea Neum, and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 207, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 117,

Sept., 1894.
Larva.

(PI. XXXII, figs. 4, 4a, 4b, 4c. Stage I.)
Harris, Ent. Corresp., p. 301., Pl. I, fig. 5, 1869. (By error as S. bilineata.)
Edwards, Ent. Amer., iii, p. 168, 1887. (Last stage.)
Popenoe, 1st. Rep. Kansas Exp. Stat., 1888, p.35. (Larval Stages I, II, and last, with egg, pupa, and imago ¢
and 9°, figured by Mr. Marlatt.)
Dyar, Psyche, vi, p.95, 1891. (Life history.)
Packard, Proc. Journ. N. York Ent. Soe., i, p. 75, Jan., 1893.

Moth.—F¥ive é,three?. Ofa uniform pale cinereous, being of a faded appearance and with a
faint greenish tinge, without any band or spots; or pale sea-green; dusted very minutely with ashen
scales, or varying in the same brood to dark purplish gray, with transverse darker punctuated
scalloped lines. Costa very straight, compared with that of 17. marthesia. A faint series of pale
longitudinal lines situated on the venules passing across the fore wings near their base. On the
outer third of the wing is a rather irregular curved series of dark spots bordered externally with
white; the ends of the venules are dark. With these exceptions there are no other markings,
the moth thus differing notably from its congeners; no part of the wing is darker than another,
and it has a faded look in very fresh examples, which is very unique in the genus.

The head, palpi, pectus, and underside of the body in general are very pale clay and whitish
yellowish. The hind wings are pale ashen whitish, in some cases with a straight mesial, obscure
dark spot.

! Dr. Dyar writes that he believes that fresh superba are green, and that the yellow tint is due to fading, as in
HH. biundata.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Dy

Underside uniformly pale, body and both wings almost white, and in some examples crossed
by a dusky line.

Expanse of wings, 648 mm., 245 mm.; length of body, 619 mm., 218 mm,

In the straight costa, rather oblique outer edge, and lack of any definite markings, including
a discal mark, this species, with its pale, faded look, differs from any others of the genus.

Specimens of the extremes of variation in a brood reared by Professor Popenoe, and which
he sent me, included both unicolor and marina of my Synopsis. ‘

Hgg.—Diameter, about 0.7 mm. Regularly hemispherical, though rather flat, not being more
than half as high as broad. Shell, when empty, thin, white, ornamented with dense, more or less
regular, well-defined polygonal areas, the edges or margins of which are very finely beaded; toward
theapex they become more or less elongated and the micropyle at the apex is surrounded by a double
rosette of elongated oval areas, the sharper end pointing inward, those of the inner row one-third
to one half as large as those forming the outer series. The larva in escaping eats, as usual, an
irregular, kidney-shaped hole near the top.

The eggs were received from Mr, Tallant of Columbus, Ohio, August 21, having been sent on
the 18th, all hatching on the way.

Larva, Stage .—F reshly hatched larva. Length, including the tails (stemapoda), 6-7 mm. The
head is almost as wide as the body, somewhat heart-shaped, bilobed, dark chestnut, paler along
the middle. The body is long and slender, especially elongated behind the eighth abdominal
segment. The prothoracic segment in all the examples is full, as if it were about to molt, though
it seems too soon after hatching. The prothoracic segment bears two diverging, rather thick
appendages, which are cylindrical and rounded at tip; the segment at base and behind pale reddish
and cherry-red above; the appendages are cherry-red at base, paler above, but toward the end
on the distal two-thirds blackish. In front are two reddish parallel stripes. The body is pale
beneath, above pale greenish yellow, the third and seventh abdominal segments cherry-red,
including the sides, low down, of the sixth segment. From the first thoracic to the end of the
body are three parallel lateral, linear, reddish lines, the lowermost being obsolete posteriorly.
The eighth abdominal segment is convex above, but uot humped. The suranal plate is small,
narrow, but distinct, rough on the surface and dark, almost blackish. Behind, at the base of the
tails, are two piliferous warts; the tails themselves are as long as the three last segments (8-10)
taken to together, and are of uniform thickness, ringed with dark red, densely, microscopically,
spinulose, with sparse fine hairs and with two or three hairs at the end. The legs each end ina
cylindrical swollen flagellum, somewhat barrel-shaped, with a deep red ring in the middle, the end
being clear and transparent. All over the body the piliferous warts and hairs are minute. The
glandular set are short, slender, widening at the square end, aud not being regularly bulbous.

It rests with the body curved around so that the head nearly touches the tails, the last three
segments and tails being held up in the air, the latter being extended and then gracefully thrown
into the air.

Stage I[1.—Length, 9 mm. The anal legs are still longer than before, but the prothoracic
spines are much less than one-half shorter than before, while the back of the body is now
reddish. (Popenoe).

Dr. Dyar has contributed the following descriptions as the proofs are passing through my
hands: :

Stage III.— Head whitish green, a broad diffuse brown band on each lobe to vertex; width,
1.35 mm. Cervical horns represented by two short black tubercles; tails 2 mm. long, faintly
reddish, the crimson tips a little swollen. Body green, with three to five faint white lines each
side of the reddish brown dorsal band, which is-distinet, covering cervical shield and anal plate,
retracted at each suture and widening on joints 7 and 11.

Stage ITV.—* Head about as high as wide, narrowing toward the vertex; width, 2.2 mm.,
marked as before, the inner white border of the brown band very broad, covering a large part of
the face. Cervical horns reduced to mere points. Dorsal band as before, but of nearly uniform
width, though widened on joint 11. The band is mottled with and bordered by white, becoming
yellow in the segmental sutures. There is a trace of a yellow stigmatal line, and the sides have a
few black specks toward the extremities.”

256 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Last stage.—In a blown full-grown larva received from Professor Riley the body is eylindrical,
smooth, and the head is small and rounded, with no traces of warts on the head, which is slightly
bilobed. The prothoracie and first and eighth abdominal segments are normal, with no piliferous
tubercles, not even on the segments specially named. The anal legs are long and slender, but no
longer than the body is thick.

The body is green, of the hue of the leaf it feeds on; along the back is a broad whitish yellow
band, edged with reddish. There are no subdorsal or lateral lines or other marks.

RECAPITULATION,

1. In Stages I and II we have the high prothoracic tubercles like those of WM. marthesia in its
fourth stage.

2. There are no subdorsal or lateral lines in the last stage, and, as in marthesia, the movements
of the anal legs must serve to deter its enemies from attacking it, being otherwise protected by
its color, which is like the leaf on which it feeds.

It is evident that by their larval characters this species and marthesia are closely allied.

Cocoon.—“A loosely woven silken cocoon under or among the leavés and other rubbish upon
the ground.” (Popenoe.) The pupa is fully described by Dyar in Psyche, vi, p. 96.

Habits.—Thanks to Professor Popenoe, ' we have the fullest account yet published of the habits
and transformationsof this species. Itis at times destructive to the sycamore. The eggs are “laid
in close groups of from fifteen to seventy-five upon the underside of the leaf of the syeamore.” It
appears that the “‘newly hatched larve for a time feed in company upon the leaf pulp,” and in
the first stage when disturbed fall or spring off and hang suspended by a silken thread. It is to
be noticed that the larva ‘forms a loosely woven silken cocoon under or among the leaves and other
rubbish upon the ground.”

As the larve grow they no longer feed on the pulp of the leaf, but devour the woody parts
and veins, when their work becomes more noticeable. When nearly fully fed the majority of the
larvee are yellowish green, marked with red as at e, but in the same brood, says Popenoe, “there
will occur other larvie (d) lighter in coloration, but transforming into moths indistinguishable from
those produced by the darker form,” and “the differences in coloration in the adult larve have no
relation to the correspondingly great variation in the moths, so far as was observed.” ‘In eastern
Kansas,” says Popenoe, “‘the larvie occur in two broods each year, the first brood appearing in early
June, the second in the first week in August. The larvie of the first brood reach their full size in
the early part of July; and within the shelter of the cocoons which they spin when full grown, the
transformation to the pupal state is effected. The summer moths soon appear, and after the pairing
the females lay the eggs which produce the second brood of Jarvie. The larve of this brood
mature toward the end of August, and, having spun cocoons about themselves, pass the winter
unchanged, the pupal state in this brood not being reached until the following spring, a short time
before the appearance of the spring moths.”

From Professor Popenoe’s table showing the series of changes, it appears that at Manhattan,
Kans., for the first brood, the eggs being deposited June 11, the length of the egg state is four
days; of larval Stage I, four days; II, three days; III, two days; IV, four days; it remained six
days in the last stage (V), and was inclosed in its cocoon ten days before the pupa was seen.

In the second brood, the eggs being deposited July 27, the duration of the egg state was about
four days; Stage I, three days; Stage II, three days; Stage III, three days; Stage IV, five days;
Stage V, four days.

The larvie oceur in March, July, August, and September, the moths flying in May, June, and
August (Riley MS.).

Food plants.—Sycamore (Riley, Pilate, Popenoe).

Geographical distribution.—Its range extends over the Appalachian and eastern borders of
the Campestrian subprovinces, and with little doubt will be found to occur throughout the
Austroriparian.

First Annual Report of the Kansas Experiment Station for 1888, Rep. Dept. Hort. and Ent., p. 35. The illus-
trations were drawn by Mr. C. L. Marlatt.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 257

Cambridge, Mass. (Harris); Seekonk, Mass. (Mrs. Bridgham); Glen Cove, Long Island (Mrs.
‘Slosson); Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New York (French); Ohio (Pilate); Columbus (Tallant) ;
St. Louis, Mo. (Riley); Manhattan, Kans. (Popenoe); Washington, D. C., Virginia, Missouri, Texas
(U.S. Nat. Mus.); New Jersey, Arkansas (Palm).

Macrurocampa Dyar.
(Pl. XLVII, figs. 4, 4a. Venation.)

Lochmeus Pack. (in part), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 370, 1864.

Heterocampa Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soe., i, p. 182, 1867; New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Smith, List. Lep. Bor. Amer., p.31. 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 1892.

Macrurocampa Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 34, Jan., 1893; Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 208, June, 1894.

Moth.—Male and female. Head large and prominent, a little wider than in Heterocompa.
Palpi short and broad. Fore wings more produced toward the apex, which is pointed, outer edge
long and very oblique, no subcostal cell (for other details of the venation see PI. XLVII, figs. 4, 4a),
but otherwise the venation is much as in H. astarte and obliqua. Hind wings slightly shorter
and more rounded at the apex than in Heterocampa.

The fore wings are rather more clear of markings than in Heterocampa, being whitish gray
with dark blotches at the base of the wing and near the outer edge. Hind wings with a diffuse
whitish extradiscal line.

When we take into account the lack in the adult of the subcostal cell and the presence in
the larva of perfect stemapoda and its lateral yellow bars, it seems best to separate this species
from the genus Heterocampa as Dr. Dyar has done, and which I had been inclined to do for some
time.

Larva.—Body long and slender, ending in a pair of twin stemapoda, as well developed as
those of Cerura; no prothoracie tubercles in the last stage; body pale green, with a dorsal pink
hue, and obliquely barred, sphinx-like, on the sides with yellow.

Freshly hatched larva.—Stemapoda nearly as long as the body, with a pair of erect prothoracie
tubercles, a slight broken dorsal line theonly marking.

Cocoon.—Oval, elliptical, thin translucent.

Pupa.—Body thick, plump, head with prominent ridges on the vertex; cremaster ending in
two stout diverging conical spines.

Macrurocampa marthesia (Cramer).
(Pl. V, figs. 21, 22 9.)

Phalena marthesia Cram., Pap. Exot., ii, p. 3, Pl. XCVIII A, 1779.
Lochmeus tessella Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 370, 1864.
Cerura turbida Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., xxxii, p. 307. 1860 (fide Grote and Rob.).
Heterocampa tessella Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Phil., i, p. 182, Ang., 1867, Pl. IV, fig. 29, 3.
Heterocampa elongata Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. Phil., i, p. 184, Aug., 1867, Pl. IV, fig. 30,2.
Heterocampa marthesia Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Heterocampa elongata Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 19, 1882.
Heterocampa tessella Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer. Het., i, p. 238, May, 1887.
Heterocampa marthesia Smith, List Lep. Brit. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 564, 1892.
Heterocampa elongata Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 564, 1892.
Macrurocampa marthesia Dyar, Ent. News, iv, p. 34, Jan., 1893.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 208, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., li,
p. 117, Sept., 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XXXIV, figs. 1-5; XXXV, fig. 4, 4a.)
Packard, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 550, 1890.
Dyar, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxvi, p. 157, 1894. (Life history.)
Moth.—Two ¢, four 2. Fore wings more produced toward the apex and outer edge more
‘oblique then in Heterocampa obliqua. Whitish ashen gray, head, prothorax, and patagia being

S. Mis. 50 17

258 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

thus colored, while the rest of the thorax is darker cinereous, the abdomen being a little paler.
The larger part of the fore wings is of a pale whitish ashen, concolorous with the head and
prothorax. Nearly the basal third is of a darker cinereous (usually almost black) than the hinder:
part of the thorax, and this portion embraces three unequal black linear streaks, one extending:
along the subcostal, the middle one the largest and following the cubital, while the shorter one.
runs along the internal nervure. This region is bounded externally by a pale ashen line which
begins on the basal third of the costa and runs obliquely inward; it is twice zigzag before the.
subcostal, is bent more obtusely outward in the discal space, and again bends slowly outward,
and turns at a right angle to meet the dark streak on the internal vein, and usually crosses the.
wing, ending in the middle of the internal edge. The discal mark is a faint curved black line,
succeeded by a rather oblique, very obscure cinereous lunated line. Upon the costa just beyond
is a white spot, once zigzag on the costa, edged without with black. Beyond this spot are three.
minute dark spots, the inner of which is succeeded by a series of four large pale lunules margined
on either side with cinereous, which end on the third median, being in the third interspace replaced
by a square conspicuous black spot, whose upper side is continued a little outward, while on the
opposite lower side is a supplementary linear dot in the next interspace. This spot is continuous
with a submarginal oblique subapical zigzag pale line, dusky within and bearing within three.
dark streaks in the middle of each interspace. Beyond this line the margin is dusky cinereous,
with a marginal series of black linear lunules interrupted by the venules. Fringe ashen, with
long black streaks, rather than dots, on the ends of the venules.

Hind wings but little paler than the abdomen, with a rather distinct pale band on the outer-
third, which is curved suddenly outward in the middle. Base of fringe dark, as are the venules.
and outer margin of the wings. ‘The only mark on them is a single oblique costal streak a little
beyond the middle of the wing.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 45 mm., 255 mm.; length of body, ¢ 20 mm., 2 22 min.

This fine species is rather above the medium size, and may be recognized by the pale, almost.
white, fore wings, whose basal third is blackish; also by the obscure linear curved discal mark,
and more especially by the squarish black spot near the internal angle, which is isolated from the-
submargino-apical dusky line, of which it forms a part.

The hind wings are crossed on the outer third by a diffuse whitish sinuous line not present.
in H. astarte or obliqua.

The species is also notable from the six dusky dorsal tufts along the abdomen of both sexes.
It is liable at first sight to be confounded with H. pulverea, but differs in the clearer, less spotted
middle portion of the fore wings.

The foregoing description applies to those examples, five or six, which I have bred at Provi-
dence. In a female expanding 60 mm., received from Mr, Hulst (PI. V, fig. 21), and presumably
collected in New York or New Jersey, the fore wings are fully as light, but the double zigzag line:
on the basa! third of the wing is much more distinct than in the males I have reared or seen, and
forms the outer edge of the blackish basal third of the wing. Beyond this line the wing is almost.
white, with a very faint yellowish brown shade toward the apex. Extradiscal line composed of-
three parallel scalloped lines, and in the second or third median space is a distinet black irregular:
lunule; a scalloped subapical black line.

Hind wings uniformly mouse-colored, with a distinct whitish diffuse line, which enables one:
to readily separate this species from H. astarte or obliqua. :

The form figured by Cramer is probably the present species; it is likea large 2 (Fig. 21) in my
collection. Cramer’s figure is very poor and is a rude representation of this variety. My specimen
is exactly like Grote and Robinson’s type, which is in the American Museum of Natural History,
with which I haye compared it. The same specimen also agrees with their colored figure. My
example is a 9 expanding 45 mm. It differs from those described above in having a wide, curved,
black shade arising from inside of the discal mark and nearly swamping it; it then curves around
backward and outward, filling the second cubital space and inclosing two black curved streaks
or lines, while the lunule in the first cubital space is large and distinct, and the scalloped
subapical black shade beginning on the first cubital venule is broad and distinct, this shade
being distinct in the types of my original description of tessella. In this variety the fore wings.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 259

are slightly suffused with a greenish yellowish tint. Hind wings with a distinet whitish line,
within which the wing is white, but beyond dusky.

The two pairs of hind tibial spurs are long and well developed. My original type is in the
collection of the American Entomological Society, Philadelphia.

Egg.—Diameter, 1.2mm. Low, flattened, hemispherical, much broader than high; in shape
much like that of H. wnicolor, but larger. Shell covered with polygonal areas, seen under $-inch A
eyepiece, with rather thin, not very distinct walls, not quite so distinct as in H. unicolor. Micro-
pylar region forming a rosette of four circles of elongated, crowded, small polygonai areas.

For several eggs I am indebted to Mr. Tallant, of Columbus, Ohio. They hatched July 27,
in Maine.

Larva, Stage I—Length of body without the tails, 3.5 mm.; of the tails, 2.5 mm.; total
length, 6mm. Head moderately large, as wide as the prothoracic segment, but wider than the
body in the middle. The head is unusually short, flattened in front, pale greenish yellowish and
rusty brown on the sides. On the prothoracic segment are two long, high, rust reddish tubercles,
which are darker at the end, conical and rounded at the tip, and bearing a light seta; they are
inclined forward, and are situated far apart on the extreme side of the segment. The body behind
is narrow, cylindrical, scarcely tapering to the ninth segment. The segments are not convex, but
are transversely wrinkled and uniformly yellowish green. The only marking is a slight broken
dorsal median obsolete line, represented by a faint elongated spot in the middle of the body and
another near the end.

The tails (stemapoda) are long, like those of Cerura, being almost as long as the body and
very slender. Their basal.third is pale greenish; beyond, reddish brown, becoming paler just
before the tip, which seems to be enlarged.

It differs from the young larva of Cerura in the prothoracic horns being vertical and laterally
projecting.

Before molting the pink dorsal line becomes a little more pronounced.

July 31 it was about to molt, when the length of the body was 6 mm.; of the tails, 4 mm.;
total, 10 mm.

It was found just molted on the morning of August 2.

Stage I7.—Length of body, 7 mm.; of the tails, 5 mm.; total, 12 mm.

The head is now wider than the body and entirely pea-green or with a reddish hue; the body
is a pea-green with a yellowish tinge. The tubercles on the prothoracic segment are nearer
together at their base; they are dark coral-red, paler at base, and from them a dark pink dorsal
line extends back to the swranal plate, widening on the second, fourth, and fifth (according to the
figures the third, sixth, and eighth abdominal) segments. The tails are pale on the basal half,
beyond deep pink, and interrupted near the end by a pale ring. All the legs, both thoracic and
abdominal, are pale green and of the same green hue as the body. The segments are transversely
wrinkled.

Stage [1I.—Whether the following description applies to the end of the second or beginning
of the third, I am not entirely sure, but suppose it applies to the third stage. I was unable to find
the cast skin.

Length of body, 10 mm.; of tails, 4 mm.; total, 14 mm.

The head is now subconical, narrowing decidedly above toward the vertex; it now has a
reddish pink stripe on each side, with yellow behind. The dorsal red stripe is now continuous,
widening on the second and fourth abdominal segments, on the fourth forming a diamond-shaped
spot. The two tubercles on the prothoracic segment are large, deep coral-red, and the space in
front at their base is whitish, but wider than in the next stage.

A subdorsal irregular yellow line, sending an oblique narrow bar or stripe from one segment
downward to the lower and hinder edge of the one behind, so that the second and third thoracic
segments and abdominal segments 1 to 8 appear to have two narrow yellow oblique bars. The tails
are now about one-third as long as the body, and still reddish.

The larva has now acquired the features of the fully developed larva, with the exception that
the horns of the prothoracic segment are larger and prominent.

The following description is of an individual found on the underside of a beech leaf at
Brunswick, Me., August 6:

260 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Stage 1V.—Length of body, 12 mm., and of tails, 6 mm.; total, 18 mm. Head yellowish green,
narrowing toward the vertex, flattened in front, with two broad pink lateral bands, which meet
above, and are broadly bordered behind with pale straw-yellow. Body pale, distinet green,
speckled in parallel lines with reddish brown, there being ten oblique, parallel, pale yellowish,
lateral stripes passing downward and backward, the first one on the second thoracic segment
very short, being one-third as long as the next one. Two high, slender, conical, pinkish red
tubercles on the prothoracie segment. A dorsal broad yellow band, becoming pinkish on the
suranal plate; the line is broken into a series of smooth yellow swellings, four or five on a
segment. The tails are greenish, with a slender internal pink thread line, the ends with the
flagella (or eversible portions of the stemapods) deep coral-red.

(In some alcoholic specimens in the United States National Museum the length of body, not
including the tails, is 22 mm.; of the tails, 8 to 9 mm.; length just before molting, 28 mm.; of the
tails, 10 mm.; total, 38 mm. The larva is much as in the third stage; the prothoracie tubercles
as before, but slightly smaller in proportion to the body. The tails are asin Stage ILI, the flagella
nearly as long as the sheath, which is red at the end.)

Stage V and last.—Length of body, 40-42 mm.; of tails, 4-5 mm.; total, 44-47 mm.

It will now be seen that the tails are only about one-tenth as long as the body, while in Stages
J and II they are about two-thirds as long as the body.

It is a large-bodied, pale green caterpillar, thickest in the middle, being somewhat spindle-
shaped. The head is moderately large, flat in front, subconical, with the vertex high and conical,
pale green, edged very irregularly with roseate on the sides. A small, double reddish tubercle on
the top of the prothoracic segment, from which a median white or yellow dorsal stripe, here and
there marked with roseate spots, passes back to the suranal plate. The anal legs are represented
by two slender filaments held outstretched, which are nearly as long as the body is thick. There
are seven pairs of oblique, lateral, faint yellowish, slender stripes, the last pair extending to the
sides of the anal filaments. All the legs are pale green and concolorous with the body.

A great change has occurred in the prothoracic tubercles which are now two low, flattened,
inconspicuous warts on the upturned or flaring edge of the segment. The anal legs are much
shorter in proportion and not so long as the body is thick, being about one-third as long in proportion
as in the third and fourth stages.

This caterpillar we have observed when disturbed to send out from near the head a copious
shower of spray or vapor, being in this respect like that of Cerura, so carefully worked out by
Prof. E. B. Poulton. The opening is hard to find. The opening ef the median prothoracie gland
is exactly like what we have observed in Cerura borealis. It is a transverse slit situated in the
median line of the body, between two transverse folds directly behind the head, but yet a little
way behind the front edge of the segment. It has slightly developed lips.

The points of interest in the ontogeny known to us are as follows:

The congenital characters are the enormously long stemapoda, in proportion to the body, and
the pair of long, prominent prothoracic tubercles.

The acquired characters are the dorsal line, the oblique yellow bars, and the gradual reduction
in the length of the tail.

Other features are:

(1) The presence of filamental anal legs exactly homologous with those of Cerura, and nearly
as long, and the fact that they are much longer in the early stages than in the final one, which
seems to suggest strongly the view that this genus is the ancestor of Cerura, and that the very
long lashes were of more use to the ancestors of the present species than to the form we now
have. It will be remembered that M. marthesia ranges as far south as Brazil, and that it may have
originated in South America and spread northward; it is also possible that it had a set of enemies,
probably ichneumons, which it has not had to contend with in temperate North America, and
that the filaments have begun to diminish in size from partial disuse. On the other hand, the
spraying apparatus lodged in the first segment next to the head seems to perform its function
in undiminished vigor. Experiments like those made by Mr. Poulton on the fluid secreted by
Cerura should be conducted with the present insect.

(2) The second point is the complete reduction in size of the two high prothoracic spine-like
tubercles which takes place at the last exuviation.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 261

(3) The head, compared with that of Cerura, is not retractile, the prothoracic segment being of
the normal size.

This retractility of the head in Cerura may be an adaptive, recent character, and this feature
appears to indicate that it is a later, more specialized form than H. marthesia.

Cocoon.—The caterpillar spins between the leaves (in the breeding cage) a symmetrical oval-
elliptical, evenly woven cocoon of pale gray silk, though it is thin and translucent. It is 30 mm.
in length and 17 mm. in width.

Pupa.—Two 3, three 2. Body full and thick, the abdominal segments 1 to7 punctured much
asin H. guttivitta and biundata. The head is full, rounded, with two well-marked, parallel vertical
ridges, which are convex and smooth, passing up and down between the eyes; on the top of the
head are slightly marked corrugations. In the transverse black band extending across behind
and next to the hinder edge of the thorax are eight large, deep pits, the squarish tubercles
between them being simple on the upper surface, which is dull, unpolished.

Fic. 87.—Pupa of Macrurocampa marthesia, Fic. 88 —Pupa of Macrurocampa marthesia, sp.,
end of body of ¢. spiracle; end of body of 2.

The cremaster bears two very stout, diverging spines, conical, corrugated on the surface; they
are unarmed, being simple, with no accessory spinules, except minute rudimentary ones on the
inside. Length, 18 mm.

Habits.—The caterpillar of this moth is one of the most interesting among the Notodontians,
since it connects Cerura with the other genera, by reasun of its two long caudal filaments, so
much like those of Cerura. These appendages are simply modified anal legs, and seem to be
tactile and repellant organs. This caterpillar is also interesting from its power, when touched, of
forcing out a dense cloud of fine spray from a gland in the under side of the prothoracic segment
near the head.!

Tn certain favorable years this is an abundant caterpillar on the oaks in Providence, R. T.

In Maine I have noticed the caterpillar in its fourth stage resting on the underside of the leaf,
on a lateral rib, the dorsal stripe resembling in color and appearance the peculiar greenish yellow
shade of the rib. When thus at rest the tails are not spread apart, but when disturbed it whisks
its tails about, jerking them overits back just like a Cerura larva, its flagellum being everted and
withdrawn as freely as in that genus. The cocoon is of silk, not very thick, spun between the
leaves, and in confinement the moths issued at Providence in November, though ordinarily not
due until June.

Professor Riley has observed it on oak at St. Louis, Mo., June 22, and in July; also in
September, the moths issuing March 11 and 18. He has bred a Tachinid fly and a Cryptus parasite
from the caterpillars.

Food plants.—The oak of various species; also found on the beech in Maine.

feographical distribution.—Very interesting, as it occurs from Maine to Georgia and Texas,
also occurring in Jalapa, Mexico, according to Druce in Biologia Centrali-Americana, Heterocera,
page 258, and in Surinam and Brazil. Its southwestern and western limits are unknown. It has.
not yet occurred in the Rocky Mountain region (Campestrian subprovince).

‘I have deferred the description of the spraying glands of this and several other Notodontians to a future
occasion. (See Journal New York Entomological Society, Sept., 1895.)

262 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Orono, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Lawrence, Mass. (Mr. Treat, Mus.
Comp. Zool.); Providence, Rh. I. (Packard); New York (Dyar, Hulst); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson)
Pennsylvania (Grote, Amer. Ent. Soc.); New Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm); Georgia (Leconte)
Maryland (Mus. Comp. Zool). Larya found on Indian River opposite Micco, Fla. (Prof. J. W. P.
Jenks).

;
:
?

Subfamily CERURIN a3.

Head broad and full; antenne with long, close pectinations in both sexes, in ¢ the branches
being unusually long. Labial palpi reduced, three-jointed, the third and other joints when
denuded not being distinet, while the scales are slender and sparse compared with those of other
Notodontians. Fore wings moderately long and narrow, the outer edge either quite oblique or
moderately so. Hind wings generally produced. Abdomen often broad and very hairy at the end
in ¢. Color, white or pale ash, with brown-black transverse lines, sometimes eight in number;
a discal ringlet; thorax and abdomen transversely striped.

Cocoon very dense, oval, flattened, the edges broad and thin; well rounded above. Often
covered with bits of bark and wood, Attached to the bark of trees.

Pupa cylindrical, a little flattened beneath; rounded at each end; with no cremaster.

Larva with a broad prothoracic segment, in which the head is partially retractile, and bearing
a pair of lateral tubercles. Anal legs converted into long slender filamental legs (stemapoda),
each ending in an eversible flagellum. Young larva with a pair of long, horn-like prothoracie
tubercles, and the stemapods a little longer than the body.

The following account of the mode of emergence of the Ceruras from their cocoons, by
Dr. T. A. Chapman, will prove interesting:

Some pup:e are able to turn around in their cocoons, but I think the majority have their backs to the tree and
their fronts to the exposed portion of the cocoon, and are practically fixed in their position. Then all the cocoons
I have examined (thirty or forty) have a decidedly thinner place over the front of the head; it is larger than the
cross section of the pupa; it contains fewer chips, and, held against the light, is quite translucent, while the rest
of the cocoon is opaque. This is the portion of cocoon that is operated on for emergence.

I stated (loc. cit.) that the pup of our Ceruras were fairly rounded in front; in this I was decidedly in error,
for vinula has nearly as pronounced a keel on the head as C. multiscripta, to which I referred. Our ‘‘ kittens” are
much smoother, though the same structure is indicated. It was observing this structure of vinu/a that tempted me
to try to make further observations. I made a detailed description of this portion of the pupa of vinula, but I
may omit it, as I made no observations that connected any habit with any peculiarity of this portion of the pup.

The dehiscence of the pupa consists in the thorax splitting dorsally and the division, proceeding to either side,
separating the wings from the first three abdominal segments; the antennie cases sometimes adhere to the wings,
sometimes are separate; the leg and mouth-part coverings form a separate piece, whose apex tends to adhere to
wings and abdomen, But the head covering, consisting of the ridge (or keel) and hollow on either side of it, the
eye covers (including the glazed side portion), the face down to a certain incision, and a small portion below which
is probably the labrum, separates as a distinet portion during the whole period of emergence and until the head
is quite clear of the cocoon and often even after the moth has completely escaped, and is always found outside the
cocoon. During this period the rudimentary proboscis is very visible as two short white papillie, free from any
hairs, and it is just above the base of these that the softening fluid exudes. This fluid is stated to be acid; this I
did not test, but I found it to be colorless and tasteless, and it evaporated without residue; applied to the material
of cocoon it softened it, but not at all rapidly. The moth makes many rotatory movements after the splitting of
the pupa case, no doubt in order to smear his fluid over the necessary area of the cocoon, and we here see how
little further is wanted to reach a habit similar to that of milhauseri, especially as the smearing process and delay
for softening takes a considerable time, probably more than five minutes, possibly half an hour. This appears also
from the amount of fluff rubbed about inside the cocoon in many eases. The moth keeps quite dry, and the head
cover is dry outside, but moist within, when removed from the newly emerged moth; its function appears to be to
protect the front of the moth during the movements of smearing and as a strong medium for applying the final
breaking force to the cocoon. This use of this portion of the pupa case is by no means confined to Cerura, but is
common to many moths that have to break through cocoons or .out of the ground. It has, however, nothing to do
with the actual distribution of the fluid, so far as my observations were decisive. I made one other observation
that added a new poimt to be explained, viz, that when the moth emerged it often brought with it pieces of very
delicate tissue that I passed over at first as being portions of the inner divisions of the pupa case; they proved,
however, to be bits of the inner lining of the cocoon. The wall of a sound cocoon appears to be homogeneous; but
in a cocoon where [ stopped the moth before breaking it open, but after softening, this inner layer of very fine
membrane is quite visible. I could not help framing several theories as to this, but as I know no more than I have
stated, the theories may for the present remain in abeyance. (Entomologist, xxy, pp. 302-304, Dee., 1892. London.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bo
So
Qo

Cerura Schrank.!
(Pl. XLVII, figs. 5, 6, 6a, 6b, venation. Pl. XLVIII, figs. 7, 14, 15, palpus.)
‘Cerura, in part, Schrank, Fauna Boiea, ii (2), p. 155, 1802.
Cerura Latreille, Genera Crust. et Insect, iv, p. 219, 1809.
“Dicranura Latreille.” * (?) 5)
Harpyia Ochsenheimer, Schm. Eur. Bd., ii, p. 19, 1810.
Andria Hiibu., Tentamen., p. 1, 1810?
Harpyia and Harpyias Hiibner, Verzeichniss Schmett., p. 148, 1816.
Pania Dalman, Anal. Ent., p.92, 1823.
Dicranura Griffith, Cuvier’s An. Kingdom, xv, p. 612, 1832.
3oisd., Gen. et Ind. Méth., p. 84, 1840.
Duponchel, Cat. Méth. Lép., p. 87, 1844.
Harpyia Standinger, Cat. Lep. Eur., p. 72, 1871.
Cerura Packard, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 375, 1864.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 29, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, pp. 585, 930, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 188, 1894.

Moth—é and. Head unusually large, front broad, subtriangular, much broader in ¢ than
‘2, pilose. Antenne short, about the length of the thorax, densely scaled above, very broadly
pectinated, the branches becoming much shorter at the tips; in 2 the branches are short but
distinct. Eyes naked. Maxillee rudimentary, separated, extending a little way beyond the scales
“of the front. Palpi unusually short and small, thinly scaled, and concealed by the hairy front.
Seales of the thorax and patagia either close and short or loosely pilose. Fore wings rather long
and narrow, less than half as broad as long; costa straight, suddenly rounded at the apex; outer
‘edge entire, very oblique; internal angle rounded.

Venation: Subcostal cell minute; third subcostal yvenule short; the apical or third subcostal
interspace broad, triangular; sixth subcostal (III,) independent, arising in the middle of the
‘discal space.

Hind wings a little produced toward the apex, reaching halfway to the tip of the abdomen
costa slightly convex; outer edge oblique, the upper part straight, thence rounded; internal angle
rounded. Vein IL short, one-half as long as in Macrurocampa. Posterior discal vein in both
wings much curved.

Legs rather slender, with long sparse hairs; hind tibizw with two minute spines. Abdomen
somewhat flattened, tip broad and pilose.

Coloration: All the species white or whitish ash, with wavy transverse bands on the fore
wings or a broad dark median band, and a large oblique subapical dark blotch, with discal dots
or discal rings.

The species are readily recognized by the large broad head, small feeble palpi, the broadly
pectinated ¢ antenne, those of the 2 also pectinated; the narrow wings, the white and pale gray
ground color, and the peculiar markings of the fore wings.

Egg.—F lattened, hemispherical.

Larva.—Head large, broad; prothoracic segment wider than the head, with a pair of lateral
tubercles; anal legs filamental, forming stemapoda, wit an eversible flagellum. Freshly hatched
larva with long stemapoda, slightly longer than in the last stage; the lateral prothoracie horns
longer than in the mature caterpillar; body entirely brown above.

‘Schrank in Fauna Boica, 1802, proposed Cerura for terrifica (vidua Knoch), fagi, vinula, and furcula. In 1810
Ochsenheimer created Harpyia, under which he first mentions vinula, which should be reserved for this genus. In
1810 Hiibner placed fagi in Terasion (which preoceupies Stephen’s Stauropus), and terrifica into Hoplitis (together
with H. meone Cr.), and retained vinula together with erminea Esper for Ochsenheimer’s genus Harpyia, which is a
good genus, and then directly created Harpyias for furcata, bifida, and bicuspis, and an American species, for which
it would be most proper to retain Schrank’s first given name, Cerura, and drop entirely the rather objectionable
name of Harpyias.

*In Latreille’s Gen. Crust. et Insect., 1809, the name Cerura appears; nor is Dicranura mentioned by him in his
Considérations générales (1810), nor in his Familles naturelles du Regne Animal (1825). It is not mentioned in
Agassiz’s Nomenclator, nor in Seudder’s Nomenclator Zoologicus. It is possibly a manuscript name adopted by
Boisduyal.

264 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cocoon.—More dense and perfect than usual in other Notodontians; elliptical, hard, and
dense, flattened, the edges broad and thin, surface above well rounded; closely resembling an
excrescence on the bark of trees.

Pupa.—Body eylindrical, tapering at each end. “Eyes prominent, a narrow earinated ridge.
runs along the head from between the eyes to back of the place of origin of the antenn” (Dyar).
End of the body rounded and obtuse; cremaster not prominent, and with no traces of a spine or
hooks, since the cocoon is so dense and perfect that the pupa can not fall out or be easily disturbed.

‘“Pupation occurs in about two weeks after the completion of the cocoon, and the insects
remain in this stage throughout the winter.” (Dyar, Psyche, v, p. 595.)

Geographical distribution.—The species of this genus are to be found in the Old and New
worlds; but two occur in India, however, and the two Brazilian species are doubtfully referred
to Cerura by Walker.

In North America it ranges throughout the entire continent north of Mexico, excluding the
aretic region, including the cold temperate subregion and warm temperate subregion and the
humid provinces of the latter, and is represented by one species (cinerea ? Druce) in the Mexican
subprovinee, and also in Guatemala. Its extreme northern and northwestern range is not yet
well known. Walker describes a form, perhaps C. occidentalis, as a variety of C. bifida, from St..
Martins Falls, Albany River, Hudson Bay.

SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

A, Fore wings narrow, outer edge very oblique; discal mark a black dot.
Median black band very irregular on each side, rudely hour-glass shaped; extrabasilar line consisting
Of; FOTO ts sO ie meted ELEN TTN Se ewer nl ela C. borealis
Median black band broad, distinetly and evenly edged on each side with black; extrabasilar line of-
five dots; a distinct white broad scalloped extradiseal line....-.......--.------------ C. occidentalis
Median band usually narrow, much contracted or obsolete in the middle; three extradiscal scalloped
Marlolines 222 S. oer ete ea tee ae wate s less i= ae fole Sie a aoe eee ae eee C. scolopendrina
Like scolopendrina, but the band and lines faded out; thorax all gray, and body and wings whitish gray.
C. cinerea
B. Fore wings broad, outer edge inclined to be less oblique; discal mark a ringlet.
Fore wings with no median dark band, but crossed by nine dark sealloped lines, the third and fourth
uniting to form a series of ringlets; hind wings often dusky; thorax white, with transverse black
DOB ao enie eins ome re ee TE a mae wien, o's calm ale aie eater ete ie ee eee fe eta eet ate C. seitiscripta.

SYNOPSIS OF THE KNOWN LARVE.

With longer cervical shield and shorter horns in Stage III than in the corresponding stage of borealis.
C. occidentalis -
Differs from multiseripta in that the dorsal reddish patch in the middle of the body does not descend so far-

CONMMLOMrb MG ST Gy 5s smn ie epee ne tate oe wal erm we ee wee cee at ee C. borealis
Differs from C. borealis and occidentalis in the less connected and narrower dorsal lilac red patches, and in
the end of the suranal plate being squarer than that of C. occidentalis.......----.------------ C. cinerea
Like borealis but paler, more purplish, and dorsal hump distinct.................-..---------- C, scitiscripla.

Cerura borealis Boisduval.
(Pl. VI, figs. 10, 11, 12.)

Dicranoura borealis Boisd., Guerin. Icon. Regne Animal, t. 88, fig. 5, 1829, p. 519, 1844.
Griffith’s Cuyier’s Animal Kingdom, xv, 1832. Pl. XXXII, fig.5,5a, larva. (No deseription.),
Cerura borealis Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Amer., p. 238, 1862.
Pack., Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., ili, p. 375, 1864.
Lintner, Rep. N. Y. State Museum, xxx, p. 196 (84), June, 1878.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep., i, p. 588, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans, Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 189, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 114,,
Sept., 1894.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 265

Larva.
(P1. XXXVI, figs. 1, 1a, 2, 2a, 3, 3a,6; XLIX, fig. 2.)

Griffith, Eng. Edit. Cuvier’s An. Kingdom, xv, 1832, Pl. XXXII, fig. 5a. (No description.)
Harris, Ins. inj. Veg., Ist edit., p. 305, 1841.
Lintner, Ent. Contr., iii, p. 151, fig. 11, May, 1874; Ent. Contr., iv. p. 84, 1878.
French, Can. Ent., xiii, p. 145, 1881.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. Forest Insects, pp. 434, 458, 530, 597; 1890.
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p.552, 1890.
Dyar, Can. Ent., xxiii, p.83, April, 1891 (egg and larval Stages Il, III, IV, V (and last); cocoon and pupa
described. )

Moth.—Two4,one2. Female antenne well pectinated. Head above white, each side in front
black. Thorax in front to a little behind the base of the fore wings white, and behind edged with
steel-blue metallic scales. Abdomen dull smoky gray, segments edged with white; end of 2
abdomen white, fluffy, with a central dorsal black spot; end of 2 dark brown, clothed with white
and dusky scales.

Fore wings in é white, in 2 somewhat smoky. The median black band with very irregular
edges, both within and without; the band varies in being either narrower or wider on the costa
than on the internal edge, and the edges are irregular, the band contracting in the submedian
space and becoming hourglass-shaped, and edged more or less continuously on each side with
yellow ocher. A black dot on the common origin of the subcostal and cubital veins; beyond is a
series of four black dots forming not a straight but a sinuous line, one of each being situated on
the costa, on the cubital and internal veins, and on the internal edge.

A roundish, oval, small black discal mark. No distinct extradiscal white band like that in C.
occidentalis, but a subapical black shade ending on the first cubital vein and edged within with
dots of yellow ocher, succeeded behind by a black and yellow dot on the first, second, and third
venules, and a large black patch edged with yellow within on the internal angle, the yellow spot
being continuous with the yellow lining of the outer side of the median black band. The usual
marginal row of coarse black dots.

Hind wings white, with a distinct discal mark; a dusky patch on the internal edge, and a
distinct row of black spots. In 2 the hind wings are somewhat dusky, the discal mark larger and
diffuse, and the outer third of the wing dusky white, while the spots in the smoky fringe are
black and diffuse.

Underside: Fore wings of male white, with three large equidistant costal black spots; from
the third of these on the outer fourth of the costa a broad sinuous dusky shade crosses the wing,
losing itself on the submedian fold. A submarginal dusky costal patch halfway between the line
and the apex of the wing. Hind wings white, with a discal dot and one in the internal angle, and
with black dots on the base of the white fringe. Fore wings of 2 more dusky than the hind wings;
no distinct sinuous line or black costal spots except those near the apex. Hind wings white,
with a large diffuse black discal mark on each wing, and traversed by an extradiscal sinuous line
of diffuse dark dots. Expanse of wings, ¢ 38-42 mm., ? 43 mm.; length of body, ¢ 13 mm.,
213 mm. My specimens were so labeled by Riley, also by Edwards and Dyar, and the 2 in
the United States National Museum was so labeled by Mr. Lintner.

This species may be known by the irregular, hourglass-shaped median black band edged with
ocher, by the inner band of four black dots, and by the absence of an extradiscal line.

The figure in Griffith’s Cuvier well represents the female. The statement made by Harris in
his description of “ C. borealis,” that the outer blackish band “is traversed and interrupted by an
irregular, wavy, whitish line,” shows that he had before him an example of C. occidentalis, while
those individuals before him with dusky wings and indistinct bands are stated by Lintner to
belong to C. cinerea.

The caterpillars occurred at Providence, September 18 to 24; one cocooned September 21.

The following account of the ontogeny of this species (identified from Professor French’s.
description) has been drawn up in part from alcoholic specimens and in part from greatly
enlarged and most carefully executed drawings by Mr. J. Bridgham. The different stages.

266 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

occurred at Providence on the wild cherry in September. Hellins states that the eggs of
C. vinula are 1.6 to almost 2 mm. in diameter, and that the larva at its first molt is not more
than 7 mm. long. Possibly the first stage was not observed by Mr. Bridgham, and the following
description should apply to the second. Compare also Dyav’s detailed description:

Egg.—* Less than hemispherical—obtusely conoidal, the base flat; minutely shagreened, color
black; a little lustrous, but not shiny. Laid singly on either surface of the leaf.” (Dyar.)

Cocoon.—Ovyal elliptical flattened, but central area well rounded; the edges broad and thin;
spun of light drab silk; attached to side of breeding box or to bark of tree, and thus easily
mistaken for an excrescence on the tree; being a case of protective mimicry.

Larva: Stage 17.—Length in all, 15mm. September4. Head only as wide as the body behind
the middle. The filamental anal legs, or stemapods,' as we may designate them, are now more
than slightly half as long as the body. The horn-like tubercles on the prothoracie segment are
slightly longer than in the second stage. The head and body are dark reddish brown above, the
filamental anal legs with two broad, pale, greenish rings. All the other abdominal legs are
green; the green patch extends from the underside of the first abdominal segment back over the
third to eighth pair of spiracles, and underneath to the end of the body.

Stage I17.—Length of body, 14 mm.; of stemapods, 7-8 mm., and of flagella, 3 mm. September
11. The head is rough and warty, the small warts bearing fine hairs. On the front toward the
vertex are four papiliiform, piliferous warts of the same size and shape as those on the prothoracie
projections, and concolorous with the dark brown head. These spines are represented in the
other species (C. occidentalis) from the willow only by very minute warts, bearing long, tapering
bristles. The prothoracic segment is very wide and large, the well-defined cervical shield very
broad, and ending on each side in a large, stout tuberculated horn, bearing about twelve
piliferous, papilliform tubercles, there being a rude whorl of spines in the middle of the horn, the
others growing out at the end. There are four coarse piliferous warts on the hinder edge of
the cervical shield.

Along the body are seattered coarse piliferous warts, the dorsal four being arranged in a
trapezoid. The stemapods are coarsely spined (more so than in C. occidentalis).

A peculiarity of the genus is the pair of very long papilliform infraanal tubercles, situated
under the suranal plate, and ending in two long, stiff, sharp bristles.*2 The suranal plate is long
and narrow, well rounded, and the surface is provided with high papilliform, piliferous warts.

In this species the head and the prothoracic horns above and beneath are reddish brown, the
latter in C. occidentalis being yellowish beneath, the two species by this mark being easily
separated.

The body is now more green on the sides, the green hue encroaching on the back and nearly
meeting on the third thoracic segment. Only the fourth abdominal segment is wholly dark seen
from above, and the green approximates high up on the sides of the sixth and seventh segments.

Stage III.—September 17. Length of body, 19 mm. and of stemapods, 12 mm. The body is
now much thicker than before. The head is now smooth, with no traces of piliferous warts or of
hairs representing them. The head is now larger in proportion to the body and paler red,

'The term ‘‘tails” or caudal filaments is too vague for these highly modified anal legs; hence we propose the
term stemapoda or stemapods for those of Cerura and Heterocampa. The derivation is Gr. oryua, filament; zoe,
rodéc, leg or foot. Mr. J. Hellins, referring to these organs in Buckler’s Larvie of the British Buttertlies and
Moths (Roy Soc., ii, 138), remarks “but now through Dr. T. A. Chapman’s good teaching I regard them as dorsal
appendages, somewhat after the fashion of the anal spines of the larvie of the Satyridw.” This, I am satisfied, is an
error. After repeated comparisons of the filamental anal legs of Cerura with those of Heterocampa marthesia, and
comparing these with the greatly elongated anal legs of young H. unicolor as figured by Popenoe, and taking into
account the structure and homologies of the suranal and preanal flaps, one can searcely doubt that those of Cerura
are modified anal legs.

It should be also remarked that this was the view of Latreille (Gen. Crust., et Insect., 1809, p. 219), who defines
the genus thus: Hruca pedibus analibus in caudam furcatam transformatis.

2 The use of these I find explained by Mr. Hellins in his description of the larva of C. bifida in Buckler’s Larvie
of British Butterflies and Moths, ii, p. 142, as follows: “ At the tip of the anal flap are two sharp points, and another
pair underneath, which are used to throw the pellets of frass to a distance.” Similar dungforks are very generally
present in geometrid larve#, the infraanal papilliform tubercles being well developed, though we have not seen
them in use. (See also Dyar.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 267

spotted with still paler patches. The prothoracic segment is still large and broad, but the lateral
projections are much shorter, and now the tubercles of the preceding stages are represented by
sunken pits, from the bottom of which arise small hairs.!| The hairs on the body are minute, only
being visible with a lens. The suranal plate is smooth, the papilliform tubercles much thicker
and shorter in proportion than before, and the bristles arising from them slenderer and more
flexible. The spinules on the stemapods are much slenderer and smaller than before, but it is to
be noticed that by this time they are larger on the underside, i. e., that side now almost constantly
held up and thus more exposed to external stimuli, than those on the upperside of the filaments.

The colors of the body are nearly the same as in Stage II, but the brown is tinged with lilae
and reddish, with greenish patches on the upper side of the second to fifth abdominal segments.

Stage IV.—September 16. Length of body, 26mm.; of stemapods 15-16 mm. The larva is still
much paler in hue than before, with more decided lilac blotches on the back. The thoracic dorsal
hump is now very marked, while the lateral projections of the prothoracie segment have nearly
disappeared. The front edge of this segment is vermilion red.

Full-fed larva.—Lenugth, 45 mm., exclusive of the tails, which are about 15-20 mm. The head
is pale reddish or mahogany-brown; about one-third as wide as the body at the third thoracie
segment. The prothoracic segment is very broad above, square in front on the sides, and not
ending in a distinet tuberele, but simply a low projection. The body is pale greenish yellow (the
colors somewhat faded in my three specimens, as they are about to transform). A dorsal median
reddish brown band beginning at each angle of the prothoracic segment and narrowing on the
second and third thoracic segments; it begins to widen on the first abdominal segment, becoming
widest on the fourth, and extending down on each side to near the base of the abdominal legs, and
contracting and becoming narrowest on the end of the seventh abdominal segment, and widening
a little on the ninth. The anal plate is triangular, rounded at the end; the “tails” are brown,
with three paler rings on the outer half. The thoracie legs are deep red; the abdominal ones
pale, with brown planta.

It differs from C. multiseripta in that the dorsal reddish patch in the middle of the body does
not descend so far down on the side; otherwise it is like it in general shape and appearance. (Dr.
Dyar tells me that the dorsal patch is very differently colored in C. multiscripta; it is a white
patch, whereas borealis has a brown one.)

When at rest the head is retracted and sunken between the lateral fleshy conical projections
of the prothoracic segment, which are temporarily improvised or pushed out by the larva when
at rest. The thoracic legs are held close to the body and directed forward, the tail extended out
behind, with the tips slightly curved up, the flagella being retracted. But when irritated or
teased, and probably when visited or stung, by an ichneumon, the tails are jerked up and the
flagella protruded, the head, with the thoracic segment, also being jerked up. The colors at this
time are precisely those of a cherry leaf partly turned yellow and partly brown.

The caterpillar described below occurred in August and September at Brunswick, Me., on the
aspen. It apparently differs from those of C. occidentalis and cinerea in the longer spines on
the prothoracic segment in the young larva, and in the smooth slight rounded projections which
replace them in the full-grown caterpillar.

Larva before last molt.—Length to base of caudal appendages, 11mm. Head large, full,
rounded, dark lilaec- brown, speckled with yellow, slightly wider than the body except the front part
of the prothoracic segment; the latter very broad, over twice as broad as long, the front edge
laterally produced, and at each angle bearing a large, long, spiny tubercle three-fourths as long as
the segment itself, the tubercle bearing about twelve setiferous spines; across the posterior edge
of the segment is a row of four setiferous spines. On the back of the other segments are four
short tubercles arranged in a short trapezium, and on each side of the segments are two smaller
sharp tubercles. The dorsal tubercles on the mesothoracic segment are larger than those behind;
those on the metathoracie segment smaller than those on any other segment. The body tapers
gradually to the end; the supraanal plate longer than broad, rounded, bearing two long, large,

' Dr, Dyar writes me that he has never observed any species of Cerura to lose the tubercles on the cervical horns
till the last stage.

268 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

setiferous fleshy tubercles, which lie between the bases of the spiny anal legs or filaments, which
are about one-half or two-thirds as long as the body, and yellow, with two broad brown rings, and
brown at the tip. Body greenish yellow, marked as usual with lilae-brown, this tint mimicking
the dead, withered brown of the edge of poplar leaves of late summer; it is a dark lilac-brown
with reddish brown and lilae brown patches, and in this way the caterpillar mimies the dead
stained portion of the leaf on which it feeds and thus escapes observation. From head to end of
mesothoracic segment a brown patch, succeeded by a pointed brown band which extends to the
base of caudal appendages, but contracted on the eighth abdominal segment, the dorsal tubereles
of which are yellow.

Larva after last molt.—Length, except caudal appendages, 17mm. Differs from foregoing
stage in the prothoracice spiny horns being replaced by smooth, shining tubercles with faint traces
of the spines of the former stage; the sides of the thoracic segments more distinctly spotted, with
faint traces of broken yellow lines in the middle of the body.

Jocoon.—* Like those of the other species of Cerura, but rather flatter for its size. Length,
38 min.; width, 11 mm.; height above the surface of the wood, 6mm.” (Dyar.)

Pupa.—* Cylindrical, flattened a little on the ventral side, the ends rounded, not tapering;
cases prominent, those covering the anteune large; a siight depression behind thorax dorsally; no
cremaster; color, red brown; cases finely wrinkled; dull; body smooth, slightly shiny. Length,
17 mm.; width, 5mm.” (Dyar.)

Habits—The caudal appendages are soft and extensible on their outer third, forming the
“ flagellum,” and are quickly jerked up when the creature is disturbed ; they are evidently delicate
repellant organs.

The close resemblance in the lilac-brown patches of this caterpillar and others of the genus to
the sere and brown edges of certain of the leaves is remarkable, and plainly enough serves
to protect the caterpillar from observation. I have observed the same in other Notodontians,
especially Schizura unicornis and allied forms.

Food plant.—Species of wild cherry (Cerasus). In Edwards’s Bibliographical Catalogue of:
the described Transformations of North American Lepidoptera, page 70, the word “Salix,” should
be replaced by ‘Cerasus,” in line 13 from the bottom of the page.

Geographical distribution—Maine (Packard); Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Massachusetts.
(Harris). Lintner gives the following localities for C. borealis (emend.): “‘ New York, Pennsylvania,
Virginia, Washington, D. C., Georgia, Missouri, August 26, at light (Riley).” Plattsburg, N. Y.
(Hudson); Illinois (Dyar); Ormond, Fla., darker than the one from Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson) ;.
New York, Wisconsin, Carbondale and Champaign, Ill. (French); Chicago, Il. (Westcott).

Cerura occidentalis Lintner.
GES aval, shiovslos)

Cerura borealis (in part, and cinerea) Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass., p. 306, 1841; Treatise Ins. Inj. Veg., 3d edit.,.
p. 423, 1862.
Cerura occidentalis Lintner, Ent. Contr., iv, p. 82, June, 1878.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 588, 1892.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 189, June, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent.
Soc., ii, p. 114, Sept., 1894.

Larva.
French, Can. Ent., xili, p. 144, 1881.
Packard, Fifth Rep. U. 8S. Ent. Comm., p. 565, 1890 (description copied from French) (Pl. XI, fig. 7, from
a colored drawing by Dr. Lintner. This is more probably cinerea or borealis.)
Proc. Bost. Suc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 554, 1890 (Stages II, IIT).

Moth.—One ¢@,and others examined. Very distinct from C. borealis and scolopendrina. Head
and collar dusky white; a black band crosses the thorax between the fore wings, behind which
are yellow scales; black over the scutum. Fore wings ashy white, outer edge and base sordid

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 269

white ; extrabasilar line of jive close, large black dots, the line interrupted as if a dot on the
subeubital fold had dropped out. The black median band unusually broad and straight on each
side, with a distinct, firm, black edge on each side, especially within, and the band is thickly dusted
with white scales. A heavy outer parallel line close to the band, slightly sinuous, beginning on
the inner edge and ending on the first cubital venule. <A distinct scalloped white extradiscal
line, edged with black on each side, and an inner faint dusky line between it and the discal spot,
the latter being elongated and distinet. The usual subapical triangular patch extends backward
farther than usual, being continuous with the outer of the extradiseal lines. Marginal black dots
distinct.

Hind wings white, a large diffuse discal dot, marginal black dots distinct; a small dark patch
on internal angle. Underside of fore wings dusky, the outer edge of the wings a little whiter; the
white extradiscal line appears through. Hind wings white, with a large diffuse discal oval mark
and distinct dots.

Expanse of wings, ¢50 mm.; length of body, ¢ 14 mm.

This fine species is known by the broad black band, dusted with white, and distinctly edged
with black within and without; by the extrabasilar line of five large crowded dots, and by the
distinct white scalloped broad extradiscal line. Lintner says that in respect to the extrabasilar
row of five dots it does not differ from aquilonaris, but thus far I have not seen an example of the
latter with more than four dots, the row not being so crowded.

Larva, Stage 11.—Length of body, 11 mm.; of stemapods, 8mm. It differs from the foregoing
species of the same stage in wanting the frontal tubercles of the head, which is paler, and in the
longer and slenderer prothoracic horns, the latter having smaller spines; it is also yellow
beneath. The spines on the stemapods are finer. There is more yellow on the sides of the body,
the yellow extending along the sides of the stemapods.

Stage I[7.—Length of body, 15 mm.; of stemapods, 4mm. It differs from the third stage of
Cerura borealis in the longer cervical shield and the shorter horns, so that the shield is more
normal in shape, being as usual in many caterpillars. The piliferous warts over the body are a
little larger, while the dorsal reddish saddle-like spots are more definitely lined with deep red.

Larva.—tLength when fully grown, 1.25 to the fork of the tail. Body slightly enlarged in
frout and somewhat compressed. In about the middle of the prothoracic segment is a prominent
projection on each side, the body sloping from these down to the rather small head; there is but
little sloping from the back to segment 9; from this there is a rapid sloping to the anal segment,
this ending in the two usual caudal filaments; when withdrawn these are a little more than a
quarter of an inch long, but may be extended to three-quarters. Clear bright green, sides spotted
with clear purple brown, the spots round the stigmata and at the base of the thoracic and abdom-
inal legs the largest. The back is marked with lilac, varying in shade, and arranged as follows:
From the two small contiguous tubercles on the back of joint 2 to the head is a somewhat
diamond-shaped space, the broadest part at the subdorsal tubercles on the prothoracic segment.
From the tubercles on this segment to those on the next the lilac 1s bordered by bright brownish
purple with a white line; outside of this, in the middle of this diamond, is a little green shading.
From the tubercles on the second joint from the head to the end of the body is another parti-
colored space, lighter than the anterior one. This gradually expands so as to include the
stigmata on segment 7, then decreases in width to the anterior part of the anal segment,
expanding a little in the middle of this, but contracting again at its posterior part. The lilac of
this is like the first, considerably suffused with green on the back, and is bordered with brownish
purple and white, though the colors are a little lighter posteriorly. These two dorsal patches are
not continuous, but are separated on the second segment by a distinct though small pateh of
green. The posterior projections are mostly brownish purple, though with somewhat greenish
annulations, and when extended a ring of white near the extremity. Head dark lilac. Previous
to the last molt the tubercles on the prothoracic segment (joint 1”) were covered with little
spines (French, Can. Ent., xiii, 144.)

Food plant.—W illow.

Habits.—The caterpillars of this moth were found feeding on willows (Salix nigra) by Frof.
G. H. French, at Carbondale, Il., from September 9 to October 5. The moths began to appear the
following season from April 30 to June 3. In Maine it occurred on the willow throughout August.

270 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Geographical distribution.—Orono and Mount Desert, Me. (Mrs. Fernald); Brunswick, Me.
(Packard); Massachusetts (Harris); Franconia, N. H., common (Mrs. Slosson); eastern New
York (Liutner, Edwards, Dyar); Plattsburg, N. Y. (G. H. Hudson); Canada, Maine, New York,
Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Mlinois, Texas (French); Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Montreal,
Canada (Lintner); thus far not known to occur beyond the limits of the Appalachian subprovince.

Cerura scolopendrina Boisduyal.
(Pl. VI, figs. 13, 14.)

Phalana furcula Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, 1797.
Dicranura scolopendrina Boisd., Lép. de la Cal., p. 86, 1869.
Cerura aquilonaris Lint., Ent. Contr., 1v, p. 85, June, 1878.
Harpyia albicoma Streck., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil. for 1884, p. 284, Jan., 1885.
Cerura bicuspis Butler, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., viii, p. 31, Oct. 7, 1881.
Smith, List. Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Cerura scolopendrina Dyar, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 186, Sept., 1891.
Cerura aquilonaris Grote, New Check List N. Amer, Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Cerura modesta Hudson, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 197, Sept., 1891.
Cerura scolopendrina Kirby, Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 588, 1892.
Cerura aquilonaris Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 588, 1892.
Cerura scolopendrina Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 189, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii,
p- 114, 1894.

Larva.
Thaxter, Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 34, Feb., 1891. (Food plant only mentioned. )
Dyar, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., xxvi, p. 159, 1894. (Entire life history probably of this species, the moth
not being bred.)

Moth.—Nine 2, three 2. Body as in CO. borealis, but the end of the abdomen is white, with
longer hairs. Fore wings with the median dark band moderately broad, usually straight on the
inside, and irregular, scalloped, on the outside, and interruptedly edged with ocher-yellow;
extrabasilar line with four black dots forming a straight line, straighter than in C. borealis. Diseal
mark small, three extradiseal faint dark scalloped lines, and within these a short scalloped line
parallel to the outer edge of the band, beginning on the internal edge and ending on the cubital
vein. Subapical black shade distinct, more so than in C. borealis; the black and yellow spot on
the internal angle absent or small. Wings white with black intervenular spots, smaller than
usual. Hind wings white, with a distinct discal spot, but with no dusky patch on the internal angle.

Underside of fore wings dusky except at the base and on the outer edge. Hind wings with a
diffuse discal mark and a dusky diffuse extradiscal shade. End of the abdomen white, and with
very long, loose, wooly hairs.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 40 mm., 2 42 mm.; length of body, ¢ 18 mm., 2 15 mm.

The normal forms of this species are characterized by the usually narrow median band, the
three extradiseal scalloped lines, and the small black and yellow spot on the internal angle of
the fore wings.

Var. modesta Hudson (Pl. VI, fig. 14) a dé specimen collected by Mrs. Slosson at Franconia,
N. H., had the following characters: The antennwe white, with long dark branches. Head in
front and above white, on the sides and beneath black; palpi black, prothorax or collar eream-
white; the thorax behind is deep black, with scattered brown scales. Abdomen above smoky
brown, white on the sides, at the end, and beneath.

Fore wings cream-white, becoming slightly buff, brownish on the outer margin. <A black dot
at the base of the subcostal vein, and extrabasilar line of three dots, one on costa, and a second
on the cubital, and a third on the internal vein, the three forming a straight line. On the inner
third, just before the middle of the wing, is a broad steel-blue black, very conspicuous, band, which
is either slightly contracted in the middle or very much so, being hourglass-shaped, spreading
out equally on the costa and on the inner edge of the wing, being narrowest on the cubital vein.
At the origin of the third (hinder) cubital branch is a dark dot from which a faint line goes to the
inner edge parallel with the outer side of the black band. A small black discal dot. From a dot

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. rel

on the costa, a faint narrow line, curved inwardly around to the first cubital branch, curves inward
between the first and second cubital branches, outward below the third cubital yenule, ending
in a black dot at the internal angle. A large, conspicuous, oblique, steel-blue black costal patch
extending inward and downward to the first cubital venule; a row of intervenular marginal
black dots.

Hind wings white, w ith a diseal dot, and a dark spot on the inner angle. Fringe white, with
black dots. Beneath white, the dark patches and band showing through; the discal dot is
distinct, especially on the hind wings, and there is a curved extradiscal narrow dusky line. Tarsi
black, ringed with white.

In a type specimen from Plattsburg named by Mr. G. H. Hudson (in United States National
Museum), another from Providence, RB. 1., which is more rubbed, the median band is much broader,
scarcely contracted in the middle.

In a series of six 4 6 from Colorado in the museum of Brown University, presented by Mr. H,
L. Clark, one closely approaches C. cinerea in its white color and in having the black thorax nearly
overgrown with white hairs, while the median band on the fore wings is nearly obsolete, being
represented only by a triangular costal dark spot and a small round spot near the inner edge of
the wing; in another specimen the band is very much contracted, only represented by a narrow
line on the cubital vein. On comparing such specimens it is seen that C. cinerea may have
originated from this species, and that it is a more recent form than scolopendrina.

Larva.—Although the soe is so widely diffused, its larva has not been detected except by
Mr. Thaxter in Maine, who says that it feeds on Populus, but gives no description of it.

I copy, however, Dr. Bee description of the egg and different larval stages of what he thinks
is this species.

The larva of Cerura scolopendrina has not been described, but I believe that I have observed it. No moths were
bred from the larve here described; but several considerations render it probable that they are C. scolopendrina, so:
that I venture to present my notes under thé name.

(1) ©. scolopendrina is common throughout California and was taken by me in the Yosemite Valley.

(2) These larvie have not been described before, and could only be C. paradoxa' of the known Californian forms,

(3) Lam informed by Dr. Thaxter, who has bred it, that the larva of C. aquilonaris (=scolopendrina) is much
like that of C. cinerea, and those here described recall cinerea in the undulating outline of the dorsal patch.

(4) Dr. Behr writes in answer to an inquiry: ‘‘[In the larva of] Cerwra scolopendrina the dorsal band
is three times widened, or I would call it twice constricted, but the degree of the constriction is rather variable, so-
that sometimes, although rarely, the band is almost interrupted.”

£gg.—Slightly more than hemispherical, the base flattened, smooth, sublustrous black, under a lens appearing
minutely punctured. Diameter, 1mm. Under a half-inch objective it is seen to be covered with flat, irregularly
hexagonal and elongated reticulations which become very small at the micropyle. Between them the surface seems
smooth with a few extremely minute punctures.

First larval stage.—Head round, slightly shining, dark red-brown, almost black; clypeus and month parts paler,
ocelli black; a few short hairs; width, 0.6 mm. Body smooth, of even width; a pair of spinose subdorsal processes
on joint 2; the anal feet modified into spinose stemapods, 3 mm. long; cervical shield small, very dark. Color of
body blackish red-brown, feet and venter whitish; two greenish dorsal patches, one on joints 5-5, the other on joints
8-10; elliptical, diffuse at their ends; a third patch appears later, on joint 12. On the body are a numberof minute
setie. Tails twice annulated with yellowish and tipped with white. Extensile threads black, whitish at the base.

The larvie eat only the parenchyma of the leaf during this stage.

Second stage.—Head rounded, slightly narrowing to the vertex, its sutures deep; color, even red-brown, with a
few minute yellow dots; width, 0.8mm. Joint 2 is swollen, its subdorsal processes conical, thick, spinose; low,
rounded, small, setiferous tubercles on the body, apparently normal in arrangement; anal plate and stemapods
spinose. Body rusty brown with two elliptical, diffuse, dorsal patches of yellowish green, the anterior one on
joints 2-6, the posterior on joints 8-10; subventral region and all the feet pale whitish. Tails red-brown at basal
half, then blackish, with two sordid white annulations. Length, 3.8mm. As the stage advances the anterior patch
becomes larger, joins the subventral coloration, and is obscurely divided by a brown dorsal line, while the whoie
dorsal region, except joint 11, becomes pale.

Third stage.—Head higher than wide, roundly rectangular, flé nitened in front; reddish brown, the upper two-
thirds thickly covered with little round yellowish spots, but leaving a narrow line of the ground color on each side
of the central suture above the clypeus; antennie white; width, 1.15 mm. Body enlarged at joint 2, bearing a pair
of heavily spined subdorsal processes; tails minutely spined. The normal pilitereng dots on the body consist of

There i is good reason to Belione that C Cc. acu is only a very aes form of C. cinerea, the larva of which is-
well known.

272 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

conical tubercles, each with a short spine, tubercles one and two on joints 6 and 7 larger than the others. Cervical
shield colored like the head; horns red-brown, their tubercles paler; body green, a broad red-brown dorsal band,
very narrow and nearly obsolete on joints 3 and 4, widening into an elliptical patch on joints 5-11 and inclosing on
joints 7 (posteriorly), 8, 9, and 10 (anteriorly) a patch of the ground color, faintly biseeted by a brown dorsal line.
On joints 12 and 15 the band is faint, only tinging these segments. ‘Tails red-brown, twice annulated with green;
length, 4.5mm, Five days after the molt, the following description was made: Body highest at joint 3 posteriorly;
a red-brown dorsal band begins widely on joint 2, covering the horns, narrows to a line on joint 4, rapidly widens
and reaches the spiracle on joint 8; then narrows to a line on joint 12 and, widening again, covers the anal plate.
It is edged with yellow and contains, on joints 6-9, an ocherous yellow patch which is broken by a narrow, brown
dorsal line and the brown tubercles. The sides of the body are clear green, dotted with yellow. The anterior
annulation of the tails is yellowish, the posterior one yellow. Venter, especially posteriorly, whitish. Joint 2
edged with yellow at the sides anteriorly.

Fourth stage.—Head partly retracted beneath joint 2, shaped as before and colored much the same, but yellow
on the sides posteriorly; mouth parts whitish; a few piliferous tubercles; width, 1.9mm. Prothoracice horns thick,
pointing forward, covered with piliferous tubercles. The tubercles on the body are short, but bear stiff black sete.
They are concolorous with the markings except tubercles one and two on joints 6, 7, 10, and 11, which are larger
than the rest and blackish. Tails covered with spines which arise from enlarged bases. Body marked as in the last
part of the previous stage except that the paler patch on joints 6-9 is more brownish, and the anal plate is
tinged with yellowish. Tails 5 mm. long, the extensile threads black, but white at base and middle.

Two days after the molt the markings had more the appearance of the last stage, the central patch (that part
of the band on joints 4-11) being slightly indented along its edges in each segmental incisure.

Fifth stage.—Head partly retracted below joint 2, rounded, higher than wide; clypeus small, depressed; red-
brown, the upper two-thirds, except the clypeus, covered with little, round, yellowish dots, but leaving an obseure
line of the ground color on each side of the median suture; yellow at the sides posteriorly ; mouth parts pale, jaws
brown, antenne yellowish; width, 3 mm. Cervical shield large, horns short, rounded, smooth, without tubercles
but sparsely punctured. Piliferous dots absent, the sete short and fine, Tails spinose, turned up at the end. Body
pale yellow, thickly sprinkled with little whitish and brownish dots, not very distinet; spiracles pale brown; a
subyentral row of brown spots corresponding to legs on the posterior apodal segments, and a medio-yentral line
posteriorly. Dorsal band ferruginous brown, consisting of three connected patches; the first triangular, covering
the horns, marked like the head on joint 2 and narrowing toa line at the elevation at joint 3 posteriorly; the second
widens rapidly, reaching below the spiracle on joint 8, and narrows to a line on joint 11 posteriorly, being incised
on its edges in the segmental sutures, shaded with blackish brown around its borders, and containing a darker dorsal
and oblique subdorsal line, beside brown dots representing the tubercles; the third, on joint 12 posteriorly and joint
13, elliptical, covering the anal plate, but largely replaced by whitish. All the patches are bordered by a continuous
yellow line. Tails brown, green below at base and twice annulated with yellowish green; length, 6 mm.

As the stage advances a purplish tint suffuses the dorsal patches, the second one becomes darker, obscuring its
markings, but three pale orange patches appear in it on each side, behind the former oblique subdorsal lines, distinet
or confluent and becoming pinkish yellow. There is a narrow, reddish edging inside the now obscure yellow border.

Cocoon.—Made, as usual in the genus, of pieces of bark and wood spun together over the hollow in the wood
from which they were bitten out by the larva. The cocoon is not so thick as that of Cerura multiscripta, and it ean
be indented by the finger. It fits the pupa closely.

Pupa.—Cylindrieal, slightly flattened ventrally, the ends rounded; no cremaster. Colorshining blackish brown,
the cases darker, almost black, wrinkled, and less shining than the abdomen. Length, 14 mm.; width, 4.5 mm.

Food plant.—Willow (Salix). Larve from Yo Semite, Cal.

If the larve here described are not different from those of Cerura bicuspis Borkh. (which I can not determine at
present), then the name scolopendrina must be referred to the synonymy; for all the characters of the European
species are exhibited in a series of specimens before me which were collected in California, Oregon, andColorado,
I am satisfied that C. albicoma Strecker is only a varietal form, the transverse band of the fore wings tending to be
narrower,

Food plant.—Populus (Thaxter).

Habits.—The moth (var. modesta) oceurred at Plattsburg, N. Y., and at Franconia, appearing
very early in the season, one being taken by Mr. Hudson at light May 15, May 9 to June 20, while
‘‘oecidentalis” has not been taken before May 11, and cinerea and borealis not before the 28th. At
Taos, N. Mex., the normal form was captured by Lieutenant Carpenter July 14. It is to be noticed
that the normal aquilonaris is paler, whiter, with less heavy black marks than modesta, and is
most common in the West in the arid region, as well as at Washington, on Puget Sound, while
modesta is, so far as known, confined to New England, and the darker forms of it to the cool and
damp region of the White Mountains.

Geographical distribution.—Its range is very extensive, passing from the northern limits of
the Hudsonian fauna, if Franconia, N. H., be regarded as an outlier of that assemblage, and
extending throughout the Campestrian subprovince westward to the Pacific Coast, through Cali-
fornia, Oregon, and Washington, and southward into New Mexico.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Pies

Var. modesta, at Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson, United States
National Museum); Providence, R. I. (Clark); Kittery, Me. (Thaxter); Saratoga Springs, N. Y.
(McKnight).

The normal aquilonaris, at Montreal, Canada (Lintner); Canada, Maine, New York, Colorado
(French); Colorado (Hulst); Denver, Colo., April 30, at light (Gillette); Olympia, Wash. (T. Kin-
eaid); Miles City, Mont. (Wiley ex vane Taos, N. Mex. (Lieutenant Carpenter, Wheeler’s
expedition); Mendocino County, Cal. (Walsingham ex Butler); “ Oregon and California” (Dyar);
normal form scolopendrina, Oakland, Cal., Yosemite, Cal., Portland, Oreg., April 24; Nanaimo,
British Columbia, Manitou, Colo., May 3; Miles City, Mont. (Dyar); var. albicoma, Denver, Colo.,
April 29 (Dyar); Colorado (Palm); Calgary, Alberta (F. H. Wolley Dod).

Cerura cinerea Walker.
(Pl. VI, figs. 16-20; Pl. VII, fig. 30.)

Cerura cinerea Walk., Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., xxxii, p. 407, 1865.
Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Cerura paradora Behr, Bull. Cal. Acad. Sei., p. 64, 1885.
Cerura cinereoides Dyar, Can. Ent., xxii, p. 253, Dec., 1890.
Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer. Het., i, p. 241, 1887.
Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 588, 1892.
Cerura meridionalis Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 291, July, 1892.
Heterocampa nivea Neum., Can. Ent., xxiii, p. 124, June, 1891.
Cerura cinerea var. placida Dyar, Psyche, vi, p. 291, 1892.
Cerura nivea Palm, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., i, p. 20, March, 1893, P1. I, fig. 8.
Cerura cinerea Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 190, 1894; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 114, 1894.

Larva.
(Pl. XXXVI, figs. 4, 4a; XXXVII.)

Edwards and Elliot, Papilio, iii, p. 130, Dec., 1883.
Packard, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xxiv, p. 555 (Stages II, V (last), and pupa), 1890.
Dyar, Psyche, p. 80, 82, May, 1891. (Egg and all the larval stages, with cocoon and pupa described in detail.)

Moth—Two 8, one 2, and several others examined. The wings of the wider and more
‘triangular than in C. scolopendrina. Head and body uniformly ash gray to whitish gray. Thorax
pale gray, but with yellowish and steel-blue scales concealed by the long gray hairs. Palpi and
head smoky black.

Fore wings with the markings very indistinct; the usual dot at base of wing; extrabasal
line of four dots, the line being much curved outward. Traces of a median band shaped as in
C. scolopendrina var. modesta, though the species seems nearer allied to C. scolopendrina. No extra-
discal line, but traces of an imperfect one of dots instead, and the discal dot either absent or only
-a small blackish dot. The usual subapical dark shade is nearly obsolete and of the same shade
with the dusky outer edge. The marginal dots distinct.

Hind wings uniformly white, with a small discal dot; the marginal dots present, but none on
the internal angle. Underside of fore wirgs uniformly dusky; a large distinct, but diffuse discal
spot, and an extradiscal diffuse wide dark shade. Hind wings a little whiter, Expanse of
wings, ¢40 mm., 243 mm.; length of body, $16 mm., 218 mm.

The Colorado examples are, so far as we have seen, somewhat larger than the Eastern ones,
the ¢ expanding 40 mm. and the 2? 43 mm.

3esides being perhaps a little smaller, the ¢ from New York (from Mr, Hulst) is darker and
the markings are more distinct than in the Colorado examples.

I suspect that this species has been derived from C. scolopendrina, which seems nearest to it
in markings, its geographical range being also nearly coextensive with that widely diffused
‘species. In two ? Colorado specimens faint traces of the costal portion of the dark median and
subapical bands are to be seen.

From an examination of (. paradoxa Behr, in Mr. Dyar’s collection, I feel quite sure that it is
a very pale white variety of C. cinerea; and a more extreme form seems C. nivea, in which the

S. Mis. 50 18

274. MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

markings are obsolete, including the marginal dots on both pairs of wings; as this is from southerm
Utah, it is much bleached and rather larger than usual; it is another case of the law in the.
geographical distribution of the moths, that the species become both bleached and larger in
the arid region of the Southwest.

BHgg.—Slightly more than hemispherical, the base flat, color dead black; diameter, 1.2 mm.
Of the Californian form, * color dull, brownish black, smooth. Diameter, about 1mm. Duration
of this stage, eight days.”

Larva.—Messrs. H. Edwards and 8. L. Elliot (Papilio, iii, 130) have weil described the larva
of this species, which lives on the willow. I have been able to compare some very well-preserved
alcoholic specimens of the mature and young caterpillars (kindly loaned by Professor Riley) with
similar stages of the two foregoing species.

Larva, Stage I.—Vayv. cinereoides. ‘‘Head dark red-brown. On joint 2 are two brown proc-
esses, minutely spined. Joint 13 has two “tails” 3mm. long, brown, twice broadly annulated with
pale yellow and minutely spined. The body is brown, with three dorsal pale yellow patches; on
joints 2 to 6,8 to 10, and 12, respectively, the posterior one faint. Venter and legs pale whitish.
Length of larva, exclusive of the tails,4 mm. It spins a slight web on the surface of the leaf to.
which it clings (p. 82).

Stage II.—“ Length, without the filamental legs, 12 mm.; of the latter, 7 mm. It is at once
distinguished from the larvie of C. occidentalis and C. borealis of the same size by the larger
bristles, the warts bearing them being scarcely larger, but the bristles themselves being two or
three times as large. The head is as usual in the genus, as are the two lateral prothoracie
“horns” and the cervical shield from which they arise. The ‘‘ horns” are as in C. occidentalis,
being spined in the same manner, and pale yellowish beneath. A large reddish triangular dorsal
patch extends backward from the horns, the apex resting on the second thoracic segment. The
back is discolored from the third thoracic segment to the end of the supraanal plate, not so.
decidedly reddish as in my specimens of the two other species previously described.

Stage [1 I.—* Head subquadrate, rounded, flat in front, dead brownish black, the lower part
paler and mottled centrally in front with a paler color. Antenne white, labrum and ocelli brown;
width of head, 1.3mm. Cervical horns thick, heavily spinose, brownish black; several rows of
minute piliferous tubercles on the body; tails spinose, dark red-brown, twice broadly annulated
with yellowish and tipped with the same color. Body green, a purple-brown subdorsal line
passing down the sides to spiracles on joints 7 and 8, the subdorsal spaces filled in with purple-
brown on joints 2, 3, 6-9, 11 and 15, though not completely on joints 8 and 9, but with a trace:
of a dorsal line on the other joints. Venter whitish.” (Dyar.)

Stage TV.—‘‘Head higher than wide, rounded, a little flattened in front; a minute tubercle.
before the apex of each lobe; purplish black, finely mottled with yellow, green at the sides poste-
riorly; antenne white, ocelli black; width 2.2 mm. Cervical horns thick, covered by piliferous
tubercles with about six rows of similar tubercles on each side of the body, only the upper two:
distinet. Color yellowish green. A triangular dorsal patch on joints 2 and 3, covering the cervical
horns, purplish black, mottled with little yellow spots; a larger patch on joints 4-9, elliptical,
retracted at the segmental incisures, reaching the spiracle on joint 8, replaced centrally irreg-
ularly by yellow and broadly connected with a small patch on joints 10 and 11, widening on joint
11 and joining a small patch on joint 13, replaced by greenish on the anal plate. Tails purplish
brown, twice annulated with yellow.” (Dyar.)

Mature larva.—Length, without the “tails,”38 mm.; of the filamental legs, 15 mm. The head.
is small, being one-half as wide as the body, reddish, but darker on the sides.

The prothoracic horns in this stage are reduced to smooth projecting tubercles of the usual
size, which are blackish above and pale below. Body pale green. From the horns a lilac-red,
nearly equilaterally triangular spot edged with yellow, extends backward, its apex resting on the
hinder edge of the second thoracic segment. An oval lilae-red spot edged with yellow on the hind
edge of the third thoracic segment separated by the suture from a similar spot on the first
abdominal segment, but which is three or four times as large. A transversely subelliptical similar
spot on the second abdominal segment twice as large as the one in front, succeeded by a much
wider one on abdominal segments 3 and 4; that on the fifth segment is of the same size as that on

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCKS. 279

the second. On the sixth abdominal segment is a transversely oblong spot. (These spots were
all connected in Edwards's and Elliot’s specimens.) Along the back of segments 7 to 10 is an
elongated dumb-bell-shaped spot, the contraction in the middle of the spot occurring on the back
of the eighth segment; the spot terminates on the end of the suranal plate, which is squarely
docked at the end.

The stemapods, or anal filamental legs, are reddish at the base above and beneath, with two
pale rings beyond the middle, the flagellum being reddish lilac. here is a lilac-red spot at the
base of the thoracic and abdominal legs, one near the origin of each leg, and one on the sides of
abdominal segments 7-9; besides these, reddish, lilac dots are elsewhere scattered over the sides
of the body. The paranal lobes and the excrementiferous bristles are well developed.

The larva of this species differs from that of C. borealis and occidentalis in the less connected
and narrower dorsal lilac-red patches, and in the end of the suranal plate being squarer, that of
0. occidentalis being somewhat rounded behind. It is more nearly allied to C. occidentalis than to
C. borealis.

Cocoon.—* Formed ona piece of wood, first of gummy silk, which is strengthened by many
little pieces of wood bitten off from inside. When finished it is elliptical, quite hard, and of the
color of the wood or bark on which it is made. Length, about 30 mm.; width, 13 mm.” (Dyar.)

Pupa.—* Cylindrical, tapering slightly at both extremities, somewhat flattened. Color, pale
brown, venter yellowish, and a dark dorsal line. Wing and leg-cases greenish. Abdomen very
minutely punctured. Wing-cases creased. Length, 18 mm.; width, 6 mm.” (Dyar.) The fore-
going description refers to the Californian form cinereoides. Dyar states that the cocoon of the
Eastern cinerea is constructed on bark of gummy silk and bits of bark and wood, like that of
the other species of Cerura.” (P. 81.)

Fkabits.—Its general appearance and habits are, so far as known, the same as in (. occi-
dentalis and borealis. Dyar states that ‘the eggs are laid singly; the larva hatches by eating
a hole in the side, but does not devour the rest of the shell.” Dyar, speaking of the Californian
form, states that ‘the duration of the first larval stages was from three to six days, the last
two seven days. The pupa state lasts through the winter.”

The larva represented on Pl. XXXVI, figs. 4, 4a, occurred on the poplar at Brunswick, Me.,
August 30.

Riley (MS.) states that the eggs are laid in June, the moths appearing in April, May, June,
July, and August, while the larva is found in June and in September.

Food plant.—Different species of willow and poplar.

Geographical distribution —This species apparently has the widest geographical range, with
consequent greater variability, of any of our species, probably extending farther south, into
Mexico and Guatemala, than C. scolopendrina, and thus ranging through the entire North
American region, including the cold temperate subregion and warm temperate subregion, and the
humid and arid provinces of the latter, as will be seen by the following localities: Boston, Mass.
(Harris); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); New York (Edwards, Elliot, Dyar); New Jersey (Palm);
Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Canada, New York, Maryland, Ohio (vars. cinereoides, paradoxa,
meridionalis), California (French); Utah, dark form (Westcott); Florida (Mrs. Slosson); Franconia,
N.H., “a little darker than the Florida ones” (Mrs. Slosson); Colorado (Bruce); Fort Collins,
Colo., June 21 (Baker); Denver, July 14 (Gillette); Manhattan, Kans., June 10-17, of normal,
not very pale, color (Popenoe); New York, Iowa, Nebraska, Missouri, Washington, D. C, (United
States National Museum), Jalapa, Mexico, San Geronimo, Guatemala. Mr. Druce remarks:
“The specimens I somewhat doubtfully refer to this species are very uch stained. So far as I
am able to see, they appear to be almost identical in the markings of the primaries with Walker’s
type.” (P. 241.)

Dyar’s var. cinereoides was collected at Los Angeles, Cal., and also at Miles City, Mont.

The pale form, paradoxva Behr, is from among the mountains of Nevada County, Cal. C.
nivea, Whiter than any other form and without the marginal black spots, was collected at El
Paso, Tex., on the Rio Grande River, and Mr. Palm’s example (collected June, 1890) is from the
Virgin River, southern Utah, in a hot, dry region, and its white color is evidently the result of
the action of bright sunlight, heat, and dryness.

276 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cerura scitiscripta Walker.
(Pl. VI, figs. 21-23; Pl. VII, fig. 31; XLIX, fig. 3.)

Cerura scitiscripta Walker, Cat. Lep. Brit. Mus., xxxii, p. 408, 1865.
Cerura multiscripta Riley, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., iii, p. 241, 1875 (figure in text reproduced on Pl.
XLIKX, fig. 3).
Cerura candida Lintn., Ent. Contr., iv, p. 87 (30th Rep. N. Y. State Mus., p. 199), “£1877,” June, 1878.
Cerura scitiscripta Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Cerura multiscripta Grote, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20, 1882.
Cerura scitiscripta Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p.31, 1891.
Cerwra multiscripta Smith, List Lep. Bor. Amer., p. 31, 1891.
Cerura sciliscripta Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 588, 1892.
Cerura multiscripta Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p. 588, 1892.
Cerura scitiscripta Dyar, Can, Ent., xxiii, p. 87, April, 1891.
Neum. and Dyar, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., xxi, p. 189, 1894, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., ii, p. 114,
1894.

Larva.
(P], XXXVI, figs.5,5a,6,7. C. multiseripta.)

Tepper, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soce., i, p.4, May, 1878.
Dyar, Psyche, v, p.393, Oct., 1890. (Egg and larva in all stages.)
Riley, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sei., iii, p. 241, 1875. (Egg described; larva confounded with that of borealis.)

While multiscripta is generally regarded as distinct from scitiscripta, I think that if Professor
Riley had had examples of scitiscripta before him he would have hesitated about describing the
melanotic specimens, as I believe them to be, under a different name.

C. candida only appears to differ from scitiscripta in the thorax being white and in having no
dots on the hind wings (two ¢ collected in Florida by Mrs. Slosson).

Moth.—Five ¢. Head white above; sides, below, and breast black. Thorax: collar white,
edged with black behind, and two rows of spots more or less connected (in var. candida,
according to Lintner, the thorax is entirely white).

Fore wings without the usual broad median black band; snow-white, crossed by four
scalloped, more or less perfect, lines within, and by four scalloped lines without the ring-like discal
mark. The outer mark or submarginal line heavier on the costal and inner edge. Second and
third lines forming a more or less perfect series of ringlets and sometimes (multiscripta) filled in -
with scattered fine black scales, giving the band thus formed a dusky hue. Fringe white, with
more or less intravenular dots.

Hind wings varying from white to uniformly dusky or smoky, with distinct heavy black dots
(one from Florida is without any dots, this being var. candida Lintner). Underside snow-white,
with heavy black costal spots, the outer one forming a submarginal line extending to the median
vein, both wings dark smoky with the darker diffuse lines on each wing, and a diffuse discal mark.

Expanse of wings, ¢ 28-35 mm.: length of body, ¢ 13-19 mm. I add Riley’s description of
his C. multiseripta.

“Color white, with brown-black and black markings. Primaries white, slightly silvery, crossed
with eight irregularly undulate and angulate narrow black lines, as follows: 1, basal, obsolete on
costal and inner borders and preceded by a black spot close to thorax; 2, reaching to both borders,
but broken; 3, 4, and 5, proximate, and irregularly undulating almost straight across the basal
fourth of wing, 3 and 4 thickened and confluent toward costa and generally forming a circular
spot between subcostal and cubital veins; 6, 7, and 8, obliquing more toward apex, lunulate and
more widely separated between veins 2, 3, and 4, more approximate and retreating toward base
between veins 1 and 2 and 4 and 6, and generally so close along vein 2 as to coalesce; broader,
more intense, irregular marks occupy the spaces toward apex and anal angle, left by the retreating
of line 8, thus leaving a regularly defined terminal space. Veins more or less dusted with black
and conspicuously marked in terminal space. A distinet row of terminal spots between the veins.
The median space between lines 5 and 6 is about as wide as the terminal, and has a small diseal

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PTT

ring and a costal spot. Fringes white. Under surface fuliginous, with the borders white, the
costal and terminal marks mostly repeated, and with two duskier shades across subterminal
space. Secondaries fuliginous, with terminal black spots between the veins; lunule and two more
or less distinct transverse bands dusky; fringes white; under surface paler, with the dusky
bands more strongly relieved. Head beneath, front femora and tibie inside, two spots on middle
and hind tibice, tarsi, pectinations of antennie, a mark (obsolete in one specimen) between eyes
and bases of wings, across the shoulders, around the teguie, and at base of thorax, a spot on
each tegula and two in middle of thorax, and a transverse band on anterior edge of each joint
superiorly, brown-black.

“Alar expanse, 1.25-1.50 inches. Length of body, 0.60-0.75 inch.

“Described from three ? , one bred by myself, one by Miss M. E. Murtfeldt, of Kirkwood, Mo.,
and one by J. Rk. Muhieman, of Woodburn, Ill.—all irom willow-feeding larvie. In each case the
larvie were supposed to belong to borealis, and no critical descriptions were taken. The variation
is not great; in one specimen the wings are noticeably shorter and more rounded than in that
chosen for my figure, and the marks on primaries are less clearly defined; the bands on secondaries
are also scarcely indicated, or only by faint spots on the veins, while the costal marks on primaries
inferiorly coalesce so as to form but three broad marks.

“The eggs of Cerura are hemispherical, i. e., very flat on the attached side; and while the
larvie of multiscripta and borealis resemble each other, their eggs are easily distinguished, those
of the former being pale yellowish green and those of the latter jet-blaek.

“The species approaches nearer to the European bicuspis than to the North American borealis.
I am unacquainted with the scitiscripta Walker of Grote and Robinson’s “List,” but as Mr.
Grote has seen multiscripta and pronounced it new, I have no hesitaney in describing it.”

Of these two specimens, one is like the candida of Lintner’s description in the hind legs
being entirely white above and beneath, with no marginal black dots. In the other examples the
dots are minute, though distinct, showing that they are on the verge of extinction.

Multiseripta also varies in our examples from New York (Doll); the hind wings are white
above and beneath, and another is intermediate between the foregoing example and those with
dark wings. The thorax also varies in the amount of black markings, and the two hinder lines
are wanting.

The following notes on the preparatory stages of Cerura multiscripta Riley, by Dr. Dyar,
are copied from Psyche, vi.

£gg.—Slightly more than hemispherical, the base flat, dead sordid white, covered with many short, dark-brown
hairs irregularly laid on and distributed also on the parts of the leaf adjoining. Diameter, 1.3mm. Laid in groups
of five or less on the under surface of a leaf. These eggs had hatched when found, the larva having emerged from
a hole in the side, leaving the rest of the shell intact.

First stage.—Head subquadrate, depressed at the vertex, black and shining. Width, 0.6mm. Body furnished
with minute tubercles, a spined process at each side of the ceryical shield and two tail-like appendages which take
the place of the anal feet. Color black throughout, a little paler ventrally.

Second stage-—Head rounded, minutely punctured, with a tubercle below the vertex of each lobe. Color
purplish black, a little paler about the sutures of the clypeus (triangular plate). A few short hairs. Width, 0.9 mm.
The body has several rows of minute piliferous tubercles, two large, thick, heavily spinose cervical horns on joint
2; tails long, sharply spinose, shiny black, the extensile threads purple black, whitish at base. Body velvety
purple black, the venter greenish. Length of body, 4 mn.; of tails, 4 mm.

Third stage.—Head with two tubercles before the apex of each lobe, one in the center of and one each side of
the elypeus. Color, dull black, clypeus and mouth reddish, ocelli black, antennw pale. Width, 1.3mm. Cervical
horns thick, heavily spinose, the spines blunt and each tipped with a hair. About six rows of elongated, piliferous
tubercles on each side, alternating anteriorly and posteriorly on each segment. ‘Tails long, heavily spinose, black,
the extensile threads brown, white at base. Body and legs greenish yellow, a black dorsal band covering the
cervical horns, narrowing to joint 4, where the dorsum is angularly elevated, widening to near the spiracles on joints
8 and 9, then continuing evenly over the subdorsal space to the last segment. Spiracles narrowly black ringed.
Length of tails, 5 mm. :

Fourth stage-—Head dead purple-black, greenish at the sides posteriorly, the upper half sprinkled with little
yellowish dots, but leaving a line of the ground color each side of the central suture.

Clypeus and mouth paler and shiny, antennw whitish, ocelii black. Width, 2.1 mm. Body as before,
considerably elevated dorsally at joint 4, with a rounded pinkish dorsal process. Cervical shield large, purplish
black; the horns rather thick and short, heavily tuberculated. Body yellow-green; the dorsal stripe black as before,
but a little purplish; spiracles white, with a fine black border, the posterior ones more or less surrounded by black.

278 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Tails heavily spinose, black; length,7 mm. The piliferous tubercles of the body are very smali, those on the lateral
region white, besides many small lateral white spots. A narrow, yellowish, stigmatal line. Two erect, spiny, black
hairs beyond the anus.

As the stage advances, the spines on joint 2 become partly white, the dorsal band partly striated and
indistinctly bordered anteriorly with white; the stigmatal line just below the spiracles is white, and there is a
general approach to the next stage.

Fifth stage.—Head rounded, rather flat in front, shagreened. Color black, green at the sides posteriorly, a large
band in front as wide as the space between the eyes at base, but narrowing to the vertex, sordid white, mottled a
little with the ground color. Labrum whitish; maxille black; antennewe white. Width of head, 3.7 mm. Cervical
shield large, angulated at the corners, without any horns or spines. Beneath it the head can be partly retracted.
Body angularly elevated at joint 4, with a dorsal, fleshy process. Tail 9 mm. long, whitish above and green below
at the base, the rest purple with black spines. Extensile threads yellowish at base, then red, fading to yellowish
again toward the ends. Body green, a broad white dorsal band edged with white, confusedly striated on a purple
ground which soon becomes green, a little purple on joints 2-4, decidedly so on the anterior corners of the cervical
shield (where it shades into pinkish in the fold of skin behind the head), on the hump on joint 4, and on joint 8
subdorsally in the angle of the band. It begins broadly on joint 2, covering the cervical shield, narrows to the
process on joint 4, widens to just above the spiracles on joint 8, and gradually narrows to joint 13, where the anal
plate is greenish. A distinct white substigmatal line, edged below with brown and narrowly above with black,
absent on joint 2 and turned up at its anterior end. Many small lateral white flecks. Spiracles black, white
centrally. Thoracie feet twice lined with black longitudinally; abdominal, once transversely, the claspers tipped
with black. Length, 25 mm., exclusive of the tails. The erect spines beyond the anus whitish. When the larva
has finished eating, all the white of the dorsal band except its borders fades out, leaving the back green and the
cervical shield pale blue.

Cocoon.—lormed on wood, of gummy silk, strengthened by many little pieces of bark and wood bitten off from
the inside, thus forming a hollow. It is elliptical, just large enough to contain the larva, and becomes very hard,
closely resembling a lump or excrescence on the bark.

Pupa.—Cylindrical, tapering a little toward both ends, the last two abdominal segments rounded and
appressed, the others capable of motion; no cremaster. Eyes prominent; a narrow ecarinated ridge runs along the
head from between the eyes to the back of the place of origin of the antennw. Cases creased and very minutely
punctured, not shiny; eyes and body sublustrous, the latter minutely granulated at the anterior half of each
abdominal segment; spiracles distinct. Color dark reddish brown, with a blackish shade over the dorsum,
Length, 18 mm.; greatest width, 6.5mm. Pupation occurs in about two weeks after the completion of the cocoon,
and the insects remain in this stage throughout the winter.

Egg.—The eggs are said by Professor Riley to be hemispherical and pale yellowish green,
while those of C, borealis differ in being jet-black. On the other hand Dr. Dyar tells me that the
eges of all our Cerura are black, except those of multiscripta which are covered by the hairs from
the body of the moth.

Habits—Mr. F. Tepper found the larva of this fine moth on the willow July 50; a male imago
emerged August 30 and a female September 30 (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc., i, 4). No description of
the larva was published. The life history has been fully described by Mr. Dyar in Psyche (vy, p.
393), which we have copied. It remains to be seen whether the larva of the white form,
scitiscripta, differs from what we should call the melanotice form, multiseripta.

Food plants.—Ditierent species of willow and poplar, also wild cherry. The figures on pl. —
were drawn from a specimen found on the wild cherry September 10, at Providence, R. I. Mrs.
Slosson has raised it from the pomegranate in Florida.

Geographical distribution —Its range extends throughout the Appalachian and Austroriparian
subprovinces, passing into the eastern limits of the Campestrian (Kansas). It is to be observed
that the pale whiter form, scitiscripta, inhabits the Austroriparian subprovince (Florida, Georgia to
Kansas), while the darker form, with heavier black lines and spots, has thus far only occurred in
the Northern States. It has not yet been reported from any of the New England States; eastern
New York (Dyar, Doll, Elliot); Illinois and eastern Missouri (Riley, United States National
Museum); Kansas (Lintner ex Strecker); Manhattan, Kans., August 10 (Popenoe); Jacksonville,
Fla. (Mrs. Slosson); “ Georgia” (Dyar); New York, Missouri, Texas (multiscripta, Riley’s notes,
United States National Museum); multiscripta, New York, Carbondale, Ill.; var. seitiseripta,
Illinois, Georgia; candida, New York, Kansas (French); multiseripta, New York, New Jersey
(Palin).

Riley mentions a “new species” of Cerura from Owens Valley. (Merrian’s North Amer.
Fauna, No. 7; The Death Valley Exp., Pt. 11, May 31, 1893, p. 245.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 279

RECAPITULATION OF THE MORE STRIKING FEATURES IN THE ONTOGENY OF CERURA.
Congenital characters.

(1) The larva hatches with fully developed stemapoda, indicating that the genus has
‘descended with little modification from a form like Macrurocampa.

(2) The prothoracic horns are longer, better developed than in the mature worm, showing
that in this respect also the genus has originated from the Heterocampine.

Acquired characters.

(3) The head is smaller in proportion to the body than usual, owing to the great width of the
prothoracic segment.

(4) The body is all brown above in the first stage, beginning to turn green in the second, and
in the third becoming nearly as in the last stage. Thus the colors are more diversified, with more
green in the fourth and fifth stages, rendering the now more exposed larva more adapted for
protection by the resemblance of its markings to the yellow and red spots on the green leaves of
its food plant, which appear early in autumn.

(5) The dorsal hump on the third thoracic segment does not seem to appear until the last
stage. (Dr. Dyar, however, tells me that it appears in C. multiscripta in stage III.)

(6) The filamental legs retain their shape from the first to the last stage, but if anything are
a little shorter in the last. On the other hand, the spinules in the third stage become larger on
the underside than before, the filaments being held curved up more than before, so that the
defensive spines on the underside, in response to external stimuli, have developed more rapidly
than those on the upper side.

(7) Novel structures are the very long and well-developed supraanal plate and the pair of
coproliferous spines (or dungforks) arising from the paranal lobes, and available for tossing away
the pellets of excrement. These seem to be peculiar to the genus in this family.

Ae Spee ea

Some of the following notes and additions were kindly sent me by Dr. Dyar as this memoir:
wes being printed. They fill up gaps in our knowledge of the life histories of the species.

EGG AND STAGE IL OF ICHTHYURA ALBOSIGMA (see p. 139).

Eag.—Laid two to seven together on the upper side of the leaf. Hemispherical, the base flat.
Diameter, 0.9mm. Shells dead white. Larva hatches by a hole in the top.

Stage 17,—Head black, mouth a little paler. Width,8 mm. Body yellow, purple-brown on
the sides, except the large yellow subventral warts on segments 2-4, 6, 9-12; the color extends
across the back on segments 2, 5, 7, 8, 12, and 13 posteriorly, not completely replacing the yellow
on seginents 7 and 8. An indistinct triplicate dorsal line, purple-brown; venter dull brownish.
Segments 5 and 12 a little enlarged dorsally. Hairs white, few. Cervical shield nearly linear,
black. Length of larva,8 mm. (Dyar.) ;

EGG AND LARVAL STAGES OF NADATA GIBBOSA (see p. 143),

Egg.—(Jefferson, N. H.) Three laid together near edge on underside of leaf. Spheroidal;
base flat, opaque white; diameter, 1.1 mm., 0.7 mm. high. Reticulation linear but rather high
and with harder base, rather small and regularly hexagonal; the pores at the angles distinct,
bead-like in the empty shell. The cells between reticulations form shallow hollows as in behrensii.
(Dyar.)

Larval stages.—A larva bred at Jefferson, N. H., had five stages, with width of head as follows:
T, about 0.7 mm.; I, 1.2 mm.; III, 2mm.; IV, about 3 mm.; V, 4.6mm., thus apparently omitting
the normal stage III instead of II, as the Yosemite ones did. (Dyar.)

EGG AND LARVAL STAGES OF NERICE BIDENTATA (see p. 171).

Egg.—RKather more than hemispherical, with a flat base; not shining; whitish yellow.
Diameter, 1 mm.; height, 0.7 mm. Reticulations small, linear, rather elongate, irregularly hex-
agonal; much smaller toward the micropyle, where there is an almost smooth area surrounding a
slight prominence, or all smooth. (Dyar.)

Stage I.—On hatching the larva runs to the tip of a tooth on the side of a leaf or end of the
midrib and sits with the anterior part of its body projecting beyond the edge. It eats the upper
portion of the leaf, leaving the lower epidermis. Head shining, blackish, notched a little at the
vertex, paler below, mouth vinous; width, 0.6 mm, Body whitish with a green tint, feet and
tubercles black; cervical shield blackish. A dorsal spot on segments 6 and 12, and subyentral ones
on segments 4, 6, and 10, brownish red. Later a slight prominence appears dorsally on segments
6 and 12 corresponding to the tubercles i of each side and being the first indication of the future
high humps. Sete normal, i-v, vi absent, three on the distinct leg plate.

Stage [J —Eating the whole leaf and resting on a perch formed of the midrib from which the
substance of the leaf has been eaten away by the larva. Head higher than prothorax, slightly
bilobed, shining luteous with brown side stripe to vertex; width, 0.8 mm. Body cylindrical, shin-
ing green, a little dorsal red-brown dot on segment 5; a considerable bilobed process on segment 6,
the anterior lobe longest, red-brown; a single low, broad hump, on segment 12, yellowish on the
sides bearing tubercles i toward apex. Legs all red-brown with subventral spots, more reddish
on segments 2 to 5 and 11, all used by the larva. Seti short and dark, normal, i-vi, with vii and
viii, on the legless segments as usual. On segment 6, tubercle i is borne on the base of the horn.

Stage I[I.—Uead flattened in front, depressed at vertex; yellowish green, a black line from
vertex of each lobe to side of mouth; width, 1.3 mm. Dorsal processes visible on segments 5, 6,
7, and 12, highest on 6, but all slight, brown tipped. None on the other segments. Faint, oblique,
lateral, yellowish lines. Legs red-brown, with a faint yellowish substigmatal shading. Body not.

280

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 281

very opaque, tracheal line evident. As the stage advances humps appear slightly ou all the
intervening segments and the larva more nearly resembles the last stage.

Stage I V.—Head higher than wide, narrowing to vertex, flattened in front; green, the elypeus
shining, a black line as before; width, 2.1mm. Dorsal processes as in the mature larva, but much
slighter; present on segments 5 to 12 and a slight one on 13, consisting of two small tubercles.
The processes are all small, except on segments 6 and 12. Markings as before, but more distinct
and approaching the mature larva. All the mature characters are now assumed, but are less
developed than in the next, which is the last stage (Stage V).. (Dyar MS.)

Stage V.—The following description was drawn up October 5, from the three specimens figured
on Pl, XXIII. They were kindly sent me by Miss Mary Murtfeldt, from Kirkwood, Mo.

Length, 32-33 im. Body much compressed. Head moderately large, rather narrow and
high, slightly bilobed above, not so wide as the body; pale green, with four broad white bands in
front and on the side, the two median ones approaching each other over the apex of the clypeus,
and then separating. Behind, a white band on each side passes down underneath the back of the
head, making six white bands in all. On each side of the front is a narrow, blackish line, edging
each lateral frontal line.

The three thoracic segments of nearly the same size and width, much wrinkled, but unarmed,
and with three white longitudinal bands on each side, the lower one narrow, irregular, and edging
the lateral conspicuous infrastigmatal purplish line.

Abdominal segments 1 to 8 with a high recurved, soft, fleshy, distinetly retractile, conical
tubercle, the apex of which is bilobed and curved over backward so as to touch the apex of a
second much smailer conical tubercle, the first one being a little smaller than the others, and the
last one a little slenderer than the others. On the tip of each tubercle is a reddish brown median
line, best marked on the second and third tubercles, the other being simply tipped with the same
hue. The sides of the tubercles and of the segments bearing them is glaucous-white, and from
the anterior part of the base of each tubercle a green line passes obliquely backward and down-
ward to the suture behind. There are eight of these lateral oblique lines; the eighth is a little
higher than the seventh, is piliferous, bearing a short hair on each side. Ninth abdominal segment
not tuberculated, but with a pair of small dorsal tubercles. Suranal plate narrow, quite smooth,
and with four longitudinal white bands. Low down on the sides of abdominal segments 7 to 9 is
a broken infrastigmatal purplish line which extends along the underside of the rather slender
anal legs. Spiracles yellow, with a dark, narrow edge. Distal ends of the four pairs of middle
abdominal legs purplish, with two parallel black lines above the planta. Thoracic legs pale green,
with a narrow dark red line on the outside.

There is not much variation in the three individuals, except that the purplish lateral line in
one is represented on the abdominal segments by isolated spots. The tubercles are unusually
extensile and flexible in this caterpillar, and their resemblance to the serrate edge of the elm
leaves, together with the leafgreen ground color and greenish white markings, and purplish
brown spots like those on the elm leaves, is most remarkable.

Habits —The larva eats away the leaf from the midrib, leaving the latter as a “perch,” on
which it rests just like Lophodonta. When large the larva rests on the base of the leaf or stem.
(Dyar.)

FULLY GROWN LARVA OF HYPARPAX AURORA (see p. 186),

Last stage (V).—Like Stage IV at first. Later and gradually the colors change. Head rounded,
higher than wide, not reaching above segment 2 nor retracted within it; width, 3mm. Ground
color white with a yellow tint, reticulated with mottled bands of purple-brown, a broad one
running from anteune to top of each lobe. Body pointed dorsally. On segments 5 and 12 the
tubercles i red, large, conspicuous, elsewhere very small, though i on segments 6-8 are white and
rather distinct. All other tubercles inconspicuous, sete dark, moderately long. Venter and legs
purple-brown, dotted with white; sides whitish green, finely dotted with white and brown and
shading into a brighter green on segments 2-4 (representing the usual patch of Sehizura and
Janassa). On segments 2-3 a dorsal purple-brown band, white dotted and bordered with yellow;
on segment 5 a white subdorsal band marked with fine irregular purple-brown lines, beginning at
tubercle i, loops up to i on 12 and runs to anal foot. The dorsal space thus inclosed is bright
yellowish leaf-green, dotted with white, with a narrow white dorsal line indicated. Tubercle i on
seginent 6 is marked by a little white patch, and there is a triangular enlargement of the subdorsal

282 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

line on segment 8. Anal feet pale outwardly, not used, slender, gently divergent. Mature larva
corresponds in structure of the humps to Schizura badia, and like it is largely green, being more
green than Janassa and with lower humps. The larva in Stage I is scarcely distinguishable
from Schizura ipomoew. (Dyar.)

EGG OF XYLINODES LIGNICOLOR (see p. 190).

“From two to ten laid together on underside of leaf. Rather more than hemispherical,
flat below. Smooth, slightly shining, whitish green. Diameter, 1.1 mm.; height, 0.7 mm. Under
Zeiss aa objective (60 diameters) covered with small, slightly raised hexagonal reticulations,
which become gradually smaller toward the micropyle, finally becoming minute and flattened.
Micropyle not depressed. The reticulations are slightly elongate on the sides but become round
below and pass to the underside, where they are somewhat irregular, forming a triradiate area
of much elongated meshes, the center of which is not always at the center of the egg.
Approximate diameter of a reticulation of upper surface = 0,05 m. (50 j.).” (Dyar.)

LARVAL HISTORY OF HETEROCAMPA PULVEREA (see p. 249).

I received too late for description in the body of this work the eggs and freshly hatched larva
of this species, kindly sent by Miss Ida M. Eliot, from Nonquitt, Mass. It was received and
described August 29. It feeds on the oak.

Egg.—Of the usual hemispherical form, shell white; surface seen under a lens to be finely
granulated; under a one-half inch objective surface reticulated with distinct, regular hexagonal
areas, which become narrow and small toward the apex of the egg; the surface of each area is
roughened. Diameter, about 1.3 mm.

Larva, Stage I.—Length,4mm. Head large, much wider than the body, well rounded; surface
smooth, unarmed, honey-yellow. Body tapering to the end, pale greenish yellow; abdominal
segments 1, 5, 6, and 8 banded with pink-red; on the side of segment 1 a distinct, oblique, pink,
lateral stripe extending forward and ending at the base of the third pair of thoracic legs; the
third abdominal segment pink above and on the sides, while only the upper side of segments 6
and 8 are pink. Thereare nine pairs of dorsal horns. Those on the prothoracic segment forming
a pair of very large antlers, with four large tines, two extending forward, one shorter laterally,
and the fourth extending backward. The other eight pairs on the abdominal segments are much
as in H, guttivitta in general shape and size, though differing in relative size. Those of the pair
on the second abdominal segment are slightly longer than those on the first. The fourth to
seventh pairs of the same size and length; eighth pair slightly longer; ninth pair about a quarter
shorter than the eighth pair; all are piliferous, and become black-brown.

This larva is nearest to that of H. guttivitta in Stage I; it differs in the following respects:
The lowest tine of the prothoracic antlers is a little more than twice as long as in guttivitta, all the
four tines being nearly equal in length. All the chitinous plates from which the abdominal horns
arise are entire except that on the eighth segment, and they are honey-yellow in color. The
abdominal horns are nearly as in guttivitta (Fig. 83, ILL, b,c, d), but the second abdominal pair are
smaller than those in segment 1 and only very slightly smaller than those behind; those on the
third abdominal segment are of the same size as the three following pairs; those on the eighth
segment are of the same size as those on segment 1. The suranal plate is rounded and greenish,
not black. The tines of the prothoracic antlers are spinulose, especially the one projecting
backward. The thoracic legs are blackish; the abdominal ones pale greenish yellowish. Miss
Eliot writes me that when first hatched the spines are pinkish, but that they change color in a
few hours to brown.

Stage II.—Length, 6mm. Now of the same shape as in H, obliqua (Pl. XXX, figs. 2, 2a), the
prothoracic dorsal spines of the same shape, ending in two unequal sharp spines. In my alcoholic
specimens the markings are as in H, obliqua of the same stage, but the dorsal lines are reddish,
not greenish. The head is now banded and spotted, there being two longitudinal reddish bands
on each side of the clypeal region. From the prothoracic dorsal spines two parallel blackish lines
extend to the hind edge of the prothoracic segment. The body is mottled with red on the sides.

Stage I[T.—Length, 14-15 mm. Head with two parallel blackish lines. The prothoracie
spines large but blunt, bearing a hair, with two lateral teeth. Body with a reddish dorsal band
forked in front, extending anteriorly to the inside of each tubercle and behind on the third thoracie
segment, dividing to unite again on the second abdominal segment, and sending an oblique line

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 283

down on the side of the first abdominal segment to the base of the third pair of thoracic legs. The
dorsal line divides again on the fifth abdominal segment, inclosing a long triangle extending back
to the ninth segment. An oblique reddish line on the seventh abdominal segment. On the
suranal plate are two parallel dorsal dark lines.

Stage TV.—Length, 26 mm. Markings as in Stage ILI, but much more distinet, and now the
two dorsal prothoracic spines are slightly shorter, thicker, and more rounded at the end, without
the two lateral teeth, being of the same shape as in the full-fed larva. Head reddish, nearly as in
the last stage. Thoracic legs reddish.

Stage V (and last).—Length, 35 mm. Head (in alcoholic specimen) deep reddish on the sides.
Prothoracic spines rounded, reddish, tipped with blackish. Body leaf-green, the lines faintly
marked; the two dorsal reddish lines. dividing on the third thoracic segment, uniting again on
the fourth abdominal segment, and inclosing a lanceolate oval dorsal spot, the dorsal line again
dividing on the fifth abdominal segment, and in my specimen nearly obsolete behind. <A lateral
oblique reddish band on the first abdominal segment beginning just behind the spiracle and
extending to the base of the third pair of legs. A lateral reddish band on third and sixth abdom-
inal segments, suranal plate broadly edged with reddish. Anal legs reddish above and on the
sides. Thoracic and abdominal legs reddish.

A NOTE ON THE LARVA OF DATANA FLORIDANA Graef.

“Having examined some specimens of the larva of Datana floridana iv the collection of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, I am able to confirm the description by Mr.
Koebele (Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soe., iv, 21), and to add that the lateral lines are slightly broader
than the intervening black spaces, or as broad; not confluent at the extremities. The large,
normal hairs are white, and arise singly from minute tubercles. The fine short (secondary) hairs
are black, very inconspicuous without a lens, and not differing from the corresponding structures
in D. major and D. palmii, The species is closely allied to D. palmii, and may prove, ou further
investigation, to be not specifically distinct.” (Psyche, vi, p. 573.)

A NOTE ON DATANA CALIFORNICA Riley.

This form, labeled by the late C. V. Riley as Datana californica, I find, on examination of the
types of the moths and two blown larve in the National Museum, to be only a slightly marked
variety of Datana ministra. The specimens are all from Santa Clara County, Cal.

The moths, ¢ and &, six in all, only differ from Eastern D. ministra in being a little paler; the
lines and other markings are the same, as well as the scallops of the wings. They are of large
size, a female expanding 52 mm.; length of a fore wing, 25 mm.; that of an Eastern 2, 22 mm.

The two larve were of large size, 53 mm. in length, blown specimens. They differ slightly
from several] blown specimens of Eastern ministra. The head is black and the prothoracie shield
gamboge-yellow, as in normal D. ministra, and the stripes along the body are yellow, and as in
normal ministra, but very slightly narrower. Beneath, the body is decidedly darker, and the base
of the legs is darker, deep reddish where those of the Eastern ministra are usually gamboge-yellow.
Also the latero-ventral yellow line is much narrower and more nearly obsolete. However, a blown
specimen of an Eastern ministra approaches the California larvie in having deep red legs. On
the whole, while there are slight differences in the California form, I am yet somewhat in doubt
whether to eall it a well-marked climatic variety. Dr. Dyar, on seeing the specimen, coincides
with me.

NOTE ON THE VESTIGES OF MANDIBLES IN THE PUPA.

Regarding the nature of the pieces which I have designated as paraclypeal, Dr. Chapman, to
whom | submitted proofs, writes me as follows: ‘The paraclypeal pieces have always passed with
me as mandibles, but there is room for doubt. Where there is a distinct articulation all around I
think it is so, but in other cases it may be the corner of the head case of the larva, just as prolegs
and other larval marks often present.” I am inclined to adopt this view. On comparing the
paraclypeal pieces in figs. 12, 23, 24, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 37, 41, 45 with the swollen bases of
the large functional mandibles of Micropteryx purpuriella (fig. 5) they seem to agree with them
in position.

284 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ADDITIONS TO MAPS II TO X.

The following additions of numbers representing localities mentioned in the preceding pages
may be made on the maps:

Map IT.—Insert 1 (var. quinquelinea) on east shore of Puget Sound. Insert 2b at El Paso,
Tex. Remove 3 from Brunswick, Me.

Map ITI.—Insert 2 in eastern New York; 4 in northeastern Pennsylvania; 5 at Savannah,
Ga.; 7 in southwestern Arkansas, and 12 near Boston, Mass.

Map. TV.—Insert 1 near Boston, Mass.; 5 at Savannah, Ga.; Jacksonville and Indian River,
Florida.

Map V.—Insert 2, 3, and 8 in eastern New York; 5 at Orono, Me.; 5a, eastern Kansas and
Chicago, Ill.; 6 at Brunswick, Me., and in Alaska; 4, 6, and 7 in Virginia; 7 in North Carolina,
Ohio, Texas, Missouri, Chicago (Ill.), Wisconsin, Kingston (Canada), and Mississippi; 1 in Ala-
bama; 4 in Colorado, and San Antonio and Dallas, Tex.

Map VI.—Insert 1 and 2 in western Massachusetts; 3 and 4 in eastern New York; 6 and 8
in southwestern Arkansas.

Map VII.—Insert 1 and 5 at Plattsburg, N. Y.; 6 at Amherst (Mass.), Washington (D. C.),
southwestern Arkansas, and Fort Collins, Colo.

Map VITI.—Insert 2 at Plattsburg. N. Y.; 3 in New York and southwestern Arkansas; 5 in
eastern Pennsylvania and near Philadelphia; 6 in western Washington, and 7 in British Columbia.

Map IX.—Insert 1 at Plattsburg, N. Y.; 2 at Jalapa (Mexico) and in Guatemala; 1 and 7 at
Boston; 3 at Orono (Me.), Racine (Wis.), and Fort Collins, Colo.; 4 at Jalapa, Mexico; 5, 9, and
11 in southwestern Arkansas; 6 at Jacksonville, Fla.; 7 at Savannah, Ga.; 8 at Dallas, Tex.; 13
opposite Micco, Indian River, Florida.

Map X.—Insert 7 at Franconia, N. H.; 2, 4, and 5a at St. Louis, Mo.; 3 at Calgary, Alberta,
and Saratoga Springs, N. Y.; 4 at Miles City (Mont.) and Los Angeles (Cal.), also at Jalapa.
(Mexico) and in Guatemala; 5a at Springfield, Ill.

DESIDERATA.

The following gaps or desiderata occur in our knowledge of the larvee-or life history of the
North American Notodontidz, and attention is drawn to them here in order that collectors and
students may aid usin filling them up. It is particularly requested that the desired eggs and
larvee may be sent to the author in order that colored drawings may be made of them for future
publication.

Three genera are still unknown either in the egg, larval, or pupal stage; these are Bilida,.
Buhyparpax, and Nystalea. ‘

Eggs and larva in all stages of— Eggs and larva of the two forms of Symmerista

Gluphisia wrightii. albifrons.
rupta. Eges and larva of Symmerista packardii.
albofaseia. Kges of Hyparpar aurora.
Sormosa. Eggs and all the larval stages of—
lintneri. Hyparpax perophoroides.

Apatelodes angelica.
Datana californica,
jlovidana.
modesta,
Eggs and early larval stages of—
Ichthyura apicalis.
inornata.
strigosa.
brucei.
Lophodonta basitriens.
Eggs and larva in all stages of—
Drymonia georgica.
Lophopteryx elegans.
camelina.
Eggs and Stages I and II of Notodonta stragula.
Eggs and all the larval stages of—
Notodonta simplaria.
Ellida caniplaga.
Dasylophia thyatiroides.

Hyparpax venus.

Euhyparpax rosea.

Schizura apicalis.
perangulata,

Eggs and Stages I, II, and III of—
Seirodonta bilineata,
Heterocampa manteo.

astarte.

Eggs and all the larval stages of —

Heterocampa chapmani.
plumosa,
hydromeli.
belfragei.
subrotata.

Cerura occidentalis.

scolopendrina.
Nystalea indiana.

The pupa of each or any of these is desired, either alive or in alcohol, or the cast shells.

GENERAL INDEX.

Page.

Acquired characters in Cochliopodid@ .......-.....-.-..---.--- 43

Ceratocampid® ..-....-.............-.- 38

TAMAaACOdIM en= =e ens eee aeons 43

INotOdontida see ase seinen 36

Saturniidse - 5 ae 40

larval characters ..-..--- 35, 36, 38, 40, 45, 144

DAS EEO 3 pea ae eee ante 42

PACA EALION on acc seein ene anneal ninemne enna snie cnn == se 16, 36, 207

PA able CUMTAC ORS mete alates a ale ete emi ele el 207

NOUN PRN TS ttt alee 16

Adelacaprella, pupa tipured).-.2.--s-s—=e ces --- =~ ~--se=w nen 66

wIGelaary a Ol NO ULCM es sateen neal me esiaanaa eo 63, 65

Adoneta spinuloides, ontogeny of..-.....-...------------------ 43

SPREE ES LIC Ce OLY LOO here eee teat ee tania ala ne ele ean mar 81

“Antler-like spines --...-----..--.---- =... _.. 21, 36, 37, 236, 240, 243, 244

Apatelodinz

Arctiide, geographical distribution of...-..-....-..--.---.----

Armature of larvie 7, 8,11, 21

Attaci, origin of their thick body

Blabophanes ferruginella -- ae 66
Bristles, evolution of 11, 20, 21
Bombycine moths, an ancient group 17, 32
STO EAs OSS a lee 7, 32, 83
Bnconlatrixy pupa, eure. . maces -=-aeemcmc smn mmnrelo ene == 64
SELL SUT RM AAT LOL Sh ete ermine pete tel eteratelolntatatePasla/ a atais ieee ee 41
ORO VHG GG elas rte ated alae ate ee 41
Campestrian subprovince.....-...--..----. === 46
Campodea-form larve of beetles ......--------.---------------- 52
RS EA ESR TSO US telat wll el eel fallen ae a 85 |
RR RER DP cate fy SRO GLY eee ete ae sia ete ee ei ee ee 14
Caterpillars, inedible
oripin’ of preencolorof,-. --. canis <-- so oem Senos 14
lines of.-... i5
Ceratocampids, acquired characters in . 38
NOEL Asa a eictet a oe oem eats ae 23, 31
emergence from coeoon of -----.--...-=...--.-.-.-...... 262
YD slew en athlon Ob rteeee eee enteeee re eee ater 85
Cerurine, the most specialized subfamily......--....-..-.----- 8
\CEDTIOEIE GIGS SEO SHE Sepang smote tednon sabesaetcecee nance eee 25
Chapman, T. A., on value of pupal characters ...-...--...---. 53, 56
Characters, acquired, in caterpillars .......-.-.-.-----..------- 36
WGhorentes; pups Of, Neured --- eos enen wena eleae eee ee eee ee as 68
BOLAND stele lee late aa eae ee lee 50
NEUES O10) Pheer altercation 51
BOTS SL et ne 159
Cochliopodide, geographical distribution of. .-.--- s 45
ontogeny of---..----..----- =... 43
pupa of... 76
Color, green, of caterpillars, origin of. :.. lt
Comstock, J. H., on classification of the Lepidoptera 57
Conditions, external, influence of 16

Page.

Cryptolechia pupayol, neired’.cooccenseeescosaaeern sce eee ae 63
Datana, the most primitive Notodontian-.-. - 20, 23, 29
integerrima, origin of markings of - 15
Descent, unbroken lines of. 79
LOG C28 erate aes etal oie aetna eae eae eres eee cee ae 80
Diptera, incongruence between larve and adult..-....-.-...-. 28
relations to Lepidoptera... .---.-:-------2----<-+-<<- 55

TD 1S SO teenie ea eon eae en eta ae eect el ete 34
Drepana arcuata, ontogeny of.-..-.--.-....---.-----.---------. 34
Kacles imperialis;, ontogeny’of -.---.---2222.-s-----+ee- oc sae- 39
Empretia stimulea, ontogeny of. -..--.-.-..-..-----..-..-...--- 43
Eriocephala calthella, mouth parts of.......-....-....--------- 58,59
VAIS ete tate lem = tetera 60

TTC OTA AT Vaca eee ee ee ee eee ete ee ree 13
OXI Pl OF. mens see ee ee eer 4

Evolution: factors 0f-------=- eee eee eee - 16,20
of bristles; 6fciace--. esse 11, 20, 21

Euprepia caja. -- eee ase 13
External conditions, influence of--- 16

Factors of evolution, Lamarckian -

Fish, variation of, in confinement-..-......------.------..-<.- 18
Hlaselumioh Ceruray 6 bere eee. speek ee eee taal 24
Flight of broad winged Lepidoptera. .--....---....-.-.-...-.--- 81
Hood in fo en Ges Olena ameter ee tel alate 18
HOTS yp AT AMA oer wlotntatee tata tate ete itera tat ala fal ates te ee rete 26
SUR YN GES etalae oaintata l= ee alee ee anton hele eect oe ee eet 57
Genealogy of Lepidoptera ------ 2 -- en eee eee 8, 51, 83
Generalizeditonms)- 5-3 ae oe ta e eeeeeeee 42, 53, 54, 82
(Geer taul errant aspartate tate etter 34
Geographical distribution of Notodontidie...-.-.......-..----. 44
(Geolopicalextin ctl Onin eta neem ete eee 32
‘Geometnid moths, origin (ofc --- = a=---- 2s emseree eee eae 79
| Gluphisine -.-..--. - 29
Goldfish, variations of 18
Gracilaria, pupa of. ......- 64
ELPA OT ALTON O Lee atat te tm ele ale el 85

ERAATSVOR CATO LD PLATS eae tet seat et mie atleast 21
ESLER EN NSA aera 21, 24, 26

SI CLS 0) Nae 22,

SES SRN Ee eye lel ee etn 24
Horrisina americana, pupal Of -- <2 e- nine eee eee 77
JEG EMG BEA IEG) BecmemonaceectCosaaedo Sosa area scemoas seats 71
MOEN Oh empee peo sesse core ateer seen ccoss sconces 71

PETERS OS OC MUS ye LAV em mmm le ala mm ole etre 73
DRUM NT te ee 73

pupa of 72

mustelinus, larva of. 73
Herbaceous larve-.-.-- 13
Heredity, homochronic.--.-.-------- 8, 38
Heterocampa, acquired characters in. 36
TN CON TM SNCS Ne aerate setae ett eee eer 30

an early group --.-.-..- 32

obliqua, venation of._-.---. 2... .--.<--.----.- 86

Homs of (caterpillars). secs a-ewemente sos en eeeeae eee aaa oa se 21, 22

286 MEMOIRS OF

Page.
Horns of caterpillars, origin of their position............-.----- 22
Irn Ga ale. cscs ocecies aeee eee e tte ne 21,26
Hurops, origin of-.--..----..------ 20
Hyphantria textor, origin of markings of -- 16
Ichneumons, features deterrent to .. 170
Ichthyurine 35
Imaginal characters, inheritance of ....--- .. See tect e 33, 34
Incongruence between larval and adult characters of Notodon-

Clas soe eee ecewa iene ea a mn a am le alee 27,29
Inheritance at corresponding periods of life . 8,38
Insects, metamorphic, genealogy of. alan 56

why so numerous in species and individuals. .-.-.---- 19

STROMA MON ee seeeatoe as renee insole weamnenicaiine es sae aera 19

NB SA ee at ee a ea 57

SESSA ORE oat le ee ee 20, 24

TSS ar PA SN oan ee ele eee ee ee ee 25

Tanya, CAM POGSR LONI aie masa as ema e = a aie eee ees ieee 13

AY OURO UN ate wale alate aes aoe fe ee ee ele 13

PGNCTSI ZOU See ceases se a eee eee nant 8,9

IP ELENUE EEE cle te ot el 14

Mier val GHaraOtord:-s-s-sm ee amen ee ee ae ee eerie 7

BHM BAN CGO fence nase eee eee 33, 35

Lasiocampide, geographical distribution of......-..--...--.--. 45
Leaf, dead or brown portion of, protective resemblance of Noto-

GOGAT LAT VEE LO nen ee ae els eee ae ae 201, 202, 205, 207

Lepidoptera, classification of. ............-.-.-------.---------- 51,56

genealogical tree of. --. 83

Nanstellata a. —=eces sles saan 61

inheritance of acquired characters in- - 33, 36

laciniata-n-sseseens =a --==eslencesn = <mn= -- 58,61

phylogeny of .--..---- 51,56

primitive features of. - 53,58

BEGIN RON S O lie sae ee tit ee nen eae 54,55

BNE CLG ON O Semen ee ee cee eee ne 84

Limacodes, origin of their larval forms--....-..---..---------- 19

STL TT@E ODS NYO sec a a eee el 15

Lithacodia fasciola, ontogeny of .....----------------+++-----+- 44

Lithosia, the ancestor of Bombyces ..-....--.------------------- 32
Rig be De aN Ol slate re aan nla ae at eee ola ale le

Macrurocampa, flagellum of....-.......-..--.-----------------= 24

Mandibles, vestigial, in Tineids, ete....----..-..------- 18, 55, 59, 283

Markings, bright .-.........2--2---ssenssesceeeores----- 180, 181, 215

AUTON tere ne ate ela eee satan oot atas pl siets ealelninioinin'n 201, 207

OVIZIN Of. oe eons a nn eens enn ene =neeee- 7,11, 15,16

OP WAN 6 am aete e oeea eie icles eee eee 9, 34

Maxille, vestigial ..- 2.20.20. 22 ecco oe cern pemenenneensnenncwne 34

Wedinm: Girect aChOn) Ole. ..en to= see scene a= =m 16

Megalopyge, pupa of......-..-------------- soc8 76

Megalopygidw, pupa of. - Se

Melanchroia. .....-....--- = 80

Melanism --. 51,272

in Cerura scitiscripta. ---- -- 276,278

in Cerura scolopendrina. . Rae:

in Notodonta stragula. - 165

in) Pheosia dimidiata - -- <2 o ose a cmenerssieaemanalan 159

Melanotic Notodontians ...... --- 51, 159, 165, 272, 276, 278

Metrua elongata, pupa of. . s ase- 69, 70,71

Micropteryx, mouth parts of.....-....-.-----2---e-eeneeeneens 58

PUPA LIDOA Ofc mwa n mc a= ws anaes aleiaeeni sina 62

WEN GiDN! Ofaee mes ee nae eae eee ae eee 62

Mimicry, protective. ..........----2--- +c ence eee n een n enn nnenene 11, 20

Miiller, F., on ontogenetic development of veins .....-...-----. 84

H., on origin of lepidoptera......-.-.-..-.----.-----.-- 55

Watoral BOlGCHODe = ses cose ene sees sale eee a ee eerie 24

INAGEQUACY. OF acasac sae ease een eee 15

Nematois violellus, larva, figured.........--...---------------- 63

Neolepidoptera:. 2... 0... ncn nam nnnn asm on nnemene ses sesssosenes 61, 62

Nepticula, larval legs Of ......02.------ceccnscnn cee cw cen esenanas 18

Woctnids, Origin Of. soon. cccenen aan = as acne wane en oee semen 81

Noctuobombyces -.....--.----- 11

Nola ovilla, pupa ..-..---.---- 79

Nolidsw, pupa ..................- 79

Notodonta stragula, melanism in - 165

Notodontian fauna of North America .-....--..--..-- 45

larve, grouping of, by their affinities .. 23

26 |

THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. }

Page.
Notodontians, melaniam in. ~~... sc ncaceccuccenrvevssacsciouancne 51
Notodontide, systematic revision of........-.....-..--.----«-- 87
Wotodon binges. os seh isan ce ccm ee cee eee eee 30, 140
Cceticus abhotil; pupa of-2-.- o<2sece- o-oo e eae eee 69, 70
(inotusiviresceng, pupa <== 2-..2socerviccresneteeeeeeeeen eeeeee 74
(ita ‘aurea, larvalofs.c..<2520 0s ciccente matte gens capeeee eee tee 8l
(OMS d eee ae eee ae ee ee 78, 80
Oncopersiintricata, pUpan-—---.s.a.csve anne ce et eam sees ee eeeee 7

Origin of mimetic or protective characters

Paleolepidoptera. 61
Panorpidee -.--- S ld
Paranal forks ...,....-.. - 26,279
Parasa chloris, pupa of...- = 76
Phassus triangularis, pupa -. = v4
Pheosia dimidiata, melanism in ......-.-.----.------- 159
Phryganidia californica, pupa of ........-..2-...2..--2-s0-c---- 79
Phyllocnistis; larva Ol-c. .ce<- saa encesech sec cee == eee eee 18
Phylogenyiof Lepidoptera: <.- nn senvems secs cine ae o2 ese eee 5L
late; GUranAl . ono nea cearie cence cee scene asses See eee 25
Platylepidopterd << so. ue os a2 a oso sae eee eo eee 62
Platysamia cecropia, ontogeny of ..--.-...-.------------------- 40
Prickles:of planta, origin Of ---5.---a5--¢on<+-==enaa=ee see 16,17
Primitive caterpillars ---o6-c=—ss0s. sak oe soa =ae See 14
Prionoxysatus robiniey PUPA) - <2 avery eases seeneeee eee eee eee 76
PrOdOxids <<. 2-212 -cdssedescncdeenana=hans ee" =e 64
Prodoxus decipiens, pupa figured. - --- 64,65
Protolepidoptera ......-. 58
Psychidw, pupa of ---- - 68,70

TelRtiONS Of aaee = ome e ee ene 68, 70
Pupa, genital armature of. -- 74,77, 78

incompleta ...... -- 53, 56,79

liberas-2-<2-s.c0 53, 56, 62

MOWUR parts Ola a= sees eee ee eee 53, 57, 62, 64, 65, 74

obtecta ........-

ONBHON Of eee esse see wes ee — ee Eee eee
Rup, Chapnianion)-nqqses t= eran a eee aise o ea eee eee
Pupal characters, inheritance of ..............2---------s0e---- 33, 35
DE SEY Bt ete mlmcc el 30
Resemblance, protective-.----..--..--------- 201, 202. 205, 206, 207, 215
Saturnians, geographical distribution of .......-..-...---------- 45

origin of their thick bodies, ete .......-.----.-.--- 19

SCHIZzNT a CONCIUNA en eeee = <a eeaee ee ee eee eee eee 30
SG anomie sre! OxN ewe taratatetepietats = alten eet eee cececeeees 50
Sepregation <2. ce ca= mwas em enn sce enone om nn ae semen ee 19
Seshidss spupasOf one-act eae eee se eee 77
Sets, classification of---------. 2 =. - 2. oe 21
awe) fp Lo,

glandular........-.- -- 21,24, 26
Shield) cervical; origin ofc. 22 5. 222 --0enpsensn ese=ne Sane 25
Signals, danger ....-.-..-------..-. - 180, 181, 215
Simethis oxycantha, larva figured.........-.------------------ 63
Size, increase in, in Western compared with Eastern individ-

TOU SALES ae ete a ee a wel 159, 213
Solenobia pineti, pupa of. .--....-.------.-.---- ssenee~--e scenes 67, 69
nvalshella, pupa Of | ooo ee ocean ee ccna 68, 69
Sonoran SUDprovince...... 2... cc nec een e comes mene en eneeessene 45
Specialized forms .........------- 2-0 esenenneo-=s-5s=="-5seees 42
Sphinges, success of, in struggle for existence......--...------ 82
Sphingicampa bicolor, ontogeny of..-...-----------+--+-++-+-++ 38
Spilosoma virginica, origin of markings of......--------------- 15
Spines, origin of.-.-....--- See tense maleate nielsis cnt stale nis ae ate 7,11, 16
dn) DrAChiONOdS = <a saree cece eee 7
in trilobites ...... aoe aie ae eee 17
| Spots, development of.......---.. W, 11,15
Spuler, A., on pupal forms....-..- 54
VONAtION|... -2-< nc -nocennecneners-==-4====senoseeee 84
Stemapoda ............... -- 24, 266, 279
Stem forms of Lepidoptera........---------0+- eee ence eeceen ees 54
Stenoptery gia... 2.2.00. eee ence wenn cnn sen ceneceancnsescnsane 63
Speyer, A., on origin of Lepidoptera -.-...-.-.------+------++++
Stimuli, external
Suranal plate....... 22... 2222-2 ee ence sence ee een eee enna nceeeeen ne
Symmerista albifrons, origin of lines of..----.----- nate amen ee 15
Syntomide, pupa of ..---. 2.2... eee eee ween ween eee e eee eee 79
Talwporia conspurcatella, pupa Of....+...0+-+-- siete asieiaiaiaia: eee aia REE

MEMOIRS OF

Page
Taleporia pseudobombycella, pupa of...-.....--.-------------- 67, 85
Rano rs PACV May PUN Obes eae se aa ees ee i= ne ele as 78
Tegeticula yuccasella, pupa figured...-.....-...--.-.-.--.---.- 65
Terrifying features of Notodontian larv@....------------ 176, 181, 215
Thyridopteryx ephemerxformis ....-..--.-.------------------- 69,70

Tinea tapetzella, pupa of, figured. ----- 66
SEDER) SE eee ae eee eee ea 65
Tineina --. 63
Tineoids abe
Tischeria marginea, pupa figured ..---.----- Betas se 67

tinctorella, pupa figured ........-.-..-------=:--=-.-- 67
BRE TR GOT EL TE Re sie ete neato ee lee Se et 76
Tree-feeding caterpillars. --.........-.---.-------- Seas 11, 12, 13
ESRC L ER SS ee eee ee 55
POC HUTT PAINT NUP A Ode aie x cela oinlalerente =icinielelseieteleie =ial=r= alas ere 7

THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES. 287

Page
BEER es h Cake INGa MOUM Esse eee ne ee cece tee eee cen os 21
ODOM Ofte oe ees eee cee Se eens
Mulbercles; psendosn-as = aco sicioosaies oe eee wegen ne cases eces ane

terrifying
Variation, causes of
climatic -
seasonal. --

venation of wins of Lepidoptera == -0--2-<4---eee-eee esa eo s- 84
Walter on mouth parts of Lepidoptera.-.-.......---..--.-..--- 58
SV AIRTS ND ILITOLOMS apse Sees oman t-te te ae eee eae oe ae ee 20, 21
Wingless moths, orig 34
Wing power, increase in, in broad-winged moths......--.--.--- 81
Wings, widening of, correlated with increase in wing power... 81
Aeuzera oy yrina, PUVA Ol- s- seas ee = eee eee ee eee sae 76

IG ROTAX CL SRS aD LN 1 OE oe nega eel eles ieee 7

Te ° oa en «lt eae
“oad ean
Coo

INDEX OF SPECIES, GENERA, AND SUBFAMILIES.

[Names of genera are in italics; of subfamilies, in bold-faced type. The number of the page where the species is described is in italics.]

Page.

BSL ES Ey oe eee ee tattle oe ei le 142
BENT AERO ae ee ei ee ee anata al 270
SAUDICOStH a= a -1-=— == = a eather ee 179
PAU D REC ONE cae mastei= min 179
Albofascia ...-..-.-- =ae~ 93,94
Albosigma - - 124, 125, 138
SRO aE se a ll 12k
Angelica. .- 100, 102, 103
BESS R TL SS te em al 147
Angusii...-. - 106, 110
PRTEE LE ROL a te ee ecient ets ae Sa ciate ata =i 99
YA ON Brea eof ntact 100, 103
TIVOLI) C Celera ele teeteeetetetedetet etal aterrets stein isimrainajoisictoia, = 100, 104

SEAS NT a GER a nt eels 100

PEN Fea TCL YD ea eee cli ire 99
PAC ALIS (MOMMY ATA) | earet a alee alms mele a inn mim ls = = 124, 125
SSCL ZAC 20) rae eet eet acon acinar een ate 193, 203

NSE Er eee eel ale etal 247
BSS CANN CS ete tea ate a= roel 124
BRST ENS YS tetas ati 249
ERS N NED i Ree ee tee nae et alcatel pre atch ta aia 184
BENE TSS SS UG USM te lt aie miele altar 186
BESSA TTY SRC TL eas terete es meta re re ale ter ote) ciate ee nae 96, 98
BUS SA CT cette tae eee tele leita lar a 193, 194, 208
SRS SRLS ene 152
PRESS RR ee antenatal 250
Bidentata - - 170
Bifiria.... - 124
Biguttata -- 194
BRS OTE eee eh 218
SEER tee 235
SPANO esate etal etalon eie i=) a aime eration eter eye aeaepeee eee 124, 137
NG EDL OMEEIG Buc teaeintnmfotetata fe alts meme loms ntepete ais, ste erotica ty ree 106, 108
CRHGOSIS) ea-eeasemceeae eae ee staan eee see 158

MET ERYN A DD etc lt tat at eae oe 156
EIST CE eect wae nepal 156
COTE UL etree ra a eee 217, 220
PRR AN peta 230
RUDI GS COMIN iter ye rs sete tale -tolalnialetee ree elie act aiectc tags eee 235

etre aT cree eet ete no eee eee ee te eee ne 252
NORIRUE I ae reset olen ae eel as ng ret en ie aol ee eae asaeee ences
BLL OT CATR a eta tatet te ra ee 270
aquilonaris - . 270
borealis..--.. 264
cinerea -. 273
modesta --.-- 270
PUTTS eh aes tate eee rete eral ae a rel 276

OCCId ental Soo ne cme meee ice eee oss 268
QUASI 168 atm mmm mm ae at een leita nie a 276

SPOS CS OSLER A Be nce teen a ee 270
Clr iri bs eee aioe eines sae ecient aE oe 262
aT ENT es eed in ae ne aioe ie eee ere es 251
Cinerascens. . 224
MELE tI NON 5 ptemtenetesemeres aeaiseciaees ee ee nesinia ais sieicie elects 194, 195

S. Mis. 50-19

Page.
We@inereusy wos. < oes ce sesecccess stlacecmessas tosecevcroeeteeee 230
COR Ter Oprertaa nome ie ne ers ieee a lnra tae ate ates aa ae een 123
CCB TO COIS Beemer telat ere eat ae ae cle eee ee 192, 194
Edman OSes sseee ena ae eee ee ee ae eee 204
Coloradensis (Ianassa)- - - 189, 190, 210
G0 TE) ae ete telecaster ete arate areata terete te eee ee eect 194
Coneinna. - - 193,212
Conspecta. -- es 203
Contracta .-- . 106, 112
Corticea.----.- 194
Gosmolricnisn = seaecian eis hoe aa eee ee eee ee 3 142
ID AD Dy leraratroe te ate ap tenis eroatele com wil race seeks -- 96,98
Dardant ae reecneri-emeleeesftee elceet eee salieri secetesiee eae 235
ET OVE OFT CL aya faeces este ee am a erat tee eternal he 105
AN PHS les seeeeoentciaia (ieee ee eee eee eet 106, 110
Califor Gays ot acae sus ee ees oe ee 106, 108, 283
(CONN Lys atte tlt le le ee 106. 122
nex Cliit.ioe oon = acesenlars son ae ase aes 106, 112
floridian alse js esos ene ee erent mere 106, 115, 283
GLU OLN eae ete tee ey 106, 120
IM] OD ee te sree nee ae ee ee eee 106, 113
STUN Uh depen es otal lain ae aoe a es eee eee 106
MOOSE 5 = sone nae oe nee cise eee ee a eee see ees 106, 117
MAM coe oe en eee eaten csi acini eee eet ooc ieee 106, 116
perspicua --- 106,117
robusta. - --.- 106,219
Dasylophia ve -- 141, 772
anguina -- =< 173, 174
interna ----- -- 173, 177
Punta Pordaye =. .casancen---<=sn ee seer
PDL Spe LOLS at al tet omer 177
Meschorell ((PHCOSiAe- a= oases oem cisea aasle eee ee eee 158
TCT OUTLOUN Co tee eta oy tama ete ot aerial eee 264
SGT OTA Carpe et a dae ae = nee ieee 263
ey Tete el GEG OS 1S) ere eta la 158
SEO 0 C0 a beers latent ee ieee ee 158
Houbledayii(Meterocampa) ~~ -- == <n ae ae ee eens 230
Ue x Olileee ena eet a Semen ee i ae ee ee 106, 112
BET TIATOCL TB a ale lt nina 141, 153, 157
CGT eT terete eiate ete sete eee ate 174
COLE CH ener epee eet 153
STUER CO 1 hate al ce a la 23
Drynobia tortuosa - ?
Ducens
Edema. .
PERS COS CEA S alates ae lel ee 183
PACK ALG eee ces emanate ee ree ent 183
STOR EN la eee 183
iol ema CAN Sy. CNS GA om am me nmin emo ae eee al 189
BERND Vk SN C4 12 test Se a ta ec 203, 204
PSs Se a mn 156
PLUG ipa tn ora ware ete me ee 168
EAT Rm me a ee nS 169
Olid ate esdacice = eee seisioeenem ee leneincr emit ne neater eeee 169

290

Page
Elongata .....--.--..----+-eeeee cece sce e eee n ee cee eee cece eeeeees 257
EBuhyparpae ..-..cc-n----------0-0-- eee eee oe ean 183, 187
188
ERUNCUG << cccancsneenne --- 89,95
RESIN Boece semen 193, 194, 210
Ferruginea 149
Floridana (Apatelodes) .....--2----+--------eeee eee ene eeeeeeee 101
(Datane) <seoc~ aoe eee enn meena aes te nane nem
Formosa .......-.----
Georgica ....-.-..
Gluphisia ......-..-
lintneri
QUIMQuelinGgh. 5-5 <. 25. oo. ce sen =~ ee nneo == n= = =a enemas 50
Baptentrionis: <6... as-— mae ans oe maaan e= wwe 09,90
BOVELAS 0. <i e eee cca ane commen cence escecs=- --- 90,96
trilineata. 90
SOV OD ote cate ale ela ae elem ieee ete a
Gluphisine ......--
ACAI NO eee eee ere ee ee ne ml
SLOVO aca ee eee eee ae oe ae eel
GHG enna oes =

anguina ..
interna...

I Rten OCOD on. elaate oe tes a eee eo attain tae is 183, 217, 220
BAVALCG ee ae ten isle cee oe ates eis ein aS aac mina ma 247

athereo - --- 249, 250

Delfragei eo econ cere ene m meee ene aaen=v=-=~= 250

PS UNC a ere et wre terrote tae ae eee ett ea 2385

DronnGa ee. earn ee eee ee eee eee ae ae 242, 243

COMM DA SE) one eer eee canine toate ee nile 252

CHAPMAN Core ame naa eee ae manele = 251

guttivitta 230

hydromehi 253
Innata..-.---.-=.- 248

manteo 224

marina 254

ODIIQ 18 oo cs om ote = =m weinin in a ee eel 242

perolivata 246

plumosa ..-...--- 248
pulverea..-....-- -- 249, 282

MUMNCUAG =e mane ane eee ane anit 173

semiplaga 235

BSUS RUG YT a eee 223

BO DTOtN eee os eet 252

superba ......... 252
tripartita...... 17
trouvelotii....... 242, 243

REDE eure eee nee ae clot ee 249

unicolor 254

varia 242
Heterocampine .- 183
Humilis-----..- 203
DERG sp LEN OPO TUT Cb Ph ata a te em ete ial a ote eel a 103
BET yA TIM atta a = alee = oe ale a ea 192
BERS OOS GL tea nl ee ee 253
SERRE ae een nee ee ee eee See ee 183, 184
EO) (hs ses sae 184, 281
aurostriata ....--. 186
perophoroides -. 186

BIS etiam ah a icles stele ele ae Rie lee eee 187

TONG BE ere en a eta nie na ota ao ae isle se oes = ee 188
ROMURYROT I corp iain eature a) ola aintele x wma ellen em foein we slay = ie in oie = renee eet 123
albosigma -- 124, 138, 280

PIBUNE eaeren lutea Se wecinn's is «eldest raceme mio reat 124

SPICHlWieneatc sehen cite seems anes we evcem piesa nine 124, 125

ABUOTIRG woes cat entecinticeratataldelest sioticnee se emnieitoe 124, 127

DIARIO sacs cxt.ccveosccneesnasbecscapasancicaaceeeeen 124, 128

DENGOlinccoecte econeta seen eos Reet e ee acoas Lod, 187,

YON CNB ocala ola ence aleie ate ots ete a tenet al eee 124, 131

RYU Sete ele te eae ta ee 124, 150
inversa....-..... 124, 132

JOCORRE cece mccevicess cen atom eee on eae aaa 124, 133

RUS CLO bitte cas eae ee eee arate al el ee 124
multnoma 124, 187

ornata .... 124, 126

124

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Page.

Ichthyura—Continued.
BV SCHIGR on aaee rin dapees aetee ee an wen eeannnnsenercens 124
strigosa 124, 130
WEALD neta a oe ssf stam nce wt pe ea ed 125
Ichthyuringe - 1233
Incarcerata .......- 125, 126
Analog) os. > sec. ens ce « 124, 125, 131
Unidentatte occas. - ceecoess neem ns see ease l=ae e 125, 126
Imdistinota=: 22-2. ~ na. secoues oe ane canes eine ne eee en 100, 104
Wnornnta)-------.246s6 124, 180
Integerrima 106, 120
Interna)-<-.-~-.- ses li7
INVSISS .36 o<4~-5=- dee 124, 132
TPOMmien ja. -<casc-sccueenes 198, 194, 207
DONOGEG: a0 ons Sn omni enen nde coas suede wee seeedee shee eee Ss
VOCOBA «5502 < owiaceccce ces otek acu acne ee Soe eee eee eee 124, 133
Leptinoides 193, 194, 199
Lignicolor ........... - 189, 210
Lignigera........ - 189
Thtodonte fuses . 0. <2 sesctcenst-ne-nnasc-0s ous oceeen eee 253
beliragei \e2<2- cn acne ce es canon ees see 250
hydromeli . 253
Lochmeus .....--.- 220
biundata. - 235
CINBLEUS ese 230
DI ATINB eit e amare ee 254
Olivatus- 22526. ches se ce sk anceps oe an eee 235
AOD TL OG ONGC mare teal mate ate las ele o afer eta om 140, 146
angulosa. aaa
basitriens - - 147, 152
ferruginea. . 147, 149
plans acne woes eee eee -- 248
Lophopteryx ..-..-- Rese te eee epe ee eee ws abemnn - 141, 154
Gamelina sees. aes sees $e kale elon eee ee ee 156
OADUCINA. se en one clewe celcna es = ee a ee 156

elegans -
notaria .
Luculenta......-...

Mandela -........

Marthesia 257
May OS tose sien a ceine a pinaiesieeie ar anaes e eee - 106, 113
SEE VO AC oe ete alee tele ata me oan eae le == 23
MANGO eae <0 cise cie aces => ene bes seca =a ee ne ee eee ee 223
MONT At ect a tise n(clawteis orca secten = triacw oebenee ot leelss Usain eee 89,95
Meridionalis 273
Ministra ......--- 106
Misogada ........ 220
cinerea 254
sobria 230, 254
REGU G8 6A ap = << eee as hee eee eee eae eee ee 106, 117,270
GUL GHeaes ene eee ene eee ere eee eee SI 230
Multnoma 124, 125, 137
Mustelina
IVA) Pec crebe nau anc snaandane nme ee eee eee
bGHYONSil 22. ooo ee econ ene cen eee eee eee
Goubled ayi oc see oe nce nese = nee en
gibbosa -.-..
oregonensis.
rubripenni
INGVACE Sewer e enc enn opie as seinen aoa a sy aes ee eee
ID OOTS TH <3 eis soo eae eee loc uae aise tan a 171, 280
ND PTOBIP TRA anomie acc ove nmiew ices eae oe ee ete 194
PNG etcetera ean arene w Walesac sce a kee es See ne 208, 272
-- 200
-- 156
- 87,140
Petnasce ne cltieln ns ae ncss noes ke) eee Sse 164
SIMPL ce oe oe sac ese eee ea eee ees een eee eee 167
stragula... 165
Nystalea indiana..... ao LED
Obliqua.......... . 235, 242
COD OMOSG Coos cena eo es cose pe aso k eee eee eee ene 192, 194
OU BTOB ooo orn s emw on ceaeneweawsecanesiseat ann anp ahaa lta 230

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ns Bo Rd ee ee ea
Ornata ......

Packardii .

Palla..... 1
Palmii 1
Se ei a mee ee etal
SR SN ERS AT LE Meee ten eae = ae was em tc 1
SENUST DLO ROL LGN retort state teeta eye ie ie aia laine. ciiclolni alae)
Bi eT Le cet ete atl ieee a i ate Pen 1
Ped ae tata ol 1

dictiea --

dimidiata .

portlandia
Phy...
Plemosa
Portlandia
Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides ---....----.-..-------- z
BRS SS Ea ete
BRR EN oh atte tte atl le ale ele ei oe aetna ee
PENN C ERE OTL BU eee fo cm tefl ee ein ne nel herioa aloes eee
eee te
Quinguelinea
BESS IU Tas URLS fe eae enero tee
SR RSE ESC CL ED eee ect area aetna aioe =o wie ister t= ein asin (mae met
Rimosa ..
Riversii. -
SESS eee te ae eee ete otal ie alee ale 1
Rupta. -
Salicis ...
Schizura -

=e
ome

URC LL alt ecto alc rata ietclfealeliacla 1
DAT sere os orc rare raree ein isicin ees steiicte <n sleminies 193, 1
EDUC MINE setae es sete eae) eens peace Ee 193, 1
eximia 198, 1
ipomee 193, 1
leptinoides- - 193, 194, 1

nitida ....-.
FEN SRN PLA ee ee ate eee oa 1
unicornis .. - 193, 194, 202, 2
BONED teeta eee nee ee eee ee ee nae a osiee reece

Page.
145
124
183
24,133
06, 116
263
93, 210
186
06, 117
41,157
158
158

212
16, 119
93, 94
12, 213
83, 192
93, 203
94, 208
94, 212
94, 210
94, 207
99, 207

208
93, 210
03, 207
276

291

Page.

WENNOM OTE ieta mann plewae dele wines ne nae ava eis senmacesnnn ens 183, 217
bilineata - 218
Semiplaga...... 235
Semirufescens. - 203
Septentrionis .. 90
Si brialtigh ts omoreceee aie ios - (liz
Significata (Heterocampa) - 208
NAMED ANIA) Santee cee sess ae ees - 167
SIGRS Onis see sas asses eee eee see - 96,97
SO DN Beeman amine eae eee eet 230
RDOCIN GR inal miata safe mcm alone Seis eee ree saeeicen s ee 124
URW TON UR Poo an ona oe Sema a ae eee ae - 220
Slauropus' wirid OSCONSser aw eeae aca Sas a eececetecetios aceon 235
x eek PET Ghee ee ea oe ee mes ee enn) eee 165
STATS OS ae ete le ee a 124, 125, 130
Subalbicansracceseares-seece ea waa eet eee eee eneee aoe 214
SWDrOtata ees m anita s ise aoe tas eae iat oe nee ewan See ee 252
SID ENES ISR ee etl eo ee ra ieee 252
Symmerista 141, 177
BDI COST Aer we ae i= see es eee eles eee are ee a 179

albifrons .. . 179

mandela. -.- ee ark

packardii-. - 183

Tadana cinerascens - -... eeooG:
Melieneesasae se 194, 195
RGSS el aiereetae ects eer setae eee ater - 207
Thyatiroides 177
PO Tet Gist eran lee eee eater ent tat aerate 100
FROTUMOSamenk eee seen eee cise selec ara eee 153
DETER a SA Clee 177
Rroue] 0 biipeem eases tae eee eee ee 242
BU hea ee ee pe a 218
Uimbratas.25- <2 <<-<ccc<s ec cannes enlsiee ls os cesesasaessscescene ee 249
TUMIGOMNIS? costes sate eee see Goma celles owe wo ceacceone 193, 194, 203, 207
TVG rs ee a re eee 125
SS NS eet le 187
SV 6 eee fale ete el eee 189
Viridescens .-.- ma 230
SXSW Jn BS PMA LA areie)- arses ew wie mse ee wine a ne cena eee eee 177
Xylinodes -....-..-- 183, 188
lignicolor 189, 282

VATE Dee teat tate alee ata atala)o eeale etter tele atelier tetas 189

EXPLANATION OF THE PLATES.

Pram [:

Fias. 1, 2,3. Gluphisia septentrionis Walk. 3.

Fia. 4. Gluphisia septentrionis var, quinquelinea.
Fies. 5,6. Gluphisia ridenda Edw. 2.

Fies. 7,8. Gluphisia albofascia Edw. 2.

Fia. 9. Gluphisia rupta Edw. @.

Figs. 10-12. Gluphisia formosa Edw. 2.

Fic. 13. Gluphisia wrightii Edw. 9°.

Fies. 14-16. Gluphisia severa Edw. 9.

Fic. 17. Gluphisia severa (avimacula Hudson). 9°.
Fig. 18. Gluphisia lintneri (Grote). g. ~

294

\eanvareaa|

North American Species of Gluphisia

YMC PRINTING Ch, BOSTON

Fics.
Fas.
Figs.
Figs.
Figs.

Fics
Fig.

Fies. 14, 15. Datana perspicua Grote and Rob. 3, 2.

FIGs.
Figs
Fics

3,

9,
ait

. 16,
: 18;
. 20,

296

1, 2. Datana angusii Grote and Rob. ¢, en.

5, 6. Datana drexelii Edw. 3, 2.
7, 8. Datana major Grote and Rob. ¢, Q.

PLATE II. -
4, Datana ministra Drury. 2%, 2.

10. Datana palmii Beut. ¢, 9.
12. Datana floridana Graef. 3, 9,
13. Datana modesta Beut. ¢.

17. Datana robusta Strecker. ¢, 9.
19. Datana contracta Walk.
21. Datana integerrima Grote and Rob. ¢, 9.

PAE elle

North American Species of Datana (D. Californica excepted).

Ce

FIGs.
Fics.

Fic.

Fias.
Fics.
FIGs.
FIGs.
FiGs.

Fig.

Fics.

Fic.

Fics.
FIGs.

FiG.

PLATE III.

. Ichthyura apicalis Walk. (vaw). 3,4, 2.

Ichthywra apicalis var. incarcerata Boisd. (ornata BHdw.) 25 d, 95 d-
Ichthyura apicalis var. bifiria Edw. g.

. Ichthywra inornata Neum. g, 2, 2.

Ichthyura strigosa Grote. 3, 3d. 9.
Ichthyura strigosa var. luculenta Edw.

. Ichthyura inclusa Hiibn. g, 2, 2.
. Ichthyura inclusa var. inversa Pack. &, ¢-

Tchthyura inclusa var. jocosa Edw. @.
Tchthyura brucei Edw. 3,9, °-

. Ichthyura brucei yar. mulinoma Dyar. 3.

. Ichthyura albosigma Fitch. 9, 9.

. Ichihyura albosigma var. specifica Dyar. 2, gd.

. Ichthyura apicalis var. incarcerata, subvar, alethe Dyar. Q.

North American Species of Ichthyura, with their varieties.

e

Pry Vie

Fic. 1. Lophodonta ferruginea Pack. 2.

Fic. 2. Lophodonta ferruginea Pack. ¢.

Fic. 3. Lophodonta angulosa Abbot and Sm. ¢@.
Fic. 4. Notodonta stragula Grote and Rob. 2.
Fic. 5. Lophodonta basitriens (Walk.). 2.

Fic. 6. Notodonta simplaria Graef. 2.

Fic. 7. Drymonia georgica Herr.-Sch. 2.

Fic. 8. Lophopteryx elegans Streck. ¢.

Fic. 9. Dasylophia interna Pack. 2.

Fic. 10. Dasylophia anguina Abbot and Smith, var. punta gorda Slosson. 2.
Fie. 11. Dasylophia anguina Abbot and Smith. 9. Normal.

Fic. 12. Symmerista packardii (Morr.). 9.

Fig. 13. Symmerista albifrons Abbot and Smith (albicosta Hubn.). 2.
Fic. 14. Symmerista albifrons var, from Florida (albifrons A. and 8.). 2.
Fic. 15. Xylinodes lignicolor (Walk.). 9°.

Fic. 16. Schizura ipomew Doubleday. ¢g.

Fig. 17. Schizura ipomew var. cinereofrons Pack. 9

Fic. 18. Schizura leptinoides Grote and Rob. 9.

Fic. 19. Schizwra leptinoides Grote and Rob. ¢@.

Fic. 20. Schizura unicornis Abbot and Sm. ¢.

Fic. 21. Schizura unicornis Abbotand Sm, 9.

Fic, 22. Schizura apicalis Grote and Rob. 2.

Fic. 23. Schizura badia Pack. 2.

Fic. 24. Ellida caniplaga (Walk.). &.

300

Notodontinze and Heterocampinze

x

-
'
s
«
Fa
i
‘
‘
4
'
=
‘<.
fj
=
o . 5

FIG. 1
Fies. 2,3
Fias. 4,5,
Fic, 6.
Fia. 7
Figs. 8, 9
Fic. 10
Fies. 11, 12
Figs. 13, 14
Fig. 15
FIG. 16
Fics. 17, 18
FiG. 19
Fic. 20.
Figs. 21, 22

PATA Vis

. Heterocampa manteo (Doubleday). 2.

. Heterocampa quitivitta (Walk.). @, 2.

. Helerocampa biundata Walk. ¢, 9.

. Heterocampa lunata Edws. ¢. Edwards's type.
. Heterocampa obliqua var. perolivata Pack. ¢ (type).
. Heterocampa obliqua Pack. ¢, 9.

. Heterocampa pulverea Grote and Rob. 2.

. Heterocampa astarte Doubld. 2, 2.

. Heterocampa pulverea Grote and Rob. ¢, 9.

. Helerocampa belfragei (Grote). g.

. Heterocampa hydromeli Harvey. 9°.

. Heterocampa subrotata Harvey. g, 9.

. Heterocampa subrotata (celliphaga Harvey). ¢-

. Heterocampa unicolor Pack. 2.

. Macrurocampa marthesia (Cramer). 9, ¢.

Heterocampa and Macrurocampa.

E

LATE

x

‘Sh a =
: Sins . >
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.
. i
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= i.
.
£ . 7
.
’
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he
2
2 .
‘
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‘

Fies. 1, 2, 3.

Fic. 4.
Fic. os
Fic. 6.
Fig. fhe
Fic. 8.
Fic. ME
Fics. 10-12.
Fic. 13.
Fig. 14,
Fic. ee
Fig. 16.
Fic. aa
Fic. 18.
Fic. 19.
Fic. 20.
Fic. 21.
Fics. 22, 23

Fic.

304

IPTATE Val.

Schizura concinna Abbot and Sm. ¢g, @ (from Idaho), 9.
Schizura perangulata Edws. ¢. Edwards's type.
Schizura perangulata Edws. g. Utah. U.S. Nat. Mus.
Schizura perangulata Edws. ¢. Colorado. Coll, Neumoegen.
Schizura eximia Edws. 2.

Seirodonta bilineata (Pack.).

Heterocampa manteo (Doubld.) var. U.S. Nat. Mus.

Cerura borealis Boisd. 2, g, 2.

Cerura scolopendrina Boisd. g. California, Coll, Dyar.
Cerura scolopendrina yar. modesta Hudson. 2.

Cerura occidentalis Lintner. ¢.

Cerura cinerea Walk. 2.

Cerura cinerea var. cinereoides Dyar. &.

.Cerura cinerea var. nived. 2. Colorado.

Cerura cinerea var. nea. Dyar's type of meridionalis. 9.
Cerura cinerea type of Behr’s paradoxa. Coll, Dyar. 2.
Cerura scitiscripta Walk. 2g. Florida.

. Cerura scitiscripta var. multiseripla Riley. @, 3g.

24.

Euhyparpax rosea Beutenmiiller. g. Type in Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

Heterocampinze and Cerurine.

8, Mis, 50 —20 aaa :

» .

Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fig.
Fra.
Fic.
FiG.
Fic.
FG.
Fic.
FiG.
Fic.
FiG.
Fic.
Fic.
FiG.
FiG.
Fic.
Fic.
Fia. 2.

FiG.
Fia, 2

Fie. 2:
Fig.
FiG.
Fic.
FiG.

Fic.
Fic.

“10 Cle & to KH

oo

26.
27.
28.

29,

30.
31.

PLATE VII.

. Gluphisia septentrionis Walker. ¢. H. Knight del. from Walker’s type in British Museum.
. Ichthyura apicalis Walker. g. Normalform. Bridgham del.

. Ichthyura apicalis var. astoriew Edws. g. Nebraska. Bridgham del.

. Ichthyura apicalis Walk. ¢. H. Knight del. from Walker's type in British Museum.

. Ichthyura inclusa Hiibn, g. Normal Eastern form. Bridgham del.

. Ichthyura strigosa Grote. g. Bridgham del.

. Ichthyura brucei Edws. ¢. Franconia, N. H. Bridgham del.

. Ichthyura albosigma Fiteh. g. Bridgham del-

. Ichthyura inclusa var, inversa Pack. Bridgham del.

10.
tS
12.
13.
14,
15.
16.
17:
18.
19.
20.
. Heterocampa manteo Doubled. g. Bridgham del.

. Heterocampa guttivitta Walk. g. H. Knight del. from Walker’s type of ‘‘Seirodonta albiplaga” in British

Apatelodes torrefacta Abbot and Sm. ¢. Bridgham del.

Pheosia dimidiata H.-Sch. ¢. Bridgham del.

Notodonta stragula Grote and Rob. ¢. Bridgham del.

Lophodonta basitriens Walk. g. H. Knight del. from Walker’s type in British Museum.
Lophopteryx elegans (Strecker). ¢. Bridgham del.

Nerice bidentata Walk. ¢. Bridgham del.

Dasylophia anguina. g. H. Knight del. from Walker’s type of ‘‘ Edema cana” in British Museum,
Ellida caniplaga (Walk). g. Bridgham del.

Hyparpaz venus Neum. g. Bridgham del. from example in Neumoegen’s coll.

Schizura ipomew Doubleday. ¢. var. cinereofrons Pack. Bridgham del.

Schizura eximia Grote and Rob. ¢. Bridgham del, from Grote’s type in Mrs. Bridgham’s coll.

Museum,

. Heterocampa belfragei (Grote). g. Bridgham del. from example in Neumoegen’s coll.
. Heterocampa plumosa Edws. ¢. Bridgham del. from example in U. 8. Nat. Mus. (does not show the basal

scalloped lines).

. Heterocampa pulverea Grote and Rob. ¢. H. Knight del. from Walker’s type of ‘‘ H. wnbrata” in British

Museum.

Heterocampa biundata Walk. g. UH. Knight del. from Walker's type in British Museum.

Heterocampa astarte Doubled. ¢. Bridgham del.

Macrurocampa marthesia (Cramer). 9. Bridgham del. from Grote and Rob.’s type labeled “ H, elongata” in
Mrs. Bridgham’s coll.

Heterocampa pulverea Grote and Rob. 9. Bridgham del. from type labeled by Mr. Grote in Mrs.
Bridgham’s coll.

Cerura cinerea Walk. g. H. Knight del. from Walker’s type in British Museum.

Cerura scitiseripta Walk. ¢@. H. Knight del. from Walker’s type in British Museum.

306

PLATE VII.

. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

. Bridgham and H. Knight, del.

Tt

FiG.
Fa.
FIG.
Fic.
Fre. 5,
FiG.

PrArE Vill:

The larval stages of Gluphisia septentrionis Walk.

. Larva, Stage I, dorsal view; 1a, side view; 1b, side view of the third abdominal segment.
. Larva, Stage II, dorsal view; 2a, side view; 2b, side view of the third abdominal segment.
. Larva, Stage III, dorsal view; 3a, side view.

_ Larva, Stage IV, dorsal view; 4a, side view; 4b, side view of second thoracic segment.

Three of the glandular hairs of the freshly hatched larva.

. Gluphisia ridenda Edwards. g. Natural size.

All the figures drawn by J. Bridgham.

308

RIGA B Vel

si z a | a _——
+ 7 i a
Oe et ee ee :

ap! hte

J. Bridgham, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Gluphisia septentrionalis.

Fic. 1

Fic.

Fic.

Fic.

FIG.
Fic.

Fic.
Fig.

PLATE IX.

Larval stages of Apatelodes torrefacta.

. Egg, seen from above; 1a, seen from the side; 1b, markings of the surface; egg natural size between 1 and 1a.

. Larva, Stage I, dorsal view; 2a, side view; 2b, third abdominal segment without the hairs, dorsal view; 2e,
the same, side view; 2d, prothoracic segment; 2e, end of the body with anal leg, all magnified,
Norr.—The line by the side of the body indicates im all the plates the natural length of the larva.

. Larva, Stage II, dorsal view; 3a, side view; 3b, head seen in front; 3c, third abdominal segment, side view.

. Larva, Stage III, dorsal view; 4a, side view; 4b, third abdominal segment, dorsal view; 4c, side view of the
same,

. Larva, Stage IV, dorsal view; 5a, side view; 5d, third abdominal segment; 5c, side view of the same.

. Larva, Stage V, dorsal view; 6a, side view; 6b,second thoracic segment, side view; 6c,second abdominal

segment, side view; 6d, sixth abdominal segment, side view; 6e, larva at this stage, ventral view.
. Larva, Stage VI (and last); 7a, third abdominal segment, side view. Figs. 1-7 drawn by J. Bridgham.
. Fully fed larva, natural size, Georgia. Leconte del.

310

PLATE IX.

S

ee
\

| 5 6 e
iD 6e

= 3b \

-
& ib
1
j
4
sro are
———— =e ee exe oum uus
y
}
ee.

ER ag

/ r -
F Pe .
n < OPA b Stat bite We ; " ee
5 / 2 «4 < Sh @ _ Se a

IRR Se.

ae a
iw 7

ie)
‘ez

bo

oO

cS

=
=

. f . LX 3) | %

i Uy \ ie c ae

x f 4

e SAAS oJ ae a ‘i

ee / dasa

so
Con ee, atu

CE Py!

we 8
A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

J. cond sian del.
Egg and Larval Stages of Apatelodes torrefacta.

Fia. 1.

Fias. la, 1b.

Fia. 1e.

Fig.

Fic

Fic.
Fic.

1

d.

. le.

2

3.

312

PLATE X,
Larva of Datana ministra, D. angusii, ete.

Datana ministra, last stage. Miss Emily L. Morton del.

Datana minisira, last stage. Riley direxit; from Department of Agriculture.

Datana ministra, last stage. Riley direxit; from Department of Agriculture.

Datana ministra, Stage 1V. Bumpus del. From 5th Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm.

Datana minisira. Georgia; on oak. Leconte del.

Datana angusii, last stage. Miss Morton del.

Datana, on walnut, not identified. 2a, side view; 3b, natural size; 3c, third abdominal segment.
Bridgham del.

—

J. Bridgham and others, del.

Larva of Datana

ministra, D. Angusil, etc.

PARE x

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

PLATE xl,

Larva we Datana drerelii, ¢ ate.

a =

Fic. 1. Datana ministra, from Ones Wash. ; 14, p p) otlorseic segment, side view; 1b, second abdomi
1c, third abdominal segment. — ie,

Fic. 2. Datana drezelii, a small belated caterpi lar; 2a, side view, natural size.

F1G. 2b. Datana drezelii, head and prothoracic segment.

Fic. 2c. Datana drecelii, third abdominal segment, side view.

Fic. 3. Datana drezelii, from a blown specimen from Mr. H. Edwards. J. Bridgham del.

314

PLATE XI.

J. Bridgham, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Larva of Datana Drexelii, ete.

ae aw nt

Fic.
FiG.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.

PLATE XII.

Larva of Datana major.

1. Datana major, 1a, side view; 1b, prothoracic segment, side view. Bridgham del.

2. Datana major; Stage [V?; Riley direxit, Department of Agriculture, No. 899 P.

3. Datana major, Stage IV ?; 3a, side view; Riley direxit, Department of Agriculture, No. 899 P..
4, Datana major, last stage; Riley direxit, Department of Agriculture, No, 899 P.

5. Datana major, Georgia, Leconte del.

6. Datana major, Miss Morton del.

316

J. Bridgham, Miss Morton, Le Conte, etc., del.

Larval Stages

of Datana major.

PLATE XIT.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE

eT A fey
PLATE XIII.

Larval stages of Datana integerrima.
Laer den
Fic. 1. Datana integerrima, Stage I; a, side view.

Fig. 2. Datana integerrima, end of Stage I; 2a, side view.

FiG. 3. Datana integerrima, Stage I1; 3a, side view.

Fic. 4. Datana integerrima, Stage IT; 4a, side view.

Fic. 5. Datana integerrima, Stage IV; 5a, side view. Bridgham del.
Fic. 6, Datana integerrima, last stage, natural size. Miss Morton d

; 7 rr

ov eS
ee

318 7 4 & 4

PLATE XIII.

|
; . NN
4 iy { AP, ¥
i, EY:
| ie rit
bi Re |
re A At |
aL a
i. AO
| int, Dios
| ae,
|
| a

J. Bridgham and Miss Morton, del.
Larval Stages of Datana integerrima.

Fie. 1

Fig.

Fic.
Fic.

FiG.
Vic.
Vic.

5.
6,

7
‘

PLATE XIV.
Larva of Datana floridana, D. palmii, D..perspicua, and D, contracta.

. Datana floridana, last stage; Riley direxit, United States Department of Agriculture, No, 3271.

. Datana palmii, Stage IV; 2a, head and two succeeding segments; 2b, third abdominal and 2e, end of the
body enlarged. Bridgham del.

. Datana palmii, Stage V; and last; 3a, 3b, 3c, same parts figured as in 2a, 2b, 2c, Bridgham del.

. Datana perspicua, Stage LV; 4a, head and two following segments; 4), third abdominal. Bridgham del.,

from blown specimen.

Datana perspicua, last stage; Riley direxit, United States Department of Agriculture, No, 283 L.

6a. Datana perspicua, last stage; Riley direxit, United States Department of Agriculture, No. 6744.

. Datana contracta, Stage IV; 7a, enlarged, 7b, third abdominal segment. Bridgham del., from a blown
specimen,

320

PLATE XIV.

9
2b ae

J. Bridgham, Riley, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Larva of Datana Floridana, 1; D. Palmii, 2; D. perspicua, 5, 6, D. contracta, 7.

r lea rs ty "Ae

&
S. Mis. 50 -——21

PATE XOVi

Larval stages of Ichthyura apicalis and var. astorie.

Fic. 1. Ichthyura apicalis (van), last stage; la, third abdominal segment, side view.

Fic. 2, Ichthyura apicalis, var. astoriew, Stage 1; 2a, side view ; 2b, natural size; 2c, third abdominal segment, side view,
2d, end of body, dorsal view.

Fic. 3. The same, Stage II; 3a, side view; 3b, larva natural size; 3c, second thoracic segment; 3d, second abdominal;
3e, third abdominal segment; 3/, end of body with anal leg. J. Bridgham del.

322

PLATE XV.

+

eee ?T? FS oe ee

2c ; > / 2d °

|

J. Bridgham, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Larval Stages of Ichthyura apicalis (1) and var. Astorive (2, 3.)

Fic

Fic.
Fic.
FiG.
FiG. :

a
2.
3
4
a)

PLATE XVI.

Larval stages of Ichthyura inelusa and albosigna.

. Ichthyura inclusa, Stage 1; 1a, side view.
. Ichthyura inclusa, Stage II; 2a, side view of third abdominal segment.

. Ichthywra albosigma, Stage I11?; 3a, third abdominal segment, dorsal view; 3b, the same, side view.
. I. albosigma, Stage IV.

. I. albosigma, Stage V (and last) ; 5a, side view.

324

ae

J. Bridgham, del.
Larval Stages of Ichthyura inclusa (1, 2, 2a,) and

albosigma (3-5, 4a.)

HOEN

& Co.,

PLATE XVI.

LITH.,

BALTIMORE

Fig

Fig.
Fic
Fic
Fic

PLATE XVII.
Life history of Nadata gibbosa.

a
. 1. Nadata gibbosa, Stage 1; 1a, head and prothoracie segment, side view; 1b, third abdominal segmen:
view. ; : ee ie
. 2. Nadata gibbosa, last stage; 2a, side view.
. 3. Nadata gibbosa, moth g.
. 4. Lophodonta basitriens. Bridgham del.
. 5. Lophodonta angulosa, last stage.

326

1A ioe

PLATE XVII.

i
H

J. Bridgham, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Larval Stages of Nadata gibbosa.

PLATE XVIII.
Larval stages of Lophodonta ferruginea.

. Stage I; la, dorsal view, enlarged; 1b, side view of first abdominal segment, enlarged.

Stage III; 2a, dorsal view, enlarged; 2b, front view of head; 2c, second abdominal segment.

. Stage IV; 3a, dorsal view, enlarged; 3b, natural size. Providence, July 30.

Stage V and last; 4a, dorsal view; 4b, prothoracie segment, side view; 4c, second abdominal segment, side
view. Food plant, white birch, Providence, Sept. 11. Bridgham del,

Fie.
Fic.
Fic.
Fig.

me

rm 09

328

Bridgham., del.

LARVAL STAGES OF LOPHODONTA FERRUGINEA

Plate XVII

Plate.

LARVAL STAGES OF LOPHODONTA FERRUGINEA

J. Bridgham, del JULIUS BIEN 8 CO.NY

Fie. 1.
Fie. 2.
Fig. 3.
Fig. 4.
Fig. 5.

>

J

rd
PLATE XIX.
es
Larva of Notodonta stragula, Nerice “Didentata, ete.

Notodonta stragula, Stage IV? Bridgham, del.
Notodonta stragula, stage before the last, IV. Wilder del.
Notodonta stragula, last (V) stage; 3a, side view.
Nerice bidentata, last stage. mia ‘iaeauine G. Soule del. .
Pseudothyatira cymatophoroides Grote; Maine; 5a, side view; 5b, third abdominal canmene Bridgham d

330

5b

em
J. Bridgham, del.

Larvae

of Notodonta stragula,

1-8; Nerice bidentata, 4.

A. HOEN & CO.,

PLATE XIX.

LITH., BALTIMORE

PLATE XX.
Life history of Pheosia dimidiata.

Fic. 1. Pheosia dimidiata, Stage 1; 1a, side view. — i
Fig. 2. Phseita nea, Stage ane 2a, side view.
Fig. 3. Pheosia di oe idiata, Stage Ill; 3a, side view. a
Fic. 4. Pheosia dimidiata, Stage IV; 4a, side view.

Fic. 5. Pheosia dimidiata, Stage V; 5a, side view. 7
FiG. 6. Pheosia dimidiata, Stage v; 6a, side view. , :
Fic. 7. Pheosia dimidiata, Stage V; about to pupate. Bridgham del.

332

ai =.”

PLATE XX.

me

me

oe ee eh ee

igh AR AER is le
to o

7

B
Cy te Oe as Se :
eho eth O4)* 1.¢ 1,6 io 1.0 INGER
Ib

J. Bridgham, del. ; A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Larval Stages of Pheosia dimidiata.

malts
ed

ook)

oy ‘figs
he ds ve mY ge
sagen
is mae ‘

¥

PEATE XE, .

Life history of Dasylophia anguina.

Fic 1. Dasylophia anguina, Stage I; 1a, side view; 1), first and second thoracic segments, side view; 1c, the freshly
hatched larve, natural size.

Fic. 2. Dasylophia anguina, Stage I1; 2a, side view; 2b, third abdominal segment, side view, enlarged.

Fic. 3. Dasylophia anguina, Stage IV; 3a, side view; 3b, the same, natural size.

Fic. 4. Dasylophia anguina, last stage; 4a, side view.

Fic. 5. Dasylophia anguina, last stage; 5a, side view; another example. Bridgham del.

Fic. 6. Dasylophia anguina, last stage; natural size. Georgia, Leconte del.

304

heist,

—
J. Bridgham, del.

Larval Stages of Dasylophia anguina.

PLATE XXI.

A, HOEN & CO., LITH.

~ 4
,» BALTIMORE.

>

PLATE XXII,
Larval stages of Symmerista albifrons.
Fic. 1. Symmerista albifrons, Stage I; la, side view.
Fic. 2. Symmerista albifrons, Stage Il; 2a, side view.
Fic. 3. Symmerista albifrons, Stage III; 3a, side view.

Fic. 4. Symmerista albifrons, Stage V (and last); 4a, side view.

336

PLATE XXII.

4 | '
ty a)
we; ie ley
pnd I]
+ {| |
bil ele
A
LE
ar
F 4
1 2

4. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Larval Stages of Symmerista albifrons.

S. Mis. 50——22

ee Ae:

&

Plate XXII

}
|

Th petion~y

NERICE BIDENTATA

JULIUS BIEN BCONY

Bridgham, del

IP WAU se Nela Vee

Life history of Hyparpax aurora.

Fic. 1. Hyparpax aurora, Stage I, dorsal view; la, side view; 1b, dorsal piliferous tubercle.

Fic. 2. Hyparpax aurora, end of Stage 1; 2a, side view; 2b, freshly hatched larve, natural size.

Fic. 3. Hyparpac aurora, Stage Il; 3a, side view; 3b, third abdominal segment, side view; 3c, a thoracic leg.

Fic. 4. Hyparpax aurora, Stage II]; 4a, side view; 4b, dorsal tubercle; 4c, front view of the same; 4d, subdorsal tuber-

cle; 4e, face; 4f, natural size.
Fic. 5. Hyparpax aurora, Stage IV; 5a, side view; 5), dorsal tubercle of eighth abdominal segment; 5c, third

abdominal segment, side view.
Fic. 6. Hyparpar aurora, last stage; 6a, side view; 6b, dorsal tubercle of first abdominal; 6e, of eighth abdominal

segment. . :
Fic. 7. Hyparpax aurora, male; natural size. Bridgham del.
ypary , ;

340

PLATE XXIV.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

J. Bridgham, del.
Karly Stages of Hyparpax Aurora.

IP TAU EXORE Vis

Fic. 1, Xylinodes lignicolor, last stage; la, side view; 1b, face; 1c, rear view of dorsal tubercle of first abdominal
segment; 1d, dorsal view of end of the body. Bridgham del.
Fic. le. Xylinodes lignicolor, Georgia, Leconte del.; 1f, dorsal view of abdominal segments 1 to 6 of the same.

Fig. 2. Schizura ipomee, full-grown larva; 2a, side view; 2b, dorsal tubercle of first abdominal segment.
Fic. 3. Schizuraipomew; 3a, side view, natural size; 3b, face; 3c, the same at an earlier stage. Riley direxit, Depart-

ment of Agriculture, No. 120 L. '
Fic. 4. Schizura unicornis, Georgia. Leconte del.

342

a es

PLATE XXV.

2b

3b

se

oo

J. Bridgham and del., etc. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

(1,) Larva of Xylinodes lignicolor, (2, 3,) Schizura ipomes, etc.

PLATE XXVI. a ei

Fic. 1. Schizura leptinoides, Stage ] I; 1a, side view; 1b, third abdominal segment; le, a forall

Fie. 2. Schizura leptinoides, Stage TV; 2a, side view; 2b, “section of i peo 2e; otha d.
abdominal segment. a xy

Fig. 3. The same, different individual; 3a, side view; 3b, fades 3e to 3e, sections of first, fifth, a:
segments.

Fic. 4. Schizwra eximia, full-grown eye Aas side view; 4b, dorsal tubercle on first abdominal se
del. ;

Fic. 4e. Schizura eximia, mature larva, Geonsia: Leconte del. 5

Fic. 5. Schizwra concinna, mature larva; 5a, side view; 5b, prothoracie segment, side view; Be, ‘fir
segment, side view; 5d, third abdominal segment, side view; 5e, end of the body. Bridgha

344

PLATE XXVI.

.

ELEL

~ = a de
5c oa

J. Bridgham, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Larval Stages of Schizura leptinoides, 1-3, 8. eximia, 4 and S. concinna 5.

i

.
} i
j
'
:
HP
{ ae:
a
i
1
‘ a
af »
i 5
Tahoe oa pet 7 Teltites
7 7
a ae ees ey re a
ci .
- * : '
7 i 4
wall ape : ae
syne j ‘
: 7 a an
: 5
; Ly Me ;
Pe: ete Mr de),
; f ’ ; 7
ar £
7!
Le
ay)
oa9
t
be
i
‘

1
) : im f3
ie a
¥ ;
: ’ pre,
A Oe
er .
7 ‘
Le os
,
eon Gh .
,

"
7

TREAT) SOWIE

Last stages of Schizura badia.

Fig. 1. Schizura badia, last stage? 1a, dorsal view, enlarged; 1b, second and third abdominal segments, sae
larva, natural size. Drawn July 6.

Fic, 2. A larva drawn July 8. 2a, dorsal view; 2a’, second and third abdominal segments; 20, the | same. side
2e, snranal plate and anal legs, accel view; 2d, the same, side view. Bridgham del. ote

Fic. 3. Schizura eximia, natural size and attitude, vile feeding. Copied from Dyar. ;

346

1 eee 7

Plate XXVI

LARVAL STAGES OF SCHIZURA BADIA.

ridgham , del

JULIUS BIEN 8 CO.NY

Plate XXV

ite

ae Py Ma te

x ox

LARVAL STAGES OF SCHIZURA BADIA.

J. Bridgham. del JULIUS BIEN 8 cx

=

Fic.
Fic.

Fie.
FG.

Fic.
Fie.

it

6

PLATE XXVIII.

Schizura unicornis, Stage 1; la, side view; 1b, third segment, side view, enlarged.
Schizura unicornis, Stage IL; 2a, side view; 2b, face; 2c, third abdominal segment, side view; 2d, tubercle of”
first abdominal segmens, front view; 2e, dorsal view of end of body.

. Schizura unicornis, Stage IIL; 3a, side view; 36, larva natural size; 3c, third abdominal segment, side view.
. Schizura unicornis, Stage IV; 4a, side view; 4b, dorsal tubercle first abdominal segment; 4c, third abdominal.

segment, side view; 4d, dorsal tubercle, third abdominal segment. Bridgham del.

. Schizura unicornis, natural size. Wilder del. (From 5th Report U. 8. Entomological Commission.) *

Schizura unicornis, Georgia. Leconte del.

348

PLATE XXVIII.

J. Bridgham, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Larval Stages of Schizura unicornis.

ao _ Ne ee eS oe = Oe eee ee ee

Fig.
Fig.
Fic.

i

Fic.

_

Pie. 5:

Fig. 6:
Fic. 7.

Fig. 8.
Fig. 9.
Fig. 10.
Fie. 11.

351)

. Seirodonta bilineata, next to the last stage?; la, side view. 7
. Heterocampa manteo, Stage I1?; 2a, side view; 2b, face. “
. Heterocampa manteo, folly, grown; 3a, side view, drawn from a blown larva, Ne 359, United Si

. Heterocampa manteo, 4a, side view, drawn from a blown larva, No, 350, on linden, i in United States

wy.

PLAT NONTIONG

*

Musoum. Ak

Museum.
Heterocampa manteo, 5a, side view, drawn from a blown larva, No. 120, on birch, Virginia, Se
1884, United States National Museum.
Heterocampa manteo, young, Riley direxit, No. 2752, United States Department of Agricul
Heterocampa manteo, mature stage of No. 6, Riley direxit, No. 2752, United States Departn
Bridgham del. -
Heterocampa manteo, Georgia. Leconte.
Heterocampa, undetermined, Georgia. Leconte. . .
Heterocampa, vndetermined, Georgia. Leconte. :
Heterocampa obliqua var. perolivata, from a biown larva, No. 2804, Maryland, in ‘United States
Museum.

PLATE XXIX.

J. Bridgham, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Larval Stages of Seirodonta bilineata 1; Heterocampa Manteo 2, ete.

IPT AME OXON

Larval stages of Heterocampa obliqua.

Fia. 1. Stage I, freshly hatched; 1a, dorsal view, enlarged; 1b, larva of natural size; le, front view, much enlarged,
of head and prothoracic antlers.

Fic. 2. Stage II, enlarged; 2a, the same, dorsal view; 2b, the same, natural size; 2c front view of prothoracic
tubercles. Bridgham del.

352

Plate XXX

LARVAL STAGES OF HETEROCAMPA OBLIQUA

1
o Bridgham, del
7

t

—
:

: {
} }
PLATE XXXII.

Larval stages of Heterocampa guttivitta.

Fic. 1. H. guttivitta, Stage 1; 1a, side view; 1a’, prothoracie antlers; 1), 1b’, antlers on first abdom
le, 1c’, antlers on second to seventh abdominal segments; 1d, 1d’, antlers on eig!

Fic. 2. H. guttivitta, Stage Il; 2a, side view. ; ; ;

Fic. 3. H. guttivitta, end of Stage II, 3a, side view.

Fie. 4, da, H. guttivitta, Stage III.

Fic. 5, 5a. H. guttivitta, Stage 1V.

Fic. 6, 6a. H. guttivitta, end of Stage IV.

Fic. 7, Ta. H. guttivitta, Stage V. Bridgham del.

354

PLATE XXXI.

Dee! eee

ore ayaete

at ee eT nee

6 SS ee a eee eo eee a ge - 72 ar=

— — —— a
J. Bridgham, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Laryal History of Heterocampa guttivitta.

ere

PLATE XEEM
Larval stages of Hernan igi

Fic. ifs
Fic. 2, 2a. U. ina Stage Il; 2b, face.
Fig. 8, 3a. #H. biundata, Stage IV; 3b, face. o
Vic. 4. 4. biundata, natural size. Bridgham del.

356

| PLATE XXXII.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

, J. Bridgham, del.

Larval Stages of Heterocampa biundata.

Fi.
Fic.
Fic.
Fie.
Fic.
Fic.
‘Fic.
Fic.
Fic.

S

Pwrpwre
a

a Fwnwe
oR NHwA

. SS

358

' Faeroenee guttivitta, Stage IIL; 1b, face; le, prothoracic tubercle.
. Heterocampa guttivitta, fully grown on July 21, on serub oak (the moth Sera

. Heterocampa guttivitta, Stage 1V, of fig. 2.

. Heterocampa unicolor; Stage I, 4b, 4c, dorsal tubercle of prothoracic segment. Bridghai m
. Heterocampa on oak, Georgia. Leconte del. ye 7 : yh

PrArh XOXO

. Heterocampa, Georgia. Leconte del. ae
. Heterocampa on oak, Georgia. Leconte del. j
. Heterocampa umbrata (athereo, pulverea), copied from Doubleday’s figures in the Entomologist.
. Heter Se astarte, copied from Doubleday’s figure in the Entomologist. NS ;

PLATE XXXII.

Bridgham & Doubleday, del.

Larval Stages of Heterocamipa guttivitta, H.

unicolor 4, H. Astarte, ete.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

PLATE XXXIV,

_ =<

—-_-

Life history of Macrurocampa marthesia. s eer

Fic. 1, la. M. marthesia, Stage 1; 1b, end of stemapod; 1c, prothoracic tubercle.

Vic. 2, 2a. M. marthesia, Stage IL; 2b, end and 2c, base of stemapod ; 2d, prothoracic nibeeles)

Vic. 3, 3a. M. marthesia, Biase Il, a 3a, 3b natural size; 3b, side view of third abdominal se

Fic. 4, da. M. marthesia, Stage IV; 4b, head; 4c, face; 4d, ne De tubercles; 4f, ce
segment, side view. Bridgham del.

Fic. 5. M. marthesia, fully grown larva, Georgia, on oak. Teaonte a

360

PLATE XXXIV.

ay.

ae

STURN Oretenie scat atis hans wehineertae renteee teers a

J. Bridgham, del.
Larval Stages of Macrurocampa Marthesia.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

rod

IPAM PRONG RGN

Fic. 1. Seirodonta bilineata? Stage I, June 25; 1b, natural size; 1c, second abdominal segment.

Fic.
Fic.
Fic.

2. Seirodonta bilineata? Stage II, June 29.
3. Seirodonta bilineata? Stage III, July 3.
4, Macrurocampa marthesia, Last stage, natural size; 4a, dorsal view; 4), front view of head. Brigham del.

362

ia

Plate XXXV

4b

LARVAL STAGES OF SEIRODONTA BILINEATA, MACRUROCAMPA. MARTHESIA

idsham , del. JULIUS BIEN 8 CO.NY

he.

Fic.
Fie.
Fig.
Fig.
Fie.
Fic.

FIG

Fie.

twa:
2, 2a.
3, 3a.
4, da.
5, 5a.
. Cerura borealis, larva on poplar, Georgia. Leconte del.

. Cerura borealis, larva on willow, Maine. Wilder del.

. Cerura oceidentalis. Lintner del. (Dr. Dyar thinks this is cinerea.)

364

PLATE XXXVI.
Cerura borealis, Stage I. ; ~~
Cerura borealis, Stage 11; 2b, natural size and w BST ee:

Cerura borealis. r ; “Peay

Cerura cinerea; 4b, face.
Cerura multiseripta; 5b, face. Bridgham del.

2 are

ey

——————l

la

_

3a

Bridgham, Le Conte and Lintner, del.

Larvee of Cerura borealis 1-3; cinerea 4; multiscripta 5, etc.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

PLATE XXXVI.

J

‘ne

Puate XXXVIL. Aa He
Fig. 1. Cerura cinerea, freshly hatched larva, Stage I; 1a, the same dorsal view, much enlar,
head; 10, dorsal prothoracic tubercle, Sanat le, Lee natural size; 1d, second

enlarged; le, end of one of the “tails,”
366

- , del

LAVAS @]E

CEIRIURA: ‘CIN BREA

Plate XXXVII

Plate XXXVII

lb

LARVA OF CERURA CINEREA

J. Bridgham, del JULIUS BIEN 8 COND

PLaTe XXXVIIL
Venation of Gluphisia and of Apatelodes.

Fig. 1. Gluphisia septentrionis, fore wing; mo hind wing. , :
Fic. 2. Gluphisia ridenda. - Me
Fic. 3. Gluphisia lintneri; 3a, hind wing. ; r
Fic. 4. Gluphisia severa, var. slossonie. 7 ;
Fic, 5. Apatelodes torrefacta, fore wing; 5a, portion of the wing showing the. origin of eine subco a
hind wing; 5c, hind leg. Author del. with the camera,

368

PLATE XXXVIII.

HOEN «& CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

ig

Packard, del.
Venation of Gluphisia and Apatelodes.

PLATE XXXIX.

Venation of Datana. a

ca > A 1

Fic. 1. Datana ministra, part of fore wing. f i
Fic. 2. Datana angusii, part of fore wing. & : :
Fic. 3. Datana drexelii, part of fore wing.

Fic. 4. Datana floridana, part of fore wing. oh
Fic. 5. Datana perspicua, part of fore wing (the first subcostal arises far within the origin o

venule).
Fic. 6. Datana integerrima, part of fore wing.
Fic. 7. Datana contracta, fore and hind wings. Author del.

370

- ‘on

PLATE XXXIX.

Packard, del. 4. HOEN & C0)., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Venation of Datana.

PLave XL.
Venation of Ichthyura and Datana major. Lem .

i ; a ie ®
Fic. 1. Ichthywra ornata, from Olympia, Wash.; part of fore wing. r
Fics. 2,2a, Ichthywrainclusa. A ‘
Fic. 3. Ichthyura brucei, from Franconia, N. H. :
Fia. 4. Ichthywra albosigma. !
Fic. 5. Datana major.

372

Venation of Ichthynra and Datana major.

PLATE 3b.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTINORE

—_ Te

wid
Te a a

week
i

Venation of Nadata, Lophodonta, Drymonia, and Notodonta. re i ie

ae

‘Fic. 4, Lophodonta basitriens. ace

PLATE XL.

Fic. 1. Nadata gibbosa.
Fig. 2. Lophodonta angulosa.
Fic. 3. Lophodonta ferruginea, vt

Fic. 5. Drymonia georgica.
F1G. 6. Notodonta simplaria.

374

regi

PLATE XLI.

A. BOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Packard, del.
Venation of Nadata, Lophedonta, Drymonia and Notodonta

a
4 Me
5 *
iv: 7 , @
’
‘ i
: :
” - a
7 =
»
.
S ne
r 7
, ‘
i‘
all
+ <= 2
_
an & aa
¢ ' 7
» eo Be
s
1 ¢ Z
i .
o-*
cs A : a
“ae : <
o
F ee a
/ x —
.
= oat es
A 8 T - 7 af
*
. a
¥ 7
; =5°S
» =
? s «
© ‘
no
bans :
: -
Tee
I ¥ a
17 als \ '
a 8
. 5
i
.
.
ms
J
t ?
1 : f
d
i ‘
4
7 *
is
. 7 5
7 =
s
. «a
7 :
e
, c
g y - ; a
” 7 2 “i

PuaTE XLII.
Venation of Notodonta, Lophopteryx, Pheosia, Ellida, and eaten Sa i Sie
Fic. 1. Notodonta stragula. G ae ng
Fic. 2. Lophopteryx elegans; 2a, fore leg; aie tibia of the same auntie. to show the spun
Fig. 3. Pheosia rimosa. .
Fic. 4, Ellida gelida.

Figs. 5, 5a. Dasylophia anguina,
Fig. 6. Dasylophia thyatiroides (interna).

376

PLATE XLII.

Packard, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Venation of Notodonta, Lopliopteryx, Pheosia, Ellida and Dasylophia.

ya!
a

ges

,
Nee

ae
°

oy

7 eee ee ee

-

‘
‘

2”

PLATE XLIII.
Venation of Nerice, Symmerista, Hyparpax, ont Spit «

_F1G. 1. Nerice bidentata; 1a, hind wing. ok ApOaa
Fic. 2. Symmerista albifrone; 2a, hind wing. ‘eae hoe
Fic. 3. Hyparpax aurora; 3a, hind | wing.

Fro. 4. Xylinodes tignicolor; 4a, hind wing. — ‘
378

PLATE XLII.

A, HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

PLATE XLIV.
Henan of Schizur izura.

Fig. 1, Schizura ipomew, part of fore wing; ; la, part of hind mee
Fic. 2. Schizwra leptinoides.

FiG. 3. Schizwra unicornis, 3a, hind wing.

FG. 4. Schizura concinna, fore wing; 4a, hind wing.
Fig. 5. Schizura evimia, part of fore wing.

380

PLATE XLIV.

9 --"

; ait pene

Son

Venation of Schizura.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

i
> aaa

PLATE XLV.

Venation of Seirodonta and Heterocampa.

Fic. 1. Seirodonta bilineata; 1a, hind wing; 16, subcostal cell enlarged.

Fic. 2. Heterocampa manteo, fore wing; 2a, hind wing, normal; 2b, fore wing with cell absent and no subcostal
venule (Vein II; wanting); hind wing also with different arrangement of the discal veins.

Fic, 3. Heterocampa biundata. Specimen compared with Walker’s type. 3a, the same, hind wing.

Fic. 4. Heterocampa guttivitta; 4a, part of a wing showing the vestiges of the fourth subcostal venule (Vein IIs).

382

x ON ee ee ae ee ed ee ee eee ; ~~

aa pe
PLATE XLV,

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Venation of Seirodonta and Heterocampa.

= ae

ee

PLATE XLYI.
Venation of Heterocampa.

Fic. 1. Heterocampa guttivitta; 1b, costal region enlarged, From Franconia,
Fic. 2. Heterocampa lunata, fore wing.

Fic. 3. Heterocampa obliqua.

Fig. 4. Heterocampa astarte; 4a, costal region enlarged, }
Pic. 5, Heterocampa subrotata (superba); 5a, portion enlarged; 5b, hind y wing.

~——

7.

384

PLATE XLVL.

» i Packard, del. : : A, HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.
_— :
Venation of Heterocampa.

‘

ee ie Be,
Puate XLVII. ar oh ime
oe
Venation of Heterocampa, Macrurocampa, and Cerura. ae
- . “ : 4 :

Fic. 1. Heterocampa pulverea, fore wing; 1a, portion of fore wing. iP)

Fic. 2. Heterocampa hydromeli; 2a, costal region of fore wing enlarged; 2b, sketch from a1
wing. :

Fic. 3. Heterocampa unicolor, fore wing; 3a, hind wing.

Fic. 4. Macrurocampa marthesia; 4a, hind wing.

Fic. 5. Cerura scolopendrina, portion of fore wing.

LG. 6. Cerura scitiscripta, from Florida; 6b, hind wing. Author del.

386

PLATE XLYII.

ee

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

PLATE XLVIII.

Front views of head and figures of palpi of Notodontians.

Fic.
Fic.
Fie.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
FG.
Fic.
Fie.
Fic.
Fic:
Fic.
Fic.
Fig.
Fig.
. Fie.
Fig.

sg

_
SSNS MEE wR

Bee
a ake Ex

14a.
15.
16.
Les
18.

Head of Gluphisia septentrionis, denuded, front view.
Head of Apatelodes torrefacta, denuded, front view.

Palpus of Apatelodes torrefacta.

Head of Ichthyura inclusa, denuded, front view.

Head of Schizura ipomee.

Head of Heterocampa guttivitta.
Head of Datana ministra.

Palpus of Ickthyura inclusa.
Palpus of Datana ministra.

Palpus of Seirodonta bilineata.
Palpus of Heterocampa manteo.
Palpus of Heterocampa qutlivitta.
Palpus of Macrurocampa marthesia.
Head of Cerura scolopendrina.

. Head of Notodonta stragula, denuded, front view.

Palpus of Cerura scolopendrina, outside.

Palpus of Cerura sculopendrina, inside,

Palpus of Nadata gibbosa.
Palpus of Dasylophia anguina.
Palpus of Schizura unicornis.

= ee ee ee
7 hae : Jn

PLATE XLVII.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE. :

aan *» aie y:

PLATE Su

Fic. 2, Cerura borealis and larva. recon a ahatneneen by Dr. R. Thaxter, cancel by I Dr. ©. ¥.
Fic. 3. Cerura multiscripta. After Riley.

390

Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. VII. PLATE XLIX

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1, APATELODES ANGELICA AND LARVA; 2, CERURA BOREALIS AND LARVA; 3, CERURA MULTISCRIPA.

ZOOLOGICAL SUBPROVINCES.(4ster VJ. 4. Allen, with afew changes.)

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DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF GLUPHISIA.

4.G.severa; 4%, var. slossoniz.

3. G. lintneri;

Q>. G. formosa and albofascia ;

G. rupta and G. ridenda ;

2s.

2. G. wrightii;

1. G. septentrionis ;

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DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF ICHTHYURA.

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Vere

58. var. palla; 6. inornata;

5. inclusa;

3. brucei; 4. var. multnoma ;
Q. pale form specifica.

8. albosigma ;

2. var. ornata ;

strigosa ;

7:

12, pale western form (astoriz) ;

1. I. apicalis (van) ;

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TION OF NADATA, LOPHODONTA, LOPHOPTERYX, PHEOSIA, AND APATELODES.

DISTRIBU

6. Pheosia dimidiata.

L. camelina ;

B®,

5. Lophopteryx elegans ;

4. L. georgica;

2. Lophodonta angulosa; 3. L. ferruginea ;

1. Nadata gibbosa ;

7. Apatelodes torrefacta. 8. A. angelica.

dark var. portlandia ;

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DISTRIBUTION OF NOTODONTA, ELLIDA, NERICE, DASYLOPHIA, AND SYMMERISTA.

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6. D. anguina; 7. D. thyatiroides :

5. N. bidentata ;

4. E. caniplaga;
go. S. packardii.

3. N. simplaria ;
8. S. albifrons ;

2. N. basitriens ;

dark form ;

1a,

1. N. stragula ;

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DISTRIBUTION

OF HYPARPAX, EUHYPARPAX, XYLINODES, AND SEIRODONTA.

5. X. lignicolor; 6. S. bilineata.

3. H. venus; 4. E. rosea;

2. H. perophoroides;.

1. H. aurora;

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DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF SCHIZURA.

7, S.eximia; 8, S. concinna.

2. 8S. leptinoides; 3, S. apicalis; 4, S. unicornis; 5, S. badia; 6. S. perangulata;

1. S. ipomee ;

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DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF HETEROCAMPA AND MACRUROCAMPA.

1. H. manteo; 2. H. biundata; 3.

Q. H. subrotata ;

hapmanni; 13. M. marthesia.

H. guttivitta; 4. H. lunata; 5. H. obliqua; 6. H. astarte; 7. H. umbrata; 8. H. belfragei ;

10. H. hydromeli; 11. H. unicolor; 12k

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DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES OF CERURA.
3. C. scolopendrina ;

2. C. occidentalis ;

1. ©. borealis:

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pt. 1 Monograph of the bombycine moths * ~