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VEE MEO Ris

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NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1905.

NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

VO OVE EX

MONOGRAPH OF THE BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA, INCLUDING
z THEER TRANSFORMATIONS AND ORIGIN OF THE LARVAL
MARKINGS AND ARMATURE.

IP ACEVan sie
FAMILY CERATOCAMPID®, SUBFAMILY CERATOCAMPIN &.

BY

ALPHEUS SPRING PACKARD.

1905.

SS

Ta
IL.
IV.
se Colorationnnthelarvse ofthe: Geratocampiniess-.a2-e isecccce cose ese ce cae cece nee ciew cee esses

VI.
Wau
VIII.
IX.
. Origin of the Syssphingina, and also the Symbombycina from the Notodontide...........-.-.-------
Xa.

XII.
XII.
INS

XV.

XVI.

XVII.

CONTENTS.

hheVlanvallarmatureron che: Ceratocampineeimsct = seen etic sae cecis se a oes cee neem oe “isinctieeeancils
ivercaddalphorneotsthe;Ceratocam pi dresaaessemaesan eee | eae e cee eee mace aasteriacesaceceese see eeece
Protective armature both in shape and color and defensive movements ..............----------------

Dichromatismtoncoloravaniatronvinetheslarvaer sees eee eee eae ae eee ec ee eee oe

Opisthenogenesis, or the development of segments, median tubercles, and markings a tergo ..--.------
ihesupertamilya Siyssphinein ayes sececmecta cece sees ee ace oe cic ereeice ee ea cicieecclswise esses cisiceies
Origin of the Syssphingina by both continuous and discontinuous evolution...........---...---------
Rhelpeorraphicalidistributionsof the Ceratocampinz:--------- -eeeee eee c<ceseceeeceesisce ses s-s--=
herore-tibialtspunjonmepiphysisisescce masses ae cece so olae reese oe coon elena ctieaceeaessccetsccee sees
hemomenciaturelorithe ves) ofthe lepidopteraae. emer sae = oe <2 se wie soe eee em eciemieciecicise ese mee
Classificationvand) life historiesiof the! Ceratocampinzes see. cies ccc 22-2 -cieewisceee wisn ciemcice cece

THE BOMBYCINE MOTHS OF NORTH AMERICA.
VAG G sla mole

I. COLORATION AND PROTECTIVE ATTITUDES OF THE NOTODONTIDE&.
COLORATION IN THE IMAGINES.

The species of this group are all more or less protectively colored. Their grayish, brownish
hues, with yellowish or sometimes greenish markings, harmonize with the tints of the bark of
the trunk or branches of trees, whether grown over with lichens or not. In their shape and size,
whether at rest or flying, they closely resemble the species of Noctuide. They differ as a rule,
however, in their slower flight, and in resting on the bark or among the leaves of trees, not
nestling in grass or low herbage.

There are almost no observations yet made on the protective attitudes of notodontian moths,
and the subject needs to be carefully studied. Long and close observations in the field with the
aid of the camera are needed before we shall have a satisfactory body of facts, and it is to be
hoped that this line of study will be taken up by lepidopterists of future generations. Many
observations have doubtless been made by breeders of moths, but not published. What we have
to say is mainly in the line of suggestion. The colors and attitudes of the more typical members
of the family, as the species of Notodonta, Pheosia, Lophodonta, etc., when at rest, with their
tufts and the consequent production of angles and points, assimilate them with the bark of trees
or twigs with salient parts, buds, and other projecting points.

Those who have seen species of geometrids, Ingura, etc., at rest, with their tails curled up and
their wings partly spread out, will readily understand how the species of Apatelodes, Melanopha,
ete., with their tufted abdominal tips, angulated wings, and bars and spots, would tend to conceal
them from the prying eyes of birds.

The species of Melalopha (JZ znelusa and strigosa) sit with the wings folded sharply over
the back, with the fore legs held straight out in front, and the tufted tail wpeurved. (Monogr.
Bombycine Moths, I, p. 131.)

The pale yellowish hues of Datana and Nadata, the latter with its high dorsal thoracic tuft,
assimilate them with yellow and brown leaves.

Here reference might be made to Professor Poulton’s statement that the shape and color of
Scoliopteryx libatrixz ‘forcibly suggest the appearance of a red leaf spotted with a few white
bosses of fungoid growth.” (Trans. Ent. Soc. London, 1887, p. 308.)

Hyparpax aurora may be found, like Rhodophora florida, to frequent pink and yellow
flowers.

How the very unusual and conspicuous markings of Edema albifrons and of Nerice bidentata
may mimic the dentate edges of leaves or projections of other objects will doubtless be eventually
cleared up.

The ground shades and tints of the species of Schizura and Heterocampa, with their green
and yellowish spots and streaks would, when the moths are resting on lichen-coyered bark of
their food trees, amply protect them from the observation of birds. This has been pointed out
by Riley in the case of Schizwra unicornis. ‘*The moth always rests head downward, with the
legs all drawn together and its wings folded round the body, which is stretched out at an angle

* Part I of this monograph was published as Memoir 1, Volume VII, of this series of publications.

6 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of about 45°, the dull gray coloring of the wings with the lichen-green and flesh color giving
the whole such a perfect appearance to a piece of rough bark that the deception is perfect.”
(Riley in Packard’s Forest Insects, p. 269.)

On the other hand the white ground color of the species of Cerura, with their black lines and
spots, make them very conspicuous, and it remains to be seen whether these are not warning
colors and whether they may not secrete a malodorous or bad-tasting fluid to render them
distasteful to birds. However this may be, the secretion is not sufficiently pungent or enduring
to prevent these moths from being eaten by Anthrenus larvee and other museum pests.

ON THE LARVAL COLORATION OF NOTODONTID#, AND THE ORIGIN OF SPOTS FROM LINES OR
STRIPES.

The observations hitherto made on the coloration and markings of lepidopterous larve, with
especial reference to their origin, have been those of Weismann and of Poulton on sphingid
caterpillars, and of Poulton and of Schroeder on the markings of geometrid lary.

In preparing our monograph of the Notodontidx we reserved for a later occasion a discussion
of the origin of the stripes and spots, blotches, «nd discolorations which serve to protect most of
the larye of this group from observation. What we have to offer, however, are only some facts
and conclusions derived from an examination of some living larve and of the colored sketches
illustrating our work.

Perhaps the most striking examples of the effects of lights and shadows in altering the color of
the green pigment of certain parts of the body is seen in the markings of smooth-bodied larvze which
feed among pine needles. In the laryee of Nematus and Lophyrus, the green larve of geometrid
moths, also the Jarvee of certain Noctuidee, including the European Panolis piniperda, also the
species of the sphingid genus Lapara (Ellema), which habitually feed on the leaves of coniferous
trees, the white and red longitudinal stripes have evidently been produced by reflections from
the light and shaded portions of the leaf, while the red stripes are reflected from the red sheaths
of the needles.

Tumps as means of obliteration or concealment.—Mr. Abbott H. Thayer truly says; “:As
soon as patterns begin, obliteration of the wearer begins.” Thus a geometrid larva holding
itself out stiff like one of the twigs of its food plant, becomes lost to view. Some larve, he
says, ‘‘appear to be extensions of leaves,” and this is admirably illustrated by the remarkable
vaterpillar of Werice bidentata (Monogr. Bombycine Moths, I, Pls. XTX and XXIII). The pale
green and white shades of the body, the alternating oblique bars and stripes, blend with those of
the elm leaf on which it rests or feeds. This singular larva differs from all other known
notodontian caterpillars, and in fact from those of any other family, in each abdominal segment
from the first to the ninth, bearing a large fleshy two-toothed hump, the three largest on
seoments three to five. Thus, as we have stated, ‘‘the outline of the back is serrate, and
perhaps mimics the serrate edge of the leaf of the elm on which it feeds;” the serrations or
humps are not only of the size and shape of those of the elm leaf, but the jagged outline of each
double hump strikingly resembles that of a serration of the leaf, which is two or three toothed.
Besides this, the tips of the teeth of the humps are reddish brown, like those of the tips of the
leaf serrations. Moreover, the oblique dark and light lines leading up to the humps, as shown in
Miss Soule’s excellent drawing (Pl. XIX, fig. 4), strikingly resemble the light lateral veins of
the leaf and the shadows they cast.

With little or no doubt the tubercles and humps of the notodontians, of certain tree-inhabiting
noctuid larvee, as well as many butterfly larvee, besides the geometers, are obliteration marks,
and have arisen in a way difficult to explain, but evidently through a merely mechanical process,
and haye been the means of giving a hold on life that unarmed caterpillars do not possess. —

The humped caterpillars of the notodontian subfamily Heterocampine, especially of the
genera Hyparpax and Schizura, are armed with high, often nodding, tubercles on the first, fifth,
and eighth, or first and eighth, abdominal segments.

While the nutant or movable tubercles evidently so function as to frighten away other
insects and thus ward off the attacks of tachina flies and ichneumons, these and the other humps

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. fii

and tubercles are wonderfully adapted from their resemblance to projections of the leaf on
which they rest or feed, to obliterate the form of the caterpillar.

The larve figured in their different developmental stages on Pls. XXIV to XXVIII of my
monograph illustrate the tubercles and humps of the fully fed caterpillars, while the figures of
the earlier stages show how these processes gradually develop. A striking case of deception or
obliteration, dependent both on form and color, is that of Schizura ipomex, noted by me on page
197 (Pt. I), as follows:

‘Wonderfully mimies a dull blood-red portion of a leaf which had been cut partly off and
become somewhat twisted, so that the larva itself would easily be mistaken for such a part of a
prominent terminal leaf. The deception was perfect, as I did not myself at first see it when
within 10 inches of my eyes, and on holding it before the eyes of an observing boy of 13 he
could not at first recognize it as a caterpillar. The same leaf had blotches of dull red, and the
flesh-red abdominal feet of the caterpillar clasped the concolorous red Jeafstalk.”

While near the Profile House, New Hampshire, the last of September, | observed the fully
grown larva of Schizura leptinoides on a maple. At first I entirely mistook it for an upturned
tattered sere and brown edge of the leaf, being at first completely deceived, as the outlines and
coloration of the creature were exactly like those of the dead and dry portion of the leaf.

This species, more than any of the others of the genus, as stated in my monograph (p. 201),
bears a most striking resemblance to a portion of a dead leaf, ** and several leaves were noticed
with portions partly cut off and somewhat curled up, to which the caterpillars bore a striking
resemblance, both in shape and color.”

“The apparent aim, or rather the result of the action of the environment, has been to
produce a caterpillar whose shape and color represent a sere-brown more or less twisted portion
of aserrated leaf, such as that of a beech, hornbeam, and similar trees.”

The caterpillar of our common S. wnicornis, which feeds on the apple, plum, thorn, etc.,
mimics in shape and color the trees on which it feeds. This has often been noticed. Riley has
valled attention to this. Miss Emma Payne says that it furnishes a wonderful instance of
mimicry. ‘*The green segments just back of the head resemble a small portion of the green
leaf, and the other parts admirably counterfeit the brown and russet tints of the dead leaf, while
the form of the animal in its various postures aids the deception by its resemblance to a leaf
partly alive and partly dead, the green mostly eaten and the brown torn.” (Amer. Ent., ii, 341.)
IT have also noticed that this caterpillar feeds in a very conspicuous exposed position, but is
‘‘obliterated” or protected ‘* by its resemblance to the twisted, partly dead, ends of some of the
leaves, the oblique markings of the larva resembling the twisted dead and russet portions of the
leaf.”

Schizura concinna differs from the others of its genus in its stripes and large stout spines.
These aid in rendering the creature still more alarming and repulsive to birds and less open to
attack from parasitic insects. (See my Monograph, I, p. 215.)

Period of life when the colorational features and tubercles of Schizura appear.—As stated in
my monograph (p. 207), the mimetic colorational features, **those which especially enable the
larva to escape observation, appear shortly before the creature is half grown, these changes
occurring at the end of the third stage, while the movable terrifying tubercle of the first abdominal
segment becomes developed at the same time. When feeding on the edge of a leaf, the Schizurz
exactly imitate a portion of the fresh, green serrated edge of a leaf, including a sere-brown
withered spot, the angular serrate outline of the back corresponding to the serrate outline of the
edge of the leaf. And as the leaves only become spotted with sere-brown markings by the end
of summer, so the single-brooded caterpillars do not in the Northern States develop so as to
exhibit their protective coloration until late in the summer, i, e., by the middle and last of August
(p. 207).

The markings of the species of Heterocampa.—In my monograph (1, p. 226) I have drawn
attention to the fact in the case of these beautifully striped and spotted caterpillars, that during
their ontogeny there is, after the second ecdysis, a strong tendency to a reduction in size of
the tubercles, so that by the fourth stage the body becomes smooth and free from all projections

8 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

humps, and spines, and thus more noctuiform. At the same time the yellow and whitish stripes
and pink blotches become indicated at an earlier stage than usual, as if the aim were to adapt
the caterpillar to the bues of the ribs and parallel greenish and yellowish lines and reddish spots
of the leaf on which it feeds.

A variety of Heterocampa manteo (Monogr., Pl. XXIX, figs. 5, 5a), with a ground color
like the green of birch leaves, is beautifully colored with two subdorsal white lines, which in the
third and sixth abdominal segments expand so as to contain a conspicuous deep blood-red spot
on each side; there is also a lateral yellow spiracular line. As I state in the monograph (p. 228):
“It is plainly derived from normal manteo, and is adapted for existence on the pale yellowish
ereen underside of the birch leaf, while the deep blood-red spots are similar in color to those of
the birch twigs or leafstalks.”

The evolution of the red dorsal spots on /eterocampa guttivitta is shown on Pl. XXXII. In
stage I there are no lines, the body being of a uniform reddish hue, and armed with nine pairs of
horns, those of the first pair being really collossal in size, like the antlers of a stag; but after
casting its skin, when the horns are all dropped, only slight vestiges of the prothoracic pair
surviving, two parallel paler reddish lines arise and extend along the sides of the body. These
lines widen, become diffuse and are lost or at least the lower line, just before the next ecdysis,
leaving two medio-dorsal closely contiguous lines. These two lines after the second molt (stage
III) become broken up into large deep blood-red patches on the thoracic and third, fourth, and
seventh and eighth abdominal segments. On the prothoracic segment the two lines diverge,
being forked, and this forked line persists to the end of stage IV. Already in stage II there
are the indications of the three short lateral oblique lines, which are more fully developed in the
fourth stage and continue to the end of larval life. They are deep red and are shaded above with
white. With little doubt the dorsal red spots of the young larva of //. manteo (Pl. X XIX,
fig. 2, 27) arise in the same way, the spots being on the same segments, while the forked bright
red thoracic line is like that of /Z. guttivitta.

In ZL. bivndata also the freshly hatched larva is red, the green hue appearing after the worm
has begun to eat. In this beautiful insect toward the end of larval life it is readily seen from
Pl. XXXII that it is amply ‘‘ obliterated” by its coloration, and stands in no need of horns,
which are, rather late in life, however, discarded.

The caterpillar when at rest usually stands on the midrib on the under side of the leaf, where
its green and white shades and lines well protect it from the prying eyes of insectivorous birds.

The figures of this species on Pl. XXXII well illustrate the wonderfully close resemblance
in color and markings of this caterpillar to the hues of the leaf and the rust-brown and darker
brown blotches on either surface of the leaves, in whatever position the larva assumes.

ORIGIN OF THE LINES AND SPOTS IN DATANA.

The laryee of all
the species of Datana, with the exception of D. major, are longitudinally striped. The ground
color of the body in all the species is usually some shade of reddish brown or dark brown,
while the stripes are reddish, yellowish, or whitish, according to the species, as may he seen by
reference to Pls. X to XIV of my monograph, Part I. As is well known, these conspicuously
marked caterpillars feed in an exposed manner in clusters on the apple and certain forest trees
and shrubs, assuming grotesque attitudes; it is most probable, though no experiments have

Origin of the transverse spots of Datana major from longitudinal stripes.

been made with them, that these caterpillars are distasteful to birds, since the European Pygeera
bucephala is distasteful to lizards (Poulton). These larvee are abundant, there are numerous
species, and the genus in point of numbers of individuals as well as species is a successful one.
In my work I described in some detail the differences in the markings of the larve at different
stages, but failed to draw, or rather deferred toa later occasion, some conclusions as to the mode
of origin of the lines, and particularly the transverse series of spots of D. major.
In D. major the larva has taken a wide departure from the style of markings of its congeners.
As may be seen in Pl. XII, Part I, the young larva, up to the time when it is about half grown,

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 9

is like several of the other species, yellowish, with twin reddish longitudinal stripes. After the
third molt a great change in the character of the markings takes place. The longitudinal stripes
now dark or blackish brown and the yellowish or whitish stripes between them are so broken up
that the result is a series of transverse lines of spots of those colors. As stated by Doctor Dyar,
who has reared the insect from the egg and allowed me to publish his notes in my monograph, Pt. I
(p. 114), the lines are broken by the black ground color into a series of squarish spots. ** The
two upper lines are broken in all the segmental incisures and broadly through the center of the
segment: the third (lateral) is broken in the same manner, but less broadly in the center of the
segment, while the fourth (substigmatal) is not broken in the incisure nor center of the segment,
but once before the spiracle and again toward the posterior edge of the segment.”

It will readily be seen that in the course of its ontogeny Datana major passes through the
stages of coloration and markings of all the other species whose postembryonic development is
known, i. e., recapitulates their phases of coloration, but finally pushes back these phases in the
ontogeny and enters upon a more advanced stage, showing that it is phylogenetically the young-
est of all our species of Datana.

How far successful the new style of markings thus obtained is over that of the older, more
primitive species remains to be seen when further observations on this rather rare species shall
enable us to see how well it is protected, either by its markings or its bad taste.

Further observations are needed in order to ascertain whether the process of breaking up of
the longitudinal stripes into transversely arranged spots began at the hinder end of the body.
The fact that the process began from aboye, where a greater amount of light falls upon the body,
resulting in white or yellow spots on a black ground, would seem to be an exemplification of
Thayer’s law; that ‘‘animals are painted by nature darkest on those parts which tend to be most
lighted by the sky’s light.” Again he says: ** While nature undeniably completes the conceal-
ment of animals by pitching their whole color gradation ina key to match their environment,
the real magic lies in the gradation itself from darkest above to lightest below wherever this
gradation is found.”

PHYLOGENY OF THE SPECIES OF DATANA.

Of the twelve known species or forms of this genus only a single one appears to have under-
gone in the larval state a high degree of specialization of its markings, i. e., the transformation
of the longitudinal stripes into transverse series of bright conspicuous whitish or yellowish
spots, such as occurs in the ontogeny of DP. major.

Since this radical change in the style of markings does not take place until after the last
ecdysis, the species has evidently only recently evolyed; it is phylogenetically the youngest
species of the genus. We thus have in our hands a means of classifying the species of the genus,
or at least of dividing them into two groups, i. e., comprising those which retain their stripes
throughout larval life, and the single one (unless additional species should occur) in which the
body is transversely spotted.

Since the number of species in this genus is large, and the individuals abound, the type was
evidently a very successful one, and how successful the spotted species is, being so far as known
rather rare, and how much it is aided by its spotted coat in evading the attacks of birds, ete., in
the struggle for existence would be an interesting inquiry.

The genus Datana and its European ally Pygera are members of a distinct subfamily, which
has originated in the arctogaeic area, and as the species of Datana are confined to America
north of southern Mexico, and within that region are unusually numerous, both in species and
individuals, it is to be presumed that the original point of origin of the subfamily was on the
Atlantic side of the North American continent. If this be the case the two Eurasian species of
Pygvera may be the descendants of late Tertiary emigrants from the polar regions.

@The law which underlies protective coloration. Smithsonian Report for 1897, p. 477.

10 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.
Il. THE LARVAL ARMATURE OF THE CERATOCAMPINZA.

The armature of lepidopterous lary consists either of glandular hairs or sete, tactile hairs,
and defensive spines, and in function are either glandular or simply tactile, or both functions
combined, or are defensive, the base of the spines of larvee of the group Cochliopodide being
glandular and secreting an active poison. ‘The set are secreted by unicellular dermal glands.

The base of the seta is strengthened by the deposition of chitin or parenchyma so as to form
a pediment or support of the seta, and asa rule the size of the wart or tubercle thus formed is
correlated with that of the seta or spine arising from it.

Change of function in the armature.—While the primitive function of the hairs, judging
from the fact that they appear to have arisen in freshly hatched larvee of the more primitive
groups of Lepidoptera, though present in the first stage of butterfly larvee and in Notodontide;
they also at the same time served as tactile or sense-hairs. Then from being simply tactile they,
by use or as the result of external stimuli resulting from the attacks of other insects, etc.,
became so strengthened, chitinized, and spiny as to render the animal unpalatable or inedible, as
nearly if not all hairy caterpillars are known to be.

A final step was the secretion of an acrid pungent poison at the base of the spine, as notably
in the case of the Megalopygide, Liparide, Hemileucidee, and Saturniide.@

The glandular hairs occur on the larvee of Pterophoride(Dimmock). I have observed them in
the first larval stages of Platypterycidee and Notodontide, as wellas certain Sphingide (Deidamia
insculptum and Ampelophaga myron); also in the Saturniide (Attacine); also in Ceratosia
tricolor. According to Scudder, in his work on the Butterflies of the Eastern United States, they
occur on the freshly hatched larva of the Nymphalide, Lycznide, and certain Papilionide
(Papilio cresphontes), Pierinze, and Hesperide.?

Origin of the tubercles or tubercular base of the bristle or sete.—Not only in lepidopterous
lary, but also in those of other orders, especially certain larval Coleoptera and Panorpidee,
do the sete arise from a swollen, fleshy, or chitinous base forming a wart or tubercle. When
giving off a hair or bristle such tubercles are referred to as setiferous. Theoretically the swollen
base of the hair (see Part I of this Monograph, Pl. XX VI, fig. 10) is apparently due to the motion of
the long slender hair in touching objects, as the caterpillar creeps among the leaves of its food
plant. Such motions and stimuli lead to the aggregation of tissue around the base of the seta,
serving to support it. The simple primary seta with its conical tubercle may lose its functions and
atrophy so as to leave only the tubercle, which may be soft, fleshy, as in certain Notodontide in
which they are nutent, and thus fitted by their slight movements to ward off or at least deter
parasitic insects from ovipositing onthem. On the other hand, the tubercle may, as in the Cerato-
campide, become converted into a purely defensive horn-like spine, with branches like a deer’s
horn, as in Eacles and Citheronia, ete. The horn-like spines on the prothoracic segment of Hetero-
campa are remarkable from their apparently sporadic occurrence in a group which are as a rule
not provided with spinous protections.

Arrangement of the setiferous tubercles in Lepidoptera.—While the larvee of certain Cole-
optera, Diptera, Panorpide, etc., are hairy and, as in Panorpide, arise from a swollen conical
base, i. e., a tubercle, their special arrangement in the Lepidoptera is, so far as known, diagnostic
ot the order.

In the Panorpide, which, in some important respects, are allied to what may have been the
ancestral stock of the Lepidoptera, the sete, judging by Brauer’s figures of the first and final stages

« For notes on the armature of yarious families of moths see Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. xxxi, 1893, pp. 83, 139.
b See my Notes on some points in the external structure and phylogeny of lepidopterous laryee. Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., May, 1900, pp. 83-114.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. fel

of Panorpa communis, form a series passing around the segment a little in front of its middle.
There are no set corresponding in position to seta 77 of lepidopterous larvee; that is, there is no
posterior pair of dorsal sete, but the series of eight or ten setiferous tubercles to a segment form
a line passing on the side of the segment considerably behind the spiracle. In the Trichoptera,
as Dyar has observed, there are no setiferous tubercles.

In the larvee of the more primitive groups of Lepidoptera, and in stage I of the more
specialized families, I have always observed that, looking at the animal from above, there are
two pairs of setiferous tubercles, or four in all, arranged in a trapezoid, the tubercles of the
hinder pair being wider apart than those of the anterior pair. This disposition in a primitive,
generalized form is seen in fig. 7, p. 63, of my monograph of Notodontide, representing the
larva of Adela viridella, also fig. 9. This arrangement of the four dorsal setiferous tubercles
is common to all the more generalized lepidopterous families—as the families comprising the
Tineina, the Hepialide (p. 72, 73, figs. 31, 32), the Pyralids, Noctuide, ete. If we refer to
these setiferous tubercles as arranged in longitudinal series, such series may be designated as the
dorsal, subdorsal, supra and infraspiracular series, though this classification does not well bring
out the varying position of the posterior dorsal pair.

A more exact designation is that proposed by Doctor Dyar in 1894, who showed that there
are two types of arrangement. ‘‘'The first, which is by far the more generalized, consists (con-
sidering only the abdominal segments) of five tubercles above the spiracle on each side, three in
a tranverse row about the middle of the segment and two behind; below the spiracle are two
oblique rows, containing, respectively, two and four tubercles. This type is found in Hepialus,
and is probably typical of the laryee of the moths in Professor Comstock’s first suborder, the
Jugate.”

“The second type contains two dissimilar lines of modification of the first type; but, as they
agree in number of tubercles and in other characters, I will consider them together. The fundi-
mental arrangement of the tubercles is as follows: On each side above the spiracle three tubercles;
below, or behind the spiracle and above the base of the leg, three more; on the base of the leg,
three (or four) on the outside and one on the inside near the midventral line. These I propose to
designate thus, counting from the dorsal line down the side: Tubercles ¢, 7/, 777, above the spiracle,
wv, v, vi below it, the group of three on the outside of the leg as 7/7, and the single one on the
inside of the leg as v///. Tubercles v7 and v77/ are present also on the legless abdominal seg-
ments (viz, segments 1, 2, 7, 8, and 9 of the abdomen) in the corresponding position.”

Doctor Dyar has skillfully used these sete or setiferous tubercles in classifying the families
of Lepidoptera, especially in separating the more generalized from the more specialized; yet in
some cases they hardly seem the best guide. Itshould be borne in mind that any single character
or set of characters do not prove in all cases reliable, since they shift or disappear in specialized
types and other characters are substituted and become prominent by being more useful and adap-
tive, and, as we shall see, the tubercles 7/ are the most variable in position and development of
any on a segment during the ontogeny of a species or group, and are thus important in working
out the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera or some special group.

The arrangement of the tubercles ¢-v/7 on the trunk segment of a syssphingine moth, is
illustrated by Fig. 1. It will be observed that tubercle v is below, while in the Sphingide it is
situated directly in front, of the spiracle. _

Presence or absence of dorsal tubercles ii.—The presence, reduction, or the atrophy of this
pair of tubercles in the course of the ontogeny has an intimate bearing on the phylogeny of the
subfamily under discussion.

In the first stages of Adelocampa bicolor this pair of dorsal tubercles are present (PI. XLV,

2, 7), the four dorsal tubercles being arranged in a trapezoid on abdominal segments 1 to 7, aa ina
modified form on segments 8 and 9. It persists through stages If to III. Their presence in the
fourth and final stages is more doubtful, since the surface of f the body is Berd over with

a‘sy nee not had Mee x for examination.”’

12 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

minute secondary setiferous tubercles, and it is difficult to distinguish the primary ones, whose
growth has become retarded or stationary, from the latter set, since they are so reduced in size.

To enter more into details, while the tubercles of the anterior dorsal pair (fig. 1) in stage I
are already large and much specialized, the integument crenulated or wrinkled, the seta finely
spinulated, while the long tubercle sends off a posterior tine or spur near the base; on the other
hand, the tubercles of the hinder pair (77) are minute in comparison and primitive in shape, the
tubercle itself a simple cone and the seta simple hair-like. Both sets of tubercles (7 and 77) occur
on abdominal segments 8 and 9, the caudal horn on 8 being a highly modified tubercle 7. The
same relations exist in stages II, III (figs. 2,3, 77). In stages IV and V, or the last instar, tubercles
7i are difficult to distinguish from the secondary ones, which are rather thickly crowded over the
dorsal surface; they can be distinguished on abdominal segment 8 directly behind and near the
base of the caudal horn. It may be observed that all the thoracic and abdominal horns are in
Adelocephala hypertrophied tubercles 7, and this will apply to the Ceratocampide in general.

In Syssphine molina, stage I, tubercles 77 are wanting on abdominal segments 1 to 7, though
present on segment 8 behind the caudal horn. This atrophy of 77 at once clearly indicates that

Fic. 1—Head and first five trunk-segments of Schizwra concinna, showing the
arrangement of tubercles 7-vii.

this genus is a later, less primitive form than Adelocephala, a view corroborated by other
characters.

In Encles imperialis, which, generally speaking, has evidently almost directly descended from
Adelocephala, the tubercles 77 are absent in all the stages on abdominal segments 1 to 7. On
segment 8 the tubercles // are situated next to the caudal horn and are of good size in stages I,
II, and all the later stages, being about as large as tubercle 77// on the side of the segment.

In Citheronia regalis there are no tubercles 77 on abdominal segments 1 to 7, but they are in
stages I to V on segment 8. In stage I they are about one-half as large as the caudal horn itself.
In stages IT and III (Pl. LIV) they are large and branched, while in the last two stages they
become reduced, until in the final stage they are about as long as the caudal horn is thick at
its base.

These tubercles (77) are present on the eighth abdominal segment in C. sepulcralis in all
stages; in C. splendens, stages [V and V (Pl. LY), and in the last stage of C. /aocoon (Pl. LY).

The species of Anisota form a side branch situated somewhat off the main evolutional track,
having undergone a greater reduction of tubercles in the larval state and of the maxille in the
imago than any of the other Ceratocampine. Yet in the first larval stage of each of the four

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 3

species the trapezoid made by tubercles /and 77 is present on abdominal segments 1 to8. In A.
stigma (P\. Ll) in stage III 77 have disappeared on segments 1 to 7, and in this stage and later
stages in all the species these tubercles (77) seem to have become atrophied, but retained on the
eighth abdominal segment. In A. wrginéensis of the last stage tubercles 77 on this segment are
nearly obsolete and white, like the neighboring secondary tubercles in the specimens examined,
but this may be an individual variation, as in all the tubercles there is some difference in
development. In a full-grown larva of A. stigma the tubercles 77 on this segment are larger
than in A. wrginiensis and black or chitinized and pigmented. In A. rubicunda of the last
stage the tubercles 7/ are fairly distinct, but not pigmented, while in A. senatoria they are larger
than in the other species and pigmented dark reddish-brown like the other dorsal and lateral
spines. Why this pair of tubercles are retained on this segment and disappear on those in
front is not easy to explain, unless it be that they are protected by the overhanging caudal
horn, for they are longest and best developed in Citheronia, which has the largest caudal horn
of any of the subfamily.

The lower tubercles, supra- and infra-spiracular, are in the same line as the spiracles 777,
being directly above the spiracle and in a line with tubercle 7, as in the family generally and
the Saturniide, as already observed by Dyar.

Absence of tubercle i on the ninth abdominal segment.—In referring to the unpaired dorsal
tubercle on the ninth abdominal segment Doctor Dyar“ states that it corresponds to 77, *‘as
tubercle 7 is not present on the ninth segment.” In the Ceratocampine there is but a single pair
of dorsal tubercles on this segment, fused in the later stages; since they are situated near the
hinder edge of the segment, I take it they are tubercles 77, but otherwise I do not now see how
they can be distinguished from tubercle 7.

The history of the compound or fused horn or tubercle on this segment will be seen by
reference to Pls. XLV and XLVI of Adelocephala bicolor.

In Anisota the double nature of this tubercle is plainly seen in the first stage of all the
species. In A. wrginéensis (PI. L, 77) the two setiferous tubercles 7/ are seen to arise from a com-
mon swollen base; in stage III the tubercle is slightly but distinctly forked, and the paired nature
of the spine is seen in the full-fed larva in the pair of bristles arising from the end of the tuber-
cles (Pl. LI, figs. 14, 1c) not showing any terminal division. In A. s¢/gma (Pl. LII, fig. 3) the
separate swollen bases of the sete in stage I are seen to arise from a common large tubercle;
in stage II (fig. 32) the set are shorter but separate at base; while after the second molt the
tubercle becomes solid, pigmented, as in A. awrginiensis. In A. senatoria, stage I (PI. LUI, fig.
1), there are, as in all the other species, no traces of tubercle 7 and the double tubercle 77 arises
as in the other species, but in stage II (fig. 1a, 77), besides the primitive sete, which are wide
apart at base, there have arisen two secondary minute sete (showing that this species is younger
than wirginiens/s and stigma); in stage ILI (fig. 12, 7) the tubercle is much less advanced than
in the other two species mentioned, since the tubercular base of each seta is still separate from
its fellow, the two tubercles arising from acommon base; from an oblique point of view the
tubercle is seen to be more deeply forked than in the other two species mentioned (fig. 14, 77 a).
In A. rubicunda, stage | (fig. 2, 77), the tubercle is as in A. senatoria. In stage III the tubercle
seen vertically and from behind or obliquely (fig. 24, a) to be deeply forked, and bearing at least
8 or 10 fine secondary setiferous tubercles, which suggest that this species is the most specialized
and therefore recent species of any of the others, this view being corroborated by the other
features of its armature and coloration. In the final stage the tubercle is slightly forked.

In Syssphinx, Eacles, and Citheronia, tubercle 7 appears to be absent in stage I and through-
out larval life. The fused tubercles 77 in Adelocephala bicolor is in the last stage much reduced,
is simple, conical, not pigmented, but whitish, though showing the scars of two small sete.

In Syssphine molina, judging from Burmeister’s figure, it probably is much as in Adeloceph-
ala bicolor, reduced and scarcely distinguishable except by position frem the secondary tubercles.
It appears to be a little more prominent in A. ward7, and still more so in A. argyracantha.

a Loe. cit., p. 232.

14 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In Eacles imperialis, stage I (Pl. XLVI, fig. 2, 77), the midtubercle is large, highly devel-
oped, each 77 being subdivided or two-headed. In stage III it becomes smaller in proportion,
a little longer than the diameter of the caudal horn at its base, and four-headed; it becomes
shorter in stage IV and after the last molt is still more reduced and is forked; but no higher
than broad.

In Citheronia regalis (P\. LIV) this spine is, in accordance with the rest of the armature,
much more developed than in the other genera. It is in stages I, I, III about half the thickness
and length of the caudal horn, repeating its shape and spinulation, while in stages 1V and V it is
about a third as long.

In C. splendens, in stages IV and last, it is about two-thirds as long as the caudal horn,
while in the last stage of C. sepulcralis it is much shorter, only about one-fourth as long as the
saudal horn.

The thoracic armature.—We will begin with Adelocephala, whose mature larya is through-
out the body the most spiny, the abdominal segments between the first and the eighth bearing
the caudal horn, being armed with large, and in certain species conspicuously colored, spines or
horns. The group is remarkable for the enormous thoracic and caudal horns in the earliest
stages.

In stage I of A. bicolor (Pls. XLV and XLVI) and of Syssphinx molina (Pl. XLVI), the
remarkable features are the enormously developed second and third thoracic tubercles or horns,
which are three times as long as the caudal horn. While the specific and generic differences are
given in detail under the special description of each life history, we may here give a comparative
account of the form and history of the thoracic spines in the Ceratocampine.

The prothoracic segment in the two generaalready named is usually proyided with setiferous
tubercles of even less than normal size, the dorsal ones no larger than the lateral ones, there being
six on each side of the segment. But in the undetermined mature Brazilian larva (PL. II], fig. 1,
and Pl. XLIX, fig. 4), they may be found in stage I when discovered to be long and well
developed; they are distinct, fairly long prothoracic dorsal spines.

In Eacles and Citheronia, however, there is a great change; those of the dorsal pair being
enormously developed, and ending in a fork or two twin setiferous tubercles, repeating the
two forms of those on the two hinder thoracic segments. In Eacles the dorsal spines or horns are
between one-fourth and one-third as long as those behind, have two to three secondary tubercles,
and end in two long diverging setiferous branches or tubercles about a third as long as the entire
horn. This form is repeated in the subdorsal horn, which is of the same general shape, but with
a shorter main shaft.

Of the horns behind, those of the mesothoracic segment are a little longer than the meta-
thoracic ones. In Eacles the tubercles of the supraspiracular series are alike on each three
segments in being primarily two-headed, but with such large secondary setiferous tubercles as
to make them appear five-headed. The infraspiracular spine on the first thoracic segment is
very large, three-headed, while the one below is double headed. There are in all five tubercles
on each side of this segment. It is to be observed that in Eacles and Citheronia there is, con-
trary to Adelocephala and Syssphinx, a close similarity in shape and size between the caudal horn
and the thoracic horns.

In Citheronia regalis, the dorsal prothoracie horns are still more similar to those behind,
being nearly as long, and of identical shape and similarly spinulated. There is a marked differ-
ence in the development of the subdorsal horns of Citheronia, these being very much longer than
in Eacles, and only slightly differing in the shape of the bulbous end. The greater specialization
of the swollen end of all the eight horns as well as of the caudal horn in Citheronia is of
interest. The bulb is shaped like a chestnut, full, thick, forming the common base of the two
diverging tubercles, which bear specialized sets in the form of cylindrical straight rods, blunt
at the end; a seta of very characteristic shape. This style of specialized seta also occurs in the
thoracic horns of Adelocephala and Syssphinx, though in the caudal horn it does not appear, the
sete being of their primitive shape.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 1S

In Adelocephala, after the first molt (Pl. XLV, fig. 3), thoracic horns differ in the reduction
of the bulbs, which lose their swollen shape, becoming simply forked, and the rods becoming
mere sete. In the third and later stages there is a further reduction of the two terminal spines,
the horns ending in a double point, with little significance, while the horns themselyes become
shorter. On the other hand, a new and striking feature comes into prominence, 7. ¢., the silvery
color associated with pink: of the larger tubercles on abdominal segments two, four, and six
(Pl. XLIX, fig. 2b), as if the welfare of the species depended on this new colorational feature.
Just how this is to be explained depends on further special observation of the living caterpillar
amid its surroundings of leaves and spines.

In Eacles, stage II, a profound change takes place in the armature, the reduction of the size
of the spines being marked. From the prothoracic to the tenth abdominal segment they are cut
down, reduced. New influences have begun to be exerted, and the formidable set of complex
spines, inherited from some extinct ancestor, no longer of use, become discarded, and a new
kind of protection arises, these perhaps being the hairs so peculiar to this genus. In the third
stage the thoracic spines are as long as the body is thick, and taper at the end, which is forked;
in stage IV the horns are now considerably shortened, not so long as the body is thick, while
those on the prothoracic segment are scarcely higher than broad. After the final molt the
prothoracie spines (Pl. XLVIII, figs. 3, 4) are reduced to broad, low, flattened rough tubercles;
those of the two following segments are reduced to short, stout, conical tubercles, about half as
long as those in the fourth stage, and they are now shorter than in any other genus excepting
Syssphinx.

In the second stage of ©. regalis the bulb of all the horns have become moditied into two
simple branching spines, each ending in a simple seta (P]. LIV). The larva in this stage bears a
forest of twelve spinulated, long, slender spines, the longer ones equaling half the length of the
body, while at the end of the body is a less dense forest or thicket of repellant branching thorny
spines.

In the third stage the horns are still slender, and the spinules, being large and long, they
appear to be much branched. In the fourth stage they have become three times as stout as
before and of the same thickness and length, but a little longer in proportion than in the last
stage. Their effect is in the two last stages heightened by the black thoracic and the abdominal
oblique bands.

It still remains to be seen whether these spines secrete at their base a poison; and it is to be
hoped that close and repeated observations will be made on the lary while feeding to see how
far they are protected by their armature and dark conspicuous stripes from the observations of
birds, ete.

It should be noted that while C. regalis has the longest spines of any species of the genus, in
C. sepulcralis they are shorter, while in the Brazilian C. penelope they are scarcely longer than
in Evcles zinperalis.

The hairs of Eacles vs. the reduction in the spines.—The bodies of all the Ceratocampinee
except Eacles are destitute of hairs. In Eacles the long irregular hairs are a generic feature.
They first appear in stage II, but in stage IV these long white hairs are frequently as long ora
little longer than the body is thick. They are longer in the penultimate than the last stage, and
form a more dense clothing. Now, it is well known that birds and ichneumon flies of various
kinds avoid hairy caterpillars, and the question arises whether the hairs of Eacles in its last stage
do not to some extent protect the creature from its natural enemies, and whether, since it is thus
protected, the spines have undergone reduction from being no longer useful in defense. On the
other hand, it is only fair to state that Citheronia penelope, with horns scarcely longer than
those of Eacles, is destitute of long hairs, though the vestigial dorsal tubercles of the abdominal
segments are represented by Burmeister as giving rise each to three or four short sete.

The dorsal spines of Anisota.—In this genus the armature is so reduced that there is but a
single pair of horns on a single segment, the second thoracic, and this reduction is associated in
the moths with the atrophy of the maxille. In each of the four species whose ontogeny is

Vol. 9—05——2

16 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

known the larva is hatched with this pair of horns alone, and it is significant that they are
situated on the most exposed part of the body.

In stage I the dorsal spines are throughout longest in A. vérgindensis (those of the third
choracic segment largest in this species), and in this respect this species is the most primitive or
nearest its supposed Adelocephala ancestor; the dorsal spines are longest in A. s¢¢gma, are shorter
in A. senatoria, and much the shortest in A. rvbicunda.

It is noteworthy that in the full-fed larva the dorsal horns of the second thoracic segment
are longest in A. virginensis, shorter in A. senatoréa, and shortest in A. rubicunda.

The question arises as to the probable cause of the reduction in all the spines in this genus.
This may perhaps be answered by the fact that they do not need a defensive armature, owing to
the style of coloration, the body being striped, like so many unarmed caterpillars, especially
Noctuide, ete. Moreover, the eggs are laid in large patches of over 200, the young larve live
eregariously on the under side of leaves of the oak, maple, etc., which bear no spines, while this
gregarious habit in all but A. rvb/cunda is maintained throughout larval life, as they, especially
A. senatoria, are seen to be crowded together in clusters on the partly defoliated twigs of the
trees. somewhat after the manner of caterpillars of Datana.

The suranal plate and its modifications.—Vhis is the reduced tenth abdominal segment, and
is flattened triangular, rather large, usually ending in a fork.

In its perhaps most generalized form, that of Adelocephala bicolor, the suranal plate in stage I
is armed with three well-developed setiferous tubercles, the tubercles themselves conical but
higher than thick at the base, and bearing a long slender seta. The plate is forked at the end,
the two terminal tubercles giving it a forked appearance; there is also a pair of setiferous
tubercles similar in size and shape to the others, each one situated a little way in from the edge
and behind the middle. There are no secondary setiferous tubercles. This description will also
apply to Syssphinx in its first stage.

In the succeeding stage (II) and all the later stages the end of the plate is distinctly forked
and the surface of the plate is rough, with five secondary setiferous tubercles, while the primary
ones are but little larger than the secondary ones and merely hold their own in size; on the base
of the two terminal tubercles forming the fork are several secondary setiferous tubercles.

In the last stage the setee are much reduced in length, nearly atrophied in many cases, and
the surface of the plate is rather evenly granulated.

In Anisota rubicunda (Pls. LI, LI) the suranal plate is rather short, rounded at the end,
having lost the salient features of that of Adelocephala. The setiferous tubercles in stage I are
minute, though the bristles themselves are long, hair-like. The typical number is five on each
side, three marginal ones, one situated within, beyond the middle of the plate, and the pair of
terminal ones. After the first molt the pair of terminal tubercles are much larger than before,
giving the plate a forked appearance. In the last stage the primary tubercles are large, distinct,
and black-pigmented.

In stage I of A. rubicunda and senatoria the plate is simplest; in A. virgin Zensis and stigma
it is more specialized and somewhat pigmented. In the second to the final stages, however, of
A. senatoria the plate is more stoutly spinose than in any other species, the lateral and two
terminal spines or tubercles being solid, conical, and pigmented brown black (fig. 2).

In Eucles imperialis the armature of the suranal plate is very formidable in the two first
stages (Pls. XLVIII, figs. 1, 2), especially before the first molt. The first tubercle, i. e., that
nearest the ninth segment, on each side is very large, four-headed, and as long as the entire plate.
In the second stage, the tubercle spines are reduced in size but retain the same structure, the
sete: remaining; but after the second molt the great basal spines become reduced to low, flattened,
broad, hubbly vestigial tubercles, with secondary tubercles. The plate is black in the last stage,
with the edges yellow, while the granulations, or low stout conical tubercles, are coarse and
render the surface of the plate rough.

In Citheronia regalis the armature of the suranal plate is similar to that of Eacles, on the same
plan, but the tubercles and their spinules are much longer and slenderer, as seen in Pl. LIV, figs.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. i

1,3. (sZ). In stage III, the proportion between the spines is still the same; now, small sec-
ondary setiferous tubercles have arisen. In stage V (tig. 6) the two lateral tubercles s/ are
reduced to low flattened four-headed ones, and the plate is well rounded at the end; the two
terminal black tubercles are minute, while the surface of the plate is without secondary tubercles,
not being coarsely granulated as it is in Eacles. In C. splendens (Pl. LV, tig. 1a, 12) the arma-
ture is more excessively developed than in (C. rega//s or any species of the genus, and the surface
of the plate is covered with transverse rows of secondary tubercles, the two terminal tubercles
being distinct. In C. sepulcralis the armature of the surface is intermediate between the two
species named (figs. 4a, 44), while in ©. /aocoon the plate is nearly smooth, with small tubercles
sf, being much as in C. regalis. On the other hand, in C. phoronea, judging by Burmeister’s
figure, tubercles sZ are much longer, but the surface is merely rugose as in (. regalis.

In conclusion, the suranal plate and its armature coincide or are congruent with the other
larval characters, so that if found fossil they would afford a fair basis for identification and
classification.

Ill. THE CAUDAL HORN OF THE CERATOCAMPID2&.

The larvye of Ceratocampide and Saturniide, as well as a few other lepidopterous larve of

other groups, and more especially the Sphingidz, are characterized by possessing the so-called
‘caudal horn.” This modified tubercle is now known to be the result of the fusion either before
birth, or before the first ecdysis, of the dorsal tubercles 7 of the two anterior tubercles of the
eighth abdominal segment. We have designated this double tubercle as the ‘eighth uromeral
tubercle:” the term uromere being applied to any one of the abdominal segments. We will first
describe it in the group Ceratocampine, and then discuss its mode of origin and occurrence, as
well as its phylogenetic significance, in other groups.

Caudal horn of Ceratocampine.—In the species of the most generalized genus, Adelocephala,
the caudal horn is very large and prominent, as long as any of the thoracie horns in A. bicolor.
twice as thick, and considerably stouter; it is roughly tuberculated with secondary setiferous
tubercles; and at the tip has lost the bifid nature of the first two stages, ending in a single
tubercle which does not bear a terminal seta.

We will now trace its history from stage I up to the last. The great thick club-like slightly
curved horn ends in two primary tubercles, each bearing a stiff seta about as long as these
tubercles (PI. XLV, fig. 1). In stage II (fig. 3), the caudal horn is slenderer than before (in the
specimen figured it had become flattened down and attached firmly along the back).

In the third and fourth stages the bifid nature is lost, and the horn ends in a single
bristleless tubercle as in the last stage, the terminal or primary tubercle being but little larger
than the secondary ones which render the horn so rough and coarsely spinose. — :

In the full-grown larve of A. wardi and argyracantha, as tigured by Burmeister, the caudal
horn is slightly longer and twice as thick as either of the thoracic ones.

In stage I of Syssphinx molina the caudal horn, like that of Adelocephala, is entirely unlike
in shape and length the thoracic horns, being much shorter and nearly twice as thick (PI. XLVI).
In Syssphinx the swollen, squarish end bears on each side a short rounded tubercle, each giving
rise to a long bristle, the main tubercle showing no signs of its double origin.

In Eucles (mperialis the caudal horn is nearly as large as any of the thoracic ones of the
same shape, the end being deeply divided, with no definite line of division between the two
terminal tubercles and the main shaft of the ‘‘horn;” the sete are a little longer than the forks
or branches. After the first molt the proportions are the same, all the horns being reduced in
size. In stage II the horn is still long and slender, but only about one-half as lone as the
longest thoracic horns.

After the third ecdysis there is a decided reduction in size of the caudal horn, which, though
still quite large and prominent, is only about half as long and large as the largest thoracic horns.
In the fully grown lary, where the process of reduction has affected all the armature. especially
the dorsal spines, the caudal horn is reduced to a conical spinose tubercle but little higher than
broad, though still only about half as high as the larger thoracic ones; and now the somewhat
dense secondary hairs rise far above the dorsal spines.

18 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In Citheronia regalis, stage I (Pl. LIV), the relations are much as in Eacles. The caudal spine
is a nearly exact repetition of the twelve thoracic ones, ending in a similar bulbous body formed
by the fusion at their bases of the two terminal tubercles, each division or fork ending in a thick
blunt rod. 2

In stage II the caudal horn again repeats the now somewhat modified shape of the horns on
the thoracic segments (fig. 1), ending in two unequal spines.

In stage II] the caudal horn is of the same proportionate shape and height (fig. 3).

In the last stage the caudal horn is high and prominent, being as large as the subdorsal
thoracic horn, spinose, and distinctly forked at the end (fig. 6).

In ©. splendens (Pl. LY, fig. 1a, 14 7) the horn is much shorter, but still bifid at the end;
in C. sepuleral’s (tig. 4a, 4b) it is much longer, but still ends in two minute tubercles; in C. /aocoon
(fig. 2, /) it is rather shorter and slenderer than in the other species mentioned.

Anisota differs remarkably from the other genera of its group in having no caudal horn on
the eighth abdominal segment, the primary setiferous tubercles 7 not being crowded and fused
into one after the first molt, the characteristics of stage I being retained throughout larval life,
the four primary dorsal setiferous tubercles being arranged in a trapezoid. It should be noticed
that the eighth abdominal segment is not any narrower than the seventh, while the ninth is much
narrower, the body rather suddenly narrowing to the end of the suranal plate. Whether this
width of the eighth segment has caused crowding and the fusion of the tubercles ¢ is a matter
worth considering, though in Adelocephala and C. rega/is the eighth segment appears to be as
wide as the seventh. Yet it remains a fact that in Anisota there is no fusion of tubercles 7, no
median dorsal horn, whereas there is a fusion on the succeeding segment anda resulting median
tubercle. Its history is given on page 13 and the reader is referred to Pls. L-LIIT, which
illustrate the development of this ninth uromeral caudal or median horn in Anisota.

Here the question arises whether the lack of fusion of tubercles @ on the eighth uromere is
due to inheritance from some notodontian ancestor, to reversion, or is simply the result of
disuse, resulting in reduction and partial atrophy. When we take into account the close
relationship between the moths of Anisota and Adelocephala, the incongruity between the larval
stages in respect to the armature of the end of the body seems remarkable.

It is to be observed that the ninth uromeral tubercle or median horn in the final stage shows
its double origin in being bifid at the end like that on the caudal horn of the eighth segment in
other genera than Anisota.

This ninth uromeral tubercle is well developed in all stages in Eacles and Citheronia
Pl. LIV (fig. 6), but exists in a much reduced condition in Adelocephala and Syssphinx of the
first to the final stage.

The caudal horn in the Notodontidx.—In only two groups or families is the caudal horn a
nearly persistent characteristic common to nearly every genus of these extensive groups—I
refer to the Ceratocampide: and Sphingidee—while the more specialized Hemileucide and Satur-
niide have a similar double median tubercle, which retains its rounded or clavate form. Else-
where the fusion of the tubercles 7 on the eighth uromere is a sport, aberration, or, better, a
mutation, which has become fixed by heredity. Such is the caudal horn of Bombya mori, of
Endromis versicolora, the earlier stages of Brahmaeide, and of certain Notodontide.

Its appearance in this group we will first discuss, since their stages of evolution have been
examined and illustrated in my monograph of this family. In this group the larve before the
first molt have the primitive arrangement of the four dorsal setiferous tubercles (/, 77) arranged
in a trapezoid, as seen in the freshly hatched larva of Lophodonta, Pheosia, Dasylophia,
Hyparpax, Schizura, and Heterocampa. A caudal horn or tubercle arises in the ontogeny of
the larva in four genera, i. e., Pheosia, Dasylophia, Hyparpax, and Schizura.

The tubercle is most characteristic in Pheosia, being like that of Sphinges, Bombya mor7, and
ceratocampids, except that it is smooth and not solid and tuberculated. If the reader will turn
to Pl. XX of my monograph of the Notodontidz and consult the description of the early stages
he will obtain an idea of the mode of origin of the so-called horn. In stage I the arrangement
of the dorsal and subdorsal setiferous tubercles is plainly drawn. The pair of tubercles 7 on the
eighth abdominal segment are, at the birth of the larva, crowded together, their bases forming a

>

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 19

common foundation or wart-like tubercle. To quote from my account: *‘ On the eighth segment
is a single central dorsal, black, oval, moderately prominent wart, which is twice as large as the
largest on the ninth segment; it is transverse, bearing a bristle at each end, thus haying plainly
originated from what was once two separate warts.” At the end of this stage, before the first
molt it becomes a double, large black tubercle, still ending in a pair of sete; after molting
(stage IT) it is ‘‘ now well developed, high, conical, and fleshy, slightly inclined backward, dark
at tip, and still bearing two bristles, though the dark chitinous spine is obsolete; the horn-like
tubercle is half as high as the segment is thick.” In the next stage it is nearly as long as the
eighth segment is thick vertically. ‘‘The horn is slightly retractile in this stage, and the base
is movable, being capable of withdrawal and extension and is distinctly nutant, the apex some-
times hanging over backward.” In the fourth stage the horn becomes larger, higher, and more
acute than before; ‘‘it is freely elevated or allowed to fall over backward, is soft and flexible,
but very slightly retractile, and bears a few scattered, fine bristles.” In the final stage the horn
is high, stiff, not granulated, but somewhat annulated. The horn is more like that of a sphingid
than a ceratocampid, in not forming a solid spine, though this is not invariably the case in the
Ceratocampidee.

In the allied genus Dasylophia the larva is hatched with the two tubercles 7 on the eighth
abdominal segment still separate, and thus represents an earlier stage in the ontogeny than in
Pheosia. In stage I this pair of tubercles each end in a bristle; in stage II and later stadia the
tubercles are fused to form a low, flattened tubercle, the sete being lost.

In Hyparpax aurora and the species of Schizura, whose segments are nearly all dorsally
humped, each side ending in a seta, the fleshy tubercles on the eighth abdominal segment are as
large or nearly as large as those on the first abdominal segment. In S. /ept/nocdes the fusion of
what corresponds to the caudal horn is seen in Pl. X XVI, fig. 1, tubercles 77 having apparently
become atrophied. The cause of the fusion of these tubercles, whether on the first or eighth
abdominal segment, is obscure, but probably it is a mechanical one.

In some respects the most specialized genus is Heterocampa, and in two of the species whose
ontogeny is known, i. e., ZZ. obliqua and 77. guttivitta, certain segments are armed with a pair
of dorsal chitinized solid spines or horns. Those on the eighth abdominal segment are well
developed, being long, erect, and bearing a few secondary spines. (See Pls. XXX and XXXI of
my Monograph of the Notodontide, also fig. 85.) Their bases are, however, wide apart and
there are no signs of a tendency to fusion. They disappear at the first molt, and are probably
either defensive structures inherited from some earlier form, or have arisen with comparative
rapidity, a sport or mutation due to stimuli from without. The ninth abdominal segment in
in these two species is well developed, but smaller.

These caudal horns do not appear in the first stage of 77. biundata, Hl. manteo, H. unicolor, or
HT. astarte, which are thus proved to be more recently evolved.. In the tailed forms, such as
Heterocampa unicolor, Macrurocampa and Cerura, it is possible that the growth enerey
expended in the production of the armature has been transferred to a process of hypertrophy of
the anal legs.

Reference should also be made to the species of Notodonta, Symmerista, ete., which bear a
hump or broad, low tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment, apparently resulting from the
fusion of the primitive setiferous tubercle.

The caudal horn of the Bombycidx.—In the majority of the species of this interesting group,
represented by Bombyx mor/, there is a well developed caudal horn.

In stage I the larva is similar toa young Malacosoma (Clisiocampa), having the fine hairs
arising in tufts from small warts, but already the two warts on the eighth abdominal segment
have united into one.

On examining a series of larve in the fourth stage the caudal horn is seen to be soft, fleshy,
thick at the base, and rather densely clothed with comparatively coarse set; it rather suddenly
contracts toward the end, which is somewhat acute, pointed, the tip dark chitinized, and bearing
no signs of its originally double origin; the slender end of the horn bears no hairs and is very
finely granulated.

20 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In the final stage the horn shows some reduction, being shorter than in the previous stage.
There is no tendency to fusion of the two dorsal warts on the ninth abdominal segment.

The caudal horn in the Bombycide shows no resemblance or affinity to that of the Ceratocam-
pidee, and here I may state that the small family Bombyecid has no relationship with the Cerato-
campidee or Saturniidee; on the contrary the family is intimately related by its larval and pupal
characters with the Lasiocampide, and I am inclined to the view that the Bombycide have
actually originated from the Lasiocampide, their larvee having undergone a process of acceleration,
while the moths haye been modified by atrophy of the veins and mouth-parts. On comparing the
caudal horn of Bombyx mori with that of Gastropacha (Epicnaptera) Americana it was found to
be similar in structure and armature, though that of Epicnaptera is broad, short, flat, and conical.
On further comparison of the fully-grown larvee of the two genera I was surprised to find how
nearly allied they are. The head of Bombyx mori (Pl. XLIV, tig. 5) is of the same peculiar shape
as in the Lasiocampide, and densely clothed with long hairs; they are alike also in the nature
of the tergal region of the prothoracic segment, though £. mor7 is without the prominent lateral
tubercles so diagnostic of the larvee of Lasiocampide and Lymantriidee. In the ninth segment as
regards the shape of the suranal plate and of the anal legs, B. mor7 is closely similar to those of
Epicnaptera. I conclude, then, that the Bombycidwe being essentially lasiocampids in their
larval characters, as imagoes the group became modified by retrograde development and formed
a downward bent side-branch of the lasiocampid stem. We have here a clear example of the
evolution by atrophy of one family from another. _Dyar“ states that the warts of B. mori are
‘“*true warts of the typical lasiocampid pattern.” He places the family near the Lymantriide.
To Professor Sasaki’ we are indebted for an account, with figures, of the first stage of the wild
silkworm of Japan, which Sasaki identities as Theophila mandarina, and its descendant or deriva-
tive Bombyx mor7. In both of these forms there is already in stage I a single median wart
on the eighth abdominal segment. This shows that the larva has undergone, just as in Epic-
naptera, before hatching an acceleration of development as regards this pair of warts. After the
first molt the caudal horn is developed. Sasaki observes: ‘‘After the second stage there are no
marked changes in both color and markings till the larva becomes mature.”

I have always supposed that the Bombycidee were more nearly allied to the Saturniide, since
they have but three branches to the median vein and atrophied mouth-parts, but we now see that
these reduction characters are not diagnostic of any particular group of families, but may occur
in any group asthe result of disuse and loss of power of flight inthe imago. Here, as elsewhere
in the insect and animal kingdom, the larval or postembryonic character as a rule, though there
are exceptions, afford the truest guide to the phylogeny of a group.

It is interesting to observe how the armature of certain species of Bombyx and allied genera
repeats in general appearance that of the ceratocampid genus Adelocephala, etc., though the
resemblances are surely cases of convergence, due perhaps to their living on trees whose twigs
are either tuberculated or spiny.

The two most striking cases of mimetic analogy, parallelism, or convergence are seen in the
larva of Theophila huttoni, described and figured by T. Hutton. In the newly hatched cater-
pillar there is, he says, ‘ta small anal tubercle on the penultimate segment; thus far there is
scarcely a difference between it and the young Chinese worm.” This is evidently the same as
the incipient caudal horn of the larva of the same stage of Bombyx mandarina and B. mori.
After the first molt the warts become converted into short, conical, fleshy tubercles or spines. In
the mature larva ‘‘ there are two dorsal rows of long, black, slender, and sharp-pointed spines,
commencing with the fifth [second abdominal] segment. While the median spine is thus fused
or double, the warts on the ninth segment of stage I become long spines about as large as the
caudal horn.

a@On the larvee of the higher Bombyces. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., X XVII, p. 140, 1896.
>On the affinity of our wild and domestic silkworms. Annotationes Zoologicae Japonenses, ii, Part II, June,
1898. pp. 33-40.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 21

**In other genera of this family, as the species of Ocinara, in which the body is slender, there
is a caudal horn. In 0. ségnifera there is a well-developed caudal horn, while the body is
humped on the second thoracic, second and fifth abdominal segments. Indeed, it bears a close
resemblance in general appearance to certain geometric or measuring worms, such as Ennomos,
Eutrapela, Eugonia, ete.

“Tt is worthy of notice, as bearing on the use of these horn-like tubercles as offensive struc-
tures, that Captain Hutton states that the extremity of the horn is retractile and is generally
withdrawn into the lower part as a sheath; when the animal is about to molt, or is disturbed
and irritated, the summit of this spine is exserted, and instead of being brown, like the base, is
whitish; when exserted the whole stands erect, slightly inclining backward.”

Horsfield and Moore figure the larva of O. dilectula of Java as haying a horn.

The caudal horn of the Sphingide.—Much has been written on this subject. In 1882 Mr.
Meldola, in the appendix to his translation of Weismann’s ** Studies in the theory of descent,”
calls attention tothe caudal horn of sphinx larvee, mentioning that in the young lary: it is ** freely
movable,” adding: ‘*It is possible that this horn, which was formerly possessed by the ancestors
of the Sphingidee, and which is now retained in many genera, is a remnant of a flagellate organ
having a similar function to the head tentacles of the Papilio larve or to the caudal appendages
of Dicranura.”

Poulton (1884) concludes that the forking of the horns is a primitive character and observes
that it is movable in the two first stages of S. //gustr7 and under the control of the animal’s will.
He also quotes notes from Mr. R. Trimen on the young larva of Lophostethus dumolindi Angas, in
which it is stated that the anal horn is, like the dorsal thoracic spines, **distinetly forked” at the
extremity. Mr. Meldola adds that ‘*the forked caudal horn in the young larva of this species is
of interest in connection with the similar character of this appendage in the young caterpillar of
Hyloicus pinastri” (p. 527).

The caudal horn of the fully grown larva of Lophostethus dumolinii, which is well figured
by Lieut. Col. J. M. Fawcett,“ differs from that of all other known sphingid caterpillars in being
a solid chitinous spine, sharp, not forked, and with several sete, being in fact, judging by the
figure, no stouter, longer, or differing in any respect from the thoracic horns.

Wilhelm Miiller, in 1886, at the close of his memoir, figures the end of the body of the larva
of Diloptonota and discusses the caudal horn of the Sphingidie, considering that it has the same
origin as the unpaired horn of the Saturniide, remarking: ** Both have arisen from the supporting
structures [tubercles] of the two bristles upon segment 11.” He concludes that the caudal horn of
the Sphingidee is the remains of another armature perhaps referable with that of the Saturniid of
the present day toa common source, so that the caudal horn of the Sphingidz and the caudal
spine (Js horn) of the Saturniide are in the fullest sense homologues.

The present writer has paid especial attention to the double nature of this tubercle in the dif-
ferent groups and genera of the Ceratocampide, Hemileucidee, and Saturniide, the facts being
stated in the course of the description of the larvee in different stages and affording strong proofs
of its origin from the fusion of the two tubercles 7.

Besides the caudal horn of Ceratomia, already described, I have previously stated? that in
stage I of Paonias excecatus the caudal horn is distinctly forked at the tip, and that in stage III
it ends in two tubercles. In Sphinx kalmiex in its second or third stage the horn ends in three
or four tubercles, but in stage IV? there are no definite traces of 2 fork. Ina Sphinx found on the
larch the horn is smooth, but ends in two fine sete. In a lot of freshly hatched Sphinx lary of
an unknown species the horn is distinctly forked.

In a full-grown Sphinw chersis the end of the horn is smooth and undivided. Pl. XLII,
Fig. 3, represents the end of the caudal horn of /%onias myops, the tip ending in two rounded
smooth tubercles without a seta, though the rounded spinules below each bear a distinct seta;
a represents the tip as seen from the end, showing the rounded ends of the fork.

«Trans. Zool. Soc., London, XV, April, 1901.
bProc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. XXV, p. 103, footnote, 1890. Compare also C. M. Piepers, Ueber das Horn der
Sphingiden-Raupen, Tijdschr. y. Ent., XL.

22 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

IV. PROTECTIVE ARMATURE BOTH IN SHAPE AND COLOR AND
DEFENSIVE MOVEMENTS.

Referring to the aggressive or defensive movements of the caterpillars of Adelocephala,
Dr. Jewett remarks: ‘* Up to the third molt the larvee when alarmed moye the protuberances
on the second and third segments as if to frighten away the intruder.”

In my Notes (p. 150) I remark regarding them in the second stage: ‘‘In this stage upon
touching or teasing the larva the thoracic spines spring out; at the same time the head, together
with the thoracie region, jerk violently, as if to beat off an intruder. Also, when two caterpillars
meet they evidently attack each other, butting and striking with their horns like two hostile goats,
deer, or cattle. It seemed evident, after repeated observations, that the great thoracic spines are
of real defensive use.” Again, in referring to a larva in the fourth stage: ‘‘it would appear
probable that the formidable spines of the grown-up caterpillar save it not infrequently from
being swallowed by birds, though the horns are probably of greater use in the earlier stages,
when they are much longer and much more movable, in frightening away ichneumons and
Tachine. For example, even when 20 mm. in length, a larva was seen when teased to spread
apart its great arm-like horns, while the full-fed ones did not notice such stimulus.”

It was also added that in the larvee of the last stage, instead of being green as in the earlier
stages, they become roseate pale coral red, and *‘ not so near in tint to the spines of the food
plant as in the young. When the caterpillar is at rest they are held close together in a recurved
position, and in the grown-up larva when touched they are not moved or the body jerked in
response to such stimulus.”

‘The horns in Sphingicampa are not held spread out as in (. regals, but those of each pair
are constantly held close to each other. The horns and the six silvery, opalescent, shining tuber-
cles probably become terrifying by the movements of the larva. The latter are turned on and
throw their light out suddenly like flashes, and may thus have a deterrent effect on their
enemies.” (Proc. Amer. Phil. Soe., XX XI, p. 157.)

It is worthy of note that the larvie of most of the species of this genus feed on spiny plants,
one, A. bicolor, on the spiny or honey locust.

In Brazil, according to Peters, A. ward7/ lives on a spiny mimosa whose leaves on the under-
side are violet brown; A. swhangulata lives on a spiny climbing plant, A. brevis on a thorny
mimosa in the gardens of Rio Janeiro, and the caterpillars of an undescribed species on an
acacia.

These caterpillars, with their remarkably long spines, including those figured by Peters and
by Burmeister, have the dorsal spines of the abdominal segments nearly or quite as long as those
on the thoracic segments. As these larvee are quite large, and their spines in some cases from a
half to an entire centimeter in length, they would easily be mistaken by birds and lizards, as
well as monkeys and other mammals, for the smaller spines of the trees or shrubs on which they
feed, especially when not in motion, and it is a question whether they are not more useful as
mimicking the spines of their food plants than as simply defensive structures. Yet a bird, or
even a lizard, might hesitate before swallowing such spinose creatures.

As to the origin of these great spines and their adaptation as protective structures it is not
easy to frame a hypothesis. To suppose that they arose by natural selection is scarcely an ade-
quate explanation, though this may account for their preservation after they have once been
developed.

V. COLORATION IN THE LARV4 OF THE CERATOCAMPINE.

We will begin with the species of Anisota, in which the armature, owing to the reduction of
all but the pair of slender thoracic horns, is reduced, and becomes subordinate to the coloration.
This is especially seen in A. senatoria where the alternating deep ocherous and black-brown bands
are so prominent, the effect of the black spines in most cases being lost, owing to the position
of those of the dorsal and subdorsal series in the dark brown or blackish stripes.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ° 23

As regards coloration, A. rubicunda appears to be the most primitive or phylogenetically
oldest species of the genus. When hatched (stage I) there are no stripes, the larva being of a
pale yellowish green, the traces of the longitudinal stripes appearing toward the end of the stage
and the larva, having fed, becoming greener in color. The green color in this species alone per-
sists throughout larval life, the alternate stripes being lighter or darker green, according to the
amount of green pigment deposited in the hypodermis. It is to be observed that the dark green
stripes are no more accentuated dorsally than on the sides. The green hue is a protective one,
most laryee being green, and hence this species needs less spiny structures than the others of the
genus. Here it might be observed, what is well known to every entomologist, that the under-
side of all lepidopterous larve is usually paler than the upper, due to the lack of pigment. This,
as in all animals in which the underside of the body is lighter than the upper, is due to the
absence of direct light rays and of the resulting stimulus to the deposition of pigment, the under-
parts being in the shade. This is the case also in fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals.

Yet in some caterpillars there may be a dark ventral median line or stripe, and in Apatelodes
torrefacta (Pt. I of this Monograph, Pl. IX, fig. 62) there are two or three conspicuous black
patches on the underside of the body, yet the larva may occasionally assume a posture revealing
these marks.

It is noteworthy that in A. rwbicunda all the green stripes, so far as we have observed,
appear at once along the entire length of the body, not apparently first originating at the end of
the body. But further observations are needed as to this point.

Ovigin of the lateral (infraspiracular) red band.—Nearly all lepidopterous larye have along
the sides of the abdominal*segments 1-8 a lateral ridge, or salient, somewhat fleshy, convex, lon-
gitudinal fold, more or less regular, situated beneath the spiracles or spiracular line. This ridge
or fold, which is continued behind by the edge of the suranal plate, is apt in many caterpillars to
be pigmented with red or yellow, these tints appearing on the upper or more exposed surface,
while the lower side is pale or whitish, the shading being more or less gradual.

In the second stage of A. rubicunda this lateral ridge begins to be colored red, forming an
obscure line, which originates on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments and passes forward to
the first thoracic segment, though fainter on the anterior half of the body. This reddish line may
have been inherited from some extinct form, because in the third and subsequent stages it disap-
pears from the front and middle of the body and becomes restricted to abdominal segments 8 and
9. On these segments it forms a very conspicuous mark, being bright crimson or vermilion.
The body is also a little flattened on these segments, so that the spots show from. aboye. I have
not specially noticed the larva while resting on a maple leaf, but am disposed to think that
these two yermilion or reddish patches harmonize with the reddish petiole of the leaf of this
tree, and are thus protective. It is also noticeable that this line, originating at the tail end of
the body, is another example of the origin of certain new kinds of markings at the posterior end
ot the body.

In the majority of the species, namely, in three out of the five whose transformations are
known, the longitudinal bands are either pink or grayish, and this style of marking thus seems
to have been the one most advantageous to the species. The lower lines in A. wirginiensis and
stigma, corresponding to the reddish line in A. rvbicunda, is pink, and of the same hue as the
subdorsal line. The tint appears in stage II, and remains in all the subsequent stages, extending
along the whole length of the body. They do not, so far as we have been able to observe, origi-
nate at the end of the body. In stage II there are no signs of them.

A. senatoria is the most conspicuously marked larva of the genus. Unlike A. rabicunda
and the other species, it remains gregarious throughout larval life, clustering in great numbers
on the terminal twigs of the oak, after the leaves have been devoured, so as to be very conspic-
uous, yet they appear to be avoided by insectivorous birds. Whether they are poisonous or not
we do not know, but the bright, deep ocherous stripes alternating with the black ones are prob-
ably warning colors.

What in A. rub/cunda are dark green stripes become black in A. senatoria, while the deep
ocher or scotch snuff ones correspond to the pale green stripes of A. rubicunda. All the spines

24 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

in A. senatoria, except the horns, blend with the black tints, except those in the ocherous
infraspiracular line. These black and ocher lines appear in stage IV, the black ones arriving in
stage II. In stage III the larva is still olive green, with yellowish dorsal and lateral lines. The
head in this species is persistently black from the first to the last stage. It is finally to be
observed that in this genus color and bright stripes are of more importance than spines, whereas
in Adelocephala the armature is emphasized and the markings are a quite subordinate feature.

Coloration in Adelocephala.—In the fully grown caterpillars the body is grass or pea green,
with usually no gay markings, and the spines bristle with large stout saber-like spines, those of
the abdominal segments being in certain species nearly as large as those on the two hinder
thoracic segments. Hence they are admirably protected from attack, since the horns are both
defensive, and also harmonize both in shape and color with the spines of their food plants.

Not so, however, with their ancestors, which, judging by the life history of A. bicolor, espe-
cially its markings in stage I, were, besides wearing long, knobbed, reddish horns, gaily and
conspicuously striped. A. b/color on hatching is green, with three lateral white stripes and a
narrow thread-like red dorsal line ending on the red caudal horn. The head is black, while the
eight thoracic horns are all red, or reddish, including the subglobular ends. As regards the
remarkable distinctness of these stripes, we infer that if we take into account the coloration alone
Adelocephala is a more primitive form than any other of its subfamily. Its ancestors must have
been so marked at larval maturity, and here we have a very clear example of the crowding back
to the first stage of the ontogeny of features characterizing the later and last one, and its life
history is a partial recapitulation of that of its ancestors. The horns in the earlier stages, when
the larvee may be huddled together on the underside of a leaf, are of no use to them, and in the
final stages they tend more and more to be reduced and to lose their brilliant red coloring, though
in the mature ancestral caterpillars both the distinct lines, the threatening forest of long banner-
like horns at the front and one at the end of the body must have rendered them inedible, or at
least unattractive to insectivorous animals.

The ancestral caterpillar must have lived exposed to the sunlight, as the green stripes are
due to the greater abundance of chlorophyll, the white to a deficiency of pigment, such lines
being the effects of light and shade and yery common among lepidopterous lary.

In the second stage the head is reddish, and the spines still red, the small ones along the abdo-
minal region yellowish. A new colorational feature is a narrow, thread-like red line connecting
the spiracles, becoming yellow on the edge of the suranal plate.

In stage III there are the same tints, but the lower side of the red lateral line is shaded
whitish yellow, while the line on the ninth segment and along the edge of the suranal plate is all
yellow. ‘This line in front passes up to the base of the second pair of thoracic horns, so as to give
the appearance of a continuous red line, this being a concealment feature.

In stage IV the red portion of this line becomes purplish above, probably due to the reflection
of the purplish parts of the leaves. Now all the spines have lost their red color and have become
yellowish, hence much less conspicuous than before, and in the last stage the body is plain green,
the shades given off from the pale yellowish horns and silver dorsal spines, as well as the purplish
red and white of the lateral stripe blending with the hues of the leaves and spines of the honey
locust. It should also be observed that the yellow edge of the suranal plate shows from above.

It may be concluded that all the colors and hues, as well as the spines of the beautiful larva
of A. bicolor, naturally blend with or match the hues of the leaves and spines of its food plant.

Certain of the Brazilian forms have apparently no red lines. In one we possess (PI. III, fig. 1)
the body and spinesare uniformly grass green. In A. argyracentha, tigured by Burmeister (our
Pl. XLIX, fig. 1), the body is uniformly green, and there are no red lines or spots, while the spines
are yellowish.

In the Brazilian A. ward? the body is green, but the larger dorsal spines are very brilliantly
silvery, the smaller ones violet, and on the side of the body are three conspicuous, very large,
wide white bands, and the head and thoracic legs are also white. The larve of A. subangulata
and brevis have a bluish head and lateral stripe.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 25

Coloration of Syssphinv.—The larva of the last stage has a thick green body, with the horns
and spines much reduced, while the lateral stripe is yellow. Hence this form is protected simply
by its green color. Its young, freshly hatched larva, judging from alcoholic examples, is plain
green, without stripes, but with long, large horns, much as in A. b/color.

Coloration of Eacles imperialis.—We now have an entirely different style of markings in
this genus. In the freshly hatched young of this polyphagous form there are no longitudinal
stripes on the pale sienna-brown body, but the abdominal segments 1 to 7 have each two narrow
reoular parallel dark brown bands across the back, with either one or two short ones on the side
reaching up to ora little beyond the spiracular region. The body is very spinose, the four
thoracic and the caudal horn very long and deeply forked, and pinkish. From what ancestral
form this unusual style of markings has been derived is difficult to conjecture. The hue of the
body is similar to that of the sheathing base of pine needles.

This style of markings is retained in the next stage, but the spines are somewhat reduced,
and are now black. At the second molting the larya enters on its third stage with no markings,
while the horns are pale, black at tips. After a third ecdysis the body is green (sometimes
reddish brown); the horns are reddish and the spines are yellow, as are the suranal plate and anal
legs and thoracic legs; the head is partly banded with yellow, while the midabdominal legs end
in yellow. The spiracles are in stage IV noticeable from the rich dark green ring in them, the
color of the pine needles.

These hues and markings are apparently protective, the caterpillars, both the green and
brown forms, in the Northern States being most common on the white pine.

Ina larvaof 2. penelope, living in the high mountains of the interior of Brazil, Peters figures
a form somewhat like 2 ¢imperial/s, but with two violet dorsal bands bordered with white. This
kind of marking is exceptional and apparently unique in this subfamily. It lives on a melasto-
maceous plant and also on the guava (Ps/dium pomiferum); neither of these plants is spiny.

It is questionable whether the caterpillar of /. 7mpercal/s originally lived on the pine, though
when feeding among the needles it is not readily detected.

Coloration in Citheronia.—Unlike Eacles, the two species of the present genus, the only ones
whose earliest larval stages are known, are not marked with bands either longitudinal or trans-
verse, or any spots. In (. regalis and sepuleralis the body at birth is either dusky pale on the
upper side of abdominal segments four to six (C. rega/is), or pale yellowish brown and dusky on
the dorsal side of abdominal segments five to eight (C. sepu/eralis). ‘

The markings, or rather their absence in this stage, throw no light on the relationships of
this genus, whatever may be said of the armature.

After the first molt C. pegalis is reddish and (. sepuleralis yellowish. Now. some very
interesting stripes appear in C. regalis. On each side of the back of abdominal segments one to
eight are three short, dark, irregular longitudinal bands, the lowest of which is directed a littl
dounward and extends under the spiracle, this becoming the oblique hand, a characteristic color-
mark of this genus, not usually present in the Ceratocampide. Unlike the oblique stripes
in the majority of the Sphingide, these stripes pass from the front edge of the segments, and
also do not overlap on the succeeding segment. This is also the case with the corresponding
markings in the Saturniidee (Telea, etc.). The two shorter upper bands are not retained, but
disappear with the second casting of the skin.

In stage III the seven pairs of oblique stripes are dark above and pale beneath. They
probably harmonize with the dark twigs of the food tree.

Those in (. sepulcralis arise in the same way, there being at first three, though more obscure
and irregular, and in this species two are retained, only one being eliminated; there being on
each side a distinct straight dorsal stripe, besides the oblique one situated in front of the spiracles
which is not quite so long as in &. rega//s. We thus see that colorational features in these two
species appear to be more stable than the armature, since the two species under discussion belong,
as regards the armature, to two quite different sections of the genus.

26 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In the full-fed larva of C. sepulcralis there are no definite stripes, the oblique ones are not
present.

In ©. regalis, especially, the oblique, black stripes are continued by the large conspicuous
black spiracles, and also by the black stripe on the outside of the mid-abdominal legs. Thus the
effect of the stripes themselves is heightened and extended by these supplementary markings
situated in line with but below the oblique stripes.

In stage IV the oblique stripes are more diffuse, broader, and reach so as to almost include
the spiracles, which are as large as in stage V and last, and from each spiracle a black stripe
descends obliquely to just behind each infraspiracular spine, and then blends with the black
stripe on the mid-abdominal legs, though there is no corresponding stripe on the other legless
abdominal segments. It is also to be observed that the blackish oblique stripes are confined to
a single segment, not passing on to the next one, and an oblique antero-posterior stripe extend-
ing from the front edge of the segment down to the spiracle is the reverse of what obtains in
the majority of the Sphingide.

In stage V, C. regal/s (in a dried, blown example) is rather less blackish than in stage IV,
and under each blackish stripe is a pale shade. The spines are also much smaller, so that the
larva is less black; the light shade is a little wider than the black band itself.

Another set of black markings is the great dorsal black patches on the second and third
thoracic segments of stages II] to V, and the narrow cross-band between the third thoracic and
first abdominal segments; their significance may be cleared up by observations on the living
insect.

VI. DICHROMATISM OR COLOR VARIATION IN THE LARVA.

The best-known case of dichromatism in laryee is that of Zhyrews abboti/, described by
Riley, in which there is a dark brown and a green form. Lieutenant-Colonel Fawcett describes
a dark form of the larva of Protoparce mauriti7, of Natal, while Acherontia atropos is said by
Trimen to havea dark form at Cape Town. Light and dark color varieties haye been artificially
produced by Prof. E. B. Poulton. Mr. Meldola had previously (Proc. Zool. Soe., London,
p. 155, 1878) called attention to the fact that the younger larvee of Geometra papilionaria are
brown, *‘and remain brown during hibernation, when the leaves are bare, while many of them
become green when older, after the leaves have expanded in spring.” Mr. Poulton also
discovered that ‘the younger lary possess the power of adjusting the shade of their brown
color to that of the twigs of their food plant.” Mr. Meldola calls this phenomenon ‘‘ seasonal
adaptation,” and besides the species mentioned he cites Acidalia degeneraria, wd Gnophos obscu-
rota, adding, ‘‘and many more could be named.” “

In Eucles cinperialis there are two color forms, i. e., a normal green and a brown form.
They do not, however, seem to be phytophagic varieties, as both occur on the white pine.

While the caterpillars in the early stages are usually a light yellowish or clay brown, in the
fourth and last stages they vary in being either pale green or reddish brown. As these cater-
pillars are not common, it is not easy to state the proportion of brown to green individuals.
From what I have seen, I should suppose that the green in the two final stages were the normal
or more common, and the brown were more of the nature of aberrations.

Mr. Bridgham has, more commonly, found the pale green form on the white pine at
Providence, though the brown form occurred on the same tree.

I will describe the color forms in my possession:

The green form—Stage 1V.—The body of a blown example is pale green; the hairs very
long, white, and rather thick; the head is pale ocherous, paler than in the reddish brown blown
specimen, and of the same hue as the thoracie legs. The thoracic horns and other spines are

“Meldola also states that the larvee of Emmelesia unifasciata feed on the seeds of a species of Bartsia when the
capsules are in various stages of growth, ‘‘and those caterpillars found on the green capsules were green, whilst those
on the brown capsules were of a corresponding colour.’”’ (Trans. of Weismann’s ‘‘Studies in the theory of descent,”
I., p. 307, 1882.)

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. aM

pale reddish but much paler at base; the caudal horn much paler than the thoracic ones. There
isa black ring around the base of the thoracic legs. The spiracles are deep purple around the
edge, those of the eight abdominal pair darkest, becoming paler toward the first segment; the
prothoracic ones only partially stained with purple. In Bridgham’s drawings the spiracles are
drawn with a blackish ring (Pl. LX). The midabdominal legs are dusky brown at base, and
the plant blackish. The-anal legs or claspers and also the suranal plate are yellowish, but
black in the middle area, though the granulations are yellowish. The head has a dark short
line on each side, and two diverging dark lines on each side of the clypeus.

Stage V (last).—A blown specimen is uniformly deep pea green, with no brown shade. The
head is as in Stage IV, but green behind the yellowish front. The spines are yellow, with no
red discoloration on them. The spiracles are deep purple, and do not become paler anteriorly.
They are drawn bluish purple* by Mr. Bridgham (PI. IX). The suranal plate and anal legs are
identical in coloration with those of Stage IV.

The brown form.—I will first describe a fully grown blown example of the same size and
shape as the above-described green larva. The body is reddish brown; with three paler, clearer,
subdorsal diffuse irregular patches on each segment, forming two obscure broad interrupted
longitudinal bands. The region about each spiracle is also paler brown, forming an oblique oval
patch, passing from the front edge of the segment downward. The pale yellowish spiracles are
very conspicuous and are surrounded by a dark purple ring. The spines are fully as stout as in
the green form, and the body is equally hairy, the hairs being whitish. The head differs from
that of the green form in the greater amount of dark brown, both on the sides and along the
middle in front, yet the back part of the sides, that corresponding to the green portions in the
green larva, is dull obscure yellowish. The colors of the suranal plate and of the anal legs are
much as in the green form, but a greater extent of the anal legs is black-brown. The thoracic
legs are yellow, but the midabdominal ones dark brown.

Stage [V.—It differs from the green one of this age in being bright reddish, the tubercles
of the same hue, while the head is reddish, as are the legs, thoracic and abdominal, while the
edges of the suranal plate and anal legs are tinged with reddish. “The spiracles are surrounded
by a brown ring.

A third form, a true dimorphic form, appears to be that represented on Pl. VIII, fig. 6. I
will describe a specimen received by exchange from the museum of the Brooklyn Institute. It
differs structurally in the slightly stouter tubercles and denser hairs. In color it differs from the
brown form above described in being of a rich, dark umber or Vandyke brown. The subdorsal
row of pale sienna brown patches is more distinct, and the series is made up of a single large
squarish patch, situated on the front edge of each segment, except the prothoracic and the ninth
and tenth abdominal. The spiracles are conspicuously straw-yellow with a brown ring (I can
detect no purplish hue in the dried specimen); the oval oblique patches inclosing them are of the
same hue as those on the tergum, and also those of the brown form. The head (Pl. VIII, fig. 67)
is nearly all black-brown on the sides and in the middle, leaving an irregular yellow band on each
side of the front; the anterior clypeus and labrum are also yellowish or luteous. The suranal
plate is dark brown, as are the anal legs, except the front edge of the legs, which are yellowish;
the secondary tubercles or granulations are yellowish. The thoracic legs are yellow and black:
the midabdominal ones brown-black. The tubercles are all black-brown.

The three color forms of Citheronia regalis.—Myr. A. Hyatt Verrill has called my attention to
some striking color variations of this caterpillar, of which he took photographs in color somewhat
touched up by hand. The variations are in green, green and orange, blue, and brown. My
notes are taken from his colored photographs asd have not yet had the fortune to see the larva
of this species while alive.

In all the forms the size, shape, and colors (orange, red, and black) of the spines are the same,
as also the color of the head, thoracic and abdominal legs, and the suranal plate.

“Jn the plate, however, they are unfortunately printed black.

28 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

1. Thegreen form.—(Pl. XXI, tig.1, see also Riley’s figure in Amer. Ent., i., Pl. 1) (a) It lives,
or at least the examples collected, lived on the hickory. The general hue is a rather dark olive-
green, becoming slightly paler above, and pale turquoise blue around the bases of all the spines.
The seven oblique lateral infraspiracular bands are paler, of a deep pea green. (4) The ereen-
orange form. It lives on the hickory. It differs from the entirely green form in the orange tint
on the back of abdominal segments 1 to 8. The lateral oblique bands are turquoise blue, and the
blue around the base of the spine is deeper in hue, while the ring around the spiracles, instead of
being orange-red as in @, is now deep blue.

2. The blue and orange form.—P\. XXII, tig. 1. It feeds on the butternut. The entire body
above is turquoise blue, including the oblique lateral stripes, which are deeply shaded on the lower
edge. The spiracles are tinged with orange, and there isa patch of orange behind each abdominal
spiracle of the third and fourth abdominal segments. On asking Mr. Verrill whether the colors
of his photographs are not too bright he replies: ‘‘The color, however, is none too bright even
on the blue form; in fact, the brilliancy of this variety can hardly be imagined. It is such an
intense opalescent blue that it resembles blue enamel more than animal tissue. When the cater-
pillars are first secured I always make a hurried water-color sketch to be sure of the exact shade,
and if in the photograph the tints are not true they are touched up by hand.”

The brown form, stage 1V.—(P\. XXIII, tig. 1.) A brown form (a) was found feeding on the
ash. The ground color appears to be an olive green, with a faint orange tinge shading into a
reddish brown. The horns and spines are alldark black brown. The oblique lateral bands are
very conspicuous, and are of a bright olive-green hue. (@) The pink form (Pl. XXII, fig. 2), also
living on the ash, was in the fourth stage. The body is uniformly pale reddish or madder brown,
with a slight pink or carmine tinge. The two large dark thoracic dorsal patches instead of being
black are deep madder brown; the head, all the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, and the
armature, as well as the suranal plate, are of the same hue as the body. The oblique lateral
bands are much paler, almost pinkish.“

It would be most desirable that some future observer favorably situated should ascertain the
exact conditions of the environment under which these colored forms have been produced, how
permanent they are, and whether hereditary or only confined to the lifetime of the individuals
themselves.

In 1892 Professor Poulton’ studied experimentally the adjustment of the colors of the laryee
of Amphidasis betularia to those of their environment, and in 1903° he published the results of
experiments on another geometrid larva, Odontopera bidentata. This larva is extremely sensi-
tive, with a power of adjustment about equal to that of the Amphidasis, ‘tthe most sensitive
larva hitherto known.” A large number of records proves that the laryee, in the great majority
of cases, rested by day upon the objects, lichen-covered twigs, whose hue they afterwards came
to resemble, though this is ** probably not the case in the earliest stages, when the larvee doubt-
less rest on the leaves and stalks.” *‘* The effect of green leaves alone upon //dentata is the same
as that observed in many other larvee, Noctuee as well as Geometree, viz, the reduction of the
brown ground color to a very pale tint which would be far less conspicuous than the more ordi-
nary appearance.” QO. b¢dentata appeared to be more sensitive to lichen than A. betularia, but
less sensitive to green leaves, though the two species are ‘‘about equal in the power of coler
adjustment.” And Poulton adds, *‘ lichen must have been the cause of the betu/ar/a larvee, with
one exception, becoming green, for ordinary bark tends strongly to the production of dark forms

oe

“From Mr. Verrill I have also received colored photographs of a green and of a pinkish form of Ampelophaga
myron on the grape vine; also of the red form of Cressonia juglandis, and a red form of Apatela brumosa.

» Further experiments upon the color relation between certain lepidopterous larvee, pupze, cocoons, and imagines
and their surroundings. Trans. Ent. Soc. London, Dec., 1892.

¢ Experiments in 1898, 1894, and 1896 upon the color relation between lepidopterous larvee and their surround-
ings, and especially the effect of lichen-coyered bark upon Odontopera bidentata, Gastropacha quercifolia, etc. Ibid.,
Oct., 1903.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 29

of this species, even in the presence of a great preponderance of green leaves.” (Trans. Ent. Soc.
Lond., 1892, pp. 331, 332.)

The larva, says Mr. Poulton, never rested upon the lichen itself, but upon the back of the
sticks between the masses of lichen. ‘* This position is consistent with the larval appearance,
which is that of bark partially grown over with lichen.”

**There can be little doubt that the larya is influenced by the colors of the environment from
the time at which it first seeks the oider wood, but a certain period is required before the effects
become visible.”

**The same relationship between susceptibility and the particular needs of each species is
seen in the effect of an environment of green leaves and shoots upon @. guercifolia, O. bidentata,
and A. betularia. The first named probably invariably rests by day, except for a brief period
after leaving the egg, upon the older wood, and the power of adjustment to leaves and young
shoots, being altogether useless to it, has never been acquired. The last named, with its remark-
able range of food plants, including many such as broom or rose, in which green shoots are a
prominent feature, is frequently in a position in which a green color could best conceal its nearly
smooth and cylindrical form; and we find that, as a matter of fact, it always responds in this
way to an environment of the kind described above. Bidentata doubtless occupies an interme-
diate position between the other two species in this respect. The occasions are probably rare,
but not altogether wanting, in which it is compelled to develop in a green enyironment. We
find that it has the power of making some considerable approach toward such surroundings, but
not of attaining any high degree of resemblance to them. It is probably the case, however, that
the tint which it produces on green leaves and shoots is of great value on a pale yellowish-brown
bark, which may often form its environment; and it may well be that it is something in common
between the light reflected from this and from green leayes, which explains the similarity in the
effects produced upon the larve.”

In his essay of 1902 Professor Poulton draws the following conclusions:

. ‘The other larvee (Smerinthus, Sphinx, Aglia) which I have tested are very inferior to the
genus Cutoca/a in this respect, but from what Colonel Swinhoe tells me it is evident that some of
the Indian Sphingide are highly susceptible.

**There may be a most extraordinary fluctuation in the amount of susceptibility within the
limits of the same genus (Catvca/a and in the pupe of Papilio).

“In Geometre alone have distinct green lary been produced by these experiments. Prob-
ably the great majority of these larve are sensitive. Out of 11 species, many of which were
selected at random, all but 1 have proved to be so.

** There is no evidence that the results acquired by one generation can be transmitted to the
next (Ruwimnia, Crocallis). The susceptibility is essentially an adaptation to the fact that the indi-
viduals of each of such species are liable to find themselves in different environments, so that
any bias from the experiences of the past would of course be injurious, unless the earlier and later
surroundings happened to correspond.

** In the case of 2. crategata the test for hereditary effects was as complete as it could be in
one generation.

**Concerning the time which is necessary before the color changes begin to appear—

** Some effect was produced in eight days in young G. papilionaria.

** Some effect was produced in eight days in young C. eecta.

‘** Much effect was produced in twelve days in young C. edénguaria.

** Much effect was produced in about fourteen days in young JL. montanata.

** Much effect was produced in about eleven days in young C. elocata.

Much effect was produced in thirteen (or less) days in young //. abruptaria.
Much effect was produced in seventeen days in young 2. crategata.
**Much effect was produced in eight days in young A. betularia.

ae

“ce

30 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

**When carefully watched for, the changes are sometimes seen to occur quite suddenly
(GE elinquaria, hes crategata, 1SS6, uh) 22

**The effects can not be reversed by reversing the surroundings for a short time ((. elin-
quaria, FT. abruptaria, A. hetularia).

** When the conditions are uniform the response to environment does not necessarily destroy
individual variability, but the most powerful forms of environment, when applied to highly
sensitive species, very nearly do away. with it.

** Tf the environment be mixed there does not appear to be any instinctive knowledge leading
the larvee to rest only on appropriate objects. Thus, if they have become green and are beyond
the power of change, they will nevertheless rest on brown twigs in preference to leaves, if
offered to them.

‘The instinct of these Geometre is to rest upon twigs under any circumstances, and this is
probably the reason why so small a proportion of things produces so great an effect (A. betularia,
1889). Contact, or at all events the closest proximity, is required to effect the change. Although
they are so much more susceptible to brown surroundings when these are mixed with green,
there were no exceptions among 105 larve which, in 1889, became green among leaves and
shoots.

**The effects produced on the laryee do not influence the colors of the moths (A. betularia).

‘Darkness does not produce so great an effect as black surroundings in strong light (4.
betularia, R. crateygata, C. elinguaria). Overcrowding tends to produce dark larvee (A. betularia,
R. crategata).

“‘In the case of 2. crategata and A. betularia there is direct evidence of the power being
efficient in concealing the wild larvee. The lary are probably chiefly sensitive at the time when
they quit the leaves and first begin to rest on the twigs.”

VII. LIFE-HISTORY OF CERATOMIA AMYNTOR.
(Plate XXXIV.)

The eggs were kindly sent me from Brandon, Vt., by Miss Caroline G. Soule. They were
deposited on the night of July 31, and the larvee hatched out at Brunswick, Me., early in the
morning of August 9.

Egg.—\arge, oval, though nearly spherical, being but little longer than thick; it is not
flattened, as in the Ceratocampine. The shell is very thin and transparent, and under a strong
hand lens is seen to be minutely pitted. Length, about 1.7 mm.; breadth, 1.5 mm.

Larva, Stage I (tig. 1, 1a).—Length when hatched, 4.5-5 mm., becoming at the end of the stage
12-13 mm. Its general shape and proportions are much like those of Huacles viperialis, though
slenderer, and the close similarity in the shape of the anal legs aid in the resemblance. The
head is, on escaping from the egg, about twice as wide as the hinder part of the body, being
1.5 mm. wide; toward the end of the stage, after the body is filled out, it is no wider than
the body.

The head and body are very pale, whitish, glaucous green, the head and body of the same
hue, the latter at first with no definite markings. The head is smooth, with no traces of fine,
short spinules; the trunk segments are also smooth, with no secondary spinules.

a1 have observed that the flower-spider (Miswmena vatia) requires at least a week or ten days to change from
white to yellow. This species is translucent and probably changes sooner than others of its family. G. Pouchet first
studied the faculty of adjustment of the color of shrimps to that of their environment, which faculty he calls the
“chromatic function”? and which is due to the movements under the stimulus of light of the pigment cells (chro-
matophores). He found that in the turbot the color changes were only developed after the lapse of several days.
Very full and novel results haye been obtained by Keeble and Gamble in their valuable work entitled ‘‘ The Colour
Physiology of the Higher Crustacea’’ (Phil. Trans., vol. 196, pp. 295-388, 1904. )

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ol

Armature.—The prothoracic plate large, occupying the entire length of the segment, with
four dorsal glandular sete (7, 77) and two subdorsal setze (tubercle 7), a double one, 7. ¢., one
with two sete, directly in front of the spiracle, and two separate ones (v7, w77) at the base
of the leg, this arrangement being the same in all the thoracic segments.

The second thoracic is considerably longer than the third thoracic segment, the anterior
half forming on each side a distinct swollen, smooth boss, which in the succeeding stage becomes
one of the four false spines or ‘* horns”; directly behind on each side of the median line is a
tubercle or boss sending off two glandular hairs (7, 27, Pl. XLII, tig. 1); each boss is at the end of a
transyerse ridge. The third segment repeats the same characteristics, but the smooth bosses are
lower and smaller. It is thus seen that already in this stage the ‘‘ horns” of this sphingid larva
are in no way homologous with the horns of the Ceratocampide, which are specializations of
the first dorsal tubercles (7). These bosses or false tubercles become a little more prominent at
the end of the stage.

On each abdominal segment one to seven, the four dorsal tubercles (7, 77), are arranged in
a trapezoid, as in nearly all primitive larve.

On the side is a subdorsal series (777), and directly below the spiracle tubercle 7», while in
front of each spiracle is tubercle 7; tubercle 7 is situated in a line vertically with 777, and mid-
way between it and the end of the mid-abdominal legs, 7. ¢., just above the base of each of these
legs. On the apodous abdominal segments one and two are tubercles 27 and v77 (regarded. by
Dyar as representing tubercle 77), which are rather far apart from each other.

The glandular hairs are all of uniform length and shape, being a little stouter than the other
sete and enlarged or bulbous at the end. Those of the dorsal series (7, 7/), are much more
bulbous at the end than those of the sides (/77-w77).

There are none on the eighth, ninth, and tenth segments with bulbous tips, the set there
being somewhat acute and only slightly blunt at the end. The suranal plate is triangular, smooth
on the surface, and with four glandular setz on each side.

The caudal horn on first hatching of the larva is two-thirds as long as the body, or 2.5 mm.
in length. It is cylindrical and slowly tapers to the end, which is forked, each lobe bearing a
short, blunt seta, about half to a third as long as the horn is thick; it is blunt and a little swollen
at the end (PI. XLII, tig. 1). The horn is densely covered with microscopic glandular sete
which arise from a tubercle, and are broad and forked at the end; occasionally there is one twice
as large as the others.

It is worthy of notice that the fourth pair of mid-abdominal legs are remarkably thick,
being nearly twice as thick and long as the first pair. Also those of the first pair are smaller
than those of the second, and the second than the third. The larger size of the fourth pair is
evidently due to their exercise in grasping while the larva rests in the sphinx-like attitude, the
body being supported on this and the anal legs. The thoracic legs are very pale vitreous green.

Coloration: At about the middle of this stage the oblique pale whitish lines appear; all the
granulations are whitish green, paler than the pale green ground color. The seven lines nearly
meet on the back, nearly blending with the whitish median line. The four thoracic bosses are
whitish. The caudal horn is slightly flesh colored. There are two parallel whitish dorsal lines
which extend along the body and include the four bosses, which are also whitish, not yellowish
green. There are five transverse wrinkles (‘‘subsegments”) on second and third thoracic segments,
the bosses being on the second wrinkle.

The larve molted August 12 to 16, 1900. The young larve either in this or the next stage
spins a thread, by which it hangs and assumes the sphinx attitude.

Stage [[.—Length, 12-15 mm.; width of head, 13 mm.; length of caudal horn, 2.5 mm.
The body is long and slender, the head at first somewhat wider than the body. Zhe larva has
now assumed the fundamental characters of the Jjinal stage, the four thoracic false horns being
developed, and the integument of the head and trunk being densely covered with sharp granula-
tions or secondary spinules. The head is pale green, with dense white conical secondary
tubercles or spinules- of uneven size, two of which on the vertex are slightly larger than the
others. The trunk is yellowish green. Prothoracic segment with about twelve uneven conical

Vol. 9—05—3

32 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tubercles on the front edge of the shield, of which the four dorsal ones—two on each side—are a
little larger than those on the sides below.

The false horns of the second and third are now large and high, erect, like a dog’s ears, and
roughly tubereculated; they are of nearly the same size, but those on the third segment are
slightly smaller than the anterior pair. They are not in this stage one-half as long as the
segment bearing them, and end in a fine short seta, but the ‘*horns” do not end in a single
point, as the accompanying two or three terminal tuberculets project up nearly as far as the most
distal one. The two little double-headed tubercles (7 and 77), one pair behind each false horn,
are minute, like those behind on the abdominal segments, but still somewhat larger. On the
abdominal segments (1-7) each of the eight transverse annulets or folds is raised dorsally into a
setiferous conical secondary tubercle. The caudal horn is as long as the seventh, eighth, and
ninth segments with the suranal plate, all taken collectively, and is densely covered with fine
setiferous simple tubercles. The tubercles on the median line of the abdominal segments 1 to 7
now form a white line, as in the fully grown larva.

The two lateral dorsal lines on the two hinder thoracic segments are now indistinet, but the
oblique greenish white lines are more distinct. The legs are as in stage I. |

Stage [/1.—Described August 21. Length, 15-25 mm.; head, 2? mm. in width; length of caudal
horn, 3mm. Now the false horns are higher, and the white median dorsal and seven long lateral

oblique lines are whiter and more distinct. The slight yellowish-green ground color of the
previous stages has disappeared and the line is uniformly pale green. The head is still wider than
the body and rough with projecting white, sharp conical tubercles. The four false horns are
now larger than before in proportion to the size of the body, and covered with minute white
conical sharp tubercles; they are about one-third as long as the body is thick; those on the third
thoracic segment a little smaller than those on the segment in front. The white medio-dorsal
line of fine tubercles on the abdominal segments makes a distinct rough serrated line. The seven
pairs of oblique white lines are made up of sharp irregular white conical tubercles, each with
from one to three points, while the eight transverse ridges are covered with similar tubercles,
making a white crest on the edge of each ridge. The spiracles are still pale and inconspicuous
in my examples, but in those drawn by Mr. Joutel they are represented as black. The caudal
horn has now a yellowish tint.

Stage 1V.—Length, 18mm. One molted August 29. It is the same as in the previous stage,
but the tubercles are whiter and the lines more marked. The spiracles are now black. It molted
again September 8.

Stage V and last.—Leneth, 45-65 mm. Head, a little more than one-half as wide as the body,
reddish olive-green, with two faint, paler lines converging on the vertex from each antenna. The
surface of the head with fine dark tubercles. The four false horns are about one-third as long as
the body is thick. The twoonthe second thoracic segmentare a little more pointed and slenderer
than the two behind, but the four are now of the same length. A dorsal line of small tubercles
connects each of the false horns on aside (indicated in stage II), and the two lines meet on the front
edge of the second abdominal segment. The caudal horn is of the same color as the thoracic
ones, pale at the end; it is soft and flexible, not stiff and rigid. The ground color of the body
is now, in my examples, of a uniform reddish olive, though hardly green. Mr. Joutel’s drawing
represents the larva as pale whitish green, and I suspect that there is in this species a slight
degree of dichromatism. The spiracles are black on each side of the slit or opening. The
thoracic legs are now bright red. The suranal plate is convex, with a few fine dark tubercles;
it is reddish on the edges. The posterior three-quarters of the anal legs are also reddish-olive.
The mid-abdominal legs are olive, of the same hue as the body. The larva began to pupate at
Brunswick, Me., September 18. The color of the body when about to transform is of a peculiar
rust-red purplish tint.”

“In aspecimen found in Providence, September 24, the ground color is of a peculiar glaucous green, with a
pearly tinge; the lines and bands all white, as also the granulations. The tips of the thoracic and of the caudal horns
are dark. It is to be observed that this larva, which lives on the elm, is of the same hue as Nerice bidentata, while
the horns are, like the tubercles of the Nerice, tipped with dark. Does this not suggest that the color of the elm
leaves, with their dark tipped serrations, haye reacted alike on the laryee of the two moths?

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 33

It appears from Lt. Col. J. W. Faweett’s description and figure of the larva of Protoparce
mauritii Butler, of South Africa, that there are ‘‘paired humps on first and second somites.”
Judging by his figure, these humps are lower, more rounded, but are situated on the front edge
of each segment, as in Ceratomia. We thus have in two quite different genera of Sphingine this
singular mimicry of the thoracic tubercles of Ceratocampine.

The jirst larval stage of Ceratomia undulosa.—(Pl. XXXIV, fig. 5.) Stage I. The larva is
long, slender, cylindrical, but widely differs from that of C. awmyntor in the same period of life
in being destitute of the four boss-like rudimentary horns, the segments being in this respect
normal. The hinder or fourth pair of mid-abdominal legs are, judging by Mr. Joutel’s drawing,
even smaller than the third pair, which are much iarger than those in front. The body is of an
uniform pale whitish flesh color, with no markings.

Tneongruence in the genus Ceratomia.— Ceratomia undulosa seems to be generically distinct
from C. amyntor in stage I, both as regards the absence of the rudiments of dorsal false horns
and in the mid-abdominal legs being smaller than the others, or at least no larger than those of
the second pair.

The larva of C, cata/pe in all its stages, as described and figured by Riley, is also entirely
unlike C. amyntor, being, after the first molt, smooth bodied, while its markings are very
different, the body being without any oblique whitish lines, and in the two last stages the skin is
**smooth and velvety,” In the second stage the head is smooth and polished, with no traces
whatever of thoracic false horns (Rep. U. 8S. Entomologist, 1882, p. 189).

The larva of C. hageni resembles, according to Riley, that of OC. widulosa; it is marked with
oblique yellowish-green lines. The incongruence between the larve of the species now referred
to Ceratomia, is striking. It is to be observed that Riley refused to associate either
C. catalpe or C. hageni with C. amyntor, but referred them to Sphinx. Certainly C. amyntor
stands alone, and the pup and imagoes of the genus Ceratomia as now accepted should be
revised.

VIII. PHYLOGENY OF THE CERATOCAMPIN~.

The most primitive, generalized genus of the group is Adelocephala, unless it should be
found that Asty//s bellatrix is still more so. Unfortunately the larva and imago of this form are
not obtainable.

That Adelocephala is the stem-form from which the other genera have originated is
suggested by the larval armature, the presence in the undetermined Brazilian larva (Pl. XLIX,
fig. 4) of quite well developed prothoracic horns, and by the equality in length and shape of the
dorsal horns both of the thoracic and abdominal segments.

Already in Syssphinx the armature has undergone a very considerable reduction, showing
that it has diverged from the main line of descent.

A decidedly remote side branch, with no annectant form, is Anisota, which notably differs
from all the rest of the group in the reversion of the caudal horn to a pair of separate setiferous
tubercles. This would seem to be the result of a per saltum retrograde mutation—a case of
reversional evolution; also the decided reduction in length of all the thoracic horns, except those
of the second thoracic segment, is a case of discontinuous evolution by partial atrophy. Corre-
lated with these modifications are certain differences in habits in the case of the species of
Anisota, which are gregarious and seem to be avoided by birds, judging by their feeding in
exposed situations and by the great number of individuals.

Returning to the main evolutional path of the group, we observe that Eacles is not remotely
disconnected from Adelocephala, although in this genus toward the end of larval life, in contrast
with the exuberant growth of horns in the earliest stage, there is a reduction in the length of
the spines. The pupa is of the type of that of Adelocephala, and in the imago there is not a
great difference.

o+ MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

In Citheronia, especially (. regal/s, we have a return to Adelocephala, with its prothoracic
horns and exuberant growth of spines, which are retained through all the stages of larval life.
The pupa, however, is more modified and diverges more widely than that of any other genus
from the other members of the subfamily, while the moths tend to have fairly well developed
mavxille, with which they lap up sweets, and sharp fore wings, anticipating the sphinges in their
shape. Which of these five genera gave origin to the ancestor of the Sphingide is a question.
It must seem, however, as if the stem-form was an ally of Adelocephala.

The probable course of phylogemetic development may be expressed by the following dia-
gram, which also indicates the classification of the group:

Crrheronta

Eacles

SS

Syssph7nx

Anisola

Adelocephala

Notodonrtrdae(helerocampa)

Fic. 2.—Diagram to illustrate the affinities and phylogeny of the
Ceratocampine.

IX. ON THE PHYLOGENY OF THE SPHINGID#@; THEIR DERIVATION
FROM THE CERATOCAMPID&.

In his ‘‘ Hawk moths of North America” (Bremen, 1886) the late A. R. Grote remarks on
the intimate relationship between the Sphingide and Bombycide ‘*suggested by the American
eroup of the Ceratocampide,” regarding the latter group as the “‘remains of an old type and
nearer to the hawk moths than any subfamily of the spinners now existing.” d

In his ‘* Notes in 1887 upon lepidopterous larve” (Trans. Ent. Soc., London, 1888), Professor
Poulton, from a study of the armature of sphingid larve and that of Ag//a tau, states: ‘*We
haye therefore an accumulated body of facts which seem to render it certain that the Sphingide
are a specialization of the group of Saturnian Bombyces, and that the following order represents
the nearest affinity and is an approach toward the expression of genetic relationship: Sphinx,
Acherontia, Smerinthus, Ceratomia, Lophostethus, Aglia, Ceratocampa (Attacus), Saturnia.” He
adds: ‘* The imaginal condition of the Sphingidx which come nearest to Aglia, ete., is also strongly
in favor of the above arrangement. They alone do not feed in the perfect state, and do not fly
in the characteristic manner of other hawk moths; in the strict sense of the word they are not
hawk moths. Their mode of flight, and especially their rudimentary and unused mouth parts,
are further points of affinity to the Saturnians.

‘Tt therefore follows that the chief peculiarities of the Sphingidwe, as opposed to the main
body of Bombyces—the fact that they feed largely and are greatly specialized in relation to
flowers—are characters which were absent from their Bombyciform ancestors, and are still absent
from Smerinthus, while they have been reacquired comparatively recently in the phyletic history
of the majority of Sphingide.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. DO

“The most natural arrangement would be for the Sphingide to form the end of one special
line of Bombyces, the order being the exact reversal of that given above” (p. 573).

In an essay published in 1890, I indorsed Poulton’s conclusions, remarking that while the
Sphingidz had probably descended from forms like the more generalized Ceratocampide, there
were some points in the imaginal characters which appeared to forbid the idea that they have
immediately descended from Aglia. It now appears that this genus does not stand alone, but is
closely related to Arsenura, etc., the group Agliinwe being a South American one, with a single
Eurasian genus in the Arctogwic realm. I may be permitted to quote the view then presented.

‘But the origin of the Sphingide from forms like our modern Ceratocampide is supported
by a fact not mentioned by other observers, i. e., the similarity in shape and the great size of the
anal legs of Sphingidee and those of the Ceratocampide.

** Anyone who will compare the larvee of the two groups will be struck with the resemblance.
The sphinx-like attitude is also assumed by Lucles ‘mperial’s while feeding, and, taking together
this identity in attitude, the presence of a caudal horn and the general shape of the body, I do
not see why the Ceratocampide may not be regarded as an archaic group from which the Sphing-
idw may have sprung, while the former may have originated from spined Notodontian lary,
such as Edemasia concinna, the Notodontians being apparently the most generalized forms of
all the Bombyces, and also as regards the larve, being the most plastic forms; either assuming
the greatest variety of ornamentation, or being quite unadorned.”

In his excellent monograph of the Sphingide of America north of Mexico” Prof. J. B. Smith
divides the family into four groups or subfamilies: Macroglossinee, Cherocampine, Sphingine,
and Smerinthine, in the descending order, regarding with others the Macroglossine as the most
specialized group, and the Smerinthinz as standing at the foot of the series, having a ‘‘ small
retractile head and obsolete tongue.” He considers them as ‘‘ insects thoroughly bombyciform
in habit and appearance, but Gonplately sphingiform in larval and imaginal character.” He also
briefly suggests more clearly than any previous author, though not in a detailed way, the
resemblance of the Smerinthine to what he calls the Saturniidie, stating that the group Sme-
rinthine ‘* seems to find closer allies in the Saturniide through Cressonia to the most typical
Smerinthine.”

I have, after a somewhat prolonged study of the Ceratocampide, compared them with tie
genera Cressonia, Marumba, and Paonias, and have been greatly interested and surprised to find so
many vestigial ceratocampid characters in the larva, pupa, and imago of the Smerinthine. The
result is to prove, at least to my own satisfaction, that the caudal horn is only one of a number
of characters which indicate the direct descent of the Sphingidse from the Ceratocampide, and
most probably from the most primitive subfamily, the Ceratocampine.

The two diagnostic characters which separate the more primitive and generalized Sphingidee
from the Ceratocampide are the position of the tubercle of the spiracular series, or » of Dyar, in
the larva, and the presence of an additional vein (III 2, radius 2) in the forewings of the imago.
As stated further on, these appear to be sudden acquisitions which originated during the period
when the group diverged from the parent ceratocampid stock. It should be observed that the
tubercle w is of the same shape and structure, the difference between the larvee of the two families
being in regard to its position.

Larval features. We will now, beginning with the larval characters, give the grounds for
our opinion that the Sphingide have directly descended from the Ceratocampine.

The young larva (Stage I, Pl. XLII) of Ceratomia amyntor, in the shape of the head and pro-
portions of the body, the shape of the suranal plate and anal legs, is the same as in the young
of Euclesimperialis. 1 cansee no distinctive family characters in the parts of the head and organs
of mastication, in the shape of the two divisions of the clypeus; that of the cleft labrum and of
the antenn are nearly identical in Eacles and Ceratomia. It is doubtful whether there are diag-
nostic ey cemonly features in the head and mouth parts of lepidopterous larvex in general,

aNotes on some points in the external structure and phylageny of lepidopterous laryze. Proc. Boston Society
Nat. Hist. XX V, May, 1890, p. 100.
> Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. XV, 1888.

36 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

whatever may be said of the secondary armature; at least we haye not observed any, certainly
none of taxonomic value, though this subject has not yet been carefully or extensively examined.
The habits of nearly all lepidopterous larvee being the same, we should not expect any decided
differences-except in the leaf miners and the more primitive forms, such as Eriocephala (Monog.
Bombycine Moths, I, p. 60).

The head in the Smerinthinz genera is conical, the vertex tending to be narrow and some-
what elevated, but in the higher Sphingide the head becomes round. Now, the conical shape of
the head of the Smerinthinee seems to have become directly inherited from the conical shape
characteristic of the Ceratocampidee, especially Adelocephala, the most primitive genus of the
group.

In the armature the position of the setiferous tubercle » directly in front of the spiracle is a
trenchant or differential character, and, as Dyar says, it is characteristic of the sphingid larve.
We are able to confirm all he says as to this feature. As we have already stated (p. 31),
the freshly hatched larva of Ceratomia amyntor absolutely differs in this respect from any larvee
of the Saturniides. It should be observed, however, that these primary tubercles disappear after
the first molt and that only the freshly hatched young of Ceratom/a amyntor, and C. undulosa have
been examined. Provisionally, however—namely, so far as ourtpresent knowledge extends—I
quite agree with Doctor Dyar as to the significance and value of this group character. The posi-
tion of the tubercle in the Sphingidie is one apparently which was suddenly acquired, as if by a
leap, or ** mutation,” but as to the cause of the change of position, since in all the great groups
of bombycine moths (Saturniides) it is universally situated below the spiracle, while tubercle
7» is moved up behind the spiracle—we are quite in the dark.

The glandular setee of Ceratomia are like those of certain Notodontide.

This is a primitive character, not occurring in Ceratocampide, in which the sete are all
acute, nonglandular, or the sete at time of birth are, swith the tubercles, converted into large
spines. Another feature in smerinthine, but not the * higher” sphingid larye, is the occur-
rence of crowded minute secondary tubercles on the integument of the head and trunk, render-
ing the skin rugose or shagreened. An approach to this is, however, seen in laryal Adelocephala
and Anisota. Also sphingid larvyee have no specialized lateral or submedian spines on the sur-
anal plate, or rough, coarse granulations on the edge of the anal legs. It will be remembered
that the head in the smerinthine laryee is subconical, narrowing above, while in the more special-
ized groups the head is more rounded. This conical shape of the head seems to have been
directly inherited from the Ceratocampide.

A salient feature of the Sphinx larva is the caudal horn; as has been shown by a number
of entomologists, and, as we have repeatedly observed, it differs in no respect in its general
shape and originally double origin from that of the Ceratocampidie, and seems to be, like the
other characters here mentioned, an heirloom from the Ceratocampide. It appears, then, that,
with the exception of the position of the tubercles 7» and 7, the larval characters of Sphingide are
such as indicate the direct descent by divergent and saltatory evolution of the group from some
primitive ceratocampine form, like Adelocephala.

In the very interesting larva of the South African sphingid, Lophostethus dumolinii, we have
the unique occurrence of a larva beset with a complete armature of long, rather stout, chitinous
spines, those of the dorsal and subdorsal series about or nearly as long as the median caudal
horn. Doctor Dyar“ has thoroughly discussed the armature of this larva and shows that while
it has a remarkably ceratocampid-like appearance the tubercle » is situated directly in front of
the spiracle, a characteristic of its position in those lary of the sphingids yet known. There
are no spines on the first thoracic segment; tubercle 7/ is not represented. The larva, he says,
“is a true Sphinx, not more nearly related to the Ceratocampids than any other Sphinx, since it
possesses true sphingid tubercles, 7» above ~ and before the spiracle, not united with » as in all
the Saturnian phylum. Functionally, indeed, it is a Saturnian like the African Saturnians,
with thorn-like tubercles; but the character is evidently adaptational, an irfegular hypertrophy

«Proc. Ent. Soc., Washington, iy, May 18, 1901, p. 440.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. on

of the tubercles superimposed on the phylogenetic characters of the Sphingide.” The style of
coloration, he says, is not sphingid but ceratocampid. ‘* The head and cervical shield are con-
spicuously striped with black; the anal plates are red, with black borders; the body is green; the
spines black, with yellow bases; the foot shields black. A white or yellow bar extends between
the second and third spines on the first to seventh abdominal segments.”

We would note the fact that Fawcett places this hawk moth in the subfamily Smerinthinze,
the most primitive group of the Sphingide. The pupa has short maxille, and a large, short,
rounded cremaster.

It is also interesting to note that the armature is yery much like that so prevalent in the
South African subfamily Bunzinz, represented by Gynanisa, Nudaurelia, Bunea, etc., and that
the caudal horn is not like that of other Sphingide, especially the Smerinthinx, in being thick,
fleshy, and tuberculated, and more or less flexible, but is solid, stiff, chitinous, like the other
spines on the body. In this feature do we not see the effects of the dry, peculiar climate of
Africa, where there are so many spiny plants and trees/ The spines may have arisen after the
ancestors of Lophostethus had established themselves on the African continent. It should be
borne in mind that the South American continent (Neogva) is apparently the center of origin of
the Sphingide. The same or similar climatic conditions may have influenced the coloration of
this larva.

The pupa.—When we compare the pupa of Paonias excecatus & with that of Evcles
imperialis & there will be found to be no salient or diagnostic differences, such as we
would expect, to separate the pup of two great families. The shape of the body is nearly
identical; the head of Paonias is slightly more conical in front, not so much rounded; but the
surface of the integument is covered with fine spinules. The antenne are the same in width and
in the raised joints and pectinations. The maxille are of the same shape and length, but wider
at base than in Eacles; the eyes, epicranium, and clypeus are the same, their surfaces similarly
though less rugose, but without any specialized spines. There are in either form no traces of
primitive characters such as occur in the more primitive lepidopterous families.

The cremaster in Paonias is large and ends in an undivided spine, not forked as in Eacles
and other ceratocampid pup, with the exception of Citheronia regal’s, in which it is vestigial,
and shows signs of an original division. Also the segments of the abdomen are smooth, and
segments IX and X are complete in Paonias, the sutures not interrupted and obsolete between the
scar of the genital opening and that of the vent. This may prove to be a family or diagnostic
character. (Pl. LVI, fig. 8w.)

It is to be observed, then, that the pup of the Smerinthin are generalized, and in their
head-characters, those which are most fundamental, agree with those of the Ceratocampide,
while in the more variable shape of the terminal abdominal segments and the cremaster there is
a departure from the ceratocampid shape.

As we ascend the sphingid series and reach Phlegethontius with its enormous tongue case,
forming a partly free structure, we have a feature peculiar to the Sphingidee, but as is well
known the maxills, even in the more specialized Sphingidx, are exposed to great variation, and
they may be in the pupa buried between the fore legs on the breast, or if large, form a salient
prolongation of the front of the head, as in Cherocampa.

As regards the habits of the pupa the Sphingide have retained the subterranean mode of
life of their ceratocampid ancestors, in no case known to us spinning a cocoon or lining their
subterranean quarters with silk, unless in sporadic cases a few silk threads are spun.

The imago.—Vhere are in Sphingide eleyen veins in the fore wings and nine in the hind
wings. The most striking and diagnostic character separating the two groups of Sphingide and
Ceratocampidee is the presence in the former group of radius 2 (IT1,), which arises within the
middle of the wing before the end of the discal cell. By the addition of this vein the wing is
greatly strengthened on the costal border, which receives the force of the blow during the move-
ments of the wings in flight. This vein is absent in all the genera of Ceratocampinze, but it is
generally present in the subfamily of Bunieinze, where, however, it is a very short, weak vein
developed near the apex of the wing. It isabsent in Wudaurel/a cytherea and vestigial in Salassa,

38 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Cremastochrysalis, Melanocera, and Cirina. It is present in ¢ Cyrtogone cana, but absent in 9
C. herilla. Inthe Hemileucide itis usually absent, though present in Coloradia. In Saturniide
it is wanting, or very short, arising at the apex, and almost vestigial.

It appears, then, that in the Sphingide this vein, either atrophied or vestigial in the super-
family of Saturniides, has become revived, restored, and strengthened, and functions as one of
the important veins in the wing. Its presence is correlated with the narrowness of the whole
wing, the acuteness of the apex, and consequent greater strength of the fore wing, adapting
the moth for swift, powerful flight. It is to be observed that the bombycine character of but
three branches of the so called, or what was formerly the median vein (now, according to
Enderlein, medius 3, cubitus 1 and 2), are the same as in the superfamily Saturniides, while
the ‘‘independent vein” (medius 2) is detached as in the saturniide, but this vein arises nearer
medius 3 than medius 1, in this respect differing from the position of this vein in Ceratocampine.
The anterior discal yein of the Smerinthine also differs in its direction from that of the Cerato-
campine, being directed inward instead of outward, toward the origin of the hinder discal; this
produces a change in the shape of the discal cell, the outer side of the discal cell being parallel
with the outer edge of the wing instead of being at right angles to it, as in Ceratocampinse. (See
Pl. XLIIL.)

The forking of the base of the axillary vein also occurs in the Ceratocampine.

The hind wings of the Sphingide differ from those of Saturniides in those characters which
seem to strengthen the wing; the bristle is present, so that both wings are locked together, and
an additional axillary (4,) is added, while the subcostal and radius is strengthened by a cross vein
arising from near the middle of the discal cell and anastomosing with the subcostal vein (II).

Turning to the head with its appendages, we find that in the primitive Smerinthine
there seem to be no positive diagnostic characters which separate them from the Ceratocampine.
The latter, like all the Saturniidee, have a large, long, broad, somewhat triangular or scutellate
clypeus, extending up and inclosing the antennal foramina. As will be seen by reference to
Pl. XXXVI, figs. 6, 7, the shape and proportions of the front of the head of the two Smerinthine
genera Marumba and Cressonia are nearly identical with those of the Ceratocampinie, as Eacles,
etc., except that the head is wider in front in the Sphinges. In the typical Sphinges with long
maxille the head is much larger, the front more convex, probably owing to the enlarged tongue
and its muscles.

The antenne of the typical Sphingide are, as is well known, of a peculiar prismatic fusiform
shape, in the Macroglossinze with a terminal hook and no pectinations, but in Cressonia, which
has evidently retained the vestigial characters of its ceratocampid ancestors, with their broadly
pectinated antenne, the joints are doubly pectinate, or with two pairs to a joint, the pectinations
of the anterior pair being a little shorter than those of the basal pair. (Pl. XXXVI, figs. 8, Sw.)

The maxillee of Cressonia, though scarcely *‘ obsolete,” as usually stated, being long enough
to form a roll when retracted, are but little longer than those of Eacles and Citheronia. It isa
very striking fact that while in the Smerinthine, which appear to us to be primitive rather than
degenerate forms, the maxille are so small as to be of little or at least very limited use. It
should be carefully observed whether any of the Smerinthinz extend their maxillee and probe the
corollas of flowers, like the typical Sphinges, or if they use the tongue to simply suck the sweets
of flowers while resting on their leaves or petals. It has been observed that Citheronda regalis
will be attracted by and sip the sugar laid as bait on trees. Its tongue is short and feeble, that of
Eacles a little longer, but in neither case extending as far as the end of the palpi.

When we compare the small size and lack of development and use of the maxille of Cres-
sonia with those of Phlegethontius, which attain a leneth of over 3 inches (88 mm.), greater than
that of the entire body, or that of the South American sphinx (JJaerosila cluentius), whose
tongue is said by Wallace to be 94 inches in length,“ we see that within the limits of a single
family an organ like the spiral tongue may by frequent exercise be greatly enlarged and other-

«One from tropical Africa, Macrosila (Xanthopan), morgani, is 74 inches long, according to Wallace (Natural
Selection, p. 146), though Rothschild and Jordan state that it is about 225 mm., equal to 8 inches. Revision of the
Lepidopterous Family Sphingidee, p. 32.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. oo

wise modified or specialized, and converted into an enormously long instrument for probing the
deep tubular corollas of orchids.

The palpi of Sphingide are always three-jointed and rather large, while those of the Cerato-
campine have lost the third joint, but in the Agliine and Buneine they are large and often
three-jointed. i

The legs of Sphingide are stouter and provided with stout spines, thus differing from those
of the Ceratocampide, which are comparatively weak and unarmed.

The genitals of Sphingide are in certain genera like those of Ceratocampide and do not
present family distinctions.

We have seen that there is in reality but a slight break or gap between the Ceratocampide
and Sphingide. Were it not for the changed positions in the larva of tubercle », the presence
of an additional branch of the radius vein strengthening the costal edge of the fore wing, and
of the frenulum, there would be no absolute characters separating the primitive Sphingide
(Smerinthine, especially Cressonia) from the Ceratocampide. The larger head, fusiform or
prismatic antenne, long maxille, narrow, strong wings, stout, spiny legs, and the slight differ-
ences in the larva and pupa are simply adaptive characters, due to exercise of the modified organs,
the result of the greater activity of the imago in seeking its food, in probing the deep corollas
of flowers, and in seeking their mates.

The revival, restoration, or reacquisition of partially atrophied organs.—We have observed
what a great range in size and adaptability for probing tubular corollas is seen in the develop-
ment of the maxille of the Sphingidee, from an almost rudimentary condition in Cressonia to
those of the common potato Sphinx (Phlegethontius), and to the enormously long one of the
South American Sphinx, and that this is evidently the result of use, and of use-inheritance.
This is correlated with the narrow, powerful wings, the large thorax due to the enlarged muscles
which raise and lower the wings; with the stout spiny legs, and the large head.

If, as we have attempted to show, by presenting the facts supporting the view that the
family of Sphingide has directly descended from some member of a definite family, i. e., the
Ceratocampide, then we have to deal with instances of a most remarkable phenomenon, that of
the revival, restoration, or bringing back to active use, and consequent increased development,
of organs or structures which in the ancestral or stem forms have become partially or almost
wholly atrophied from disuse. It is universally the case that an organ, once wholly atrophied,
never becomes restored or revived so as to function or be of any service in the animal economy.
We have seen that in the case of the wings, a branch of the radius vein (III) either entirely
atrophied or only vestigial in different groups of Saturnoidea becomes greatly developed in the
Sphingide, thus strengthening the costal edge of the wing. This isa Glear case of the restoration
or reacquisition by exercise of a structure or organ.

Another case is that of the maxille. We should regard those of Cressonia as rudimentary
rather than vestigial; but those of the Saturnoidea are, as anyone will acknowledge, vestiges of
organs which, in the ancestors of the group, were well developed and of constant use to the
insect, as in the Noctuid. It follows from this that here we have an instance, and we know of
none others on record, of the complete revival or restoration of the muscular, nervous, and
mechanical power and activity of a lapsed or nearly atrophied organ.

The infinite variety in the morphology of the mouth-parts of the arthropod phyla does not
afford, so far as we are aware, such an instance. It is a nearly universal law that an organ in
the last stages of atrophy is never restored to its pristine structural and functional activity.

To suppose that by any process in nature the lost digits of a horse could ever be restored,
and that the splint bones could in the descendants of the modern horse in future ages be restored
and function as usable toes, seems on the face of it an absurdity; and yet in the useless tongue of
the ceratocampid moths we have, unless we are mistaken, an organ which, in the descendants of
the group, has become restored in form, structure, and vigor, and so greatly enhanced in deyelop-
ment as to form a most striking case of restoration by simple exercise maintained through many
generations.

40 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Of course merely rudimentary organs may either remain in an indifferent state, or by
change of habit or during metamorphosis become developed and actively function.

X. ORIGIN OF THE SYSSPHINGINA AND ALSO THE SYMBOMBYCINA,
FROM THE NOTODONTID&.

The family Notodontide is divisible by larval characters into two groups of subfamilies,
characterized by the presence in the larva (1) of simple unisetiferous tubercles (Notodontine,
Heterocampinx, and Cerurinze) and (2) of warts giving rise to several hairs, more than one at
least, or to tufts of hairs (Iethyurine, Pygerine, and Apatelodine). It seems evident that each
of these two notodontian groups has given origin toa subphylum or superfamily, rather than
that the whole family has given rise to one alone, i. e., the Saturniides. These two groups we
would designate as the Syssphingina and Symbombycina. (See tig. +, p. 46.)

Origin of the superfamily Symbombycina.—\ was led to this conclusion by a suggestion
thrown out by Doctor Dyar in 1896,“ and again in 1901,” when he shows the relations of the larval
armature or warts of the Iethyurine (Melalophe) to that of the Eupterotide, Liparide, Lasio-
campidee, ete. In his phylogeny published in 1896, he derives the following five families from
the hairy Notodontidie, i. e., Eupterotidee, Lymantriidee (Liparide), Bombycidee, Lemoniide,
and Lasiocampidie, the last being in his view the latest and most specialized family. Following
the suggestion of Mr. Schaus, Doctor Dyar in 1896 included the genus Apatelodes in the Eupter-
otide, as also ‘tthe other hairy Notodontians, Melalopha, Datana, and Phalera,” but afterwards
(1901) concluded that this arrangement is contradicted by the form of the eges (p. 418).

Having been led by Doctor Dyar’s suggestions to examine the armature of the hairy
notodontians, and to study the head and other characters in abdominal segments 8-10, I am
disposed to accept his views as to the origin of hairy lary of the families named from the
Notodontide with multisetiferous warts. Even where the fully fed larva is smooth-bodied,
without any hairs or only minute ones, as in Bombyx mori and Endronis vesicolora, as well as
the Brahmeidie, the young larvee are born with multisetiferous warts, the sete being long, fine,
and hairlike. In fact my investigations on the Jarye have led me to observe that there is an
extensive group ef families which are more or less related to the Bombycid in the restricted
sense. This group, or superfamily, I have called the Symbombycina, the word referring to those
families all connected by ties of blood, or kinship, with Bombyx mor7. The old terms Bombyces,
Bombycide, formerly applied to any moths in which the maxillee were aborted and consequently
from disuse the head became small, the wings less exercised so that one or more veins became
atrophied, must now be restricted to this group with its entirely new name, Symbombycina, i. e.,
all those families affiliated with the Bombycidie, as now restricted to the genus Bombyx and its
allied genera.

This superfamily has very plainly descended by divergent evolution from the hairy Noto-
dontidve, i. e., the groups Ichthyurine and Apatelodine, the former being the more ancestral
or primitive one.

On the other hand the Ceratocampide, Hemileucidee, Saturniidee, and Sphingidee haye
evidently descended from the smooth-bodied, often more or less humped Notodontidee, i. e., the
Notodontine and Heterocampine, and this great group I regard as a superfamily. For this
group I have proposed the name Syssphingina, because it comprises, besides Sphingidee, the
ancestors or primitive forms which gave rise to that highly specialized family, the families
mentioned evidently forming a separate subphylum of Lepidoptera.

The steps which led me to consider the Notodontide as having been the common source of
these two great superfamilies may now be stated.

Doctor Dyar has shown the resemblances, or rather close affinity, of the hairy notodon-
tians to the Liparidee, ete., as proved by the nature and situation of the hair-bearing or multi-

« Proe. Boston Society Nat. Hist., XOCVIL, p. 139.
vProc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, p.- 418.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 41

setose warts. He has also (I. c., Sept., 1896) stated that the warts of Bombyx mori in Stage I
are ‘‘ small and degenerate, but true warts of the typical Lasiocampid pattern” (p. 140), and
for this reason ne associates the Bombycide with the Eupterotide, Lemoniide, Lymantriide, and
Lasiocampide. Grote” had previously (June, 1896) drawn attention to the close resemblance
of the warts of Endromis, Stage I, to those of GL. mori, Stage I, and claimed that both of the
families which these genera represent should be removed from the Saturniides and placed in
his superfamily Bombycides, which, however, contains many families which at present we should
exclude from the Symbombycinu. In rearing and studying the transformations of Brahim«ea
japonica it was found that the young larva before molting is armed with multisetose warts of the
bombycine type, and for this and other reasons should be associated with the Bombycidx, even
though there are differences in the venation, especially the cubitus (*‘ median”) vein.

It has been throughout a decided mistake to attempt to classify the Lepidoptera on the
imaginal characters alone. As abundantly shown by Doctor Dyar and our own recent experi-
ence, the laryal characters are the more fundamental and decisive; so also the pupal characters,
as shown by Doctor Chapman and myself, the egg also bearing as a rule characters which are
phylogenetic, showing marks of kinship which can not be overlooked.

The distinguishing characters of the Symbombycina are as follows: The head may be (Bom-
bycide) small, not prominent, or (Brahmeide) fairly large and rather prominent and moder-
ately wide between the eyes; palpi either reduced (Bombycide) or well developed, 3-jointed,
though not reaching beyond the front. The antennx have but a single pair of pectinations to a
joint, and these invariably droop, not spreading out laterally as in the Syssphingina, especially
the Saturniidee. The maxille are usually short and feeble; in B. i077 atrophied.

The wings vary much in width and shape, while the medio-cubitus (*‘ median”) vein is either
three or four branched.

The eggs vary greatly in shape in different groups, being flattened oval in Bombycide,
hemispherical in Brahmiid, and long cylindrical in Clisiocampa. Their shape in the Eurypte-
rotide is unknown tous. It should be borne in mind that in the stem-forms the eggs of the
Ichthyurine are hemispherical, with meridional ribs, the surface of the shell being ornamented
with polygonal areas. ~

The larvee all agree in the peculiar shape of the head, a character which has been overlooked
by previous authors. It is broad, short, the sides parallel, not rounded, while the epicranial
suture is very short compared with that of the Ceratocampide; also the epicranium is more or
less distinctly swollen in front, on each side of the epicranial suture, so that the clypeus is
sunken. I have thus far been unable to detect any characters of importance in the larval mouth-
appendages. The surface of the head is more or less setose, especially so in Lasiocampide and
Bombycide. (Pl. XLIV, figs. 2-7.) Besides the head-characters the larve of the different
families all agree in the armature. There are among them no larve with unisetiferous tubercles
except in the first stage of the stem-form, Ichthyura, but as pointed out by Dyar, there are
several (about 6-12) sete; i. e., warts 7, 7/7, 7// are multisetose.

In the Ichthyurine the first larval stage is noctuiform; after the first or second molt the
warts become developed and bear two or several sete. The noctuiform characters are crowded
back in the phylogeny of the group. ;

In the Eurypterotide, so far as the larve in this family are known, the caterpillar is densely
hairy, the warts multisetose like an arctian larva. Development is direct, and the group does not
become highly specialized.

In the first to fourth stages of Brahmeide these hairy warts are, on the front and hinder
trunk-segments, greatly prolonged into horn-like appendages. In the last stage of Brahma the
body becomes smooth, unarmed, with mere vestiges of the horns of early larval life; in Endromis
and £L. mor/ the body is smooth, though the Bombycidw vary in this respect, the body being
humped on three segments in Ocinara, and in Zheophila hutton’ abdominal segments 2-7 and 9
bearing each a pair of rather long erect tapering processes.

@ Die Saturniiden ( Nachtpfauenaugen), Mittheilungen ausdem Roemer-museum, Hildesheim, No. 6, Juni, 189

6, p. 6.

42 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The shape of the three last abdominal segments, with the anal legs, is characteristic in the
Symbombycina. The eighth segment may or may not be humped or bear a horn-like exerescence,
but the ninth and tenth segments are well developed, more or less elongated, especially the ninth.
In shape and armature these segments widely differ from those in the Syssphingina.

The caudal hump or horn differs from that of the Syssphingina in being soft and fleshy,
usually low conical; it is sporadic in distribution, being either present or absent in the Lasiocam-
pide; apparently absent in the Eurypterotide.

In Bombyx mori,” as already stated (p. 20), it arises froma median multisetose wart: present
in stage I it is a large conical hump, which is distinetly divided at the end, plainly showing
its origin from two separate warts.

In Brahmexa japonica in stage I it has lost all traces of its duplex nature owing to the high
degree of specialization of the warts in this genus.

The suranal plate is broad, thick, fleshy, either smooth or somewhat rugose (Endromis and
Bombycidee), or in Brahma armed with two horns. In Apatelodes the suranal plate is short,
very broad and fleshy, with no armature, and so it is in the Liparidz and Lasiocampide.

The anal legs differ widely from those of the syssphingine group of families in being soft,
fleshy, with no decided chitinous plate or granulations.

The hairy larve, especially those of the Liparide and Lasiocampide, with their conspicuous
pencils of hairs have their prototypes in the notodontian genus Apatelodes. In A. torrefacta
the tufts or pencils arise from minute ill-defined warts. The tuft on abdominal segment 7 arises
from two separate areas (not wart-like eminences), one on each side of the median line of the
body; those on the eighth segment form a larger area or double group, bearing numerous micro-
scopic papille like those all oyer the body, giving rise to the long secondary hairs, from which
the hair-like sete arise. There are in the full-grown larva no warts, like those present in the
young before the first molt. (For the arrangement of the warts in stage I, with figures, see
Dyar in Psyche, December, 1895, p. 317.) The pupa varies in the group with the habits of the
different generic types. All the larve are spinners except the Brahmeidie, in which the pupa
is subterranean and with a well-marked cremaster, somewhat reminding one of that of Zzc/es
imperialis, The pupa differs, however, from that of Eacles in the head not being bent so
far forward, the thorax not being so full and overhanging the head. In this respect the pupa
is like the imago, that of the Ceratocampide having the thorax very full and rounded in front
and overhanging the head. The base of the maxille are also much nearer the head-end of the
body, while they are about twice as long as in Eacles. The large cremaster reminds one of that
of Eacles, but this is evidently a case of convergence; it differs in being constricted at base,
beyond much smaller, and ending in two diverging points.

Phylogeny of the Symbombycina.—The origin of the group may with a fair degree of cer-
tainty be traced back to Ichthyura (Melalopha); at least that genus, especially in the larval stage,
appears to be an ancestral type, prophetic of the incoming of more specialized families. It is
already as regards the multisetose warts, the secondary set, and two double humps and head-
characters quite far removed from the less specialized notodontians (Notodontin) and approxi-
mated to the Symbombycina, these being points which I failed to see in preparing the monograph
of the group.

For example, the head of Ichthyura in its general shape is very different from that of the
Notodontinz and Heterocampine, being more as in the Lasiocampine. It is broad; the broad
and short epicranium is swollen on each side of the epicranial suture, which is much shorter than
in the other notodontians; the clypeus is large. (Pl. XLIV, fig. 2.)

The question arises whether because of these features and the ancestral relation of the group,
the Apatelodinee, Datanine, and Ichthyurinw should not be removed from the other notodontians
and be regarded as collectively forming an independent family. This may ultimately have to be

done. But at present we may consider that the notodontians, originally derived from some

«{ have this spring (1904) raised numbers of B. mori from eggs kindly sent me by Dr. L. O. Howard, Ento-
mologist U. S. Department of Agriculture, affording me an abundance of living material for examination.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 43

Thyatira-like noctuid, may have very soon after their establishment become split by divergent
evolutionary forces into two groups, one giving rise to the Syssphingina and the other to the
Symbombycina. As will be seen by our provisional, tentative, phylogenetic diagram, the more
primitive notodontians, i. e., those which at birth are armed with simple setiferous tubercles,
gave rise to the Syssphingina.

The other branch or group of Notodontide, in which the larva on hatching is armed with
multisetose warts, gave rise through Ichthyura to the superfamily Symbombycina, which com-
prises the six families already mentioned.

The Eurypterotide may have descended from the Apatelodine. I have not recently studied
this group and follow the suggestions of Dyar, who states that Apatelodes torrefacta im its first
stages distinctly shows the wart characters of the Eurypterotide.

In the case of the position assigned to the Liparidee (Lymantriide) and Lasiocampide, I
follow in the main the suggestions of Dyar, having at present nothing new to offer.

From the statements of Grote, and my own observations on the nature and position of the
warts of the freshly hatched larva of Bombyx mori and an investigation of its later stages, also
from an examination of the fully grown larva and the pupa of Endromis versicolora, as well as
recent studies on Brahma japonica, I have satistied myself that the superfamily Symbombycina
ends ina group of three specialized families, as represented in the diagram on page 46, which have
all apparently descended from some common type. All have multisetose warts in stage I, and
lose them after the first molt; all have a caudal horn, while the Brahmeidz have thoracic and
hinder abdominal horns in stages II-IV. The Endromide and Bombycide appear to have
branched off from a common stem-form, which had four medio-cubital branches. The Bombycide
underwent a process of degeneration; losing a vein, the head becoming reduced in size, the
palpi much reduced or absent, the maxillee completely lost, the wings narrow and the power of
flight weak, the frenulum absent, the legs being spurless.

The most aberrant and specialized group is the Brahmeide, which we shall elsewhere treat
of at greater length. /¢ 7s to be observed that in these families what are the larval characters of
the last stage of hairy notodontians and the families directly related to them have been crowded
back during the course of their phylogenetic evolution, and are confined to stage I as the result of
the atrophy of the multisetose warts; the body after the first molt becoming naked and the caudal
hump or horn becoming a conspicuous feature, though even this is lost in the final molt of Brah-
mea. It is interesting to observe in the ontogeny of Brahmxa japonica that before the first
molt, besides the ordinary multisetose warts those, of the second and third thoracic and the eighth
and tenth abdominal segments are greatly elongated and hypertrophied, with the fine spinulose
slender set scattered along the trunk and at the end. These horn-like processes are, however,
discarded at the last eedysis, when the body becomes naked, with mere vestiges of the “horns” left
to tell the tale of descent from some form more specialized in stage I than any other of the super-
family yet known.

It should be observed of the families embraced in the Symbombycina, that they are all
Asiatic and African forms; i. e., Arctogveic (chiefly inhabiting the oriental region) and Ethiopian.
The Apatelodine, on the contrary, which we may provisionally regard as the stem form of the
Eurypterotide, is American, the species all being confined to Central and North America, though
A. ardeola Druce ranges from Panama to the Amazons.

It seems not improbable that the genus originated in Neogza, gradually passing northward
into the eastern Mexican and Atlantic regions of Arctogwa. Whether the ultimate origin of
such a great family as the oriental one of the Eupterotide was in South America seems some-
what problematical.

Origin of the superfamily Syssphingina.—TVhe proofs of the more or less direct origin of
the Ceratocampide, and especially the genera Adelocephala and Syssphinx from the more primi-
tive Notodontidi; i. e., those with larval unisetose tubercles, seems very strong. The affinities
of the larve of the two groups are seen in the shape of the head, the long high epicranium, nar-
rowing towards the vertex, the great length of the median suture of the epicranium, and the

44 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

comparatively small size of the elypeus, which is not sunken below the level of the epicranium
as it is in the Symbombycina (compare XLIV figs. 10, 11, 12, with figs. 13 and 14), the clypeus
being still smaller in Adelocephala than in the Heterocampinee.

As regards the armature, that of the notodontian groups Notodontine and Heterocampinee
is closely similar to that of Ceratocampine. In neither group does more than a single seta arise
from a tubercle.

In Schizura concinnua (tig. 3) the tubercles are solid, chitinous, forming horns; the position
of the tubercles is in general much as in Adelocephala, but, as we should expect, the armature
is more primitive; tubercle /// is near the spiracle, 77 moved up toa position just below and
behind the spiracle; while » is quite remote, and 7/7 nearly midway between v and ¢7/. Their
position, especially that of 777, 7», and », is the same in //eterocampa guttivitta, stage 1, Sevrodonta
bilineata, and presumable in Notodontide in general. On the other hand in the Ceratocampidee
tubercles 7» and » are united. The difference is a family one, but this does not militate against

\ \
i. /

—_~

\
Nf
vt l Oe

a Sele
SS n
Se)

Fic. 3.—Head and first five trunk segments of Schizura concinna, showing the
arrangement of tubercles (-vii.

the derivation by rapid evolution (tachygenesis) of the more specialized or modified Cerato-
‘ampine from the Notodontide, as it is now a matter of little doubt that evolution from one
family or order or class to another may have in most cases at least been effected by a jump or
sudden mutation, without a long series of connecting links.

It should also be observed that in the Heterocampine we have the frequent concurrence of
‘‘horns,” i. e., of the conversion of tubercles into solid chitinized horn-like processes, bearing a
seta at the end. While this may be a sporadic specialization of the dorsal tubercles of stage I of
from only one pair (prothoracie in ZZ. béwndata and H. unicolor) to as many as seven (/7, obliqua)
and nine (/7. gutt/vitta), yet it is not without significance, as pointing to the evolution of a group
like the Ceratocampidx, where they are retained throughout larval life.

Here the question arises whether these antlers and spines of Heterocampa and the reduced
prothoracic horns of MJacrurocampa marthesia and of Cerura may not have been handed down
from the genus Schizura, or at least that section of it, or the incipient genus represented by
S. concinna, in which all the segments bear tubercles (7), which have become specialized into
stout spines.

While the pupa of Heterocampa resembles that of Eacles in the general shape of the head-
region, and in having a forked cremaster, what appears to be a difference of family importance
is seen in the two prominent divisions of the lower part of the front of the head, representing
the clypeus and labrum.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 45

As regards the imago state, the head, when denuded, of notodontians is much as in Cerato-
‘ampine, the epicranium being triangular. (Compare Pl. XLVIII of this monograph, Pt. L.,
with Pl. XLIV.) In venation there isa general resemblance, though in the Ceratocampine there
isa loss of two radial veins. Aside from any theory, the Notodontide proper are closely allied to
the Ceratocampidee, differing in characters which, on the whole, are more primitive. The rela
tions of the Saturniide to the Ceratocampidee will be discussed ina future part of this work;
in the diagram (fig. +4) the position assigned to the Hemileucide is purely tentative and
provisional. .

It may be objected that the Notodontidz, especially the Heterocampinz, markedly differ
from the Ceratocampide in not possessing the large usually tuberculated suranal plate and the
very large anal legs or claspers of that group. It should, however, be observed that in several
species of Heterocampa the long triangular suranal plate either bears a pair of horns, or at least
three pairs of setiferous tubercles. On the other hand the anal legs of these notodontians are
much specialized in the direction carried out so remarkably in the Cerurinzs. Hence we are led
to suppose that the Ceratocampine sprang from a more generalized form, which on the one hand
gave origin to the Ceratocampide as a whole, and on the other to the existing species of Hetero-
‘ainpa, of Macrurocampa, and finally of Cerura and its allies (Cerurinz).

Genera, Fumilies, etc., artificial groups.—Any systematist after finishing his work ona group,
rises from his task impressed with the difficulty of classifying the genera and species. This
embarrassment is, of course, due to the fact that his best efforts are only tentative and provisional
attempts to trace out the intricate and bewildering lines or network of affiliated forms. Eyolu-
tion has gone on by divergent paths, the lines of development forking and reforking froma
common origin. Without the aid of the theory of descent, without seeing that everywhere there
is a progressive development from the generalized or primitive to the specialized or more recent
forms, we should be lost in the fog, or be like sailors without a compass. If we believed that
variation was ‘indefinite, fortuitous, without reference to changes in the conditions of life, we
should indeed be still sooner lost in a tangled mass of forms, especially in a great group like the
Lepidoptera.

To take the present case as an example. The Notodontid, as compared with the families
evolved from it, is 4 composite or syntketic group, the mother of at least nine families, while
from the highest or most specialized family, the Sphingide, or some unknown group or form
allied to it, the Castniidz and the different families of butterflies forming the great superfamily
of Papilionides have probably evolved.

So far from being a homogeneous group or family, we have seen that within the limits of
what we call the Notodontide there are two chief groups, one with larvze armed with multisetose
warts, and one with larve provided with tubercles giving rise to a single seta or bristle.

From the beginning of the world’s history, for we see it in Cambrian fossils, not only a
tendency to, but also an actual and rapid or tachygenic process of modification in different direc-
tions has taken place. Just as soon apparently as what we call the Notodontide arose from
probably the small group of Thyatiride, it began to diverge, to spread out and become adapted
to different conditions. While the more normal forms became Notodontide, there arose, follow-
ing the line of least resistance, as the result of adaptation to conditions not encountered by other
forms, the more aberrant genera Hyparpax, Heterocampa, and Macrurocampa, as well as the
Cerurine.

Meanwhile, in certain forms the tubercles became flat and broad, divided into a number of
heads or tubercles, each bearing a hair, and gaye rise to the genera Ieythyura, Datana, Apate-
lodes. Datana became a specialized closed type, represented by numerous species, while
Ichthyura became the parent or stem-form of five important and in some cases numerically
successful families; Apatelodes, so far as we can judge, having given origin to the Euryptero-
tide. If this phylogeny should prove incorrect, there is strong circumstantial evidence that the
groups arose from similar though extinct forms. Atall events, evolution followed various lines,
determined by the various conditions of life, and these lines are older or more recent, shorter or
longer, more or less divergent, each type adapted to its particular niche, habitat, or mode of life.

46 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Sphingida e 4.

Brahmaeidae 8.
Bombycidae 8.

Endromidae.4

Saturniidae 3

Lasiocampidae 4*

Hemileucidae.3
No wails| afler

S/agle ie

Liparnidae,4 * Ceralocampidae,3

Euplerolidae 3 *

Nolodontinae & Helerocampinaes
Ichthyurinae 3x

Apatelodinae 3x

Cerurinae,d3
Dalaninae3*

|
. TULA
Symbombyei nn syssphiry”

Notodortidae, 3

Thyatiridae.4

FIG. 4—PHYLOGENY OF THE SYSSPHINGINA AND SYMBOMBYCINA

3, 4 refer to the number of branches of the mediocubital vein; * indicates the presence of multisetose warts in the larve.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 47

XI. OPISTHENOGENESIS, OR THE DEVELOPMENT OF SEGMENTS, MEDIAN
TUBERCLES, AND MARKINGS A TERGO.

Weismann, in his suggestive *‘ Studies in the theory of descent” (1876), was the first to dis-
cuss the origin of the markings of caterpillars, and to show that in Dezlephila hippophaés the
ring-like spots of the larva ** first originated on the segment bearing the caudal horn, and were
then gradually transferred as secondary spots to the preceding segments” (vol. 1, p. 277).

Afterwards (1881-1890) Eimer “ showed that in the European wall lizard ‘‘a series of mark-
ings pass in succession oyer the body from behind forward, just as one wave follows another,
and the anterior ones vanish while new ones appear behind.” He speaks of this mode of origin
of the markings as the ** law of wave-like evolution or law of undulation.” In confirmation of
this process or law he cites the conclusions of Wiirtenberger,’? who had long before (1873) observed
that ‘Sin ammonites all structural changes show themselves first on the last (the outer) whorl of
the shell, such a change in the following generations being pushed farther and farther toward
the beginning of the spiral until it prevails in the greater number of the whorls.”

Cope, in his ** Primary factors of organic evolution ” (1896), also shows that in the lizards
Cnemidophorus tessellatus and gularis, the breaking up of the striped coloration into transverse
spots begins first at the sacral and lumbar regions: ** the confluence of the spots appears there
fis bays

We may cite some examples of this law of growth « fergo, or opisthenogenesis, as it might
be called, which have fallen under our own observation.

In Dasylophia anguina, as shown by the figures in Pl. X XI of this monograph, Pt. I, it will
be observed that in stages III, [V, and the last stage, the dark longitudinal lines become on the
eighth—-tenth abdominal segments broken up into separate isolated dark spots. In the larva
before the second molt there are no spots on the ninth and tenth segments. In stage III, how-
eyer—i. e., after the second change of skin, as stated in my monograph (p. 175)—four black
spots now appear on the front part of the suranal plate. In the last stage the reddish spots
on the eighth abdominal segment, which are detached from the lateral lines of stages I and II,
now become specialized into the two black, comma-like spots, with a linear spot above and
beneath; and two, sometimes divided into four, black spots arise on the suranal plate.

It thus appears that in the ontogeny of this species the process of breaking up or origin of
the spots from the longitudinal lines takes place on the last three segments of the body.

In Symmerista albifrons the same phenomenon occurs. In stage I, as stated in my monograph
(p. 180), on each side of the ninth segment, is a large black, comma-shaped spot, the point directed
forward and downward, while behind there isa median black dot. After the first molt there
arises behind the dorsal hump two instead of one median black spots, and two black spots are
added on the side of the body near the base of the anal legs, i. e., two each on the 9th and last
segments.

After the second casting of the skin the marking of the last three abdominal segments become
specialized; what on the body in front are parallel black and red lines being in this region now
represented by separate spots. Thus, as regards the marking, the anterior part of the body
remains ornamented with the primitive parallel lines, while the process becomes on the three
hinder segments accelerated or specialized. It thus appears that the more advanced or ontoge-
netically later style of ornamentation originates at the end of the body.

A parallel process takes place with the formation of the caudal horn or hump. Thus in
Symmerista, Dasylophia, and other horned Notodontide and members of other groups, the eighth
abdominal segment is the theater of the process of fusion of the two dorsal tubercles of the first
larval stage into a single tubercle or horn; so that this segment appears to be the center of a
process of specialization which does not take place on any other segments of the body.

«Untersuchungen tiber das Variiren der Mauereidechse. Archiv f. Naturg., 1881. Ueber die Zeichnung der
Thiere. Zool. Anzeiger , £882, 1883, 1884. Organic Evolution. London, 1890.

>A new contribution to the zoological proof of the Darwinian theory. Ausland, 1873. Nos. 1, 2, and Studies
on the history of the Descent of the Ammonites. Leipzig, 1880. (In German.)

Vol. 9—05 4

48 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

When it does take place, and there is a specialized single tubercle on the first abdominal
segment, as in Notodonta, Nerice, and more especially in Hyparpax and Schizura, the process of
fusion of two tubercles into a single specialized one, as on abdominal segments 1 and 8, proceeds
from behind forward, as it were in waves of translation of the specialized growth force from
behind forward.

This may clearly be seen in the figures on P]. XXIV, showing the development of the single
hump in Hyparpax aurora. In tig. 1 the dorsal tubercles 7 in stage I are all separated; in fig. 2
those on the eighth abdominal segment have all begun to unite at their bases before they have on
the first abdominal segment; they seem to be a little behind at first, though later on the hump
on the first segment becomes higher and larger than the caudal horn.

If there were any doubt as to the relative period when the tubercles become fused in
Hyparpax, in Schizura leptinoides (P|. XXV1), it is very clearly shown by fig. 1 that the fusion
of the two tubercles forming the caudal hump, as we will call it, i. e., that on the eighth abdominal
segment, has taken place before any signs of such fusion have appeared in the pair on any of the
segments in front.

When the ontogeny of Verice b/dentata is worked out, it will be a matter of much interest to
observe whether the dorsal humps are formed from behind forward, or whether they appear
simultaneously, and thus form an apparent exception to the law of transfer of growth force from
behind forwards.

In this connection it might be observed that in the larva of Schézwra unicornis, in which
there is the very unusual occurrence of a pair of short, thick spines on the vertex of the head
(Pt. 1, Pl. XXVIII, fig. 2, 2a, 2b), these spines do not appear in stage I and not until after the first
molt. These spines persist through stages I and III, but after this disappear, not being present
in the last two stages. Thus the growth force resulting in the development of the armature of
stage I does not reach the head until after the first molt, and then does not persist throughout
larval life.

In the ontogeny of the notodontian family, as well as that of Ceratocampide and Saturniide,
the process of fusion of the two dorsal tubercles always first begins on the eighth abdominal
segment.

Opisthenogenesis as regards the markings appears to be of a piece, or somehow connected,
with the opisthenogenetic origin in postembryonic development of new segments. In the cestodes
and in annelid worms, multiplication of segments occurs between the head region and the extreme
end of the body. ‘Thus in Polygordius, as stated by Balfour (‘A treatise on comparative embry-
ology,” 1880, 1, pp. 271, 272): The conversion of the larva into the adult takes place ** by the inter-
calation of a segmented region between a large mouth-bearing portion of the primitive body and
a small anus-bearing portion.”

This region in the larval or early stages of worms and more primitive arthropods is the
‘*pbudding zone” of embryologists. While at the outset, in the beginning of embryonic life the
head region is the first to be formed and the trunk segments arise later, as in the trochosphere
of worms, and the protaspis of trilobites and of merostomes; a third portion arising from the
budding zone, or seat of rapid cell-formation, appears to be a secondary or inherited region,
due to the postembryonic acquisition of new characters (certain trunk segments and their appen-
dages) in many segmented or polymerous animals, i. e., those which have passed beyond the

trochozoén stage or type.

Prof. E. B. Wilson“ has clearly stated the nature, now so well known, of the growth processes
involved in the interpolation at the growing point or budding zone of new segments. In Poly-
gordius, after the trochosphere has been formed and when it is about to enter on the adult stages,
the segments are formed successively, those in front being the oldest, ‘* while new segments are
continually in process of formation, one after another at the growing point.” This, he says, is
‘a typical case of apical or unipolar growth.” It is what we would call opisthenogenetic growth.

aSome problems of annelid morphology. Biological lectures delivered at the marine biological laboratory at
Woods Hole. 1891. p. 61. See also A. D. Mead. The early development of marine annelids. Journal of mor-
phology, XIII. May, 1897. p. 227-326.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 49

Professor Whitman“ has shown that in the leech the internal tissues (mesoblast) of the budding
zone are arranged in two widely separated lateral bands, which, to quote Wilson’s exposition,
“Sas the trunk grows older widen out and grow together along the median line, ultimately giving
rise to muscles, blood vessels, excretory organs, reproductive organs, etc.” Now, if this is the
case with the more important tissues, why in caterpillars as well as in lizards may not this opis-
thenogenetic mode of growth also involve the arrangement and distribution of the pigment
masses of the integument?

Without entering into the mode of development of the germ bands, which are behind
completely separate, gradually becoming united in front, resulting in their union or concrescence,
we would make the suggestion that it may be the initial cause or at least in some way connected
with the breaking up of the longitudinal stripes of the body, and their transformation into spots
at or near the budding zone of their polymerous or polypodous (Peripatus-like) ancestors.

In the trilobites, Limulus, and diplopods, the new segments after embroynic life are inter-
polated between the penultimate and anal or last segment of the body, and it is from this
region in certain lepidopterous larve that the transformation of longitudinal stripes into
spots takes place. The question next arises whether there is any connection between the opis-
thenogenetic origin of the markings of lizards and that of caterpillars. The fact now well estab-
lished by embryologists that the phenomena of concrescence occurs not only in fishes but in
Amphibia and reptiles, would suggest that the cause of the transformation of longitudinal
stripes into spots on the lumbar and sacral regions of lizards is the result of the same specializing
growth force. It may, perhaps, be regarded asa surviving remnant of the segment-forming force,
which has affected the pigment bands ina manner identical in the vertebrates and insects. This
transformation of stripes into spots, and the fusion of two dorsal tubercles into a median one
may be then the sign of some latent or surviving amount of force concerned in the origin and
formation of segments, which crops out in the larval stages of insects and in young lizards,
resulting in this opisthenogenetic mode of origin of spots from bands.

In this connection it will be of interest to quote some observations of Mr. Abbott H. Thayer,’
which bear on this subject:

The next thing to be pointed out is that the general tendency of birds to wear longitudinal markings forward,
and transverse ones aft, is an important factor of protection, especially in the case of the pheasants and peacocks,
among whom this arrangement is very highly developed. Any one who has tried to catch a snake in the grass will
see at a glance why nature tries to direct an enemy’s attention behind the animal he is hunting. The snake forever
proves to be farther on. It is hard to set one’s foot far enough ahead as he moves, just as a wing shot tends to shoot
behind. Now, nature realizing this, offers the enemy the utmost inducement to strike too far back. The strong
crossbars of the Reeves or the copper pheasant, while visually they eut the tail to pieces when it is still, are, as with
the peacock, by far the most visible part of the bird as soon as he moves. The reason of this is that in forward
motion the longitudinal markings scarcely show, while the transverse ones become conspicuous. To prove this,
any reader has only to blacken a few points an inch or so apart on a white cord, and then moye the cord longi-
tudinally, drawn tight across some aperture a few yards away, the cord being only visible when it crosses the
aperture. He will see that its motion is distinguishable much farther off when the spots are in sight than when
the unmarked cord is passing. The spots correspond to the tail marks of the pheasant, and the cord when it is not
spotted represents the bird’s longitudinal markings, 7. ¢., his body markings.

XII. THE SUPERFAMILY SYSSPHINGINA.

Having shown what few and really slight absolute characters separate the Sphingide from
the Ceratocampide; that the two groups are members of a single phylum or subphylum, i. e.,
having evidently all descended from a common stem form, I would suggest that these facts,
proving blood relationship and community of origin, be emphasized by uniting the Sphingide (or
Sphingoidea of Dyar) with the families grouped under the superfamily Saturnoidea (Saturniides
of Grote). They may be designated as the Syssp/7ngina, this name indicating that the super-

« The embryology of Clepsine. Quart. Journ. Mier. Sc. XVIII. 1878. Journal of Morphology, Boston. 1887.
I am indebted to Prof. A. D. Mead for calling my attention to the concrescence process in this connection.
+ Trans. Entomological Soc. London, 1903, p. 569.

5O MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

family is a composite or synthetic one, embracing forms both leading up to and including the
Sphingidx, all bound together by genetic ties. As there are already too many modifications of
the names Sphingide and Bombycide, we venture to hope that the name we here propose
may be accepted by entomologists. For all the syssphingine families, below Sphingid, I pro-
pose the name Protosphingina.

XIII. ORIGIN OF THE SYSSPHINGINA BY BOTH CONTINUOUS AND DIS-
CONTINUOUS EVOLUTION.

The results of our studies have taught us that two modes of evolution have been at work in
the origin of the family of Sphingide. First, there was, due to a change of habits, a gradual,
continuous process of progressive modification of the small-headed, short-tongued, thick-bodied,
sluggish, or nearly flightless Saturniides by way of the Ceratocampine into a Cressonia-like
form. This procéss of change and adaptation to new conditions of life went on for perhaps
many centuries or thousands of generations. At length there was a sudden acceleration or
revival of growth and development in those partly atrophied organs like the maxilli, ete., which
became restored to the functions enjoyed by the more active ancestors of the saturnian
subphylum, and at a critical period, after one consisting of long preparatory but slight changes,
a per salfwim movement or leap occurred, and as the result of this rapid assumption of a new
character, which we call an aberration, sport, or mutation, the tubercle 7 of the larve became
shifted from its position in the ceratocampid larvee to what it is in Cressonia, Ceratomia, and the
other Sphingida thus far examined, and there also appeared an additional radial vein.

This has been the case with the origin of the genera not only of this group, but this process
of frequent rapid evolution takes place in the organic worldin general. An example is the
differences between Adelocephala and Anisota, the larvee of the latter genus differing so
remarkably from those of the stem-form in the return to the primitive separate tubercles 77 of
the eighth abdominal segment and the reduction in the armature, that only a single pair of
thoracic horns are left.

Doctor Dyar“ has called attention to the discontinuous evolution of a wart bearing hairs
from a simple setiferous tubercle, stating that ‘t we do not find a series of intergrading forms
between the single-haired tubercle and the many-haired wart, though both may occur in ditferent
genera of the same family.” The wart-like tubercles which characterize the Saturniide are
apparently suddenly produced characters; also the peculiar branched tubercle spines of the larval
Hemileucidee, and certainly the lateral eversible glands which are peculiar to and diagnostic of
that family. In fact the fusion of the two tubercles 7 on the eighth abdominal segment of the
Syssphingina is a case of more or less sudden or rapid evolution. Thus the discovery that Bom-
bycide (Bombyx mor’), Brahmeide, and Lndronis versicolora (Endromide) all have in the first
larval stage warts bearing several hairs proves that they belong to a different phylum from the
Syssphingina and should be associated with what we would call Symbombycina, including the
Eupterotide, Lasiocampide, and Liparidi, these families, perhaps, having arisen from the noto-
dontian groups Apatelodine and Ichthyurinz (Melalophine).

We hence infer that those absolute characters which distinguish or are diagnostic of lepi-
dopterous families, however slight or trivial in themselves, are sudden acquisitions, due perhaps
to comparatively sudden changes in the conditions of life, involving new needs, the formation of
new habits, different food plants, ete., or some unknown stimulus. If this be the case, then the
different family groups, as well as generic groups in the Lepidoptera, have arisen as sudden
departures or changes or divergent steps in the course of what otherwise would be a slow, evenly
eraduated process of progressive development. If this is the case with Lepidoptera so it is in
other orders of insects and other arthropodous phyla, and, indeed, throughout the organic world.
For example, the birds with more or less suddenness diverged from the reptilian line of descent;
mammals with two condyles originated by a process of rapid evolution from reptiles with but
one condyle, and so on.

a Annals N. Y. Acad. Se., viii, May, 1894, p. 196.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 51

If we realized how arbitrary our zoological classifications are, especially the categories we call
species, genera, families, and orders; if we could erase from our books and from our minds these
artificial pigeonholes into which groups of individuals are thrown, and could divest ourselyes of
the prejudices resulting from our often untimely and hasty attempts to—without adequate knowl-
edge of the morphology, ontogeny, and life conditions of organisms—frame our ephemeral classi-
fications, we should realize that the secular growth of organic forms, to which we give the name
of evolution, is all of a piece with the causes, modes, and results of growth of any individual.
What we call primitive generalized forms and specialized forms are merely such stages as we
happen to haye discovered, or (taking into account the fossil forms) fragments of defective series
of forms in process of evolution. Could we see the whole series arranged in the order of their
evolution we should realize that in the creation of any phylum or group of blood relations the
phylogenetic stages or steps are in the long run, or throughout the whole course of evolution,
the resuit of a process of gradual, slow, secular modifications, with accumulated phases, which
appear to us as sports or mutations, and to which process we give the name of discontinuous
evolution. There is not an uninterrupted, progressive, ascending series, but there are frequent
pauses and backward steps or reversions. Evolution has gone on both by progressive and by
discontinuous steps as well as by atrophy. There are often no intermediate forms or stages.
Rapid or saltatorial evolution may be compared with the sudden acquisition of characters seen at
the time of molting in insects, crustacea, ete.

These phases or aberrations, often forming side branches of the phylogenetic tree or sudden
departures from the main stem or trunk, branches which often are the result of evolution by
atrophy, become bent downward and backward, as in Saturnides, the bombyciform types of other
lepidopterous families, or as in ecto- or endo-parasites of other orders, classes, and phyla. They
are so frequent that we must consider them as the necessary and normal or natural results of
changes in the environment, leading to change of habit, station, food, and means of locomotion,
the final result being adaptation to certain niches, corners, stations, and hosts, where normal types
would be unable to exist.

XIV. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE CERATOCAMPINZ.

(Fig. 6 on p. 62; also maps I to LX.)

This subfamily is entirely confined to the western hemisphere, and practically to the
tropical and subtropical belt of the two Americas.

The center of origin was most probably the region extending from Brazil to the Isthmus of
Panama. At present the group extends over the greater part of tropical and subtropical South
America or the Brazilian subregion of Wallace. Several species pass south of this region, as
limited by him, into Paraguay and the valley of the La Plata in the Argentine Republic. On the
other hand none has yet been detected in the region of the headwaters of the Amazon, nor in
Bolivia or in eastern Peru, and none have been recorded from Venezuela and the West Indies
or Antillean subregion; one species of Adelocephala (A. columbia), however, is recorded from
Colombia and Citheronia eminens from Loja, Ecuador. While the absence of any other forms
in these countries may be simply due to lack of extended exploration, it is quite the reverse with
the ceratocampinine fauna of Central America.

In its general characteristics the Central American fauna repeats that of the Brazilian
subregion, as will be seen by the following lists. The greater number of Central American
species inhabit the tropical belt along the eastern coast and on the Pacific coast south of north
latitude 20°, and a few occur on the temperate plateau of the region about the City of Mexico,
but none have yet been found in the dry regions to the north and northwest.

52 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

SPECIES INHABITING THE BRAZILIXN SUBREGION.

Adelocephala anthonilis. Eacles imperialis.

Adelocephala wardi. Eacles eminens (Loja, Ecuador).
Adelocephala tristygma. Citheronia princeps.
Adelocephala arpi. Citheronia principalis.

Adelocephala fallax.
Adelocephala subangulata.

Citheronia laoco6n (ixion).
Citheronia phoronea.

Adelocephala boisduyalii. Citheronia aroa. var. of phoronea ( Venezuela).
Adelocephala cadmus. Citheronia ducalis.

Adelocephala leucostygma. Citheronia cacicus.

Adelocephala crocata. Citheronia brissotii.

Adelocephala argyracantha (Paraguay ). Citheronia leona (Paraguay and Uraguay ).
Adelocephala jucunda. Citheronia magnifica (Mexico to Paraguay).
Adelocephala brevis. Citheronia suffusa (Limas, ).
Adelocephala leucantha. Citheronia yogleri (Cordova, Argentina).
Adelocephala janeira. Syssphinx molina.

Adelocephala invalida. Syssphinx ? basirei.

Adelocephala columbia (Colombia). ? Anisota walkeri. ,

Adelocephala acuta ( Venezuela). ? Anisota bilineata (Uraguay).

Crinodes bellatrix.
SPECIES INHABITING CENTRAL AMERICA (MEXICO)

Adelocephala jason. Citheronia mexicana.

Adelocephala isias. Citheronia magnifica.

Adelocephala albolineata. Citheronia splendens.

Adelocephala leucostygma. Citheronia azteca.

Adelocephala heegei. Citheronia aroa. (var. ? of phoronea).
Adelocephala boisduyalii. Anisota suprema.

Adelocephala quadrilineata. Anisota dissimilis.

Eacles imperialis. Anisota assimilis.

Eacles ormondei. Syssphinx molina.

Eacles masoni.
SPECIES INHABITING AMERICA NORTH OF MEXICO.

Adelocephala bicolor. Anisota virginiensis.
Adelocephala bisecta. Anisota stigma.
Adelocephala albolineata. Anisota consularis.
Adelocephala heiligbrodtii. Anisota senatoria.
Adelocephala quadrilineata. An‘sota rubicunda.
Adelocephala isias. Citheronia regalis.
Eacles imperialis. . Citheronia sepuleralis.

Inthe Arctogwic realm the group is chiefly confined to the eastern half of the Mexican (Sonoran)
region, i. e., east of the one hundredth meridian, two species (Ade/ocephala heilighrodtii and
A, isias), extending from central Texas, in the valley of the Colorado River, westward into New
Mexico and Arizona, probably the region drained by the upper Gila River, i. e., in those hot
extensions of the Lower Austral life-zone which pass up the upper Pecos and Rio Grande valleys
to about latitude 33

These are the only species of the subfamily which haye yet been detected west of about the
one hundredth meridian, and they are evidently migrants from the Gulf region of Texas. The
group, then, within the limits of the North American portion of the Arctogwic realm is confined
to the Austroriparian provinces (Lower Austral of Merriam) and also the Appalachian (Upper
Austral of Merriam) and upper Appalachian or Canadian province (transition of Merriam), while
a few forms (An/sota rubicunda and virginiensis) cross into the Boreal province, these two
species occurring at Franconia, N. H., which rises into that zone.

: It is worthy of note that with but two exceptions (A. Acilighrodti7 and A. 7s/as) none of
the group occur in America north of Mexico west of the one hundredth meridian, the Rocky
Mountain region and the Pacific coast being destitute of any of the group.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 53

Routes of secular migration.-—Passing from South into Central America by the Isthmus of
Panama the species gradually peopled each coast, though more prevalent along the Gulf of Mexico;
thence passing along the tropical belt of Texas. A few of the more hardy forms, as those of
Anisota, Citheronia, and Eacles, became adapted to or originated in the valley of the Mississippi
and the Atlantic coast region, two Anisotee finally reaching the region around the Bay of Fundy
and the St. Lawrence Valley as far down as Quebec.

Perhaps as late an arrival in the Appalachian province as any of the group was Adelocephala
bisecta, whose range in the United States is so far as yet known restricted to the warmer parts of
Texas and to the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio, not perhaps having yet reached the Atlantie
coast or the region east of the Alleghanies.

Although the Ceratocampid is a more primitive group than the Saturniide, the question
arises whether they did not pass from Neogzea into Arctogiea long after the latter. That they
did is indicated by the wide distribution of the Saturniide in North America and in fact through-
out tropical and temperate Arctogeea. For example, in North America the species of Samia
must have occupied the continent, for the genus is represented throughout its width from the
Atlantic to the Pacific. The species may not have become differentiated until the present climatic
features of North America were established. This is indicated by the fact that Sama cecropia
appears to be the ancestral species, which, as it spread west, gave off the form (S. glover’) adapted
to the Rocky Mountain and Great Basin region, the boreal form, S. columbia, and finally the
Pacific coast form, S. californica. Adelocephala bisecta and perhaps A. bicolor may not have
entered America north of Texas until after the glacial period had passed away.

Neogea the ancestral home of the group.—From the foregoing facts it will be seen that the
original source of the Arctogwic forms was Neogwa, and probably that the group originated in
the Brazilian subregion. It is here that the most primitive species of Adelocephala occur, as
also those of Citheronia, both of the genera being richest in species in the forest region of
tropical eastern South America. The genus Syssphinx (and Crinodes, if it be a member of this
family) is wholly confined to the Neogic realm.

Geological date of the secular migration into Arctogea.—Here we shall have to follow the
clew discovered by the vertebrate paleontologists. It is probable that the group was at first
confined to the South American continent, not passing northward into Central America until the
elevation of the Isthmus of Panama at the end of the Miocene Tertiary. This would indicate
that the Ceratocampide and the family of Notodontide, from which the former originated,
probably date back to the beginning at least of the Miocene Tertiary.

XV. THE FORE-TIBIAL SPUR OR EPIPHYSIS.
(Pl. XXXVI, figs. 12-24.)

This movable appendage arises from near the base and is articulated to the inside of the tibia
of the fore legs. It is the tibial epiphysis of Smith, the ‘‘schienenplatte” of Dahl, ‘‘*schienen-
blittchen” of Kathariner, and the ‘‘spur of the fore tibia” of Rothschild and Jordan. It is well
developed in the Ceratocampine. It has the same general shape and size as in the Sphingide,
in which it universally occurs, Rothschild and Jordan? stating that it is ‘‘neyer absent.” It is,
as stated by Speyer’ and afterwards by Smith” and later by Kathariner, present in the Papilion-
ide and Hesperidz and ‘all Heterocera,” except the Hepialide and, according to Rothschild

# We propose the term ‘‘secular migration”’ for the slow migratory moyements of organisms extending through
one or more geological periods. Seasonal migrations may be applied to those annual migrations of animals
which take place in spring and autumn.

> Rothschild and Jordan, A Revision of the lepidopterous Family Sphingidee. Novitates Zoologicwe, IX,
Suppl. 1903.

eJsis. 1843, III, p. 161, figures.

@J. B. Smith, Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Club., VII, p. 69. Sept., 1884.

54 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF

IENCES.

and Jordan, the Chalcosiide. While the statement is made that all the Lepidoptera below the
more primitive butterflies possess this appendage, the above-named families excepted, it will be
interesting to ascertain whether there may not be here and there cases of its absence in scattered
genera, and perhaps subfamilies, of the moths.

Kathariner” has recently published an excellent article, for the first time describing the
structure and fine anatomy of this appendage in Acherontia atropos, Deilephila edpenor, and two
species of Sphinx (S. convolvuli and S. ligustr/).

While, as he says, there is no convincing proof of its being a scent structure, Kathariner
inclines to the opinion of Oudemans’ that it may be a scent organ. The objection to this view
is that in the microscopic sections made and figured by Kathariner these are no traces of special-
ized cells like what have been found by Deegener¢ in great numbers in the hypertrophied hind
tibie of //epialus hectus, there being little doubt but that these highly modified hind legs of this
genus are true scent organs. In the tibial spurs examined by Kathariner there are no specialized
cells besides the matrix or hypodermal layer of the integument, which is, howerer, folded on the
anterior surface of the appendage, and consists of high cylinder cells with granular protoplasm
and large elongated nuclei, such as Dahl” discovered in sections of the sole of the feet of locusts,
and which secretes a glutinous fluid. Whether these cylinder-cells secrete an odorous fluid is
problematical.

Dahl has suggested that these appendages may be adapted for cleansing the antenne, being
analogous to the spurs on the limbs of other insects, especially the Hymenoptera. In accordance
with this explanation Dahl affirms that the fore-tibial spur is wanting in most butterflies
with a well-developed antennal knob, and is vestigial in many moths with strongly pectinated
antenne. That this appendage is in any way comb-like has never occurred to us, since in the
syssphingine moths, as also in the saturnioids, the edges are smooth and unarmed with sete
coarse enough to act as the teeth of a comb. We have found these spurs as well developed in
the male of Zelea polyphemus as in the Ceratocampide or Sphingide; in Caligula japonica &
the spurs are long and narrow, but in the ? only one-half as long and very narrow; in this sex
it varies in size and width, some being half as long as others, 7. ¢., one-quarter as wide. In the
female of Syssphinw molina, howeyer, the spurs are as large as in the male. Speyer states
that in the female of certain moths the spur is atrophied. The naked inner side of that of Telea,
and presumably in moths generally, is covered with adense growth of very fine, stiff microscopic
sete, which are short, sharp, and of even length. (See also Kathariner, figs. 4 and 5.) The
function of this minute growth seems problematical. In the fore tibia of Adelocephala hoege?, the
hair-scales are parted so as to expose the spur, the outer side of which is naked, though clothed
with a microscopic pile, the edges of the spur being densely scaled.

An objection to the odoriferous nature of these spurs is the fact that in the Sphingide, where
they are so well developed, there occur, though not all in the same species, three kinds of what
appear to be, according to Rothschild and Jordan, undoubted scent organs. These authors
regard this appendage as homologous with the proximal spur of the hind tibia, but do not give
an opinion as to its function, Its use will have to be determined by careful observation. Its
large size and more complete development in the male shows that it somehow shares in the
movements of the limbs of the forms possessing it. We have never observed any decided signs
of these spurs having been put to any use, such as the loss by friction of the scales clothing the
outside and edges.

The great size of the fore tibial spurs in C’theronta sepulcralis is worthy of note; this species
is much more active than C. regal/s, being not infrequently attracted by electric lights.

In the Ceratocampine this spur seems in some genera to afford good specific characters, but
it is of little practical use in separating either genera or families.

« Das Schienenblittchen der Schwiirmer. Illustr. Zeits. Ent. IV, Nos. 8, 11. 1899.
» Die Nederlandsche Insekten. 1897. IV, Nos. 8, 11.
¢Das Duftorganen yon Hepialus hectus L. Zeits. wissen. Zool. LX. XI, 1902, pp. 276-295.
“ Beitriige zur Kenntniss des Baues und der Funktionen der Insektenbeine. 1884.

'

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Or

The spurs differ very considerably in the different species of Adelocephala; in A. montezuma
and A. subangulata the spurs are long and wide; in the former species about one-half as wide as
long; in A. subangulata not quite so wide.

In A. bicolor and A. albolineata the spurs are of the shape of those in Syssphinx and Anisota,
being narrow and sharp, lanceolate oval. In An/sofa virginicnsis they are one-half as long as
the tibia, and very blunt at the end. They are also obtuse in A. st/gina, but differ in shape. In
A. senatoria they are narrow, acute, and over one-half as long as the tibia. In A. rubicunda they
are a little over one-half as long and differ in shape. It thus appears in the genus Anisota to
afford specific differences.

In Eaeles imperialis (Pl. XXXVI, figs. 21, 217) the spur is remarkably broad and short,
being nearly as broad as long, and one half as long as the very short fore tibia.

In Citheronia regalis they are much smaller and narrower, but in C. sepulcralis, in which the
tibia is much longer than in (. regalis, the spurs are also large and long; they are thus, like the
tibie, generically different from those of C. regalis. It thus appears that the length of the spur
accords with and is conditioned by that of the tibia.

XVI. THE NOMENCLATURE OF THE VEINS OF THE LEPIDOPTERA.

In Part I of this monograph (p. 84) we adopted Spuler’s nomenclature, assuming that he
was correct in supposing with Miller, Brauer, Redtedbacher, and Haase that the costa is only a
thickening of the edge of the wing, and not a yein having a trachea for its origin. This view
was weakened by Chapman’s “ discovery of a marginal vein, which he claims is a normal con-
stituent of all lepidopterous wings, a marginal trachea ‘* occurring during the development of
the wing, and often to be discovered in the perfect wing,” where it exists as a hollow tube, and
carrying like the other veins sensory hairs or bristles.

The whole question as to whether the costa represents or contains a true vein has now finally
been set at rest by the investigations of Dr. G. Enderlein,’? who conclusively and very clearly
proves that the costal edge of the wing is in the pupa state supplied by a branch of the radial
trachea, as shown in his figure.

Indeed, it appears from a quotation from Speyer (1870) that that lepidopterist observed in a
great number of Heterocera, and also in the Phryganeidie, the costal vein, ** with a very clear
lumen, sometimes the strongest vein of the whole wing.” Enderlein adds that in certain stages
of Heterocera, as Sphinw pinastri, it is the ‘* strongest tracheal branch of the wing.” Spuler’s
failure to detect the costal vein was, remarks Enderlein, due to his not following far enough into
the interior of the body of the pupa to where it branches off from the main tracheal radial trunk.

Enderlein clearly shows that the veins of each wing belongs to two genetically entirely dif-
ferent systems, which he designates as the radial wing-trunk and the median wing-trunk. His
scheme we quote, adding the numbers ia Roman numerals in a separate column.

SCHEME OF THE FORE WING OF A LEPIDOPTER.

[ Cests 1 branch (c) I
Radial trunk 4 Subcosta 1 branch (se) II
Radius 5 branches (G5 itnuene nies) U0
Media 3 branches (7y, 1g, Ms) IV
cuts 2 branches (cuy, CUs) V
Median trunk, Analis 1-2 branches (atrophied) (@,, ds) VI
1 Axillaris 1 branch (ax,) VII
2 Axillaris 1-3 branches (branches atrophied) (ax,) Vill

Enderlein shows that the discocellular veinlets, i. e., the hitherto supposed two veins closing
the discal cell are formed by one or two veinlets arising from the cubital 1 (not from the median,
as suggested by Grote).

«On some wing structures in Lepidoptera, London, 1901.
» Eine einseitige Hemmungsbildung bei 1901. Telea polyphemus von ontogenetischen Standpunkt. Zool.
Jahrb. Arth. fir Anat. Bd. xvi, Jena, 1902.

56 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The subcostal vein of the hind wings unites with the first radial branch to form a single vein
(se-r,). The short spur from the subcostal of the hind wings is shown by Enderlein to be the
costal vein. I may say that I had supposed that this short spur might possibly be the costal,
but Enderlein has now proved it to be such. All the cross veins, according to Enderlein, mor-
phologically (genetically) should be regarded as longitudinal veins. He also shows that the
enlargement of the wing takes place onto- and phylogenetically chiefly in the middle zone of the
pupal or rudimentary wing.

The numbering of the veins, then, in this and the following parts of this monograph will be
according to the system of Redtenbacher, Comstock, and Needham as modified by Enderlein, and
it is to be hoped that this system will be generally adopted by lepidopterists.

Fig. 5. Nomenclature and numbering of the veins of the fore and hind wings of Eacles imperialis.

XVII. CLASSIFICATION AND LIFE HISTORIES OF THE CERATOCAMPINA.
Family CERATOCAMPID® Harris (enlarged).

Saturniidex, auct. in part.

Ceratocampidx Harris, Report insects inj. veg. Mass., p. 287. 1841.

Ceratocampadx Packarpb, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil. III, p 381. Noy., 1864.

Ceratocampide Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I, p. 739. 1892.

Neuma@Gen and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. Il, p. 147. Dec., 1894.

Citheroniide Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc. II, p. 174. Dee., 1894.

Sphingicampide Packarp, Psyche, p. 280. Dee., 1901.

Fumily Characters.—Head small, but larger than in the Saturniide, not prominent; in Adelo-
cephala, nearly concealed from above by the overhanging thorax. Front of the head either
distinctly triangular in the most typical forms (Adelocephala, Syssphinx, Eacles) or very narrow
(Arsenura), or moderately wide, with a vestiture either closely cropped, or shaggy, or with the
hairs long, uneven, and partly shading the eyes. When denuded, the front is formed by

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Payal

the clypeus, the epicranium and occiput being very short and situated behind the insertion of the
antenne. The surface of the clypeus or front is flat, as in all the saturnian moths, owing to
the absence of a functional tongue; in Syssphinx the lower edge forms a knob-like protuberance.
The eyes rather large, globose. Antenne of ¢ almost invariably bipectinated, either on the basal
half or basal three thirds or three fourths, or to the end; with about 18 to 25 double pairs; the
distal pectinations of each joint nearly as long as the basal ones, and both generally densely
ciliated; they are sometimes plumose. In the 9 either simple, subsimple, or with short, distinct
pectinations, only a single pair to each joint. Labial palpi in general large and stout, sometimes
(Arsenura) passing beyond the front; usually 3-jointed, sometimes 2-jointed (Eacles), or but
1-jointed and difficult to distinguish from the hairs of the front and sternum. They are large
and Sphinx-like in Agliinee, especially in Arsenura, where the third joint, usually buried in the
hairs of the end of the second joint, is distinctly seen. Maxille in many genera sufficiently
developed to be visible, but even then small, weak, the two halves separate, very slender, and
evidently not functioning, unless slightly so in Citheronia, where the two maxillz are united for
about half their length to form the tongue. In Anisota there are no recognizable vestiges of a
tongue.

Body robust, spindle-shaped, or fusiform, or in general Sphinx-like; the thorax thick, and
the abdomen long, conical, and when the lateral claspers are large, as in Citheronia and
Syssphinx and certain Adelocephale, the dense vestiture on them forms lateral terminal tufts;
the abdomen is most conical in genera such as Arsenura and Dysdzemonia, the vestiture being
closely cropped; in some genera the yestiture of the thorax is long, dense, and shaggy. There
is rarely a prothoracie collar, one being slightly developed in Arsenura and Dysdeemonia. The
patagia are rarely distinctly apparent, owing to the dense, long vestiture of the thorax.

The fore wings vary greatly in shape, in the more typical forms being in Ceratocampide
sphingiform, the costa straight, the apex acute or subacute, the outer edge very oblique, or they
may be very broad as in Arsenura and Dysdemonia, or closely similar in shape to those of the
saturnians (Nudaurelia, Gynanisa, ete.).

The hind wings equally vary from their normal proportions, the apex being rounded and
the outer edge entire, or they may be Sphinx-like, or variously angulated or tailed, as in Dysdee-
monia, in Urota, and Cercophana.

Venation: There are in the fore wings invariably eleven veins present, and in the hind wings
eight or nine (nine invariably in the Ceratocampine, seven in Eudeemonia), there being no yein
VI. It also differs from that of the saturnians in the discal cell being invariably closed by the
discal veins.

The discal cell is always closed, the cross vein, i.e., the two discal veins (anterior and poste-
rior, or ‘‘discocellulars”) united to form a continuous line, which is either bent, more or less,
outward or inward, or regularly curyed outward or inward, or directed obliquely outward
and inward. The discal cell is often small, in the typical members of the family (Ceratocam-
pine) very small, short and narrow, and not extending to the middle of the wing, but in some
cases, in Polythysana, etc., it extends beyond the middle of the wing (along the cubital or vein
IV), so that the veins beyond it may be very short.

Hind wings, with eight veins; the first or anterior discal vein is very oblique, directed inward
and backward.

Egg.—Those of the Ceratocampine differ from those of the Saturniide in being low, some-
what flattened, broad, elliptical, not cylindrical; the shell is thin and tough, parchment like,
while the sculpturing is partly obsolete. The eggs of the Agliine and Buneinz are not well
known.

Larva.—in the larva after stage I, as well as in subsequent stages, the setiferous tubercles
are solid and chitinized, forming a stout, long spine or horn (never polysetose rounded knobs or
button-like tubercles as in Saturniide), in some cases bearing a fine seta at the end. The suranal
plate isarmed with bosses, or in some cases with horns, with the result that the armature of the
family in general is more formidable than in any other group of Lepidoptera. The anal legs or
claspers are large, squarish, and solid. There is, with a few exceptions (Anisota), a caudal horn

58 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

on the eighth abdominal segment, due to the fusion in embryonic life of tubercles 7; this horn
being long, acute, not a knob or rounded tubercle as in Saturniidee.

Pupa.—The head-end of the body unusually full and rounded, overhanging the mouth
region; the sutures between the abdominal segments deeper than usual; no primitive characters
on the under side of the head, 1. e., no traces of maxillary palpi and of second maxille, but the
first maxille either long or short; in the latter case the two maxille together form a nearly
equilateral triangle (Adelocephala and Anisota); cremaster usually very long and stout, forked,
though sometimes (Citheronia) nearly atrophied; groups and lines of fine sharp spines on
the head and thorax, or the body quite smooth and unarmed (Citheronia). The pupa is
subterranean, the larva spinning no cocoon.

Geographical distribution.—TVhe species are mostly antarctogveic, i. e., confined to South and
Central America, from which a few species have migrated into America north of Mexico, and
to the African continent south of the Sahara (Afrogaer). The only European form is Agl/a tau,
while Salassa of the oriental region belongs to this family.

Comparison with the Saturniide.—Vhe Ceratocampide as here considered is a much larger
group than that to which Harris gave this name. As a large proportion, the Ceratocampinze
excepted, have hitherto been associated with the Saturniide, we may here recapitulate our
reasons for removing such a large body of genera from that group, and for establishing a new
family or group for them. Our attention was first led to this conclusion by the great and
apparent differences from true Saturniidee in the shape and structure of what larve of the
African genera were known, and their transformations.

But we will first call attention to the imaginal characters. In the first place the Ceratocam-
pine are sufficiently distinct. In the Buneine we have the greatest approximation to the
Saturniide. Our chief guide and reliance here has been the venation of the two groups. This
is seen in the number and position of the veins, and the form, size, and completeness of the
discal cell. The normal number of veins in the fore wings of Ceratoicampine is eleven, though
the second branch of the radial vein (vein III,) is sometimes absent, and very rarely the vein
is undivided, only vein ILL, being present. In the hind wings the usual normal number of veins
is eight.

On the other hand, the normal number of veins of the fore wings in the Saturniide is eleven,
but in Rothschildia, Samia, Telea, Anthervea, Rhodia, and a few other genera there are but ten,
while in Graéllsia, Perisomena and Caligula japonica and simla there are but nine. This differ-
ence, however, is not significant, as it is due to the presence or absence of III, or III, or both,
these being short, unimportant veins. The usual, indeed so far as we know invariable, number
of veins in the hind wings is eight. It thus appears that the normal number of veins is the same
in the two families, the group Ceratocampine, which have nine veins in the hind wing, excepted.

Subfamily 1. CKRATOCAMPIN X Grote.

Ceratocampide Harris, Report Insects inj. Veg. Mass., p. 287. 1841.

Ceratocampade Packarpb, Proce. Ent. Soc. Phil., iii, p. 381. November, 1864.
Ceratocampine Grove, List Lep. N. Amer., p. xiii. September, 1868.

Ceratocampade Grorr, New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20. May, 1882.
Ceratocampine Smira, Entomologica Amer., ii, p. 20. April, 1886. p. 44. May, 1886.
Ceratocampide Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., i, p- 739, 1892.

Ceratocampine PacKarn, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., i, p. 7. March, 1893.

Ceratocampide NruMOEGEN and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., ii, p. 147. December, 1894.
Citheroniide Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe. ii, p. 174. December, 1894.

Ceratocampidx Dy ar, List N. Amer. Lepidoptera, p. 75, 1902.

Subfamily characters.—Head triangular, wide at the insertion of the antennz and narrowing
toward the oral region more rapidly than usual, coming to a point (especially so in Adelocephala,
Syssphinx, and Eacles; considerably wider toward the oral region in Anisota and Citheronia).
When denuded the front is seen to be more regularly triangular than in any other group of the
family, or in the Hemileucide or Saturniide.

Antenne of ¢ bipectinate on the basal two-thirds or three-fourths, beyond filiform, the distal

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Or

9

pectinations fine, slender, flat, and closely pressed to the basal branches of the next joint. (This
type of antenne is very persistent, with no exception; those of 2, either with a single pair of
stout, short pectinations (Ad¢locephala bicolor), or simple, without vestigial branches (Anisota,
Adelocephala, Syssphinx, Eacles, and Citheronia, except in C. principals, in which they are
minute, teeth-like).

Palpi usually much reduced; in Adelocephala scarcely visible, short, feeble, depressed;
where largest and best developed, not reaching the front (Eacles and Citheronia); denuded,
3-jointed (Anisota, Pl. XXXVI, figs. 10, 10a); in Eacles, 2-jointed (fig. 11).

Maxille varying in degree of development even in the same genus; not united to forma
sucking tube; in Anisota, apparently no vestige left; in Adelocephala subangulata, they are
comparatively well developed, and are as long as the filiform tip of the antenne; in Eacles,
longer than in any other genus, but not visible without removing the scales; in Citheronia, as
long as the front of the head in the middle (Pl. XXXVI, fig. 5).

Body Sphinx-like, or spindle-shaped, thick; thorax stout; abdomen large and rather long.

Fore wings usually narrow, Sphinx-like in shape in Syssphinx and many species of Adelo-
cephala. The costa straight, apex acute, the outer edge very oblique; either simple or scalloped
(as in Smerinthus), the inner angle nearly effaced; or the wings become wider, the costa more
arched toward the apex, which tends to become square and the outer edge less oblique in Eacles
and Citheronia, those of Anisota being intermediate in shape.

Hind wings also sphingoid in size and shape; short, very broad, and not reaching so near
the end of the abdomen as usual; in Adelocephala and Syssphinx the costa very full, convex;
apex rounded, outer edge somewhat excavated in g or, asin ¢ Anisota, of a singular triangular
shape, somewhat produced toward the inner angle; this characteristic especially emphasized in
A. virginiensis. The hind wings are most normal or conventional in shape in Eacles and
Citheronia, where the outer edge of the wing is full and rounded.

Venation: Fore wings, eleven veins present; the discal cell smaller than in any other
subfamily of the protosphingoid group; it is only about one-third as long as the wing, and very
narrow, especially in Adelocephala, Syssphinx, Anisota, and Citheronia.

Vein IV, (or sixth radial) forming a true independent vein, being widely detached from
its stalk, and situated in the middle of the extradiscal cell, i. e., just midway between veins IV,
and IV,. This liberation or detachment of vein IV, is most marked in Eacles, but less so in
Citheronia, yet the character is very persistent and fairly diagnostic, as much as any character
can be.

The two discal veins taken together form an oblique line, which is directed outward in
Eacles, the posterior diseal vein being directed inward in Citheronia, while the line is straight
in Syssphinx; in Adelocephala bisecta and subangulata the line is regularly curved. The course
of these veins is peculiar and characteristic of the group in Adelocephala, Syssphinx, Anisota,
and Citheronia.

Hind wing: Vein II (subcostal -+ radial vein) is almost sinuous in Syssphinx. There are
invariably nine veins instead of eight (not counting I) (a diagnostic feature), this being the addi-
tion of vein VII; VIII being the second axillary vein. The discal cell yery small; especially
narrow in Adelocephala bisecta. The discal veins taken together form an oblique line, which
is curved outward, especially in Eacles.

Vein IV, only partially detached, never forming a true independent vein, thus differing
from the Agliine (though Aglia itself approaches Eacles in the venation of the hind wings).

Legs long, stout, strong, spined, the vestiture short and close, much as in Sphingide. The
fore-tibial epiphysis well developed, varying in shape from lanceolate to oval. (Pl. XXXVI,
figs. 12-22.)

Larva.—Body sphingiform, anal lees like those of the Sphingidze; head subconical, narrow-
a 5 5 5 5

ing toward the vertex; the surface smooth, not finely spinulated with secondary spinules as in
Smerinthine. The trunk segments armed with long, sharp, dorsal and subdorsal curved spines,
those of the prothoracic segment sometimes well developed (ia the more primitive species of
Adelocephala and Citheronia), but usually partially atrophied. A long, sharp caudal horn;
between this and the thoracic horns the dorsal spines of abdominal segments | to T in the more

60 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

primitive species of Adelocephala high and of equal size. In Anisota but a single pair of dorsal
mesothoracic horns, and the caudal horn is represented by two small separate tubercles.

In color and armature protected by their resemblance to the color of the foliage and spines of
the spiny plants on which the more primitive species feed.

In stage I the body bears no glandular hairs, and the thoracic horns and caudal horn in all
except Anisota are enormously long and end in a more or less bulbous knob, which gives rise to
two rod-like sete.

Pupa.—The head is unusually full and rounded, overhanging the mouth-region and, the pupa
being subterranean, is not provided with any large protuberances; the mouth parts present no
vestigial characters; the maxillae vary in length, the two together in Adelocephala and Anisota,
whose imagines haye nearly aborted tongues being scarcely longer than broad; abdominal sutures
deeply impressed. The armature consists of small sharp spines, either on the head between the
antenn or on the prothorax, and elsewhere on the thorax. Metathoracic segment with a basal
transverse irregular ridge on each side; the cremaster is very long, flattened, and deeply forked,
or in Citheronia it may be nearly atrophied and functionless; the abdominal segments usually
with two rows of fine sharp spines, but in Citheronia the segments are smooth. The surface of
the body differs in degree of rugosity, either being deeply punctured or (Citheronia) nearly
smooth.

The pup, then, of this group are recognized by the full rounded head-region and the
unusually long, forked, flat cremaster.

History of the group.—As observed by Walsh, the group Ceratocampine, as here understood,
was first established as a distinct and exclusive American family by Doctor Harris, ‘‘ but has
been somewhat unnaturally united with Saturniadee by succeeding authors,” referring to Harris,
himself (Inj. Ins., p. 398), and to Morris. He adds that ** Doctor Clemens has beautifully shown
that it differs from Saturniadee, not only in the characters laid down by Doctor Harris, but also in
having the subcosto-inferior neryule of the front wing s¢mple and not furcate. (Proc. Ent.
Soc. Phil., i, p. 177.) In other words, in Ceratocampade the subcostal vein sends off toward its
tip three branches or sectors which are all simple; in Saturniidee, the middle one of these three
sectors, instead of rising direct!y from the subcostal vein, rises from the basal sector or branch,
thus making that basal sector appear fureate.” (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., ix, Feb., 1864,
p- 290, footnote. )

By Grote (List Lep., 1868) the name Ceratocampinz was proposed for the Ceratocampidie
of Harris and the present author, Grote then regarding it as a subfamily of Bombycide.

The name Ceratocampinz was also given to the group by J. B. Smith in 1886, it being by
him regarded as a subfamily of Saturniide.

It received the family name Citheroniide from Dyar in 1896, who proposed that name on
account of the generic name Ceratocampa being a synonym; in 1902 the same author restored
the more fitting name Ceratocampide. In 1901 (Psyche, ix, p. 280), however, we showed that
it is a subdivision of the now more comprehensive family group for which we would use the
name Ceratocampidae.

As it now stands the family Ceratocampide of the older authors, Harris and others, has been
found to be a subdivision of a much more extensive group of family, and possibly superfamily
rank. The family Ceratocampid as I have enlarged it, and as described in the foregoing pages,
differs in ego, larval, pupal, and adult characters from either the Hemileucidee or the Saturniidee.
None of the members are spinners, but when about to transform the larva enters the earth, the
pupa being subterranean, its cremaster being a large stout spine.

To this extensive family group belong the great moths of central and southern Africa
(Afrogiea), which have hitherto been regarded as true Saturniide. For example, Nudaurelia, of
which there are about twenty species, and which, until separated by Rothschild, were confounded
with the Asiatic genus Antherza, is in its larval, pupal, and imaginal characters closely allied to
our American Ceratocampine. This is also the case with Gynanisa isis, ete.

As the result of prolonged study of the venation, and what little we know of the larval and
pupal characters, it is necessary to remove many, indeed most, of the African genera heretofore

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 61

associated with the Saturniide, also the Eurasian genus Aglia and the Indian genus Salassa from
the Saturniidse and associate them with the Ceratocampine.

The group, as we are now disposed to limit it, is divided into several subdivisions of nearly
equal rank.

We conclude, then, that the protosphingine group for which we have retained the name
Ceratocampide is represented by the following subfamilies, though we would add that they may
ultimately be regarded as of family rank:

1. Ceratocampine (Adelocephala, Syssphinx, Anisota, Eacles, Citheronia).

2. Agliine (Arsenura, Rhescyntis, Dysdeemonia, Copiopteryx, Aglia, Cercophana, ete.).

3. Bunzine (Buna, Lobobunea, Imbrasia, Gynanisa, Cirina, Usta, Nudaurelia, Antherina,
Melanocera, Cinabra, Aurivillius, ete.). The genera Cyrtogone, Eudeemonia, and others appear
to be types of additional subfamilies.

SYNOPSIS OF THE GENERA.

Imago.
g Antenne with joints 1-17 or 18 doubly pectinated; 2 antennz simply pectinated or simple; thorax full and oyver-
hanging the head; maxille slightly developed; body and wings sphinx-like.........--.---------+ Adelocephala
Head (denuded), narrower than in Adelocephela; clypeus produced into a knob-like protuberance; body and wings
sphimx-likel eat acess eign se cisiscia=s sees be acs aoe Sass ees Se senses ce asses eeesscousteassaasces=see Syssphinx
¢ Antennz with joints 1-15 doubly pectinated; in ? simple; palpi short and feeble; maxillz either wholly or nearly
aborteds hindi wineslon otriang ular: costaliedge much curved s.- seen eee aie eee eee eee eee eet Anisota
g Antenne broadly pectinated; fore wings wide, apex subacute; outer edge less oblique than in Citheronia; hind
WINTSETOUNG CC wg Dell plea] OLN CCC eters ct sete rare nar tatete tar ace) Sec atari slate ioe ate sae eer melee ts sate iinae etl Eacles
Fore wings subacute at tip; hind wings rounded, but apex more produced than in Eacles...-...-..------ Citheronia
Larva.

Prothoracic segment with either spines or rounded tubercles; second and third thoracic dorsal and subdorsal spines

but little longer than those of abdominal segments 1 to 7; caudal horn long, recuryed ...-..-.---- Adelocephala
Like those of Adelocephala, but the thoracic spines and caudal horn short and conical; none on abdominal segments
EEO ha sree ee ver asa slept Saaialas aa Stale miataye wre ais eye cle ele stole ateranintoe es) Sate tameleite smyayelainlois cata clesensteeistie eee Sci Syssphinx
No fused caudal horn; two separate tubercles i present on eighth abdominal segment; a median spine on segment 9;
Neth ates tured pve I cory tea Ch real ype ee eater toa alata arent sete eee Anisota
Spines/short and-stout;) no long! prothoracicispines=_- = 2222 = sees ae a ee nea a eee eae = Eacles
Spinesialleveryslong slonesprothoracicwhormsess see seca e cee see eee ose eee ee oes eee eee eee eae Citheronia
Pupa.
A. Maxillz very short, the two together scarcely longer than broad.
Cremasten very longydeeply forked:ssurface rugose == 2e-= n= =e ace aaa niee ee ae =a oe Adelocephala
Cremaster very long, deeply forked: surface smoother. -_--..-..--...------------------------------Anisota
B. Maxille long.
PAGILONCISLOUSIGREMMASLE Lm eae aerate tase ae itera) ace ejoeiars seer slalaielerate = selainialaisiomecia aetets Eacles
Cremaster vestigial, reduced to a small bilobed tubercle, shorter than broad.....-----.--------- Citheronia

Habits.—Pupa subterranean; the larva spinning no cocoon.

Geographical distribution.—Contined to Neogwa, from which a few species have migrated
into eastern America north of Mexico, and east of longitude 100. (See fig. 6 and maps I-IX.)
ADELOCEPHALA Herrich-Schaeffer.

Plate XIX, ete.

Dryocampa Harris, Rep. ins. Mass., p. 293. 1841.
Sphingicampa Watsu, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist. IX, p. 290. 1864.
Adelocephala Herr.-ScHArFFER, Aussereurop. Schmett. I, pp. 60, 78. 1855. (No descr.)
Othorene Botspuva, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 82. 1872.
Adelocephala Botspuyat, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 85. 1872.
Jewett, Papilio, II, p. 38. March, 1882.
Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.
Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 170. 1885.
Sphingicampa Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 740. 1892.
NeumMoGeEn and Dyer, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., Il, p. 148. Dee., 1894.
Adelocephala and Syssphinx (in part) DyEr, Proc. Ent. Soe. Wash., IV, p. 427. May 13, 1901.

62 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Jmago.— 8 and @ head as in Anisota, but tending in front to be more triangular, and nar-
rower toward the labrum; it is widest in A. b/color, narrowest in A. bisecta and especially in
A. montezuma (Pl. XIX, tig. 6). Antenne of 3 bipectinate, with 17 to 18 pairs of pectinations
which are exactly as in Anisota; the 12 joints of the filiform extremity very short; in 9 simple,
except in A. bicolor, which has 16 pairs of short, thick, subclavate pectinations, a single pair to
each joint. Palpi short, varying in length, just visible, not reaching the front. Maxille varying
in length, not visible in A. bicolor and A. heiligbrodti’, but in A. subangulata, the more primitive
form, they are comparatively well developed, though separate from each other; they are curled
up, and are nearly as long as the filiform tip of the ¢ antenne; they are also present in A. wardii,
but very slender and short. Fore wings either of the usual generalized form, with the costa
convex toward the apex, the latter obtuse, and the outer edge full (A. bicolor, A. quadrilineata,

100 So Go. oo. 70 o 7 to. oo ra roo vee 150.

\

Fig. 6.—Distribution of the subfamily Ceratocampine.

A. heilighrodtii and A. albolineata), and the hind wings rounded; or they are triangular, with the
outer edge oblique, not full, and the hind wings subtriangular, and not reaching beyond the basal
two-thirds of the abdomen. The abdomen of the ¢ is acute at the end and with a tuft on each
side of the tip in A. subangulata.

Venation: Much as in Anisota, there being no vein III,; vein III, arises midway between
the anterior discal yein and base of common stalk of veins II], and III,; the greatest departure
is in A. subangulata (Pl. XX XVIII, figs. 1, 17) where III, arises at the same point as the anterior
discal vein, in front of the origin of yein 1V,; venation of hind wings nearly identical with that
of Anisota.

Coloration: Ocherous, with the hind wings more or less pink; the markings differ very
much in the different species; in A. d/color there are two twin diseal dots, in A. heilighrodt/7 the
fore wings are stone gray; in A. a/bolineata the lemon-ocherous wings are crossed by conspicuous
white lines, and in Al. b/secta there are no discal spots, while in A. subangulata and A. montezuma
there is a large discal spot on the underside of the fore wings.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 63

The genus, as shown by the larval characters, is more generalized than Anisota, since the
spines on the prothoracic and abdominal segments are larger, and the sphingiform imagoes or
moths are rather more primitive and ancestral.

The species of the genus differ very considerably, and may be divided into several groups or
what may be perhaps regarded as incipient genera. The most sphingiform group of species and
that nearest Syssphinx is the Brazilian A. subangulata, A. fallav Boisd.,and A. bisecta, while the
rounder-winged species A. albolineata, A. heilighrodti7, and A. bicolor are later, more degenerate,
or modified forms. A. b7color, with pectinated 9 antenne, shows a remarkable divergence from
the normal 2 form, the front of the head being wider, while the tongue is not visible. We
consider those species with a well-developed tongue as the more primitive forms.

Druce states: ** Adelocephala I think will have to be divided, the typical species haying
pectinated antenne in both sexes, those of the A. a/hbo/ineata group being only pectinated in the
males. I have not sufficient material, however, to be certain how far this character holds good.”
It appears, however, that only A. b7color has pectinated antennie in the female. (See fig. 8.)

The South American and our A. b/secta are apparently the more primitive forms, both as
regards the sphingoid shape of the body and wings and the more fully developed maxillw. As
the type found its way into North America it seems to have undergone a reduction of the
maxille until they practically became aborted, while the outlines of the wings became less
distinctive and less specialized, as seen especially in_A. 47co/ov, which in this respect approaches
Anisota. It is interesting to observe that all the South American species (except A. athonilis)
have sharp fore wings and subtriangular hind wings, while in several of the Central American
and North American species the wings tend to become broad and rounded at the apex.

The most aberrant species is A. albolineata. Its maxille are comparatively well developed.
I have not been able to examine the male antennx, having no examples of that sex. It differs in
venation from all the other species in the much wider discal cell of both wings, and in vein III,
of the fore wings, which arising between the anterior discal vein and IIL,, springs off very near
the origin of the latter. The two discal veins taken together form a straight line, not being
curved as in most of the other species; the subcosto-radial (I1) vein is much curved, so that the cell
between this and II] is much wider than in any other species of the genus. If the genus is to
be subdivided A. a/bolineata should be generically separated from all the other species, but it is
better to wait until we know the larva and its history.

Egg.—F lattened, oval-cylindrical, disk-like, each end alike. Shell smooth under a low power,
but when highly magnified seen to be ornamented with faint polygonal areas, with a swollen
nucleus in the center.

Larva.—Head subconical, narrowing above. Body cylindrical, inclined to be slightly com-
pressed; in the more primitive species all the segments, except the prothoracic, bearing long,
high, saber-shaped dorsal spines as long as the body is thick; tubercles 7/ nearly atrophied: in
the more specialized species (A. 4zcolor, etc.) the four thoracic and caudal horns much longer than
the abdominal ones; of the latter those on each, or on the second, fourth, and sixth segments,
are stout, conical, smooth spines, conspicuously tinged with silver and rose red; no median spine
on the ninth abdominal segment; suranal plate coarsely tuberculated, but with no specialized
spines.

Young larva, stage .—Armed with four thoracic horns, three-fourths as long as the body,
and ending in bulbs bearing two dark rods; caudal horn spinulated, large, as long» as the body
is thick, divided deeply into two setiferous lobes; tubercles 77 present on abdominal segments
1 to 9; suranal plate with three lateral and two terminal setiferous tubercles; the body marked
with conspicuous longitudinal stripes.

Pupa.—Body moderately stout, head rounded; maxille short, taken together forming a
nearly equilateral triangle; a group of three stout spines at base of and between.the antenne,
as in Anisota; surface of the integument more rugose than in Anisota, and the spines a little
stouter; the cremaster is long, slender, narrow, rather deeply divided at the end, but not differ-
ing from that of Anisota.

Vol. 9—05 5

64 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The short maxille of A. bicolor, the only species whose pupa has been examined, show that
these appendages have been aborted in some ancestral form.

Geographical distribution.—A South and Central American genus; the more primitive gen-
eralized forms being neogweic—i. e., Brazilian, and extending into the Argentine Republic. The *
North American species extend from Mexico into the Southwestern States and northward along
the Mississippi Valley and Atlantic coast—i. e., inhabiting the Austro-riparian and southern and
middle portions of the Appalachian subprovinces.

Synonymical history.—Although Herrich-Schaeffer’s name Adelocephala has the priority,
Walsh’s name Sphingicampa is much more descriptive and applicable. He not only described
the imago, but gave a detailed description of the larva and pupa. Adelocephala was apparently

Fic. 7.—Distribution of the genus Adelocephala,

first proposed in JZS, by Boisduval, but the first printed and published mention of it is to
be found in Herrich-Schaeffer’s Aussereuropiiischer Schmetterlinge, as mentioned above in
the synonomy. Boisduyal’s Othorene can not be separated from his Adelocephala, while, in the
future, when its transformations are known, A. albol/neata may be found sufliciently distinct to
be assigned to a separate genus.

Until we know the details of the life history of each species of this genus it would not be
advisable to split it up into distinct genera. After carefully working out, with what material I
have had, the larval forms and histories, and the head and antennal characters, as well as the

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 695

venation and genital armature of the moths, I do not find it possible to divide up the genus,
although it would be most desirable if so apt a name as Walsh’s Sphingicampa could be retained.
The most aberrant species as regards its venation is A. a/bolinecata, and when we know the larva,
and have studied the male genitalia, this species may have to be referred to a separate genus.

I searcely think that from the facts here given Doctor Dyar is warranted in referring all
the species of Adelocephala which have simple antenn in the female to Syssphinx. That name
should obviously be retained for S. molina alone unless S. peters// should prove to be a member
of that genus.

The larva of Syssphinx molina differs from any of those of Adelocephala in the general
reduction of the spines. In venation it approaches nearest to A. /écolor in vein II], and in the
size and shape of the discal cell of the fore and hind wings; the antenn do not seem to afford
in this subfamily reliable characters. As regards venation, A. a/holineata is the most aberrant,
while A. bicolor, A. heiligbrodtii, and A. subangulata form a group by themselves; and A. disecta,
with A. montezuma, are closely allied+

If we consider the ¢ genital armature, Adelocephala may be divided into three groups:
1, with the claspers rounded, A. bisecta and heilighrodtii; 2, claspers acute, with the suranal
plate and penis very different from 1, S. bicolor; 3, A. subangulata, in which the armature differs
from all the other species examined.

In his diagnosis of Othorene, Boisduval states that the female antennx are pectinated. He
places under this genus the following species: A. cadmus, jason, fallax, mexicana, and wardii.
Doctor Dyar considers the pectination of the female antenne as a generic character, and places
A. bicolor and cadmis in Adelocephala, referring A. bisecta, A. heilighrodtii, and five Brazilian
species to Syssphinx. However interesting this difference in the female antennze may be, the
two groups regarded as genera by Dyar appear to contain quite incongruous material, and do not
appear to us to be natural genera, as genera go.

Until the larval forms of all the species of Adelocephala are known it would scarcely be
possible to present a natural classification, or to make an attempt at a phylogeny of the numerous
species of this genus.

It seems evident that 4. anthonilis, whose larva has well-developed prothoracic dorsal spines,
is one of the most primitive species. Then would come our Brazilian larva (Pl. TI, fig. 1), and
that of Adelocephala brevis, figured by Peters (Pl. III, fig. 5); also A. Jeweantha, of which
Boisduval says: ** La collerette est garnie dune rangée de petites pointes assez saillantes;” also,
that the dorsal abdominal spines are of equal length, while the dorsal and caudal horns ‘‘sont un
peu dentelées.”

Then would follow the larve with long, even, dorsal spines, except those on the prothoracie
segment, which are reduced to button-like tubercles, as A. swbangulata (Peters, Pl. IIT., fig. 4).
These would be succeeded by the more specialized species, in which the abdominal dorsal spines
are short and long on alternate segments, including A. wardi/ and our United States species.

We are therefore under the circumstances compelled to begin with the most recent and best-
known species, A. bécolor, and the others occurring in the United States, and then consider
those of Central, and lastly those of South America, though the genus originated in Neogwa.

ADELOCEPHALA BICOLOR (Harris).
Plate XIX, fig. 3;

Dryocampa bicolor Harris, Rep. Ins. Mass., p. 293. 1841; Treatise ins. inj. veg., p. 408. 1862.
Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 232. 1862.

Sphingicampa distigma Wats, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 290. Feb., 1864.

Sphingicampa bicolor (?) Watsx, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, p- 293. Feb., 1864.

Anisota bicolor Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, p. 93. June, 1864.

Dryocampa bicolor PAcKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, p. 384. Nov., 1864.

Adelocephala bicolor and yar. immaculata Jewett, Papilio, II, p. 144. 1882.

Adelocephala bicolor var. suprema NeuMoEGEN, Ent. Amer., I, p. 94. 1885.

Sphingicampa bicolor Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 740. 1892.

Sphingicampa bicolor NrvMorGEN and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., II, p. 148. Dec., 1894.

Adelocephala bicolor Dy ar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, p. 428. May 13, 1901.

66 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva.
Plates XLV and XLVI.
Walsh, B. D., Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., IX, p. 292. Feb., 1864. Last stage, also pupa.

Jewett, HI. S., Papilio, II, p. 38. March, 1882. All stages. Also egg.

Packard, A. S., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. Mar. 17, 1893, p. 147. Egg and Jarval stages, fig. 2, spines.

Imago.—2 8, 29. Head visible from above; front moderately wide; palpi very short,
maxillxe not visible. Antenne of ¢ with short joints; bipectinate on the basal three-fourths,
tip filiform, but the single pectinations are distinct, quite well developed, though not ending in
aseta; in 2 antenne unipectinate, i. e., the -pectinations of basal pairs thick, subclayate, and
well developed to a little beyond the middle, the longest pectinations being nearly twice as long
as the joint bearing them; the filiform tip with minute teeth. Head, thorax, and fore wings
ocherous or isabella, often pinkish ocherous.

Fore wings with the costa more convex on the outer half than usual: apex obtuse, outer edge
full and convex, inner angle much rounded. The two sexes are much alike, so that it is difficult
to distinguish them by the shape of the wings or their coloration. Fore wings ocherous or
isabella brown, with thick-set, dusky strigeze. Basal line obsolete, extradiscal line faint, diffuse,
dusky, sinuous, ending on the costa rather far from the apex; it is interrupted by the veins. In
one ¢ the wing beyond this line is pinkish. Two distinct conspicuous white discal
dots, varying in size, those on the same wing not equal in size; sometimes one
or all are nearly obsolete or wanting.

Hind wings not quite reaching to end of the abdomen in either sex; pale or
dark roseate; paler, almost ocherous on the outer margin and on the costa; in
one ¢ the pink is of a rich and dark color, deepening in hue toward the base of
the wing.

Underside of fore wings deep roseate, paler beyond the diffuse extradiscal line
and on the costal edge ocherous. Hind wings pale pinkish ocherous, clear, with
large, dusky strigze. No discal spots on the wings of either pair. Abdomen of the
g somewhat flattened, tufted at the end; in both sexes pinkish above and beneath.
Legs dark: fore legs of 3 with a broad, flat leaf-like tibial sack, sharp at the end
and about half as long as the tibia itself. (For the yenation see Pl. LVII, figs.
ileal 1b.)

Expanse of fore wings— ¢ 60-75 mm.; 9 78mm. Length of a fore wing—
$ 26-35 mm.; 9 34 mm. Breadth of a fore wine— ¢ 13-15 mm.; 2 18 mm.;
length of hind wing—é 18-24 mm.; 9° 22 mm. Breadth of hind wing—
14-15 mm.; 9 15 mm.

It varies in the ocherous hue of the fore wings, in the pink hue of the hind
wings, and in the-presence or absence of the discal dots, though they are usually
present, and in the presence or absence of the extradiscal line.

The ° antennx are pectinated and the other secondary sexual characters are
slightly developed. The body of the male is feminine in appearance, the abdomen
z being full and thick; the hind wing in both sexes is of nearly the same size and

the coloration is the same.
Fig. §.—Antenna of Geographical distribution.—New Jersey (a single specimen taken on the coast,
A. bicolor, Female. Smith): Lowa (var. suprema), Cedar Rapids, lowa (G. H. Berry); Columbus, Ohio
(W. N. Tallant); Dayton, Ohio (Jewett); Kentucky; North Carolina (Harris); Arkansas (Grote).
Not reported from Mexico. (See Map I.)

This species is evidently distributed throughout the southern Appalachian subprovince, and
with little doubt ranges over the entire Austroriparian subprovince, and may be found to extend
into Texas and Mexico.

Edwards's var. Zmmuculata & and ¢@ only differ, as I find on examining his types in the
American Museum of Natural History, in the speckles being obsolete, though in the g there are
traces of them to be seen. They are from Dayton, Ohio,

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 67

Dr. H. S. Jewett has already (Papilio, II, pp. 38 and 144) fully described the ege and the
larval and pupal stages of this interesting insect, and I have only to add some details omitted by
him. My deseriptions were drawn up from living specimens, supplemented by examination of
the alcoholic specimens of the different stages. We hayeé, perhaps, a no more interesting and
beautiful caterpillar, whether we consider its peculiar appendages, its rich and gorgeous colora-
tion, or its defensive habits, and the most carefully described details will not be superfluous in
comparing the different stages with those of its allies, Citheronia regalis and Eacles ‘iperialis,
and the allied South American forms. I am indebted to my friend, Mr. W. N. Tallant, of
Columbus, Ohio, for sending mea good supply of eggs from which the second or July brood
of larve hatched. The food plant is the honey locust (Gleditschia triacanthos), though Doctor
Jewett adds Gymnocladus canadensis, or Kentucky coffee-tree.

Fgg.—Flattened oval, disk-like, each end alike. Length, 1.8 mm.; width, 1.5 mm. At
first green in color, as the embryo grows, states Jewett, the egg becomes biconcave and changes
to yellowish brown, and from thirty-six to forty-eight hours before hatching the head of the
larva shows through as a dark brown spot. The egg is about one-half as large as that of ucles
umperialis, Wut of the same shape. The shell under a lens appears smooth, like parchment;
under a one-half inch objective the surface is seen to be ornamented with very faint polygonal
impressed areas, which are much fainter and less easy to detect than those of the egg of £.
tmperialis. The swollen nucleus or bubble in each polygon is very indistinct.

It is interesting to compare the sculpturing of the shell with that of A. ¢imperdal/s and Cith-
eronia regalis, the former being intermediate between Adelocephala and Citheronia. In £.
inperialis the shell is sculptured a little more distinctly with irregular polygonal imprints which
are not so closely crowded as in Citheronia, and the median raised nucleus or bubble is pale but
tolerably distinct. Length, 3 mm.; width, 2.5 mm. In the shell of the egg of C. regalis the
polygonal impressed cells are easily recognized under the microscope and faintly detected under
a strong lens. The cell imprints are much more distinct and more crowded than in the two other
genera, while the median nucleus or bubble is more prominent and darker; it varies in diameter
in different cells, being from about a third to a half as wide as the cell itself. The walls are quite
irregular and not always distinct.

Larva stage I.—(Described four to five hours after hatching.) Length, 4mm. The head is
large, rounded, smooth, unarmed, except with a few scattered tapering dark hairs; -it is blackish
chestnut; it is wider than the body and slightly wider than the prothoracic segment, which is
broad and flaring in front, as in Anisota; it is rather higher than wide, and on the vertex
slightly bilobed, and is paler in front than behind. The terminal joint of the antenna is slightly
bulbous and bears, besides the tactile bristle, about three olfactory rods.

The body is subeylindrical, a little flattened, but not so much so as in Anisota. The protho-
racic segment is broad and flattened, smooth and unarmed, except with about a dozen dark small
hairs. On each side of the second and third thoracic segments is a subdorsal pair of remarkable
movable spines, nearly two-thirds as long as the body, which open and close together like great
arms, spreading apart, or directed forward and outward more or less constantly while walking, the
creature at this age being rather active; they are evidently at this period defensive or deterrent
organs; they are stout, thick at the base, those of each pair close together at their base; they
slowly taper toward the end, and are armed with 12-14 short, thick, blunt, dark spines. At the
end of the spine isa remarkable bulbous expansion somewhat chestnut shaped, being a little
flattened and subtriangular, broad at the end, from each side of which arises a small slender
tubercle bearing a blunt, stout, dark, rod-like spine about a third longer than the tubercle. The
appendages themselves are dark chestnut, pale amber at base and on the outer third, but the
bulbous tip is dark reddish black. Those of the the third thoracic segment are very slightly
shorter than the pair in front, and in each pair the outer, i. e., subdorsal spine is the shorter.
These horn-like appendages are flexible, especially near the end, and are sometimes bent over
and around, so as to form a decided bow or curve, or even a nearly complete circle. Compared

68 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

with those of C/theronia regalis, which they most nearly resemble, those of Hacles imperialis
being forked at the end, the bulbous tips are a little longer, but still of the same general shape
and size.

Along the abdominal segments are six rows of very long and slender conical tubercles (7), giy-
ing rise each to a single black seta, which is about a third longer than the tubercle. There are
thus eight setiferous tubercles on each segment (1-7), the lowest of which, one on each side, is
situated just above the base of the legs, and has a double base (7), sending off posteriorly at
nearly right angles to the main tubercle a small lateral one, which emits a black bristle. Tubercle
7/7 is also present, being about as high as 7 is thick at the base. On the eighth segment is a very
large, stout, acute, bright-red horn, which is borne either erect or directed a little forward. It
ends in two long, slender tubercles, each bearing a bristle about as long as the tubercle, and along
the trunk are several long spinose tubercles, each ending in a black bristle. The dorsal median
tubercle on the ninth segment is broader than long, being transverse, and bears two bristles.
The suranal plate is rather narrow, much narrower than long, and ending in two long, slender
tubercles, each bearing a dark bristle, besides four other bristles on the plate. The anal legs are
provided with a dark patch on the side and bear below two long bristles, while there are three
black bristles on the base of each middle abdominal leg. There are sixteen (possibly eighteen)
crochets on each of the abdominal legs.

The body in general is pale green, with a slight yellowish tinge. There is a median linear
dorsal line along the body, and on each side are four narrow dark lines on a green ground, the
two middle lines being diffuse and inclosing a dark band and bearing a row of bristles.

The freshly-hatched larva spins a silk thread, which after a while is annoying to the observer
from its being in the way and adhering to the leaves of its food plant.

The larva, July 17.—Just before molting. Length, 7-9 mm. (fig. 2). The head is now
small, black, one-half as wide as the body, which is filled out from tive days’ feeding. The long-
est thoracic spines are scarcely one-third as long as the body, and all are pale reddish amber at
base and on the outer third, the terminal knobs being black-brown. The caudal horn is also pale
reddish amber at base. The dorsal tubercles of abdominal segments 1-7 bear a minute line at the
base behind. There is now a definite, broad, white lateral stripe along the abdominal segments
(not appearing on the thoracic), which is bordered above by a dark, thread-like, brownish, spiracu-
lar line, inclosing the spiracles, which are minute and difficult to detect. Above the spiracular
line is a linear distinct white line, and above this is the pale-green subdorsal stripe, diffusely
edged on each side with a darker tint. There is a median, small, rounded, amber-colored, dorsal
tubercle on the ninth segment, which is double, bearing two bristles. The end of the suranal
plate is reddish amber, bifurcate and bearing black bristles (fig. 2). There isa dark patch on
the outside of the anal legs.

Stage I1.—Molted July 18 and 19. Length, 10 mm. (fig. 3). The head is now high,
slightly angular on the sides; black-brown with a light brown or greenish lateral stripe on each
side, diverging from the light-green vertex to the antenne, the two stripes varying from pale
brown to green. The great spines (both thoracic and caudal) are of about the same proportions
and colors as in stage I, except that the eight thoracic spines, which are still no shorter in pro-
portion to the body, being still one-third as long as the body, are not so much swollen at the
end, the bulb being shorter and broader and the spines larger, making a more decided fork
(fig. 3, 7), and thus resembling those of Hucles 7mperialis. The setiferous tubercles on each seg-
ment are now rather large, conical, the two dorsal ones (7) large and stout, twice as large as the
subdorsal (77) and Jateral ones, and all being lemon-yellow (less greenish than before), bearing a
terminal black spine, and with a second minute piliferous tubercle growing out from the side.

The dorsal lines have almost disappeared, there being a subdorsal, pale, alinost whitish line,
besides a faint, narrow, dorsal, greenish line. The lateral ridge is now prominent and bright
lemon yellowish, forming a distinct broken line, bearing in the middle of each segment a very
slender, blackish, piliferous wart. A dark reddish purple, narrow, spiracular line. Between
this and the yellow line is a white stripe and another narrower one above it, while still above is

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 69

another reddish purple line. Otherwise the markings are the same. The suranal plate, however,
is edged with lemon-yellow, being the continuation of the lateral yellow band.

Thoracic and abdominal legs ‘* green tipped with brown” (Jewett).

An examination of fig. 9 (in the text) will illustrate better than a prolix verbal description the
appearance of the spines in stages I and II of this species. They are all drawn with the camera,
and it is to be observed that the ‘‘ horns” are more like those of C/theronia regalis than Lacles
imperialis. a, one of the horns on the second thoracic segment; a’, the extremity enlarged,
showing the circular corrugations; @’’, the same more magnified; a’, a terminal spine enlarged,
showing its mode of insertion; it contains a central mass of minute globules; 4, the first
abdominal segment enlarged to show the position of the dorsal, subdorsal, supraspiracular and
spiracular stripes, the latter inclosing the spiracle; also the position of the four spines, one dorsal
(i), one subdorsal (ii), and two infraspiracular; the spines are all minutely barbed: c, a dorsal
spine (7), bearing a spinule (ii) at its base; @, ‘*caudal horn” or medio-dorsal spine on eighth
abdominal segment; ix, that on the ninth segment; it is small, conical, and forked at the end,
each fork bearing a long seta. All the foregoing in stage I. fa ‘‘horn” from the second
thoracic&egment, stage II; the two terminal spines have entirely changed in shape, being larger
and longer and bearing a tapering fine
bristle; a third smaller conical tubercle
has appeared near the base of one of the
forks. The spinules on the trunk now
bear a bristle; e, “caudal horn” of stage
II; now large and high, deeply forked at
the end; the spines or tubercles cn the
trunk of the horn now bear each a slender
bristle.

Stage I1[.—Molted July 26,27. Length,
13-15 mm. (Pl. XLVI, fig. 1). The head is
now much larger, high, the face subtrian-
gular, not black as before, with a green
lateral stripe, but pea-green with a yellow
stripe on each side, shaded more or less
with black between the yellow V; and on
the outside, in one example, the black is
reduced to a diffuse patch inside, while in
another larva it is outside of the yellow VY.
The head is now nearly as wide as the
body.

The eight horns are still about one-third
as long as the whole body and are now paler than before, being reddish chestnut and yellow at
base, with black spinules and blackish at the tips, which are now not bulbous, but irregularly
forked, the fork much shallower than in stage II; they are thicker than before, and the outer
ones of the first pair are much shorter than the dorsal ones. The spines along the body are
larger and stouter than before, with shorter sete; the tubercles at base are deeper yellow than
before, tipped with black, while the high, conical, or (sometimes) rounded granulations are snow-
white. The Jateral yellow stripe along the body is more distinct than before; it is bordered
above with pure white, and above this is the linear dark purple spiracular line, shaded above
more distinctly than in the preceding stage with deep blue-green or verdigris-green; the caudal
horn considerably higher than before, being one-fifth as long as the whole body; it is pink, with
white spines bearing black bristles. The larva also differs from that of stage I] in the suranal
plate, which is more deeply forked, the forks being thicker, larger, and with several tubercles;
the sides of the plate are heavily spined and on the surface are about six central, small, conical]
spines. Now, the dorsal abdominal spines are distinctly ivory-white on the outer side from the
base up to the dark tip. The spiracles are much larger than before, distinctly interrupting the
dark purple spiracular line, which is paler than before.

Fic. 9.—A. bicolor, armature of stages I and IT.

70 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Stage IV.—It is possible that the larva described by me in the Proceedings of the American
Philosophical Society were small or freshly molted specimens, since an alcoholic specimen
represented by fig. 2, 20 mm. in length, and in which the dorsal abdominal spines are small, not
being differentiated as in the last stage, evidently is in the stage before the last. In this stage,
also, the two dorsal spines on the first abdominal segment are simpler and a little smaller than
those on the succeeding segment.

I therefore copy Doctor Jewett’s description of this stage, which gives the markings and
colors:

**Larve passed their third molt June 13, three-fourths to seven-eighths of an inch long,
nearly cylindrical, green. Head green, bilobed, minutely pubescent. Mandibles brown, covered
with minute hairs. First segment at first as in last molt, but toward the end of this molt it
becomes very prominent and subtriangular in shape, with a yellowish-white line on each side of
anterior border, running from near the dorsal to the stigmatal line. The protuberances on the
second and third segments have now lost the knobs at their extremities and are brown in some
larvee and green in others. The only other changes are that the horn-shaped tubercles on the
fifth to tenth segments are now larger and more prolonged, and are pink on the inside @nd have
the appearance of burnished silver externally, and the stigmatal line is occupied by a marked
band of color, consisting of a dark carmine line (passing through the inconspicuous green stig-
mata), bordered above by a narrow pale blue and below by a white line. The legs of some larye
are green and of others brown. Prolegs of some, green, and in others green tipped with brown.
In some lary the stigmatal space has numerous small black tubercles on each segment; in
others there are no black tubercles.”

Stage V (figs. 3, 37).—Not seen to molt, but it probably occurred August 1 or 2. Length,
25-28 mm. The head is, as before, with two yellow stripes, one on each side, and bordered more
or less on each side, especially in front, with black. The four pairs of thoracic horns are now
but little longer than the body is thick and are reddish flesh-color, dark at the slender, slightly
forked tips, and yellowish green at the base.“ The ‘caudal horn” is now considerably shorter
in proportion than before, being about two-thirds as long as the body is thick, and is of the same
peculiar deep flesh-red as the thoracic horns. The sharp, stout, spine-like tubercles on the fourth
and sixth abdominal segments are slightly over twice as large and thick as the other dorsal
tubercles, which are as in the previous stage, and bear a verticil of from three to five short, blunt
spinules; they are now silvery white on the outside (Jewett says burnished silver). The lateral
yellow, carmine, white and blue bands are much as before. The increase in size of this stage
over the preceding one is noticeable.

In his account of this stage Jewett states that the head is ‘*green, bilobed, minutely
pubescent,” also that the thoracic horns had lost their knobs at their extremities; but this takes
place at the time of the second molt.

In a larva 20 mm. long, and probably of stage LV, the lateral band is tricolored, marked
with straw-yellow, the yellow inclosing the base of the black spines. Jewett says: ‘* The legs of
some laryee are green and of others brown. Prolegs of some green and in others green tipped
with brown. In some larvee the stigmatal space has numerous small, black tubercles on each
segment; in others there are no black tubercles.”

The following description of another larva, drawn up October 10 and in the last stage, may
be useful:

Pl. XLVI, fig. 3.—Length, 24 mm. Body rather thick. Head remarkably Sphinx or
Smerinthus-like, as wide as the body, flattened in front, broad below about the mouth, but nar-
rowing toward the vertex, as in Sphinx; the skin rough; with two lateral, rather broad, yellow
lines, which arise from the base of the antenns and converging nearly meet on the vertex;
across the upper division of the clypeus is a blackish band which adjoins a black blotch on each
side, and which touches the yellow line. Labrum pale yellowish, blackish in the middle; eye-
patch and mandibles black.

”

a Jewett says the spines are ‘‘brown in some larvie and green in others.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. Zl

Prothoracic segments very slightly wider than the rest of the body in front; the front edge
flaring and rising up somewhat collar-like; this edge armed with a single row of white tubercles,
about 10 on each side of the segment, those above nearly adjoining at base and tinged with
yellow; those on the sides below pure snow-white; behind the front edge are feur small but
distinct white warts, two in the middle.

The second and third thoracic segments each with two widely separated pairs of horns, not
quite so thick as the caudal horn, each about two-thirds as long as the segments bearing them
are wide; they are slightly recurved and scattered over them are conical, white tubercles which are
irregular and blunt at the end; they are yellowish at base, near the middle becoming dark pink
and at tip reddish black-brown. On the front edge of the second thoracic segment between the
horns is a row of three conical sharp tubercles, with a similar and some minute ones on each
side, while on the third segment are two similar white warts.

Across the dorsal side of the abdominal segments 1-7 are two rows of white, sharp, conical
tubercles; two of those on the front edge of each segment being longer and sharper than the
others and directed backwards. On these same segments (1-7) is a third set of curious tubercles,
mostly large, conical and black internally, but on the outside shining opalescent pearl or silvery
white, and resplendent, glittering brightly by lamplight. Of these curious spines those on the
first abdominal segment are smallest, and those on segments 4-6 are largest, being about one-
third as long as the caudal horn; the pair on segment 6 being the largest. The ‘‘caudal horn”
on the eighth segment is large, with a few white tubercles, those at the end of the horn being
reddish; the tip is slightly forked, there being two minute tubercles; all those on the sides of the
horn bear a short, fine hair. In the middle of the ninth abdominal segment and in a position
homologous with the caudal horn, isa minute, short, median, white wart, which is reddish at the
base. The suranal plate and hind legs are very large, the surface rough and heavily warted,
especially on the edges; the lower edge of the anal legs and suranal plate are interrupted with
black. “The eighth and ninth segments and base of the suranal plate are a little wider than the
middle abdominal segments. The suranal plate is a little longer than wide, subacutely triangular,
the tip forked and ending in two rather large tubercles, which are greenish at the end, blackish at
base, with a little transverse median black stripe in front.

The stigmata are deep flesh-colored, with a slit in the middle, whitish, especially at the end.
The stigmatal line along the side of abdominal segments 1-8 is whitish, edged above with purple,
and still above washed irregularly with livid, greenish blue, while from the eighth segment to
the tip of the suranal plate the line is straw-yellow. Below, near the base of the feet, is a lateral
row of sharp, black spines; there are several on the sides of the thoracic segments, and
one rather large one under each spiracle, with smaller, sharp ones below. The thoracic
legs are black; the middle abdominal legs large, greenish, with two or three alternating
rows of sharp, black spines near the base, and also with fine, white tubercles like those on the
rest of the body. Along the middle of the under side of the body the skin is immaculate green.

Stage V and last.—Length, 35-38 mm. (Jewett says from two to two and a half inches
when fully grown). The head is now not angular but rounded, though slightly narrowing and
produced above; dark pea-green, considerably darker than the body; with a broad, yellow band
beginning on the antennz and fading out on the vertex. The ocelli are black: the mandibles
black; the anterior lobes of the labrum brown, including the palpi. The head is about two-
thirds as wide as the body, the surface covered with fine minute granulations arranged in groups
(only seen under a strong, Tolles lens).

The body is thick; the prothoracic segment short, and not so wide as the second thoracic
segment. It is unarmed; its front edge witha transverse series of white, bead-like warts set
close together. Behind, the body is thick, being of the same thickness as faras the eighth
abdominal segment. Second and third thoracic segments each with two pairs of very large spines,
which are about two-thirds as long as the body is thick; the outer one of each pair is slightly
shorter and slenderer than the inner, but those of both pairs are alike in size; they are roseate,
pale coral-red and not so near in tint to the spines of the food-plant as in the young; when the

2 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

caterpillar is at rest they are held close together in a recurved position and in the grown-up larva
when touched they are not moved or the body jerked in response to such stimulus. They are
adorned with white, blunt spines, which are often tipped with black.

** The ‘sitver horns’ on the third to the sixth abdominal segments are now one-sixteenth to
one-eighth of an inch long, bright pink inside and burnished silver externally. The number of
these ‘silver horns’ varies in different larvee, some having them only on the fourth and sixth
abdominal segments; others have them on the fifth, seventh, and ninth segments; still others have
them on the second, fourth, sixth, and seventh segments.” (Papilio, Il, 49.) *‘I have now to
add that this year I reared three laryze having these silyer horns on every segment except the
twelfth; still the imagines from these three lary did not differ from the ordinary form.”
(Jewett, Papilio, II, 144.)

The horn on the eighth abdominal segment is now only about one-fourth shorter and thicker
than the thoracic spines, and is of the same color and structure, the spinules being conical,
rounded, blunt, white, and bearing a fine bristle.

On abdominal segments 1-7 are two dorsal rows of acutely conical spines, which are recurved
and directed backward. Those on the fourth and sixth abdominal segments are twice or thrice
as large as those on the other segments (1-3 and 4 and 7), and provided with three or four blunt
spinules; the spines themselves are roseate on the inner side, and externally brilliantly painted
with a pearly silvery white, giving off all the colors of the rainbow during the movements of the
animal. The corresponding spines on the other segments are painted in the same fashion, though
less brilliantly.

I find, as did Jewett, that the number of the dorsal **silver horns” varies, one larva haying
but two pairs, one on the fourth the other on the sixth abdominal segment, while in another
there is a pair on the second abdominal segment (fig. 3). The degree of specialization of these
dorsal spines varies, but those of the first abdominal segment are always smaller than any behind,
both in stages IV and V. This stage in armature differs from IV in the much shorter and
stouter thoracic horns, and in the differentiation of the two or three pairs of dorsal abdominal
silvery spines.

On the side of the body from the third thoracic horns to the eighth abdominal spiracle is a
bicolored stripe; it is pure marble-white below, and above rosy purple, and is interrupted by the
wax-colored spiracles, which extend aboye the upper limits of the reddish line. The suranal
plate is very large and long, deeply divided at the end, the two forks being, like the surface,
coarsely granulated with stout short conical spines; the plate is green, with the edge straw-
yellow. There is a minute median spine on the ninth abdominal segment. Each abdominal
segment with two dorsal transyerse rows of white, bead-like, course granulations. Below the
bicolored lateral stripe is a black, double, conical spine on each segment, and underneath on
abdominal segments 1, 2, 7,and 8 is a group of unequal, smaller, black, sharp spines. The body
beneath is granulated with white, and also on the sides, as well as above.

The thoracic legs are black, partly greenish beneath; the abdominal legs, including the anal
pair, are greenish, with a group of singular black piliferous spines, while some of the spines are
tipped with white.

The general color of the body is of nearly the same hue as the under side of the leaves of
the honey-locust, and thus colored it is partly assimilated and protected by its color, while the
horns are in general like the spines of its food plants. On the other hand, the gleaming silvery
spines certainly render the creature conspicuous, as well as the lateral parti-colored band.

It would appear probable that the formidable spines of the grown-up caterpillar save it not
infrequently from being swallowed by birds; though the horns are probably of greater use in
the earlier stages, when they are much longer and much more moyable, in frightening away
ichneumons and Tachine. For example, even when 20 mm. in length, a larva was seen when teased
to spread apart its great arm-like horns, while the full-fed ones did not notice such stimulus.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. te

SUMMARY OF THE SALIENT FEATURES IN THE ONTOGENY OF ADELOCEPHALA BICOLOR.
A.— Congenital characters of the larva, all appearing in stage I.

1. The two pairs of enormous spines of second and third thoracic segments, one-half as long
as the body, and ending in a two-spined, large, flattened, dark bulb; freely movable and plainly
defensive in function.

2. The large, reddish, spiny ** caudal horn,” on the eighth uromere, ending in two bristles.

3. The double piliferous tubercle on the ninth uromere, becoming obsolete in stages IV and V.

4, The abdominal region is longitudinally striped with dark and whitish bands, but there are
no transverse marks in stage I or in later stages.

B.— Evolution of lata adaptational characters.

1. The head slightly angular, face subtriangular, with a light brown or greenish lateral
stripe (stages II-V).

2. Appearance of a transverse row of dorsal granulations on the hinder end of each segment
in stage II, persisting through larval life.

3. The eight thoracic spines lose their bulbous tips, and become simply slightly forked in
stage II], and later.

4. The two dorsal spines of uromeres 1-7 are in stage II larger than the others; in stage
III they become ivory-white externally, and in stage LV larger and silvery white on the outside.

5. In the last two stages the eight thoracic spines become yery much shorter in proportion
to the size of the body and become less movable; as they decline in size and functional impor-
tance, the metallic, silvery, dorsal spines on the abdominal segments become conspicuous and
apparently useful to the larva.

One larva, 36-37 mm. in length, ceased feeding August 7, and began to pupate, but I did
not carry any into the pupa stage. é

What Doctor Jewett means by saying that ‘* the larvee change only in size during the last
moult,” we do not understand, as the increase, so far as we have noticed, is gradual from stage I
to V, as in other larve. The brood which Doctor Jewett raised in Ohio ** began to quit feeding
on the 20th of June, entering the ground within a few hours after ceasing to eat. Then they
pupated within an oval cell lined with a thin cocoon of silk, but first casting its skin on the 24th.
The pupa is at first bright green, but changes to jet black in a few hours.

**Imagines began to appear on July 3, and had nearly all emerged by July 10. The insect
is three-brooded here, hibernating in pupa. Although the large majority of each brood follows
the cycle of development as described, yet a few of each brood are much slower in making their
changes. Thus a few of the brood did not complete their growth till the end of July, and three
pup, formed June 26, are still alive (February 28), having hibernated. Other pup of the
same brood disclosed their imagines at various periods during July and August. This accounts
for the fact that larve in all stages of development may be found at any time throughout the
summer tili frost kills their food-plants.” (Jewett.)

The Sphingid aginities.—This is the most Sphinx-like of any ceratocampid or other bom-
bycid I know, resembling sphingid caterpillars in the following characters:

1. The shape of the head and its markings. kK

2. The shape of the body.

3. The caudal horn.

4. The large, square, heavy anal legs.

5. The skin granulated with small white tubercles.

6. The sphingid attitude.

One can, when we take into account the larve alone, well imagine that the Sphinges are, as
claimed by Mr. E. B. Poulton, descended from the Ceratocampide. This yiew is also borne
out by the structure and subterranean habits of the pupa, and the structure of the moth, as
already stated. :

74 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pupa.—(P\. LVI, figs. 3,4.) According to Jewett the pupa is at first bright green, but changes
to jet black in a few hours. Body nearly cylindrical, the anterior extremity being nearly
hemispherical and the posterior extremity tapering rapidly in the last two segments to a blunt
point, which is extended into a bipronged spine three-sixteenths of an inch iong. **The sur-
face of the hemispherical portion is studded with minute, sharp, triangular points. Wing cases
small, covering only the sides and under surface of the anterior one-third of the pupa. Four of
the abdominal segments are separated by a broad, deep sulcus; the anterior and posterior margins
of these segments are armed with a row of minute, sharp spines.” Length, 24 mm. Without
examples of the pupx of other species it is impossible to correctly define these of the present
species.

The eggs (in Ohio) were deposited May 26 and hatched May 31 (Jewett).

Food plants.—Spiny locust (Gleditschia triacanthos); Kentucky coffee tree (Gymnocladus
canadensis).

Habits.—The lary in Ohio began to stop feeding June 20, entering the ground within a
few hours after ceasing to eat. ‘* There they pupated within an oval cell lined with a thin cocoon
of silk, the first casting its skin on the 24th . . . Imagines began to appear on July 3, and had
nearly all emerged by July 10. The laryz pupate readily on the bottom of the breeding cage if
ground is not furnished them. In this case they build no cocoon.”

‘The insect is 3-brooded here, hibernating in pupa. Although the large majority of each
brood follows the cycle of development as described, yet a few of each brood are much slower in
making their changes. Thus a few of the brood did not complete their growth till the end of
July, and three pup formed June 26 are still alive (February 28), having hibernated. Other
pup of the same brood disclosed their imagines at various periods during July and August.
This accounts for the fact that larve in all stages of development may be found at any time
throughout the summer till frost kills their food plants, which are Gled/tschia triacanthos L.
(honey locust or three-horned acacia) and Gymnocladus canadensis Lam. (Kentucky coffee tree).”

Walsh, referring to the fact that he never saw the larva of Anésvta senator/a assume a
sphingid attitude, states that that of A. b/color invariably assumes this attitude in repose, **clasp-
ing at the same time the under surface of the main rib of the honey-locust leaf with its prolegs,
so as to be overshadowed and concealed by the leaflets” (1. ¢., p. 294).

Summary of the life history.—The larva hatching May 31 lived four days before the first
moult, which occurred June 4. The duration of stage II is four days; of stage III, five days; of
stage IV, four days, and of stage V, and last, three days. Entering the earth to pupate, it
remained in this state from twelve to thirteen days, the moths appearing from July 3 to 10. In
southern Ohio it is 8-brooded and hibernates as a pupa.

ADELOCHPHALA QUADRILINEATA Grote and Robinson.

Adelocephala quadrilineata Grorr and Rogrxson, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., I, p. 11, Pl. 1, fig. 2.—Drucr, Biol.
Centr. Amer., Lep. Het., I, p. 171, June, 1886; II, p. 414, Mar., 1897.

This rare species is very closely allied in the shape of the wings and markings to A. bécolor,
but differs, according to Grote and Robinson, in the simple antenne and in the distinct lines of
the upper surface of the fore wings.

Geographical distribution.—Jalapa, Coatepec, Orizaba, Mexico; city of Guatemala, Cande-
saria Mountains, Costa Rica (Druce). Dyar’s List records it from the Mississippi Valley.

Pupa.—l. Edwards states that in shape it is very like that of Anisota, but a little longer in
comparison. It is pitchy black throughout. The entire surface very rough, and covered with
minute raised spinés. The two rows of teeth on five last abdominal segments well marked. On
top of the head, first segment behind the head case, are two raised, shining, large, black tubercles.
The cremaster is very long. bifurcate, and extremely rough. Length, including the cremaster,
54 mm.; width, 16 mm. (Ent. Amer., IV, p. 62).

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 15

ADELOCEPHALA BISECTA (Lintner).
Pl. XX, fig. 13g, 149.

Anisota bisecta LINTNER, Can. Ent., XI, p. 10, 1879.

Sphingicampa bisecta yar. nebulosa NeumaGEN, Ent. Amer., VI, p. 63, 1890.

Sphingicampa bisecta Kirsy, Syn. Cat., Lep. Het., I, p. 740, 1892.—NEUM@GEN and Dyer, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc.,
II, p. 149, Dec., 1894.

Syssphinx bisecta Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., 1V, p. 428, May 13, 1901.

Larva.
Jewett, H. S., Papilio, II, p. 38, Mar., 1882.

Imago.— 8 Antenne of $ with shorter and broader joints, and a little longer pectinations than
in A. Aicolor; the distal third filiform, and without the short vestigial pectinations of that species.

The front of the head isa little wider than in A. b/color.

Fore wings with the costa straighter, the outer edge oblique, its course straighter, not so
full; hind wings shorter and rounder than in A. //color and not reaching so near the end of the
abdomen as in that species.

Body and wings rather pale in hue, ocherous; the thorax with a slight pinkish hue in the
middle; abdomen paler, uniform ocherous.

Fore wings without any distinct discal spot, only avery faint oval elliptical ring. The wing
is inside the extradiscal line nearly uniform ocherous, with but few dark specks or strigee, and
those minute and inconspicuous. Extradiscal line oblique, firm, not wavy or sinuous, a little
incurved on the costal edge before reaching the apex; the line is pale brown, edged externally
with pink, and the pink extends to the edge of the wing, including the fringe.

Hind wings rounded at the apex, full on the outer edge, and rounded at the inner angle;
ocherous, pink toward the base and inner edge, while the costal region and the outer third or
fourth is ocherous.

Under side of fore wings as above, but paler, the extradiscal oblique line is distinct and the
wing is pale ocherous within and pinkish beyond it, the wing also is pale ocherous toward the
costa and pink toward the inner edge. A large diffuse double smoky discal spot, not present in
S. bicolor. ind wings pale ocherous, with coarse dark specks toward the costa, the rest of the
wing clear of them; outer margin ocherous, becoming paler toward inner edge; a faint extradiscal
curved line which tends to fade out toward the inner edge. Legs dull pink red.

@ Antenne simple. Fore wings rounded, full, much as in A. 7co/or, but more rounded on
outer edge; hind wings rounded at the angles and excised, costally more than in A. b7color, without
spots and with no median band, fore wings beneath with a diffused brown discal spot. It is paler
ocherous, with a more distinct extradiscal line than in any other North American species.

Expanse of fore wings, $ 55 mm.; length of afore wing, ¢ 26 mm.; breadth of a fore wing,
$ 13 mm.; length of hind wing, ¢ 17 mm.; breadth of hind wing, ¢ 13 mm.

Resembles in shape of wings and head the Brazilian A. swhangulata more than any other
North American species. For the genital armature see Pl. LIX, figs. 2, 20.

Var. nebulosa, 9. The extradiscal line very distinct, blackish brown; discal spot prominent,
suffused with blackish brown grains. Hind wings of a rich yellow, with a beautiful roseate basai
hue, fading toward the center.

In the Neumeegen collection is an unnamed pair from Brazil of the size and shape of 1.
bisecta, but 2 much like A. bicolor. It seems to represent A. /7color in South America.

Larva.-—Dr. H. 8. Jewett briefly refers to the larva, as follows: ‘* A larva found by a friend
(by bushbeating) in company with 4/color larve, having no silver horns, but only the rudiments
on one segment, but otherwise resembling Jicolor larva so closely that he supposed it to be only
larval variation, disclosed ¢ An/sota bisecta Lint.” Papilio 11, p. 40 (footnote), L882.

Geographical distribution.—Austroriparian passing up into the Appalachian province:
Racine, Wis. (Hoy); Columbus, Ohio (W. N. Tallant); Kentucky (Doll); Texas (Meske,
Neumoegen). It has not yet been detected north of Kentucky and central Ohio (lat. 40°) nor
along the Atlantic coast. (See Map II.)

~I
oo

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ADELOCEPHALA HEILIGBRODTII (Harvey).
(Pl. XIX, fig. 5 g.)
Anisota heiligbrodtii Harvey, Can. Ent. IX, p. 110. June, 1877.
Sphingicampa heiligbrodtii Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 740. 1892.—NerumaGen and Dyar, Journ. N. Y.
Ent. Soe. II, p. 149. Dec., 1894.

Syssphine heiligbrodtii Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., LV, p. 428. May 13, 1901.

Imago.—1\ é. Antenne ¢ bipectinate, filiform on the outer third, with fine sete instead of
vestigial pectinations or teeth. Head and prothorax blackish; front of the head rather broader
than usual. Thorax gray behind, slashed with blackish.

Fore wings rather short and broad compared with the other species; costa straighter than in
A. bicolor, but not so much so as in A. b/secta, apex somewhat rounded, and outer edge moderately
convex, nearly as long as the inner edge, which is more convex than in A. 4/secta. In hue
uniformly iron-gray or hoary brown, including the fringe, with no distinct lines, but a minute
white discal dot, with sometimes traces of a second or twin dot.

Hind wings short and much rounded, not reaching so far back as in A. bzcolor, more as in
A. bisecta, not reaching much over one-half way beyond the middle of the abdomen, which is
rather long. In hue dull dark pink, gray-brown on the costal and on the outer edge; inner edge
pink; fringe gray-brown:; wings dusky pink at base. Discal spot large, round (2 to 24 mm. in
diameter).

Under side of fore wings dusky in the middle, dull pinkish along the veins; an indistinct
extradiscal brown line; costa gray. No discal spot.

Hind wings gray, with a slight pinkish hue, paler toward and along the outer edge. A large
round black discal spot. A faint diffuse extradiscal line disappearing toward the costa and inner
edge. Abdomen gray, with a faint ruddy tint.

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢,55 mm.; length of one fore wing, ¢,28mm.; breadth of one
fore wing, ¢, 14 mm.; length of a hind wing, ¢, 21 mm.; breadth of a hind wing, ¢, 15 min.

This species may be recognized by the fore wings being unusually rounded, by the obtuse
apex, the hind wings being also rounded. For the venation see Pl. XX XVIII, figs. 2, 2a.
Another distinctive mark is the dark gray or hoary brown fore wings, with the absence of dis-
tinct lines. The hind wings are dull pinkish, with a large black discal spot above and beneath.

Geographical distribution.—Bastrop County, Tex. (Heiligbrodt fide Meske); New Mexico
(Strecker). So far as known this moth is confined to central Texas and the southern portion of
New Mexico and Arizona.

Arizona (Neumeegen’). It has not yet been detected in Mexico or any other part of
Central America. (See Map III.)

ADELOCEPHALA ALBOLINEATA Grote and Robinson.
(Pl. XIX fig. 1 9.)
Adelocephala albolineata Grove and Rogixson, Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., VI, p. 7. pl. 1, fig. 7 ¢. 1866.

Adelocephala raspa Boispuvat, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 93, Pl. III, fig. 1, 1872.

Adelocephala albolineata Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 171. June, 1886.

Sphingicampa albolineata Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 740. 1892.—Nruma:cen and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent.

Soe. II, p. 150. Dee., 1894.

Imago.—1é,19. Antenne? (wanting). Head of moderate size, wide in front, narrowing
toa point at the labrum. Maxille (in 2) comparatively well developed, very slender, about as
long as the front is broad across the middle.

Head, thorax, and fore wings lemon-yellow-ocher, being brighter ocherous than usual. Edges
of the tegule white, forming two conspicuous diverging white lines, edged within with pale,
pearly gray, the hairs on the sides of the thorax at the base of the wings being of the same
gray hue.

Fore wings rather broad; costa straight, becoming arched toward apex, which is obtuse;
outer edge full and convex, inner angle well rounded. Hind wings broad, apex not much pro-

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 77

duced, outer edge full; the wings not reaching to the end of the abdomen in either sex, though
near it.

Fore wings lemon-ocherous in ¢, darker, with an olive tint in 9; basal line broad, very
distinet, snow white, much curved, beginning not on the inner edge, but at a point between that
and the costal edge of the wing and sweeping around so as to end on the costa a little before the
middle of the wing, and nearly touching the extradiscal line between veins IV and VI. Extra-
discal line snow white, broad, a little sinuous, extending from a point inside of the middle of the
inner edge to the apex, or nearer to it than in any other species. A small white discal dot.
Fringe, white.

Hind wings pale roseate in ¢, with the outer edge lemon-ocherous; fringe luteous or clay-
gray. In @ the entire wing is uniformly deep roseate and the fringe is white. A very slight
diffuse, dusky, discal discoloration. Extradiscal line curved, diffuse, arising on the middle of
the outer edge and ending before the apex.

Under side of fore wings paler than above, with a more faded appearan e; no lines except faint
indications; an irregular, squarish, smoky, dark discal spot. Hind wings of the same hue with
an irregular oyal dark discal spot a little smaller than that on the fore wings. Underside of 9?
whitish gray, washed with pink in the middle of the wings. <A large diffuse blackish irregular
discal spot. Hind wings the same, but the costal edge whitish, and discal discoloration smaller
than on fore wing. Extradiscal line whitish, quite indistinct.

Abdomen lemon-yellow in ¢, in 2 dull grayish pink, though lemon-yellow at base. Legs:
femora and tarsi grayish; a little dusky in 9. Tibial sack dark, leaf-shaped, acute, one-half as
long as the tibia itself, covered externally with hair-like scales.

Expanse of wings, ¢, 77mm.; 9,75 mm. Length of a fore wing, ¢, 40 mm.; 9, 38 mm.
Breadth of a fore wing, ¢,19mm.; 9,19 mm. Length of a hind wing, ¢ 24 mm.; 9 25 mm.
Breadth of a hind wing, ¢, 19 mm.; @ 20 mm.

A very gaudily marked and striking moth; the white lines on the thorax and fore wings
and the white fringe rendering it a very conspicuous and handsome insect.

Geographical distribution.—Thus far only known from the eastern tropical coast belt of
Mexico. Jalapa, Mexico (O. T. Barrett, H. Edwards); Oaxaca (Boisduval); City of Mexico,
(Hoge); Oaxaca, ‘‘apparently rare” (Druce).

ADELOCEHEPHALA MONTEZUMA sp. nov.
(Pl. XIX, fig. 6; XXX VII, figs. 3, 3a; LXI, fig. 3.)

This is perhaps the largest and finest species yet known from Central America.

Imago.—2 8. This species is very near the Brazilian S. fallax ¢, but differs in the discal
spot being small, white, and in the presence of an extradiscal line on the hind wings, while the
extradiscal line on the fore wings is not slightly curved, but straight in its course; otherwise
the figure represents very well my specimen. It is smaller than S. jason, which has a brown
diseal streak. The scalloped outer edge of the hind wings indicates that the species has undergone
a considerable degree of specialization.

Body and wings of a rich deep reddish-orange yellow, less ocherous than usual in the genus.
Head with the front triangular, narrowing rapidly toward the labrum. Eyes rather large. The
shape of the head and wings almost exactly as in A. swhangulata, but in the undenuded example I
san see no maxille or labial palpi. The abdomen is pointed at the tip and with a lateral tuft on
each side just before the end, much as in A. swhangulata. The central disk of the thorax is
ocherous, the edge of the tegulx pinkish.

Fore wings with the costa straight, a little curved toward the apex, which is sharper than
usual; outer edge straight, not convex, oblique, and very slightly scalloped; outer edge of the
same length as the inner. (In A. subangulata the outer edge is decidedly shorter than in the
present species.) Base of wing on the hinder half pink within the basal line. This line is oblique,
but not curved or sinuous. The extradiscal line arises well beyond the middle of the inner edge

78 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and passes directly, without curving, to the costa ending near the apex; both lines dark brown;
veins of the same brown hue beyond the middle of the wing; outer edge of the wing and fringe
pinkish, and also the inner edge as far as the extradiscal line.

Hind wings not reaching to the tip, only as far as the outer fourth, with a distinct but small
oval white dot at the outer and hinder angle of the discal area, and with a dark discoloration in
front. The wings are deep reddish-pink, almost brick-red at base and along the inner edge, but
the costal and marginal regions and inner angle are deep orange-ocherous. An extradiscal
brown line, not so distinet and dark as on the fore wings. In shape the hind wings are near
those of A. subangulata, but with a more decided inner angle, and the outer edge is slightly
scalloped toward this angle; apex well rounded. Beneath, the fore wings are deeper orange-red
than above in the middle of the wing, but becoming ocherous toward the apex; beyond the
extradiscal line of the same hoary pale-pinkish hue as the hind wings; a large blackish irregularly
oblong discal spot; hind wings with no discal spot and with dark strigee. Legs rose pink; tibiz
ocherous externally; the tibial sack (pl. XXXVI, fig. 13) is rather large and broad, two-thirds as
long as the tibia itself, and concealed under it when the leg is folded to the breast; tibize with no
spines.

Geographical distribution.—Central America; Jalapa, Mexico (O. T. Barrett).

Expanse of fore wings, ¢, 100 mm.; length of a fore wing, 3, 45 mm.; breadth of a fore
wing, ¢, 23 mm.; length of hind wing, ¢, 30 mm.; breadth of hind wing, ¢, 20 mm.

ADELOCEPHALA HOGEI Druce.
(Pls. XIX, fig. 4; XXXII, fig. 3.)

Adelocephala hégei Druce, Biologia Central. Americana, Lep. Het., I, p. 172. Tab. XVI, fig. 9, g. 1886.—
Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 742. 1892.

Imago.—+ 8. Inthe shape of the wings and markings allied to A. d/secta, though with the
discal spot as in d/color. Antenne as in disecta; 20 pairs of pectinations, and the filiform tip
with about 22 joints. Fore wings with the costa straight, apex subacute, rectangular, outer edge
as In dsecta, not so full and convex as in /7color. Hind wings as in désecta. :

Fore wings deep brownish ocherous as in bésecfa, outer edge with brown flecks; inner edge
of the wing bathed with pink. The two lines brown, distinct, the basal one nearly straight, bent
out a little on the median (cubitus) vein. Extradiscal line firm, distinct not wavy, and as in
bisecta, ending on the costa just before the apex.

Hind wings nearly all deep rose pink, paler on the costal and outer edge, no transverse lines;
two snow-white, discal, irregular, triangular spots varying in shape and size, the two sometimes
being confluent, the anterior one being always the smaller of the two.

Beneath, the fore wings with a large, black, discal spot centered with an obscure whitish
lunule. Behind it the wing is dull pink; beyond it, toward the apex, the wing is ocherous brown
as above; edge of the wing beyond the extradiscal line bathed with pale pink. Hind wings dull
pale pink, with faint traces of an extradiscal line. Legs dull pink.

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢,55mm.; length of a fore wing, ¢, 30 mm.; breadth of a fore
wing, ¢, 15 mm.; length of a hind wing, 2, 20 mm.; breadth of a hind wing, 3, 15 mm.

Geographical range.—So far as yet known, this species is confined to southeastern Mexico
and Yucatan; Valladolid in Yucatan (Gaumer), Jalapa (Hoge), Vera Cruz (Franck).

A. hégei, var. montana. In the museum of the Brooklyn Institute, Mr. Doll kindly showed
ine two specimens from **among the mountains” near Guadalahara. It is of the size of A. hége7,;
the white discal spot the same as in il. Adge7; the middle of the wing is clear yellow, base and
outer edge lilac gray. Hind wing with the outer edge yellow; there are no spots on the
wings. The under side of the wing is as in A. Aége7, but without any spots or stripes. In one
g the two discal white spots are blended into a single irregular one.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 79

A. dollii sp. nov. Another species in the Brooklyn museum, from Mexico, is a little larger
than A. hdget; the body and wings are uniformly reddish brown as in An/sota stigma, with a lilac
tinge, and with no stripes. The basal line is very indistinct; the extradiscal line regularly
curved and ending on the apex. ‘The discal spot is minute, white. Beneath there is no discai
spot; there isa faint extradiscal line common to both wings. It seems to have been undescribed.

ADELOCEPHALA ISIAS Boisduvyal.
(Plate XX XIII, fig. 1, ¢ and 9.)

Adelocephala isias BotspuyaL, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 92, 1872; Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 742,
1892.

Imago.—1 8, 2. This species has been found by Mr. Jacob Doll at Brownsville, Tex., and
identified by Doctor Dyar. It is so closely allied to A. hdge/, that that species will probably be
united with it, since the only important difference is the greater number of pairs of pectinations
to the male antenne. The male genital armature should be examined to test the specific distinct-
ness of A. hége/ from this species.

The front of the head in the 2 comes to a point, the front being decidedly triangular, nar-
rowing rapidly toward the labrum; in the male the front is wider at the labral region, and the
thickened projection of the clypeus is visible.

Male antennz with 21 pairs of pectinations, the simple tip consisting of about 20 joints,
while in four g 3 of A. Adge’ there are only 18 pairs of pectinations, the filiform extremity being
18-jointed.

It is very near A. Adgez $ in the shape and color of the head, thorax, and abdomen, in the
shape of the wings; the presence of two white discal spots, and the style of coloration, the chief
difference being the pearl-gray tint of the fore legs, and the duller ocherous ground color of the
wings.

Male.—Head and body ocherous, but not of so bright a tint as in A. Adge?. Fore wings of
the same shape, costa and outer edge the same, but the outer angle is more angular, less rounded,
than in A. Adge/, while the ground color of the fore wings is more gray ocherous; the base of
the wings and their outer edge are washed with pearl gray rather than pink. The two cross lines
the same in direction and width, but instead of being distinct and dark reddish as in A. /ége/,
they are somewhat indistinct and inclined to be dark brown. The two separate white discal spots
of A. hége? are in A. 7s/as represented by two much larger white spots which are very nearly
connected (at first sight they appear to be so); the larger spot is irregularly rhomboidal or
diamond-shaped, twice as long as wide, pointed at each end, and very slightly separated from the
one in front, which is about one-quarter as wide as the other, and pointed at the outer end. (In
four A. hégei 3, the two spots are small and usually separated, but in one example they are
confluent.)

Hind wings as in A. Aége/, except that they are paler, duller in hue, but the roseate patch
is the same. Beneath, body and wings of a decidedly duller, more grayish hue than above, but
identical in tint with some of the A. Adge/; the fore wings are the same as in the other species.
The large black round discal spot is centered with whitish or pearl-gray scales exactly as in A.
hégei, the latter varying a little. The fore legs differ from those of A. Aége?, which are pink, in
being grayish pearl.

All the slight difference from A. Adége/ we have pointed out we believe to be varietal, except
that of the antenne. Its specific distinction or identity may be settled hereafter by an exami-
nation of the genital armature. From Boisduyal’s description of his ¢ the two white discal
“points” appear to be like those of A. /dge/.

Female.—The antenne are simple, with no vestiges of the male pectinations; slightly ciliated
on the distal half. In markings and shape of the wings very different from the ¢; fore wings
with no white distal spots, but instead is a large round dusky brown spot, while the ground color

Vol. 9—05 6

80 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the wing is a fawn gray; the hind wing as in ¢; in the fore wings the two lines and fringe
are dark brown, and the surface is distinctly strigated; the dark round discal spot is about one-
half as wide as the space between the two lines.

Beneath, a little less roseate, the black round discal spot as in ¢. The outer line on the
hind wings is more distinct than in A. Adge?, though it disappears in the middle of the wing.
All the legs are decidedly a pearl-gray and with the costa of the wings concolorous in both pairs.

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢,51 mm.; 9,60 mm. Length of one fore wing, ¢, 25 mm.:
?,30mm. Breadth of one fore wing, ¢,13mm.; 9,15 mm. Length of hind wing, ¢,12mm.;
?,20mm. Breadth of hind wing, ¢, 124 mm.; 9, 15 mm.

Although the hind wings of the ¢ are not triangular as in A. wardi/, ete., yet the equality
in size of the larger dorsal spines of the thoracic and abdominal segments of the larva shows that
this is the most primitive of the Central American forms. A. Adge7 will probably be found to
be a synonym of this species.

Larva (Pl. U1, figs. 2, 24 XLIX, figs. 38, 37).—A blown example of a remarkably beautiful
larva of this genus was collected by Mr. Jacob Doll at Esper Ranch, Brownsville, Tex., in the
spring of 1903, and I am indebted to him for the privilege of having it drawn by Mr. Joutel
and described. It differs remarkably in coloration, but belongs to the same section of the genus
as A. bicolor.

Length, 51 mm. Body rather thick. Head alittle more rounded, not so high and narrow
above as in the other Texan (San Antonio) larva, which may be a variation of this species.
The head is pea green, but above the clypeus and on the sides of a glaucous green; no lateral
stripe is present.

Prothoracic segment with the tubercles on the front edge of the same shape and size, form-
ing rounded smooth bosses, the two dorsal ones very slightly larger than the other.

The eight thoracic horns of equal size and length, shorter than in the San Antonio larva,
much shorter than the body is thick, with low slightly marked rounded spinules. which are much
less prominent; the horns are recurved and are deep pink, green at the tip.

The spines of the dorsal series (7) on abdominal segment 1 are minute and short, cherry red;
they are much reduced in size compared with those on segments 2, 4, and 6; no higher than
broad. On abdominal segments 2, 4, and 6 the dorsal tubercles are large, stout, flattened,
conical, cherry red on the inside, and externally porcelain white. Those on segment 6 are a
little larger than the others. Those of the subdorsal row (on segments 4, 6, and 7) are about
two-thirds as large as those of the dorsal series.

On abdominal segments + and 6 a yellowish streak connects the spiracle and subdorsal spine.

Caudal horn short and stout; not so long and large as in the San Antonio larya; bearing low,
rounded, not prominent, tubercles. The horn is cherry red on the basal half, and beyond green
to the end.

Suranal plate with a single row of large yellowish-green bosses on the edge, not crowded as
in the San Antonio larva. Spiracles pale sienna brown. A lateral lilac line shaded beneath with
yellowish green.

This is a wonderfully beautiful caterpillar, and differs from any other known species in the
bright cherry-red tubercles, which externally are porcelain white, not like burnished silver or
gold, as seen in A. Aicolor, ete.

It is perhaps a later form than A. 4/color and its allies, and appears to have undergone a
slightly greater modification in its style of coloration.

The larva here figured and described has been referred to A. ¢sias by Doctor Dyar, this
being the only other species known to inhabit both Arizona and ‘Texas.

The pair figured on Plate X XXIII was raised from the larvee by Mr. Jacob Doll and identified
as A. 7s/as by Doctor Dyar, and I find it will agree with Boisduval’s description.

Two larvie collected by Mr. Jacob Doll at Brownsville, Tex., in April, 1902, when compared
with those from San Antonio differ decidedly in the broader, more triangular abdominal dorsal
and subdorsal spines, while there are much fewer granulations; also the caudal horn is a little
shorter.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 81

The specimen kindly sent me by Dr. R. E. Kunzé from Phoenix, Ariz., though it is deprived
of its head, agrees with my figure (2) of the larva of A. 7s¢as. It differs in respect to the armature
from my drawing on Pl. XLIX, figs. 3, 3a, in the following respects: The thoracic horns are
provided with more spinules, which are not confined to the base, but are scattered along nearly
to the tip of each horn; the spines on abdominal segment 1 are larger, and but slightly smaller
than those on segments 2-7. As regards segments 8-10 my larva agrees well with my figure 2e,
(Pl. XLIX) though the dorsal tubercles on segment LX are larger.

Doctor Kunzé has been obliging enough to send me the following description of the living
larvee collected by him:

Description of larva: In general appearance the larva reminds one of a young Citheronia regalis.

Face oval, green, a white line each side of triangular space and next to that a narrower black line of obovate
shape. Mouth parts blackish. On first segment a diadem of silvery granulations from spiracle to spiracle, all of
which latter are black throughout. On second thoracic segment are two spinose tubercles, 6 mm. long, on each side,
fourinall. On third thoracic segment are four tubercles, two on each side, spinulated like the others, and 6 mm. long.
The dorsal tuberele is purple or violet, and the lateral one of apple green throughout. Spinules of dorsal tubercle
black, spinules of lateral one green. Segment 4 and inclusive of 11, have on each side one above the other, two
silvery, short tubercles, the upper of cuneiform shape, of which the inferior rests on the infraspiracular line. The
inner side of these silvery tubercles is bright red. A crescent of silvery granulations, just back of the tubercles of each
segment 4 to 11. On the penultimate segment (12), a spinulated tubercle, 4 mm. long, reddish brown at base, green
at tip, spinules whitish at base and green above. Three small silvery tubercles on last segment above anal plate.
Dorsal and lateral surface smooth, apple green. Abdominal parts concolorous. Prolegs much granulated from base
to feet, the granulations green. Thoracic legs, green, the base only with green granulations. Infraspiracular line
pink, with lilac reflections. Spiracles black. Between the silvery dorsal tubercles of each segment, two silver
granulations. The anal plate is lined by a triangle of white granulations. Clasper of the prolegs brownish.

Length of larva at rest, September 30, 1904, 1} inches (29 mm.) ; length of larva in motion, September 30, 1904,
1} inches (32 mm.); width of larva ;°; inch September 30, 1904 (5 mm.).

Found on Parkinsonia microphylla, September 28 and 29, 1904, Phoenix desert, Arizona.

Last stage of Sphingicampid larva—Adelocephala isias.—Found on a mesquit tree (Prosopis juliflora), October 24,
1904, in the garden of Dr. R. E. Kunzé, Phoenix, Ariz.

Antenne whitish, mouth parts brownish. The lateral thoracic tubercles on the second and third segments white
and but little spinose. Dorsal thoracic tubercles pink, tipped white, and green at the base, equally so, but little
spinose. The small cuneiform, silyered and pink-tipped tubercles on the segments of dorsal row 2 mm. long.
Those of the subdorsal row 14 mm. long, the points of all silvered. The tubercles had an upward direction. The
spinose tubercle on the penultimate segment pink, tipped white, and green at base. Infraspiracular line violet
lavender; spiracles black, edged with white. Thoracic feet green, claws brownish. Abdominal feet green at the
base; hooks brownish. General color anapple green. No otherchanges observable. Length at rest, 45 mm.; length
in motion, 54 mm.; ayerage diameter of segment, 8 mm.

Food plants.—Parkinsonia microphylla, native name ‘*Palo Verde,” and mesquite tree
(Prosopis juliflora). (Dr. R. E. Kunzé). At Brownsville, Tex., it was found by Mr. Doll on
the Mexican ebony (Acacia flewicaulis).

Geographical distribution.—W hile this species was first detected within the limits of the
United States at Brownsville in southeastern Texas, near the mouth of the Rio Grande, a few
miles south of latitude 26° N., and opposite Matamoras, Mexico, it was next discovered at
Phoenix, Ariz., and its geographical range almost exactly coincides with that of A. heil/ghrodti
(see map III), though it has not yet been detected in New Mexico. In Central America it was
collected, in the State of Jalisco and Costa Rica (Druce); Mexico (Boisduyal).

Habits of the larva.—For much that we know of the transformations and habits of this fine
species we are indebted to Doctor Kunzé, who wrote under date of October 5, 1904.

During the latter days of September he camped for three days on the Phoenix desert near
the mountains around Prescott, Ariz., and was fortunate enough to detect a beautiful larva
feeding in the hot sunshine on Parkinsonia microphylla, or ** Palo Verde” of the natives. The
following day he found a second specimen half a mile further away, but no others.

I looked carefully for a whole day or more, but could not detect another such, which are readily observed from
the two rows of silvery tubercles as bright as a mirror, glistening in the sun like gems. Fortunately I sueceeded in
feeding the larva with a much larger-leaved species, Parkinsonia torreyana, the leaflets of which are the size of the
head of a shawl pin. I mailed these larvee to Mr. L. H. Joutel, of New York, at once, and trust he received one or
both alive for figuring. JI am sending him eyery three or four days a tin box of the food plant, because Parkinsonia
is a subtropical plant, and I know of only two species.

82 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

He again wrote October 29 that he found a full-grown caterpillar on the Mesquite (Prosopis
juliflora), which pupated the following day, burying themselves in his garden plot. On the 26th
October he again went to the desert and found four more of the same larye on Parkinsonia
microphylla. All were fully grown, and the smaller one was sent to me.

I have collected on that desert for nine years, and am positive that this larva did not previously make its appear-
ance in this locality. Palo Verde trees haye very scant foliage, and are easily looked over, so that a larva of such
beautiful ornamentation could not escape mine eyes.

In Brownsville, Tex., it was observed by Mr. Doll from the end of April until late in the
summer.

I add a description of the San Antonio larya, which appears to be a form of A. isias. Mr. Joutel tells me that he is
quite sure that all the laryze of this species figured on Pl. III are variations of A. isias. The more specimens I
examine the greater seems the range of varieties in the length of the thoracic and abdominally spines, and in the
degree of granulation of theskin. Such an amount of variation seems to indicate the primitive nature of this genus,
and its comparatively recent adaptation to spiny food plants.

Larva (Pl. I, fig. 2,20; XLIX, figs. 2, 2a, 2, 2c, 27).—I have been able to examine through
the kindness of Dr. H. G. Dyar a well-blown larva in the U. 8. National Museum from San
Antonio, Tex., the food plant of which is unknown. He thinks it may be that of A. he‘ligbrodti7,
and thisseems probable. Unfortunately no specimens of this species have yet actually been bred
from the larva.

Length, 50 mm. The head (Pl. XLIV, fig. 14) is as in A. d/color, but slightly higher; pale
bluish green, extending from in front of the eyes up to the vertex. On the front edge of the
prothoracic segment is a series of low rounded porcelain white tubercles, which are much as in A.
bicolor, but larger; they are nearer together, crowded, on the sides; and lower down are two
small tubercles on each side above the spiracle.

The dorsal thoracic horns are longer than in A. bécolor, being nearly as long as the body is
thick, much less curyed than in the Brazil species, but more so than in A. bicolor; they are not
very sharp, and are armed with a few rather sharp spinules on the posterior side. As usual the
subdorsal horns are a little shorter than the dorsal ones; all are green at the base, becoming
roseate towards the middle.

The dorsal spine of abdominal segments 1 to 7, a// of the same size, sharp, recurved, saber-
shaped, porcelain-white, becoming roseate at the tip; they are smooth except those on the 7th
segment, which are armed behind with a few fine teeth. The spines of the supraspiracular
series (777) a little shorter, and as usual less prominent than those of the dorsal series. There is
a series of small almost minute acute white infraspiracular tubercles (7-+-2).

The body is coarsely granulated. The porcelain-white tuberculets are larger and more
prominent than in A. b/color. There is a group on the first thoracic segment below the spiracle,
and a larger group of still larger ones at the base of the thoracic legs. The sides of the second
and third thoracic segments are densely granulated, while on each of abdominal segments 1 to 7
there are two transverse rows above the spiracles, and a group above the base of the legs. The
abdominal legs are also granulated, there being more on the fourth pair than on those in front
of them.

The caudal horn (fig. 2c) is not so stout as in the Brazilian larva, but longer and thicker
than in A. b7color. The spinules on it are much more numerous than in the Brazilian larva, and
each ends in a minute short seta.

On abdominal segment 9 is a low porcelain-white median tubercle, conical, recurved.

Suranal plate (fig. 2¢) rounded at the end, not deeply cleft, with a double row of crowded
tubercles or granulations around the edge; and at the extremity not a pair of tubercles, but
several small crowded granulations.

Anal legs with setiferous granulations crowded around the edges, the central field smooth
except two or three small granulations, some of them long digitiform, but rounded at the tip.

Body in the dry specimen pale green, with a yellowish tint. A lateral bright conspicuous
deep line, scarlet above and whitish beneath, extends from the hinder edge of the third thoracic
to the ninth abdominal segment.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 83

A larva of this species, evidently in stage IV, was collected at Brownsville, Tex., by Mr.
Jacob Doll. We add a description of it.

Stage IV (Pl. II; fig. 2a).—Length, 30 mm. The head is as in the fully grown larva above
described, but in the blown specimen it is not so green, and the lateral yellowish line is not so
distinct, though more yellow towards the base of the antenne.

It differs in this from the last stage in the prothoracic tubercles being a little longer in pro-
portion. The eight thoracic horns are slenderer, with decidedly longer spinules, which are
mostly black, the tips rounded. The dorsal and subdorsal spines are much as in stage V in size;
they are white externally and pale reddish on the inside along the middle, the ends being white.
On the sides of abdominal segments 2, +, 6, and 7 a yellowish streak connects the subdorsal spines
with the lateral reddish line.

The caudal horn is now not so long as the body is thick, being a little shorter in proportion
than in the fully grown larva; it is erect, thick at the base, and the rather crowded spinules
bear long sete.

The suranal plate does not bear on the edge so many or so crowded tubercles as in the final
stage (fig. 2d). The integument bears a few scattered minute white tubercles, but not. nearly
so many as after the last molt.

A lateral dull Venetian red line, shaded on the lower side with yellow. The general hue of
the blown specimen is yellowish green.

Two specimens from Tucson, Ariz., collected by Charles Bendire, and now in the Museum
of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mass., were compared with the San Antonio blown larva.
They agree with it in the slenderness of the dorsal and subdorsal abdominal spines, and in the
numerous secondary tubercles or granulations on the sides of the segments. The eight thoracic
horns and the caudal horn are nearly identical, though the spinules on the latter are slightly
shorter than in the San Antonio example. There seems no doubt at all that the larvee from these
two localities are of the same species.

Of the two Tucson larve one has more lateral secondary tubercles than the other.

In the Tucson larvee the thoracic and caudal horns are decidedly cherry red, with the tips
paler.

In two examples from Brownsville there is some variation in the size and length of the spines
of abdominal segments 1-7. The caudal horn is a little shorter than in the U. S. National
Museum specimen, as are the dorsal abdominal spines.

The suranal plate is the same in the size and number of the tubercles. The two Brownsville
examples differ among themselves, the dorsal and caudal horns being shorter in one than the
other. i

The larva of stage IV is represented on Pl. III, fig. 2a; also the details of the armature on
trunk segments 1-6, on Pl. XLIX, figs. 2; the caudal horn and suranal plate at fig. 2d. Figs.
2a, 2b, and 2c represent the armature of the last stage; 2¢ a tergal view of the suranal plate.

ADELOCEHEPHALA BOISDUVALII Doumet.
Adelocephala boisduvalii Doumer, Revue et Mag. Zool., 1859, p. 266 ( f).
Othorene mexicana Botsp., Ann. Soc. Ent. Belge, XV, p. 84.
Adelocephala boisduvalii Deuce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Het., I, p. 171. June, 1886.—Pl. —, fig. —) Kirpy, Syn.
Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.

Imago. 8. A large species, larger than A. Adge/, with the apex of the fore wings more
acute, the costa straight, the outer edge less full, more oblique than in A. d/secta and A. hége?.
The antenne are slightly wider than in Adge7; about 20 pairs of pectinations, and 25 short ones
on the filiform tip. Head, body, and wings uniformly bright lemon yellow, with no dark spots
or stigma. Fore wings with no distinct basal line; the extradiscal line very oblique, not wavy,
narrow, brown, and ending on the apex of the wing. Two discal spots, snow-white, the hinder
one subtriangular or distinctly triangular; the anterior spot smaller (nearly obsolete in my
example). The base of the fore wings is a little pinkish, and the fringe is pale lilac on the outer
and inner edges.

84 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Hind wings with the apex rounded, but the outer edge is very slightly concave, giving a
squarish appearance to the wing not present in any species except A. montezuma and Syssphina
molina. Colored like the fore wing, but with a large patch of deep pink behind the submedian
vein (@r,), and not reaching either the outer or inner edge of the wing. Beneath, of the same
lemon-yellow hue as above, a moderately large black discal spot, with an irregular eccentric white
spot between it and the base; behind the median vein a pink-red patch. Extradiscal line distinct
toward the apex, but obsolete toward the hinder edge. Hind wings uniformly lemon yellow,
duller toward the base of the wing. Legs: femora yellow, tibiz and tarsi pale pink on the
outside.

Expanse of fore wings, ¢, 84 mm., length 38 mm., breadth 18 mm. Hind wings, length
25 mm., breadth 19 mm.

In Druce’s figure a basal line on the fore wing is represented. The @ is the same but
larger, with the usual sexual differences; the outer edge of the hind wings is full and convex,
while the fore wings are more obtuse. (For the venation see Pl. LVII, figs. 3, 3a.)

Creographical distribution.—V era Cruz, Mexico. ‘‘ Presidio, Mexico, Oaxaca, Amazons,
Para.” (Druce.)

ADELOCEPHALA CADMUS Herrich-Schaefter.
(Pl. LXI, fig. 2.)

Adelocephala cadmus Herrica-ScHarrrer, Sammburg Aussereur. Schmett., pp. 60, 78. Fig. g, 77, 78. 1854.

Othorene cadmus Borsp., Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 83. 1872.

Adelocephala cadmus Drucer, Biol. Central American Lep. Het., I, p. 171. June, 1886.

Krrsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.—Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., IV, p. 427.
May 13, 1901.

Imago.—\ 8, closely resembling A. bisectu and also Aége? in the shape of the fore wings,
but compared with A. b7secta the costa is more convex at apex, and the outer edge is more
convex, being decidedly so. In the antennz there are 22 pairs of pectinations, and the filiform
tip is composed of about 15 joints, with short toothlike vestigial pectinations on the outside.

Body and wings of a pinkish chestnut brown. Thorax slightly pinkish. Fore wings of a
pure chestnut hue, with no flecks, pinkish at base and along the inner edge, including the fringe.
Traces of a pinkish basal shade, Extradiscal line faint, oblique, ending on the apex; beyond it
the wing is washed with pink, but the fringe on the outer edge is pale chestnut; a minute white
roundish discal dot. Hind wings with outer edge full, rounded, though a little angular below
the apex and inclined to be very slightly excavated behind the middle of outer edge (this is
apparently much exaggerated in Herrich-Schaeffer’s figures); no lines or discoloration; a little
more pinkish on the inner edge. Under side of the wings chestnut brown; no lines, only a very
faint extradiscal brownish shade on both wings, beyond which the wing is paler, with a slight
pinkish tinge; costa of hind wings pinkish. Legs pinkish. (For the venation see Pl. LVII,
fios. 2, 2a.)

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢, 75 mm. (expanse of 9 according to H.—Schaeffer’s figure
120 mm.); length of one fore wing, ¢, 40 mm.; breadth of one fore wing, ¢, 20 mm.; length
of one hind wing, ¢, 26 mm.; breadth of one hind wing, 3, 19 mm.

Geographical range.—Vera Cruz, Mexico, “rare” (Franck); Brazil (H.—Schaeffer); Novo
Friburgo, near Rio Janeiro, Brazil (Boisduval). This species is the type of Boisduval’s genus
Othorene.

The Mexican form appears to be the same as the Brazilian Cadmus, only differing from H.-
Schaeffer's figures of the ¢ in the absence of a stigma, and in the basal two-thirds of the hind
wings not being so distinctly pinkish, while the hind wings are not so angular.

From Boisduyal’s description it differs in not being ‘‘@un gris rosé.” It may be a perma-
nent climatic variety, and if found to be distinct may be named castanea.

He defines the laryee as having the prothoracic segment provided with sharp spines of
moderate length; the two following segments with dentate spines and the abdominal segments

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 85

bristling with long hooked (cvochuwes) spines of equal length and curved backward. He says that
he has a larva of A. cadmus in alcohol, but, unfortunately, does not specifically describe it.

ADELOCEPHALA SUBANGULATA (Herrich-Schaeffer).
(Pl. XIX, fig. 2.)

Sphingicampa subangulata Herricn-ScHabrrer, Aussereur. Schmett., I, p. 60, 81, ¢, figs. 304, 305. 1855.

Adelocephala subangulata BotspuvaL, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV. p. 92. 1872.—Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep.
Het., I, p. 742. 1892.—Prrers, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 10 (1898), 1901.

Syssphinx subangulata Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, p. 430. May 13, 1901.

Larva.
Peters, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, Taf. III, fig. 4, pupa 4a (1898), 1901.

Imago.—2 8. In the shape of the body and outlines of the wings allied to A. bisecta. The
antenne are much as in A. b/secta, but the vestigial pectinations of the filiform tip are a little
more marked and each end in a fine seta.

Fore wings acute toward the apex; outer edge oblique, not convex, but very slightly excised
or hollowed out. Hind wings rounded at the apex and slightly angulated on the inner angle;
outer edge less full than in A. bésecta. They reach, as in A. ésecta, a little more than one-half
or two-thirds the length of the abdomen; tip of the abdomen with an irregular terminal tuft.

Body and fore wings tawny or pale brown rather than ocherous. A faint basal and a more
distinct linear extradiscal line, which is oblique and slightly incurved, ending on the costa a little
before the apex. Beyond this line the edge of the wing is slightly pinkish, and the entire wing
is finely dusted with dark seales. A faint, rather large, roundish ring-like discal spot, which
appears through from beneath.

Hind wings deep pink, more tawny on the costal, outer and inner edges. No discal spot
above.

Under side of the fore wings with a large squarish dark-brown discal spot, and behind it a
large part of the wing is deep roseate pink, this hue extending to the distinct extradiscal line,
beyond which the wing is frosted over with white scales.

Hind wings beneath of the same color as the outer edge of the fore wings, being hoary or
tawny gray. No discal spot visible beneath. On the fore tibive is a narrow but well-developed
epiphysis, which is about one-half as wide in proportion as that of A. montezwman. sp.; it is
lanceolate oval, nearly three times as long as wide, narrow and pointed at the end. (Pl. XXXVI,
fic, 12.)

The maxille in this species are well developed compared with the other species we have
observed; the two are separate, but curled up, each maxilla nearly as long as the filiform tip of
the g antenna. The palpi are small, slender, not easily perceived in the undenuded specimens;
they do not reach the front; they ascend and are much compressed.

? Larger than the ¢, with the fore wings rounded and the outer margin beyond the discal
line brownish; hind wings of a more obscure red; under side of the fore wings whitish, with a
common brownish line. Fore wings beneath with a black lunate discal spot, as in the ¢, though
the disk is here whitish, not roseate (Boisduval).

Expanse of the fore wings: ¢, 62 mm.; length of one fore wing, ¢,30 mm.; breadth of one
fore wing, ¢,14mm.; length of the hind wings, ¢,20mm.; breadth of the hind wings, ¢, 18mm.

Larva.—Imperfectly preserved; the spines on second and third thoracic rings are quite long,
black, and toothed; the prothoracic collar is also provided with stiff points or tubercles (Boisduyal).

Peters describes the larva as dark green, with a blue head and a lateral streak, the trunk
segments beset with silver spines. It lives on a spiny climbing plant.

He also states that the larva of A. brevis (Taf. II, fig. 5) is very similar to that of A. swh-
angulata and lives on the same plant, yet the imago is very different. He found in Rio the larva
of this species on a spiny Mimosa.

86 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Boisduyal, referring to a badly preserved specimen, remarks: ‘* Les épines ou pointes sont
noires, assez longues et dentelées sur le second et le troisiéme anneau; la collerette est aussi garnie
de pointes roides.”

Geographical distribution.—Brazil (Donckier, Boisduval, Peters). It is not known from
any other country than Brazil. Boisduval states that it is in certain years very common in
Brazil, while during others only a few caterpillars occur.

ADELOCHPHALA WARDII (Boisduyal).
(Pl. NEXT, fig: 2:)
Othorene wardii Botspuyau, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, 1872, p. 84, Pl. III, fig. 2. 1872.—BurmMetsrEr,
Descr. Phys. Rép. Argentine, Atlas, p. 46, Larva Pl. XX, fig. 3. 1879.

Adelocephala wardi Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.
Othorene wardii Peters, Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 10, Taf. III, fig. la, 1. (1898-) 1901.

Larva.
(Pl. XVI, fig. 3.)
Burmeister, |. ec. Atlas, Pl. XX, fig. 3, 1879.
Peters, Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 10, Taf. III, fig. 1; la, pupa. (1898—) 1901.

Imago.—1 8,192. Inthe male the shape of the wings is as in A. Adge?7 and more especially
A. boisduvalii, but the costa is still more straight, and the fore wings are more acute at the
apex, being a little longer and narrower than in either of the two species named. The
hind wings are of the subtriangular shape of those of A. boisduvalii and subangulata, the apex
being well rounded and the outer edge very slightly excavated; the end of the abdomen is broad,
flattened, not laterally tufted; antennze broadly pectinated on the basal half.

Thorax and fore wings of a beautiful, soft, hoary, purplish hue; the middle of the thorax
ocher yellow, the band widening toward the abdomen, the base of which is also yellowish. Fore
wings hoary lilac along the costa and in the middle and on the outer edge of the wing; on the
base of the wing behind the costal edge an ocherous patch, and another broad one near the outer
edge, ending on the internal angle. No definite transverse lines, but a broad ocherous region or
band extends from the two white discal spots to the apex, the apical portion of the costa being
ocherous; this ocherous band is mottled with purplish. The two discal spots of unequal size, not
as in A. Adge?, arranged in a line at right angles to the costal edge, but parallel with it. Hind
wings ocherous at base and on the outer edge, the rest of the wing dull, purplish. Beneath, the
wings of both pairs are purplish, marked with ocherous near the apex and along the inner edge.
Abdomen purplish, with yellow bands on the basal two-thirds.

In the female the fore wings are broader, less acute at the tip, of much the same shape as in
A. bicolor 9+: the hind wings are not triangular, but of the normal shape, the apex being
rounded and the outer edge full and rounded. Thorax as in the 2, but the yellow median band
narrower. The wings of both pairs uniformly clear, beautiful fawn brown or dark leonine,
without strige; the fore wings hoary and purplish violet at base, and along the outer edge a
single minute discal dot. Hind wings like the fore wings, with no markings.

Expanse of fore wings, ¢, 72 mm.; 9, 52 mm. Length of fore wing, ¢, 37 mm.; 9°,
27mm. Breadth of fore wing, ¢,15 mm.; 9,12 mm. Length of hind wing, ¢, 20 mm.; 9°,
15mm. Breadth of hind wing, ¢,15 mm.; 9, 13 mm.

Surmeister states that the female is double the size of the male. It is very different. <A
female in Strecker’s collection is of the same color as Citheronia sepulcralis.

This is the most conspicuously marked species of the genus, differing from all the others
known to me in the beautiful, soft, frosty, purplish-brown tints, the more yellow shades, and in
the arrangement of the two oval, discal, white spots.

Peters speaks of the remarkable sexual dimorphism of this species, the male with a ground
color of chocolate brown, but with large yellowish patches, as in my male above described.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 87

Though the larva is of the type of A. bécolor in the abdominal dorsal spines being alternately
long and short, the moths of the two species differ very much in the shape of the wings of the
male. Boisduyal’s figure represents it fairly well.

Larva (Plate XVII, fig. 3).—Burmeister speaks of it as being the most remarkable of all
the species of ‘*Ceratocampa.” The segments of the body are short though large, with deep
sutures between them. The first thoracic segment bears. four dorsal spines, with two on each
side in front of the stigmata. The second and third bear two stout dorsal violet spines and one
on each side. Of the abdominal dorsal spines those of the second, fourth, and sixth segments
are very large and of a brilliant silver hue, while those of the alternating segments are violet.
The long caudal horn is violet. The suranal plate is coarsely granulated.

Peters describes the larva as green with three great shining silvery spots on the side, and
with a number of gleaming spines.

| Pupa.—Of the usual generic form, with a long cremaster and stout, short spines on the head.

Geographical distribution.—Rio Janeiro, Brazil (Burmeister, Peters).

Food plants.—\t lives on yarious leguminous plants, notably a spiny Mimosa whose leaves
are violet brown on the under side (Peters).

ADELOCEPHALA ANTHONILIS Herrich-Schaefter.

Adelocephala anthonilis HERRICH-SCHAEFFER, Saml. Aussereur. Schmett., p. 60, pl. 17, figs. 79. 1854.—WALKeER,
Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1499. 1855.—Boispuvat, Annales Soe. Ent., Belgique, XV, p. 88.
1872.—Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.

Syssphina anthonilis Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc., Wash., IV, p. 429. May 13, 1901.

Imago.— 2 of a peculiar uniform grayish brown, neutral tinted or slate color. An oblique
basal dark narrow line; extradiscal line common to both wings; that of the fore wings slightly
sinuous and ending on the costa near the apex; that of the hind wings curved outward, a faint
discal line. In shape the wings are like the female of A. senatoréa, and the body and wings are
of the same size. We have not seen an example of this species, but judging from Herrich-
Schaeffer’s figure of it the 2 resembles an Anisota in general appearance, but the larval shape
shows that it belongs in the present genus. It presents none of the characters of Syssphinx;
certainly not those of the larval stage.

Larva.—Entirely black and provided with long spines of equal length, all curved backward,
like that of a porcupine when walking. The spines of the first thoracic segment (collerette) are
very marked, but much shorter than the others (Boisduval).

Geographical distribution.—Brazil (Herrich-Schaetter; British Museum).

Food plants.—It lives on several kinds of trees and the moth is disclosed at two epochs
(Boisduyal).

Judging by Boisduval’s statement, this species, whose larva is armed with well-developed
prothoracic dorsal spines, must be a primitive form.

- ADELOCHPHALA JUCUNDA Walker.

Adelocephala jucunda Wacker, List Lep. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1500. 1855.—Borspuvat, Ann. Soc. Ent. Belgique,
XV, p. 91, 1872.—Krrpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 742. 1892.

Adelocephala dimidiata HeErricH-SCHAEFFER, Aussereurop. Schm. fig. 307. 1855.—Kurrpy, 1. ¢., p. 742. 1892.

Imago.—1 $. Shape of the wings and antenne as in A. bicolor, but the hind wings more
rounded at the apex and more produced toward the inner angle. It is of amore uniform darker
chestnut or fawn color than any of the other species. A shade passes from the base of the fore
wings along the cubital vein turning up to the apex; on the costal side, clear chestnut; on the
hinder side, lilac and frosted over with white scales. A faint discal dot or streak. Hind wings
reddish chestnut. Fore wings reddish beneath, hind wings whitish ocherous, as in the body and
legs, though the fore legs are reddish in front. The head in front is white; abdomen whitish on
the sides and beneath; fringe of the hind wings whitish ocherous.

88 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢ 52 mm.; length of one fore wing, ¢ 27 mm.; breadth of one
fore wing, ¢ 12 mm.; length of one hind wing, ¢ 18 mm.; breadth of one hind wing, ¢ 13mm.

This is a very peculiar and well-marked species of the size of A. ward7/.

Herrich-Schaefler states that his d7m7d/ata is a synonym of Walker's species.

Geographical range.—Brazil (Neumeegen Coll. Brooklyn Museum); (British Museum).

ADELOCEHEPHALA BREVIS Walker.

Adelocephala brevis WALKER, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1500. 1855.—Borspuvau, Annales Soc. Ent. Bel-
gique, XV, p. 89. 1872.—Prrers, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 10. (1898)-1901.
Syssphinx brevis Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Washington, IV, p. 429. May 13, 1901.

Larva.
Peters, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, Tab. ITI, fig. 5. (1898)-1901.

Imago.—\1 2. A distinct species allied to A. b/color, but the apex of the fore wing is a little
more acute than in @ of that species. Ground color uniform light gray, of the hue of a pale,
dead leaf with scalloped strigse; the shade is peculiar and unlike that of any other species. A
distinct dark extradiscal line extending from within the middle of the inner edge of the wing to
the costa just before the apex; an obscure oblique basal line.

Hind wings with a single line extending across the middle; no discal spot beneath,

Expanse of fore wings, ? 68 mm.; length of one fore wing, 2 35 mm.; breadth of one fore
wing, 2? 16 mm.; length of one hind wing, 9 21 mm.; breadth of one hind wing, ? 15 mm.

Geographical range.—Brazil (Neumcegen Coll. Brooklyn Museum); Rio de Janeiro, The
specimen in the Neumcegen collection does not exactly agree with the descriptions of Walker
and Boisduval, and further comparisons are necessary.

Larva.—Boisduyal states that the caterpillar is yellowish green with the spines of a brilliant
golden hue, of medium length, curved backward and directed backward; the horns on the second
and third thoracic segments toothed, as is also the caudal horn. The first thoracic segment
(collerette) has no spines, these being replaced by small conical tubercles.

Peters states that the larva is very similar to that of A. swhangulata and lives on the same
climbing, prickly plant; also on a spiny Mimosa.

ADELOCEPHALA CROCATA Boisduvyal.
Adelocephala crocata Boispuyat, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 90. 1872.—Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I,
p. 741. 1892.

Adelocephala argyracantha Boispuyat, |. ¢., XV, p. 90. 1872.—Var. Kirpy, |. ¢., p. 741. 1892.

Syssphine argyracantha Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., IV, p. 429. May 13, 1901.

Imago.—\ 8. ‘One of the smallest species; its fore wings are of a tawny yellow, as also
the thorax and abdomen; the fore wings are obliquely crossed from the apex to the middle of
the inner margin by a yery narrow brown line; a basal sinuous obscure line; a white diseal dot;
outer edge of the wing bathed with rosy gray; hind wings unspotted, with the fringe paler; wings
beneath yellowish, with an oblique brown line: the discal region of the fore wings yellow, with
a darker central dot.” (Boisduyal.)

In the Neumeegen collection of the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute is a male from Brazil.
It is a small species. The body and wings are ocherous. It differs from A. argyracantha in Hay-
ing on the fore wings a small white discal spot; the extradiscal line fades out before reaching the
inner edge, while in A. argyracantha it distinetly ends on the inner angle of the wing, curving
around to it, and the discal dot is not white, but deep ocherous brown. The fore wings on their
under side are ocherous, with a pinkish wash toward the apex, and the body and hind wings are
whitish ocherous, almost chalky white.

Expanse of fore wings, ¢ 42mm.; length of one fore wing, 3 21 mm.; breadth of one fore
wing, ¢ 9.5 mm.; length of one hind wing, ¢ 15 mm.; breadth of one hind wing, ¢ 11 mm.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. &9

Geographical range.—Brazil (Boisduyal, Neumcegen).

Var. Adelocephala argyracantha BotspuvaL, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 90. 1872.
Burmeister, 1. c., Pl. XXIII, fig. 7. 1879.
Larva.

Pl. XLIX, fig. 1.
Boisduval, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p.91. 1872.
Burmeister, Atlas de Deser. Phys. Rép. Argentine, p. 52. Pl. XXIII, fig. 7. 1879.

Imago.—1 8. In this form, regarded by Kirby as a variety of A. erocata, and which appears
to be so from an examination of the Neumcgen collection, both wings and also the body are
ocherous, while the fore wings are more pink toward the apex.

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢ 40 mm.; length of one fore wing, ¢ 19 mm.; breadth of one
fore wing, ¢ 8 mm.; length of one hind wing, ¢ 13 mm.; breadth of one hind wing, ¢ 9 mm.

Larva.—Resembles that of brevis. Green or yellowish green, with the spines shining like
polished silver, curved backward and pointing backward, of nearly equal length, those of the
second and third segments toothed, as also the caudal horn, which looks likea recuryed tail. The
front edge of the prothoracic segment (collerette) is garnished with quite prominent silvered
spines. (Boisduyal.)

We copy (PI. XLIX, fig. 1) from Burmeister his figure of the larva of A. argyracantha. He
states that the prothoracic spines are reduced to small hemispherical tubercles; the dorsal spines
of the two hinder thoracic segments, with the caudal horn, are very large and have the angles
toothed before and behind; all the spines are bilateral and distinctly compressed. In the living
caterpillar the spines and tubercles are magnificently silvered on the outer side, but roseate on
the inner side.

The pupa lies in the earth in a cavity lined with silken threads.

Food plant.—In Buenos Ayres the larva feeds on Gleditschia tricanthos.

Geographical range.—Boisduval states that this and anthonil7s are the two species most fre-
quently met with in the vicinity of Novo Friburgo, though the moths themselves are rarely seen.

On the label of the specimen in the Neumcegen collection Paraguay is given as the locality.
Burmeister records it from Buenos Ayres.

Adelocephala larva not determined (P\. IW, fig. 1).—The following description is drawn
up from a dry and contracted caterpillar from Brazil, obtained through M. Donckier: It is
a form of remarkable interest, since it appears to be more primitive in its characters than any
other species yet known. This is seen in the unusual development of the prothoracic spines and
in the equality in the size and unusual length of the dorsal spines of abdominal segments 1-7.

Head (Pl. XLIV, fig. 13) conical, much more so and also higher than in A. /s/as, and
still more so than in A. bicolor. It is of a rich olive sea green, with a broad whitish band arising
from just in front of the ocelli, ending on the vertex, and edged behind with a dark-green
parallel line.

Prothoracie segment with high dorsal (7) and subdorsal (777) spines, polished, silvery white
or porcellanous, erect, nearly smooth, with minute low spinules, and nearly as long as the horns
behind are thick. Two dorsal (7) and two subdorsal (777) spines or horns on each of the two fol-
lowing thoracic segments, which are about as long as the head is high or as the body is thick, and
smooth in front; they are smooth in front, but behind bear, besides a few minute ones, four or
five large rounded spinules about twice as long as thick in the middle. The distal third of each
horn is smooth. The horns are sharp and decidedly recurved; the subdorsal ones (7/7) are but
slightly shorter than those of the dorsal series; those below (7»+v and #77) are mere short
tubercles.

On abdominal segments 1 to 7 the dorsal spines (7) are saber-shaped, compressed, recurved,
and very long, but little shorter than the subdorsal horns and about two-thirds as long as the
caudal horn. They are polished, glistening, and in life were probably porcelain or silyery white.
All of the series are of the same length and but little shorter than the subdorsal horns (777) and

90 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

about two-thirds as long as the caudal horn. Those of the subdorsal series (7/7) are at base
broader in proportion than the dorsal ones and yery sharp. Those of the infraspiracular series
(‘x + v) are well developed, sharp, though but one-half as long as those of the subdorsal series.
Caudal horn large (fig. 4c), unevenly though decidedly forked at the end and bearing rounded
knobs or tubercles, some of which are quite long and slender. The horn is a little longer than the
thoracic dorsal horns and nearly three times as stout.

On the ninth abdominal segment is a median tubercle about twice as large as those next to it.
It is polished and silvery.

Suranal plate (Pl. LIV, fig. 7), triangular, not rounded as usual, thick and solid, especially
on the edges, with rounded knoblike reddish tubercles, four on each side, and more numerous
smaller ones on the under side of the edge. Across the base is a row of four small tubercles,
succeeded by a parallel row of smaller tubercles. The end of the plate is forked, each division
formed by a large stout tubercle.

Anal legs with cream-white porcellanous granulations or bosses around the thickened edges,
while the center is smooth. Spiracles green. The trunk segments are all smooth, without the
granulations present in A. bicolor and the San Antonio larva. Length about 40 mm.

This larva is of remarkable interest, since there are quite high spines on the prothoracic seg-
ment, showing that this species is the most ancestral and primitive, nearer the stem form than
any other species of the genus whose larva is known. I had thought that C/theronia regalis, with
its long prothoracic spine, might be the stem form of the group, though the pupa is by no means
so primitive as that of the other genera. This South American larya, however, is apparently
the most ancestral of any of the Ceratocampinze yet known, and indicates that eastern South
America was the center of origin of the family. It appears to be allied to the larva of A. brevis,
as figured by Peters (Pl. II, fig. 5), in which there appears to be, judging by the poor figure,
short prothoracic spines, while the dorsal spine of the abdominal segments is represented as
being as long as the thoracic horns. Whether the undetermined Adelocephala figured by Peters
(Pl. IL], fig. 6), with very long, slender horns on all the segments, is a true Adelocephala seems
uncertain.

The following species from Central and South America haye not been examined by me:

Adelocephala jason Botsp., |. ¢., p. 83. 1872. Mexico.
Adelocephala fallax Botsp., |. ¢., p. 84, Pl. II, fig. 3. 1872. Mexico.

Adelocephala leucantha Botsp., 1. ¢., p. 89. 1872. Brazil.

Adelocephala erubescens Botsp., |. ¢., p. 91. 1872. Brazil.
Adelocephala flavosignata Wa.K., Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., XXXII, p. 575. 1865.

Adelocephala tristygma Botsp., |. ¢., p. 86. Pl. II, fig. 4. 1872. Brazil.

Adelocephala leucostygma Botsp., 1. ¢., p. 85. 1872. Guatemala; Oaxaca, Mexico.
Othorene arpi Scuaus, Amer. Lepidoptera, I, p. 20, Tab. III, fig. 7. 1892. Rio Janeiro.
Othorene janeira Scuaus, |., ¢., p. 20, Tab. IL], fig. 9. 1892. Rio Janeiro.

Othorene invalida Scuaus, 1. c., p. 20. Tab. III, fig. 8. 1892. Rio Janeiro.

Othorene columbia Scuaus, 1. ¢., p. 21. Tab. III, fig. 18. 1892. Colombia.
Adelocephala acuta Scuaus, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., 1V, p. 59. Aroa, Venezuela.

CRINODES BELLATRIX Stoll.

Bombyx bellatrix Stoll, Papillons exotiques, IV, taf. 305 F. 1781?. Suppl. Taf. XXII, p. 106, fig. 3. Larva.
1791.

Crinodes bellatric Herrich-Schaeffer, Aussereurop. Schmett., I, p. 11. 1855.

Astylis bellatric Boisd., Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 94. 1872.

Crinodes bellatric Kirby, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 616. 1892.

In the absence of any material for examination I can only follow Boisduval in regarding
this moth as belonging to this subfamily. The moth, judging from Stoll’s figure, differs from
Adelocephala. The species figured by him is apparently a female, with filiform antenne, but
Boisduval states that those of the male are finely pectinated on the basal two-thirds. It does not
appear to belong with the Notodontide, where it was placed by Herrich-Schaeffer and by Kirby.

The larva, judging by Stoll’s figure, appears to be allied to that of Adelocephala. The head

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 91

is large, the prothoracic dorsal horns are longer than thick, showing the primitive nature of the
genus. The caudal horn is not clearly shown; the lateral infraspiracular spines are a little
longer than in 4. argyacantha. Though the figure is poorly drawn, the suranal plate and anal
legs appear to resemble those of Adelocephala.

The pupa is undoubtedly closely similar to that of Adelocephala, the cremaster being long,
slender, and deeply forked.

The lary of Boisduval’s Astylis, which includes A. besh77 and A. sommer/, both from Brazil,
live on ditferent species of bananas (J/usa sapientium, etc.).

Geographical distribution.—Surinam to Brazil (Stoll, Boisduyal).

Until examples of the moths and larvee can be had for study it is impracticable to further

discuss the species of this genus.
Crino sommeri Hiibner will probably be found to differ generically from C. bellatrix,; in
fact it does not appear to belong with the Ceratocampine, and may prove to be a noctuid.

SYSSPHINX Hubner.
(Pls. XX XIII, fig. 4; LVII, figs. 4, 4a-te.)

Syssphinz Htsner, Verzeichniss Schmm., p. 148. 1818-1822.

Syssisphinz WALKER, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1503. 1855.

Psephopaectes Grove, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., I, p. 5. June, 1867. ¢.

Adelocephala Grove, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., I, p. 7. June, 1867. 9°.

Ceroderes Boispuvat, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 81. 1872.

Syssiphinx BuRMEISTER, Descr. Phys. Rép. Argentine, V. Lép., Pt. 1, p. 492, 1878, Atlas, p. 45. 1879.
Syssphinx Druce, Biologia Centr.-Amer. Insecta, Lep. Het., I, p. 172. June, 1886.

Syssiphing Krrpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892. Schaus, Amer. Lep., p. 19, 1892.

Imago.— é and 2. Head much depressed, triangular in front, wide between the antenne,
but rapidly narrowing much more than in Adelocephala toward the labrum; the end of the
clypeus is prolonged into a large solid knob-like protuberance. In this respect the genus differs
from any other of the subfamily. Eyes rather large, larger than in Anisota. Palpi minute,
short, slender. Maxillee of male well developed, more so than usual, being longer than in
Adelocephala. The two are separate, loosely curled up, and would, if extended, reach well beyond
the front; those of the female invisible. Antenne of g widely bipectinated to a little beyond
the middle, beyond filiform, without distinct teeth, but instead a pair of rather long fine seta.
Those of 2 perfectly filiform, with no denticles or sete, being simple and round.

Thorax full, the front overhanging the head as in Adelocephala. Fore wings Smerinthus-like,
with the costa straight, the apex sharp, in ¢ the oblique outer edge distinctly, in ? slightly
scalloped and conyex.

Hind wings of ¢ rounded at the apex; outer edge excavated; inner angle well rounded, but
in ° rounded as usual, and the outer edge not excayated but full, more as in Adelocephala and
Anisota. Hind wings in ¢ reaching to the outer fourth of the abdomen; in 2 to the end of the
latter, extending farther in this direction than in Adelocephala and Anisota.

Venation (Pl. LVII, figs. 4, 4a, 4c): As in Eacles, Anisota, and Adelocephala vein III, is
wanting: the venation differs in no important respects from Anisota and Adelocephala, as will
be seen by reference to the figures. The two discal veins make a decided angle, as also seen in
A, heiligbrodtii.. In the hind wings the discal veins are less oblique, the two taken together
making more of a curve than in Anisota and Adelocephala.

Coloration: In general ocher yellow; the hind wings are pink in the middle; no discal spot
on the fore wings aboye, but beneath isa large black discal patch. The two usual lines, basal
and extradiscal, well marked. On the hind wingsa large black roundish discal spot, not centered
with white: this spot is not repeated beneath; the extradiscal line is present, though not very
distinct.

Genitalia (Pl. XLI, figs. 2, 27): The suranal plate a flat oblong plate of uniform width,
ending in a fork (as in certain Sphingidw). A single pair of claspers, which are quite wide,

92 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ending in two points, the inner much larger, forming a long sharp spine. Penis a thick cylindrical
style, obtuse at the end. The armature differs decidedly from that of Anisota and Adelocephala
in the simple flat suranal plate, the 2-spined claspers, and the thick obtuse penis.

This genus, as already remarked by Grote, *‘bears a remarkably close though superficial
resemblance to Smerinthus, and Boisduval afterwards stated that it has a slight resemblance to
certain varieties of Smer/nthus popul7 in the shape of the fore wings, with their scalloped outer
edge.” Also the tongue is unusually well developed, though Grote states that the oral struc-
ture is obsolete. This might by some be regarded as a case of mimicry, though the genus
probably lived long anterior to a modern specialized sphingid. It differs from Adelocephala in
its larval characters, there being no dorsal spines on abdominal segments 1 to 7, as well as in the
genital armature; hence there seems no cause for uniting any of that genus with it.

There is a good deal of discrepancy (Androrophy) between the two sexes, so much so that
the female was referred by Grote to Adelocephala, and the male to his genus Psephopaectes, this
being a remarkable case of male divergence from the more normal or primitive type,“ which
has been preserved by the female.

The head in front is much narrower than in Adelocephala,
and the clypeus is remarkably produced into a prominent knob-
like projection, which, so far as I know, is unique in the moths.

Larva—Stage I.—Very similar to A. bicolor, but body not
striped; prothoracic segment unarmed; eight long thoracic
horns like those of A. bicolor, other spines as in 4Zcolor, but
slightly more developed; caudal horn larger and higher, ending
in a thick swollen knob, which is square seen from in front,
with a bristle on each side.

Last stage.—Body thick; it differs from Adelocephala in the
Fic. 10.—Head, denuded, of Syssphine molina; thoracic spines being stout and very short, while there are no

maz, vestigial maxillw, male. B a 5
spines on the first to seventh abdominal segments; the caudal
horn is very short, not much higher than thick. The third thoracic and eighth abdominal
segments are swollen.

Geographical distribution.—This genus ranges from the tropical zone or eastern coast of
Mexico (Jalapa) to Brazil, extending southward, according to Peters (in Schréder), to the La Plata,
and presumably northeastern Argentina.

Food plant.-—*‘Juga vera.”

History of the genus.—Vhe group is monotypic, there being but a single species, S. molina,
mentioned by Hiibner, who placed it between the Sphinges and Endromis, quite remotely from
Eacles and Citheronia, the gap between being filled by the Notodontide, Drepanulide, certain
Saturniida, and Aglia and Dirphia.

SYSSPHINX MOLINA (Stoll).
Pl. XOX, fig. 4.
Phalena-Bombyx molina Stou., Papillons Exot., IV, p. 25, 221, Tab. 302, E. F. (9); Tab. 396, B. (gf). (1781?)
1782.
Phalena molina Sepp, Papillons de Surinam, III, p. 259, Pl. 118, g¢ and ? (Amsterdam, n. d.).
Syssphinx molina HtBNer, Verzeichniss Schmett., p. 143. 1818-1822.
Syssisphinx molina WaLKer, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1503, No. 1. 1855.

Psephopaectes simulatilis Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., 1, p. 6, Pl. 1, fig. 1. ¢. 1867.
Adelocephala grandis Grote, Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., I, p. 8, Pl. 1, fig. 7 @. 1867.

Ceroderes molina BotspuvaL, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 81. 1872.

Ceratocampa molina Burmester, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine, V. Lép., Pt. 1, p. 492, 1878; Atlas, p. 45, Pl. xrx,
fig. 1, 1879.

Syssphinx molina Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 172. June, 1866.

Syssisphing molina Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 741. 1892.

Syssphinx molina Dyar, Proc. Ent. Soc., Washington, VIII, p. 428. May 13, 1901.

@See male preponderance (androrophy) in lepidopterous insects, by A. 8. Packard. Science, XVII, p. 250,
Feb. 13, 1903.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 93

Larva.
Pl. III, figs. 4, 4a; XVI, fig. 4; XLVII, figs. 1, la-le.

Stoll, Supplement Cramer, Papillons Exot., Pl. 22, fig. 4. 1782.

Sepp, Papillons de Surinam, III, Pl. 118, larva and pupa.

Not Boisduval, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 81. 1872.

Burmeister, La description physique de la République Argentine, Lép., atlas, Pl. xrx, fig. 4. 1879.
Peters, Die Heteroceren-Raupen (Schréder), p. 10, Taf. m1, fig. 2, 2a. 1901.

Imago.—2 8,2 2. Body and wings pale fawn color or brownish ocherous. Abdomen of
the same hue as the head and thorax above and below. Legs darker, becoming purplish on the
outside of the tibize and tarsi.

Fore wings fawn color within and a little darker beyond the extradiscal line. Basal line
obscure, a little irregular, oblique, slightly curved outward behind the costal edge. Extradis-
eal line light brown, oblique, not sinuous in ¢, very slightly sinuous in 9. Apex of ¢ yery
acute, below the apex the edge is excavated, leaving a projection in the middle of the wing, while
between this and the inner angle of the wing is a rather deep hollow subdivided into two sinuses;
in @ outer edge moderately convex, not scalloped. In ¢ the outer margin beyond the extra-
discal line is somewhat darker than the rest of the wing, and with scattered obscure dusky strige,
while along the middle of the wing is a hoary purplish or lilac discoloration, which in 9 is
wanting.

Hind wings of the same hue as the anterior pair, but reddish pink in the middle of the wing
extending from near the base of the wing to the extradiscal line, but not reaching the costal or
inner edge, which is pale ocherous, and of the same hue as the outer edge of the wing beyond
the extradiscal line. A large black discal spot, a little larger and rounder in ? thanin ¢. The
extradical line is definite and a little curved in ¢,in 2 much wider and more diffuse, and merging
into the pink area. Beneath, the fore wings are stained deep roseate in the middle, including the
large discal spot; extradiscal line pink behind, becoming wider, more diffuse, and tawny ocherous
toward and on the costa.

Hind wings beneath with no pink and no lines, the extradiscal being obsolete or quite faint,
and when visible broad and diffuse. In the ¢ the abdomen is slightly ringed with dark ocherous.
The genital armature is as represented on Pl. Lrx, figs. 3, 3a; as there is no other species of the
genus known, the specific characters can not be drawn up with precision.

Expanse of fore wings, ¢ 90mm.; 2 120mm. Length ofa fore wing, ¢ 40mm; 2 55 mm.

Breadth of a fore wing, ¢ 20 mm.; ? 25 mm. Length of hind wing, ¢ 24 mm.; 2? 34 mm.
Breadth of hind wing, ¢ 19mm; 2 25 mm.
Jalapa, Mexico (O. T. Barrett); Mexico (H. Edwards). The
following localities are given by Druce: Costa Rica (Van Patten, Gabb, Mus. Druce); Panama,
Volcan de Chiriqui (Arcé in Mus. Druce); Colon (Boucard, Mus. Druce); Guiana, Surinam, Brazil,
Trinidad, West Indies. He adds that the examples from Costa Rica are the darkest and agree
fairly well with Cramer’s figure. The specimens from Panama agree well with those described
by Grote and Robinson, which Mr. Edwards apparently received from the eastern coast of Mexico.
It is recorded from South America by Sepp and by Stoll; from the Brazilian coast at Rio by Bur-
meister. Peters states that it is tolerably common at Novo Friburgo, a town 30 miles north-
west of Rio de Janeiro, and he adds that its southern range extends to La Plata.

Habits.—Regarding the breeding habits of this interesting moth Mr. Otis W. Barrett writes,
under date of May 12, 1900, ** Eggs of Syssphinx molina are hatching to-day” (twelve days incu-
bation); ‘‘ oddest looking fellows imaginable.” .

Fgq.—lt is very large compared with that of Anisota, being 2 mm. in length and 1.8-1.9 mm.
in width. It is closely similar in shape and nearly as large as those of Euecles imperialis and
C. regalis, being flattened, oval, elliptical. The surface with obscurely hexagonal areas, and from
a central boss arises a slender, fine hair, which projects into the interior of the egg, precisely as

2D)

Geographical distribution.

described under Lacles imperialis.

94 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva—Stage J.—Length 3.5mm. (Freshly hatched, but described from five alcoholic spee-
imens, Pl. XLVII, fig. 1, lv-le.) Body stouter than in A. bicolor, and the head a little larger
in proportion. The head is pale sienna brown or yellow ocher. As in A. bicolor it is, before
the larva has taken food, much wider than the body, and is slightly wider than the prothoracie
segment, which is broad and flaring in front as in Anisota and A. b/co/or. It is unarmed as in
A. bicolor, the front edge of the tergum being coarsely granulated. Of the 8 long horns,
4 on the second thoracic and 4 on the third, the dorsal or inner ones as usual are longer than
those of the subdorsal row by the length of the bulb. They are as long as the body from
the front of the head to the eighth abdominal median horn, not being quite as long as the

Fie. 11.—Distribution of Syssphine molina.

body itself. They are as usual finely wrinkled. Along the basal half of the stalk are about
eight digitiform tubercles, not so many as in A. bzcolor, and on the distal half only one or two.
The bulbous tips are of the same shape and proportions as in A. b/color, being chestnut-like,
and the two terminal lateral spines are as in A. d/co/or, but darker. The dorsal spines on the
abdominal segments are as in. b/color, but differ in being simple, not bearing a minute blunt
spine on the base behind. There are no small, setiferous tubercles behind the main or anterior
ones, such as occur in A. décolor. The spined tubercles of the infraspiracular row are much
longer and deeply forked or double (see fig. 1). On the whole the armature of the body is in
this stage more developed than in A. //color, though undergoing a decided reduction at the end
of larval life.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 95

The caudal horn. (on the eighth abdominal segment), unlike A. 4/color, is larger and higher, as
long as the body is thick, ending in a broad, squarish, thick, swollen knob, and is not deeply bifid
as it is in A. b/eolor (figs. 1, a, 6,14). From the anterior edge arise, each from a small tubercle,
long bristles, equaling the width of the bulb or knob; the stem bears stouter but a less number of
digitiform tubercles than A. 4/color.

On the ninth abdominal segment is a minute dorso-median, slender tubercle, giving rise to
two slender bristles (1/, rx); it is much as in A. b/eolor, but slightly larger and not so dark.
Allthe tubercles on the body, except those on the suranal plate, are finely wrinkled, and the sete
are finely but sparsely setose. The suranal plate not granulated; with a large 3-headed tubercle at
the base on each side (this is small and simple in 4. /co/or), three smaller setiferous tubercles on
each side toward the end. The general shape and armature of the two forms (Syssphinx and
A. bicolor) is the same as regards the suranal plate and anal legs.

Syssphinx on hatching differs decidedly from A. bécolor in having no lines, stripes, or any
other specialized deposits of pigment, while in alcoholic specimens of A. Aicolor the dark lines
are distinct. Judging from the lack of ornamentation at this stage A. 4/color is hatched ina
more advanced stage, but judging from the armature (caudal horn) it is decidedly more primi-
tive, this horn reaching a considerable degree of specialization.

Last stage.—For a description and colored figure of the fully grown caterpillar we are
indebted to Burmeister. He states that it differs from other species of Ceratocampa by the want
of spines on the first thoracic and all the abdominal segments except the eighth, which like those
on the second and third thoracic segments is *‘ recourbée en crochet.” The body is quite thick,
the surface of the segments finely granulated with black dots. The ground color is green, with
a yellow lateral line, which begins between the dorsal spines of the third thoracic segment.
These spines are equally yellow, like the caudal one, all having the tip red.

The eighth abdominal segment is swollen or humped up; the ninth segment and suranal
plate are transversely ridged in an unusual way. On each side of the head is a yellow line.

It chiefly differs in the reduction of the thoracic and caudal spines; these being stout and
short; those on the two last thoracic segments being conical and not over three times as long as
thick at the base, while the caudal horn, judging by Burmeister’s figure, is but little longer than
thick at the base.

Pupa.—Judging from Sepp’s figure the pupa closely resembles that of Adelocephala and
Anisota, the cremaster being forked, flat, long, and the body more or less spined.

Food plant.—According to Sepp, as quoted by Burmeister, the caterpillar feeds on the
*“Juga vera.” Peters states that ‘the green, often bluish, caterpillar lives on different Legumi-
nose, i. e., on the vellow flowering Cassia and on trees called there (Nova Friburgo, 30 miles from
Rio de Janeiro) Sanandt and Bandarra.”

PSYSSPHINX PEHETERSII Peters.

®

{

?Syssphine petersii PErErs, Die Heteroceren—Raupen, p. 10, 1901, Taf. ITI, fig. 3, Pupa, fig. 3a.

Imago.— 2 Fore wings reddish brown, with many small black flecks and an oblique trans-
verse externally pale, within darker, line extending from the apex of the fore wing to the middle
of the inner edge. Hind wings dark carmine red, with the edges of the color of the fore wings.
Abdomen concolorous with the hind wings. Expanse of wings 14-16 cm. (Peters.)

Larva.—As figured by Peters it differs from S. mol/na; there are two twin conical tuber-
cles on the prothoracic segment; a pair of long dorsal spines on the second and third thoracic
segments, of nearly equal length, nearly as long as the segments are thick; the body gradually
widens to the eighth abdominal segment, which, however, bears no distinct ‘‘eaudal horn.” The
larva also differs from that of S. mol/ina in having low conical dorsal tubercles on abdominal
segments 1-7. The suranal plate is much longer and larger, though with no salient spines, but
marked with yellow warts.

Vol. 9—05——7

96 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Pupa.—Much like that of Anisota and Adelocephala; the caudal spine being Jong and
slender and slightly forked at the end.

Food plant.—I\t feeds on a high forest Mimosa.

Geographical range.—Nova Friburgo, near Rio de Janeiro.

ANISOTA Hiibner.
(Plates XX.)

Anisota Hursner, Verzeichniss Schmett. p. 192. 1818-1822.

Dryocampa Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass. in Hitchcock’s Report on the Geology of Mass. 4°, 1834, and 2d edit.,

p. 72 (p. 592), 1835; Treatise Inj. Insects, p. 293, 1841. 3d edit. 1862.—WaLKeEr, Cat. Lep. Het. Br.
Mus. VI, p. 1495, 1855.

Anisota Grote, Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., III, p. 93. June, 1864.

Dryocampa and Anisota Packarp, Proe. Ent. Soc. Phil., ITI, p. 384. Nov., 1864.

Adelocephala Botspuvat (in part), Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 88. 1872.

Anisota Dyar, List N. Amer. Lep., p. 75. 1902.

Imago.— é and 9. Head just visible from above, not entirely concealed by the prothorax
as in Syssphinx. Front rather wide, not narrowing in front at the labrum, thus becoming
triangular as in Adelocephala bisecta and in Syssphinx; when denuded seems to be flat, somewhat
triangular (A. rubicunda, Pl. XXXVI, fig. 3), or decidedly so in A. virginiensis (fig. 2); the
labral end of front +—4 as wide as between the antenne, while the surface is full and convex.
Antenne of ¢ bipectinated to a little beyond the middle; 15 pairs of pectinations, the basal pecti-
nations about as long as the proximal ones; the joints (12 in number) of the filiform end very
short, simple; the vestiges of the teeth very short and minute, and giving rise to thin tufts of
several fine sete. In@ they are filiform and simple. Palpi scarcely visible, so short and feeble;
but denuded found to be 3-jointed, joints 1-2 of nearly the same length, third joint about two-
thirds as long as second. Maxille either entirely wanting or minute, vestigial, not visible. I
can not discover in ¢ rubseunda and virginiensis any vestiges of them.

Fore wings of ¢ short, narrow, subtriangular to triangular (especially in A. wrgindensis);
costa curved toward the obtuse or subacute apex; outer edge nearly equal in leneth to the inner,
oblique, and either moderately full or straight.

Hind wings short and broad, the outer edge convex, or (in A. virginiensis) straight and
triangular, with the costa very convex toward the base. The wings reach to the last third or
fourth, or near the end of the abdomen. Legs moderately short; the fore tibial epiphysis
leaf-like, a little over half to two-thirds as long as tibia; no spurs.

Venation (Pl XX XIX): as in Eacles, no vein III,; III, originates about halfway between
the origin of anterior discal vein and that of IV,, 7. ¢., beyond the discal cell, while in Cithe-
ronia and Eacles, II, arises inside of the origin of the discal vein (Pl. LVILI, fig. 5, and p. 56).
A. dissimilis differs in vein ILI arising a little within the origin of the discal vein, as in
Eacles (Pl. LYVII, fig. 5) the discal veins together forming a regular curved line, those of the
hind wings oblique. Other less important differences in the venation are brought out by the
figures of the different species on Plate XX XIX.

Coloration: The United States forms ocherous, bathed with lilac, or in the Mexican A. dis-
similis with purplish brown fore wings, and blackish hind wings; fore wings with a distinct discal
white spot, which is obsolete on the under side.

Genitalia (P]. XLII): Compared with those of Adelocephala to which they are in some respects
(suranal plate) nearest allied, the suranal plate is much broader, and ends in two thick rounded
lobe-like processes; the chitinous end incurved; tip bidentate; the claspers not so wide as in
Syssphinx, but much shorter and stouter than in Adelocephala, and nearer those of Syssphinx,
tip ending in two unequal projections. The harpes (/) are often well developed, as in Citheronia

“Seudder has shown that by the end of 1822 only the first twenty signatures of Hibner’s Verzeichniss were
printed, the first two signatures only having been printed in 1816, the date on the title-page. Proc. Am. Acad. Arts
and Sci., X, 1875, p. 96.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ot

(Pl. LX, figs. 2, 2a, 3b, etc.). Penis complicated; consisting of the slender style-like penis proper,
forked at the end, and a wider broad triangular accessory or guard-plate (Pl. XL, tig. 3c, Py
situated above it. In the four North American species there seems but little difference in the
different parts of the genital armature, and these can be best brought out by reference to my
camera drawings in Plates LIX, XLI.

qq. al, flattened, each end alike, a little longer than broad; shell very thin, parch-
ment-like, the surface with obscurely marked microscopic irregular hexagonal areas. The eges
are laid in large patches on leaves.

Larva.—Body cylindrical, slightly flattened at the end; armature consisting of two recurved
slender smooth mesothoracic horns; prothoracic spines reduced to low tubercles; all the other

dorsal and lateral spines of the body small, conical, acute; the two dorsal spines of the eighth
abdominal segment separate, remote, not fused into a median or caudal horn, but the two tubercles
72 on the ninth segment fused into a caudal horn. Suranal plate rugose or granulated, with
from three to four lateral and two terminal stout conical spines. Body with conspicuous longi-
tudinal bands or stripes.

Young larva, stage 1.—Body not spiny with the exception of a pair of smooth horns a little
longer than the body is thick, slightly divided at the end, each division bearing a long seta. The
other spines represented by minute setiferous tubercles; tubercles 7 7 being present. Suranal

98 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

plate rounded at the end. The median dorsal tubercles 77 on the ninth segment in process of
fusion; the two tubercles are separate, though arising from a common base, but minute and each
bearing a seta.

Pupa.—Body moderately stout; the head overhanging the mouth-region and base of the
antenne; the maxille taken together forming a nearly equilateral triangle, being yery much
shorter than in Eacles and Citheronia; cremaster long, deeply forked; surface spinose; two rows
of spines on the abdominal segments, the sutures between which are deep and wide; the surface
less rugose than in Adelocephala. There seem to be no generic characters, in the pupa, to sepa-
rate this genus from Adelocephala, either in the shape of the body, the maxillx, the cremaster,
or the armature in general. See also description of the pupa of Eacles.

Geographical distribution.—Vhe majority of the species inhabit the United States and Canada
sast of the one hundredth degree of longitude; 2 occur in Mexico. It is doubtful whether the
genus occurs in South America. (Fig. 12.)

Synonymical history of the genus.—Under Anisota Huebner mentions A. pellucida, stigma,
and senatoria. He assigns the genus toa position far remoyed from the others of its group,
between Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) and Streblota. Dryocampa is an exact synonym.

Phylogeny.—Judging by the stripes alone A. senatoréa should, perhaps, be regarded as the
more primitive form. In this species the dark stripes or lines are developed in stage III, and
persist to the end of larval life, where they become the most characteristic style of marking. In
A. rubicunda, on the contrary, the lines become wholly or partially obsolete in the last stage.
In A. stigma the dark lines in stage II are very marked, but they are partially discarded in
stage III. In A. wirginzensis they are already partly blended in stage II.

It is evident, however, that the armature is preferably to be depended on to give us a clew to
the phylogeny of the genus, which has evidently diverged from Adelocampa, with its comple-
ment of large spines along the entire body. A. sfégma, with its longer spines, may be regarded
as the most primitive species of the genus.

The following diagram will serve to express the relationship as well as the phylogeny of the
species of Anisota.

ANISOTA STIGMA (Fabricius).

Rubicunda. (Pl. XX, figs. 4-9.)

: ee r Bombyx stigma Fasrictus, Sp. Ins., I, p.
7 Wrq7nve77s7s, 2 ( ; ;
Senatoria, ig. 176, 40. Mant. Ins., I, 112,48. Syst.

Ent., III, 1 p., 563, no. 25, 1775.
Const/aris Phalena stigma Smirn-Apssot, N. H. Lep.
‘ Ins. Georgia, p. 111. Tab. 56. (1797.)
Anisota stigma HursNner, Verzeichniss
Schmm., p. 193. 1818-1822.—Grykr,
Forts. Hiibner, Sammi. exot. Schmm.,
Ill. Pl. 26, figs. 1-4. 1837.
Dryocampa stigma Harris, Rep. Inj. Ins.,
Mass., p. 292. 1841. Treatise ins. inj.
veg., 3d edit., p. 406. 1862.—WaALKER,
Cat. Lep. Hep. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1496,
Adeloc eph ala. No. 11. 1855.—Frreu, Fifth Rep. Nox.
Fig. 13. Affinities and phylogeny of the species of Anisota. Ins., New York, p. 46. 1859.—Morris,
Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 231. 1862.
Anisota stigma Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., II], p. 93. June, 1864.—Packarp, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., I11, p. 385.
Noy., 1864.
Adelocephala stygma Boisp., Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 86. 1872.
Anisota stigma Packarp, 5th Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm., insects inj. forest trees, p. 125. 1890.—Kirpy, Syn. Cat.
Lep. Het., I, p. 739. 1892.—Nrumorcen and Dyrr, Journ. N. York Ent. Soc., II, p. 147. Dec., 1894.—
BeuTeNMULier, Cat. bombycine moths, N. York, p. 489. Pl. xx, fig. 4 g. 1898.

Shgoma,

Anisota.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 99

Larva.

(Pl. V, figs. 1-5; XXX, XOXXT, fig. 1; L, figs. 2-2d; LI, figs. 2-2c; LII, figs. 3-3c.)
Smith-Abbot, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins., Georgia, p. 111. Tab. 56. 1797.
Lintner, J. A., 23d Rep. N. Y. State Cabinet, p. 190. 1873.
tiley, C. V., in Packard’s Rep. U. S. Ent. Commission, insects inj. to forest trees, p. 126. 1890.
Packard, A. S., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., p. 146. March 17, 1893.
Beutenmiiller, W., Cat. bombycine moths, N. York, p. 439. 1898.
Marlatt, C. L., Trans. Kansas Acad. Se., 1887-88; XI, p. 111. Figs. 1889.

Imago.—4é and 5 9. Head, front, and antenne as in A. senatoria and A. virginiensis,
there being no marked differences; tip of antennz filiform, with long fine setz on each side.

Fore wings of ¢ triangular, rather broad, costa much curved toward the obtuse apex; outer
edge nearly straight, a little convex, slightly longer than the inner edge. Hind wings of the
normal shape, though short; apex much rounded, and outer edge full and convex, not triangular,
and inner angle not partly produced. They reach nearer than in the other species to the end of
the abdomen; in @ they are much larger. Fore wings of 2 more produced toward the apex and
reaching to the outer fourth of the abdomen.

Body and wings dark reddish ocher, fore wings opaque in the middle, the base of the wings
and the outer edge beyond the extradiscal line tinged with lilac. Basal line obsolete. Extradiscal
line dark, in some examples slightly sinuous. Discal spot white, round or subtriangular,
conspicuous. Wings speckled with scattered dusky strigee which are rather heavy and distinct,
especially on the fore wings and outer edge of the hind wings. The latter of the same hue as the
anterior pair; the extradiscal line varies in distinctness. Under side more ocherous, the common
extradiscal line distinct and varying in width, being in some very broad and diffuse; the outer
edge of the wing lilac and contrasting more than above with the inner ocherous region and more
heavily strigated than above.

Expanse of fore wing ¢ 47 mm.; 9 53-60 mm. Length of a fore wing ¢ 23mm.; ? 30-34
mm. Breadth of a fore wing ¢ 11 mm.; 9 15-17 mm. Hind wings, length ¢ 16mm.; 2 18-20
mm. Hind wings, breadth ¢ 12mm.:; 2 14-15 mm.

This is the most generalized species of the genus, at least of those inhabiting the United
States. The two sexes are much alike, the hind wings of the ¢ being of nearly the same shape
as in the 2 and not triangular, though short, and the 2 has much larger and longer wings, those
of the hinder pair being produced toward the apex.

A male in Mr. Doll’s collection, at the Brooklyn Museum, is unusually black, the strigee on
the fore wings being confluent; the outer edge of the wing is almost black-brown. The discal
spots are very distinct. It was collected on Long Island.

Fgg.—Flattened elliptical, as usual; shell thin, parchment-like, the surface marked with very
obscure, irregularly hexagonal areas, which are not much crowded. Length, 13; width, 14 mm.

A lot of eggs were sent me from Albany, N. Y., by Mr. Joutel. They hatched July 14 at
Brunswick, Me.

Larva—Stage 1.—Length, 34 to 44 and 5 mm. Head rounded, wholly black. Body pale
pea-green, with a very slight, yellowish tint; abdominal legs green; thoracic legs pale, dusky
amber, becoming darker toward the claws; prothoracie shield usually forming a dusky patch
extending across the segment, but sometimes the shield is pale. All of the minute tubercles
(spines) are green and not distinguishable from the body; they are low and minute. Those on
the abdominal segments are minute, low, conical, green, and difficult to distinguish. The hairs
are horn-colored. The two horns on the second thoracic segment are greenish at base, black
beyond, while the sete are black. In the living larve they are always directed forward. They
are about as long as the body is thick (PI. L, fig. 2), and, as usual, with only the two terminal
bristles. The tubercles on the segments behind the second thoracic are minute, low, with rather
long sete. The median one on segment IX is low, faint, not chitinized, giving rise to two long
bristles. The suranal plate is pale, of the color of the body, not pigmented, and is rounded; the
two terminal tubercles are small, weak, not chitinized, and smaller than the two on each side near

100 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the middle. Compared with A. e/rginéens/s of this stage the tubercles of the plate, as well as the
rest of the body, are smaller, while those on the suranal plate are larger than in A. senatoria.

While at first there are no characteristic markings, at the end of this stage appear faint
traces of the eight dark lines, which are more pronounced in the next stage.

One larva molted July 24, and two or three molted for the first time July 30. When about
to molt it was 12 mm. in length.

Stage [/.—Length, 7 mm.; at the end of the stage, 10 mm. Head nearly twice as large as
before and still black. The body is now dark, including the prothoracic shield, and the two horns
and all the tubercles are also black, as well as the suranal plate and abdominal legs, including
abdominal segments 9 and 10. (Compare PI. L, fig. 20, LI, fig. 37.)

At first after hatching the body is pale, the future dark portions not yet being pigmented,
but toward the end of the stage the seven black lines become distinct. The spines now become
large and well developed, but short. The underside of the body is livid green.

The two horns are twice as long as in the pirst stage. (P\. LI, fig. 2.)

Of the seven dark lines or stripes the medio-dorsal or vascular line is narrow, while the one
on each side is much wider; the next below (supraspiracular or subdorsal, containing the series
of spines of that region) is not so wide or quite so dark as the two wider dorsal ones. The
spiracular line (including the spiracles) is narrow, and a little fainter. There are no lines below
this, and the underside of the body is not pigmented.

So far as I can see, the lines appear simultaneously along the whole body; they differ in inten-
sity, becoming darker toward the middle of the stage, the pigment being deposited more abun-
dantly after exposure to the light.

Stage [11.—Deseribed July 27, when just about to molt. Length, 20 mm.; length of horns,
7 mim.; width of head, 2mm. The head is now Indian or cherry red. The body is rather dark,
livid, cherry red, but without the white granulations of stage LY.

The spines on prothoracic segment black, more jagged, forked, and pointed than in stage
IV (where they are rounded at the tip and bear a single seta).

The two horns with much longer, slenderer barbs than in stage LV.

Suranal plate black above, beneath reddish, the black, upper surface contrasting with the
dull, reddish hue of the body. Anal legs with a large, red, triangular spot inclosed in the dark
edge. The mid-abdominal legs dull cherry red, with a black spot above the planta. There are
faint indications of a dark spiracular line. The spiracles are blackish, but smaller than in
stage IV. (For details of the armature see Pl. L, fig. 2, 2c; LI, fig. 26; LIT, fig. 34.)

In stage III there is a decided change in the markings; the dark lines of stage II are now
much modified. They have become faint, and only traces of them remain, while a new kind of
ornamentation, the white granulations, appear. With the disappearance of the dark stripes, the
traces of the two longitudinal pink lines now appear, a new plan of coloration being thus
installed and not apparently inherited from a previous ancestry. The three dorsal lines are
now blended together into a broad, pale, reddish band, and the pale or whitish line on each side

of the head is emphasized, this becoming the upper one of the two pink lines of the later stages.

Stage 1V.—Length, 21-25 mm.; length of the mesothoracic horns, 10 mm. The horns are
longer and less spinulated than in stage III, and the body is black, dotted with porcelain-white,
uneven setiferous granulations. Head Indian red or dull cherry red. Prothoracie segment with
six large stout forked spines, where those of A. virginiensis are small, almost rudimentary, and
they are larger than in the final stage. These spines vary, however, in being rounded, not
forked, and bearing a single seta. Also the porcelain white granulations are much larger than
in A. virginiensis. The horns on the second thoracic segment are movable and much longer
than in the last stage, being nearly twice as long in proportion. The dorsal spines on all the
succeeding segments are of nearly the same size, being nearly one-half as long as the body is
thick; those on the third thoracic segment are uneyenly forked and of the same size as those of
the sixth and eighth abdominal segments; those on segments 1-5 being a little smaller; those on
the third thoracic segment are more regularly bifid than the abdominal ones, which have the
smaller fork lower down. The single median spine on the ninth segment is no larger than either

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 101

of the two on the eighth segment, and armed with white spinules. The suranal plate black; it
is rounded with six black and several white spines, the basal black ones the largest. The skin is
of a peculiar blackish pitchy color. Spiracles black, with a narrow white line around them.
The thoracic and abdominal legs are dark pitchy, the latter sometimes very dark red with a sur-
plantar black patch; sides of the anal legs reddish, like the suranal plate; in other larve the anal
legs are entirely black. Vo subdorsal or lateral pinkish stripe, like those in A. virginiensis.

One observed just molting from stage LIT, Brunswick, Me., July 27; a few minutes after
exuviation the body was still of the same dull chestnut red as in stage II (though the white gran-
ulations show that it is in stage IV). One (the left) horn is shorter than the others. The spines
are now all pale livid, as also the suranal plate and the anal legs. The thoracic and mid-abdom-
inal legs are pale testaceous. In one hour it became dark and the spines black. Five more
larve had molted by July 31. (Compare PI. L, 2c, 2d; LI, fig. 2c; LI, tig. 3c.)

Stage V.Length, 35 mm.; of the second thoracic dorsal spines, 6.5 mm. The head is of
the same cherry red color as in the preyious stage. The second thoracic spine is about as long
as the body is thick and recurved; the other spines are more curyed backward and downward
than in the previous stage and their shape is very different, the upper surface being smooth, the
spinules being collected on the under side; the usually single large spine being white and beyond
the middle, with smaller abortive spinules on the side; these spinules are larger on the spines of
the eighth and ninth segments. Suranal plate reddish, its surface rough, with white piliferous
granulations; near the base is a large black spine on each side, and two black ones of about the
same size at the end, forming a fork: the entire tenth abdominal segment reddish. Spiracles
black; a faint dusky, spiracular line. Thoracic and abdominal legs pitchy black; sides of the
anal legs reddish. Skin dark, with more numerous white granulations than in the previous stage.

It is quite different and easily distinguished from A. wirginiensis; compared with this
species, the head is of the same size, but the color quite different, being dull cherry or Indian
red, while that of A. virginiensis is yellowish amber and usually green. All the spines are much
longer; those on the back of the second thoracic longer, and those behind two or three times
longer; that on the ninth abdominal certainly three times as long as tit A. virginiensis. The skin
is blacker, and thus the granulations are more distinct, besides being larger, while A. st/gia
lacks the distinct subdorsal and lateral pink or jlesh-colored bands present in A. virginiensis. The
spines on the suranal plate are stouter and longer.

Staye VI.—Some specimens reared at Brunswick, Me., again molted July 30-31. The
following description was drawn up August 1:

Length, 37 mm.; width of head, 4.5 mm. It differs from those in stage V in the body being
dark, dusky chestnut and densely covered with percelain-white granulations of uneven size.
There is no lateral paler line such as is seen in the previous stage.

The horns are now less spiny, and all the horns and spines are shorter than in stage V. The
spiracles are larger and with an outer white ring. The head, thoracic legs, and tenth abdominal
segment are reddish or pale chestnut.

Two were observed moving their heads from one side to the other on being disturbed.

The following notes by Riley are added from my Forest Insects, page 126:

** Young larva.—August 24, 1876, found a lot of caterpillars feeding on Quercus bicolor?
They are 0.63 of an inch in length, and of a dark greenish-gray color, with a broad dorsal line a
shade darker; on each segment there are six black thorns tipped with white; two on the dorsal
line, one on each side, and one omthe margin of each side; those on the sides are yery small and
more like tubercles; thorns on the back and sides nearly equal in length, getting a little longer
on the last segments; on the second segment are two very long horns, resembling yery much
antenn, the point of which is divided into two; they are directed forward and curved a little
backward. Head brick-red, not very glossy: feet black. Destroyed by parasites. (Riley’s
unpublished notes. )

* Full grown larva.—Average length 50mm. General color pale tawny-red, inclining to
orange. The whole surface covered with bright yellow, almost white papille of different sizes,
giving a speckled appearance; the usual medio-dorsal narrow line; a broad subdorsal longitudi-

102 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

nal stripe of a paler color and having a dingy carneous hue; a narrower substigmatal stripe of
the same hue. Horns and spines black and marked with white papille, and with a tendency to
branch, especially toward the tips; the longer horns on joint 2 being blunt pointed, and also with
white papille at the base. Head uniformly gamboge-yellow; cervical shield, anal plate, and
plates on anal prolegs of the same yellowish color as head. A pale medio-ventral line; the tho-
racic legs pale, the prolegs with pale papille outside on a dark ground.

‘The species is at onee distinguished from the other species of the genus by the longer
spines, their tendency to furcation, and being speckled with white papille, and by the less dis-
tinct striping.” (Riley.)

Aberrations in the larva.—In different larval stages the following monstrosities or defects
were observed: One is represented on Pl. LI, fig. 2,av, where the right dorsal horn in Stage III is
about one-half as long as its mate and proportionately thicker; tig. 2a of the same plate repre-
sents at ¢ a shortened thoracic horn (Stage IV), as compared with d, a normal spine; at aa
third dorsal, and at / an abnormal second dorsal tubercle of a larva 12 mm. in length.

Food plants. —Oak, hazel.

Habits.—The larva of A. stigina is said by Doctor. Riley to be nearly as destructive in the
Southern States as A. senatoria is in the Northern.

According to Abbot and Smith, in Georgia the caterpillar goes into the ground to pupate
September 20 and comes forth by the middle of June following. The young at first keep
together and as they grow larger disperse.

The following quotations are from Riley’s unpublished notes in Packard’s Forest Insects:

** Found feeding on oak and hazel at St. Louis, Missouri, by Professor Riley, on hazel in Ihi-
nois, by Mr. Muhlemann, and on both oak and hazel by Mr. Saunders, London, Ontario. Moths
issue from middle of May to middle of June. Eggs were noticed to hatch July 10. Went through
the first two molts till July 20, and through third molt July 27. The first larva entered the
ground August 4, and the last one August 22, 1870. These are specimens from Canada, but
around Kirkwood, Missouri, there are some found which are not yet full grown at this date.

‘*Mr. Saunders says, November 21, 1870, that he has noticed a second brood.

**According to Abbot and Smith this is the more spotted moth, and their larva agrees with
mine, but is colored too yellow. Their larva of A. pe//ucida seems to differ principally in having
two pink longitudinal vittee, each side. The male and female of A. s¢/gma are almost alike,
while in A. pellucida they are unlike. Both are sometimes found on the same tree.

**Dr. Asa Fitch states that his little daughter was stung badly by a larva which he had
feeding under a glass; but, notwithstanding that a slight stinging sensation is discernible, it can
not be likened to that of the true stinging larvee and is not more irritating than the prickly
spines of Vanessa interrogationis.”

Geographical distribution.—Boston, Mass. (Harris); London, Canada (Saunders); Rhode
Island (Dearden); New York (Fitch, Grote, Joutel, Beutenmiiller); New Jersey (Smith);
Columbus, Ohio (W. N. Tallant); Southern Illinois (French); Springfield, Ill. (June 30,
July 1); St. Louis, Mo. (Riley); North Carolina (Morrison); Georgia (Abbot); Kansas (Marlatt).

It probably ranges throughout the Appalachian and Austroriparian subprovinces as far west
as the one hundredth meridian; but its exact northern, northwestern, and southwestern limits
remain to be defined. (See Map V.) -

ANISOTA VIRGINIENSIS (Drury).
(UBT OXEXC hi agence oa :

Bombyx virginiensis Drury, Illustrations Exot. Ent. Append., II, p. 23, Pl. xiu, fig. 2. 1773.

Bombyx astynome OLivier, Eneycl. Méth., V, p. 43, No. 73. 1789.

Phalena pellucida Smira-Appor, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 115, Tab. 58. 1797.

Dryocampa virginiensis Westwoon, Edit. Drury, Ill., II, p. 24, Tab. XIII, fig. 2. 1887.

Dryocampa pellucida Harris, Rep. Inj. Ins. Mass., p. 293. 1841.—Frrcen, Fifth Rep. Nox. Ins. New York,

p. 44. 1859.
Dryocampa virginiensis WALKER, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1496. 1855.
Dryocampa pellucida Morris, Syn. Lep. N. Amer., p. 232. 1862.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 103

Anisota pellucida Grorr, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, p. 93. June, 1864.

Anisota pellucida Packarp, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, p. 385. Nov., 1864.

Anisota virginiensis PacKArD, Proce. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, p. 385. Novy., 1864.—Fifth Rep. U. S. Ent. Comm.,
p. 127. 1890.

Adelocephala pellucida Botspuvat, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 87. 1872.

Anisota virginiensts Kirspy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 739. 1892.—NeruMoGEN and Dyar, Journ. New York Ent.
Soe., II, p. 148. Dee., 1895.—Brurenmtiier, Cat. bombycine moths New York, p. 440. 1898.

Larva.

(Pls. 1V, V, figs. 1-5; X XIX, L, figs. 1-1d, LII, figs. 1-1c.)

Smith-Abbot, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 115, Tab. 58. 1797.

Harris, T. W., Treatise Ins. inj. veg. 3d edit., p. 407.

Riley, C. V., in Packard’s Insects Inj. Forest Trees, p. 127. 1890.

French, G. H., Rep. Curator Mus. S. Ill. Normal Uniy. 1880.

Packard, A. S., Fifth Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm. Insects Inj. Forest Trees, p. 127. 1890.
Lugger, O., Bull. 10. Agr. Expt. Station Minnesota, Pl. I, fig. 3. 1890.
Beutenmiiller, W., Cat. bombycine moths New York, p. 441. 1898.

Imago.—5 3,5 2 (and many others observed).

Male. Antenne bipectinated a little beyond the middle, beyond tiliform; as usual in ¢
simple. Fore wings regularly triangular and smailer proportionally than in any of the other
species; costa straight, curved toward the subacute apex, outer edge very oblique, not full and
convex asin g A. senatoria, but straight and nearly one-third longer than the inner edge; the
inner angle less rounded than in ¢ A. senatoria; middle of the wing transparent from the discal
spot outward to the hinder part of the outer edge and effacing the extradiscal line, except toward
the apex. Discal spot nearly twice as large as in A. senatoria and stigma, being round or suboyate.

Hind wings regularly triangular, costa very full; inner angle produced almost into a sort of
lobe and reaching to the outer third of the abdomen; the outer edge very oblique, either a little
convex or even slightly concave; immaculate, not usually, if at all, speckled, and with no extra-
discal line.

Under side of wings: An extradiscal line common to both wings, though on the anterior
pair effaced over the hyaline area; on the hind wings broad and diffuse, sometimes wanting.
Discal spot faintly reproduced, the color paler than above.

Female. Wings not so broad as in A. senatoria, but of the same general shape as in A. sena-
toria, ete. In color, while the squamation is thin, as in A. senatoréa, the wings both at the base
and on the outer margin are more lilac or purple and less ocherous, while the wings are less
speckled than in A. stigma and senator/a, the outer edge not being spotted. Extradiscal line dif-
fuse, not very distinct or dark. Discal spot slightly larger than in A. stigma and senatoria,
under side pale ocherous; outer edge of both wings deeper lilac than in A. stigma and A. senatoria.
Hind wings more convex toward the base of the costa than in any of the other species. Beneath
not spotted. The abdomen is much paler than in ¢.

Expanse of fore wings ¢ 40-42 mm.; 9 50mm. Length of a fore wing ¢ 18-20 mm.; ?
26mm. Breadth of a fore wing ¢ 8-9 mm.: 9 13mm. Length of hind wing ¢ 11-12 mm.; 9?
17mm. Breadth of hind wing ¢ 7-8 mm.; 2 11-12 mm.

This species differs markedly from any of the others in the characteristics of the male, whose
narrow fore wings are regularly triangular, while those of the hinder pair are triangular, much
rounded on the costa, with the inner angle produced, almost into a lobe. The ¢ is thus the most
divergent of any species of the genus, but in the shape of the wings only. Another characteristic
is the thinness and transparency of the fore wings beyond the discal spot. which is larger than in
any of the other species. The less divergent female differs from those of A. stigma and A. sen-
atorva in the stronger lilac hues and in the absence of the dusky strige.

** Moth.—Besides being smaller, the male differs from those of A. stigma and senatoria in the hind wings being
distinctly triangular, the outer edge being straight, and the hind angle somewhat produced; the fore wings are also
decidedly narrower, while the white discal spot is considerably larger, and the wings are throughout considerably
darker and free from dark spots. Expanse of wings of male, 40 mm.” (Riley).

104 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva.— Stage [—Length 6-7 mm. Head black, as wide as the body. Prothoracie plate
dark chestnut, almost black. The two horns on the second thoracic segment blacix, as well as the
conical spines on the abdominal segments 9 and 10.

At the beginning of the stage the body is considerably darker than at the end, where it is
amber or pale gamboge or of the color of beeswax (PI. IV, fig. 1), with faint traces of two
lateral pale, yellowish lines, which are more pronounced in the next stage.

The two horn-like spines on the second thoracic segment are but little longer than the seg-
ment bearing them is wide, or than the maximum thickness of the body.

The conical dorsal tubercles on the abdominal segments are moderately high and distinct,
and are one-half smaller than those on the third thoracic segment.

Suranal plate and the triangular area on the outside of the anal legs black, while the rest of
the anal legs is pale, greenish yellow. The suranal plate is cordate. For the shape and arma-
ture see Pl. LIT, fig. 1.

Stage [7.—Length, 7mm. Head large and full, dark umber, wider than the middle of the
body. The prothoracic segment is broad, with the front and sides flaring; upper surface dark
chestnut. Body chestnut-amber. From the second thoracic segment two very long, sparsely
spinulate, black horns arise, which are nearly half as long as the body; they are a little flattened
at the tip, ending in two piliferous tubercles. There are on all the other segments six rows of
conical acute black tubercles; the eighth segment is armed exactly as the seventh. All these
tubercles are distinctly larger and more prominent than in Stage I. On the ninth is a single
median spine. The tenth segment, or suranal plate, is paler than the body, and near the edge are
six whitish tubercles, and at the end are two long, piliferous tubercles. The spiracles are white,
distinct, being ringed with black. The thoracic and middle abdominal legs are black; the anal
legs of the same yarnish-colored tint as the suranal plate. The skin of the body is rough, with
two lateral ridges, on the upper one of which the spiracles are situated and on the lower a spine.
Across each segment behind the spine is a transverse row of small whitish warts, and other
granulations are scattered over the body. The caterpillar is dark and a somewhat conspicuous
object on an oak leaf. Received from Providence, R. I., July 1. It molted about July 14 or 15.

In the examples of this stage drawn by Mr. Joutel the head is dull raw sienna brown, the
prothoracie shield brown, while the second thoracic segment above is, directly after hatching,
reddish brown. The two lateral lines (subdorsal and infraspiracular) are pale and faintly
indicated. The larva differs from Stage I in the pale-brown head, pale suranal plate and anal
legs, and in the broad dusky dorsal band and more distinct lines.

Stage [1/.—Length, 15mm. Head light chestnut, slightly narrower than the body, which
is now colored somewhat like the full-fed larva, though only the lower pinkish line is clearly indi-
cated, the subdorsal pink line being narrow and faint. The two horns on the second thoracic
segment are now much shorter in proportion, being one-third longer than the segment is wide,
or as long as the second and third thoracic and first abdominal segments taken together. The
color of the body is nearly the same, but the white granulations, very unequal in size, are more
distinct than before. The spiracles are wholly black, and situated between two indistinct broken
white parallel lines. The black dorsal spines on the third thoracic and first abdominal segments
are smaller than those on the other abdominal segments; those on the eighth and ninth segments
are of the same size and larger than those on the other abdominal segments. The suranal plate
and anal legs are pale amber, much paler than the rest of the body. The plate has two black
conical spines, one on each side. (PI. LI, fig. 1@). It molted July 22, having been about seven
days in this stage.

Stage 1V.—Length, 21 mm. Head as before, as wide as the body in the middle, but now
greenish, as in the last stage. Some new marks now appear; there is @ broad, dorsal, dark,
longitudinal band composed of a series of square dark patches, sprinkled over with thickened
white granulations, and « subdorsal band of the same color, composed of oblong dark patches,
bearing a spine above, and on the lower edge the black spiracle, situated on a white field. The
skin is of the color of beeswax; in some specimens decidedly greenish in hue. There is a median
black forked spine on the ninth abdominal segment. The suranal plate is as before, but the

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 105

tubercles are long and slender, rounded at the tip, and porcelain white. The two spines at the
end of the suranal plate are tipped with black, this plate and the anal legs being paler than the
body. The horns on the second thoracic segment are now shorter than before, or as long as the
third thoracic and first abdominal segments taken together. They are, however, longer than in
the last (fifth) stage, with longer spinules, and end in two diverging spinules. The other spines
are as before, those on abdominal segments 4-8 being larger than those on the three segments in
front. The two pink lines are now more distinct from above as well as from the side; the pro-
thoracic plate is still blackish-brown, The legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are now pale
greenish, much as in the fifth and last stage.

In one larva of Stage III the lateral pink line is only present on the abdominal segments,
suggesting that the lines originate at the end of the body and become developed from behind
forward.

In this (third) stage the dark stripes are more distinct and definite than in the corresponding
stage of A. stigma. What corresponds to the three dorsal lines of the second stage of A. stigma
are already blended into a broad dark dorsal band. The two lateral lines (spiracular and supra-
spiracular) are still distinct.

The white granulations are, on the back above the spiracles, transversely oval, and arranged
in transverse series, but below the spiracles they are round and show a disposition to be arranged
longitudinally.

Stage Vand last.—Length, 55 mm. Head greenish yellow or green in life, in the blown
example pale sienna brown, or yellowish chestnut; three-fourths as wide as the body where thickest.
The prothoracie plate is now not black as in Stage IV, but concolorous with the rest of the body,
and bearing near the front edge four dark flattened tubercles.

The two horns on the second thoracic segment are now shorter than in Stage IV, and differ
in shape (PI. L, fig. le); the tip is bulbous, smooth, and destitute of the two terminal setz present
in the previous stages; the spinules on the trunk are short and blunt compared with those in
Stage IV. The horns vary in thickness (PI. L, fig. 1¢, 1d).

The two dorsal spines on the third thoracic segment are short, when longest no longer than
the thickness of the horns at base; they are about three times as long as thick at the base, and are
bifid at the tip, each fork ending in a short stout seta. The two dorsal spines on the first abdom-
inal seoment are minute, shorter than those on the second abdominal segment; the latter are a
little longer, simple, and the corresponding spines increase in length to the ninth segment, those
on the eighth and ninth segments being the longest; those of the infraspiracular series on the
eighth and ninth segments are bifid.

The suranal plate pale dullamber, and bearing two stout black conical spines, one on each side,
and not quite halfway from the base to the end of the plate; smaller tubercles are scattered over
the surface, but are larger at the edge of the plate. The plate ends in two slightly diverging
large conical tubercles, about twice as long as thick at the base, and twice as long as any others
on the plate, and bearing onthe sides three or four setiferous tubercles (PI. LI, figs. 14, 1e).
Compared with those of 4. stigma, these two terminal tubercles are larger.

Anal legs of the same color as the suranal plate, with white tubercles on the edge around the
central area. The body is greenish on a grayish parchment-colored ground, scattered over
rather densely with white granulations, which have a central pit, and in some cases a vestigial
seta. The amount of green varies.

From the prothoracic to the ninth abdominal segment two broad distinct deep pink stripes;
the upper or subdorsal one situated on the subdorsal row and supraspiracular row of spines,
the lower between the spiracles, nearly touching them, the spines of the infraspiracular series
being situated in the middle of the pink stripe. The amount of pink in these bands varies.

The thoracic legs pale; those of the mid abdomen pale, with a dark spot on the outside
above the plate.

The full-fed larva differs from that of A. s#/gma, with which it is liable to be confounded, in
the shorter spines. (See the figures of structural details in Plates L, LIL.)

106 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

We add also the following description, furnished by Doctor Riley, who has compared it
with the caterpillar of An/sota stigma:

“ Pellucida comes nearest to A. stigma in general appearance, but the spines are shorter, more pointed, uniformly
black; the color is darker, being almost black, so that the papillee, which are rather denser, give the dark portion a
bluish cast; the subdorsal and stigmatal lines are of a more intense red, inclining to pink, and the stigmatal line is
rather broader than the subdorsal. The average length is somewhat less and the larva more slender than in stigma;
the shorter, blacker spines, deeper colors, and stronger contrast between the lines at once separating it from stigma.”’ @

Specimens, without much doubt belonging to this species, though we have not found the
moth in Maine, occurred on the red oak at Brunswick, Me., August 28. The body was greenish,
with dark dorsal and lateral, not ‘* reddish,” bands.

Pupation.—One larya 25 mm. in length pupated about September 12-14. In casting the
larval skin the head split along the middle from the front edge, on the left side of the clypeus up
along the median suture, and through the median line of the thoracic segments to a point half
through the 3d abdominal segment.

Variation. —F rom the batch of eggs received from Albany, N. Y., about 250 larvee hatched.
The entire number did not show any perceptible variation in color or in the length of the horns.
They had been placed ina gauze bag tied on the end of a small oak tree; but they soon crawled
out of the bag and were found huddled up together on the under side of a leaf.

Mr. Joutel informs me that the lary of the first stage are all similar in color in all he raised,
but the other stages vary in the amount of pink in the stripes, some in the third stage showing
only a slight trace of it; they also vary in the amount of green.

Pupa.— é. The body is slightly slenderer than in the ¢ of A. rubicunda, the spines not
quite sostout, while the cremaster is not quite so thick; the surface has similar punctures; other-
wise the characteristics of the species are those of the genus. Length, 25 mm.

Food plants.—Oak of different species.

Habits. —This species (A. virg/niensis) has been said by Fitch to have been common for
many years in Salem, N. Y., where A. st/gia has seldom been seen. The larve mostly enter
the ground to transform into the pupa early in August, though some remain on the trees as late
as the middle of September.

Parasites.—Limneria fugitiva Say attacks the caterpillar when about one-third grown, a
single egg being deposited in each caterpillar, the larva spinning a slight cocoon within its host.
A Tachina oviposits several eggs, usually in the neck of nearly full-grown caterpillars.

Geographical distribution.—Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Boston,
Mass. (Harris); Williamstown, Mass. (Grote); Attleboro, Mass., June 18 (Packard); New York
(Grote, Elliott); Rhode Island (Clark, Dearden); Columbus, Ohio (Tallant); New Jersey (**com-
paratively scarce,” Smith): Maryland (Strecker); St. Louis, Mo., and Virginia (Riley); Minne-
rger); Georgia (Abbot). (See Map IV.) :

sota (Lug

ANISOTA CONSULARIS Dyar.
Anisola consularis Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe. IV, p. 166, Dec., 1896. List N. A. Lep:, p. 75, 1902:

Larva e

CELE RVe hie885)

‘* Imago.—Male; smaller than the female; body ocherous brown, wings dark purplish brown,
a larger ill-defined subhyaline space in the center of the fore wings; a round white discal dot.
Terminal space more purplish than the basal part of the wing.

«Found on different kinds of oak, October 2, 1873, many larvze looking like D. stigma. The form is the same,
but they differ considerably from them in color and markings. It is to be distinguished from D. stigma in its smaller
size, in the ground color of the dark parts being blacker, the papillee being yellow instead of white, and in the paler
vittee being of a deep pink or lake-red. The head and anal shield are more olivaceous, and the spines are shorter and
stouter. The whole larva is more brightly and distinctly marked. Moths issued April 22, 1874.

Some of the dried larva skins were brought from Loudoun County, Va., in July, 1881. (Riley’s unpublished
notes. )

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 107

**Closely resembles the male of A. senatoria in color, but the hind wings are rounded as in
the female, not angulated at apex and anal angle, and the t.—p. line is much more obscure.

‘Female; wings purplish brown, basal and terminal spaces darker; a white discal dot and
faint blackish strigee. Hind wings with a purplish mesial band.

** Darker than either senatoréa or stigma, the lines less distinct; wings opaque, not thinly
sealed as in wrginiensis. Types male and female, bred from lary.

This species also differs from A. stigma in the extradiscal line passing much nearer the
discal spot, and in being decidedly incurved. The white discal spot is smaller and the wings
more opaque.

**Larva.—Primary spines black, secondary granules sparse, white. Head shining red-
brown, width 3.5 to 4 mm. Body red-brown, a dorsal, subdorsal (i), lateral (iii), stigmatal, and
subyentral clouded black bands. Dorsal and stigmatal bands harp [dark] and narrow, the others
clouded, the subventral filling the whole space. All except the subventral are bordered by white
shaded lines on the lower side, that below the stigmatal line very distinct. All the lines become
obsolete on joint 12, leaving the anal end and all the feet red-brown. In large examples the
skin has a fleshy tint, different from the head and plates, while the shaded lines tend to be broken
at the primary spines.”—(Dyar).

Food plants.—Live oak. S

Habits. Found by Doctor Dyar on the live oak in January in company with those of
A. stigma, etc. The larva of this species is represented on Pl. V, from a colored drawing made
by Mr. Joutel and kindly loaned me by Doctor Dyar.

Geographical distribution.—W est Palm Beach, Florida (Dyar).

ANISOTA SENATORIA (Smith-Abbot).
Pl. XX, figs. 10, 119, 12g.

Phalena senatoria SmitH-Axppor, N. H. Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 113. Tab. 57, 1797.

Anisota senatoria HteNer, Verzeichniss, Schmm., p. 193. 1818-1822.

Dryocampa senatoria Harris, Cat. Insects Mass., p. 72 (p. 592), 1835; Rep. Inj. Insects Mass., p. 292. 1841,
Third edition, p. 405, fig. 200. 1862.—Watker, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI., p. 1496. 1855.—Fircn,
Fifth Rep. Nox. Insects New York, p. 43. 1859.—Morris, Synopsis Lep., p. 231. 1862.

Anisota senatoria Grote, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, p. 93. June, 1864.—Packarp, Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil., III
p. 384. Noy., 1864.—Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 739. 1892.

Adelocephala senatoria Botspuyat, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 87. 1872.

Anisota senatoria NEvmMoGEN and Dyar, Journ. N. York Ent. Soc., II, p. 147. Dee., 1894.—BrurenmMULuer.
Cat. bombycine moths N. York, p. 439. pl. xx, fig. 3 ¢. Oct., 1898.

?

Larva.

Pl. VI; XX XI, figs. 2-4; XXOXII, fig. 1; LI, figs. 1, 3, 3a, 3b, 3¢; LI, fig. 2; LIII, figs. 1, la—If.
Smith-Abbot, Nat. Hist. Lep. Ins. Georgia. p. 113. Tab. 57, 1797.
Harris, T. W., Treatise Ins. Inj. Veg., 3d edit., p. 405, fig. 198; pupa 199. 1862.
viley, C. V., in Packard, 5th Rep. Ins. Forest Trees, p. 124. 1890.
Boisduval, J. A., Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 87, pl. 1, fig. 5. 1872.
Lugger, O., Bull. 10 Agr. Expt. Station, Minnesota, pl. 1, fig. 12. 1890.
Felt, E. P., 7th Rep. Forest, ete., Comm. N. Y., pl. 16, figs. 1-7. 1903.
Packard, A. S., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soe., p. 144. March 17, 1893.
Beutenmiiller, W., Cat. bombycine moths N. York, p. 439. 1898.

Imago.10 8,10 2. The characters of this species are best brought out by a comparative
description, as the females of this and A. st/gma are scarcely distinguishable.

The 3 differs from that of A. st/gma in the hind wings being distinctly triangular, the apex
being less rounded, und the outer edge of the wing not so convex, while the inner angle is
slightly produced; the wings reach only two-thirds of the length of the abdomen; they do not
extend back so far as in 4. st/gma.

In one $ from Rhode Island the hue is fully as dark as in ¢ A. stigma from southern Illinois,
and the discal spot is as large. The common extradiscal line is quite heavy, being on the hind

108 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

wings broad and distinet. Underside as above, but no paler; the outer edge of the fore wings
is deeper lilac than above, though becoming dark ocherous toward the inner angle. There is
little difference in the number and distribution of the strigze.

2, fore wings paler, thinner in the middle than in @ s¢égma, and it isa rather smaller moth;
the wings are less strigated or speckled, the specks being fewer and less distinct. The discal
spot is the same. The body and wings paler ocherous. Hind wings with the extradiscal line
obsolete above, but fairly distinct beiow. In shape they are exactly as in A. st/gma.

Expanse of the fore wings ¢, 43 mm.; 9, 50-54 mm. Length of a fore wing ¢, 22 mm.;
9, 24-26 mm. Breadth of a fore wing ¢, 10 mm.; ¢, 13-15 mm. Length of hind wing ¢,
14mm.; @, 15-17 mm. Breadth of hind wing ¢, 11 mm.; ¢@, 11-13 mm.

Egg.— ‘August 1, 1869, received of F. A. Gates, Massillon, Cedar County, Iowa, a ribbed
female of Dryocampa senatoria with a batch of over 300 eges on the underside of a raspberry
leaf. These eggs are almost round in outline, depressed, being about half as high as wide, the
width across being 0.04 of an inch. ‘The shell is so very transparent that it makes a very good
object for watching the development of the embryo. The eg@ when first laid is yellow, with a
darker brownish ring above.”—(Riley).

Riley states that the female lays a batch of over 300 eges, in the case observed, on the under-
side of a raspberry leaf.

Lugger found from 350 to 675 eggs in a cluster. He says they are very beautiful objects,
**both when fresh and after having hatched; in the former case they are of a pale green, and
change later to a golden brown. The eggshells are very thick, transparent as glass, and if the
young caterpillars have left the eggs, the empty shells look like iridescent glass.”

The larve hatched August 1 and 2.

Stage [.—Leneth, 3.5-4.5 mm. Head large, round, smooth, wholly black, a little higher
than wide; when seen from in front a little wider than the body. Prothoracic segment a little
wider than the second thoracic segment; smooth, unarmed, but with a transverse dusky patch
extending across it. The second thoracic segment bears a pair of high smooth clavate spines or
horns which are a little longer than the head is wide and each bearing two terminal bristles of
equal length. They are unarmed, no spinules visible under a lens. The spines on the other
segments are black, being of the same color as the thoracic legs. The body is wholly greenish
yellow, with long, rather pale, yellowish-brown hairs arising from conical tubercles.

The end of the body is a little more yellowish than toward the head.

Thoracic legs dark; abdominal legs all of the same color as the body. Suranal plate smooth,
pale, not granulated; the two terminal spines minute, weak; the plate is soft, thin, not pigmented,
anal legs pale, like the rest of the body. The two median setz on segment 8 arise from a
common base, but are much as in A. rvhicunda, Stage I. (See Pl. LI, fig. 3; LIT, fig. 1.)

August 4 the same larvee had become 5.5 mm. in length. The body was now green, with no
yellow tints, and the two horns are b/ach. The head is scarcely as wide as the body, and the hairs
are greener and less conspicuous.

Stage [/.—August 10-12. Length, 7-8 mm. /lead, prothoracic segment above and horns,
with the suranal plate and anal legs jet-black. The prothoracic shield is now present and black-
pigmented around the edge and along the middle (fig. 3a). The body is now darh green with
Ye lowish-qre en late ral lines and hlack conical acute warts. A J11¢ dian dorsal dark line wa subdorsal
pale ye Hlowish-green line, and below it a lateral wider line of the same hue, separated by a very
narrow dark-green line from a broad lateral line which includes the lateral swollen ridge, and a
row of conspicuous black tubercles. Under side of body dark green, The tubercles on the
eight and ninth segments larger than those in front. Suranal plate rough, tuberculated, the two
terminal spines being now large and prominent, black; it is much specialized and pigmented,
while the two terminal spines are several times larger than in Stage I. Thoracic horns large,
long, black, nearly twice as long as the body is wide, and one-third longer than the head is wide;
they are now finely spinulated, and less bifid at the end than in Stage I. Thoracic legs black;
abdominal feet dark green, except the anal pair, which are black.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 109

The two median sete on ninth segment are separate, but arise from a slightly marked
common base, as in Stage I. The skin is now finely spinous, the short spinules acute. (See PI.
LI, fig 3a; LIII, fig. 1a.)

Stage 1/7.—August 20. Length, 13-17 mm. The specitic characters now appear, so that the
larve may be easily identified. The black head is slightly narrower than the body. Prothoracic
plate distinct, entirely black, spinose on front edge. The thoracic horns are black, one-third
longer than the body is thick. The body is dark yellowish green, or rather olive green, w7th
two narrow yellowish dorsal lines, and a subdorsal and a lateral yellowish line on each side; the
underside of the body is green. The spines are a little longer and sharper than before, other-
wise the larva is much as in Stage II, though the median spine on eighth segment is now
chitinized, solid, and black and as high as the diameter is broad (PI. LIII, fig. 10).

Suranal plate black, more spinose, the surface tubercles being larger and more prominent.

Stage [1V.—August 22-23. Length, 20 mm. Now the characters of the next last stage
appear. The body is entirely black, with four yellow stripes on each side, the subdorsal line
being the widest and firmest, and the infraspiracular line the most irregular and broken. The
under side of the body is dull blackish. The horns are now a little larger and stouter than in
Stage HII. The prothoracic plate has a line on each side. The suranal plate and sides of the anal
legs are sharply spinose, and the median spine on the ninth abdominal segment is higher, more
prominent than in Stage III (Pl. LITT, fig. 1c—1e).

Stage V.cLength, 42-45 mm. The body is thicker and larger than in A. rubicunda. Head
black. Body and the prothoracic shield black, the surface of the plate rugose, with the spines
on the front edge low, smooth, net so well defined as in A. rubicunda, as they are lower, while
the surface of the plate is rough with small short spines. The two horns are a little thicker and
longer than in A. rubicunda, rounded, not slightly forked at the end as in the previous stages,
but slightly bulbous; they are also rougher than usual on the surface, with rather stout, firm,
nearly atrophied spinules. The skin all over the body is rough, with numerous fine granulations,
bearing short minute sete, the granulations in the other species not being so acute, and being
mostly without a seta.

The ground color is black-brown; there are eight longitudinal deep yellow ocherous stripes,
the two dorsal ones narrowest; in one example wider than any of the others; the subdorsal one
is straight, while the next one below (supraspiracular) is undulating; the one still below that
(infraspiracular) bearing the infraspiracular row of spines is divided by a narrow, irregular dark
line. A ventral yellow-ocher median stripe. The spiracles are black.

The dorsal spines on the third thoracic segment are minute, low, not so high as thick, not
ending in a single spine, but are forked, ending in two short, sharp spinules. On abdominal seg-
ments 1-7 the dorsal spines are small, sharp, those on the seventh segment a little larger than
those on the preceding segments. Those on segments 8 and 9 (Pl. LIT, fig. 2; LIT, fig. 17) are
decidedly larger than in A. rvb/cunda, and much heavier and larger than in stage [V. The four
infraspiracular ones on segment 8 are of the same size, sharp, nearly twice as long as broad.

Those on the ninth segment are from one-third to one-half larger than in A. rubicunda, and
much larger and higher than in stage [V. The median one is a little more prominent than the
others, and decidedly forked at the end. The suranal plate is subcordate, with the two terminal
spines larger, though but little larger than the two on each side near the base, these belonging
to a group of three or four on each side, situated a little in from the edge near the base; the
surface is rugose, and with several spines differing in size (fig. 1,7). The anal legs are blackish,
with numerous uneven spines around the edge, while over the central area are scattered fine
depressed spinules. All the spines, including the two horns, are stouter in proportion than in
any other species. Thoracic and abdominal legs all black, including the anal claspers.

This is a very distinctly marked and colored species, and is easily recognized by the larger,
coarser spines and the alternating black and deep ocher yellow stripes.

Another set of larvee received from Mr. Joutel, New York City, and reared at Brunswick,
Me., had already hatched July 29. They first molted August 9-10, the length between the molts
being nearly the same as in the brood from Providence.

110 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Riley thus describes (in our Report on Forest Tree Insects, p. 125) the fully fed larva
received by him from Cedar County, Iowa:

** Larva.—Head large, fully as wide as the body; jet black. Body uniformly thick, eylin-
drical. On mesothoracic segment a pair of long and slender, stiff, black spines, blunt at the end,
nearly as long as the body is thick. They stand erect, diverging a little, and arise from swollen
bases, connected by a slight transverse ridge. On each succeeding segment there is a transverse
series of four small, sharp, simple spines, one cr two sometimes ending in two spines; and low
down on each side, below the spiracles, are three large and a fourth minute short acute spine.

“There are on the hinder part of the back of most of the segments two small black spines.
The spines become larger on the last three, especially the penultimate segment. Supraanal plate
large and flat, rather rough, ending in two acute spines, with four smaller spines on each side.
Abdominal legs larger and broad, with stiff short hairs on the hinder and lower edge.

**Prothorax unarmed, but with a thickened conical plate. Body jet-black, with a double
dorsal ocher-yellow-brown line, a narrow subdorsal line, and two wavy lateral lines of the same
color. A median ventral ocher-brown band. Length, 42 mm.”

Food plants. —Oak of different species and, rarely, the birch and raspberry.

/Tabits.—The prickly caterpillars of this species, during certain years, as I have noticed at
Amherst, Mass., and at Providence, as well as in Maine, so abound as to nearly strip large oak
branches of their leaves, and it is perhaps the most destructive of all our caterpillars to the
foliage of the oak. The spines, if they happen to penetrate the skin, as Fitch and others have
observed, sting like nettles. This species, Mr. Riley informs me, is the more, injurious in the
Northern States, while A. sf/gima is most destructive in the Southern. According to Riley,
Mr. Bassett has bred a small ichneumon fly (Limneria (Banchus) fugitiva Say) from this cater-
pillar. Riley has also bred it from the larva of Anisota stigma, Clisiocampa sylvatica, as well as
other caterpillars.

Mr. Lintner states that ‘*the larvee occur so abundantly at Center as wholly to defoliate
numbers of the smaller oaks. On the 7th of July the female moths were seen to have commenced
the deposition of their eggs on the under side of oak leaves in patches often nearly covering the
entire surface. On the 11th of July some newly hatched laryee were observed.” (Ent. Contr.,
I, p. 58, footnote 1.)

In 1882 this caterpillar was very destructive to oak forests in Pennsylvania. Professor
Claypole writes to the Canadian Entomologist (XV, p. 38):

**] have seen hillsides that looked as if fire had passed over them in consequence of the
destruction of the foliage by millions of this species. In the woods they could be found crawling
over almost every square foot of ground and lying dead by dozens in every pool of water. The
sound of their falling ** frass,” too, was like a slight shower of rain. Farmers tell me they have
neyer known them so abundant before within their recollection. Harris says this species lives
on the white and red oaks in Massachusetts. Here the white oaks were untouched and the red
oak is not abundant. The food of the caterpillars was almost exclusively the foliage of the black
oak (Quercus tinctoria), the scarlet oak ((. coccinea), and the bear or scrub oak (Y. //czfolia).
(See also American Naturalist, XVI, p. 914.)”

It was also abundant in September of the same year in Sagadahoe and Cumberland counties,
Me., and in Rhode Island.

In the season of 1882 F. Clarkson observed the destruction to oaks in Columbia County,
N.Y. ‘*The moths,” he says, ‘pair in the grass under the oaks, very shortly after pupation,
and as the wings of the female are small in proportion to the size of her body, she is unable to
make a very extended flight. The eggs, as discovered by me, were attached to the under side
of the leaves at the terminal twigs of all the branches nearest the ground, the branches at an
elevation of 12 or 15 feet not showing a single deposit.” (Papilio, II, p. 189.)

In Minnesota the caterpillar is regarded as the most common and injurious insect to oaks
in the State, white, scarlet, and scrub oaks being stripped of their foliage. ‘tI have seen,”
says Lugger, ‘such caterpillars so numerous that the whole ground in the forests was covered

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. piel

with these crawling insects, running about in all directions to find food, which the trees, already
denuded of foliage, no longer afforded. They are found in large numbers every year and seem
to prefer, if not too numerous, the smaller trees. The rather large, flat egos of this moth are
deposited early in July, and always in large, irregular clusters on the under side of a leaf, and
almost invariably near the tip of a branch.”

“The young caterpillars appear toward the end of July, but sometimes much later—so late,
in fact, that the mature ones find it difficult to obtain the necessary food among the discolored
autumnal leaves. The young caterpillars are gregarious and feed only at regular intervals,
huddling together at other times. The younger and more tender leaves near the ends of
branches are first eaten and nothing of them remains but the midrib and stem, and in some
cases the leaf beneath the empty shell, . . . As the caterpillars grow larger the colony
separates into smaller families, and when the worms reach their full size they scatter more and
more, forced to do so by their ever increasing appetite. Before reaching their full size they
undergo a number of molts. Their empty skins are not eaten or thrown away, which is very
frequently the case with caterpillars, but remain for a long time upon the ribs of the under side
of a leaf, to which the caterpiliar had fastened itself very securely before undergoing a molt.
The skin of these caterpillars is remarkably hard and stiff, which accounts for the peculiarity of
leaving the empty skin behind, as if inflated. Although gregarious, they do not form a web of
any kind.@

Parasites.—Limneria fugitiva Say, and a Vachina (Lugger).

Geographical distribution.—Island of Orleans, Province of Quebec, Canada, very rare (Han-
ham Bowles); Sagadahoc and Cumberland counties, Me., abundant; Amherst, Mass., Providence,
R. I. (Packard); Boston, Mass. (Harris); near Albany, N. Y. (Lintner); Pennsylvania (Claypole);
New Jersey (*‘common,” Smith); St. Louis, Mo., Cedar County, lowa (Riley); Minnesota (Lug-
ger); Georgia (Abbot). A member of the Appalachian and Austroriparian subproyinces; its
northern and southwestern limits can not yet be exactly defined. (See Map VII.)

ANISOTA RUBICUNDA (Fabricius).
(Pl. XX, figs. 15, 15a, 15b.)

Bombyx rubicunda Fasrictus, Ent. Syst., III (1), p. 429, n. 69. 1793.

Dryocampa rubicunda Harris (in Hiteheock’s Report on the Geology, ete., of Massachusetts, 4°, p. 592, 1834,
and 2d ed., 1835), Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 72. 1835; Treatise Inj. Insects, 3 ed., fig. 206, p. 408. 1862.—
Waker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1497. 1855.—Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 232. 1862.

Anisota rubicunda Grorr, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 938. June, 1864.

Dryocampa rubicunda Packarp, Synopsis Bombycidee U. S., II, Proce. Ent. Soc. Phil., p. 384. Noy., 1864.

Dryocampa venusta WALKER, Suppl. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., 2 (32), p. 574. 1865.

Adelocephala rubicunda Boispuvat, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique, XV, p. 88. 1872.

Dryocampa (Anisota) rubicunda Ritey, 5th Ann. Rep. Ins. Missouri, p. 137, fig. a, b, e. 1873.

Dryocampa rubicunda var. alba Grorr, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Se., II, p. 183. 1874.

Dryocampa pallida Bowuss, Can. Ent., VII, p. 108. 1875.—Brurenmittier, Cat. bombycine moths N. York,
p. 440. 1898.

Dryocampa rubicunda Packarp, 5th Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. Ins. Inj. Forest Trees, p. 392. 1890.—Kuirpy, Syn.
Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 739. 1892.

Anisota rubicunda NEuMOEGEN and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe., I], p. 148. Dee., 1894.

Anisota rubicunda var. alba NEUMOEGEN and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IT, p. 148. Dee., 1894.

“ Anisota senatoria Abbot & Smith (Nat. Hist. Lepid. Ins. Ga., 1797, y. 2, p. 113, pl. 57). Harris (Rept. Ins.
Injur. Veg., 1841, p. 291, 292) deseribes the larva, pupa, and imago of this species; the larva, he states, feeds upon
white and red oaks [Quercus sp.]. Morris (Synop. Lepid. N. A., 1862, p. 231) describes the larva and imago.
Harris (Treatise on Ins. Injur. Veg., 1862, p. 405, 406) figures and describes larva, pupa, and imago, and (Entom.
Corresp., 1869, p. 298, pl. 2, fig. 9, and pl. 4, fig. 12) gives acolored figure of the larva and a black one of the pupa.
Riley [?] (Amer. Entom., Sept.—Oct., 1869, v. 2, p. 26) states that the larva eats raspberry [Rubus sp.]. Lintner
(Entom. Contrib., No. 2, 1872, p. 51, 52) describes the early stages of the larva, which, he writes, has four molts
(five stages), and feeds on Quercus prinoides. Packard (Bull. 7, U. 8S. Entom. Comm., 1881, p. 45) briefly describes
the larva, and gives a few notes upon its habits. The larva feeds on Betula alba. (Mrs. Dimmock, Psyche, IV
p. 275.)

Vol. 9—05 8

112 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Larva.

(Pl. VII; XXIII, fig. 2; XXXII, figs. 2, 3; LII, figs. 4, 4a-4d; LIII, figs. 2, 2a-2c.)

B. D. Walsh (description by Lintner), Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, p. 426. 1864.
W. Saunders, Can. Ent., Il, p. 75. 1870.
T. Glover, Rep. U. 8. Dept. Agr., p. 83, fig. 1870.

J. A. Lintner, 26th Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 183. 1872.

C. V. Riley, 5th Rep. Ins. Missouri, p. 187. 1873. Fig. of larva, pupa, and moth 9°.

©. H. French, Trans. Dept. Agr. Illinois, XV, p. 196. 1877.

A. R. Grote, Can. Ent., XIX, p. 52. 1887.

Mrs. Ballard, Insect Lives, p. 83. 1879.

J. Marten, Trans. Dept. Agr. Illinois, X VIII, Appendix, p. 121. 1880.

A. S. Packard, 5th Rep. U.S. Ent. Comm. Insects Inj. Forest and Shade Trees, p. 393, fig. ex Riley. 1890.

A. S. Packard, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc., Mar. 17, 1893, XX-XI, No. 141, p. 142-144, Pl. V, fig. 1. Larva, stage IT.

W. Beutenmiiller, Cat. bombycine moths N. York, p. 440. 1898.

Imago.—5 6,59. Head and body uniformly pale ocherous, varying in depth of hue. The
front of the head below the vertex and the spreading tuft of hair-like scales at the base of each
antenna rose pink.

Fore wings deep roseate on the basal half, the hue varying from light to dark; the outer edge
of the wing also roseate from about the middle of the inner edge to the costa just before the apex,
the middle of the wing being yellow; and this subtriangular median band varies in width, some-
times being wide on the inner edge or not reaching clear across the wing to the inner edge; the
band also varies in regularity on the inner side; no discal spot; fringe pale ocherous.

Hind wings yellow ocherous, with a submarginal pink band, narrow in the middle of the wing
and widening on the inner edge. Underside of the fore wings much as above, but less roseate
at the base of the wings. Hind avyings with the entire costal edge pink, otherwise as above.
Abdomen on the underside along the middle pink, but ocherous at the end. Legs all pink.

Expanse of fore wings, ¢ 40 mm.: @ 48 mm. Length of fore wing, ¢ 20 mm.; 9 24 mm.
Breadth of fore wing, ¢ 10mm.; 9 12mm. Length of hind wing, ¢ 13mm.; 2? 16mm. Width
of hind wing, ¢ 10 mm.; 9 12 mm.

Variations.—One & from Franconia, N. H., received from Mrs. Slosson, is paler, less
ocherous, almost cream white, more bleached in appearance and with less roseate, and the pink
paler than in the normal form. Fore wings with an extradiscal narrow pink line, but beyond this
the edge of the wing is pale like the middle of the wing. Hind wing with no pink band above
or beneath, though the costal edge is pink. It is of the usual size, though slightly larger than
one of my males of the normal form. This mountain form is apparently intermediate between
Grote’s race a/ha and the normal rubjcunda.

gg.—Length, 1.4 mm; oval, a little flattened; the shell yellow, thin, parchment-like, the
surface smooth, polished, under a one-half inch objective showing no traces of pits or polygonal
areas. The shell is so thin that unfertilized eggs collapse irregularly.

According to Riley the eggs are deposited in patches of thirty and upward on the under side
of a leaf. They are pale greenish in hue.

Larva— Stage 1.—Leneth, 5 mm.; at end of the stage, 7mm. The head is deep black, large,
rounded, and directly after hatching, before the larva has begun to eat, much wider than the
body. Prothoracic segment at first much wider than the rest of the body and without any dark
pigment on the cervical shield. The body is now pale yellowish, with a slight greenish tinge.
Except a slight dusky medio-dorsal line the body is not yet striped, and there is no trace of
reddish pigment on the under side.

The two horns on the second thoracic segment are about as long as the segment bearing
them is thick; they are entirely smooth, with no trace of spinules; they have numerous fine
wrinkles; greenish-yellow at base, beyond, black; they are slightly enlarged at the end, which is
slightly divided, each fork giving rise to a seta nearly as long as the entire spine. (PI. LI, fig. 4.)

The spines on the rest of the body (there being none on the prothoracic segment) are minute,
smaller than in the other species, and much smaller than in the next stage, but with a propor-

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 113

tionably longer seta. There are two separate minute dorsal setee on the ninth abdominal segment,
but they are much nearer together than the homologous ones on the eighth segment and arise
from a common slightly marked low eminence.

The suranal plate (PI. LIII, fig. 2) is concolorous with the rest of the body, not pigmented in the
middle; the surface is smooth, with no conical spines, the four sete on each side not arising from
definite tubercles, though there are two terminal, very small, microscopic, setiferous tubercles.
At the end of this stage the larva is green, and traces of the seven lines appear.

Stage [7.—Length, 9-10 mm. The head is now smaller in proportion than before, but still
black. Prothoracie shield black. In some of the larve it is divided in the: middle by a light
line. The two horns (fig. 4) are now shorter than before in proportion to the body, being
about as long as the body is thick, and about two-thirds as long as the body is broad. They are
now spinulated, about a dozen spinules in sight from one side. The tip is more decidedly forked
than in stage I, and the sete are short—about half as long as the spine is thick. All the primary
spines on the other segments are now much larger than before; stout, conical, of nearly uniformsize,
those of the prothoracic segments being of the same size as those behind the succeeding segment.
There are three rows of spines on each side of the body, and the dorsal ones are no larger than
those of the subdorsal and subspiracular series. On the eighth abdominal segment there are two
widely separate dorsal spines, and two shorter ones on the ninth segment, with the median one
now chitinized, black, and as large as that on the eighth segment, but a little more obtuse, with
two fine sete, showing the original double nature of this spine. On the first thoracic segment,

which is slightly narrower than the second, are two rounded black flattened conical tubercles, not
piliferous, and two smaller flatter ones behind. Two larger subtriangular subdorsal black
tubercles give rise to three minute short hairs. They are represented on the third thoracic
segment by two minute conical, black tubercles, the homologous ones on the abdominal segments
being minute and greenish, tipped with black. Those on the sides of each segment are larger,
acutely conical and black. On the eighth abdominal segmént are four conical black tubercles,
two dorsal and two subdorsal, one on each side. On the ninth segment is a single median conical
tubercle, not quite so high as those on the eight segment, but larger at the base. The subdorsal
tubercles on this segment are slightly larger than those on the eighth segment. Suranal plate
with the terminal spine very much larger than in stage I; black, chitinized; and on,each side, near
the middle, is a stout, short, conical black spine. On surface and sides are a few well marked
but small setiferous tubereles not visible in stage I. The suranal plate is subcordate, being
excavated in front; behind it is subtriangular, with two black tubercles at the end, which are
smaller than those on the side in front of the middle; the suranal plate is greenish, like the
prothoracic segment, while the body is tinged with yellowish, with eight faint rather broad
whitish longitudinal stripes. Along the underside of the body is a band, which varies from light
lemon-yellow to reddish, and is usually darker on the underside of abdominal segments 8 and 9.
The spiracles are black. The thoracic legs are black. The anal legs are greenish, with a blackish
patch on the outside near the planta.

In this and the next stage it continues to feed on the underside of the leaf. Directly after
shedding the skin the head and horns are pale yellowish brown.

At the end of this stage the body is somewhat reddish above, as well as beneath, while the
longitudinal stripes are reddish.

Stage [/7.—Length, 12-14 mm., at end of the stage, 21 mm. The head is now chestnut red
to pale sienna brown; width, 2mm. _ In this stage first appear two square black patches on the
prothoracic plate, and a trapezoidal patch on the suranal plate.

The two horns (PI. LIT, fig. 4) are now longer and slenderer than before, tapering rather
more, and with more setiferous spinules. On the top of the prothoracic segment are two square
black spots, in some cases there are four, extending back from each spine; a narrow one on each
side of the two square middle ones, while the two middle ones may be divided, making six in
all, or all may be wanting. The four prothoracie spines are now more developed, forming low
conical warts. The dorsal spines on the last thoracic and first seven abdominal segments are

114 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

now much more prominent, longer, acute, especially those of the infraspiracular series, those
on the back of abdominal segments 8 and 9 (fig. 44) and those on each side of the suranal
plate, including the terminal ones. The two middle ones on the eighth segment are the
longest, being about three times as long as thick at the base, and nearly three times as long as
the median one on the ninth segment, while that on each side of the median spine is as large and
long as those on the side of the eighth segment. On the base of the suranal plate is a trapezoidal
black patch.

The body is yellowish green, with faint darker green longitudinal stripes.

Stage 1V.—Length, 15-25 mm. Differing but slightly from the previous stage. Width of
head, 2? mm. Prothoracic spines flatter, a little more button-like. The horns (PI. LIT, fig. 4, 4c)
are somewhat stouter than before; early in the stage about as long as the prothoracic segment
is wide, but at the end not more than half as long as the body is broad. The markings are as in
stage ITT, as also the granulations. The white stripes alternate with the dark-green ones, which
are quite distinct, the black spines being situated partly on them. The black plates on the end
of the midabdominal legs are well marked.

Stage V and last.—Lenegth, 43 mm.; width of head, 34mm. The four prothoracic spines
are flattened, smooth on top, and the four black patches are wanting. The head is cherry-red
brown. ‘Phe dorsal spines on all the segments (third thoracic and 1-7 abdominal), except the
second thoracic (Pl. LIT, fig. 47), are not so high as broad and shorter than those of the infraspi-
racular series; but those on segments 8 and 9 are over twice as long as thick at base; the two
median spines on the eighth segment are longer than the subdorsal one is shorter than those on
the side. The suranal plate (Pl. LI, fig. 2c), is comparatively smooth above, with four black
stout spines on each side and no dark discoloration near the base.

The eranulations on the skin of the body are coarser than in the earlier stages. Spiracles
black,

This only differs in coloration from the previous stage in wanting the dark patches on the
first thoracic segment, and the dark spot on the suranal plate, while the green lines are a little
fainter; but the short lateral red stripes on abdominal segments 7—9 are as distinct.

At the end of the stage when beginning to shorten preparatory to pupation some examples
are greener, the yellow being whiter and the green greener (Joutel).

The fully fed caterpillar of this species may be distinguished by its pale-green body tinged
with whitish, and the seven darker green longitudinal stripes, while on the side of abdominal
segments 7-9 is a broad conspicuous cherry-red line situated below the spiracles, though owing
to the flattening of the body in these segments (a feature peculiar to this species) it can be seen
from above. The head is cherry-red, while the spines behind the horns are smaller than in the
other species of the genus inhabiting the United States. It is more nearly allied to the larva of
A, senatoria than any of the other species.

It differs, however, from 41. senaforia in coloration and the armature, besides being a smaller
larva. The four prothoracie dorsal spines are larger and better defined, those of A. senatorda
being nearly obsolete. The horns are a little more primitive, being slightly divided at the tip,
while those of A. senatoria are somewhat bulbous at the end. The spines of the segments behind
the horns to the 7th abdominal are slightly smaller and less stout, though of about the same
length; those of abdominal segments 8 and 9 are considerably slenderer, though scarcely shorter
than A. senatoria. The lateral spines are slenderer than in the species mentioned, where they are
decidedly stouter and more prominent. The anal legs are less coarsely spined than in A. senatoria.

The larvee of these two species are closely allied, and judging by them the two species probably
had a common origin, and since A. senatoria has larger, stouter spines, especially on the end of
the body, this species may be regarded as the more primitive one, judging by the freshly hatched
larva.

Compared with the two other species, A. w/rginéens/s and A. stigma, which are also closely
allied, A. rublewnda and A. senatoria have a smaller head but stouter horns. The prothoracic
spines are nearly alike in all the species, but in A. rubieunda and A. senatoria the dorsal spines

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ital

show a tendency to reduction, being much shorter especially those on abdominal segments 8 and 9.
The same tendency to atrophy is seen in the armature of the suranal plate, which has smaller,
less numerous spines on the upper surface, though the lateral spines are no smaller and are
more pigmented. The anal legs are nearly the same in all the species.

Pupa.—The characters are identical with those of the other species; indeed there seem to
be no distinctly marked specific characters in the pup of this genus, either in the shape of the
body, the cremaster, or the armature. Length, ¢, 24 mm.

Food plant.—Maples of different species, especially the swamp or red maple; in rare cases
the oak.

Habits.—This species is usually northward much less gregarious than any of the others, living
after the first molt singly on the leaves of its food tree.

Although in the Eastern States this insect, especially the moth, is not common, yet we have
observed it as far east as Brunswick, Me., where it feeds on the maple, the moth there appearing
the middle of June; in the Western States, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas, it proves during
certain years very destructive, entirely or nearly stripping the soft or swamp, and sometimes the
silver, maple of its leaves, and discouraging people from planting this tree along roadsides. It
is known to feed on the oak. In Missouri and Kansas the worm is double-brooded, the first
brood of laryze appearing mostly during June and giving forth the moths late in July, while the
second brood of worms appears in August and September, wintering in the chrysalis state, and
not appearing as moths until the following May. The caterpillar molts four times, becoming
fully fed within a month, and then entering the ground to pupate.

Parasites.—A Tachina parasite, Zachina (Belvosia) bifasciata Fabr., and an ichneumon fly
prey upon the caterpillars, and thus reduce their numbers. (Riley.)

Geographical range.—Franconia, N. H. (Mrs. Slosson); Brunswick, Me. (Packard); New
York City (Joutel); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Pennsylvania (Strecker); New Jersey, ‘* common
throughout the State, sometimes quite injurious to the maple” (Smith); Columbus, Ohio (Tallant);
Missouri, Franklin County; Independence, Kans. (Riley). (See Map VI.)

In 1890 it stripped to some extent the foliage of maples at Roxie, Miss. (G. H. Kent).

This species extends farther north than any of the others. Mr. W. McIntosh writes me
that it is rare about St. John, New Brunswick, but common at Amherst, Nova Scotia, and also at
McAdam Station and Brownvyille Junction, Me. It is more common in Kansas than any of the
other species.

ANISOTA SUPREMA H. Edw.
1FAG SIDS Ti 76 EN
Anisota suprema H. Edw., Papilio, IV, p. 16, Jan., 1884.—Scuaus, Papilio, 1V, p. 102, May, 1884. Larva.—
Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer., Lep. Het. II, p. 415, Sept., 1897.

Larva.
Schaus, W., Papilio, IV, p. 102, May, 1884.

Imago.—1 6,192. Antenne pectinated as in A. bicolor. Thorax clothed with velvety dark
bay, chestnut brown scales; abdomen black, at the tip reddish chestnut. Fore wings uniformly
dark bay or chestnut brown; a basal line which is narrow, faint, more pronounced on the veins;
an extradiscal line situated as usual, heavier than the basal and black brown. Diseal spot quite
large, round, more oval in the 9 than in ¢.

Hind wings of ¢ distinctly triangular, much more so than in A. bicolor or hetlighrodtii and
A. stigma, it is intermediate in this respect between these forms and the ¢ of A. senatoria and
A. wirginiensis; the 3 is more aberrant, both in the shape of the wings and the coloration, the
hind wings being reddish-pink, the veins blackish, the single transverse line broad and diffuse,
blackish; in the ? the hind wings are black, while the @ fore wings are much paler than in ¢,
with the basal line obsolete.

Abdomen dark brown, with ocherous rings, and the tip dull ocherous. Under side of the
fore wings darker on the outer and inner edges, while the hind wings are black. In 2 both
wings are like the hind wings above; discal spot very faint.

116 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

Expanse of fore wings, 3,55 mm.; 2, 64mm. Length of one fore wing, ¢.27mm.; @
32 mm. Breadth of one fore wing, ¢, 12.5 mm.; 9,16 mm. Length of hind wine, ¢, 1
mm.; 9, 20mm. Breadth of hind wing, ¢, 14 mm.; 2, 15 mm.

Geographical distribution.—Jalapa, Mexico (Edwards); State of Vera Cruz (Schaus).
Deseribed from Edwards’s type in American Mus. Nat. History.

6

ANISOTA DISSIMILIS (Boisduval).

Adelocephala dissimilis Boispuvat, Annales Soc. Ent. Belgique XV, p. 93, 1872.
Dryocampa dissimilis Drucr, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. Het. 1, p. 170, No. 1, tab. 15, figs. 9, 10, 1886.—Kirpy,
Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., p. 740, 1892.

Male.—Boisduyal describes the male as of the size of A. anthonil/s; the fore wings of a clear
reddish brown with blackish yeins; extradiscal line oblique, black, preceded on the discal cell by
a large white dot. The hind wings are entirely black. The thorax reddish yellow; the abdomen
black above, with an anal brush of yellow hairs. The wings beneath reddish, paler at the outer
edge, with the veins and a common line black. It is also figured by Druce in the Biologia
Centrali-Americana.

19. Head small, not prominent. Antenne filiform, slender, as usual, and much as in
A. stigma. Head, thorax, and base of abdomen uniformly deep ocher.

Fore wings uniformly pinkish red, almost purplish brick red, with no dark specks. No
basal line; extradiscal line dusky, grayish externally, not sinuous, but straight, oblique in its
course, ending on the costa at some distance from the apex. A rather large distinct white discal
spot. Veins dark brown.

Hind wings produced toward the apex, outer edge convex, the wings dusky, veins dark
brown; fringe dark, no discal spot, but the extradiscal line is broad, blackish, and diffuse.

Under side of fore wings as aboye, but a little paler and the veins are darker and wider.
No discal spots on wings of either pair. Extradiscal line alike on both wings, heavy, broad,
black brown, and quite distinct.

Abdomen black brown except at base and at tip, which is ocherous, and the hinder edges of
the dark segments are narrowly edged with ocherous. Legs and under side of abdomen black
brown.

Expanse of fore wings, 2, 78 mm.; length of one fore wing, 9,36 mm.; breadth of one fore
wing, 9, 19 mm.; length of hind wing, 9, 25 mm.; breadth of hind wing, 2, 17 mm.

In shape this species is near A. rubtcunda and A. stigma, the fore wings being the same, but
the hind wings are a little more produced toward the apex. In venation it approaches Eacles
more than any other species examined (Pl. LVII, fig. 5).

In coloration this species widely diverges from any of the more northern or Austral and
Appalachian forms, showing much darker tints, and thus a different facies, probably the effects
of its tropical surroundings.

Geographical distribution.—Jalapa, Mexico (O. T. Barrett); Oaxaca (Boisduval); Oaxaca,
Jalapa (Hé¢e); common at Jalapa (Druce).

CACLES Hubner.

(Pls. IX, XLVIII, ete-)
°
Ceracampa Kirey and Spence (in part), Intr. to Ent., IIT, p. 251, 255.
Eacles Hursner, Verzeichniss Schmett., p. 153. 1818-1822.
Ceratocampa Warris, Cat. Ins. Mass., Appendix to Hitehcock’s Rep. Geology Mass., p. 592. 1834; Report
Inj. Ins. Mass., p. 287. 1841.
Ceratocampa Werstwoop, edit. Drury, Ill. Exot. Ent., I, p. 17. 1837.
Dorycampa Duncan (in part), Naturalists’ Libr., p. 161. 1841.
Facles WALKeR (in part), Cat. Lep. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1870. 1855.—Packarp, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, p. 381.
1864.—Grote, List Lep. N. Amer., I, p. xiii. Sept., 1868; New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20. May,
1882.
Basilona Boispuvau, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 817. 1868.
Ceratocampa ( Basilona) Burmetsrer, Deser. phys. Rép. Argentine, Lép. atlas, p. 46. 1879.

OV

1828.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 117

Eacles and Citheronia Druce, Biologia Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 169. 1886,
Crenudia Burmeister, |. ¢., p. 46. 1879.
Citheronia Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 742. 1892.

Basjlona Neumorcen and Dyar, Journ. N. York Ent. Soe., I, p. 151. Dec., 1894.

Eacles BEUTENMULLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., X, p. 442. 1898.

Basilona Dyar, List N. A. Lepidoptera, p. 76. 1902.

Imago.—Vhe head and shape of the front (undenuded) as in Citheronia. The front when
denuded (Pl. XX XVI, fig. 4) distinctly triangular, widening toward the vertex; eyes large and full.
Antenne pectinated to the outer third, more widely bipectinated, and with a much larger number
(25) of double pairs of pectinations than in Citheronia (18); in 2 simple, with minute vestigial
pectinations, not so long and distinct as in Citheronia. Palpi very small and short, difficult to
see, not reaching the front; when denuded seen to be without a third joint, the second being

Fic. 14. Nomenclature and numbering of the veins of the fore and hind wings of Eacles imperialis.

obtuse at the end and a little longer than the basal one (fig. 11). Maxillee when unrolled nearly
as long as the front of the head is wide (fig. 4), very slender and longer than in Citheronia.
Thorax and abdomen stout, sphingiform.

Fore wings wide, the costal edge more arched toward the apex, which is squarish, subacute;
outer edge less oblique than in Citheronia, much shorter than the inner edge. Hind wings
more rounded, the outer edge very full and rounded, and the wings extend to the end of the
abdomen. In the 2 the wings are broader, those of the hinder pair extending beyond the end
of the abdomen.

Venation (fig. 14): Vein III, (second subcostal) wanting, while in Citheronia it is present; Vein
IV, does not arise as in Citheronia part way, usually about halfway, between the anterior discal
vein and the origin of II1,, but at the outer end of the discal cell, directly in front of the discal

118 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

vein. The discal veins are very oblique, where they are straight in Citheronia; in the hind
wings the obliquity of the discal cells and elongated shape of the discal cell are more marked
than in Citheronia.

Fore legs with the tibia thicker, wider than in Citheronia; the tibial epiphysis being very
wide (figs. 21, 21a), more so than in Citheronia.

Coloration: Body and wings yellow;*wings with pale lilac blotches and spots; more or less
detinite discal spots and extradiscal line.

Larva.—Body armed with short, stout spinose dorsal horns on second and third thoracic

Fic. 15, Distribution of the genus Eacles.

segments, but none on the prothoracic segment; caudal horn yery short; a vestigial median spine
on ninth abdominal segment. Body with long hairs. No bands or stripes.

Larva—Stage 1.—Body armed with two dorsal branching prothoracic spines one-half as long
as those of the dorsal series of the two thoracic segments behind; they are deeply forked, not
ending in a bulbous expansion. Body transversely banded. A high caudal horn, and one half
as high on the ninth segment; and a 5-headed spine on each side of the suranal plate. The
horns become spinose after the first molt, the body being clothed with hairs after the third molt.

Pupa.—Body thick; maxille long, over three times as long in proportion as in Adelocephala

and Anisota; cremaster stouter and a little shorter, and the spines over the body smaller in
proportion than in the two genera named.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. ig

Synonymical history.—Al\though Druce places the species of Citheronia under Eacles, and
Kirby lumps them under Citheronia, the two genera are both in their larval, pupal, and adult
characters quite distinct, as may be seen by reference to our descriptions and figures, giving
structural details. The palpi have but two joints, the antenne are more broadly pectinated.

Hiibner’s type of the genus, i. e., the species first named, is 4. 7mperdalis; he then adds two
other species. Basilona of Boisduval is a synonym of Eacles, and the name need not have been
resurrected.

Geographical distribution.—Arctogeic (North American) and Neogvea; the species ranging
along the Atlantic coast region from Maine and Canada, and the valley of the Mississippi, to
southern Brazil.

EACLES IMPERIALIS (Drury).

(Pl. XVIII, fig. 5.)

Phalena (Attacus) imperialis Drury, Ilustr. Exot. Ent., I, p. 17 (App. IL), pl. 9, figs. 1, 2. 1770.

Bombyx imperialis Fasricius, Species Ins. II, 181, 62, 1781; Mant. Ins., II, 116, 79. 1787. Ent. Syst., III, I,
p. 435, No. 89. 1793.—GmeEtin, Edit. Linn. Syst. Nat., I, 5, 2417, 510.—Sroxi, Suppl. Cramer, p. 178,
Tab. 42, fig. 1. 1790.

Phalxna imperatoria Asport and Smiru, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 109, Tab. 55. 1797.

Bombyx didyma Beauvors, Ins. Africa Amér., p. 52, Tab. 20. 1805.

Eacles imperatoria HtBNER, Verzeichniss Schmett., p. 153. 1818-1822.

Ceratocampa imperialis, Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., Appendix to Hitchcock’s Geology Mass., p. 592. 1834.
Second edit. 1855.—Westwoop, Edit. Drury lll. Exot. Ent., I, p. 17, pl. 9, fig. 1, 2. 1837.—Harris,

~ Rep. Inj. Ins. Mass., p. 287. 1841. Third edit., fig. 196, 197. 1862.—Dwncan, Naturalists’ Libr., XXXII,
p. 161, pl. 17, fig. 1. 1841.

Eacles imperialis WAuKER, Cat. Lep. Het. Brit. Mus., VI, p. 1871. 1855.—Packarp, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil.,
Ill, p. 381. Nov., 1864.

Basilona imperialis Boispuvat, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 318. 1868.

Eacles imperialis Grote, List Lep. N. Amer., I, p. xiii. Sept., 1868; New Check List N. Amer. Moths, p. 20.
May, 1882.

Ceratocampa (Basilona) imperialis Burmeister, Descr. phys. Rép. Argentine, V, p. 489. 1878; Atlas p. 46,
Dib exxs fies 25) 1879)

Eacles imperialis Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., II, p. 412. Sept., 1897.

var. punctatissima NEUMOEGEN, Ent. News, II, p. 150. 1891.
var. nobilis, NEUMOEGEN, l. c., p. 150. 1891.

Basilona imperialis NEUMOEGEN and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., I], p. 151. Dee., 1894.

Eacles imperialis BruTENMELLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. N. H., X, p. 442. 1898.

Basilona imperialis Dyar, List. N. Amer. Lep., p. 76. 1902.

Larva.
(Pls. EX XX VIL, XEXVITI.)

Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, p. 709, Tab. 55. 1797.

Harris, Treatise Inj. Ins. Mass., third edit., p. 403, fig. 197. 1862.

Lintner, 24th Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 150. 1870.

Packard, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. Phil., XX-XI, p. 157, all stages, pl. vi. 1893.
Felt, 7th Rep. Forest, etc., Comm. N. Y., pl. 13, fig. 1. 1903.

Inago.—3 6 22. Head and thorax in front yellow. Body behind and wings bright yellow,
marked with pale lilac. Disk of thorax and at insertion of the wings pale lilac.

Fore wings yellow, with distinct basal and extrabasal pale lilac lines. In two ¢ the space
between the basal line and insertion of the wing is filled in with lilac, but in the @ it is clear; the
line is broad and deeply zigzag. Two round spots near the middle of the wing, one discal,
the other smaller and situated between the discal spot and the costa; each with the center paler.
Extradiseal line broad, distinct, scalloped on the inner edge, slightly incurved, beginning on the
outer third of the inner edge of the wing and ending on the apex; in some males the space
between this line and the outer edge of the wing is more or less filled in with pale lilac.

Hind wings like the fore wings in color, distinetly speckled with round or elongated dots
and strigwe; base of wing either clear, so that the broad basal zigzag line is distinct, or the line

120 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and all within makes a lilac patch. A single discal spot, paler at the center; the extradiscal
line passes very near it; it is closely wrinkled or zigzag. The outer edge of the wing is clear in
all the specimens.

Under side of the wings all yellow; clearer than above, and either no lines or only faint
traces of the extradiscal on the fore wings; the other being reduced and small. A triangular
lilac patch on the margin. :

There isa great disparity in size, though not in markings between the two sexes, and in
markings it presents considerable variation. In size the Mexican female, reared in Providence,
R. I., from a pupa which I collected at Cordova, Mexico, in the ‘* Tierra Caliente,” exceeded
any United States specimen seen by me.

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢90-110 mm.; 2? 155 mm. Length of a single fore wing,
é 40-52 mm.; 9 75mm. Breadth of a single fore wing, ¢ 21-30 mm.; 2? 388mm. Length of
a hind wing, ¢ 28-35 mm.: 9 50mm. _ Breadth of a hind wing, ¢ 22-27 mm.; ? 38 mm.

The eggs were received from Mr. James Angus, and the larye hatched from them reared
in Maine, so that their development, owing to the cooler climate, may have been less rapid than
.in New York, where the eggs were laid.

kyg.—Length, 3 mm.; breadth, 2.6 mm.; thickness, 2 mm. Flattened elliptical, each end
alike, white, with an equatorial, smooth, distinct ridge. The shell is white, the surface under a
high-power triplet is seen to be finely pitted, the pits being shallow and not closely crowded.
Under a half-inch objective the pits are seen to be shallow, and not often with a definite raised
edge; often there is a boss or bead in the center. Arising from the spaces between the bosses
are slender, short, very minute hairs, originating from a swollen base. Under a one-fifth objec-
tive, as well as a one-half and a triplet, I can not distinguish between the microscopic structure
and markings of the eges of Zimperialis and regalis.

The freshly hatched larve.—Some were seen drawing themselves out of the shell June 30 at
noon. Length in a few minutes after hatching, 7-8 mm.; width of head, 1.5mm. The tubercles
and spines become erect before the larva entirely deserts the shell.

The head is large and full, smooth, shining, nearly twice as wide as the body behind the
middle, but the prothoracic segment is much wider than the body: the prothoracic segment is
above of the same color as, and the surface shines like the head. The body is pale chestnut, with
a slight pinkish tint. All the spines are, before it entirely leaves the egg, shining jet-black; the
five longest ones (four thoracic and one median abdominal) bearing white hairs, the end hairs on
all the shorter ones being black.“ The thoracic segments are without transverse dark stripes,
but on each of abdominal segments 1-7 there are three transverse, distinct, conspicuous, black
dorsal stripes; the first one in the front of the spines is broken, and wanting on the first abdom-
inal segment, but the two behind are unbroken and extend a little below the position of the spir-
acles. The spiracles are hard to detect, as they are situated on an oblong or fourth transverse
black band between the two lateral spiracles. The eighth and last two segments are not banded.
The large anal legs are edged with black behind. The thoracic legs are black.

There are four spines on each side of the prothoracic segment, all of very unequal length; the
lowest one minute and bifid; the one in front of the spiracle stumpy and ending in five slender,
papilliform, piliferous tubercles. The subdorsal one is much longer and forked, while the two
dorsal ones are yery long and slender, about as long as the head is broad and deeply forked, each
fork bearing a bristle. Zhe two dorsal tubercles on the second and third thoracic segments are

« “JT am always amazed at the difference in experiences. This morning I watched aset of 2. imperialis hatch, and
in every stance the sete of the tubercles were white for several minutes after the larva had left the egg, except
those of the four tubercles over the head, which were black before hatching, and could be seen through the shell clearly.

““The rapid growth of the long ‘“‘horns,”’ after leaving the shell, was most interesting. In five minutes they were
of normal size, but half an hour was needed to give them the shining black color; in some cases longer.

“After watching them I looked up this point in your pamphlet on Ceralocampidae, and saw how your experience
differed. Then I went back to my remaining eggs and watched the process from the moment the egg was broken,
hoping to find some agreeing with yours, but none would. I had a 15-diameter magnifier, and could see clearly.’’—
Miss Caroline G. Soule in a letter.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 121

enormously long and very slender, being about half as long as the body. They are deeply forked,
each fork long and slender, and bearing a long bristle. The tubercles on abdominal segments
1-7 are small and short, of nearly equal length, simple except those of the infraspiracular row,
which are deeply forked. The single median tubercle on the eighth abdominal segment is
remarkably long and slender, about two-thirds as long as the thoracic ones. There 7s also a single
median Sorked tubercle on the ninth segment; not half as long, however, as the one directly in
front. The suranal plate bears at the end two long five -branched piliferous tubercles. All the
tubercles are of nearly the same color as the body; the five longest ones, however, a little
brownish near and at the end.

The four middle pairs of abdominal legs are shining black externally on the outer half; other-
wise they are concolorous with the body.

The following description is drawn up from some larve at the end of stage I, living October
9 or 10 and reared by Mr. Bridgham; they were about 7 mm. in length, and had been kept for a
number of days, and died before molting. The head js large, full and rounded, smooth and
shining honey-yellow; nearly twice as wide as the body (actual width, 1.5 mm.), rounded above
on the apex: the eyes and mouth parts black; labrum whitish. The body is ocherous. The
prothoracic segment is very broad and flaring in front, nearly as wide as the head, bearing ten
black spines, of which the two dorsal ones are about as long as the body is thick, each bearing
three or four small, short tubercles, and ending in a long fork, each branch bearing a long seta,
which is white at the base. The subdorsal spines are a little less than half as long and large as
the dorsal ones. The dorsal second and third thoracic horns are very long and large, being
nearly twice as long as the middle of the body is thick; the stalks are knotted (not tuberculated)
and deeply forked at the end; each fork thick and ending ina seta. Those on the third segment
are slightly shorter, with a smaller fork than the two on the second thoracic segment. Each
abdominal segment is provided with six black spines: the two dorsal ones about half as long as
the body is thick, with two or three minute warts; they are forked at the end, the lower fork
small, about as long as the spine is thick, and not bearing a seta, while the other fork or tine is
directed obliquely upward.

The spines of the next row outside (subdorsal) are small and simple, while the lateral row near
the base of the lees is composed of branched spines nearly as large as the dorsal ones, and with
sach branch ending in a long seta. The caudal spine on the eighth abdominal segment is nearly
as large as those on the second and third thoracic segments, but with a smaller fork, each ending
inaseta. There is a median dorsal spine on the ninth segment, about one-half as long and large
as that on the eighth, with three branches, the two terminal forming an uneven fork. There is
no distinct suranal plate, only asubtriangular flattened area bearing along the edge six black spines
of very unequal size. Around abdominal segments 1-7 is a double, black band, and the lateral
and subdorsal spines on these segments are connected by a black band, also inclosing the spiracles,
these short bands alternating with long bands passing over the body. The thoracic legs are
black; the abdominal legs dull ocherous, with a large, black patch covering the outside. The
anal legs are rather large and square, ocherous, the hinder edge pitchy red.

It may be observed that the median dorsal spines on the eighth and ninth abdominal seg-
ments are forked like those of Hyperchiria io.

Stage 1.—July 10, 11. Length, 13-15 mm. The head is as wide as the thoracic segments
(exact width, 2 mm.); it is chestnut brown, a little darker on the sides above the eyes and on the
clypeal region. The spines on the prothoracic segment are much as before, but stouter and
shorter. The dorsal spines on the second and third thoracic segments are much as before, but not
quite so deeply forked ; they are dusky amber wax at the base, and black beyond; they are irregu-
larly spinose from base to tip; each fork bears a white hair. A// the other spines are black. The
‘caudal horn” on eighth abdominal segment is stouter at base, the trunk with larger, longer, and
more numerous spinules, which end in a bristle which is not present in stage I; it is still evenly
forked.

122 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The subdorsal spines are now much shorter than before and simple and conical; while the
lateral series, instead of being nearly as long as the dorsal ones and deeply forked, are short and
stout, ending in three short, stout, piliferous spines.

The body is now dull chestnut, with dusky discolorations, but without the decided black
bands and spots of stage I, the body being decidedly darker. The black spiracles are surrounded
by a diffuse black ring. The thoracic legs are black; the middle abdominal legs jet-black outside,
on a chitinized portion; the anal legs are of the color of beeswax, with a jet-black spot or wart
at the tip, anda dusky patch on the sides; these black plates are larger and longer than in stage I.

The descriptions of stages III and IV were drawn up from a series reared at my request by
the late Mr. S$. Lowell Elliott and preserved in alcohol; the colors are described from a set of
drawings by Mr. Bridgham. Mr. Elliott observed five stages.

Stage I1/.—(Preserved the third day after the second molt.) Length, 30 mm.; width of the
head, 3mm. The head is narrow, about one-half as wide as the second and third thoracic seg-
ments; chestnut brown, with two pale, longitudinal bands in front, each band ending at the base
ot the pale antenne. Zhe two dorsal spines on the prothoracic segment are ™m uch shorter than in
stage II, with much stouter lateral spinules, and with shorter forks at the tip, and the spines on
the trunk are shorter. The two second thoracic dorsal spines are a little stouter than before,
but are nearly as in stage IT, and are spinulated in the same way; they are 4.5 mm. in length;
they are pale on the basal half and dark brown on the distal half; the corresponding spines on
the third thoracic segment are a little shorter. Zhe dorsal and lateral spines on abdominal
seginents 1-7 are much smaller in proportion than in stage I, the dorsal spine being still unevenly
forked. The ** caudal horn” on the eighth segment is now 3 mm. in length, and is still regularly
forked as before. The corresponding single median spine on the ninth segment is minute and
much smaller than before. ‘The two larger spines on the suranal plate wre smaller than before,
each bearing four spines, and behind these on the edge of the plate are four minute conical
spines; the plate is regularly rounded behind; it is dark brown in the middle, with paler rounded
granulations. On the side of the anal legs is a similarly ornamented d/st/nct, narrow, triangular
jidd not developed in stage If. The middle abdominal legs are tipped with black as before. The
body is more hairy than before.

The general hue of the body is at first pale yellowish brown (raw sienna), with a large pale
area around the dark spiracles. There are no distinct markings. ‘Toward the end of the stage
the body in those feeding on white pine becomes decidedly reddish, and in fact the color varies
from violet through all shades of golden brown and orange purple to black. The horns are rosy-
red at base; there is a broad, pale, diffuse, subdorsal band on each side and the dark spiracles are
rendered yery conspicuous by the broad yellowish ring around them.

Fig. 3.—Armature of Hacles timperialis. Stage I. a, a dorsal prothoracic spine; 6, a sub-
dorsal prothoracie spine; c, a dorsal spine of the second thoracic segment; @, a dorsal spine of
the third thoracic segment; v, the first abdominal segment, side view, showing the anterior and
posterior black band, and the position of the dorsal, subdorsal, and infraspiracular spines with
the spiracle; 7, the suranal plate, in part, bearing the anterior spine, ending in four setiferous
tubercles and the two smaller, simple spines at the end of one side of the plate; g, the ‘‘caudal
horn” or medio-dorsal forked spine of the eighth uromere, seen partly from the side; g’, end of
the same, seen from in front, showing the two forks; 4, one of the dorsal spines on the ninth
uromere. All drawn with the camera to the same scale.

Fig. 4.—Armature of Lucles imperialis. Stage Il. «a, end of one of the dorsal prothoracic
‘*horns:” 4, one of the dorsal second thoracic **‘horns;” ¢, the ‘*caudal horn,” or medio-dorsal
spine on the eighth uromere. Stage III. d, one of the second thoracic ** horns; ¢, the ‘‘ caudal
horn” or medio-dorsal spine of the eighth uromere. All drawn with the camera to the same
scale.

Stage 1V.—(Four days after the third molt.) Length, 40 mm.; width of the head, 4.5 mm.
The characters of the full-grown larva are now nearly assumed. The head is, in one specimen,
twice banded with pale yellowish in front, in another the bands are nearly obsolete and the head

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 123

almost entirely dark chestnut. The two dorsal prothoracic tubercles are now very short, not so
high as broad, and end ina group of rounded conical spinules; those on the side of the same

~N

Fic. 16.—Armature of Eacles imperialis.

segment having the same general shape. Zhe second and third thoracie segments, with the dorsal
horns, now much as in the full-grown larva, though a little slenderer; length, 5 mm.; they are

124 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCKES.

more curved than before and directed backward and provided with numerous dense conical tuber-
cles; they are pale yellowish at base, and rosy on the distal half, becoming black at the tip, which
is still regularly forked; the two pairs are of the same shape and length. ‘The abdominal dorsal
spines are much stouter and shorter in proportion than in stage III. The subdorsal (supraspi-
racular) spines are simple, conical: the lateral (infraspiracular) spines are very short, and com-
posed of four spines. Zhe **caudal spine” (single median dorsal spine on eighth abdominal
segment) 7s now much stouter, more conical than before; 2.5 mm. in length and furnished with
crowded spines, but still ending in a regular fork. The suranal plate is as before, but the spines
are shorter, and the exterior of the anal legs are ornamented as before.

The hairs are now long and abundant, some of the dorsal ones longer than the body is thick.
The spiracles are very conspicuous, each being surrounded by a broad green ring, outside of
which is a yellowish ring, which is margined with yellowish brown. The body is dark umber-
brown; the reddish spines and the spiracles, as well as the reddish edges of the suranal plate and
anal legs. decidedly contrasting with the dark hue of the body. The color of the spiracles varies
in different individuals, being sometimes mostly white or green or red. Also the yellow color
around it is sometimes large and of different width, sometimes being reduced to a line.

The last stage differs from stage IV in the shorter dorsal horns and caudal horn, those on
the sides also being decidedly shorter, and the anal legs are larger, with a wider dark granulated
area on the sides, and the body is much thicker and heavier, while the head is pale.

Last (jifth) stage.
Head one-half as wide as the body; width, 7 mm.; deep gamboge-yellow, and green on the side;

Length, 10 cent. (Described from one living on the choke cherry.)

a double, deep-black frontal line extending from the vertex, diverging below so as to leave a
median yellowish line on the upper division of the clypeus. The front division of the clypeus
(clypeus anterior), the antennee, and the base of the jaws yellowish. The thoracic legs and the
horns on the second and third thoracic segments and the anal legs with the suranal plate are all
of the same color, 7. ¢., deep shining gamboge-yellow. The general color of the body in the
green individuals is a delicate pea-green (more usually the individuals are brown or tawney),
varying from the shade of the upper side of the cherry leaf to that of the under side, being paler
above along the back and especially on the sutures than on the sides. The hairs are long and
slender and whitish, most of the dorsal ones as long as the body is thick. There is a prothoracic
plate of the same green hue as the body, but with yellowish edges. Of the four horns on the
second thoracic segment, the outer ones are half as long as the inner or dorsal ones, which are
4.5 mm. in length; those of the third thoracic segment are of the same size as those on the
second. There are four similar but much smaller dorsal and subdorsal horns on each of the
abdominal segments (but they are shorter and more regularly conical than in stage IV), those
on each segment being of the same size, the two dorsal ones being almost three times as large as
the subdorsal ones, each dorsal one bearing three terminal spines. Those on the thoracic seg-
ments are tuberculated, ending in a fork. On the eighth abdominal segment is a median dorsal
horn, now shorter in proportion than in stage IV, small and short, length 2 mm., nearly twice
as large as the other dorsal ones in front, tuberculated and slightly forked at the end, but not
so regularly forked as in stage II]. There is a minute median one on the ninth segment, and
two minute lateral ones on each side of the segment. ‘The spiracles are very large and conspicuous,
yellow with an outer ring of very dark green, which is edged on each side with paler green;
those on the prothoracic segment are without the deep-green outer ring. The suranal plate is
reeularly triangular, gamboge-yellow, with a swollen, rough, coarsely granulated edge, within
which the surface is black, with yellow coarse granulations. A similar narrow triangular plate
on the anal legs. The middle abdominal legs dark pea-green, with a deep ocher-yellow tranverse
band above the black planta.

For a careful description of the egg and the larva in its first four stages see Dr. J. A.
Lintner’s Ent. Contr., 11, 150. His larvae molted four times, and he thought from the small size
of the specimens after the fourth molt that there might be a fifth one.

The fifth and last stage differs from stage 1V in the shorter dorsal horns and caudal horn;

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 125

the tubercles on the sides of the body also being decidedly shorter, while the anal legs are larger,
with a wider, dark, granulated area on the outside. The body is also thicker and heavier, while
the head is paler.

It is noticeable that in this form, as in the Attacin, there is a great increase from one
stage to another in the size or bulk of the body, while the head does not increase in a correspond-
ing ratio.

SUMMARY OF THE CHIEF ONTOGENETIC FEATURES.
A.— Congenital characters.

1. In stage I there are three pairs of very long dorsal deeply forked thoracic horns, nearly
half as long as the body.

2. A similar median spine on the eighth abdominal segment, with one about half as long
on the ninth.

3. The abdominal segments are transversely banded with black.

4. The lateral spines on the abdominal segments bifid and nearly as large as the subsimple
dorsal ones.

5. Body pale chestnut brown; head light reddish.

6. The spiracles minute and difficult to detect, as they are situated in one of the transverse
black bands.

B.— Evolution of later adaptational characters.

1. The forks of the larger dorsal spines disappear at the end of stage IIT.

2. The dorsal thoracic spines become recuryed in stage ITI.

3. The dorsal thoracic and caudal horns become much shorter and stouter in stage 1V, when
the characters of stage V (and last) are nearly assumed.

4. Instage Il the dorsal spines on the prothoracic segment begin to grow shorter and stouter.

5. In stage IT the large horns begin to be less deeply forked.

6. The transverse black stripes disappear at the end of stage LI.

7. The dorsal and lateral spines on abdominal segments 1-7 are much smaller in proportion
in stage III than in stage IT.

8. Toward the end of stage III the colors of the body become more conspicuous and yariable.

9. In stage III the spiracles become particolored and very conspicuous.

10. The dorsal thoracic and the caudal horn become much shorter in stage IV, and not
forked at the tip.

11. The hairs become long and abundant in stage IV.

12. The body in stage IV becomes much stouter and heavier than before, while the head has
not greatly gained in size proportionally.

Food plants. —Oak, button wood, bass wood, maple, honey locust, wild cherry, sweet gum,
sassafras, elm, sycamore, beech, chestnut elder, horn beam, birch, alder, white pine, spruce,
cedar, cypress, juniper, (Beutenmiiller). Sometimes injurious to trees, in Central Park, New
York (E. B. Southwick).

Habits.—The transformations of this moth were first described by Harris, but the earlier
stages were first fully described by Mr. Lintner in his Entomological Contributions No. II.
Though usually feeding on the white pine in the New England States, where we have seen it in
the breeding cages of entomological friends, it also feeds on the oak, button-wood, ete., and will
eat the leaves of the chestnut. It is too rare to be of any economical importance, but will always
attract the attention of lovers of fine, rather rare insects. The moth lays its eges in the northern
States late in June, hatching in about a week or ten days; the larva, according to Lintner, molting
at least four if not five times. A local name for it in Rhode Island is ‘custard moth.”

I have found the pupa at Cordova, Mexico, in March, buried in the earth.

Varieties: Mr. Doll has kindly shown me a variety of the larva from Brandt Lake, in the
Adirondacks, in which the body is green. The Adirondacks larva has longer, more prominent

126 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

spines than Brooklyn specimens, and they are white and conspicuous. In the penultimate
stage, with a length of 35 mm., the spines are also a little longer and slenderer than in normal
E. jmperialis of the same stage. It might be added that normal 4. 7imperdalis larvee vary in the
size of the spines of the infraspiracular series; in one example they are nearly obsolete, and in
another they are well developed. It is well figured by Mr. Joutel on Plate XV.

Beutenmiiller states that var. punctatissima is an aberration probably produced by cold.

In the Neumoegen collection of the museum of the Brooklyn Institute there is an Eacles
from the City of Mexico which differs from /. 7mperialis in the extradiscal line of the fore
wings being near the outer edge, the line being perfectly straight and firm, not scalloped. Both
wings are suffused with reddish brown, and the outer edge of the wings of both pairs partly
reddish, not lilac red as in £. /imperial/s; the costa is straight and the apex acute. Expanse of
fore wings, 112 mm. It may prove to be a form or local variety of /. 7mperial/s, and seems to
resemble Schaus’s 4. masoni.

Geographical distribution.—\t has not yet been found north of Massachusetts and southern
New Hampshire; Claremont, N. H. (F. H. Foster); Cambridge, Mass. (Harris); Providence, R. I.
(H. L. Clark, J. Bridgham, Deardon); Plattsburg, N. Y. (Hudson); Ithaca, N. Y. (Slingerland);
New York City (Joutel); Pennsylvania (Strecker); New Jersey, ‘usually common throughout
the State,” Newark in July (Smith); Columbus, Ohio (Tallant); Springtield, Alton, Ill. (Riley);
St. Louis, Mo. (Riley); Cordova, Mexico (Packard); Jalapa (Druce). Race nobilis, Texas
(Neumoegen).

Pupa.—éand@. (Pl. LVI, figs. 5, 5a.) Body much thicker than in Adelocephala and
Anisota, but the head and thoracic region less full and rounded; the abdominal sutures also less
deeply impressed.

The little spines on the vertex and front of the head are smaller and farther apart than in
Adelocephala and Anisota. The ¢ antenne are wider beyond the middle, i. e., on their distal
half, than in the two genera named. The maxille form a triangular space nearly four times as
long as broad, while in the two above-mentioned genera they form together a nearly equilateral
triangle. The 3 cremaster is stouter, a little shorter, and less deeply forked than in Adelo-
cephala and Anisota, while the end of the body is much smoother and less coarsely punctured.
The @ cremaster is a little stouter, with much coarser granulations or bosses, and the spines
“near the base are longer than in the ¢.

There is a group of 6-8 spines on each side of the prothoracic tergum, behind the insertion
of the antenne, which are not present in the two other genera mentioned in which a group of
such spines arise from the vertex of the head itself between the base of the antenne. The hind
edge of the antennz spinose, but the spines are shorter than in Anisota; on the front edge is a
series of slight, low, nearly obsolete spines.

Length of ¢, 36-40 mm.; thickness of the body, 14-15 mm. Length of 9? (the large
Mexican one), 60 mm.; thickness, 19-20 mm.

EHACLES CACICUS (Boisduvyal).

Basilona cacicus Botspuyat, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4™° sér.), VIII, p. 318. 1868.
Eacles cacieus WALKER, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1375. 1855.—Kirey, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 748. 1892.
Basilona imperialis Burmeister, Descr. Phys. Rép. Argentine, Atlas, p. 46, Pl. xx, fig. 2. 1879.

Larva.
(Pl. XVII, fig: 2.)
Burmeister, P|. XX, fig. 2.

Boisduyal states that this species is very near 4. 7mperialis, but that the female is much
larger. The fore wings of the male are much more pointed and a little faleate; the rose color is
replaced by brown, which reflects violaceous tints; the ring-like spot is accompanied toward the
costa by a dot of the same hue. ‘The thorax is of the same brown as the base of the wings. The
female offers more decided differences: besides its greater size it is without the brown tint at
the base of the fore wings, this being replaced by a sinuous basal line.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 127

Walker states that there is in the 9 a slender zigzag reddish band near the outer border.
Expanse of wings, 52 lines.

I had supposed that this was probably only a climatic variety of /. ¢mperial/s, but on an
examination of the larva and pupa preserved in the Cambridge Museum, and kindly loaned me
by Mr. S. Henshaw, I find that there are differences in both larva and pupa, which appear to be
most probably constant. If so, then /. cacicus is probably the stem-form inhabiting Brazil, the
probable center of origin of the genus, and our Central and North American 2. imper/alis is
probably a later climatic species, its specific characters having been assumed as the result of its
exposure to a cooler, more northern climate.

Larva.—(Pl. XVII, figs. 2, 2 A, 2 B. Copied from Burmeister.)

An alcoholic specimen differs: from a blown example of £2. ¢mperialis from New York in
its much larger size. The head is dark, as was probably the body, as in Burmeister’s figure.
The dark head is yellowish brown on the sides. Prothoracic shield and armature just as in
E. imperialis, the vestigial spines low, not nearly so high as broad. The most marked difference
is seen in the dorsal and subdorsal second and third thoracic horns and in the caudal horn.
They are in &. cacicus very long and slender, and the spinules are fine and slender, acute, not
coarse, thick, and short as in £. ¢mperial/s. The horns are also slenderer at base and not sub-
conical as in £2. ¢mperialis, and are considerably longer in proportion. (See Pl. XLVIII, fig. 4.)

Another decided difference is the equality in size of the horns of the dorsal and subdorsal
series (7/7) in 1 cacicus; in this species those of the subdorsal series are slightly thicker, but
very slightly shorter, than the dorsal ones, while in 2. dmperal/s they are about a third as long
and scarcely higher than broad; they bear about 12 spinules, which are not short, broad, and
crowded together, as in /. ¢mperialis, being on the contrary slender and delicate, very acute.
The caudal horn (fig. 4,¢) is also longer and higher, less curved, thick at the base, and with
scattered, slender spinules.

The body is very hairy, densely so, the hairs being pale horn-colored and rather longer
than in the most hairy 2. 7mperialis. The suranal plate armed with granulations, which are
crowded as in £. jmpertalis, but coarser and rounded. Anal leg with somewhat crowded
granulations, which are larger and more rounded than in £. /mper7alis.

Burmeister states that the spines are rouge carmine, but those of our /. dmperialis are
always dark brown or yellow. The ground color of the body varies according to Burmeister in
being of a clear green or of an obscure grayish brown. We infer, therefore, that dichromatism
occurs in the South American larya as well as in its representative in North America.

The stigmata of /. cacicus are carmine red with a white ring (ce/nture). The abdominal
legs are marked with a large lacquered red spot above the planta.

Burmeister, stating that Boisduyval gives to the North American type, which is smaller and
clearer in color, the name of 7mperial/s, and to the South American that of A. cacécus, adds that
the individuals from Buenos Ayres resemble the North American form in size and color, with
some apparent modifications in ornamentation, bringing it nearer the Brazilian type. ** This
form is known under the name of Bas//ona (or Crenadia) opaca.” (Atlas, p. 46.)

Pupa.—Length, 65 mm.; thickness, 20 mm. (Pl. LVI, figs. 6, 67). It differs from that of
E. imperialis in the longer maxille and legs. The labrum is more distinct; the head in front
less rugose, but elsewhere, namely on the wings and body, the surface is more spinose (compare
figs. 5 and 6 and 5a with 6a). The hinder edges of the posterior abdominal segments are much
more spinose, the teeth or spines on the hind edge of the sixth abdominal segment being longer
than thick, and acute. The cremaster is smooth on the under side, whereas in the ¢ of /. 7mperialis
there are longitudinal ridges; on the upper side it does not specially differ from the other species
named. The armature on abdominal segments 8-10 is much as in 4. ¢mperdalis.

Food plants.—In Brazil, according to Burmeister, it lives on different plants; he found it at
Rio de Janeiro on Mangifera indica, at Buenos Ayres on Erythrina erista gall.

Geographical distribution.—Rio Janeiro (Agassiz, Museum of Comp. Zoology, Cambridge,
Mass.): Rio Janeiro (British Museum); Brazil (Beske in Boisduyal).

Vol. 9—05——9

128 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ERACLES PENELOPE (Cramer).

Altacus penelope CRAMER, Papillons exot. I,-p. 70, Pl. xiv, fig. A. 1774.

Eacles penelope Hiiwner, Verzeichniss Schmett., p. 153. 1818-1822.

Lonomia penelope WALKER, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. VII, p- 1766. 1856.

Basilona ducalis Borspuvau, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4me sér.) VIII, p. 319. 1868.
Eacles ducalis WAtKer, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. VI, p. 1874. 1855.

Eacles penelope Perers, Die Heteroceren-Raupen, p. 9, larva, Tab. III, fig. 7. (1898)-1901.
Basilona penelope Burmeister, Descr. Phy. Rép. Argentine, Atlas, p 46, Pl. xx, fig. 1. 1879.

Burmeister gives an excellent figure and description of the larva. (See our Pl. XVII. fig. 1.)

Peters describes the larva, which seems to be a true Eacles, having no spines on the pro-
thoracic segment, but low tubercles instead, the dorsal and caudal horns being short and stout—as
having a violet dorsal line bordered with white. It is peculiar in having yellow wart-like out-
growths on the anal legs and suranal plate (Afterklappe).

Food plant.—I\t lives on Melastomez, also on the guava (Pisidium pomiferum), one of the
Myrtacee.

Geographical distribution.—Vhis species does not occur near Rio, and only inhabits the high-
lands, also occurring in the more southern states of Brazil. Cramer records it from Surinam.

The moth entirely differs from £. 7mperialis and magnifica, in the male sex.

SPECIES NOT SEEN BY ME.

Eacles ormondei Scnaus, Ent. Amer. V, p. 192, 2 1889; Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, p. 154, ¢. 1896.—Druces,
Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. Het. II, p. 418. Tab. uxxrx, fig. 10, g. Sept., 1897.

Judging from Druce’s tigure this species differs from £. ¢mperia//s in rather slight features.
The wings are of the same shape, the spots and bands in the same position. Perhaps it will be
found to be a local variation of 2 7mperialis.

It occurred in Coatepee and Orizaba, Mexico (Schaus).

Eacles masoni Scuaus, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe. IV, p. 154. Dee., 1896.—Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. Het.
II, p. 413. Tab. uxxix, fig. 9; ¢. Sept., 1897.

This also appears to me, judging from Druce’s figure of Mr. Schaus’s type, to be a local
form or variation of 2. /mperialis. The fore wings are more acute than in 7. ormonde/, but
FE. (mperialis varies in this respect. The outer edge of the hind wings is dull brown and the fore
wings more suffused with brown ocherous than usual. The discal spots of both wings are
situated much as in /. Zmper/al’s and are of the same size and color. Orizaba, Mexico (Schaus).

Bacles magnifica Druce, Biol. Centr.-Amer. Lep. Het. I, p. 169. Tab. 15, fig. 18, g. II, p. 412. Sept., 1897.

This is truly a magnificent form, but yet Iam inclined, judging only from Druce’s figure,
to suppose that it may prove to be but a local variety of Z. ¢mperialis, unless it prove to be
E. cacicus. The shape of the wings is the same; the discal spots and lines and patches of
purplish on both wings are almost identical with a smaller male from Pennsylvania.

Druce records it from Cordoya, Durango City, Mexico; Chontales, Nicaragua; Joyabaj,
Guatemala, and also the city of Guatemala; Volean de Chirique, Panama; San Pedro Sula, British
Honduras; Parad, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Argentine Republic and Paraguay.

CITHERONIA Fiibner.
(Pls. XVIII, XIX, XX.)

Bombyx Fasrictus, Ent. Syst., III (1), p. 436. 1793.

Phalaena Aspor and Smrrn, Lep. Ins. Georgia. 1797.

Citheronia (Bacles pt.) Htsner, Verzeichniss Schmett., p. 1538. 1818-1822.

Ceracampa Krrsy and Spence, Intr. Entomology, II, p. 235, III, p. 179. 1828.

Ceratocampa (Ceracampa Kirby) Harris Cat. Ins. Mass., p.591. 1834; Ibid., Hitcheock’s Rep. Geology of Mass.,
pp. 72, 592. 1835; Rep. Inj. Ins. Mass., p. 287. 1841; third edit., p. 399. 1862.—Wesrwoop, Edit.
Drury, Il]. Exot. Ins.

Dorycampa (in part) Duncan, Nat. Libr. Exot. Moths, p.158. 1841.

Eacles (in part) WavkKer, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1370. 1855.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 129

Citheronia PACKARD, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., III, p.381, Nov. 1864.—Grorr and Ros., Proc. Ent. Soe. Phil.,
IV, p. 222, April. 1865; Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, p. 29, Pl. XII, fig. 1 g. 1866.
- Ceratocampa BotspuvaL, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4™ sér.), VIII, p. 310. 1868.—Burmetster, Descr. Phys.
Rép. Argentine, V, Lép. p. 486. 1878.
Citheronia and Eacles Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I, p. 742. 1892.
Citheronia NECUMOEBGEN and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe. I], p. 150, Dec. 1894.—Dyar, List Lep. N. A., p.
76. 1902.

Imago.—Head broad in front, subtriangular when denuded; eyes large and round. Antenne
of ¢ bipectinated to a little beyond the middle; the pectinations shorter, stouter, and more
densely ciliated than in Eacles and less numerous (18 double pairs); in ? simple, but with fine,
minute, vestigial pectinations, a single pair to each joint.

Palpi stout, moderately large, slightly ascending, extending slightly or well beyond (in
C. sepuleralis) the front; the third joint distinct, button-like. Maxillee minute, but distinct,
though very short, scarcely reaching beyond the palpi. Thorax and body stout and heavy,
sphingiform.

Fore wings narrow, apex prolonged, subacute; costa nearly straight to the apex, which is
subacute; outer edge very oblique, as long as the inner edge. In @ the wings are much broader,
and the apex more obtuse. Hind wings rounded at the apex, but more produced in this region
than in Eacles, and the wing is more subtriangular. They do not extend so far toward the end
of the abdomen as in Eacles. Legs not so stout and thick as in Eacles, and the tibial spur of the
$ is not quite so broad; it is a little more than half as long as the tibia itself.

Venation (Pl. LVIITI, figs. 1, 1a): As will be seen by the figures, the venation is quite constant
in the four species examined. Vein III, is always present, and is long and well developed; III,
always arises well within the outer end of the discal cell, i. e., within the discal veins. The latter
together form a less oblique line than in Eacles, and tend rather to curve in toward the cubital
vein (—); the discal cell is rather small, triangular. In the hind wings the outer end of the
discal cell is straighter, less oblique than in Eacles, the discal veins being in C. /aoccoon (ixion)
more oblique, and thus approaching Eacles more than the other species examined.

Coloration: Ground color, tending to be brown-orange, orange-red on the veins, with yellow
spots, or lilac-brown predominates (sepu/cralis and mexicana); no definite discal spots;.in some
species a submarginal red or yellow zigzag line.

Genitalia (Pls. LEX, fig. 8a; LX, figs. 2, 20-2d): Suranal plate, narrow, style-like (regal/s),
or broad and triangular (sepulcralis); two pairs of claspers; the lower pair distinct from the
upper, hook-like, curved upward, divided at the end; upper claspers, seen sidewise, large, broad,
oval; from above, narrow, oval, with no terminal projection or hook. Penis, style-like.

The genital armature of the male is characterized by the broad, oval claspers, the large
harpes, the short penis-guard (p"), and the long, acute penis (fig. 24, p.)

“gg.—Flattened, oval cylindrical; shell thin, parchment like, obscurely and very minutely
sculptured, with hexagonal pits. (See p. 132.)

Larva.—A pair of long dorsal prothoracic horns in addition to those on the second and third
thoracic segments; the latter very large, usually longer than the body is thick; caudal horn long,

nearly half as much so as the thoracic horns; a shorter median horn on the ninth abdominal
segment. The other dorsal and lateral abdominal spines longer than in any other genus except
Adelocephala; suranal plate rugose, but not granulated, differing in this respect from Eacles;
bearing two short low stout spines one on each side of the middle.

Young larva, before molting, with long spinous thoracic horns ending in bulbous expansions,
bearing a Jateral terminal rod on each side; the caudal horn with a similar ending; the other
spines long and pranching, differing from Eacles in the bulbous endings and the spinulose shafts
of the horns.

Pupa.—Body very thick, rounded in front; end of abdomen very blunt, cremaster reduced
to a vestige ending in two small rounded tubercles; body smooth with no spines; maxille long,
though slightly shorter than in Eacles. It should be observed that Burmeister represents the
pupa of C. principalis with a large, well-developed, forked cremaster. (Pl. xx, fig. 6 on

Pl. XVIL) .

1350 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Geographical distribution.—The genus is distinctively a South and Central American one, i. e.,
neogwic, a single species having perhaps migrated from Brazil and the regions northward up
into the Mississippi Valley and along the Atlantic coast as far north as Massachusetts, then
becoming modified, and assuming its peculiar characters. A second species, C. sepulcralis,
appears to be peculiar to the Atlantic States, ranging from Maine to Georgia, but not yet known
to occur west of the Alleghanies.

Synonymical history.—Vhe names Ceracampa, Ceratocampa, and Dorycampa were bestowed
on this genus in ignorance of Hiibner’s work, which at the time those names were proposed was

Fig. 17.—Distribution of the genus Citheronia.

an obscure book. The recent combination of Eacles and Citheronia by Kirby was scarcely a step
in adyance.
CITHERONIA REGALIS (Fabricius).
(Pl. XXXV, figs. 1, la.)

Bombyx regalis Fasricius, Ent. Syst. III (1), p. 486, No. 98, g. 1793.

Attacus laocoon Cramer, Pap. exot. II, tab. 117, B. C.—V. pp. 179-180, var. Stott, Suppl. Cram. tab. 42, fig.
2, Ov) L790:

Phalena regia Apsor and Smirn, Lep. Ins. Georgia, II, tab. 61, 9. 1797.

Citheronia regalis Hiipner, Verz. Schmett., p. 153. 1818-1822.

Ceracampa Kirpy and Spence, Intr. Ent. Il, p. 235; III, p. 179. 1828.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 131

Ceratocampa regalis Harris, Cat. Ins. Mass., p. 72. 1835; Appendix to Hitcheock’s Rep. Geology, Mass., p.
592, 2d edit., 1835; Rep. inj. Ins. Mass., p. 287. 1841; Ibid., 3d edit., fig. 194. 1862.

Dorycampa regalis Duncan, Nat. Libr., XXXII, p. 161, Pl. 18. 1845.

Eacles laocoon WALKer, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1872. 1855.

Ceratocampa regalis Morris, Synopsis Lep. N. Amer., p. 229. 1862.

Citheronia regalis Packarp, Proc. Ent. Soc., Phil., p. 381, Nov. 1864.—Grore and Ros., Annals Lyceum Nat.
Hist., N. Y., VIII, p. 31. 1866.

Ceratocampa regalis Botspuvat, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4° sér.), VIII, p. 311. 1868.—Burmetster, Deser.
Phys. Rép. Argentine V, Lép., p. 486. 1878; var. brissotii Larva, Atlas, p. 45, Pl. XIX, fig. 3. 1879.

Ceratocampa (Citheronia) regalis Rirey, Amer. Ent. I, p. 230, Pl. I, Aug. 1869.

Citheronia regalis var. infernalis STRECKER, Papilio IV, p. 73. 1884.—var. swengeri NEUMOEGEN, Ent. News, II, p.
151. 1891.—Krrey, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I, p. 742. 1892.—Nerumorcen and Dyar, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soe. II,
p- 150, Dee. 1894.—BrureNMULLER, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. X, p. 441. 1898.—Dyar, List N. A. Lep.
p. 76. 1902.

Larva.
(Pls. X=XTIT, XXI-X XII, XXIII, fig: 1, XXTV-XXVI, LIV.)

Abbot and Smith, Lep. Ins. Georgia, II, Tab. 61. 1797.

Duncan, Naturalists’ Library. Pl. 18, vignette p. 162. 1841.

Riley, Amer. Ent. I, p. 230, Pl. I, larva, pupa and imago, Aug. 1869.

Burmeister var. brissotii, Atlas, p. 45, Pl. XIX, fig. 3. 1879.

Packard, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soe., Phil., XX XI, p. 163, May, 1893.

Imago.—2 8,2 2. Head and body orange-red, marked with cream-yellow ocher. Head
orange, the tufts at the base of each antenna yellow. Collar yellow, broadly edged with yellow.
Mesothoracic segment cream-yellow on the front edge, with a line of the same color passing
back along the inner edge of the tegule and ending at the base of the hinder edge of the hind
wing. (This line is wanting in C. aztecu and in C. principalis, but is present in C. splendens.)
A median short thoracic slash extending nearly to the base of the abdomen (the thorax in (
phoronea being all yellow).

Fore wings in ¢ narrow, the apex pointed; outer edge yery oblique in 9, much wider,
and the apex more obtuse; orange reddish-brown, two large cream-yellow spots at base of
wing, one costal, the other at the base of the median vein (III), and the fold (V) well marked,
like the longitudinal series, by a deep orange tint. A prediscal yellow patch, but no true discal
spot, the veins being orange-red. A submarginal oblique row of seven oval longitudinal yellow
spots parallel with the outer edge, the two near the costa the largest, the third one-quarter
smaller, none in the extradiscal space, a larger one in the succeeding space, and one of the same
size on the inner edge of the wing; veins and their branches orange-red.

Hind wings much rounded, more so than in (. azteca, more reddish, less brown than the
fore wings; base of the wings and the costal region and inner edge ocherous yellow, with a broad
marginal, indistinct, very diffuse shade.

Under side much more yellow and paler yellow than above; the base of the fore wing, costal
region, and inner edge yellow (edge of costa brown); the seven spots more or less connected;
the veins as above. An orange-red discal spot, large, irregular, diffuse, on the fore wings;
lunate in shape on the hind wings, and on the hind wings a faint, orange-red, scalloped extra-
discal line.

Base of the abdomen with an oblong cream-white yellow spot. Abdomen orange-red, with
a narrow yellow band on the front edge; beneath yellow.

Genitalia (PI. LIX, fig. 8a; LX, figs. 2, 20, 2), 2c): The suranal plate forming a long, narrow
style-like acute process; the upper claspers very large, convex, oyal, seen from the side half
as broad as long, flaring, simple with no process at the end; the claspers of the lower pair or
harpes (fi. 2, 4), forming two stout hooped processes, a little shorter than those of the
upper pair, curved upward and divided at the end into two black, solid divisions, the ends of
which are rough and spiny; these claspers are much larger than in C. sepuleralis, while the
suranal plate is very much narrower: the genitalia on the whole are ona larger scale than in
C. sepulcralis.

132 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Expanse of fore wings, ¢ 116 mm.; 9 155 mm. Length of one fore wing, ¢ 57 mm.;
975 mm. Breadth of one fore wing, ¢ 26mm.; 2 35 mm. Length of hind wing, ¢ 37
mm.; ? 50mm. Breadth of hind wing, ¢ 28 mm.; ? 34 mm.

kgg.—Slightly larger than those of Lacles ¢mperialis. Length, 3.1 mm.; width, 2.8 mm.
Oyal, cylindrical, somewhat flattened; the shell is thin, parchment like, flexible; the surface with
microscopical obscure pits irregularly hexagonal, the pits often only partially formed (Pl. XV,
fig. 4). Between each of the bosses is a fine hair, as in Kacles.

For the eggs I am indebted to Miss Morton, who sent them June 25 from New Windsor,
N.Y. They hatched July 11. The eggs nearly indistinguishable in shape and color from those
of £. tmperialis. The egg-shell is so transparent that just before the larva hatches it can be
seen lying curled up on its side. The head is large and black, while the body is pale, with
distinct yellow sutures. Also the black thoracic legs are visible, and the black spots, those
on the thoracic segments, elongated; also the dark spines and certain large ocherous patches on
the thoracic segments.

Larva—Stage [.—Length, 6 mm. The head is large, wider than the body, smooth and
shining black all over, with a few fine dark hairs. The body is cylindrical, black all over, with
no stripes or spots of a lighter hue. A pair of large, long dorsal horns on the first thoracic

Fe segment, ending in a peculiar bulbous swelling, and on
no \ ach side of the segment is a smaller subdorsal spine one-
| third as long as the dorsal ones, which is simple at the

‘sa end, tapering to a point, bearing a short tine near the mid-
Sy) sxach side, or four to each segment.. The outer or subdor-

sal horns are only a little more than half as long as the
inner, but otherwise like the latter; the trunks are spiny,
the spinules minute, sharp, nearly equal in size, there being
about fifteen to each trunk or stem of the spine. The sin-

\ a d
\
SG
» dle, and ending in a stout bristle. On each of the second
/ and third thoracic segments is-a pair of dorsal horns on

Fig. 18.—Penis-sheath of C. regalis.

gular bulbous termination is flattened, rather deeply divided, but somewhat like a chestnut in
shape, but wider in proportion, and each side is produced, ending in a blunt spinule, with a
stout thick base; the trunk is umber-brown, but the bulbous extremity is blackish brown.

On being touched the larva vigorously jerks its head and front body sideways.

Each of abdominal segments 1-7 has a pair of smaller sharp spines about one-third as
long as the longest thoracic spines, which are bent just beyond the middle where it sends off a
spur; the end bearing a stout, not very long bristle. Besides these there is a pair of subdorsal
spines anda lateral smaller one situated above the insertion of the legs, or six spines to a segment.
There is a single median spine on the eighth segment just like the shorter subdorsal ones on the
thoracic segments in shape and color, and ending like them in a forked bulbous expansion. Also
on the ninth segment is a smaller, shorter, single median dorsal spine, but regularly forked at the
end, not swollen. On the tenth segment near the base are two stout, short spines, ending in four
branches. Behind them at the end of the suranal plate are four minute spinulose piliferous
spines, which are black, all the others in front being brown. ‘The large, broad, squarish anal
legs are corrugated on the side. All the legs, thoracic and abdominal, are black. The specimens
died before molting.

According to Harris: ‘*Color of body black above and beneath; an obsolete series of
ferruginous lateral lines directed obliquely downward toward the tail, most conspicuous on the
posterior half of the body; sixth and seventhsegments ferruginous aboye; spines pale ferruginous,
black at tip. July 21, a. m., it cast off its skin. July 25, cast its skin again.” (Correspondence,
p. 297.)

The following description is drawn up from specimens bred at Providence, and described
October 10. They fed on hickory, and were sent to Mr. Bridgham from Georgia.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 133

Stage Il.—(Probably stage II, as the increase in size between the latter stages is very
marked.) Length, 25 mm. The head (width, 2.8 mm.) is rather large, rounded, as wide as the
body, smooth and shining, mahogany brown, with two faint black shades converging toward the
apex. The body is somewhat slender, the skin smooth and dull flesh-brown, with smoky blackish
marks, the spines and spinules a little paler than the body and tipped with black. The prothoracic
segment is broad, the front edge raised and flaring, with a transverse row of six black spines,
four dorsal and one subdorsal; of the four dorsal the inner two are about as long as the body is
thick, and sharp at the end, with long spinules; the two adjoining spines are minute. The four
spines on the second thoracic segment are much larger, the outer ones on the second and third
thoracic of nearly the same size, but the inner two on the third thoracic segment are a little
longer than those on the second.

The spines on abdominal segments 1-8 are of even size, and armed with long spinules; they
are about two-thirds as long as the body is thick, and end in two long diverging spinules. On

Fic. 19.—Armature of Citheronia regalis. Stage I. a, the first abdominal segment, showing the relative position of the spines; sp, spiracle;
b, one of the dorsal prothoracie ‘horns;’’ ¢, one of the dorsal horns of the third thoracic segment; d, one of the dorsal abdominal spines,
those on segments 1-6 not differing in size or structure, near the base are two minute blunt set; e-h, the armature of the last three
abdominal segments; ¢, the caudal horn; e’, the subdorsal spine of the same (eighth) segment; J, one of the dorsal spines of the ninth
segment, which is evenly forked at the end; g, one of the large lateral spines arising from the suranal plate (x); /, the end of the
suranal plate. All the figures drawn with the camera to the same scale.

the eighth segment, arising froma large, fleshy base, is a much spinulated caudal spine, nearly
half as long as the large thoracic ones; it is mostly black, but flesh-colored in the middle.
Behind it, on the ninth segment, is a median dorsal horn, about one-third as large as that on the
eighth.

The suranal plate is small, rough, bearing two large spines; the end is rounded, with two
minute spines between the last pair of lateral spines; the anterior two of the spines on this plate
are larger, but simpler than those on the ninth abdominal segment, and end in four spreading
spinules, the main stem being nearly smooth.

The prothoracic segment is blackish, reddish dark flesh color in the middle; the second
thoracic segment is of nearly the same color, but the third is entirely black. The stigmata are
black, surrounded by a blackish cloud, while in front is a velvety black oblique dash, and beneath
a flesh-colored oblique raised ridge or fold. All the legs, both thoracic and abdominal, are black;
the anal pair are large, rough, and black. There is a large spine under each spiracle.

13 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Stage [1/.—Leneth, 30-35 mm. Molted on the morning (9 a. m.) of October 10. When
first seen the color of the body was uniformly purplish flesh color, with black markings. The
head (width, 4 mm.) is dark chestnut brown, with the clypeus and adjoining parts pale. /¢ d/jfers
From the prec ding stage in the conside rably shorte r abdominal spines, while their spinules are
somewhat larger in proportion than in the previous stage. The thoracie spines are about or a
little more than twice as long as the body is thick, and the abdominal spines are about one-third
as long as the body is thick. The lateral oblique fleshy fold on the abdominal segments have a
more distinct dark dash above than in the preceding stage. The legs are black. The caudal
spine is now about one-third as long as the larger thoracic ones, being in the former stage about,
not quite, one-half as long as the longer thoracic spines. Pl. LIV, figs. 2, 3.

By 2 p.m., October 10, the thoracic and caudal spines, at first pale flesh color, became black,
and the head and thorax, as well as the body generally, had turned darker.

It assumes, like 4. 7mpertalis and A. bicolor, a Sphinx-like attitude, so that this feature is
possibly inherited by the Sphingide from the Ceratocampide or a similar group. The thoracie
and caudal spines are somewhat sensitive to touch by an intruder.

Last stage.—\ will tirst describe an alcoholic specimen, 45-50 mm. in length, which at first I
thought must belong to a fourth stage, or at least one before the last, but, as the head is of
nearly the same size as full-grown specimens, I am inclined to regard it as simply a belated
individual, or one which had recently molted, and had not fed up so as to fill out to its full size.

Length of body, 45-50 mm.; breadth of the head, 6.5 mm. The head is yellowish brown,
with a dark spot on each side of the head opposite the apex of the clypeus. The two dorsal
prothoracic spines are nearly as long as the head is wide, but without the long slender spinules
of the previous stage; they are yellowish, but black on the distal third; the third or metathoracie
pair are a third longer than the body is thick, and, like the others, with short, stout spinules.
The abdominal spines are now much shorter than before, with short spinules, though slightly
longer than in the fully grown examples. The ‘‘caudal spine” on the eighth abdominal segment
is as in the full-sized specimens. The general hue of the body is as in the full-grown larva, but
the thoracic dorsal black spots are smaller, though the metathoracic segment in front of the horns
is deeply stained with black. ;

Full-grown larva.—Length, 125 mm.; thickness of the body, 20 mm.; width of head, 7 mm.
The head is about one-third as wide as the body, rounded, smooth, free from hairs, and yellowish,
not spotted on the sides, and not banded as in Eucles ¢mperialis. The body is cylindrical; the
skin smooth and shining, not granulated, as in Adelocephala and Eacles. The two middle
prothoracic spines are large and long, being nearly as long as the head is wide, but the spinules,
like those of the other ‘‘horns,” are now short, thick, and acute, not long and slender as in the
previous stages; length, 6 mm.; they are yellowish and black on the outer third. This and each
segment of the body succeeding have six well-developed spines, except the eighth and ninth
abdominal, which haye each an additional spine, the large median one. The two large median
horns on the two hinder thoracic segments are each about 20 mm. in length; the horns of the
second row corresponding to the subdorsal or supraspiracular row of the abdominal segments,
being about half as long (LO mm.) as the dorsal ones; they are also yellowish and blackish on the
outer third. All the six abdominal spines of segments 1-7 are now very small, slender, and only
about twice as long as the large dorsal horns are thick at the base, viz, 4 mm. in leneth. Unlike
the full-erown Eacles, the supra- and infraspivacular spines are as well developed as the dorsal
ones. On the eighth and ninth abdominal segments the *‘ caudal horns” are supplemented by
two small, slender spines (77), situated just behind the large median horn. Length of the ‘* caudal
horn” on the eighth segment, 9 mm., that on the ninth segment being one-half as long. The
suranal plate is triangular, the surface rough, with two small tubercles on each side, but no
spines. The anal legs are very large, subtriangular, with the outer surface rough, and on the
lower edge above the planta is a group of seven or eight minute spines; a similar group of
minute spines occurs near the end of the middle abdominal legs.

For the colors the reader is referred to the hand colored photographs reproduced in Pls.
XXI-XXIII of the living caterpillar. We have not yet seen a full-grown living larva. The

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. So

foregoing description has been drawn up from four well-preserved alcoholic specimens and a
blown one.

This larva differs generically from Eacles in having well-developed dorsal spines on the
prothoracic segment, while the lateral ones along the abdominal region are also well developed,
these being nearly obsolete in Eacles. The genus Citheronia is unique in haying 7 spines on the
eighth and the ninth abdominal segments, respectively. All these characters are seen to be
secondary and adaptive, and yet they are good generic characters, showing that the acquirement
or loss of generic characters is due to adaptations to the surroundings. The specific characters
are well brought out by comparing C. regalis and C. sepulcralis.

RECAPITULATION OF THE SALIENT FEATURES IN THE ONTOGENY OF CITHERONIA REGALIS.
A.— Congenital characters of the larva, as seen in stage I.

1. The three pairs of enormous spines, the first or prothoracic pair but little shorter than
the third, and the middle pair about two-thirds as long as the body, all ending in a swollen,
triangular, two-horned flattened bulb; these appendages being deterrent and for offensive use in
the earliest as well as latest larval life.

2. Both the eighth and ninth abdominal segments bearing a high median dorsal horn, and
these segments bearing 7, instead of only 5, spines.

3. The lateral spines on the abdominal segments nearly as large as the dorsal ones.

4. Body dark; head dark in color.

B.— Evolution of later adaptational characters.

The bulbous tips of the thoracic horns dropped at the end of stage IT.

The thoracic horns become curyed in stage II] or III.

3. The thoracic dorsal spines become much stouter, with much shorter and stouter spinules
at the last molt.

4. The mature larval features mostly assumed in stage III.

5. The dark colors exchanged after the last molt for pale green, with bluish tints.

6. The black dorsal thoracic spots and the lateral yellowish bands most showy in the last stage.

Attention should be drawn to the colossal size of this larva, as compared with that of
Adelocephala and even Eacles, though the head is not so much larger. This is due, perhaps, to
its sluggish life, greater digestive and assimilative powers, so that a rapid acceleration of the
growth of the body takes place; owing to its protection from the attacks of birds, it may feed
openly and continuously. It is thus similar to sphingid and attacine larve in its huge body and
enormous appetite. The largest cochliopod larvee are the spiny ones, and the spiny or
tuberculated Saturnians and Attacine have thick, large bodies.

Pupa.—P. LVI, tig. 7; Pl. XXXV, figs. 2, 20, 24.19. Body thick, head well rounded; body
smooth, with nosuch spines as in Eacles either on the head, thorax, orabdomen. The maxillz long,
though a little shorter than in Eacles; these, as well as the parts of the head in front, and the legs, are
more convex on the surface than in Eacles. Antenne slightly narrower and smaller than in 9
Eacles. The abdominal segments smooth on the hinder edge, there being little pits instead of low
spines. End of the abdomen very blunt and rounded, the cremaster reduced to a vestige not so long
as broad, irregularly conical, with two short thick divergent tubercles at the end. No spines
on the fore or hinder end of the abdominal segments.

Length, 2, 60 mm.; thickness, 23 mm.

Food plants.—Black walnut, butternut, hickory, persimmon, sumach, sweet gum, sycamore,
and ash. Found on the lilac in St. Louis (Kern ex Riley).

Destroyed a considerable number of cotton plants in Natchitoches, La., in September, 1890
(Riley); did considerable damage to sea-island cotton in Bradford County, Fla., 1891 (Riley).

Odor of the pupa and moth.—Riley states: ‘*Both the chrysalis and the moth have
a characteristic strong odor which can not easily be described for lack of comparison, though it

yw re

o

iS MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

reminds us forcibly of the peculiar odor of the English Broad Bean.” I can confirm this state-
ment as regards the pupa. “Its smell reminds one of the odor perceived in shelling beans, and also
recalls that of crushed lettuce and of laudanum. It is quite strong and like that of Spilosoma
and of “/st/gmene acrea. Itsmells more at the end of the body than near the head, doubtless the
glands being near the rectum.

Habits.—\t changes to a chrysalis in the earth. As early as July 20, 1832, Doctor Harris
found on the black walnut a freshly hatched larva of this regal moth, and a few days later, on the
4th or 5th of August, he discovered two large flattened eggs from which similar laryee were at
that time hatched. It shed its skin July 21, a. m., and molted again July 25. Riley states that
it is single-brooded in Missouri. It sometimes remains in the ground, in the chrysalis state, fully
eleven months of the year. ‘* The moths in the latitude of St. Louis usually issue during the last
half of June, and the caterpillars are found full-grown from the middle of August to the middle
of September.” (Riley.)

While this fine species is very rare north of New York it is also scarce in the Middle and
Southern States. The Texan @ collected by Mr. Boll differs from the northern examples in
wanting the hinder spots on the fore wings.

In Georgia it is said by Abbot and Smith to be double-brooded. The moth is known as the
regal walnut moth, and the caterpillar as the ‘‘ hickory horned devil.”

Feeding habits of the moth.—My. Druce while sugaring for moths observed on the trunk
of asmall ash tree a splendid (. regalis sipping the sugar with all the enjoyment of a Catocala
(Papilio ii, p. 188). Mr. R. Bunker has observed, according to Grote, that C. regal7s ** occa-
sionally comes to bait after the fashion of a Sphinx” (Hawk Moths of North America, Bremen,
1586, p. 55).

Geographical distribution.—This species has not yet been detected north of Cambridge, Mass.
(Harris); Larva from North Leverett, Mass. (Mus. Comp. Zool.); Providence, R. I. (H. L. Clark,
T. E. B. Pope); Foster, R. I. (1. E. B. Pope); Phoenix, R. I. (W. W. Bailey); New Jersey (not
common; generally distributed, Smith); New York (Grote, Joutel); Ithaca, N. Y. (Slingerland);
Missouri, southern Illinois, where it is quite scarce (Riley); New Harmony, Ind. (Mus. Comp.
Zool.); Peoria, Ill. (Dr. Ordway, M. C. Z.); Kentucky (F. G. Sanborn, M. C. Z.); Crescent City,
Fla. (H. G. Hubbard); Woodville, Miss. (Phares) (not uncommonly met with); Dallas, Tex. (Boll);
Louisiana (W. Sargent, M. C. Z.).

Whether North Leverett, Mass., is ina cooler, more northern region than Cambridge we
do not know; it is in the Connecticut Valley, lat. 42° 30’, and in presumably as mild a climate as
Cambridge. In our Map VIII we have drawn a loop up the Connecticut River at Leverett.

The southern limits of this moth have not yet been worked out. Ithas not yet been reported
from Texas; it is not mentioned by Druce (Biologia Centrali- Americana) as occurring in Central
America. What is mentioned by Burmeister as C. regalis, is C. brissoti7, but no locality is given,
and we take it, this example came from Rio de Janeiro. The locality of Cramer’s specimen is
given as Bengal, while Stoll’s example is stated to have been collected in North America.

Larval behavior.—Doctor Harris thus describes the behavior of three young lary: ‘*They
were just hatched at the time, and the caterpillars were near to them, resting on a leaf. The
position of these young insects was so peculiar as to attract attention, independently of the long
branching spines with which the fore part will have to follow the original of their body was armed.
They were not stretched out in a straight line, neither were they hunched up like the caterpillars
of the Luna and Polyphemus moths; but, when at rest, they bent the fore part of the body side-
ways, so that the head nearly touched the middle of the side, and their long horn-like spines were
stretched forward ina slanting direction over the head. When disturbed, they raised their heads
and horns, and shook them from side to side in a menacing-manner.” (Treatise Ins., p. 400.)

Riley, speaking of the **truly formidable” caterpillar when fully grown, adds: ‘* While a
peculiar habit which it has of spitefully wriggling from side to side, very unlike the up-and-down
movement of the Sphinx tribe of caterpillars, gives it a still more menacing appearance, yet it is
entirely harmless and can not possibly hurt anyone, for, as we have proved by experiment, the

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 15

prick of its spines has no poisonous effect whatever. Mr. Abbot tells us that this caterpillar is
called in Virginia the hickory-horned devil, and that, when disturbed, it draws up its head,
shaking or striking it from side to side; which attitude gives it so formidable an aspect that no
one, he affirms, will venture to handle it, people in general dreading it as much asa rattlesnake.”
(Amer. Ent., I, p. 230.)

Wallace, in his ** Darwinism,” remarks that the green color of this larva ‘‘suggests that its
ancestors were once protectively colored, but, growing too large to be effectually concealed,
it acquired the habit of shaking its head about in order to frighten away its enemies, and
ultimately developed the crown of tentacles as an addition to its terrifying powers” (p. 210).
This is somewhat fanciful, for the caterpillars of Citheronia have not only a ** crown of tentacles,”
but similar spines at the end of the body, with smaller ones along the middle of the body, and the
luxuriant armature is evidently inherited from its Adelocephala ancestors. The great develop-
ment of the spines may, as we have suggested (Pt. I, p. 16), have arisen in response to the stimuli
of blows on the more exposed parts of the body.

Sexual differences in the larvw of Citheronia, etc.—Burmeister, in referring to the larva of
C. brissotii, which he considers as a variety of C. regalis, speaks of the caterpillar of C. regalis
figured in Abbot and Smith as representing an individual of the feminine sex. His own figure,
however (Pl. XIX, fig. 3), is that of a male, ‘* toujours plus petit dans ce genus.”

Parasites.—In the Loew collection of the Museum of Comparative Zoology is a large species
of Tachina, Belvosia bifasciata, bred from C. reqalis.

Variations: Var. infernalis Strecker. Head, body, and legs, deep orange or brick-red;
wings above and below of the same color. Fore wings slate colored in the interspaces, only the
veins red; a large red subapical spot near the costa, also a smaller one midway between it and
the inner margin. Bred from a blackish-blue larva of the usual appearance. Maryland and
North Carolina.

CITHHRONIA BRISSOTII (Boisduval).

Ceratocampa brissotii Borsptyar, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4) VIII, p. 312. 1868.—Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep.
Het. I, p. 742. 1892.
Ceratocampa regalis var. brissotii Burmeister, Deser. Rép. Argentine, Lép. Atlas, p. 45, pl. x1x, fig. 3. 1879.
Larva.
(RIS OVA, fig. 3!)
Burmeister, Descr. Rép. Argentine, Lép., p. 45, Atlas, pl. x1x, fig. 3. 1879. (g drawn from a dried blown
specimen. )

The figure of the larva (PI. XVI, fig. 3) is undoubtedly drawn from a poorly preserved
specimen. In fact the armature of the larvee of Citheronia figured by Burmeister seems to be inac-
curately drawn. Burmeister states that it differs from the larva of C. ladcoon (C. ivion) in hay-
ing longer spines, though otherwise the same, while they are of the same orange color, with a
black tip.

Three 2 2 inthe Museum of Comparative Zoology, brought by Prof. L. A
Thayer expedition, exactly agree with Boisduval’s description. It differs from
which it is closely allied, in the middle series of yellow spots being united into a continuous band,
and in the presence of a submarginal zigzag orange-red line.

It appears to be a rarer species than any other in Brazil.

food plant.—In Brazil, according to Burmeister, it feeds on Hvacaria biglandulosa, an

gassiz on the
C.

re galis, to

euphorbiaceous plant.
Geographical distribution.—Lagoa Santa, Cantagalli; this latter town is a few miles up in
the interior from Rio Janeiro. (Museum of Comparative Zoology.)

158 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CITHEBRONIA MEXICANA Grote and Robinson.

Pl. XVIII, fig. 4, g.

Citheronia mexicana GRoTE and Rogixson, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., VIII, p. 32, Pl. xin, fig. 1, Oct.,
1866.

Eacles mexicana Druce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 169; Tab. XV, fig. 11, ¢, June, 1866.

Citheronia mexicana Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 748. 1892.

Imago.—1 ¢. Compared with C. regalis 3 it is smaller than any I have seen. Like that
species the number of pairs of fully developed antennal pectinations is 17-18. The fore wings
are slightly more acute at the tip, and the hind wings decidedly more triangular, the apex being
much less rounded than in (. vega//s. The fore wings are darker, of a peculiar dull almost pur-
plish gray, a little duller than in C. splendens and C. azteca. The yellow spots are the same in
arrangement and’ size as in C. vega/is, but more reddish. It differs decidedly from C. regalcs,
and in this respect resembles C. phoronea and area, in having a submarginal brick-red zigzag
line, with some yellow in it, which runs parallel with the outer edge of the wing. The hind
wings are colored and marked as in C. regalis. The wings beneath are much as in C. regalis,
except that the submarginal zigzag line is present. The thorax and abdomen are as in C. regalis.

C. mexicana entirely differs from C. splendens and C. azteca in the spots on the fore wings
being reddish ocherous instead of ocherous white, and in having a submarginal line on the fore
wings.

The tongue is well developed, fully as much so as in C. regalis.

Expanse of the fore wings, 90 mm. (2 according to Grote, 5.80 inches); length of one fore
wing, 46 mm.; breadth of one fore wing, 20 mm.; length of one hind wing, 28 mm.; breadth of
one hind wing, 20 mm.

Pupa.—‘Searcely distinguishable from that of C. regalis, except that it is much smoother
and the spinules much larger in size. They are also raised considerably aboye the surface of the
segments. The cremaster is also smooth at its tips.” (H. Edwards, Ent. Amer., 1V, p. 62.)

Geographical distribution.—Orizaba, Coatepec, Mexico; City of Guatemala, Vulcan de
Chiriqui, Panama (Druce).

CITHERONIA SPLENDENS (Druce).
Pl. XVIII, fic. 2 ¢, 2a 9; larva, Pl. XV), fig. 1.

Eacles splendens Drvcr, Biologia Centr. Amer. Lep. Het., I, p. 169, Pl. xv, fig. 12, June, 1886.
Citheronia splendens Kirspy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 742. 1892.

Druce states that this species is closely allied to C. regal’s, from which it differs in the
entirely different coloration of the hind wings, in having the thorax striped and the yellow marks
at the base entirely absent, and also in the general grayer color of the wings of both pairs.

That it is quite distinct from (C. regalis is proved by the difference in the larve of the two
species.

Geographical distribution.—Guanaguato, Mexico (Boucard, Druce).

Larva.—Stage before the last. Length, 62 mm.; width of head, 6 mm. (that of C. regalis
in same stage, 7 mm.). The head of the usual shape, being rather flattened in front; as wide as
the prothoracie plate; dark chestnut, and differing from C. vegalis of the same stage not only in
the ground color being darker, but in the front being black on each side of the clypeal region,
while the center of the clypeus-posterior is black. Prothoracic plate rugose, light colored, with
a black band on each side of a pale median line, and another aboye each spiracle; armed with a
dorsal pair of large high spines about two-thirds as long and thick as those of the second thoracic
segment (4 mm. in length), broad and blunt at the end, not terminating in a sharp point, as in
©. regalis or in a bulb as in C.laocoon; they are black, yellowish at the base, and bear about
10 to 12 large swollen blunt tuberculets, each ending in a short, stout seta. The supraspiracular
tubercles are not one-half as long as those of the dorsal pair. , The one directly in front of each
spiracle is a little shorter, but that at the base of each leg is stouter and larger, ending in five

.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 13

spines; second and third thoracic segments each with eight spines, the dorsal tubercles alike in
shape and size, high but blunt at the end (length 5 mm; that of C. regal/s 16 mm.), as thick at
the endas at the base, not tapering to a sharp point, as in C. vega//s. The supraspiracular spines
about half as long but quite as thick at the base as the dorsal ones; the two lowermost spines flat
and short.

All the abdominal dorsal spines of the same size and nearly of the same shape, with the same
number (5) of teeth on spinules. On abdominal segments 1-7, those without legs (1, 2, and 7),
there are eight black spines; on those segments with legs (3 to 6) the lowest spine is wanting.
On segments 8 and 9 there are four spines on each side of the median dorsal one. That on the
eighth abdominal segment is large and thick, 4 mm. in length and slightly but unevenly bifid at
the tip. That on the ninth segment is much thicker and about one-quarter longer than the others
on the same segment, and ends in two diverging short spines, more distinctly bifid than the
median spine on the eighth segment.

Suranal plate long and narrow, rugose; black; a lateral stout 4-toothed spine or tubercle on
each side near the middle of the plate; the edge is armed with spines as long as those of C. sepy/-
cralis. Body blackish; the pleural ridge yellowish. In this form the number of dorsal thoracic
spines is 10, as in C. vegalis, but they are remarkably short and thick and blunt at the end.

I am indebted to Dr. Dyar for the opportunity of examining this very rare larva, a poorly
preserved blown example in the U. S. National Museum. For the details of the armature see
Ie Veeti ose lela be

From @. laocoon (¢vion) larva it differs in the shorter spines, the spinules being remarkably
large and swollen; also in the equality in size of the dorsal spines on the second and third thoracic
segments, while the eighth abdominal median spine (caudal horn) is nearly twice as thick.

CITHHRONIA AZTHCA (Druce).
Pl. XVIII, fig. 33.

¢
Eacles azteca Drvce, Biol. Centr. Amer. Lep. Het. II, p. 413; Tab. 80, fig. 1, Sept. 1897.

Imago.—\ 8. This form is very near C. regalis, but differs in the fore wings being sharper
at the apex; the outer edge a little more oblique; apex of the hind wing more produced, and
not so much rounded. The fore wings are of the same color and the markings are identical, but
the hind wings are more yellowish; not only the costal and inner edge, but the outer edge is
yellow. There is a distinct, though very diffuse, dark gray extradiscal band, beyond which the
wing out to the outer edge is yellow.

Under side of the wings cream-white, not so ocherous as in (. regalis. The spots of the
extradiscal series are separate. Hind wings as in C. vega//s, but cream-white; the markings are
the same. There are in my single ¢ no yellow thoracic lines, but they are present in the 9
figured by Mr. Druce.

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢ 120 mm.; length of a single fore wing, ¢ 55 mm.; breadth
of a single fore wing, ¢ 23 mm.; length of a hind wing, ¢ 33 mm.; breadth of a hind wing 3
25 mm.

This species differs from C. splendens, to which it is closely allied, in the outer margin of
the hind wings being ocherous. The two species may prove to be the same when reared from the
larve. The markings of the fore wings are identical. In my single male, the thorax is almost
entirely brick red, without the yellowish white stripes of CQ. splendens.

Geographical distribution.—Jalapa (Barrett); Orizaba (Druce).

140 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

CITHEHERONIA PRINCIPAL IS (Walker).
Pl. XIX, fig. 8 9.

Eacles principalis WauKer, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, No. 8, p. 1376. 1855.
Ceratocampa principalis BoisptvaL, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 316. 1868.
Citheronia principalis Kirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., 1, p. 742. 1892.

Larva.
Ply XVI, fig: 4.

Boisduval, J. A., Annales Soe. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 317. 1868.

Burmeister, Descr. Rép. Argentine, Lép., Atlas, Pl. xx, fig. 4. Pupa, fig. 6. 1879.

Imago.—\1 9. Thorax, abdomen, and wings tawny or reddish orange-brown; tufts at the
base of the antenne, and two on top of the metathorax, ocher in color, as also two yellow spots
at the base of the fore wings, one on the costal edge and the other at the base of the cubitus
(Vein IV). Fore wings with the basal line distinct, situated much nearer the discal mark than the
base of the wing; if is dislocated on the cubitus or median vein, where it makes a right angle, and
extends to the costa, being parallel with the costal mark; it is brown, shaded diffusely within with
gray. Discal mark a long, narrow, straight streak, gray, within edged with dark brown. <A
distinct oblique, firm, not wavy, extradiscal line extending from the outer third of the inner
edge to the outer sixth of the costal edge; it is brown, edged externally with gray. On the
inside of the line is a row of five roundish spots; the two nearest the costa obscure deep orange;
the two next in the extradiscal ceil and the other in the cell behind are hyaline, with a few
yellow scales scattered over the surface and on the edges; the anterior one is roundish, the other
triangular; the anterior spot is about halfway between the discal mark and the outer edge.
setween the extradiscal line and the outer edge of the wing are two alternating rows of deep
orange-red irregular blotches. Fringe of both wings reddish brown.

Hind wings like the anterior ones in color and marking, with no yellow, basal and extradiscal
lines as on fore wings, discal mark as on fore wings, and the two alternating rows of orange spots
are present.

Under side of wings paler, reddish brown; no distinet discal marks on the wings of either
pair; basal line wanting, but the extradiscal forming a brown shade. The five spots within it
nearly as above, including two hyaline spots. The submarginal alternating rows of spots are
represented by a very irregular, zigzag brown line, edged within with dull yellow ocher on both
pairs of wings. For the venation see Pl. LVIII, figs. 3, 3a.

Expanse of the fore wings, ? 114 mm.; length of one fore wing, 9 62mm.; breadth of one
fore wing, 2 31 mm.; length of hind wing, 9 40 mm.; breadth of hind wing, 2 30 mm.

This is a large species with the fore wings narrower, more elongated, and pointed at the
apex thav in C. phoronea var. There are no yellow spots on the wings; the hind wings are more
produced toward the apex. My specimen was compared with Walker’s type in the British
Museum, exactly agreeing with it.

kygg,—The eges taken from the abdomen of a dried 9 are of the same shape, the shell
similar, with apparently the same style of sculpturing as that of C. regalis. The egg only
differs in its smaller size. Length, 2.4 mm.; breadth, 2 mm.

Larva.—Fig. +. Armed with six rows of spines, of which four on the second and third seg-
ments are much longer than the others and curved backward; that on the eighth abdominal
segment longer than the others, and like a queue. The prothoracic segment with six spines, of
which the median two are half longer than the others (Boisduyal).

Judging by Burmeister’s figure, it differs from the larva of C. phoronea in the four dorsal
thoracic spines being shorter, more pointed, while the dorsal and other abdominal spines are
longer than in that species. Moreover, it differs from all the other species in the body being
barred obliquely, as in Sphinx larvee, with seven stripes on each side, the upper part of each bar
being edged with brown. Anal legs and suranal plate very spiny.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 141

Pupa.—tThe chrysalis is, according to Burmeister, much like that of Z. ¢mperialis, but it is
less than half as large and the spines on the surface of the body are finer.

Geographical distribution. —Brazil (Boisduval, Burmeister).

Food plant.—Not mentioned by Burmeister.

CITHERONIA PHORONEIA (Cramer).

Phalena-Attacus phoronea Cramer, Papillons Exot., III, p. 77-78, Taf. 239, A-C. (1780), 1782.

Phalaena-Attacus laocoon Drury, Illustrations Exot. Ent. III, Tab. 3, fig. 1, @. 1780. No. 1601.

Citheronia phoronea Hursyer, Verz. bekannt. Schmett., p. 153. 1818-1522.

Cossus laocoon Westwoop edit. Drury, Illustr. Exot. Ent., IIT, p. 3, Pl. 3, fig. 1, 9. 1887.

Eacles phoronea Wauker, Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus., VI, p. 1875. 1855.

Citheronia phoronea Grove and Rosryson, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., VIII, p. 30, 36. Oct., 1866.

Ceratocampa phoronea Boispuyat, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 310. 1868.—Burmerster, Deser.
Phys. République Argentine. Larva, Atlas, p. 44, Pl. xrx, fig. 1. 1879.

Citheronia phoronea Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 748. 1892.

Citheronia aroa ScHauvs, Journ. N. Y. Ent. Soc., IV, p. 59(¢). June, 1896.

Larva.
Pll XOVia,, fig! 1:
Burmeister, H., Descr. Phys. Rép. Argentine, p. 44. Atlas, p. 44, Pl. xix, fig. 1. 1879.

Imago.—Boisduval describes the female as resembling C. con, but of larger size. Its fore
wings are reddish brown, becoming violaceous toward the apex and on the costa; discal spot large,
yellowish gray, marked with four small blackish spots, and beyond an oblique transverse band
formed of clouded yellow spots, the two anterior of which are larger and oval. Beyond on the
violaceous margin is a zigzag yellowish line, and at the base of the wing a bright yellow spot.
The hind wings are reddish, tinged with violaceous, with the costal edge marked with yellowish,
an anal spot, and a submarginal sinuous clear yellow line. The thorax is yellow, with the collar
anda broad median spot of a violet-brown. Abdomen rust red, with yellow wings. The male
is smaller, and only differs in the hind wings being yellow with a ferruginous band, and a trans-
verse wavy violet-brown line. This species is very rare in our collections.

The following description is drawn up from a ¢ in the Neumoegen collection of the Brooklyn
Institute:

It differs from (. laocoon (C. ixion) in the much longer and sharper fore wings, the
outer edge of which is much more oblique. The hind wings are not quite so rounded at the
apex. The coloration is very different and the head and thorax are dark red-brown, as on the
fore wings; patagia pale ocherous, extending on the fore wings along the axillary vein (VI); a
curved discal mark situated in a large yellowish cloud; an oblique extradiscal row of eight
yellow spots obscured by reddish brown; a submarginal irregularly scalloped line as in the female.

Hind wings yellow-ocher and red, ocherous at base and in the middle of the hinder edge,
and a submarginal scalloped yellow line as in the @. The abdomen is ringed with yellow.

Beneath, more yellow-ocher than above. Discal patches distinct, extradiscal and submarginal
lines distinct. Hind wings nearly all yellow.

Expanse of fore wings, ¢ 103 mm.; length of one fore wing, ¢ 47 mm.; breadth of one fore
wing, ¢ 20 mm.; length of a hind wing, ¢ 27 mm.; breadth of a hind wing, ¢ 21mm.

Citheronia aroa Schaus is very closely allied to C. phoronea, and I am inclined to regard
it asa local variety. It differs from my Rio 2 specimens, judging by Druce’s figure, in the broad
extradiscal ocher band being in the middle and hinder part of the wings broken up into separate
spots, while the hind wings have a ground color of ocherous, not brick-red as in phoronea. The
colors of the body are identical in the two forms.

Larva.—Burmeister gives a figure which we copy, and describes it as having on the first or
prothoracic segment **four” [two] large spines of a clear rose color, the two small lower ones
being scarcely visible. The following segments have six spines, becoming successively smaller
going backward, the lateral ones each ending in a black tip bristling with short hairs; the two

142 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

middle dorsal ones are a little larger. The ** penultimate segment” (eighth abdominal one) has a
high median dorsal spine, and two on each side, the last segment having only four spines. In
fact, the larva is represented as being closely similar to that of C. vega//s, differing chiefly in the
spines being bristly rather than spiny.

Larva.—(P\. LY, tig. 3.) What appears to be the larva of this species is represented by
certain alcoholic specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., two
from Mondez, Brazil (Thayer Expedition), and one from Macacos, Brazil (Roberts).

Length, 77 mm. Compared with the blown larva of C. laocoon (C. ¢rion) in the U. S.
National Museum, it differs in the following respects: The dorsal and subdorsal thoracic spines
are shorter, stouter, and the spinules on them are larger and much more crowded. They are
otherwise the same, being black at the swollen tips. The caudal horn is at least one-third shorter,
stouter, thicker at the base, subconical, and the spinules on it are more prominent and more
crowded.

The dorsal spines on abdominal segments 1-7 are of the same size and shape, there being no
essential difference.

Suranal plate not so smooth and free from low spines as in C. /aocoon, there being 10-11
tubercles or granulations on each side, and one of them being much larger than the others and
5-headed, though not so high as broad.

The spines around the edges of the anal legs are also larger and more prominent. (For
details of the armature, see Pl. LY, fig. 3.)

Burmeister states that the anterior spines of C. zxzon (C. laocoon) are higher and the black
end swollen, and bristling with hairs; also that the upper lateral spines of the thin thoracic
rings are smaller. From this we infer that the specimens before us are most probably the larva
of C. phoronea, rather than of C. princ/palis, the other Brazilian species.

His figure of C. Zon also shows that the middle spine on the suranal plate is higher, more
prominent.

Food plant.—Burmeister states that it eats the parasitic plant called by the Brazilians fruta
de erbe, the botanical name of which he did not know.

Geographical distribution.—French Guiana and Brazil (Boisduval), Rio de Janeiro (Bur-
meister). Burmeister says that the drawing of the larva was made by his son at Rio de Janeiro,
but he does not state whether it occurs in the Argentine Republic or not. Cramer states that
“it is not at all common” at Surinam. Drury gives Rio de Janeiro as the habitat, and Walker
Brazil. My specimen is from M. Donckier; it has no locality label.

Schaus’s C. aroa is from Aroa, Venezuela. Druce gives as the habitat Honduras and
Venezuela (Aroa). ;

CITHEHRONIA LAOCOON (Cramer).

Pls. XVIII, fig. 1g, XIX, fig. 99.

Phalena Attacus laocoon Cramer, Papillons Exot., II, p. 30. Pl. exvn, fig. A. 1779.
Citheronia anassa HvEBNER, Verz. Schmett. p. 153. No. 1600. 1818-1822.

Eacles princeps WauKxer. Cat. Lep. Het. Br. Mus. VI, p. 1374, 1855.

Ceratocampa laocoon Botspuv aL, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 314. 1868.
Ceratocampa ixion BoispuvaL, Annales Soc. Ent. France (4), VIII, p. 315. 1868.
Citheronia laocoon Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het., I, p. 748. 1892.

Larva.
Pls. XVI, fig. 2, LV, fig. 2.
Burmeister, Deser. phys. Rép. Argentine, Lépidoptéres. Atlas. Pl. xrx, fig. 2. 1879-80.
Imago.—\ 2. Body and wings of the shape of 3 @. regalis and mexicana. Ground color
grayish orange, as in (. regal/s. Antenne as in C. regal/s. Head yellow, witha distinct median

orange-red line on the front extending from the labrum upward, while the front in C. rega/is is
all orange-red. The maxille are separate, extending beyond the palpi, being a little longer

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 143

than the latter. Thorax all yellow, asin 9, with no orange streaks; abdomen orange, distinctly
banded with yellow; tips yellowish.

Fore wings of the same shape as in C. regalis, base of wing yellow, with two long lobes;
the discal blotches inclosed in the broad, large yellow band, which otherwise is as in 2 , extend-
ing to costa very near the apex. Five unequal dull orange-brown discal blotches, and beyond is an
oblique series of six intervenular blotches, A submarginal, scalloped, dark orange line, not
reaching the apex; this line not present in C. rega//s. Veins orange.

Hind wings very different from the other species in being entirely yellow, except two
unequal reddish blotches near the base, and an outer broad, diffuse, reddish shade beginning just
before the apex and ending distinctly on the inner angle; in 2 the wing is nearly all reddish,
with a submarginal zigzag line.

Under side of wings nearly all yellow; a large, squarish, reddish discal blotch on the fore
wings, a more irregular diffuse blotch halfway between the discal square and apex: outer edge
of the wing gray orange-red, containing a yellow 5-T7-scalloped line. Hind wings all yellow,
except the discal spot and the narrow, wavy extradiscal line. For the venation see Pl. LVILII,
figs. 4, 40.

Expanse of fore wings, ¢ 88.5 mm.; length of a fore wing, ¢ 39 mm.; breadth of a fore
wing, ¢ 18 mm.; length of hind wing, ¢ 25 mm.; breadth of hind wing, ¢ 18 mm.

No locality. _ In the Edwards collection of the American Museum of Natural History.

I have examined 3 ¢ and1 2 in the Cambridge Museum, and find that they exactly agree
with Boisduyal’s description.

One @ variety, and perhaps /aocoon Cramer. <A large species, with broad, short wings;
much shorter than in C. rega/is; costal edge more convex; apex squarish; outer edge full and
conyex, more so than in C. principals, and hind wings shorter, broader, and apex rounder than
in that species; the hind wings reach to the end of the abdomen.

Head and thorax bright ocher yellow, the thorax being entirely yellow, with no orange spots.
Head deep orange-red in front but on the vertex and around the base of the antenne yellow;
a narrow transverse orange-red line on the extreme front edge of the prothorax; abdomen
orange, narrowly banded with ocher.

Fore wings with more yellow than in C. rega//s; their insertion yellow. No definite basal
and extradiscal lines. Three large discal spots, the innermost round, the others parallel and
more or less broken up. The site of the extradiscal line is occupied by a series of interyenular
large bright ocher spots, which are rounded on the outer edge, irregular on the inner, the
longest one being on the costa, the three behind diminishing in size, that in the extradiscal space
being the smallest one of the whole series. In the submarginal reddish brown space is a faint
irregular zigzag deep orange red line. Fringe of both wings reddish.

Hind wings with more yellow than in C. vegalis; ocherous at base as is the inner edge; a
large ocherous spot on the costa; the hind wings are more reddish than the anterior ones, and
with a coarsely zigzag submarginal reddish orange line edged internally with yellow. (The
yellow in this zigzag line on both wings may predominate as in Drury’s **laocoon.”’)

Underside of the fore wings orange at base, extending out on the discal cell, and along the
inner edge; the extradiscal series of yellow spots as above. The hind wings beneath are yellow
ocher, a large hemispherical reddish spot; a broad extradiscal reddish line, the outer edge
reddish and yellow irregularly diffused. Abdomen yellow on the sides and beneath; a lateral
row ot reddish spots. :

Expanse of the fore wings, ? 115 mm.; length of a fore wing, 9 56 mm.; breadth of a fore
wing, 2 30 mm.; length of hind wing, 2 38 mm.; breadth of hind wing, 9 27 mm.

My 2 specimen was compared with examples in the Paris Museum labeled (. Zv7on Boisd.
It also agrees perfectly with Boisduval’s description.

From an examination of the collection of this genus in the British Museum, which does not
possess Jaocoon, I was led to regard my specimen described above as a variety of C. phoronca. It
is intermediate between that and the type of Walker's 4. cacéeus. The thorax is yellow as in

Vol. 9—05 10

144 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

E. cacicus, the abdomen orange red, striped narrowly with yellow as in C. drissot7/ Boisd., and
C. regalis. The fore wings are as in /. cacicus, the hind wings as in C. phoronea. It is quite
different from the 2 of C. Jréssoti7, which is near mexicana Grote. But I find that this same
2 specimen agrees well with Cramer’s figure of (. /aocoon ¢ , though it is quite different from his
figure of the 9. There is, indeed, no important difference except that the discal spot in his
figure is not double, but forms a single large yellow patch. The underside of my ? agrees well
with Cramer’s figure C of the underside, only differing in the three costo-subcostgl yellow spots
being connected, but otherwise the fore and hind wings beneath are marked in the same way.

I quite agree with the remark of Boisduyal that Cramer’s figures B and C of his Pl. CX VII
represent C. regalis.

It appears, then, that Boisduval’s C. Zvion is a synonym of Cramer's /aocoon.

Larva— Last stage.—P\. LV, figs. 2, 2a. Length, 78 mm. Body of the same general shape
as in C. regal/s, thickest on the second and third thoracic segments. Head of the same width as
the prothoracic plate, pale, of the same hue as the suranal plate. On each thoracic segment
there are eight stout spines—four on each side—and there are ten long subequal dorsal spines or
“horns.” On the front edge of the prothoracic segment the two dorsal spines are large and
high and of the shape and about two-thirds of the size of those on the second and third segments;
those of the supraspiracular row small, about one-fourth as long as those of the submedian row,
but slenderer. One directly in front of each prothoracic spiracle is low, stout, conical, about
one-half as large as that in the lower or infraspiracular row. Of the four dorsal horns.of the
second thoracic segment, cach are of the same size, length, and thickness; those of the supra-
spiracular row no s2 aller or shorter than those of the dorsal series. On the third thoracic segment
they are a little shorter. All the ten spines or horns end in a black polished bulb, the tip end of
which is whitish, the bulb bearing several (5-7) conical setiferous tubercles. The spines on the
sides of the body are small and short; not so long as or scarcely longer than the dorsal ones are
thick. (Fig. 2.) On the thoracic segments those of the lowest row are much thicker, larger,
and longer than those of the next (infraspiracular) row above. On abdominal segments 1 to 7
the dorsal, supraspiracular, and infraspiracular tubercles are all of the same shape and size, all
moderately long, acute, not tipped with black, and bearing from 7 to 8 sharp spinules; those of

the lowest (infraspiracular) row a little longer than the supraspiracular ones.

The median spine on the eighth abdominal segment is fully twice as long and large as the
dorsal ones on segments 1 to 7, blackish at the acute tip, with rather numerous stout spinules.
On each side behind the median spine are two small low tubercles, as in (. sepulcralis. A stout
conical smooth tubercle on segment 9, which is about one-third as long as the median one on the
preceding segment with two similar spines on each side of it, though those of the lower row are
a little larger and more spinose.

Suranal plate (fig. 27) short and broad, rough on the surface, but unarmed (not so spiny as in
CL regalis, that of C. sepulcralis being still more armed); a group of four or five minute conical
setiferous reddish pink tubercles on each side, near the base, and a few minute ones along the
edge; but it is much smoother than in (C. sepulcral/s and also than in C. regalis. Spiracles
black, inclosing a large pale straw-yellow center. Body green, with reddish pink spines.
Legs green; the mid-abdominal ones green with a blackish vertical shade, sometimes broken
into two spots. In front of each abdominal spiracle is a narrow, oblique ascending black line.
Anal legs with a few minute spinules.

Food plant.—The nature of the plant on which the species feeds is not stated by Burmeister.

Geographical distribution.—Canta galli, Brazil (lu. Agassiz, Museum of Comp. Zoology,
Thayer Expedition; collected by Doctor Teuscher); Brazil, not rare, chiefly found in the enyi-
rons of Bahia; a variety, 9. from Para (Boisduyal); Novo Friburgo (Boisduyal, Burmeister. )

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 145

CITHERONIA VOGLERI (Weyenburgh).

Ceratocampa vogleri WeyensurGH, Period. Zool. Argent. III, p. 369. 1881.—Kuirpy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I,
p- 744. 1892.

Bacles leona Druce, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 500. 1890.

Citheronia voglert Scxaus, Amer. Lep., p. 21. Pl. II, fig. 2, ¢. 1892.

Imago. §,1 9. Antenne of ¢ much ciliated, the filiform extremity forming more than
half their length. The shape of the wings much as in C. magnifica; fore wings acute, the outer
edge very oblique; hind wings acute at the apex, subtriangular. Body and wings of a peculiar
uniform umber brown, with two diverging cream-white lines on the thoracic disc. Fore wings
with two unequal spots at base, and three rows of long oval cream-colored spots, eight in the
extradiscal row, two subcostal, two median, and two near the inner edge; two minute scarlet
discal spots, inside of which is a large semioval cream spot, and beyond two triangular marks.

Hind wings with a large oblong bright conspicuous scarlet spot; the wings at base yellow-
ocher, extending half way along the inner edge; a row of narrow triangular yellow spots along
the margin.

Beneath, more yellow than above; a large and conspicuous scarlet discal spot on the wings
of both pairs. At the base of the fore and hind wings are Indian-red spots. Abdomen umber,
with a lateral yellow line, and cross-bands of reddish-ocherous, which do not meet above; ¢@
marked like the ¢.

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢ 77 mm.; @ 104 mm. Length of one fore wing, ¢ 37 mm.;
? 54mm. Breadth of one fore wing, ¢ 16mm.; ? 25mm. Length of one hind wing, ¢ 22
mm.; 9 35mm. Breadth of one hind wing, ¢ 16 mm.; 9 25 mm.

Geographical range—Cordoyva, Argentina (Weyenburgh); Brooklyn Museum, Neumoegen
collection.

CITHERONIA SEPULCRALIS Grote and Robinson.
Pl. XX; fig. 16, 3.
Citheronia sepulcralis Grote and Rosryson, Proc. Ent. Soc. Phil., IV, p. 222. April, 1865. Annals Lyceum
Nat. Hist. New York, VIII, p. 382. PI. 12, figs. 2, 3, g. Oct., 1866.—Kirsy, Syn. Cat. Lep. Het. I,
p. 743. 1892.
Larva.

Pls. XIV, LV, figs. 4, 4a, 4b.

Grote and Robinson, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., N. Y., VIII, p. 382. 1866.
Edwards, H., Ent. Amer., III, p. 168. Dee., 1887.
Packard, 5th Rep. U. 8. Ent. Comm., Ins. Inj. Forest Trees, p. 772. 1890.

Imago.—2 & .—Body, wings, and legs uniformly dark gray with a lilac tinge, nearly of the
hue of C. regalis between the orange-colored veins of that species. No yellow or orange marks;
thorax and abdomen with no yellow or orange spots; head as in (. regalis; ¢ antenne with 17
pairs of double pectinations, C. regalis having two more pairs (19); palpi large and stout, a little
more so than in C. regalis and azteca.

Fore wings with two pale pink spots at the base, one just behind the base of the median vein:
the other behind the origin of the vein at the base of the wing next to the pink patch on the body
at the insertion of the hind wings. (PI. LVIII, figs. 4, 4a.) A moderately large dusky discal
spot centered by an irregular crescent-shaped orange-red mark. No other markings.

Hind wings pale pink on the basal half or two-thirds of the wing, and the pink area incloses
the discal discoloration, which is smaller than on the fore wings.

Under side of the fore wings pink from the base along the middle to the discal spot; the
veins are as above, but a little paler, and more lilac. The fore legs are not spined; the fore
tibial epiphysis differs in shape from that of C. regalis, being a little longer and less acute.
(Pl. XXXVI, fig. 23, 23a.) Hind ¢ tibie with a stout spine on the inside, the outer one ves-
tigial. They are a little larger than in @. regalis. The genitalia (Pl. LX, fig. 3, 30, 34,) differ

146 MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

from those of C. regal/s in the upper claspers being a little narrower and longer, while the lower
pair (harpes) are very different, being much smaller and thinner, rather broader, stouter, and
flatter below, less far apart and the tips less upeurved. The suranal plate is much wider at
base. Ihave not yet seen the female in any collection, as it is very rare.

Expanse of the fore wings, ¢ 75 mm.; length of one fore wing, ¢ 35 mm.; breadth of one
fore wing, ¢ 15 mm.; length of a hind wing ¢ 22 mm.; breadth of a hind wing, 2 15 mm.

The uniformly dark lilac-gray hue of this species is noteworthy. Structurally it differs from
C. regalis in having fewer pectinations and in the palpi being apparently stouter, and in the
shape of the fore tibial epiphysis, as well as in the very different shape of the ¢ genital armature.

This species, whether we consider the larva or imago, is the most highly modified of any of
the genus, forming the type of a distinct section of the genus. In this connection it is note-
worthy that the species is, so far as yet known, confined te the Atlantic coast of North America
(Map IX), and this suggests that it is the most recently evolved species of the genus, whose
center of origin was evidently the eastern forest region of South America.

Kya.—Slightly flattened spherical-oval; the surface very finely pitted. Length 2.3 mm.;
diameter 1.9 mm.

Received from Mr. William Dearden, Lonsdale, R. I., June 20; the larvee hatched July 1-2.
Stage 1.—Length 6.5 mm. Body rather slender. Head smooth, shining jet-black.

Larva
Prothoracic segment large, receiving the head, which is partly concealed or hooded by it. Three
pairs of large, dull black, rather long dorsal spines, each spine ending in a large flattened bulb,
which ends in a long slender process; those of the prothorax a little shorter than the two hinder
pairs, and extended out horizontally over the head. Second and third thoracic and abdominal
seoments 1-4 deep honey-yellow, the rest of the abdomen black, but irregularly spotted or mot-
tled with wax-yellow on the sides.

Abdominal segments 1 to 7 with small irregular dorsal spines each bearing four tines, the
upper bent horizontally; those on the seventh and eighth segments larger and more erect. The
median one on the eighth and ninth abdominal segments much larger and higher, but with no
bulbous enlargements. :

On abdominal segments 1 to 4 in front of each dorsal and lateral spine is an irregular angular
black spot, the lateral one much the larger and squarish. The suranal plate flat. The plates on
the anal legs are spiny, with long stiff sete. Thoracic and abdominal legs black, all large and
long.

July 12. Length now 9 mm., about ready to molt. The prothoracic segment is yellow, like
the two behind, except the large oblong black dorsal plate giving rise to the two horns. The
body is black on abdominal segments 5 to the end, though paler than before.

Stage [.—Just molted, July 13,9 a.m. Length 10 mm. Head jet-black. The body is now
dull wax-yellow, with dusky hues. A wax-yellow longitudinal band on the middle of the
prothorax, and the anterior edge of the second and third thoracic segments are dusky. An
interrupted dusky or umber-brown broad subdorsal band. Abdominal legs concolorous with the
band. The larger spines are a little larger, the bulbs a little smaller in proportion. All the
spines are black throughout, and the metathoracic horns are a little longer than the body is thick.
Prothoracic horns about two-thirds as long as the four behind.

On the outside of the abdominal legs above the planta is a rough jet-black plate. The
middle of the anal legs umber-brown. A subdorsal and a lateral row of black spots.

It somewhat reminds one, as regards the color, of a late wax-yellow stage of /. 7mperialis.

Staye I11.—Molted for the second time (in New York) July 23. Length 15 mm. Head dull
pitchy reddish yellow. The three pairs of large dorsal spines now longer than before; one-
quarter longer than the body is thick, but still retaining the bulbous horned expansions at the
end; they are much larger in proportion than the dorsal abdominal ones. The colors are faded
and too indistinct to describe.

I once found a nearly full-grown caterpillar of this rare moth on the pitch-pine at Bruns-
wick, Me., August 5, which lived in confinement until the 17th of the month. The following
year a younger one occurred on the white pine during the second week in August.

MEMOIRS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 147

** Young larva.—Length, 11 mm. Head large, pale brick-red. Body pale green, tubercles
straw-yellow, green at base. The dorsal tubercles all nearly the same size, except the prothoracie
ones, which are nearly one-half as large as the mesothoracic: those on mesothoracic, meta-
thoracic, and first abdominal segments of equal size and only a little larger than those on the
other abdominal segments. Eighth pair of abdominal ones larger than the others and nearly as
large as the thoracic ones. The long, slender spines on the thoracic segments black, those on
the abdominal in part black, especially the inner ones.

* Larva, probably before the last molt.—Head full, rounded, retractile in the prothorax,
nearly concolorous with the body, being corneous. Body uniformly horn-brown, the color of
old dark parchment, with no green shade about it. On each thoracic segment a long, slender
warted subdorsal spine, the prothoracic pair projecting a little in front and smaller and one-third
shorter than the other four, which are recurved. .The six long thoracic spines are succeeded by
a dorsal row of short stout smooth acute spines with a dull orange-red tint. Each spine has two
or three small slender dark spinules and about three terminal unequal spinules. On the side of
ach thoracic segment are two short conical tubercles with a few stiff spinules. On the abdomen
above the spiracles is a row of dull orange-reddish smooth spines, and below a row of much
slenderer spines, which are spinulated much like the dorsal thoracic ones. These spines are
situated on the folds of the lateral ridge of the body. Below this subspiracular row of spines is
a subventral row of small spines on the three thoracic segments, and which are large and lone on
the first and second abdominal segments and on the last three segments. On the middle of the
eighth segment is a large straight dorsal stiff spine nearly as large as the larger thoracic ones.
At its base behind are two minute spines. On the segment behind (ninth) is a median stout
spine, making the middle one of-a transverse row of seven spines on that segment. Supraanal
plate flat, obtuse, variously and obtusely tuberculated, especially around the edves, as are the
sides of the large anal Jegs and the sides of the prolegs, which are very retractile. The spiracles
are large, black, and very conspicuous, the last pair larger than the others. There are also
scattered smoky-black blotches, a row on the front edge of each segment and one at the base of
the dorsal spines. Length, 50 mm. (2 inches). The larva of sepuleralis (of which Professor
Riley has blown larvie of four stages) differs from that of C. regal/s in the stage before the last
molt in having only six spines on the anterior end and two pairs of straight spines on the end,
those on the prothoracic segment longer in proportion than in C. regal’s, and all ending in
bulbous enlargements. In the mature larva all the spines are shorter and the spinules have
shorter spines. Length 100 mm. (4 inches).” (Rep. Forest Insects, p. 772.)

The tubercles 7/ are present in the fully grown larva on abdominal segment 8, and each
bears two short fine sete.

Geographical distribution.—From southern Maine and New Hampshire to Georgia and
Florida. Brunswick, Me. (Packard); Manchester, N. H. (F. H. Foster); Lawrence, Mass. (J. O.
Treat); Lonsdale, R. I., June 20 (Dearden); Providence, end of June (G. Gray); New York City
(Edwards, Grote); Pennsylvania; Georgia (Abbot); Jacksonville, Fla. (Mrs. Slosson). (See
Map IX.)

INDEX OF

GENERA AND SPECIES.

Page.

Citheronia) principalisssss === seee == = 140

regalis.... 130

Be DULCraIS Sos eee eee eee see er 145

RIGKINCINS Cocos encod onsesacseeaedasase 138

BY CTs Lee eee eaten 145

CONSUL aT SSA SO bale erat refer ee eres re 106
Crinodes

Dellatnixmes-asneeee anes eee eee aa 90

CrocatasAdelocephiall tees = se ea ee arene 88

Gissinniligh Amisota ee sseeee ene see eee ee ene 116

aC lest ae eee eee eee ee era aa oe rea sears 116

CACICUS Tee eo tne = set ets sane eimai 126

TM PETALS ise eee eee esse eer eee ea 119

(EMG NS doosesdsneoncdcncooSsseassewacnseas 128

heiligbrodtii, Adelocephala .......----------------- 76

orem Adel ocepall aera eme maemo ee eter 78

Winipenialiss'aclesems assesses ee ee eee eee 119

ISIAS UA CELOGE yp lial eee eet eee tere tte reer eee 79

jucundas Adelocep hell aera smear = ae 87

laOcoOn ss Olt eroul alee ener ete e see see eee eet 142

Page.
Adelocephala......-------------------+----------- 61
al bo lincatd ase ee neee een ape meee 76 |
AHO DIS Se eee ee a ease ar 87
DCO One eee ete oe Hee eee eee 65
Disc Cia ee eee ee eae eee rater 7
lO GWA MUI - pos acaoewecoscmsoocdeoS 83
bLeVab eee ete eee eet ee ee ere saree 88
CadMmuUsHe sere e tees ee eee eee ee non |
Crocatawemenen eee ee eee eee 88
lienlteloydalshiiay Soon seoosssesesoadnousue 76
Oe eee eels eee trate eter atetaaran = 78
ahaa aa aeeeaosoocuepernocoesenbess ion
TCU eae eee eee eee eee 87
ALLO TNC ZUNE) Sl neste terete tee ae 77
Quadmilimeatal cee see = = ees-elalar 74
sulopmrawAle poseeuoe see seseeeomoecs 85
TAINO NN oeceapr ssuce asoaseepaeeooesooS 86
albolineata, Adelocephala .......------------------ 76
INDHEOIE eo oacorcqaccecooes cans ane laces yooouscssnd 96
Qo lh secesucosopEaseeeecooscesssenes 106 |
GISSIMIISREe ee eee eee eee reer ea cmcne- 116
TILT Gin Cae eee eee eee ee 111
RAMON) = saat seocaoduSas ane sosSeasapons 107
RINNE) sSecoocdass acon ancoacssseHeseadosD= 98
SUP RC DNA alate ee at aloe ae = il 115
VWirgilenSige == == --)s-92 = <= em 102
anthonalis, Adelocephala-.-.-......------------------ 87
azteca. CitUheTOmMI as. 2o. -=-1- == ol = = maim 139
ellatrixs Orinod Gseee a eee aie eee ai ae li 90
bicolor, Adelocephala..--..----------------------- 65
bisecta, Adelocephala .....------------------------ 75
boisduvalii, Adelocephala ------- BN esee coos 83
brevis, Adelocephala.....-..---------------------- 88
brissoti,, Citheronia.---------=- -+-----=-=-----=---- 137
CACICUS ECS See eee see eel a eee eae i 126
cadmus, Adelocephala .-.-.-..-----.--=--.--.----- 84
@itheramn see ee eee ree era estar etal lalatr 128
UZ CAR eere ee aistecie taal ee eerie area evere mieter= 139
ID GISSO ble eee eeeeeeraeee re 137
IPMS The peemSaecdasoaoCeder eooacecaESS 142
1 C1 Gai Uae ee ee ete tee tate eee 138
phoroned)-----.------------------=--=-- 141

mexicana, Citheronia 138

TY LATS VSS] LL Kare ea ae eet ere ee elie art 92
montezuma, Adelocephala....-....---------------- 77

Denelopess Hales mma ae ee see aera eat 128

TYEE P1190 ER oe ee 95
phoronea, Citheronia_.......---------------------- 141
principalis, @itheronia.-.--.-.--.-.---.------------ 140
quadrilineata, Adelocephala re On ese eee ee 74
Tega Has Olt CNOMI Ase eee et eerie eae = aaa aera 130
PUD ICU aapASO tle see esate eee ete Split
SON AtOn AACS O Volar ate mateo ee eee alate 107
sepulcralis, Citheronia ..-.-.---------------------- 145
splendens, Citheronia ..-....-..-.-------+------=-- 138
stigma, Anisota- Pe nee Se eae eR ee pee eres 98
subangulata, Adelocephala .-.-.------------------- 85
suprema, Anisota)--- ---------------5-=---==---=-=- 115
SSS Pa eee ee ot ee eee ali 91

THOUNAEEE Aer C ree eee eee seeeeeeet 92

POLLS ee = ae elses see ele eee 95
virginiensis, Anisota ....---.---------------------- 102
Op lenin OxGMeLO Na ee ate =a eater eee eee 145
wardii, Adelocephala......-.-.--.----------------- 86

Taal eS

EXPLANATION OF PLATE I.

Fic. 1.—la, Adelocephala bicolor, larva, stage I, enlarged; 1b, tubercle i of an abdominal segment; lc, tubercle of
infraspiracular series. *
Fic. 2.—2a, The same, stage I]. J. Bridgham, del. The hair line indicates the length of the specimen figured.
- zl -

152

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE lI.

J. Bridgham, del.

Adelocephala bicolor.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE

v7

7. Ss. ee ee

eis. Pe
Ry
Jb eh)
<
r

pon’ Ory : uf
ant _—"

an
—

ie
met bi ay

EXPLANATION OF PLATE II.

Fic. 1.—la, Adelocephala bicolor, stage III.

Fic. 2.—2a, Adelocephala bicolor, stage 1V.
Fic. 3.—3a, Adelocephala bicolor, stage V; 3b, dorsal tubercle on fourth and sixth abdominal segments, inside view;

3c, the same seen from the outside; 3d, the same, front view; 3c, the caudal horn; 3/, an abdominal
J. Bridgham, del.

segment, showing a portion of the red and white lateral line, and spiracle.

154

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9. FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE Il.

‘i
3b. ie

3d.

3c.

J. Bridgham, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE

Adelocephala bicolor.

: ay

i

EXPLANATION OF PLATE III.

Fic. 1.—Undetermined Larva of Adelocephala from Brazil, natural size.
Fig. 2.—Larva of Adelocephala isias, last stage, San Antonio, Tex., natural size.
Fic. 2a.—Larya of Adelocephala isias, stage 1V, Brownsville, Tex.
Fic. 3.—Larva of Adelocephala isias, Brownsville, Tex.
Fic. 4—4a, Syssphinx molina, stage I, much enlarged.
L. H. Joutel, del.

156

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9. FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE III.

| | zi
|

| |

|

|

L. H. Joutel, del A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE

>

1. Adelocephala sp. unknown, from Brazil. 2. Adelocephala isias. 2a, 3. Adelocephala isias, var.

ys

;

a

%

f a
; 1

vs te
wi
or eo

-

\io

ine :

rq:

t
Fee
‘Sa
ty
A
fi
ik 7
d
:

EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.

Fic. 1.—Anisota virginiensis, stage I, end of the first stage, much enlarged.
Pic. la.—Anisota virginiensis, stage I, freshly hatched larva, much enlarged.
Fic. 2.—Anisota virginiensis, stage II, larva having just molted, enlarged.
Fig. 2a.—Anisota virginiensis, stage II, larva in middle of the stage, enlarged.
Fic. 3.—8a, Anisota virginiensis, stage II], enlarged.

Fig. 4.—4a, Anisota virginiensis, stage IV, enlarged.

Fic. 5.—5a, Anisola virginiensis, stage V, last stage; natural size.

All drawn by L. H. Joutel.

158

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

L. H. Joutel, et al

5a.

Anisota virginiensis.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE IV.

LITH.,

a]

BALTIMORE

EXPLANATION OF PLATE V.

Fic. 1.—Anisota virginiensis stage I, greatly enlarged.
Fig. 2.—2a, Anisota virginiensis, stage III, enlarged.

Fie.
Fic.
FY.
Fic.

Fig.

3.—8a, Anisola virginiensis, stage IIT; end of the stage, enlarged.

4.—Anisota virginiensis, stage LV, enlarged.

5.—Anisota virginiensis, last stage, natural size.

6.—Anisola stigina, stage ITT.

6a.—Section through second thoracic; 6), third; 6c, third abdominal; 6d, fourth abdominal; 6e, end of body,
from rear.

Fic. 7.—Anisota stigma, last stage.
Fic. 7a.—Anisota stigma, section showing the spines. J. Bridgham, del.
Fic. 8.—Anisota consularis, last stage, natural size. L. H. Joutel, del.

160

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE V.

Le

a. ee

a
or

my
+
—
=
$
t

*

1-5, Anisota virginiensis; 6, 7,

na. §, A. consularis.

‘pe

EXPLANATION OF PLATE *

Fic. 1.—Anisota senatoria, ep 1 much enlarged, usual color; sta one hour before
Fic. 2.—2a, Anisota senatoria, stage I, much enlarged. p
Fic. 3.—3a, Anisota senatoria, stage 1, end of the stage, ed enlarged,

Fic. 4.—4a, Anisota senatoria, stage III, enlarged. J. Bridgham, del.
Fic. 5.—da, Anisota senatoria, last stage (V), natural size. L. H. Joutel, ael.

162

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE VI.
NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9. :

ps SCRE Ra mt RD

et te
ieee: cen ea ca bc ali tl a al

2.9 .e . FO

L ee = N c H Imo
J. Bridgham and L. H. Joutel, del

Anisota senatoria.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII.

Fic. 1.—la, Anisota rubicunda, larva freshly hatched; stage I, enlarged. Joutel del.
Fig. 1b.—Freshly hatched laryie, natural size. Bridgham del.

Fic. 2.—2a, Freshly hatched larvie, stage II; enlarged. Joutel del.

Fic. 3.—3a, Freshly hatched larvee, stage [V; enlarged. Joutel del.

Fic. 4.—4a, Freshly hatched larvze, last stage (V); enlarged. Joutel del.

Fie. 5.—5a, Adult larvee.

164

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE VII.

CO., LITH., BALTIMORE

Anisota rubicunda.

”

Fie. 1.—1a, Eacles eine stage I, much enlarged.
Fic. 2.—Eacles imperialis, stage 11, much enlarged.
Fic. 3.—Zacles imperialis, stage II, much enlarged.
Fic. 4.—Eaeles imperialis, stage 1V, enlarged. ;
Fic. 5.—Eacles imperiatis, stage V, enlarged.
Fic. 6.—Eacles imperialis, stage VI, natural size.
Fic. 6a.—Front of head of dark form.

J. Bridgham, del.

166

CES, VOL. 9 FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE VIII.
NAT. ACAD. SCIEN ; - 9. !

—— ae
|

ST R~ D~ DP
VMN

J. Bridgham, del

Eacles imperialis, stages I-VI.

_

EXPLANATION OF PLATE Se

te eee 2e, Scrat to tenth Bee

J. Bridgham, del.
168

PLATE IX.

IMPERIALIS.

EACLES

BRIDGHAM DEL.

t wr,

i Pl
7

Te Ey

EXPLANATIO

OF PLATE X.

Fig. 1.—la, Citheronia regalis, stage I, freshly hatched, much enlarged; 16, prothoracie segment; 1c, section of
eighth abdominal segment; 1d, tubercle of infraspiracular series.

Fig. 2.—2a, Citheronia regalis, near end of stage I; 2b, subdorsal tubercle of first thoracic segment; 2c, one of
dorsal row, same segment. J. Bridgham del.

170

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9. FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE X

J. Bridgham, del. ec Ry Roe

Citheronia regalis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI.

Fic. 1.—la, Citheronia regalis, stage II; much enlarged; 1),. section of eighth abdominal segment; 1c, abdominal
spine of subdorsal series.
Fic. 2.—2a, Citheronia regalis, stage III; enlarged; 2b, a dorsal abdominal spine.
Fic. 3.—3a, Citheronia regalis, stage [V; natural size; 3b, dorsal spine of second thoracic segment.
. Bridgham, del.

172

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XI.

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

de

J. Bridgham

Citheronia regalis.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII.

Fic. 1.—la, Citheronia regalis, stage IIL; 1b, front view of head and thoracic segments with the horns; enlarged.
Fic. 2.—Citheronia regalis, stage 1V, natural size; 2a, suranal plate; 2b, anal leg.
J. Bridgham, del.

174

. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

J. Bridgham, del ve
A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE

Citheronia regalis.

-
)

Pes:

y
pay

gay ke
' a ce,
aera
» Oe

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII.

Fic. 1.—la, Citheronia regalis, stage IV, natural size; 1b, spine of infraspiracular row; 1c, a subdorsal spine of an
abdominal segment; 1, dorsal spine of same segment; le, anal leg; 17, caudal horn.
Fig. 2

.—2a, Citheronia regalis, stage V and last, natural size (under fed); 2)-2c, spines; 2e, a thoracic leg; 2f, section
through third abdominal segment.
Pic. 3.—Citheronia regalis, slightly larger than natural size; 3a, dorsal horn; 3b, subdorsal horn. (Not a satisfactory
figure. )
J. Bridgham, del.

176

PLATE XIll.

z ee ae

BRIDGHAM DEL. CITHERONIA REGALIS.

a a )=—l(<Cé ——

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV.

Fic. 1.—la, Citheronia sepuleralis, stage I, much enlarged.
Fic. 2.—2a, Citheronia sepulcralis, stage II, much enlarged.

Fig. 3

3.—da, Citheronia sepulcralis, stage 11], enlarged.
? I s s

Fic. 4.—Citheronia sepulcralis, last stage, natural size. EE. Shoemaker, del.
Fic. 5.—Citheronia sepulcralis, last stage. Drawn by J. Bridgham from a blown specimen in H. Edwards's collection;

a little larger than life.
Figs. 1-3, drawn from life, by L. H. Joutel.

178

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9. FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XIV.

|

L. H. Joutel, et al., del : aa a a "A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE

Citheronia sepulcralis

Fie

Fic.
Fig.

Fie

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV.

. 1.—Citheronia splendens, natural size.

2.—Citheronia laocoon, natural size.

3.—Eacles imperialis var.

All drawn from blown laryvee, by L. H. Joutel.

. 4.—Outline of egg of Citheronia regalis, greatly enlarged; 4a, the sculpturing on the shell.
4a should haye been drawn more polygonal.

180

Norr.—The areas in

{

|

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

L

H, Joutel, del

te

Citheronia splendens;

C.

laocoon;

2
o.

Eacles imperialis, var.

4.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XV.

Egg of C. regalis.

HOEN & CO.,

LITH

BALTIMORE

FiG

Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.

Fig

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI.

. 1.—Larva of Citheronia phoronea, natural size.

2.—Larva of Citheronia laocoon (ixion) natural size.

3.—Larya of ‘‘Citheronia regalis,”’ natural size, 3A, head in front; 3B, a, mandible outer side; 6, inner side; c, ocelli.
4.—Larva of Syssphinx molina, natural size.

5.—Larva of Dirphia consularis; 5a, body seen from end; 5h, a spine enlarged.

. 6.—Pupa of the same, natural size; 6A, head of the same, from beneath.

A copy from Burmeister’s Atlas, of Plate XIX.

182

PLATE XVI.

y

Co
z

i)
lest

/
“daddies

Y

H. BURMEISTER DEL 1-3, CITHERONIA; 4, SYSSPHINX MOLINA;

5, DIRPHIA CONSULARIS.

:
?

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII.

Fic. 1.—Larva of Hacles penelope, natural size.
Fic. 2.—Larva of Bacles cacicus, natural size; 2A, head from in front; 2B, labium and one maxilla.
Fic. 3.—Adelocephala wardii, natural size.
Fic. 4.—Citheronia principalis, natural size.
Fie. 5.—Pupa of Bacles cacicus, 5A, head from beneath; 5B, end of body, ¢. a, sexual opening; 6, anus.
Fic. 6.—Pupa of Citheronia principalis, natural size.
Fie. 7.—Under side of head of pupa of Dirphia consularis.
A copy of Plate XX of Burmeister’s Atlas.

184

PLATE XVII.

ous

pele:

estat asuin aig ae

3

1,2, EACLES; 3, ADELOCEPHALA WARDII; 4, CITHERONIA PRINCIPALIS.

H. BURMEISTER DEL.

: = ae J . = aro . a a
a ; }
7 . Th 7:
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- = F
= ’ . es s ; a
, ‘ : 7 be : ’ 7 4
r ¥ 7. p (
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’ - ae. a et ’ = -

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII.

Fic. 1.—Citheronia laocoon, 8.

Fic. 2.—Citheronia splendens, $; 2a, 9.
Fig. 3.—Citheronia azteca, 3.

Fic. 4.—Citheronia mexicana, &.

Fig.

5.—Eacles imperialis, 3.

186

PLATE XVIII.

5, EACLES IMPERIALIS.

1-4, CITHERONIA.

= o
- - i}
i
hoe
h ;
7
RAs
q
1? 22s
7 5 s
\ 7
i
rae
i f :
i i?

Fig.
Fiac.
Fig.
Fic.
Fia.
Fia.
Fic.
Fie.
Fig.
Fic.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX.

1.—Adelocephala albolineata, 2.

2.—Adelocephala subangulata, 3.
5.—Adelocephala bicolor, 8.
4.—Adelocephala hogei, @.
5.—<Adelocephala heiligbrodtii,. g.
6.—Adelocephala montezuma, @.

7.—Anisota suprema, §. The moth is too green; the fore wing should be of a rich, warm brown.
7a.—Anisota suprema, Q.

8.—Citheronia principalis, 2.

9.—Citheronia laocoon, 2.

188

PLATE XIX.

CITHERONIA.

8-9,

ANISOTA.

7-7A,

ADELOCEPHALA.

’

Ae.

Fic.
Fre.
Fig.
Fic.
Fic.
Fre.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fig.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fie.
Fic.

virginiensis, ?.
virginiensis, 7) fs
virginiensis, 2.
stigma, ¢.

stigma, 3.

6.—Anisota stigma, 9.

1.—Anisota
2.—Anisota
3.—Anisota
4.—Anisota
5.—Anisota
7.—Anisota
8.—Anisota
9.—Anisota
10.—Anisota
11.—Anisota
12.—Anisota

13.—Adelocephala bisecta, 3.

14

Fig. 15a
Fig. 15h

Fig. 16.—Citheronia sepulcralis, 3.

-—Adelocephala bisecta, 2.
15.

—Anisota

stigma, 3.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX.

stigma, 9. This example has no spots on wings of one side; loaned by Mr. Joutel.

stigma, 8.

senatoria, 2.
senaloria, 2.
senatoria, @.

rubicunda, @.

-—Anisota rubicunda, 3.

-—Anisota

190

rubicunda, 9.

The hue is too green; the moth is of a warm purplish gray brown.

PLATE XX.

15a 16 156

ANISOTA AND CITHERONIA SEPULCRALIS.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI.

Fic. 1.—Citheronia regalis, fully grown, green form (the black spots on the yellow of the anal legs should be
; removed).
Fic. 2.—Citheronia regalis, tully grown, green and orange form.
Aiter colored photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.
Nore.—In all the figures of Citheronia regalis, the caterpillar should be represented as feeding back downward
with the body suspended by the very long mid-abdominal legs.

192

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII.
Fra. 1.—Citheronia regalis, blue and orange form.

Fic. 2.—Pink form, stage IV.
After photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

194

“NYO4 ANId 6

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII.

Fic. 1.—Citheronia regalis, stage 1V, natural size; brown form.
Fig. 2.—Anisota rubicunda, last stage, natural size.
Frora colored photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

196

RUBICUNDA.

ANISOTA

9

CITHERONIA REGALIS, STAGE 4, BROWN FORM.

ite

le ane Ae Vee

—

—

7

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV.

Fic. 1.—Citheronia regalis, green form; last stage; in its resting attitude, though the head should hang downward.
Fia. 2.—The same (green form), dorsal view.
From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

198

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES
VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

REGALIS (green form) last stage, dorsal view

Fig. 1. C. REGALIS (green form) last stage, resting attitude,

icone Grrr

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXYV.

Fic. 1.—Citheronia regalis, green form, in feeding attitude.
Fig. 2.—Citheronia regalis, blue form, resting attitude.
The two photographs should be side by side with the heads of the caterpillars uppermost, as it hangs attached
by its abdominal legs.
A. Hyatt Verrill, photo. -

200

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL
VOL. IX FIRST

A. S. CAMPBELL ART CO

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2. C, REGAL e fol

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI.

Fic. 1.—Citheronia regalis, pink form, stage IV.
Fic. 2.—Brown form, stage IV.
A. Hyatt Verrill, photo.

202

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL -A‘
VOL, IX FI

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(brown form

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII.

Fic. 1.—Lacles imperialis, eggs, with freshly hatched laryze, natural size.
Bic. 2.—Kacles imperialis, eggs, with freshly hatched larvze, the same enlarged.
Fic. 3.—Eacles imperialis, last stage, showing the long hairs, natural size.

A. Hyatt Verrill, photo.

204

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES

VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

MEM

Plate XXVII

AMPBELL ART

F E. IMPERIALIS
Fig E. IMPERIALIS a \
Fig E. IMPERIALIS last st

i i a Lie .
he 7 ‘i ik ; ; j ae

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIIL

Fic. 1.—Eacles imperialis, stages II and IV.
Fic. 2.—Eacles imperialis, stage III.
Fic. 3.—Eaeles imperialis, last stage.

From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

206

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES Plate XXVIII
VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

A. S. CAMPBELL ART CO F ce
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX.

Fie. 1.—Anisota virginiensis, last stage.

Fic. 2.—Anisota virginiensis, stage II.

Fic. 3.—Anisola virginiensis, stage III. All of natural size.
From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

208

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCE
VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

Plate XX1X

Fig. 3 Fig 2

®, S. CAMPBELL ART CO.

Fig. 1

Ss

Fig. 1. A. VIRGINIENSIS full fed
Fig. 2. A. VIRGINIENSIS stage 2
Fig. 3. A. VIRGINIENSIS stage 3

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX.

Fic. 1.—Anisota stigma, stage II.

Fic. 2.—Anisota stigma, stage III.

Fic. 3.—Anisota stigma, stage TV. All of natural size.
From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

210

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES
VOL. IX FIRST h

MOIR

Plate XXX

A. S. CAMPBELL ART CO.

Fig.1. ANISOTA STIGMA
Fig. 2, ANISOTA STIGMA
Fig. 3.

ANISOTA STIGMA

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI.

Fic. 1.—Anisota stigma, last stage; also a caterpillar of Janassa lignicolor.
Fic. 2.—Anisota senatoria, stage II.
Fig. 3.—Anisota senatoria, stage III.
Fic. 4.—Anisota senatoria, stage IV.
From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

212

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES Plate XXX|
VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

A. S. CAMPBELL ART CO.

Fig. 1. ANISOTA STIGMA last stage; also Janassa ligni c

°
Oo
=

Fig. 2. ANISOTA SENATORIA stage 2
Fig. 3. ANISOTA SENATORIA stage 3
Fig. 4. ANISOTA SENATORIA stage 4

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AY

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII.

Fic. 1.—Anisota senatoria, last stage, natural size.
Fic. 2.—Anisota rubicunda, stages II and ITI, natural size.
Fic. 3.—Anisota rubicunda, stage IV, natural size.

From photographs by A. Hyatt Verrill.

214

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES Plate XXXII
VOL IX FIRST MEMOIF

Fig. 1

A. S. CAMPBELL ART CO,

nn
¥Q

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1. ANISOTA SENATORIA last stage
ANISOTA RUBICUNDA | stages 2 and 3

3. ANISOTA RUBICUNDA last stage

STIMerl atl
vQ 0Q 0Q
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with ah
Nie
‘

reat ioe

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII.

Fig. 1.—Adelocephala isias, § and 9.
Fig. 2.—Adelocephala wardii, 3.
Fic. 3.—Adelocephala hogei, @.
Fic. 4.—Syssphinx molina, $ and Q.

216

Plate XXX

MEMOIRS of the NATIONAL ACADEMY of SCIENCES
VOL. IX FIRST MEMOIR

A. S. CAMPBELL ART CO. ELIZ. N. J. Fig. 4
Fig. 1. ADELOCEPHALA ISIAS (male and female)
Fig. 2. ADELOCEPHALA WARDI ,

3. A. HOGEI
Fig. 4. SYSSPHiNX MOLINA (male and female)

ih ; F mt

a

all :

wr
ian ih

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV.

Fic. 1.—Ceratomia amyntor, middle of stage I, much enlarged.
Fic. la.—Ceratomia amyntor, end of stage I, enlarged. The body should be paler, more transparent.
Fic. 2.—2a, Ceratomia amyntor, stage II, at end, enlarged. The body should be paler, more transparent.
Fic. 3.—3a, Ceratomia amyntor, stage IIT, about to molt, enlarged.
Fic. 4.—ta, Ceratomia amyntor, stage V and last, natural size.
Fic. 5.—Ceratomia undulosa, stage I, much enlarged.
Ai drawn by L. H. Joutel. :
Fic. 6.—Ceratomia amyntor, stage I, portion of surface of caudal horn, showing the glandular sete, and the tubercles
giving rise to them; some of the setze twice as large as the others.
Fic. 6a.—One lobe of caudal horn, stage I, armed with glandular setee and showing the large bulbous terminal seta.
Fic. 6b.—The two tubercles 7 and ii arising from the main tubercle of the second thoracic segment, stage I.
Fic. 6c.—The same on the third thoracic segment. Author, del.

218

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XXXIV.

Ceratomia amyntor.

4 : “a "i Des, ai 7 : ——- ' —
* = aX is > nS 3 : oa ‘ ——
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= hs ™ n
ri =e 7 ;
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Fi 7 F a - 7
7 iy : = 7 at

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io a a 7 7
a ae 7 thet bd

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXvV.

Fic. 1.—Citheronia regalis, 3.

Fic. la.—Citheronia regalis, 2, natural size.

Fig. 2.—Citheronia regalis, pupa, natural size.

Fig. 2a, 262—Citheronia regalis, pupa partly concealed by the cast larval skin.
From a photograph by A. Hyatt Verrill.

220

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. PLATE XXXV.

ea

CITHERONIA REGALIS

Ay

i

7 Mi

Fig.
Fic.
Fig.
Fig.
Fie.
Fic.
Fia.
Fig.
Fa.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fig.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fig.
Fic.
Fia.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI.

1.—Adelocephala bicolor, head denuded.

2.—Anisota virginiensis, head denuded.

3.—Anisota rubicunda, head denuded.

4.— Eacles imperialis, head denuded.

.—Citheronia regalis, head denuded.

-—Cressonia juglandis, head denuded.

-—Marumba modesta, head denuded.

.—Cressonia juglandis, part of g antenna, seen from above; 8a, from beneath.
9.—Citheronia regalis, part of antennie, from beneath.

10.—Anisota rubicunda, palpus; the same denuded, more enlarged.

> OH

om =~!

11.—Eacles imperialis, palpus, denuded.

12.—Fore tibial appendage of Adelocephala subangulata, 2; t, tibia; ts, tibial spur.
13.—Fore tibial appendage of Adelocephala montezuma, @.

14.—Fore tibial appendage of Adelocephala bicolor, 3.

15.—Fore tibial appendage of Adelocephala albolineata, 2.

16.—Fore tibial appendage of Syssphinx molina, @.

17.—Fore tibial appendage of Anisota virginiensis, 3.

18.—Fore tibial appendage of Anisota stigma, 3; sp, spine.

19.—Fore tibial appendage of Anisota senatoria, 3.

20.—Fore tibial appendage of Anisota rubicunda, g; 20a, the same from the other side.
21.—Fore tibial appendage of Eacles imperialis.

22.—Fore tibial appendage of Citheronia regalis; 22a, the same from the other side.
23.—Fore tibial appendage of Citheronia sepulcralis, 8 ; 23a, the same from the inside.
24.—Fore tibial spur of Adelocephala hégei, 3.

999

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XXXVI.

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

i’

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SSS,
SQA

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A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE.

Packard, del.
Head (denuded); tibial epiphysis, etc. of Sphingicampinae, etc.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII.

Fic. 1.—Adelocephala bisecta, venation of fore wing; la, hind wing.
Fic. 2.—Adelocepha'a albolineata, venation of fore wing; 2a, hind wing.
Fic. 3.—Adelocephala montezuma, venation of fore wing; 3a, hind wing.

224

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9. FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XXxXVII.
= =

Packard, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH.. BALTIMORE.

Venation of Adelocephala.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII.

Fig. 1.—Adelocephala subangulata, g, venation of fore wing; la, of hind wing.
Fig. 2.—Adelocephala heiligbrodtii, g, venation of fore wing; 2a, of hind wing.
Fig. 3.—Adelocephala wardii, venation of fore wing; 3a, of hind wing.

226

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9. FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XXXVIII.

a

a ———
‘ackard, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH,, BALTIMORE.

Veins of wings of Adelocephala.

-
-

St all
a

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- Ae mot th
\ a Se

7
=

Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX.

1.—Adelocephala stigma, g, venation of fore wing; la, hind wing.
2.— Adelocephala virginiensis, §, venation of fore wing; 2a, hind wing.

g; 2
3.—Adelocephala senatoria, 8, venation of fore wing; 3a, hind wing.
4.— Adelocephala —————, venation of fore wing; 4a, hind wing.
5.—Adelocephala ———, venation of fore wing; 5a, hind wing.
6.— Adelocephala —————,, venation of fore wing; 6a, hind wing.

99

“ee

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9.

FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XXXIxX.

Packard, del.

Venation of Anisota.

A. HOEN & CO., LITH., BALTIMORE,

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7 a a) cs -

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL.

Fic. 1.—Adelocephala subangulata, genital armature; side view of end of the abdomen; 1a, suranal plate and its
terminal forks; 1b, side view of the harpes (/c/), penis, and suranal plate; 1¢, harpes and penis, from
beneath; 1d, harpes and penis.

Fic. 2.—<Adelocephala bicolor, genital armature, suranal plate, from above; 2a, a clasper; 26, side view of suranal
plate, penis, and penis sheath.

Fig. 3.—Adelocephala heiligbrodtii, genital armature, seen from above; 3a, side view of clasper; 3b, genitals, seen from
beneath, s knoblike; 3c, the same side view showing plainly the relations of the penis to its sheath,
the dentate-divided end of the suranal plate, and the external clasper.

Lettering of the figures.—cl, clasper; Icl, harpes; p, penis; p’, penis sheath; s, suranal plate; s’, specialized, often
toothed end of the suranal plate; VIII, IX, X, 8th-10th abdominal segment.

230

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9. FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XL.

:

Packard, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH.. BALTIMORE.

Genital armature of Adelocephala.

y 1 =T s ~
7 : 7 a Sl \
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7 cd = .
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fi , . . * ft
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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI.

Kia 1.—Adelocephala bisecta, genital armature; cl, clasper; s, specialized, toothed end of suranal plate; p, penis; p’,
penis sheath, y

Fig. 2.—Syssphinw molina, genital armature, side view, showing penis; 2d, end yiew of the same, showing the clasper
and doubly mucronate suranal plate..

Fig. 3.—Anisota virginiensis, deeply forked suranal plate, below which is the penis and its sheath.

Fic. 4.—Anisota stigma, dorsal view of genital armature, showing the deeply divided, specialized end of the suranal
plate; 4a, the same seen from beneath; 46, side view of the same.

Pia. 5a.—Anisota senatoria, genital armature, clasper; 5), side yiew of the armature.

Fic. 6.—Anisota rubicunda, deeply bilobed end of suranal plate (s’) ; 6a, inner view, showing the penis and its sheath;
6b, the same from beneath; s’, the specialized bilobed extremity of the suranal plate.
Fig. 7.—Eacles imperialis, side view of clasper; 7a, suranal plate from aboye; 7b, genital armature seen from the side,
pl, pleural membrane; 7c, a minute adjunct of the penis sheath.
Fic. 8.—Portion of male antenna of Lacles impertalis.
Norre.—Lettering as on Plate XL.

NAT. ACAD. SCIENCES, VOL. 9g. FIRST MEMOIR, PLATE XLI.

;

Vani i i
/

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Hiv i
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’ Fig. 1. 1

Packard, del. A. HOEN & CO., LITH,, BALTIMORE.

Genital armature of Adelocephala, Syssphinx, Anisota, Eacles.

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-
wt

Cd

ae me

Eats

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII.

Fic. 1.—Ceratomia amyntor, stage I, highly magnified.

Fic. 2.—Ceratomia amyntor, head and four trunk segments, stage II, magnified; 2a, end of the stage (14 mm. long);
2h, end of the body, showing the caudal horn, and sp, suranal plate; a, anal leg.

Pic. 3.—Paonias myops, caudal horn in last stage; 3a, end of the tip, from above and from the extreme of the tip.

254

PLaTe XLII.

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. LX.

Author del.

LARVA OF CERATOMIA AMYNTOR, STAGES 1, 2, ETC.

Fie

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII.

. 1.—Cressonia juglandis, venation of fore wing; la, hind wing.

Fic. 2.—Marumba modesta, 2, venation of fore wing; 2a, hind wing.
Fic. 3.—Anisota senatoria, g, venation of fore wing; 3a, hind wing.

Fie

- 4.—Anisota dissimilis, 2, venation of hind wing.
236

(See for fore wing Pl. LVII.)

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. PLATE XLIII.

2a

Author del.

VENATION OF SMERINTHINZ ‘CRESSONIA AND MARUMBA), ETC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV.

Fic. 1.—Head of a noctuid larva, allied to Apatela? seen from in front.
Fig. 2.—Ichthyura americana, head, seen from in front.

Fic. 3.—Datana ministra, head, seen from in front.

Fic. 4.—<Apatelodes torrefacta, head, seen from in front.

Fic. 5.—Bombyx mori, last stage, head, seen from in front.

Fic. 6.—Endromis versicolora, head, seen from in front.

Fic. 7.—Brahmxa japonica, head, seen from front.

Fic. 8.—Lophodonta angulosa, head, seen from in front.

Fic. 9.—Symmerista albifrons, head, seen from in front.

Fic. 10.—Heterocampa biundata, stage III, head, seen from in front.
Fic. 11.—Heterocampa guttivitta, head, seen from in front.

Fic. 12.—Macrurocampa marthesia, head, seen from in front.

Fic. 13.—Adelocephala sp. Brazil. Seen from in front.

Fic. 14.—<Adelocephala isias. Texas. Seen from in front.

Fig. 15.—Paonias myops. Seen from in front.

238

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. 1X. PLATE XLIV.

Author del.

HEADS OF SYMBOMBYCINE AND SYSSPHINGINE LARVA, ETC.

at

ih

i

1

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV.

Fic. 1.—Adelocephala bicolor, larva, stage I, much magnified.

Fig. 2.—Adelocephala bicolor, end of stage I.

Fic. 3.—Adelocephala bicolor, stage II, the caudal horn not shown, haying been diseased and bent down; a, end of
second thoracic horn.

Fic. 4.—Adelocephala bicolor, stage III, showing the armature of the two hinder thoracic and first three abdominal
segments; the subdorsal tubercle (iii); a’, tubercle i, i/; second dorsal tubercle of third abdominal
segment.

240

PLATE XLV.

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. LX.

SSS i |
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LARVA OF ADELOCEPHALA BICOLOR, STAGES I-III.

Author del.

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BD he haley

°
EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI.

Fic. 1.—Adelocephala bicolor, stage 111, much enlarged.
Fie. 2.—<Adelocephala bicolor, stage 1V, much enlarged.
Fic. 3.—Adelocephala bicolor, stage V (last), enlarged.

242

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. PLATE XLVI.

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Author del,
LARVA OF ADELOCEPHALA BICOLOR, STAGES III—LAST.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII.

1G. 1.—Syssphineg molina, stage I; a, end of body, with caudal horn; 4, end of caudal horn seen from in front ending
in two setse; 1b, another view of end of the body showing the caudal horn; IX, ninth abdominal
segment; i, the second dorsal tubercle of segment eight. 1c, another (side) view of end of the body
showing the caudal horn, suranal plate, and anal leg; all highly magnified.

Fie. 2—Eacles imperialis, larva, stage I; ii, median double tubercles of the second series; VIII, eighth segment;
IX, ninth segment; X, suranal plate.

244

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. Pirate XLVI.

Author del.

LARVA (STAGE |) OF SYSSPHINX MOLINA; 2, EACLES IMPERIALIS,

/

i

EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII.

Fic. 1.—Eacles imperialis, stage 1; ch, caudal horn, highly magnified.
Fic. 2.—Eacles imperialis, stage II, much enlarged.
Fic. 3.—Eacles imperialis, armature of full-fed larva, first stage; I, 11; second thoracic tubercles, 7, iii; III, the same
of the third thoracic segment; Ia, a dorsal tubercle of the first abdominal segment; c, caudal horn.
Fic. 4.—Eacles cacicus, from Brazil; lettering as in fig. 3.
246

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To

IXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX.

Fic. 1.—Adelocephala argyracantha [=crocata]; natural size; copied from Burmeister.

Fic. 2.—Adelocephala isias, stage [V, dorsal armature of the three thoracic and first three abdominal segments (the
dorsal horn of the third thoracic segment omitted); 2a, stage V, the dorsal tubercles; a’, vestiges of
the prothoracic ones; 6’, second thoracie (7 and iii); c’ third thoracic (7 and iii); 2b, dorsal tubercles
(i, ii’) on first and sixth abdominal segments; VII i, dorsal (7) on seventh abdominal segment; 2c,
armature of eighth and ninth abdominal segments, including the caudal horn; 2d, caudal horn and
suranal plate of stage IV; 2e, suranal plate, dorsal yiew. From San Antonio, Tex.

Fic. 3.—<Adelocephala isias, dorsal armature of first thoracic segment (I); second and third, IJ, II], and first two
abdominal segments; 3a, of the last abdominal segments, including the caudal horn. From Browns-
ville, Tex.

Fic. 4.—Adelocephala from Brazil (see p. 14) th. i, prothoracic; th. 2/, th. 2i//, dersal and subdorsal horns (j, 771); @, a’,
dorsal spines of first and second abdominal segments; ¢, caudal horn.

248

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. PLATE XLIX.

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FA

2c 2b 2a
Author del.
LARVA OF ADELOCEPHALA ARGYRACANTHA, ETC.

OMG E

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Fic.
Fic.
Fig.
Fic.
Fic.

Fie.
Fic.
Fic.
Fic.
Fie.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE L.

1.—Anisota virginiensis, head and first four trunk segments of larya, stage I.

la.—Anisota virginiensis, head and first five trunk segments, stage ITI.

1b.—Anisota virginiensis, end of body, stage III.

le.—Anisota virginiensis, second and third thoracic segments, full-grown larva.

1ld.—Anisota virginiensis, head and four trunk segments, and tubercles i (horn) and iii (at base of horn), full-
grown larva.

2.—Anisota stigma, head and four trunk segments, and last three segments (viii-x) of stage I.

2a,—Anisota stigma, end of body, end of stage II (length of larva 10 mm. ).

2b.—Anisota stigma, head and five trunk segments, stage III.

2c.—Anisota stigma, second thoracic horn, and the third (reduced) thoracie horn, stage III.

2d.—Anisota stigma, head and four thoracic segments, stage IV.

250

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. PLATE L.

2a

1b 2Q¢
Author del.

LARVA OF ANISOTA VIRGINIENSIS AND STIGMA.

a

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LI.

Fie. 1.—Anisota senatoria, head and four trunk segments, stage III; «, third thoracic dorsal tubercle.

Fic. 2.—Anisota stigma, second thoracic horn. stage II, with third dorsal thoracic tubercle; larva 70 mm. in length;
also the same, stage III, with two views of third thoracic dorsal tubercle; and V, an aberrant,
shorter, stouter horn.

Fic. 2a.—Anisota stigma, c, right thoracic horn, deformed, short, but of the same thickness as its mate; e, tubercle
iii (supraspiracular), stage [V? a, third dorsal; b, abnormal second dorsal tubercle of a larva 12 mm.
long. i

Fie. 2b.—Anisota stigma, end of body, stage III.

Fie. 2¢.—Anisota stigma, end of body, stage IV.

Fie. 3.—Anisota senatoria, head and five trunk segments, stage I.

Fig. 3a.—Anisota senatoria, head and four trunk segments, stage IT.

Pic. 3).—Anisota senatoria, prothoracic and second dorsal horn of stage III, and second thoracic horn of stage V.

Fig. 3¢.—Anisota senatoria, head and four trunk segments, stage LV.

252

-Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. TX.

PLATE LI.

WF .
THAW

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2b
Author del.
LARVA OF ANISOTA STIGMA AND SENATORIA.

Fig.

Fic.
Fie.
Fia.
Fia.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fic.
Fic.

Fig.
Fig.
Fic.
Fig.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LII.

1.—Anisota virginiensis, stage I, end of body, showing the median tubercle (ii) on abdominal segment nine,
and the anal legs.

la.—Anisota virginiensis. The same (without anal legs), stage III.

1b.—Anisota virginiensis, last stage.

le.—Anisota virginiensis, last stage. The same, drawn from a blown (Elliott’s) larva.

2.—Anisota senatoria, last stage (V), vi, tubercle of second pair.

3.—Anisota stigma, end of body, stage I.

3a.—Anisota stigma, end of body, stage II; length of larva, 10 mm.

3b.—Anisota stigma, end of body, stage III.

3e.—Anisota stigma, end of body, stage LV.

4.—Anisota rubicunda, 1, second thoracic horn of stages I, IT, III,and IV; IIa, end of stage III; length of larva,
(3d stage) 21 mm.

4a.—Anisota rubicunda, end of body, stage II, side view.

4b.—Anisota rubicunda, end of body, stage III.

4c.—Anisota rubicunda, head and four trunk segments, stage IV.

4d.—Anisota rubicunda, second thoracic segment, last stage.

254

PiaTe LIl.

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX.

~
S
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a

LARV4E OF ANISOTA, SURANAL PLATE, ETC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIII.

Fic. 1.—Anisota senatoria, end of larval, stage I, showing suranal plate, from above; with tubercles 7, and ii.

Fig. la.—Anisota senatoria, end of larval, stage II, showing suranal plate, from aboye.

Fig. 16.—Anisota senatoria, ii, median double tubercle, end of stage ITT.

Fra. le.—Anisota senatoria, ii, median double tubercle, end of stage LV, side view.

Fig. 1d.—Anisota senatoria, ti, median double tubercle, end of stage IV, dorsal view.

Fig. le.—Anisota senatoria, vi, median double tubercle, end of stage IV, dorsal view, ninth segment from same larva
as le. F

Fig. 17.—Anisota senatoria, ii, median double tubercle, end of stage V (last).

Fie. 2.—Anisota rubicunda, end of body, stage I, dorsal view.

Fic. 2a.—Anisota rubicunda, end of body, stage II, dorsal view.

Fig. 2b.—Anisota rubicunda, end of body, stage (III), dorsal view; a, median tubercle seen from behind.

Fig. 2¢.—Anisota rubicunda, end of body, stage V (last).

Fig. 3.—Endremis versicolora, end of full-grown larva showing the small, short, double caudal horn (ch); also the
suranal plate, with the anal legs a/ on each side.

Fic. 3a.—Caudal horn, seen from in front, showing its double nature, the tubercles being nearly separate.

256

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. Pate LIII

.

Autnor del.
LARVA. OF ANISOTA, SURANAL PLATE, ETC.

SALT

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV.

Fic. 1.—Citheronia regalis, larval armature: A, stage 1; B, stage II; th, thoracic horns; 1a, that of the first abdominal
segment 1; yi, that of abdominal segment 7; vi, caudal horn, horn on 9th segment; x, armature of
tenth segment.

Fic. 2.—Citheronia regalis, stage 111; 1, 11, m1, horns of each thoracic segment.

Fic. 3.—Citheronia regalis, stage III, end of body, side view, including caudal horn, suranal plate, and anal leg.

Fic. 4.—Citheronia regalis, stage 1V (next to last), armature of the thoracie segments, and of the Ist abdominal
segment; Ist, 2d, 3d dorsal tubercles of abdominal segments 1-3.

, vii of each thoracic segment. A, dorsal tubercle of the first

Fic. 5.—Citheronia regalis, last stage; tubercles 7, v
abdominal segment IT.

Fie. 6.—Citheronia regalis, last stage, abdominal segments 8-10; s,, lateral tubercle of abdominal plate; 7, caudal horn;
ii, median or caudal horn of 9th segment.

Fic. 7.—Adelocephala sp. from Brazil, Pl. 111, fig. 1; end of body, dorsal view of suranal plate.

»

258

> 4 aecoanna y *
Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. PLaTe LIV.

Author del.
LARVA OF CITHERONIA REGALIS, ETC.

Fic
Fic

Fic.
Fie.

Fic.
Fig.
Fic.
Fic.
Fie.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LY.

. 1.—Citheronia splendens, head and four trunk segments.

. la.—Citheronia splendens, next to last stage, the last three segments of the body, showing the caudal horn,
suranal plate, and anal legs.

1b. —Citheronia splendens, the same from aboye.

2.—Citheronia laocoon; 1, 1, 111, armature of the thoracic segments; Ai, of the Ist abdominal segment; A viii,
caudal horn h and tubercle ii.

2a.—Citheronia laocoon, suranal plate, from above.

3.—Citheronia phoronea? (Mondez, Brazil); thoracic horns, and ¢c, caudal horn.

4.—Citheronia sepulcralis, head and first six trunk segments, last stage.

4a.—Citheronia sepulcralis, end of body, last stage, side view.

4h.—Citheronia sepulcralis, the same seen from above; i/, tubercle ii of 8th abdominal segment.

260

PLATE LV.

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX.

Author del.

LARVA OF CITHERONIA SEPULCRALIS, ETC.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVI.

Fic. 1.—Anisota virginiensis, g, pupa, end of abdomen, with cremaster.

Fic. 2.—Anisota senatoria, g, pupa, end of abdomen, with cremaster.
Fic. 3.—Adelocephala bicolor, g , pupa, end of abdomen, with cremaster.
Fig. 4.—Adelocephala bicolor, pupa from beneath, head and thorax.

Fig. 5.—Eacles imperialis, papa from beneath, head and thorax.

Fic. 6.—Eacles cacicus, pupa from beneath, head and thorax.
Fic. 7.—Citheronia regalis, 8, papa from beneath, head and thorax, and end of the abdomen, with the nearly

atrophied cremaster.
Fic. 8.—Paonias excecatus, pupa, head from beneath, iz, maxilla.

262

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. PLate LVI.

2
Author del,

PUPA AND CREMASTER OF CERATOCAMPINA, ETC.

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EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVII.

Fia. 1.—Adelocephala bicolor, 2, venation of fore wing; la, g the same, enlarged; 1b, hind wing 9.

Fie. 2.—Adelocephala cadmus, 8, venation of part of fore wing; 2a, hind wing.

Fie. 3.—Adelocephala hoisduvalii, 8, venation of fore wing; 3a, part of hind wing.

Fic. 4.—Syssphinx molina, 3, venation of fore wing; 4a, hind wing; 4b, fore wing 9, 4c, hind wing 9°.
Fic. 5.—Anisota dissimilis, venation of fore wing.

264

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX.

Pate LVII.

Author del.

VENATION OF ADELOCEPHALA, SYSSPHINX, ETC.

>

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII.

Fic. 1.—Citheronia regalis, g, venation of fore wing; la, hind wing.
Fig. 2.—Citheronia laocoon, yenation of fore wing; 2a, hind wing.

Fic. 3.—Citheronia principalis, 2, venation of fore wing; 3a, hind wing.
Fic. 4.—Citheronia sepulcralis, g, venation of fore wing; 4a, hind wing.

266

Pirate LVIII.

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Seiences, Vol. Exe

Author del.
VENATION OF CITHERONIA REGALIS, ETC.

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIX.

Fic. 1.—<Adelocephala bicolor, g, genital armature, from beneath; cl, clasper; la, side view of the same.

Fria. 2.—Adelocephala bisecta, g, tergal view; s’, end of suranal plate.

Fig. 2a.—Adelocephala bisecta, g, tergal view, end of body removed to show entire suranal plate (s), with its tip (87).

Via. 2b.—Adelocephala bisecta, g, clasper (side view); s, suranal plate.

Tig.3.—Syssphinx molina, 8, from beneath; 2a, clasper. .

Fic. 5a.—Syssphinx molina, 8, from above; s, basal piece of suranal plate; ¢e/, clasper, with its solid black tip (2).

Fic, 4.—Anisota virginiensis, g, seen from end; s’, ends of the forked suranal plate; c/, clasper, from the outside;
cl’, the same, seen from the inside.

Fie. 40.—Anisota virginiensis, g, the genital armature, from beneath.

Fig. 4b.—Anisota virginiensis, §, the genital armature, under side of suranal plate, with the terminal fork (s’).

Fic. 5.—Anisota stigma, $, end of abdomen, from above.

Fic. 5a.—Anisotu stigma, 3, sternal view of claspers and forked tip of suranal plate; cl, r, right clasper; el, 1, leit
clasper; st, sternum.

Fig. 5b.—Anisota stigma, g, a portion (tergite) remoyed to show the forked end of the suranal plate (s’).

Fic. 5¢.—Anisota stigma, g, end of abdomen, lateral view.

Fic. 6.—Anisota senatoria, g, tergal view of genital armature, the tergite of segment nine having been removed.

lic. 6a.—Anisota senatoria, @. The same, from beneath.

Fic. 7.—Anisota rubicunda, 8, end of abdomen; p, penis; pz, penis sheath; cl, clasper-tip not shown.

Fig. 7a.—Anisota rubicunda, $ , sternal view; s, suranal plate bent down.

Fig. 8.—Citheronia regalis, $ , segment nine (IX) and clasper intact, dorsal view.

Fic. Sa.—Citheronia regalis, $, sternal view of clasper (cl), harpe (fh), with sternite of segment eight (VIII), and
the suranal plate between the harpes.

268

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. TX. PLATE LIX.

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Author del,

GENITAL ARMATURE OF CERATOCAMPINA.

Fic

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LX.

- 1.—Facles imperialis, $, ventral view of end of abdomen; p, penis.

Fic. la.—Lacles imperiatis, g, lateral view of the same; 1, el, clasper.

Fic. 1).—Eacles imperialis, 8, end of abdomen, a portion remoyed; s, suranal plate.

Fic. le.—Lacles imperialis, $, the same, seen from beneath, claspers fully exposed.

Fic. 2.—Citheronia regalis, ¢, side yiew of genital armature; cl, clasper; h, harpe; p, penis.
Fic. 2a.—Citheronia regalis, , the same; h, harpe; p, penis and its sheath; s, s, suranal plate.
Fic. 24.—Citheronia regalis, 8, p, penis, showing the gutter at the end.

Fic. 2¢.—Citheronia regalis, 8, suranal plate; s, basal portion.

Fic. 3.—Citheronia sepuleralis, 3.

Fic. 3a.—Citheronia sepulcralis, g, genital armature, tergal view, genital armature, side view; h, harpe; cl, clasper.
Fic. 3b.—Citheronia sepulcralis, g, the same, seen from beneath; h, harpe; cl, clasper.

Fic. 4.—Cressonia juglandis, 8, genital armature, from above.

Fie. 4a.—Cressonia juglandis, g, genital armature, from beneath, lettering as before.

Fic. 4b.—Cressonia juglandis, 3 , genital armature; A, suranal plate and terminal hook.

Fic. 4c.—B, harpes, base and extremity.

Fic. 4d.—Cressonia juglandis, $, genital armature; C, side view of suranal hook (s); h, harpe.
Fic. 4e.—Cressoria juglandis, 3, genital armature; D, penis (p); p’, its base.

Fic. 47.—Cressonia juglandis, 3, genital armature; suranal hook; penis and harpe (p).

Fic. 49.—Cressonia juglandis, @, the same, another side view.

270

Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. PLATE LX.

Author del.

GENITAL ARMATURE OF CERATOCAMPINA AND CRESSONIA,

x

EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI.

Fig. 1.—Adelocephala hégei, 3.
Fic. 2.—Adelocephala cadmus, @.
Fic. 3.—Adelocephala montezuma, $.

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Memoirs Nat. Acad. Sciences, Vol. IX. Plate LXI.

1

1, ADELOCEPHALA HOGEI; 2, A. CADMUS; 3, A. MONTEZUMA.

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