LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

THE

RAY SOCIETY

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the RAY SOCIETY for
the Year 1884.

LONDON:

MDOOCLXXXV.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BEITISH

PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA

(TENTHEEDO, SIEEX AND CYNIPS, Linne.)
VOL. II.

PETER CAMERON.

LONDON:
PRINTED TOE THE EAY SOCIETY,

MDCCCLXXXV.

LIBRARY

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA
DAVIS

PRINTED BY J. E. ADLARD, BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

PREFACE.

THE present volume is devoted to the Nematina,
possibly the most difficult group in the entire family ;
and, as will be seen, it contains the largest genus,
namely, Nematus. The number of species recorded
compares very favorably with what is known else-
where; but I am persuaded that very many species
have yet to be discovered in Britain, especially in the
North, where they appear to be most numerous
Might I therefore express the hope that some of our
Entomologists would pay attention to these interesting
insects, and thus enable me to describe many addi-
tional species in the concluding volume of this work.
Especially is it desirable that they be reared from the
larvae ; for in Nematus many species are excessively
alike in the perfect state, although quite distinct as
larvae. Thus, if they be reared from the larvae, not
only will our knowledge of their habits be increased,
but the specific distinctions will be more clearly
defined. I regret that I have not been able to figure
more of the larvae, but living as I do in a large city,
both the getting and the rearing of the larvae is a work
of difficulty.

VI PREFACE.

The phenomenon of Parthenogenesis, now known to
be of common occurrence with Sawflies, is a subject
well worthy of extended study, and one which, if our
knowledge of it were sufficiently comprehensive, might
throw light on physiological problems of the highest
importance.

My third volume will contain the remainder of the
Tenthredinidae, the Siricidge, and the introductory part
of the Cynipidae, including a discussion on the pheno-
mena relating to the structure and growth of galls in
general. The fourth (and concluding) volume will
deal with the systematic portion of the Cynipidse.

I have again to thank my correspondents for their
kind assistance, and have also to express my indebted-
ness to the Rev. Prof. T. Wiltshire, M.A., F.L.S.,
F.G.S., and Mr. R. McLachlan, F.R.S., for having
looked over the proofs.

MANCHESTER;

January, 1885.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH

PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA.

VOL. II.

Tribe (sub-family] NEMATIJSTA.

In this tribe the antennae are 9-jointed, the third and fourth joints
subequal, the third rarely longer than fourth, usually slender and
longish, often thicker, shorter, and more compressed with the males.
Generally there is only one radial cellule, but there are two in
Dineura and Hemichroa ; there are either three or four cubital cellules,
of which the second and third receive each a recurrent nervure in
Cladius, and the first both in one section of Nematus (= Pristo-
phora), or the second both with the most of the species, the second also
receiving both in Camponiscus. The lanceolate cellule is contracted
in Cladius and Camponiscus, petiolate in the other genera. In the
hind wings there are always two median cellules, and the accessory
nervure is appendiculated a little beyond the middle. The transverse
basal nervure is always received at a distance from the cubital. The
body is elongated as a rule, the abdomen becoming narrowed towards
the apex ; its cerci are usually long. The spurs seldom reach to the
middle of the metatarsus.

The larvse have never more than twenty legs. In
form and habits they differ much. The cocoon is either
single or double ; the pupa offers no striking pecu-
liarity.

VOL. n. 1

1O

Z TRIBE 1SIEMATINA.

This is a very extensive sub-family. It is more espe-
cially characteristic of the northern parts of the False -
arctic and Nearctic regions ; and the species decrease
very much from the north to the south of these zones.
In fact, the only species known beyond them is one
from Chili, which has been referred doubtfully to
Dinewra, and another also doubtfully referable to
Dineura, is known from Sierra Leone.

The relations of the group to the Tenthredina have
been already discussed (cf. vol. i, p. 64, and p. 185).
By Thomson three genera are recognised, namely,
Nematus, Cladius, and Leptocercus (= He'michroa), by
Zaddach six, Nematus, Euura, Camponiscus, Cladius,
Dineura and Hemichroa, while by other authors, in
addition to these, Croesus and Pristophora are separated
from Nematus, TricJiio campus and Priophorus from
Cladius, and Mesoneura from Dineura. Epitactus, Foer.
(Yerh. pr. Rhein., 1854, p. 435), is in all probability
only an aberration ; it merely differing from Nematus
in the third cubital cellule receiving one of the recur-
rent nervures, a form of neuration which occurs with
many Nemati that have the second recurrent ner-
vure interstitial, e.g. N. caprece.*

The genus Diphadnus, Hartig (Blattw., 225), has
only two cubital cellules, the body compressed, oval,
and Selandria - like. I have examined a German
example of D. fuscicornis, and am inclined to believe
that the absence of the third transverse cubital ner-
vure may not be constant. In general structure and
coloration the species comes very near to N. appendi-
culatus, and the form of the abdomen is very similar
to what exists with Dineura despecta. An examination
of a large number of specimens can alone settle the
affinities of the group. Cf. also Stein, Ent. Nach.,
vii, p. 63.

For reasons stated further on I adopt seven genera,
and these may be separated as follows :

* An analogous case occurs in species of Hylotomina and in some
Selandriades, e.g. Selandria sixii.

GENUS HEMICHftOA. 3

1 (4) Fore wings with two radial cellules.

2 (8) Lanceolate cellule contracted. Hemichroa.

3 (2) Lanceolate cellule petiolate. Dineura.

4 (1) Fore wings with one radial cellule.

5 (8) Lanceolate cellule contracted.

6 (7) Fore wings with the first transverse cubital nervure generally

obsolete, second (or first if the transverse cubital nervure is
absent) and third receiving each a recurrent nervure.

Cladius.

7 (6) Fore wings with the first transverse cubital nervure distinct,

second cellule receiving both recurrent nervures.

Camponiscus.

8 (5) Lanceolate cellule petiolate.

9 (10) Posterior tibiae at apex and base of tarsi compressed and

dilated. Crcesus.

10 (9) Posterior tibiae and tarsi not compressed or dilated.

11 (12) With three or four cubital cellules, of which the first is large

and receives both recurrent nervures if there are only three
cellules, and the second if four cellules are present.

Nematus.

12 (11) "With three cubital cellules, of which the first is always small

and the second receives both recurrent nervures. Euura.

Genus — HEMICHROA.

Hemichroa, Ste., 111., vii, 55 (1835).
Leptocerca, Htg., Blattw., 228 (1837).

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules, the second of the
latter the longest and receiving both recurrent nervures. Lanceolate
cellule constricted. Posterior wings with two middle cellules.

Antenna longish, filiform ; the third and fourth joints equal in
length. Calcaria as long as half the metatarsus. Cerci long, stout.
Clypeus incised at the apex.

The mandibles are weak ; the apical tooth longer
than one half of the total length, and moderately
sharply pointed. The labial palpi are of moderate
length, thickish, the 'first joint the shortest, the third is
a little longer than it, and shorter than the second and
fourth ; the basal joint of the maxillary palpi is a little
more than half the length of the second, and about
one half shorter than fourth, which is longer than it,
but shorter than the last two, which are the longest
and, as well as the fourth, are thinner than the basal
three joints ; the last is a little shorter than the pre-
ceding. The inner lobe of maxilla is broad at the
base and tapers to a sharp and long point at the apex,

4 HEMICHEOA ALNI.

and reaches close to the top of the outer, which is
broadly rounded on the top. The cardo is triangular,
and one fourth longer than the mentum, which is
broadest at the top.

The saw is strongly built, has broad, long, and
sharply projecting teeth and strong cross bars. The
support has also cross bars and is likewise strongly
built.

So far as is known the larvae are cylindrical and
green or reddish in coloration ; the eggs are laid in the
twigs of the food plants.

The males are unlike the females in coloration ;
both the males of the two British species having the
body quite black, and the legs reddish. With our
species they are very rare, and both are freely par-
thenogenetic, the unfertilized eggs yielding either
males or females.

Hemichroa is most nearly related to Dineura and
Camponiscus ; from the former it is known by the
constricted lanceolate cellule ; from the latter by its
possessing two radial cellules.

The genus is of small extent, there being only three
European and two North American species. One of
our species (rufa) is found also in North America.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Abdomen black, tibiae black. Alni.

2 (1) Abdomen red, tibiae white. Rufa.

1. HEMICHROA ALNI.

Vol. I, PL XIV, fig. 8 ? ; PI. XXI, fig. 8, Saw. Vol. II,
PI. VIII, fig. 2, Larva; PI. XXVII, fig. I, Trophi
of Larva.

Tenthredo alni, Lin., Fn., Sv., 1571; S. N. (2), 925,29; Fab.,
E. S., ii, 115, 39; Fall., Acta, 1808,
109, 46; Schaef., Ic., pi. 110, figs. 6, 7 ;
Reaum., Mem., v, pi. ii, figs. 1, 2 (lar.) :
Lep., Mon., 129, 391.
— australis, Lep., Mon., 71, 217.

HEMICHROA ALNI. 5

Nematus alni, Dbm., Clavis, 25,26 (lar.).

Hemichroa alni, Ste., 111., vii, 55, 1, pi. xxxviii, fig. 2 ; Smith,

Ent. Ann., 1864, 113; Cam., Fauna,

27, 1; Andre, Species, i, 94; Cat.,

11,* 1.
Dineura — Htg., Blattw., 228, 6 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx,

22, 4; Yoll., Tijd. Ent., viii, 84-88,

pi. v; Tasch., Hymen. Deut., 23;

Kalt, Pfl. 620.
Leptocercus — Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 77, 1 ; Brischke., Beob.

ii. Blatt. u. Holzwesp. (2), 38, Taf. i,

fig. 11 (lar.).

Black, covered with white pile. Head, mesonotum with scutellum,
anterior tibiae and tarsi red ; palpi pale ; cerci large, pale red ; mandi-
bles brownish. Wings hyaline; lanceolate cellule clouded; nervures,
costa, and stigma black.

The $ has the antennae brownish on the under side, the thorax with-
out any red ; the legs reddish-yellow, black at the base ; wings smoky ;
anal appendages reddish ; the apical abdominal segments piceous in the
middle, with the apex slightly incised.

Length 3^—4 lines.

Ab. — a. ? Antennae reddish, except at the base.

b. „ Wings infuscated throughout.

c. „ with smoky blotches.

The larva lives usually on the alder, but I have also
bred it from birch. The eggs are laid on the leaf
stalk, and the larva lives singly, or at most in twos or
threes on the leaf, eating irregular holes in the surface,
leaving the veins untouched. When young it is green,
except that the head is darker. When mature the
head is reddish, or dark reddish-brown ; the eye spots
black, and the mouth brown. The upper part of the
body is dark green, the skin rugged and somewhat
obscured with black ; the lower part is bright green ;
often it is pale, almost white. The segmental divisions
are well marked. The legs are green, with a tinge of
red ; the claws brown, claspers green. When full
fed and about to pupate, it becomes pale green,
pale orange on the first and on the two or three anal
segments.

The cocoon is spun in the earth ; it is single, oblong,
and dark brown. The pupa is green. Monoblastus
erythropygus, Him., and Cteniscus sexcinctus, Gr., are
its parasites.

6 HEMICHEOA EUFA.

Two broods occur in England ; but I believe there
is, as a rule, only one in Scotland.

The difference between the two sexes is very great,
that in the coloration of the legs being especially note-
worthy. The $ is exceedingly rare. I have reared
females from eggs laid by virgin females.

Common all over Britain ; the imagos appearing
first in May and early in June.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Denmark, Hol-
land, France, Switzerland, Germany, Eussia.

2. HEMICHROA RUFA.
Vol. I, PI. Ill, fig. 3, Larva.

Tenthredo rufa, Pz., F. G.,lxxii, fig. 2; Klug., Berl. Mag.,viii,

82, 71 ; Lep., Mon., 117, 341.
Hemichroa — Ste., 111., vii, 55, 2 ; Cam., Fauna, 28, 2 ; Andre,

Species, i, 85 ; Cat., 11,* 2.
— stigma, Ste., 1. c., 56, 3.
Dineura rufa, Htg., Blattw., 228, 7 ; Toll., Tijd. Ent., viii,

89—93, pi. vi; Ent., 1872, 19, (1. h.) ;

Kalt., Pfl., 608; Stein, Ent. Nach.,

1879.
Leptocercus rufa, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 77 ; Br. and Zad.,

Beob. Blattw. u. Holz. (2), 39, Taf . i,

fig. 12 (lar.).

Reddish ; antennae, labmm, breast, metathorax, coxae for the greater
part, anterior tarsi at the apex, and the whole of the posterior with
the apex of posterior tibise, black ; clypeus, apex of anterior femora, and
tibiae at base, pale white. Wings smoky, hyaline at the apex ; costa
fuscous ; nervures and stigma black. $

Length 2 — 4 lines.

The only aberration I have noticed (except a slighter
or deeper intensity in colour) is a very small specimen
bred from a larva found at Bishopton in June on
birch, the imago appearing in August, after having
pupated in a cork. It is scarcely two lines in length,
the body is almost black, and very shining, scarcely a
trace of the usual red being visible ; the wings intensely
black, except at the apex, which is lighter in tint.
The transverse radial nervure is absent.

The <? is certainly very rare, and was only recently

HEMICHEOA RUFA. 7

discovered, by Mr. J. E. Fletcher, who was fortunate
enough to rear a few specimens. That gentleman
(E.M.M., xviii, 126) induced virgin females to deposit
eggs and reared males and females from them ; and I
have myself reared females from unfertilized eggs.
The $ can scarcely be distinguished from that of
alni ; with the limited materials in my possession I
have not been able to find any satisfactory characters
whereby they can be separated. The wings vary in
the intensity of the smoky tints, some specimens
having them almost hyaline, and not darker at base
than at apex.

E. unicolor, Rudow (S. E. Z., xxx, 218), I take to
be a variety of this species, wanting the black on the
legs and metanotum.

The larva is found on birch and alder. Five or six
eggs are deposited in a leaf stalk, indifferently on
either side. When young the head of the larva is of a
shining pale brown, the intensity of which varies ; eye-
spots black ; the rest of the body is pale green, save a
black narrow stripe going down along the side over
the spiracles ; the second segment is pale yellow.

When full-fed the head is shining black, bearing a
few pale hairs, and the mouth is pale. The second seg-
ment is pale orange, the rest greyish green. Above the
spiracles is a black line, which extends to the pe-
nultimate segment. Over the legs are two black dots,
separated from each other, and forming two bands.
On each segment (especially noticeable on the back)
are (in front) two tubercles, and behind these other
four, each ending in a minute hair.. The legs are
greenish white, and before each is a v-shaped black
mark ; claws brown : the claspers are whitish. The
last abdominal segments are paler than the rest.
Cteniscus lituratorius, L., is its parasite.

Unlike the larvas of H. alni, six or seven of those of
rufa live together on a single leaf, eating along the
edge, or more rarely in the centre. As they increase
in size, however, they are not so gregarious, especially

8 GENUS DINEUEA.

on birch. The pupa is pale green ; the cocoon is as in
H. alni.

Somewhat rarer than alni, but of equally wide range
in Britain. It is double brooded.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Holland, Ger-
many, France, Hudson's Bay (North America).

Genus — DINEUEA.

Dineura, Dbin., Comp., 5 (1835) ; Htg., Blattw., 226 (1837).
Mesoneura, Htg., 1. c., 228.
Nematus, pt. Thoms., Hym. Sc., i, 80.
Pristis, Brulle, Hym., iv, 665 (1846).

Wings with two radial and four cubital cellules ; the second of the
latter is elongate, and receives both recurrent nervures, or the second
recurrent may be interstitial (Mesoneura). Lanceolate cellule petio-
late ; posterior wings with two middle cellules.

Antenna 9-jointed, the third and fourth joints subequal, longish, and
filiform, or short and thick.

The typical species have the antennae longer than
the abdomen, filiform ; the abdomen and the body
generally is elongate, the cerci longish. The mandibles
are longish, the apical tooth forming one-third of the
total length, and has a bluntly rounded tooth at its
base ; the basal three joints of the maxillary palpi are
thicker than the apical three, the second is nearly
double the length of the first, and scarcely half the
length of the third, which is longer than the fourth ;
the latter is a little shorter than the sixth ; the fifth is
the longest. The labial palpi do not vary much in
length.

The second section has a thicker, shorter and stouter
body-form ; the antennge are short and thick ; and the
transverse radial, third transverse cubital, and second
recurrent are joined together = Mesoneura.

The larvae of these two groups are sub-cylindrical,
flat on the ventral surface, and feed on the flat surface
of the leaf, eating usually only the epidermis. The
cocoon is single and is spun in the earth.

The third group contains some small and little known

GENUS DINEURA. 9

species, which only agree with Dineura proper in the
neuration of the wings. In other respects they agree
better with Blennocampa, to which some of them have
been referred by Thomson; but, as we are at present
unacquainted with the larvse of these small species,
and as they differ from Blennocampa in the posterior
wings haying two middle cellules, as well as in the wider
costal cellule (the costa not becoming dilated before
the stigma as in Blennocampa) , I have preferred to
retain them in the meantime in Dineura. The man-
dibles are broader, thicker, the apical tooth much
shorter and blunter; the palpi are shorter and
thicker, and more like those of Blennocampa than of
the typical species of Dineura.

The peculiarity in the neuration in D. verna I can
only regard as specific ; it is not even constant ; some-
times the transverse radial is received in the third
cubital cellule, at other times in the fourth, while the
second recurrent may be received in the second or
third cellules.

Twelve Palsearctic species of this genus are known;
seven North American, and one doubtful species from
Chili ; to it also may, in all probability, be referred the
West African Xenapates africanus. A curious thing
about all the species is the irregularity in the position
of the nervures, especially the transverse cubital and
transverse radial ; the former vary much in position
arid hence the size of the cellules varies, while the
latter (especially in stilata and testaceipes) is often
completely absent. When this happens they become
practically Nemati, for I am not aware of any other
character whereby they may be separated from Nematus
than by the presence of the transverse radial nervure.
Thomson, probably on this account, regards Dineura as
merely a section of Nematus, but seeing how similar
the larvae are, and that it is after all only exceptionally
that the transverse nervure is absent, I have preferred
to keep it apart.

The absence so frequently of the transverse radial

10 GENUS DINEUEA.

nervure in D. stilata is, from an evolutionary point of
view, of much interest, for it shows us how " genera "
have been formed. At present at least three-fourths
of the specimens of stilata have only one radial cellule.
In Prussia apparently all the specimens are in this
condition, and in all likelihood in the course of some
generations the transverse radial nervure will have
disappeared, and then the species will require to be
transferred from its present position in our systematic
works to be arranged in Nematus among the species
of ihepavidus group. We find many similar instances
in different groups — Selandriadcs, Hylotomina — of the
partial or almost complete obliteration of the first
transverse cubital nervure, as is shown by its being
only present at the sides in many species of Nematus,
or by its being only occasionally present in some
species of Hylotomina. It is, therefore, quite clear that
many of our so-called genera have been formed by
certain nervures having been by some cause obli-
terated. I believe that cause to be the presence of
of " bullse " on the nervures. There is always a bulla
on the transverse radial and first transverse cubical
nervures ; the effect of the presence of the bulla is that
the nervure is divided in the middle, which makes it
weaker, and also, no doubt, interferes with the circu-
lation of fluid through it. If that be the case, then,
such a nervure will be of little use to the insect, and
not fulfilling any useful purpose will in course of time
disappear entirely. That this is the explanation of
the disappearance of many nervures found in some
sawflies and not in others is proved by such nervures
being always bullated. The cross nervure in the
costal and lanceolate cellules are cases in point ; and
another one is that of the transverse brachial nervure
of Lyda — a nervure only found in that genus. In some
species it is well nigh complete, in others there is
only a tiny branch to indicate its presence, and in a
few species it has entirely disappeared. What may
be the cause of the bailee is a point which has not yet

GENUS DINEURA. 11

been clearly settled ; it has, however, been suggested
that they are caused by the manner in which the wings
are folded in the pupa.

The case of Dineura stilata shows, too, how species
apparently very similar may have had very different
origins. Supposing we did not know its real affinities
it would, as I have stated, be regarded as very closely
related to N. jugicola, Thorn, and N. xanthog aster,
and regarded as a Nematus, I certainly think that is
its proper position ; but I scarcely think that these
species may have been derived through descent from
stilata. Still there is every reason for believing that
Nematus has been derived from Dineura ; in fact, the
latter may even have given origin to the Selandriades,
for remove one of the recurrent nervures in the hind
wings of D. verna and most entomologists would
consider it to be a Blennocampa; similarly, if D.
despecta had only one or no median cellule in the hind
wings, and if the first transverse cubital nervure were
completely obliterated, I, for my part, would have no
hesitation (especially seeing that it is a leaf miner as a
larva) in considering its systematic position to be near
Fenusa.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Head, antennae, thorax, and abdomen, for the greater part tes-

taceous ; transverse basal nervure received in front of the
transverse costal. Virididorsata.

2 (1) Head and thorax for the greater part black.

3 (11) Transverse radial nervure not interstitial.

4 (7) Length over 2? lines ; femora not black ; antennae brownish

beneath ; cerci long ; transverse basal nervure interstitial.

5 (6) Abdomen for the greater part testaceous above ; breast more or

less yellow. Stilata.

6 (5) Abdomen entirely black above. Testaceipes.

7 (4) Length not over 2 lines ; femora more or less black.

8 (9) Abdomen dull reddish at the sides and beneath.

Selandriiformis.

9 (8) Abdomen entirely black ; stigma fuscous, white at the base ;

transverse basal nervure received beyond transverse costal.

Simulans.
10 (9) Stigma testaceous ; transverse basal nervure interstitial.

Despecta.

12 DINEU1IA VIEIDIDOESATA.

11 (3) Transverse radial and second recurrent nervures interstitial ;
transverse basal nervure received beyond the transverse
costal ; body ovate ; thorax more or less marked with red ;
antenna thick. Verna.

1. DiNEURA VI1UDIDORSATA.

Vol. I, PL III, fig. 4, Lar. ; PL VI, fig. 12, Mandible
of Lar. ; PL XXI, fig. 7, Saw ; Vol. II, PL XXVII,
fig. 2, Trophi of Larvae.

Tenthredo viridi-dorsata, Retz., Degeer, 73, 312 ; Degeer, Mem.,
ii, 266-7, 20, t. H8, figs. 8—10.

— ulmi, Fall., Acta Holm., 1808, 123, 67-

— Degeeri, Klug., Berl. Mag., viii, 213, 169.

— Geeri, Ste., 111., vii, 80, 25.

— varius, Lep., Mon ., 69, 208.

Dineura virididorsata, Andre, Species, i, 90; Cat., 11,* 1.
Dineura Degeeri, Htg., Blattw., 227, 1 ; Cam., Fauna, 27, 1 ;

Br. and Zad., Beobach. ii. Blattw.

(2), 31, Taf. i, fig. 9 (lar).

— Hartigii, Gimmerthal, S. E. Z., v, 36 (1844).
Nematus Degeeri, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 80, 1 ; Cam., So. Nat., ii,

113 (lar.).

E/eddish-yellow ; vertex, mandibles, more or less of rneso- and
metanotum, and dorsal surface of abdomen, black; apex of posterior
tibia3 and joints of tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma
pale- testaceous ; nervures fuscous.

The <J has generally the meso-, metanotum, and the greater part of
the dorsum of abdomen, black.

Length 3J — 4 lines.

Ab. — a. Meso- and metanotum black.

b. Mesonotum with three black stripes ; metanotum
and apex of posterior tibiaa and tarsi black.

c. As in b, but metanotum yellow.

d. AJbdomen entirely reddish-yellow.

e. Antennae blackish.

The images appear towards the end of May and in
June. The larvas are found from August to October
lying stretched on the upper surfaces of birch leaves,
of which they eat the upper cuticle, thus leaving the
leaf entirely white or with white blotches. Generally
several are found on a leaf. In habits they are very
sluggish.

DINEURA STILATA. 13

The head of the larva is light shining green, with a
yellowish tinge, which becomes more intense towards
the end of the larva's active life ; on the top are
scattered short white hairs. The eye- spots black ;
mouth brownish ; tips of mandibles black. The body
is flattish; the thoracic region is broader than the
abdomen ; the colour is light green throughout, except
that the segmental divisions are white. Legs glassy
green, with brown claws, black at the tips. Generally
the dorsal canal shines through as a darker green
band.

The pupa state is passed in the ground, where the
thin, black, oblong cocoon is spun. It remains un-
changed till the beginning of May when it becomes a
bright green pupa.

D. virididorsata is an extremely common species in
the birch woods in Scotland. In England it would
seem to be somewhat rarer, but still equally widely
distributed. It is a species which shows great colour
variation, while the position of the nervures relative
to each other (and consequently of the size of the
cellules) is also very irregular. The transverse radial
nervure is sometimes absent.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France.

2. DlNEURA STILATA.

Vol. I, PL III, fig. 7, Larva; PL XIV, figs. 5 ? , 5 a,
Cerci. Vol. II, PL XIV, fig. 6, Saw.

Tenthredo stilata, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 72.

— mediocris, St. Farg. et Serv., Enc. Meth., x, 570

(1825).
Nematus licolor, Ste., 111., vii, 27, 2 (ex type).

— apicalis, Ste., 111., vii, 32, 22 (ex type).
Selandria scapularis, Ste., 111., vii, 46, 6.
Nematus posticus, Foer., Verli. pr. Rhein., xi, p. 349.
Dineura stilata, Htg., Blattw., 227, 2 ; Cam., E. M. M., xiii,

175 ; Fauna, 27, 2 ; Andre, Species,
i, 92 ; Cat., 11,* 2.

— flaveola, Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx, 21.

14 DINEUEA STILATA.

Nematus stilatus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 82, 3.

— xanthopus, Br. and Zad., Sclir. Ges. Konig., 1875,
Taf . iii, fig. 5 ; 1. c., 1883, 323, 69.

Antennae subsetaceous, longer than the abdomen, the first two joints
half globose, third and fourth equal, the rest becoming a little shorter
and thinner towards the apex ; the basal two joints are black, the third
and fourth have a black line above, their under sides and the remain-
ing joints reddish. Head black, shining, covered with scattered
pubescence ; the sutures distinct, the front not much elevated. Cly-
peus emarginated at the apex, which, with the labrum, is white ; the
palpi are pale ; mandibles reddish at the tips. Thorax black, shining ;
mesonotum finely punctured ; the pronotum and a large spot on the
pleurae pale reddish ; pleurae somewhat opaque. Abdomen narrower
than the thorax, luteous, the two basal segments above, and sometimes
a mark on the apex, black ; cerci longish, pale luteous ; cenchri oval,

Eale white. Legs yellowish; coxas and trochanters paler. Wings
yaline ; nervures black ; the costa and stigma sordid testaceous.
The £ has the thorax quite black ; the abdomen luteous, black above
at base and apex.
Length 2— 2| lines.

$ an<} ^ . Wings with one radial cellule.

The neuration of the fore wings varies very much,
especially as regards the position of the transverse
radial and cubital nervures. In fact, as often as not
the transverse radial nervure is absent, and this cir-
cumstance puzzles entomologists not a little until they
become acquainted with the species.

Larva : head yellowish-green, covered sparsely with
short white hairs. Mouth brownish. Body uniformly
green, sometimes with a yellowish tinge on the back,
which bears a microscopic pile. The sides over the
legs covered with white hairs, moderately long and
comparatively few in number. A narrow white line
goes down the sides through the spiracles. At the
last moult it becomes of a clearer green colour.

The larvse feed on the upper side of the leaves of
the hawthorn, eating only the upper epidermis. There
are often two or three, or even more larvas feeding on
the same leaf ; they are sluggish and give out a fetid
odour. They are very similar to the larvae of D. testa-
ceipes, but the nasty smell which they give out enables
them to be distinguished from the Pyrus feeder. I
find them feeding from August to October. The flies
appear in June, and are common and generally dis-

DINEURA TESTACEIPES. 15

tributed in Britain. Andre, however, says the larvae
also feed on Pyrus aucuparia.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Russia.

3. DINEURA TESTACEIPES.

Vol. I, PI. IV, fig. 1, Larva; Vol. II, PI. XIV,
fig. 7, Saw.

Tenthredo testaceipes, King, Beii. Mag., viii, 84, 75.

Dineura Htg., Blattw., 227, 3 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc.,

xx, 21, 2; Cameron, E. M. M.,
xi, 251; Fauna, 27, 3; Andre,
Species, i, 92 ; Cat., 11,* 3 ; Br.
and Zad., Beob. ii. Blattw. (2),
34, 61.
— ventralis, Zad., Beschr., 10, fig. 3 (lar.).

Nematus testaceipes, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 84, 4.

Dineura stilata, Br. and Zad., Beob. ii. Blattw. (2), 33, Taf. i,

fig. 10.

Black, shining ; antennae nearly as long as the head and thorax, thin,
tapering very perceptibly towards the apex, the third and fourth joints
nearly equal ; on the under side they are testaceous. Head a little
narrower than the thorax, slightly pubescent, sutures distinct, antennal
fovese large and moderately deep ; clypeus incised at apex ; the
clypeus (except at base) and labrum, with palpi, pale white, except at
apices of the joints, which are fuscous ; mandibles dark brown.
Thorax and sides of the breast smooth, shining ; tegulse, and a line on
the pronotum, testaceous. Abdomen broad, a little flattish, expanded
at the sides, sharply rounded at apex ; cerci longish, testaceous ; saw
short, sheath hairy. Legs testaceous-yellow; coxae and trochanters
pale white ; the tibia3 pale. Wings hyaline, with a brownish tinge ;
nervures black ; costa and stigma sordid testaceous. The second
cubital cellule is more than double the length of the third, and has a
horny point at the anterior end ; third small, dilated at the apex ; the
second recurrent nervure is received a little in front of the third
cubital.

The (J has the antennae brownish, with a black line above ; the pro-
notum is entirely black ; the back of the abdomen is black, except at
the apex, which is widely emarginated ; the posterior tarsi are fuscous.

Length 2J— 2f lines.

Ab. — a. Wings with one radial cellule.

From D. stilata, the present species may be known
by having only a thin testaceous line on the pronotum,
the pleurae quite black, the abdomen shorter, wider,
and more rounded at the apex, and the legs paler and
marked with black at the base. The coloration of the

16 DINEURA VERNA.

abdomen varies ; in one form it is quite black, in
another the apex, sides, and belly are testaceous (var.
ventralis, Zad.j. The wings also have a decided
brownish tinge in some specimens. Its <$ may be
known from the <? of stilata by the antennaB having
a distinct black line above ; the abdomen is also black
on the back, while in stilata the antennae and abdo-
men are only black at the base.

The larvae are found in August and September on
the under surface of the leaves of Pyrus aucuparia, on
which they feed in the usual Dineura fashion. The
anterior part of the body is broader than the posterior ;
the ground colour is a bright green, with a yellowish
tinge ; the back is darker and beset with short white
hairs ; the segments at the edges are whiter than the
rest of the body ; claws brown ; the head is covered
with short pile, yellowish, with black eye- spots and
brownish mouth. At the last moult the hairs dis-
appear, and the skin becomes yellower and shining.
The cocoon is spun in the earth, the fly appearing in
the following May and June.

D. testaceipes is a common species. I have it from
many Scotch localities ; from Northumberland ; "Wor-
cester, and the London district.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, France,
Russia.

4. DINEURA VERNA.
Vol. I, PL XIV, fig. 4, ? ; 4 a, Mandible.

Tenthredo verna, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 55, 21.

punctigera, Lep., P. Fr., pi. 7, fig. 6 ; Mon., 110, 318.
Selandria verna, Ste., 111., vii, 47, 11.

— biloba, Ste., 1. c., 54, 39.
Dineura opaca, Htg., Blattw., 229, 8.

— pallipes, Htg., 1. c., 229, 9.

— verna, Giraud, Ann. Fr. (5), i, 386 (lar.) ; Cam.,

Fauna, 27, 4; Andre, Species, i,
93 ; Cat., 11,* 8.

— opaca, Br. and Zad., Beobach. ii. Blattw. (2), 37, 12,

Taf. xi, fig. 3.

— dorsalis, Foer., S. E. Z., v, 262.

DINEUEA VERNA. ] 7

Nematus opacus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 81, 2.

Selandria labialis, Brulle, Exp. Sc. de Moree, iii (1), pt. 2, 393,

872.

Black, shining, and thickly covered with griseous pubescence;
clypeus at apex, palpi, and labrum white ; pronotum, a large triangular
spot on mesonotum, scutellum, a splash on side of the breast, and
the abdomen at the apex beneath, ferruginous. Legs white, with a
ferruginous tinge, the apex of coxae and a line on the femora black.
Wings hyaline, nervures black, costa and stigma pale testaceous. $ .

Length 2f— 3 lines.

Ab. — a. Thorax (pronotum excepted) and abdomen
(except anus) black ; femora and posterior tarsi lined
with black.

b. As in a, but scutellum ferruginous.

c. Meso- and metanotum ferruginous ; abdomen
entirely black.

d. Wings half developed, of equal breadth, the por-
tion beyond the stigma being crumpled up ; the stigma
wrinkled and thick.

A species distinguished by its short, thick, Selandria-
like body. The antennse are short, thick, and a little
longer than the head and thorax ; the frontal sutures
are small ; the clypeus incised, but not very deeply ;
cerci short, and the saw does not project much.

The coloration of the thorax and abdomen varies
considerably, scarcely two specimens having the same
amount of the red colour, the thorax especially varying
from black to ferruginous. The first radial cellule is
small ; the nervure arises a little past the middle of
the stigma ; the third cubital cellule is about one
fourth smaller than the second ; the third transverse
cubital nervure has scarcely any slope. The posi-
tion of the nervures is very inconstant ; often the
transverse radial nervure is absent ; it is not always
joined to the second transverse cubital, and the posi-
tion of the transverse cubital nervures is also subject
to variation.

The larva, according to Giraud, is found about the
middle of May, and pupates at the end of that month.
It is cylindrical, and a little thick, the colour through-
out being a delicate green, with the exception of the

VOL. II. 2

18 DINEURA SELANPRIIFORMIS.

eyes, wliicli are black, and of the oral region, which is
somewhat red. The body is glabrous, with deep
transverse folds. The clypeus is truncated, straight ;
labium deeply incised, trifid, the middle portion small,
the lateral longer, forming two rounded lobes. It
walks in a straight line by resting on the anal end,
but often, especially in repose, the end is turned under
the belly. It feeds on the under surface of the leaves
of the common oak.

The cocoon is small, sub-ovoid, very short, 1'" long
and 4'" thick ; its sides are rather fine, blackish, very
finely reticulated on the outer surface, to which adhere
grains of sand. It is spun in the earth.

As parasites Giraud mentions : Mesoleius formosus,
Gr., M. armillatorius, Gr., Polyblastus palustris,
Holm. ? Erromerus fasciatus, Gr., and Plectiscus ten-
tJiredinarum, Giraud, the last mentioned being an
external parasite.

A widely distributed species, but not very common
anywhere, in May. I have seen it from Aberdeen,
Clydesdale, Dumfriesshire, the London district, and
Norwich.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Italy, Morea, Asia Minor.

5. DlNEURA SELANDRIIFORMIS.

Dineura selandriiformis, Cam., E. M. M., xi, 252 ; Andre",

Species, i, 91 ; Cat., 11*, 5.

Black ; antennae about the length of the head and thorax, moderately
thick, the third and fourth joints nearly equal. Head black, faintly
pilose ; clypeus and labrum white. Thorax shining, shortly pilose ; the
pronotum almost entirely reddish ; tegulse white ; cenchri scarcely
visible. Abdomen of the length of the head and thorax, black above,
the sides, extreme apex above, and belly dull reddish. Wings hyaline,
costa and stigma fuscous, the former paler than the latter ; the first
cubital nervure is very faint, the third cubital cellule is longer than
broad, widest at the apex. The transverse radial nervure is received a
little in front of the middle of the third cubital cellule, the second
recurrent a little in front of the second transverse cubital. Legs
testaceous, the anterior femora at the base slightly, posterior entirely

DINEURA DESPECTA. 19

(except at knees), the apical half of the posterior tibiae and the posterior
tarsi, black, the four anterior faintly fuscous. $ .
Length nearly 2 lines.

Besides the differences in the position of the
nervures selandriiformis is distinguished from verna
by the first transverse cubital nervure being absent,
the costa and stigma are fuscous, the antennae are
longer and thicker, the body less downy, the femora
have more black, and the apical half of posterior tibias
and the tarsi are black.

Taken in England by the Rev. T. A. Marshall.
Possibly it is only a variety of verna.

6. DINEUEA DESPECTA.
Vol. I, PL XII, fig. 4,* ? .

Dineura despecta, Htg., Blattw., 228, 4; Evers., Bull. Mosc.,
xx, 21, 3; Kalt., Pfl., 9 (lar.); Cam.,
E. M. M., xiv, 156 ; Andre, Species,
i, 93 ; Cat., 11,* 4 ; Br. and Zad., Beo-
bach. ii. Blattw. (2), 36, 10, Taf. ii,
f. 1 (lar.).

Tenfhredo parvula, Kl.,Berl. Mag., viii, 71, 51 ?

— fuscula, id., I.e., 70, 50 ?

Selandria fuscula, Ste., 111., vii, 50, 24 (nee type).

Pelmatopus (Dolerus) minutus, Htg., Blattw., 244, 1 ; Andre,

Species, i, 282; Cat., 35*.
Dineura fuscula, Cameron, E. M. M., xi, 253.

— parvula, Htg., Blattw., 228, 15.
Blennocampa parvula, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 221.

fuscula, Cam., Fauna, 26, 15.

Black; head covered with fine, close pubescence, vertex finely
punctured ; legs testaceous, the base of coxss and the greater part of
femora black ; apex of abdomen above obscure brownish ; mandibles
piceous. Wings scarcely hyaline, with a faint brownish tinge ; nervures,
costa and stigma testaceous ; tegulaa obscure testaceous ; the trans-
verse radial nervure is received a little in front of the third transverse
cubital nervure ; the second recurrent nervure is almost interstitial ;
the second cubital cellule is much longer than third, and has a horny
point in apical half. The antennae are longer than the abdomen, filiform ;
the third joint longer than fourth, the rest become gradually (and
distinctly) shorter. The blotch is very broad, occupying three-fourths
of the breadth of segment.

Length 2 lines.

The larva mines the leaves of Ranunculus repens in

* Under the name of fuscula.

20 DINEURA SIMULANS.

May and June, and a second time in September,
forming a great, longish, deep brown spot in either
corner of the leaf. It is 2 — 3'" in length, bare, of
almost uniform breadth, with flat ventral surface, and
gently arched back. The colour of the body is
yellowish, with a green dorsal canal; head flat,
reddish-yellow, shining ; the mouth and eye-spots
brown. The thoracic legs are clear, bright yellow ;
the ventral legs are short and nipple-like ; the sides
of abdomen are indented with notched sinuations.
Brischke (1. c.) describes the thoracic legs as brownish,
and says there is between the legs on the belly a light
brownish spot. There are twenty legs, but the
ventral are but slightly developed, and the anal pair
still less. At the last moult it becomes yellowish.
Three larvse may be found in a single leaf, and if that
is not sufficient they creep into the leaf-stalk for food.

The pupa state is passed in the earth, the fly (which
is very difficult to rear) appearing in April.

Not a common species. Clydesdale, London dis-
trict (Healy), Devonshire (Parfitt).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Russia.

Obs. — This species is probably TentJiredo fuscula, King, which was
regarded by Hartig as the $ of Blennocampa pusilla, but as despecta is
a better known name I have preferred to adopt it. Zaddach (1. c.) does
not give any description of fuscula although treating it as a distinct
species : he merely quotes my remarks in Ent. Mo. Mag., xi, 253. I
received on loan some years ago a specimen of the species Zaddach
considered as fuscula, and it agreed in every respect with the specimen
from Gadder Wilderness described above, including the neuration — it
having only three cubital cellules. D. parvula was not seemingly known
to Zaddach who quotes merely King's diagnosis.

7. DlNEURA SIMULANS.

Dineura simulans, Cam., E. M. M., xiv, 155 ; Andre, Species, i,
91; Cat., 11,* 6.,

$ Black ; antennae filiform, nearly as long as the body, third
and fourth joints equal, the remaining joints becoming gradually
shorter and thinner. Head (especially on the vertex) very finely
punctured, mouth white. Thorax half shining, bare, and finely punc-

GENUS CAMPONISCUS. 21

tured ; scutellum raised, oval, shining, cenchri small, pale. The abdo-
men is of the length of the head and thorax, but is narrower, the apex
mucronate ; saw very large, black, and largely projecting. Legs white,
femora lined with black above, pale fuscous at the sides ; the apex of
the posterior tibiae and tarsi (except the last joint) fuscous. Wings
hyaline, the costa and stigma pale ; the last with the apex fuscous. The
neuration is irregular in the only specimen yet found, but it does not
differ essentially from that of D. testaceipes.
Length, scarcely 1| lines.

The whitish legs and half white half fuscous stigma
will readily separate this little species from despecta.

It was taken in England by the Rev. T. A. Marshall ;
the exact locality is unknown to me.

Genus — CAMPONISCUS.

Leptopus, Htg., Blattw., 184 (non Latr.).
Camponiscvs, Newman, Ent., iv, 215 (1869).
Leptocercus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 78 (in part).

Wings with one radial and four cubital cellules, the second and third
of the latter subequal, and the second receiving the two recurrent
nervures; transverse basal nervure received between the transverse
costal and the stigma and nearer the former; transverse median
received a little beyond the middle of cellule. Lanceolate cellule con-
tracted near the base. Posterior wings with two middle cellules.
Antennae filiform, the third joint a little shorter than the fourth.

The mandibles are moderately stout, the apical
tooth long ; there is no distinct subapical tooth. The
palpi are long, the second joint of the maxillary is a
little longer than the third, which is not much shorter
than the fourth, the fifth is longer than the latter but
shorter than the sixth. The basal three joints are
thicker than the rest, the last is the thinnest. The
inner lobe of the maxilla reaches to the top of the
outer. The apical three joints of the labial palpi do
not differ much in length. The clypeus is slightly

O */ J. v

incised ; the calcaria are shorter than half the length
of the metatarsus ; the claws bifid.

From the Nemati with one radial cellule Camponiscus
is easily known by the contracted lanceolate cellule,
except from Cladius, which, however, is readily known
from it by the second cubital cellule receiving only one

22 CAMPONISCUS LU1HDIVENTRIS.

of the recurrent nervnres. Thomson treats Oamponiscus
as a subgenus of Hemichroa. As it is so easily known
from all the Nemati by the neuration, and as the
form of the larva is quite peculiar, I have preferred to
keep it distinct. It is, so far as is known, confined to
Europe (especially the north), and at present is repre-
sented by six species.

1. CAMPONISCUS LURIDIVENTRIS.

Vol. I, PI. IV, fig. 2, Larva. PI. XV, fig. 5,* ? ,
5 a, Antenna ; Vol. II, PL XXVII, fig. 4, Trophi
of Larva.

Tenthredo luridiventris, Fall., Acta Holm., 1808, 115, 55.

Nematus (Leptopus] hypogastricus, Htg., Blattw., 184, 1, pi. v,

f. 41 (lar.).

Nematus luridiventris, Voll., Tijd. Ent., xiv, 276, pi. 12, a — e.
— alnivorus, Brischke, Abbild., 12, pi. iii, f. i (lar.).

Leptocercus luridiventris, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 84, 4 ; Br. and

Zad., Beob. ii.
Blattw. (2), 14.

Camponiscus Healtei, Newman, Ent., 1869, 215.

luridiventris, Cam., Sc. Nat., ii, 151 ; Andre,

Species, 96, pi.
xiii, fig. 1 ; Cam.,
Fauna, 28, 1.

Leptopus rufipes, Foerster, Yerh. pr. Rheinl., xi, 276, 15. For

Larva : De Geer,
Mem., ii, 268, T.
38, f. 11-13; Reau.,
Mem., v, t. 12, f.
17, 18 ; Dbm., Ola-
vis, 36; Bouche,
S. E. Z., 1846, 289.

Black, shining, covered with slight down ; legs ochreo-testaceous,
with the trochanters and tibiae paler ; posterior tarsi with apex of tibiae
fuscous. Wings infuscated, nervures and stigma fuscous ; tegulae
reddish-brown. Edge of pronotum, palpi, and apical segments of
abdomen beneath testaceous.

The <£ has the antennae longer and thicker, the pronotum entirely
black, the anal segment fuscous.

Length 3 — 4 lines.

Some specimens I bred had a testaceous splash on
the pleurae.

* Under the wrong name of Cladius padi.

CAMPONISCUS LURIDIVENTRIS. 23

The larva was described by Degeer and Reaumur
under the name of the " larve cloporte." It feeds
on the underside of alder leaves, eating irregularly-
shaped holes between the principal veins, and gener-
rally is found resting motionless, the body being
pressed close to the leaf, with which it agrees closely
in colour.

It is somewhat onisciform in shape, extremely flat,
the back rounded, with the sides expanded, almost
transparent and membranous. The head rises sharply
from the back, is sharply depressed on the top, and the
face generally slopes in the direction of the mouth,
especially when the head is partly withdrawn within
the overhanging folds of the second segment. It is
green, with a tinge of yellow, and bears two light
brown marks on the top, the mouth being of the same
colour but deeper in hue, and the eye-spots are black.
The legs are green, and are hid by the overhanging
folds of the body. The body in the centre is of a
beautiful dark shining green, with the sides paler, the
segments being waved and fringed with long white
hairs. On the third and following segments, except
the last, are, at the juncture of the segmental divisions,
two black, irregular marks placed above the flat sides,
the one nearest the top being the largest. Another
dot is placed between the second and third segments.

Length 5 — 6 lines by 1^ — 2 lines broad.

The larvae are found between July and October ;
they pupate in the earth, spinning a dark cocoon of
the usual shape. The pupa is green and appears in
May. Parasites are Mesoleius transfuga, Him., and
M. leptog aster, Hlrn.

The species in this country is coextensive in its dis-
tribution with the food plant, while its range in Europe
extends from France northward.

24 GENUS CLADIUS.

Genus — CLADIUS.

Cladius, Illiger, Rossi, Faun., Etr., ii, 27.
Trichiocampus, Htg., Blattw., 176.
Priophorus, Dbm., Consp., 4.

Wings with one radial and four cubital cellules; the first cubital
small and usually confluent with the second which is rather long and
broad, angled at the bottom where the recurrent nervure is received ;
third a little more than half the length of second, and receives a
recurrent nervure in an angle; the fourth is the largest. Lanceolate
cellule contracted towards the middle. Posterior wings with two
recurrent nervures. Antennae 9-jointed, filiform and simple in the
? ; third and fourth joints about equal in length ; the former usually
curved. In most species the joints are well produced at the apices. In
one section in the males there are longish projections from the base of
the third, fourth, and fifth joints, a second has a small projection from
the base of the third, in a third section the joints are all simple.

The head is broader than long ; the clypeus is
small, incised at the apex, and in C. viminalis is
minutely toothed ; the labrum is semicircular. In the
male the clypeus is narrower. The mandibles are
curved, the apical tooth long, and there is a sharp sub-
apical one. The basal portion is plain in viminalis,
minutely toothed in padi. The basal joint of labial
palpus is about one-fourth shorter than the second,
the third about the size of the first, the fourth about
the length of second. The first joint of the maxillary
palpus is short and stumpy, second longer and thinner,
third about three and a half times longer than second,
fourth about the length of the second, fifth longer than
the third, sixth about the same length as fifth in padi,
in viminalis shorter than it.

The scutellum is flat, the cerci longish. The legs
are moderate in size, the patella large, spurs shorter
than one half of metatarsus. The saws are well deve-
loped, the sides beset with seven or more rows of stout
irregular teeth, and mostly armed with stout transverse
processes.

The egg is oval, white, and is as a rule deposited in
the leaf- stalk. The larva cylindrical, with a roundish
head ; the skin beset all over with tubercles, usually

GENUS CLADIUS. 25

arranged in definite order, each ending in a longish
stiff hair. The head is also covered with long hairs.
Its clypeus is large and irregularly heart-shaped. The
mandibles stout and double toothed. The maxillae
have five-jointed, short, conical palpi, the inner is
closely armed with bristle-like teeth, the outer lobe
stumpy and crooked. The spinning vessels are placed
close to the labium, which has three- jointed, short
palpi. The legs are hairy, their claws are sharp,
horny, and crooked ; the penultimate joint at the apex
projects outwards and forward over the preceding into
an oval ball-like mass.

The usual colour of the larvoe is green or some
modification of it, but one species is black and another
orange. They frequent the under surface of the leaves,
eating only the parenchyma at first, then irregular
holes in them. Poplar, Salix, birch, and especially
rosaceous plants are their principal food.

The cocoon is thin, double, irregular in shape, and
almost transparent. It is spun in the earth, under
bark, or in stems.

The fact of the second cubital cellule receiving only
one of the recurrent nervures instead of both, as in
Nematus and Croesus, renders its recognition from these
genera very easy. By many authors Trichiocampus and
Prioplwrus are regarded as distinct genera, but inas-
much as the females of these sections, and Cladius
proper, do not differ to any appreciable extent, I have
not separated them because the males show some
difference in the structure of the antennae, and I am
confirmed in this opinion by the larvae being quite
similar in form and in the mode of pupation in all the
divisions.

Cladius is confined to the temperate regions of the
New and Old Worlds. There are two European species
of Cladius and one North American ; seven European
species of Trichiocampus, which seems to be confined to
Europe ; and four European and two North -American
species of Priophorus.

26 GENUS CLADIUS.

Synopsis of Species.

Males.

1 (2) Antennae with four long branches. Pectinicornis.

2 (8) Antennae with a knob at the base of third joint.

3 (4) Abdomen luteous. Viminalis.

4 (5) Abdomen black.

5 (6) Legs reddish -yellow. Rufipes.

6 (7) Legs white. ' Drewseni.

7 (6) Knees, tibiae and tarsi white. Eradiatus.

8 (2) Antennae simple, compressed.

9 (10) Legs for the greater part white, wings hyaline. Padi.
10 (9) Only the knees, tibiae and tarsi white, wings smoky at the base.

Females.

1 (2) Abdomen luteous. Viminalis.

2 (1) Abdomen black.

3 (4) Legs reddish-yellow. Rufipes.

4 (3) Legs more or less white.

5 (8) Legs white at the base.

6 (7) Third joint of antennae curved, spurs not one-third of length

of metatarsus. Drewseni.

7 (6) Third joint of antennae straight, spurs reaching to near middle

of metatarsus. Padi.

8 (5) Legs black at base, knees, tibise and tarsi white.

9 (10) Wings smoky at base; third joint of antennae straight.

Brulltei.

10 (9) Wings uniformly hyaline ; third joint curved.

11 (12) Third, fourth, and fifth joints of the antennae obliquely trun-

cated and produced into a sharp point at the apices ; tibiae
and tarsi yellowish-white. Pectinicornis.

12 (11) Apices of the antennal joints not obliquely truncated, tibiae

and tarsi white, more or less fuscous. Eradiatus.

SECTION I.

In the (^ on the underside of the third joint at the base is a
small knob-like projection ; at its apex on the upper side is a
branch-like prolongation nearly as long as the segment itself;
on the fourth, fifth, and sixth are similar processes, each
gradually decreasing in length ; the seventh is a little pointed
upwards at the apex, the last joint is almost awl-shaped. In
the $ the joints become gradually shorter and thinner ; the
third is bent beneath, and the fourth — sixth have their
apices obliquely truncated and the upper edges produced into
sharp spine-like projections. In the $ the joints are densely,
in the $ only slightly, pilose. Cerci long ; calcaria a little
shorter than them. Head densely covered with a fuscous pile
= Cladius.

CLADIUS PECTINICORNIS. 27

1. CLADIUS PECTINICORNIS.

Vol. I, PL XY, fig. 1, a ; 2 ? . Vol. II, PI. YIII, fig.
1,1 a, Larva; PL XI Y, fig. 4, Saw.

Tenthredo pectinicornis, Fourc., E. P., ii, 374, 33.
— di/ormis, Pz., F. G., Heft 62, pi. 10.

Lophyrua di/ormis, Spin., Ins. Lig., ii, 153 ; Fall., Acta, 1808

41,5, 6; Mon., 18, 9.

Cladius diffortnis, Lep., Mon., 58, 165 ; F. Fr., pi. 12, f. 4 ;

Brulle, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., i, 308,
pi. xi, f. 10—12 (lar.); Dbm, Prod.,
100, 35, PL 2, f. 81—85 ; Ste , 111.,
vii, 23, 1 ; Htg., Blattw., 175, 1,
t. ii, f. 20; Thorns., Hym, So., i,
71, 1 ; Toll., Tijd. Ent., iii, 202,
205, pi. 9 ; Ent., No. 139, 26—29 ;
Kalt., Pfl., 222 ; Brischke,Besclir.,
10, t. ii, f. 3 (lar.) ; Cam., Proc.
N. H. S. Glas., iii, 19, 1 ; Fauna,
28, 1; Br. and Zad., Beob. ii.
Blattw. (2), 30, 12, Taf . 1, f. 8.

Cladius Geo/royi, Lep., Mon., 58, 166.

— pectinicornis, Costa, F. N., Tenthr., 2, pi. Ixiii, f. 1
(Antenna) ; Andre, Species, i, 80 ;
Cat., 9,* 2.

Black, shining, covered with scattered grey pubescence; knees,
tibiae, and tarsi yellowish-white, last two or three joints of tarsi (espe-
cially the posterior) fuscous. Cerci long ; epistoma slightly convex.
Wings faintly smoky, the apex clearer, nervures at base and costa
fuscous or pale-reddish, at apex blackish, stigma obscure black, tegulae
grey or white. $ smaller and narrower than $ and easily distinguished
by the antennae.

Length 4 — 5 lines.

Beyond slight colour aberrations, I have not noted
any varieties of this species in Britain. Hartig de-
scribes a small form (named by him lacteus) which
had the sheaths of the saw and the last abdominal
segment milk-white ; while the G. Geoffroyi is distin-
guished by having the prolongation of the third
antennal joint milk-white. Both aberrations are owing
no doubt to the immaturity of the specimens.

The larva lives on the underside of the leaves of
various roses, both cultivated and wild, in which it
devours irregular holes ; occasionally the leaves are
eaten along the edges. The midrib is never touched,

28 CLADIUS PECTINICORNIS.

and the larger nervures rarely, if ever. Two genera-
tions are met with in the year, the first in May and
the early part of June, the second in August and
September. From the summer brood the flies appear
two or three weeks after pupation. The autumnal
Iarva3 remain unchanged till the spring. The cocoon
is double, the outer covering transparent and thin,
and is separated by a small space from the inner
cocoon, the texture of which is closer, finer, and more
compact. Both coverings are of a dull grey colour.

The larva is flat, moderately narrow at the second
segment ; thence it increases in thickness to a little
past the middle, from where it decreases again slightly
towards the tail. The head is small, shining, covered
sparsely with longish hairs ; the ground colour is green,
but obscured with numerous small brown dots, closely
packed together ; across the face is a semicircular
brown mark of a deeper colour than the dots on the
vertex ; eyes deep black ; mouth brown. The body
is entirely deep green, sometimes having a yellowish
tinge. On each segment are three rows of tubercles,
from each of which projects a long brown hair ; the
legs are glassy green with brown claws. The colour
of the head varies ; when the larva is young it is
browner than when full fed, at which time the whole
body assumes a much brighter, more shining green
colour. Acrotomus lucidulus, Gr., and Mesochorus
cimbicis, Rtz., are parasites.

The pupa I have not noticed when very young ;
when I did see one it was of a grey colour.

This species is tolerably common in Scotland and
England, especially in gardens.

Continental distribution : General.

SECTION II.

with the antennae as long as the body, covered with longish
pile ; third joint at the base produced into a knob; remaining
joints simple. Cerci short. Trichio campus.

OLADIUS VIMINALIS. 29

1 (2) Labrum emarginate at apex. Epistoma keeled ; third joint in

$ scarcely curved. Patellae large. Abdomen ochreous.

Viminalis.

2 (1) Apex of labrum rounded. Third joint of antennas curved,

slightly produced beneath. Epistoma not keeled. Abdo-
men black.

3 (4) Legs yellowish -red. Rufipes.

4 (5) Femora entirely black. Eradiatus.

5 (4) Femora nearly all white ; wings not clearer at apex than at

base. Drewseni.

2. CLADIUS VIMINALIS.

Vol. I, PI. V, fig. 2, Larva ; PL XY, fig. 3, rf . Vol. II,
PL XIV, fig. 1, Saw.

Tenthredo viminalis, Fall., Acta, 1808, 117, 59.
Nematus grandis, Lep., Mon., 61, 179 ; F. Fr., pi 10, f. 1.
Cladius luteiventris, Dbm., Prod., 103, 3.

luteicornis, Ste., 111., vii, 24, 7, PL, 38, f. 1.

— eucera, Htg., Blattw., 177, 4.

— viminalis, Voll., Tijd. Ent., i, 176, PI. 10; Zool. (».«).,

7721 ; Bouche, Naturg., 100 ; Ratz.,
Forstins , iii, 129, T. 9 j Brischke,
Beschr., 9, pi. ii, f. 1 ; Thorns., Hym.
Sc.f i, 74, 5 ; Cam., Proc. 1ST. H. S.
Glas., iii, 20, 2; Fauna, 28, 2 ; Br.
and Zad., Beob. ii. Blattw. (2), 26,
Taf. 1, f. 5.
Trichiocampus viminalis, Andre, Species, 1, 81 ; Cat., 9,* 1.

Luteous ; head, middle of breast, pronotum in front above, meso- and
metanotum for the greater part shining black. Antennas longish, black
above, ochreous beneath ; apex of tarsi brownish or fuscous. Wings
yellowish hyaline, slightly clearer at the apex ; nervures and costa
dark reddish-brown ; stigma dark fuscous at base, tegulse luteous. The
first transverse cubital nervure may be absent or present.

The $ has the antenna) longer, dark yellow in colour, except the basal
two joints which are black.

Length 3—3^ lines.

The larva lias the head compressed in front, shining
black; mouth pale yellow; mandibles black. Legs
white ; the thoracic with a line over them. The second,
third, and the last two segments orange; the rest of
the body green, sometimes with a faint orange tinge.
On each side close to the top are twelve large oval or
roundish black marks ; directly over each clasper is a
small black mark ; over these and close to the large
marks are two small black ones ; on the anal segment

30 CLADIUS VIMINALTS.

above is a large oval black mark. When full fed, the
body is entirely orange except the legs and the above-
mentioned black marks. The body is rather flat,
broader in front than behind ; the skin is beset with
tubercles, from each of which proceeds a longish hair;
the segments are well marked.

The eggs, according to Van Vollenhoven, are de-
posited in the leaf-stalk of the poplar, which becomes
thereby swollen on both sides and bent over so as to
partially cover the eggs. In one case ten eggs were
laid on one and eight on the other side of the stalk.
When young the larvae are green, with black heads ;
it is not till the second moult that the orange colour
appears.

The Iarva3 feed in company on the underside of the
leaves of the poplar, in a row of three to five on a leaf,
each larva touching its neighbour. They eat only the
epidermis, never making holes in the leaf like the other
species. There is, I believe, only one brood in the
year, namely, during August and September. The
cocoon is double, thin and yellow in colour, and in
confinement is spun between the leaves ; outside I
believe it is usually spun between loose bark.

I think the larvae go down to the earth during the
heat of the day ; at any rate, I have only found them
during the evening feeding on the leaves. When full
fed I have found them walking up the trunks of trees
apparently in search of a suitable place to pupate.

The pupa is orange.

As parasites Brischke records (Sch. Ges. Konig.,
xi). Mesoleius rufus, Gr. ; Polyblastus sanguine-
torius, Rtz. ; Acrotomus lucidulus, Gr. ; Polysphincta
areolaris, Rtz.

Commonly distributed in Britain.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Holland, Ger-
many, France.

CLAD1US RUFIPES. 31

3. CLADIUS IIUFTPES.
PL IX, fig. 4, Larva; PL XIV, fig. 5, Saw.

Cladius rufipes, Lep., Mon., 58, 167 ; F. Fr., pi. 12, f. 5 ; Dbtn.,
Prod., 102, 36, PL 2, f. 86, 87 ; Ste.,
111., vii, 23, 2; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i,
72, 2 ; Cam., Proc. N. H. S. Glas., iii,
22 3

— ulmi, Br. and Zad!, Beob. ii. Blattw. (2), 28, 8, Taf. 1,

f. 7 (lar.).

— uncinnata, Htg., Blattw., 176; Voll., Tijd. Ent., iv,

84—87, pi. 4 ; ZooL, 9833—35 ; Kalt.,
Pfl., 539.
Trichiocampus rufipes, Andre, Species, i, 82 ; Cat., 19,* 2.

Antennae about the length of the body, pilose, deep black, the joints
distinctly separated ; basal two joints large, third and fourth equal in
length, the third curved beneath, the remaining decreasing gradually
in length and very noticeably in thickness towards the apex. Head
very broad, projecting in front between the antennae, shining, covered
with short down ; labrum and mandibles piceous, palpi fuscous.
Thorax black, sutures distinct, shining, smooth, covered with fuscous
pubescence ; cenchri large, white. Abdomen short, thick, black, anal
segment piceous; cerci short. Legs reddish -yellow, coxa3, trochanters,
and anterior femora at base black ; apex of tarsi fuscous. Wings
smoky, the apical third almost hyaline ; tegulae testaceous, costa and
stigma dark fuscous. Near the base of the second cubital cellule is a
small horny point.

The $ is similarly coloured, but the antennas are densely pilose, and
there is the process on the third joint.

Length 2|— 3 lines.

The larva is green, pilose, the sides raggedly in-
dented ; head yellow ; the eye-spots and one, or more
often two, marks on vertex black. When young there
is a brown transverse band on the front.

It feeds on tall elms, in the leaves of which it eats
holes. The cocoon is transparent and is spun either
to a branch or attached to a leaf. There are two
broods in a year.

Brischke records Mesoleius impressus, Brischke, as a
parasite, and Pteromalus saltans, Rtz., has also been
bred from it.

Common in the Midland and Southern Counties in
England ; rare or absent in the north.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France.

32 CLADIUS DEEWSENI.

4. CLADIUS ERADIATUS.
PI. XIV, fig. 3, Saw.

Cladius morio, Lep.. Mon., 58, 168 ?

— eradiatus, Htg., Blattw., 176, 2 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i,

72, 3; Kalt., Pfl., 288; Cam., Proc.

K H. S. Glas., iii, 23, 4 ; Fauna, 28,

3; Br. and Zad., Beob. u. Blattw.

(2), 29, 9.
Tricliiocampus eradiatus, Andre, Species, i, 83 ; Cat., 10,* 3.

Antennae moderately long, densely pilose, black, the third joint
curved. Head black, covered with fuscous pile; clypeus slightly
incised, labrum and palpi piceous. Thorax black, shining, covered
with fuscous pile; tegulae black; abdomen black, pilose, blotch large;
cerci short. Wings almost hyaline, stigma fuscous. Legs : coxae ;
trochanters, and femora black; knees, tibiae and tarsi dull white,
clearer in front than behind.

Length 2^ lines.

From pectinicornis ? , eradiatus is known by its more
attenuate antennas, uniformly coloured wings, and fus-
cous-white tibise and tarsi ; from Brullcei the colour of
the wings will serve to distinguish it.

The larva has not been described, but the imago was
bred from the stem of Anthriscus sylvestris, and from
the larvae found there an ichneumon — Hemiteles trichio-
campi, Boie — was bred. Gf. Kaltenbach, /. c.

This is not a very common species. Rannoch, and
south of England.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Italy.

5. CLADIUS DKEWSENI.

Cladius Drewseni. Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 73, 4 ; Cam., Proc.

N. H. S. Glas., iii, 24, 5; Br.

and Zad., Beob. ii. Blattw. (2),

30, 11.
Trichiocampus Drewseni, Andre, Species, i, 83 ; Cat., 10,* 4.

Black ; antennae a little longer than the body, very slightly pilose ;
third joint a very little shorter than fourth, and a little curved beneath,
the other joints becoming gradually shorter and thinner. Head
covered with grey pubescence, smooth, shining; epistoma somewhat
convex ; on the front immediately above the antennae, is a very distinct
round depression, and below them are two comparatively large pits ;

OLADICS PADI. 33

mandibles and apex of labrum piceous ; palpi pale. Thorax shining;
pronotum minutely punctured; tegulae black, cenchri oval, white.
Abdomen broadest in the middle, greyish pilose, especially the apex ;
cerci short. Wings sub-hyaline, costa pale, stigma fuscous. Legs
white, femora inclining to yellow, marked with black in the middle,
anterior coxae almost wholly, posterior at base, and posterior tarsi at
the apex, fuscous, claws and calcaria short.

The $ has long, pilose antenna?, the knob at the base of the third
joint small. The femora have more black than in the $ ; anal lobes
testaceous.

Length 2£ lines.

The colour of the legs separates this species from
the rest of the section. It is very like the white-legged
aberration of C. padi, but may be known from it by the
epistoma being convex instead of keeled, and by the
shorter cerci and calcaria.

Rare ; but widely distributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

SECTION III.

Antennae in the $ simple, compressed. Cerci longish. Epis-
toma sub-carinate.

1 (2) Apex of coxae and trochanters white, femora for the greater

part white. Padi.

2 (1) Coxa3, trochanters, and femora black. Brullai.

6. CLADIUS PADI.

Vol. I, PL V, figs. 4 and 6, Larva; PL XY, fig. 4, $
Antenna; 5, ? ; PL XXI, fig. 9, Saw. Vol. II,
PL XXVII, fig. 3, Trophi of Larva.

Tenthredo padi, Lin., F. Sv., 1544 ; Fall., Acta, 1808, 110, 47.
Priophorus albipes, Dbm., Prod., 104, 38, pi. 2, f. 88 and 89.
Cladius pallipes, Lep., Mon., 59, 169; F. Fr., pi. 12, f. 6 ; Ste.,
111., vii, 23, 3.

— im munis, Ste., 1. c., 24, 5.

— pilicornis, Curt., B. E., pi. 457 ; Ste., 1. c., 24, 6.

- albipes, Htg., Blattw., 175, 8, PI. 2, f. 3, 10, 16, 17, 19,
25, 26, 29 ; Voll., Tijd. Ent., vi, 72—
75, pi. 5 ; Brischke, Beschr., 10, pi. 2,
£.2; Kalt., Pfl., 174; Br. and Zad.,
Beob. ii. Blattw. (2), 22, Taf. 1, f. 4.

— padi, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 75, 5 ; Cam., Proc. N. H. S.

Glas., iii, 25, 6 ; Fauna, 29, 5.

Priophorus padi, Andre, Species, i, 84, 1 ; Cat., 10,* 1.
VOL. II.

34 CLADIUS PADT.

Black ; antennse setaceous, nearly as long as the body. Head covered
with fuscous down, frontal sutures very distinct, epistoma keeled;
mandibles piceous, palpi pale testaceous. Thorax shining, covered with
scattered greyish down ; cenchri large, dull white ; tegulse piceous,
more rarely pale. Abdomen covered with scattered pubescence ;
cerci longish. Wings sub-hyaline, with a smoky tinge (varying in
different individuals), costa pale, stigma fuscous. Legs white, base of
coxap, femora in the middle, and often the posterior tarsi with the apex
of tibiae black. Calcaria longish.

The <$ has the antennse strongly compressed, pilose, and a little
shorter than the body.

Length 2— 2| lines.

G. padi is to be recognised by always having the tro-
chanters and base of coxae white, by the keeled epis-
toma, longish cerci and calcaria, and pilose antennse.
In the coloration of the legs four aberrations occur.

a. Femora entirely white.

b. Femora with a fuscous splash in the middle.

c. Femora nearly all black.

d. Posterior tarsi and apex of tibiae black.

Also in many specimens the colour is testaceous, and
may have a yellowish tinge. The wings vary in the
amount of smoky tinge with which they are suffused,
and the tegulae vary from black through testaceous to
white.

Larva : head covered with longish hairs ; light
orange brown, spotted over with small orange dots ;
eye-spots black, a black roundish mark on vertex
extending to the extreme back of the head ; mouth
reddish-brown with black mandibles. Legs white,
claws brown. The ground colour of the body is
usually green, varying to grey ; the sides are clearer,
almost white, and the last two segments are also white.
The skin is beset all over with tubercles, each ending
in a long hair.

When young the larva has the colour not so deep,
and the body has often a reddish tinge, especially when
the food-canal is filled. In old larvae the colour of the
head varies very much ; sometimes it is quite orange,
at other times almost black, and often the black mark
on the vertex is absent.

The eggs are laid about the beginning of May, on the

CLADIUS BEULL^EI. 35

under surface of the leaves of the hawthorn, wild rose,
bramble, mountain ash, pear, plum, and birch. When
very young the larvae merely eat the epidermis, but as
they get older large holes are eaten all over the leaf,
and frequently considerable damage is done in this
way to pear and plum trees. From the spring eggs
the imagos come forth in about five weeks after the
eggs were laid, the pupal state lasting from nine to
ten days ; the second brood occurs in the autumn often
as late as October. I believe there are only two
broods in Britain, but on the Continent four broods in
the year have been recorded. "When not feeding the
larvaa remain rolled up in a ball on the under side of
the leaf, and if touched they drop at once to the earth.

The pupa is greyish-white. The cocoon is of the
normal form.

I have reared Tryphon lucidulus and Ichneutes
reunitor, Nees, from the larvse.

A common and generally distributed species. The
aberration with the legs entirely white is very rare in
Scotland. In mountainous districts in Scotland I have
taken padi at an elevation of 2300 feet. It is generally
distributed through Europe.

7. CLADIUS BRULLJJI.

Vol. I, PI. V, fig. 1, Larva. Vol. II, PL XIV,
fig. 2, Saw.

Cladius Brullai, Dbm., Consp., 39; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 75, 7 ;

Cam., E. M. M., xii, 42 ; Proc. K H. S.

Glas., iii, 26, 7; Fauna, 29, 6; Br.

and Zad., Beob. ii. Blattw. (2), 23, 2.
Priophorus geniculatus, Dbm., Consp., 38.
Cladius tristis, Zad., Beschr., 11.
Priophorus Brull&i, Andre, Species, i, 85 ; Cat., 10,* 2.

Black ; antennas a little longer than the abdomen, slightly com-
pressed, diminishing very noticeably in thickness towards the apex,
scarcely pilose, the third joint a little longer than the fourth. Head
shining, clothed with fuscous pile, epistoma compressed, the pits
below the antennae shallow ; apex of labrum hairy, mandibles black.
Thorax black, shining, covered with fuscous pile ; sutures of meso-

36 GENUS CROESUS.

notum deep ; breast smooth, shining, -with the pubescence less dense,
more scattered ; cenchri pale, large ; tegulae piceous. Abdomen a little
shorter than the head and thorax, apex angustate, densely pilose, saw
projecting, sheaths hairy ; cerci short. Wings with the basal half
smoky, the apex hyaline, costa and stigma dark fuscous. Legs : coxse,
trochanters, and femora black ; knees, tibiae and tarsi white ; posterior
tarsi a little darker ; apex of tibiae fuscous ; posterior tarsi shorter
than tibiae, calcaria short.

The <$ has the antennas short, slightly pilose.

Length 2 lines.

The black coxse, trochanters and femora, less pilose
antennge and shorter cerci and calcaria will readily
enable this species to be separated from padi. The
? may be known from the same sex in eradiatus by
the wings being smoky at the base with the apical
half hyaline.

Larva : head deep shining black, legs white, upper
half of body deep brownish, rather glistening, black,
lower half glistening white. The base of the second
and the anal segment white, the head hairy, body
covered with tubercles, from each of which issues a
long hair.

It feeds on Rubus idceusand R.fructicosus, and in its
habits and mode of pupation agrees with the other
species.

Bare. Clydesdale, Worcester.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Silesia, Italy.

Genus — CROESUS.

Croesus, Leach, Z. M., iii, 129; Htg., Blattw., 124; Norton,

Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc., i, 83.
Nematus, Thorns., pt. Hym. Sc., i, 84.

Wings with one radial and four cubital cellules, second cubital more
than double the length of the third, which is nearly as broad as long ;
the second cubital receiving both recurrent nervures. Transverse basal
nervure received a little past the transverse costal ; transverse median
before the middle. Lanceolate cellule petiolate. Antennae long, seta-
ceous; third joint a little shorter than the fourth. Posterior legs
long, apex of tibiae dilated, flattened and hollowed on inner side. Meta-
tarsus much longer than all the other joints together, dilated on upper
side (which is curved), flattened and hollowed ; second joint as long as
two succeeding ; claws bifid ; calcaria curved.

GENUS CRCESUS. 37

The vertex is thick, clypeus incised, mandibles with
a long apical tooth, and no subapical. The inner
lobe of the maxilla is acutely pointed, and does not
reach the top of the outer ; the three basal joints are
thicker than the others, the second is nearly double
the length of first, the third is the longest, fourth a
little shorter than fifth, which is also a little longer
than the sixth ; the two middle joints of the labial
palpi are the longest, the fourth is a very little longer
than the first.

In coloration the species are very similar, the head
and thorax being black, the abdomen black, broadly
banded with red ; the legs black, red, and white.

The larvas have cylindrical bodies, and are provided
on the ventral surface with large glands which they
can protrude at will, and from which a nauseous odour
is given out. They feed along the edge of the leaf
and expose the glands by turning the abdomen over
the head.

The peculiar structure of the posterior legs distin-
guish Croesus from Nematus proper, from which it does
not differ otherwise. The ventral glands of the larvae
are much more developed than in any species of
Nematus. There are four European species, and two
are known from North America. The genus would
seem to be northern in its distribution.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Fore wings more or less clouded ; ? femora beneath or above

black.

2 (3) Fore wings distinctly clouded from stigma to apex; femora

black beneath ; $ antennae black, apex of abdomen black.

Septentrionalis.

3 (2) Fore wings with only a faint cloud below the stigma, posterior

femora reddish beneath ; £ antenna brown beneath at the
apex ; apex of abdomen entirely brownish-red. Latipes.

4 (1) Fore wings unclouded; femora reddish above and beneath,

black at apex ; J unknown. Varus.

38 CECESUS SEPTENTRIONALIS.

1. CECESUS SEPTENTEIONALIS.

Vol. I, PI. IV, fig. 5, Larva ; PI. XI V, fig. 6 ? ; a,
Ant. ; b, Saw ; b, c, e, Trophi ; /, Head ; g, Claw ; h,
Tarsus. Vol. II, PI. XXVII, fig. 5, Maxilla of Larva.

Tenthredo septentrionalis, Linne, S. N., 557, 24 ; F. Sv., 926, 36 ;

Miiller, Z. Dan., 1730; Schrank,
Enum., 672 ; Panz., F. G., 64, f.
11 ; Fabr., S. P., 42 ; De Geer,
Mem., ii, 262, pi. 37, f. 24, 28 (lar.) ;
Fallen, Acta, 1804, 60; Zetterstedt,
I. L., 349, 41.
— largipes, Retz., De Geerf 73, 309.

Nematus septentrionalis, Olivier, Enc. Method., 166, 4 ; Lep.,

Mon., 65, 184; F. Fr., 64, 6; de
Yillaret, Ann. Soc. Fr., i, 303;
Hartig, Blattw., 184, 2; Yollen-
hoven, Tijd. Ent., ii, 74—78, pi. 5
(ec.) ; 1. c., 2nd series, v, 75 ; Yol-
lennoven, Zool. (s.s.), 8175 ; Thom-
son, Opusc., 614, 1 ; Hymen.
Scand., i, 84, 5 ; Ratzeburg, Forst-
Ins., iii, 118, pi. iii, f. 3 (ec.) ;
Brischke and Zaddach, Schv. Ges.
Konig., xvi, 54, 5, pi. i, f. 2 ; Evers-
mann, Bull. Mosc., xx, 14, 1 ;
Andre, Species, i, 100; Cat., 12*, 1.

Nematus laticrux, Yillaret, 1. c., 307, pi. 11, f. 7; Hartig, 1. c.,

186, 5 ; Eversmann, 1. c., 14, 2.

Croesus septentrionalis, Leach, Z. M., 129 ; Curtis, B. E., i, pi. 17 ;

Stephens, 111., vii, 38 ; Doubleday,
Ent. Mag., i, 313, pi. 1, f. 5 ; Smith,
Ent. Ann., 1866, 135, 137; Inch-
bald, E. M. M., v, 21 ; Costa, F.
Nap, 12, pi. 63, 4; Kaltenbach,
Pfl., 606.
— laticrux, Stephens, 1. c., 39.

Black ; shining, punctured, and covered with short, although dense,
pubescence. Antennae as long as the body, bare, third joint a little
longer than the fourth, the remaining joints a very little shorter ;
each decreasing considerably in width towards the apex. Head punc-
tured, half shining ; the antennal tubercles large, fovese large, distinct ;
apex of clypeus notched; apex of mandibles piceous; the palpi are
white, darker at the base. Thorax black, slightly shining, densely
punctured ; pleurae opaque, impressed with rugose punctures, pubescent ;
the breast smooth and shining; tegulse black. Wings hyaline, a little
clouded from the commencement of the first cubital cellule, clearest
at the extreme apex ; the apex of posterior wings also clouded : in the
centre of the second cubital cellule is a black horny point. Legs black,
coxae, trochanters, and base of posterior femora, anterior tibiae and

CROESUS SEPTENTRIONALIS. 39

tarsi (except at the apex which is black) and a little more than the half
of the two posterior tibiae, white; apex of anterior femora brown
beneath, anterior tibiae and tarsi at the apex with a dilute reddish tinge ;
base of intermediate tirsi reddish ; the posterior calcaria are of the
same colour. The abdomen has the basal two and the apical two or
three segments black, the rest reddish-brown. The cerci are mode-
rately long, black.

The £ has the femora red, the apex of posterior black above ; the
mouth and tegulse are reddish.

Length 5^ — 6 lines.

Easily recognised by the clouded apex of the wings
and the black femora.

Larva : the head is black, shining, the mouth
greyish. The body is greenish or bluish-green, the
second and anal segments orange-yellow. A little
above the spiracles is an irregular black spot, below
them are three black spots, one large, two small; over
the legs are three or four square black spots, with
some black lines. On the second segment below the
spiracle is a narrow irregular black mark. On the
top of the anal segment is a large triangular black
spot, ending in the black cerci. The legs are greyish,
with brown claws, and sometimes there is a little
brown on the tarsi; the claspers are yellowish. On
the belly, between each pair of legs, is a triangular
black spot, and before these, in the direction of the
head, is a small black line. There is a large yellowish
gland on the fifth, seventh, eighth and ninth, and a
smaller one on the fourth and tenth.

When young it is whitish-green with a brown head.
At the second moult it is pale green, with the anal
segment a little yellowish, and there are two black
stripes on the sides.

The eggs are laid in the veins of the leaf. The
larvae feed (from four to eight on a single leaf) in a
row on the edge of a leaf, holding on with the fore-
legs, the rest of the body is flung out in a curve into
the air, the anus turned down or up, and often nearly
touching the head. "When anything approaches, the
body is thrown violently about, and the ventral glands
are actively protruded. They feed quite exposed, and

40 CBCESUS LATIPES.

frequent poplar, aspen, birch, willows, hazel, and
mountain ash. Frequently they are very injurious.

The larvse are found commonly from July to the end
of September, and they spin in the earth a longish
brown single cocoon. In the south of England there
are, I believe, two generations in a year, but in Scotland
I have only evidence of there being one, although I
have caught a £ in the middle of August, the usual
time for the imagos to appear being May and June.
Stephens says that the larva feeds on the gooseberry,
but this is doubtful.

As parasites there have been recorded. TrypJion
gibbus, Ratz. ; Mesoleius melancholicus, Gr. ; M. sep-
tentrionalis, Ratz, ; M. sexlituratus, Grav. ; Poly-
sphinctus areolaris, R.atz. ; Mesoleptus testaceus, Gr. ;
Limneria argentata, Gr. ; Limneria chrysostictus, Rtz. ;
Pimpla angens, Gr. ; Ichneutes reunit&r, Nees ; and
Microgaster alvearius, Spin.

Very common and generally distributed.

Continental distribution : Lapland, Finland, Scandi-
navia, Denmark, Livland, Curlaiid, Ural Range, Ger-
many, France, Italy.

2. CRCESUS LATIPES.

Nematus latipes, Yillaret, Ann. Soc. Fr., i, 306, pi. 11, f. 4—6

(1832); Hartig, Blattw., 185, 3;
VolL, Tijd. Ent. (2), ii, 174—177,
pi. 8 (lar., coc., pupa, and both
sexes) ; Ent., v, 252—255 ; Kal-
tenbach, Pfl., 607 ; Cameron, Proc.
Nat. Hist. Glas., ii, 301 ; Brischke
and Zaddach, Schrif. Ges. Konig.,
xvi, 56, pi. 1, f. 3 (lar.); Andre,
Species, i, 101 ; pi. xiii, f. 8 (lar.),
Cat., 12,* 3.

Black, shining, slightly pubescent; mesopleura opaque; mouth
black; palpi pale. Abdomen red, black at the base ; the seventh, at the
sides, and eighth, with the cerci of the same colour. Legs : the anterior
femora black, the apex light reddish, intermediate black ; the knees
reddish, the posterior black above, bright red on the under surface ;
anterior tibiae white; middle pair with the basal half white; apical
half black above, red beneath ; posterior white at the base, and the apical

GRCESUS LATIPES. 41

half black; the four anterior tarsi dull grey, darker at the point ; the
posterior pair black. Wings hyaline, with a small faint cloud a little
below the brownish stigma.

The $ has the antenna3 faintly brownish beneath at the point ; and
the apex of the abdomen entirely brownish red; the legs are more
obscurely coloured than in the $ ; the posterior tibiae have a reddish
tinge in the centre.

Length 3^— 3| lines.

C. latipes is distinguished from the preceding species
by the smaller size of the cloud in anterior wings,
which in septentrionalis occupies the apical fourth of
both wings ; the posterior femora are generally reddish
beneath, but this is a character which is subject to
some variation. The amount of red on the abdomen
also varies, the last two, three, or four segments being
black in various specimens. The <£ is readily known
from that of septentrionalis by having part of the
sixth and the seventh and eighth entirely black ; the
eighth only being black in the other species.

C. Brischldi (from Prussia) is very like latipes, but
has the pleurae less deeply punctured, and the tibiae
of the four anterior legs are entirely dirty white, while
in latipes they are brownish with the anterior and
blackish with the middle pair. Brischldi feeds on
Carpinus betulus.

The larva is deep black, the skin in folds and
covered with short pubescence. The space sur-
rounding the spiracles, the second segment in front,
the four anterior segments, the twelfth on the belly,
and the legs, are shining yellow; the mouth is pale
yellow and the claws are brown, there being also a
brownish mark about them. When very young they
are pale brown. Length about 13 lines.

In their habits the larvaB do not differ essentially
from those of septentrionalis, but they seem to confine
themselves entirely to birch. There is only, so far as
is known, one brood, which extends from July to
September, the imago appearing in May and June.
They pupate in the earth. As parasite they have
Perilissus filicornis, GT.

C. latipes does not appear to be common. I only

42 CECESUS VARUS.

know of it from Clober Wood, near Glasgow, Hanley,
and Worcester (J. E. Fletcher).

On the Continent it is found in Prussia, Holland,
France, and at Riga. Possibly it is this species which
Eversmann (Bull. Mosc., xx, 14) describes from Oren-
burg as N. laticrux.

3. CROESUS VAEUS.
Vol. I, PI. IV, fig. 4, Larva.

Tenthredo septentrionalis, Fallen, Acta, 1808, 60, 21, var. a;

Zetterstedt I. L., 349, 41.

Nematus varus, Yillaret, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., i, 306, pi. xi, f . 8 ;

Stephens, 111., vii, 39; Hartig,
Blattw., 186, 4 ; Thomson, Opus.,
615, 2; Hymen. Sc., i, 86, 6;
Andre, Species, i, 100, pi. xiii, f. 2
(lar.) ; Cat., 12,* 2 ; Vollenhoven,
Tijd. Ent., vi, 76—80, pi. 6 (lar.
imago, and coc.) ; Br. and Zad.}
Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, 58, pi. 4
f. 4 (lar); Kaltenbach, Pfl., 619'.
Cameron, Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc.
Glas., ii, 301. The larva was also
described by De Geer, Mem., ii,
264.

Black, shining, covered with fuscous pubescence; mesonotum
slightly punctured, pleurae opaque, faintly pubescent ; the clypeus in
part, labrum and palpi white ; the pronotum at the base is testaceous,
and the four or five middle abdominal segments are reddish. Legs :
femora red, the posterior black at the apex; the four anterior tibise
white, the posterior with the basal half of the same colour, the apical
half being black ; the spurs pale reddish ; four anterior tarsi white, the
posterior black ; trochanters white. The wings are hyaline, the tegulse
testaceous.

Length 3^ lines.

Readily distinguished by the hyaline, unclouded
wings, white mouth, and reddish femora.

With the exception of Villaret, no one seems to have
found the $ , which is undoubtedly very rare. Villaret
describes it as not differing from the other sex.

The larva has the head rather small, and covered
with microscopic hairs ; the colour is pale greyish
green. On the face is a brownish spot, and above

CRCESITS VARUS. 43

this splash is a small black dot ; the vertex is dotted
with minute fuscous points ; eye-spots black. The
legs are rather long, green, with brown claws, a some-
what triangular mark is over each ; the abdominal
legs are glassy green. The body is long and cylin-
drical, tapering towards the end ; the colour is bright
green ; the last segment is a little paler and bears a
black mark on the top. On the middle of the sides
is a row of black dots, placed rather wide apart and
ending on the twelfth segment. Below this row is
another line of smaller black dots, and directly over
each of the legs are two or three little black marks.
Near the head the superior row is placed higher up.
Length about 12—13 lines.

When young the larva has the ground colour pale
brown.

It feeds on alder, and is less gregarious than that of
the other species of the group. Usually only one or two
feed on a single leaf; neither do they appear to be
so active as the more conspicuous larvas of septen-
trionalis and latipes. They are found from July to
September, and are double brooded. The images
first appear in June.

Not uncommon in Britain. In Scotland I have
found it in Clydesdale, Glenelg, Kingussie, Braemar,
Rannoch.

From England I have seen specimens from Wor-
cester (Fletcher), Devonshire (Parfitt), and Grlanville's
Wootton.

It is widely distributed in Europe; Lapland,
Sweden, Finland, Riga, Prussia, Silesia, Harz Moun-
tains, Holland, and France.

Kirby (List of Hym., i, 103) records it from Nova
Scotia.

44 GENUS NEMATCTS.

Genus — NE M ATUS .

Nematus, Pz., F. G., Heffc xc, pi. x (1805) ; Jurine, Hym., 59.
Messa, Leach, Z. M., iii, 126.

Antennae nine-jointed, the third joint equal to the fourth or shorter
than it, seldom longer than it. Wings with one radial and three or
four cubital cellules ; if four the second receives both recurrent ner-
vures, if three the first receives them. Lanceolate cellule petiolated.
Posterior wings with two middle cellules.

The antenna? are usually shorter than the body, and
may be filiform or setaceous and sometimes com-
pressed, with the joints produced at the apices. The
pentagonal area and the sutures on the vertex are
usually distinct enough. The clypeus may be deeply
incised, slightly curved, or completely transverse.
The eyes do not reach to the base of the mandibles ;
these are of moderate size, broad at base, blunt at the
apex, and have no distinct subapical tooth. The palpi
are longish, thicker at base than at apex, and with the
joints of varying length.

The abdomen is short and broad, or long and cylin-
drical. The last segment may be scarcely developed
above or may be developed largely ; beneath it may be
very short or may occupy the greater part of the ventral
surface ; in the latter case the cerci are long. The
blotch is seldom very large.

The legs are of moderate length ; the calcaria are
not much more than one-third of the length of the
metatarsus and may be shorter; the claws simple,
bifid, or with a subapical tooth.

The third cubital cellule is much longer than the
second ; the transverse median nervure is received near
the middle of the cellule and does not vary much in
position. In some species the second recurrent ner-
vure is interstitial ; the transverse median nervure in
the hind wings may be joined to the recurrent or
placed at a greater or less distance from it. The
accessory nervure is appendiculated more or less

GENUS NEMATUS. 45

beyond the middle. In one or two sections (appendi-
culatus, Ericlisonii) the first transverse cubital nervure
is completely absent. In other species it is often
very faint or entirely obliterated in the middle.

The body is usually smooth, shining, impunctate;
in only a few species is the thorax and head punctured ;
the body is seldom pilose to any extent.

The larvae have twenty or only eighteen legs ; when
the latter is the number it is the penultimate pair which
are wanting. They have mostly cylindrical bodies, but
a few which feed on the surface of the leaf are flattish.
Many (especially those with gaudily coloured bodies)
have glands between the ventral legs from which a
fetid odour can be emitted. In habits they vary much ;
some are gregarious, others solitary ; most feed ex-
posed, while a few live in rolled-down or folded-down
leaves, and some of the smaller species raise galls on
leaves. The pupa is green, but may also be more or
less orange.

The cocoon is single or double. The eggs are laid
singly or in masses on the surface of the leaf, along
the midribs or in the twigs; they may be merely
glued to the leaf, or more generally they are sunk in
the leaf or twigs as the case may be.

This is one of the largest, and also one of the most
difficult genera of the Tenthredinidae. The species
differ but little in structural details, there is very little
variation in sculpture, the vast majority of the species
being smooth and shining, seldom or never punctured ;
there is equally little variety in pubescence. In colo-
ration there is not much variety either ; the species fall
in this respect into five groups : — (1) Species with
entirely black bodies, and with either entirely or more
or less reddish legs, or with white or white and black
legs ; (2) black species with the abdomen banded
with red ; (3) the black and yellow species, (4) the
wholly yellow species, or yellow marked with black,
(5) the green species.

These, however, become mixed the one with the

46 GENUS NEMATUS.

other, owing to some species combining to a more or
less extent the characters of two or even three of the
groups ; hence the arrangement and classification of
the species is a work of very great difficulty.

The first author who separated and arranged the
species into groups distinguished by coloration or
structural peculiarities, or by both, was C. G. Thom-
son (Hymen. Scand., i), and his work is certainly a
vast improvement on anything that existed before.
Zaddach (Schr. Ges. Konig., xiv) followed him in this,
and in some respects arranged the species into more
natural groups, for Thomson, relying too much on
certain minute structures or on sculpture, separated
widely, it seems to me, species which agree very
closely in general coloration and habits.

I have followed Zaddach generally in the grouping
of the species. Some of the groups might (and no
doubt will hereafter) be united, for with not a few of
the species it is difficult to say into what group they
should fall, and the differences between some of the
sections are by no means great. I believe, however,
that after a little study the student will have no great
difficulty in finding out, with the definitions I have
given, the section to which a given species belongs ;
and I have noted the points in which the groups vary
from, and agree with, their nearest allies.

In specific discrimination the points of greatest im-
portance to be noted are the length, thickness, clothing
and colour of the antennae, the form of the head, of its
clypeus and sutures, the sculpture and clothing of the
thorax, the form of the abdomen and especially of the
last segments. The neuration of the wings is of great
importance, especially the relative size of the cubital
cellules and the position of the transverse cubital and
recurrent nervures. Still, too much reliance must not
be placed on the position of the nervures, for they
are not constant in any of the species, and in some
species vary not a little in both wings. In the legs the
length of the calcaria, of the tarsal joints, and the

GENUS NEMATUS. 47

form of the claws, are often of great value in separating
species. I have, however, found variations in all these
points, and it need scarcely be said that the colora-
tion is not always constant, some species varying
exceedingly in this respect.

That the saws afford more or less good specific
characters there can, I think, be no doubt. I have
had figured as many of them as I could obtain, they
being now delineated for the first time. Whether
their forms can always be depended upon I cannot say,
but I believe they vary within very narrow limits.

The larvae and habits can most assuredly be depended
upon as tests of specific distinction. Indeed, some
species can scarcely, if at all, be distinguished in
the perfect state, while they are very distinct as
larvae.

The males are much more difficult to distinguish
than the females ; they are all very similar in colora-
tion, even when the females are very dissimilar.

In the synoptical tables I have omitted the males
entirely, not being able to find sufficiently reliable
characters that could be used in synoptical form, and,
moreover, I am not practically acquainted with the
males of half the British species. In the tables I
have had to omit some of the species, as I found
it impossible to find differential characters that could
be of any use.

The species are not known beyond the Palsearctic
and Nearctic regions.* Kirby (List of Hymen., i,
1882) enumerates in all 366 species, whereof 281 are
from Europe. No doubt a considerable number of
these will ultimately be proved to be varieties or syno-
nyms, but as new species are always being discovered,
I should not be astonished at there being 400 Euro-
pean species.

They are most abundant in the northern and north-
west districts of the Continent. They extend into

* Except a single species from the North of Mexico at its junction
with Arizona.

48 GENUS NEMATUS.

Iceland, Spitzbergen, and Arctic North America, are
found on our highest mountain tops, but are very rare
in the South of Europe.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Abdomen black, banded with red in the middle.

2 (3) Pronotum and legs red. Lucidus.

3 (2) Pronotum not red, legs black and white. Quercus group.

4 (11) Abdomen black, white at the apex above.

5 (6) Legs reddish, pronotum broadly- white above; antennas long,

thin. Placidus.

6 (5) Legs black and white, pronotum entirely black or but narrowly

edged with white.

7 (8) Clypeus incised, stigma white, antennae black.

Thomsoni, apicalis.

8 (7) Clypeus truncated, stigma testaceous.

9 (10) Mesonotum smooth, shining, impunctate; antennae shorter than

body, brownish beneath. Scoticus.

10 (9) Mesonotum punctured, opaque or semi-opaque, antennas black.

Mollis group.

11 (4) Abdomen entirely black.

12 (15) Legs reddish.

13 (14) Length at least 5 lines, stigma black, pronotum entirely black.

Crassus group.

14 (13) Length not more than 2 lines, stigma and wings yellowish,

pronotum lined with white. Rumicis, arcticus.

15 (22) Legs testaceous.

''16 (19) Pronotum entirely black.

17 (18) Stigma fuscous, antennas compressed. Compressicornis.

18 (17) Stigma testaceous, antennae long and filiform. Fulvipes.

19 (16) Pronotum lined with white.

20 (21) Stigma fuscous, white at base, Cinerece, gallicola.

21 (20) Stigma white entirely, or bordered with fuscous beneath.

Vacciniellus, leucostigmus.

22 (23) Legs testaceous and white, stigma testaceous, pronotum lined

with white. Appendiculatus, oblongus.

23 (24) Legs white, stigma pallid fuscous, length 1^ lines.

Albicarpus, baccarum.

24 (23) Legs with the femora more or less black.

25 (37) Pronotum entirely black.

26 (27) Tibiae black. Abbreviate.

27 (26) Tibiae white.

28 (31) Antennas brownish beneath.

29 (30) Stigma fuscous, wings fuscous in the middle. Ruficornis.

30 (29) Stigma black, wings hyaline. Fletcheri, nigricollis.

31 (28) Antennae quite black.

32 (33) Tegulae black, length 2| lines. Puncticeps.

33 (32) Tegulae white.

34 (35) Stigma fuscous. Funerulus, hibernicus, crassispina.

35 (36) Stigma fuscous, white at the base. Bridgmani.

36 (35) Stigma white or yellowish white. Herbacete.

37 (25) Pronotum lined with white.

GENUS NEMATUS. 49

38 (39) Stigma white, eyes broadly surrounded with brown.

Vacciniellus, alienatus.

39 (40) Stigma fuscous, white at the base, femora black, except at apex

and extreme base. Nigrolineatus.

40 (39) Stigma yellowish-white, fuscous at apex, femora testaceous,

lined towards the middle with black. Ischnocerus.

41 (52) Abdomen green or lacteous at the sides, and beneath, stigma

white or green.

42 (51) Mesonotum entirely black.

43 (48) Mesopleura black.

44 (45) Femora more or less black. Obductus, conductus.

45 (44) Femora entirely green or white.

46 (47) Stigma, clypeus, and metapleura white. Pulchellus.

47 (46) Stigma livid, clypeus and metapleura black. Leucogaster,

48 (43) Mesopleura greenish.

49 (50) Sternum black. Maculiger.

50 (49) Sternum not black. Orbitalis, lacteus.

51 (42) Mesonotum with three or more black marks.

Humeralis, fallax, caprete group .

52 (53) Abdomen greenish, marked with black at base, or more or less

in centre of back, stigma white or green. Mesonotum with
three or more black marks, pleurae and sternum green.

Miliaris group (except lacteus, maculiger, and orbitalis).

53 (56) Abdomen testaceous at the sides and beneath.

54 (55) Mesonotum entirely black. Consobrinus, strongylogaster.

55 (54) Mesonotum with three or more black marks.

Turgidus, caprece.

56 (63) Abdomen yellow, a black band down the centre.

57 (60) Stigma yellow or testaceous, legs yellow.

58 (59) Length 2^ lines, antennas short, thick. Pineti, vesicator.

59 (58) Length over 3£ lines, antennae long. Myosotidis, miniatus.

60 (57) Stigma black.

61 (62) Clypeus truncated, the band narrow, pleurae partly yellow.

Conjugate*.

62 (61) Clypeus incised, the band not very narrow, pleurae entirely

black. Pallidiventris.

63 (56 ) Abdomen entirely yellow or reddish, except at extreme base.

64 (75) Meso- and metanotum entirely black.

65 (66) Clypeus truncated, stigma black, legs yellow. Betulce group.

66 (65) Clypeus incised.

67 (70) Stigma black.

68 (69) Pleurae entirely black, legs with the tibiae white, the knees

black. Pallidiventris var.

69 (68) Pleurae yellow. Solids, melanocephalus.

70 (67) Stigma yellowish or testaceous.

71 (72) Scutellum punctured. Albipennis, xanthog 'aster.

72 (71) Scutellum impunctate.

73 (74) Wings deep fuscous, stigma black at base, ovipositor long.

Abdominalis.

74 (73) Wings hyaline, stigma not black at the base, ovipositor short.

Monticola, pavidus, myosotidis var., togatus, vesicator.

75 (83) Mesonotum with two or more black marks.

76 (77) Stigma black at the base, ovipositor long.

Caledonicus, bilineatus.

77 (80) Stigma entirely yellow or testaceous.

VOL. II. 4

50 NEMATUS ERICHSONI.

78 (79) Yellow, apex and base of abdomen not black.

Croceus, cadderensis, glottianus.

79 (80) R/eddish, apex and base of abdomen black.

Rufescens, glenelgensis.

80 (84) Stigma black or fuscous.

81 (82) Antennae entirely black. CoUinus.

82 (81) Antennas fuscous beneath. Eibesii.

83 (75) Meso- and metanotum entirely yellow.

84 (85) Stigma black at the base, ovipositor long. Luteus, acuminatus.

85 (84) Stigma yellow, ovipositor short. Croceus, flavescens, dorsatus.

I. THE GROUP OF ERICHSONI.

Black, with abdomen banded with red, or fulvous with
black above. Legs variegated ; the femora reddish or
fulvus, black at the apex ; posterior tibice pale for the
greater part, grooved. Antennce with the third and
fourth joints about equal. Clypeus truncated, front wide,
antennal fovea large, but not very deep. Wings with
first transverse cubital nervure absent, the third cubital
cellule longer than broad. Stigma blackish. Claws
with a minute subapical tooth.

A group of small extent, principally distinguished
from the next by the red-banded abdomen. The larvas
of the two species are utterly dissimilar.

1 (2) Breast opaque ; antennas brown underneath, short. Erichsoni.

2 (1) Breast smooth, shining ; antennas quite black, long. Quercifs.

1. NEMATTTS ERICHSONI.
Plate XY, fig. 1, Saw.

Nematus Erichsoni, Hart., Blattw., 187, 9 ; Saxesen, Isis, 1838,
803; Tischbein, AHgem. Forst. u.
Jagd., 1840, 37 ; Ratz., Forst-Ins.,
121, pi. 3,f. 4 (egg, lar ,im.); Thorns.,
Opus., 620, 14 ; Hym. Scand., i, 96,
19; Kalt., Pfl., 700; Br. and Zad.,
Schrif. Ges. Konig., xvi, 60, pi. 4,
f. 8 (lar.) ; Andre, Species, 102, 10,
pi. xiii, f. 15 -, Cat., 13,* 6.

NEMATUS ERICHSONI. 51

Nemaius Leachii, Dbin., Clavis, 27, 36 (lar.).
Pristiphora cincta, Newman, Ent. Mag., iv, 259 (1837) ?

Antenna a little longer than abdomen, thickish, very slightly taper-
ing towards the apex, black, pale brown beneath, the third and fourth
joints equal. Head narrower than the thorax, covered with scattered
pubescence, slightly punctured, black ; labrum dull testaceous, tips of
mandibles piceous ; vertex somewhat projecting ; sutures indistinct.
Thorax black, pronotum edged with fulvous at the base ; mesonotum
finely punctured, smooth, shining ; pleurae opaque and closely punc-
tured. Abdomen longer than head and thorax, the basal and the seventh
and ninth segments black, the others red ; cerci short, black. Legs
reddish, the tibiae for the greater part white, anterior tarsi pale ; extreme
apex of posterior femora above, apices of tibisa and posterior tarsi
black. Wings hyaline, with a faint cloud below the stigma ; the second
recurrent nervure received considerably in front of second transverse
cubital ; first transverse cubital absent ; second cubital cellule with a
horny point ; the costa and stigma fuscous, the latter being the
darker ; tegulse reddish.

The (^ is unknown.

Length nearly 6 lines.

The larva feeds on the larch, and in Germany is
said to be injurious to that tree. It is shining dark
grey ; the back (except the second segment) is of a
darker grey ; the skin is beset with short, blackish
tubercles, the spiracles small and brown ; legs spotted
with black ; the head shining black. Perilissus fili-
cornis and Pteromalus Klugii, Rtz., are its parasites.

Erichsoni does not appear to be a common species.
I have only seen a specimen taken by the Rev. T. A.
Marshall, of which I do not know the locality. Mr.
Dale records it from Glanville's Wootton.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Denmark, Prus-
sia, Holstein, Harz, Bohemia, Holland, France.

Hagen (Canad. Ent., viii, 37) records it from the
United States.

Obs. Kirby (List of Hym., i, 103) adopts the name of Cinctus, New-
man, for this species : but I have not followed him in this because
Newman's description fits quercus quite as well as it does Erichsoni.
Both were described in the same year.

52 NEMATUS QUERCUS.

2. NEMATUS QUERCUS.
Plate I, fig. 2, ? ; 2 a— c, Trophi ; Plate XY, fig. 2, Saw.

Nematus quercus, Hart., Blattw., 190, 10; Thorns., Opus., 620,
13 ; Hym, Scand., i, 95, 18 ; Br. and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, 61,
pi. 6, f. 17; Andre, Species, 103;
Cat., 12,* 5.

Tenthredo lorealis, Zett., Ins. Lap., 353, 53.

Antennae a little shorter than the body, black, filiform, tapering
towards the apex. Head black, shining, covered with greyish
pubescence, finely punctured; the clypeus a little rounded at the
apex ; the labrum white, palpi pale. Thorax black, shining, finely
punctured, covered with short microscopic down ; pleurae smooth and
shining; the extreme edge of pronotum and the tegulse pale red.
Abdomen clear red ; the basal segment, part of second and the apical
three, black ; cerci longish, black, sheath of the saw black, hairy,
projecting. Wings very slightly clouded at apex, clear at base ; the
costa fuscous, stigma black. Legs: coxae at apex and trochanters
white ; the femora reddish testaceous, sometimes with a black line at the
base ; a black dot on the apex of intermediate, and a large black line
on the apex of posterior ; tibiae pale testaceous, apical half of posterior
and the posterior tarsi black ; the four anterior tarsi are pale testaceous ;
spurs testaceous, longish, extending to near the middle of the meta-
tarsus.

The $ is extremely rare, and I have never seen it. According to
Zaddach it is not unlike the $ in coloration, but the reddish band on
the abdomen is narrower, and is interrupted in the middle with black
spots. Sometimes the ring is present only on the third and fourth
segments ; in other specimens it extends from the second to the fifth,
and in this case the second, third, and fifth segments bear, in the middle,
a broad black splash, and the fourth two small black spots. The belly
is nearly all yellow.

Length 3 lines.

The wings are sometimes hyaline; the coxae are
often black at the base ; sometimes the posterior tro-
chanters and the femora are nearly all black. In one
of my Scotch specimens the posterior tibiae are totally
black. The amount of the red colour on the abdomen
also varies. The first transverse cubital nervure is
rarely present.

From Erichsoni the present species is easily known
by its smaller size, thinner, longer, and quite black
antennae, whitish labrum, and smooth shining pleurae ;
the posterior legs are also darker coloured.

The larva, according to Brischke, feeds on

THE GEOUP OF EUFICOENIS. 53

cinium myrtillus during June and July (I have found
them in August), living solitary and are very lazy. The
body is spindle shaped ; the head is broad above, and
if viewed from the front, appears almost triangular.
The ground colour is a beautiful brick red, with a dark
brown dorsal stripe. On the fifth and following seg-
ments are, on each side, oblique stripes of the same
colour, proceeding towards the posterior ; and on the
same parts the dorsal stripe appears on both sides
enclosed by clear, almost white lines. Out from these
each segment bears (with the exception of the three
posterior) two transverse rows of brown tubercles,
and there is a row of dots over the ventral legs, while
over the thoracic legs is a brownish line. On each
side of the head from the eyes, across the vertex, is a
brownish stripe, and the vertex, the clypeus, and mouth
parts are of the same colour.

The larvas pupate in the ground, and there seem to
be two generations in the year. Opius grcecus, Wesm.,
is parasitic on them.

Not common. I only know of it from Gadder
Wilderness near Glasgow, Kingussie, and Wimbledon
(Bridgman). The imago appears in June and August.

Its continental distribution is wide. France, Scandi-
navia, Lapland, Finland, Prussia, Germany, Russia,
Orenburg (Ural) and Riga.

II. THE GROUP OF RUFICOENIS.

Body black, pronotum rarely lined with white. Legs
white or pale testaceous, spurs generally with a sub-
apical tooth. Wings with the first transverse cubital
nervure absent or pellucid ; stigma fuscous, more rarely
black ; costa paler, dilated in front of the stigma ; costal
cellule wide ; basal nervure received behind the transverse
costal nervure. Clypeus truncated .pentagonal area and
sutures on vertex not well marked. Antennce shorter or
not much longer than thorax and abdomen, compressed,

54 THE GROUP OF BTOTCORNIS.

the third joint longer than fourth in ? , shorter or equal
in <$ . Wings sometimes suffused -with a fuscous tint.
Breast smooth, shining, unpunctured.

The species composing this group are of small size,
and have the black bodies rarely relieved on the pro-
notum with white. There are three sections in the
group : 1st, the section of compr essicornis an dfulvipes
with pale testaceous legs and black antennae ; 2nd,
ruficornis, puncticeps, and abbreviatus, which have the
legs more or less black at the base and the antennas
sometimes pale beneath ; and 3rd, the section con-
taining appendiculatus and oblongus, which have the
first transverse cubital nervure distinct and the pro-
notum lined with white.

Most of the species fall into the genus Pristiphora,
Lat., the principal characteristic of which is the pos-
session of one radial and three cubital cellules. The
larvaB, so far as is known, are green, without any
markings, and feed on trees.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (13) Legs white or yellowish- white, marked more or less with black

on coxae and femora.

2 (5) Tegulae and edge of pronotum white, stigma pale testaceous.

3 (4) Body and antennae longish, abdomen much longer than head

and thorax together, antennae brownish beneath.
r> Appendiculatus.

4 (6) Body short, thick; abdomen shorter than head and thorax

together; antennae black, thickish. Oblongus.

5 (2) Tegulae white, pronotum black; antennae longish, filiform,

clypeus slightly incised, stigma fuscous. Hibernicus

6 (5) Tegulae and pronotum black, stigma fuscous.

7 (10) Antennae brownish beneath in $ , flagellum entirely so in r?;

apex of coxae and trochanters white.

8 (9) Stigma fuscous, wings slightly fuscous in middle; A antennae

thick' Rucornis.

,QN c^-i1 ' ' ucorns.

(«) btigma black, wings hyaline ; <£ antennae only moderately thick,
,m A ^s long as the body. Fletcheri and nigricollis.

SSfF**? black in both sexes> coxse and
Tibiae clear white.

™ffifblr kish-

Legs testaceous, femora without black.

NEMATUS COMPRESSICORNIS. 55

14 (15) Antennae short, thick, compressed, and produced into a point

at the apices of the joints; tegulse clear white, stigma
fuscous. Compressicornis.

15 (14) Antennae long, filiform, not compressed ; tegulae black or dull

testaceous, stigma testaceous. Fulvipes.

3. NEMATUS COMPRESSICOENIS.
PL VIII, fig. 3, Larva; PL XYI, fig. 3, Saw.

Tenthredo compressicornis, Fab., S. P., 38, 46; Lep. Mon., 126,

374.
Nematus platycerus, Htg., S. E. Z., i, 27.

— vallator, Voll., Tijd. Ent., i, 191, pi. 12 ; Zool., s.s. 7855 ;

Kalt, Pli., 558.

— cebrionicornis, Costa, F. N. Tenth., 20, pi. Ixiv, f. 4;

Andre, Species, i, 109 ; Cat., 15,*
42.

— compressicornis, Andre, I.e., 112; Cat., 15,* 41 ; Br.

and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
xxiv, 123.

— callicerus, Thorns., Opus., 619, 12.

Black, shining, covered sparsely with palish down; the palpi,
labrum, tegulse and legs reddish-yellow, coxae at the base, the apex of
posterior tibiae and the tarsi black ; the femora at the base and the
tibiae paler than the other parts of the legs ; cenchri large, clear white.
Antennae a little shorter than the thorax and abdomen, thickish, the
joints produced on the underside ; the third joint is a little longer than
the fourth. The vertex is smooth, faintly punctured, almost shining ;
frontal sutures invisible ; antennal foveae broad, but rather shallow ;
clypeus almost truncated ; abdomen short, thick, slightly keeled above ;
the cerci long, black. Wings sub-hyaline, having a fuscous tinge ; the
costa and stigma testaceous, almost fuscous. The third (second) trans-
verse cubital cellule is small, almost quadrate, slightly dilated towards
the apex.

The <£ has the antennae thicker and more compressed than in the ? ,
the joints are more sharply produced beneath, and become more atten-
uate towards the apex ; the third and fourth joints are also equal in
length. The abdomen is very much attenuated towards the apex. The
labrum is black.

Length 3 lines.

The larva of this species was discovered by Van
Vollenhoven on a poplar (Populus dilatata) in May,
also feeding on the Italian form according to Kalten-
bach, and on P. nigra according to Mr. Fletcher. Vol-
lenhoven states that when young it eats small round
holes in the leaves, and around them places small white
projecting points formed of dried secretion from the

56 NEMATUS FULVIPES.

mouth. When forming these it commences at the leaf-
stalk and emits a little of the secretion from the mouth ;
after the secretion is ejected it raises the head, where-
upon the fluid dries ; when the foot-stalk has been
covered the larva turns round — it had been resting
during this process with the hinder body on the leaf
and the head on the leaf-stalk — and creeps round on
to the leaf and raises a whole row of similar points
quite close to each other. Inside of this circle it feeds ;
after a time it eats up the palisades and commences to
construct a fresh circle on another part of the leaf.
These points appear to be formed of dried bubbles and
are highly iridescent. Yan Yollenhoven suggests that
their use may be to protect the larvae from the attacks
of ichneumons and other enemies.

When old it feeds on the edge of the leaf, eating well
into its centre and not raising these palisades.

The larva has its head round, but depressed ante-
riorly, pale greenish, with two brownish-green stripes
running obliquely across the vertex; mouth brown,
eye-spots black. The body is pale green, clothed as
it were with pale granules, more particularly round
the spiracles and on the sides above the legs, which
are green and somewhat darker at the joints.

The larval state lasts four or five weeks, after which
it proceeds to pupate in the earth, the fly appearing at
the beginning of July.

This does not appear to be a common species in
Britain. I have only seen it from Grlanville's Wootton
and Worcester.

In Europe it is met with in Germany, Denmark,
Holland, France, and Italy.

4. NEMATUS FULVIPES.
PL XVI, fig. 2, Saw.

Tenthredofulvipes, Fall., Acta, 1808, 113, 51.
Pristiphora rufipes, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 12, f. 2; Mon., 60 174-
Ste., 111., vii, 26, 4.

NEMATUS FULVIPES. 57

Nematus Irevls, Htg., Blattw., 205, 39; Evers., Bull. Mosc.,
xx, 15, 7 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., xxiv, 135, 113.

— aphantoneurus, Foer., Verb. Yer. Rhein., xi, 323, pi. vi,

f. 35 (wing) ; Br. and Zad., Schr.
Ges. Konig., xxiv, 134.

— fulvipes, Thorns., Opus., 617, 7 ; Hym., Scand., i, 90,

11 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
xvi, pi. 6, f. 18 (lar.) ; Andre, Species,
i, 111 ; Cat., 15* 36 ; Cam., Fauna,
33, 18.

— alnivoriis, Cam., E. M. M., xi, 107 ; Fauna, 33, 17 ;

Andre, Species, i, 122 ; Cat., 15,* 45.

Antennae a little shorter than the body, black, the third joint slightly
longer than the fourth, the remaining joints becoming gradually
shorter. Head entirely black, shining, vertex minutely punctured ;
mandibles piceous. Thorax and abdomen entirely shining black;
tegulae greyish-white ; the sheath projecting, hairy. Wings scarcely
hyaline, having a faint smoky hue in the centre, the nervures fuscous ;
costa and stigma obscure testaceous. Legs reddish-yellow, the apical
joints of the four anterior, and almost the whole of the posterior tarsi,
as well as the apices of the posterior tibise, black.

The ^ I have never seen. According to Thomson it has the antennae
strongly compressed at the base, attenuate at the apex, the femora
black, the anterior knees palish at the apex, and the posterior tarsi
and the apex of tibiae blackish-fuscous.

Length If — 2| lines.

Ab. — a. Tibise white.

b. Coxae black at the base.

c. Coxge and base of femora black (rufipes, Lep.).*

d. Labrum white (brevis, Htg.).

e. Tegulae black.

Fulvipes agrees with compressicornis in its body-form
and general coloration. It is distinguished from it by
its much smaller size, black mouth, much thinner and
longer antennae, the joints being also not produced
beneath, and the tarsi are much paler, while the red
tinge on the legs is much deeper. The 3 has the
femora black.

It is possible that there are more than one species
included in the above description. The commonest
form in this country (that which I described under the
name of alnivorus in the belief that it was the species
which Hartig described under that name in the Stett.

* Zaddach named for me a specimen with the legs entirely red
Rufipes.

58 NEMATUS HIBERNICUS.

Zeit. i, 27) is a line larger than a type of fulvipes
I received from Prof. Zaddach. The antennas are
apparently shorter and thicker, the legs are redder, and
the tarsi (especially) and apex of tibise, black. I
cannot, however, distinguish further differences be-
tween them. It is to be remarked also that neither
Thomson nor Hartig makes any mention of the tarsi
being black, nor of the apex of the tibiae, but the latter
point is mentioned by Eversmann. Again, Thomson
says of the antennas " articulo 3° 4° haud breviore,"
a statement which does not apply to any specimens I
have seen.

The larva of fulvipes, according to Brischke and
Zaddach' s figure, is pale green, with the segmental
divisions darker, the head marked with fuscous black
on the vertex and at the sides ; there is a spot in the
centre of the face, and the anal segment is red. The
dorsal stripe is darker and is bordered by white lines.
It feeds on Salix aurita. Similar larvas I have often
seen, but never succeeded in rearing the flies.

I have one specimen agreeing with Prof. Zaddach's
from near Glasgow. The larger form is tolerably
common ; I have it from Clydesdale, Kintail, Eannoch,
Braemar. Stephens' specimens were from the London
district.

On the Continent it has a wide distribution, being
found in Lapland, Sweden, Germany, France and
Russia.

5. NEMATUS HIBERNICUS.
PI. XV, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus hibernicus, Cam., E. M. M., xiv, 225 ; Andre, Species,

i, 125; Cat., 19,* 112; Br. and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv.
348, 86a.

Antennae a little shorter than the thorax and abdomen, black, mode-
rately stout, of nearly uniform thickness ; third joint a very little
longer than the fourth, the others becoming very gradually shorter,
the last conical, one-third shorter than the third. Head a little narrower

NEMATUS PUNCTICEPS. 59

than the mesothorax, vertex finely punctured, covered with short
down, shining ; clypeus and labrum white, the former with a slight
emargination. Thorax black, covered with short down; the tegulae
white. Legs white, the basal half of the two anterior, and nearly the
whole of the posterior femora, the apical fourth of posterior tibiae and
the apical three-fourths of the posterior tarsi black. Wings hyaline,
the costa and stigma sordid white ; the first transverse cubital nervure
is absent ; in the second cubital cellule is a horny point ; the third
cellule is almost a parallelogram ; the second recurrent nervure is
received immediately in front of the second transverse cubital. Abdo-
men black, a little longer than the thorax and head, broad, the apex
acuminate ; cerci small, thin, the saw projecting, broad.
Length If lines.

In the absence of the first transverse cubital ner-
vure, in the punctured vertex with invisible suture and
pentagonal area, this little species agrees with those
of the ruficornis group, but the clypeus is slightly
notched and white, and the antennae do not taper so
much towards the apex. Judging from the descrip-
tion, it must be a very close ally of N.filicornis, Thorns,
(which Thomson states agrees with N.fulvipes and its
allies, but differs in the emarginated clypeus, while the
antennae resemble those of Blennocampa) , but it differs
from that species in many points. Thus Thomson
gives the antennae as being " breves, corpore dimidio
evidenter breviores," while in hibernicus they are
decidedly longer ; the third joint, too, is not one-third
longer than the fourth, nor can the wings be said to
be " lenissime fumatis;" filicornis, again, has the middle
tibiae marked with black and the tarsi testaceous, the
tegulse, being " fusco-testaceous."

Rare. County Wicklow (King), Norwich (Bridg-
man).

6. NEMATUS PUNCTICEPS.
PL XVI, fig. 1, Saw.

Nematus puncticeps, Thorns., Opus., 619, 10; Hym. Scand., i,

92, 14 ; Andre, Species, i, 114 ;
Cat., 16*, 48 ; Cam., Fauna, 34,
22; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., xxiv, 144.

60 NEMATIJS ABBREVIATES.

Black, shining ; the knees, tibiae, and tarsi white, the apex of the
posterior tibice and the tarsi black. Wings very faintly obscured, the
costa and stigma dark testaceous. Antennae a little shorter than the
body.

The $ has the antennae thickish.

Length 2£ lines.

j^. — a. 5 . Trochanters white.

The black antennae, labrum, and basal parts of the
legs, as also the black posterior tarsi, will readily serve
to indicate this species.

The larva, according to Brischke, feeds on birch ; it
is green, the anal segment carmine red, smooth, very
shortly and finely haired. From the fourth segment the
dorsal canal is darker than the body, it being blackish
green, and is bordered on either side by a white line
which ends at the eleventh segment. The blackish-
brown spiracles are bordered by a narrow pale line.
Head smooth, yellowish-green, finely punctured with
brown, the brown points forming a dark mark on the
vertex. Mouth and antennas brown, as are also the
claws of the feet. When the larvae are mature the
white dorsal lines disappear.

The eggs are laid in pockets in the teeth of the leaf.
There are two broods in the year.

It seems to be rare compared to the others of the
group. I have only seen a ? and ^ from Clydesdale,
the ? being the aberration, which is also noticed by
Thomson, who says that the species occur all over
Scandinavia. Italy (Magretti).

7. NEMATUS ABBREVIATES.

Nematus abbreviatus, Htg.} Blattw., 205, 38 ; Voll., Tijd. Ent.,

v (2), 59, pi. 1 (lar., &c.) ; Ent.,
No. 140, 49 ; Kalt., Pfl., 200, 781 ;
Cam., Fauna, 34, 22; Andre,
Species, i, 130; Cat., 16,* 56;
Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
xxiv, 136.

Black, half shining, covered with short down ; vertex finely punc-
tured; pleurae opaque, coarsely punctured. Knees, anterior tibiae
and tarsi sordid testaceous ; posterior tibiae fuscous ; labrum piceous.

NEMATUS ABBREVIATUS. 61

Antennae as long as the body, rather thick, the third and fourth joints
equal. Wings hyaline, iridescent, the costa and stigma whitish
testaceous ; the tegulse greyish ; the second cubital cellule is almost a

Earallelogram ; the second recurrent nervure is received considerably in
ront of the transverse cubital one. The back of the abdomen is some-
what keeled, and at the apex there is a large depression on each side
of the carina.
Length 3 lines.

The above is the description of the $ , the only sex
I have seen. According to Hartig the ? has the
antennae a little longer than the abdomen, the hinder
part of the pronotum reddish, and the coloration of
the legs is somewhat clearer. According to Yan
Vollenhoven the tips of the coxae have a reddish hue.

Van Yollenhoven says that the larva feeds on the
apple, in the leaves of which, when it is young, it
devours round holes in the centre, feeding in a curved
position on the edge of the hole which it has bitten
out. When it becomes older it feeds indifferently on
the edge of the leaf or on any other part. The colour
of the larva is green, which when the creature is young
has a yellowish tinge ; when older the colour becomes
of a greyish-green along the back, the belly and legs
being paler and of a tinge approaching to yellow. The
head is of a faint brown tint or very pale feuille-
morte. The body is somewhat slender, smooth, hair-
less, a little narrowed posteriorly. On each segment
are two rather thick folds reaching to the spiracles ;
of these, that on the first segment only is conspicuous,
being comparatively large and bordered with black,
the others are much smaller and have white borders.
The mandibles are brownish and the eye-spots are
black. The legs are longish. There are no abdo-
minal legs on the anal segment.

The larvae are found in May, the images appearing
in April and May. Kaltenbach states that the larvae
feed likewise on the pear, on which in Switzerland
they appear in great numbers and commit damage to
these trees. The pupa state is passed in the earth.

I have only seen a single male of abbreviatus, taken
by Dr. Sharp in Braemar.

62 NEMATUS KUFICORNIS.

It has been recorded from Germany, Switzerland,
Holland.

8. NEMATUS RUFICORNIS.
PI. X, fig. 2, Larva ; PL XV, fig. 5, Saw.

Nematusruficornis, Olivier, Enc. Meth., viii, 167 ; Lep., Mon., 71,

216; Ste., HI., vii, 36, 37; Cam.,
Proc.N. H.S. Glas.,iii,310 ; Andre,
Species, i, 124 ; Cat., 16,* 51.
Pristiphora testaceicornis, Lep , F. Fr., pi. 12, f. 1 ; Mon., 60,

172 ? ; Ste., 111., vii, 26, 5.

Nematus fraxini, Thorns., Opus., 618, 9 ; Hym. Scand., i, 91, 13 ;

Eversmann, Bull. Mos., xx, 15,
4 ; Cam., Fauna, 34, 21.

Antennse nearly as long as the thorax and abdomen, moderately
stout, tapering very slightly towards the apex, the third joint a very
little longer than the fourth ; the two basal joints black, the rest dull
brownish -red, darker on the upper surface. Head black, a little
narrower than the mesothorax, covered with scattered pubescence ;
the vertex punctured, half-shining, the front wide, projecting, pentagonal
area not denned ; the antennal fovea well marked, clypeus truncated,
labrum pale brown, palpi pale white. Thorax black, shining, covered
with dark down; tegulae pale, varying to black; cenchri small, clear
white. Legs white, with a slight yellowish tinge, coxae at base, the
basal fourth of the anterior, half of intermediate and nearly the whole
of the posterior femora, the apex of posterior tibiae and the apical joints
of the posterior tarsi, black ; calcaria nearly as long as the half of the
metatarsus ; second joint of tarsus as long as the fifth. Wings hyaline,
with an obscure cloud in the middle, the costa pale white, stigma fus-
cous, darker at the base. The first transverse cubital nervure is absent,
in the second cellule is a horny point ; third cellule small, nearly square ;
the second recurrent nervure is received about the length of the third
cellule in front of the second transverse cubital. Abdomen longer
than the head and thorax, broad, inflated in the middle; the cerci
small.

The $ has the antennae short, thick, compressed, red, the two basal
joints black, the wings short, with the third cubital cellule small.

Length 2— 2£ lines.

This seems to be a variable species. The an-
tennae are sometimes quite black, so also are the
labrum and the greater part of the four anterior
femora. In the typical form all the joints of the
posterior tarsi are more or less white at the base, the
basal having only the extreme tip black, but a not

NEMATUS RUFICORNIS. 63

uncommon aberration is met with having the entire
tarsus black. The shape of the third cubital cellule
also varies, some individuals having it more widened
at the apex than in others. The tegulas are generally-
pale, but often they are blackish. The wings are
sometimes scarcely clouded in the centre.

I have no doubt the species described above is the
fraxini of Thomson, but I am not at all sure that it is
the fraxini of Hartig ; for, inter alia, that is described
as having the labrum white and the antennae " scarcely
longer than the abdomen," while in the species I have
described they are nearly as long as the thorax and
abdomen. The $ of. fraxini is not described by Har-
tig ; Thomson merely says that it has the antennas
pallid red, black at the base. I have a German speci-
men which agrees with Har tig's description ; it has
the labrum white, the antennas shorter and thicker
than in ruficornis 9 abdomen shorter, broader, and the
costa is of the same colour as the stigma, namely
brownish, as Hartig describes it ; the femora, further-
more, have not so much black on them, and the claws
have a sub-apical tooth.

I am also not sure if it be the fraxini of Brischke
and Zaddach (Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, 139). The
larva of this is stated to feed on the lime ; it is shining
green, wrinkled, the head brown with a darker mark
on vertex, and there is also a brown mark over each
eye uniting with the larger mark on vertex ; mouth
brown. So far as their description of the imago goes,
it agrees tolerably well with the above-described
species.

N. crassicornis differs from ruficornis in having the
stigma black, the costa white, antennas thick, espe-
cially at the base, compressed, and as long as the
thorax and abdomen ; and Thomson further separates
it from his fraxini by the claws being bifid. N.
Fletcheri may be known from ruficornis by the abdo-
men being shorter compared to the head and thorax ;
the stigma is black or fuscous black ; the nervures

64 NEMATUS RUFICORNIS.

being darker, and there is no fuscous cloud in the
middle of the wing; the posterior tarsi are black
entirely, and the antennas if anything are longer and
taper apparently more towards the apex. I doubt,
however, if these characters will be sufficient to enable
the two species to be separated.

From appendiculatus it differs in the longer tarsi
and shorter calcaria, thicker antennas ; and the colora-
tion of the stigma and legs is different ; the third
cubital cellule being also smaller. Puncticeps agrees
with it very closely, and I think that it will prove to
be a variety of ruficornis, varying from it merely in
having the antennae, labrum, coxae, trochanters, and
femora black, and, as we have seen, ruficornis shows
considerable variation in the colour of these parts.
Thomson, however, states that the antennas in punc-
ticeps are thinner than in ruficornis.

The larva feeds on willows (Salix viminalis, vitellina,
&c ) and birch in July, and there is a second brood
during the autumn. It is green, the body long ; the
head is paler than the body and has a line on each side
touching the eyes, but not uniting on the top, and
another goes down the centre of the face; mouth
brownish. There are two blackish marks over the
thoracic legs, and another small one in front of the
first pair. When full fed it becomes of a yellowish-
green colour. The cocoon is spun in the earth, the
pupa being green. The larvae eat along the edge of the
leaf.

From this description it is seen that the larva
agrees very closely with that of appendiculatus. I have
also seen specimens with the head dotted over with
fuscous.

Perilissus filicornis, Gr., preys on it.

Ruficornis is one of our commonest saw-flies, and is
met with in all districts, the imagos appearing early in
June. It occurs in Lapland, Scandinavia, Germany,
Holland, France, Switzerland, Austria and Eussia.

NEMATUS FLETCHERI. 65

9; NEMATUS FLETCHEBJ.
PL IV, fig. 2, ? ; PI. XV, fig. 6, Saw.

Nematus Fletcheri, Cam., E. M. M., July, 1884, p. 26.

Black ; antennae brownish beneath, as long as the thorax and abdo-
men, tapering towards the apex ; tegulse, apex of coxae, trochanters,
base and apex of four anterior femora, extreme base and apex of
posterior, four anterior tibiae and tarsi, and posterior tibiae, except the
apex, white. Wings hyaline, costa fuscous, stigma blackish. Claws
with a sub-apical tooth.

Length 2£— 2f lines.

The $ I have not bred, but a caught specimen from
Thornhill must, I think, either belong to it or to nigri-
collis. It has the antennae as long as the body, the
third joint a little compressed, and they taper per-
ceptibly towards the apex.

The larva feeds on hawthorn, eating the leaves along
the edge against which the body is closely pressed. It
is bright green, the anal segments red, the head
brownish. I was unable to make a minute description
of it owing to all the specimens I had spinning up.

N. cratcegi, Zad. (Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, p. 147),
appears to be very closely allied to this species, but it
would seem to differ in having the labrum, mandibles,
and the edge of pronotum white, the antennae red, except
the basal two joints, which are black, and the apex of
the middle tarsi and the base of posterior are reddish-
yellow.

The larva of cratcegi (which feeds on the hawthorn) is
green with a darker dorsal vessel, the head yellowish,
its vertex with a broad brown stripe, there being also
three stripes on the sides and face. The last segment
is rose red.

Clydesdale, Worcester.

VOL. II.

66 NEMATUS APPENDICULATUS.

10. NEMATUS NIGEIOOLLIS, n. sp.
PL IX, fig. 5, Larva ; PL XV, fig. 7, Saw.

In coloration this form agrees entirely with N.
.Fletcheri; in other respects I am unable to find tangible
points of distinction ; perhaps if anything the antennae
are shorter and thicker, and there is a slight difference
also in the structure of the saw.

The larva is green, the anal segment blue. There
is a triangular black mark over each leg, and an
oblique one in front of first pair. Head light brown ;
a black band extends from above each eye to near
the top, and a black line ruos from the back
down the centre of the face, where there is a lighter
round mark. The marks on legs are sometimes very
pale and the anal segment is not always blue, some-
times being of a reddish hue.

Whether it is a good species must be a doubtful
point at present, but the Iarva3 were more slender in
the body, which was green as in Fletcheri ; the two last
segments were light blue, clearly separated from the
green, while in Fletcheri they were of the same tint as
the body, with the apex tinted sometimes with red.
They were found by Mr. Fletcher on hawthorn at
Worcester.

11. NEMATUS APPENDICULATUS.

PL I, fig. 9, ? ; PL VIII, fig. 4, Larva ; PL XV,

fig. 3, Saw.

Pristiphora pallipes, Lep., Hon., 60, 173 ; Ste., 111., vii, 25, 3
(nee Fall.).

Nemat us flavipes, Dbm., Oonsp., 9, 102.

— appendiculatus, Htg., Blattw., 202, 34 ; Thoms., Opus
618, 8; Hym. Scand., i, 91, 12;
Voll., Tijd. Ent. (2), v, 55—58, pi 1
(lar., ima., &c.) ; Ent., No. 141, 76
— 78; Gimmerthal, Arbeit, d. natur-
forscn. Yereins zu Biga,i,330 (lar.) ;
Kali, Pfl., 261; Andre, Species, i,

NEMATUS APPENDICULATUS. 67

112 ; Cat., 15,* 43 ; Cam., Fauna, 33,
20 ; Brischke, Schr. Ges. Konig.,
xxiv, 134, pi. 7, f. 9 (lar.).
Nematus cathoraticus, Foer, Verb. Ver. Rheinl., xi, 325 t vi,

f. 36.
— Peleteri, Andre, Species, i, 111; Cat., 15,* 37.

Smooth, shining, covered with a silky pubescence, the vertex finely
punctured, black ; labrum testaceous ; tegulse and basal edge of prono-
tum white. Legs white, with a yellowish tinge, the coxae black at the
extreme base ; femora with a reddish tinge, suffused in the middle with
fuscous ; apex of posterior tibise and the apical joints of the tarsi black.
Antennae a little shorter than the body, black, the apical joints brownish
beneath, moderately stout ; the third joint a little longer than the
fourth ; apex of clypeus truncate. Abdomen longer than the head and
thorax, broad, stout, keeled above, the apex bluntly rounded; cerci
short, the saw scarcely projecting. Wings subhy aline, iridescent ; the
costa and stigma obscure testaceous ; the transverse cubital nervure
absent ; the second recurrent nervure is received considerably in front of
the second transverse cubital; the third cubital cellule is small, very
slightly widened at the apex; in the second cellule is a distinct horny
point.

The <$ (teste Thomson) has the antennae a little thickened at the
base, slightly attenuate at the apex, fuscous-testaceous, the posterior
femora nearly all black, and the posterior tarsi fuscous.

Length 3— 3£ lines.

There are two well-distinguished forms of this
insect. One like that described above : the other has
the body more shining, not so pubescent, the extreme
apex of the clypeus of the same colour as the labrum,
the antennae quite black ; the first transverse cubital
nervure is well denned ; the pronotum is rather broadly
edged with white along its whole length. A specimen
from Sutherlandshire has the antennas (apparently)
longer than usual ; the extreme base of the pronotum
only is white, while the posterior femora are black and
the four anterior at the base, the general coloration
of the legs being also darker, the posterior tarsi being
all black; the first transverse cubital nervure is dis-
tinct. In a few specimens the legs are of an almost
uniform colour, and more rarely the mouth parts are
fuscous, or even black. Most of the specimens that I
have examined have the antennae black ; it is very rare
to find examples with the first transverse cubital ner-
vure entirely obliterated, and even rarer is it to find
specimens without any white on the pronotum.

68 NEMATUS APPENDICULATUS.

Yollenlioven figures it with the first transverse cubital
nervure very distinct.

The larva has been described by Gimmerthal and
Yollenhoven. It has the head somewhat depressed
anteriorly; its colour greyish -green, the eyes being
placed in rather large round black spots ; from each of
these spots proceeds a brown line, narrowing gradually
and going to the top of the head where the lines join.
About the mouth parts are some small brown spots,
and the tips of the mandibles are of the same colour.
The body is rather long and slender. Above the line
of the spiracles it is strongly wrinkled, there being
five folds to each segment. The second and eleventh
segments, the edges of the spiracles, the middle and
posterior legs and the top of the anal segment have a
green-yellow tint ; the rest of the body is green ; legs
greenish, with brown claws ; there is an oblique mark
on each of the thoracic.

Usually it feeds lying at full length along the edge of
the leaf, with the posterior segments slightly curved.
It feeds on Ribes rubrum and R. grossularia to which,
when they occur in numbers, they are injurious.
It appears in June, spins its little shining cocoons
in the earth, and emerges in the perfect state in July,
there being two generations in the year.

Appendiculatus, although widely distributed, does
not appear to be very common in this country. I
have taken it in Clydesdale, Braemar, and Sutherland-
shire. In England it is found in the Manchester dis-
trict, York (T. Wilson), Gloucester, around London,
Glanville's "Wootton, and Devonshire.

Continental habitats are : Scandinavia, Germany,
Holland, France, Russia (Riga).

Obs. — It is doubtful if this is pallipes, Lep., for the mouth and tegulse
are said to be ferruginous, which is not the case with any of the speci-
mens I have seen ; but it is difficult to see what other species pallipes
can be.

NEMATUS FUNEItULUS. 69

12. NEMATUS OBLONGUS.

Nematus ollongus, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, 539.

Black; labrum, tegulae, the greater part of upper lobe of pro-
notum, and anal segment above, sordid white ; coxae, except base,
trochanters, anterior tarsi, and tibiae whitish -yellow, femora reddish-
yellow ; apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi black. Antennae thick, as
long as aodornen arid metathorax, tapering slightly towards the apex,
the joints not clearly separated at the base, more sharply at the apex.
Wings hyaline, basal third of costa white, the remainder and stigma
fuscous ; first transverse nervure pellucid ; third cubital cellule a little
longer than broad, slightly dilated at the apex. Head thick, not
dilated behind the eyes, vertical and frontal sutures invisible, penta-
gonal area invisible ; clypeus truncated ; head, mesonotum, and upper
half of pleurae finely punctured. The spurs not much more than one
third the length of metatarsus.

What is probably the $ has the antennae thick throughout, but
tapering towards the apex, pilose, black above, brownish beneath ; cerci
and apical segment pallid testaceous, and the femora slightly marked
with black above. Otherwise as in ? .

Length scarcely 2£ lines.

Closely allied to appendiculatus, but is smaller,
broader, the antennae thicker and shorter, vertex
thicker and sutures invisible or nearly so. It comes
very near to qquilegice, Vol., but that species would
appear to have the pronotum entirely black, as well as
the apex of the abdomen ; the wings are darker in tint ;
the antennae in the c? are longer and much more dis-
tinctly compressed laterally and not so much thickened.

An English specimen without note of exact locality.
The $ is from Clober, where it was taken on 5th
June.

13. NEMATUS FUNERULUS.

Nematus funerulus, Costa, Fauna Nap., Tenth., p. 20, pi. Ixiv,

f. 5 (1859) ; Andre, Species, i, 116 ;
Cat., 16*; Kirby, List of Hymen.,
i, 122.

Black; labrum pale brown, tegulae dirty white; legs white, the
four anterior coxae, the lower part of trochanters, basal half of anterior
femora, the posterior entirely except the knees, and the apex of
posterior tibiae and their tarsi black. Wings hyaline, slightly clouded,
nervures black, stigma brown, clearer in the $ .

Length 3 lines.

70 NEMATUS AMBIGUUS.

" Britain, J. F. Stephens " ; Kirby, I.e. Unknown
to me.

Continental distribution : Pyrenees, Italy.

Obs.— Brischke and Zaddach (Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, p. 126)
regard N. funerulus as identical with N. laricis, Htg., (Blattw., 203,
35). Not having seen the specimen in the British Museum recorded
by Mr. Kirby I am scarcely in a position to offer an opinion on the
matter; but, judging by the description given of funerulus, laricis
seems to differ from it in having the pronotum edged with pale testa-
ceous, the apex of abdomen more or less of the same colour, and the
stigma clearer, being reddish-yellow or clear brown.

III. THE GROUP OF AMBIGUUS.

Black ; mouth, pronotum, apex and ventral surface of
abdomen, pale or testaceous. Antennae shorter than
the body, black, sometimes pale beneath. The eyes are
usually more or less bordered with testaceous ; the meso-
notum is finely punctured, the vertex is more roughly
punctured. Clypeus truncated at the apex. Wings having
a white, testaceous, or fuscous stigma ; the first trans-
verse cubital nervure may be absent or present. Abdo-
men compressed at the sides towards the apex; above
distinctly carinated.

The group has considerable affinity with Group III,
but, inter alia, differs from it in the punctured meso-
notum and in the much greater extension of the white,
or testaceous colour on the thorax and abdomen, as
well as in the form of the latter. Most of the species
are attached to Conifer w.

14. NEMATUS AMBIGUUS.
PL IV, fig. 3, ? ; PL XVI, fig. 5, Saw.

Tenthredo ambigua, Fall., Acta Holm., 1808, 112, 50.

Nematus furvescens, Cam., P. N. H., Glas., ii, 308 (1877) ;

Fauna, 33, 15 ; Andre, Species,
i, 139 ; Cat., 26* 215.

— parvus, Htg., Blattw., 208, 43; Br. and Zad., Schr.
Ges. Konig., xxiv, 125, 99.

THE GROUP OF MOLLIS. 71

Nematus amliguus, Thorns., Opus., 624, 22 ; Hym. Sc., i, 109,

33; Andre, Species, i, 148 ; Cat.,
26, 211.

Head much narrower than the thorax, shining, punctured, the face
below the antennae whitish-testaceous. Antennas bare, black, thin,
decreasing very perceptibly in thickness towards the apex, the third
joint apparently longer than the fourth ; in length the antennae are
longer than half the body, if not longer-than the abdomen. Thorax
black, shining, mesonotum very finely punctured, half shining, pro-
notum pale testaceous ; the cenchri are scarcely visible. Legs white
with a testaceous tinge, the femora with a broad black line on the
upper side, beneath with a black or fuscous line ; posterior tarsi and
apex of tibiae dark fuscous, almost black, the base of the tarsi being
paler, posterior tarsi equal to, if not longer than, the tibiae. Wings
scarcely hyaline, having a fuscous tinge, especially at the apex, the
costa and stigma testaceous ; the first transverse cubital nervure
very faint ; second recurrent received slightly in front of the second
transverse cubital ; the second cubital cellule has a horny point in the
centre ; the third is small, nearly square. Abdomen black, broader
at the base than the thorax, the apex bluntly pointed and pilose;
the saw scarcely projects, the external part surrounding it is testaceous,
and the posterior part of the ventral surface is of the same colour.

The $ is smaller, and the antennae are thicker, the orbits are broadly
marked with testaceous, and there is a broad testaceous splash on the
pleurae ; the anal segment above and the posterior half of the ventral
surface are of the same colour. Also the posterior tibiae have more
than the apical half black ; the antennae are quite black.

Length 2— 2£ lines.

Ab. — a. $ pleurae without a testaceous splash.

b. <? femora not lined with black.

According to Hartig the larvas feed on the red pine
and are green. It does not appear to be very common.
I find it on the larch near Glasgow in May. Mr. Dale
takes it in Dorsetshire.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

IV. THE GROUP OF MOLLIS.

Body short, thick-set; vertex thick, strongly punctured ;
mesonotum finely punctured, pleura? coarsely punctured,
opaque or semi-opaque. Black, apex of abdomen white,
or testaceous, pronotum usually lined with white ; legs
white or pale testaceous, the base and more or less of
femora black. Antennce short, seldom longer than
abdomen and thorax, black, very rarely brownish beneath.

72 NEMATUS SCOTICTJS.

Wings hyaline, stigma white, or livid testaceous ; first
transverse cubital nervure present. Saw short, thick,
with coarse serrations, rarely much projecting ; the claivs
have generally a subapical tooth.

The distinctly punctured thorax, and especially its
sides, readily distinguishes this group from others of
similar coloration, e.g. from placidus and Thomsoni;
the latter also differing in its emarginated clypeus, and
the former has the antennae much longer and thinner.

The species are northern forms, occurring mostly on
mountain tracts — some on our highest mountain tops
— or in pine forests.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Legs clear white except the coxse and hind tarsi. Leucopodius.

2 (1) Legs with the femora black.

3 (4) Mesonotum smooth, shining, unpunctured; antennse shorter

than abdomen, brownish beneath. Scoticus.

4 (3) Mesonotum punctured, opaque, or semi-opaque; antennse

black.

5 (6) Frontal area distinct, third cubital cellule considerably dilated

at the apex, stigma fuscous. Mollis.

6 (5) Frontal suture indistinct ; third cubital cellule scarcely dilated

at apex.

7 (8) Stigma dark fuscous ; antennse as long as the body in $ .

Fraternus.

8 (7) Stigma testaceous ; antennse not longer than body.

9 (10) Antennae as long as the thorax and abdomen in $ , as long as

the body in $t clypeus white. Breadalbanensis.

10 (9) Antennse not much longer than abdomen in $ and ? ; clypeus

black.

11 (12) Labrum white, spurs half of the length of metatarsus ; wings

not much longer than body. Astutus.

12 (11) Labrum black; spurs one-third of length of metatarsus ; wings

longer than body. Lativentris.

15. NEMATUS SCOTICUS.
PL XVI, fig. 6, Saw.

Nematus scoticus, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1881, 563.

Black; head and thorax covered with close pubescence, which is
especially long on the face ; labruni, legs, and apex of abdomen, dull
testaceous; mandibles brownish, palpi, dark testaceous; the greater
part of coxse, a line on the under side of anterior femora, one above and

NEMATUS FRATEBNTTS. 73

beneath on middle, and the greater part of posterior, black ; apex of
posterior tibise and tarsi fuscous. Vertex minutely punctured, antennal
fovea long, broad, and moderately deep, frontal area indistinct. An-
tennae as long as abdomen, thickish, the third and fourth joints about
equal, and not shorter than ninth, which is sharply conical at apex ;
black, brownish from third joint beneath, and slightly pilose ; meso-
notum shining, scarcely punctured ; pleura opaque, punctured ;
sternum smooth, shining ; tegulse testaceous. Wings hyaline, nervures
for the greater part, and costa and stigma livid white ; first transverse
cubital nervure distinct ; third cubital cellule longer than broad.
The spurs do not reach to the middle of metatarsus ; claws with a
minute subapical tooth ; the cerci are longer than spurs ; sheath of saw
with a long hair-fringe.
Length 2^ lines.

Agrees with the Ambiguus group in having the
antennas brownish beneath, but differs in the punc-
tured pleuras, black pronotum, and clypeus. It differs
from N. breadalbanensis and its allies in its more shining
body, in having the antennas brownish beneath and
the pronotum black. It has the legs coloured much
as in N. lativentris, but the body is narrower, more
shining, and less punctured, the costa and stigma of
a more livid white, the third cubital cellule shorter,
and the apex of abdomen is more marked with
testaceous.

Taken in Braemar by Dr. Sharp in June.

16. NEMATUS FRATERNUS.
PL IV, fig. 1, ¥

Nematus Itetus, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, 194; non Cresson.

Black ; mouth and legs dirty white ; the coxse at base, posterior and
middle femora almost wholly above and beneath, the anterior in the
middle, the apex of hind tibiae and tarsi, black ; tegulse black, the
pronotum close to them dull white. "Wings hyaline; nervures and
stigma dark fuscous, the costa paler. The body is broad, and is covered
closely with short close pile ; the head and thorax almost opaque, very
finely punctured all over. The vertex is thick and has the sutures very
indistinct ; the frontal area is not indicated. Clypeus almost transverse
at apex. Antennas nearly as long as the head and thorax together ;
sheath of saw large, projecting, covered with dense pubescence; the
extreme apex of abdomen above dirty white ; cerci small ; the third
cubital cellule is a little longer than broad ; the transverse median
nervure is received nearly in the middle of the cellule ; the wings are
large, being longer than the body. ? .

Length If lines.

74 NEMATUS MOLLTS.

Agrees closest with N. scoticus, but is smaller, has
the antennae quite black, longer and thinner, the
sutures on vertex less deep and the mesonotum much
more strongly punctured. From the species with
punctured mesonotum it may easily be known by its
smaller size, fuscous black stigma, longer and thinner
antennas, and shorter and blacker cerci.

Mickleham, in May (Mr. T. E. Billups).

17. NEMATUS MOLLIS.
PL XVII, fig. 1, Saw.

Nematus mollis, Htg., Blattw., 201, 30; Thorns., Opus., 621,
16; Hym. Scand., i, 98, 22; Andre,
Species, i, 131 ; Cat., 14,* 28 ; Br.
and Zad.,| Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv,
129, 105.

Tenthredo lapponica, Zett., Ins. Lapp., 350, 44.

Antennae a little shorter than the body, rather stout, black, the fourth
joint shorter than the third, the rest shorter and thinner. Head
narrower than the thorax, black ; the tips of mandibles brownish, palpi
dark testaceous ; scarcely shining, covered with close down and faintly
punctured, the pentagonal area distinct, fovea between the antennae
large. Thorax black, shining, obscurely punctured, the pleurae opaque,
densely punctured, pronotum broadly edged with pale testaceous ; the
cenchri large, dull white. Abdomen longer than the head and thorax,
nearly cylindrical, black, sheath of saw a little projecting; the cerci
are longish, pale. Legs obscure whitish-testaceous, the coxae at the
base, the base of anterior femora widely, and nearly the whole of the
posterior black ; posterior tarsi slightly darkened, spurs long, but
not reaching beyond the middle of the basal tarsal joint. Wings
hyaline, the costa and stigma pale testaceous, nervures blackish, paler
at the base ; the second cubital cellule is nearly double the length of the
third, widened and angled considerably where it receives the first
recurrent nervure, and having a distinct horny dot at the apex ; the
third cellule is narrow at the base, rather wide at the apex ; the first
transverse cubital nervure is pale, the tegulaa are pale testaceous.

The <$ has the antennae thicker and more compressed than in the ? ,
the posterior femora almost entirely, the anterior largely at the base,
and the apex of posterior tibiae, fuscous.

Length 3£ lines.

Ab. — a. Labrum white.

b. Edge of pronotum black.

This insect is distinguished by its hyaline wings
with testaceous stigma, pale testaceous pronotum,
tegulae, and legs, and black femora.

NKMATUS WHITEI. 75

It seems to be a northern form, having only been
taken in Rannoch and Braemar in June, and very few
specimens have been captured.

Continental distribution : Lapland, Sweden, the
Harz Mountains, Prussia, France.

Nothing definite is known about its early stages,
but according to Hartig the imago occurs on pines.

18. NEMATUS WHITEI.

Nematus Whitei, Cam., Fauna, i, 25, 29 (1878).

Black, anal lobes, tibise, and tarsi testaceous. Wings hyaline, the
costa and stigma fuscous.
Length nearly 3| lines.

I am only acquainted with the $ of this species,
which is very distinct from anything described, and
doubtless belongs to this group. It closely resembles
the # of N. breadalbanensis, but the head is scarcely so
rugose ; the labrum, clypeus, and palpi are quite
black, mandibles scarcely piceous, the pleuras not so
much punctured, a little smoother, and more pubes-
cent ; the mesonotum is shining, the coxaa, trochanters,
and femora (except at the extreme apex) are quite
black, and the posterior tarsi fuscous. The wings are
clear hyaline, costa and stigma fuscous, the third
cubital cellule longer and more dilated at apex. The
frontal sutures are not so distinct. The body (espe-
cially the head, pleurae, breast, and sides of abdomen)
and legs densely covered with griseous pubescence ;
breast alutaceous, scutellum transverse behind, fovese
below the antennas large, deep ; spurs scarcely one-
third the length of metatarsus.

It is very similar to the $ of N. breadalbanensis, but
the antennas are shorter, the pubescence less dense and
shorter, stigma darker, third cubital cellule longer and
more dilated at apex, and spurs shorter.

Andre and Kirby treat Whitei as the 3 of N. lati-

76 NEMATQS BREADALBANENSIS.

ventris, Thorns., but the densely pilose body shows
beyond dispute that it has no relationship with
Thomson's species.

Braemar (Dr. Buchanan White).

19. NEMATUS BEEADALBANENSIS.
PL I, fig. 6, ? ; PL XVII, fig. 2, Saw.

Nematus pallipes, Cam., E. M. M., x, 211 ; Proc. Nat. Hist.

Soc. Glas., ii, 311 ; Fauna, 35, 28,
nee Fall.
— breadalbanensis, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, 531.

Black ; apex of clypeus, labrum, and palpi white ; legs pale testa-
ceous. The coxae, except at extreme apex, trochanters in part, basal two-
thirds of anterior femora, and posterior almost wholly, black, with the
apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous. Head roughly punctured,
opaque, slightly pilose, scarcely broader than mesothorax ; vertex thick,
front projecting, labrum sub-quadrate ; mandibles piceous. Thorax
black, scarcely shining, covered with sparse pubescence, minutely
punctured ; pleurae punctured, opaque, and covered with close, short
pile ; the edge of pronotum and tegulse pale testaceous ; cenchri of
medium size. Abdomen longer than head and thorax ; anal part testa-
ceous. Antennae as long as the body, stout, black, the third and fourth
joints about equal, the third slightly curved, longer than the longitu-
dinal diameter of the eye. Wings hyaline, nervures testaceous at base,
black at apex, costa and stigina testaceous white. Calcaria one-third
of the length of metatarsus ; second joint of tarsus longer than
fifth. <?.

The ? has the antennae as long as the thorax and abdomen, and they
are more slender than in the <^, the black on apex of posterior tibiae
is less (in £ it sometimes reaches to near the base of tibiae, while in
other specimens it scarcely exists on tibiae or tarsi), and the anal seg-
ment is dirty-white above. The size of the third cubital cellule varies,
it being sometimes as long as broad, and it may be much longer than
broad ; the second recurrent nervure is, in most of the females I have
seen, joined to third transverse cubital nervure or nearly so, but in one
or two specimens it is at some distance from it, which is its normal
position in most males. The testaceous colour on pronotum varies in
extent, and may be entirely absent in both sexes.

Length 3—3^ lines.

The above species comes near to N. pallipes, Fall.,
from which, however, it differs in two important
points : 1st, in having the coxas black, while pallipes
has them testaceous, and it has only a thin black line
or splash on the femora ; and 2nd, in the spurs not
reaching the middle of metatarsus, I have not seen
the <$ of pallipes, but judging from the ? that species

NEMATUS ASTUTUS. 77

would seem to be a broader and stouter insect than
breadalbanensis, and the posterior tarsi are of a blacker
testaceous, the band on pronotum is broader, and the
apical segments of abdomen broad and dirty testa-
ceous.

Breadalbanensis would appear to be an Alpine
species. I captured it on a mountain in Rannoch in
June, at an elevation of about 3000 feet. Near where
it was captured I found in moss a good many
cocoons of a Nematus presumably of this species.
Similar cocoons I have seen in like situations and at
the same altitude on many of our Scotch mountains.
I discovered both sexes in numbers on Ben More, Mull.

20. NEMATUS ASTUTUS.
PI. XVII, fig. 3, Saw.

Nematus carinatus, Htg., Blattw., 199, 28; Kalt., Pfl., 700;

Andre, Species, 1, 148, 147. ?

Black, thick ; head as broad as the thorax ; antennae thick, as long as
the abdomen, the third and fourth joints about equal, the apical
joints thinner; labrum white, mandibles piceous, palpi dirty white;
apex of abdomen, cerci, tegulte, and a thin line on pronotum close to
te guise brownish-testaceous. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma yellowish-
white, iiervures pale at base of wing, darker at apex. Legs black,
apical half of anterior femora, the knees of posterior tibiae and tarsi,
brownish-testaceous, apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous black ;
the extreme apex of coxae and trochanters on underside testaceous.
Cerci as long as second joint of posterior tarsi ; sheath pilose,
projecting.

Length 3| lines.

I formerly considered the species above described as
the ? of N. pallipes, but I now think it must be distinct.
It is much broader, the head is much thicker, the
clypeus black, cenchri larger, while the coloration of
the legs is darker, and the clypeus is not so sharply
truncated at the apex. The furrow on the middle lobe
of the mesonotum is very deep, and there is a raised
ridge running down the centre of the scutellum, which
is not visible in pallipes. In the latter, also, there is a
transverse furrow running across the apical third and

78 NEMATUS LATIVENT1US.

dividing the scutellum as it were in two. This species
cannot certainly be pallipes, Thorns., for that has the
antennas as long as thorax and abdomen, the pronotum
is almost entirely pale, the cerci short, the abdomen is
" almost cylindrical," while in carinatus it is broad and
flat, broader in the middle than the thorax, ending in
a blunt point at the apex, the testaceous colour on
apex too being much less. Besides these differences
pallipes has the legs, including coxa3, almost entirely
testaceous.

It agrees tolerably well with the description of cari-
natus, of which the $ only has been described by
Hartig, but the ? , according to Zaddach (Schr. Ges.
Konig., xxiv, p. 129), has the legs fulvous, the antennas
longer and more slender than in mollis, which is cer-
tainly not the case with the present species ; the edge
of the pronotum is fulvous. Zaddach gives N. aqui-
ligece, Vol., as a synonym of carinatus, and he also
quotes pallipes, Thorns. (? Fall.), as a synonym.

21. NEMATUS LATIVENTEIS.
PL XVII, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus lativentris, Thorns., Hymen. Scand., i, 99, 23 ; Andre,

Species, i, 145, 41 (excl. syn.).

Black, short, thick ; antennae as long as the abdomen ; mandibles
piceous. Legs black, the apical third of anterior femora, the knees of
posterior, the tibiae and tarsi, dirty testaceous ; anterior tarsi marked
with fuscous ; apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi black ; spurs one-third
of the length of metatarsus. Tegulae piceous-yellow ; edge of pro-
notum dirty testaceous. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma yellowish-
white. Abdomen short and thick, apex of last segment dirty brown ;
cerci long, sheath hairy, projecting.

Length 2f lines.

Distinguished from N. astutus by its short, oblong
Selandria-like body, which is shorter than the wings ;
black labrum, no ridge on scutellum, and the furrow
on middle lobe of mesonotum is scarcely distinguish-
able ; the spurs are shorter and metatarsus longer. The
testaceous colour on the pronotum is better marked

THE GROUP OF PARV1CORNIS. 79

than in astutus, but according to Thomson this is
a point in which lativentris varies, the pronotum and
tegulaa being even quite black. Compared with pal-
lipes the third cubital cellule is narrower at the apex.

Thomson describes the $ as having the abdomen
glabrous at the apex, where there is a small narrow
fovea on the back of the eighth segment, the anus
being black or pale reddish.

Taken in Braemar by Dr. White. Sweden and
Germany are the only other recorded localities.

22. NEMATUS LEUCOPODIUS.

Nematus leucopodius, Htg., Blattw., 200; Andre, Species, i,

132; Cat., 15*; JBr. and Zad.,
Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, 143, 125.

Black, tegulaB, collar at base, and legs, clear white, the coxse at base,
apex of posterior coxse and posterior tarsi black, sometimes the base of
the latter and the hind knees are brownish, labrum and clypeus
white. Antennae longer than the abdomen in $ , nearly as long as the
body in $ ; in the latter the joints are compressed, and taper very
perceptibly towards the apex. Wings clear hyaline, costa and stigma
pallid fuscous. The ventral surface is more or less brown, especially at
the junction of the segments. Head slightly punctured, frontal area
and sutures obsolete ; clypeus truncated.

Length 3 lines.

In general coloration N. leucopodius comes nearest
to N. appendiculatus, but it is a larger species ; the
antennae are quite black and shorter, and the legs
are pure white throughout.

" Britain, J. F. Stephens," Kirby, List of Hymen.,
i, p. 117. Unknown to me.

Continental distribution : Germany.

V. THE GROUP OF PARVICORNIS.

Black, labrum, edge of pronotum, tegulce, and most
of the legs whitish-testaceous ; stigma fuscous. Antennce
stout, not much longer than thoraxt the third and fourth

80 THE GROUP OF CRASSUS.

joints equal. Front smooth, its sutures obsolete ; clypeus
transverse ; pleurce and breast smooth, shining ; thorax
covered with dense silky pubescence.

From the preceding section the present is known by
the smooth front and breast, by the short, thick an-
tennae, and by the thorax being covered by soft silky
pubescence. The antennae are shorter in both sexes
than in any other British species of Nematus.

23. NEMATUS PARVICORNIS.

Nematus Iremcornis, Thorns., Opus., 622, 18 ; Hym., Scand., i,

100, 25; Andre, Species, i,
169, Cat., 19,* 103 (non Foer.).
— parvicornis, Kirby, List of Hymen., i, 118, 116.

Black, smooth, shining ; head (especially) and thorax covered with
close silky pubescence ; apex of clypeus, labrum, tegulee, pronotum, base
of costa, legs, and apical half of abdomen beneath, with the anal parts
whitish-testaceous. Base of coxee, a splash on the underside of posterior
femora, with apex of posterior tibias and tarsi, black. Antennae shorter
than body, thick, compressed at base, tapering towards the apex, the
third joint of the same size as fourth, curved beneath, and not longer
than the longitudinal diameter of eye. Wings hyaline, the greater part
of costa and stigma fuscous ; third cubital cellule double so long as
broad ; basal nerve almost joined to costal. The eyes are large, oval, the
clypeus small, truncated at apex ; palpi long, white ; mandibles piceous.

The $ according to Thomson is similarly coloured to the $ as
described above, the apex of abdomen and belly being dirty-testaceous.

Length 2^ lines.

I bred this species from larvae found on birch in
Sutherland shire in June. The larva had a black head,
and a yellowish-green body marked with orange spots
and minute black points. The flies appeared in July.

Sutherlandshire.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

VI. THE GROUP OE CRASSUS.

Body entirely black, legs red save the base, hind tarsi
and apical half of tibia?, which are thickened and

NEMATUS CRASSUS. 81

grooved. Stigma blade, costa testaceous, clypeus in-
cised, sutures distinct, thorax covered with close longish
pubescence, finely punctured on mesonotum and pleurce.
Antennae long and filiform. Length from 5 lines.

The large size of the two species composing this
group easily separates them from the other black-
bodied species with red legs.

1 (2) Coxse, trochanters, and spurs black. Crassus.

2 (1) Coxse, base of trochanters, and spurs red. Caeruleocarpus

24. NEMATUS CKASSUS.
PL XVII, fig. 6, Saw.

Tenthredo crassa, Fall., Acta Holm., 1808, 106, 41.

Nematus sulcipes, Hart., Blatt., 186, 6 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx,
14,3; Andre, Species, i, 114; Cat.,
14*, 24.

— crassus, Thorns., Opus., 629, 33 ; Hym. Scand., i, 123 ;
Cam., Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas.,
ii, 312 ; Fauna, 36, 31 ; Andre,
Species, i, 113; Cat., 14,* 22.

Antennae black, nearly as long as the body, tapering towards the
apex, the third joint curved, scarcely longer than the fourth. Head
black, shining, slightly punctured, frontal fovese broad, distinct ;
antennal rather deep ; clypeus incised ; the apex of labrum and
mandibles at the apex reddish; palpi testaceous. Thorax black,
shining, punctured, covered with short black pile ; the pleurae are
densely pilose and opaque; the scutellum raised, opaque, and punc-
tured; the cenchri large, clear white. Abdomen black, shining, a
little narrowed at the apex ; sheath of saw hairy and projecting, the
cerci are short and black. Legs red; the coxae, trochanters, and
apical half of posterior tibiae, with the spurs and the whole of the
posterior tarsi, black; the four anterior spurs are reddish. The poste-
rior tibiae are thickened at the apex, pilose, and deeply grooved
inwardly ; the inner spur is double the length of the outer, and is
nearly half the length of the metatarsus. Wings yellowish hyaline,
iridescent, costa reddish- testaceous ; the stigma black ; the first trans-
verse cubital nervure is absent, and the second recurrent nervure is
received considerably in front of second transverse cubital. The
tegulae are black.

The <^ is similarly coloured ; the antennae are longer, and the body
is, if anything, more pilose.

Length 4^ — 5 lines.

This is apparently a northern form in Britain, and
has only been met with at Braemar and at Kingussie,
where I found it in June on aspens.

VOL. II. 6

82 NEMATCJS CLERULEOCAEPUS.

On fhe Continent it has been so much mixed up with
the next species that it is difficult to give its distribu-
tion with certainty. According to Thomson it is
spread over Sweden, is found in Germany and France,
and Eversmann records it from the province of Casan.

Nothing definite is known regarding its early history,
but it seems probable that it is attached to the aspen.

25. NEMATUS CLERULEOOAKPUS.

Vol. I, PL VII, fig. 6, Larva; Vol. II, PL II, fig. 7,
? ; PL XVII, fig. 5, Saw.

Nematus cceruleocarpus, Hart., 187, 8; Toll., Tijd. Ent., i,

148, pi. 6; Zool., s.8. 7526 (lar.);
Kalt., Pfl., 558 and 578; Cam.,
Proc. Nat. Hist. Glas., ii, 312;
Andre, Species, i, 113; Cat., 14,* 21.

— propinquus, Dbm., Clavis, 25, 24 (lar.).

— vicinus, Lep., Mon., 197, 66 ; Ste., 111., vii, 38.

— br achy acanthus, Thorns., Opus., 629, 34 ; Hym.,

Scand., i, 123, 50.

— brevispinis, Foer., Verb. Ver. Rheinl., xi, 338.

— gelidus, Kirby, List of Hym., i, 115, pi. vii, f. 10.

Black, shining, densely covered with fuscous pile. Legs red,
coxae at the base, and apical half of posterior tibiae and the posterior
tarsi black ; spurs short, reddish. Wings hyaline, costa fuscous,
stigma black. $ and $ .

Length 3f— 4£ lines.

Ab. — a. Abdomen reddish underneath.

Cceruleocarpus is distinguished from crassus by its
smaller size, by the longer and thicker pile on the
pleura and mesonotum, the reddish apex of the coxse
and the trochanters, the short reddish posterior spurs,
which are scarcely one-third the length of the meta-
tarsus ; the wings are clearer and the posterior tibiae
have not so much of their apices black.

The larva has the head pale brown, with two dark
stripes on the sides, meetiog at right angles on the
vertex. The legs are greenish-yellow with brown
claws. The body is bluish-green, irregularly covered
with black dots, each ending in a hair ; along the sides
there is a row forming a distinct, though slightly
interrupted, line ending on the twelfth segment ; the

NEMATUS CCERULEOCARPUS. 83

anal cerci are dark brown. The food canal shines
through the skin as a dark stripe. At the last moult
the skin assumes a darker green colour. It is found
in the autumn.

When young it eats holes in the leaves of poplars
and willows ; when more mature it feeds along the
edge, with the body curved to the shape of the part
it has eaten out. It spins a large, double, dark brown
cocoon in the earth, in which it pupates in April, or the
beginning of May, the imagos appearing in May and June.

The pupa is glassy green, with the limbs paler and
the eyes black.

Through these two species having been confounded
a good deal of confusion has arisen regarding their
synonyms. After the description of Fallen the next
earliest is that of St. Fargeau, who described one
of the forms under the name of vicinus, but whether
it refers to cceruleocarpus or to crassus cannot now be
decided, as he does not mention those points by which
the two are separated. The same remark might
almost be said of Hartig's description of cceruleocarpus,
yet as he says that the coxas are only black at the base,
and that the apex only of the hinder tibiae is black, while
in sulcipes the tibise are only red at the base, and, again,
as he states also that it is half a line shorter than sul-
cipes, there can I think be no doubt that cceruleocarpus
is the same as br achy acanthus, which name, therefore,
should not be adopted. Furthermore, it is certain that
it is br achy acanthus which Van Vollenhoven has
described under the Hartigian name. Zaddach treats
both forms as mere varieties of one species, adopting
the name of crassus (Schr. Ges. Konig., p. 353, 16)
on the ground that the points of distinction between
them are not of specific value, treating especially the
length of the spurs as a variable character not to be
depended upon. Taking, however, into account that
there is also a difference in the form of the saw, and
that as yet the larger form has not been bred, I do
not feel inclined to unite them.

84 NEMATUS LUCIDTJS.

Cceruleocarpus I have never taken in Scotland, but it
seems to be tolerably common in England. Worcester.

On the Continent it is found in Sweden, Holland,
the Harz Mountains, and in France.

A variety (palliditarsis, Cam.) with the hinder legs
quite pale, the stigma testaceous, and the body more
densely pilose, has been taken in Spitzbergen by the
Rev. A. E. Eaton (Proc. Nat. Hist. Glas., ii, 313).

VII. THE G-ROUP OF LUCIDUS.

Pronotum and base of abdomen reddish. Abdomen
long, narrowing considerably from fifth segment towards
the apex, cerci long. Head with a deep depression
behind the ocelli, so that there seems to be a ridge round
the bade of the head, which is narrowed in the centre.
Front largely projecting, antennal fovea very deep and
conspicuous, and open above, thus y. Pentagonal area
distinct, clypeus slightly and roundly incised; antennae
long, filiform, the joints truncated and produced at the
apex beneath, the third and fourth joints equal in ? ,
the third shorter than fourth in $ , which has the antennce
densely pilose. Wings with the second cubital cellule
long, the third small, not much longer than broad. Hind
tibice thickened and grooved; metatarsus thickened.
Breast opaque, punctured.

The red colour on the body enables this species to
be distinguished from the other Nemati except those
of the Erichsoni- group, and these again differ from it
in the coloration of the legs. In general structure it
conies nearest to crassus and rufescens.

26. NEMATUS LUCIDUS.

PL I, fig. 1, ? , la, Antenna; PL IX, fig. 2, lar. ;
PL XVIII, fig. 1, Saw.

Tenthredo lucida, Pz., F. G., Ixxx, ii, f. 10.

crassa, Fallen Acta, 1808, 106, 41, var. (3.

NEMATUS LUCIDUS. 85

Nematus lucidus, Olivier, Ency. Meth., 167, 5; Lep., Men., 66,
109 ; Ste., 111., vii, 37, 43 ; Hart.,
Blattw., 187, 7; Costa, F. K, 14,
63, 6; Thoins:, Opus., 630, 36;
Hym. Scand., 126, 52; Br. and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, 63,
pi. 7, f. 1 (lar.) ; Cam., Fauna, 30, 3;
Andre, Species, 104, 11 , Cat., 13.*

Nematus cinctus, Lep., Mon., 66, 198 ; F. Fr., 68, 19, pi. 11, f. 2 ;
Ste., 1. c., 37, 44.

Antennae nearly as long as the thorax and abdomen, black, the
third, fourth, and fifth joints almost equal in length, the remaining
gradually becoming shorter. Head black, strongly punctured on the
vertex ; the labium and palpi brownish-red. Thorax black, pro-
notum bright brownish-red, covered with short close pubescence ; the
cenchri pale; tegulae reddish; pleura3 semi-opaque, punctured, the
breast smooth and shining. Abdomen black, very finely punctured,
the second, third, and fourth segments red at the sides and above,
except a few small black dots in the middle. Legs reddish, the coxae
and apex of posterior tibiae and the tarsi black ; the posterior tibiae are
slightly thickened at the apex. Wings hyaline, iridescent; costa
fuscous, stigma black.

The $ similar in coloration; the antennae are longer and densely
pilose.

Length 6— 8£ lines.

The red on the abdomen varies in extent in both sexes,
and may be entirely absent, or nearly so, in the d .

The larva is deep green, usually darker in tint on
the back. Head dark brown, darker on the vertex
and at oral region; spiracles dark brown, inclining
to red ; through them runs a white line. Over
the legs is an irregular, longish, brownish-black or
black mark. Above each of the first five ventral legs
is an irregular black mark placed immediately below
the spiracular white line ; over the projecting fleshy
part above the legs are a number of minute black
tubercles, each ending in a little black bristle ; there are
two rows of these. On the thorax, a little in front of
the two posterior thoracic legs, are some small hairs,
and there are two rows of widely separated soft short
hairs along the back. The claws bear short black
hairs ; cerci short, stumpy, broadest at apex, brownish
to black in colour.

Brischke figures the larva with seven abdominal
black marks, and with one over each leg. I have not
seen any Iarva3 with that number.

86 THE GROUP OF HYPERBOREUS.

It feeds in company on the edges of the leaves of
Cratcegus oxyacantha, stretching and jerking the body
if alarmed. It is found in June and July. The
cocoon is single, elliptical, and is spun in the ground.
There is only one brood.

The imago appears in May and June. In Scotland
it is not common, but seems to be tolerably abundant
in the South of England.

Touch Hills, Stirling, Clydesdale, Worcester, Grlan-
ville's Wootton, Devonshire, Daren th Wood.

Sweden (not common), Prussia (very rare), Harz,
Austria, Holland, Switzerland, France, Italy.

VIII. THE GROUP OF HYPERBOREUS.

Black. Mouth9 anus, tibice, and tarsi white, or sordid
white, costa and stigma white. Antennae a little longer
than half the body, clypeus incised, cerci long, spurs
short, claws bifid. Head roughly punctured, mesonotum
and pleurce covered with fine scattered punctures ; body
covered with longish hair.

The first two species of this group are readily known
by the long dense fuscous hair with which they are
covered ; the third species has the pubescence much
shorter, but otherwise agrees closely. They may
be known from the pallipes-group (which they resemble
in coloration) by their much less coarsely punctured
thorax, and emarginate clypeus.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Head and thorax covered with longish pubescence.

2 (3) Tegulas and edge of pronotum white ; hinder tarsi dirty white.

Thomsoni.

3 (2) Tegulae and edge of pronotum black ; hinder tarsi and apex of

tibise black. Clibrichensis.

4 (1) Head and thorax covered with short pubescence. Apicalis.

NEMATUS THOMSONI. 87

27. NEMATUS THOMSONI.
PL XVIII, fig. 2, Saw.

Nematus Thomsoni, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, 540.
— hyperboreus, Cam., Fauna, 32, non Thorns.

Black. Labrum, anus, tegulae and edge of pronotum, legs, costa
and stigma white ; anterior femora largely, posterior nearly all, black.
Antennae a little longer than half the body, setaceous, the third and
fourth joints equal, the rest shorter. Head a little narrower than the
thorax, slightly rounded inwardly behind, black, shining, covered with
longish pubescence ; labrum dull white, palpi dark fuscous, front and
vertex slightly rugose, sutures and fovea3 not deep, pentagonal area
invisible. Thorax shining, smooth, covered with longish scattered
greyish pubescence ; the posterior edge of pronotum and tegulse white,
cenchri large, white. Abdomen oblong, broad, truncated at apex, black,
smooth, shining, very minutely punctured ; anal segment sordid white ;
the cerci long, white, pointing towards each other. Sheath black, hairy,
slightly exserted. Legs sordid white, the coxae at the base, about one-
third of the anterior femora, posterior almost wholly, anterior tarsi at
apex, the posterior entirely, and the apex of the posterior tibiae, black ;
the spurs are short. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma white, ner-
vures blackish ; the third cubital cellule is double the width of the base
at the apex.

Length 3| lines.

Easily known by its broad, short, black, shining,
longly pilose body, with the anal segment broadly
white, villose pleurae, shortish antennae, and dirty white
legs with black posterior femora.

It is closely related to N. villosus, Thorns. (Hym.
Scand. i, 127, 53), but that species is larger, the
pleurae not alutaceous, the tegulae black, the abdomen
black at the apex and the legs yellowish, black at the
base. N. hyperboreus, Thorns., differs from it in having
the pronotum entirely black, the thorax " supra sub-
tilius sed crebrius punctato," &c.

TV". Thomsoni is very rare in Britain, only two
specimens having been hitherto discovered. These
were taken by Dr. Sharp in Braemar.

88 NEMATUS CLIBEICHENSIS.

28. NEMATUS CLIBRICHEKSTS.

Nematus clilrichensis, Cam., Fauna, 32, 13 (1S78) ; Andre,

Species, i, 138; Cat., 19,* 110.

<$. Antennae black, as long as the body, almost bare of pubescence,
slightly flattened, each joint drawn out to a truncated, bead-like
point at the apex, which is thicker than the base of the succeeding
joint ; the fourth joint is distinctly longer than the third, the rest
become gradually shorter and thinner. Head black, sparsely covered
with longish black hair ; the vertex finely punctured, frontal area dis-
tinct ; palpi black. Thorax smooth, shining, sparsely covered with
long black hair ; pleurae scarcely so shining as the mesonotum, punc-
tured, and covered with long black hair ; the cenchri are very pale
white. Abdomen slightly punctured at the base, the last segment and
the gaping anal lobes sordid testaceous. Legs black, the coxae and
base of tibiae sordid testaceous, the posterior tibiae totally black ; the
four anterior tarsi are longer than the tibiae, the posterior are also
longer, but not so long in proportion as the anterior ; the spurs are very
short. Wings hyaline, nervures black, the costa and stigma sordid
white ; the first cubital cell is small, its nervure very pale ; the second
cellule is almost double the length of the third, and forms a very
sharp angle where it receives the first recurrent nervure ; the third is
a very little widened at the base. The tegulse are black.

Length a little more than 3 lines.

At the first examination I took this to be the un-
described male of N. Thomsoni, but a closer comparison
showed so many points of distinction as scarcely to
warrant such a conclusion ; e.g. the pubescence is
shorter, blacker, and thinner ; the tegulse are quite
black ; the legs much darker coloured ; the costa
and stigma are not so clearly white ; the vertex has
the puncturing more rugged, and the labrum is quite
black.

I captured one specimen on the top of Ben Clibrich,
Sutherlandshire (3180 feet high) in June.

Obs— This may possibly be the $ of hyperboreus, Thorns., the $ of
which is stated to have the labrum, stigma, costa, and anus dirty white,
the anterior tibiae and tarsi white, and the posterior and apex of tibia!
black. If it really be the $ it would thus differ from the $ in having
the labrum and tegulae black, the stigma yellowish-white, and the legs
very much darker.

THE GROUP OF PLACIDUS. 89

29. NEMATUS APIOALIS.
PL XVIII, fig. 3, Saw.

Nemaius apicalis, Htg., Blattw., 201 ; Cam., Fauna, 31, 7 ;
Andre, Species, i, 137, Cat., 19,*
119.

Black, covered (especially on head, sides of thorax, breast and abdo-
men) with moderately long fuscous pubescence ; mouth, tegulse, apex
of femora, tibise and tarsi and apical abdominal segment white, or
sordid white, apex of hinder tibise and tarsi black, the four anterior
tarsi more or less fuscous. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma white,
nervures fuscous, paler at the apex of the wings. Antennas as long as
abdomen and half the thorax, covered with close pile, the third joint
much shorter than fourth; vertex and front coarsely punctured,
frontal area sub-distinct ; clypeus roundly incised. The third cubital
cellule is about one-fourth longer than broad, slightly dilated at the
apex ; second recurrent nervure interstitial ; recurrent nervures in hind
wings interstitial. The spurs are short, scarcely one-third of the length
of metatarsus ; the tarsi are shorter than the tibiae.

Length 3| lines.

In coloration this species is almost identical with
Thomsoni, but it is narrower, the pubescence is much
shorter, especially on the mesonotum ; the pronotum is
entirely black, the tegulas are fuscous- white ; the
antennas are longer, cenchri smaller ; the abdomen is
more narrowed towards the apex, and is not so much
truncated. Apicalis has considerable affinity with the
Caprece-group, but is readily separated from any of the
species by the almost totally black body.

Rare. Clydesdale, Germany.

IX. THE GROUP OF PLACIDUS.

Body short, broad, blade, more or less reddish-yellow
on head, thorax, and on underside of abdomen. An-
tenna? long, filiform, reddish beneath. Wings hyaline,
stigma yellow, or pale testaceous. Clypeus broadly, but
not deeply, incised, or almost transverse.

The species of this group is not unlike N. mollis,

90 THE GEOUP OF HISTEIO.

but it wants the strongly punctured thorax, while the
antennae are longer, thinner, and brownish on the
underside.

30. NEMATUS PLACIDUS.
PI. XIX, fig. 5, Saw.

Nematus placidus, Cam., E. M. M., xiv, 225 ; Andre, Species,

i, 147 ; Cat., 19,* 107.

Antennae nearly as long as the body, thin, filiform, the third joint a
very little longer than the fourth, the rest a little shorter; black-
brown from the second joint on the under surface. Head narrower
than the mesothorax, black, the labrum and palpi white; clypeus
almost truncated, piceous at the apex ; vertex punctured, the penta-
gonal area and sutures indistinct; antennal fovea large. Thorax
black, semi-shining, the mesonotum with a few punctures ; tegulae and
pronotum (largely) white; pleurae for the greater part brownish,
shining. Wings clear hyaline, costa and stigma white ; the first
transverse cubital nervure is distinct, the third cubital cellule is a
little longer than broad ; the second recurrent nervure is received
considerably in front of the second transverse cubital ; there is a small
horny point in the second cellule. Legs clear white, the apex of
posterior tibiae and tarsi (except at the extreme base) fuscous. Abdo-
men as long as the head and thorax, thickish, bluntly rounded at the
apex; black, the anal segment pale brownish- white above; cerci pale,
long, pointing downwards. The saw does not project.

Length 2£ lines.

The antennas are somewhat stouter than in N.
arcticus, from which it is distinguished by the white,
not yellow, colour of the pronotum and legs.

Rare. England (Eev. T. A. Marshall).

X. THE GROUP OF HISTEIO.

Ground colour obscure yellow, or fulvous. Thorax
and abdomen more or less marked with black, mouth
white, clypeus narrowly incised. Antennae not much
more than half the length of the body, the joints cylin-
drical, entirely black. Mesopleurce finely punctured,
pubescent, as is also the breast. Stigma pallid or livid
fuscous.

NEMATUS HISTBIO. . 91

This group lias great resemblance to caprece, but
the ground colour of the thorax has a darker reddish
tinge, the stigma is more livid, the body longer,
antennge shorter, stouter. In having black markings
on the thorax in most of the species, and in all of them
being very variable, both groups agree. The elongated
abdomen of histrio and glenelgensis gives a different
facies to them compared to caprece, and the abdomen
also is not broadly black along the back, but only at the
base, or slightly marked with black along the middle.
Hcemorrhoidalis, however, has pretty much the same
body-form as caprece, and it has the belly greenish-
white when fresh, but acquires a brownish tinge with
age. The two groups, in fact, might be united.

The males have either the body entirely black
except the ventral surface, as in glenelgensis and
hcemorrhoidalis, or the abdomen is fulvous in the middle
as in his trio.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Body for the greater part black, abdominal segments at the

apex lined with livid white, stigma fuscous. Humeralis.

2 (1) Body for the greater part reddish-yellow, stigma livid white.

3 (4) Abdomen for the greater part black above, thickish, bulging

out in the middle. Longiserra, hcemorrhoidalis.

4 (3) Abdomen longish, contracted and narrowed towards the apex,

black at base and apex.

5 (6) Colour light reddish -yellow, legs for the greater part testaceous.

Length 4f lines. Histrio.

6 (5) Colour dark reddish-brown, legs for the greater part black.

Length 3£ lines. Glenelgensis.

31. NEMATUS HISTEIO.
PL II, fig. 6, ? ; PL XVIII, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus histrio, Lep., F. Fr., 65, 7 ; Mon., 63, 185 ; Br. and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, 68, 15,
pi. 4, fig. 10 ; Cam., E. M. M., xi, 65 ;
Fauna, 30, 4; Andre, Species, i, 105,
Cat., 13,* 11.

— rufescens, Htg., Blattw., 191, 15 ; Ratz., Forstins., iii,
126 ; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 130, 56.

92 NEMATUS H1STIUO.

Tenthredo caprea, var. a and var. c, Zett., I. L., 352, 52.
Nematus caprete, Thorns., vars. /, g, h, Opusc., 631, 38.
— striatus, Brischke, Beschr., 12, pi. 11, f. 6 (lar.).

Antennae much shorter than the abdomen, black, bare, almost shining,
attenuated at the apex, the third joint almost shorter than the fourth.
Head covered with very short pile, reddish, the part surrounding the
ocelli and the mandibles black ; mouth pallid, shining, punctured, the
clypeus slightly emarginated ; labrum nearly quadrate ; antennal fovea
small, round, deep ; head turned inwardly behind, the front projecting ;
vertical sutures very distinct; eyes small, oval; the palpi fuscous.
Pronotum livid testaceous, mesonotum half shining, punctured, reddish,
with three black marks; the apical half of the scutellum and the
metanotum being also black. The breast is smooth, and covered with
white pubescence. The legs are reddish, the four anterior femora at
the base and the posterior broadly lined with black, as are also the
apical three-fourths of the posterior tibia) and the whole of the pos-
terior tarsi ; the calcaria are short. Wings hyaline, nervures black,
costa and stigma reddish-fuscous ; the second cubital cellule is nearly
double the length of the third. The abdomen is longer than the head
and thorax, considerably narrowed towards the apex, reddish, the base,
two or three spots on the apical segments, the cerci and apex of sheath,
black ; the cerci are very long, the sheath long, broad, and rounded at
the apex, hairy, the apical segments of abdomen being likewise pilose ;
the blotch is pale yellow.

The <^ has the antennas slightly thicker than in the ? : the abdo-
men is black, broadly red in the middle, thorax quite black.

Length 4f lines.

One of our largest species of Nematus. It is easily
known by its reddish colour with the black marks on
the thorax and abdomen, black posterior tibiae and
tarsi, elongated abdomen marked at base and apex
with black, longish cerci and saws, and the shortish,
deep black, bare antennge.

It varies considerably in colour, more especially in
the amount of black on the thorax, abdomen, and legs.
The reddish ground colour also varies ; in some speci-
mens it is pale reddish-yellow, in others deep rufous,
while occasionally examples occur of a very obscure
brown, almost black.

Ab. — a. All the abdominal segments marked with
black.

Larva shining, pale green, often with a slight bluish
tinge, the skin (except at the thoracic and anal seg-
ments) with small black dots. On the back is a
darker green dorsal stripe enclosed between two lines
which, when the larva is feeding, are white. The

NEMATUS GLENELGENSIS. 93

head is of a paler green than the body and bears a few
fuscous dots ; the mouth is brown. The legs are, glassy
green with brown claws. When full fed it becomes of
a uniform green colour. The pupa is pale green.

It feeds in June on Salix alba and on Salix fragilis,
and the deep brown longish cocoon is spun under holes
in the bark.

Brischke (1. c.) states that the larvae feed also on
the aspen, and that they gnaw long passages in the
willow bark and hollow branches, out of which they
seldom creep forth, and in which the cocoon is spun.

Histrio is widely distributed, but does not appear to
be common. I have seen specimens from Clydesdale,
Berwickshire, and Worcester.

It is met with in Lapland, Scandinavia, Germany,
Russia (Curland), Holland, Switzerland, and France.

32. NEMATUS GLENELGENSIS.
PL XVIII, fig. 5, Saw.

Nematus glenelgensis, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, 535.

Dark brownish-red, the antennae, the space surrounding the ocelli,
breast, a mark on middle lobe of mesonotum, the greater part of the
lateral lobes, apex of scute! lum, metanotum, base of abdomen, and a broad
transverse mark on the four apical segments, cerci and sheath deep
black. Labrum and clypeus dirty white. Legs pallid testaceous;
cox83 at base, the basal fourth of anterior femora, basal half of middle,
and the whole of posterior pair lined above and beneath with black ;
all the tarsi, apex of anterior tibia3, apical half of middle, and the whole
of posterior pair, black. Wings hyaline, with a very slight griseous
tinge ; costa and stigma fusco-testaceous, the latter much clearer in
the middle.

Length 3i lines.

I believe this is a distinct species from N. histrio,
although it must be confessed that the two are
very closely allied. It is smaller by a line than the
ordinary form of histrio, the ground colour is very
much darker, the legs especially being almost entirely
black ; the antennae are longer and thinner, and taper
more towards the apex, and the saw differs, its apical

94 NEMATUS LONUISEBKA.

division being bent in the middle, while with histrio it is
straight.

I bred it from larvae which I found feeding on Salix
aurita at Grlenelg, Inverness-shire. These larvse
would appear to agree perfectly with the figures and
descriptions given by Brischke and Zaddach of those
of histrio. The head was light green, mottled on the
top with a darker green; mouth dark brown. Legs
light green with brown claws. Body dark green, the
segmental divisions are marked with white lines.
Down the back runs a dark green line, bordered on
either side by a white, narrower one. On the side
runs another white line. All the lines end on the
second last segment which, with the last, is of a lighter
green colour and bears a broad white mark on the top.
The skin is beset with numerous little black points.

Among this batch of larvae were one or two which
had the body of a darker green, and the segmental divi-
sions were not marked by white lines. On the back were
two black lines formed of small, distinct, but closely
continuous black dots. There was also an irregular
waved line of dots over the forelegs. The only speci-
mens of the Iarva3 of histrio I have met were found in
their cocoons under the bark of Salix alba, and I have
no description of the feeding larvaB, so that I am not
in a position to say if these differed much from
those I have described, but I think it will be found
that the true histrio is attached to 8. alba.

A specimen of glenelgensis sent to the late Prof. Zad-
dach was returned as a variety of histrio.

33. NEMATUS LONGISERRA.
PL XIX, fig. 1, Saw.

Nematus longiserra, Thorns., Opus., 632, 39 ; Hym. Scand., i,

128, 55 ; Br. and Zad., Schr.
Ges. Konig., xvi, 68;? Cam.,
E. M. M., xiii, 177; Fauna,
30, 5 ; Andre, Species, i, 186 ;
Cat., 13,* 12.

NEMATUS LONGISEKRA. 95

Dark fulvous, covered with faint white down, the mouth white, the
antennae, three broad marks on the mesonotum, the sternum, and the
dorsum of abdomen (except the extreme apex), black. The an'tenna3 are
shorter than the abdomen, the apical joints thin, the third and fourth
equal in length ; the clypeus is not notched. Mesonotum shining,
strongly punctured. Sheath large, long, broad, black, largely pro-
jecting ; the cerci long, fuscous, pubescent at the apex, and as long as
the half of the abdomen. Abdomen more than a fourth longer than
the head and thorax, the apical segments project in the middle into a
thin half-circular plate. Legs pale obscure yellow, with the posterior
tarsi fuscous. The posterior tarsi are shorter than the tibiaB, and the
femora than the tibiae ; second tarsal joint is a little shorter than the
fifth. The femora have a short black line at the base. Wings hyaline,
the costa and stigma pale white, the latter being a little darker at the
apex.

The $ is black with the exception of the mouth, orbits, pronotum,
tegulae, belly and legs, which are dark fulvous; the antennae are
nearly as long as the thorax and abdomen, and the anterior legs
broadly lined with black at the base. The abdomen is keeled in the
middle throughout, the keel produced at the apex, and with a large and
deep fovea on either side of it.

Length scarcely 3 lines.

A smaller species than N. Mstrio. The ground
colour is lighter than in that species, and the clypeus
can scarcely be said to be notched.

I am not quite satisfied as to the above-described
species being N. longiserra of Thomson, for its ovi-
positor does not seem to be quite so long, not being
quite " dimidio abdomine haud breviore." In color-
ation my specimens belong to Thomson's var. c. Apart
from the difference in the form of the saw it does not
differ much from N. hcemorrhoidalis ; the clypeus is
not so deeply notched, however, and the c? has the
antenna longer, thinner, and not so pilose ; it is
narrower, the anterior femora only are lined with black,
the abdomen is keeled and the stigma is darker. It is
a smaller species than histrio ; the ground colour is
lighter, the clypeus almost transverse, the costa and
stigma in the ? are lighter coloured and the legs are
only black at the base.

Bred from among larvas of N. glenelgensis (of. p. 94).

96 NEMATOS HJ1MORRHOIDALIS.

34. NEMATUS HUMEEALIS.
PI. IV, fig. 4, ? ; PL XIX, fig. 2, Saw.

Tenthredo humeralis, Zett., Ins. Lap., 351, 48.
Nematus caprece, var. /c. Thorns., Opus., 631, 38.

— fallax, var. humeralis, Br. and Z., Schr. Ges. Konig.,

xvi, 69.

— humeralis, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 132, 58.

Black, closely covered with longish white pubescence ; clypeus,
labrum, inner orbits, the edge of the pronotum, tegulse, the edges of
the apical abdominal segments, and almost the whole of the belly,
livid white. Legs : coxae, trochanters, base of femora, the knees,
and tibiae in front, livid white ; the four anterior tibiae black behind, the
posterior fuscous, except at the base ; tarsi black, the anterior pair
fuscous. Wings large, clear hyaline ; costa, stigma, and nervures, pale
fuscous.

Length 4 — 4| lines.

This is a larger and broader insect than hcemor-
rhoidalis, it wants entirely the red ground colour of
the latter, the pubescence is closer, longer, and paler ;
the abdomen is more truncated at the apex, the femora
are longer and narrower, and the stigma fuscous.

Eare. Worcester.

Continental distribution : Lapland, Sweden.

35. NEMATUS H^EMORRHOIDALIS.

Yol. I, PI. IY, fig. 9,* Larva; Yol. II, PL I, fig. 10,
Palpus, 10a, Labium; PL XYIII, fig. 6, Saw.

Tenthredo caprece, Fall., Acta, 1808, 121, 64 (nee Pz.) ; Zett.,

I. L., 352, 52.
Nematus humeralis, Lep., Mon., 66, 195 ; F. Fr., 68, 16.

— caprece, Thorns., Opusc., 631, 38.

— fallax, Lep., F. Fr., 66, 9 ; Mon., 64, 187 ; Br. and

Zad., Schr. Ges. Konigs., xvi, 69,
pi. 5, f, 11, and pi. 6, f. 4 (lar.) ;
Cam., Fauna, 30, 6; Ste., 111., vii,
34 (the type is eaprece, Pz.);
Andre, Species, i, 107 ; Cat., 13,*
14.

— striatus, Htg., Blattw., 191, 14; Thorns.. Hym. Scand.,

i, 131, 57.

— vittatus, Lep., Mon., 64, 188 ; F. Fr., 66, 12 ; Ste., 111.,

vii, 34 (his types are miliaris,
Pz.).

* Under the name of N. fallax.

NEMATUS H^EMORRHOIDALIS. 97

Nematus licemorrlioidalis, Spin., Ins. Lig., ii, 20; Lop., Mon.

65, 194 ; Ste., 111., vii, 35 (his types
are caprea, Pz.).

— variabilis, Tischbein, Stett. Ent. Zeits., 1846, 80.

— squalidus, Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx, 21.

— incanus, Foerster, Verb. Yer. Rhein., xi, 302, pi. v.

f. 18 (wing).

Reddish, elongate ; the mesonotum and pleurae semi-opaque, punc-
tured, breast shining; the vertex, two marks on the mesonotum,
metanotum, and abdomen on the back (apex excepted), black ; the
face, legs, abdomen beneath and at the apex above, livid white ; the
femora more or less lined with black ; posterior tarsi black. The cerci
are moderately long; sheath long, pilose, black at apex. Antenna
about the length of the abdomen, black, tapering slightly towards the
apex. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma livid white. The pronotum
and tegulse livid.

$ black, mouth, tcgula?, a thin line on the pronotum and the apex
of abdomen beneath, white, varying to fuscous.

Length 2f — 3£ lines.

Easily known from the preceding species by the
livid colour of the pronotum, tegulae, legs, abdomen,
and stigma. The sheath is only black at the extreme
tip, and is not so broad ; the clypeus is slightly emar-
ginated, the calcaria short ; the third antennal joint is
nearly equal in length to the fourth, the second recur-
rent nervure is received considerably in front of the
second transverse cubital ; the f ovea between the an-
tennas is very deep, vertex punctured, and the palpi
pale white. When alive the ground colour of the
abdomen, &c., is greenish.

1 have only seen two aberrations.

Ah. — a. Mesonotum with three black marks, some-
times almost confluent ; the metanotum, basal half of
scutellum, sternum, a small mark on pleurae, and occa-
sionally a thin line on the femora, black.

b. As in a, but the black on the femora more dis-
tinct, and no black marks on pleurae and breast.

The type varies a little in having the abdominal seg-
ments pale at their junction, and the three or four
apical ones without any black. This is especially
noticeable in bred specimens. The aberrations a and
I occur together.

Larva. Head glassy green, dotted at the top with

VOL. II. 7

98 THE GROUP OF CAPRE^E.

minute brownish dots, and there is on each side a
longish brown mark in which are the eyes ; another
brown line is on the centre of the forehead ; all these
marks are frequently united, so that the head becomes
of a brown colour, the mouth is deep brown. A few
hairs are scattered over the surface of the head. Legs
yellowish-green, the claws brown. The body is dark
greyish, or whitish-green, with a faint white line along
the sides, and marked also with some darker green
spots.

When young the larva wants the white stripe, which
likewise disappears when the creature is ready for
pupating.

I find the larvae early in July feeding on the leaf
buds of Salix repens, and more rarely on 8. aurita and
vitellina. When the leaves reach maturity the larvae
feed along the edges. The cocoon is spun in the
earth ; it is single, elliptical, brown, and thin. Accord-
ing to the observations of Brischke the larvae are found
from June to September, but in Scotland I have never
seen them after the end of July or beginning of
August. There is but one generation in the year.

The only British localities I know of are Strath
Carron Ross-shire, Fossil Marsh near Glasgow, Wor-
cester, Exeter (Parfitt), London district (Billups).

Also it is found in Lapland, Finland, Scandinavia,
Germany, Russia, Holland, France, Switzerland, and
the North of Italy.

XI. THE GROUP OF CAPRE^H.

The ground colour is dull yellowish or orange, the head
has the vertex black ; the mesonotum bears three more or
less continuous black bands, the metanotum is generally
black. The abdomen on the back is, as a rule, blackish
to the apex, and the breast bears a large black mark.
The antennce are black, usually not much longer than the

KEMATUS CAPEEJ3. 99

abdomen ; the wings have the stigma white or yellowish
white, the costa of the same colour, clypeus incised. The
head is usually narroived considerably before and behind,
but it may be thick and broad in front, it projects con-
siderably before the eyes, the antennal space not clearly
separated from the sides. In only one species (canalicu-
latus) is the thorax in any way punctured. The males
have the antenna? as long as the body, hairy, and are
darker as a rule than the females, the sides of thorax
being always black.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (6) Breast smooth, shining, impunctate.

2 (3) Abdomen above for the greater part brownish-yellow, body for

the greater part brownish-yellow. Turgidus.

3 (2) Abdomen black above.

4 (5) Costa yellowish -white, front thick and broad, head not much

narrowed before and behind ; third joint of antennae curved.

CaprefS.

5 (4) Costa and stigma clear white, head distinctly narrowed before

and behind ; third joint of antennaa straight. Imperfectus.

6 (1) Breast and pleurse finely granulated. Canaliculatus.

36. NEMATUS

Vol. I, PL III, fig. 2, Larva ; Vol. II, PL IV, fig. 8,
<$ ; PL XIX, fig. 6, Saw.

Tenthredo capreae, Panz., F. G., Heft 65, f. 8 ; Krit. Eevis., ii,

46.

Nematus pallicercus, Htg., Blattw., 190, 13.

Kirbyi, Dbm., Clavis, f. 4; Thorns., Opus., 62<
Hym. Scand., i, 115, 40.

clitellus, Lep., Hon., 62, 183.

griseus, Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx, 18, 18.

continuus, Evers., 1. c., 19, 20.

trisignatus, Foerst., Verh. Ver. Rhein., xi, 292, pi. 7,

f. 11 (wing).

circumscriptus, Foerst., 1. c., 301, pi. v, f. 17 (wing).
cinereus, Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx, 18.
caprea, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, 75, pi. 5,

f. 8 and 9 (lar.) ; Andre,

Species, i, 157, pi. v, f. 4;

Cat., 13,* 15; Cam., Fauna,

31,8.

100 NEMATU3 CAPKE^S.

Testaceous and yellow, the vertex, some marks on meso- and meta-
notum, pleurse, sternum, and dorsum of abdomen black. Legs for the
greater part pale testaceous. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma
white.

Antennae thin, filiform, nearly as long as the thorax and abdomen,
black, pilose, the joints well separated from each other, the third curved,
shorter than the fourth, the others not much shorter than the third.
Head a little narrower than the thorax, dilated considerably behind the
eyes, closely covered with short erect hairs ; the vertex thick, with its
sutures very distinct, the front thick, projecting between the eyes, its
f ovea large and deep ; the clypeus short, narrowed at the apex, where
it is narrowly, but not very deeply, notched ; the head is scarcely bent
inwardly behind. Thorax smooth, shining, finely punctured ; cenchri
large, clear white. Abdomen short, thick, dilated, and semi-cylindrical,
a little keeled in the middle above, bluntly rounded at the apex ; the
cerci are moderately long, and point downwards ; the sheath projects, its
apex black, pilose. Legs pilose, the calcaria short, the posterior tarsi
shorter than the tibiae, the second joint shorter than the fifth, the
basal joint is thickened at the apex. Wings, with the first cubital
cellule, small, the second nearly double the length of the third, dilated
considerably where it receives the first recurrent nervure ; the second
recurrent nervure is received very near to the second transverse cubital,
in most specimens almost joined to it.

The c? has the antennae longer and more pilose, third joint curved ;
the head and thorax black.

Length 3 — 4 lines.

Ab. — a. Pale testaceous-yellow, a small spot on the
vertex, three marks on the mesonotum, the sternum, a
thin line below the wings, and the back of the abdo-
men (except at the apex and the junction of the seg-
ments) black. The femora at the base and the apical
joints of the posterior tarsi black.

b. As in a, but the mark on the vertex larger, those
on the mesonotum almost confluent, only a narrow
stripe on the pleuraa yellow, and the back of the abdo-
men entirely black. The femora are broadly lined
with black, and the apex of the posterior tibiae and the
tarsi are of the same colour. The commonest aberra-
tion.

c. As in &, but only a small yellow spot on the meso-
notum, and the femora entirely black.

d. As in c, but with two yellow marks on the meso-
notum, one being on the scutellum.

e. The thorax with only a small yellow spot on the
pleuras and a thin black line on the femora. This
aberration was bred.

NEMATUS CAPRE./E. 101

/. As in c, but with only a narrow yellow band over
the eyes.

Male aberrations :

g. Entirely black except the anal parts ; the
tegulse black, the knees, and the basal three fourths of
the tibiae pale white.

h. The legs pale luteous, black at the base, the
three apical segments of abdomen and a dull yellow
ring round the eyes luteous. The apical joints of the
tarsi fuscous ; the mouth and tegulae black. The
stigma luteous. This was bred along with the ?
aberration e.

i. As in h, but tegulae luteous, the mouth white;
on the abdomen the anal parts only are yellow.

j. The labrum, knees, tibiae, and tarsi whitish,
the rest of the body black.

Jc. As in i, but the abdomen luteous except the two
basal abdominal segments above.

This most variable species has a considerable resem-
blance to hcemorrhoidalis, but they are easily separated
by noticing that the head in caprece is considerably
dilated behind the eyes, that the third joint of the
antennas is curved on the underside and is shorter than
the fourth ; the ground colour is different, it being a
reddish testaceous yellow, and it shows none of the
livid white colour so noticeable in hcemorrhoidalis,
while the stigma is whiter.

In addition to the colour varieties enumerated above,
it may further be pointed out that the position of the
second recurrent nervure varies, it being sometimes
placed almost in the middle of the second cubital
cellule, while oftener it is almost joined to the second
cubital nervure. The antennae again are apparently
longer and thinner in some females than in others, and
the curvature in the third joint is scarcely apparent in
some examples, although very well marked in most
specimens. Many males, too, have the antennae and
pleurae more pilose than in others. The size of the
third cubital cellule is subject to variation ; in a few

102 NEMATUS CAPEE^B.

3 individuals I have found it very small and almost
square. There is no horny point in the second cellule.
In the males as a rule the stigma is darker than in the
other sex ; occasionally, however, it is quite yellow.

Larva. The head is of the size of the second seg-
ment, the ground colour is yellowish-green or gray,
the vertex covered with small brown dots ; the eye
spots are black, and there is a small dark stripe
above them ; there is a clear light green triangular
space on the face ; the mouth is brown. The
body is cylindrical, rather thin, narrowed behind ; the
skin is beset with dots each of which ends in a hair ;
the colour is dark green to the spiracles where there
is a narrow white line, below which the colour
assumes a lighter tint. The dorsal vessel is observed
as a thin black line, bordered on each side by a white
one of the same breadth ; these are not visible on the
second and last segments. The junctions of the seg-
ments are marked by pale thin lines. Over the legs
the skin is raised in folds like blisters. The hairs on
anal segment do not proceed from raised points as do
the others.

When full-fed the body becomes of a uniform green
colour, the white lines having disappeared; the
spiracles are then black, the head dark brown. A
rather rare variety of the larva is of a crimson-red
colour with the usual white lines, this variety being
of this red colour before and after becoming full fed.
When young the larvas are dull brownish-green with
pale yellow heads.

These larvse feed on various species of Car ex, but
they will also eat grasses. Indeed, most of the speci-
mens that I have reared were fed on Poa annua or
any other grass that could be had conveniently. They
are very lively creatures, and roll themselves up and
drop at once to the ground if disturbed when feeding.
They eat along the edges of the leaves. The oblong,
thin brown cocoon is spun in the ground, or in confine-
ment between the leaves. The pupa is glassy green

NEMATUS TURGIDUS. 103

with white antennas, wings, and legs. There are, I
believe, two broods in the year ; one in early summer
(June), the second in August. With regard to the red
variety of the larva) I may mention that they seem to
be very delicate and difficult to rear compared to the
common form.

This is one of our commonest and most widely dis-
tributed species. It appears to be commoner in the
north than in the south.

Continental distribution : Lapland, Finland, Sweden,
Russia to the Ural Mountains, Germany, Holland,
France.

Obs. — Great confusion has existed as to what species should be
regarded as caprea. Linne's caprece cannot be determined as the
imago was not described, but only the larva. The next description is
that by Panzer, whose caprece is identified with that here described by
his figure which is good enough. Fabricius apparently described a
different species, yet he quotes Panzer's figure. The caprece of the
other old systematic writers need not trouble us. Of the modern
authors Hartig's caprece is rumicis, Fall., while sundry willow-feeding
larvae have been described by various writers under the name of caprece.
After the figure of Panzer, the next certain name is that of Kir by i
applied to it by Dahlboni. The name of caprece is scarcely an appro-
priate one, yet as the oldest which can be fixed with certainty it must,
in accordance with the law of priority, be adopted. The caprece of
Fallen and Zetterstedt is fallax, Lep. In Stephens' collection, caprea,
Pz., is represented under the name of N. taniatus (in part), hamor-
rhoidalis, fallax, and affinis.

37. NEMATUS TURGIDUS.
PI. XX, fig. 1, Saw.

Nematus iurgidus, Zaddach, Schr. Ges. Konig, xvi, 82.

— pallicercus, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 148, 79 (nee Rig.) ;
Andre, Species, i, 197 ; Oat.,
14,* 19.

Antennae black, nearly as long as the thorax and abdomen, tapering
towards the apex, slightly pilose, the third joint shorter than the
fourth. Head narrower than the mesothorax, pale yellow, the
mouth paler, covered with pale down ; the frontal area distinct, the
front itself projecting; the antennal furrows proceed round the base of
the antennae ; clypeus a little emarginated in the middle, labruin pro-
jecting; the mandibles are black at the apex; the space surrounding
the antennae and around the ocelli black. Thorax smooth, shining,
with a few shallow punctures and faint scattered down ; pleurae and

104 NEMATUS TUEGIDTJS.

breast smooth and shining. Mesonotum with three black spots of a
variable size, sometimes wide apart, sometimes almost continuous;
scutellum luteous, the metanotum also luteous, but sometimes marked
with black. Breast black, and there is a black line below the wings ;
the post-sternum is also black ; the cenchri are large, white. Abdomen
a little longer than the head and thorax, cylindrical, tapering at the
apex ; the last segment thin, leaf-like, arching over the saw ; luteous,
sometimes marked with black transverse spots ; the cerci are longish,
thin, darkest at the apex, the sheath black; the saws very broad.
Legs pale luteous, the coxse faintly marked with black ; the tibiae
whitish ; apex of tarsi fuscous ; the anterior tarsi are shorter than the
tibia3 ; calcari short. Wings almost hyaline, but with a faint smoky
tinge; the costa and stigma pale yellow, nervures blackish, except at
the base, where they are faintly yellowish. The first transverse cubital
nervure is very faint; the second cellule is more than double the
length of first, and angled where it receives the recurrent nervures ;
the second recurrent nervure is received a little in front of second
transverse cubital.
Length 3% lines.

This species is not difficult to separate from the
other species of the group through the light reddish
colour of the body and legs, the amount of black on
it being very little. The abdomen and legs are some-
times without any black, while the thoracic marks as
well as that on the vertex are often very small, and
the mark on the breast is divided in the middle.
With the darker coloured aberration the femora are
lined with black at the base. The ^ is unknown.

Brischke bred it from a larva which he found in
the earth on June 28th preparing to pupate, having
already moulted. It was smooth, wrinkled, with
padded sidefolds, and of a uniform carmine-red colour,
the eyes and mouth only being blackish-brown. The
imago appeared on August 4th.

Turgidus seems to be rather rare. I have only
seen two specimens taken at Glanville's Wootton by
Mr. Dale, and two or three taken by myself in
Clydesdale.

It is also rare in Prussia and Sweden.

Obs. — There can, I think, be no doubt that the pallicercus of Hartig
is a variety of capreae ; and I think also that the pallicercus of
Thomson is the present species, although his description does not
agree in some slight particulars with the specimens I have seen, but
considering how variable the species is these slight discrepancies can
scarcely be regarded as of very great importance. The pallicercus of

NEMATUS IMPERFECTUS. 105

van Yollenlioven does not belong to the caprea group. It is to be
noted that Thomson places pallicercus between N. miniatus, Htg., and
N. croceus, Fall., which is scarcely its natural position.

38. NEMATUS IMPERFECTUS.
PI. I, fig. 3, ? ; PL XIX, fig. 3, Saw.

Nematus imperfectus, Zaddach, Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, 80 (1875);

Andre, Species, i, 187 ; Cat.,
14 * 20.

Shining, covered with very short white pile ; pale yellowish-white,
the head and thorax rufescent, the vertex, sternum, three almost con-
fluent marks on mesonotum, metanotum, and back of abdomen to the
eighth segment, black ; apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous. Wings
hyaline, costa and stigma clear white, the last with its outer border
brown. Mesonotum and pleurae faintly punctured. The sheath of saw
blackish, shortly projecting, the cerci are pale, fuscous at the tip. Over
each of the four anterior femora is a short thin black line.

Length 3 — 3| lines.

This insect differs from N. caprece in the pale yellow
colour of the abdomen and legs and reddish thorax,
as also in the clear white stigma, which is fuscous at
the apex, this being never the case with those speci-
mens of caprece which have that part of the wing
white. In the form of the head, and generally in its
body form, it agrees with N. canaliculaius, but the
colour is paler and more bleached, the antennas appa-
rently are longer in proportion to the size of the
abdomen, the head is scarcely so rounded inwardly
behind, the sides of the abdomen and belly are free
from black markings, while the saw does not project
so much, and is very different in form. Zaddach
states that all his types had not the thorax punctured,
while those which were not punctured varied other-
wise from the specimens which I have described
above.

In one of my specimens the abdomen is pale at the
junction of the segments, and has all the femora lined
above with black. The other two have only the four
anterior so marked, and the black mark on the
sternum is spotted with red. The <? is yet unknown.

106 NEMATUS CANALICULATUS.

I have taken a specimen of imperfectus near Glasgow,
and other two on Craig Dhu, Kingussie, at an eleva-
tion of about 2000 feet, among ferns.

Zaddach had specimens from Finland, Germany,
and Silesia, but only seven individuals in all.

39. NEMATUS CANALICULATUS.
PI. XIX, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus canaliculatus, Htg., Stett. Ent. Zeita., 1840, 23, No. 13 ;

Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
xvi, 79 ; Andre, Species, i, 157,
Cat., 14 * 16.

— stenog aster, Foer., Verh. "Ver. Rhein., xi, 339, pi. vi,

f. 46 (wing).

— pleuralis, Thorns., Opus. Ent., 628, 32 ; Hym. Scand.,

i,117,41.

Antennae as long as the abdomen, tapering considerably towards the
tips, black, bare, the third joint shorter than the fourth. Head reddish
testaceous, the vertex around the ocelli, and the part surrounding each
antenna, black ; the face whitish, apex of mandibles piceous, palpi
pale testaceous ; the vertex is finely punctured and covered with close
white pile. Thorax reddish-testaceous, the pronotum and sides paler;
mesonotum semi-opaque, very finely punctured, and with three distinctly
separated black marks ; the pleurae distinctly granulated, semi-opaque ;
the sternum black and finely punctured ; there is also a small black
line on the sides below the wings ; the metanotum is entirely black.
Legs pale yellow, a short thin line over posterior femora, the apex of
posterior tibise, and the tarsi, black ; the claws are distinctly bifid. Wings
hyaline, costaand stigma sordid luteous ; the second recurrent nervure
is received at some distance in front of the second transverse cubital;
the second cubital cellule is a little more than one quarter longer than
third. Abdomen cylindrical, longer than the head and thorax, finely
punctured at the base, the dorsal surface black to the seventh segment,
the sides and belly whitish-yellow, marked with black spots. The saw
projects beyond the length of the cerci, black, bare, shining ; the cerci
longish, fuscous, pointing outwardly.

The (^, according to Zaddach, is rare compared to the same sex of
caprece ; it is very lightly coloured, the red ground colour on the vertex
and mesonotum being visible; it has also the black spots on the meso-
notum borne by the $ , but they are larger, although not united, and
there is also a black spot on the scutellum. The abdomen is black to
the anal parts, the belly being, however, paler than the rest.

Length nearly 4|- lines.

This species differs from N. caprece in the granulated
punctured pleurae, less shining body, of which the

NEMATUS CANALICULATUS. 107

ground colour is decidedly reddish, the pale yellow
legs and sordid luteous stigma. The head also is
broader in comparison to the length ; it retreats more
inwardly before and behind, the eyes project more,
the face is longer and whitish-yellow, and altogether
the head is not so globular and swollen. The legs
are longer in proportion, and the femora have only
a short thin line on their apical half, the anterior also
being free from black.

Brischke (1. c. supra) bred canaliculatus along with
N. umbripennis, Evers., from larvse which fed on
Populus tremula, and he concludes, therefore, that the
larvee of the two species are indistinguishable and of
similar habits, umbripennis being, however, really a
distinct species, easily distinguishable from canalicu-
latus by its shining unpunctured pleura3 and brownish-
yellow wings. The larva of umbripennis is stated to
be slender, narrowed posteriorly, of a clear bluish-
green colour with shining head, black eye spots, and
dark mouth. The dark dorsal canal is bordered on
each side by a thin white line, and another very thin
white line is on the sides at the spiracles. The
segmental divisions are white. Sometimes the skin-
folds over the legs bear two rows of fine black tuber-
cles. At the last moult the larva becomes clear,
shining, grass green. It is very desirable that a
careful comparison and breeding of these larvas be
made, as it is quite possible there may be some slight
though radical distinction between the two. If
Brischke' s observations be correct then we have here
a converse case to that of N. cadderensis and JV.
croceus, where very different larvee produce very
similar imagos.

The only British specimen that I have seen of
canaliculatus was taken by myself in June on birch at
the Falls of the Shin, Sutherlandshire.

It does not appear to be very common on the
Continent either. Zaddach mentions having seen
specimens from Lapland, Prussia, Holstein, and

108 NEMATUS PALLIDIVENTRTS.

Nassau, while Thomson had only a single specimen
from near Stockholm.

XII. THE GROUP or LEUCOG ASTER.

Body black, edge ofpronotum, tegulw, and belly white
or lacteous. Wings with a pale costa, the stigma lirid,
fuscous, or white. Antennae longish, black, third and
fourth joints mb equal. Front punctured, clijpeus almost
truncated or incised. Body smooth, shining. Legs
whitish, the femora marked sometimes with blade.
Claws usually with a subapical tooth. The first trans-
verse cubital nervure is absent or pellucid.

A group of small extent. The totally black meso-
notum distinguishes it from Group XIII and from the
preceding.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (6) Femora more or less black, clypeus almost truncate at apex.

2 (3) Hind femora broadly black. " Conductus.

3 (2) Hind femora black at apex only.

4 (5) Vertex raised, belly and sides of abdomen lacteous. Obductus.

5 (4) Vertex flat, belly and sides of abdomen yellowish.

Pallidivcntris.

6 (1) Femora without black, clypeus more or less incised at apex.

7 (10) Metapleimi black, stigma livid.

8 (9) Clypeus black, costa paler than stigma. Leucogaster.

9 (8) Clypeus white, costa not paler than stigma. Strongylogaster.
10 (7) Metapleura white, stigma white. Pulchellus.

40. NEMATUS PALLIDIVENTUIS.
PI. II, fig. 1, ? ; PL XXII, fig. 4, Saw.

Tenthredo pallidiventris, Fallen, Acta, 1808, 120, 63.

Nematus Thorns., Opus., 110, 35 ; Hym. Sc., i,

i, 110; Andre, Species, i, 191; Cat.,
21,* 151 ; Cam., Fauna, 29, 2.

~ flavicomus, Tischbein, S. E. Z., 1846, 77; Andre,
1. c., 199 ; Cat,, 23,* 168 ; Br. and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xx. 154,
136, pi. vii, fig. 7.

NKMATUS PALLIDIVENTHIS. 109

Black, smooth, shining, vertex strongly punctured ; clypeus slightly
arched ; mandibles piccous at the tips ; a spot between the antenna,
aprx of clypeus and labrum, white ; pronotum, teguke, and abdomen on
the underside and at the sides, pale testaceous ; on the dorsum is a row
of transverse interrupted black lines; legs pale yellowish-white, the
tibia) and base of femora pale white ; a dot on the apex of posterior
femora, the apical third of posterior tibia?, and the posterior tarsi,
Mack. Wings hyaline, iridescent, slightly clouded in some specimens ;
the costa fuscous; the stigma fuscous- black. The first transverse
cubital nervure is absent, and the second recurrent nervure is received
considerably in front of second transverse cubital. The sheath of the
saw is black and hairy, and projects considerably.

Length 2^—3 lines.

Ab. — a. Dorsum of abdomen entirely luteous.

b. Anterior femora lined with black at the base.

The coloration of the abdomen varies considerably ;
sometimes the dorsum is completely black, at other
times entirely testaceous. It closely resembles N.
obductus, but may be readily known from it by the
vertex being quite flat, not raised in the centre as in
the other species. The <? I have never seen, nor ap-
parently has any one else.

The larva, according to Brischke, feeds on the
raspberry and on Geum urbanum. It is green,
wrinkled ; the dorsal canal is of a darker green, and
is bordered on either side by a white line. Each
segment bears three rows of hairs. The last segment
and the head are shortly haired. Eye spots black,
mouth brown.

Not uncommon in May and June among herbage.
Clydesdale, Gloucester.

On the Continent it has been recorded from Sweden
Germany, and France.

06s.— Zaddach (Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, p. 318) describes a Nematus
eurysternus, of which he says he received a specimen from me from
Scotland as N. pallidiventris, Fall., and which he states does not
agree with the description given by Thomson of pallidiventris, espe-
cially in not having the vertex strongly punctured. I am certain,
however, that the specimen referred to belongs to the present species.
It is not stated distinctly that eurysternus has a smooth vertex, but
judging from the remarks made about pallidiventris it looks as if it
had. In other respects it does not appear to differ much from
N. pallidiventris, except perhaps in the hind femora not having any
black at the apex, but the specimen he received from me is stated to
have a small black mark at the posterior knees. In paUidiventris

110 NEMATUS OBDUOTUS.

this black spot is often very sliglit. Possibly eurysternus is only a
variety of pallidiventris.

41. NEMATUS OBDUOTUS.
PL XX, fig. 3, Saw.

Nematus dbductus, Htg., Blattw., 201, 32 ; Thomson, Opus.,

626, 25 ; Hym. Scand., i, 114, 39 ;
Andre, Species, 176, 236; Cat.,
19,* 116; Cam., Fauna, 35, 25;
Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
xxiv, 152, 135.

Black, shining, forehead and mesonotuui finely punctured, the
mouth, edge of pronotum, tegulse, legs and belly greenish -white when
young, lacteous when old ; apex of posterior femora and tibia3, and the
posterior tarsi black. Wings hyaline, the costa white, stigma fuscous.

Length 2^— 2f lines.

Ab. — a. The black line on the femora extending to
the middle above.

This species differs only from N. conductus in having
the antennae shorter, the mouth white, and the poste-
rior femora with only a small black spot on the apex,
the anterior femora being quite white. It is also
somewhat smaller. Thomson considered conductus
to be a variety of the present insect, yet as I have
never bred it (often as I have reared conductus) from
the grass-feeding Iarva3 I prefer in lack of evidence of
the earlier stages of Hartig's species to regard the two
as good species. I have never seen the $ of obductus,
and have only seen a single specimen of the $ of
conductus.

This insect is common, and appears during May
and June. The known Scotch localities are —
Clydesdale, Eannoch, about 2000 feet up on Schie-
hallion, Braemar, Kingussie, Kintail, and Sutherland-
shire. English habitats are — Newcastle (Bold), Man-
chester, Gloucester, and the London district. This is
the commonest species of the two in Scotland. In
England it appears to be rare.

rs CONDUCTUS. Ill

It is also a native of Sweden, Tyrol, Germany, and
France.

42. NEMATUS CONDUCTUS.
Vol. I, PL IV, fig. 8, lar. ; Vol. II, PI. XX, fig. 2, Saw.

Nematus conductus, Ruthe, Stett. Ent. Zeit., 1859, p. 306 ;

Cam., Fauna, 35, 26 ; Andre,
Species, 175, 235; Cat., 19,*
118.

— graminis, Cam., E. M. M., x, 221; Br. and Zad.,

Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, 155,
139.

— obductus, var. Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 114, 39.

Antennae black, finely pubescent, as long as the body. Head black,
pubescent, and finely punctured above and in front ; labrum blackish ;
palpi fuscous at the base, remainder whitish-green. Thorax black,
shining, minutely punctured above, and covered with white down on
the pleurae and sternum ; tegulae white, pronotum thinly edged with
white. Legs covered with white pubescence, coxae white, the anterior
black at the base ; four anterior femora sordid white, irregularly en-
circled with black from near the extreme base to the middle, the second
pair with the black extending nearer to the apex than in the first pair ;
posterior black, white at the base ; the tibiae white, except the posterior
which are black at the apex ; the anterior tarsi are slightly fuscous at
the joints ; posterior quite black. Wings hyaline, iridescent, the costa
whitish, stigma fuscous, the nervures of the same colour, but paler at
the base. Abdomen whitish-green, with the dorsal surface black except
at the apex.

The $ has the antennae longer and more pilose, the tegulae and pro-
notum black, the apical half of the posterior tibiae of the same colour ;
the anal lobes narrowed at the apex, pale testaceous, and gaping consi-
derably.

Length 2f lines.

In some examples the anal segments are fuscous,
and the quantity of black on the legs is subject to
slight variations.

Larva. Head green, flat in front, and with a fuscous
tinge, a darker line down the centre, eye spots black,
the mouth brownish-black. The body is cylindrical,
entirely grass-green, the sides slightly overhanging the
legs, and the entire skin is covered with longish hairs.
The legs are glassy white, claws blackish.

The larvae feed on various low grasses (Poa, Festuca).
They are rather irritable, and when touched lash the

112 NEMATUS LEUCOGASTER.

body about. As I have reared the imago in July
from larvae collected in June it is probable that there
are two broods in the year. The single cocoon is
spun in the earth.

The flies appear in April, May, and June, and
possibly, as above explained, in July and August.

They are tolerably common. In Scotland I have
taken them in Clydesdale, Moffat, Perthshire, Aber-
deenshire, Inverness-shire, Ross-shire, and Sutherland-
shire. I have seen English specimens from New-
castle (Bold), Manchester, Norwich, St. Albans, the
London district, Glanville's Wootton, Exeter, and
Gloucester.

The species was discovered in Iceland by Stau-
dinger. It has since been found in Sweden and
Germany.

43. NEMATUS LEUCOGASTER.
PL XX, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus leucogaster, Htg., S. E. Z., 1840, 23, 19; Andre,
Species, i, 179 ; Cat.,* 19, 114; Br.and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,xxiv, 151,134;
Dbm., Consp., 9, 88.

— punctulatus, Dbm., 1. c., 9, 89 ; Thorns., Opus., 626, 27 ;

Hym., Scand.,i, 117,42; Cam., Fauna,
35, 27.

— cuUtalis, Dbm., 1. c., 9, 90.

— hypoleucus, Foer., Verh. Yer. Rheinl., xi, 304', tab. v,

fig. 19 (wing).

Black, shining, vertex almost opaque, finely punctured, the sutures
and pentagonal area distinct ; mesonotum with a few scattered punc-
turee; clypeus, labrum, palpi, tegulse, pronotum at the sides, belly,
extreme apex of abdomen, trochanters and tibia3, white ; the rest
of the legs reddish, except the base of coxa3, apex of posterior tibia3,
and the tarsi, which are blackish. Antennae nearly as long as the
body, tapering considerably towards the apex, the third and fourth
joints equal. Calcaria long, the cerci projecting outwards and in-
wards over the saw, the sheath of which is black. Wings hyaline, with
a fuscous tinge towards the apical half ; the costa white, stigma fuscous ;
the first transverse cubital nervure is distinct, although faint ; the third
cellule is one fourth longer than broad, the second recurrent nervure is
received a little in front of the second transverse cubital or almost
joined to it.

Length 3— 3| lines.

NEMATUS STEONGYLOGASTEB. 113

Ab. Wings much shorter than body.

The punctured vertex, whitish belly and costa with
the testaceous stigma, and pedal coloration will
readily distinguish this species. Sometimes the dorsal
segments of abdomen are white at their junction, and
more rarely there is a very thin brown ring surround-
ing the eyes. The $ appears to be quite unknown,
neither is anything known of the larva.

A common species found in June, at the end of
July, and beginning of August. It is generally
distributed in Scotland from the border to Suther-
landshire. In England I have seen specimens from
Manchester (Chappell), and Glanville's Wootton,
Dorset.

The only Continental localities I know of are
Sweden, Germany, and France.

44. NEMATUS STRONGYLOGASTEB.
PL IV, fig. 7, ? ; PL XXII, fig. 6, Saw.

Nematus sir ongylog aster, Cam., Fauna, 42, 52 ; Andre, Species,

i, 195 ; Cat., 18,* 82.

Antennae longer than the body, black, bare, tapering tqwards the
apex ; the third joint longer than the fourth. Head narrower than the
mesothorax, black ; the eyes surrounded with a pale brown band ;
clypeus and labrum white, tips of mandibles piceous ; vertex shining,
coarsely punctured, the frontal area distinct; the front broad; anten-
nal fovea large, deep ; antennae widely separated. The clypeus deeply
and broadly emarginated, palpi long, fuscous. Thorax black, shining ;
mesonotum with a few fine punctures ; pronotum broadly edged with
white; pleurae half shining, punctured; the tegulse white. Wings
ample, longer than the body, iridescent, hyaline, with a fuscous tinge ;
the costa and stigma testaceous ; the first transverse cubital nervure is
somewhat faint in the middle ; the second recurrent nervure is received
about the length of the second transverse cubital nervure in front of the
same ; the third cubital cellule longer than broad, widened at the apex.
Legs long, testaceous, the coxae, trochanters and base of femora white ;
the apex of posterior tibiae and all the tarsi fuscous black ; posterior
tarsi longer than tibiae, posterior tibiae deeply grooved. Abdomen not
much longer than head and thorax, broad, broadly rounded at the apex ;
cerci long, pale; the back black, the extreme apex, sides, and belly
testaceous. Saw broad, the sheath black at apex, hairy, projecting. ? .

Length 2| lines.
VOL. II. 8

114 NBMATUS PULOHELLUS.

In its general coloration strongylog aster closely
resembles N. leucogaster, but the antennae are longer
in proportion to the length of the body, the eyes are
broadly surrounded with brown, the clypeus white;
the stigma and costa are similarly coloured, the costa
not being paler than the stigma in Hartig's species ;
the second recurrent nervure is received much farther
from the second transverse cubital, and the abdomen
is much shorter. It is also not unlike, at a first
glance, some of the darker forms of N. consobrinus,
but the abdomen is shorter compared to the head and
thorax, and not keeled, nor so sharply pointed at the
apex, the costa and stigma are paler, the incision in
the clypeus deeper and broader, and antennae longer
compared to the body.

Seemingly not common. I have taken one speci-
men in Kilsyth Glen, and another near Cannisburn.

45. NEMATUS PULCHELLUS.
PI. XX, fig. 5, Saw.

Nematus pulchellus, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, 537.

Black, shining, smooth, covered with, close white pubescence ;
labrum, clypeus, pronotum broadly, the metapleurae, the sides, apex,
and lower side of abdomen with the legs pale yellowish- white, a small
fuscous spot on the base of coxae behind. Antennae nearly as long as
the body, filiform, covered with microscopic pubescence, the third
joint distinctly shorter than the fourth. Frontal area distinct, bluntly
rounded at the apical corners, almost oval, the apex very slightly
indented by the large, deep, and well-defined antenna! fovea. Front
sharply projecting ; clypeus broadly, but not deeply, incised. Spurs as
long as the cerci. Posterior tarsi and apex of tibiae infuscated. The
blotch is very large. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma yellowish -white ;
tegulas yellowish- white ; third cubital cellule much longer than broad,
and nearly double the width of the base at the apex. Claws subbifid.

Length 2| lines.

This species appears to agree very closely in colora-
tion with N. incompletus, Foerster, but the antennas of
that species would seem to be much shorter if I
might judge from the description, " Fiihler langer als
der Hinterleib." It has also the costa brown, and
apparently the metapleuras are black; at least, he

THE GROUP OF MILIAEIS. 1L5

says, " Am Mittelleib nur der Halskragen gelb." The
only British species with which it agrees in general
coloration is N. leucogaster, but that species may be
known from it by its shorter, thicker antennae, punc-
tured head, black metapleurae, base of coxae, and
fuscous stigma.

XIII. THE GKOUP OF MILIARIS.

Colour green, turning to straw-yellow when old, or
pallid yellow throughout. The vertex is more or less
marked with black, the mesonotum usually bears three
or more black marks, or may more rarely be entirely
black, as is usually the case with the metanotum. The
dorsum of abdomen is always marked with black trans-
verse lines at the base, or it may be entirely marked
with black. In only one species (maculiger) is the
underside marked with black. Antennce as long, or it
may be shorter, than the body, thin, usually black above,
pale beneath ; the third joint as long or shorter than the
fourth. Clypeus slightly incised. Cerci usually as
long as the spurs ; daws bifid. Stigma green or pallid
yellow. The saws are slenderly built, short, the inden-
tations rounded and with very minute teeth, only dis-
cernible with a high power.

The males are entirely black above, and the pleurae
and sternum are also marked with black. The antennas
are usually shorter and thicker than in the ? ; stigma
fuscous or griseous.

The species in this group are very difficult to
separate, and with one or two of them it is almost
impossible to do so with the perfect insects. With
these, in fact, the only safe mode of discriminating
them is to rear them from the larvae.

The synonymy of the authors prior to Thomson is
very difficult to elucidate owing to their descriptions

116 NEMATUS LAGTEUS.

and figures agreeing with several of the forms I have
here treated as distinct species. I am not sure if the
species I have called miliaris is truly the Panzerian
one which is regarded by Thomson as probably
the same as N. croceus, but I believe it represents
one of the green species. As the name has been
adopted by Zaddach and Andre for one of the latter I
think it best to use it, and have applied it to what is
apparently the commonest species.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (6) Meta- and mesonotum entirely black.

2 (3) Breast black. Maculiger.

3 (2) Breast not black.

4 (5) Head entirely black behind. Lacteus.

5 (4) Head only black in the centre behind. Orbitalis.

6 (1) Meso- and metanotum not entirely black.

7 (8) Colour pale testaceous-yellow, stigma yellow, antennas short.

Palliatus.

S (7) Colour green or pale greenish-testaceous, becoming straw-
yellow at death ; stigma green or pallid yellow.
9 (12) Scutellum marked with black.

10 (11) Scutellum with a broad black line down the middle, spurs very

short. Curtispina.

11 (10) Scutellum black at apex, spurs not very short. Viridescens.

12 (9) Scutellum without black. Miliaris, glutinosce, salicivorus.

46. NEMATUS LACTEUS.
Vol. I, PL VI, fig. 8, lar. ; Vol. II, PL XX, fig. 7, Saw.

Nemaius lacteus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 155, 88 ; Cam., Fauna,
41, 48 ; Andre, Species, i, 194 ; Cat., 25,*
196 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv,
160, 145.

Pale greenish-yellow, a large mark on vertex, the whole of meso-
and metanotum, a line of broad, transverse, almost continuous bands
on back of abdomen, black ; apex of posterior tibiee and tarsi black.
Antennae shorter than the body, black, attenuated at the apex; the
third joint longer than fourth. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma
greenish-white; spurs longish, but scarcely reaching to middle of
metatarsus.

The (J has the black mark on vertex if anything more extended,
and more narrowed behind; the mesothorax is entirely black; the
metanotum and back of abdomen entirely black. The antennae are
shorter than body, stout, pilose, brownish on underside, the third joint

NEMATUS LACTEUS. 117

shorter tlian the fourth ; apical half of hinder tibiee and tarsi blackish ;
stigma griseous white, costa darker.
Length 3^—4 lines.

Of similar form and size to N. curtispina, but differing
from it in having the incision in clypeus deeper, spurs
longer, antenna? shorter, stouter, and blacker, and in
the entirely black back of thorax.

The larva has been found on Salix vitellina by
Mr. J. B. Fletcher, to whom I am indebted for the
opportunity of describing it. The head is black, with
the mouth paler, the body dull green, orange over the
legs and on the second and two last segments. Legs
green, claws and a spot on tibiae black ; claspers white
with a tinge of orange. At the base of first pair of
legs is a black spot, a large almost square one over
the two following ; above these is a smaller spot, and
a larger one is over the basal spot on front legs. In
a line with these, on the fourth segment, is a roundish
dot ; above each clasper are two dots (in a line with
above-mentioned one on fourth segment), one roundish,
the other double its length, broader behind than
before. Over the penultimate segment the dots are
smaller, and almost equal in size, but the upper larger
than lower. In front of basal mark on front legs is a
longish oblique mark. Above this lower row of black
marks is another row as follows : between the first
and second pair of legs a triangular black mark,
following this is a longer narrower mark, then a large
triangular mark in front of third pair of legs ; then
come a longer and narrower and a shorter one ;
slightly higher are two rounded marks, the first the
smaller ; then in front of each clasper (commencing
with the second pair) we have a large oblique mark
followed by two rounded ones in a line to the pen-
ultimate, which has only one dot in front of oblique
one. Over this line again is a row of broader,
shorter, almost continuous marks to the penultimate,
and a row of smaller dots goes down the centre of the
back. Of the second lateral line there is only one

118 NEMATUS MACULIGER.

dot on the second segment ; on back two small dots
commence like the central row on the same segment.
Over the anus is a large mark, rounded at base, and
ending in the two large cerci, which are also black.
A thin white line goes through the spiracles down the
sides. The ventral warts are orange.

Length 7 lines.

The larvse are gregarious, many feeding on the
same leaf. In habits and mode of feeding (as they
are in coloration) they are identical with the larvse of
N. pavidus.

Local. "Worcester.

Continental distribution, Sweden.

47. NEMATUS MAOULIGEB.
PI. XX, fig. 6, Saw.

Nematus lacteus, Thorns., var. 6, Hym. Sc., i, 155, 88.
— maculiger, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, p. 538.

Pale yellowish-white, head darker, more testaceous, a large mark on
vertex, extending to base of antennae, a large mark on breast, and the
whole of meso-metanotum and back of abdomen (except at junction of
segments) black ; apex of hinder tibiae and tarsi blackish. Antennae
short, filiform, black above, brownish beneath ; the third and fourth
joints subequal. Spurs about a third of the length of metatarsus, and
not much longer than cerci.

The (^ has thicker, more pilose, and longer antennae, the mark on
vertex is larger, more extended, laterally and behind ; mesothorax
entirely black, as well as the whole upper part of the body; the basal
half of hinder tibise and tarsi black ; the stigma griseous.

Length 2| — 3£ lines.

Yery closely allied to N. lacteus, but slightly smaller ;
the antennsD are shorter, with the third joint shorter
compared to the fourth, and they are lighter coloured
on lower side, the black mark on vertex is wider at
the sides, continued on either side to the antennse,
and in the middle to the antennal fovea ; behind it is
usually more distinctly narrowed than the middle
portion ; the breast is black, the spurs slightly shorter.
The head is narrower behind the eyes.

The males of the two species are not readily sepa-

NEMATUS ORBITALIS. 119

rated, but maculiger has the antennae more rufescent
beneath, with the third joint longer compared to the
fourth ; the mark on vertex is larger, the front is not
so sharply pointed between the antennae (in both
sexes). In both species the amount of black on
hinder tarsi and tibiae and back of abdomen varies.

The larva has been found by Mr. Fletcher. It is
very like that of N. lacteus, but paler. Its habits jire
those of lacteus.

Rare and local. Clydesdale, Worcester.

Continental distribution. Sweden.

48. NEMATUS OEBTTALIS.
PL XXI, fig. 5, Saw.

Nematus orbitalis, Cam., E. M. M., xx, 265.

Pallid green, the head from the base of the antennae, including the
whole of the frontal area, vertex between the sutures and the occiput
behind, meso-metanotum, and a broad continuous band on dorsum of
abdomen, black. Antennae as long as the thorax and abdomen together,
black above, brownish beneath, third joint nearly as long as the fourth.
Wings hyaline, nervures blackish, costa pale at the base, stigma
greenish-white. Vertex finely punctured, sutures deep, an indistinct
transverse one behind the ocelli. Posterior tarsi lined with fuscous
above. The apex of posterior tibiae and the apices of the joints of
anterior tarsi black. Spurs acutely pointed, about one third of the
length of metatarsus.

The <^ has the antennae longer and thicker, the third joint is shorter
than the fourth ; the underside of the body testaceous ; the tarsi are
darker coloured, and there is a short line on the posterior femora
above. The last abdominal segment is keeled on upper side.

Length 2^ lines.

This species comes very near N. lacteus, from
which it differs in coloration only in the part imme-
diately behind the sutures on vertex being black in
both sexes, while in lacteus the entire head is black
behind except at the extreme edges ; otherwise the
present species differs from lacteus in having the front
and vertex punctured, the antennas if anything longer
and lighter coloured, the clypeus not so deeply in-
dented, the recurrent nervure in posterior wings is

120 NEMATUS PALLIATUS.

not interstitial, and lastly, as will be seen from the
figures, the saws are very different.

The <£ differs from that of N. lacteus in having the
antennae longer, these being longer than the body,
more densely pilose, more slender; the last segment
is more distinctly keeled above and beneath ; it is
much broader at the apex, not being brought to a
point in the centre. In coloration it differs in having
only a longitudinal black mark under the wings, while
the entire me so thorax in lacteus is black. So far as I
know this is the only species of the section which has
not the head entirely black behind.

Rare. Gadder Wilderness, Ballantrae, Ayrshire.

Continental distribution : Germany.

49. NEMATUS PALLIATUS.

Vol. I, PI. IV, fig. 13, lar. ; PL VI, fig. 6, lar. ;
Vol. II, PL XX, fig. 8, Saw.

Nematus palliatus, Dbm., Consp., 84; Thorns., Opus., 635,45;

Hym. Sc., i, 154, 87 ; Cam., Fauna,
41,47; Andre, Species, i, 194;
Cat., 25,* 197; Br. and Zad.,
Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, 160, 142 ;
Taf. i, f. 5.

Pale yellow, browner above, and covered with white pubescence, a
large mark on vertex extending to near the antennae, a mark on middle,
and on each of the lateral lobes, with a smaller mark on inner side of
the latter at the apex, a large spot on each side of scutellum, the apex
of the scutellum, and a row of somewhat triangular marks on back of
abdomen, black. Antennae shorter than thorax and abdomen, reddish
beneath, black above, and at the base ; the third and fourth joints sub-
equal. Head narrowed behind the eyes. Cerci short, spurs not half
the length of metatarsus, which is shorter than the three following
joints together. Stigma griseous- white.

The c? has the antennas as long as the body, pilose, the third joint
distinctly shorter than fourth, rufescent on lower side, the mark on
vertex larger than in ? , and reaching to the base of antennae. Meso-
notum black, basal half of scutellum dark testaceous, the black band
on abdomen becomes narrowed towards the apex, the sides of abdomen
and thorax and belly rufescent, stigma griseous- white.
Lenth 2f — 3| lines.

Smaller than N. curtispina. The antennae are shorter,
spurs longer, head more narrowed behind the eyes,

NEMATUS CURTISPINA. 121

longer and more rounded in front, not contracted on
the outer side of antennae. Only the apex of scu-
tellum is black, and the body wants entirely the green
tinge.

Thomson says that the scutellum in the $ is com-
pletely black, but in most of my specimens it is only
partly so as in the ? .

The larva has the head pale brown, inclining to
orange ; on vertex is a large broad-black spot, and a
smaller one goes from the eye to the side ; mouth
dark brown. Legs pale green; claws pale brown.
Body with the upper half dark green, the sides white.
At the base the legs are marked with black, some-
times extended into an irregular interrupted band, but
faintly indicated over the thoracic legs. Oerci pale
red.

This is a stouter larva than the others in the group.
It feeds on Salix pentandra, 8. cinerea, &c.

Not uncommon. Clydesdale, Kingussie, Wor-
cester.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

Obs. — According to Zaddach (I. c.),N. virescens, Htg., is a synonym of
the present species.

50. NEMATUS CURTISPINA.

Vol. I, PL VI, fig. 7, lar. ; Vol. II, PI. Ill, fig. 3, ? ;
PL XXI, fig. 1, Saw.

Nematus curtispina, Thorns., Hym. Se., i, 152, 84.

— miliaris, Br. & Zad., Schr. G-es. Konig., xxiv, 158,

pi. 7, fig. 1 (lar.).

Pale greenish -yellow, a mark on vertex (narrowest behind), three
large, almost continuous spots on mesonotum ; a mark on scutellum,
usually narrowest at base, metanotum and a line of broad tranverse
marks on abdomen, black. Antennae scarcely as long as the body,
filiform, the basal four or five joints black above, the rest reddish-
fuscous, the third joint shorter than fourth. Spurs short, thick,
scarcely half the length of cerci. Frontal area long, the lower part
ending in a sharp angle, and enclosing the antennal fovea. Middle
furrow on vertex not very distinct. Wings hyaline, stigma greenish-
white. The apex of hinder tibiae and tarsi fuscous.

122 NEMATUS VIRIDESCENS.

The $ has the antennae long, pilose, rufescent, except at base ; the
black mark on vertex extends to the base of antennae, where it is
narrower than it is behind ; breast black ; the pleurae and abdomen at
sides and apex rufescent ; costa and stigma fuscous ; hinder tarsi and
apex of tibiae blackish.

Length 3 — 3J lines.

The larva has the head pale brownish-green, the
mouth darker, a black line enters the eye spots from
above. Body green, a broad white pulsating band on
back, and a thin thread-like white line goes through
the spiracles. The skin is smooth, scarcely in folds,
or marked with black. Cerci reddish. Legs yellowish-
green, with brown claws. It feeds on Salix alba, S.
fragilis, and 8. pentandra.

Probably common. Clydesdale, Worcester.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

51. NEMATUS VIUIDESCENS.
PL XXI, fig. 2, Saw.

Nematus virescens, Thorns., Hym. Sc , i, 153, 85 ; Br., Schr. Ges.

Konig., xxiv, 161, 144, non Hartig.
— croceus, var. g. Thorns., Opus., 637.

Pale green; antennae, vertex largely, metanotum (sometimes the
extreme apex of scutellum), and the back of abdomen broadly, black.
Antennae not much longer than the abdomen, the third joint consider-
ably shorter than the fourth, and not much longer than the long
diameter of the eye; frontal area clearly denned, longer than broad,
the apical edges angled. Cerci short, spurs not reaching to the middle
of metatarsus ; apex of posterior tibiae and the tarsi more or less black.

Length 2^ lines.

From N.palliatus this species may be known by the
green tint of the body and stigma, by the antennae
being quite black, or at least but very slightly brownish
at the tips underneath, by the smaller cenchri, shorter
cerci, and the antennae also are apparently shorter in
proportion. From N. curtispina the longer spurs at
once separate it, as do likewise the shorter and darker
antennae. The broad continuous black band on the
back of the abdomen, and the greater extension of
black on the vertex and thorax, distinguish it from

NEMATUS BEEGMANNi. 123

N. glutinosce, N. salicivorus and N. miliaris. Thomson
gives as a specific character of some value the fact of the
third joint of the antenna being not much longer than
the long diameter of the eye ; and this is the case with
most of the specimens I have ; but it does not appear
to be a safe character, for I find that the relative
length of the third joint varies ; thus one specimen
of viridescens has it longer than the eye, and in
N. palliatus it may be equal in length to it or longer.

The apex only of the scutellum may be black, but
there may be also a black stripe through the centre
as in palliatus.

Rare. On birch at end of May. Mugdoch near
Glasgow ; Norwich (Bridgman).

52. NEMATUS BEEGMANNI.
PI. XXI, fig. 3, Saw.

Nematus Bergmanni, Dbm., Clavis, 23; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i,

150, 81.

— viridis, Ste., 111., vii, 30, 13.

— virescens, Toll., Tijd. (2), ii, 168, pi. 7. lar.

— prasinus, Htg., Blattw., 216, 49.

— croceus, var. d., Thorns., Opus., 636.

Green ; the space surrounding the ocelli extending as a narrow
stripe behind, a mark on middle lobe of mesonotum, a large, longer one
on lateral lobes, a smaller, rounder one joining these to the scutellum,
a small one between at the apex of scutellum, a large spot on either
side of scutellum, the space surrounding the cenchri (much broader
behind), post- scutellum, metanotum, and a row of marks (not much
wider than long) on back of abdomen, black. Scutellum with one or
two fuscous marks on its apex. Antennae long, filiform, the third and
fourth joints subequal ; furrows in vertex distinct ; frontal area not
well defined; antennal furrows deep, almost straight, ending in a
sharp angle. Spurs longish, as long as the cerci; posterior tarsi and
apex of tibiae blackish ; stigma greenish- white.

Length 4£ — 5| lines.

The largest of the green species. It comes nearest
to N. miliaris, but the sutures on head and thorax are
deeper, the cheeks wider, the antennal furrows end in
a sharper angle, the head and mesonotum have a more
distinct testaceous tinge, the antennae are longer, tarsi

124 NEMATUS SYLVESTRTS.

darker, and the abdomen has every segment marked
with black.

The larva feeds on the Sallow. The body is dark
green, head green with a yellowish tinge, and spotted
with brown dots on the centre ; a broad stripe on side of
face. There is a brown mark over the eyes, and down
the back is a reddish, pink, or purplish stripe. It is of
similar habits to the other species with solitary larvae.

Seemingly rare. Clydesdale. London district.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land.

53 NEMATUS SYLVESTEIS.
PL XXI, fig. 7.

Nematus sylvestris, Cam., E. M. M., xx, 266 (1884).

Green ; the vertex between the ocelli, a line in centre of middle lobe
of mesonotum at the base touching the pronotuin, a longer line on
inner side reaching from near the pronotum to the scutellum, a small
round mark on either side of these at apex, a longer mark outside of
scutellum, a curved line in front of each of the cenchri, and two or
three narrow transverse marks at base of abdomen, black. Antennae
as long as the body, a thin black line on upper side; third joint
shorter than fourth, longer than the long diameter of the eye. Wings
clear hyaline. Apices of tarsal joints fuscous. Cerci short, thick.

The $ has the antenna as long as the body, densely covered with
close pile, the third joint a little curved, blackish above, testaceous
beneath. Vertex broadly black, behind black, except at edges. Body
greenish-testaceous beneath, meso- and metanotum and abdomen
above, except at extreme apex and at the sides of the apical segments,
black ; apical segment of abdomen transverse at apex above, rounded
beneath, with the edges incised. There is a short blunt keel above,
which does not reach to the apex, and with a depression on either side
of it. Stigma griseous- testaceous. The sides of scutellum are obscure
testaceous.

Length 2f lines.

This species is exceedingly like N. miliaris, and I
am not sure if the ? can be distinguished from the
$ of that species ; the $ , however, may be known
from miliaris <$ by the keel on the last abdominal
segment being much shorter, not being much longer
than broad, and not reaching to the apex ; in miliaris,
on the other hand, it projects beyond the apex which

NEMATUS MILIARIS. 125

is thus not transverse ; the black on the vertex, too,
is broader, but behind it is not quite so broad, the
edges being testaceous.

The larva feeds on Salix caprea in August and
September, eating either along the edge or in the
centre of the leaf. Its head is green, with a faint
yellowish tinge ; there is a brownish stripe on either
side going down from the vertex to the eyes ; another
goes down the centre of face to its middle, the top is
mottled with light brown dots. Body deep green ;
legs glassy green, the skin is much wrinkled, and at
the sides the wrinkles form oblong raised objects,
which are edged with black. Over the eye is a black
line. The entire body is covered with black irregular
lines, which give the skin a m6ttled appearance, the
back being also more or less covered with these lines ;
the centre, however, being much lighter in tint.

The single cocoon is spun in the earth, the flies
emerging in the following summer.

The larva of N. miliaris is readily known from this by
its body not being mottled with black, and by its having
a distinct black lateral longitudinal line.

Rare. Cadder Wilderness.

54. NEMATUS MILIARIS.

Vol. I, PL VI, fig. 10, lar. ; Vol. II, PI. X, fig. 2 a eggs,
fig. 5, lar. ; PI. XXI, fig. 4, Saw.

Tenthredo miliaris, Pz., F. G., Ixv, fig. 13.

Nematus miliaris, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 11, fig. 6; Mon., 70,
211; Ste., 111., vii, 30, 15; Cam.,
Fauna, 40, 46; Andre, Species, i,
182, pi. xiii, fig. 3 (im.), fig. 9 (lar.) ;
Cat., 25,* 193; Br. & Zad., Schr.,
Ges. Konig., xxiv, 155 (pt.).

— microcercus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 152, 83.

— croceus, var. f., Thorns., Opus. 637.

Green; the space surrounding the ocelli, three longish marks on
mesonotum, and a small round one joined to inner side of those on
lateral lobes, a large mark on each side of scutellum, more or less of
the apex of the latter, the space surrounding the cenchri, the greater

126 NEMATUS GLUTINOSJJ.

part of metanotum, and a transverse mark on the second or third
basal segments of abdomen, black. Head narrowed behind the eyes,
three vertical farrows distinct, frontal area not clearly indicated
behind, broader than long; antennal furrows deep, ending in a blunt
angle and very slightly curved, front sharply projecting between the
antennae, face sharply pointed. Antenna3 slightly shorter than the
body, black, fuscous beneath, the third joint shorter than the fourth ;
stigma green, second recurrent nervure interstitial. Cerci shorter than
spurs, which reach close to the middle of metatarsus.

The <$ has the vertex almost entirely black, the upper side of the
body and the mesopleurse black; wings with a faint fuscous tinge;
stigma griseous-white ; antennae longer than the body, and apex of
posterior tibiae and tarsi black.

Length 2|— 3 lines.

The larva is cylindrical, from nine to ten lines in
length. The head is shining, green, slightly obscured
with fuscous on the top, and thinly covered with hairs ;
the eyes are situated in a black line which extends to
the top and a little below them ; the mouth brownish,
mandibles brown, black at the tips. Legs glassy
yellowish-green, slightly hairy; claws brown; over
the legs is a curved black line. The body is grass
green, with a black line on each side at the top, and
continued to the tenth segment; directly over the
legs the folds of the skin are marked with black. The
anal segment is hairy, the tip usually green, but
occasionally reddish, and bears short black cerci.

Feeds on Salix pentandra, 8. vitellina, and other
willows. Degeeria parallela, Mg., Mesoleius opticus,
GT., and M. holosericeus, R.tz., are its parasites.

Common in Clydesdale ; the imago in June, and
again in August. The larvaB are found between June
and October.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, France.

55. WEMATUS GLUTINOS^.

Vol. I, PI. VII, fig. 10, lar. ; Vol. II, PI. Ill, fig, 4, ? ;
PI. XXI, fig. 6, Saw.

Nematus glutinosce, Cam., E. M. M., xviii, 193 (1882).

— virescens, Cam., Sc. Nat., iv, 196.

— oligospinus, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, 159,

141, Taf. 1, f. 2.

NEMATUS GLUTINOSJJ. 127

Green, or testaceous-green ; the space enclosing the ocelli, the usual
marks on mesonotum, a ring surrounding the cenchri, a small one
behind them, and a row of transverse stripes on dorsum of abdomen
(becoming narrower towards the apex), black. Antennae somewhat
shorter than the body, filiform, black, fuscous beneath, the third joint
a little longer than fourth. Head sharply bulging out behind the eyes ;
looked at from above, the front projects distinctly from the sur-
rounding part, and is furrowed between the antennae; the frontal
area is well denned, square at the apex; the antennal fovea is indistinct,
but a well-marked furrow comes down on either side of it from the
outer side of the frontal area and curves round the base of antennas.
The central furrow on vertex is well defined, broad in front, narrow
behind. Spurs a little more than one fourth of the length of meta-
tarsus, being as long as the cerci. Stigma greenish-white.

The (^ has the antennae longer than the body, with the third joint
shorter than the fourth, the lower part of the body and the sides of
abdomen above are rufescent, the upper part black, the thorax entirely
so, save an incomplete ring on scutellum, the central portion of which
is black. The posterior tarsi are fuscous black ; the stigma fuscous.

Length 2|— 3 lines.

Very similar to ~N. miliaris, but the front is wider
between the antennae, and does not project so much ;
antennal fovea less denned, head smaller, cenchri
smaller, spurs shorter compared to metatarsus, which
is itself shorter compared to the second joint ; abdomen
with a broad continuous black band ; the scutellum is
marked with fuscous in the centre, and the frontal area
is more distinct.

The larva feeds on alder. It is green, the head of
a darker green, especially on the top; a black line
goes on the side from the top to near the eyes, and
another line runs from the top, half way down the
face; mouth brownish; mandibles blackish at the
top. The body is covered with tubercles of a darker
colour than the body, and generally irregularly- oblong
in shape. On the first and last segments they are some-
what irregularly arranged, but on the middle segments
they are usually in two pairs above, and three in a
line below these, while there is a longer, slightly
curved, one over the claspers, and one or two smaller
tubercles above it. Two curved lines are over the
feet, which are glassy white with brown claws. On
the back are two white lines ; there is no distinct
black line along the sides, beyond a thin white one

128 NEMATUS SALICIVORUS.

running through the spiracles. The cerci are black,
as well as the space immediately behind them.

It feeds on alder, and is double brooded. Probably
common, but confounded with the other green species.
It is parthenogenetic, only males being yielded by the
eggs laid by virgin females.

Clydesdale, Worcester.

06s. — This species is certainly the JV. oligospinus of Brischke and
Zaddach, but I am not sure as to its being the oligospinus of Foerster
(Yerh. Y. pr. Rhein., xi, 312). The description of the latter in point of
fact will suit two or three species, and I therefore do not care to adopt
it. Brischke (1. c.) furthermore quotes N. validicornis, Foerster, as a
synonym, but this is alike disproved by Foerster's description as by
the description of its larva given by Kaltenbach (Pfl. 579). I have
examined specimens of both sexes of validicornis in the collection of
the latter, and can hardly distinguish them from JV. curtispina.

56. NEMATUS SALIOIYORUS.

Vol. I, PL VII, fig. 8, lar. ; Vol. II, PI. Ill, fig. 5, ? ;
PL YIII, fig. 7, lar. ; PL XXI, fig. 8, Saw.

Nematus salicivorus, Cam., E. M. M., xviii, 194 (1882).

Pale testaceous-green, the space surrounding the ocelli, continued as
a small rounded mark behind, a broad band on middle lobe, a longer
narrower one on lateral lobes, with a small dot on inner side at apex, a
mark on either side of scutellum, the space between the cenchri (sepa-
rated in the middle), black ; one or two fuscous transverse marks on
base of abdomen. Antennae slender, filiform, as long as the body,
black, fuscous beneath ; the third joint slightly shorter than fourth.
Head slightly narrowed behind the eyes, broadly rounded in front, but
retreating on the outer side of antennae, and projecting, but not sharply,
between them ; frontal area well marked, its lower end curved in the
centre through the upper part of the large, distinct, oval, antennal
fovea projecting into it ; furrows on vertex distinct, but not reaching
to the base ; no central furrow. Clypeus with a shallow indentation.
Cerci as long as posterior spurs.

Length 2£— 3 lines.

Of similar size and coloration (except that the black
markings are less developed) to N. miliaris and gluti-
nosce, but differing from both in having the head much
more swollen in front, the part between the antenna3
being bluntly rounded, and not furrowed in the centre,
the frontal area is less raised, and not truncated at the

THE GROUP OF MYOSOTIDIS. 129

apex, the antennal fovea is very distinct, while the
curved furrows which come down on either side of the
antennal fovea, and are so conspicuous in N. glutinosce
and miliaris, are scarcely noticeable ; the cenchri are
smaller, the antennae thinner.

The larva has the body dark green. The head is
green. In centre of head is a long black line, which
reaches near to the mouth ; above, over the eyes, is a
much shorter lateral line. Over the legs is a blackish
waved line, and above that again is a less distinct
line. On the thorax are some tubercles ; while over
the anus is a black, sometimes more or less reddish,
mark, cleft and broader behind than at the apex ; the
cerci black. A thin white line runs through the
spiracles.

The larva of N. salicivorus may be known from that of
N. miliaris by the much longer central stripe, and
shorter lateral stripe onface,by the less clearly indicated
black stripe on the sides above, by the clearly indicated
waved lines over the legs, by the legs wanting the
oblique black mark in front of them found in miliaris,
and by the distinct black mark over anus. In habits
they are identical, and are sometimes found feeding
on the same bush.

Clydesdale, Worcester.

•XIV. THE GROUP OF MYOSOTIDIS.

Black, pronotum more or less, abdomen and legs,
yellow; the former blade at base, or on the whole
dorsum. Antenna longish, pilose, especially in <$ , black,
sometimes brownish beneath; first transverse cubital
nervure absent or nearly so ; costa and stigma luteous
or testaceous; clypeus incised.

In only one species are the pleurao and sternum
testaceous. From the preceding section the difference
in coloration distinguishes it ; from the succeeding the
incised clypeus.

VOL. n. 9

130 N KM AT (JS TIBIALTS.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Legs and abdomen beneath and at sides deep brick red ; stigma

testaceous. Zetterstedti.

2 (5) Legs, abdomen and stigma luteous.

3 (4) Antennae nearly as long as body, pronotum almost entirely

pale ; abdomen with a broad black band on dorsum ; spurs
longer than one-third of metatarsus. Myosotidis.

4 (3) Antennae much shorter than body; abdomen black only at base ;

spurs short. Monticola.

5 (2) Legs and abdomen testaceous, stigma fuscous or brownish.

6 (11) Pleurae black, posterior tibiae not black.

7 (8) Posterior femora with a black mark at the apex ; tibiae white.

Pallidiventris. (See Group XII.)

8 (7) Posterior femora entirely testaceous.

9 (10) Stigma fuscous, dorsum of abdomen keeled and distinctly

longer than head and thorax together. Consobrinus.

10 (9) Stigma livid pale testaceous ; abdomen not keeled, not much

longer than head and thorax together ; antennae nearly as
long as the body. Strongylogaster. (See Group XII.)

11 (6) Pleuraa testaceous ; posterior tibiae black. Tibialis.

57, NE MAT us TIBIALIS.
PL II, fig. 2, ? ; PL XXI, fig. 9, Saw.

Nematus tibialis, Newman, Ent. Mag. (January), iv, 260 (cf.

Cam., E. M. M., xii, 228).

— hortensis, Htg., Blattw., 197, 24; Voll., Tijd. Ent.,
i, 151, pi. 7 (lar. imago, &c.) ;
Zool., 1861, 7571; Kalt., Pfl.,
134 ; Andre, Species, i, 205; Cat.,
26,* 204 ; Zaddach, Schr. Ges.
Konig., xxiv, 333.

Dark testaceous, smooth, shining, finely punctured ; antennae, vertex,
three large marks on the mesonotum, the metanotum at the sides, a
band on each of the abdominal segments on the back, and posterior
tibiae and tarsi, black. Wings hyaline, nervures black, the costa and
stigma sordid testaceous, the latter paler at the apical half. Antennae
stout, shorter than the body, tapering towards the apex, the third and
fourth joints about equal ; pentagonal area distinct, antennal fovea
deep, broadest above, the clypeus deeply notched, palpi pale testaceous.
Mesonotum smooth, shining, punctured ; breast smooth and shining ;
blotch large, the cerci short, blackish ; sheath of saw projecting, deep
black, almost bare; posterior calcaria short, not one fourth of the
length of the metatarsus ; second cubital cellule a quarter longer than
third ; the second recurrent nervure received about one-f ourth of the
length of the third cellule in front of the second transverse cubital
nervure.

Length 3£ lines.

There can be no difficulty in separating this insect
from its allies by its black posterior tibiae and tarsi.

NEMATUS CONSOBKINUS. 131

The larva, according to Van Vollenhoven, has the
head pale brown, with a transverse, ochreous-brown
longitudinal stripe over the crown, the jaws of the
colour of burnt ochre ; the eyes are placed in round
black spots, and the head is also covered with small
black hair. The skin is deeply wrinkled, shining
pale green. The legs are glassy green, as also are the
ventral legs. On the last segment are yellow projec-
tions with brown margins, and it is also covered with
short white hairs. Previous to spinning the green
assumes a darker tint, passing into brown.

It feeds in September on Eobinia pseudacacia,
generally resting with the hind parts retracted, and
not resting on the leaf. The pupa state is passed in
the earth.

The imago makes its appearance in June, and in
this country is confined (apparently) to the South of
England, where it has been found in the Isle of Wight
(Newman), near London (J. Gr. Marsh), and Norwich
(Bridgman).

N. tibialis occurs also in Prussia, Holland, France,
and Switzerland.

Obs. — The species described by Thomson (Hym. Scand., i, 144) as
hortensis is not the Hartigian species, since he describes it as having
the head black with the exception of the mouth, the legs totally pale
testaceous, and the abdomen black only at the base.

58. NEMATUS CONSOBRINUS.

Vol. I, PL VII, fig. 5, lar. ; Vol. II, PL III, fig. 1,

? ; PL XXII, fig. 5, Saw.

Nemaius consobrinus, "Vol., Tijd. Ent., xvi, 236, pi. x, f. 1—13,

lar. im. ; Andre, Species, i, 192 ;
Cat., 22,* 156; Br. and Zad.,
Schr. Ges. Konig., 339.

— umbrinus, Zaddach, Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, 84, 24 ;
Andre, Species, i, 210 ; Cat., 26,*
209.

Antenna? nearly as long as the thorax and abdomen, tapering con-
siderably towards the apex, the third joint a little shorter than the
fourth ; black, more or less fuscous or dull brownish on the underside.

132 NEMATUS CONSOBRINUS.

Head scarcely so broad as the mesothorax, shining, roughly punctured,
covered with short pale down ; pentagonal area distinct, front project-
ing ; antennal fovea large, deep ; the clypeus ernarginated, but not
very deeply ; black, the clypeus and labrum white ; the outer orbits
brownish. Thorax black, faintly punctured ; tegulas and pronotum
pale fulvous ; pleurae half shining, smooth. Legs pale fulvous, coxae
at the base, apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi, black ; the coxae, base of
femora and tibiae pale white. Wings ample, hyaline, iridescent, costa at
base testaceous, the stigma is of a darker testaceous colour. The first
transverse cubital nervure is faint ; the second cellule is more than
double the length of the third, angled where it receives the recurrent
nervure ; the second recurrent nervure is received considerably in front
of the second transverse cubital. Abdomen pale fulvous, the basal half
black above; the cerci long, pale white; sheath pale fulvous, darker
at the apex, and pilose.

The $ has the antennae compressed and of the same length as the
body.

Length 3 — 3£ lines.

Ab. — a. As in type, but the pleurae for the greater
part pale fulvous.

b. As in type, but scutellum black ?

Var. — a. Antennas, clypeus, scutellum, pleuraa, and
sheath black, the eyes not surrounded with brown;
the dorsum of abdomen black to the seventh segment.

This is a rather variable species, especially in the
quantity of black on the thorax and abdomen.

The larva feeds in early summer on the leaves of
the gooseberry. It has a green head, marked more or
less with little black points, and bearing soft hairs.
The body is green, shining, the skin beset all over
with transverse rows of black tubercles, each bearing
a hair ; the second segment, and more or less of the
last, and the sides over the legs yellow ; the back has
a bluer tint than the rest of the body, perhaps through
the food shining through. Cerci yellowish, black at
the tips. When young the head is black, the body
green w'th black points ; at the last moult it loses the
black tubercles, and becomes of a bright green colour,
yellowish behind the head and on the last segment.
The cocoon is spun in the earth. There is, I believe,
only one brood in the year in this country.

Seemingly a not uncommon species. I have seen
specimens from Clydesdale, Rannoch, Worcester, York,
and Lastingham (Rev. T. A. Marshall).

NEMATQS MYOSOTIDIS. 133

The only Continental localities recorded are Holland,
Prussia, and Silesia.

59. NEMATUS MONTICOLA.
PI. IV, fig. 6, ? ; PI. XXII, fig. 3, Saw.

Nematus monticola, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 147, 77 ; Andre,

Species, i, 191 ; Cat., 22 * 159.

Black, smooth, shining, clypeus and labrum pale testaceous ; tegulae,
the edge of pronotum, and legs yellowish-testaceous ; the tibiae pale
testaceous ; base of coxae and extreme base of anterior femora black.
Abdomen luteous, the base with a broad black band, which encloses
the large blotch. Antenna? as long as abdomen and half the thorax,
black, paler beneath ; the third joint a little shorter than fourth.
Wings yellowish hyaline, costa and stigma yellowish-testaceous ; the
third cubital cellule is a little longer than broad, and wider at apex
than at base; the recurrent nervure is received a little in front of
third transverse cubital, the transverse median in apical side of middle
of cellule. Clypeus incised. Spurs a little more than one-third of
the length of metatarsus, and a little longer than the cerci.

Length 3 lines.

Smaller than N. myosotidis, the antennae much
shorter, spurs shorter, the pronotum has only the edge
pale, and the abdomen has not such a distinct band on
back. The $ has the antennas shorter and less hairy than
in N. myosotidis, the dorsum of abdomen has a narrow
black line in the centre, widest at base. N. jugicola,
Thorn., is very closely allied to it, but its spurs reach to
the middle of metatarsus, the antennas are longer, saw
shorter, and the abdomen has a well-defined black
band on its back.

Rare. Clydesdale.

Continental distribution : Sweden.

60. NEMATUS MYOSOTIDIS.
PI. VIII, fig. 5—5 c, lar. ; PL XXII, fig. 2, Saw.

Tenthredo myosotidis, Fab., S. P., 41, 60 ; Panz., F. G., Heft 98,

?1. xiii, ; Spin., Ins. Lig., i, 58,
8 ; Fallen, Acta, 1808, 119, 62.

Pristiphora myosotidis, Lep., Mon., 170, 59; Ste., 111., vii, 25.
Nematus interruptus, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 11, f. 1 ; Mon., 65, 192 :

Ste., 1. c., 33.

134 NEMATUS MYOSOTIDTS.

Nematus myosotidis, Htg., Blattw., 199, 27 ; Evers., Ball. Mosc.,

xx, 18, 15 ; Thorns., Opusc., 635,
76; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., xvi, pi. 6, f. 6, and 1. c.,
332 ; Andre, Species, i, 196 ; Cat.,
22 ;* Cam., Fauna, 36, 33 ; Costa,
. F. Nap., Tenth., 16, pi. xliii, f. 8 ;
Foer.j Yerh. Yer. pr. JHheinl., xi,
319, pi. vi, f. 31.
— pappilosus, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 145, 75.

Black, shining, the mouth, pronotum, tegula?, legs and abdomen,
luteous, the latter with a line of broad black bands down the middle of
the back; the apex of posterior tibise and tarsi fuscous. Antennae
pilose, nearly as long as the body, tapering towards the apex ; the third
and fourth joints equal. Head a little narrower than the thorax, the
front pubescent, faintly punctured, the sutures very deep and well
marked, the pentagonal area distinct ; the tips of the mandibles are
black, clypeus deeply notched, the palpi pale. Mesonotum smooth,
shining, finely punctured, the scutellum raised ; cenchri large ; sternum
smooth and slightly shining. Abdomen scarcely longer than the head
and thorax, broadest in the middle, rounded towards the apex, the cerci
short, their apices pointing inwardly; the saw projecting, pilose, the
apical half black ; blotch very large. Legs long, the calcaria reaching
to the middle of the metatarsus, the tibia3 are grooved on the inner side ;
claws bifid. Wings subhy aline, with a smoky tinge, the nervures deep
black, costa and stigma luteous ; the second recurrent nervure is almost
interstitial.

The £ has the antennas longer than the body, thicker and more pilose
than in the $ ; the abdomen becomes narrowed towards the apex, as
does also the black dorsal stripe, which is sometimes very narrow.

Length 3— 3£ lines.

Ab — a. ? and £ . Abdomen black only at the
base.

b as in a, but with a thin luteous band surrounding
the eyes.

This species is easily identified by the half smoky
wings with luteous costa and stigma, the very faint
first transverse cubital nervure, pilose antennae, and
luteous abdomen with its black dorsal line, &c. The
abdomen varies somewhat in the amount of black
which it bears, as does also the apex of the posterior
tibise ; the tarsi are black or fuscous, and in rare
instances luteous, and there is sometimes a black mark
on the posterior knees. N. MarshaUi, Cam., from
Corsica, is closely related to myosotidis, but may be
known from it by its body being shorter, and broader
compared to its length, the antennas distinctly longer
than the body, the abdomen not much longer than

NEMATUS ZETTERSTEDTI. 135

head and thorax, and only black at the base, and the
wings fuscous.

The larva was first described by Brischke and
Zaddach. It is pale green with two white dorsal
lines ; a blackish line goes round the forehead from
the eyes, and another line goes down the face in the
centre. The claws are blackish. I found these larvae
in the autumn, and they spun the cocoon in the earth.
They feed on Trifolium pratense, the leaves of which
they devour along the sides, or eat out roundish holes
in the centre.

The flies appear during June and July. They are
very commonly distributed. Scotch localities are :
Clydesdale, Dumfriesshire, Moffat, Oban, Kin tail,
Sutherlandshire, Kingussie, Braemar, Perth, Rannoch,
Berwickshire. English: Newcastle, Manchester, York-
shire, Norwich, London District, Exeter, Glanville's
Wootton, Gloucester, Worcester.

Its Continental distribution is very general : Scandi-
navia, Germany, Holland, France, Corsica (Marshall),
Italy, Russia.

Obs. — Thomson considers myosotidis as identical with the Tenthredo
papillosa, Retz., De Geer, a statement sufficiently contradicted by the
totally different habits of the two species. The N. myosotidis of
Brischke is N. pavidus, Lep.

61. NEMATUS ZETTERSTEDTI.
PL XXII, fig. 1, Saw.

Ntmatus Zetterstedti, Dbin., Clavis. fig. 5 ; Thorns.. Hym. Scand.,

i, 147 ; Cam., Fauna, 36, 32.

— miniatus, Htg., Blattw., 189, 12; Opusc., 635, 47;
Andre, Species, i, 196 ; Cat., 14,*
26 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., 291, Taf. 7, fig. 13.

Antennae long, thin, black, brownish beneath, the fourth joint longer
than the third. Head narrower than the thorax, sutures deep and
well marked, the pentagonal area very large and distinct ; antennal
fovea very deep, front projecting; clypeus very deeply notched, the
labrum hairy, subtransverse ; black, covered with dense pile, the
portion below the antennae, and a ring surrounding the eyes (except
the lower posterior part) reddish ; the palpi are testaceous. Thorax
black, smooth, half shining, slightly pubescent; pronotum reddish,

136 NEMATUS ZETTEttSTEDTI.

tegulae pale red ; cencliri small ; the pleuros quite smooth and shining.
Abdomen narrowed and longer than the head and thorax, tapering
towards the apex, the back black ; the sides of the back, the extreme
apex, and belly reddish ; the blotch is small ; the cerci pilose, black,
pointing inwardly ; the sheath black, scarcely projecting. Legs red-
dish, posterior tarsi and apex of tibiae black ; the posterior tarsi are
thick, deeply sulcated, the patellae large, claws bifid ; the calcaria red-
dish, a little shorter than half the length of the metatarsus, the inner
spur being double the length of the outer. Wings hyaline, the nervures
deep black ; costa and stigma reddish-testaceous ; the first transverse
cubital nervure is faint ; second cubital cellule double the length of the
third ; second recurrent nervure received somewhat in front of the
second transverse cubital nervure.

The £ (according to Thomson) has the eighth abdominal segment
keeled in the centre.

Length 3f lines.

Ab. — a. Antennae brownish beneath.

b. The orbits entirely black.

c. A large spot on upper side of mesopleurse
reddish,

This large species may be recognized by the deep
frontal sutures, brick-red colour, deep black posterior
tarsi, deeply sulcated tibiaa, &c.

The arrangement of the colour is the same as in
N. myosotidis, but the colour of the abdomen and legs is
deep brick red, not yellowish, the antenna are shorter
than the body, and quite bare, the stigma is testaceous,
not yellowish, and it is a longer and stouter insect.

The larva is described by Andre (1. c.) as living on
Populus nigra. It is yellowish-green, with the head
and forelegs black ; on the first four segments are a
great number of black points, the rest are uniformly
coloured on the back, but dotted with black on the
sides. Brischke bred it from a larva on aspen,
which apparently did not differ from that of N. umbri-
pennis.

Apparently a rare insect. I have only seen two
specimens, one taken by Dr. Buchanan White at
Braemar, and another in Stephens' Collection in the
British Museum, said to have been taken near London.

The only Continental localities that I have seen
recorded are Sweden, the Hartz Mountains, and
France.

Obs. — Zetterstedti is in Stephens' collection under the name of N.

THE GROUP OF BETUUE. 137

nigricornis, Lep., Mon., 63, 186; Ste., Mon., vii, 37, 42, with the
description of which it agrees tolerably well, but is still too indefinite
to warrant the sinking of the later names.

XY. THE GROUP OF

Body black, the abdomen, generally part of mesopleura,
and always the metapleura, orange-yellow. Legs pale
luteous, the apex of hinder tibice and tarsi blade.
Abdomen rarely with a row of narrow, blade spots on
dorsum. Clypeus truncated. Wings hyaline, costa and
stigma fuscous, or black: the third cubital cellule not
much longer than broad. Antennce blade, brownish
beneath.

The only group of Nemati with which N. betulce and
its allies can be confounded is that of N. salicis which
has pretty much the same coloration, including the
black stigma, but differs in the species being larger,
in their having the pleurge more largely yellow, the
antennae not so decidedly yellow beneath when it is not
entirely black, and especially in the incised clypeus.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (6) Mesopleurse with a large orange-yellow mark ; sides of meta-

notum black ; abdomen black at base, or with a black line
on back.

2 (5) Clypeus black at the base.

3 (4) Posterior tarsi and apex of tibiae black ; apex of clypeus white ;

abdomen with a black band down the back. Conjugatus.

4 (3) Posterior tarsi and apex of tibiae testaceous ; clypeus black ;

abdomen black only at base. V. flavum.

5 (2) Face entirely white ; abdomen only black at extreme base ;

spurs not reaching to middle of metatarsus. Subbifidus.

6 (1) Mesothorax entirely black ; sides of metanotum luteous.

Betula.

138 NEMATUS BETUL2E.

62. NEMATUS BETUL^E.
PL XXII, fig. 7, Saw.

Tenthredo betulce, Retz., De Geer, 308 ; De Geer, Mein., ii, 261,

Taf. 37, f. 23.

luridiventris, Zett., I. L., 352, 51.
Nematus letularius, Htg., Blattw., 192, 17 ; Toll., Tijd.Ent. (2),

ii, 4, t. 6, f. 1—6 ; Kalt., Pfl, 607.

— testaceus, Jur., Hym., 64, pi. 13.

— erythrogaster, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 103, nee Norton.

— crassiventris, Cam., E. M. M., xiv, 267.

— luteogaster, Kir by, List of Hym., i, 132.

— betulce, Htg., Blattw., 219; Andre, Species, i, 219;

Cat., 27 ;* Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., 307, PI. 6, f. 16 (1875).

Black, sliming, covered with fuscous pubescence ; labrum, clypeus,
and the space between the antenna) dull white ; pronotum, tegulae, meta-
pleu'ra, side of metanotum and abdomen orange-yellow; legs pale
luteous, apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi fuscous, the base of meta-
tarsus pale ; spurs pale, reaching to middle of metatarsus. Antennae
as long as the abdomen and half of thorax, black, brownish beneath
from second joint, the third joint a little longer than fourth. Wings
hyaline, costa pale at base, the rest and stigma black ; third cubital
cellule as broad as long ; the transverse median nervure is received in
the basal side of middle of cellule. The frontal sutures are flat; penta-
gonal area indistinct, the antennal fovea wide and deep. Clypeus
roundly truncated. Cenchri large, clear white, the white membrane
between them large, immediately behind which is a short transverse
black line. Claws with a minute subapical tooth.

The £ has the metanotum entirely black, and the dorsum of abdomen
marked with black transverse lines, which become continuous at base
and apex.

Length 2| lines.

Easily known from the other species in the group
by the totally black mesothorax, claws with a subapical
tooth, and the metanotum luteous at the sides

The larva feeds on birch. Its head is entirely
black, the abdomen yellowish-green, shining, legs pale
green with black claws. Over the second and third
leg is a large triangular orange spot, at the same level
on the fourth segment are two smaller spots, more
oblong in form; and similarly coloured spots, but larger
and nearly triangular, are on segments five to eleven.
The stigmata have narrow white margins. It feeds
on the edge of the leaf, and pupates in a simple cocoon
in the earth. According to Brischke (1. c.) the eggs are

NEMATUS SUBBIFIDUS. 139

laid in a pouch sawn by the ? in one of the teeth of
the leaf.

Seemingly rare in this country. Wimbledon (Bridg-
man).

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land.

Obs.—Nematus betulce, Thorns., is distinct from this, although he
regards it as identical with Retzius' species. Nematus betulce, Yoll. =
melanocephalus.

63. NEMATUS SUBBIFIDUS.
PI. XXIII, fig. 1, Saw.

Nematus subbifidus, Thorns., Hym. Scand , i, 105, 29; Andre,

Species, i, 225 ; Cat., 24 ;* Br.
and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., 308.

Antennae as long as the thorax and abdomen, moderately thick, the
third and fourth joints about equal ; black, obscure brown beneath
from the second joint. Head densely covered with fuscous pubescence,
the vertex thick, semi- shining, the sutures wide, distinct, pentagonal
area not clearly denned; antennal fovea large, deep black; the space
between the antennae, clypeus, and labrum pale yellowish-white ; the
tips of the mandibles piceous ; the palpi long, white ; posterior orbit
in part luteous ; apex of clypeus truncated ; labrum roundly trun-
cated at the apex. Thorax shining, densely pubescent, black, the
tegulas, pronotum, and anterior half of pleurae luteous ; the cenchri
clear white, and there is a minute white mark between them ; the
metanotum pale at the sides. Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma
fuscous black, the former pale at the base ; the first transverse cubital
nervure is distinct ; the third cubital cellule is smaller, almost broader
than long ; the second recurrent nervure is received considerably in
front of the second transverse cubital. Legs luteous, the tarsi paler,
the apex of posterior tibiae largely, and the tarsi black ; the tibiae are
thickened at the apex, grooved on the inner side, and are a little
longer than the tarsi ; calcari short, not reaching to middle of meta-
tarsus. Claws with a large tooth. Abdomen short, thick, luteous,
the basal segment black in the centre ; the sheath of saw black,
projecting.

Length 2£ lines.

The c? is unknown.

The nearest related species to subbifidus is N. betulce,
which, however, is larger, the wings longer, the colour
paler ; the nervures in the hind wings are more widely
separated, while the spurs reach to the middle of
metatarsus. The antennae in subbifidus are longer

140 NEMATUS CONJUGATUS.

and thinner, and do not taper so much towards the
apex, being of more uniform thickness. N. conjugatus,
Dbm. has the back of the abdomen black, the third
cubital cellule is much longer than broad, and the
tooth on the claw is much smaller, the spurs
reach to the middle of metatarsus, the metatarsus
itself being longer compared to the next joint. The
abdomen may be entirely yellow, and the eyes may be
broadly yellow round the borders.

A rare species seemingly. One specimen taken at
Worcester by Mr. Fletcher.

East Gothland, Silesia and Frankfort-on-the-Main,
are the only other localities recorded.

64. NEMATUS CONJUGATUS.
PI. XXIII, fig. 2, Saw.

Nematus conjugatus, Dbm., S. E. Z., 1848, 177 ; Thorns., Opus.

Ent., 623, 19; Kalt, Pfl., 558,
584; Andre, Species, i, 188 ; Oat.,
24,* 184 j Br. and Z., Schr. Ges.
Konig., xvi, Taf. Ill, f. 15 (lar.),
1. c., xxiv, 305.

Black, shining, covered with close fuscous pubescence, labrum and
apex of clypeus white, pronotum, tegulse, a large mark in centre of
mesopleurse and abdomen orange-yellow; base of abdomen entirely
black, the rest with a line of black marks; metapleura pale yellow;
legs reddish-yellow, the base and tibiae pale, darker in the middle ; the
apex of hinder tibia3 and tarsi black. Wings hyaline, costa pale at the
base, the rest and stigma fuscous, the latter with the lower apical half
pallid yellow. Antenna black, brownish beneath, in length as long as
the thorax and abdomen; the clypeus is almost truncated at the apex,
the frontal sutures distinct, but not the frontal area, the antennai
fovea deep. Sometimes the inner orbits, and the space between
the antennae are brownish. In rare cases the black stripe on abdomen
is very much narrowed, if not absent entirely, at least on the apical
three-fourths. The spurs reach to the middle of metatarsus; claws
bifid.

The J has the antennae reddish, slightly blackish at the base above ;
the abdomen as a rule has no black on the back, and on its eighth
segment above is a short carina. The antenna are somewhat com-
pressed.

Length 2£— 2J lines.

The body is broader and more stumpy than it is

NEMATUS CONJUGATUS. 141

in the other species of the group, and the wings are
not so clearly hyaline.

The larva is shining clear green or yellowish-green,
with the first three and last two segments orange.
Head shining black, as are also the legs, except at the
joints. On the abdominal segments are, on each side,
black marks ; above these are two, and under these
three, while over each leg are two longer marks, the
upper being a little in front of the lower or larger.
On the first segment are two marks, on the second
six, besides a large one over the leg. On the third
are two pairs above, then two larger ones, one imme-
diately below the other. On the 4th body segment
are two pairs above, then three in a row, followed by
two longer marks. On the penultimate segment are
two rows of smaller black dots, going across the back,
and the last bears also some black marks. All the
orange-coloured segments bear a row higher up than
the topmost row on the green segments, which have in
all three rows.

The eggs are laid in holes along the edge of the
leaves, especially on the teeth. The larvae feed grega-
riously on the edge, with their bodies stuck out. They
live on the larger leaved willows, on poplar and aspen,
and are double brooded.

The species is rare in this country, so far as I know.
Near Glasgow.

Parasites : Mesoleius compressus, B,tz. (grossularice)
— probably only a variety of M. sylvestris, Gr.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, France, Switzerland, Silesia, Hungary.

142 NEMATUS FEUTICUM.

65. NEMATUS V-FLAVTJM.

Nematus V-flavum, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, 537.

Black, shining ; labrum white ; pronotum, tegulae, the greater part
of mesopleura in front, metapleura in part, the edges of the middle
lobe of mesonotum (forming a Y-shaped mark), abdomen and legs
orange-yellow ; the base of abdomen with two small transverse black
marks. Antennae not much longer than metathorax and abdomen ;
the third joint the length of the fourth ; black, dull brown beneath.
Clypeus truncated at apex. Spurs scarcely reaching to middle of
metatarsus ; claws almost bifid. Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma
testaceous ; third cubital cellule nearly one-fourth longer than broad.
The anal segment is large and considerably developed above, where it
ends in a slope, as in the Luteus group ; the cerci are nearly as long as
the spurs. ?

Length 2f lines.

Allied to N. conjugatus, but is of a longer and broader
body form. The stigma is more uniformly coloured,
the third cubital cellule longer and nearly as broad at
the base as at the apex, the spurs are shorter, meta-
tarsus longer, and the apex of the tibia3 and tarsi are
not black, nor are the tibise whitish ; the cerci are
longer, and the sheath of the saw is not so black, nor
so hairy ; the labrum is longer, and the clypeus
entirely black. From N. subbifidus it is readily
known by its black clypeus, shorter antennae, testa-
ceous stigma, longer third cubital cellule, testaceous
tarsi and longer spurs. The colour, too, is paler, not
being so orange.

An English specimen in Shuckard's collection.

66. NEMATUS FEUTICUM.

Nematus fruticum, Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx, 18 (1847) ; Andre,

Species, i, 206 ; Cat.,* 24, 182.
? __ analis, Ste., 111., vii, 35, 33.

" Head and antennae totally black ; thorax also black, immaculate ;
abdomen above testaceous, with the base of all but the two apical
segments black above, and the two last and entire under surface rufo-
testaceous ; sternum and pleurse black ; legs with the coxae, trochanters,
and base of all the femora black ; the apex of the last and the entire
tibiae and tarsi bright rufo-testaceous. Wings hyaline, with the
nervures pitchy, and the costa and stigma bright, pale testaceous."

Length 3-3i lines.

THE GROUP OF CfiOCEUS. 143

" Taken in the neighbourhood of London, in June,
at Darenth Wood, <&c." Stephens, I.e.

Mr. Kir by (List of Hymen., i, 108) refers the speci-
men standing in Stephens' collection as analis to ver-
nalis, Htg., S. E. Z., i, 23, 22 (which is, I believe, only
caprece, Pz.). He quotes fruticum, Evers., as a syno-
nym, stating at the same time that the representative
of analis agrees badly with the description. I there-
fore give Eversmann's description : " Antennae, head,
thorax, and first abdominal segment black ; the rest
of the abdomen and mouth and legs rufo-luteous,
coxae and base of femora black ; wings hyaline ;
stigma and costa brownish-yellow. The ? has the
eyes surrounded with yellow. Antenna of the length
of the body. Length 2§— 3 lines."

XVI. THE GROUP OF CKOCEUS.

Reddish-luteous entirely, or more generally with two
or three black longitudinal marks on mesonotum and a
row of transverse marks on abdomen. Antennae usually
long and filiform, with the third joint shorter than, or
equal in length to, the fourth; in colour luteous entirely,
or lined more or less with black above. Clypeus incised.
Stigma testaceous.

This group agrees best in body-form and in the
light coloration of the body with the preceding, but
the reddish-yellow ground colour separates it. From
the other reddish-yellow or yellow species the fact of
the thorax being never entirely black above and never
so beneath enables them to be easily recognised,
except from the Luteus section, from which again the
species differ in the short ovipositor. The species are
difficult to separate ; in fact, the females can only be
clearly distinguished by breeding them from the larvae.
These are variously coloured and ornamented.

144 NEMATUS CftOCEUS.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Stigma pale yellow ; antennae and body testaceous. Pallescens.

2 (1) Stigma reddish-yellow ; body reddish or fulvous.

3 (4) Antennae short, not much longer than abdomen ; wings ful-

vous ; body reddish-yellow. Glottianus.

4 (3) Antennae longish, longer than abdomen ; wings hyaline.

5 (6) Body narrow, abdomen becoming gradually narrowed towards

the apex, distinctly longer than head and thorax together ;
the base black. Croceus.

6 (7) Body broad, abdomen broad, rounded at apex, scarcely longer

than head and thorax. Cadderensis.

7 (6) Body longish, abdomen distinctly longer than thorax and head,

tapering towards the apex ; clypeus deeply incised.

Dorsatus.

67. NEMATUS OROCEUS.
PL XXIII, fig. 5, Saw.

Tenthredo crocea, Fall., Acta, 1808, 122, 65.

(caprece) solids, De Geer, Mem., v, 264, 17, pi. 38, f. 1.
Nematus dorsalis, Lep., Mon., 70, 213 ?

testaceus, Ste., 111., vii, 29, non Htg. (cf. Cam., E. M. M.,
xiii, 174).

— fulvus, Htg., 194, 19 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,

xvi, pi. 1, f. 12 (lar.) ; Cam., Fauna,
139, 42; Kalt., Pfl. 578; Costa,
Fauna di Nap., Tenth., 18, pi. Ixiv,
f. 2.

— trimaculatus, Toll., Tijd. Ent., v, 69, 71, pi. 4.

— croceus, Thorns., Hymen. Sc., i, 149 ; Andre, Species,

i, 202; Cat., 23,* 172; Br. and Zad.,
1. c., xxiv, 293.

— flavus, Gimmerthal, S. E. Z., 1844, p. 36.

— purus, Foer., Verh. pr. Rhein., xi, 278, Tab. iii, f. 1,

a, 6.

Antennas about the length of thorax and abdomen together, rather
thin, luteous, with a black line above ; the basal two joints almost
entirely black. Head luteous, face below the antennae paler, the tips of
the mandibles piceous ; ocelli black ; frontal sutures well marked, pen-
tagonal area large, distinct, the f ovea between the antennae deep, some-
what triangular; the forehead projecting, clypeus broadly notched,
labrum hairy, eyes small and oval. Thorax luteous, the pronotum and
tegulae paler ; there is a long thin black line in the centre of the anterior
part of the mesonotum, and another smaller black mark on each side ;
there is also a black spot at the base of the scutellum, and on the
outside of the cenchri ; the cenchri are white, the scutellum is a little
raised. Abdomen rather flat, luteous, the base black and on each seg-
ment above is a black transverse line ; the cerci are luteous, the sheath
black. Legs luteous, the coxae and trochanters pale, the apex of posterior
tibiae and a mark on each tarsal joint black ; the culcaria being also

NEMATUS CEOCEUS. 145

black and a little more than a quarter the length of the metatarsus ;
the posterior tarsi are shorter than the tibiae. Wings ample, iridescent,
hyaline, the nervures fuscous, yellowish at the base, costa and stigma
lufceous, the latter slightly black at the base, and the former has the
inner edge quite black.

The $ has the antennae the length of the body, the scutellum pale
with a black spot in the middle, the rest of the upper part of the body
and a mark on the breast black ; the stigma fuscous.

Length 3| — 4 lines.

Ab. — a. As in type, but the abdomen without any

black bands.

b. Body entirely luteous. .

This species is very similar in form and coloration
to N. cadderensis 9 but the antennae are longer and
thinner and more distinctly lined with black above,
the vertex is usually marked with black, the frontal
furrows are more distinctly indicated. The frontal
area is not so well denned behind, nor is the middle
furrow of vertex so well marked at its base. In the
centre of the area at its apex there is a narrow furrow,
especially noticeable if looked at from behind, while in
cadderensis this furrow extends to the side, so that the
area has a hollow appearance, the area itself being
clearly marked behind the front ocellus, and the middle
vertical furrow is quite distinct. The body is longer
and narrower ; the mesonotum is scarcely punctured.
The wings are clear hyaline, while in cadderensis they
are distinctly yellowish ; the third cubital cellule is
shorter, being not much longer than wide ; the second
recurrent nervure is received farther from the trans-
verse cubital ; the stigma has usually its lower edge
black at the base ; nervures blacker ; the tarsi are not
paler than femora, and are as a rule darker than
in the other species ; the spurs are shorter than in
cadderensis ; and the tarsi are longer compared with
the tibiae.

The c? of cadderensis differs from that of the pre-
sent species in having the thorax entirely black.

The larva has the head black, the mouth paler;
the three thoracic segments, and the three anal
segments reddish-orange. The rest of the body is

VOL. n. 10

146 NEMATUS CBOOEUS.

pale bluish-green. On the green part are three rows of
black dots, the first row almost continuous, the second
more widely separated, there being only four on each
segment ; the third row is composed of a smaller dot
in front, placed a little higher up, and two long ones,
following each other in a line. There is also a black
line over the legs. These black marks are irregularly
placed and much fewer on the orange parts, there
being, however, a line across the back, and there is a
large oval mark over the anus, joined to the black
cerci.

The larvse when young make holes in the middle of
the leaf, but as they get older they feed along the
edge, often four or five being seen on one leaf. When
young they are dark green, and the markings are not
distinctly indicated. They often do considerable
damage to the various \villows on which they feed.
There are two broods in the year, the autumnal one
being as usual the largest. The double cocoon is spun
in the earth.

As parasites Brischke records Mesoleius aulicus, Gr.,
M. options, Gr.j and Cteniscus frigidus, Holm, (not a
British species).

Not a common insect. In Scotland I have captured
it near Glasgow, Rannoch, Kintail, Aberdeen (Trail),
and Sutherlandshire ; that from the last-mentioned
locality being the Ab. — b. I have seen several English
specimens, but do not know their exact localities.

Stephens' specimens of N. testaceus are said to be
from near London. Mr. Fletcher has taken it at
Worcester.

Its continental distribution is Scandinavia, Siberia,
Germany, Holland, France, and Italy.

NEMATUS CADDERENSIS. 147

68. NEMATUS CADDERENKIS.

Vol. I, PL IV, fig. 10, Lar. ; Vol. II, PI. I, fig. 5 <? ;
PI. XXIII, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus cadderensis, Cam., E. M. M., xii, 127 ; Fauna, 39, 44 ;

Andre, Species, i, 184 ; Cat., 23,*
167.

Antennae a little longer than the abdomen, luteous, the two basal
joints black ; the third, fourth, and fifth joints almost equal in length,
the rest short. Head bright luteous ; the ocelli brownish, labrum and
clypeus whitish -yellow ; antennae at the base surrounded with black.
Thorax bright luteous, shining, punctured, the pronotum slightly
paler than the mesothorax ; two (often three) black longitudinal
stripes are on the mesonotum ; the large white cenchri are surrounded
with black. Abdomen short, thick, and broad, of the same colour as
the thorax, the upper surface from the base to the commencement of
penultimate segment black ; the cerci are very short, hairy, and of a
pale yellow colour, the anal segment being also hairy ; the blotch is
pale yellow ; the sheath of the saw faintly marked with black. Legs
pale luteous; the coxae, trochanters, and tibiae whitish-yellow; the
posterior tarsi with the apex of the posterior tibiae pale fuscous;
claws bifid. Wings longer than the body, hyaline, iridescent, with
a decidedly fuscous-yellowish tinge ; the costa and stigma testaceous ;
nervures black ; the second recurrent nervure is received a little in
front of the transverse cubital. The whole body is covered with close
whitish down.

The $ has the antennae entirely black, sometimes faintly fuscous at
the apex, shorter and thicker than in the $ , and taper considerably
towards the apex. The head (mouth excepted), meso- and metathorax,
and abdomen above, black. The wings also are shorter in proportion
to the body than in the other sex, and in some specimens the eyes are
surrounded with luteous.

Length nearly 4 lines.

Differs from N. glottianus in being larger, the colour
is much brighter, the antennae are longer and more
attenuate, tarsi distinctly shorter than the tibiae and
the spurs longer ; the centre of the frontal area is
deeper, that of glottianus not being hollowed out at
all, so that its edges are much more clearly denned, and
its apical corners are more rounded ; the face and
tarsi are paler.

Larva. Head punctured, deep black. Feet white,
tips of claws black, claspers whitish-grey. The ground
colour of the body is slaty-grey, darker on the top,
probably through the food shining through. On the

148 NEMATUS GLOTTIANUS.

back, close to the side, is a broad black band, composed
at the end of the body of disunited oblong marks, but
anteriorly they are continuous. Down from this line,
and touching it, are eleven oblong, deep orange marks,
divided by the fold of the skin in the centre. Below
these, and touching them, is a line of oblong black
marks closely packed together, but not united, small
at the second segment, but gradually getting larger as
the tail is reached. Directly over each clasper, and a
little on the hinder edge, is a long, slightly oblique
black mark, longer than the clasper itself, and there is
also a similar mark over the fifth. Before the first
pair of feet is a curved, oblique line. The anal segment
bears a large somewhat triangular mark, in front of
which are two oblong black marks. On the belly,
which is slaty-grey, are seven black marks. Length
1J inches. The body is stout and cylindrical.

The larvae are gregarious, but not so much as the
larvae of N. glottianus, which they resemble, as they do
also those of N. melanocephalus. They feed on birch
and on Salix pentandra in June and August, but there
seems to be only one brood in the year. Bassus
peronatus, Marshall, is the parasite.

Probably not uncommon. Clydesdale, Kingussie,
Rannoch.

69. NEMATUS GLOTTIANUS.
PL I, fig. 4 ? .

Nematus glottianus, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, 536.
— cadderensis, Cam., E. M. M., xii, 128 (lar. only).

Dark reddish-luteous, the hinder edge of vertex and a longitudinal
line on each of the lateral lobes of mesonotum black. Antennae pale
testaceous, not much longer than abdomen and metathorax, stout,
attenuated at the apex, the third and fourth joints almost equal, the
apical joints slightly fuscous. Mesonotum finely punctured. Wings
yellowish-hyaline, stigma and costa testaceous ; third cubital cellule
one-fourth longer than broad. Tarsi nearly as long as the tibiae ;
extreme apex of all the joints fuscous ; metatarsus not double the
length of second joint ; spurs one-third of the length of metatarsus. ?

Length 3 lines.

NEMATUS FLAVESOENS. 149

The larvae feed gregariously on the leaves of Salix
cinerea in the autumn. The head is a little narrower
than the second segment, intensely black, slightly
punctured, the sides of the mouth somewhat greenish.
Feet glassy-white, with a slight tinge of green ;
claws black; claspers light green. Body of a beautiful
dark sea-green. On the sides are ten large oval
orange spots, divided by the folds of the skin in two,
but quite continuous. Below these is a line of roundish
irregular black dots, under these again, and over each
clasper, is a longish, oblong black spot, while there
are two rows of small black dots ; these, however, form-
ing the commencement of the middle line of black
dots. Over the orange marks is a line of close con-
tinuous black dots, irregular, but somewhat oblong,
and proceeding from the second to the twelfth segment.
On the back are, at the termination of each segment,
two rather small roundish dots. Directly over the
anal segment is a large round black mark, much larger
than any of the others. The first orange spot is
directly over the second pair of legs. Length 1| inch.

The cocoon is of the usual form and colour, is
double, and is spun in the earth. Seemingly rare.
I have only met with the larvae once, in the autumn,
near Port Glasgow.

Possibly this species may be identical with N. ferru-
gineus Foer., Yer. Verh. pr. Rhein., xi, 282 ; Br. and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., 296.

70. NEMATUS FLAVESOENS.
PL VIII, figs. 9, 9a-6, Lar.; PL XXIII, fig. 6, Saw.

Nematus flavescens, Ste., HI., vii, 29, 10; Kirby, List of Hym.,
i, 125, 167, pi. vii, f. 8.

— pallescens, Htg., Blattw., 216, 48; Cam., Fauna, 40,

45 ; Andre, Species, i, 180 ; Cat., 25,
199 ; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
297.

— croceus, var. h. Thorns., Opus., 637.

150 NEMATUS FLAVESCEtfS.

Nematustestaceus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 153, 86; Andre, Spe-

cies, i, 222 ; Cat., 25,* 194.

— varius, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, pi. v, f. 3 ;
1. c., 296.

Pale yellow, face below the antennae, the part surrounding the eyes,
coxae, trochanters, and edge of pronotum with the tegulae, paler. An-
tennae a little shorter than thorax and abdomen, the third joint shorter
than fourth, the basal joints marked with black at their junction.
Vertex finely punctured, pentagonal area not very distinct ; antennal
fovea longish, heart shaped, moderately deep ; clypeus notched ; the
tips of mandibles piceous ; palpi pale testaceous. Mesonotum reddish-
testaceous, punctured ; pronotum with tegulae pale testaceous, the
pleurse smooth, shining, paler than the mesonotum ; cenchri small, pale
white. Wings clear hyaline, with a faint yellowish tinge, nervures at
base blackish, at the apex with the costa and stigma pale testaceous ;
the second cubital cellule is double the length of the third ; the second
recurrent nervure received about three-fourths of the length of the
third cubital cellule ii] front of the second transverse cubital. Posterior
tarsi a very little shorter than the tibiae ; spurs reaching near to the
middle of the metatarsus. Abdomen a very little longer than the head
and thorax, slightly dilated in the middle, narrowed to a point from the
fifth segment ; cerci shorter than spurs, pale testaceous ; saw projecting
considerably, the sheath black at the extreme apex.
Length 2^—3^ lines.

Very like the pale ab. of N. croceus, but is smaller,
the colour more diluted, the antennae shorter, cerci
shorter, sheath black only at extreme apex, and ner-
vures much paler throughout.

The larva has the head roundish, translucent whitish-
grey, and covered with longish white hairs ; eye-spots
and tips of mandibles black, mouth brown. The upper
part of the body white, assuming a greenish hue when
the food canal-is filled, the lower part paler than the
upper ; the skin is covered with tubercles, each ending
in a hair. Legs white, with a line of black dots over
them ; claws faintly brownish. The body is flat
rather than cylindrical.

It feeds on the under side of the leaves of Salicc
caprea with the colour of which it harmonises very
closely. It is found from August to the end of
September. The cocoon is spun in the earth, the fly
appearing in the following June. The late Prof.
Zaddach compared my specimens with Hartig's type
of N. pallescens, and the only appreciable difference
between the two that he could find, was that the latter

NEMATUS DORSATCJS. 151

had somewhat darker coloured antennse. There is a form
named varius, Lep., by Brischke, which is regarded
by him (and formerly by Zaddach) as distinct from
pallescens ; it differs from it very slightly in the
coloration of the wing nervures, and in the colour
of the body being more diluted and uniform. Accord-
ing to Zaddach there is an essential distinction in
the form and length of the saw ; but the difference
(if any) seems to me to be exceedingly slight ; and the
larvae of the two forms are identical. In these cir-
cumstances I have not regarded these two forms as
distinct species.

Mesoleius transfuga, Holmgr., is its parasite.

Common. Kintail, Braemar, Clydesdale, Worcester.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

71. NEMATUS DOESATUS.

Vol. I, PI. IV, fig. 11, Lar. ; Vol. II, PI. XXIII, fig.

3, Saw.

Nematus dorsatus, Cam., E. M. M., xii, 129 (1875).

Reddish-yellow ; antennse slightly fuscous above ; base of abdomen
above black, the black extending to the middle, becoming narrower as
that is reached, and not continuous ; extreme apex of sheath black, the
sheath itself pale yellow. Antennae of nearly uniform thickness, a
little longer than the abdomen and half the thorax ; third joint shorter
than fourth. Head narrower than thorax; front faintly punctured;
sutures on vertex deep, wide, distinct; frontal area clearly denned;
below it, above the antennas, is a deep fovea much longer than
wide; front projecting between the antennse. Clypeus deeply incised ;
tips of mandibles piceous. Wings hyaline, nervures blackish, costa
and stigma luteous ; third costal cellule not much wider than long,
dilated at apex ; third transverse cubital nervure oblique ; second
cellule long, not much shorter than fourth. Abdomen considerably
longer than head and thorax together, becoming narrower towards the
apex ; cerci long. Legs stout ; posterior spurs not reaching to middle
of metatarsus.

Length 3£ lines.

The vertex at the ocelli is faintly blackish, and there
is a black mark on the middle lobe of the mesonotum.

The longish abdomen tapering distinctly towards
the apex, readily separates this species from the others

152 THE GEOUP OF RUFIOAPILLUS.

of the group. Its body lias more the shape of the
Ruficapillus group, and especially of N. acuminatus,
but the short ovipositor readily distinguishes it from
that species. The clypeus is deeper incised than in
N. cadderensis , &c.

The larva has a longish cylindrical body ; the head
is brownish-red, mouth black ; eyes situated in a black
mark which extends to the vertex. Body to the
middle of the sides brownish-red obscured with black,
the black tint being deeper on the sides than on the
back; lower half of the sides and anal segment reddish-
brown. Skin smooth, shining, especially when full-fed;
legs reddish-white. It is a rather restless creature,
and feeds on birch in June and July, there being
probably two broods.

Rare. Bishopton.

XVII. THE GROUP OF RUFIOAPILLUS (LUTEUS).

Colour reddish-yellow, the metanotum often, and more
rarely the mesonotum, marked with two or three longi-
tudinal black marks. Antennce luteous, more or less
marked with black above, usually shorter than thorax
and abdomen. Stigma testaceous, black at the base.
Third cubital cellule usually much longer than broad.
Clypeus incised. The last abdominal segment is very
large, occupying, on the lower side, the apical half of
the abdomen, the anterior segments being proportionally
reduced; it is also largely developed at the apex above,
where it, at the point, has a more or less vertical slope,
so that the cerci (which are of unusual length) project as
it were from the middle instead of, as usual, from the
top of the segment. The saw is very long and narrow ;
the apex bears generally six or seven sharply truncated
divisions, which project on both sides, and have waved
cross-bars. At the apex the divisions are waved, and
the cross-bars are finely toothed. The sheath is large
and broad compared to the breadth of the saiv.

NEMATUS ABDOMINALIS. 153

The males have the abdomen somewhat keeled on
the back, and have, at the apex, a pair of shallow
furrows. The genital organs are broader than usual,
and project considerably.

The larvse are flat, usually green, the skin beset
with tubercles, and the head marked on the vertex
with two black marks. They feed on the flat surface
of the leaf, especially of the alder. The eggs are laid
in the twigs or young branches.

The very long ovipositor is a character very dis-
tinctive of this group, as is also the yellowish stigma,
black at the base.

Synopsis of the Species.

1 (2) Head and thorax entirely black ; wings deeply infuscated.

Abdominalis.

2 (1) Head and thorax for the greater part luteous.

3 (6) Mesonotum entirely luteous.

4 (5) Abdomen broad, not narrowed from the middle; the dorsum

entirely luteous ; mouth and tibiae luteous. Ruficapillus.

5 (4) Abdomen distinctly narrowed from the middle; the dorsum

marked with black ; mouth and tibiae white. Acuminatus.

6 (3) Mesonotum marked with black.

7 (8) Head without black on vertex ; abdomen with black transverse

lines on back. Caledonicus.

8 (7) Head marked with black; abdomen entirely luteous.

9 (10) Head without black on the vertex; clypeus incised; third

cubital cellule much longer than broad. Bilineatus.

10 (9) Head black (mouth excepted) ; clypeus transverse ; third

cubital cellule not much longer than broad. Antennatus.

72. NEMATUS ABDOMINALIS.

Vol. I, PL VI, fig. 9, Lar. ; Vol. II, PI. XXIII, fig. 7,
Saw. ; PI. XXVII, fig. 7, Trophi of Larva.

Tenthredo abdominalis, Panz., F. G., 64, 3 (1799) ; Latr., H. N.,

xiii, 131; Fall., Acta Holm.,
1808, 115, 54.

Nematus abdominalis, Dbm., Consp., 66 ; Zett, I. L., 352, 50 ;

Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., xvi, 48, pi. i, f . 5 ;
Andre, Species, i, 179; Cat.,
24,* 186.

— fuscipennis, Lep., Mon., 68, 204 ; F. Fr., 70, 24 ; Ste.,

111., vii, 31.

— fumipennis, Ste., 111., vii, 35.

154 NEMATTJS ABDOMINALIS.

Nematus ventralis, Hart., Blattw., 192, 16 ; Costa, F. N., 15, 63,

7 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx, 14,
17; Thorns., Hym. Scand., i,
137, 66 ; Brischke, Beschr., 8,
pi. i,f.6(lar.); Kalt., Pfl., 320
(lar.).

— Graverihorsii, Gimm., Bull. Mosc., ix, 432.

— luteus, var. k. Thorns., Opus., 632, 41.

Deep black, shining, sparsely covered with slight down ; the head
a little narrower than the thorax ; the apex of clypeus, labrum, a spot
behind each eye, tegulae and edge of pronotum, the abdomen except
the basal segment, and legs, reddish -yellow. The antennae are a little
shorter than the body, the apical half pale-brown beneath ; the third
and fourth joints are equal in length. Wings deep blackish ; lighter at
the apex ; the stigma deep reddish-yellow ; the basal half black ; the
third cubital cellule is nearly as long as the second. The coxse are black
at the base.

The g has the last segment scarcely emarginate. Its dorsal surface
is either entirely black or only black at the base.

Length 3— 3^ lines.

Ab. — a. Tegulse and pronotum totally black.

This common species is readily known from its
congeners by the deep black head and thorax, the
deep smoky wings with the long third cubital cellule,
and yellowish stigma with the basal half black.

The larva has the head shining brownish-yellow, with
black eye-spots, and dark-coloured mouth organs. The
body is flat, with the segments distinctly separated, the
ground colour is yellowish-green, as are also the legs ;
the back is darker. On each segment are four rows
of white tubercles ; the segments at their juncture are
whitish. When young the head is lighter coloured ;
and the back dark bluish-green.

The eggs, according to Brischke, are laid on the
slender green twigs in a row ; they are elliptical, white ;
and two days after being deposited a black crust forms
on the incision made for each egg.

The larvae lie stretched flat on the underside of the
leaves of the alder and devour them between the
principal nerves. They are found very commonly
during August, September, and October. There seems
to be but one brood in Scotland, but possibly there
may be two in England, as is the case on the Con-
tinent.

NEMATUS ANTENNATUS. 155

The pupa state is passed in the earth, the cocoon
being close, thick, elliptical, and, like those of the other
species, is covered on the outside with grains of earth.

The imagos appear in June. They are very com-
monly distributed. Kintail, Clydesdale, Berwickshire,
Eannoch, Braemar, Sutherlandshire, near Newcastle
(Bold), Manchester, Lastingham, Worcester, Glou-
cester, Grlanville's Wootton, London district.

Its European distribution is very wide. Greenland
(Schiodte, Berl. Ent. Zeit., iii, 144), Lapland, Fin-
land, Scandinavia, Holstein, Germany, Bohemia, Hol-
land, France, Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Curland,
Casan.

Obs. — The Tenthredo ventralis, Panz., which Hartig regarded as this
species, is a Selandria (cf. Giraud, Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, vi, 187).
Tischbein (Stett. Ent., xxxii, 253) describes and figures a monstrous
forewing, the neuration being very irregular.

73. NEMATUS ANTENNATUS.
PL XXIY, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus antennatus, Cam., Ent. M. M., xiv, 58 (1877) ; Andre,

Species, i, 221 ; Cat., 24,* 190.

Reddish-luteous ; the greater part of the head, the antennae, the
sternum, three large marks (almost confluent) on the mesonotum, the
scutellum, and the metanotum black. Wings hyaline ; stigma red-
dish-testaceous, black at the base.

Length 3£ lines.

This distinct species agrees with N. bilineatus in
having black marks on the mesonotum, but these are
very much larger, occupying nearly the whole surface ;
the mark on the breast is larger, the pleurae beneath the
wings are marked with black, the thorax generally is not
so deeply punctured, the incision in the clypeus is not
so deep, the mouth is dirty, not clear white, the stigma
is broadly black at the base, and the third cubital
cellule is very much shorter, more so, indeed, than in
any other species in the group, while the second
recurrent nervure is farther removed from the third

156 NEMATUS BILINEATUS.

transverse cubital ; the nervures also are darker and
the legs not whitish at the base.

The antennae are not much longer than the abdomen
and metathorax; the third and fourth joints are of
nearly equal length ; the last is pale brown beneath.
On the head, the orbits, and the face below the
antennae, are reddish-luteous, the clypeus sordid white ;
the mandibles dark piceous. Cenchri and blotch
large, pale white. There are also two small dots
on the apex of the abdomen above, and two larger
ones on the fifth segment beneath.

I captured N. antennatus either on alder or birch
growing at the foot of Ben Clibrich, Sutherlandshire,
at the end of June. The <? I do not know.

74. NEMATUS BILINEATUS.

PI. II, fig. 4 <f ; PL VIII, fig. 10, Lar. ; PI. XXIV,

fig. 3, Saw.

Tenthredo lutea, var., Fabr., S. P., 41, 58.

Ulineata, King, Wied. Zool. Mag., ii, 86 (1819).
Nematus luteus, Thorns., Opus., 632, 41.

— var. Cam., Ent. M. M., xii, 130.

— Klugi, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 136, 65 ; Cam., 1. c.

— bilineatus, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, 51,

pi. iv, fig. 7(lar.); Cam.,
E.M.M.,xiii,177; Fauna,
37, 36 ; Andre, Species,
i, 223 ; Cat., 24, 189.

The larva was also described by De Geer, Mem., ii, 269, pi. xxxviii,
figs. 14, 15.

Reddish-luteous, the abdomen paler, shining, the basal joints of the
antennae above, a spot on the breast, the edges of the metanotum, and
two, rarely three, marks on the mesonotum, black. Wings yellowish-
hyaline; costa and stigma yellow, the latter rarely black at the base.

The (^ is entirely luteous, except the black marks on the mesonotum,
and the apex of .the last ventral segment is widely emarginated.
Length 4 — 4| lines.

N. bilineatus can only be readily confounded with
N. ruficapillus, from which, however, it may be easily
known by its larger size, clearer wings, with the stigma
rarely black at the base, and the third cubital cellule
longer ; the face distinctly white below the antenna,

NEMATTJS BILINEATUS. 157

which are not so darkly coloured on the upper surface ;
the cerci point outwards, while in ruficapillus the
contrary is the case; the spurs are longer and the
markings on the mesonotum form conspicuous marks
of distinction.

Ab. — a. Mesonotum with three nearly confluent
black marks, the vertex black in the middle, and the
stigma at base distinctly black.

b. Mesonotum and stigma immaculate.

Scotch specimens are smaller and darker than those
from the south, the aberration a being the common
northern form. The wings are deep black, almost
darker than in N. ruficapillus, the stigma also is deep
black at the base, and the metanotum is entirely black.

The larva is very similar to that of N. ruficapillus,
and has the same habits and food plant. The head is
yellowish with two round brown spots on the vertex.
The eye-spots black and the mouth brown. The colour
of the body is grass-green throughout, and each seg-
ment has three transverse rows of white tubercles, each
ending in a white hair; these being found also on the
overhanging sides. In size it is slightly larger and
broader than the commoner species.

The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaf along
the mid rib in two rows. The pupa state is passed in
the ground. In this country I believe there is but one
generation in the year, which occurs from August to
October.

N. bilineatus is tolerably common, and generally
distributed. In Scotland I have taken it in Clydes-
dale, Strathglass, Glen Feshie, Eannoch, and Suther-
landshire. In England the only precise localities I
know of are York (F. G. Binnie) and Worcester
(Fletcher).

Its continental distribution is extensive ; it is found
all over Scandinavia, in Finland to lat. 63°, in the
Island of Solowetsch, in the White Sea (Palmen, teste
Zaddach), Livland, Curland, Germany, Holstein,
Silesia.

158 NEMATUS RUFICAPILLUS.

06s. — Dahlbom (Clavis, fig. 6) figures a male saw-fly, which he named
N. Klugii, and which Thomson regarded as lilineatus, but this is not
the case. It is probably (as Zaddach suggests) the (J of N. solids.

75. NEMATUS BUFIOAPILLUS.
PL X, fig. 6, Lar. ; PI. XXIII, fig. 8, Saw.

Tenthredo ruficapilla, Gmel., Syst. Nat,, i, 2668, 138 (1789).

— lutea, Fab., S. P., 41, 58 (excl. var.), (1804) ; Panz.,

F. G., 90, 10; Krit., Revis, 46; Latr.,
H. N., 132; Pall., Acta, 1808, 176.

Nematus luteus, Oliv., Enc. Meth., viii. 167, 6; Lep., Mon., 70,
212; F. Fr., 73, 32; Dbm., Consp.,
No. 68; Ste., 111., vii, 29,11; Gimm.,
Bull. Mosc., ix, 443; Hart., Blattw.,
195,21 ; Evers., Bull. Mosc., xx, 20, 24 ;
Costa, F.N.,iii, 19, pl.lxiv,f. 3; Thorns.,
Hym. Scand., i, 138, 67 ; Br. and Zad.,
Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, 50, pi. iv, f. 6
(lar.) ; Cam., E. M. M., xii, 130 (lar.),
1. c., xiii, 177 ; Kalt., Pfl., 619 ; Andre,
Species, i, 214; Cat., 24,* 186.

— luteus, var. c. Thorns., Opus., 634, 41.

Antennae longer than half the body, thin, filiform, decreasing in
thickness towards the apex, the third joint scarcely longer than the
fourth, the rest becoming gradually shorter ; the colour is black above,
luteous beneath. Head narrower than the thorax, smooth, shining,
covered with pale pile; the vertex thick, rounded, the front also
rounded ; the sutures and f oveae distinct, moderately deep ; the epistoma
convex, distinct. Clypeus deeply notched, the incision oval ; the apex
of labrum a little narrowed, luteous, the face from below the antenna?
pale luteous, moderately produced in front ; the mandibles are dark
brown, the vertex luteous, the eyes and ocelli black. Thorax luteous,
at the sides smooth and shining, pubescent ; the pleurae and apex of
scutellum are punctured ; there is a black band across the breast. The
abdomen is longer than the head and thorax, flattish, broadest in the
middle, the apex narrowed, compressed, almost truncate ; the cerci are
rather long ; they point downwards and towards each other ; the sheath
of the saws very broad and thick ; the legs are luteous, the spurs short.
Wings a little smoky, clearer at the apex ; costa and stigma yellowish,
the latter black at the base, the nervures deep black. The first trans-
verse cubital nervure is usually faint ; the second cubital cellule is long
and has a horny point at its apex ; the third is a little more than half
the size of the second, straight, scarcely widened at the apex ; the
fourth is about one-quarter longer than the third ; the second recurrent
nervure is received in front of second transverse cubital.

The $ has the head (except the mouth, which is pale yellow), the
back of the thorax, and the two basal segments of the abdomen, black.
The last abdominal segment shortly emarginated on the ventral side.

Length 3 — 4 lines.

NEMATUS CALEDONIOTJS. 159

Ab. — a. Edges of meso- and metanotum and the
abdominal segments at the edges black.

The larva has the head obscure greenish-yellow,
with a brownish mouth, blackish eye-spots, two
brownish -black marks on the vertex, and is covered
closely with short hairs. The legs are light green,
and are almost hidden by the overhanging folds of the
body; the claws are brown. The body is flat, and
tapers towards the end ; the ground colour is grass-
green (not unlike the colour of the alder leaf). On
each segment are four transverse wrinkles and two
transverse rows of white tubercles, with two single
tubercles in front ; at the sides the segments project.
The back is darker, almost bluish-green ; the anal
segment greyish. "When young the larva is much
paler and clearer, and the marks on the vertex are in-
distinct.

In its habits, food plant, &c., it does not differ from
the other larvae just described. I find the larvae from
July to September. The pupa is glassy-green.

This is the commonest species of the group, and its
distribution appears to be coextensive with its food
plant, occurring from Thurso to the South of England.

Its Continental distribution is equally wide, being
found from Lapland and Finland to France; from
Italy to the Ural Mountains.

76. NEMATUS CALEDONICUS.
PL XXIV, fig. 2, Saw.

Nematus caledonicus, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, 533.

Reddish-yellow, two longitudinal black marks on mesonotum; dorsum
of abdomen with black transverse marks, interrupted in the middle,
metanotum with two short black marks at the sides. Wings yellowish.
Stigma testaceous, black at the base. Antennae as long as the abdo-
men and half the thorax ; the third joint shorter than the fourth, but
longer than the long diameter of the eye ; the four basal joints black
above ; the third cubital cellule nearly one-fourth shorter than the
second ; recurrent nervure received close to second transverse cubital.

160 NEMATUS ACUMINATUS.

The spurs reach to near the middle of metatarsus, and are nearly as
long as the cerci. Extreme apex of sheath black.
Length 3| lines.

Differs from N. Mlineatus in its longer and clearer
coloured antenna, less sharply incised clypeus, in the
lighter tint of the body-coloration, narrower head and
abdomen, longer spurs, clearer and more yellowish
wings, longer third cubital cellule, by the narrower
black lines on mesonotum, and on breast, where the
black is much narrower ; and by the black marks on
abdomen. In the last peculiarity it approaches N. acu-
minatus as it does in body form, but the apex is broader,
the body stouter, broader, the mouth and tibise are not
white, the second and third cubital cellules are longer,
the recurrent nervure is received nearer the transverse
cubital, and the recurrent nervures in hinder wings are
not interstitial.

Cladich, Loch Awe ; Kingussie in June.

77. NEMATUS ACUMINATUS.
PI. II, fig. 5 ? ; PI. XXIV, fig. 1, Saw.

Nematus luteus, var. e. Thorns., Opus., 633.

— acuminatus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 138, 68; Br. and

Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi,
52, 4 ; Andre, Species, i, 216,
Cat., 24, 191.

Antennae shorter than the body by about three-quarters of a line,
filiform, tapering towards the apex, the third and fourth joints equal,
the rest a little shorter ; the colour luteous, with a black line above the
whole of the joints, or more usually only above the first two. Head
luteous, covered with whitish down, the part below the antennae
and the outer orbits white ; clypeus deeply notched ; the tips of
the mandibles brown ; palpi pale ; the ocelli black ; the clypeus and
surrounding parts densely covered with white hair. Thorax luteous,
densely covered with close down ; the pronotum paler ; breast luteous,
very smooth and shining ; the sides of the mesonotum and the
metanotum black; cenchri prominent, white. Abdomen luteous; at
the base it is narrower than the metathorax, and thence it gradually
decreases in width towards the apex, which is acuminate ; the dorsal
surface (especially on the basal part) is more or less marked with black ;
cerci very long ; the saws considerably exserted. Legs pale luteous ;
coxae, trochanters, and tibise whitish. Wings hyaline, faintly yellowish,

THE GROUP OF SALICl'S, PAVIDUS, AND ALBIPENNIS. 161

the costa, stigma, and nervures (except at the apex), yellow. The first
transverse cubital nervure is very faint ; the second cubital cellule IB
about a quarter longer than the third ; the second recurrent nervure
is nearly joined to the second transverse cubital.

The <$ is unknown.

Length 3£ lines.

Ab. — a. Stigma black at the base.

I. Dorsal surface of abdomen without black.
c. Wings (especially posterior) smoky.

From the other British species of this section N.
acuminatus differs in its narrow, sharply pointed face ;
in the abdomen being narrowed towards the base, and
especially towards the apex; also in the deeper
notched clypeus, which is quite white, in the black
dorsal stripe on the abdomen, distinctly white tibia3,
long spurs, and the yellowish alar nervures.

N. acuminatus has occurred in Clydesdale, Rannoch,
Kingussie, Srathglass, Braemar, and Sutherlandshire,
and is tolerably common. The larva feeds on birch,
and resembles closely that of N. dorsatus, unless I have
made some mistake through having at the time con-
founded acuminatus with dorsatus.

Continental distribution : Lapland, Sweden, Ger-
many, France.

XVIII. THE GROUP OF SALICIS, PAVIDUS, AND
ALBIPENNIS.

Yellow species which have the head above the clypeus
black9 more or less broadly bordered with yellow round
the eyes, the pleura? and breast entirely black, or both
may be yellow a.s in salicis, or the pleurce only yellow as
in bipartitus ; the mesonotum always bears some black ,
and the abdomen may be marked with black at the base
or may be entirely yellow. Stigma rarely black, or
fuscous, often yellowish. Clypeus incised. Antennae

VOL. II. // . 11

162 SUB-GROUP OF SALICIS.

entirely Hack or black only above. Wings hyaline, or
they may be tinged with yellow.

This section contains some of the commonest species
of yellow Nemati. From the group of Betulce the
species may be known by the incised clypeus ; from
Myosotidis by the abdomen being only black at the
base, and by the bright yellow colour ; from the group
of Luteus by the short ovipositor5 and from Croceus
by the greater expansion of black on the thorax, by the
brighter yellow colour, and by the black antennae.

The group contains three sub-groups, which, however,
merge closely one into the other, so that it is difficult
to clearly differentiate them, while two or three of
the species might be as well placed in the Croceus
section, and the smaller forms run into the gall-making
group.

SUB-GROUP or SALICIS.

Yellow, head and mesonotum more or less black ; antennse long-
ish, black, rarely brownish beneath. Stigma black, costa
pale, or fuscous. Clypeus incised, but not deeply nor
sharply.

These are the largest and commonest of the yellow Nemati, and
are not difficult to recognise by the yellow abdomen and
blackish stigma.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (6) Antennse and scutellum black.

2 (3) Head luteous, vertex black, breast luteous. Salicis.

3 (2) Head black, breast black.

4 (5) Mesonotum entirely black, head marked with yellow, hinder

tarsi yellow. Melanocephalus.

5 (4) Mesonotum with three marks, scutellum and metanotum black

more or less, head not marked with yellow, hinder tarsi
black. Collinus.

6 (1) Antenna^ scutellum, and metanotum for the greater part yellow.

Eibesii.

NEMATUS SALICIS. 163

78. NEMATUS SALICIS.

Vol. I, PI. VII, fig. 9, Larva, after Brischke; Vol. II,
PL XXIV, fig. 5, Saw.

Tenthredo solids, Lin., S. N., 927 ; Ratz., Forst., iii, 125, 31,

pi. iii, f. 5.

— caprece, Fab., S. P., 40, 52.
Nematus salicis, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 11, f. 3; Mon., 68, 203; Ste.,

111., vii, 31; Htg, Blattw., 194, 20;

Brischke, Beschr., 6, pi. 1, f. 2 (lar.);

Toll., Tijd. Ent., v, 60—64. pi. 3;

Thorns., Opus. Ent., 634, 43; Kalt.

PfL, 573; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.

Konig., xvi, pi. 5, f. 12 (lar.), 1. c.,

xxiv, 315 ; Andre, Species, i, 220 ;

Cat., 23,* 171.
— inflatus, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 139, 69.

Luteous ; a large mark on the vertex, one across the breast, meso-
notum, scutellum, basal half of metanotum, and the antennae, black.
Antenna} a little shorter than the body, moderately thick at base,
decreasing considerably in thickness towards the apex ; slightly pilose,
the third joint a very little shorter than the fourth. Head narrower
than the thorax, sparsely covered with short pile, the pentagonal area
very distinct, frontal sutures well marked, eyes small, oval, clypeus
deeply notched, forehead glabrous, apex of the mandibles piceous;
palpi pale yellow. Thorax smooth, shining, shortly pilose; cenchri
large, dull white. Abdomen large, inflated, cerci short, sheath black,
pilose, slightly exserted. Wings hyaline with a yellowish tinge, the
nervures, costa, and stigma black ; the cpsta at the base and the tegulae
yellowish ; the third cubital cellule is one-fourth longer than the
second, which has a horny dot at its apex ; the second recurrent nervure
is nearly joined to the second transverse cubital. The posterior tarsi
are shorter than the tibiae, black, the apex of the tibise being also of
this colour; the spurs are short, and the patella} are well developed.

The £ has the antennae longer and thinner, the black marks on the
head and thorax larger, the posterior tarsi reddish.

Length 5^ — 6 lines.

Ab. — a. Antennse underneath brown.
b. Breast immaculate.

This well-known insect is readily distinguished by the
large inflated yellow abdomen, black mesonotum and
vertex, as also by the black costa and stigma, and the
nearly interstitial second recurrent nervure.

The larva when fully grown is one inch, if not more,

164 NEMATUS SALICIS.

in length. The head is shining black, the body
cylindrical, bluish-green, the first three and the anal
segments are reddish-brown or orange. On the body
are seven rows of shining black points and spots.
Between the dorsal and the first side row a pair of
black spots lie upon each segment. On the orange seg-
ments the black spots are fewer, and are also not so
regularly arranged, while there is over the anus a
large black spot, the last segment bearing also two
short black cerci. The thoracic legs are marked with
black, the claws being of the same colour. Generally
each body segment has about twenty-three black dots,
a dorsal row, then two small points, next a row of
four large dots, with a small one between the first and
second, then four dots with a small point beneath the
first and second ; while below them is a rather large
oblong mark with two smaller roundish marks on the
opposite side, and lastly, there is a longish line on each
side over the leg.

The eggs are laid on the underside of the leaf.
When young the larvse live in company on the edge of
a leaf, but as they get older become more solitary,
only one or two being found together on the same
leaf. When feeding they have the after half of the
body thrown out into the air, or curled round the leaf.
They are found from July to October on the large
willows (Salix alba and S.fragUis). The large double
brownish-black cocoon is spun in the earth.

Mesoleius armillatorius, Gr. ; M. sanguinicollis, Gr. ;
M. segmentator, Holmgr. ; Pimpla scanica, Gr., and P.
stercorator, Gr., have been bred from the larvae.

Apparently it is not a very common species in
Britain, and hitherto has only been found in the South
of England.

On the Continent it occurs in Sweden, Germany,
Holland, France, Italy, Switzerland, Hungary.

NEMATUS MELANOCEPIIALUS. 165

79. NEMATUS MELANOCKPEALUS.
PL XXIV, fig. 6, Saw.

Tenthredo salicis, De Geer, Mem., ii, 259, 14, Tab. 37, f. 12—21

(nee L.).
Nematus melanocephalus, Htg., Blattw., 219, 52; Kalt., Pfl.,

558, 581 ; Cam., E. M. M., xii,

128; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.

Konig., xvi, pi. 5,f. 13 (lar.), 1. c.,

xxiv, 316 ; Cain., Fauna, 39 ;

Andre, Species, i, 108; Cat., 22,*

164.

— perspicillaris, Brischke, Beschr., 7, pi. 1, f. 3 (lar.) ;

Kalt., Pfl., 558 ; Andre, Species,
i, 218; Cat., 21,* 146; VolL,
Tijd. Ent., xxiii, 10, pi. 3 (im.
lar.).

— salicis, Thome., Hym. Scand., i, 141, 70.

— betulce, VolL, Tijd. Ent., vii, 70, pi. 3.

Reddish-yellowish, the head (with the exception of a spot between
the antennae, one behind them, one behind the eyes, the clypeus
and labrum, which are pale testaceous), a spot across the breast,
the mesonotum, and a stripe across the luteous scutellum, black.
Wings hyaline, the costa luteous, the stigma black. The apex of pos-
terior tibiae and the tarsi are black.

The <$ has a large mark on the sternum and the back of the abdo-
men black ; the apical segment of the same has a large fovea and
is keeled in the centre according to Thomson, but Yollenhoven states
that the abdomen is entirely luteous.

Length 3|— 4£ lines.

Melanocephalus is very similar in some respects to N.
salicis ; the antennae, however, are shorter and thinner,
the head is black with the exception of the parts noted
in the description, but it is not so thick, nor are the
sutures so distinct, the scutellum is luteous with a
black streak across (but it may be also entirely black),
the abdomen is thinner, flatter, and not so much
inflated, its apex being also much narrower.

I have noted the following aberrations :

a. Scutellum entirely black.

b. Antennae pale brown beneath.

Larva. Head deep black, narrower than the second

166 NEMATUS MELANOOEPHALUS.

segment. Legs green, the claws slightly blackish.
Body bluish sea-green. On the back, at the end of the
second segment, is a row of small black dots going
across ; behind on each of the following segments are
fonr small dots. On the edge of the back is a row of
large and small black dots ; below them are eleven
large square orange spots close to the spiracles ; going
through these orange marks is a row of black dots,
two being on each of the orange spots ; below the
latter and touching them is another line of larger black
dots. In front of the first leg is a N-shaped mark,
and on each leg is a black side mark on the femur ;
there is also a large black dot between each pair,
while over each of the abdominal legs are two black
marks. In all there are four rows of the black marks.

The eggs are deposited on the underside of the leaf.
The young larvae at first eat holes in the epidermis,
but as they increase in size they take to feeding
along the edge, where two or three range themselves,
resting as a rule with the anal segments curled round
the leaf; or if they are disturbed, with the same
segments thrown out and agitated in the air. When
they are very young the markings are scarcely notice-
able. The cocoon is double, black, somewhat glazed,
and is spun in the ground.

The larvaB are found in late summer and autumn on
most of our large willows. I believe there are two
generations in the year, at least in England, but I am
not sure if there are two in Scotland.

Brischke mentions Mesoleius segmentator and M.
latipes, Brischke, as parasites.

I have seen specimens of this species from Berwick-
shire (Hardy), York (Binnie), Worcester (Fletcher),
Gloucester, Glanville's Wootton (Dale), Devonshire
(Parfitt).

On the Continent it is found in Sweden, Germany,
Holland, France.

Obs. — Nematus melanocephalus was not known to Hartig, who merely
abstracted De Geer's description, and, as he considered that it was not

NEMATUS COLLINUS. 167

the true salicis, he re-named the insect. Thomson, however, considers
that De Geer's species was the true Linnean salicis, so that on this
view the salicis of most of the authors required another name. This,
however, seems to me to be a very doubtful point, and I have conse-
quently adopted Hartig's name as one about which there can be no
doubt, while also the adoption of this designation will cause the least
confusion.

80. NEMATUS COLLINUS.
PL IV, fig. 5, ? ; PL XXIV, fig. 7, Saw.

Nematus collinus, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1882, 534.

Luteous, the head (mouth excepted), antennae, the breast, metapleurae
more or less, three longitudinal marks on mesonotum, scutellum, meta-
notum in centre, apex of posterior tibiae and tarsi, black ; apex of cly-
peus, labruin, coxae, trochanters, tibiae, and the greater part of four
anterior metatarsi, white. Wings hyaline, costa testaceous at base, apex
fuscous, stigma black ; third cubital cellule much longer than broad,
and much wider at apex than at base, recurrent nervures in hinder wing
received close to each other. Antennae shorter than thorax and abdo-
men, stout, tapering at apex, the third joint shorter than fourth.
Clypeus slightly and broadly incised. Spurs more than one-third of
the length of metatarsus, and a little longer than cerci. Apex of
sheath black.

Length 3-£— 3f lines.

Similar to N. melanocephalus, but smaller, antennse
if anything longer, the mesonotum not entirely black,
third cubital cellule much longer, and narrower at the
base compared to width at apex, spurs a little longer
and sharper at apex, and the recurrent nervures in
hinder wings received closer to each other, clypeus
almost transverse, &c. It has a superficial resemblance
to N. ribesii, but that species is readily separated from
it by the pale antennse and yellowish scutellum and
metanotum. The black marks on lateral lobes of
metanotum are sometimes united to scutellum, which
may be entirely black, or its apex may be luteous, and
the metanotum entirely black or only the space around
the cenchri. The amount of black on breast and sides
also varies.

Rare. On birch in June. Craig Dhu, Kingussie,
Cladich, Loch Awe.

168 NEMATUS RIBESII.

81. NEMATUS BIBESII.

Vol. I, PL VII, fig. 7, Lar., 7 a, Pupa; 76, Eggs;
Vol. II, PI. II, fig. 8, ? ; PL XXV, fig. 1, Saw. ; PL
XXVII, fig. 6, Trophi of Larva.

Tenthredo ribesii, Scop., Ent., 280, 734.

— solids, Fall., Acta Holm., xxix, 118, 60.
Nematus trimaculatus, Lep., Mon., 69, 207.
• — grossularite, Dbm., Clavis, 22.

— ventricosus, Htg., Blattw., 196 ; Toll., Tijd. Ent., ii,

69, pi. 4 ; 1. c., 74, pi. 4, f. tf— 9 ;
Tasch., Ent. Gart., 168, f. 43 and
44 ; Norton, Trans. Am. Ent. Soc.,
i, 208 ; von Siebold, Beitr., 106—
130 ; Kessler, Die Lebensges-
chichte (von) Ceutorhynchus sulci-
collis und Nematus ventricosus
(Cassel, 1866), p. 60.

— ribesii, Dbm., S. E. Z., 1848, 178 ; Thorns., Opus., 634,

43 ; Hym. Sc., i, 143, 73 ; Cam.,
Fauna, 38, 38 ; Andre, Species, i,
173, pi. x, f. 6 ; Cat., 21*; Br. and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, pi. 11,
f. 7 (lar.) ; 1. c., xxiv, 342, 60 ;
Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1880,
p. 76.

Luteous ; head (mouth excepted, it being pallid testaceous), three
large marks on mesonotum, a large mark on breast, more or less of the
Bides of the pleurae, black. Legs pallid testaceous, coxse and trochanters
white, apex of posterior tibiae and the greater part (sometimes the whole)
of posterior tarsi black ; the anterior at the apex slightly fuscous or
black. Apex of sheath black ; antennas black or fuscous above, brown-
ish beneath ; sometimes the flagellum is entirely testaceous. Wings
hyaline, stigma black, costa testaceous at the base.

The $ has the thorax entirely black except the pronotum ; the dorsum
of abdomen is black, except at apex; the sides and ventral surface
luteous. Last abdominal segment expanded into a projecting lobe in
the middle, the sides of this being curved slightly inwardly ; above
there is a broad and blunt keel, the segment in either side of this being
somewhat hollowed.

Length 3 — 4 lines.

A rather variable species, especially in the colora-
tion of the antennas and mesothorax. The fact, how-
ever, that the scutellum and metanotum are never
black renders its identification easy. Very rarely

NEMATUS RIBESII. 169

specimens are caught with the back of the abdomen
black.

The full-fed larva has a shining black head, paler at
the mouth, and bears some longish hairs. The body is
green, or pallid sea-green, generally darker along the
back when the food canal is filled. The first and the
second in part and the anal segments from the eleventh
are orange. The legs are black above, whitish at the
junction of the femora and tibiae and beneath ; claws
also black. Claspers pallid green. Over the legs is
a large black tubercle; over the claspers a pair of
smaller tubercles, bearing two or three hairs. The
body is covered with black shining tubercles, each
ending in one or more hairs ; on the first thoracic
segment there are eight in all above that over the
leg; on second and third are six on each side. The
tubercle over the pedal one is the largest of all. On
the abdominal segments there are twelve on each side,
exclusive of the pair over the legs ; those on the top
are arranged in two nearly parallel rows of six each,
those below are more irregularly placed, one of them
being situated between the large tubercles. On the top
of the anal segments is a large black mark, narrowed
behind and ending in the cerci, which are black;
on either side of the mark at the narrow base are six
or seven small black marks. When young the Iarva3
are green, with black heads, and bear minute black
points. At the last moult all the black tubercles are
cast off; they then become shining bluish-green, orange
behind the head and on the tail ; the head is also paler.

The eggs are laid along the veins on the underside
of the leaves in which they are but very slightly
embedded by means of the saws. Pupa green or
yellowish-green, orange on thorax and apex of
abdomen.

The larvae feed on the gooseberry and currant
bushes; and are frequently excessively numerous,
doing great damage by denuding the bushes of leaves.
The young larvae eat the surface of the leaf at first,

170 SUB-GEOUP OP PAVLDUS.

then make little holes, and as they get older devour
the entire leaf except the main ribs.

The flies appear in May; the larvas are found in
June and July ; from these come forth a second brood
which devastate the bushes in the autumn. The
brownish cocoon is spun in the earth under the
bushes.

For destroying these larvse I believe powdered
hellebore is often useful ; but perhaps the best plan
is to destroy the young larvae by pressure with the
fingers, which are easily found by the little holes which
they make in the leaves.

The parasites of the larvse are :

Cleptes nitidula, F. ; Omalus armatus, Dbm. ; Lim-
neria argentata, Gr. ; Mesoleius melanoleucus, Gr. ;
M. armillatorius , Gr. ; MesocJiorus confusus, Hlmgr. ;
M. grossularice, Rtz. ; Tryphon ambiguus, Gr. ; T.
bipunctatus, Gr. ; T. cephalotes, Gr. ; T. compressus,
Rtz. ; Oteniscus frigidus ; Perilissus limitaris, Gr. ;
Polysphincta ribesii, Rtz. ; Pygostolus sticticus, Fab. ;
and Degeeria flavicans, Gour. In America Hemiteles
nemativorus, Walsh, preys on them.

Universally distributed through Europe ; introduced
also to North America, where it is spreading.

The species is parthenogenetic. -Most of the eggs
laid by unfertilised females yield only males ; but
females are occasionally bred from virgin females.

SUB-GEOUP OF PAVIDUS.

Black, the head with a broad luteous circle round the eyes, abdo-
men and legs luteous, the former with a black quadrate spot
at the base. Antennae longish, pale beneath. Wings hyaline,
the stigma testaceous, clypeus incised. The $ has the head
darker round the eyes, and the dorsum of abdomen bears a
black band in the centre.

From the group of Albipennis the present one may
be known by the darker, more sordid, testaceous
stigma, clearer wings, and by the flat unpunctured
scutellum, stouter antennae and legs ; from Myosotidis

NEMATUS PAVIDUS. 171

by the shorter, thicker antennas, and by the abdomen
having only a small quadrate mark on basal segment,
not a broad band down its whole extent. The group
of BetulcB again may be separated from the present
by the truncated clypeus, and blackish stigma.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Mesopleurae (except immediately beneath the wings), meso-

notum and scutellum, entirely black. Pavidus.

2 (1) Mesopleurse broadly yellow.

3 (4) Clypeus black, scutellum immaculate, mesonotum with a

V-shaped yellow mark. \/-flavum (see Group XV).

4 (3) Clypeus yellow, scutellum with two yellow spots, mesonotum

entirely black. Aurantiacus.

82. NEMATUS PAVIDUS.

PL II. fig. 3, ? ; PL X, fig. 1, Lar. ; 1 a, Eggs ;
PL XXV, fig.v 2, Saw.

Nematus pavidus, Lep., F. Fr., pi. 10, f. 6 ; Mon., 65, 191 ; Br.
and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi,
pi. 5, f. 15 (lar.), 1. c., xxiv, 321;
Cam., Fauna, 38; Tr., Ent. Soc.,
1880, 79.

— ochraceus, Htg., Blattw., 218, 51.

— semiorbitalis, Foer., Yerh. Yer. pr. Bhein., xi, 288

pi. Ill, f. 8 (wing) ; Kalt., Pfl., 579.

— myosotidis, Brischke, Beschr., 14, pi. iii, f. 4 (lar.).

— palliatus, var. c. Thorns., Opus., 635.

— Wttewaalli, Yoll., Tijd. Ent., v, 65, pi. 4 (imago, larva,

&c.).

— aurantiacus, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 156, 89. For larva :

Reaumur, Mem., v, pi. 11, f . 3—6; De
Geer, Mem., 11, 257, 13, pi. 37,
f. 1-11.

Cryptocampus quadrum, Costa, Fauna di Nap. Tenth., 25,
pi. Ixv, f. 2 (teste Zaddach, 1. c.,
supra).

Antennae nearly as long as the head and abdomen, filiform, black ;
the third and fourth joints about equal in length, the others becoming
gradually shorter. Head black, shining, finely punctured, covered with
pale pile ; pentagonal area faintly visible, front projecting, clypeus
incised ; epistoma small ; black, the face from below the antennae, and
a broad band surrounding the eyes (except behind) — it being especially
broad at the apex— luteous ; mandibles brownish, palpi testaceous.
Thorax a little broader than the head, black, shining, finely punctured,

172 NEMATUS PAVIDUS.

and covered sparsely with greyish pile ; the prone-turn and meso-
sternum luteous. Abdomen a little longer than the head and thorax,
projecting in the middle, broadly rounded at the apex ; the extreme
base, a spot on the outside of the blotch (which is very large), black ;
the saw black at apex, hairy ; the cerci are short. Legs yellow, pale
white at the coxa3 and trochanters, the posterior tarsi a little fuscous
and shorter than the tibiae, spurs a little shorter than the half
of the metatarsus ; the claws bifid. Wings hyaline, the nervures
deep black, costa and stigma sordid luteous ; the first transverse cubital
nervure is a little faint ; the second cubital cellule is double the length
of the third, which is a very little dilated at the apex; the second
recurrent nervure is received about half the length of the third cellule
in front of the second transverse cubital nervure.

The c? is coloured like the ? , except that there is a row of black
bands down the back of the abdomen and the antenna are closely
pubescent, compressed, and fuscous beneath. The extent of the black
on abdomen varies, and may be absent except at base.

Length 3? lines.

Ab. — a. Antennge fuscous on the underside.

Pavidus is very similar to N. albipennis, but differs
in the hyaline wings, more sordid costa and stigma, in
the second recurrent nervure not being interstitial, the
eyes more broadly bordered with luteous, the scutellum
smooth and not punctured, &c.

Larva. Head much smaller than the second segment,
deep black, the mandibles brown. Legs yellowish-
white ; spot at the base of the tarsi and the claws black ;
ventral legs glassy green. Body green, except the
second and the last segment, which are orange-yellow.
A black line goes down the centre of the back. On
each side there are two black lines somewhat broader
than the dorsal; below these again is another line
of dots arranged thus : — first, a large roundish dot,
then two smaller, and then a larger ; directly over the
legs are two dots, one longish, the other roundish,
placed one over the other. There are no marks on
the orange-coloured segments.

When young the lines down the back are seen to be
composed of dots separated from one another, instead
of being continuous. The anal segment also wants
the yellow colour, except at the extreme apex, which
has a small black spot over it.

The eggs are laid in a cluster on the underside of

NEMATUS AUKANTJACUS. 173

the leaf. The larvse feed along its edge, with the
hinder part of the body elevated in the air, so as to
show the ventral glands, from which exudes a foetid
odour when the creatures are disturbed. They are
extremely voracious and frequently do very consider-
able damage to the various willows upon which they
feed, small bushes of Salix caprea being sometimes
completely denuded of their leaves by these destructive
creatures. There are two generations in the year,
one in early summer, the other in the autumn. The
brownish cocoon is spun in the earth.

It was probably the larvae of N. pavidus that are
stated to have done great damage to osiers in England,
causing a loss of at least £200 annually, mainly by
devouring the leaves, and thus destroying the young
plants (Mag. Nat. Hist., vii, 423).

This is a common species in Scotland and probably
in England also. The species is parthemogenetic, the
eggs laid by the virgin females producing males.

Its parasites are Mesoleius options, Gr., Tryphon
extirpatorius, Gr., and Cteniscus lituratorius, L.

It is also a native of Sweden, Germany, Holland,
France, and Turkey.

83. NEMATUS ATJRANTIACUS.

Nematus aurantiacus, Htg., Blattw., 197, 25 ; Andre, Species, i,

217; Cat., 23,* 176.

Antennae about the length of head and thorax, covered with close,
short pubescence, thin, tapering towards the apex, the third and fourth
joints equal, the basal joints entirely black, the middle black, luteous
beneath, the apical entirely luteous. Head black, covered with
scattered grey pubescence, front projecting, sutures distinct, face, from
a little above the insertion of antennae, pale luteous, mandibles
piceous, orbits broadly dark, luteous behind the ocelli; clypeus
sharply incised. Thorax luteous, mesonotum and sternum black,
sutures of mesonotum and two spots on scutellum luteous; cenchri
large, clear white. Abdomen bright luteous, the anal segment a little
darker above, apex of sheath fuscous. Wings dark hyaline, costa and
stigma luteous, nervures fuscous, yellow at the base of wings ; first

174 SUB-GROUP OP ALBIPENNIS.

transverse cubital nervure not clearly indicated ; second cubital cellule
with a small horny point, third a little narrower at base than at apex ;
second recurrent nervure received a little in front of cellule. Legs
luteous, femora thick, calcaria as long as the cerci.
Length 2f lines.

From N. pavidus, aurantiacus may be distinguished
by its having the pleurse almost entirely luteous, by the
sides of the mesonotum being of the same colour, by
its more slender body, lighter-coloured antennae, and
generally much longer third cubital cellule. Hartig
says that aurantiacus has the stigma black at the
base, which is not the case with the specimen I have
described.

Rare. Glanville's Wootton (Dale).

SUB- GROUP OF ALBIPENNIS.

Orange-yellow, the head and thorax more or less black. Abdo-
men with one or two black marks in middle of basal segment.
Antennae long and filiform, brownish, lined with black above.
Wings hyaline, obscured with yellow or fuscous ; stigma
yellow. Scutellum gibbous, punctured. Clypeus incised.

A group easily recognised by the orange-yellow colour of the
body, yellow stigma, and punctured scutellum. The claws
have usually a subapical tooth.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Antennse entirely black, claws with a subapical tooth, meso-

thorax entirely black. Albipennis.

2 (1) Antennse reddish beneath and at apex, pleurae yellow, claws

bifid.

3 (4) Tarsi not marked with black, and base of abdomen but rarely,

breast with a double black mark in both sexes ; mesonotum
scarcely punctured. Bipartitus.

4 (3) Tarsi annulated with black, mesonotum strongly punctured,

breast rarely black in $ ; base of abdomen black.

Xanthogaster.

NEMATUS ALBIPENNIS. 175

84. NEMATUS ALBIPENNIS.
PI. XXY, fig. 3, Saw.

Nematus albipennis, Htg., Blattw., 196, 22 ; Tlioms., Hym.

Scand., i, 88, 8 ; Opusc., 616, 4 ;
Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
xxiv, 318, 64 ; Andre, Species i,
208; Cat., 24;* Cam., Fauna,
38.

— Drewseni, Dbm., Consp., 8, 76.

— confusus, Foerster, Yerh. pr. Rhein., 280.

Black, shining, mouth, pronotum, abdomen, and legs, luteous. An-
tennae thickish, tapering towards the apex; the third and fourth joints
equal. Head thickish, scarcely narrower than the thorax, black,
shining, pentagonal area scarcely visible ; fovea between the antennae
large, conspicuous, forehead projecting between the antennae ; eyes oval,
lower part of the face covered with long hairs ; apex of clypeus, labrum,
and palpi (except at the base, where the colour is darker), luteous ;
mandibles brownish ; the apex of the clypeus is broadly notched.
Pronotum luteous, meso- and metanotum half shining, black, covered
with greyish pubescence; the breast and pleurae smooth, shining,
slightly pubescent ; cenchri large, white ; scutellum strongly punctured.
Abdomen inflated in the centre, apex rounded, bright luteous ; cerci
small, pale luteous ; the blotch large, surrounded with black ; saw slightly
projecting, black and pilose. Legs luteous, a little whiter at the base ;
the posterior tarsi with the apex of tibiae thickened ; posterior tarsi
shorter than the tibiae ; the spurs less than one-quarter the length of
metatarsus ; claws toothed. Wings yellowish, clearer at the apex ; the
costa and stigma luteous ; the first transverse cubital nervure is dis-
tinct, the third cubital cellule a little more than double the length of
the second, which has a horny point near the apex ; the second recurrent
nervure is almost joined to the second transverse cubital. The tegulse
are luteous.

Length 3— 3£ lines.

The eyes are occasionally surrounded with a yellow
border. The <$ I have never seen. It is stated by
Thomson to have the antennas dilated and compressed
at the base, the breast entirely black, and the dorsal
lobe of the eighth abdominal segment widely produced
in the middle.

The strongly punctured elevated scutellum will
readily distinguish this species.

Dours (Cat. 13) adopts the name of albipennis for

176 NEMATUS B1PARTITUS.

N. pavidus, Lep., with which it has no connection.
The larva is unknown.

The only specimens that I have seen of albipennis
were taken by Dr. Sharp at Dairy, Galloway.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, Hol-
land, Russia, Italy, Switzerland, Dalmatia.

85. NEMATUS BIPAETITUS.
PL XXY, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus bipartitus, Lep., Mon., 69, 206 ; Ste., 111., vii, 32, 21.
— ocliropus, Thorns., Opus., 617, 6 ; Hym. IScand., i, 89,
10; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., xxiv, 321, 66.

Luteous, the antennaB in part, the head except the mouth and a broad
band surrounding the eyes (broadest behind), the greater part of the
mesothorax, the metathorax in the middle, the pleurae in part, and the
sheath of the saw, black. Antennae nearly as long as the body, thin,
filiform, the third and fourth joints about equal, the remaining joints
becoming gradually shorter ; the two basal joints are entirely black,
the succeeding seven joints are black above, luteous beneath, the last
joint being entirely of that colour. Vertex thick, the sutures well
marked, the front broadly projecting; scutellum raised, distinctly
punctured; mesonotum minutely punctured. Abdomen somewhat
inflated in the middle ; cerci long, pointing outwardly ; sheath of saw
projecting, densely covered with longish hairs. "Wings hyaline, irides-
cent, with a faint yellowish tinge, the first transverse cubital nervure is
rather indistinct; the third cellule is one-fourth longer than broad,
widened at the apex ; the second recurrent nervure is received consi-
derably in front of the second transverse cubital ; the costa dark testa-
ceous, stigma yellowish-testaceous. The tibiae are distinctly grooved,
the apex of the posterior and the posterior tarsi are marked with black ;
the calcaria short, scarcely one-fourth the length of the metatarsus ;
the claws are bifid. $ and <^.

Length 2f lines.

Apart from the differences in coloration, bipar-
titus is readily separated from N. vesicator by its
much longer and thinner spurs, and larger and thinner
antennas. It agrees in its punctured scutellum and
coloration with N. albipennis^ but its antennas are
longer, thinner, and luteous beneath, its body is nar-

NEMATTTS XANTHOGASTER. 177

rower and more slender, it has less black colour, the
second recurrent nervure is not interstitial and the
claws are bifid.

I have noticed the following aberrations :

a. Mesonotum with the sutures marked with luteous.

b. Pleurae immaculate.

c. Base of abdomen black.

d. Tips of posterior tibise and tarsi immaculate.

e. Costa and stigma luteous.

A common South of England species.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, France.

86. NEMATUS XANTHOGASTER.

PI. IX, fig. 8, Larva; 8 a, Head; 8 &, Leaf eaten by

Larva.

Nematus xanthogaster, Foer., Verb. pr. Rheinl., 1854, 315;

Kalt., Pfl., 580 (lar.); Cam.,
P.N.H.S.Glas., ii, 313; I.e.,
iii, 202; Br. and Zad., Schr.
Ges. Konig., xvi, pi. 6, f. 7 ;
1. c., xxiv, 321 ; Andre, Species,
i,224; Cat., 16,* 59.
— piliserra, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 89, 10.

Reddish-yellow, a large mark on the vertex extending from the end
of the frontal area to the back, where it is narrowed, mesonotum,
metanotum, and base of abdomen in the middle above (usually the two
basal segments), black. Antennae black or fuscous black above, the
apex and lower surface reddish. In the <^ they are longer and pilose,
the third joint is shorter than fourth, and is curved. Apices of pos-
terior tar sal joints distinctly, and anterior slightly, black. Wings
hyaline, stigma livid testaceous *, costa fuscous. On the breast there
is always on the $ a broad black mark, or more often two ; it is also
present occasionally in the ? . Mesonotum and especially scutellum
strongly punctured ; claws bifid ; the spurs do not reach to the middle
of metatarsus.

Length 2f— 3 lines.

In coloration this species resembles closely N. bipar-
titus, but the black on the vertex is much less extended,
the mesonotum and scutellum much more strongly
punctured ; the wings of a clearer hyaline ; costa
much darker coloured than the stigma, and the tarsi

VOL. II. 12

178 THE GROUP OF RUMIOIS AND SCOTASPIS.

are annulated with black. The sutures of middle lobe
of mesonotum are often yellow, the black on base of
abdomen may exist only on the basal segment ; the
sheath is long and densely pilose.

The larvaB live in the more or less rolled-down
leaves of Salix viminalis, S. cinerea, 8. aurita, &c.
The edges are not much rolled down; they eat
first the epidermis, then holes in the surface, and
latterly may even eat along the edge of the leaf. In
colour they are green, lighter along the sides over the
legs, of a deeper and bluer tint along the back ; the
skin is wrinkled transversely, has lighter- coloured
spots, and is shortly-haired, the hair on the anal seg-
ments being longer. The head is shining, light brown-
ish, irregularly marked with deeper tints on the top ;
mouth brown. When young they are of a clearer
green, the head brown, darker on the top. The cocoon
is spun in the earth,

Found in the autumn. Not common. Clydesdale,
Worcester, Gloucester.

Sweden, Germany.

XIX. THE GROUP OF RUMIOIS AND SCOTASPIS.

Small species of not more than two and a half lines
in length, with black bodies ; the abdomen more or less
yellow, legs reddish-yellow, stigma yellow or whitish-
yellow, wings hyaline, or more rarely yellow ; antennce
generally entirely black.

This group does not differ much from N. xanthogaster,
&c., the most conspicuous distinction being that the
back of the abdomen is, except very rarely, entirely or
almost entirely black. From N. leucostictus and N.
vacciniellus the species are only separable by the reddish-
yellow colour of the legs, and by the ventral surface
of the abdomen being yellow or reddish.

NEMATUS RUMIOIS. 179

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Wings yellow. Rumicis.

2 (1) "Wings hyaline.

3 (4) Mesonotum and scutellum punctured, the latter gibbous ; stigma

pale yellow, the extreme apex fuscous. Scotaspis.

4 (3) Scutellum impunctate, stigma not fuscous at apex.

5 (6) Antennas long, thin ; head reddish-yellow, except in centre of

vertex. Arcticus.

6 (5) Antennae short, moderately thick, head black, the eyes sur-

rounded with luteous. Togatus, vesicator.

87. NEMATUS EUMIOIS.
PI. I, fig. 7, <$ ; fig. 8, ? ; PL XXV, fig. 5, Saw.

Tenthredo rumicis, Fall., Acta, 1808, 123, 63 ; Zett., Ins. Lapp.,

354, 56.
Nematus xanthopterus, Dbm., Consp., 8, 59.

— caprece, Htg., Blattw., 198, 26.

— rumicis, Thorns., Opus., 627, 28 ; Hym. Scand., i, 119,

45; Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges.
Konig., xvi, pi. 5, f. 11; Andre,
Species, i, 156; Cat., 21,* 149;
Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig.,
xxiv, 299, 45.

— fiampennis, Cam., E. M. M., xii, 189.

Antennas longer than the thorax and abdomen, black, bare, almost
shining, the third and fourth joints nearly equal; the remaining a little
shorter and tapering towards the apex. Head punctured on the vertex,
the frontal sutures very distinct, the front strongly projecting ; black,
the face (including the part between the antennae) and the eyes (espe-
cially behind) broadly surrounded with reddish -yellow; the mandibles
deep brown, the clypeus with the apex notched. Thorax black, shining,
punctured above, the pronotum edged with obscure yellow-red ; cenchri
large, white. Legs reddish-yellow, the coxae partly, and femora broadly
at base, more or less marked with black ; the last three joints of the
posterior tarsi fuscous. Wings ample, strongly iridescent, yellowish ;
nervures, costa, and stigma reddish-yellow ; the second cubital cellule
nearly double the length of the third, which is scarcely dilated at the
apex ; second recurrent nervure received a little in front of the second
transverse cubital. Abdomen broad, dilated towards the middle, the
apex bluntly pointed ; black, smooth, shining, the anal segment and
belly in the middle reddish-yellow. The cerci are moderately long, pale
yellow, their apices pointing inwardly, saw projecting.

The <$ is reddish, with the exception of the space surrounding the
ocelli, the metanotum, and the greater part of the back of the abdomen
which are black ; occasionally there are one or two small black marks
on the mesothorax, and the scape of the antennas is usually black.

Length If— 2| lines.

180 NEMATUS EUMIOIS.

A very variable species, according to Continental
authors, but all the specimens I have seen in this
country are coloured pretty much as in the description,
there being only a slight variation in the quantity of
the reddish colour on the head and abdomen. On the
Continent the thorax may be reddish, with three or
more black marks, or it may be almost entirely reddish ;
the same variation occurs in the coloration of the
abdomen ; the legs may be blackish at the base, or
wholly reddish-yellow.

The larva, according to Brischke, feeds on Rumex
obtusifolius in June. The ground colour is grass-
green, the back is bluish- green, the dorsal canal is
darker and bounded by a row of brownish points.
The head is shortly haired, brownish-yellow, with
black eye-spots and dark brownish mouth. The ven-
tral legs have frequently over them a brown mark ; the
claws of the thoracic are brown. The skin is rugged,
beset with short tubercles, each ending in a short
bristle. A.t the last moult the larva becomes smooth
and shining yellowish-green; the young larvae are
yellow. They eat holes in the leaves, when older
devour them along the edge, and sometimes eat the
flowers. The thin cocoon is spun in the earth.

It is a tolerably common species, and is very widely
distributed. I have taken it in the Glasgow district,
Rannoch, Kingussie, Altnaharra, Sutherlandshire, and
from England have seen examples from Glanville's
Wootton and Devonshire. It is also in Stephens'
Collection, but I do not know the precise locality of
his specimens.

It is met with in Lapland, Scandinavia, Denmark,
Germany, Hungary, France,

NEMATUS AECTICUS. 181

88. NEMATUS AROTIOUS.
PI. XXV, fig. 6, Saw.

Nematus arcticus, Thorns., Hym. Scand., i, 134, 62.

Black, the head and mesonotum finely punctured, semi-opaque,
covered with close, short pale pile, the underside of the antenna), head,
except the part immediately surrounding the ocelli, pronotum, tegulse,
upperside of the pleurae and legs, reddish-yellow ; the anus and belly
dark testaceous, sternum and pleurae shining ; the coxae at the extreme
base and a spot at the base of femora are black. Antennae thin, nearly
as long as the body, the third and fourth joints being almost equal ;
clypeus deeply incised, apex of mandibles brownish. The wings are
ample, hyaline, strongly iridescent, costa and stigma yellowish-testa-
ceous ; the second recurrent nervure is received considerably in front
of the transverse cubital one ; the third cellule is a little more than half
the length of the second, and is very slightly dilated at the apex ; the
third transverse cubital nervure slopes a little towards the lower outer
edge of the wing.

Length 2J lines.

The above is the description of one of the two
British specimens I have seen of this species. The
other has the mesonotmn yellowish with three black
marks, the black part of the pleurae with two pale
splashes, the anal segment of the abdomen above, the
sides and belly entirely yellowish-red. In both the
sheath of saw is black, projecting and pilose at the
apex.

The only British species with which arcticus can
be confounded is N. rumicis, from which it differs
in having the antennae longer and thinner and not
entirely black, the wings likewise wanting the yel-
lowish tinge, while the incision in the clypeus is deeper,
the sutures on vertex less distinct, spurs somewhat
longer and cerci shorter.

Not common. One specimen taken by Mr. Joseph
Chappell in the Manchester district, and another by
the Eev. T. A. Marshall, also in England. The only
other locality known is Sweden.

182 NEMATUS SCOTASPIS.

89. NEMATUS SOOTASPIS.
PL XXVI, fig. 1, Saw.

Nematus pineti, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, 301,

T. i, f. 5 (lar.) ?

— scotaspis, Foer., Verb. pr. Rhein., xi, 307, Tab. v, f. 21.

— Westermanni, Thorns., Opus., 615, 3 ; Hym. Sc., i, 87 ;

Andre, Species, i, 166.

Black, the space between the antennse, labrum and clypeus, tegulse
and pronotum white ; legs and belly luteous ; the second to fourth
joints of hinder tarsi fuscous. Antennse as long as abdomen, filiform, the
third and fourth joints subequal; black, reddish underneath and at the
apex above ; eyes bordered with testaceous behind. Vertex punctured,
pentagonal area well defined, deep, clypeus deeply incised. Mesonotum
more deeply punctured than the vertex, scutellum gibbous, more deeply
punctured than the mesonotum. Femora stout, calcaria a little more
than one-third of the length of metatarsus ; fifth tarsal joint double the
length of second ; cerci pale, a little longer than the spurs ; claws bifid.
Wings hyaline, stigma pallid yellow, darker at apex, costa pale.

The (^ has the antennae shorter than the abdomen and thorax,
reddish, except at the base above, and the apex of the abdomen is
reddish above, sinuated, and with a black broad carina in the middle.

Length 2£— 2£ lines.

Similar in coloration to N. vesicator, but narrower,
antennse shorter, legs stouter, tarsi shorter compared
to tibiae, the fifth joint double the length of second,
mesonotum more distinctly punctured, and scutellum
more gibbous.

The amount of luteous colour on thorax and abdomen
varies considerably. As with N. rumicis, Continental
specimens are much lighter in colour (often for the
greater part fulvous) than British.

If this species be identical with N. pineti, Zad. (which
I doubt much, for no mention is made of the punc-
tured scutellum, and the $ is said to have the antennae
of the length of the whole body), then the larva has
been described and figured by Brischke. In habits it
agrees with N. xanthogaster, in rolling down more or
less the edge of the leaves of Salix alba and S. fragilis.
It is bluish-green, darker along the back and white at
the junction of the segments. Skin wrinkled, shortly
haired. On the two anal segments are a variable

NBMATUS VESIOATOll. 183

number of black spots and points, these segments being
deeper, often violet in tint. Oerci short, black. Head
shining brown, a darker transverse streak between
the eyes ; above these the head is darker along the
sides. At the last moult the larva becomes brownish-
yellow ; the single cocoon is spun in the earth or
attached to the leaf.

Thomson says of his N. Westermanni that it lives in
bladder-like galls on willow leaves.

Rare. Among osiers along the Severn, near Glou-
cester.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany.

90. NEMATUS VESIOATOR.

Vol. I, PL V, fig. 8, Gall; Vol. II, PL III, fig. 7, ? ;
PL XXV, fig. 7, Saw.

Nematus vesicator, Bremi, S. E. Z., 1849, p. 93 : Br. and Zad.,

Schr. Ges. Kdnig., xvi, pi. 6, f. 12 ;
1. c.. 327, 72 ; Cam., Fauna, 43, 53 ;
Andre, Species, i, 161 ; Cat., 18,
96.

— helicinis, Brischke, S. E. Z., 1850, 409; ? Thorns.,

Hym. Sc., i, 162, 95.

— lugunensis, Yoll., Tijd. Ent., xiv, 243, pi. Ixv, f. 1.

— crassipes, Thorns.; Hym. Sc., i, 162, 96.

Black, shining, mesonotum punctured ; mouth, tegulse and pronotum
pallid- testaceous, orbits of eyes, sometimes the scutellum, the belly and
apex of abdomen more or less above, and legs, luteous. Antennae as
long as abdomen, black, reddish beneath, the third and fourth joints
equal. Calcaria short, thick, claws bifid. Wings hyaline, costa and
stigma pale luteous.

The <J has the body darker coloured, and the stigma obscure
fuscous.

Length 2£— 2£ lines.

The larva lives in large, oval, or oblong galls on
Salix helix, 8. purpurea, and 8. laurina. They are
closely pressed to the midrib, but do not, as a rule,
overlap the edge of the blade, but sometimes they are
placed so close to the foot-stalk as to project over it.

184 NEMATUS TOGATUS.

The walls are thin, and the space inside is larger than
in any other gall. As a rule the colour is the same as
the leaf, but occasionally the galls are reddish above.

When young the larva is greenish-white, the head
black, and claws blackish. Full fed it is slate-coloured,
the head fuscous, eyes situated in a dark fuscous
splash. The joints of the legs are marked with black,
as well as the claws. Brischke figures the larva with
a large black mark at the base of the legs, but I did not
notice that my larvaB bore such a mark. At the tail
the larva is rather attenuated.

The imagos appear in June, the galls in June, July,
and August. Rannoch is the only British locality
known to me.

Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, France.

91. NEMATUS TOGATUS.

Nematus togatus, Zaddach, Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi, pi. Ill, f. 3 ;

1. c., xxiv, 326, 71.

Black ; abdomen (except the two basal segments above and sheath
of saw) and legs luteous ; labrum, pronotum, and tegulae pallid yellow.
Wings hyaline, costa and stigma yellow ; clypeus deeply incised.
Orbits of eyes behind more or less luteous. Antennae not much longer
than abdomen, short, thick, covered with microscopic pile; third
joint a little shorter than fourth; the underside of the antennae brown-
ish, especially towards the apex. The sutures on vertex are distinct,
deep ; pentagonal area large ; vertex and mesonotum with scutellum
finely punctured ; cenchri large. Abdomen not much longer than head
and thorax ; the first transverse cubital nervure is faint, the second in-
terstitial ; third cubital cellule longer than broad ; transverse recurrent
nervure in hind wing interstitial. The posterior tarsi are more or less
blackish or fuscous.

The $ has the antennas longer, stouter, and quite black ; the stigma
darker ; otherwise as in $ .

Length 2£ lines.

I am not aware of any satisfactory characters whereby
the imago of this species may be known from N.
vesicator.

The larva is dark (especially on the back) olive
green, shining, the skin wrinkled ; the head shining
black, shortly pilose, lighter coloured at the mouth

THE GEODP OF GALL MAKERS. 185

and in centre of face. Legs marked with black at the
base ; claws brownish. It feeds on the leaves of the
common hazel, eating them along the edge. The
cocoon is spun in the earth. Found in September in
Scotland, in July in Prussia.

Very rare. Arran.

Prussia is the only continental country from which
ifc has been recorded.

XX. THE GROUP OF GALL MAKERS.

fipecies of from 1^ to 2J or 3 lines in lengthy with black
bodies, white legs (entirely white, or the femora may be
more or less blade) ; hyaline wings, with white, fuscous,
or white and fuscous, stigmata. Olypeus incised.

The preceding section borders so closely on the
present that it is impossible to draw any clear line of
demarcation between the two. N. vesicator is a gall-
maker and might be included here ; but it is so closely
related to non-gall-making species, and as it has the
legs, abdomen, and stigma yellow, it is best kept out
of the present section, which, as above defined, contains
only species with white, or at least testaceous legs, and
with the stigma fuscous or white. Some of the species
resemble those of the group of Ruficornis, and perhaps
it might be more natural to place these latter in the
vicinity of the present section.

As the third volume of this work deals more par-
ticularly with the gallflies, it is unnecessary to enter
here into the various theories and facts connected with
the origin of galls. It is necessary, however, to point
out certain peculiarities wherein sawfly gall-makers
differ from the Cynipidce. Unlike what happens with
a Gynips, the sawfly gall is fully formed before the
larva leaves the egg, so it is clear that the larva can
have nothing to do in setting the gall-growth in motion ;
while in the Gynipidce no gall commences to form until

186 THE GROUP OP GALL MAKERS.

such time as the larva quits the egg and commences
to feed. The Oynips larva again feeds on a particular
layer of the gall, namely, that part which immediately
surrounds itself and which contains a large quantity
of starchy matter ; they feed up also very rapidly. The
sawfly gall larvas consume every part of the gall, which
does not contain a special layer of nutriment, all the
gall (except perhaps the outer skin) affording nourish-
ment. They do not either feed up in a few days like
most Cynipidce ; they are not, indeed, any more rapid
feeders than other larvae. In their general habits,
and mode of forming the cocoon, they do not differ
from their congeners which feed openly.

The structure of the sawfly galls is, except in the
case of the woody galls of Euura pentandrce, very
uniform. They are composed of irregular cells, the
ordinary cellular structure of the plant profoundly
modified. The cells forming the boundary are more
regular than those near the centre; they are also
smaller and more elongated; and this outer layer
(which may be composed of one, two, or three rows of
cells), contains few or no stomata. In the case of the
gall of N. gallicola, the cells adjacent to the epidermal
layer are filled with chlorophyl granules, which give to
this part a green granular appearance. Near the centre
the cells are paler, more irregular, contain apparently
less chlorophyl and more intercellular spaces.

When the galls are young the cells are not at all so
irregular as they are later on, in fact at first they do
not differ much from the ordinary cells of the leaf.

The gall of Euura pentandrce is much more com-
plicated in structure. Besides the outer bark layer
there is next to it a wide layer of cellular tissue before
the layer of woody fibre is reached; this, again, is
succeeded by the spongy mass representing the medul-
lary layer, on which the larvse feed.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. 187

Synopsis of Species.

1 (19) Legs testaceous or white, the femora not at all, or scarcely,

marked with black.

2 (3) Stigma fuscous, white at extreme base ; sutures on vertex and

pentagonal area distinct ; legs testaceous. Bellus, cinerece.

3 (4) Stigma white, fuscous at apex ; sutures and pentagonal area

scarcely indicated ; legs white. Albicarpus, gallicola.

4 (5) Stigma whitish, eyes broadly, and belly more or less, testaceous.

5 (6) Stigma obscure white, belly and anal segment broadly brown-

ish ; legs obscure white. Baccarum.

6 (5) Stigma clear yellowish-white, anal segment black ; legs yellow-

ish-white.

7 (10) Femora reddish-testaceous, upper middle cellule in hind wings

shorter than lower.

8 (9) Lower border of stigma fuscous, third cubital cellule one half

longer than broad, dilated at apex ; spurs curved, reaching to
middle of metatarsus ; a wedge-shaped testaceous mark
between and below the antennae. Leucostictus.

9 (8) Stigma unicolorous, third cubital cellule not much longer than

broad, scarcely dilated at apex, spurs almost straight, not
reaching to middle of metatarsus. Vacciniellus.

10 (13) Apex of coxae and base and apex of femora whitish-yellow, the

rest black ; stigma yellowish-white, fuscous on apical border.

11 (12) A wedge-shaped mark between and below the antennae ; eyes

broadly bordered with brown ; third cubital cellule dilated at
apex, upper middle cellule in hind wings longer than lower ;
antennae not brownish beneath throughout. Leucostigma.

12 (11) Head above clypeus entirely black, eyes not bordered with

brown; third cubital cellule not dilated at apex; upper
middle cellule in hind wings shorter than lower ; flagellum
brownish beneath. Purpurece.

13 (16) Coxae and trochanters entirely black or fuscous, stigma unico-

lorous, white.

14 (15) Tarsi longer than tibiae, apical fourth of femora testaceous ;

terebra as long as half of abdomen. Herbacea.

15 (14) Tarsi shorter than tibiae, apical fourth of femora black ; terebra

shorter than half of abdomen. Crassispina.

16 (13) Coxse at apex and trochanters white, stigma white and fuscous.

17 (20) Pronotum edged with white.

18 (19) Femora testaceous, lined .towards the middle with black, spurs

reaching to near middle of metatarsus ; terebra half the
length of abdomen; stigma yellowish-white, fuscous at
apex, tarsi slightly fuscous. Ischnocerus.

19 (18) Femora black, the extreme apex and the centre white or testa-

ceous ; apex of tibiae and tarsi black.

20 (21) Stigma yellowish-white, infuscated at bottom, head testaceous

behind. Alienatus.

21 (20) Stigma fuscous, white at base, head black behind, spurs not

reaching to middle of metatarsus ; base of terebra not
reaching to middle of abdomen. Nigrolineatus.

22 (17) Fronotum entirely black, stigma fuscous, white at extreme

base. Bridgtnani.

188 NEMATUS LEUCOSTICTUS.

92. NEMATUS LEUCOSTICTUS.

Vol. 'I, PL V, fig. 3, Larva; Vol. II, PL III, fig, 6, <? ;
PL XXVI, fig. 2, Saw.

Nematus leucostictus, Htg., Blattw., 202 ; Br. and Zad., Schr.

Ges. Konig., xvi, pi. iii, f. 7 (lar.) ;
1. c., xxiv, 165 ; Andre, Species,
i, 162; Cat., 16,* 58.

— crassulus, Dbm.f Consp., No. 96; Thorns., Opusc.,

630, 37; Hym. Scand., i, 157,
90 ; Cam., P. N. H. S. alas., ii,
313 (lar.) ; Yoll., Tijd. Bnt., xix,
261, pi. xi, lar., &c. ; Br. and
Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv,
164, Taf. Ill, f. 7 (lar.).

— Sharpi, Cam., E. M. M., xii, 191.

— erythropygus, Foer., Verh. pr. Rhein., xi, 309, pi. v,

f. 23.

Antennae shorter than the thorax and abdomen, moderately stout, the
third joint a little shorter than the fourth ; black, the apical joints
reddish beneath. Head a little narrower than the thorax, black, vertex
and palpi shining, finely punctured. Clypeus deeply notched, white,
labrum white, mandibles piceous. Thorax black, shining, almost bare,
faintly punctured, pronotum at the base and sides broadly, and tegulae,
white ; cenchri small. Abdomen short and broad, a little longer than
the head and thorax, the apex abruptly pointed. Cerci short, thin,
white, sheath shortly projecting, the apex mucronate, long, and densely
pilose. Legs whitish-testaceous, the coxae black at the base, femora
thick, coxae and trochanters white, the posterior tarsi shorter than
tibiae, the apex of the posterior tibiae and the tarsi blackish. Wings
hyaline, the costa and stigma thick, white, the stigma with a brownish
border on the lower side ; the third cubital cellule is twice as long as
broad, the second recurrent nervure is received about three-fourths the
length of the second transverse cubital nervure in front of the same.

The <$ has the antennae reddish except at the base, thicker than in
the ? , the greater part of the two apical abdominal segments whitish.

Length 2— 2£ lines.

Ab. — a. ? and cf . Eyes surrounded behind with
a browish ring.

b. ? . Posterior tarsi and apex of tibiae scarcely

darkened.

c. ? . Apical ventral segments pale.

d. ? . Antennae entirely black.

e. ? . Seven apical joints of antennae brown

beneath.
The short thick body, strongly built reddish femora

NEMATUS LEUCOSTIOTUS. 189

and tarsi, curved spurs, and much longer third cubital
cellule, sufficiently distinguish this insect from its allies.

The larva of this species lives in folded-down leaves
of Salix viminalis, 8. pentandra, and S. vitellina, if not
on other willows. The leaf is folded down on the
under side, the fold extending, as a rule, the entire
length of the leaf. The egg is deposited at one end
of the fold embedded in the epidermis ; the leaf is
bent down by the imago, but how this is done I do not
know. I have, however, noticed that the leaf seems
to be glued down, as a number of small glutinous
shining points are seen along the edge of the fold on
the leaf itself, and these dots are especially noticeable
when the leaf is young and growing. When the leaf
is young the two surfaces of the fold touch one another,
but as the larva grows it gets more open, and frequently
becomes tenanted by Aphidce as well as by roaming
lepidopterous larvae. Sometimes there is only one fold,
but not rarely there will be one on each side of a leaf.

The larva commences feeding by eating the epi-
dermis, at first near where the egg was placed, then in
scattered places over the fold, and ultimately over the
entire leaf, but the leaf is never devoured quite through.
It carries the body somewhat arched, the anus touching
the leaf. In the autumn; when it becomes full-fed, it
drops to the ground, where it spins a light brown
cocoon, in which it remains unchanged till May, when
it becomes a greenish pupa, which state lasts from
ten to twelve days.

When young the larva is whitish without any very
distinct markings. At the third moult the head is
flattish, sloping towards the mouth ; in breadth it is
about the same as the second segment, the colour
blackish, fuscous-yellow, or brownish-yellow, with the
mouth and eye-spots black. The legs are greenish-
white with brown claws, over each is a broad black
band; the ventral legs are white. The body is
greenish -white, the food canal giving it a darker, often
a decidedly green, tint. The skin is beset with many

190 NEMATUS LEUCOSTIGMA.

small tubercles, each ending in a short hair ; at the
sides the segments project in ridges ; over the anal seg-
ment are two — often only one — broad black bands of
a variable size (generally each band is contracted in
the middle) ; the cerci are black. Previous to spinning
the head is, as a rule, of a lighter colour, and often
there is a distinct black splash on the face ; the anal
markings are very faint, and the body yellowish- white.
The length is from 5 — 7 lines.

Leucostictus is a tolerably common insect. It is
found everywhere in Scotland. I have seen English
examples from Manchester, Glanville's Wootton, Glou-
cester, and the London district.

Continental distribution : Scandinavia, Holland,
Germany.

93. NEMATUS LEUOOSTIGMA.
PL XVI, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus leucostigmus, Cam., Proc. N. H. S. Glas., ii, 308 (1876) ;

Fauna, 33, 16 ; Andre, Species,
i, 133, 26 * 213.
— politus, Br. and Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, 167,

152, Taf. 7, f. 14 (lar.).

Black, the orbits (especially behind) brownish, clypeus, labrum,
and a wedge-shaped mark between and below the antennas, yellowish-
white ; the tegulae, the pronotum at the base, and legs, clear white,
inclining to yellow, especially on the legs; the coxae (except at the
extreme base) and the greater part of the femora black, the base
and apex of femora inclining to fulvous at the junction with the black ;
the apex of hind tibiae and tarsi blackish. Wings clear hyaline ; costa
and stigma white, the latter darker at the apex. In the hind wings the
upper middle cellule is shorter than the lower, through the recurrent
nervure being received beyond the transverse cubital instead of before
it as in N. leucostictus. Antennae black, brownish beneath. Vertex finely
punctured. ? .
Length 2 lines.

A species very closely allied to JV". leucostictus. The
white on the pronotum is much less extended, being
confined to the base close to the tegulge ; the third
cubital cellule is smaller, not being much broader than
long, the costa is of a clearer white, the femora are

NEMATUS VACOINIELLUS. 191

not reddish, and are more or less lined with black;
the upper median cellule is short compared to the
lower, the spurs are shorter, and it is also a smaller
and narrower species. It is more difficult to sepa-
rate from N. vacciniellus, but that has not the upper
middle cellule smaller than the lower ; the coloration of
the legs is different, it being not so white — almost ful-
vous— especially on the femora, which are not lined
with black; the apex of the abdomen (particularly
beneath and at the sides) and the belly in the centre
are brownish-testaceous, while in leucostigma they are
quite black ; the stigma is almost unicolorous, the hind
tarsi and apex of tibiae are not fuscous or black, and
the abdomen is longer compared to the head and
thorax ; the clypeus is black at the base, the part of
head above it being also black.

The larva, according to Brischke, is bluish-green,
the last segments grey, with two short, fine, black
cerci, which are joined to a quadrangular black dotted
spot; the anal segment at the point is beset with
short hairs. Head shining reddish-brown and shortly
haired. The eye-spots black, the vertex is stained
with a broad dark spot, and between the eyes is a
transverse browner one. 'Mouth brown, claws clear
brown.

When young the larva is yellowish. It lives in June
and July between the folded-down edges of the leaves
of Salix helix, feeding on the upper epidermis, thus
making brown spaces in the leaf.

Not common. Braemar, Eannoch, Dumfriesshire.

Continental distribution : Germany.

94. NEMATUS VACOINIELLUS.

Nematus crassipes, Thorns., var. vacciniellus, Cam., E. M. M.,

xii, 190 (1876).

— vacciniellus, Cam., Fauna, 44, 60; Andre, Species, i,
134; Cat.

Antennse shorter than the body, stout, black, very slightly tapering

192 NEMATUS ALBIOAEPUS.

towards the base, the third and fourth joints equal. Head black, finely
punctured on the vertex ; the sutures and pentagonal area distinct, the
mouth (clypeus and labrum) white, and eyes (especially behind) bor-
dered with pale testaceous. Mandibles brown at the tips, clypeus deeply
incised. Thorax black, shining, tegulse white, pronotum broadly edged
with white; cenchri pale white. Legs whitish-testaceous, posterior
tarsi shorter than tibise, the apical joints of the posterior tarsi fuscous ;
spurs more than one-third of the length of metatarsus ; claws bifid.
Wings hyaline, the costa and stigma white, nervures pale fuscous ; the
second recurrent nervure is joined to the second transverse cubital.
Abdomen black, mucronate at the apex ; the anal segment above and
the three apical segments beneath dirty testaceous ; the cerci moderately
long, white. Terebra short, a little more than one-third of length of
abdomen ; sheath broad at apex, rounded, covered with long hairs.

The $ has the antennae longer than in the ? , and they are also
pilose ; the coxae and femora are for the greater part black ; posterior
tarsi black, and the abdomen above is brownish at the junction of the
segments. The head is quite black (in the only specimen I have seen)
with the mouth pale testaceous.

Length 2 lines.

Similar to N. baccarum but larger, stigma of a clearer
white, antennae longer, legs of a decided yellowish hue,
and anal segment almost entirely black.

This insect was bred by Mr. C. Healy from galls
found by Mr. Eedle on Vaccinium vitis idcea at
Rannoch.

These are bare, in shape oval, but if anything longer
than broad, and slightly compressed laterally. In
colour they are dull green, becoming brownish when
old, and by the time the larva has become full fed
they are reduced to mere thin- walled bladders. In
general structure and shape they do not differ from
the galls of N. cinerece, and the larva is similar in
habits.

95. NEMATUS ALBIOAEPUS.

Nematus albicarpus, Costa, Fauna, Nap. Tenth., p. 22, pi Ixv f 1
(1859); Andre, Species, i, 134 ; Cat.' 7*;
Kirby, List of Hyrn., i, 138, 264.

Black ; labrum and apex of clypeus white ; tegulse, the edge of pro-
notum, and legs, pallid white ; base of coxae black ; apex of tarsi brown.
Wings hyaline ; nervures brown ; stigma whitish-brown at the apex.

Length 1| lines.

NEMATUS PURPUEE^. 193

Unknown to me. " A male. Britain. J. F. Ste-
phens." Kirby, I. c.

96. NEMATUS PUEPUREJ).

Nematus purpurece, Cam., E. M. M., xxi, 80.

Black, covered with close, pale pubescence ; labrum, palpi, tegulae,
apical half of coxae, femora at base and apex, tibiae and tarsi, whitish-
testaceous ; flagelluni brownish beneath ; base of costa and stigma clear
white, the rest of costa and stigma at apical half fuscous. Antennae
closely pilose, a little shorter than the thorax and abdomen together, the
third joint, if anything, longer than fourth. Clypeus incised. Antennal
fovea large, deep, round, shining in the centre ; frontal area obsolete ; an
indistinct fovea below the front ocellus; vertex raised, the lateral
sutures broad, there is an indistinct one behind. Head and thorax
finely punctured, not very shining, abdomen smooth. The first trans-
verse cubital nervure semi-obsolete ; third cubital cellule longer than
broad, of nearly equal breadth throughout ; second recurrent nervure
received a little in front of second transverse cubital. The lower
median cellule in hind wings shorter than upper. The femora have a
more brownish tinge than the tibise or tarsi ; the black is not con-
tinuous, being absent from the sides, and to a certain extent from the
lower portion. Tarsi more or less fuscous above (especially the hinder) ;
cerci testaceous, as long as the hind spurs.

Length 2 lines.

A narrower insect than N. leucostigma, and readily
known from it by the black clypeus, much larger
antennal fovea, darker costa, longer third cubital
cellule; by the second recurrent nervure being
received much nearer the second transverse cubital,
and by the more densely pilose body, which is also less
shining. N. nigrolineaf.us, which agrees with it so
closely in habits, is a larger insect ; its legs are darker
coloured, the femora and tarsi being for the greater
part black ; the stigma has the apical half black ; the
pronotum is edged with white at the base, and the
third cubital cellule is dilated at the apex. In having
the flagellum brownish, N. purpurece differs from most
of the species.

The larva lives on Salix purpurea, the leaves of
which are rolled down at the edges like what is done
by N. nigrolineatus and Cecidomyia clausila. It is
clear greenish-glassy, rather stout, becoming suddenly
attenuate at the anus, and bears no black marks on
ii. 13

194 NEMATUS N1GROLINEATUS.

the hind segments, thus differing from most of the
leaf-rolling larvae. The head is small and shining,
clouded with grey, vertex black.

This species was discovered hy Mr. J. E. Fletcher
near Worcester.

97. NEMATUS NIGROLINEATUS.

Vol. I, PL VII, fig. 11, Lar. ; Vol. II, PI. XI, fig. 7, Leaf
rolled by Larva ; PL XXVI, fig. 4, Saw.

Nematus nigrolineatus, Gam., Tr. Ent. Soc., 1879, 109 ; Andre,

Species, i, 127 ; Cat., 16,* 61.
Nematus commixtus, Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, 174.

Black, almost shining ; antennae about a fourth shorter than the
body, black, filiform, the third and fourth joints about equal, the rest
becoming gradually shorter, and more distinctly separated, and trun-
cated at the apex. Head black; labrum and clypeus white, pilose,
clypeus incised ; mandibles piceous at the tips ; palpi fuscous ; vertex
finely punctured and covered with depressed pile. Mesonotum semi-
opaque, finely punctured (more distinctly than the vertex) ; scutellum

hining, almost impunctate ; cenchri obscure ; pleura smooth, shining ;
the edge of the pronotum and the cenchri white. Abdomen a little
longer than the head and thorax, the apex bluntly pointed ; cerci very
long, pointing outwardly, saw projecting beyond the cerci, pilose. Legs
white ; the extreme base of coxae, the femora, except at base and apex,
the apex of the posterior tibia3 and tarsi, the extreme apex of the
anterior tibiae, and the apex of the tarsi, fuscous ; calcaria short. Wings
hyaline; costa fuscous ; stigma large, fuscous at the base, white at the
apex ; the third cubital cellule is longer than broad ; the second recur-
rent nervure is received considerably in front of the second cubital.

The (^ is similar in coloration, the antennae are a little longer, but
not much thicker ; the underside fuscous, and the third joint shorter
than fourth ; the stigma fuscous.

Length 2— 2£ lines.

This species comes near, in its general coloration,
to N. ischnocerus, but it is larger and broader, the
antennae are stouter, the femora and tarsi are almost
entirely black, the white at the base of the legs is
much clearer and the stigma is fuscous, with the base
white, the opposite being the case with N. ischnocerus ;
the $ has the stigma entirely fuscous, while in the
latter it does not differ much from the ? .

The larva lives in the rolled-down leaves of the osier
(Salix vitellina), and in coloration, as well as in habits,
it agrees closely with N. leucosticMs, The body is

NEMATUS ISCHNOOERUS. 195

greenish-white, head fuscous on the top, the base pale
and spotted with fuscous dots, mouth brownish. Over
the legs is a black stripe. The anal segment is marked
with two transverse black marks ; the first of which is
not half the breadth of the second, which is contracted
in the middle to near its base ; the cerci black, and
they are joined to the black transverse lines by a
black dot.

The leaf is folded down on the lower side and usually
only on one side ; the fold is narrow, not being much
more than one line in breadth, and extends along the
greater part of the leaf.

The imago appears in May and June, the larva in
July and August. It is not apparently a very com-
mon species. I have it from Clydesdale, Worcester
(Fletcher), Gloucester.

98. NEMATUS ISCHNOOERUS.

Vol. I, PI. V, figs, 5 and 10, Lar. ; Vol. II, PI. XXVI,

fig. 3, Saw.

Nematus ischnocerus, Thorns., Opus. Ent., 638, 52 ; Hym. Sc., i,
159, 91 ; Zad., Schr. Ges. Konig., xvi,
Taf . 6, f. 10 ; 1. c. xxiv, 169 ; Andre,
Species, i, 152, pi. x,if. 3 ; Cat., 18,* 91.
— femoralis, (Zad.) Cam., P. N. H. S. Glas., ii, 295;
Fauna, 44, 56; Andre, Species,!, 129;
Cat., 17,=* 69.

Antenna? a little shorter than the thorax and abdomen ; the third
and fourth joints nearly, if not quite, equal in length ; the third joint
slightly curved. Head shining, slightly punctured, black ; the clypeus
partly, and the labrum, very dark testaceous, in some specimens almost
black. Thorax black, shining; tegulse and the apical angles of the
pronotum whitish-testaceous ; cenchri large, dull white. Abdomen
deep black, the apex almost mucronate and pilose ; cerci long and pale
testaceous ; in some individuals the ventral surface of the abdomen is
testaceous in the middle, in others quite black. Legs pale testaceous ;
the femora, except at the base and apex, and the apex of posterior tibia}
and tarsi, black ; the anterior tarsi fuscous. Wings hyaline ; the costa
and stigina whitish-testaceous, the latter having the apical half fuscous.
The third cubital cellule is square or nearly so.

The (^ has the antennae longer, thicker, and more pilose ; they are
also pale beneath The COXJB and trochanters are black; the anal
segment testaceous.

length 1^ — 2 lines.

196 NEMATUS ISCHNOCERUS.

The larva lives solitarily in galls on Salix purpurea
and 8. laurina. The galls are usually in pairs on a
leaf, placed opposite to, and almost touching, each
other. They project to some extent above, but not at
all from the lower side of the leaf. In form they are
roundish or oval, sometimes long and narrow, the
sides having round projecting rings ; the colour on the
upper surface is dark purple, reddish-pink, or in some
rare instances dark green ; beneath it is always pale
green. When very young they are of a uniform green
colour.

In its habits the larva agrees in the main with that
of N. gallicola, but it does not make a hole for the ex-
pulsion of the frass until a later period than that insect.
It devours the gall very closely, and by the time it has
become full-fed its habitation is reduced to a bladder,
all but the skin having been eaten. I have found
galls which had every appearance of being composed
of two galls amalgamated, but only one larva could
be seen inside. It is also interesting to notice that
often on the same leaf two galls may be found, in
one of which the larva will be far more advanced in
its development than the other. In one instance a larva
was still in the egg, whilst the other was in the com-
mencement of the second moult.

When full-fed the larva has the head of a white
colour, more or less marked with fuscous above ; the
eyes are placed in black spots. Mouth brown. The
legs are greenish-white ; over each of the thoracic
pairs is a black band ; the claws are black. When
the creature is feeding the dorsal vessel is green, the
rest of the body being of a dirty-white colour, slightly
tinged with green, and covered with a few scattered
hairs. The body tapers towards the end, and the seg-
ments project much at the sides ; the abdominal legs
are invisible above and to a certain extent laterally by
being hid by the overhanging folds of the body. The
head varies in the amount of fuscous with which it is
marked.

NEMATUS BACCARUM. 197

The galls are found early in June, and by the middle
or end of July all the larvae will have spun their cocoons,
which are larger than those of N. gallicola and darker in
colour. In confinement the larvas changed to greenish-
white pupae in March and emerged as perfect insects
about fourteen days after having changed.

The larvae are attacked parasitically by a species of
Sciara, which emerges, either singly or in twos or
threes, from the cocoons in February.

The only localities I know of for this species in
Britain are Rannoch, Braemar, and New Galloway.
It seems to be not uncommon although perhaps rather
local.

99. NEMATUS BACCAHUM.

Nematus baccarum, Cam., E. M. M., xi, 189 (1876) ; Fauna, 44,
58 ; Andre, Species, i, 160; Cat., 17,* 68.

Antennae shorter than the body, comparatively thick ; black, obscure
brown at the tip ; the third and fourth joints about equal, the last
joint thinner and apparently longer than the eighth. Head black,
shining, the vertex finely punctured ; the labium and clypeus partly
white ; mandibles blackish ; pentagonal area well defined ; sutures on
vertex distinct ; antennal fovea large, deep, oval. Below and behind
the eyes the head is obscure testaceous. Thorax black, shining ; meso-
notum finely punctured ; the pronotum thinly edged with white ; tegulae
white. Abdomen obscure black, the anal segment above, and the
ventral surface more or less, pale testaceous ; the cerci white, projecting
outwardly. Sheath of the saw projecting, hairy. Legs white; the
coxa3 black at the base; the femora at base obscured with fuscous ;
posterior tarsi longer than the tibise and faintly fuscous ; spurs more
than one-third of the length of metatarsus. Wings hyaline ; costa and
stigma white, nervures pale ; the third cubital cellule is dilated at the
apex ; second recurrent nervure received about one-fourth of the length
of the second cubital cellule in front of the second transverse cubital
nervure.

Length scarcely 1£ lines.

The pleurae and the greater part of the abdomen are
obscure black, passing on the ventral side into dull
brown ; this may, however, be owing to immaturity,
the insect having been killed before the colours had
become developed.

198 NEMATUS SALICIS-OINEEEJ).

The small size and white legs will serve to distinguish
this little insect from the other gall-makers.

I bred it from a berry-shaped gall of a greyish-green
colour, covered closely with fine white hairs, sent me
by Dr. White from the neighbourhood of Dunkeld,
where it occurred on the leaves of a sallow, probably
Salix aurita. The larva was white, with the head
obscure fuscous, the eye-spots black, the mouth brown,
and the segments projected considerably. Previous to
pupation I noticed that the end of the body was rather
sharply pointed ; the colour was dirty white. The
larvae were sent at the end of September, and continued
feeding to the end of October, when they spun their
cocoons, attached to the bottom of the breeding jar.
They did not make a hole for the expulsion of the
frass, which is very fine and powdery. Nor, as already
remarked, did they, previous to spinning, become of a
slate colour, thus differing from the larvse of the other
gall-makers found in berry-shaped galls.

The pupa was white. The imago made its appear-
ance on the 1st May, about fourteen days after becoming
a pupa.

100. NEMATUS SALIOIS-CINEEE^B.
Vol. I, PL V, fig. 7, Gall.

Tenthredo salicis cinerea, Betz., Degeer, 319 ; De Vil., Lin. Ent.,

iii, 113, 89 ; Degeer, Mem., ii, 1013,
25 ; Tab. 38, f. 26—31.

— intercus, Pz, F. G., Heft 90, pi. xi.
Nematus gallarum, Htg., Blattw., 220, 55.

— saliceti, var., Zett., I. L., 351, 49.

— Foerster, Verb. pr. Rhein., xi, 336.

— mminalis, Vol., Tijd., ii, 145, pi. 10; Br. and Zad., Schr.

Ges. Konig., xvi, Taf. 6, f. 11 ; 1. c.,
xxiv, 345 ; Andre, Species, i, 140,
pi. x, f. 8; Cat, 17,* 76.

— astivus, Thorns., Opusc, Ent., 638, 51.

— cinerete, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 160, 94.
Degeeri, Dufour, Ann. Soc. Ent., Fr., 1847, 583.

NEMATUS SALICIS-OINERB2E. 199

Nematus Vollenhoveni, Cam., Sc. Nat., ii, 296 ; Andre, Species,

i, 153 ; Cat., 17*, 77.

Black, shining ; mouth, tegulae, edge of pronotum, sometimes the
belly and anal segment above, and legs, pale testaceous to pale or bright
yellow ; the tibia3 paler than the femora ; apex of hinder tibiae and tarsi
fuscous. Antennae a little longer than abdomen, filiform ; the third
joint a little longer than fourth, apical joints reddish, especially beneath.
Wings hyaline ; stigma fuscous, pale at the base.

The ^ has the antennae longer and thicker, especially at the base,
and the stigma fuscous.

Length 2^ — 3 lines.

A larger insect than N. c/allicola ; the antennae are
shorter, and sutures on vertex and pentagonal area
much more distinct ; posterior tarsi longer compared
to tibiae, with its second joint shorter compared to
fifth, and the stigma has only the extreme base pale.

This species forms galls on Salix purpurea and on
other smooth-leaved willows. The galls are more or
less roundish, pea-shaped, but not unfrequently speci-
mens are found of an elongated form. The skin is
smooth and shining ; the ground colour is green or
yellowish-green, with or without pinkish cheeks. Not
unfrequently they have yellowish tubercle-like bodies
(apparently fungi) distributed over the surface, and
there may be as many as six on a single gall; the
internal cavity is considerable, the walls being conse-
quently thin. They are situated on the lower side of
the leaf (sometimes, however, projecting a little from
the upper) and are always attached to the midrib.

The eggs are deposited in May just as the leaves
are beginning to burst forth ; and the galls increase
in size, as a rule, along with them. The larva
when young is rather slender ; its body glassy white,
except when the contents of the food canal give it a
greenish tinge. The head is light fuscous or brown,
and is covered with a few hairs ; eye-spots deep black ;
mandibles brown, darker at apices. When full-fed the
head is rather small, narrower than the second seg-
ment, flattish in front, and is of a grey colour with a
tinge of green. Bye- spots black, and a dark irregular
spot is placed between the eyes near the top. Mandibles

200 NEMATUS BELLUS.

deep brown, palpi white. Legs greyish-white, with
brown claws ; clypeus lighter in tint. Body attenuate,
cylindrical, tapering towards the tail. The colour is
shining orange-slate, varying, however, in tint, being
sometimes lighter or darker. The segments are well
marked ; they project in ridges, each being divided
into three folds.

The pupa is white with a tinge of green. Cocoon
light brownish, of the usual shape, and single.

In the gall the larva rests with the body curved like
a J. It does not make a hole for the expulsion of the
frass (which is dry, fine, and coffee-brown in colour),
so the gall gets pretty well filled with it by the time
the larva has become full-fed.

The imago appears in May ; the galls are found from
the end of May to the end of September. I have never
been able to decide if the species be double brooded or
not. Commonly distributed.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Holland, Ger-
many, France, Italy.

101. NEMATUS BELLUS.
Vol. I, PI. V, fig. 9, Gall.

Nematus bellus, Zaddach, Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, 170, 155.
pedunculi, Cam., Fauna, 43.

This form differs only from the preceding in being a little smaller in
size, in having the abdomen at the apex, and the sides and ventral sur-
face pallid yellow inclining to pallid fuscous ; the dorsal surface is also
of a brownish hue ; the clypeus is apparently more deeply incised, and
the coloration of the legs is more pallid, not being of such a bright
luteous tinge as in salicis-cinerea.

The <$ possesses the same characters as the ? , differing from the $
of salicis-cinerete precisely in the same respects as its ? differs from
the $ of that species.

Like the last species it varies considerably, some
specimens having the abdomen for the greater part
black. The head may be entirely black, or the orbits
may be broadly bordered with brown. Generally only
the clypeus and labruin are pallid yellow, but I have

NBMATUS BELLUS. 201

seen one or two specimens with the epistoma yellow.
The tarsi may be coloured like the rest of the legs, or
may be more or less brownish.

It forms irregular, more or less roundish, oblong, or
oval galls on Salix aurita and 8. caprea ; they are
greenish, often with red cheeks and covered with
longish pale hair. I am not aware of any points
wherein the larva differs from that of N. salicis~cinerecet
and in habits they are identical.

I am not satisfied that this is anything else than a
form of N. salicis-cinerece. An examination of long
series of both shows that they approximate very closely
in all respects, both showing considerable variation in
colour and size ; there does not seem either to be any
tangible difference in the structure of the saws, and I
am equally unable to point out any difference between
their larvae. There is no difference in the form of the
galls, for although the gall of bellus is usually more
irregular in shape than that of salicis-cinerece, still the
galls of the latter vary also. The fact of the bellus galls
being hairy is clearly owing to the willow leaves being
hairy.

N. baccarum is apparently a distinct species from the
above, being easily known by the white legs and
stigma, as well as by the larva not changing colour
before pupating. At one time (before the description
of bellus had appeared) I thought that it was identical
with baccarum, the types of bellus I had from Herr
JBrischke having the stigma very pale and the legs
more pallid than in any of the Scotch specimens reared
from the hairy pea-shaped galls.

Common.

Continental distribution : Germany.

O&s. — Zaddach (Schr. Ges. Konig., xxiv, p. 348) considers that the
form I described under the name of N. vollenhoveni, is probably distinct
from his viminalis. Further research is, however, needed before this
point can be decided.

202 NEMATUS GALL1COLA.

102. NEMATUS CURTICOKNIS, sp. nov.
PI. XXVI, fig. 6, Saw.

Black, pilose ; eyes broadly bordered (especially behind) with, brown ;
mouth, tegulse, and pronotum broadly white ; ventral surface and apex
of abdomen and cerci pale testaceous ; legs whitish, femora testaceous,
bordered above and beneath with black, apical joints of tarsi fuscous-
black. Spurs short, thick, not one-third of the length of metatarsus ;
clypeus deeply incised. Antennae about the length of the abdomen,
stout, slightly compressed, pilose, third joint a little longer than fourth,
the apical joints brownish beneath. Wings hyaline, costa pallid tes-
taceous, stigma fuscous, white at the base ; first transverse cubital
nervure pale, semi-obsolete ; third cellule a little longer than broad,
wider at apex than at base, second recurrent nervure received a little in
front of second transverse cubital ; recurrent nervure in hind wings
almost interstitial. Front projecting, sutures on vertex deep, penta-
gonal area not very clearly defined.

Length nearly 3 lines.

It is not very easy to distinguish this species from
N. salicis-cinerece. The antennae are shorter and
thicker, the body is broader, stouter, and more pilose ;
the colour of the tibise is a purer white without any
trace of testaceous, and the saw is different in shape,
as will be seen by a reference to the figures.

Rannoch, in June on willows.

103. NEMATUS GALLIOOLA.

Vol. I, PI. Ill, fig. 8, Gall; Vol. II, PI. XXYI,
fig. 5, Saw.

Cynips caprece, L. F. Sv. Ed., ii, 1531 (ex parte).

Nematus gallicola (West.), Ste. 111., vii ; Cam., Sc. Nat. i, 11, pi. i,
Fauna, 44, 57 ; Andre, Species,!, 127,
pi. x, f. 12; Cat., 17,* 64.

— vallisnieri, Htg., Blattw., 205, 40 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc.,
i, 162, 97 ; Miiller, E. M. M., 1870,
109, Br. andZad.,Schr. Ges.Konig.,
xvi, Taf . 6, figs. 9, 14 (lar. and gall) ;
1. c., xxiv, 168.

Pontania vallisnieri, Costa, F. Nap. Tenth., p. 24, pi. Ixv, f. 3.

Cf. also Swam., Book of Nature,
286, pi. 44; Reaumur, Mem., iii, 435,
pi. 37 ; Roesel., Ins. Belust., ii, pi.
10 ; Ratz., Forst. Ins., iii, 128, t. iii,
f. 26 (saliceti).

Black, shining ; clypeus, labrum, tegulae, the pronotum close to the

NEMATUS GALLIOOLA. 203

tegulae, and legs, whitish-yellow ; the greater part of the coxae, and a
more or less longish line on the femora (which have often a reddish
tinge), black ; the base of posterior tibia3 and the tarsi fuscous. An-
tennas a little longer than the abdomen, the apical joints often brownish
beneath; pentagonal area and sutures on front obsolete, sutures on
vertex short ; antennal fovea large, deep. Wings hyaline, costa pale,
stigma a little longer than broad, almost quadrate ; second transverse
nervure often nearly interstitial ; upper middle cellule in hind wings
smaller than lower.

The $ has the antennae longer, thicker, and more pilose, and the
flagellum brownish ; the stigma is almost wholly fuscous ; the wings are
not so clearly hyaline, and the femora bear more black.

Length If— 2 lines.

A smaller species than N. salicis-cinerece. The legs
are whitish, not luteous as in the latter; the frontal
area and sutures are obsolete, not distinct as in salicis-
cinerece, and the stigma is more largely white, the fus-
cous predominating in the stigma of salicis-cinerece.

The £ is extremely rare, and the species is certainly
parthenogenetic, Mr. Fletcher and myself having got
virgin females to lay fertile eggs, but neither of us
succeeded in rearing any flies from them. Dr. Adler,
however, has been more successful, for he managed to
get some virgin females to oviposit in June, reared the
flies (females) from the galls in July, these again laying
eggs which yielded larvae that spun up in October
(Z. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 208).

The larva lives solitarily in galls on various willows,
being most abundant on Salixfragilis. The galls are
bean-shaped, the skin covered with small irregular
projections and hairless. In length they vary from a
quarter to half an inch, one-eighth to a quarter of an
inch in breadth, and about the same in depth, are
always placed on the edges of the leaf, and project in
about equal proportions through both sides. When
young the colour is light green, but as they get older
this gives place to a deep red above and a paler red or
light green beneath. The number on a single leaf
varies from one to thirteen, which latter is the largest
number I have noticed. On Salix alba they are usually
pale green, seldom light red, and hairy on the under-
side.

204 NEMATUS GALLICOLA.

On Salix caprea they are somewhat oval, dark
shining green, glabrous above, very hairy beneath. On
Salix cinerea they are oblong, dark green, like those
on 8. caprea, but are smaller and more hairy.

The eggs are deposited in May in the leaf-buds, and
the galls grow with the leaves. The autumnal broods
of course lay the eggs in more mature leaves.

After escaping from the egg the larva is transparent
white, with the exception of the head which is very
shining and brownish-black. In a short time it
assumes a greenish hue on account of the food canal
getting filled with food. When full-fed it varies from
a quarter to three-eighths of an inch in length. The
head is shining brownish-black, with a dark greenish-
white semicircle on the face, the mouth light brown,
mandibles darker; the body is dull whitish -green
throughout, the legs white with brown claws.

The pupa is white.

At first the gall is perfectly solid except in the
centre, where there is a small free space surrounding the
egg, but through the eating of the larva it becomes in
course of time converted into a bladder. On the
lower side at one end the larva eats out a round hole,
from which it casts out the frass, and occasionally it
leaves the gall entirely for a short time. The cocoons
are spun as a rule in the earth, but when the larvae have
been on a willow with rough, broken bark, they are
spun in the crevices of the bark, under which the old
and new ones may sometimes be found packed together
in large quantities.

This is undoubtedly the commonest saw-fly in this
country, and the most widely distributed.

It is generally distributed over the Continent.

NEMATUS HEKBACEjE. 205

104. NEMATUS HERBAGES.

PI. Ill, fig. 8, ? ; PL IX, figs. 3— 3a, Lar. ; 36, Gall;
PI. XXVI, fig. 7, Saw.

Nematus herlacece, Cam., P. N. H. S. Glas., ii, 304—307 ; Fauna,
44, 59 ; Andre, Species, i, 160; Cat., 17,* 68.

Antennae shorter than the body, moderately stout, covered with
close microscopic down., the two basal joints prominent, third and fourth
almost equal. Head black, shining, vertex faintly punctured, frontal
sutures distinct, antennal fovea deep, one-half longer than broad ;
covered with short pile ; mouth obscure testaceous, covered with longer
pilosity than the rest of the head ; the tips of mandibles blackish ;
thorax black, shining, the mesonotum obscurely punctured, and covered
with short pile ; breast smooth and shining, tegulce white. Abdomen
black, the apex angustate, pilose, anus pale testaceous ; saw longer than
half the abdomen, its sheath largely projecting and pilose. Legs stout,
femora for the greater part black, their apical third, knees, tibiae, and
tarsi, sordid testaceous ; the coxae and trochanters paler than the
femora ; tips of tarsi fuscous, posterior tarsi equal in length to tibiae.
Wings clear hyaline, costa and stigma sordid white, nervures black ;
the second recurrent nervure is received a short distance in front of the
second cubital.

The $ has the antennae thicker and longer than in the other sex, the
tegulae black, and the stigma slightly darker ; the anus pale.

Length 1| — If lines.

Similar to N. crassispina, but it has the antennal
fovea much more distinct, the incision in clypeus
deeper, the femora have less black on them, ovipositor
longer, spurs slightly shorter and thicker, and the
posterior tarsi are as long as, if not longer than, the
tibiae. It would seem to be very nearly allied to N.
dolichurus, Thorn., and may, indeed, be identical with
that species, but in dolichurus only the knees are
pallid and the abdomen apparently is entirely black.
The terebra and cerci are described by Thomson as
" longissimis," the former certainly is longer than in
any of the other species, but not the cerci, and no
mention is made by Thomson of the form of the cal-
caria in dolichurus, these being in herbacece shorter and
thicker than usual, a point which could scarcely have
escaped the eye of the distinguished Swede.

This species forms galls on Salix herbacea. The
gall is roundish, sometimes oval or oblong, smooth,

206 NEMATUS HERBAGES.

shining, of a green colour, often more or less marked
with red. Each gall contains only one larva, and as a
rule there is but one gall on a leaf.

The larva has the head fuscous, somewhat darker in
front, the eye-spots deep black, the mouth is also
black. The legs are dark greenish- white, with darker
claws ; the ventral legs are the same, but if anything
whiter. Over each claw is a small black mark ; there
is a large (comparatively) irregular mark over each
foot (including the ventral ones, except over the anal
pair). The body is of a fuscous-white colour through-
out ; the contents of the food canal give to the back a
darker tint, while the skin is covered with small, black,
or fuscous-black dots arranged in rows. In all there
are five rows of these dots, arranged as follows — one
row on the centre of the back, the dots composing it
being of a nearly uniform size, as well as being more
numerous ; in the second row the dots are fewer,
there being about three to each segment of the body ;
the following row has two dots to a segment, one large,
the other small; the next is composed of one long
dot, and the last row is made up of the above-men-
tioned marks over the legs. On the second segment
the first two dots are of an irregular shape and larger
than any of the others, and a little below and in front
of them are two smaller dots. The anal segment
bears no marks.

This is the only gall-inhabiting larva which bears
regularly -arranged marks on the body. It becomes of
a slate colour before pupating.

I have found very young galls containing eggs in
June, but they are most abundant from the middle of
July to the middle of August. The lowest elevation
at which I have found the galls would be about 2000
feet, and from that height they extend to near 3800
feet, if not higher. They are rather local in their dis-
tribution, showing a partiality for particular spots on
a mountain and not spread uniformly over it. Appa-
rently also they vary in numbers during particular

NEMATUS ALIENATUS. 207

years, for some years I have found them abundantly,
while in the same spot next year not one could be seen.

In confinement the cocoon is spun either in the gall
itself or in the earth. It is of the same form and
colour as that of N. gallicola. In confinement I bred
the flies during February and March.

N. herbacece has been found at Allonby in Cumber-
land by Mr. Inchbald, at Ben Ledi by the same gentle-
man ; they occur also at Rannoch, Braemar, in Bredal-
bane, and in Sutherlandshire.

105. NEMATUS CRASSISPINA.

Nematus crassispina, Thorns., Hjm. Sc. i, 164, 99; Andre,

Species, i, 126 ; Cat., 17,* 71 (?).

Black ; tegulae, knees, tibiae, and tarsi obscure white ; apex of hinder
tibiae and tarsi obscure fuscous ; labrum and mandibles piceous, costa
and stigma pale, thick ; clypeus slightly incised, antennal fovea shallow,
indistinct. Antennas as long as the abdomen, thick, scarcely attenuated
at the apex, the third joint distinctly longer than fourth. Spurs short,
thick ; hinder tarsi shorter than tibiae, cerci short, thick, saw scarcely
half the length of abdomen, sheath pilose, not projecting beyond apex
of abdomen.

Length 1| lines.

I am not sure if this be the crassispina of Thomson.
It has the apical third of hinder tibiae and tarsi fuscous,
which is not apparently the case with Thomson's
species, but it agrees with it fairly otherwise, includ-
ing the tarsi being shorter than the tibiae.

One English specimen without note of locality.

106. NEMATUS ALIENATUS.

Nemut'us alienatus, Foer., Verh. pr. E-heinl, xi, 334, pi. vii,

f. 43 ; Kirby, List, of Hym., i, 138,
267, pi. vii, f. 13.
anglicus, Cam., E. M. M., xiii, 173.

Black, shining ; mouth, tegulae, legs, and pronotum white, head a
little testaceous behind the eyes ; femora nearly all black, with a pale
band on the under side of posterior ; hind tarsi and apex of tibiae broadly
black ; posterior tarsi nearly longer than tibiae. Antennae nearly as long
:is the body, thin, third and fourth joints equal; cenchri large, dull

208 NEMATUS BEIDGMAN1I.

white; cerci long, slender, pale, pointing outwardly; terebra long,
hairy, projecting; pentagonal area very distinct. Wings hyaline;
stigma white, fuscous at base ; third cubital cellule nearly square ; first
transverse cubital nervure distinct.
Length 2 lines.

The antennae are longer and thinner than in N. salicis-
cinerecB, the pentagonal area more distinct, the white
band on pronotum more conspicuous, and at the same
time shorter and thicker. I adopt the name of
" alienatus " from Mr. Kirby's determination. The
species is in Stephens' collection under the name of
" Euura gallce"

107. NEMATUS BRIDGMANII.

PI. Ill, fig. 9, ? ; PI. IX, fig. 1, Gall; 1 a, Larva (?) ;
PI. XXVI, fig. 8, Saw.

Nematus Bridgmanii, Cam., Trans. Ent. Soc., 1883, p. 193.

Black, shining, shortly pilose ; labrum, clypeus, tegula3, apex of coxae,
trochanters in front, more or less of femora, tibiee and tarsi, white ;
basal three-fourths of anterior femora broadly lined with black, poste-
rior almost wholly black ; apex of posterior tibia3 and tarsi faintly fus-
cous. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma pallid fuscous, extreme base of
latter white Antennae a little longer than abdomen, moderately stout,
tapering slightly towards the apex, covered with microscopic pile;
vertex finely punctured, semi-opaque, sutures distinct ; antennal fovea
large, clypeus incised at the apex ; ovipositor short, not half the length
of abdomen, sheath almost glabrous, apex acute, projecting more on
upper than on lower side ; tarsi shorter than tibiae ; spurs almost
straight, more than one-third of the length of metatarsus.

The $ has the antennae longer and thinner, being a little shorter
than the thorax and abdomen; it is almost glabrous ; stigma fuscous,
white at base.

Length nearly If lines.

In most of the specimens the third joint of the
antenna? is longer than the fourth, but in one it is
shorter. The third cubital cellule is irregular in
shape ; in some specimens it is broader than long, in
others slightly longer than broad. The species has
the greatest resemblance to N. herbacece, but the
darker coloured stigma, much longer ovipositor, more
acutely pointed sheath (which is also less hairy), and
the femora more strongly marked with black at the

GENUS ETJUKA. 209

apex, readily enable it to be distinguished from the
Alpine species. ~FromN. crassispina it may be known
by the white mouth, longer tarsi and spurs (which are
almost straight), longer antennae, and by the stigma
not being unicolorous.

Mr. J. B. Bridgman bred this species from oval
green galls found on sallows at Brundall. He sent me
a few galls which he thinks are those of the above
species, but I have not managed to rear the flies.
They do not differ to any appreciable extent from
those of N. gallicola, on Salix caprea.

Genus — EUUKA.

Euura, Newman, Ent. Mag., iv, 259 (Jan., 1837).
Cryptocampus, Htg., Blattw., 221.
Nematus, pt. Thoms., Hym. Sc., i, 165.

AntennaB 9-jointed. Wings with one radial and three cubital cellules ;
the first of the latter small, the second long and receiving both recur-
rent nervures ; lanceolate cellule petiolate ; hind wings with two median
cellules. Cerci generally longish.

Except in having the second cubital cellule very
long, this genus does not differ in any tangible point
from Nematus. The species have generally the stigma
white at the base, and the cerci longish. They are
gall makers, forming the galls in the leaf-stalks, in the
twigs, or in the leaf-buds. Fourteen European species
have been described, and others are also known from
North America, and one from Mexico. They are
difficult to discriminate, and a revision of the European
species is needed.

Synopsis of Species.

1 (4) Edge of pronotum white.

2 (3) Cerci longish, more than four times longer than broad, pro-

jecting beyond the apex of abdomen. Pentandrce.

3 (2) Cerci short, not much more than four times longer than broad,

scarcely projecting beyond the apex of abdomen. Flavipes.
VOL. II. 14

210 EUUBA PENTANDBJE.

4 (1) Pronotum black.

5 (8) Mouth black.

6 (7) Clypeus sharply incised, apex of abdomen and cerci brownish.

August a.

7 (6) Clypeus broadly incised, apex of abdomen and cerci black.

Nigrii arsis.

8 (5) Mouth white.

9 (10) Tegulse black, cerci black. Nigritarsis, var.

10 (9) Tegulse white.

11 (12) Apex of abdomen and cerci brownish or testaceous. Saliceti.

12 (11) Apex of abdomen and cerci black. Nigritarsis, var.

1. EUURA PENTANDE^.

PI IV, fig. 9, ? , 9a, Antenna; PL VIII, fig. 11, Larva ;
PL XI, fig. 1, Galls, fig. 6, Lar. full-fed.

Cynips amerinte, Lin., F. Sv. Ed., ii, 1530.
Tenthredo salicis-pentandrce (Retz.), De Geer, Mem., ii, 1009,

t. 39, f. 1-11.

— saliceti, Zett., Ins. Lap., 351, 49.
PristipJiora duplex, Lep., Mon., 61, 177.
Nematus medullaris, Htg., Blattw., 224, 4.

— populi, Htg., 1. c., 223, 3.

— buccatus, Thorns., Opus., 639, 54.

— pentandrtf, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 165, 100 ; Dbm.,

Clavis, 28, 38. <
Cryptocampus mucronatus, Voll., Tijd. Ent. (2), vi, pi. 12 ; Kalt.,

Pfl., 582.

— pentandrtz, Cam., E. M. M., xiii, 178 ; Fauna, 45,

1 ; Andre, Species, i, 89 ;
Cat., 10,* 1.

Head a little narrower than the thorax, black, shining, slightly
pubescent, smooth, front moderately projecting, vertical sutures dis-
tinct ; fovea deep ; apex of clypeus slightly incised ; clypeus in part,
labrum, mandibles (apex excepted) and palpi, testaceous-white, the
orbits, especially behind, brownish. Antennae thickish, compressed,
the joints distinctly separated, projecting and sharply cut off at apex,
covered with stiff pile; black, sometimes brownish beneath, the third
and fourth joints equal. Thorax black, shining, covered with fuscous
pile ; margin of pronotum with tegulse pale testaceous. Wings hyaline,
stigma pale fuscous, white at the base, rarely unicolorous. Abdomen
black, a little compressed ; anal segment and cerci testaceous. Legs
reddish-testaceous, base of coxae and femora more or less, lined with
black at the base ; hind tibiae fuscous at the apex. Claws with a
subapical tooth, patellae small.

The <§ has the antennas compressed on the underside and testa-
ceous at apex, with the apex of abdomen and stigma fuscous.

Length 2— 2| lines.

EUURA FLAVIPES. 211

This species forms large woody galls on the shoots
of willows, principally Salix pentandra. The galls
vary in size from that of a pea to a walnut ; may be
roundish, oval, or very irregular. Several larvae live
in a gall. They are greyish-green, the head brownish,
darker on the top. At the last moult they become
slate coloured, and spin thin cocoons in the gall.

The galls are formed in June, but the imagos do
not make their appearance till the following summer.
The species is somewhat local, and often covers a tree
with its galls. I have seen willows killed owing to
every twig having one or more galls on it.

'Pimpla vesicaria, Rtz. ; Limneria multicincta, Gr. ;
Eurytoma solids, Thorns. ; E. aciculata, Rtz., are para-
sites. Several .other Chalcididce and Oxyura have also
been reported, but they prey rather on the Aphides
and other insects which live in the galls.

Local, but widely distributed.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, France,
Italy.

2. EuuftA FLAVIPES, sp. nov.
PL XXVI, fig. 9, Saw.

Black, shining ; labrum, mandibles (except at the apex, winch is
piceous), tegulee, the edge of pronotum close to them, and legs, whitish-
yellow; the base of coxae black, the femora in the middle, the apex of
hind tibiae and tarsi, fuscous ; the ventral surface of the abdomen in the
middle, and cerci, whitish. Cerci short, not projecting beyond the apex
of the abdomen, not double the length of the posterior spurs. Wings
hyaline, apical half of stigma fuscous, basal white.

What I take to be the <J has the face from below the antennae white,
the orbits behind brownish, the antennas have the apex and lower side
of the flagellum reddish, the femora have more black and the stigma is
fuscous.

Length 2 lines.

The very short (for Euura) cerci readily distinguish
this species.

Rare : Rannoch, Clydesdale.

212 EUURA NIGRITARSIS.

3. EUURA NIGRITARSIS, sp. nov.
PL VIII, fig. 12, Lar., 12a, Galls.

Black ; the labrum, the mandibles (except at tlie apex, which is
brownish), sometimes the apex of clypeus, the apex of COXEG, base and
apex of femora broadly (especially the anterior) and tarsi, yellowish-
white ; apex of hind tibiae and tarsi black. Wings hyaline, stigma
fuscous or black, the base white. Apex of antennae brownish
beneath.

The <$ has the flagellum compressed, brownish beneath, closely
pilose, and the legs bear more black ; the lower inner orbits are whitish,
and the white at base of stigma is scarcely visible.

Length 3— 3| lines.

Ab. — a. Mouth black.

b. Tegulae white.

c. Cerci fuscous or brownish.

d. Outer orbits brownish.

e. Clypeus white at apex.

It is a smaller species than E. angusta, and may be
known from it by its more broadly incised clypeus,
and shorter and broader abdomen, which is always
black at the apex. E. Iceta, Zad., comes very near to
it, but is, I believe, a distinct species, it having the
last abdominal segment brownish, the cerci pale, the
tegulse yellow, the margin of the collar being also of
this colour. Lceta also differs somewhat in habits, it
forming its galls in the leaf -bud and in the leaf -stalk
issuing from it.

The larva of the present species lives in the leaf-
buds of Salix caprea. These become thereby swollen
and a little distorted. Internally they become con-
verted into a green granular matter on which the
larva feeds. The greater part of the inside is devoured,
and when the larva leaves it the greater part of one
side is eaten or at least destroyed to enable the larva
to leave the bud. A thin layer of the green substance
is left next to the outer scale. Some of the larvas
creep into suitably sized twigs, boring their way into

EUURA ANGUSTA. 213

the pith for a little distance, but others drop to the
ground. In my breeding cases they preferred pupating
in corks rather than in the twigs.

The larva is greenish-yellow, the head darker, espe-
cially on the top, mandibles brownish. At the last
moult it became slate coloured, as in the other
species.

It is certainly destructive to Salix caprea. On one
large bush I found nearly every bud occupied by a
larva, and these certainly would produce no leaves
next year. I have often seen branches destroyed by
them.

The Ab. a, c and d were all bred together, and I am
satisfied that they belong to the same species. Ab. b
was not reared, but, apart from the white tegulaB, I
am not able to find any other points of difference, and
in one bred c? the tegulge were greyish.

Common in Clydesdale. The imago in May, the
larvae principally in August, September, and October.

4. EUURA ANGUSTA.

Nematus angustus, Htg., Blattw., 2221 ; Thorns., Hym. Sc., i,

167, 102.

— saliceti, var. c, Thorns , Opus., 639.

Cryptocampus angustns, Yoll., Tijd. Ent., xiv, pi. xii ; Andre,
Species, i, 86 ; Cam., Fauna, 45, 3 ; Kalt.,
Pfl., 582 ; "Br. and Zad., Beob. ii. Blattw.
(2), 13, 13.
ater, Br. and Zad., 1. c., 4, 1. ?

Black ; antennae, tegulae, cerci and mandibles light brownish ; knees,
tibiae and tarsi, pallid testaceous ; the apex of coxae, trochanters, base,
and apex of femora, and more or less of apex of abdomen, brownish or
piceous. Clypeus sharply incised in the middle. Antennae shorter
than the abdomen. Wings hyaline, stigma fuscous, white at the
base.

Length 2J— 3 lines.

A specimen not distinguishable otherwise from the
form described above, has the tegulaB black, which
seems to be the only differences between the C. ater and

214 EUURA SALICETI.

C. angusta of Zaddach. The species compared with E.
nigritarsis has the abdomen longer in proportion to the
head and thorax, the body generally is not so broad, the
antenna3 are, if anything, shorter and lighter coloured
beneath, the legs have a much more testaceous or
brownish tinge. The hind tarsi are not black but
brownish, the cerci are testaceous, and the anal
segment brownish. In one specimen the labrum is
piceous.

The imago has been often bred from the twigs of
willows, and no doubt the larva is of similar habits to
N. saliceti, or may form galls in the leaf-stalks like E.
Iceta.

Not common, but widely distributed.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France,
Holland.

5. EUURA SALICETI.

Tenthredo saliceti, Fall., Acta, 1808, 111.
Nematus mucronatus, Htg., Blattw., 223, 2.

— saliceti, Thorns., Opus., 639, 55 ; Hym. Sc. i., 167, 101.
Crypto campus saliceti, Andre, Species, i, 88; Cam., Fauna,

45, 2.

— gemmarum, Br. and Zad., Schr. ges. Konig.,

xxiv, Taf. 8, fig. 11 (lar. and gall);
Beob. ii. Blattw. (2), 7, 5.

Black ; shining, covered with fuscous pubescence ; labrum, clypeus,
mandibles, the greater part of the space between the antennae,
tegulse, and legs, whitish-testaceous; more or less of the inner and
outer orbits, the apex of abdomen and cerci brownish, base of coxae, a
longer or shorter line on the femora, black ; the apex of hind tibiae and
tarsi obscure fuscous or brownish ; the greater part of the flagellum
reddish beneath, the apex being sometimes entirely of this colour.
Wings hyaline ; costa and stigma fuscous, the latter white at the base.

The <£ nas the antennas entirely fuscous (these are also darker in tint
than in the $ ) ; the flagellum is almost wholly red, the white on the
oral region is more extended and the femora have more black.

Length 1| — 2 lines.

A somewhat variable species. The eyes are some-
times entirely bordered with brown ; the femora are
not unfrequently almost entirely black ; the amount of

EUURA SALTCET1. 215

the white colour on the mouth varies ; and often the
black on the abdomen has a decidedly brownish or
fuscous tinge, I have also seen specimens in which
the flagellum of the antennae had scarcely a trace of
brown or red, and others with the tegulse fuscous.
The clypeus may be entirely whitish or only so at the
apex. In the $ generally the tegulae are brownish or
fuscous. It is the smallest of our species.

The larva lives in the leaf -buds of Salix aurita, and
in habits scarcely differs from E. nigritarsis. The larva
is greenish-yellow with a more or less brownish head,
fuscous on the top ; mandibles brownish. It enters the
twig from the bud and penetrates 2 or 3 lines into it
for the purpose of passing into a pupa.

Common.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

I have found this autumn, in Cadder Wilderness,
near Glasgow, leaves of Salix caprea with their leaf-
stalks considerably thickened, the swelling extending
from the base to the commencement of the leaf. The
galls were green like the leaf-stalk itself, but some of
the younger ones had a slight reddish tinge in the
centre. Each contained a yellowish-green larva, with
a more or less fuscous-tinted head, black eye-spots, and
brownish mouth. The gall was eaten out almost
entirely, and became towards the end filled with
brownish frass. The larva left it by making an irre-
gular hole, if it pupated in the ground, but some spun
the cocoon inside the leaf-stalk itself.

I hope to rear this species next spring. From the
description of the gall and larva I have no doubt that
it will prove to be E. venusta, Zad. (Beob. ii Blatt.
ii Holzw. (2) p. 6).

06s.— Ed. Newman (Ent. Mag., iv, p. 260) describes two species which
he named E. gallce and E. cynips, which I am unable to identify from
his descriptions. Mr. Kirby (List of Hym., i, p. 151) refers the former
to E. saliccti, and the latter he gives as a distinct species. It is not likely
that either of them is distinct from any of the species I have recorded
in the preceding pages.

Jurine (Hym., pi. vi) figures a species of Euura under the name of

216 EUURA SALICETI.

Pteronus ater, which Hartig doubtfully referred to aw gusto, -, Mr. Kirby
(List of Hym., i, p. 152) inclines to the opinion that it is pentandrte,
and Kriechbaumer (Mitth. Schw., Ent. Ges., vi, 390) is also of this
opinion. The tegulse and edge of pronotum, however, are quite black,
and the length given rather too small for E. pentandrce. The ater of
Zaddach will prove, 1 think, to be only a var. of E. angusta.

APPENDIX TO YOL. I.

SPIRACLES (p. 19).

The third sentence of this paragraph should read as
follows : " The second is on the mesothorax close to its
junction with the metathorax, the rest are on first (=
fourth body segment) to seventh abdominal segments.

PARTHENOGENESIS (p. 25).

Since the publication of my first volume our know-
ledge of the occurrence of parthenogenesis in saw-flies
has been largely increased, and there seems to be no
doubt that the phenomenon is quite common. Our
additional information may be tabulated as before (see
p. 29).

1. Eggs laid by virgin females produced males in
Emphytus cinctus, L. ; Emphytus viennensis, Schr.
(von Siebold*) ; Cladius padi, (von Siebold and
Cameron), CL pectinicornis, Fourc. (von Siebold) ;
Cl. viminalis (von Siebold), Nematus cadderensis
(Cameron), N. papillosus^ (von Siebold), Nem. conju-
gatus (von Siebold), Nematus coereolocarpus, Htg.
(von Siebold) ; Croesus septentrionalis (von Siebold
and Cameron), Trichiosoma lucorum (Cameron), Ahia
nitens (Cameron), Hylotoma berberidis (von Siebold),
Hyl. rosce (von Siebold), Lophyrus pini (von Siebold
and Cameron).

* Of. Ent. Nachr., x, p. 93-95.
f Probably N. pavidus, Lep.

218 APPENDIX TO VOL. I.

2. Eggs laid by virgin females yielded males and
females with Alia fasciata (Dr. Osborne* and von
Siebold), Nematus ribesii (von Siebold and Cameron).

3. Eggs laid by virgin females produced females with
Cimbex connata (von Siebold " from the virgin females
without exception only females were bred," lib. cit.,
p. 94), Nematus appendiculatus (Cameron), N. con-
ductus (Cameron), N. gallicola (Adler).

4. Eggs were laid by virgin females of the follow-
ing species, but did not yield imagos. Blennocampa
nigripes (von Siebold), Eriocampa limacina (von Sie-
bold), Cladius ruftpes (Cameron), Nematus ruficornis
(Cameron), Nem. compressicornis (Cameron), Tri-
chiosoma sorbi (von Siebold), Hylotoma ustulata
(Cameron).

Dr. Osborne* has made some highly interesting ex-
periments and observations on Abia fasciata. From
larvse gathered outside Dr. Osborne bred flies which,
without any connection with males, laid fertile eggs
abundantly which duly hatched and yielded female
flies the following year. These again laid eggs par-
thenogenetically, but much less freely ; from these were
obtained a third generation of flies which also laid a
few eggs, none of which, however, developed.

In this species the males are very rare compared to
the females. Thus von Siebold bred only five or six
males to hundreds of females from parthenogenetic
eggs (Ent. Nachr., x, p. 94). From larvae collected
outside Dr. Osborne obtained 172 females and only one
male from 282 cocoons, besides 28 which yielded ich-
neumons. During the present year he had 270 cocoons
spun by larvae the produce of parthenogenetic females
reared in confinement from larvae collected outside.
These only produced 100 living flies, 97 females and 3
males, while he found 32 dead females and 3 dead
males, which had perished in the cocoons. From 32
doubly parthenogenetic cocoons Dr. Osborne only
obtained 4 living flies, and in the cocoons found 11
* E. M. M., xix, 97 j xx, 145 and 205 ; and xxi, 128.

APPENDIX TO VOL. I. 219

more, in all 15 flies, all females. Dr. Osborne had also
9 cocoons produced from presumably fertilised eggs
which yielded 5 living and 3 dead ? flies, only one
larva having perished.

If these observations are normal they show "first,
there is a smaller number of flies excluded alive from
the cocoons ; thus, in the 282, 270, and 32 respectively,
came out 1 in 2, 1 in 27, and 1 in 8, while in the case
of the 9 cocoons from fertilised eggs, more than half
excluded flies, and in all but one of the remainder the
insects had reached the imago state ; secondly, there
is progressive infertility, flies from fresh larvae lay eggs
abundantly, their descendents much more sparingly,
and in the third generation hardly any eggs were pro-
duced ; thirdly, we see a striking increase in the pro-
portion of males in the second generation" (Osborne,
B. M. M., xxi, p. 129). No doubt a certain allowance
must be made for the artificial conditions under which
the larvae were reared, but generally Dr. Osborne's
observations lend support to the views I ventured to
enunciate in the first volume (p. 29), viz., that the
parthenogenetic progeny have not the same vitality as
those which owe their origin to sexual generation.

DOLERUS.

At p. 162, add-

1ft. DOLERUS PRATORUM.

Tenthredo pratorum, Fall., Acta, 1808, 64, 27.

Tenthredo (Dolerus) equiseti, King., Berl. Mag., viii, 298, 225;

Htg., Blattw., 233, 9.

Dolerus pratorum, Thorns., Hym. Sc., i, 281, 5 ; Andre, Species,

i, 268, Cat. 33*, 7;
Brischke, Beob. ii
Blattw. u. Holz. (2),
43, 5 ; Cam., E. M. M.,
xx, 265.

Black; segments 2 — 6 of abdomen, femora and tibiae, red. Eyes
oblong, inner orbits margined; third joint of antennae longer than
fourth ; tegulse black, fuscous or white ; labrum white.

Length 4 — 4^ lines.

220 APPENDIX TO VOL. I.

Sometimes the clypeus is white, and in one specimen
(a (J ) the flagellum is reddish.

From the two British species with oblong eyes the
red-belted abdomen separates it ; from the other red-
banded species the oblong eyes afford a good distinc-
tion, this being the only red-banded species with eyes
of this form.

Taken by Mr. Edward Saunders at Chobham. It is
not, I believe, a common species, and has been only
recorded from Sweden, Germany, and France.

BLENNOCAMPA.
To Synopsis of Species at p. 231, add —

27a (276) Hind legs black, except the knees. Alternipes.

'27 b (27 a) „ with the tibiae broadly white at base. Suibcana.

BLENNOCAMPA MELANOOEPHALA (p. 245).

As the tf of JB. melanocephala seems to be a puzzle
to many entomologists, I give a full description of it
here :

Black ; abdomen and legs reddish-yellow ; sides of abdomen yellow ;
coxae clear yellow, lined with black at base and at sides ; trochanters
clear yellow, black at base and apex ; four anterior femora marked with
black at the base. The abdominal segments are marked with black
transverse lines, and along the sides is a row of black marks. Palpi
white. Wings sub-hyaline, large, costa and stigma testaceous. First
radial ^ cellule longer than second; second cubital cellule nearly
equal in length to the second above, but much shorter on lower side,
owing to the third transverse cubital nervure having a very oblique
slope ; second recurrent nervure nearly interstitial. In the hind wings
the recurrent nervures are at the edge of the wing. Antennae longer
than the abdomen, thickish, microscopically pilose. Tegulaa white.
Cenchri large, clear white.

Length 3£ lines.

At p. 252, add-

18a. BLENNOCAMPA ALTERNIPES.

Tenthredo (Allantus) alternipes, Klug, Berl. Mag., viii, 67, 42;

Htg., Blattw., 272, 21.

APPENDIX TO VOL. I. 221

Blennocampa alternipes, Thorns., Hym. So., i, 207, 3 ; Andre,

Species, i, 310 ; Cat.,
38*, 13; Brischke,
Beob. ii Blattw. (2),
80, 31, Taf. v, f. 3,
(lar.).

Black, covered with fuscous pubescence, the knees and anterior tibiae
in front, white ; cerci testaceous. Wings hyaline, costa and stigma
black ; transverse radial nervure interstitial ; second radial cellule a
little longer than first ; second cubital cellule longer than the third on
the upper side, but shorter on the lower owing to the third transverse
cubital nervure having an oblique curve towards the apex, and forming
a very sharp angle with the cubital nervure.
Length 3 lines.

I suspect that this is only a form of B. subcana with
the posterior legs entirely black, for beyond this I
have been unable to find other points of distinction.
If this view be found correct, Zaddach's name will of
course sink.

The larva (teste Brischke, I. c. supra) feeds on the
raspberry in gardens, eating out holes from the under-
sides of the leaves, and living solitarily. It is from 4 —
44 lines in length, somewhat thickened in front, clear
green, darker on the back through the food canal,
which forms a dark stripe. On each segment stand
two transverse rows of white thorns, which, except on
the last segment, are cleft at the top, the anal segment
having them single. The head is shortly pilose and
dark green with a blackish spot on the vertex running
from one eye to the other. Between the eyes are two
blackish spots ; the mouth region darker. At the
last moult the larva casts off the spines, and becomes
shining green, only the eye-spots being black. The
longish cocoon is spun in the earth.

Not common : Loughton, Essex (T. R. Billups).

Continental distribution : Sweden, Germany, France.

HOPLOOAMPA.
To Synopsis of Species at p. 258, add —

6 a (66) Lateral lobes of mesonotum black. Cratacgi.

66 (6 a) Lateral lobes of mesonotum not black. Plagiata.

222 APPENDIX TO VOL. I.

At p. 261, add-

4 a. HOPLOCAMPA PLAGIATA.

Tenthredo (Allantus) plagiata, Klug, Beii. Mag., viii, 56, 22 ;

Htg., Blattw., 278, 40.
Hoplocampa plagiata, Andre, Species, i, 324 ; Cat., 41,* 2.

Reddish-yellow; flagellum, metathorax, base of abdomen, apex of
bind tibiae and hind tarsi, blackish. Wings yellowish hyaline, stigma
reddish-yellow. The legs are pallid yellow, almost white. Body im-
punctate, shining.

Length 2| lines.

Is perhaps only a variety of crataegi, as already
suggested ; it differing from it mainly in the mesonotum
bearing no black.

Weybridge (T. R. Billups).

Austria, France.

FENUSA, p. 292.
To Synopsis of Species add —

3 (2) Pronotum white.

3 a (36) Wings sub-hyaline, a broad smoky fascia at stigma ; trans-
verse radial nervure not received near third transverse
cubital ; pleurae black, femora black. Quercus.

36 (3 a) Wings sub-hyaline throughout, transverse radial nervure
almost interstitial; pleuras white, femora testaceous.

Hortulana.

At p. 296 add—

4 a. FENUSA QUERCUS, sp. nov.

Black, shining ; palpi, tegulae, pronotum broadly, knees, tibiae and
tarsi, white. Antennae filiform, as long as the abdomen and metathorax ;
third joint about one-fourth longer than fourth ; the apical joints
brownish beneath. Pentagonal area distinct, frontal sutures well
marked. Pleurae pilose. Abdomen scarcely as long as the head and
thorax, the apex above pilose, pale ; sheath of saw broad, pilose. Wings
large ; costa pale ; stigma fuscous. First radial cellule a little longer
than second; transverse radial nervure curved. First cubital cellule
considerably longer than second; transverse basal nervure almost
interstitial. The hind wings are sub-hyaline, without a fascia. ? .

Length 2 lines.

In its general structure this species comes near F.

ADDITIONS TO VOL. II. 223

hortulana, but that species differs from it markedly in
the coloration of the wings and legs. In the colora-
tion of the latter it agrees with F. pygmcea, but it is
longer than it, has the antennae longer and more fili-
form, the pentagonal area and sutures are much more
clearly defined, the pronotum is broadly bordered with
white, and the wings have a broad, smoky fascia
stretching across from the stigma, the wings in
F. pygmcea being uniformly tinted, except that the
apex is lighter; the eyes of the latter, too, being
greenish.

This interesting species was discovered by that
indefatigable investigator of insect economy, Mr. J. E.
Fletcher, mining the leaves of the oak near Worcester,
thus being similar in habits to F. pygmcea.

ADDITIONS TO VOL. II.

At p. 8, after Pristis, add —

Pelmatopus, Htg., Blattw., 244.

CAMPONISCUS.
At p. 22 add—

Synopsis of Species.

1 (2) Tegulse black, edge of pronotum testaceous, legs ochreo- testa-

ceous, wings infuscated. Luridiventris.

2 (1) Tegulse and edge of pronotum white above and beneath ; legs

white, black at the base, wings hyaline. Apicalis.

At p. 23 add—

2. CAMPONISCUS APICALIS.

Leptopus apicalis, Brischke, Beob. ii Blattw. (2), 18, 4.

Black, shining, covered all over with greyish pubescence ; palpi, the
tegulse, the edges of the pronotum above and beneath and legs, white ;
the greater part of the coxse, the base of femora black ; the apex of hind
tibiae, apex of metatarsus, the greater part of second and the whole of
the other joints of the hiud tarsi, fuscous ; the long pilose cerci and the

224 ERRATA IN VOL. I.

apex of ninth abdominal segment testaceous. Wings hyaline, costa
white, stigma brownish-testaceous. Antennae long, thin, covered closely
with fine pubescence. Clypeus roundly incised, sutures on vertex deep,
vertex obscurely punctured ; front broadly projecting.

The £ according to Brischke has the palpi brownish, the costa brown,
stigma darker, the legs black, the knees, tibipe, and tarsi clear brownish-
yellow, the last with darker apices of the joints, the last segment, too,
being brownish as in the $ .

Length 3£ lines.

Weybridge (T. R. Billups).
Prussia.

CROESUS.

In the Entomological Magazine, iv, p. 261, appears
the following note by Mr. Newman : " I have received
specimens of a Croesus from Ireland with the body
entirely black, with the MS. name of Croesus
Stephensii. Mr. Stephens mentions this as a variety,
saying it is probably referable to a distinct species. I
could wish that so fine an insect, with Mr. Stephens'
name attached to it, may prove distinct."

"What this may be I know not. Mr. Kirby (List of
Hymen., i, p. 103) thinks the locality may be wrong,
and that perhaps it may be a North American species,
there being two species in the United States with
the abdomen black.

ERRATA IN VOL. I.

Page 29, 3rd line from bottom, for Solids read melanocephalus.
„ 61, 3rd line from bottom, for Cceesus read Croesus.
„ 68, 3rd line from top, for three read two.

„ 111, 16th line from bottom, for dorsata read dorsalis.

„ 134, 14th line from top, for luteifrous read luteifrons.

„ 160, 23rd line from bottom, for 19 read 26.

„ 165, 16th line from top, for abietinus read abietina.

„ 190, at top, for maculus read macula.

„ 231, 21st line from top, for (19) read (18).

„ 245, for melanocephalus read melanocephala.

„ 248 and elsewhere, for eppiphium read ephippium.

„ 283, 5th line from bottom, for " fass " read " frass."

„ 313, bottom line, for Scutellarice read Scutellaria.

„ 320, 15th line from top for Zwickan read Zwickau.

INDEX TO VOL. II.

Synonyms are printed in italics. Generic names in large type.

A.

Abia fasciata, 218, pi. v, fig. 4 ; pi.

xiii, fig. 1, lar.
nitens, 217, pi. v, fig. 5 ; pi. xi,

fig, 9, lar.
Amasis crassicornis, pi. v, fig. 6, $

B.

BLENNOCAMPA
alternipes, 220
fuscula, 19
melanocephala, 220
nigripes, 218
purvula, 19
subcana, 220

C.

CAMPONISCUS, 21
apicalis,223
Healtei, 22

luridiventris, 22, 222, vol. i, pi.
iv, fig. 2, lar. ; pi. xv, fig. 5,
$ , 5 a, antenna ; vol. ii, pi.
xxvii, fig. 4, trophi of larva
CEPHUS arundinis, pi. vii, fig. 3, ?
cynosbati, pi. vii, fig. 1, ?
linearis, pi. vii, fig. 2, $
Cynipidae, habits of, 185
Cynips amerinse, 210
CLADITJS, 24
albipes, 33

Brullsei, 26, 35, vol. i, pi. v,
fig. 1, lar. ; vol. ii, pi. xiv,
fig. 2, saw
VOL. II.

CLADIUS

difformis, 27
Drewseni, 26, 29, 32
eradiatus, 26, 29, 32, pi. xiv,

fig. 3, saw
eucera, 29
Geo/royi, 27
immunis, 33
lacteus, 27
luteicornis, 29
luteiventris, 29
morio, 32
padi, 26, 33, 217, vol. i, pi. v,

fig. 4, lar. ; pi. xv, fig. 4, <J,

pi. xxi, fig. 9, saw; vol. ii,

pi. xxvii, fig. 3, tropni of lar.
pallipes, 33
pectinicornis, 26, 27, 217, vol.

i, pi. xv, figs. 1,^,2,?; vol.

ii, pi. viii, figs. 1, 1 a, lar. ;

pi. xiv, fig. 4, saw
pilicornis, 33
rufipes, 26, 29, 31, 218, pi. ix,

fig. 4, lar.; pi. xiv, fig. 5,

saw

tristis, 35
ulmi, 31
uncinnatus, 31
viminalis, 26, 29, 217, vol. i,

pi. v, fig. 2, lar. ; pi. xv, fig.

3, (? ; vol. ii, pi. xiv, fig. 1,

saw

ClMBEX

lutea, pi. xii, figs. 5, 6
sylvarum, pi. v, fig. 1 ; pi. xii,
fig. 3

15

226

INDEX TO VOL. IT.

CLAVELLARIA amerinse, pi. v, fig.

3 ; pi. xii, fig. 4
CRCESUS, 36

Brischkii, 41

largipes, 38

laticrux, 38

latipes, 37

septentrionalis, 38, 217, vol. i,

pi. iv, fig. 5, lar. ; pi. xiv, fig.

6, ? ; vol. ii, pi. xxvii, fig. 5,

maxilla of larva
Stephens!!, 224
varus, 37, 42, vol. i, pi. iv, fig.

4, lar.

CRYPTOCAMPUS
angustus, 214
ater, 213
gemmarum, 214
mucronatus, 210
pentandra, 210
saliceti, 215

D.

DlNEURA, 8

alni, 5

despecta, 11, 19, vol. i, pi. xii,

fig. 4, ? .
flaveola, 13
fuscula, Cam., 19
Hartigii, 12
opaca, 16
pallipes, 16
parvula, 19
rufa, 6

selandriiformis, 11, 18
simulans, 11, 20
stilata, 11, 13, vol. i, pi. iii,

fig. 7, lar. ; pi. xiv, fig. 5, $ ;

vol. ii, pi. xiv, fig. 6, saw
testaceipes, 11, 15, vol. i, pi. iv,

fig. 1, lar. ; vol. ii, pi. xiv,

fig. 7, saw
ventralis, 15
verna, 12, 16, vol. i, pi. xiv,

fig. 4, $ ; 4 a, mandible
virididorsata, 11, 12, vol. i,

pi. iii, fig. 4, lar. ; pi. vi, fig.

12, mandible of larva; pi.

xxi, fig. 7, saw. ; vol. ii, pi.

xxvii, fig. 2, trophi of lar.

DlPHADNTJS, 2

fuscicornis, 2
DOLERUS, 219
equiseti, 219

DOLERUS

palustris, pi. xiii, fig. 5
pratorum, 219

E.

EMPHYTUS cinctus, 217
tibialis, pi. xiii, fig. 2
viennensis, 217
EPITACTUS, 2
ERIOCAMPA limacina, 218
varipes, pi. xiii, fig. 6
EUURA, 209

angusta, 210, 213

cynips, 215

flavipes, 210, 211

gallse, 215

nigritarsis, 212, pi. viii, fig.

12, lar. ; 12 a, galls
pentandrse, 210, pi. iv, fig. 9,
$ ; 9 a, ant. ; pi. viii, fig. 11,
lar. ; pi. xi, fig. 1, gall ; fig.
6, lar.
saliceti, 210, 214

F.

FENUSA hortulana, 222, pi. xiii,

fig. 8
quercus, 222

H.

HEMICHROA, 3

alni, 3, vol. i, pi. xiv, fig. 8, ? ;
pi. xxi, fig. 8, saw ; vol. ii,
pi. viii, fig. 6, lar. ; pi. xxvii,
fig. 1, trophi of larva
rufa, 6, vol. i, pi. iii, fig. 3, lar.
stigma, 6
unicolor, 7

HOPLOCAMPA cratsegi, 221
plagiata, 221, 222
testudinea, pi. xiii, fig. 7
HTLOTOMA berberidis, 217, pi. v,

fig. 8 ; pi. xi, fig. 5
gracilicornis, pi. x, fig. 4
rosse, 217, pi. xi, fig. 8
ustulata, 218, pi. v, fig. 7 ; pi.
x,fig.3

L.

Leptocerca, 3
Leptocercus, 21

alni, 5

rufa, 6

INDEX TO VOL. II.

227

Leptopus, 21

apicalis, 223

rufipes, 22
LOPHYRUS

pallidus, pi. xii, fig. 9

pallipes, pi. vi, fig. 2

pini, 217, pi. vi, fig. 1 ; pi. xii,
figs. 7 and 11

M.

MEGALODONTES plagiocephalus,

pi. vi, fig. 10
Mesoneura, 8
Messa, 44

N,

NEMATINA, 1

genera of, 2
NEMATUS, 44

abbreviatus, 54, 60
abdominalis, 153, pi. xxiii, fig.

7, saw; pi. xxvii, fig. 7
acuminatus, 153, 160, pi. ii,

fig. 5 ; pi. xxiv, fig. 1
astivus, 198
albicarpus, 187, 192
albipennis, 174, 175, pi. xxv,

fig. 3

— group of, 161, 174
alienatus, 207
alni, Dbm., 5
alndvorus, 57

Br., 22
ambiguus, 70, pi. iv, fig. 3;

pi. xvi, fig. 5, saw
— group of, 70
analis ?, 142
anglicus, 207
ang^stus, 214
antennatus, 153, 155, pi. xxiv,

fig. 4, saw
aphantoneurus, 57
apicalis (Dineura stilata), 13
apicalis, 86, 89, pi. xviii, fig. 3
appendiculatus, 54, 66, 218,

pi. i, fig. 9, $ ; pi. viii, fig.

4, lar. ; pi. xv, fig. 3, saw
aquilegesB, 78
arcticus, 179, 181, pi. xxv,

fig. 6, saw
astutus, 72, 77, pi. xvii, fig. 3,

saw
aurantiacus, Thorns, (pavidus),

171

NEMATUS

aurantiacus, 173

baccarum, 197

bellus, 200

Bergmanni, 123, pi. xxi, fig.

3, saw
betulae, 137, 138, pi. xxii, fig.

7, saw

— group of 137
betula, Thorns., 139

— Voll. (melanocephalus),
139

— Voll. (melanocephalus),
165

betularius, 138

bicolor, 13

bilineatus, 153, 156, pi. ii, fig.

4 ; pi. viii, fig. 10, lar. ; pi.

xxiv, fig. 3, saw
bipartitus, 174, 176, pi. xxv,

fig. 4, saw
br achy acanthus, 82
Breadalbanensis, 72, 76, pi. i,

fig. 6, $ ; pi. xvii, fig. 2, saw
brevicornis, 80
brevis, 57
brevispinis, 82
Bridgmanii, 208, pi. iii, fig. 9,

? ; pi. ix, figs. 1, gall, 1 a ;

pi. xxvi, fig. 8, saw
buccatus, 210
cadderensis. 147, 216, pi. i,

fig. 5 ; pi. xxiii, fig. 4, saw
ca3ruleocarpus, 81, 82, 217, vol.

i, pi. vii, fig. 6, lar. ; vol. ii,

pi. ii, fig. 7 ; pi. xvii, fig. 5,

saw

— var. palliditarsis, 84
caledonicus, 153, 159, pi. xxiv,

fig. 2, saw
callicerus, 55
canaliculatus, 99, 106, pi. xix,

fig. 4, saw
caprea3, 99, vol. i, pi. iii, fig. 2,

lar. ; vol. ii, pi. iv, fig. 8, $ ;

pi. xix, fig. 6, saw

— group of, 98
caprete (histrio), 92

— var. K. (humeralis), 96

— (heemorrhoidalis), 96

— Fab. (salicis), 163

— Htg. (rumicis), 179
carinatus, 77
cathoraticus, 67
cebrionicornis, 55

228

INDEX TO VOL. II.

NEMATUS

cinctus, 85

cinerete, 198

cinereus, 99

circumscriptus, 99

clibrichensis, 86, 88

clitellus, 99

collinus, 162, 167, pi. iv, fig. 5 ;

pi. xxiv, fig. 7, saw
compressiGoriiis, 55, 218, pi.

viii, fig. 3; pi. xvi, fig. 3, saw
conductus, 108, 110, vol. i, pi.

iv, fig. 8 ; vol. ii, pi. xx, fig.

2, saw

confusus, 175
coDJugatus, 137, 140, 217, pi.

xxiii ; fig. 2, saw
consobrinus, 130, 131, vol. i,

pi. vii, fig. 5, lar. ; vol. ii, pi.

iii, fig. 1, $; pi. xxii, fig. 5,

saw

continuus, 99
crassicornis, 63
crassipes, 183

— var. vaccimellus, 191
crassispina, 207
crassiventris, 138
crassulus, 188

crassus, 81, pi. xvii, fig. 6, saw

— group of, 80
cratsegi, 65

croceus, 144, pi. xxiii, fig. 5,
saw
— group of, 142

— var. d, 123 (Bergmanni).

— var./, 125 (miliaris).

— var. g, Thorns., 122 (viri-
descens).

— var. h, 149 (flavescens)

curticornis, 202, pi. xxvi, fig. 6
curtispina, 116, vol. i, pi. vi,

fig. 7, lar.; vol. ii, pi. iii, fig.

3, $ ; pi. xxi, fig. 1, saw
Degeeri, 12

— (salicis cinerese), 198
doliclaurus, 205

dorsalis (Dineura verna), 16

— Lep. (croceus), 144
dorsatus, 151, pi. xxiii, fig. 3
Drewseni, 175

Erichsoni,50, pi. xv, fig. 1, saw
erytlirog aster, 138
erythropygus, 188
eurysternus, 109

NEMATTJS
fallax, 96

— var. humeralis, 96
femoralis, 195
ferrugineus,
filicornis, 59
flavescens, 149, pi. viii, fig. 9,

db. ; pi. xxiii, fig. 6
flavicomus, 108
flavipennis, 179
flavipes, 66

V-flavum, 142

Fletcheri, 54, 65, pi. iv, fig. 2,
$ ; pi. xv, fig. 6, saw

fraternus, 72, 73, pi. iv, fig. 1
fraxini, 62

fruticum, 141

fulvipes, 55, 56, pi. xvi, fig. 2
fulvus, 144
fumipennis, 153

funerulus, 69
furvescens, 70
fuscipennis, 153

gallarum, 198

gallicola, 202, 218, pi. xxvi,
fig. 5, saw

gall-makers, group of, 185

gelidus, 82

glenelgensis, 91, 93, pi. xviii,
fig. 5, saw

glottianus, 148, pi. i, fig. 4

glutinosae, 126, vol. i, pi. vii,
fig. 10, lar.; vol. ii, pi. iii,
fig. 4, $ ; pi. xx, fig. 6, saw

graminis, 111

grandis, 29

Gravenhorsti, 154

griseus, 99

grossularia, 168

hsemorrhoidalis, 91, 96, vol. i,

pi. iv, fig. 9, lar. ; vol. ii, pi. i,
figs. 10, 10 a; pi. xviii, fig. 6
helicinis, 183

herbaceae, 205, pi. iii, fig. 8,
$ ; pi. ix, figs. 3, 3 a, lar., 3 b,

gall; pi. xxvi, fig. 7, saw
hibernicus, 54, 58, pi. xv,

fig. 4
histrip, 91, pi. ii, fig. 6, $ ; pi.

xviii, fig. 4, saw

— group of, 90
hortensis, 130

— Thorns., 131
humeralis, 91, 96, pi. iv, fig.

4; pi. xix, fig. 2

INDEX TO VOL. II.

229

NEMATUS

humeralis, Lep. (hsemorrhoid-

alis), 96
hyperboreus, Thorns., 88

— group of, 86
hyperboreus, Cam., 87
hypogastricus, 22
hypoleucus, 112
imperfectus, 99, 105, pi. i, fig.

3, ? ; pi. xix, fig. 3, saw
incanus, 97
incompletus, 114
inflatus, 163
interruptus, 133
ischnocerus, 195, vol. i, pi. v,

fig. 5, lar. ; vol. ii, pi. xxvi,

fig. 3

jugicola, 11, 133
Kirbyi, 99
Klugi, Dbm., 158
Klugi (bilineatus), 156
lacteus, 116, vol. i, pi. vi, fig. 8,

lar. ; vol. ii, pi. xx, fig. 7, saw
— var. b, Thorns., 118
latus, 73
laricis, 70
laticrux, 38
latipes, 40

lativentris, 72, 78, pl. x vii, fig. 4
Leachii, 51
leucogaster, 108, 112, pi. xx,

fig. 4, saw

— group of, 108
leucopodius, 72, 79
leucostictus, 187, 188, pi. iii,

fig. 6, $ ; pi. xxvi, fig. 2 , saw
leucostigma, 187, 190, pi. xvi,

fig. 4, saw
longiserra, 91, 94, pi. xix, fig.

1, saw
lucidus, 84, pi. i, fig. 1, $ , 1 a,

ant. ; pi. ix, fig. 2, lar. ; pi.

xviii, fig. 1, saw

— group of, 84
lugunensis, 183
luridiventris, 22
luteogaster, 138
luteus, 158

— var. Cam. (bilineatus), 156

— var. e (acuminatus), 160
— Thorns, (bilineatus), 156

— var. c (ruficapillus), 158

— var. k (abdominalis), 154
maculiger, 116, 118, pi. xx,

fig. 6, saw

NEMATUS

Marshalli, 13 i
medullarius, 210
melanocephalus, 162, 165, pl.

xxiv, fig. 6, saw
microcercus, 125
miliaris, 125, vol. i, pl. vi, fig.

10, lar. ; vol. ii, pl. x, fig. 2 a,

eggs, fig. 5, lar.; pl. xxi,

fig. 4, saw

— group of, 115
miliaris, Br. and Zad., 121
miniatus, 135

mollis, 72, 74, pl. xvii, fig. 1

— group of, 71
monticola, 130, 133, pl. iv,

fig. 6, ? ; pl. xxii, fig. 3, saw
mucronatus, 215
myosotidis, 130, 133, pl. viii,

figs. 5, 5 a, lar.; pl. xxii,

fig. 2, saw

— group of, 129
myosotidis, Brischke (pavi-

dus), 171
nigricollis, 54, 66, pl. ix, fig.

5 ; pl. xv, fig. 7, saw
nigricornis, 137
nigrolineatus, 194, pl. xxvi,

fig. 4, saw
obductus, 108, 110, pl. xx,

fig. 2, saw
oblongus, 54, 69
ochraceus, 171
ochropus, 176
oligospinus, Foer., 128
oligospinus, Br. and Zad., 126
opacus, 17
orbitalis, 116, 119, pl. xxi,

fig. 5, saw
pallescens, 149
palliatus, 116, 120, vol. i, pl.

iv, fig. 13, lar. ; vol. ii, pl.

xx, fig. 8, saw
palliatus, var. c., Thorns, (pavi-

dus), 171

pallicercus, Voll., 105
pallicercus, Htg., 99, 104

— Thorns., 103
palliditarsus, 84
pallidiventris, 108, pl. ii, fig.

1, ? ; pl. xxii, fig. 4, saw
pallipes, 68

— Cam., 76

— Fall., 76
papillosusy 134, 217

230

INDEX TO VOL. II.

NEMATUS

parvicornis, 80

— group of, 79
parvus, 70

pavidus, 171, 216, pi. ii, fig.

3, $ ; pi. x, figs. 1, 1 a ; pi.

xxv, fig. 2

pavidus, group of, 161, 170
pedunculi, 200
Peleteri, 67
pentandrae, 211
perspicillaris, 165
pilissera, 177
pineti, 182
placidus, 90, pi. xix, fig. 5, saw

— group of, 89
platycerus, 55
pleuralis, 106
politus, 190
populi, 211
posticus, 13
prasinus, 123
propinquus, 82
pulchellus, 108, 114, pi. xx,

fig. 5, saw
puncticeps, 54, 59, pi. xvi,

fig. 1, saw
punctulatus, 112
purpurese, 193
purus, 144
quercus, 52, pi. i, figs. 2, 2 a

— c ; pi. xv, fig. 2, saw
ribesii, 162, 168, 218, pi. ii,

fig. 8, ? ; pi. xxv, fig. 1, saw ;

pi. xxvii, fig. 6, trophi
rufescens, 91
ruficapillus, 153, 158, pi. x, fig.

6, lar.; pi. xxiii, fig. 8, saw

— group of, 152
ruficornis, 54, 62, 218, pi. x,

fig. 2

— group of, 53
rufipes, 57

rumicis, 179, pi. i, figs. 7, <$
and 8, $ ; pi. xxv, fig. 5, saw

— group of, 178

saliceti, Zett. (salicis-cinerese),
198

— Ratz (gallicola), 202

— var. c, Thorns. (Euura an-
gusta), 214

— Thorns. (Euura saliceti),
215

salicis, 162, 163, pi. xxiv, fig. 5

— group of, 161, 162

NEMATUS

salicis, Thoms. (nielanocepha-

lus), 165
salicis-cinerese, 198, vol. i, pi.

v, fig. 7, gall
salicivorus, 128, vol. i, pi. vii,

fig. 8, lar. ; vol. ii, pi. iii, fig.

5, ? ; pi. viii, fig. 7, lar. ; pi.

xxi, fig. 8, saw
scotaspis, 179, 182, pi. xxvi,

fig. 1, saw

— group of, 178

scoticus, 72, pi. xvi, fig. 6, saw
semiorbitalis, 171
septentrionalis, 38
Sharpi, 188
squalidus, 97
stenogaster, 106
stilatus, 14
striatus, 92, 96
strongylogaster, 108, 113, pi.

ix, fig. 7, ? ; pi. xxii, fig. 6,

saw
subbifidus, 137, 139, pi. xxiii,

fig. 1, saw
sulcipes, 81

sylvestris, 124, pi. xxi, fig. 7
ta3niatus, 103
testaceipes, 15
testaceus, 138

— Ste. (croceus), 144
testaceus, 150

Thomsoni, 86, 87, pi. xviii, fig. 2
tibialis, 130, pi. ii, fig. 2, ? ;

pi. xxi, fig. 9, saw
togatus, 184
trimaculatus, 144, 168
trisignatus, 99
turgidus, 99, 103, pi. xx, fig.

1, saw

umbrinus, 131
umbripennis, 107, 136
vacciniellus, 187, 191
validicornis, 128
vallator, 55
Vallisnieri, 202
variabilis, 97
varius, Br. and Zad., 150
varus, 42
ventralis, 154
ventricosus, 168
vernalis, 142
vesicator, 179, 183, vol. i, pi. v,

fig. 8, gall; vol. ii, pi. iii,

fig. 7, ? ; pi. xxv, fig. 7, saw

INDEX TO VOL. IT.

231

NEMATUS

vicinus, 82
villosus, 87
viminalis, 198
virescens, Htg., 121
- Thorns, (viridesceris), 122

— Vol. (Bergmanni), 123

— Cam. (glutinosse), 126
viridescens, 116, 122, pi. xxi,

fig. 2, saw
viridis, Ste., 123
vittatus, 96

Vollenhoveni, 199, 201
Westermanni, 182
Whitei, 75
Wttewaalli, 171
xanthogaster, 177, pi. ix, fig.

8, lar.

xanthoperus, 179
xanthopus, 14
Zetterstedti, 130, 135, pi. xxii,

fig. 1, saw

P.

Pamphilius arbustorum, pi. vi, fig.

7

— ? arbustorum, pi. xii, figs. 8 and
10

depressus, pi. vi, fig. 8

erythrocephalus, pi. vi, fig. 3

flaviventris, pi. vi, fig. 5 ; pi.
xii, fig. 12 ; pi. xxvii, fig. 9

inanitus, pi. vi, fig. 6 ; pi. xii,
fig. 13

sylvarum, pi. vi, fig. 4
Parthenogenesis, 217
Pelmatopus minutus, 19
Pontania vallisnieri, 202
Priophorus, 24

albipes, 33

Brullai, 35

geniculatus, 35

padi, 33
Pristiphora

cincta, 51

duplex, 210

rufipes, 56

testaceicornis, 62
Pristis, 8
Pteronus ater, 216

S.

SCHIZOCERA furcata, pi. v, fig. 9

SELANDRIA

biloba, 16

fuscula, 19

labiaiis, 17

scapularis, 13

ventralis, 155

verna, 16
SIREX gigas, pi. vii, figs. 6 and 7

juvencus, pi. vii, fig. 5
Spiracles, 217

T.

TENTHREDO

abdominalis, 153
alni, 4

alternipes, 220
ambigua, 70
australis, 4

balteata, pi. xiii, fig. 3
bilineata, 156
borealis, 52
caprete, 99

— Fall., 96

— Zett., 92
compressicornis, 55
crassa, 81, 84
Degeeri, 12
difformis, 27
fulvipes, 56
fuscula, 19, 20
GWi, 12
intercus, 198
lapponica, 74
largipes, 38
lucida, 84
luridiventris, 22
Z^ea, var., 156, 158
mediocris, 13
miliaris, 125
2>adi, 33

pallidiventris, 108
parvula, 19
pectinicornis, 27
plagiata, 222
pratorum, 219

punctulata, pi. xiii, fig. 4
rw/a, 6

ruficapilla, 158
rumicis, 179
saliceti, 210
— Fall. (Euura), 214
salicis-cinerece, 198
— pentandra, 210

232

INDEX TO VOL. II.

TENTHREDO

septentriondlis, Fall., 42
— L., 38

stilata, 13

testaceipes, 15

varia, 12

verna, 16

viminalis, 29

virididorsata, 12

ulmi, 12
Trichio campus, 28

Drewseni, 32

eradiatus, 32

rufipes, 31

viminalis, 29

TRICHIOSOMA

betuleti, pi. xii, fig. 1
lucorum, 217, pi. xi, fig. 10
Scalesii, pi. v, fig. 2 ; pi. xii,

fig. 2
sorbi, 218

X.

XENAPATES

africanus, 9

XYELA Julii, pi. vi, fig. 11
XIPHIDEIA dromedarius, pi. vii,
fig. 4

INDEX TO NAMES OF PARASITES.

Acrotomus lucidulus, 28, 30
Bassus peronatus, 148
Cleptes nitidula, 170
Cteniscus frigidus, 146, 170

lituratorius, 7, 173
Degeeria flavicans, 170

parallela, 126
Erromerus fasciatus, 18
Eurytoma aciculata, 211

salicis, 211
Hemiteles nemativorus, 170

trichiocampi, 32
Ichneutes reunitor, 35, 40
Limneria argentata, 40, 170

chrysosticta, 40

multicincta, 211
Mesochorus cimbicis, 28

confusus, 170
Mesoleius

armillatorius, 18, 164, 170

aulicus, 146

formosus, 18

grossularise, 170

holosericeus, 126

impressus, 31

latipes, 166

leptogaster, 23

melancbolicus, 40

melanoleucus, 170

options, 126, 146, 173

rufus, 30

sanguinicollis, 164

Mesoleius

segmentator, 164, 166

septentrionalis, 40

sexlituratus, 40

transfuga, 23, 151
Mesoleptus testaceus, 40
Microgaster alvearius, 40
Monoblastus erythropygus, 5
Omalus armatus, 170
Opius graecus, 53
Perilissus filicornis, 41, 51, 64

limitaris, 170
Pimpla angens, 40

scanica, 164

stercorator, 164

vesicaria, 211

Plectiscus tenthredinarnm, 18
Polyblastus palustris ?, 18

sanguinetorius, 30
Polyspbinctus areolaris, 30, 40

ribesii, 170
Pteromalus Klngii, 51

saltans, 31

Pygostolus sticticus, 170
Tryphon ambiguus, 170

bipunctatus, 170

cephalotus, 170

compressus, 170

extirpatorius, 173

gibbus, 40

lucidulus, 35

INDEX TO VOL. II.

INDEX TO PLANT NAMES.

Abies, 51, 71

Alnus glutinosa, 5, 7, 23, 43, 127,

153, 156, 159
Anthriscus sylvestris, 32
Betula alba, 5, 7, 13, 35, 40, 41, 60,

80, 123, 138, 152, 161, 167
Carex, 102
Carpinus betulse, 41
Corylus avellana, 40
Cratsegus oxyacantha, 14, 35, 65,

66,86

Festuca, 111
Geum urbanum, 109
Poa, 111

annua, 102
Populus dilatata, 55

nigra, 30, 40, 55, 83, 136, 141

tremula, 40, 81, 107, 141
Primus domesticus, 35
Pyrus (or Sorbus) aucuparia, 15,
16, 35, 40

coinmunis, 61
Quercus robur, 18
Ranunculus repens, 19
Ribes groasularia, 68, 169

rubrum, 68, 169
Robinia pseudacacia, 131
Rosa canina, 27

Rubus idseus, 35

fructicosus, 35
Rumex obtusifolius, 180
Salix alba, 93, 94, 122, 164, 182,
202

aurita, 58, 94, 98, 178, 198,

202, 215

caprea, 124, 125, 126, 173, 201,

203, 209, 213

cinerea, 121, 149, 178, 203
fragilis, 93, 122, 164, 182, 203
helix, 183, 191

herbacea, 205

laurina, 183, 196

pentandra, 121, 122, 126, 147,
189, 211

purpurea, 183, 199

repens, 98

sp., 40, 83, 124, 141, 145, 166,
173

viminalis, 64, 178, 189

vitellina, 64, 98, 117, 119, 126,

178, 189, 194
Trifolium pratense, 135
Ulmus campestris, 31
Yaccinium myrtillus, 53

vitis-idsea, 192

PRINTED BY J. E. ADLART), BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE.

VOL. II.

16

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. — Nematus lucidus <$ ; 1 a, antenna.

Fig. 2. — Nematus quercus ? ; 2 a, maxilla; 2 b,
labium ; 2 c, mandibles.

Fig. 3. — Nematus imperfectus. ?

Fig. 4. — Nematus glottianus ? ; 4 a, antenna.

Fig. 5. — Nematus cadderensis <$ ; 5 a, antenna.

Fig. 6. — Nematus breadalbanensis. ?

Fig. 7. — Nematus rumicis <$ ; 7 a, antenna.

Fig. 8. — Nematus rumicis ? ; 8 a, antenna.

Fig. 9. — Nematus appendiculatus. ?

Fig. 10. — Nematus hcemorrhoidalis maxillary pal-
pus ; 10 a, labium.

•

E . Smith del etith

Mcitern Bros imp

PLATE II.

Fig. 1. — Nematus pallidiventris. ?
Fig. 2. — Nematus tibialis. ?
Fig. 3. — Nematus pavidus. ?
Fig. 4. — Nematus bilineatus £ .
Fig. 5. — Nematus acuminatus ? ; 5 a, apex of
abdomen from above ; 5 b, from the side.
Fig. 6. — Nematus histrio. ?
Fig. 7. — Nematus cceruleo carpus . ?
Fig. 8.- — Nematus ribesii. ?

Phy t .

E .Smith del.et lith.

MinternBrositrp

PLATE III.

Fig. 1 . — Nematus consobrinus. ?

Fig. 2. — Nematus bipartitus. ?

Fig. 3. — Nematus curtispina. ?

Fig. 4. — Nematus glutinosw. ?

Fig. 5. — Nematus salicivorus ?

Fig. 6. — Nematus leucostictus. $

Fig. 7. — Nematus vesicator. $

Fig. 8. — Nematus Iwrbacece ? ; 8 a, apex of abdo-
men.

Fig. 9. — Nematus Bridgmanii $ ; 9 a, apex o
abdomen.

Pliyto. Hymen. 11. Plate 3

W Pur kiss Irtk.

"West.Nevmian & C? imp .

-7

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. — Nematus fraternus. ?

Fig. 2. — Nematus Fletcher i. $

Fig. 3. — Nematus ambiguus. $

Fig. 4. — Nematus humeralis. 9

Fig. 5. — Nematus coltinus. ?

Fig. 6. — Nematus monticota. ?

Fig. 7. — Nematus strongylog aster. ?

Fig. 8. — Nematus caprece $ ; 8 a, antenna.

Fig. 9. — Euura pentandrce ? ; 9 a, antenna,

PKyto. Hymen. ii.Pla.te 4

W.Purkiss liih

West Newman £C°

PLATE Y.

Fig. I.—Cimbex sylvarum ? ; 1 a, head ; 1 b, an-
tenna ; 1 c, tarsus.

Fig. 2. — Trichiosoma Scalesii $ ; 2 a, hind leg ;
2 b, head of ^ ; 2 c, antenna ; 2 d, maxilla ; 2 e,
labrum ; 2/5 maxilla of larva ; 2 0, labium of larva ;
2 /&, mandible of larva.

Fig. 3. — Clavellaria amerince ? ; 3 a, head; 3 b,
antenna ; 3 c, labium ; 3 d, maxilla.

Fig. 4. — Abiafasciata ? ; 4 a, <$ ; 4 b, antenna.

Fig. 5. — Abia nitens, abdomen of c? ; 5 a, head
of <? ; 5 &, antenna ; 5 c, labium ; 5 d, maxilla ; 5 e9
head of ? .

Fig. 6. — Amasis crassicornis ? ; 6 a, head ; 6 6,
antenna ; 6 c, labium ; 6 d, maxilla.

Fig. 7. — Hylotoma ustulata ? ; 7 a, antenna $ ;
7 6, labium ; 7 c, maxilla.

Fig. 8. — Apex of the abdomen of Hylotoma ber-
beridis.

Fig. 9. — Schizocera furcata g ; 9 a, antenna ? ;
9 b, antenna c? •

Phyto. Hymen, ii. IPlate 5

lith.

West N

imp

PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. — Lophyrus pini ? ; la, maxilla; 1 b,
labium ; 1 c, ovipositor ; 1 d9 sheath of ovipositor
a, triangular ; b, oblong plate ; c, process of do ; 1 e,
antenna of ? .

Fig. 2. — Lophyrus pallipes $ .

Fig. 3. — Pamphilius erythrocephalus $ ; 3 a, base
of antenna.

Fig. 4 — Pamphilius sylvarum ? ; 4 a, antenna at
base ; 4 b, mandibles.

Fig. 5. — Pamphilius flaviventris ? ; 5 &, antenna
at base.

Fig. 6. — Pamphilius inanitus $ ; 6 a, antenna at
base ; 6 6, leg.

Fig. 7. — Pamphilius arbustorum ? ; 7 a, antenna
at base.

Fig. 8. — Pamphilius depressus $ ; sheath of ovi-
positor.

Fig. 10. — Megalodontes plagiocephalus ? ; 10 a,
antenna ; 10 b, maxilla ; 8 c labium ; 10 d, leg.

Fig. 11. — Xyela Julii $ ; 11 a, antenna; 11 &,
ovipositor ; a, saw ; 6, sheath ; c, triangular plate ;
11 c, mandibles ; 11 d, palpus.

Phyto . Hym-en . ii . Plate 6 .

) w I £f ^

I / * \

W.Pu.rkiss ktk

"West Newman. C° imp

PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. — Gephus cynosbati ? ; 1 a, mandibles; 1 b,
labium ; 1 c, maxillary palpus.

Fig. 2. — Gephus linearis <$ ; 2 a, mandibles; 2 b,
maxillary palpus ; 2 c, labium.

Fig. 3. — Cephus arundinis ? ; 3 a, maxillary pal-
pus; 3&, ovipositor; a, cerci ; b, oblong plate; c,
attachment of do. ; d, saw ; e, triangular plate ; /,

Fig. 4. — Xiphidria dromedarius ? ; 4 a, oviposi-
tor; l,hypopygium; 2, sheath; 3, borer; 4, triangular
plate ; 4 &, labium ; 4 c, maxilla ; 4 ^, head, from the
front ; 4 e, mandible.

Fig. 5. — Sirex juvencus ? ; 5 a, prosternum ; 5 £,
pronotum (1), and prosternum (2) ; 5 c, mesopleura ;
5d, mesonotum from side and mesophragma; 5 e,
mesonotum from front; 5/, do. from behind the
mesophragma ; 5 g, metapleura ; 5 h, metanotum ;

1, cenchri ; 2, fourth body segment.

Fig. 6. — Sirex gigas ? ; 6 a, ovipositor ; 1, tri-
angular plate ; 2, oblong plate ; 3, sheath of do. ; 4,
borer = saw of Tenfhredo ; 6 6, triangular and top
of oblong plate from beneath ; 6 c, apex of borer ;
6 d, apex of last abdominal segment = hypopgium ;
6 e, do. from above ; 1, anus ; 6 /", trophi ; 1, maxilla ;

2, labium.

Fig. 7. — Sirex gigas $ .

Phyto. Hymeji.ii. HLsLte 7.

W.Purlciss litk.

West Newmaja & C"? imp.

PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1. — Larva of Gladius pectinicornis ; 1 a, do.
at moult.

Fig. 2. — Larva of HemicJiroa alni.

Fig. 3. — Larva of Nematus compressicornis.

Fig. 4. — Larva of Nematus appendiculatus ; 4 a,
head.

Fig. 5. — Larva of Nematus myosotidis ; 5 a, head ;
5 b, segment from above ; 5 c, from the side.

Fig. 6 ? — Larva of Nematus sp. on Salix ; 6 a,
segment and anal segment.

Fig. 7. — Larva of Nematus salicivorus ; 7 a, head
and anal segment.

Fig. 8. — Larva of Nematus sylvestris.

Fig. 9. — Larva of Nematus flavescens ; 9 a, at last
moult ; 9 b, abdominal segment

Fig. 10. — Larva of Nematus bilineatus.

Fig. 11. — Larva of Euura pentandrce.

Fig. 12. — Larva of Euura nigritarsis ; 12 a, gall.

Fig. 13. — Larva of Nematus sp. on hawthorn.

Phy to. Hymen, ii Plate 8 .

\ 3.

>'•«.-•• V

t

JJ. rGr.a i JohttEadi* ael. .

H

-

West Kewman * C'

PLATE IX.

Fig. 1. — Nematus Bridgmanii, gall ; 1 a, larva ?

Fig. 2. — Nematus lucidus, larva.

Fig. 3. — Nematus herbacew, larva ; 3 a, segment of
do. ; 3 b, gall.

Fig. 4. — Cladius rufipes, larva; 4 a, cocoon.

Fig. 5. — Nematus nigricollis, larva; 1 a, nearly
full fed ; 5 b, head.

Fig. 6. — Fenusa pygmcea, larva from back; 6 a,
from beneath ; 6 b, mine.

Fig. 7. — Phyllotoma ochropoda, larva ; 7 a, do.
from underside ; 7 b, mine.

Fig. 8. — Nematus xanthogaster, larva ; 8 a, head
of do ; 8 b, leaf of willow rolled and eaten by larva.

-to. Hyn.

Joim E a 3

a an * C <

PLATE X.

Fig. 1. — Larva of Nematus pavidus ; 1 a, eggs.

Fig. 2. — Larva of Nematus ruficornis.

Fig. 3. — Larva of Hylotoma ustulata; 3 a, head
from the front ; 3 b, cocoon.

Fig. 4. — Larva of Hylotoma gracilicornis ; 4 a,
segment from the back enlarged.

Fig. 5. — Larva of Nematus miliaris ; 2 a, eggs.

Fig. 6. — Larva of Nematus ruficapillus.

Phy to. Hymen. ii. PI ate 10.

•

PLATE XI.

Fig. 1. — Galls of Euura pentandrce.

Fig. 2. — Larva of Nematus vesicator

Fig. 3. — Larva of Nematus cinerece.

Fig. 4. — Larva of Nematus bellus ?

Fig. 5. — Larva of Hylotoma berberidis (after
Brischke).

Fig. 6. — Larva of Euura pentandrce, full fed.

Fig. 7. — Leaf rolled by larva of Nematus nigro-
lineatus.

Fig. 8. — Larva of Hylotoma rosce (after Brischke).

Fig. 9. — Larva of Abia nitens.

Fig. 10. — Larva of Trichiosoma lucorum; 10 a and
10 b head of do ; 10 c and d, larva shortly before
becoming a pupa.

PKyto. Hymen, ii. Plate 11
2

m

Ikwnwwt A C° sc. tt.imp.

PLATE XII.

Fig. 1. — Larva of Trichiosoma betuleti ; 1 a, head;
1 b, tarsus.

Fig. 2. — Larva of Trichiosoma Scalesii; 2 a, young
larva (after Brischke).

Fig. 3. — Larva of Gimbex sylvarum.

Fig. 4. — Cocoon of Olavellaria amerince.

Fig. 5. — Cocoon of Oimbex lutea.

Fig. 6. — Larva of Gimbex lutea.

Fig. 7. — Larva of Lophyrus pini.

Fig. 8. — Larva of Pamphilius on rose, P. arbus-
torum ?

Fig. 9. — Larva of Lophyrus pallidus.

Fig. 10. — Larva of Pamphilius on rose, P. arbus-
torum ?

Fig. 11. — Cocoon of Lophyrus pini.

Fig. 12. — Larva of Pamphilius flaviventris ; 12 a,
head ; 12 b, cerci.

Fig. 13. — Case of larva of Pamphilius inanitus
(after Westwood).

4-.

10.

PHyto. Hymen. ii.Pia.te 12 .

5.

-- ;;•--

8

^ >,

PLATE XIII.

Fig. 1. — Larva of Abia fasciata ; 1 a — c, trophi.

Fig. 2. — Larva of Emphytus tibialis.

Fig. 3. — Larva of Tenthredo balteata; 3 a — b,
trophi ; 3 c, segment ; 3 d, in last moult.

Fig. 4. — Larva of Tenthredo punctulata; 4 a, in
last moult.

Fig. 5. — Larva of Dolerus palustris ; 5 a, head;
5 &, anal segment.

Fig. 6. — Larva of Eriocampa varipes ; 6 a, head.

Fig. 7. — Larva of Hoplocampa testudinea.

Fig. 8. — Larva of Fenusa hortulana.

Phyto.Hyme-n. ii. Plate 13.

/.*.

J.J.Xmg cleL

"West.NewmaiLX.Co.

PLATE XIV.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Cladius viminalis.
Fig. 2. — Saw of Cladius Brullcei.
Fig. 3. — Saw of Cladius eradiatus,
Fig. 4. — Saw of Cladius pectinicornis.
Fig. 5. — Saw of Cladius rufipes.
Fig. 6. — Saw of Dineura stilata.
Fig. 7. — Saw of Dineura testaceipes.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200.

PJnyto. Hyinen.ii. Plate- 14

PLATE XV.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Nematus Erichsoni.
Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus quercus.
Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus appendiculatus.
Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus hibernicus.
Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus ruficornis.
Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus Fletcheri.
Fig. 7. — Saw of Nematus nigricollis.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200.

Pliyto Hymen ii Plate 15

.

PLATE XVI.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Nematus puncticeps.
Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus alnivorus (fulvipes).
Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus compressicornis.
Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus leucostigma.
Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus ambiguus (X 150) ; 5 a,
cross teeth enlarged to X 300.

Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus scoticus. X 150.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200, unless
otherwise noted.

Ph-vlo. Hymen, ii. Plate 16 .

PLATE XVII.

Fig. J. — Saw of Nematus mollis. X 150.

Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus breadalbanensis. X 150.

Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus astutus.

Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus lativentris. X 150.

Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus cceruleocarpus.

Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus crassus.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200, unless
otherwise noted.

Phvi

PLATE XVIII.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Nematus lucidus. X 300.
Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus Thomsoni.
Fig 3. — Saw of Nematus apicalis.
Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus histrio.
Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus glenelgensis.
Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus hcemorrhoidalis.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200, unless
otherwise noted.

Pliy to. Hymen. ii. Plate 18 .

PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Nematus longiserra.
Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus humeralis.
Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus imperfectus.
Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus canaliculatus.
Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus placidus.
Fig. 6.' — Saw of Nematus caprece.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200,

PKy t o . Hym e n_ ii . Pla t e 19.

W. Purkiss UtH

PLATE XX.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Nematus turgidus.

Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus conductus. (X 150.)

Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus obductus.

Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus leucogaster.

Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus pulchellus.

Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus maculiger.

Fig. 7. — Saw of Nematus lacteus.

Fig. 8. — Saw of Nematus palliatus.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200, unless
otherwise noted.

o . Hym en. 1 1 . PI a te 20

W.3*wkiaa tith,.

"West Newrvum & 0

PLATE XXI.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Nematus curtispina.

Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus viridescens.

Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus Bergmanni. X 240.

Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus miliaris.

Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus orlitalis.

Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus glutinosce.

Fig. 7. — Saw of Nematus sylvestris.

Fig. 8. — Saw of Nematus salicivorus.

Fig. 9. — Saw of Nematus tibialis.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200, unless
otherwise noted.

PKyto. HryrrLejn. 11. Plstte 2 1 .

"West Newyrunn- &

PLATE XXII.

Fig. 1 . — Saw of Nematus Zetterstedti. X 300.
Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus myosotidis.
Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus monticola.
Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus pallidiventris.
Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus consobrinus.
Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus strongyiogaster.
Fig. 7. — Saw of Nematus betulce.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200, unless
otherwise noted.

Piiyto.HyttLen.ii. PlsLte 22.

"W.Pvurkiss li±h

PLATE XXIII.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Nematus subbifidus.

Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus conjugatus.

Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus dorsatus.

Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus cadderensis.

Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus croceus.

Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus flo.vescens.

Fig. 7. — Saw of Nematus abdominalis. X 70.

Fig. 8. — Saw of Nematus ruficapillus. X 70.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200, unless
otherwise noted.

.n. Plate 23

Uth..

PLATE XXIV.

Pig. 1. — Saw of Nematus acuminatus.

Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus caledonicus.

Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus bilineatus.

Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus antennatus. X 70.

Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus salicis.

Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus melanocephalus.

Fig. 7. — Saw of Nematus collinus.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200, unless
otherwise noted.

PKyto.Hymen.ii.Plate 24.

W. Purkiss

West Newmxx-vu & C

PLATE XXV.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Nematus ribesii.
Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus pavidus.
Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus albipennis.
Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus bipartitus.
Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus rumicis.
Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus arcticus.
Fig. 7. — Saw of Nematus vesicator.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200,

Plate 25

2.

W. Puwfcws

Wes

PLATE XXVI.

Fig. 1. — Saw of Nematus scotaspis.
Fig. 2. — Saw of Nematus leucostictus.
Fig. 3. — Saw of Nematus ischnocerus,
Fig. 4. — Saw of Nematus nigrolineatus.
Fig. 5. — Saw of Nematus gallicola X 300.
Fig. 6. — Saw of Nematus curticornis.
Fig. 7. — Saw of Nematus herbacece X 300.
Fig. 8. — Saw of Nematus Bridgmanii.
Fig. 9. — Saw of Euura flavipes X 300.
Fig. 10. — Saw of Euura nigritarsi X 300.

The figures of the saws are magnified X 200, except
otherwise noted.

PKyto.Hym.en-.ii.Pla.te 26

10

W.Purkisslith.

& C° imp.

PLATE XXVII.

Fig. 1. — Hemichroa aini, maxilla; la, labium;
1 b, 1 c, mandibles of larva.

Fig. 2. — Dineura virididorsata, maxilla ; 2 a — b,
mandibles of larva.

Fig. 3. — Cladius padi, maxilla and labium; 3 a,
mandible ; 3 b, clypeus of larva.

Fig. 4. — Camponiscus ItwiMventriStVi&xill&i 4 a and
6, mandibles of larva.

Fig. 5. — Croesus septentrionalis, maxilla of larva.

Fig. 6. — Nematus ribesii, maxilla ; 6 a, mandible
of larva.

Fig. 7. — Nematus abdominalis, maxilla ; 7 a, la-
bium ; 7 b and c, mandibles of larva.

Fig. 8. — Lophyrus pini, maxilla ; 8 a and b, man-
dibles of larva.

Fig. 9. — PampJiilius flaviventris, cerci ; 9 a, an-
tenna ; 9 b, labium ; 9 c, maxilla of larva.

Fig. 10. — Euura pentandrce, structure of gall.
10 a— c, woody parts of galls ; 10 d— /, cellular
central portion.

Fig. 11. — Nematus cinerece, structure of gall, cen-
tral, 11 a, peripheral part of gall.

Phy to . Hymen, li . Plate 27.

"WPurkisslitk.

. West.Newnuui&C^imp.

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Foster, C., Esq., Thorpe, Norwich.
Fowler, Rev. W. W., Repton.

Freeman, F. F., Esq., M.E.S., 8, Leigham terrace, Plymouth.
Friedlander & Son, Messrs., Berlin.
Fuller, Rev. A., Pallant, near Chichester.

Galton, Capt. Douglas, F.R.S., F.L.S., 12, Chester street, Grosvenor

place, S.W.
Gatty, C. H., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Felbridge Park, East Grinstead,

Sussex.

Geological Society, London, W.

Geological Survey of India, Calcutta, per Messrs. Triibner.
George, Frederick, Esq., Fairholme, Torquay.
Gerold and Sons, Messrs., Vienna.

Gibson, Mrs. G. S., Esq., Hill House, Saffron Walden, Essex.
Glasgow, Philosophical Society of.
Glasgow, University of.
Godman, F. D., Esq., F.L.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square,

W.

Goode, J. F., Esq., 3, Regent place, Birmingham.
Gordon, Rev. George, LL.D., Manse of Birnie, by Elgin, N.B.
Gottingen, University of.

Graham, W., Esq., F.R.M.S., Ludgate hill, Birmingham.
Green, R. Y., Esq., 11, Lovaine crescent, Newcastle-on-Tyne.
Grieve, Dr. J., care of W. L. Buchanan Esq., 212, St. Vincent street,

Glasgow.

Grut, Ferdinand, Esq., 9, Newcomen street, Southwark, S.E.
Giinther, Dr., F.R.S., British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell

road, South Kensington, S.W.

10

Hackney Microscopical and Natural History Society, per A. J. Chirk,
Esq., Treasurer, 48, Broadway, London fields, Hackney, E.

Haeckel, Professor, Jena, Prussia,

Hailstone, Edward, Esq., F.S.A,, Walton Hall, Wakefield.

Hamilton, Dr. E., F.L.S.,F.G.S.,9, Portugal street, Grosvenor square, W.

Hancock, John, Esq., Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Harbottle, A., Esq., 6, Gibson terrace, Sunderland.

Harmer, Sidney F., Esq., B.Sc., King's College, Cambridge.

Harris, Edw., Esq., F.G.S., Rydal Villa, Longton Grove, Upper
Sydenham.

Harris, Dr. F., F.L.S., 24, Cavendish square, W.

Harvard College, Cambridge, U.S.A.

Havers, J. C., Esq., Wood Lea, Bedford hill, Balham, S.W.

Hawkins, Dr. B. L., Woburn, Beds.

Hayek, Herr Gustav Edler von, Vienna.

Hepburn, Sir T. B., Bart., Smeaton, Preston Kirk, N.B.

Hertfordshire Natural History Society and Field Club, Watford.

Hicks, Dr. John B., F.R.S., 24, George street, Hanover square, W.

Hicks, Dr. J. Sibley, 2, Erskine Street, Liverpool.

Hillier, J. T., Esq., 4, Chapel place, Ramsgate.

Hilton, James, Esq., 60, Montagu square, W.

Hinchliff, Miss Katharine M., Worlington House, Instow.

Hoest, Dr., Copenhagen.

Holdsworth, E. W. H., Esq., F.L.S., 84, Clifton hill, Abbey road, N.W.

Hooker, Sir J., C.B., M.D., F.R.S., Kew, W.

Hope, the Rt. Hon. A. J. Beresford, Esq., M.P., Arklow House, Con-
naught place, W.

Hopkinson, John, Estj., F.L.S., F.G.S., Wansford House, "Watford.

Horley, W. L., Esq., Stanboroughs, Hoddeston.

Houghton, Rev. W., F.L.S., Preston Rectory, Wellington, Salop.

Hovenden, F., Esq., Glenlea, Thurlow Park, Dulwich, S.E.

Howden, Dr. J. C., Sunnyside, Montrose.

Huddersfield Naturalists' Society.

Hudson, Rev. R., 71, Montpelier road, Brighton.

Hughes, W. R., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, Wood House, Hands-
wood, Birmingham.

Hull Subscription Library.

Hunt, John, Esq., Milton of Campsie, Glasgow.

Hutchinson, R., Esq., 29, Chester street, Edinburgh.

Huxley, Professor T. H., F.R.S., Science Schools, South Kensington.

11

Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Janson, E. W., Esq., 35, Little Russell street, Bloomsbury.
Jenner, Charles, Esq., Easter Duddingsten Lodge, Portobello, Edin-
burgh.
Jordon, Dr. R. C. R., 35, Harborne road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.

Kane, W. F. de V., Esq., Sloperton Lodge, Kingstown, Co. Dublin.

Kenderdine, F., Esq., Morningside, Old Trafford, Manchester.

Kent,W. Saville, Esq., Government Offices, Hobart Town, Tasmania.

Keys, J. H., Esq., 8, Westminster terrace, Mutley, Plymouth.

Kilmarnock Library, Kilmarnock.

King, A., Esq., Aspley Guise, Woburn, Bedfordshire.

Kitson, J., Esq., Elmete Hall, Leeds.

Lascelles, A. A., Esq., 7, Stanley terrace, Plymouth.

Lawson, Professor, F.L.S., Local Secretary, The Botanic Gardens,

Oxford.
Lee, Henry, Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., 43, Holland street, Blackfriars road,

S.E. ; and Ethelbert House, Margate.
Leeds Philosophical and Literary Society.
Leicester, Alfred, Esq., Lynwood, Harbord street, Waterloo, near

Liverpool.

Leicester Free Library, Wellington street, Leicester.
Leipzig, University of.

Leman, F. C., M.E.S., Blackfriars House, Plymouth.
Lendy, Major A. F., F.L.S., F.G.S., Sunbury House, Sunbury.
Lidstone, W. G., Esq., 79, Union street, Plymouth.
Lindsay, Charles, Esq., Ridge Park, Lanark, N.B.
Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, W.
Lister, Arthur, Esq., F.L.S., Leytonstone.
Liverpool Athenaeum.
Liverpool, Royal Institution.
Liverpool Library, Lyceum, Liverpool.
Liverpool Medical Institution.
Liverpool Microscopical Society.

12

Liverpool Free Library.

Lobley, J. Logan, Esq., F.G.S., New Athenaium Club, Pall Mall.
London Institution, Finsbury circus, E.G.
London Library, 12, St. James's square, S.W.
Loven, Professor, Stockholm.

Lubbock, Sir J., Bart., M.P., F.L.S., R.S., President, 15, Lombard
street, E.G.

McGill, H. J., Esq., Aldenham Grammar School, Elstree, Herts.

Mclntosh, W. C., M.D., F.L.S., 2, Abbotsford crescent, Edinburgh.

M'Lachlan, R., Esq., F.R.S., West View, Clarendon road, Lewisham,
S.E.

McMillan, W. S., Esq., 17, Temple street, Liverpool.

Maclagan, Professor Douglas, M.D., F.R.S.E., 28, Heriot row, Edin-
burgh.

Madras Government Museum, Madras.

Major, Charles, Esq., Red Lion Wharf, 69, Upper Thames street, E.G.

Manchester Free Public Library.

Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society.

Manners, Geo., Esq., F.L.S., F.S.A., Dingwall road, Croydon.

Mansell-Pleydall, J., Esq., Whatcombe, Blandford.

Martin, G. M., Esq., Red Hill Lodge, Compton, Wolverhampton.

Mason, P. B., Esq., Burton-on-Trent.

Mathew, G. F., Esq., R.N., F.L.S., Z.S., &c.

Mathews, W., Esq., M.A., F.G.S., 15, Waterloo street, Birmingham.

Medlycott, Sir W., 6, Pulteney buildings, Weymouth.

Meiklejohn, Dr. J. W. S., Royal Victoria yard, Deptford, S.E.

Melbourne Public Library.

Mennell, H. T., Esq., F.L.S., 10, St. Dunstan's buildings, Idol lane,
E.G.

Michael, A. D., Esq., F.L.S., Cadogan Mansions, Sloane square, S.W.

Microscopical Society, Royal, King's College, Strand, London.

Millar, Dr. John, F.L.S., F.G.S., Bethnall House, Cambridge road, N.E.

Millett, F. W., Esq., Marazion, Cornwall.

Mitchell Library, the, Glasgow.

Mivart, Prof. St. George J., F.R.S., 71, Seymour street, Hyde park, W.

Moseley, Sir T., Rolleston Hall, Burton-on-Trent.

Munich Royal Library, Munich.

Murdock, J. Barclay, Esq., F.R.Ph.S.E., Barclay, Langside, Glasgow.

13
Museum of Economic Geology, London, S.W.

Neave, B. W., Esq., Lyndhurst, Queen's road, Brownwood park, N.

Newcastle Literary and Philosophical Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

Newman, T. P., Esq., 54, Hatton garden, E.G.

Noble, Capt. Jesmond, Dene House, Newcastle-on-Tyne.

Noble, Wilson, Esq., 1, Queensberry place, S.W.

Norfolk and Norwich Literary Institution, Norwich.

Norman, Rev. A. Merle, M.A., F.L.S , Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses,

Durham.

Nottingham Free Library.
Nottingham Naturalists' Society, per Levi Lee, Esq., 26, Drury hill,

Nottingham.

Oldfield, G. W., Esq,, M.A., 48, Beaumont street, Devonshire place,

W.

Owens College, Manchester.
Oxford Magdalen College.

Paisley Philosophical Society, Paisley.

Paris National Library, per Messrs. Longmans.

Parke, Geo. H., Esq., Infield Lodge, Barrow-in-Furness.

Parker, W. K., Esq., F.R.S., 36, Claverton street, S.W.

Pascoe, F. P., Esq., F.L.S., 1, Burlington road, Westbourne Park, W.

Peck, R. Holman, Esq., M.A., F.L.S. , Elmfield, Penge lane, S.E.

Peckover, Algernon, Esq., F.L.S., Wisbeach.

Peel Park Library, Salford, Lancashire.

Penny, Rev. C. W., Wellington College, Wokingham.

Penzance Public Library.

Perthshire Society of Natural Science, Museum, Tay street, Perth.

Phend, J. S., Esq., LL.D., F.S.A.,5, Carlton terrace, Oakley street, S.W.

Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, U.S.A.

Plymouth Institution, Atheneeum.

Pole-Carew, Miss C. L., Antonie House, Torpoint, Devonport.

Potchett, Rev. C., M.A., \icarage, Ryhill, Stamford.

Power, H., Esq., 37A, Great Cumberland place, Hyde Park, W.

Preston Free Public Library.

Ju J2

Pumphrey, C., Esq., Southfield, Kind's Norton, near Birmingh
Pye-Smith, Dr. P. H., 54, Harley street, Cavendish square, W.

Quekett Microscopical Club, University College.

Radcliffe Library, Oxford.

Ramsay, Sir Andrew C., F.R.S., Museum of Economic Geology, S.W.
Rashleigb, J., Esq., 3, Cumberland terrace, Regent's park, N.W.
Reader, Thomas, Esq., 39, Paternoster row, B.C.
Reading Microscopical Society, 110, Oxford road, Reading.
Rigby, Samuel, Esq., Fern Bank, Liverpool road, Chester.
Ripon, Marquis of, F.R.S., F.L.S., 1, Carlton gardens, S.W.
Robinson, F., Esq., Front Street, Seaton Carew, W. Hartlepool.
Robinson, Isaac, Esq., The Wash, Hertford.
Roper, F. C. S., Esq., F.L.S., F.G.S., Palgrave House, Eastbourne.
Hose, Geo., Esq., Queen street, Barnsley.
Ross, J. G., Esq., Bathampton Lodge, Bathampton, Bath.
Rothery, H. C., Esq., M.A., F.L.S,, 94, Gloucester terrace, Hyde Park, W.
Royal Institution, Albemarle street, W.

Royal Medical and Chirurgical Society, 53, Berners street, W.
Royal Society, Burlington House, London, W.
Rowe, J. B., Esq., Plympton Lodge, Plympton, S. Devon.
Rylands, T. G., Esq., F.L.S., Local Secretary, High Fields, Thelwall,
near Warrington.

Salter, Dr. S. J. A., F.R.S., Treasurer, Basingfield, near Basingstoke,

Hants.

Salvin, Osbert, Esq., F.L.S., 10, Chandos street, Cavendish square.
Samson and Wallin, Messrs., London.
Sanders, Alfred, Esq., F.L.S. , Milton, Sittingbourne, Kent.
Sanford, W. A., Esq., F.G.S., Nynehead Court, near Wellington,

Somersetshire.

Science and Art Department, South Kensington.
Schlesinger, Esq., 5, Kensington park gardens, Netting hill, W.
Sclater, P. L., Esq., M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S., R.S., 11, Hanover square, W.
Scott, Dr. Wm., Lissenderry, Aughuacloy, Ireland.
Sharp, I., Esq., F.G.S., Culverden hill, Tunbridge Wells.

15

Sharpus, F. W., Esq., 30, Compton road, Islington, N.

Sheffield Literary and Philosophical Society.

Shuttle worth, Edmund, Esq., 8, Winckley square, Preston.

Sion College Library, London Wall, E.G.

Slack, H. I., Esq., F.G.S., Ashdown Cottage, Forest row, Sussex.

Sladen, Rev. E. H. M., The Gore, Bournemouth.

Slatter, Rev. John, The Vicarage, Streatley, Reading.

Slatter, T. J., Esq., F.G.S., Evesham.

Sloper, G. E., Esq., Devizes.

Smart, Robert B., Esq., 176, Waterloo place, Oxford road, Manchester.

Smith, Basil Woodd, Esq., F.R.A.S., Branch hill, Hampstead, N.W.

Smith, S. P., Esq., 4, Dane's inn,W.C.

Somersetshire Archaeological and Natural History Society, Taunton.

Sotheran, Messrs., 136, Strand, W.C.

South London Entomological Society.

South London Microscopical Club, per J. Maynard, Esq., Treasurer,
38, Warner road, Camberwell, S.E.

South, R., Esq., 12, Abbey gardens, St. John's Wood, N.W.

Southport Free Library.

Spicer, Messrs., Brothers, 19, New Bridge street, Blackfriars, E.G.

St. Andrew's University Library, St. Andrew's.

Stainton, H. T., Esq., F.R.S., L.S., Mountsfield, Lewisham, S.E.

Stebbing, Rev. T. R. R., Warberry House, Bishopsdown Park, Tun-
bridge Wells.

Steele, Dr. W. E., Local Secretary, 15, Hatch street, Dublin.

Stephenson, J. W., Esq., Equitable Assurance Office, Mansion-house
street, E.G.

Stewart, C., Esq., F.L.S., St. Thomas's Hospital, S.E.

Stockholm Royal Academy, Stockholm.

Stowell, Rev. H. A., Breadsall Rectory, near Derby.

Strasbourg!! University Library.

Stroud Natural History and Philosophical Society, Stroud.

Stubbins, J. Esq., F.G.S., R.M.S., Inglebank, Far Headingly, Leeds;
Chester College, Old lane, Halifax.

Sunderland Subscription Library.

Swanston, W., Esq., F.G.S., 50, King street, Belfast.

Toronto, University of, Canada.

Torquay Natural History Society, Museum, Babbacombe road, Torquay.

16

Townsend, F., Esq., M.A., Honington Hall, Shipston-on-Stour.
Tristram, Rev. Canon H. B., LL.D., F.R.S., The College, Durham.
Triibner & Co., Messrs., London.
Turner, Professor W., F.R.S.E., Anatomical Museum, University of

Edinburgh.
Tyler, Captain Charles, F.L.S., F.G.S., 317, Holloway road, Hollo-

way, N.

University College, London.
Upsala, University of, Sweden.

Vass, M., Leipzig.

Vicars, John, Esq., sen., Seel street, Liverpool.

Vicary, William, Esq., The Priory, Colleton crescent, Exeter.

Vinen, Dr. E. Hart, F.L.S., 17, Chepstow villas, Bayswater, W.

Waldegrave, Earl, 13, Montague place, Bryanstone square, W.

Walker, Alfred 0., Esq., Chester.

Walsingham, Thomas de Grey, Lord, M.A., F.L.S., Z.S., Merton Hall,

Thetford, Norfolk.

Warden, Dr. Charles, 272, Hagley road, Edgbaston, Birmingham.
Wardleworth, W., Esq., Bury, Lancashire.
Warrington Museum and Library, Warrington.
Warwickshire Natural History Society, Warwick.
Washington Library of Congress, U.S.
Watkinson Library, Harford, Con., U.S.A.
Weir, J. J., Esq., Chirbary, Copers Cope road, Beckenham, Kent.
Wells, J. R., Esq., 20, Fitzroy street, Fitzroy square, W.C.
West Kent Natural History Society, Lewisham, S.E.
Wheeler, F. D., Esq., Paragon House School, Norwich.
White, A., Esq.,F.L.S., West Drayton.

Whittle, F. G., Esq., 2, Cambridge terrace, Lupus street, S.W.
Wills, A. W., Esq., F.C.S., Wylde Green, Erdington, Birmingham.
Wilson, Dr. E., Westal, Cheltenham.
Wiltshire, Rev. Professor T., M.A., F.L.S., G.S., Secretary, 25,

Granville park, Lewisham, London, S.E.
Wollaston, G. H., Esq., 4, College road, Clifton, near Bristol.

Woodd, B. T., Esq., Conyngham Hall, Knaresborough, Yorkshire.
Wright, Professor E. P., F.L.S., Trinity College, Dublin.

Yale College, New Haven, U.S.

Yeoman, T. P., Esq., 4, St. Hildas terrace, Whitby.

York Philosophical Society, York.

Zoological Society, 11, Hanover square, W.

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES

OF THE

RAY SOCIETY.

FROM THEIE COMMENCEMENT, IN 1844, TO
PEBEUAEY, 1885.

LIST OF THE ANNUAL VOLUMES ISSUED
BY THE RAY SOCIETY.

FOR THE FIRST YEAR, 1844.

I. Reports on the Progress of Zoology and Botany. Trans-

lated by H. E. Strickland, Jun., MA., F.R.S., E. Lan-
kester, M.D., F.R.S., and W. B. Macdonald, B.A. 8vo.

II. Memorials of John Ray : consisting of the Life of John

Ray, by Derham ; the Biographical Notice of Ray, by
Baron Cuvier and M. Dupetit Thouars, in the ' Biographic
Universelle ; ' Life of Ray, by Sir J. E. Smith : the Itine-
raries of Ray, with Notes, by Messrs. Babington and
Yarrell. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D., F.R.S. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part I. Ten Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE SECOND YEAR, 1845.

I. Steenstrup on the Alternation of Generations. Translated

from the German, by George Busk, F.R.S. Three Plates.
8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part II. Thirteen
Plates. Imp. 4to.

22 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

IIT. Reports and Papers on Botany, consisting of Translations
from the German. Translated by W. B. Macdonald, B. A. ;
G. Busk, F.R.S.; A. Henfrey, F.R.S.; and J. Hudson,
B.M. Seven Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE THIRD YEAR, 1846.

I. Meyen's Geography of Plants. Translated from the German

by Miss Margaret Johnston. 8vo.

II. Burmeister on the Organization of Trilobites. Translated

from the German, and edited by Professors T. Bell and
E. Forbes. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part III. Eleven
Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE FOURTH YEAR, 1847.

I. Oken's Elements of Physio-philosophy. Translated from

the German by Alfred Tulk. 8vo.

II. Reports on the Progress of Zoology. Translated from the

German by Messrs. Geo. Busk, A. H. Haliday, and A.
Tulk. 8vo.

III. A Synopsis of the British Naked-eyed Pulmograde Medusae.
By Professor E. Forbes, F.R.S. Thirteen Plates. Imp.
4to.

FOR THE FIFTH YEAR, 1848.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. I. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE BAY SOCIETY. 23

II. Letters of John Ray. Edited by E. Lankester, M.D.,

F.R.S. Two Plates. 8vo.

III. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.
By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part IV. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE SIXTH YEAR, 1849.

I. Reports and Papers on Vegetable Physiology and Botanical

Geography. Edited by A. Henfrey, F.R.S. Three Plates.

8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Entomostracous Crustacea.

By W. Baird, M.D., F.R.S. Thirty-six Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE SEVENTH YEAR, 1850.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.

Vol. II. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part V. Fifteen Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE EIGHTH YEAR, 1851.

I. A Monograph of the British Angiocarpous Lichens. By the

Rev. W. A. Leighton, M.A. Thirty Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,

M.A., F.R.S. Vol. I. Ten Plates. 8vo.

24 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

FOR THE NINTH YEAR, 1852.

I. Bibliographia Zoologise et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.

Vol. III. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca.

By Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VI. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE TENTH YEAR, 1853.

I. A Monograph of the Family Cirripedia. By C. Darwin,

M.A., F.KS. Vol. II. Thirty Plates. 8vo.

II. A Volume of Botanical and Physiological Memoirs, in-

cluding Braun on Rejuvenescence in Nature. Six Plates.
8vo.

FOR THE ELEVENTH YEAR, 1854.

Bibliographia Zoologiae et Geologise. By Professor Agassiz.
Vol. IV. 8vo. (Completing the work.)

FOR THE TWELFTH YEAR, 1855.

A Monograph of the British Nudibranchiate Mollusca. By
Messrs. Alder and Hancock. Part VII. Nine Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

FOR THE THIRTEENTH YEAR, 1856.

A Monograph of the British Fresh-water Polyzoa. By Pro-
fessor Allman, F.R.S. Eleven Plates. Imp. 4to.

ISSUED BY THE EAY SOCIETY. 25

FOR THE FOURTEENTH YEAR, 1857.

A Monograph of the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain.
By Professor Williamson, F.R.S. Seven Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE FIFTEENTH YEAR, 1858.

The Oceanic Hydrozoa. By Professor Huxley, F.R.S. Twelve
Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE SIXTEENTH YEAR, 1859.

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part I. Twelve Plates. Imp.
4to.

FOR THE SEVENTEENTH YEAR, 1860.

An Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera. By W. B.
Carpenter, M.D., F.R.S., F.L.S., &c., assisted by W. K.
Parker, F.R.S., and T. Rupert Jones, F.G.S. Twenty-
two Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE EIGHTEENTH YEAR, 1861.

On the Germination, Development, and Fructification of the
Higher Cryptogamia, and on the Fructification of the
Coniferse. By Dr. Wilhelm Hofmeister. Translated by
Frederick Currey, M.A., F.R.S., Sec. L.S. Sixty-five
Plates. 8vo.

26 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

FOR THE NINETEENTH YEAR, 1862.

A History of the Spiders of Great Britain and Ireland. By
John Blackwall, F.L.S. Part II. Seventeen Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

FOR THE TWENTIETH YEAR, 1863.

The Reptiles of British India. By Albert C. L. G. Giinther,
M.D., F.R.S. Twenty-six Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST YEAR, 1864.

A Monograph of the British Spongiadae. By J. S. Bowerbank,
LL.D., F.R.S. Vol. I. Thirty-seven Plates. 8vo.

FOR THE TWENTY-SECOND YEAR, 1865.

I. The British Heniiptera Heteroptera. By Messrs. J. W.

Douglas and John Scott. Twenty-one Plates. 8vo.

II. A Monograph of the British Spongiadse. By J. S. Bower-

bank, LL.D., F.R.S. Vol.11. 8vo.

FOR THE TWENTY-THIRD YEAR, 1866.

I. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,
D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. I, containing Geographico-botanical,
and Structural, and Physiological Memoirs. Edited by
J. J. Bennett, F.R.S. 8vo.

ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 27

II. Recent Memoirs on the Cetacea. By Professors Eschricht,

Reinhardt, and Lilljeborg. Edited by W. H. Flower,
F.R.S. Six Plates. Imp. 4to.

III. Nitzch's Pterylography, translated from the German.
Edited by P. L. Sclater, F.R.S. Ten Plates. Imp. 4to.

FOR THE TWENTY-FOURTH YEAR, 1867.

I. A Monograph on the Structure and Development of the

Shoulder-girdle. By W. K. Parker, F.R.S. Thirty Plates.
Imp. 4to.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. II. 8vo.

FOR THE TWENTY-FIFTH YEAR, 1868.

I. Vegetable Teratology. By M. T. Masters, M.D., F.L.S,

8vo.

II. The Miscellaneous Botanical Works of Robert Brown,

D.C.L., F.R.S. Vol. III. Thirty-eight Plates. Imp. 4to.
(Completing the work.)

FOR THE TWENTY-SIXTH YEAR, 1869.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part I. Twelve Plates.
Imp. 4to.

FOR THE TWENTY-SEVENTH YEAR, 1870.

A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids.
By J. Allman, M.D., F.R.S. Part II. Eleven Plates.
Imp. 4to. (Completing the work.)

28 LIST OF ANNUAL VOLUMES

FOR THE TWENTY-EIGHTH YEAR, 1871.

A Monograph of the Collembola and Thysanura. By Sir J.
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A Monograph of the British Aphides. By G. B. Buckton,
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A Monograph of the British Copepoda. By G. S. Brady,
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ISSUED BY THE RAY SOCIETY. 29

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A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera.
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British Oribatidae. By A. D. Michael, F.L.S. Vol. I
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A Monograph of the British Phytophagous Hymenoptera. By
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Cameron, P.

A monograph of the
British phytophagous
Hymen opt era.

C3
v.2

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