/

J : ;
Library of the Museum

OF
COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY,
AT HARVARD COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, MASS.

Pounded by private subscription, in 1861.

aw OS at ata Sa atata law

Deposited by ALEX. AGASSIZ.

THE

hein oem TR TY.

INSTITUTED MDCCCXLIV.

This volume is issued to the Subscribers to the Ray Sociuty for

the Year 1892.

LONDON:

MDCCCXCIII.

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

JEWEL gsisb

PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA.

(CYNIPIDA ann APPENDIX.)

Ni Ollis EN).

BY

PETER CAMERON.

LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE RAY SOCIETY.

MDCCCXCIII.
SY

_ MCZ LIBRARY
HARVARD UNIVERSITY
CAMBRIDGE. MA USA

PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W.

PREFACKEH.

THE present volume concludes this work. In the
four volumes are described 382 species of Tenthre-
dinidee, 9 of Cephide, 5 of Siricide, one of Orysside,
and 179 of Cynipide, in all 576 species.

The Appendix brings up our information to date,
more particularly as regards the nomenclature and
biology of the groups. As will be seen, considerable
alteration has been made in the definitions of the
genera, their number, as compared with what Thomson
and myself have adopted, being greatly increased. The
only remark I make on this subject is that if exotic
species are to be treated according to the same method
a large number of genera or sub-genera will have to
be created.

The Bibliography I have endeavoured to make as
complete as possible; but, owing to the difficulty
of getting access to many foreign magazines and
Transactions of Societies, I have no doubt that many
papers have been omitted.

In conclusion I have to thank my correspondents
for their valuable assistance ; and more particularly as
regards this volume I have to thank Prof. G. L.
Mayr, Prof. J. W. H. Trail, the Rev. T. A. Marshall,
M.A., Mr. G. C. Bignell, Mr. J. H. Fletcher, and Dr.
J.T. Oudemans for much help.

SALE, CHESHIRE;
March, 1893.

WO LAs b

A MONOGRAPH

OF THE

BRITISH
PHYTOPHAGOUS HYMENOPTERA.

VOL. IV.

CYNIPIDA.

Tribe CYNIPINA.

(Tus taxonomic characters of this tribe have been
detailed in vol. i, p. 157.)

The Hogg.

The egg is elongated, rounded at the top, becoming
gradually narrower until it terminates in a long pe-
duncle, which may be hardly longer than the egg itself,
or seven or eight times longer thanit. This peduncle
is not peculiar to the eggs of the Cynipide, it being
found to exist in certain groups of Ichnewmonide
(e.g. Tryphon) and Chalcidide (e. g. Lewcaspis) ; but in
the Cynipide, according to Adler,* it differs in this
respect from the others, that with them the peduncle
is at the anterior, in T'ryphon, &c., at the posterior
pole of the egg. The use of the peduncle is somewhat

* Zeits. f. wissen. Zool., xxxv, 2238.
VOL. IV.

2 THE LARVA.

problematical, but Adler’s suggestion that it is
respiratory appears to be founded on some solid
grounds: e.g. those species which have very long
peduncles are those which place the eggs in posi-
tions where they cannot receive oxygen from the
plant—the spring generations, which have their eggs
placed in the leaves where they can get oxygen from
them, have it short ; while the winter generations, as
a rule, have it long. The peduncle is always placed
uppermost.

The number of eggs laid is frequently very great.
It is certain that the ovaries of some species can con-
tain about 600 to 700 eggs; but as many as 1400 flies
have been reared from a gall of Andricus radicis. In
this case, however, it is certain that this gall was the
conjoint work of two or more individuals. The labour
of oviposition with the sexual broods which lay in
leaves is comparatively easy; but in other cases the
work is long and laborious. Thus Biorhiza aptera
takes over three days to complete its egg-laying. It
has first to pierce the bud with its ovipositor to make
tunnels in which to introduce the eggs to the centre of
the bud, where they form a solid mass.

A noteworthy feature in the eggs of the Cynipide
is their swelling, which takes place after being intro-
duced into the plant.

The Larva.

The larva is footless, white and fleshy, has thirteen
segments, and possesses little power of locomotion, as
might be expected, except with some species—e. g.
Andricus saliens, which can make the galls jump. As
may be surmised, the duration of the larval life varies
with the spring and winter broods; while a month
is sufficient for Spathegaster baccarum, two or three
years are necessary for others. In other words, while
one year is sufficient to complete the cycle of life
for some species, Andricus radicis requires two, this

THE IMAGO. 3

extra length of time being taken up with the agamic
winter form. The development of this gall is not con-
tinuous ; for in October, or month following the laying
of the eggs, a slight growth takes place, followed by
a cessation of development during the winter, owing
to the inactive growth of the plant, to be resumed in
the spring. A curious point is that in many winter
forms cases are met with wherein the larve remain
unchanged for several years. I believe this is fre-
quently the case with Andricus gemme and A. glandiwm.
How far this is owing to atmospheric influences or to
more subtle causes it is difficult to say.

@é

The Pupa

is, like the larva, white and fleshy. It has the an-
tenn placed along the breast, the legs alongside of
them enveloped in pellicles, and the wings appear as
bag-like protuberances on the sides of the thorax.

The Imago.

Apart from their peculiarities of oviposition, which
offer interesting features, the flies do not show many
points of interest. They are exceedingly sluggish,
seldom flying any distance. So far as we know they
take no food, and do not frequent flowers like so many
of the parasitic Cynipide. ‘They do, however, imbibe
water, as may be often witnessed. Many of them
have a habit, when alarmed, of tucking the appendages
close to the body and dropping motionless to the
ground.

A noteworthy point is that some of the species, e.g.
Biorhiza aptera, appear in the dead. of winter during
snow and frost, and even with the atmosphere at
freezing point proceed to lay their eggs.

The males differ from the females in having the
antennz longer and thinner, and in having one or
two joints more; there is no difference in coloration,

A, SPECIFIO DISTINCTIONS.

but they are smaller, and the abdomen especially is
shorter and differently shaped. The sexual forms are
more active and fly about more than do the agamic.

From the sexual females the agamic differ fre-
quently in many particulars. Generally they are larger
and more bulky in shape; there is often a difference
in coloration; the autumn form may be wingless, the
spring winged, or, as in B. terminalis, the spring brood
may sometimes be wingless as well as the autumnal.
The agamic generation, again, live longer than the
other. Sometimes there is a difference in the palpi,
as in the autumn form of Biorhiza megaptera having
four joints in the maxillary and two in the labial,
while the spring brood has one joint more in both.
More remarkable still, there may be a difference in the
oral apparatus in the larve.

The difference in the form of the ovipositor 1s very
marked —a difference not only in size, but in form:
in the spring generation it may be short, with the
boring apparatus straight and not much longer or even
shorter than the ovipositor itself; while in the other
brood it may be much larger and longer, with the
borer curved round it.

As a whole the gall-making Cynipide are larger
than the parasitic. Black is a prominent colour for
their bodies, but many are brown, fulvous, or yellow,
and a few reddish.

The specific distinctions are often very obscure;
indeed, in not a few instances the flies cannot be
separated at all; e.g. Andricus albopunctatus, A. calli-
doma, A. Malpigh, A. 4-lineatus, &c.,and many species
of Cynips. In those cases the only trustworthy
criterion of specific distinctness is furnished by the
galls. Colour may occasionally afford a good character
—e.g. Trigonaspis megaptera, but in others it is quite
worthless. The structure and number of joints in the
antenne, the form of the wing-cells, the sculpture of
the thorax, and to a certain extent the clothing of the
body, the length of the parapsidal furrows, and the

PARTHENOGENESIS. 5

form of the head behind the eyes give the best specific
characters.

The Cynipina are chiefly known from the Pale-
arctic and Nearctic zoological regions. Very pro-
bably they are found wherever oaks and roses abound.
They are abundant in the United States of America,
are known from Mexico (Cynips, Aulaw, Synergus), and
from Northern India. One genus (Hschatocerus, Mayr)
is recorded from the Banda Oriental, where it forms
galls on acacia. The genus Rhodophilus, Mayr, comes
from the Cape of Good Hope, galling Rhus lucidwm.
A few species are common to Hurope and America,
e.g. Rhodites rose, Aulax glechome.

Cynips is practically absent from the northern paris
of Hurope, but is prevalent in the centre and south of
Hurope. It is rare in the United States.

Parthenogenesis and Alternation of Generation

Until the time of Hartig the many anomalous
features in connection with the natural history of the
gall insects received but scant if any attention.
Hartig in 1843* became aware of the fact that cer-
tain species appeared to have no males, and in the
course of his experiments. bred no less than 9—10,000
examples of Dryophanta foli out of 28,000 galls, every
one being a female. Hartig surmised, from his ana-
tomical examination of the insects, that they were
hermaphrodite; but his observations on this point
were speedily disproved by von Siebold.t+

A survey of the subject at that time led to the
generalisation that those species which appear in
spring or early summer were bisexual, while those
whose galls appeared in the autumn were without
exception agamic. On the supposition that this was
so, it followed that the spring gall-flies must lay eggs

* Germ. Zeit., 111, 398.
+ L. c., iv, 362—388.

6 ALTERNATION OF GENERATION.

which remain (on the assumption that they were not
dimorphic) dormant till the following spring. In the
case of a species like D. foli, whose larval, pupal, and
imaginal existence is short, it followed that the egg
must remain undeveloped in the bud. The species
of the restricted genus Cynips stand on a different
footing, for we now undoubtedly know that they are
without exception unisexual; but we are also aware
that it is the larva, not the egg, which remains
dormant.

The subject remained in this state for many years
until 1861, when Baron Osten Sacken (Stett. Ent.
Zeit., 1861) emitted the view that the males did
exist, but that they lived in separate galls—an
opinion on which there was no proof available. Three
years later the well-known American naturalist, B. D.
Walsh, produced evidence to show that Cynips spongi-
fee, O.8., caused a large round swelling on the
leaves of Quercus tinctoria, and that the insect issuing
from this gave origin to another gall, known as Cynips
aciculata—the one appearing in the spring in a bi-
sexual form, the other in the autumn being agamic.
Walsh looked upon this as a case of dimorphism.

Bassett, another American entomologist, placed the
matter on a Glearer footing by showing how some
bisexual spring forms, living in a distinct gall, gave
origin to a unisexual brood living in a differently
constructed gall in the autumn.

Riley, the American State Entomologist, also eluci-
dated the subject by showing that C. operator, O.S.,
which comes out of a “large woolly gall, the de-
formation of a bud which grows on our black oaks
in spring, produces in summer a common gall-fly
(C. q. operator, O. S.), which is bisexual. The female
oviposits between the acorn and cupule of the pre-
vious year’s setting, aud the result is a pip-like gall -
(C. operatola, Rly) embedded in that position, and
generally half exposed. These fall with the acorn to
the ground, and the second spring generation suc-

ALTERNATION OF GENERATION. a

ceeding give forth flies which are all female, and
which produce the woolly galls of spring’”’ (Johnson’s
Cyclopzedia, p. 422). From this and other observa-
tions Riley deduces the fact that there can be little
doubt that “all species known only in the female sex
exist also in the bisexual form, though the gall pro-
ducing this last may present an entirely different
appearance from that producing the former’? (l.c.).
That, however, is too trenchant a surmise, for in
Hurope at least we know species only existing in the
female sex.

But it was not until the classic researches of Adler
appeared that the natural history of the Cynipide
was thoroughly elucidated. By a series of careful
and long-continued elaborate studies he proved that,
at least so far as the North Huropean species were
concerned, there is no one species with two sexes but
has an autumnal agamic form—that there was an alter-
nation of a bisexual with a unisexual form—that here
we had a case of alternation of generations, and not
of dimorphism, as was surmised by Walsh. ~

How are we to explain the occurrence of this
remarkable phenomenon? We find (1) species (but
not on the oak) with only one generation, and haviug.
males and females ; (2) species on oak with one gene-
ration and no male ; and (8) species with two genera-
tions, the one sexual, the other (autumnal and winter)
agamic. In the first division there is undeniable evi-
dence of parthenogenesis; and, further, as the case of
Rhodites rose testifies, it is clear that the males have
disappeared as the faculty of virgin reproduction in-
creased. From this fact, and from the considerations
given in vol.i, p. 29, and un, p. 218, we may fairly
assume that those of the second section had at one
time males. So far, therefore, as these two groups are
concerned, there is nothing unusual, since we find the
same phenomenon in the Tenthredinide and in other
insects; but in the third division we have a state of
matters much more unusual and complex, and conse-

8 ALTERNATION OF GENERATION.

quently more difficult of explanation. Indeed, at
present no adequate elucidation of the origin of the
phenomenon has been given. .

Had the agamic generation at one timea g ? On
this point Adler makes the following highly interest-
ing observations. Alluding to the manner of coition,
he says, ‘‘ In repose, with those flies which havea long
ovipositor the entire boring apparatus is retained
inside the abdomen; if fecundation took place with it
in this position it would be necessary that the penis
of the ¢ was equal in length to the ovipositor rolled
in a spiral. But it is infinitely shorter; further, it is
only when the ovipositor is extended that the vagina
becomes accessible to the g. Now, as the agamic
generations have preserved the habit of extending
their organs, does not that indicate that they had at
one time males?” (Zeit. f. wiss. Zool., xxxv, p. 236).
Again, did the second form originate from the present
agamic or bisexual form? Both lay eggs; and
although we have no direct observation on the point,
it may be fairly surmised that the only difference
between them, as between other sexual and parthe-
nogenetic egos, is that the former extrudes both and
the latter only one of the “polar bodies.” The
first “‘ polar body”’ is extruded from all eggs, and in
the fertilised eggs the second is replaced by the male
sperm.

Following out his ideas on cyclical generation in
the Aphide, or, as he calls them, the “‘ homoptéres
monoiques,’ Lichtenstein regards the agamic form
as a larval stage equivalent to the migratory form of,
e.g., Phylloxera.

In his Considérations nouvelles sur la Génération
des Pucerons, p. 18, Lichtenstein defines for the
Aphidee four forms, as follows :

The first—the ‘‘ Souche monoique ’’—terminates in
a large insect, living a long time, always readily recog-
nisable by its size, especially with the gallicolous
Species.

AGAMIC SPECIES. 9

The second—the “ Hmigrants ’’—only live the time
necessary to transplant their buds to other plants.

The third—the ‘‘ Bourgeonnants’’—reproduce with-
out limit so long as they have the necessary food, heat,
and moisture.

And the fourth—the “ Bupieres” —-carry in the
womb the sexual pupe (or at least the separate sexes)
which should copulate and furnish the fertile eggs.

Lichtenstein regards the agamic Cynips as a larval
stage equivalent to the migratory form of the Aphis.

The gist of this theory is that a single egg gives,
after a series more or less long of various forms, sexual
individuals, male and female; and further, with the
same insects, the winged form, which appears twice in
the cycle of their existence, is no other than a larval
form of transition, and is not sexual in at least one of
its forms. Under this view he arranges the Cynips
eycle thus : ;

1. Gufs de la femelle fécondée et larve en provenant dans la galle

dure d’automne. Les fondateurs (Pseudogyna fundatrix).

2. Ailés €migrants sams sexe, tous identiques, avec une longue

tariére en spirale et allant piquer les bourgeons (Neuroterus

lenticularis). Les émigrants (P. magrans).

3. Gufs-bourgeons et larves en provenant, qui s’entourent d’une
galle charnue en forme de groseille.

Les bourgeonnants (P. gemmans).

4, Les insectes sexués (Spathegaster baccar um, Li.), males et femelles.
Les sexués (Sexuata).

I can hardly agree to this larval view of the agamic
form, more particularly when we find their ovaries
and eggs normal, their modes of oviposition identical ;
when, in fact, we can explain the phenomenon by the
theory of parthenogenesis—that, in brief, we have here
no case of budding. Again, as above pointed out, we
have strong reasons for believing that at one time the
agamic females had males.

Our agamic species, or at least those at present
known in only one sex, are—

Cynips Kollart.
Andricus 4-lineatus.

10 PARASITES AND INQUILINES.

Andricus margimalis.
— albopunctatus.
— seminationis.
— solitarius.
— glandule.
— Clementine.
Dryophanta agama.
— disticha.

The first five are certainly agamic, but at present
we have no definite information about the others.
Andricus amenti (a spring bisexual form) is sure to
have an autumn agamic form. The galled acorns I
have found seem to point to an unknown species.

Parasites and Inquiline or Guest Flies.

The insects which live at the expense of the galls, or
gall insects, are exceedingly numerous. They are of
three classes :—First, inquilines; second, parasites ;
and thirdly, commensals. The inquilines are species
of Synergus, Ceroptres, or Sapholytus, all forms nearly
related to the true gall makers. They do not make
galls themselves, but deposit their eggs in galls
already formed ; live in the gall substance; and, as a
rule, kill the larva of the maker. The parasites are
chiefly Chalcidide, small brilhant blue or green
metallic Hymenoptera, which devour the larve and
pupe of the gall or inquiline flies. The most con-
spicuous of these parasitic genera are Callimome and
Torymus, which have a more or less elongated ovipositor
to enable them the better to penetrate into the galls,
the ovipositor with some of them being three times
longer than the body ; Hupelmus, Orymus, Megastigmus,
Hurytoma. These Chalcidide may confine their
attacks to one gall or to many, e.g. Hupelmus annu-
lata, H. Degeert, Hurytoma vagabunda, and species of
Olinw. So far as my observations go these are all ex-
ternal feeders, and feed on the pupa as well as on the

PARASITES. 11

larva. Chapman (Ent. M. M., ix, 13) records a Chalcid
feeding on the imago of Biorhiza aptera. The eggs
are not always laid in the body of the victim.

The third class—the commensals—are mostly
found in the large galls, such as those of Andricus ter-
minalis, and feed on the gall mass without, as a rule,
interfering with the development of the host. Cetonia,
Balaninus, and various moths devour the tissue.
As an example of the manner in which the terminalis
galls afford lodging and food to insects, it may be here
recorded that the late Francis Walker (Zool., 1846,
p. 1454) reared the following from a mass of ter minalis
galls; namely, Coleoptera, 9 species, 191 specimens ;
Orthoptera, 1 species, 5 specimens; Neuroptera
(Psocus), 2 species, hundreds of examples ; Cynipide,
4 or 5 species, 30,246 specimens; parasitic Hymen-
optera, 45 species, 24,417 specimens; Diptera, 38
species, 23 specimens; Lepidoptera, 5 species, 9 —
examples; Hemiptera, 5 species, 51 specimens ;
Arachnide and Acari, 5 or 6 specimens. Total, 75
species, 55,000 specimens and upwards.

The chief works, from the biological point of view,
on the parasites 0 of gall-flies are—

Ratzeburg. Forstinsecten.

Mayr. Die Huropaischen Torymiden (Ver. z.-b.
Ges. Wien, xxiv, 1874; Die Chalcidier-Gattung Olinx
(l. c., xxvii); Die Arten Chalcidier-Gattung Hury-
toma (I. c., xxviii).

Giraud. Liste des éclosions d’Insectes observées
par le Dr. Joseph Etienne Giraud, recueillie et
annotée par M. le Dr. Alexander Laboulbene (Ann.
Soe. Hnt: Fr., 1877, 397).

Kirchner. Catalogus Hymenopterorum Hurope.

Kaltenbach. Die Pflanzen-feinde.

The purely descriptive works are those of—

Walker. In the Entomological Magazine and in
his Monographia Chalciditum (1839).

Haliday. In the Entomological Magazine.

12 GALLS.

Foerster. Hymenopterologische Studien, 11; his
Beitr. zur Monographie der Pteromalinen, 1841.

Nees ab Hsenbeck. Uymen. Ichneumon. affin.
Monogr., vol. ii (1834).

Thomson. Hymen. Scan., iv and v.

Thanks to the admirable monographs of Mayr on
the Torymina, Oline, and Hurytoma, the identification
of these groups is rendered comparatively simple ; but
some of the others, and more particularly Pteromalina
and Tetrastichus, are in the utmost confusion. The
number of Ichneumonide and Braconide parasitic on
the Cynipide 1s comparatively small.

Galls.

All the galls of the Cynipide are completely closed,
none of them being open as we find them in Hemip-
tera and some Diptera. As regards texture and con-
sistence they may be divided into the soft and succu-
lent, and the hard and woody ; as regards position on
the plant they fall into two groups: first, those which
are entirely external from the plant, being only at-
tached to it by a small part, e.g. Rhodites eglanterie ;
and secondly, those which are more or less embedded
in the plant tissue, e. g. Rhodites spinosissime. Again
the galls may have many cells (polythalamous), or
have one only (monothalamous); but the latter, by
the influence of inquilines, may be made polythala-

mous.

Forms and Origin of Galls.

The forms of galls are endless. They may be
round, spherical, lenticular, oval, or perfectly flat.
They may be permanently attached to the tree (Cynips
Kollarv), or, when ripe and the larva at maturity, may
drop immediately to the ground from the leaf or bud,
or may drop before the larva is fully developed, the

FORMS AND ORIGIN OF GALLS. 13

gall remaining inert until the early spring, when
growth sets in. In texture we find equal variety.
They may be perfectly smooth, or rough and reticu-
lated. From the perfectly glabrous galls of Neuwro-
terus baccarwm there is every transition, from the
shortly-haired galls of Newroterus lenticularis to the
galls of Andricus ramuli, which are enveloped in enor-
mously long hair. A few galls exude a glutinous
secretion (Andricus Sieboldi, A. glutinosus). In Rho-
dites we have galls with four or five stout spines, and
others where the gall is thickly spined all over. In
herbaceous plants the galls usually take the form of
strumous swellings, as also in Rubus.

The colour of the galls is, as a rule, at first with
many, ¢.g. Andricus radicis, Cynips Kollari, white, or
white with pink, the latter apparently being deve-
loped by sunlight, and is probably altered chlorophyll.
The catkin galls are greenish, getting brownish with
age. Other galls remain always green.

Every part of the plant is attacked by the gall-flies.
The roots, the trunk, the leaf, either on its surface,
edge, or veins and midrib, the ¢ and ? flowers, and
the fruit are all utilised. As a rule each form con-
fines its attack to one particular part of the plant,
but there are exceptions to this. Thus the gall of
Newroterus baccarum (spring form) is found on the
leaves and on the @ catkin, Andricus radicis on the
roots and on the trunk. We know also of cases
where different plants are used. At least two Huro-
pean species are polyphagous. Buorhiza aptera has
been found at roots of beech (Curtis), firs (Masters),
vine (Magretti), and Diastrophus rubi has been re-
corded as having been found on the galled tops of
Pteris aquilina. Aulax hieracii, besides attacking
various species of Hieraciwm, occurs on Cistws and
on Triticum. Apart from the case of B. aptera, no
species of Cynips, Andricus, Dryophanta, _Biorlza,
and Neuroterus are found on plants other than the
oak.

14 FORMS OF GALLS.

How are we to account for the various forms,
colour, and texture of galls? I believe largely to the
action of natural selection in developing them, so that
their forms, texture, clothing, and colour may afford
protection, directly or indirectly, to the tenants.
These means of defence may be classified as follows.

First, Size-—Bearing in mind that the larva in-
habits the centre of the gall only where it occupies a
cell of its own size, surrounded by a thickened wall, it
is obvious that the greater the distance between the
centre and the external layer, the better it is protected
from the attacks of its enemies. Hence largeness
of size is a powerful aid to the larva: first, from the
attacks of Chalcidide and ichnemunos, very few of
which have sufficiently long ovipositors to reach the
centre of a gall like Cynips hungarica; and second,
from the inquilines (Synergi), which can live in the
galls without disturbing the legitimate tenant. I
have several times reared Synergi and the Cynips from
C. Kollart galls ; the inquiline in these instances being
in a cell near the edge of the gall, as shown in PI. II,
fig. 6, a. Further, those large galls are made chiefly
by species of the genus Oynips, which is a unisexual
genus; the larva, pupa, or imago remaining in them
during the greater part of the year, and hence are
liable to attacks for a long period. ‘The space be-
tween the larval chamber and the circumference, at first
spongy or fungoid-like in texture, becomes with age
converted into a mass of powdery substance, which is
certainly highly astringent from the presence of tannic
acid. Inexperienced birds, we know, peck into the
galls for the larva; and in doing so get this bitter
dust into their mouths—not, it may be imagined, to
their relish ; while, again, the larve themselves contain
some noxious compound. One of the best examples
of this class is the well-known ‘‘ Dead Sea apples ”
(Cynips imsana) —

“ Which tempt the eye,
But turn to ashes on the lips.”

FORMS OF GALLS. 15

Nor must the hard and woody nature of these large
galls be omitted from mention as a means of defence,
for obviously they can be attacked by insects only
during the short period they are soft.

Conversely, the small size of the gall is a protec-
tion—first, by hiding it, making it less easily seen by
parasites; and secondly, by its small size offering
sustenance to only one inquiline—e. g. Andricus nudus,
albipes, pilosus.

Second, Colowr.—Colour as a protection is best
seen in the small catkin galls. At first green, like the
young catkins, they with age become brownish, like
the old catkins; and this resemblance is, in some of
them, further increased by their being pilose, e.g.
Andricus amenity.

Third, Smell.—This phenomenon is _ doubtless
accompanied by some noxious principles which make
the larvee unpalatable to birds, &c.; and is, as men-
tioned above, found chiefly in the larger species which
inhabit large galls all the yearround. Both the larva
and imago may give out an offensive odour. Cynips
Kollari and Dryophanta foli are cases in point. The
smell given out is usually bug-lke, but Paszlavszky
(Wien. Ent. Zeit., 1883, 130) mentions that foli
has the smell of ripe apples ; A. radicis of lemon; A.
Sieboldi and Cynips tinctoria of caramel, or fresh malt,
with a trace of bug-smell. According to the same
authority, the foli individuals bred from the sessile oak
have the smell much more intense than those from the
pedunculated.

Of the Bedeguar gall-flies, Réaumur says (Mémoir,
ii, p. 494) that they have a quality which he had not
met with in other gall-flies, namely, that they have a
smell which is attractive to cats.

Fourth, Clothing and Texture——The long hairs sur-
rounding the galls of many species, often (especially
when young) more or less glutinous, afford protection
to the larve. In other species the surface exudes a
glutinous secretion.

16 FORMS OF GALLS.

Oynips glutinosa is a well-known example of this.
Giraud (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1859, p. 342) relates
that this exudation glues small insects to the gall, and
this observation is confirmed by Paszlavszky,* who
has found Hemiteles (an ichneumon), Torymids, and.
other gall parasites so attached. In our own country
we have an even more interesting case in Andricus
Sieboldi, whose galls give out a secretion which, as
was first pointed out by Dr. Adler,t is much relished
by ants, which, as stated by the same author, cover
them with sand and earth, so as not to be caught them-
selves when getting the liquid. I have myself noticed
the ants at the gall secretion, but the galls were not
covered. The spines on galls, as in the American
Rhodites bicolor, must also be a protection. From
observation, and from a study of the published notes
in the rearing of parasites and inquilines, it seems to
me clear that the smooth galls have a larger number of
parasites than the hairy, rough, or glutinous ones.

As another means of protection may be mentioned
the short duration of some galls on the tree, e. g.
Andricus aprilinus; the fallmg to the ground when
ripe of many bud-galls, where they are lost among the
herbage, &c., to which their colour assimilates, being at
first green, then becoming brownish; the dropping
to the earth of Newroterus lenticularis before it is fully
grown or the larva mature, thus reducing the period
during which it can be attacked by parasites. So,
too, the larva chamber in Andricus curvator being
loose, and surrounded by a large empty space, may pro-
tect it.

The springing habit of some gall larvae may also do
so. This fact was first alluded to by Olivier (Hist
Ins., u, p. 318); then a fuller description of the
jumping habits of Andricus saliens was given by Kollar,
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1857, p. 518, and by Giraud,
l. c., 1859, p. 852. According to the latter, they can

* Wiener Ent. Zeit., ii, p. 131.
+ Zeit. f. wissen. Zool., xxxv, p. 172.

ORIGIN OF GALLS. 7

leap from one to two inches ; and when a number are
confined in a box, the noise they make by falling on
the leaves is like the rain falling on a window. Riley*
describes the jumping galls of Andricus saltatorius as
presenting a curious spectacle from their keeping up
a constant jumping or bouncing movement on the
eround. Itis obvious that the movement is effected
by the larva bringing the head in contact with the
anus, thus forming an empty space at either end of
the gall; and when the ends are brought into them
again, the gall is set in motion by the sudden expan-
sion of the larva.

It is well understood that the forms, colours, &c., of
external feeding caterpillars (see vol. 1, p. 46, e¢ seq.,
for information on this point as regards saw-fly larve)
have been evolved by natural selection for their pro-
- tection from insects and other enemies. Obviously, as
regards the hidden gall larva, its form and texture could
not be affected in the same manner. But it is clear
that the gall stands in the same relationship to the larva
as its skin does to the external feeding caterpillar.
The gall larva itself, being hidden, did not afford means
for natural selection to act upon; but the gall did;
and hence we see developed, for the protection of the
larva, the various contrivances I have just enumerated.

But while, to my mind, we can explain, as I have
described, the forms of galls, it is not so easy to
explain the origin of the galls as galls, without refer-
ence to their forms and structures.

The theories promulgated by the early naturalists, on
the origin of galls have practically no scientific value.
Some attributed their origin to spontaneous generation.
One author concluded that the eggs were drawn up
with the sap from the ground to the leaves, &c., on
which they were found. Redi,+ who had himself suc-
cessfully exploded the theory of spontaneous genera-
tion, had an equally absurd method of accounting for

* Johnson’s Cyclopedia, p. 423.
+ Experienze intorno alla Generazione d’ Insetti, 1668.

VOL. IV.

18 THEORIES OF GALL ORIGIN.

galls. He assumed that the plant had a vegetable
soul, this vegetable soul presiding at the origin of
galls, with their eggs, larvae, and imagos; while it,
again, gave issue to fruits. Linné explained the
matter by asserting that the galls were formed by the
outflow of sap from the wounded parts.

Malpighi (Opera Omnia, De Gallis, 1679) may be
said to be the first scientific observer of galls.
Indeed, considering the time in which he lived, his
descriptions and figures of galls are wonderfully accu-
rate—much more so than those of Réaumur. Malpighi
noticed a fly oviposit in the leaf. He observed that
a liquid exuded, and from this he concluded that the
galls were caused by a process of fermentation ; the
liquid inserted acting as a ferment on a supposed
‘vitriolic acid ’’ which existed in the plant.

Réaumur (Mémoirs, vol. iii) advocated a theory of
mechanical irritation by the ovipositor, the egg (for
Réaumur was aware that the ege increased in size
after being deposited in the plant) larva, and also to
a supposed increase of temperature in the egg. He*
compared the egg with its supposed higher tempera-
ture contrasted with the plant to a small furnace giving
heat to all the surrounding fibres, this heat assisting
in their growth. The French naturalist, in his exa-
mination of the ovipositor, found that it varied in form
in different species. This diversity of form would act
differently when inserted in the plant, and hence would
lead to differently shaped galls being formed. As re-
gards the structure and consistence of the galls, he
states that it was easy to account for them by each
species absorbing during its development different
juices. Thus spongy galls, like Andricus terminalis,
absorbed juices which developed spongy structures ;
woody galls, which gave origin to hard and woody
formations, from woody structures.

Lacaze-Duthiers (Annales des Sciences naturelles,
Botanique, xix, 31) advocates what may be called

* Mémoirs, ili, p. 504.

THEORIES OF GALL ORIGIN. 19

the infection theory. Just as the germ of smallpox
inserted into a human subject gives issue to smallpox
and not scarlet fever—as each infectious disease
had its origin in its own specific germ,—so it was
assumed that each gall-fly was provided with a
specific poison peculiar to itself, which produced its
own specific gall-structure.

Until recent years this theory was the one which
was held in most general repute. Darwin, apparently
on the strength of Lacaze-Duthiers’ memoir, accepted
it without question. ‘l'hus (Animals and Plants under
Domest., 1, p. 384) he says, ‘‘ As the poisonous secre-
tion of insects belonging to various orders has the
special power of affecting the growth of various plants ;
as a slight difference in the nature of the poison suffices
to produce widely different results ; and, lastly, as we
_ know that the chemical compounds secreted by plants
are eminently liable to be modified by changed condi-
tions of life, we may believe it possible that various
parts of a plant might be modified through the
agency of its own altered conditions’. Again, he Says,
“When we seethe symmetricaland complex outgrowths
caused by a minute atom of the poison of a gall insect,
we may believe that slight changes in the chemical
nature of the sap or blood would lead to extraordi-
nary modifications of structure’”’ (Origin of Species,
(p. 572). In the same work (p. 9) he says further, “as
the complex and extraordinary outgrowths which in-
variably follow from the insertion of a minute drop
of poison by a gall-producing insect show us what
singular modifications result, in the case of plants, from
a chemical change in the nature of sap.”

Prof. Riley accepts also this view. In the article
“Gall Insects,” in Johnson’s Cyclopedia, p. 422, he
says, ‘* With the ovipositor . . . the female pierces
the plant tissues, and therein consigns an egg’, together
with a small quantity of a peculiar poisonous fluid.
Under the influence of this fluid the gall rapidly deve-
lops, and is generally fully formed before the egg

20 THEORIES OF GALL ORIGIN.

hatches;’’ but this latter remark does not hold with
the Cynipide, as has been shown already.

Sir James Paget likewise supports the infection
theory. Thus he says, ‘‘ In these and other similar
diseases in plants we have, it seems, hundreds of
specific diseases due to as many hundreds of specific
morbid poisons; for the most reasonable, if not the
only reasonable theory of these diseases is, that each
insect infects or inoculates the leaf or other structure
of the chosen plant with a poison peculiar to itself.
The poison may be merely deposited; but in the in-
stances best for study it is inserted in the plant
structure, whether leaf or any other: and the wound
for inserting it, the poisoned wound, may be made
either with part of the oral apparatus, or, as in most
of the true galls, with the ovipositor, through which
one or more eggs are passed with the virus, and are
left among actively living structures of the plant.
The little wound closes; the virus, whether an oral
or an ovarian secretion, remains; and the result of
its influence on the plant structures and their con-
tained protoplasm is the formation of the gall or other
morbid product.’ Further on he gays, ‘“‘ We find
hundreds of different forms of galls, and we may be
nearly sure that there are as many kinds of morbid
poisons produced by gall insects, each form answering
toadifferent insect” (An Addresson Hlementary Patho-
logy, London, 1880).

Now in considering this question it must be borne
in mind that very many insects, of divers orders and
modes of life, cause the formation of galls. Hymenop-
tera as represented by Cynipidee, Tenthredinide, and
Chalcididz. The order of Diptera furnishes many expo-
nents; some beetles; the Hemiptera, especially the
plant lice, all form galls. Further, a large number of
galls are caused by minute four-footed mites (Phytop-
tus); and, again, some are formed by Anguillide, and
even by Rotifera. And Fungi originate more or less
clearly defined galls. Unquestionably it may be con-

THEORIES OF GALL ORIGIN. 21

cluded that the origin of so many gall-structures by
so many differently constructed insects—by insects
differing in mode of oviposition, in habits and form of
larvee, &¢.—is hardly explainable by any one theory.
Thus the instrument of oviposition in some gall-mak-
ing beetles is the mouth; with most insects it is the
ovipositor; while the Aphide cause gall-structures
apparently by sucking the plants to obtain food for
themselves and progeny. Hven in the Hymenoptera
we find two radical distinctions in habits of the insects,
as has already been pointed out (vol. 1, p. 185),—that
is to say, in the Tenthredinide the gall is already
formed before the larva quits the egg; while in the
Cynipide the birth of the larva is synchronous with
the formation of the gall—until the larva is born and
commences feeding there is no gall-formation.

Let us see what takes place when a Cynips ovi-
posits in the leaf or bud, as the case may be. What is
the first factor in gall-formation ? This; the growth of
the larva, as has already been pointed out. The second
is that the ege must be laid in, or in contact with,
the cambium layer. The cambium layer is the seat of
active growth inthe plant. It is formative, not formed
matter. Itis most active naturally inthe spring. The
catkin galls are quickest in coming to maturity, the
birth of the larva and gall and its development to the
fly state occupying only afew days. The galls formed
on the young leaves are not much behind the catkin
ones in rapidity of growth; while, on the other hand,
those found on the bark or roots take many months
in coming to maturity. Whenever the larva ceases
feeding no further growth takes place on those galls
which remain attached, except with twig galls like
those of Andricus iflator, which continue growing
along with the twig long after the fly has escaped.
On the other hand, there are galls which drop off in
an immature state in the autumn, resuming growth in
the spring. Hven some of the succulent galls can be
detached before maturity without their development

22 THEORIES OF GALL ORIGIN.

being stopped, provided they are kept in the open air
and supplied plentifully with moisture.

When the larval irritation sets in there is clearly a
flow of sap to the affected part, and that, too, in
greater abundance than to those parts not affected.
The irritation continues with the growth of the gall,
and the gall assumes very rapidly a definite form. It
is conceivable that the mode of irritation may not be
uniform in all species, and obviously the results pro-
duced cannot be alike when applied to different parts
of a plant. We cannot conceive of galls formed on
catkins, or young or even old leaves, having the same
complicated structure as those in direct relationship
with the woody tissues. In other words, the seat of
origin of the gall has necessarily a direct relation to
its morphology and form. I do not think that the
form of the ovipositor has anything to do with the
matter ; for although we do find considerable diversity
in the egg-laying apparatus, yet that diversity has
relation to the position in which the eggs are to be
laid—those ovipositing in buds, for example, requiring
a longer ovipositor to enable them to pierce the scales
than a species laying eggs in leaves. There is also a
difference in the form of the egg; yet that also has
reference to the position in which they are placed, as
explained when treating of the eges. Of any dif-
ference in the form of the larva we have no evidence ;
and certainly the wound made by the ovipositor,
per se, cannot be held accountable for the growth of
the gall, for the latter may take weeks or even months
after being in the plant before it grows.

As for there being any evidence of a chemical or
molecular difference in the fluid which the gall-flies
undoubtedly secrete, there is none whatever. Lacaze-
Duthiers, arguing from the unquestionable fact that
the venom of wasps and bees differed in strength as
shown by its different degrees of virulence, concluded
that a like diversity existed in the gall-fly venom. It
must, however, be remembered that the function of

THEORIES OF GALL ORIGIN. 23

the venom of gall-flies and wasps is different, it being
in the latter for defence or offence against other
insects. Apart from strength of virulence, it may
also be stated that there is a chemical difference in
Some wasp venom, as is shown by some of them
being more alkaline, in contradistinction to the usual
acid nature of most species. But, as regards the
Cynipide secretion, we have no evidence of any
chemical or molecular difference; while the analogy to
contagia is hardly applicable, since these are living
organisms which cause changes in the animal system
by their growth and multiplication. The only infor-
mation we have of the nature of the gall-fly venom
is that given by Beyerinck,* who describes it as
tasteless and smell-less, and as a substance which,
when injected into the hand, produces no ill effect
- whatever, while the poison of wasps does so when
injected in the same way; and, finally, we know from
direct observation that its use is to close the hole
made by the ovipositor when the eggsare laid. Again,
Paszlavsky (Terms. Fiizetek, v) states that he has
seen Lhodites rose give out during oviposition a
transparent fluid clear as water, which flowed over the
branchlets and leaflets. Even in the Tenthredinide,
where larval irritation can have nothing to do with
the growth of the gall, apparently one of its uses is to
keep the wound made by the saw for the reception of
the eggs from closing in and crushing them.

So far, therefore, as regards the Cynipide we may
conclude (1) that there is no evidence that the venom
has anything to do with the origin of the gall,—
on the other hand, there is every reason to believe
that its use is to close the wound; and (2) that as
observation shows that the mechanical irritation pro-
duced by the birth and growth of the larva is the
primary factor in gall genesis, we may fairly conclude
that the theory of mechanical irritation is more in
consonance with observed facts than the infection one.

-* Ueber d. ersten Entwick. einiger Cynipidengallen, p. 179.

24. FOOD PLANTS.

How we are to account for the origin of the saw-
- fly galls is a question difficult of explanation. There
can be here only three factors: (1) the wound made
by the saw; (2) the growth—the swelling up—of the
ego; and (3) the venom ejected by the fly. Beyerinck,
it may be added, adopts the latter theory for the saw-
fly galls.

So far as my observations go, I do not find any
marked difference in the mode of oviposition of the
gall and non-gall making saw-flies. I have noticed
with some of the latter incipient gall-formation fol-
lowing oviposition. No doubt the distinction between
the two lies in the fact that the former brings its eggs
in contact with the cambium layer, the latter not.

The larval irritation theory may further be sup-
ported by the observation of the distortion and enlarge-
ments caused in galls by the inquiline flies.

Further information on this matter may be had in
the above-mentioned memoir of Lacaze-Duthiers,
Recherches pour servir a Vhistoire des galles, 1. c.;
by M. W. Beyerinck, Beitrage tot de Morphologie
der Plantengallen, 1877, and in his Beobachtungen
uber die ersten Hntwickelungsphasen einiger Cynipi-
dengallen, 1882; in Frank’s Die Krankheiten der
Pflanzen, Breslau, 1881; Meyer, Pflanzen-Pathologie,
1841; Courchet, Etude sur les Galles causées par
les Aphidiens, Acad. d. Sciences et Lettres de
Montpellier, 1881; and Hollis, Trans. Linn. Soc.,
1875, who gives an admirable historical réswmé of the
subject.

Food Plants.

Apart from the oak, the food plants of the Huropean
Cynipidee are—

Losa canina, eglanteria, rubiginosa, spinosissima, &c.,
attacked by the various
species of Rhodites.

Rubus fruticosus, &c., by Diastrophus rubi.

.

FOOD PLANTS. 25

Potentilla argentina, by Diastrophus Mayri, Reinh.
— bens: by Xenophanes potentille, Devil.
—- — foveicollis, Thoms.
— eeneiilan Dy — brevitarsis.

Acer pseudo-platanus, by Pediaspis acerina, Bremi.

Lapsana communis, by Limaspis lapsane, Karsch.

Phenzxopus (Lactuca) vumineus, by Limaspis phoenixo-
podus, Mayr.

Centawrea scabiosa, by Phanacis centawree, Foerster ;
Aulax scabiose, Gir. ;
and A. Rogenhoferi,
Wachtl.

— salamatina, by Aulax Inchtenstemi, Mayr.
— jacea, paniculata, and scabiosa, by Aulax
jacee, Schenck.

Mieracium boreale, &c., by Aulaw Meracit.

Tragopogon major and orientalis, by Aulaw tragopo-
ginits, Thoms.

Hypochzris radicata, by Aulax hypocheridis, Kieffer.

Artemisia, by Aulax artemisiz.

Serratula heterophylla, by Aulaw serratule, Mayr.

Salvia officinalis, by — — salvix, Gir.

Scorzonera humilis, by — _ scorzonere, Gir.

Glechoma hederacea, by — glechome, Hte.

Nepeta pannomee, by — Kerneri, Wachtl.

Papaver rheeas, by — minor, Htg.; and
papaveris, Perris.

Innaria vulgaris, by — eracn.

Valerianella olitorva, by — valerianelle, Thoms.

Oytisus capitatus, by — hhieraci.

Fagus, by Biorhiza aptera.

Pinus, by aa =

Vitis, by — —

Pteris aquilina, by Diastrophus rubi.

Triticum repens, by Aulax hieraci.

Obs. The root form of Pediaspis sorbi is stated by its discoverer, Tisch-
bein, to form galls on the roots of Sorbus aucuparia ; but Mayr (Eur.
Cyun., p. 2) does not mention Sorbus as a food plant, giving Acer pseudo-
platanus as the host for both forms.

26 SYNOPSIS OF GALLS.

Mr. A. R. Rolfe (Ent., xiv, 54, and xvi, 29) records
finding at Kew, on—

Quercus toza, Bose., &c.—Neuroterus lenticularis, N.
baccarum, and Cynips Kollart.

Q. lusitanica—N. lenticularis, N. baccarum, N. fumi-
pennis, N. numismatis, and Dryophanta divisa.

Q. lusitanica, var. infectoria—N. numismatis, N.
lenticularis, N. ostreus, N. baccarum, and Andricus
curvator.

Q. lusitanica, var. Turneri—N. numismatis, C.
Kollari, and D. longwentris.

Q. glandulifera, Bl. (Japanese evergreen oak)— Newro-
terus baccarum, Andricus curvator, Andr. gemme, D.
diwisa.

Q. Farnetto—N. lenticularis.

The galls of N. lenticularis, it may be added, on
Q. cerris, are at Kew of a deep pink or purple colour,
quite different from anything found on the native oak.
I am indebted to Mr. Rolfe for the specimens figured
in Pl. VIII, fig. 4.

Synopsis of the British Gails.

(2) On plants other than oak.

(9) On Rosa.

(4) Large, polythalamous, covered with long reddish hair.

Rthodites rose.

(3) Small, on leaves, without hair.

(6) The gall with four or five stout spines. R. rosarum.

(5) The gall without spines.

(8) Spherical, regular, lightly attached to the leaf, falling off, not
grown into the tissue of the plant; monothalamous, poly--
thalamous when inhabited by Periclistus canine. On con-
mon rose. Rh. eglanteriz.

8 (7) Irregular, on the leaves or twigs, grown into the woody part

of the plant, usually not becoming detached. On R. spino-
sissima. Rh. spinosissime.

9 (10) On Rubus. Large strumous enlargements of the stem.

Diastrophus rubi.
10 (43) On Composite.
11 (12) On various species of Hieraciwm. Swellings on the stem.
Aulax hieracii.
12 (18) On Hypochxris. Long spindle-shaped swellings on the
stem. Aulax hypocheridis.

IS or > wn

SYNOPSIS OF GALLS. Oy

(14) On Centaurea scabiosa. Large swellings on the stems.
Aulax scabiose.

(17) On Potentilla. Irregular swellings as regards form and size
on the leafstalks and stolons.

(16) On Potentilla tormentilla. Xenophanes brevitarsis.

(15) On P. reptans. X. potentille.

(18) On Nepeta glechoma. Irregular soft swellings on the stem
and leaves. Aulax glechome.

(19) On Papaver. In the capsules, which may or may not be
swollen. ; Aulax papaveris.

(20) On Triticum. Swellings on the roots. Aulax hieraci.

(110) On the common oak (Q. sessiliflora or Q. pedunculata).

(45) Situated on the under side of the leaf.

(27) Round, soft, and succulent, green or white, often with rosy
cheeks.

(26) Appearing in the spring or early summer; diameter not
more than 6 mm.; green, projecting a little through the
upper side of the leaf.

(25) Smooth, glabrous, length 5—6 mm. Neuroterus baccarum.

(24) Covered with long white hairs. Length4mm. UN. tricolor.

(23) Appearing in the autumn; whitish-yellew. Diameter 8—
12 mm. Dryophanta folt.

(28) Oval or ovoid, smooth, glabrous, pallid green or yellow, or
brownish-yellow, spotted with pink dots, moderately
hard, situated on the veins between two brownish sheaths,
which remain after the gall has fallen; in August and
September. Andricus ostreus.

(29) Reniform, small, green, succulent, usually crowded together ;
September and October. Length 1—2 mm.

Trigonaspis renum.

(86) Semi-spherical; hard and woody; depressed at top and
bottom.

(81) Without gloss, the skin rough with projecting points, whitish-
yellow, often with red rings or spots. Length 5—7 mm.

Dryophanta longiventris.

(30) Smooth, without warts or bands or reddish rings.

(33) Gall with two chambers; cylindrical-spheroidal, flattened
above, with a raised point in the centre; under side con-
cave. : Dryophanta disticha.

(32) Gall with one chamber.

(35) Very shining, broader than high, the sides usually more or
less reddish ; larval chamber small, the walls thick.

D, divisa.
(34) Not very shining, higher than broad, the sides without red,
the larval chamber large, the walls thin. D. agama.

(29) Flat, lenticular, circular, often irregular.

(38) Sunk, as it were, in the surface of the leaf, not projecting
much on either side, circular, green, with striz proceeding
from the centre to the circumference; May and June.

Neuroterus vesicatria.

(37) Not sunk in the leaf, but attached to it by a point; frequently

gregarious; in the autumn.

_ (40) Round, depressed in the centre, covered with golden silky

depressed hair. N. numismatis.
(39) Flat, not covered with golden hair.

SYNOPSIS OF GALLS.

(42) Almost glabrous, whitish-yellow to red, the centre raised,
the margin turned up, irregular, scattered on leaf.
N, leviusculus.
(41) Covered with stellate hairs ; gregarious.
(44) The sides flat, not distinctly curled up; the top broadly
concave; the bottom glabrous, pale yellow, seldom red.
N. lenticularis.
(43) The sides curled up; the top concave; the bottom pilose;
red or brownish-red. N. fumipennis.
(52) Situated on the margin of the leaf, without an inner gall.
(47) Smooth, ovoid. glabrous, seed-like, greenish-yellow. Length
1—2 mm. ; in June and July. Neuroterus albipes.
(46) More or less spindle-shaped or oblong.
(49) Shortly stalked, green, often with red longitudinal lines ;
the apex ending ina point. Length 6—8 mm. ; in October.
Andricus seminationis.
(48) Not stalked.

(51) The surface granular, shining, greenish-yellow, often red-
dish, spotted with small pale spots, brownish when old.
Length 4 mm.; in May, on young half-grown leaves.

Dryophanta verrucosa.

(50) The surface glabrous, irregularly ribbed or keeled longitu-
dinally, green. Length 4—5 mm.; in June and July, in
fully developed leaves" Andricus marginalis.

(53) An irregular, often globular or oval swelling at the base or
footstalk of the leaf, green, smooth; a large central
cavity, containing a small, brown, ovoid, seed-like, free
inner gall. And. curvator.

(54) A small elongate swelling on the midrib or leafstalk.

Andricus testaceipes and A. noduli.

(53) In the leaf-buds.

(56) Polythalamous, large (often 1 inch in diameter), whitish-
yellow, soft and spongy, in the terminal buds. May and
June. Biorhiza terminalis.

(55) Monothalamous, not spongy in texture.

(62) In twigs on the trunk or near the ground, soft.

(59) Bare, roundish, soft, whitish with reddish cheeks; usually
found near the ground among moss in May, on adventi-
tious buds. Length 5—7 mm. Trigonaspis megaptera.

(58) Pilose, ovate.

(61) Violet, sometimes bluish-green, covered with a very short
velvety pubescence; in June. 3mm.

Dryophanta Taschenbergi.

(60) Greenish or greyish-green, covered with longish white hair;
in May and June. 2 mm. D. similis.

(86) In twigs on the branches.

(64) Large, round, greenish to yellow, with red cheeks when
young, brown when old, not falling off when mature.
Length from 10 mm. Cynips Kollari.

(63) Small, dropping off when mature, elongate or ovate.

(68) Covered with hair.

(67) Spindle-shaped; not pedunculate; covered densely with
long, woolly, brownish-white hair. Length 5—8 mm.

Andricus solitarius.

°-

67
68
69
70
71
72
78
74

75
76

77

78
79

80
81
82
83
8d,
85
86
87

88
89
90

91
92

93

SYNOPSIS OF GALLS. 29

(68) Not spindle-shaped; the base dilated ; covered with white
silky depressed hair; the larval chamber separated from
the bottom by a hollow space. And. glandule.

(65) Glabrous.

(72) Spindle-shaped, with a more or less longish peduncle; green,
often with reddish lines.

(71) The peduncle as long or nearly as long as the gall; June—
August. Length 7—12 mm. And. callidoma.

(70) The peduncle very short; October. 6—8 mm.

And. Malpighit.

(69) The galls oval or oblong, or irregular.

(78) The galls not at all enveloped in the leaf-buds.

(75) The gall very small (about 1—2 mm.), ovoid, granular,
green ; June. And. gemmatus.

(74) The gall not small, oblong, longer than broad.

(77) Green, spotted with white, the apex without a sharp point.
Length 5—6 mm.; May and June. And. albopunctatus.

(76) Not spotted with white, covered with short whitish hair;
finely rugose, often keeled, brownish-yellow, reddish when
young. And. Clementine.

(79) More or less enveloped in the leaf-buds.

(80) The gall completely enveloped in greatly developed leaf-
scales, forming a miniature artichoke-like body. Length
from 20 mm. And. fecundatriz.

(79) The gall not completely enveloped in the leaf-scales.

(82) Irregularly pea-shaped, thin-walled; green or yellowish-
white; in April or beginning of May ; not much enveloped
in the leaf-scales, not woody. And. aprilinus.

(81) Globular or ovoid, tapering towards the apex, hard and
woody, appearing in the autumn.

(84) Globular, 3—4 mm., green and smooth when fresh, when old
reticulated ; its apex only appearing out of the bud, blunt,
usually yellowish. And. globuli.

(83) Ovoid, the apex sharply pointed. 2—3 mm.

(86) The apex with a distinct nipple-like point, of a darker colour
than the rest of the gall. And. collaris.

(85) The apex not ending in a dark nipple-like point.

And. autumnalis.

(88) The apex of a terminal twig inflated, the inflation longer
than broad, the cavity large, containing a loose small
brownish inner gall. . And. curvator and inflator.

(89) The twigs or leafstalk, or the midrib inhabited by the larve,
which cause more or less perceptible irregular swellings.

And. noduli.

(94) On the roots.

(91) Polythalamous, large, brown, irregular, from one to three

inches in length. ~ And. radicis.
(92) Monothalamous, situated on the rootlets, often in clusters,
irregular in shape. Biorhiza aptera.

(93) In the bark, on the thick roots, or on the trunk, where there
is a wound, the gall sunk in jthe young wood, cup-
-shaped, conical at apex, the top falling off when old.

And. corticis.

(92) A swelling on the trunk where a wound has been, not differ-
ing from the root-galls. And. radicis.

30 ~ COLLECTING AND PRESERVING.

94 (95) On young branches, covered with earth or vegetation, gre-
garious, conical, hard, woody, deeply furrowed, reddish and
juicy when young, giving out an exudation.

And. Sieboldit.

95 (109) On the catkins.

96 (99) The galls small and enveloped in a mass of poy hair.

97 (98) The mass of hair large, dense. From 20 mm.; June.

And. ramuli.

98 (97) The mass of hair small, not dense; in May and June.

And. cirratus.

99 (96) The galls not enveloped in a mass of woolly hair. bp

100 (101) The galls pilose, brownish. And. amenti and A. pilosus.

101 (100) The galls glabrous.

102 (103) Globular, succulent, green with reddish cheeks.

Newroterus baccarum.

103 (104) Spindle-shaped, shortly pedunculated; green, tinged with

red. And. seminationis.

104 (103) Oblong or oval.

105 (106) Irregular, the sides more or less keeled.

106 (105) The sides keeled or furrowed all over; the base not con-

tracted. Length 3 mm. And. quadrilineatus.
107 (104) The sides with only one stout keel, the base contracted.
Length about 1 mm. A, Schlechtendali.
108 (103) Oval or oblong, regular, the sides not keeled ; 1—2 mm.
A, nudus.
109 (95) In the young half-developed acorns, which are somewhat
distorted. Andricus ?.
110 (20) On Quercus cerris.
111 (110) In the acorns. And. glandiwm.

112 (111) On the catkins, very irregular, aed together.
And. xstivalis.
113 (110) In the leaf-buds, elongate-ovate, about 2:5 mm.; more or
less gregarious. And. circulans.

Collecting, Preserving, and Breeding of Gall-flies.

The imagos may readily be collected by beating the
food plants over an umbrella, or by sweeping under or
on them. They may be preserved either by cumming
them on cards, or (and, in my opinion, far better for
purposes of examination) by sticking them on fine
pins or on silver wire, the latter bemg inserted into
small pieces of the pith of the Jerusalem artichoke.
The objection to the carding is that the face is hid—
sometimes an important organ to examine; while,
again, it may be necessary to see the mesopleura.

In view of the fact that so many of the species are
so much alike—indeed, in many cases not discernible
in the perfect state from each other—the breeding of

COLLECTING AND REARING. 31

the flies from the galls is a matter of great importance ;
to rear them is not always an easy matter. Probably
no rearing case is better than ordinary jelly-cans whose
tops have been ground smooth, so that a glass plate
may fit them closely. In these cans should be placed
sand, which has been thoroughly boiled or burnt to
destroy any organic matter there may have been in it.
When this has been moistened the pots are fit for use.

In selecting galls for rearing purposes one point
must be kept in view, namely, that only mature galls
should be selected to rear from; for it is practically
useless to attempt breeding from half-grown galls,
although it must also be said that by keeping some
semi-developed galls moistened and exposed to the
atmosphere they may grow even when detached from
the plant. Still the rule must be, only attempt breed-
ing from mature galls. The spring galls do not afford
much difficulty. The chief point is to see that they
are not kept too moist, and this may be avoided by
taking the lid off the case occasionally, because, if this
is not done, the galls are very liable to turn mouldy.
On the other hand, care must be taken that they do
not turn too dry; if this happens the galls shrink up
and destroy the insects.

The autumnal galls give much more trouble than
the spring, as might be expected from the longer
period they remain in the galls, especially those which
come out in the spring. With these there is only one
way of successfully rearing them, and that is to keep
them outside, exposed to all the atmospheric changes.
In rearing from the galls of the autumnal Newro-
tert it must be recollected that when they fall from
the leaves in the autumn they are not fully developed ;
but by keeping them outside, and with plenty of air
and moisture, they will be devoloped all right im
the spring.

In breeding gall-flies great care must be taken to
keep each species in a separate pot, or otherwise grave
errors may be made in the records of the rearings

oe OLASSIFICATION.

of parasites and inquilines. The latter, it may be -
added, are much more easily bred than the gall-flies
themselves.

Classification.

The origin of the name “ Cynips”’ has been already
discussed (vol. in, p. 140). Westwood was the first
who separated generically any of the species from
Cynips by forming the genus Biorhiza. Hartig added
ten more, namely, Andricus, Newroterus, Teras, hodites,
Diastrophus, Spathogaster, Trigonaspis, Aulax, Ce-
roptres, and Synergus, the last two being inquiline
Species, as he was the first to discover. Hartig’s
primary generic character was the length of the radial
cellule and the position of the areolet ; next followed
the form and number of the joints of the antenne ;
while for subsidiary characters he took the form of
the scutellum, the texture of the thorax, and the num-
ber of joints in the maxillary and labial palpi. In
1859 (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien) Giraud erected the
genus Dryocosmus, and ten years later Foerster formed
some more genera, and brought the whole to a focus
according to the lights of his time. His synoptical
table is here reproduced :

1 (42) Wingless or winged ; in the latter the areolet lies quite close
to the base of the radial cellule.
2 (5) Wingless. :
3 (4) Antenne 14—15-jointed. Biorhiza, West.
4 (3) Antenne 13-jointed. Apophyllus, Htg.
5 (2) Winged.
6 (13) Radial cellule closed on the fore margin.
7 (10) Scutellum with an impression.
8 (9) The first abscissa of the radius angular, broken.
Pediaspis, Tisch. _
9 (8) The first abscissa of the radius only slightly elbowed.
Bathyaspis, Foerst.
10 (7) Scutellum without an impression.

11 (12) Radial cellule short and broad. Rhodites, Htg.
12 (11) — — elongate. Hololexis, Htg.
13 (6) — — open at fore margin.

14 (15) Mesonotum without parapsidal furrows. Ameristris, Foer.
15 (14) — with parapsidal furrows.

16 (21) Fovew at the base of scutellum united.

17 (18)
18 (16)
19 (20)
20 (19)
21 (16)
22, (25)

23 (24)

24, (23)

25 (22)
26 (27)

27 (26)
28 (29)

29 (28)

30 (33)
31 (32)

32 (31)
33 (30)
34 (37)

35 (36)
36 (35)
37 (34)
38 (39)
39 (38)
40 (41)
41 (40)
42, (1)
43 (54)

4d. (47)

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 33

Scutellum laterally margined. Dryocosmus, Gir.
— not margined.
Mesonotum quite smooth, with complete deep parapsidal fur-

rows; scutellar fovez in front transverse. Entropha.

Mesonotum not completely smooth, the parapsidal furrows
not deep; scutellar fovez in front curved.

Spathogaster, Htg.

Scutellar fovez separated.

The first and second joints of the flagellum equal, or the first
shorter than the second.

Antenne with the ¢ 14-, with the ? 13-jointed; the first two
joints of the flagellum unequal ; basal fovea of scutellum very
large ; radial cellule not twice as long as wide. Isocolus.

Antenne with the ¢ 15-, with the 2 13-jointed; the first two
joints of flagellum of equal length; basal fovea of the
scutellum small; radial cellule twice longer than wide.

Synophrus.

The first joint of flagellum longer than the second.

The second joint of hinder tarsi not as long as the last.

Dryoteras, Foer. = Teras, Htg.

The second tarsal joint as long as the last.

Metanotum very strongly declivous; the apex of the scutellum
lying very high over the base of the abdomen ; the first joint
of the flagellum very strongly incised at the apex, much
broader than at the base. Trigonaspis.

Metanotum not very strongly declivous; the apex of the
scutellum not very high over the base of the abdomen; the
first joint of the flagellum at the apex not broader than at
the base.

Mesonotum quite smooth.

Face sharply striated; central area of mesonotum with a more

or less complete central furrow. Diastrophus.
Face not striated ; middle lobe of mesonotum without a central
furrow. Inodora.

Mesonotum not quite smooth.

Mesonotum alutaceous, rugose, bare or shortly haired; the
apex of the abdomen not bearing silky hair; the antennz
and legs not stiffly haired.

Mesonotum transversely rugulose. Callirhytis.

— not transversely rugulose. Andricus.
— punctured, not rugulose; covered more or less
thickly with long hairs.

Abdomen at the apex covered with silky, woolly hairs.

Cynips.
— — — _notcovered with silky, woolly hairs.
Antennz and legs with coarse, stiff, erect hairs. Dryophanta.
— — — without coarse, stiff, erect hairs.
Aphilothriz.

Winged, seldom wingless; the areolet lying distant from the
base of the radial cellule.

The second abdominal segment at the base smooth, without
furrows.

The second abscissa of the radius curved; radial cellule at the
base and apex open; areolet absent.

VOLe TV. ; 3

34

45 (46)

4G (45)
47 (44)

48 (51)
49 (50)

50 (49)

51 (48)
52 (53)
53 (52)
54 (43)
55 (56)
56 (55)

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Scutellar fovee reaching to the middle of the scutellum;
radial area at the base, not curved; the second and the
following segments finely punctured. Hubothrus.

Scutellar fovese not reaching to the middle of the scutellum ;
radial cellule at the base sinuately enlarged. Liposthenus.

The second abscissa of the radius not curved; radial cellule at
the base and apex closed ; areolet present.

Radial cellule on the fore margin closed.

Mesopleure striated; the first and second joints of the flagel-

lum equal in length. Periclistus.
Mesopleure alutaceous; the first joint longer than the
second. Phanacis.
Radial cellule open.
Mesonotum quite smooth. Xestophanes.
— not — Aulau.
The second abdominal segment striolated.
Radial cellule open. Sapholytus.
_ — closed. Synergus.

Obviously the discovery already alluded to by Adler
of the occurrence of alternation of generation in the
family upset the older genera, and made a revision in
view of the new facts imperative. This needful work
was admirably done by Professor G. L. Mayr, of
Vienna. His synopsis of the genera, so far as our
Fauna is concerned, is as follows:

Synopsis of the Genera as defined by Professor Mayr*.

1 (4)
1G)

3 (2)

Females.

Wingless.

Furrows of the parapsides complete; antenne 14-jointed; a
short, thickish keel between the antennz; head swollen
behind the eyes; ventral spine 1—13 times longer than
broad. Biorhiza.

Furrows of the parapsides incomplete; antenne 13—14-jointed;
no keel between the antenne; head not swollen behind;
ventral spine 2—2% times longer than broad. Trigonaspis.

Winged.

Petiole rugosely longitudinally striated ; the second and third
abdominal segments without any visible suture; face
obliquely striated; frontal keels usually reaching to the
ocelli; radial cellule closed; antennz 14-jointed. Synergus.

Petiole smooth, not striated; frontal keels absent.

Face with two distinct parallel keels going from the antennz
to the base of the clypeus; antenne 12-jointed ; scutellum
with two fovee at the base; third abdominal segment longer
than the second, closely united, but still with the suture

* Die Genera der Gallen bewohnenden Cynipiden, Wien, 1881.

8 (7)
9 (10)

10 (9)
11 (12)

12 (11)
13 (14)

14 (13)
15 (16)

16 (15)
17 (18)

18 (17)
19 (20)

20 (19)
21 (24)

22, (23)
23 (22)

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. 35

visible ; the third segment covering the greater part of the
abdomen ; radial cellule closed ; claws bifid. Ceroptres.

Face without keels.

Hypopygium ploughshare-shaped, ending in a sharp point
and without a distinct ventral spine; mesopleure with a
distinct longitudinal furrow, sometimes punctured; radial
cellule completely closed; claws simple. thodites.

Hypopygium not ending in a sharp point; incised beneath,
and having a ventral spine.

Scutellum not separated from the mesonotum by a suture;
no ridge-like border behind the depression at the base;
parapsidal furrows absent, or, if present, only reaching to
the middle; antenne and tibie not hairy; antenne 13—15-
jointed. Neuroterus.

A suture between the mesonotum and scutellum; a ridge-like
border behind the fovez.

Abdomen, especially from the third segment to the apex,
closely covered with silky hair; antennz, head, and legs
completely pilose; head not swollen behind; parapsidal
furrows complete; scutellum broader than long, with two
fovez at the base. Cynips.

Abdomen not silky haired.

Cheeks with a sharp furrow; antenne 14-jointed; the fla-
gellum thin, attenuated towards the apex; parapsidal fur-
rows sharp and complete; mesonotum polished; fovez at
base of scutellum separated by a sharp keel; metanotum
with two curved carine; second joint of tarsi as long as the -
terminal, claws bifid; abdomen red. Trigonaspis.

Cheeks without a furrow; the apex of flagellum not thinner
than the middle.

Front, vertex, mesonotum, and mesopleure shining, smooth,
glabrous; antenne 13—14-jointed; scutellum with two
sharply separated fovez at base; pronotum with two small
fovez near the middle; metanotum with two parallel carine;
claws simple. Xestophanes.

Head and mesothorax not shining and polished.

Second and third abdominal segments without a suture, so
that there are only six segments apparent; cheeks without
furrows ; face laterally striated; head not swollen behind
the eyes ; metanotum with two parallel keels; pronotum not
narrowed in the middle, and with two not very distinct
keels; mesonotum finely punctured and pilose; antennz
12-jointed, the third joint shorter than the fourth or equal
to it; claws bifid. Periclistus.

Second and third abdominal segments not united.

Cheeks more than half as long as the eyes, without a furrow;
last joint of the flagellum not thicker than the fifth or
sixth; pronotum scarcely narrowed in the middle; parap-
sidal furrows complete; two sharply separated foveze at
base of scutellum ; ventral spine at the most scarcely longer
ree broad; antenne 13--14-jointed; radial cellule short,

road.

Claws bifid; mesonotum polished. Diastrophus

Claws simple; mesonotum closely shagreened or punctured,
opaque. Aulax.

36

24. (21)

25 (26)

26 (25)
27 (28)

28 (27)

10 (9)
11 (12)

12 (11)
13 (14)

SYNOPSIS OE GENERA.

Cheeks half as long as the eyes; apical joints of flagellum
thicker than the fifth or sixth; pronotum small; radial
cellule long, narrow, open.

Base of scutellum with two sharply separated fovee ; carine
of metanotum straight and parallel, seldom curved or
diverging towards the apex; parapsidal furrows sharp and
complete; antenne and tibie not covered with hairs, the
third joint longer than the fourth. : Andricus.

Base of scutellum with a transverse furrow, or with two
sharply separated fovez; in the latter case the keels on
metanotum curved.

Claws single; antenne and tibie not covered with stiff hairs;
base of the scutellum with two fovee; mesonotum polished;
body yellowish. Biorhiza.

Claws bifid; antennze and tibie closely covered with stiff
hairs ; a transverse furrow at base of scutellum; the agamic
form hairy, especially on the legs and antenne; thorax
Opaque, shagreened ; sexual form polished, glabrous.

Dryophanta, _

Males.

Petiole rugosely longitudinally furrowed ; face sharply stri-
ated; frontal keels seldom short and indistinct; radial
cellule closed; antennze 15-jointed, third joint sometimes
enlarged. Synergus.

Petiole not longitudinally furrowed.

Face with two parallel keels between the antenne and cly-
“peus; antenne 15-jointed, the third joint enlarged and as
long as the fourth ; base of scutellum with two fovee ; meta-
notum with two parallel carine. Ceroptres.

Face without keels.

Mesopleurz on lower side with a stout, often punctured or
reticulated longitudinal furrow; third antennal joint the
longest ; radial cellule closed; claws simple. Rhodites.

Mesopleurz without a longitudinal furrow.

No transverse keel behind the depression at base of scutel-
lum; abdomen petiolated; parapsidal furrows absent or
indistinct. Neuroterus.

A transverse keel behind the fovez at base of scutellum.

Cheeks with a sharp furrow; antenne longish, thin, 15-
jointed, the joints at least three times as long as thick;
mesonotum polished; the furrows complete; metanotum
with two keels ; two fovez at base of scutellum, separated by
a sharp keel. Trigonaspis.

Cheeks without a furrow.

Second and third abdominal segments amalgamated, with
scarcely a trace of suture; abdomen not petiolated; antennz
14-jointed; radial cellule closed; claws bifid; mesonotum
finely rugosely punctured. Periclistus.

Second and third abdominal segments not closely amalga-
mated; the suture quite distinct. ;

Vertex, front, mesonotum, and mesopleure polished, glabrous ;
pronotum with two fovez in front, polished between them ;
antenne 14-jointed; claws simple; radial cellule open in
front. Xestophanes.

GENUS RHODITES. 37

14(13) Only the mesonotum polished ; pronotum without fovez.

15 (18) Cheeks at least half as long as the eyes; the radial cellule not
usually elongated ; abdomen not petiolate.

16 (17) Claws bifid; mesonotum shining, impunctate; antenne 14-

jointed. Diastrophus.
17 (16) Claws simple; mesonotum shagreened, opaque; antenne 14—
15-jointed. Aulax.

18 (15) The cheeks less than one-half longer than the eyes; radial
cellule open, longish, narrow.

19 (20) Keels of mesonotum straight and parallel or very short;
antenne 14—15-jointed ; parapsidal furrows complete, deep;
two distinctly separated fovez at base of scutellum ; abdomen
scarcely petiolated. Andricus.

20 (19) Keels of median segment hardly curved; antennz 15-jointed.

21 (22) Reddish-yellow; antenne thick, third joint longer than
fourth; strongly emarginated ; mesonotum shining; claws
simple; abdomen scarcely petiolated. Biorhiza.

22 (21) Mesonotum not reddish-yellow; the antennz thin, the third
joint emarginate ; abdomen petiolated; claws bifid.

Dryophanta.

Obs.—The male of Cynips is unknown.

Genus RHOoDITES.

Rhodites, Hartig, Germs. Zeit., ii, 186; Mayr, Genera, 18.
Hololexis, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, 330.

Apical ventral segment elongate, ploughshare-shaped, ending in a
sharp point. Antenne 14—15-jointed, situated above the middle of
the face; the flagellum filiform, its first joint longer than the second.
Radial cellule completely closed, short, the areolet when present
placed close to its base. Cheeks without furrows, as long or nearly as
long as the space from the bottom of the eyes to the top. Head not
dilated behind the eyes. Parapsidal furrows complete, or obliterated
in front. Scutellum large, bifoveate or not at the base. Mesopleure
with a longitudinal furrow extending from the fore to the middle
cox (except with the American R. dichloceros, O. S.), the furrow
rugosely punctured.

The ¢ has the third antennal joint curved, and is very rare, the
genus, in fact, being more or less parthenogenetic. The areolet is
present or absent; and the wings are more or less infuscated, seldom
clear hyaline. The head and thorax are black, but the abdomen is
frequently yellowish.

Without exception the species are found as gall-
makers on roses. Six or seven species are known
from Hurope, and about the same number from North
America.

Rhodites is a very easily recognised genus; the

38 RHODITES EGLANTERIA.

ploughshare-shaped apical ventral segment and the
longitudinal furrow on the mesopleure being two
points in which it differs from all the other genera.

Hololewis, Foerster, merely differs from [hodites in
having the radial cellule elongate in opposition to the
short and broad area of Rhodites, eglanterie being a
typical form of it.

A. Radial cellule elongate; the basal abscissa of the
radius curved, not angled ; cubitus obsolete.

1. RHODITES EGLANTERIA.
Px igs, call; El xi tiontS oe

Rhodites eglanteriwx, Htg., Germ. Zeit., ii, 194; Schenck,
Nass. Cyn., 92, 93, and 123;
Mayr, Cyn., 19, Taf. iti, fig. 15;
EKurop. Cyn.,3; Taschen., Hym.
Deut., 135 ; Thoms., Opuse., viii,
792; Fitch, Trans. Essex Field
Club, ii, 125, fig. 7.

Hololexis eglanterizx, Foer., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, 333.

Black; abdomen and legs reddish-yellow, the latter paler in tint
than the former; the abdomen at the apex and beneath more or less
blackish, the legs at the base more or less blackish, the tarsi infus- _
cated; wings smoky, with a griseous tinge; antenne blackish to
brown, longish, slender, the third joint about one third longer than
the fourth. Shining; the mesonotum aciculated laterally; the scu-
tellum finely rugose, the basal foveze indistinct; parapsidal furrows
complete, narrow.

The ¢ has the abdomen with more black than red.

Length 2°5—3'5 mm.

Hasily known by the elongated radial cellule, and
by the curved basal abscissa of the radius.

Gall.—Pea-shaped, with a diameter of from 3 to 5
mm.; smooth, or more seldom beset with little
tubercles ; green, frequently with reddish cheeks, or
more rarely reddish entirely; sometimes greenish-
yellow. They are found either on the upper or lower
side of the leaf, and may even occur on the leaf-stalk ;
they are attached only by a small point to the stalk or

RHODITES EGLANTERIA, 39

leaf-vein, and the attached part does not show on the
other side of the leaf by a projection. The inner cell
is large, the bounding wall of parenchymatous cells
being thin, seldom being much more than 1 mm. in
thickness.

When the galls have been attacked by the inqui-
line Periclistus canine they become larger, more
irregular, and instead of having one large cell they
contain several, united by a spongy tissue (see
EPOX sie. 3).

The galls are usually found on Rosa canina, less
frequently on R. rubiginosa, and I once found them on
fi. eglanteria and f. spinosissima. When ripe the
galls fall to the ground, and give forth the insect in
the following spring.

The galls of Rhodites centifole (a species not yet
- found in this country) cannot, so far as I can make
out, be distinguished from those of R. eglanteriz.
The galls of the former, however, are said to be found
only on the leaves of Rosa centifolia.

Rh. (Hololewis) vrufipes, Foerster, is said also to have
galls ike those of f. eglanteriex; but it is difficult or
impossible to say wherein the differences between the
galls or insects lie.

Parasites. — Hemiteles wimbecilus, Gr.; Torymus
difficilis, Nees.; T. congener, Foer.; T. viridis, Foer. ;
T. eglanteriez, Mayr; Oligostenus stigma, Fab.; Hulo-
phus imunctus, Nees.; Pteromalus inflexus, Foer.;
Tetrastichus longicaudatus, Ratz.; T. obtustatus, Gir. ;
T. rosarum, Foer.

Brischke (Schr. d. Naturf. Ges. z. Danzig v.) records
Torymus auratus, T. tipularum, Lett., Tetrastichus lep-
toneurus, Pteromalus pilosus (T. pilosellus ?), T. in-
crassatus, Ratz., T. Neostatensis, Ratz., Hurytoma
rose, and Orthopelma luteolator.

Commonly distributed in Britain.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, and
Holland.

40 RHODITES ROSA.

B. Radial cellule short, triangular ; the basal abscissa
angled or elbowed in the middle ; the areolet present.

1 (4) Legs for the greater part red. :
2 (3) Abdomen reddish, the radial cellule with a smoky fascia.

Rose.

3 (4) Abdomen blackish or brownish-black; the radial cellule without
a smoky fascia. Spinosissime.

4 (1) Legs for the greater part blackish. Nervosus.

2, RHODITES ROSA.

Pl. X, fig. 2, galls; Pl. XII, fig. 10, ¢; 10, head.
Cynips rose, Linn., ee 917; Fab., H.S., ii, 100, 2; S. P.,

Diplolepis bedequaris, Geof., H. I., 11, 310, 2.

Rhodites rose, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 194; Schenck, Nass.
Cyn., 92, 122; Tasch., Hym. Deut., 134;
Marshall, EH.M.M., iv, 173; Mayr, Cyn.
Gall., 15, pl. xv, fig. 12; Europ. Cyn., 4 and
5; Thoms., Opusc., viii, 791; Osten Sacken,
Proce. Ent.Soc. Phil.,1863,40; Fitch, Trans.
Essex Field Club, ii, 126, fig. 6.

Black; abdomen red, with the apex black; legs reddish, the base
more or less black ; wings somewhat irregularly griseous, the apex from
the base of radial cellule infuscated or brownish. Vertex and meso-
notum opaque, closely and finely aciculate; the third antennal joint
twice the length of the fourth.

The ¢ has the abdomen for the greater part black, the second
antennal joint as long as broad; the legs are more broadly black at the
base than in the 9.

Length 3°5 to 4-5 mm.

The maker of the well-known “ bedeguar”’ or pin-
cushion galls of the common rose. They form a
woody mass on the stem, either low down or ter-
minal in position; contain numerous cells, and are
covered all over with long greenish to reddish
moss-like hair. In size they are about an inch
on the average in diameter, but may be smaller or
greater. Occasionally single galls, either abortive
or containing only one cell, are met with on a leaf.
The explanation of the galls being found on a leaf is
that the gall really originates from a leaf, and not
from a bud or stem, as might at first thought be ex-

RHODITES ROSA. 41

pected. According to Paszlavsky* the normal bede-
guars originate from three leaflets, and possibly the
explanation of the finding of the small more or less
abortive galls on a leaf is to be found in the fact that
the eggs were laid in one leaf only.

There is a variety on the Continent which is quite
glabrous. I believe I once found it in Scotland, but
at the time took it for a curious variety of R.
SPINOSISSUMB.

As with most of the species which form many-
celled galls, the labour of oviposition is long and
laborious.

The bedeguar was formerly used medicinally, and,
according to the late Mr. Ashmead (as quoted by A.
Miller, Zool. s. s., p. 1206), the farmers at Harro-
gate gather them to make an infusion for the cure of
- diarrhoea in cows.

fi. rose has the g, mm comparison with the ¢,
exceedingly rare; and there can be no doubt, from
the observations of Adler (D. EH. Z., xxi, 209), that it
is parthenogenetic. This also appeared to be the case
in America, for, according to Osten Sacken (Proc.
Ent. Soc. Phil., 1863, p. 47), out of 200 specimens he
only gotone g. Itis attacked by numerous parasites,
namely, Porizon harpwrus, Gr.; Hemiteles luteolator
(very abundant); Torymus longicaudis, Ratz.; T. pwr-
_purascens, Fab.; T. bedeguaris, L.; T. rosarum, Gir. ;
T. macropterus, Ratz.; Hupelmus Degeeri, Dal.; Oligo-
stenus stigma, Fab.; Pteromalus fuscipalpis, Foer.; P.
inflexus, Foer.; P. pilosus, Ratz.; P. festivus, Foer. ;
Hurytoma abrotam, Ill.; H. rose, Nees.; H. xthiops,
Ratz.; and, as inquiline, Periclistus Brandt, Htg.
Brischke (Schr. d. Naturf. Ges. z. Danzig v.) gives
as parasites Hupelmus Bedeguaris, Hurytoma nodularis ;
and, as inquiline, Synergus ruficornis, Htg.

Of universal distribution in Hurope; found also in
North America (see Osten-Sacken, Proc. Ent. Soc.
Phil., 1863, p. 40).

* Terms. Fuzetk, v.

42, RHODITES SPINOSISSIMA.

3. RHODITES SPINOSISSIMA.

PE My fie .o, gall sel xan sticeaemeor

Rhodites spinosissime, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien., 1859,
367 ; Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 92, 94, and
124; Taschen., Hym. Deut., 135; Mayr,
Cyn. Gallen, 16, pl. ui, f. 13; Hurop.
Cyn., 3 and 4.

Black ; the abdomen black or fuscous-black, the legs pale yellowish,
the coxee blackish at the base, the hind femora infuscated above in the
middle; wings hyaline, a little infuscated in the middle. Vertex and
mesonotum finely punctured and shagreened ; the antennz stoutish, the
third joint twice the length of the fourth; scutellum opaque, finely
Sean 2 to 2°5 mm.

Hasily known by the dark abdomen and _ hyaline
unspotted wings. The ¢ I have not seen.

The gall of this species is hard, woody, and very
irregular in form. It occurs both in the leaves and
stem, and in either case forms an integral part of the
plant, in the latter part extending frequently to the
pith, and firmly embedded in it. It is polythalamous.
Some of the galls are as regular and spherical as those
of R. eglanterre, and of about the same size; but,
generally speaking, it is very seldom that we find them
so regular as those of the last species, while the galls
of the latter are distinguished by being only very
slightly attached to the plant and readily dropping
off. They may occupy almost entirely one side of a
leaf, and part of the leaf may extrude through the
gall (see Pl. XI, fig. 5). In certain cases when this
happens the gall has the appearance of several galls
being amalgamated. On the stem the galls form
irregular pithy swellings. They may project through
both sides of the leaf or on one only; they may
occupy the entire Jeaf except a fringe of it; may be
smooth or bear little projections, or even spines; in
colour may be green, dull red, or very fiery red.
Besides being on the leaves and twigs they also occur
on the leaf-stalk, on the flower-buds, even on the

RHODITES NERVOSUS. 43

petals. As a rule polythalamous, specimens are some-
times found with only one cell. I have found three
separate monothalamous galls on one leaf. Those
on the twigs remain attached; those on the leaves
fall with them, and apparently the gall-bearing leaves
drop off earlier than the others.

In this country I have only found the galls on Rosa
spinosissima, on which along our shores it has a wide
distribution, being found from Sutherlandshire to the
south of Hngland. On the Continent it has been
found on f. canina.

Mr. Inchbald (Zool. 8. 8., 7824) describes a “* Cynips
rose-spinosissime,” which T cannot identify satisfac-
torily from the shortness of the description: ‘ Colour
black; antenne geniculate, hairy; head and thorax
dull black, pitted and dotted over with pale pile;
abdomen shining black; legs black, with the tarsi
paler. Insect much smaller than Cynips rose.” Itis
evidently not spinosissime, Gir., nor does it agree
with the species of Periclistus.

As parasites it has Torymus macropterus, T. diffi-
cilis, Nees., Megastigmus transversus, Walker, Ptero-
malus inflecus, Foer., P. incrassatus, Ratz. (Brischke) ;
Tetrastichus aurantiacus, Ratz., T. rosarwm, Foer. ; and
as inquiline Periclistus canine. :

Continental distribution: Germany.

4 RHODITES NERVOSUS.

Pl. XI, fig. 4, gall; Pl. XI, fig. 9, ¢.
Rhodilus nervosus, Curtis, B. E., 688, pl. cecxx; Marshall, KH. M.

salve ,

Rhodites rosarum, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1859, 366;
Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 92, 94, and 129;
Taschen., Hym. Deut., 185; Mayr, Oyn.
Gallen, 18, Taf. i, f. 18; Europ. Cyn aoe
Fitch, Trans. Essex Field Club, 1, 125,
fig. 7. Cf. also Gray, Proc. Ent. Soc.,
1858, p. 94.

Black; the fore-legs with the knees and tibie pale ochreous; the
middle tibiz usually obscure reddish-yellow; the hind legs dark

44, RHODITES NERVOSUS.

fuscous or brownish; abdomen yellowish-red, the hypopygium brownish-

black ; wings pale fuscous, the nervures brownish, shining; the meso-

notum closely aciculate; the parapsidal furrows distinct, and there is

a short furrow between them at the base; scutellum finely rugose,

irregularly keeled, projecting at the base between the fovee. The

third antennal joint hardly one-fourth longer than the fourth. 9.
Length 3 to 3'5 mm. ;

The cubitus is usually present, but may be very
faint; the keels on the scutellum are not so well
developed in the smaller as in the larger examples;
the quantity of yellow on the four anterior legs varies,
and some specimens have the wings more deeply
suffused than others.

The g I have never seen, nor has it been described
by any author.

Gall.—Irregularly pea-shaped, bearing five or less
stout, sharp-pointed spines, smaller, as long, or longer
than the gall itself; smooth, sometimes bearing small
warts; green, spotted with red when old, and becom-
ing brownish when they fall from the leaf. In dia-
meter they vary from 4 to 6 mm. ; they are unicellular,
the cell large, the bounding wall being about | mm. in.
thickness. ‘The gall is attached by a narrow point to
the leaf-vein on the under side, the mark of attach-
ment not being visible on the upper side of the leaf.
It is found in July, and falls to the ground when ripe.

When attacked by Periclistus canine the galls are
larger, more irregular, usually paler, and are poly-
thalamous, as in [hodites eglanterre. ‘The parasites
are Torymus macropterus, Pteromalus eminens, Foer.,
P. inflewus, Foer., Tetrastichus obtusatus, Gir.

The galls have been recorded from Rosa canina, R.
arvensis, f. rubigmosa, and fh. causacica. I believe I
once found them on R. eglanteria.

I think there is no doubt about this being nervosus.
Curtis’s description is as follows: “ Black, shining,
obscurely punctured, and slightly pubescent ; antenne
14-jointed, as long as the body, two basal joints
brownish ; ocelli very large; post-scutellum rugose,
with three parallel ridges; abdomen very smooth and

GENUS AULAX. 4d

ochreous, the lower sheath brown; wings pale fuscous,
iridescent, the nervures brown, edges of the marginal
cell suffused; anterior legs pale ochreous, interme-
diate brown, hinder piceous, base of all the thighs
darker ; apical joint of tarsi fuscous.

Distinguished from #. rosx by the large ocelli, cari-
nate scutel, dark hinder legs, the absence of the
brown splash on the ocast of the upper wings, and of
the areolet. _July. Dover.”

Gloucester, West Wickham, London district.

Continental distribution : Germany, Austria.

Genus AULAX.

Aylax, Hartig, Germ. Zeit., 11, 186.

Aulax, Mayr, Genera, 20.

TIsocolus, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, 330.
Eubothrus, Foerster, 1. c., 331.

LInposthenus, Foerster, 1. c., 331.

Head and thorax aciculate, coriaceous, or punctured. Cheeks with-
out furrows, as long as the length of the eyes. Antenne 13—14- 9,
6 14—15-jointed, the third joint with the latter curved; the third
joint may be longer or shorter than the fourth. Pronotum sometimes
with two parallel keels in the middle. Parapsidal furrows complete.
Scutellar foveze distinct, clearly separated. Scutellum separated from
the mesonotum by a furrow. The two keels on the median segment
are either parallel or diverging at the apex. Abdomen sessile, seldom
compressed, the second segment longer than the others, of different
length. The radial cellule is of different lengths, broad at the base,
open or more or less closed; the areolet present or absent. Claws
simple.

The species of Aulax bear considerable resemblance
to those of Synergus, but may easily be known by the
petiole not being striolate nor two-jointed. They
have the head and thorax black, with the abdomen
and lees more or less testaceous or yellowish.

There are about a dozen Huropean species known,
which form gall-hke swellings on various herbaceous
plants. |

The peculiarities of Foerster’s Isocolus, Hubothrus,
and Luposthenus (here sunk in Aulax) may be seen by
reference to the table on pp. 33, 34.

46 AULAX GLECHOMA.

A. Antenne 14-jointed in ¢, 15-am 6.

1 (4) Mesonotum glabrous, shining, more or less impunctate in the

centre.
2 (3) Antennz brownish-red; scutellum rugose ; wings without areo-
let. Glechome.
3 (2) Antenne black; scutellum not more strongly. sculptured than
the mesonotum ; areolet present. Hypocheridis.
4 (1) Mesonotum pubescent, opaque. Papaveris.

1. AULAX GLECHOMA.

JB, OG tle, alls 12th NE, cies, Ih

Aulax glechomx, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 111, 342; Mayr, Cyn. Gall.,
i, Lated, toon Hurop. Oyue ds noms.
Opusc., vii, 809; Fitch, Trans. Hssex.
Field Club, ui, 130, fig. 15.

Diastrophus glechome, Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 90 and 126.

Inposthenus glechome, Foer., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, 336.
For gall cf. Réaumur, Ins., ii, pl. xlu,
figs. 1—5 ; and Malpighi, Opera, pl. ix,
fig. 24.

Black; the legs and antennz yellowish-rufous; the scape blackish ;
the flagellum darker coloured than the legs; the coxe brownish or
blackish ; abdomen dark brown, the base more or less dark testaceous ;
wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous; areolet obsolete. The centre of
the mesonotum smooth and shining, the sides aciculate; glabrous,
parapsidal furrows reaching to the middle; scutellum rugose, broadly
depressed above. Propleuree and mesopleure in front transversely
striolate. 9. The second segment forms at least two-thirds of the
length of the abdomen.

Length 23 to 2? mm.

The galls of this species are found on the leaves or
stem of Nepeta glechoma, or on both. In shape they
are very irregular ; they may be spherical, pear-shaped,
or of no definite form; they may occur singly or in
groups, separated or united ; in colour green—entirely
green, or green with pink or red, this latter being
more particularly the case with young species. They
are covered with long white hair, but this gets rubbed
off with age, and the galls are then glabrous. They
are polythalamous. At first soft and succulent, with
age they get hard and woody.

AULAX HYPOCHARIDIS. AW

They are found from June to September.

The galls of this species are eaten in France by the
peasants, according to Réaumur (Mém., il, p. 416).
He says, “ Dans certaines années ot elle en étoit
chargée, les paysans se font avisés de manger de ces
pommes du lierre terrestre, et les ont trouvées
bonnes. J’en ai gouté, leur faveur aromatique m’a
paru tenir beaucoup de celle que Vodoratu fait
imaginer que la plante doit avoir: au reste, il faut
cueillir de ces galles de bonne heure, pour ne pas les
avoir trop séches et trop filamenteuses. Je ne scais
pour tant si elles pourront jamais parvenir a étre mises
au rang des bons fruits.”’

The known parasites are Torymus splendens, T.
glechome, Foer., T. cingulatus, Nees., T. rosarum,
Gir., Hupelmus brachypterus, Gir., H. Degeeri, Dalman,
Pteromalus glechome, Foer., Tetrastichus glechome,
Gir., Hurytoma rufipes, Brischke, and the ichneumon
Pezomachus diastrophi, Gir.

Widely distributed in England and Scotland; also
in the Isle of Man, where it was found by Miss
Constance Abrahall.

Sweden, Germany, France.

Obs.—The Cynips glechome, Linn., is not this species, as is shown by
the terms “ thorace villosa.”

9, AULAX HYPOCHARIDIS.

Pl. IX, fig. 5, gall.
Aulaw hypocheridis, Kieffer, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien., xxxvii, 205

Black; antenne filiform, 14-jointed, black, with a greyish pubes-
cence ; the third joint somewhat longer than thefourth. Face striated,
the front and vertex shagreened. Thorax shining; mesonotum almost
glabrous, very finely but clearly wrinkled. Scutellum without
median furrow ; at the base with two large fovee ; in front of the same
sculpture as the mesonotum. Wings hyaline ; radial cellule open at
the base at top. Areolet distinct. Legs reddish-yellow; base of coxe
and tarsal joints black. Abdomen very shining (Kieffer). |

Length 2:1—2:2 mm,

48 | AULAX PAPAVERIS.

-Galls take the form of spindle-shaped or oval swell-
ings on the petioles of Hypochxris radicata, some of
them reaching a length of 40 mm. and a diameter of
~7mm. In colour they do not differ from the stems,
the swelling taking place in the pith. Internally they
contain numerous oval cells, usually placed nearer the
centre than the edges. The surface is smooth, or
beset with little warts, and furrowed longitudinally ;
but the furrows are, of course, more widely apart, and
wider and more irregular than in the unaffected parts
of the stem.

Found in Wales by Dr. Vice, and also recorded from
South Devon (cf. Briggs., Hnt., 1875, p. 233).

Hurytoma cynipsea, Boh., is a parasite.

Continental distribution: Austria, Italy (cf. Low, ©
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1884, 326).

3. AULAX PAPAVERIS.

Pl. VIL, fig. 1, gall.

Diplolepis papaveris, Perris, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1839, 98.
Aulax rheadis, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 1846, 195; Schenck,
Nass. Cyn., 96, 100, and 127; Tasch.,
Hym. Deut., 133; Mayr, Cyn. Gallen,
22, Taf. ii, f. 19; Europ. Cyn., 7;
Thoms., Opusce., viii, 800; Westwood,
Gard. Chron., 1885, p: 152,
— minor, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 11, 196 ; Mayr, Eur. Cyn., 7.

Black; the legs yellowish-testaceous; the abdomen brownish or
black, the base often castaneous; the antennze dark brown, almost
black; wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous; areolet distinct. Meso-
notum opaque, pubescent, closely and uniformly aciculate; pleure
finely punctured; scutellum finely and closely rugose, sometimes
furrowed in the centre; parapsidal furrows reaching beyond the middle.
The ¢ has the coxe, trochanters, and base of femora more or less
blackish; in the 2 also the base of coxe may be infuscated.

Length 12 to 25 mm.

In some examples the furrow on the scutellum is
distinct enough, but it is absent in many.
I should say that A. minor, Htg., is only a var. of

AULAX PAPAVERIS. 49

papaveris.; according to the diagnosis of Hartig and
Mayr it simply differs from papaveris in the antennze
being ‘‘ brown,” often yellowish or reddish at the base,
the scutellum without a furrow, and the abdomen in
@ more or less yellowish-red or castaneous-brown
beneath. I find, however, so much variation on all
these points, as also in size, among specimens reared
from capsules collected at the same time, that I can
scarcely look upon minor as a good species. :

This insect galls in the seed-vessels of the poppy (P.
dubius and rheas). The capsules may be distorted
and enlarged, or hardly at all. Internally we notice
two changes: the entire gall may be converted (as in
the typical papaveris, which is also enlarged) into a
“spongy mass, in which the round larval cells are irre-
gularly embedded in the mass, the septa being en-
tirely obliterated; or (as in the typical minor) the
septa remain, and the larval cells are placed between
and usually completely separated from each other ;
these capsules being very little, if at all, enlarged or
distorted.

If distinct, both papaveris and minor are found in
Britain.

The species has been found in Berwickshire by Mr.
James Hardy; at Hereford by Dr. T. A. Chapman;
and Westwood records it from Guildford.

The parasites are Pezomachus papaveris, Foer.;
Raptrocnenis papaveris, Foer.; Lochites papaveris,
Mayr; Holaspis militaris, Boh.; Orymus papaveris,
Perris ; Cerrospilus arcuatus, Ratz.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany,
Austria.

B. Antenne, ? 12—13-, ¢ 14-jointed.

1 (2) The hinder margin of the fore wings ciliated; the abdomen
more or less at the base and the legs reddish; the third joint
of the antenne longer than the fourth. Mieraci.

VOL. IV. A,

50 AULAX HIERACII.

2 (1) The hinder margin of the fore wings not ciliated; abdomen
entirely, and the legs for the greater part, black; scutellar
fovee large; the third and fourth joints of the antenne about
equal. Scabiosx.

4, AULAX HIERACII.

PL IX, fiz. 1; Pl. XI, fig. 1 (graminis); Pl. XII,
fig. 11

Cynips hieracii, Bouché, Naturg. d. Ins., 164.

Aylax sabaudi, Htg., Germs. Zeit., i, 195.

Aulax hieracti, Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 99; Mayr, Cyn. Gallen,
9, Taf. i, fig. 4; Hurop. Cyn., 8.

Aulax graminis, Cam., Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glas., 1875, 322;
Mayr, Cyn. Gallen, 6, fig. 1.

Black; the legs and the basal half of abdomen ferruginous; the
antenne dark ferruginous to brown, the basal two joints always darker
than the others; the coxe often more or less fuscous. Wings clear
hyaline; the nervures pale fuscous; the apex ciliated; areolet present.
Mesonotum sub-opaque, strongly aciculate; pleurz aciculate; parap-
sidal furrows complete; abdomen shining, impunctate. ? and @.

Length 2 to 2°38 mm.

The amount of ferruginous colour on the abdomen
and antenne varies ; in the ¢ the abdomen is usually
entirely black. |

In coloration it is not unlike A. papaveris, but the
13-jointed antennee and the distinct parapsidal fur-
rows separate it from the poppy species.

A. gramims cannot be distinguished by any charac-
ters, structurally or in coloration, from Mieracw ; and
I am inclined to think that the two are identical not-
withstanding that they are found on different plants.
This seems the more likely from the fact that
A. hieracit has been bred from galls on Linaria vul-
garis and Cytisus capitatus (cf. Mayr, Hur. Cyn., 8).

The galls are found chiefly on Hieracium sylvaticum
and H. boreale. ‘They are found on all parts of the
plant, but more particularly on the stem, not far from
the flower-head. I have seen them also on the roots,
and they may affect even the flowers. As may be
seen by a reference to the figures on Pl. IX, in form
they are very variable, this being also the case as

AULAX SCABIOSA. 51

regards size. They are hard, usually coloured like
the stem, but with age get paler, and contain
numerous larval cells of the usual form irregularly
distributed through the mass. In size I have found
them from a quarter to over an inch and a half in
length. The outer surface is more or less thickly
haired, but old examples are usually glabrous.

On Triticum the larvee live in the roots, which they
do not distort very much. Several live in cells
together, as in Hieraciwm.

The parasites are Torymus hieracui, Mayr; T. chlo-
rinus, Foer.; T. euchloris, Bohm.; T. rubi, Schr. ;
Hurytoma signata, Nees; H. flavo-scapularis, Ratz. ;
Decatoma hieracti, Gir.; Systole castaniventris, Gir. ;
Tetrastichus quercis, Walker ; Pteromalus awrantiacus,
Ratz.; Tetrastichus Andrewu, Ratz.; T. planiusculus,
Foerster.

The species is of wide distribution in Britain and
in Hurope. |

5. AULAX SCABIOSA.

Pl. XI, fig. 2, gall.

Diastrophus scabiosz, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1859, 368.
TIsocolus scabios, Foerster, l. c., 1869, 334.

Aulaz scabiose, Mayr, Eur. Cyn., 10; Cyn. Gallen, 11, fig. 6.
Aulax centaurese, Thoms., Opuse. Ent., 809, 19.

Black; the knees, tibiz, and tarsi ferruginous; wings hyaline; the
nervures reddish; the areolet absent; the fore wings not ciliated.
Head and thorax opaque, transversely rugose; the face and pleure
aciculated. Scutellum coarsely rugose, without a longitudinal furrow.
Abdomen shining; the second abdominal segment at the apex and
the following distinctly punctured. Antenne blackish; the third and
fourth joints subequal. Median segment and collar covered with
greyish pubescence.

Length 3mm. 2.

The gall is found as large, strumous, spindle-
shaped swellings on the stems of Centawrea scabiosa.
These may be as long as two or three inches, and
contain numerous cells scattered irregularly through
the medullary tissue.

502 XESTOPHANES POTENTILLA.

Foerster founds his “ genera” Isocolus and Hubo-
thrus on this species.

The species has only been found at Tapley Pike,
near Buxton, in this country (cf. Fitch, EHnt., x,
p. 124). 7

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Aus-_
tria.

Genus XESTOPHANES.
Xestophanes, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, 337.

Antenne 2 13—14-jointed. Face, occiput, mesonotum, and meso-
pleurz shining, glabrous. Scutellum with two distinct fovee; two
minute foveee on the pronotum in the middle behind. Parapsidal
furrows abbreviated or entire. Median segment with two parallel keels.
Radial cellule short, broad, open at fore margin, closed at base. Second
and third abdominal segments united, sometimes with a furrow.
Abdomen for the greater part, and legs pallid. Claws of fore tarsi
entire. The ¢ with the antenne 14-jointed; the third joint curved.

The species of this genus are confined to Potentilla.
From the allied genera it is readily recognised by the
glabrous shining head and mesothorax.

Besides our two species only one other is known,
namely, X. foveicollis, '‘homs., which differs from them
in having the pronotum and metathorax ‘‘ dense
eriseo-tomentosis.”

1 (2) Third antennal joint not longer than the fourth; fourth joint
of hinder tarsi longer than wide; parapsidal furrows incom-
plete. Potentille.

2 (1) Third antennal joint perceptibly longer than the fourth; fourth
joint of hinder tarsi not longer than wide; the parapsidal
furrows complete. Brevitarsis.

1. XESTOPHANES POTENTILLA.

Pl. XII, fig. 8, 2. 38a, antenna; 36, hind tarsus.
PL Ovi ie veal:

Cynips potentille, De Vill., Linn. Ent., ii, 77.

Aylax splendens, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 11, 196.

Aulax potentille, Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 96, 99, and 126; Mar-
shall, H. M. M., iv, 275 (?); Mayr, Cyn.
Gallen, 12, Taf. 1, fig. 9; Hurop. Cyn., 10.

Aulax abbreviatus, Thoms., Opusc. Ent., 1877, 805.

XESTOPHANES POTENTILLA. 53

Black, shining, impunctate ; the abdomen and legs reddish-yellow,
the latter paler in tint than the abdomen, the former more or less
infuscated above towards the apex; wings hyaline; the nervures fus-
cous; antenne brownish, fuscous at the apex; parapsidal furrows
obsolete in front; the third joint of the antenne not perceptibly longer
than the fourth; the fourth joints of the hinder tarsi twice longer than
broad. In the ? the second abdominal segment is shorter, in the ¢
longer, than the third.

Length 1°5 to 2°5 mm.

The galls are found on the stems and leaf-stalks of
Potentilla reptans. They form irregular swellings,
usually of numerous cells, which may or may not
project as roundish protuberances from the general
mass. Intexture they are hard and woody; in colour
they may be greenish, reddish, or purplish at first,
becoming brownish with age. They may form spindle-
shaped swellings of from 10 to 15 mm. in length, but
also they may be spherical or oval; and, as in brevi-
tarsis, small isolated single cells may be found. They
may occur singly or in groups from the roots upwards,
and a series of small galls may be united to form a
necklace-like body.

Diastrophus Mayri, Reinh., forms somewhat similar
swellings on the stem of Potentilla argentea.

Cynips brevicornis, Curtis (B. H., 688, 19), clearly
represents either potentille or brevitarsis, but which |
cannot make out to my satisfaction. His description
is “ Black, shining; abdomen bright ferruginous ;
legs bright ochreous; tips of tarsi fuscous ; mandibles
and antenne ferruginous, the latter brownish towards
the apex; not much longer than the head and thorax ;
13-jointed ; terminal joint longest. 14 lines.

°* Dover.”

As parasites there have been recorded Torymus
globiceps, Nees, T. ater, Nees, Oligosthenus tibialis,
Hulophus nitidulus, Hurytoma abrotans, Nees, Encyrtus
zephyrinus, Dalman, Siphonura brevicauda, Nees,
Pezomachus potentille, Gir. Thomson (Opus. Ent.,
804) records Hurytoma rufipes from his Aulaw fovei-
frons.

54 GENUS PERICLISTUS.

The species is found in Devonshire and Kent.
Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany.

9, XESTOPHANES BREVITARSIS.

Pl. IX, fig. 3, gall; Pl. XII, fig. 12, antenna ;
12a, tarsus.

Aulax brevitarsis, Thoms., Opusc., 1877, p. 805.
Xestophanes tormentille, Schlecht., Ent. Nach., 1880, p. 176;
Mayr, Eur. Cyn., 10

Similar in coloration and size to X. potentille, but readily separated
from it by the third antennal joint being perceptibly longer than the
fourth, by the parapsidal furrows being complete, and by the fourth
joint of the hinder tarsi being hardly longer than wide.

Length 22mm. °.

The gall is found on the stems of Potentilla tor-
mentilla, on which they may occur singly as oval or
spherical swellings, or a number may be loosely or
tightly massed together. Some of the larger masses
are not distinguishable from the galls of X. potentille
on P. reptans. The colour is at first green, then
purple or brownish, and they are slightly pubescent.
The average length of an individual gall is about
3mm.; the conglomerated galls may reach a length
of 20 mm.

Of wide distribution in Scotland.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria.

Genus PERICLISTUS.
Periclistus, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, p. 337.

Antenne, 2 12-, ¢ 14-jointed, filiform, the third joint usually shorter
than the fourth. Face striolate laterally. Pronotum with two diverg-
ing carine. Mesothorax finely punctate or alutaceous, pubescent.
Scutellum with two well-marked fovese. Parapsidal furrows straight,
parallel. Anterior claws bidentate. Radial cellule open at fore
margin. The second and third abdominal segments united. Median
segment with two parallel keels.

PERICLISTUS BRANDTI. 55

The species of this genus are inquilines in the galls
of Rhodites and Diastrophus. They are black, with
the legs reddish-yellow, the abdomen blackish or
brownish, and the mesothorax is pilose.

Only two Huropean and four North American
species are known.

1 (2) Parapsidal furrows reaching almost to the base of the meso-

notum; mesopleurz completely striated. Brandti.
2 (1) Parapsidal furrows incomplete; mesopleure with a clear, shining,
impunctate space. Canine.

1. PrEricListus BRANDTI.

Pl. XIII, fig. 2, 2.

Cynips Brandti, Ratzeburg, Berl. Jahr. d. Pharm., 1832;
Brandt and Ratzeburg, Medic. Zool., u,
1833, 151.

Aulax Brandti, Htg., Germ. Zeits., ii, 196; Schenck, Nass. Cyn.,
96 and 97; Marshall, H. M. M., iv, 274;
Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 11; Thoms., Opusce.,
viii, 800.

Black; the legs reddish-yellow, the coxe blackish, the antenns
blackish; head and thorax opaque, rather strongly aciculate, the
parapsidal furrows reaching to the base of the mesonotum or nearly so.

The ¢ has the antenne testaceous, except the base and apical joints,
which are darker coloured. .

Length 2°5 to 3 mm.

A larger and stouter species than canine, and
easily distinguished from it by the presence of the
parapsidal furrows.

An inquiline in the galls of Rhodites rose.

I have seen several examples from England, but
have no record of the precise locality. I have taken
it in Clydesdale. On the Continent it is found in
Sweden and Germany.

56 SAPHOLYTUS CONNATUS.

2, PERICLISTUS CANINA,

Pl. XIU, fig. 3, 2.

Aylax canine, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 11, 196; Schenck, Nass.
Cyn., 96 and 98; Tasch., Hym. Deut., 133;
Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 11; Thoms., Opusc.,
viii, 800.

Black ; the antenne brownish or fuscous, darker at the scape; the
legs pale reddish-yellow, the coxee for the greater part black, opaque,
finely shagreened; the mesopleure for the greater part shining and
impunctate behind.

The ¢@ is similar, and has generally the antenne more or less testa-
ceous at the base.
Length 1°5 to 2 mm.

Common in the galls of Rhodites eglanterix, several
living in one gall, which they enlarge and distort.

Widely distributed.

Sweden, Germany.

Genus SAPHOLYTUS.

Sapholytus, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, 337; Mayr,
1. c. xxii, 693.

Agrees with Synergus except that the radial cellule
is open, and like that genus it is inquiline in oak-galls.
The frontal groove is short; the marginal nervure
does not reach to the margin of the wing.

Besides the one here recorded there are two other
Huropean species, namely, 8. Haimi, Mayr, from galls
on the Turkey oak, and S. undulatus; also on the
Turkey oak in Cynips cerricola.

1. SAPHOLYTUS CONNATUS.
TO UE Tes BO

Synergus connatus, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 11, 198.
— erythroneurus, Htg., 1. c., 198.
Sapholytus connatus, Mayr, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 722;
Thoms., Opuse. Ent., 798.

GENUS CEROPTRES. 57

Black; the antenna and legs rufo-testaceous; the coxe and hind
femora more or less blackish; wings hyaline; the nervures pallid-
yellow; front very finely punctured, almost smooth; mesonotum finely
transversely rugulose. Antenne, 9 13-, ¢ 15-jointed; the third joint
not twice the length of the fourth. Apex of petiole smooth. Frontal
keels obsolete.

Length 1—2°5 mm.

I have two bred males with the hinder tibize infus-
cated.

Rare in galls of Andricus noduli, Clydesdale.

Sweden, Germany, Austria.

Genus CEROPTRES.
Ceroptres, Hartig, Germ. Zeit., ii, 186.

Face with two distinct parallel keels, proceeding from the antenne to
the clypeus. Antenne with 12 jointsin ?, 15 in @; the antennez in
9 thickened towards the apex; the third jointas long asthe fourth; in
6 not incised or thickened. Pronotum in front with two acute con-
verging keels. Parapsidal furrows incomplete. The scutellar fovez
small and indistinct. Median segment with two parallel straight
keels and with a squarish median area. The second and third abdo-
minal segments connate, occupying almost the whole abdomen ; in the
9 the second segment is shorter than thethird. Radial cellule closed.
Claws bifid. :

The separating suture between the second and third
abdominal segments is not easily seen, and was over-
looked by. Hartig.

The systematic position of Ceroptres has given rise
to some divergence of opinion as to its affinities.
Hartig, as was pointed out (vol. in, p. 152), divided
the family into two groups according as the second or
third abdominal segment was the larger of the two.
Hartig himself, not recognising the suture between the
second and third segments, looked upon them as one
only, and consequently he located Ceroptres with the
gall-making and inquiline species. Schenck and
Foerster, however, were aware of the presence of this
suture, and seeing that the second segment was
shorter than the third transferred Ceroptres to the
Figitina, with which otherwise it has no affinity, either
in habits or in its general body structure. We have,

58 CEROPTRES ARATOR.

however, already pointed out that the relative lengths
of the second and third abdominal segments cannot be
regarded as a character of prime importance for pur-
poses of classification, inasmuch as there are genuine
gall-makers, e.g. Xenophanes, which have the second
shorter than the third. We therefore follow Hartig,
Mayr, and Thomson in retaining Ceroptres near the
gall-makers and Synergi, with which in other respects
it has so many points of agreement.

Mayr describes in his Monograph only two species,
namely, C. arator and C. cerri; but Hartig described
O. clavicornis, C. melanonerus and socialis, forms
which the learned Austrian Hymenopterist was un-
able to recognise.

1. CEROPTRES ARATOR.

Pl. XIII, fig. 4, 2; 4a, antenna.

Ceroptres arator, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 111, 343; Mayr, Verh. z.-b.
Ges. Wien, xxii, 724, 1.

Black ; the antennz and legs yellow ; the scape and cox more or less
black ; wings hyaline, the nervures testaceous. Head and mesonotum
finely punctured, shining, abdomen impunctate, very shining, the base
ferrugineous, pilose laterally. The face bears two acute longitudinal
keels.

Length 1—2 mm.

The other Huropean species of Ceroptres (C. cerri)
is not likely to occur in this country, being found
only in the galls of the Quercus cerris.

I have only seen specimens from Clydesdale in the
galls of Andricus noduli. Billups (Proc. Ent. Soc.,
1884, 14) records rearing it from the galls of Cynips
Kollari.

Sweden, Germany, Austria.

GENUS SYNERGUS. 59

Genus SYNERGUS.
Synergus, Hartig, Germ. Zeit., ii, 186; Mayr, Genera, 3.

Face with coarse, oblique, radiating furrows. Petiole rugosely dis-
tinctly longitudinally striolate. Radial cellule closed. The second and
third abdominal segments connate. Cheeks without a furrow; longer
than the eyes. Antenne, 2 14-, ¢ 15-jointed, the third joint in the
latter curved, sometimes enlarged; spindle-shaped. Parapsidal furrows
complete. Median segment with two parallel keels. Abdomen com-
pressed. Claws cleft. The front with a pair of keels which usually
reach near to the lateral ocelli.

The sculpture of the thorax varies from alutaceous
to rugose; the mesosternum is striolate; the second
and third abdominal segments amalgamated, seldom
with the suture visible.

The general features relating to the history of the
guest gall-flies have been already indicated. They
issue earlier into the fly state than the insects on
which they prey, a circumstance, indeed, rendered
necessary from their having to deposit their egos In
. the galls when these are very young. Asa rule they
distort the galls to a more or less extent, and it is
probable that many of the abortive galls owe this fact
to the action of the inquilines. They may either
enlarge or reduce the gall. A well-marked example
of the former we have in Rhodites eglanterie®; of the
latter Newroterus ostreus may be cited, but in this case
apparently only one larva has been in it, or at least
has come out of the gall. When several live in one
gall, say in Dryophanta divisa, they are separated from
each other by partitions apparently formed of the
substance of the gall and some secretion of the larva.
As has already been pointed out, the larger galls may
afford nourishment to the maker and to one or more
.inquilines, while it is of not uncommon occurrence for
a gall to yield inquilines and chalcid parasites, the
latter having preyed upon one of the inquiline larve.

The inquilines, as has been indicated by Mayr,
are divisible, as regards habits, into two groups,
namely, those which winter in the galls, z.e. those

60 GENUS SYNERGUS.

which oviposit in autumnal galls, leaving them early
in the spring; and those which live in the spring
galls, leaving them in July or about that time, the
latter species living in the galls only a short period
compared to those which winter. Whether all the
summer broods live in two distinct galls, a spring and
autumn one, is not clear. A species like S. radiatus
might well live in the galls of Newroterus baccarwm in
May, come forth and oviposit in Andricus solitarius,
remaining in this gall to the following spring, if it were
not the fact that it issues from Andricus solitarius in
July of the same year.

Our winter galls are—
Synergus melanopus.
— Reinhard.
— apralis.
— werassatus.
— Tscheki.
— pallicornis.
— nervosus.
— tristis.
— vulgaris.
— thawmacera.
The spring species are—
Synergus albipes.
— facials.
— radiatus.
— thawmacera.

The last-mentioned species is stated by Mayr to
winter in the galls of Biorhiza renum.

It is difficult to find a group of Hymenoptera
wherein the separation of the species is more per-
plexing, or where the specific characters are more
plastic. There is hardly a single specific point
wherein we do not find extreme variability. Colour
we could hardly expect to find very stable in those
insects ; and, indeed, the amount of variation in this
respect in all the species is very great and often ex-

GENUS SYNERGUS. 61

cessive. The sculpture of the thorax might be held
at first sight to afford some criterion of specific dis-
tinctness; but experience and observation show that
the difference in this respect is very great indeed. In
species like S. incrassatus, for example, the normal
coarsely coriaceous sculpture of the thorax may be
alutaceous merely, particularly in smaller-sized speci-
mens. Indeed, the intensity of sculpture appears to
have some relationship to the amount of nourishment
the larva has had, abundant food yielding large speci-
mens, poor and insufficient food small and stunted
examples. It is not easy to find even structural
characters which are constant. Thus the length of
the second antennal joint in normal specimens of S.
melanopus gives a fairly good specific character ; but in
abnormal examples it does not, as they have it as in
S. Reinhardt. The form of the radial cellule is not of
much importance, while the colour of the nervures
is very inconstant. Further, the frontal lamine in
stunted examples become very indistinct, however
well marked they may be in larger forms. On the
other hand, the species oviposit with tolerable con-
stancy in the same galls; and in truth it is only by
rearing the species that undoubtedly typical examples
are to be had.

Mayr in his excellent monograph describes twenty-
two Huropean species ; besides which there are a few
species described by Hartig which he was unable to
determine to his satisfaction. The genus is, as might
be expected, common in North America, and is also
known from Mexico.

A. Second abdominal segment at the apex, broadly and
closely punctured.

1 (2) Second antennal joint in ¢ shorter than broad, in 2 as broad
as long; head reddish, black on the top (typical form only).
Melanopus.

2 (1) Second antennal joint in ¢ and ? longer than broad.
Reinhard.

62 SYNERGUS MELANOPUS.

There are five other species of this group, namely,
S. evanescens, Mayr, from galls of Andricus gemme
and other Continental species ; S. pallidipennis, Mayr,
from galls of Cynips lignicola and C. conifica, C. tinc-
toria, and C. coriaria; S. flavipes, Htg., from galls of
Dryophanta macroptera; S. Hayneanus; Htg., from
galls of Cynips tinctoria and OC. lignicola; and SN.
ruficornis, from galls of Andricus globuli. All the
species overwinter in the galls.

1. SYNERGUS MELANOPUS.

Pl. XI, fig. 5, ¢;

Synergus melanopus, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 1841, 347; Mayr,

Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 695.

Diplolepis rufipes, Fonsc., Ann. Soc. Nat., 1832, 193 (nec Fal.),
artim.
Synergus orientalis, Htg., 1. c., 347.
— socialis, Htg., 1. c., iv, 413.

Black ; the head rufous, the vertex and occiput in the centre, black ;
legs rufous, the cox for the greater part, the front femora slightly at
the base, the intermediate to the middle (generally), the greater part ot
the posterior and the greater part of the hind tibiz, blackish, or fus-
cous; abdomen more or less brownish to ferruginous; antennse
rufous, the apical half more or less infuscated. Front rugosely punc-
tured; mesonotum coarsely and rugosely transversely striolated, the
space between the striz smooth or nearly so, the striz interrupted by
the parapsidal and central furrows. Petiole strongly punctured
behind; second antennal joint about as long as broad. Frontal
lamine straight, reaching to the hinder ocelli; facial keel obsolete;
apex of second segment of abdomen closely and distinctly punctured.

The ¢ has the second antennal joint shorter than broad, the third
ene and curved. I have seen males with the femora without any

ack.

Length 2—5 mm.

The best character to distinguish typical examples
of this species from S. Keinhardi is to be found in the
longer second antennal joints of the latter. The
rufous colour of typical Melanopus is characteristic,
but on the other hand the head may be entirely
black. The length of the second antennal joint in the
male and female is not constant, and may take the
proportion it has in Reimhardi; the legs may be

SYNERGUS REINHARDI. 63

entirely rufous except at the base; the abdomen may
be more or less rufous and punctured at the base;
the quantity of testaceous or rufous colour on the
antenne varies, and, as in most of the species, the
size and deepness of the puncturing varies.

In this country it has only been reared from the
galls of CO. Kollari, but on the Continent it frequents
the galls of Cynips argentea, O. hungarica, C. tinctoria,
C. lignicola, C. conglomerata, C. glutinosa, C. coriaria,
C. polycera, C. caliciformis, C. amblycera, C. caput-
meduse, C. calicis; Aphilothria gemme, A. lucida,
and A. Clementine.

Rare in this country. Clydesdale. London district
(Billups), Devonshire (Bignell).

Continental distribution: Austria and Hungary, .
Germany.

2. SyNERGUS REINHARDI.

Synergus Reinhardt, Mayr, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 698.

Black; the antenne, except at the apex, all the knees, the apex of
the front femora, the fore tibize and tarsi, the middle tibie and tarsi in
front, and more or less of the hind tarsi, rufo-testaceous; wings clear
hyaline; the nervures pallid to the radial cellule, then fuscous; radial
cellule shortish, wide, the radial nervure curved. Vertex closely ru-
gosely punctured; mesonotum coarsely, transversely, rugosely punc-
tured in front and laterally, at apex transversely striolated. Facial
keel very distinct; frontal laminz stout, parallel, not reaching to the
hind ocelli. Second antennal joint longer than broad. Nervures
fuscous to testaceous.

Length 2°5—3'5 mm.

One of the largest species. The ¢@ has the second
antennal joint longer than thick.

From galls of C. Kollari in June of the second year ;
in Austria found in the galls of Cynips argentea, C.
tinctoria, O. glutinosa, C. caliciformis, C. caput-meduse,
C. calicis.

I have taken it in Clydesdale and Sutherlandshire,
and Mr. Bignell has bred it at Plymouth.

Continental distribution: Austria.

64 SYNERGUS INCRASSATUS.

B. Second abdominal segment, if punctured at all, only
on the upper side at the apex.

3. SYNERGUS APICALIS.

I KO ley Oh

Synergus apicalis, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 111, 349; Mayr, Verh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 705 ; Thoms.,
Opusc., 796, 7.
— wtmmnarginatus, Htg., 1. c., 348.
— erythrostomus, Htg., 1. c., 348.

Black; the oral region and the lower part of the face and cheeks and
legs pale rufo-testaceous; the antenne testaceous at the base, the rest
infuscated; the coxe black, the basal half of the fore and the greater
part of the hind femora infuscated; the hind tibie slightly infuscated.
Second antennal joint longer than broad; frontal keels short, not
reaching to the ocelli. Front finely punctured; mesonotum trans-
versely rugosely striolate; the striz interrupted; mesopleure acutely
striolate; wings clear hyaline; the nervures pallid, testaceous to fuscous;
the radial cellule three times longer than broad.

The ¢ has the head yellowish, with the vertex and front in the
middle black, sometimes with the face blackish; the antenne have the
basal half yellow; the legs are of a clearer yellow than in the 9? ; the
coxee and femora more or less infuscated.

Length 1—1°5 mm.

One of the smallest species. Reared in June from
galls of Andricus nodul. Mayr reports it also from
the galls of Cynips lignicola, C. conglomerata, C. am-
blycera, Andricus gemme, and Newroterus albiwpes ; but
he suggests that the specimens may actually have
issued from the twigs on which these galls were, rather
than that they really come from the galls of A. nodul.

Rare. Clydesdale.

Sweden, Germany, Austria.

4, SYNERGUS INORASSATUS.

Synergus incrassatus, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 707; Mayr,
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 707;
Thomson, Opusce. Ent., 793.

Black; the antennez and legs rufo-testaceous; the coxz and hind
femora more or less black, the anterior sometimes infuscated; wings

SYNERGUS TSOHEKI. 65

hyaline, the nervures dark rufous; the radial cellule hardly twice
longer than broad. Front rugose. Mesonotum with stout, curved,
transverse striolations, between which the surface is smooth; mego-
pleure shining, longitudinally striated. Second antennal joint hardly
longer than broad; the third about one fourth longer than the fourth.
Frontal lamine narrow, thinning towards the ocelli. Posterior part
of petiole broadly rounded from apex to base. Facial keel blunt.

The ¢ has the third antennal joint curved, greatly thickened, espe-
cially at the apex, and twice the length of the fourth ; the second joint
broader than long; the head, except the front and vertex in the centre,
is rufo-testaceous ; the coxe may be infuscated; the alar nervures are
darker.

Length 2°5—3°5 mm.

A distinct species, especially through the thickened
antennz in both sexes and the round petiole.

Common. Found only on root galls; namely, on
those of Andricus radicis, A. corticis, and A. Sieboldit.

In size it varies considerably, as it does also in the
depth of the sculpture; while in colour I have seen
specimens with the head and thorax dull brownish,
and the abdomen reddish.

Sweden, Germany, Austria.

5. SyneRcus TSCHEKI.

Pl. XII, fig. 6.
Synergus Tscheki, Mayr, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 708.

Black; the antennes and legs rufo-testaceous; the base of the
antenne, the cox, the four anterior femora broadly at the base, the
posterior almost entirely, and the greater part of the hinder tibie
fuscous or fuscous-black; the wings hyaline, the nervures fuscous to
testaceous. Front and mesonotum coriaceous, alutaceous, the latter
sometimes transversely rugulose in the middle. The second antennal
joint in the ? is a little longer than broad; in the ¢ as long as broad;
in the ¢ the curved and thickened third joint is somewhat longer than
the fourth. The radial cellule a little more than twice longer than
broad, Apical half of petiole sometimes aciculate, especially in the
larger specimens.

Length 2—2°5 mm.

The coloration of the antenne and legs varies,
especially as regards the quantity of the fuscous
colour, but the base of the antenne is never yellow.
A specimen reared from the galls of Dryophanta

VOL. IV. 9)

66 SYNERGUS PALLICORNIS.

scutellarts has the apex of the petiole punctured
above. A series bred from the gall of Dryophanta
divisa have the tibiz and the tarsi infuscated.

Bred in April and May from the galls of Dryophanta
divisa, D. scutellaris, Neuroterus numismatis, N. lenti-
cularis, N. ostreus, and N. fumipennis, all-of the second

ear. 7
Commonly distributed.
Austria, Germany.

6. SYNERGUS PALLICORNIS.

Synergus pallicornis, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ui, 709; Mayr,
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 709;
Thomson, Opusce., 797.
— australis, Htg., l.c., iv, 414.
— flavicornis, Htg., 1. c., ii, 198.
_ nigripes, Htg., J. ¢., ii, 197 (?).

Black; the antenne and legs pale yellow to reddish-yellow; the four
fore femora at base, and the greater part of the hinder, fuscous to
blackish; the basal joint of the antennz, and sometimes the apical
joints, infuscated; wings pure hyaline, the nervures pure pale yellow.
Second joint of antenne longer than broad; in ¢ the third joint is
curved, and nearly twice the length of the fourth. Vertex shining,
finely rugulose; the frontal lamine straight, reaching to the hinder
ocelli. Mesonotum alutaceous, usually transversely rugulose in the
me or coriaceous. Radial cellule fully three times longer than

road.

Length 1:5— 2 mm.

The antenne may be entirely yellow; the hind
tibize may be infuscated, and the sculpture of the
mesonotum shows considerable variety, ranging from
alutaceous merely, to transversely striolated.

It comes nearest to S. T'scheki, from which it is not
always very easily separated. The g of T'scheki may
be recognised by the third antennal joint not being
much longer than the fourth. In the ? the antennz
at the base are always blackish. The radial cellule is
shorter, being not much more than twice longer than
broad. Itis a very variable, and difficult to recognise,
species.

Reared by Mr. Bignell from Dryophanta scutellaris,

SYNERGUS ALBIPES. 67

and by myself from D. longiventris and from galled
acorns, but these latter examples have the antennz
infuscated. On the Continent Mayr records it from
the galls of Cynips Hartigi, C. argentea, C. hungarica,
C. tinctoria, C. Kollari, C. lignicola, C. conglomerata,
C. glutinosa, C. coriaria, C. polycera, C. caput-meduse,
C. calicis, Dryophanta folii, D. longiventris, D. divisa,
D. agama, D. disticha, D. cornifex.
Sweden, Germany, Austria.

7. SYNERGUS ALBIPES.

Synergus albipes, Htg., Germs. Zeits., iii, 349; Mayr, Verh.
: z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 712.
— erythrocerus, Htg., 1. c., 349.

Black ; the antenne and legs clear rufo-testaceous, often pure yellow ;
the cox, the four anterior femora at the base, the posterior except at
base and apex, infuscated or blackish ; the wings hyaline, with lemon-
yellow nervures. Second antennal joint somewhat longer than broad;
the third and fourth joints subequal. Front and mesonotum coria-
ceous, the latter sometimes finely transversely rugulose. Radial
cellule about two and a half times longer than wide. Petiole at apex
pyriform.

The ¢ has the thickened third joint longer than the fourth.

Length 1—2 ¢, 1:5—2 mm. ?.

It is difficult to find any very tangible points wherein
this species differs clearly from pallicornis. Generally
the sculpture is finer and closer, and the fourth
antennal joint is proportionately longer; moreover
the times of appearance are different, albipes issuing
in early summer from the same year’s galls, pallicornis
from the second year’s galls.

I have it from the galls of Spathegaster baccarum,
S. tricolor, and Dryophanta divisa. Mayr records it
from Biorhiza synaspis, Andricus curvator, Dryophanta
agama, and D. disticha.

Not uncommon.

Germany, Austria.

68 SYNERGUS TRISTIS.

8. SYNERGUS NERVOSUS.

Pl. XII, fig. 4.

Synergus nervosus, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 197; Mayr, Verh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 713, 16; Thomson,
Opusce., 795, 5. ;
— tibialis, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 197.
— nigricornis, Htg., |. c., iii, 347 (?).

Black ; the antennez fuscous, or fuscous with a testaceous tinge; the
basal joints darker ; legs rufo-testaceous ; the coxe, the anterior femora
at the base, the greater part of the posterior, and the hinder tibiz
fuscous or fuscous-black ; wings with the nervures pale fuscous. Front
coriaceous; mesonotum finely transversely coriaceous, the keels
distinct. Second joint of the antennz longer somewhat than broad.

The ¢ similar in coloration, the second antennal joint broader than
long, the third joint curved in the middle and thickened at the apex.

Length 1:5—2 mm., 2—2'5 mm.

Differs from S. vulgaris and tristis in having the
antennz and hinder tibiz infuscated, and the radial
cellule is more sharply pointed at the apex.

Thave it from the galls of Andricus autumnalis and
A. callidoma, and Mayr reared it from the galls of A.
collaris.

Sweden, Germany, Austria.

9. SYNERGUS TRISTIS.
Synergus tristis, Mayr, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 715, 17.

Black ; the legs testaceous, the front femora broadly fusco-brownish
at the base, the posterior for the greater part blackish; the tibize more
or less fuscous, the hinder darker than the anterior, which have usually
a testaceous tinge; antenne fuscous, the 2—3 joints and the apical
(especially beneath) testaceous; wings hyaline, with fuscous nervures ;
the radial cellule somewhat two and a half times longer than broad at
the widest part. Front and mesonotum coriaceous, the apex of the
mesonotum finely transversely striolate. Frontal laminze moderately
distinct. Second antennal joint longer than broad.

The ¢ has the antenne lighter coloured than in the 9, the third
joint thickened, about one-fourth longer than the fourth.

Length 1:5—1°8, 9 1:°5—2°5 mm.

It is not easy to hit upon any very satisfactory
characters whereby to separate this species from

S. T'scheki ; generally the latter may be known by the
antenne being rufo-testaceous, and the tibize not in-

SYNERGUS FAOCIALIS. 69

fuscated. Still I have reared from Dryophanta divisa
galls examples of T'scheki which have the antenne and
tibize infuscated. A further noteworthy difference lies
in Tscheki issuing from the galls in the autumn, while
tvistis emerges in the spring.

Mr. Bignell and myself have bred it from Neuroterus
ostreus in the spring, and Mayr from Andricus wrne-
forms.

Not common, seemingly.

Austria.

10. SYNERGUS VULGARIS.

Synergus vulgaris, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 198; Mayr, Verh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 715.

Black ; the antenne and legs reddish-testaceous, the first joint of
the antennz more or less infuscated; the apical joints more or less
fuscous; the cox, the base of the four front femora, and the greater
part of the posterior femora blackish; alar nervures pallid fuscous.
Vertex and front coarsely punctured; frontal lamine clearly defined ;
facial keel moderately distinct. Mesonotum coarsely transversely
rugulose. Second antennal joint a little longer than broad.

The ¢ has the head rufo-testaceous, except the front, vertex, and
occiput; the antenne are entirely rufo-testaceous, with sometimes the
basal joint more or less infuscated; the third joint acutely bent in the
centre ; the legs are not so much infuscated.

Length 2—3 mm.

A species not difficult to recognise. I have it from
the galls of Andricus callidoma. On the Continent it
is known from the galls of Cynips tinctoria, C. lignicola,
C. glutimosa, C. caput-meduse, C. calicis, Andricus
gemmex, A. solitaria, A. Clementine, A. wrnexformis, A.
glandium. It issues in March in the house.

Clydesdale.

Germany, Austria.

11. SyNERGUS FACIALIS.
le XSite. le

Synergus facialis, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 199; Mayr, Verh.
z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 717, 19.
_— bispimus, Htg., 1. c., ili, 349.

70 SYNERGUS RADIATUS.

Diplolepis galle-pomiformis, Fonse., Ann. Sc. Nat., xxvi, 1832,
195, partim.

Black; the head except the front above, vertex, the antenne, and
legs rufo-testaceous ; the hinder coxeze more or less black; the abdomen
fuscous-piceous or obscure red or testaceous, never quite black; wings
hyaline, the nervures pallid rufo-yellow; the radial cellule longer than
broad, acute at the apex; the basal abscissa of the radius curved, the
apical straight. Punctation on head and thorax moderately coarse,
transverse on the mesonotum; mesopleure longitudinally striolated ;
frontal laminz distinct, not reaching to the hind ocelli; facial keel
indistinct.

Length 1:5—2'5 mm.

One of the commonest species. Common in the
galls of Biorhiza terminalis; also in those of Andricus
curvator, A. albopunctata, A. solitaria, A. ramuli, Spa-
thegaster baccarum, S. tricolor, Trigonaspis megaptera,
and on the Continent in those of Cynips glutinosa. It
appears in July.

Sweden, Germany, Austria.

12. SYNERGUS RADIATUS.
Synergus radiatus, Mayr, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 718, 20.

Black; the antennz and legs reddish-testaceous; the cox for the
greater part blackish; vertex and front finely, in some examples
transversely, rugulose; mesonotum strongly coriaceous or rugulose,
sometimes transversely. Frontal laminz distinct.

Length 1:5—2°5 mm.

Closely allied to S. facialis, differing in having the
head black except at the oral region, the sculpture
much finer, and the coxe are for the greater part
black.

Common in the galls of Spathegaster baccarum ;
also in those of Andricus albopunctata, A. curvator, A.
solitaria, and A. ramuli. Mr. Bignell has bred it from
A. glandule. Widely distributed and common. Ap-
pears in June.

Germany, Austria.

GENUS DIASTROPHUS. 71

13. SYNERGUS THAUMACERA.

Cynips thaumacera, Dal., Anal. Ent., 1823, 96.
Synergus Klugii, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 199.
— luteus, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 199.
-— carinatus, Htg., Germs. Zeits., iti, 348 (P).
— thaumacera, Mayr, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, xxii, 719,
21; Thomson, Opusc., 796, 6.

Black ; the antennze, head (except the vertex), and legs bright rufo-
testaceous ; alar nervures fuscous; antennee thickened. The second
antennal joint is about as long as broad; the third joint considerably
longer than the fourth. Front punctured or finely coriaceous; meso-
notum transversely rugulose. Frontal lamine usually indistinct.
Mesopleure aciculate.

The ¢ has the second antennal joint usually thicker than long; the
third greatly elongated and swollen, especially at the apex.

Length 1—2, ¢ 1—3 mm.

A well-marked species from the thickened antennz.
The coloration of the head, particularly in the 2, is
very variable, varying as it does from almost entirely
black to almost entirely rufo-testaceous, but in the
latter case the vertex is usually black; the antennz
also may be infuscated at the base and the apex; the
thorax and abdomen, too, may be more or less rufous.

I have only’ reared it from the galls of Biorhiza
megaptera and renum, but it is also known from the
galls of Cynips cerricola, And. singularis, A. cydoniz,
Spathegaster baccarum, S. tricolor, S. nervosus, and
S. glandiformis.

Common.

Sweden, Germany, Austria.

Genus DIASTROPHUS.
Diastrophus, Hartig, Germs. Zeits., ii, 186.

Antenne, ? 13—14-jointed, ¢ 14-jointed. Cheeks without furrows,
more than half aslong as the eyes. The face on each side finely striolate.
Mesonotum smooth, shining, glabrous; the parapsidal furrows complete.
Scutellum separated from the mesonotum by a keel; at its base are

72 DIASTROPHUS RUBI.

two large fover, distinctly separated from one another or not. Median
segment with two parallel keels. Abdomen sessile, globular, not com-
pressed, the second segment with the ? occupying half of the total
length, and having the ventral spine as long as thick. Wings ciliated,
the radial cellule moderate or short, broad at the base, open in front;
the areolet absent or present, placed near its base. Claws bifid.

The antenne are stout; the joints are all clearly separated, the third
being the longest in both sexes, and in the ¢ is incised; the others
from the fifth being of equal length and thickness; the apical being
somewhat thinner, especially in the @.

The species of Diastrophus are black, with the
abdomen sometimes brownish, and the legs yellowish.
The genus comes nearest to Aulax, which is readily
known from it by the thorax being aciculate or aluta-
ceous, not shining and polished.

There are three Huropean species,—two, rubi and
Mayri, forming galls on Rubus ; the other, D. aphidi-
vorus, being parasitic on an Aphis; and four North
American species are known.

1 (2) Scutellar fovese distinctly separated; the scutellum not furrowed

down the centre. Rubi.
2 (1) Scutellar fovez confluent ; scutellum furrowed down the centre.
Aphidivorus.

1. DIASTROPHUS RUBI.

PIOUX, fe. 2; alll (Plo XTi, fei, 2.

Diastrophus rubi, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 1, 194; iv, 410; Marshall,
E.M.M., iv, 223 ; Tasch., Hym. Deut.,

1238; Mayr, Cyn. Gallen, 14; Eur.
Cyn., 12.

Andricus Hartigi, Marshall, E. M. M., iv, 101.

For gall and larva see Réaumur, Mém., t. 3, pl. xxxvi, figs. 1—
5; and Malpighi, Opera, ii, tab. xvii,
fig. 61.

Black; legs reddish-yellow, the coxe at the base fuscous; antenne,
9 13-, ¢ 14-jointed, fuscous-black ; the four or five basal joints more
or less reddish ; wings hyaline, the nervures blackish or brownish ; the
basal abscissa of radius curved slightly, Gand 2. The ¢ has the third
joint of the antennz curved.
Length 2—2'5 mm.

The face and sides of the thorax are aciculate ; the
tegule vary from black to red; the oral region is

DIASTROPHUS RUBI. 73

usually reddish; generally the abdomen is black, but
it may be piceous; and the ventral surface is often
reddish; the thorax also may have fulvous or reddish
blotches ; the areolet may be obsolete or semi-obsolete.

The nearest allied species is D. Mayri, Reinhard,
which agrees with it very closely, but may be best
known by the antennz being 14-jointed in both sexes
(sometimes, however, 15-jointed in ¢ according to
Reinhard); the thorax and abdomen are more slen-
derly built, the basal abscissa of the radius is thicker
and geniculately curved, and the areolet is never
defined. D. Mayri forms galls on Potentilla argentea.

Gall.—Forms irregular, spindle-shaped swellings on
the stems of Rubus fruticosus, R. cesius, and R.
ideus ; smooth, or beset with small elevations caused
by the larval chambers; or more or less of it may be
thickly covered with small spines, and may even bear
large spines. They are green when young; get
brownish when old. In length they range from two
to eight inches. They contain numerous oval larval
cells, embedded in the medullary sheath; the cells
have a distinct wall of a yellower colour than the pith,
and have an average diameter of about 24 mm.; and
are, as a rule, situated quite close to the outer rim or
back.

Parasites —Torymus cynipoides, Gir. (this is pro-
bably a MS. name), 7. macropterus, T. rubi, Schenck,
Eupelmus annulicornis, Encyrtus ruborum,* Gir., Deca-
toma quercicola, Foer., Hurytoma quercicola, Foer.,
H. diastrophi, Gir., EH. abrotani, Pteromalus incras-
satus, Rtz. (Brischke).

Local, but with a wide range.

Sweden, Germany, Austria, France.

* This is on the authority of Giraud (Ann. Soc. Ent. Fc., 1877,
p. 423), but there is probably a mistake here.

74 GENUS ANDRICUS.

2. DIASTROPHUS APHIDIVORUS.

Pl. XIII, fig. 7, 2.

Diastrophus (?) aphidivorus, Cameron, Proc. Lit. and Phil.
Soc. Trans., Manr., ii (4), 67.

Black; the antenne testaceous ; the legs rufo-testaceous; the tips of
the tarsi black; wings almost hyaline, the nervures fuscous, thick.
Antennz stout, a little longer than the body ; the third joint sinuate,
a little longer than the fourth. Head large, a little wider than the
thorax, shining, impunctate. Prothorax large, finely rugose, semi-
perpendicular in the middle. Mesonotum shining, obscurely striated
at the base; the parapsidal furrows distinct at the base. Scutellum
rugosely punctured, depressed in the centre; the basal fovee large,
wider than long, curved, united. Metapleure rugosely punctured.
Abdomen shining; the second and third segments subequal, apical
ventral segment bluntly ploughshare-shaped, not projecting beyond
the apex. Hind tibiew curved; the metatarsus twice the length of the
second joint; claws apparently simple; wings ample; the radial cellule
open at base and apex and in front; narrow, elongate; the third
abscissa of the radius curved ; cubitus nearly complete. ¢.

Length nearly 13 mm.

Differs from Diastrophus proper in the claws being
simple, in the scutellar fovee being confluent, and
there is a depression in the centre of the scutellum.

Bred by Rey. T. A. Marshall at Barnstaple from the
Aphis of the nettle.

Genus ANDRICUS.

Andricus, Hartig, Germs. Zeits., ii, 185. .
Callirhytis, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, 335.
Aphilothrix, Foerster, 1. c., 336.

Antenne, 9 12—15-jointed, ¢ 14—16-jointed, the third joint longer
than the fourth; without hairs. Cheeks rarely with a furrow, either
as long as or shorter than half the length of the eyes. Head with the
agamic forms always dilated behind the eyes, with the female sexual
forms often, with the ¢ seldom dilated. Parapsidal furrows complete,
sharp. Scutellar fovess sharply separated. The median segment with
the keels straight and parallel, or curved as in A. ostreus. Abdomen
compressed, the segments distinctly separated, the ventral horn pro-
jecting, moderately long. Wings with the radial cellule open, elongate,
the areolet generally present. The claws bifid, except in Callirhytis,
which has them simple; Callirhytis being further distinguished by
having the mesonotum transversely rugulose.

GENUS ANDRICUS. (45)

The genus contains some undoubted agamic species.
The sexual forms have, with the exception of A. inflator
and A. curvator, the antenne 13-jointed ; the last-
mentioned having them 14-jointed. They are further
to be known from most of the agamic species by
having the mesonotum, especially posteriorly, very
shining and glabrous, at the best having only the
centre of the mesonotum slightly pilose. With two
exceptions (amenti and ramuli) they are black, with
the legs more or less dark, light, or citron yellow. As
usual, the spring forms are much smaller than the
agamic. These have the antenne 13—15-jointed ;
few, however, of our species having them 18-, and none
15-jointed. Some of them, e.g. glandule, albopwnc-
tata, collaris, have the mesonotum glabrous and shining
as in the sexual forms. Very few are entirely black,
and many of them are very variable in coloration.
In both forms the head may be widened behind the
eyes.

Generally this and the following genera (the oak-
frequenting species) are to be known from the pre-
ceding by the cheeks being at least half as long as the
eyes, while the radial cellule is much narrower and
longer.

It is worthy of remark that at Kew Gardens two
species are found on the Turkey oak (Quercus cerris),
these species neither here nor on the Continent being
known to frequent Q. robur. As Q. cerris is an im-
ported tree, not native, it may be presumed that the
gall-flies have been introduced in some way also.

A. Claws simple; mesonotum transversely rugulose

(Species 1).

76 ANDRIOUS GLANDIUM.

1. ANDRICUS GLANDIUM.

Pl. VIII, fig. 2.

Andricus glandium, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1859, 355 ;
Mayr, Hichengallen, 66, fig. 92; Hur.
Cyn., 12.
— rufescens, Mayr, 1. c., 13.

Agamic Form.—Black ; the basal five or six joints of the antenne, the
orbits almost entirely, the oral region, the knees, the fore-tibiz and the
tarsi, ferruginous. Often the abdomen is more or less brownish towards
the apex. Wings hyaline. Bare: the head dilated behind the eyes;
cheeks with a sharp keel; the face aciculate; the mesonotum trans-
versely rugulose; scutellum coarsely reticulated or transversely rugulose
behind. Parapsidal furrows usually complete.

Length 3 mm.

The quantity of ferruginous colour on the head
varies considerably, and some examples are almost
devoid of it.

The larvee live in the acorns of Quercus cerris, in
irregular cells in the inside; the cells being variable.
as regards the number in an acorn, and as to their
form. The acorns are seldom distorted or bent to
any appreciable extent by the larve. The cells are
placed all round the acorn, are white, and surrounded
by a thickened wall; in length and breadth they vary,
some being 3 and others only 2 mm. in length.

They are found in the autumn. The general expe-
rience seems to be that they take from three to four
years to come to maturity; while numbers of them
appear, even when kept outside, never to change at all.

No parasites have been bred from the galls, and the
only inquiline is Synergus vulgaris.

Sexual Form.—This I have not seen, nor am I aware that the gall
has been described. Mayr’s description is—

2 reddish-yellow, the thorax without black, and with reddish-yellow
metanotum ; the abdomen at the apex above blackish-brown. Parap-
sidal furrows complete; the scutellum coarsely rugulose; the wings
eee Dyan shortly ciliated on the hinder edge of themiddle. Length

& reddish-yellow, the vertex between the ocelli infuscated; the
abdomen behind more or less brownish. Antenne 16-jointed (the ?

ANDRIOUS OSTREUS. Ct

antenne unknown to Mayr), the joints from the fifth to the terminal
diminishing but slightly in length ; mesonotum and scutellum as with
the 9. Wings ciliated. \

Length 2 mm.

In this country it is only known from Kew Gardens,
where it is found only on Quercus cerris. On the
Continent it is found in Austria and France.

The only other species of Callirhytis is Andricus
Hartigi, Foer., the gall of which has not been described.

B. Claws bifid.

1. Keels on median segment bulging outwardly, not
straight and parallel.

2. ANDRIOUS OSTREUS.

Pl. VI, fig. 3, gall; Pl. XIII, fig. 9, ¢.

Neuroterus ostreus, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1859, 350 ;
Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 199, pl. x,
fig. 19; Lichten. Cyn., 64, pl. x, fig. 19;
Mayr, Hichengallen, 47, pl. vi, fig. 67;
Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 68, 72, and 105.
Andricus ostreus, Mayr, Eur. Cyn., 14.

Dark brownish-black, the head and thorax streaked occasionally with
dark rufous; the legs rufous-yellow, the base brownish; sometimes the
rufous tinge is absent. Antenne longish, thin, very slightly and
gradually thickened towards the apex. Head and mesonotum finely
shagreened; the scutellum rugose. Wings longish, very slightly
fulvous tinted, the apex with longish ciliz. Thorax finely pilose, more
thickly on the scutellum, shining ; abdomen shining, glabrous. Ventral
sheath triangular, much longer than broad.

Length 2—23 mm.

Gall.—Found in August and September on (as a
rule) the midrib on the under side of the leaf; and at
the base is situated between two brownish membranes
as long, or even longer than, the length of the gall.
The gall is from 1 to 2 mm. in length, roundish or
ovoid or oval; whitish or greenish with pink spots
when young, becoming whitish-yellow when old;
smooth, shining, and bare. Often the pink or red-

78 ANDRIGUS FEOUNDATRIX.

dish spots are absent. The basal membranes remain
attached to the midrib, but the galls fall to the earth
before the larve are grown.

The galls become ripe in October, the flies issuing
from them in that month except on rare occasions,
when they remain undeveloped until the following
year. Asarule the galls are attached to the leaves
about three weeks, their resting-places on the midrib
being indicated by the basal membranes.

The species is readily known by the bulging curved
keels on the median segment. The antennez and the
wings too are longer than usual, and the former are
thinner, shaped more like those of Newroterus than of
typical Andricus. Synergus Tscheki and SW. tristis are
the inquilines. Giraud records Ptieromalus bisignatus,
Gir., as a parasite. Hurytoma rose is another. Adler
observed ostreus lay its eggs in the leaf-buds in Octo-
ber, but it also appears in March.

2. Keels on the median segment straight and parallel.

8. ANDRICUS FEOUNDATRIX.

Pl. III, figs. 3 and 3 a (fecundatria, pilosus), gall;
Pl. XIV, figs. 1 and la (fecundatria, pilosus).

Cynips gemme, Lin. Fn. Sv., 1525.
— fecundatrix, Htg., Germs. Zeits., iti, 325.
— gemme, Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 54, 57, 113, and 134.
Aphilothriz gemmzx, Mayr, Hichengallen, 23, pl. iui, fig. 28;
‘Fitch, Essex Field Club, ii, 136.
— fecundatriz, Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv, pl. x,
fig. 10; Licht. Cyn., 37, pl. i, fig. 10.
Andricus fecundatriz, Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 23.
— pilosus, Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 180, pl. x,
fig. 10 a; Licht., Cyn., 40, pl. i,
fig. 10a; Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 19.

Agamic Form.—Black or fuscous-black ; the abdomen with a brownish
tint, reddish at base and apex, paler at the sides; the legs brownish-
black; the knees and anterior legs in front brownish-red ; the fore-tibiza
strongly and thickly covered with erect hairs ; the middle of the vertex

ANDRICUS FECUNDATRIX. 79

and thorax rugose; head and thorax with a sericeous pubescence ; there
are two broad, glabrous, smooth longitudinal stripes on the outer half
of the parapsidal furrows.

Length 4—4'5 mm.

Comes nearest to A. globuli, from which it may be
known by the vertex being much more strongly punc-
tured.

_ The gall is found on young oaks as arule, and chiefly

on the pedunculated form. It les enveloped in the
leaf-bud, the scales of which become enormously deve-
loped, so as to give the gall the appearance of a minia-
ture artichoke, the size of which may reach three
quarters of aninch. At the bottom of this imbricated
mass is found the gall proper, which is green at first,
becoming brownish towards maturity ; in shape like a
pear, the narrow end being at the base: it is hard and
woody, and about 10 mm. in length. Fully developed
examples show a small roundish, more or less shin-
ing impression, with a small conical mass in the centre.
At first itis attached to the bud, but when mature
loosens itself and falls to the earth. In certain cases
the fly may issue in the following spring, but not un-
frequently the larva may remain unchanged for three
or four years. The number of abortive galls seems to
be very large, this, apparently, not being caused by
- Inquilines. Some larve appear never to change, but
die in the galls. : 7

The inquilines are Synergus melanopus, 8. apicalis
(but Mayr suggests that this may have come from the
galls of Andricus 3-lineatus), S. vulgaris, and on the
Continent S. evanescens, Mayr.

There are few parasites, the only species recorded
being Syntomaspis caudatus (Brischke), Torymus
regius, Nees (inconstans, Walker) ; Megastigmus dor-
salis, Fab.; Hurytoma signata, Nees; EH. rose, Meso-
polobus fascuventris, West. ; Hntedon leptonewrus, and
Oline trilineata.

It is worthy of remark that the moth Carpocapsa
juliana is a common inhabitant of the galls.

There can be no doubt that Linné describes the

80 - ANDRIOUS GLOBULI.

gall of this species under the name of gemme ; but it
is not equally clear that he has described the insect.
His short description—“ (frisea seu testacea, ocult fuser,
antennz subfusce, longitudine corporis ’’—may refer to
a Synergus.

Sexual Form.—Black, shining; the scape of the antenne brown;
joints 2—5 yellowish-testaceous, the rest fuscous; the legs yellowish-
testaceous, the anterior femora at the base, the posterior except at the
base and apex, infuscated ; the coxe black at the base. Face aciculate,
the pronotum finely punctured, the scutellum rugose. Wings hyaline,
the nervures fuscous-black. Abdomen dull black, the ventral surface
brownish. Head not dilated behind, and frequently castaneous or
brownish.

The ¢ has the antenne darker, the basal joints black; joints 2—3
dark yellow; the rest brownish, paler beneath; the apex of the femora,
tibize, and tarsi pallid yellow. Scutellum shagreened; the fore-coxe
at the base are brownish, the middle and hinder are for the greater
part black; the third antennal joint only slightly curved, narrowed at
the base.

Length 1°5 mm.

Gall—Found in the & catkins in May. Length
2 mm., oval, narrowed a little towards the apex, some-
times as broad there as at the base; dull green when
young, brown when old, covered thickly with long
white hair; the surface rough. The gall is usually
found singly, but three or more may be occasionally
be placed close together. (See A. amenti.)

Commonly distributed in Britain.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Aus-
tria, Switzerland, France.

4, ANDRICUS GLOBULI.

PL. IV, figs. 1 (globult) and 1 a (inflator) ; galls.

Cynips globuli, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 11, 336; Schenck, Nass.
Cyn., 54, 59, and 114; Kirchner, Cat., 23.

_ Aphilothriz globuli, Mayr, Hichengallen, 24, pl. iv, fig. 30;
Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 174,
pl. x, fig. 8; Licht. Cyn., 32, pl. i, fig. 8;
Fitch, Essex Field Club, 11, 136, fig. 25.

Andricus globuli, Mayr, Kurop. Cyn., 23.
— mflator, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 1, 191; Schenck, Nass.
Cyn., 74, 75, 76, and 119; Mayr, Hichen-
gallen, 29, pl. iv, figs. 38 and 38a; Europ.

ANDRIOUS GLOBULI. 81

Cyn., 20; Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., XXKV,
176, pl. x, fig. 8a; Licht. Cyn., 34, pleat
fig. Ba; Kirchner, "Cat., 26.

Cynips inflator, Thoms., Opuse. ) (8%.

Agamic Form.—Black; the abdomen brownish, more or less red at
the base and apex; legs brownish-red, the coxe and four posterior tibiz
infuscated ; antennz brownish; mesonotum punctured, but not closely ;
the vertex ‘only punctured slightly ; ; there is one smooth and glabrous
longitudinal line along the parapsidal furrows ; the fore-tibiz with stiff,
erect, longish hairs. Agamic ?.

Length 4 mm.

Gall.—Found, as a rule, in the terminal leaf-bud,
enveloped by the scales so that only the apex is
visible. Conical, 3—5 mm. in length, green when
young, pale when old; the apex terminating in a
conical point or wart, usually of a more or less reddish
or yellowish colour. When young the surface is soft
and sappy, which surface, on drying, forms irregular
reticulations or wrinkles. The inner surface next to
this sappy matter is also reticulated.

This gall is easily known from those of autwmnalis
and collarvs by the shape being much shorter, more
elobular, broader, and by the reticulated surface ; it is
also greener, and projects more out of the bud.

I have not succeeded in rearing this insect myself.
According to Adler, although the larva reaches its
full development in October, it does not change then,
nor even in the following spring, but remains un-
changed till the autumn, coming out of the gall in
the fly state in the April following, thus taking two
years to reach full maturity. Adler says that only
one egg is placed in each bud; and the laying of this
one egg occupies the fly twenty minutes.

The only inquilines recorded are Newroterus para-
siticus, Htg.; Synergus nervosus, Hte.; S.- vulgaris,
S. ruficorns, Htg.; and the only known parasites are
Stphonura chalybea, Rtz. (cf. Schlectendal, Stett. Ent.
Zeit., 1870, 343); Torymus regius, Fab. ; Megastigmus
dorsalis (Giraud) ; Hurytoma rose.

Sexual Form.—Black ; the abdomen reddish beneath ; the base of the
antenne and legs reddish. yellow, the hind coxe black at a base, the

VOL. IV.

82, ANDRIGUS GLOBULI.

hind tibiz infuscated. Moderately shining, the mesonotum shagreened
throughout; mesopleure more or less “striolate, the twelfth and
thirteenth antennal joints clearly longer than broad ; the apical joints
scarcely thickened.

The ¢ is similar in coloration.

Length 2 mm.

May be known from curvator by the less shining
mesonotum, which is shagreened uniformly all over; by
the less thickened antennz (towards the apex), of
which the joints are all longer than broad; and by
the striated mesopleure.

_ The gall-fly emerges in June.

Forms a swelling on the terminal twigs of oaks
10—15 mm. in length, of somewhat irregular form,
smooth and green when young, becoming black or
dark brown when old, the surface then becoming
irregular. The internal cavity is longish, narrow, of
nearly equal width, and has the small, loose, ovoid
inner gall at its bottom, the cavity not being much
wider than the inner gall, and at the top at least is
lined with a membrane. ‘The gall originates in a
terminal bud, and when the fly quits the gall in June
the swelling still continues to grow, and may become
surrounded with leaves or twigs.

Curvator, it may be noted, forms terminal swellings
like those of inflator; but these are seldom so elon-
gated, and the internal cavity is larger, and more
particularly wider.

The parasites bred from this species are Mega-
stigmus dorsalis, Torymus awratus, Fouse. ; Decatoma
Neest, Foer. (Giraud); Pteromalus dissectus, Walk.
(Giraud); P. Hrichsom, Rtz. (Giraud).

The only inquiline is Sapholytus connatus, Htg.
(Mayr).

Rare and local.

Continental: Sweden, Switzerland, Germany, Aus-
tria.

ANDRICUS RADICIS. 83

5. ANDRICGUS RADICIS.

Pl. IV, figs. 8 (radicis) and 3a (3-lmeatus), galls;
Pl. XIV, figs. 2 (radicis) and 2 a (3-lineatus).

Cynips radicis, Fab., EH. 8. Suppl., 213, 10; Syst. Piez., 146, 11 ;
Htg., Germs. Zeits., 11, 207; iv, 402; Schenck,
Nass. Cyn., 56, 62, and 121; Marshall, E. M.
M., iv, 7; Kaltenbach, Pfi., 667.
Aphilothria radicis, Mayr, Hichengallen, 6, pl. i, fig. 1; Adler,
Zeits. f. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 167, pl. x,
fig. 5; Licht. Cyn., 22, pl. i, fig. 5;
Fitch, Essex Field Club, ii, 132, fig. 17.
Andricus trilineatus, Htg., Germs. Zeits., uu, 191; Mayr, Europ.
Cyn., 18; Marshall, EH. M. M., iv, 101.
_ noduli, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 11,191; Schenck, Nass.
Cyn., 74, 75, 78, 111, and 119; Mayr,
Hichengallen, ii, pl. i, fig. 9; Adler, Zeit. f.
wiss. Zool., xxxv, 169, pl. x, fig. 5a; Licht.
Cyn., 24, pl. i, fig.5a; Marshall, H. M. M.,
iv, 102; Kaltenbach, Pfi., 667.
— radicis, Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 26.

Agamic Form.—Brownish-red on the head and thorax, the abdomen
without the brownish tinge; the occiput, three brownish broad stripes on
the mesonotum, the mesonotum more or less at the base, the greater part
of the mesopleure behind, the propleure in part, the base of the coxe,
the centre of the median segment, and a large roundish spot on either
side of the top of the second abdominal segment, black; the hinder
tibize more or less, and the claws, infuscated. Antenne with the basal
four or five joints brownish-red, the others more or less infuscated,
usually paler beneath. Head and thorax shagreened, densely covered

with a silky pubescence; abdomen shining, the second segment with
a large part of its lower and hinder border covered thickly with white
hair; the third segment is finely aciculate. Wings hyaline; from the
areolet run two (often very indistinct) narrow, faint, diverging streaks
to near the edge of the wing.

Length 4—6 mm.

Gall polythalamous, sometimes composed of hun-
dreds of cells (Westwood relates having reared 1100
specimens from a gall 5 inches long by 17 inches
broad—cf. Int., u, p. 128), and found at the roots of
oaks or afew feet up the trunk. At first they are
whitish, sometimes marked with pink or red, smooth
and soft; becoming with age quite hard and woody,
and the surface frequently rough and irregular. The
single cells are irregular, usually roundish or oval.

84 ANDRIOUS RADICIS.

The form of the gall is very irregular; it may be
pear-shaped, round, or oval; and on the trunk espe-
cially it may take the form ofa mere swelling. As has
already been pointed out (p. 2), 1t seems very possible
that more than one individual may unite to form such
large galls as those mentioned above. .

The only inquiline is Synergus wncrassatus, Htg.
Of parasites there are Torymus nobilis, T. erucarum
(Cynipidis, W1k.), T. amenus, T. radicis, Gir. (Giraud) ;
Pteromalus quercinus, Gir. (Giraud); Tetrastichus
quercis, Wlk. (Giraud) ; Hurytoma rose.

The first development of the gall takes place in
September; but the growth which then takes place is
very slight, and stops during the winter, until, with
the spring and the renewed life of the tree engendered
by the heat, the gall recommences growth and soon
reaches its full development.

I have found the flies out as early as February, and
alive in the galls in December; but these examples
were, no doubt, specimens whose development had

taken a year longer.

Sexual Form.—Brownish-red; the head and thorax marked with
black, or for the greater part black; abdomen also more or less black:
the legs pale testaceous; wings hyaline. Head dilated behind the
eyes. Vertex and mesonotum finely shagreened; scutellum finely
rugose.

The ¢ is more shining, and has the head and thorax black, the legs
of a clearer obscure yellow, the hinder femora and tibiz often infus-
cated; the antenne testaceous at the base, the rest more or less infus-
cated.

Length 1—3 mm.

A very variable species, not only in size, but in
coloration and punctation. The variations may be
best described by giving a description of the large and
small forms.

Large Form (2 mm.).—Brownish-red ; three broad
lines on the mesonotum ; scutellar fovez, and apex of
abdomen above, black ; the legs ight brownish-yellow ;
the hind femora and tibiz infuscated ; antennze with
the basal joints pale brown, the others slightly infus-

ANDRIOUS RADIOIS. 85

cated. Head and thorax strongly aciculate, the
scutellum distinctly rugulose; head and thorax with
the pubescence thick and longish; the dilatation behind
the eyes distinct (= A. trilineatus).

Small Form (1—14 mm.).—Head and thorax black .
or fuscous-black; the sutures of the mesonotum
sometimes yellowish-red ; the abdomen reddish-yellow,
blackened at the apex above; the legs pale yellow-
red; the base of the coxe blackish; antennez yellow-
ish-red ‘at the base, the rest fuscous; punctation on
head and thorax very fine, sometimes obsolete; the
dilatation behind eyes indistinctly developed.

Between the two extremes there are numerous
intermediate variations.

Gall.—Found in twigs, or more rarely on the
petioles of the leaves, usually gregariously. They are
oval or ovoid, about 2 mm. in length, embedded in the
wood or in the bark, or partly in both. The galls
have no very distinctly lined membrane. When they
occur in numbers, the petiole, more particularly on
twigs, becomes irregularly distorted, with raised points
where the galls are. When the insects escape they
leave a round exit hole by means of which the presence
of the galls is easily noticed. The flies escape early
in the autumn.

The sexual has fewer parasites and inquilines
than the larger agamic form. ‘They are Ceroptres
arator, Sapholytus connatus, Htg.; and Synergus
apicalis, and according to Kaltenbach, Synergus vul-
gavris. The parasites are Megastigmus dorsalis and
Pteromalus quercinus, Gir. (Giraud). Very widely
distributed in Britain.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Switzerland,
Germany, Austria, France.

86 ANDRICUS SIEBOLDII.

6. ANDRICUS SIEBONDII.

PlenViy toe 4 (Sieboldit) and 4a (testacetpes), galls ;
12, xy, fies. 3 (Sieboldit) and 3 a (testaceipes).

Cynips Sieboldii, Htg., Germs. Zeits., iv, 406.
— corticalis, Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 63.

Aphilothriz Sieboldii, Mayr, Hichengallen, 8, pl. 1, - 53
Adler, Zeits. f. wiss. Zool., XXXV, ia,
pl. x, fig. 6; Licht. Cyn., Qi, splat
fig. 6; Fitch, Essex Field Club, P33,
fig. 19,

Andricus testaceipes, Htg., “Germs. Zeits., ii, 191; Adler, 1. ¢.,
172; pl. x, fig.6a; Mayr, Europ. Cra
18 and 28 ; Licht. Cyn., 28, pl. 1
fig. 6 a; Kaltenbach, Pfil., 666.

_— Sieboldi, Maye Europ. Cyn., 25.

Rufous or brownish-red, sometimes the sutures of thorax and base of
scutellum more or less blackish; median segment blackish; legs uni-
formly brownish-red, sometimes with the hind tibize infuscated. Scu-
tellum finely punctured. Second abdominal segment impunctate, uni-
colorous, the hair narrow only on the anterior portion of the segment ;
the third segment finely punctured. Wings hyaline; in the third
cubital cellule is a single indistinct, faint, narrow streak. Antenne
infuscated, paler at the base. Agamic ?.

Length 3°5—4'5 mm.

This species comes near to radicis, but is smaller
than it, has the body almost unicolorous, less pilose,
the second segment is only haired at the apex, and
wants the two marks found in radicis, the faint line
in third cubital cellule does not diverge, and the
thorax is less pilose.

Gall.—Found on small branches of young oaks,
especially near the earth, which frequently covers
them. They are gregarious, conical, dilated at the
base, woody and hard. When young the colour on
the upper region is reddish or pink, and covered with
a bloom and a gummy secretion. When old the sur-
face becomes longitudinally striolated, the exterior
bloom disappearing. The larval chamber occupies
the lower dilated part, which is sunk deeply in the
branch. The height of the gall is from 6 to 8 mm.,
whereof about the third will be sunk in the branch.

ANDRICUS SIEBOLDII. 87

Sometimes these galls occur so thickly on a branch as
to kill it. The fact of ants feeding on the exudation
has been already mentioned (p. 16).

The inquiline is the root and bark-frequenting
Synergus incrassatus, and the parasites Torymus nobilis
and Hurytoma rose. Adler says that the galls of
Sieboldii are “in a high degree exposed to the attacks
of various parasites of the genera Torymus and Syner-
gus,’ but no names are given. Mayr bred Olinw tr-
lineata and Hurytoma rose from them.

Sexual Form.—Black, shining ; legs yellow, abdomen for the greater
part reddish-yellow, the apical half or so blackish above, the ventral
surface paler, hypopygium brownish. Antenne dark brown, the basal
three or four joints pale yellow. Hind coxe brownish at the base;
tegule and a spot (sometimes absent) at the base of the mesonotum
brownish-yellow. Scutellum opaque, coarsely aciculate or finely rugu-
lose. Face aciculate. Mesonotum more or less at the base pilose.
Head elongate, distinctly dilated behind the eyes.

The ¢ almost agrees with the ? in colouration; the third antennal
joint is slightly dilated and curved.

Length 1‘5—2 mm.

Agrees with trilineatus in having the head widened
behind the eyes, but differs in the black head and
thorax.

Gall.—Forms an elongated swelling on the midrib
towards the centre of the leaf, in the petiole, or even
on the very young twigs. There is only one cell, but
the swelling extends considerably beyond the part
where the larva lives ; itis from 13 to 2 mm. in length,
and is surrounded internally by a fine white cellular
substance. In colour it is green, differing but slightly
from the colour of the leaf.

Synergus apicalis and Ceroptres arator are supposed
to be reared from the galls of testaceipes, but they
really may have been from those of noduli, the petiole
galls of which may have been mistaken for those of
testacewpes. ‘The parasite is Megastigmus dorsalis.

Rare and local in Scotland and England.

Continental distribution: Switzerland, Germany,
Austria.

88 ANDRICUS CORTIOIS.

7. ANDRICUS CORTICIS.

PL. IV, figs. 4 (corticis) and 4a (gemmatus) ; Pl. XVII,
fig. 3.

Cynips corticis, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 190; Schenck, Nass.
Cyn., 55, 59, 121, and 135; Kaltenbach, Pf,
eee Kirchner, Cat., 23; Thoms., Opuse.,

Aphilothri« corticis, Mayr, Hichengallen, 7, pl. i, fig. 3; Adler,

Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 173, pl. x, fig. 7;
Licht. Cyn., 30, pl. i, fig. 7.

Andricus corticis, Mayr, Hurop. Cyn., 25.

— gemmatus, Adler, 1. c., 174, pl. x, fig. 7a; Licht. Cyn.,
dl, pl. i, fig. 7a; Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 19.

Brownish-black, the face and orbits brownish-red, and the base of
the antenne red; the rest brownish, the thorax darker coloured than
the abdomen, especially at the sides; the knees pale; thorax smooth,
sericeous, the second abdominal segment igen) pilose towards the
base. Agamic 2.

Length 33—4 mm.

Gall.—The gall appears in April, and is found on the
thick roots or on the trunk where a wound has been.
When young it is hemispherical or oval, succulent,
fleshy, and covered with a reddish or pinkish-yellow
skin. This early top gall drops off when mature, leaving
the gall proper embedded in the bark below its surface.
They are gregarious, convex, with a large cell and
with thick walls. The top falls off with the escape of
the insects, leaving a rugged rim, showing a circle of
canals on the outer edge. The galls are not easily seen
until the insects have left; then the hole makes them
readily visible.

The inquiline is Synergus incrassatus, the parasite
Torymus corticis, Gir. (Giraud).

Sexual Form.—Black, shining; legs yellowish-red; the coxe at the
base, the hinder, except at the apex, and hinder tibiee brownish ; antenne |
brownish, yellow at the base; ventral surface of abdomen brownish-
The & has the colour of the femora much lighter in tint; otherwise

asin 9.
Length 1;—2 mm.

Appears in July.

~~

ANDRICUS COLLARIS. 89

Gall.—Found on adventitious buds in May and
June. Length hardly 2 mm. Oval, sometimes nar-
rowed at the apex; base smooth, green when young,
ereenish-white or brownish when older. Sometimes
it is found on the apex of young leaves.

Widely distributed.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Austria.

8. ANDRICUS COLLARIS.

Pl. V, figs. 5 (curvator) and 5 a (collaris); Pl. XIV,
fies. 4 (curvator), 4a, b (collaris); Pl. XIX, fig. 2.

Cynips collaris, Htg., Germs. Zeits., u, 190; Schenck, Nass.
Cyn., 54, 61, and 115.

Aphilothri« collaris, Mayr, Hichengallen, 25, 32, pl. iv, fig. 32;
Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 177, pl. x,
fig. 9; Licht. Cyn., 35, fig. 9; Fitch,
Trans. Essex Field Club, ii, 137, fig. 27.

Andricus collaris, Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 22.

Cynips curvator, Thoms., Opuse. 785.

Andricus curvator, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 1,191; Schenck, Nass.
Cyn., 74, 76, and 109; Mayr, Hichen-
gallen, 40, pl. v, fig. 56; Adler, Zeits.
wits) Zool ns xxexv, 7S.) pli ox, te: Oar
Licht. Cyn., 36, pl. i, fig. 9 a; Mayr,
Europ. Cyn., 20; Fitch, Trans. Essex
Field Club, 140, fig. 33.

Black, shining, the face finely rugose ; the mouth, the five to six basal
joints of the flagellum of the antenne, the pronotum, the base of the meso-
notum, the sides, and two narrow lines on the black part, the scutellum,
the sides and ventral surface of the abdomen, and legs (the coxe black,
reddish at the apex) reddish; the legs of a clearer and more yellowish
tinge than the rest of the body. Abdomen very sparsely pilose at the
base. Wings hyaline. Agamic ?.

Length 3°3—5 mm.

What I have called ‘‘ black ’’ may be brownish or
brownish-black, and the quantity of red on the thorax
and abdomen may be more or less than what I have
noted in my bred specimens described above—some
Specimens, in fact, being very light and others very
dark coloured. A specimen of the very light type of
coloration is figured on Pl. XIV, fig. 40.

90 ’ ANDRIOUS COLLARIS.

Gall.—Found in the terminal or lateral leaf-buds,
hidden asa rule by the scales, so that only the apex is
visible. Hard, woody, conical or oval, sometimes
almost roundish; smooth, the apex narrowed to a
point, forming a blunt cone surrounded by a zone
differently coloured from the rest of the gall, being
usually brownish at the extreme apex, the rest being
yellowish.

Schenck (1. c.) says that the galls remain in the bud
after the larvee have come to maturity; but I believe
that it is only those galls tenanted by the inquilines
which stick to the buds, those frequented by the host
falling to the ground. The flies come out in April of
the second year, remaining thus eighteen months in
the gall.

The inquilines are Synerqus nervosus, and, according
to Schlectendal, S. H. Z., 1870, 341, S. pallipes (pro-
bably a variety of S. Tschekt).

The same author bred Hurytoma verticillata, Nees,
from the galls. Brischke records Syntomaspis cau-
datus as a parasite.

Sexual Form.—Black, shining, the base of the antenne pale; thelegs
testaceous; the coxe at base, the base of the four anterior femora, and
the posterior, except at the apex, blackish or brownish; wings clear
hyaline, shining; the mesonotum impunctate or only punctured at the
sides; the mesopleure shining, impunctate; pronotum transversely
striolate; the scutellum rugulose. Antenne thickened towards the
apex, the twelfth and thirteenth joints not much longer than broad.

The ¢ is similar, has the antenne lighter in tint, and with the third
antennal joint curved and thickened a little.

Length 1;—2 mm.

Gall.—Forms irregular swellings on young aborted
leaves, or on the sides of more or less developed
leaves. At first they are hard and solid, but with
growth they expand and form a large internal cavity
of a more or less circular form, inside of which is the
brownish egg-shaped inner gall loose. In colour they
are always green, like the young leaves. Sometimes
they form terminal swellings which become hard and
bark-like externally, from which twigs and leaves may

ANDRICUS RAMULI. } 91

be developed as in inflator. Found in May and June,
the flies issuing in the latter month. The outer gall
may be single, or have two cavities divided by a septum. ©
The insect emerges in June.

Synergus albipes, S. facialis, and S. radiatus are
common inquilines in these galls.

Brischke (Schr. d. Naturf. Ges. zu Dantzig, v)
gives as inquilines Periclistus Brandti, Synergus api-
calis, and S. thawmacera ; and as parasites Ptieromalus
meconotus, P. Sawesenti, Entedon cecidomycarnus, Meso-
polobas fascriventris, Telenomus phalenarum, Platy-
mesopus Hrichson, and Decatoma biguttata. Hurytoma
rosé is a common parasite.

Of parasites there have been been noted Torymus
abdominalis, T. auratus, Fons.; Syntomaspis dubius,
Nees (Giraud); Decatoma Neesi, Foerster (Giraud) ;
Pieromalus dissectus, Walk. (Giraud); P. Hrichson,
Rtz. (Giraud); P. jucundus, Walk. (Giraud); P.
cordairit, Rtz. (Kirchner); Pleurotropis metallicus,
Nees; Hulophus metallicus, Nees, and Hlachestus petro-
latus, Nees. S (Giraud); Siphonura viridizenea, Rtz.
(Kirchner); Hulophus levissimus, Rtz. (Kirchner) ;
Entedon scianurus, Rtz (Kirchner) ; Hupelmus annu-
latus, Nees (Giraud).

Of universal distribution.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Switzerland,
Germany, Austria.

9. ANDRICUS RAMULI.

Pl. VI, figs. 2 (ramuli) and 2 a (autumnalis); Pl. XV,
fig. 1 (ramuli) ¢.

Cynips quercus-ramuli, Linn., Syst. Nat., i, 918; Marshall,
HK. M., iv, 8.
Teras amentorum, Htg., Germs. Zeits., iv, 408.
Andricus ramuli, Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 74, 80, and 120;
Mayr, Hichengallen, 56; Adler, Zeits.
wiss. Zool., xxxv, 186, pl. x, fig. 13a;

92 ANDRIOUS RAMULI.

Licht. Cyn., 47, pl. i, fig. 13a; Mayr,
Eur. Cyn., 15; Fitch, Trans. Essex Field
Club, ii, 146, fig. 46.
Cynips autumnalis, Htg., Germs. Zeits., iii, 3386; Schenck,
Nass. Cyn., 54, 61, and 115.
Aphilothria autumnalis, Mayr, Kichengallen, 24, 31, pl. iv, fig.
31; Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv,
185, pl. x, fig. 18, Licht. Cyn., 46,
pl. i, fig. 18.

Black; abdomen reddish-brown below, blackish above ; legs yellowish-
red, the coxee brownish at the base; antennz brownish, the basal two
joints yellowish-red. Wings hyaline. Agamic ?.

Length 25—3 mm.

Gall.—Found in the terminal leaf-buds, half hidden
by the scales. Green when young, the shape an
elongated oval, with a wart or conical point at the
apex; when young covered with a succulent matter,
giving it a brownish colour when old; the mner gall
with longitudinal striations, not reticulations as in
_globuli. When old the outer skin falls away.

‘Found at the end of September and beginning of
October, and falls to the earth at the middle of the
latter month.

It ig shorter and more spherical than the gall of
collaris, but still being longer than broad; the collaris
gall, too, wants the brownish succulent outer skin
found in autumnalis ; it is greenish, not brownish, the
conical point is more distinct, and there is no coloured
ring. From the gall of globuli it is easily known by
being longer than broad ; like it, it has a succulent
coat, but it does not become reticulated.

‘The inquiline recorded by Mayr is Synergus nervosus,
and Schlectendal gives S. variolosus, Htg., a species
not identified by Mayr in his monograph (8. H. Z.,
1870, p. 348). Brischke records Synergus ruficornis
and S. apicalis. The latter authority gives Megastigmus
dorsalis, Fab., as a parasite.

The galls drop to the earth in October, the flies
coming out of them in April of the second year.

Sexual Form.—Reddish-yellow, shining; the vertex finely shagreened;
the mesonotum finely punctured, dull; the pleure shining and impune-

tate, the abdomen above more or less brownish; antenne entirely
yellow; wings hyaline.

ANDRICUS RAMULI. 93

The ¢ similarly coloured, the abdomen as a rule more widely infus-
cated; the third antennal joint is slightly curved.
Length 1:5—2 mm.

The amount of fuscous on the abdomen varies.

The only British species with which it can be con-
founded is amenti, which may be known by the black
mesosternum. |

The galls of this species are easily recognised by
their forming a large mass like a ball of white wool.
The size of the ball varies according to the number of
galls composing it; for it is not made by one gall,
but by aseries of from 10 to 30 small, irregularly oval,
brown, hard woody galls, each of which bears long,
white, wool-like hair. With age the hair becomes of
a brownish-yellow colour, losing the white colour of
its youth. At first the hair is more or less glutinous.
Sometimes the mass contains only one or two galls, in
which case it might be mistaken for the gall of cirratus ;
but the latter appears earlier, the flies also coming out
sooner. The galls originate from the ¢ catkins, which
are usually seen issuing from the woolly mass; but I
have seen specimens which appear to issue from a
leaf-bud ; although it may really have been a flower-
bud, the flowers of which had been aborted by the
action of the gall-flies.

The inquilines are Synergus facialis, Htg., S. radi-
atus, Mayr, and Ceropires arator, but the last may
have come out of the twig galls of Andricus noduli.

Parasites.—Torymus auratus, Decatoma Neesi, Foer.
(Giraud) ; Hurytoma semirufa, Gir. (Giraud); Ptero-
malus Ratzeburgi, Gir. (Giraud); Olina debilis, Gir.
(Giraud) ; O. gallarwm (Brischke).

I have found a Tortrix larva feeding on the galls.

Of universal distribution, but local.

Continental distribution : Sweden, Switzerland,
Germany, Austria.

94. ANDRIOCUS AMENTI.

10. ANDRICUS AMENTI.

Pl. VII, fig. 7.

Andricus amenti, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1859, 360;
Mayr, Hichen gallen, 57, pl. vii, fig. 82;
Europ. Cyn., 14.

Reddish-yellow; the mesosternum black, the antennze infuscated
towards the apex; the vertex infuscated, finely shagreened, shining ;
mesonotum much more strongly and sharply shagreened; mesopleurze
shining, impunctate; wings hyaline. 9? and ¢.

Length 13 mm.

The agamic form is unknown. That it has one may
be taken for granted, but whether it is one of the
galls at present known merely in the agamic state or
some unknown form can only at present be con-
jectured.

Gall.—Found in June on the ¢ catkins. Length
about 2mm. Cubital, rounded and narrowed at the
base, tapering gradually to the apex; greenish when
fresh, brownish when old, covered sparsely with soft
pale hairs, the surface, when old, rough. As a rule
the galls are in clusters of three or four. Sometimes
the apex is nipple-shaped.

The gall is very similar to that of pilosus, but gener-
ally the latter may be known by being’ somewhat
larger, not so globular, stouter, and not tapering so
much at the apex, which is, as a rule, nearly as broad
as at the base ; the hair is longer.

No inquiline is known from it, but Giraud, its de-
scriber, gives Pteromalus dissectus, Wlk., P. Ratze-
burg, Gir., and Olinw debilis, Gir., as parasites.

In this country it is only known from Braemar,
where it was taken by Prof. Trail, and from Kew
(Rolfe).

Continental distribution: Austria.

ANDRICUS QUADRILINEATUS. 95

11. ANDRICUS QUADRILINEATUS.

Pl. VIII, fig. 3, gall; Pl. XV, fig. 4.

Andricus quadrilineatus, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 190; Schenck,
Nass. Cyn., 74, 77, and 111; Mayr,
Hichengallen, pl. vii, fig. 84 (85);
Europ. Cyn., 21; Fitch, Trans.
Essex Field Club, 146, fig. 47.
Cynips 4-lineatus, Thoms., Opusc. Ent., 784.
Andricus flavicornis, Schenck, 1. c., 75 and 80.
— pedunculi, 1. c., 74, 77, 111.
_— ambiguus, 1. c., 111.
— verrucosus, 1. c., 112.
= glabrusculus, 1. c., 112.
Aphilothria quadrilineatus, Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 204,
pl. ui, fig. 22; Licht. Cyn., 69,
pl. ui, fig. 22.

Shining, finely shagreened, scutellum finely rugose, the pleure and
median segment bearing a short whitish pubescence; brownish-red,
two lines on the median lobe of the mesonotum, and one on the lateral
and the scutellar fovee black; vertex and antenne infuscated or
blackish; legs testaceous or pale brownish, the base of coxe, tro-
chanters, and more or less of femora infuscated. Wings clear hyaline,
the nervures dark brownish; the cubitus and base of radial cellule very
slightly infuscated. @.

Length 23—3 mm.

A very variable species, and impossible to be sepa-
rated by any tangible characters from A. albopunctatus,
A. callidoma, A. Malpighti, and A. seminationis.

The gall is found on the male catkins, usually gre-
gariously. Their normal form is ovoid, but may be
spherical, especially when attacked by Synergi; the
surface is longitudinally furrowed, but not very regu-
larly ; at first the colour is whitish or reddish, then
brownish, or brownish with a green tinge, almost
glabrous. In length it is from 23 to 4mm. It appears
in May, and falls to the earth with the catkins, the
insect emerging in the following spring, or even in >
the spring of the second year. A few specimens show
a short blunt peduncle. On the whole it is rather a
variable gallin form. The various species named by
Schenck after the galls only were founded on these
variations.

96 ANDRIOCUS MARGINALIS.

Adler says that the species is found exceptionally
on the leaves.

The Synergus is facialis.

The parasites are Torymus auratus and Olina tri-
lineata, Mayr.

Commonly distributed.

12. ANDRICUS MARGINALIS.

Pl. VIII, figs. 5 and 6, gall.

Cynips marginalis, Schlechtendal, S. H. Z., 1870, 397; Mayr,
Hichengallen, 52, pl. vi, fig. 76.
Aphilothriz marginalis, Adler, Zeits. f. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 208,
pl. xi, fig. 21; Licht., Cyn., 68, pl. ui,
fig. 21.
Andricus marginalis, Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 21.

Not to be known from A. quadrilineatus in the imago state.

Neither as regards the gall or insect is this to be known from
A, 4-lineatus. I have no doubt that it is only Andricus quadrilimeatus,
the galls of which, as already indicated, occur on the leaves, and we
know of other instances of the same species having galls in the catkins
and leaves.

The gall of this species is found on the edge of the
leaf, its position there being indicated by an incision ;
or it may be placed at the top of the leaf on the mid-
rib, it being there also shown by an incurvation. It
is sessile, and in form it is very irregular, varying
from conical to roundish. The colour is green when
fresh, and may be marked with reddish. The surface
is smooth and glabrous, and is irregularly furrowed.
longitudinally. When old it is dark brown or dark
whitish-yellow. :

The galls are found in May, in which month they
ripen, yielding the flies in the same month or in June.
Those galls which have been “stung” by inquilines
remain attached for a long time to theleaves. I have
bred Olinw trilineata from them.

A common if somewhat local species.

Continental distribution: Sweden, Germany, Austria.

ANDRICUS CIRRATUS. 97

12. ANDRICUS CIRRATUS.

Pl. VI, figs. 1 (Cirratus) and la (Callidoma) gall;
Pl. XV, fig. 8.

Cynips callidoma, Thoms., Opusc. Ent., 784 (?).
Aphilothria callidoma, Adler, xxxv, 182, pl. x, fig. 11; Licht.
Cyn, Al, pl. i, fig. 11.
Andricus cirratus, Adler, 1. c., 182, pl. x, fies Io; Mayr;
Burop. Cyn., 19 and 28; Licht. Cyn., 42,
pl. i, fig. lla.
— eallidoma, Mave. Europ. Cyn., 19, 21, and 28.

The agamic form is not to be recognised from the same form of
A. quadrilineatus (see p. 95).

The remarkable gall of this insect issues from a
leaf-bud (usually from small twigs), and occurs be-
tween June and October. It differs from all other
galls in having a long peduncle at either end, the
basal being the larger, and is, when normally deve-
loped, longer than the gall itself, the apical peduncle
being much shorter, the longest I have seen not being
much more than half the length of the gall. The gall
proper is elongated, fusiform, broadly or sharply
rounded at the ends; the surface generally smooth,
elabrous when mature; the colour green or whitish-
green, sometimes with reddish longitudinal stripes,
and some examples are longitudinally furrowed. The
galls rarely hang downwards, usually they stand
out obliquely from the buds.

The galls containing the makers fall to the ground
when ripe, but those with inquilines remain attached ;
while, again, these latter vary considerably in shape,
and have the peduncles very short or absent entirely.

The largest gall I have seen has the basal peduncle
12, the gall 8, and the apical peduncle 5 mm. in length.

Malpighi (Opera Omnia, t. 1, p. 122, fig. 44) figures
a similar gall to this, but it may be the callidoma of
Giraud (Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, p. 348), which differs
from Adler’s species in having the surface of the

gall ‘“‘couverte d’une pubescence trés apparent,
VOL. IV.

98 ANDRIOUS CIRRATUS.

dirigée de haut en bas, et marquée de quelques cotes
longitudinales tantdét assez saillantes et tantot presque
effacées.”” Mayr (Cyn. Gallen, p. 21) says that calh-
doma, Gir., and callidoma, Adler, are different
Species, and that the galls only through the pubes-
cence are to be distinguished. As regards this latter
point I may add that I have some young galls and
some half-developed ones, inhabited by inquilines of
calidoma, which bear a distinct whitish pubescence,
depressed, moderately long, and directed from base to
apex, but not very thick. As regards the distinction
between the flies, | am unable to fix upon any tangible
characters from the description of Giraud and Adler
by means of which they could be recognised; and
therefore I am inclined to look upon the two as iden-
ticala, 1

It is worthy of note that the bud from which the
gall originates 1s not distorted in any way.

Inquilines.—Synerqus nervosus and 8. vulgaris.
Giraud says that he has bred Ceroptres from the gall
(1. c.), but no speciesis mentioned. Ratzeburg records
Siphonura brevicauda as a parasite.

Sexual Form.—Black, shining; the abdomen brownish-red, darker
above; the legs uniformly citron-yellow (except the coxe at base); the
antenne yellowish-testaceous, somewhat infuscated at theapex. Wings
clear hyaline; the tegule and a line on the pronotum pallid-yellow.

The ¢ similar.

Length 1°5 mm.

Readily known by the uniform citron-yellow legs.

Gall.—Found in the ¢ catkins in May. Length
about 2 mm. ; oval, rounded at base and apex; green
when young, brownish and rough when old. From
its base there issues from the stamens long white
woolly hairs, which may be three or four times as
long as the gall itself. They usually are placed in
clusters at the bud, and form a mass of wool about
5—/ mm. in length and breadth. The catkins are
shortened by the galls, and seldom project much
beyond the bud.

I have found the galls of callidoma in Glen Moriston

ANDRICUS MALPIGHTI. 99

in June; in Mugdoch Wood in July and August. Fitch
records it from Rayleigh; and Mr. Bignell takes it at
~ Plymouth.

Continental distribution: Germany.

13. Anpricus MALPIGHII.

Pl. VII, fig. 2, gall.

Aphilothria Malpighti, Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool. xxxv, 183,
pl. x1, fig. 12.
Andricus nudus, Adler, 1. c., 184, pl. xi, fig. 12 a.
— Malpighit, Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 2

The agamic form not distinguishable from A. quadrilineatus.

Gall.—Found in the buds in October. Spindle-
shaped, shortly pedunculate, the apex pointed; green,
smooth, often with reddish stripes.

It differs from the gall of callidoma in having the
peduncle much shorter, and may even want it entirely ;
the former is thicker and shorter, and it appears in
October, while callidoma is found so early as June.
It is, however, to be remarked that when the galls of
callidoma are attacked by Synergi the peduncle is
shortened, so that in this case the distinction between
the two is rather vague.

Sexual Form.—Black, the abdomen paler, beneath testaceous, the legs
pale yellow; the four anterior coxze at the base, the hinder for the
greater part, brownish; sometimes the femora are infuscated ; the joints
of the tarsi blackish. Antennze with the basal four or five joints yel-
lowish; the others darker or fuscous.

The 3 has the femora and tibiz blackish ; only the two basal antennal
joints are yellow.

Length 15 mm.

Gall.—Found in May on the ¢ catkins, placed
usually between the stamens. Length barely 13 mm.
Bare, green when young, yellowish at atari In
shape an elongated oval, the apex narrowed perceptibly.
Sometimes with a distinct nipple-like point at the
apex.

100 ANDRICUS ALBOPUNOTATA.

The insects are easily bred if the galls are collected
well on in May.

I know the species only from Mugdoch Wood, near
Glasgow.

Continental distribution : Germany.

14. ANDRICUS ALBOPUNCTATA.

Pl. VI, fig. 4, gall.

Cynips majalis, Giraud, Bull. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1868, li (gall).
— albopunctata, Schlechtendal, Stett. Ent. Zeits., 1870, 376.

Aphilothria albopunctata, Mayr, Hichengallen, 67, pl. i; Adler,
Zeits. f. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 205, pl. xi,
fig. 23; Lichten., Cyn., 71, pl. u,
fig. 23; Fitch, Trans. Essex Field
Club, ii, 138, fig. 29.

Andricus albopunctata, Mayr, Kurop. Cyn., 21.

Similar in size, form, and coloration to A. 4-/ineatus.

The gall is found in the buds in May and June, but
not in those having leaves. It is conical, sometimes
with a sharp point at the apex, but more usually
rounded there. In colour green, spotted with white ;
the surface smooth, shining, unicellular, hard, and
woody. It is found in May and June, and falls to the
ground very shortly after making its appearance.
Length 5—6 mm. The colour varies somewhat, some
examples being brownish or yellowish-green.

According to Schlechtendal the fly comes out in

November. I have had them in March.

I have bred both Synergus radiatus and S. facialis,
from the galls. Brischke gives Torymus rubricipes
as a parasite.

Common.

Continental distribution : Germany, Austria, France.

ANDRICUS GLANDULA. 101

15. ANDRICUS SEMINATIONIS.

Pl. V, fig. 3, gall.

Cynips seminationis, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, 1859, 373;
Mayr, Cyn. Gallen, 63, fig. 88.
Aphilothriz seminationis, Adler, Zeit. wiss. Zool., 1880, 202,
pl.. xi, fig. 20; Licht. Cyn., 67.
Cynips inflorescentiz, Schlecht., S. H. Z., 1870, 396 (gall only).
Andricus seminationis, Mayr, Eur. Cyn., 21.

Only the agamic form is known, and it is not dis-
tinguishable from A. 4-lineatus.

The gall is found on the catkins of the sessile oak.
It is of the same form as that of A. callidoma, but the
peduncle is very short or quite aborted. Spindle-
shaped, sometimes of an elongated ovoid form ; slightly
_ pubescent when young, glabrous when mature; white
with pink stripes when fresh, yellowish or brownish
when mature; sometimes the sides bear indistinct
keels. The flower branch may be thickened or dis-
torted by the galls. They are found also on the leaves,
which may be incised where the galls are seated.

They are found in May, become ripe in June, the
imagos appearing in the following spring.

I have bred Synergus facialis from the galls; and
Mayr, besides this species, S. albipes, Htg. The para-
site is Hurytoma rose.

I only know this species from Mugdoch Wood.

Continental distribution: Germany, Austria.

16. ANDRICUS GLANDULA.

Pl. VU, fig. 5, gall; Pl. XV, fig. 5.

Cynips glandulz, Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 62.
Aphilothria glandule, Mayr, Cyn. Gall., 26, pl. iv, fig. 34.
Andricus glandule, Mayr, Kur. Cyn., 20.

Reddish-brown ; the mesonotum minutely punctured, the scutellum |
much more coarsely ; the scutellar foveze and middle of median segment

102 ANDRICUS SOLITARIUS.

black; antennz fuscous-black ; upper surface of abdomen blackish-

brown; sometimes the head in part and streaks on the mesonotum

brownish ; legs reddish-yellow, tibiee brownish. Mesonotum alutaceous,

aciculate, a longitudinal furrow between the parapsidal furrows.
Length 3 mm.

Gall.—This is an easily recognised gall from the
long white glistening hair with which it is covered,
and from the truncated apex with a nipple-like point
in the middle, the base being swollen. It issues from
the lateral buds ; is woody in texture; the base when
fully developed is as wide as the gall is long; the top
is narrowed, sometimes depressed ; and the nipple-like
point is glabrous and yellowish. The colour is green,
but more or less whitish from the long, silky, recurved,
glabrous hairs. The dilated basal region, when freely
developed, contains a cavity which is separated from
the upper larval chamber, which occupies the narrowed
upper region. When young or when the gall has been
distorted by inquilines the base is not dilated, and its
centre may be either hollow or filled up with a spongy
substance.

Mr. Bignell has reared Synergus radiatus from the
galls.

Of extensive range in this country, but not common.
Clydesdale, Lymm, Nottingham, Devonshire (Bignell).

The insect emerges in the spring, and is probably
agamic.

Continental distribution: Germany, Austria.

17. ANDRICUS SOLITARIUS.

Pl. VIL, fig. 4; Pl. XV, fig. 3.

Diplolepis solitarius, Fonsc., Ann. Sc. Nat., 1832, t. xxvi, 184.
Cynips ferruginea, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 189; Sch., Nass.
Cyn., 55, 62, 116, and 134.
Aphilothriz solitaria, Mayr, Hichengallen, 23, pl. iii, fig. 29;
Fitch, Trans. Essex Club, ii, 136,
fig. 24.
Andricus solitarius, Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 25.

ANDRICUS SOLITARIUS. 108

Yellowish-ferrugineous; the pro- and mesonotum more or less, the
scutellarfovee and the centre of the median segment blackish; the vertex
and pleure sometimes infuscated; the basal joints of the antenne pale
yellow, the apical infuscated; legs pale yellow, the base of coxe and
sometimes the hind tibie and tarsi infuscated ; wings distinctly smoky,
especially before the cubitus. Head and thorax with the pubescence
close, short, and white; the third abdominal segment impunctate; the
second covered with a whitish pubescence to the apex; ventral sheath
three times longer than broad. Head and thorax shagreened, opaque.

Length 2—3 mm.

Hartig and Schenck describe the body as being
entirely ferrugineous-red ; but this is certainly not the
case with the specimens I have bred, these having the
head and thorax infuscated.

From corticis, Sieboldii, and radicis it may be
known by the third abdominal segment not being
punctured, and the head and thorax not being so
thickly haired; from fecundatriz and globuli by the
head and thorax not being black.

A gall well marked from its being thickly covered
with ferrugineous hair. It is found either issuing
from a terminal bud or from a lateral one along with a
developed leaf, the gall in the latter case being placed
above the leaf. It is spindle-shaped, pointed, and
narrowed at the apex, this terminal point being some-
times curved and bare or nearly so. When in the
axillary bud the gall at the base is bordered by small
bracts. It is woody and hard in texture, and contains
one large larval chamber. When young it is green,
but soon becomes ferrugineous or reddish-brown.

Length about 7 mm.

It is found from July to August, and becomes ripe
in September. When the galls have been a long time
in the twigs the pubescence gets completely rubbed
off, its colour then being dark brown.

The only flies I have myself obtained were some
which I cut out dead from the galls in the spring; but
how long they were dead 1 am unable to say. Mayr
gives September as the time in which the flies emerge ;
if so, it may be concluded it may have a bisexual
generation. May that be Andricus amenti? Beyer-

104 ANDRIOUS CLEMENTINA.

inck (Beob. it. d. ersten Entw. einiger Cynipiden-
gallen, p. 138) gives Newroterus aprilinus as the spring
generation, but apparently in error.

Not uncommon in Scotland; also in Nottingham-
shire (Rothera and Ransom), and Fitch includes it in
his list of Essex galls (1. c.).

The inquilines are Synergus vulgaris, 8. facials,
and S. radiatus.

Hupelmus azwreus is given as a parasite by Ratze-
burg, and Mayr bred Olina trilineata, sibi., and Hury-
toma setigera, Mayr. _

Continental distribution: France, Switzerland,
Germany, Austria.

18. ANDRICUS CLEMENTIN®.
Pl. VI, fig. 3, gall; Pl. XV, fig. 2.

Cynips clementinee, Giraud, z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, 349.
Andricus clementinze, Mayr, Hur. Cyn., 24.

Dark brown or reddish-brown, covered with long, thick, stiff
hair; the head for the greater part, the orbits always, and the
mesopleure more or less spotted with reddish-brown; the apex and
ventral surface of abdomen brownish-red ; legs dark brownish-black; the
knees and under side of the femora reddish-brown. Wings clear
hyaline, large. Abdomen short. Antenne dark brown, bearing white
bristly hair; 14-jointed.

Length 4—43 mm.

This gall is elongated at base and apex, the elonga-
tion forming a nipple-like point; the colour is dark
yellow ; the surface is rugose or granular, and bears
several flattish projections of a deeper colour than the
gall itself, and incurved hairs of a glistening white
colour, these being especially thick at the apex. The
length is about 5 mm., and they are found in the
leaf-buds. The inner larval chamber is free, being
separated from the yellowish outer layer of cells by a
small space.

Found in late autumn (October to November) on

ANDRICUS OCIROULANS. 105

Quercus sessiliflora ; the flies come out in February and
March, according to Mayr.

Mayr gives Synergus melanopus and S. vulgaris as
inquilines. I can find no mention of any parasites
except Olinx trilineata, Mayr, recorded by Mayr.

I have only found this species in Cadder Wilderness,
near Glasgow.

Continental distribution : Sweden (?), Austria.

The following gall is found at Kew Gardens on
Quercus cerris.

19. ANDRICUS CIRCULANS.

FIV, hey calls Pix, fea G6. &.
Andricus circulans, Mayr, Cyn. Gallen, 30; Eur. Cyn., 17.

Black ; the coxe dark brownish; the femora somewhat dull reddish-
yellow, more or less infuscated in the middle; the tibie and tarsi red-
dish-yellow; wings hyaline, the nervures pale fuscous; the antennz
brownish, the second joint and the base of the third paler than the
others. Front and vertex finely and sharply punctured; the meso-
notum with the puncturing finer and more shining; the scutellum
coarsely rugose ; the mesopleure finely longitudinally striated. ¢?.

Length 2 mm.

The ¢ similar in punctation and colouring; the
antenne 14-jointed.

The galls are found on the axillary leaf-buds of
Quercus cerris gregariously, one, four, or eight being
found in a bud; and they may be packed so closely
together that they become compressed and flattened.
They are glabrous, well hid in the bud, in colour vary-
ing from brownish-yellow to bright red; thin-walled ;
in shape an elongate ovoid, and in length 2—5 mm.

Miss Ormerod found at Kew some galls which,
although not quite typical, yet still may safely be re-
ferable to A. circulans. My figure is taken from a
specimen I had from Prof. Mayr.

According to the latter authority, the normal time

106 ANDRIOCUS MSTIVALIS.

for the flies issuing from the galls is towards the
middle of April.

Mayr reared Ceroptres cerri and some Pteromalide
from the galls.

Mayr found the galls in stubs near Vienna.

20. ANDRICUS ASTIVALIS.

Pl. IV, fig. 5, gall.

Andricus cstivalis, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1859, 35 b;
Mayr, Hichengallen, 55, fig. 79; Hur.
Cyn., 16; Kaltenbach, Pfl., 672.

Black; head and thorax opaque; the antennz, tegule, legs, and
ventral surface reddish-testaceous; the wings hyaline, the nervures
reddish. The antenne stouter than usual, 14-jointed, the joints beyond
the third moniliform ; the third twice longer than broad, curved at the
base, dilated at the apex. Head and thorax rugulose, sparsely covered
with a pale pubescence; opaque; the mesopleure opaque, finely and
closely coriaceous.

Length 2—23 mm.

The galls occur in masses on the male flowers of
Quercus cerris. At the base the galls are closely
pressed together, but not at the apex, the apex being
very much wider than the base. The gall proper is
at the bottom, and is surrounded by a wall which
springs from the base and goes above it, leaving a
large, empty, cup-shaped space in the centre. The

all is hard and woody, and contains one or two cells,
the cells being ovate, and having a length of from
25+08 mm. The colour of the gall is whitish or
greenish-white, and much paler than the outer skin
and the surrounding membrane, which is brownish,
more or less mottled with yellow. In shape it is
roughly conical, with a projecting point at the apex.
The outer membrane becomes shrunk and twisted, and
frequently curls inwardly over the top. The size of
the mass of galls varies, some being as large as a
walnut. The petiole bearing the galls becomes
thickened and somewhat twisted.

ANDRIOUS ASTIVALIS. 107

The flies appear at the beginning of July. It
is not known if they have an agamic generation.
From the experience of Giraud the ¢ must be very
rare, for among 200 examples he only found four
males.

Mayr records Torymus regius, and Giraud Hlachestus
gallicolus, Gir., as parasites, and the latter gives his
Aulax pinnatus as an inquiline.

Austria.

I introduce this species on the authority of a
which I captured at Loch Lomond, and which agrees
very well with a type I had from Prof. Mayr. If not
estivalis, it is certainly different from any of our other
British species.

The following table shows the time of appearing of
the species :

Agamie. Time of appearing. Sexual form. Time of appearing.
Fecundatriz ...... April IMDIOSIIS “shecnoaasene June.
Globula .........005. TE UGTIOT ero obaeAne cs i
BAGS 20.0... . 000 5 Trilineatus ...... August.
Steboldi ......... i Testacewpes ...... ”
COPLCUS oss 000 00 i Gemmatus......... as
Collomis is sic. ‘ Curvator ......... June.
Autumnalis ...... 6 FCCNUULE mentee ee July.
Unknown ......... — AINE chides June.
Callidoma.......... April Cirratus ...sc00s ”
Malpighii......... — NUMUS wireeccsseee >
Clementine ...... =
Solitarwus ......... September
Glandulz ......... April
Seminationis ... Bs
Marginalis ...... 20 = =
Quadrilineatus... 3 = —
Albopunctatus ... 3 ; ata sd
Ostreus® .......5. October—March = —
Glandium ......... — Rufescens ........: P
Unknown ......... — Circulans ......... April.
Unknown ......... — Alistivalis’ ......... July & August.

*Adler suspected that Newroterus aprilinus was the
spring form of this species, but Beyerinck (Beob. i.
d. e. Entwick. einiger Cynipiden-Gallen, p. 37) states

108 ANDRIOUS AISTIVALIS.

that he has bred from ostreus galls a sexual form
which lives in small bud-galls; he does not describe
either the insect or gall, and names it Newroterus
furunculus.

The following unknown galls may be here described.

Miss Ormerod (Ent., xu, p. 193) describes and
figures the under-noted galls, which are probably
formed by an Andricus.

“The bud-gall (Pl. XVII, fig. 8, after Ormerod)
which is figured both natural size and magnified, much
resembles a stunted form of A. collaris, but is much
smaller, and remains to maturity buried in the bud-
cells. I have found it rather numerously in winter
and spring, but as it does not make the shghtest show
externally, and the buds in which it is contained are
not distinguishable from the others, I have only come
on it accidentally during search for possible winter
developments of details of gall-growth, and the gall-
maker has been too much crushed to rear for defini-
tion. It is somewhat oval in shape, single-chambered,
with a thin crisp wall, and from the varying conditions
in which I have found it, appears to form (accom-
panying the growth of its larval tenant) during the
latter part of the winter and beginning of spring, the
imago quitting it before the season of expansion of
the healthy buds. I conjecture that this very minute
gall is much sought after by birds, as in the seasons
when I have found most of it I have noticed the buds
frequently torn open, and there is no other bud-gall
common in the district at that time so far as I am
aware.

“The other gall (Pl. XVII, fig. 9, after Ormerod)
figured is very unusual in appearance, and has caused
such complete distortion of all the surrounding
erowths as to make it difficult to convey with the
pencil any characteristic forms. As seen magnified,
it much resembles an abnormal form of Andricus
inflator. It, however, consists of two oval cells.
These are rather thin-walled, placed side by side, and

OYNIPS. | 109

occupying the entire width and about two-thirds of
the length of the irregular hollow chamber formed by
the swollen base of the stem in which they are con-
* tained, the outer walls of the gall-cells and the inner
walls of the gall chamber being adnate for (approxi-
mately) half the cell surface. The gall-cells are not
quite an eighth of an inch in length, and were deserted
when I found the specimen—the only one which I
have seen of this kind, and differing so much from any
normal state of bud-gall with which I am acquainted,
that possibly a figure may be of some interest.”

In the H. M. M., iv, p. 146, there is the following
note from the Rev. T. A. Marshall :—‘‘ Among the
insects referred to is a genuine Cynips reared by Mr.
Parfitt from ‘woody galls near the base of oaks.’ ”
Although no existing description fits this specimen, it
may be the C. ilicis of Fabr. (S. Piez., 145, No. 10:
‘“‘ Atra, nitida, thorace pedibusque pallide flavis’’).

CyNIps P

“Head, prothorax, and scutellum rufo-testaceous,
coriaceous, hardly pubescent; declivity of the meta-
thorax and the abdomen black. Legs testaceous;
coxee and a line on the middle and hinder femora and
tibize blackish; tarsi broken off. Antenne 14-
jointed, testaceous, the last four or five joints black.
Hyes fuscous. Head large, as broad as the pro-
thorax, subrugose. Prothorax transversely rugose,
the parapsidum suture very distinct. Scutellum
coarsely rugose-punctate, red, bordered all round
with black; in the black hinder margin are two
smooth foveole. Abdomen two-thirds as broad as
the thorax, raised and compressed at the apex, which
forms a sharp carina above; shining black, reddish
laterally at the base. Ovipositor testaceous. Wings
hyaline, the nervules pale testaceous, except the
apical half of the subcostal, the basal transverse vein,

110 OYNIPS GEMMA.

the base of the radial cell, and the outer side of the
areolet, which are black and incrassated.

Long 1; alar exp. 3 lines.”

What this species may be I know not.

CyNIPs GEMM” P

Pl. IV, fig. 2 (after Ormerod); Pl. XVII, fig. 7.

Cynips gemmea, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1859, 372;
Mayr, Hichengallen, xxxiii, fig. 43.

Miss Ormerod (EK. M. M., xii, 197) relates finding a
gall at Isleworth which may be this little-known
species. She says, “‘ The gall is about a quarter of
an inch in diameter, irregularly spherical, about two-
thirds of it above the upper surface of the leaf thickly
beset with spines, for the most part simple, but in
some cases branched. The colour yellowish-green
with a mixture of rose, especially on the spines.
Internally the gall is single-chambered, with a hard
woody wall, about a quarter of the diameter of the
gall in thickness.”

Miss Ormerod alludes to the resemblance of these
galls to the descriptions of Giraud and to the figures
of Mayr. Gemmeis very little known, and the maker
not at all. I am indebted for a few specimens to
Prof. Mayr, and I figure them on Pl. XVII, fig. 7,
to show their resemblance to those figured by Miss
Ormerod.

There are also the acorn galls found by myself in
Clydesdale, from which, however, I only reared
Synergi. The acorns were about half the ordinary
size, apparently not distorted outwardly, and the two
Synergi lived in oval cells. Rothera (Hnt., xi, p. 206)
states that he found at Ollerton a thin, shelly, uni-
locular gall lying loosely within the acorn case, and
containing a large, fat, white, mandibulate larva,
closely resembling that of C. Kollar.

OYNIPS. 111

Genus CYNIPS.

Cynips, Linné, Syst. Nat., Ed. xii, p. 917; Hartig, Zeits. f.
Ent., u, p. 185; Mayr, Genera, p. 28.

Abdomen from the third segment covered thickly with silky pubes-
cence, this being also the case with the legs, head, and thorax. Head
dilated behind the eyes. Parapsidal furrows distinct, nearly parallel.
Scutellum broader than long, and with two fovee at its base, these
being closed internally by a sharp ridge. Antenne 14-jointed (in our
species); stout, the second joint longer (in our species) than broad.
Claws on anterior tarsi bidentate. Radial cellule elongate, lanceolate
at apex, open at fore-margin. Agamic.

This genus is well known by the rich silky pubes-
cence on the abdomen, that organ in the other genera
being glabrous. It is further distinguished by being
unisexual. The species are the largest known among
the gall-making group. Of the eighteen Huropean
species described, only one, C. Kollari, is native. One
Huropean species (C. conifica, Htg.) has the antennee
13-jointed.

The genus Aphelonyw, Mayr, has the abdomen silky
haired, but it differs from Cynips in having the
anterior tarsi with the claws entire, the antennz
longer and more slender, the parapsidal furrows not
complete, the scutellum as long as broad, and with an
entire transverse fovea at its base.

So far as we at present know, all the species of
Cynips are agamous, and only exist in the agamic
condition, the spring bisexual generally found in
Andricus, &c., being unknown. The genus contains
the largest species in the family, their galls also
being, at least for the monothalamous galls, the
largest. The majority of these remain attached to
the buds until they drop off from the effects of the
weather. In them the insects remain for the greater
part of the year unchanged. As in Andricus, many of
the species cannot be separated in the imaginal state ;
but the galls are very distinct, and not a few of them
very striking in appearance. Highteen Huropean

112 OYNIPS KOLLARI.

species are known, almost entirely from the middle
and south. The genus is unknown in Scandinavia,

and it is a moot point if our own species (Kollart) is
really native.

1. Cynips Ko.nart.

Pl. II, figs. 6 and 6a; Pl. XVI, fig. 6.

Cynips Kollari, Htg., Germs. Zeit., iv, 403; Mayr, Hichen-
gallen, xvi, fig. 18; Schenck, Nass. Cyn.,
do and 64; Mayr, Hur. Cyn., 30; Mayr and
Newman, Ent., No. 1385, 1874, 241; Fitch,
Trans. Essex Field Club, 135, fig. 22.

Cynips lignicola, Marshall, EH. M. M., iv, 7; cf. also Stainton,

Trans. Ent. Soe., 1855; Proce) pando
Zool., 1855, 4747 ; Parfitt, Zool., 1856,
5074.

Reddish-yellow; the scutellar fovez, the median segment, and more
or less of the abdomen above black; the legs paler than the body; the
fore-tibiz with short depressed hairs ; ; the antenne 13-jointed; the
basal joint paler than the SUES: ; wings hyaline, with a reddish
tinge. 2.

Length 4—5 mm.

According to Mayr, Cymps corruptriw, Schl., C.
aries, Gir., C. lignicola, Htg., C. tinctoria, OC. calici-
forms, and C. galeata, Gir., cannot be distinguished
from Kollari in the imago state, but the galls are very
different with all of them. This gall-fly was long
known as the Devonshire gall, apparently from its
having been first noticed in Devonshire. It was first
brought before the entomologists of this country in
1854 by Mr. Rich, who reported it as being very
abundant in Somersetshire and Gloucester (‘ Proce.
Ent. Soc.,’ 2nd series, vol. in, p. 35). Mr. Stainton
stated (l.c.) that he had noticed the galls in Devon-
shire for the last four or five years; Mr. Parfitt that
he had seen them about 1848 ; and lastly, Mr. Jordan
(l.c., p. 40) remarked that he had observed them
twenty years before, which would bring the earliest
notice of the galls in this country to, say, 1834.

CYNIPS KOLLARI. 113

That at first the gall was very local there can be
no doubt, for we have the clearest evidence of its
gradual extension over Britain during the last thirty
years. On this point Dr. Jordan (E. M. M., vii, p. 51)
remarks of Kollari: ‘‘ Although noticed by me in
Devon certainly for forty years at least (since we
used its galls as marbles when I was quite a child),
yet it did not reach Birmingham until 1860, when it
was first noticed by me in the town, a fact not to be
wondered at, considering how often its galls were
brought from the south by tourists; it was not, how-
ever, until the autumn of 1866 that it was first seen
by me invading Birmingham, along the hedges on the
Worcestershire side; the two streams have now met,
and CO. Kollari is now found in both town and country.”
That has practically been my own experience in Scot-
land, where it now extends into Sutherlandshire.

Various attempts have been made to utilise these
galls for ink-making purposes, but without any prac-
tical result, owing to the paucity of tannic acid they
contain as opposed to the Aleppo and other galls—
only some 17 as against over 50 per cent. The only
use made of them is for ornamenting fancy baskets,
fern cases, &.

That the species is injurious in many instances
there can be no doubt. It only frequents stub or
young oaks, not over three or four feet high. These,
when they appear in numbers in nurseries, they fright-
fully distort, and not infrequently render saleless.

As parasites there have been recorded Torymus
regius = Devoniensis, Parfitt, and Megastigmus stig-
maticans, these two being not uncommonly bred from
them in this country; Decatoma sp. (Walker). Mr.
Fitch (Hnt., vi, 243) bred from a small bunch of galls:
Orymrus punctiger, a Hurytoma, a Pteromalus, a Torymus
allied to inconstans, a ‘‘ small black Hymenopteron
quite unknown to Mr. Walker,” a ‘“‘n. g. allied to
intedon.” Giraud bred Macrocentrus marginator,
Nees, from the galls.

VOL. IV. 8

114 GENUS TRIGONASPIS.

The inquilines are Synergus pallicornis, melanopus,
and Reinhardi, all of which have been reared from
them here. Kaltenbach (Pfl., 668) gives S. facialis
also as an inquiline, and, as indicated on p. 58, Billups
records the rearing of Ceroptres arator from the galls,
but it is quite possible that the specimens were reared
from the twig galls of Andricus nodult.

The empty galls are much utilised by various out-
living insects for purposes of pupation. Fitch (Ent.,
1879, p. 118) gives a list of the insects and their
parasites raised by Mr. Weston from a lot of the galls.
These included six species of Lepidoptera, seven
beetles, and thirty Hymenoptera. The latter included
Dineura Degeeri (a birch-feeding species), Hmphytus
togatus, and Harpiphorus lepidus; nine species of
Ichneumonidex, one Braconid, Hurytoma rose, Synto-
maspis caudata, Torymus regius, Megastigmus stigma-
ticans (the latter no doubt parasitic on the gall larvee),
a Lamprotatus, Pteromalus tibialis (also a gall larva
parasite), two species of Homalus (H. auratus and H.
ceruleus), two Crabronide, Odynerus trifascatus, and
the bee, Prosopis rupestris.

The flies emerge in August or September.

Distribution: Germany, Austria.

Genus TRIGONASPIS.

Trigonaspis, Hartig, Germs. Zeit., ii, 186; Mayr, Genera, 30.
Biorhiza, Westwood, Int., ii, 56 (part).

Agamic.—Apterous; parapsidal furrows incomplete ; antennz 13 to 14
jointed ; no keel between the antennz ; head not dilated behind ; ventral
thorn 2 to 24 times as long as thick. The third joint of the antenne
twice as long as the fourth, the sixth to twelfth not longer, as thick.
Scutellum separated from the mesonotum by a slight transverse
furrow.

Sexual—Antenne 14-jointed 9, 15-jointed ¢; flagellum rather
slender, tapering towards the apex. Parapsidal furrows complete,
distinct. Scutellar foveze shallow, separated by a sharp furrow; the
keel in front of them distinct, acute. Scutellum rugose. Median seg-
ment with the keels parallel. Abdomen shorter than the head aud

TRIGONASPIS MEGAPTERA. 115

thorax united, smooth, shining; with the ¢ petiolate. Wings large,
the radial cellule elongate, open; areolet distinct. Head and thorax
black ; abdomen reddish-yellow.

The wingless agamic form can only be confounded
with Biorhiza, which is much larger than it, has a
carina between the antenns, the head dilated more
behind the eyes, the ventral spine only 1 to 13 times
longer than wide, and the parapsidal keels complete.

The sexual form is easily known by the reddish-
yellow abdomen and large wings.

There are only two Huropean species known, and
the sexual form is one of the best marked in the whole
family.

1. TRIGONASPIS MEGAPTERA.

Pl. I, fig. 4 (megaptera, renuwm) ; Pl. XV, fig. 7
(megaptera).

Cynips megaptera, Pz., F. G., Heft 79, 7.
Trigonaspis crustalis, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 195; Adler, Zeits.
wiss. Zool., xxxi, 198, pl. xi, fig. 18a;
Licht., Cyn., 62, pl. ii, fig. 18 a.
— megaptera, Marshall, KE. M. M., iv, 272; Mayr,
Europ. Cyn., 31.
Cynips crustalis, Thoms., Opuse, 782, 4.
Biorhiza renum, Giraud, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, 1859, 362;
Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxi, 197, pl. xi,
fig. 18; Licht., Cyn., 61, pl. ii, fig. 18.
Trigonaspis renum, Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 31.

Agamic Form.—Apterous, yellowish-red, the abdomen darker, with the
legs paler than the body; thorax punctured, opaque, abdomen shining ;
the vertex finely shagreened. Antenne 13-jointed, the last joint twice
the length of the penultimate; claws simple, dilated at the base.

Length 1°5 mm.

The only other European species is B. synaspis,
Htg., which may be known from ours by the claws
being cleft, and by the antenne having 14 joints.

Gall.—Small, 1—2 mm., irregularly kidney-shaped,
greenish yellow, sometimes reddish; soft, succulent,
usually crowded together along the nervures. Length
2to 3 mm. Found in the autumn, falling when

116 ‘TRIGONASPIS MEGAPTERA,

ripe. The insects are very difficult to rear, and are
very irregular in the length of time which they take to
reach maturity. As Giraud has pointed out (I. ¢.),
the galls inhabited by the gall-maker become black,
regular and ovoid in shape; while those tenanted by
parasites retain the irregular shape and the fresh
colour. 7

The only British inquiline is Synergus thawmacera,
but on the Continent S. varius, Htg., has been bred by
Mayr; S. vulgaris by Giraud; Hartig mentions S.
tibialis, Htg., as having been reared by him, and
Brischke 8S. ruficornis and 8. pallicornis.

Giraud bred Mesopolobus fasciiventris, West., Calli-
mome fuscicrus, Gir., and von Schlechtendal a ¢ Tory-
mus. Brischke records Pteromalus Sawesenw, Pleuro-
tropis cyrriphidum, and Mesopolobus fascuventris.

Sexual Form.—Black, very shining; the abdomen bright reddish-
yellow, darkened at the apex; the legs yellowish-red, paler in tint than
the abdomen, the coxe at base infuscated; antenne dull reddish-brown
at the base, the apex darker; wings large, clouded at the base of the
radial cellule and before the cubitus, the nervures dark fuscous; vertex
‘shagreened; pronotum obliquely striolated, scutellum irregularly cori-
aceous, depressed in the middle above; pleure shining.

The ¢ similar, with the third joint distinctly curved.

Length, 2 3:5to45mm., ¢ 2:5 to3 mm.

Gall.—Roundish, oval, or ovoid, of rather variable
form and size; soft, smooth, succulent, white or
creamy-white with reddish cheeks, sometimes almost
entirely red; the central cavity small. Length from
3 to 8 mm. When old they shrivel up and become
wrinkled. They are found at the roots or on the
trunks of old oaks at a distance of 1 to3 feet from the
ground, and arise from small buds, not from the bark,
as might be supposed from a cursory examination.
They are found either singly or in masses, and are
frequently hidden by moss. They appear in May.

- The inquilines are Synergus thaumacera and Syner-
gus erythrocerus according to Hartig, and S. facialis
and S. pallicornis according to Brischke.

As parasites it possesses Syntomaspis fastuosa ;

GENUS BIORHIZA. _ 18)

Torymus flavipes, Wlk.; T. amenus; Callimome rubri-
ceps, Latr., according to Brischke, who also gives
Limneria exareolata as a parasite.

Sweden, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Germany,
Austria.

Genus BIioRHIZA.

Biorhiza, Westwood, Int.. ii, 56, App.; Mayr, Genera, 31.
Apophyllus, Hartig, Germs. Zeit., 11, 185.

Teras, Hartig, 1. c.

Dryoteras, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. ges. Wien, 1869, 331.

Agamic.—Apterous. Parapsidal furrows entire, acute; a blunt keel
between the antenne ; head dilated behind the eyes; ventral spine one
to one and a half times as long as thick. A transverse furrow at the
base of the scutellum. Antenne 14-jointed; the third joint longer
than the fourth. Mesothorax contracted in the middle. Abdomen
large, somewhat compressed, longer than the head and thorax united.
Cheeks hardly half the length of the eyes. Metanotal keels above
parallel, then diverging, and converging again at the apex. Claws
simple. On the mesonotum only the space between the furrows is
smooth, the rest being aciculate.

Sexual Form.—The 2 agrees very closely with the agamic, but is
usually winged; the wings having an open radial cellule, the radial
cellule moderately long; the first abscissa of the radius curved; the
areolet well defined. The antenne are 14-jointed; the third joint
longer than the fourth. Mesonotum smooth, impunctate all over; the
mesonotum not contracted in the middle. The abdomen as long as
the head and thorax. At the base of the scutellum are two distinctly
separated fovee.

The ¢ has the antenne 16-jointed, the third joint curved; the head
not dilated behind the eyes.

It is noteworthy that the sexual female may have
the wings rudimentary or wanting; in which case it
approximates in the shape of the thorax to the agamic.
The & so far as I know is never apterous nor with
rudimentary wings. The colour of both forms is
yellowish. There is only one Huropean species, and
one is known from North America,

118 BIORHIZA TERMINALIS.

Bl1ORHIZA TERMINALIS.

Pl. I, fig. .5 (terminalis); Pl. III (aptera) fig. 4;
Pl. XV, figs. 9 (aptera), 9a (terminalis); PI.
XVII, fig. 8 (aptera).

Cynips quercus terminalis, Fab., E. 8. Supp. 213; Thoms.
Opusce., 782.

Teras terminalis, Marshall, E.M.M., iv, 148; Adler, Zeits. wiss.
Zool., xxxi, 194, pl. xi, fig.17 a; Licht., Cyn.,
58, pl. ii, fig. 17 a.

Biorhiza terminalis, Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 32.

Cynips aptera, Fab., HE. 8. ii, 104; Thoms. Opusc., 782.

Biorhiza aptera, Marshall, H.M.M., iv, 172; Adler, Zeits. wiss.
Zool., xxxi, 192, pl. xi, fig. 17; Licht., Cyn.,
56, pl. ii, fig. 17; Mayr, Hurop. Cyn., 32.

Agamic Form.—Apterous; yellow and red; the apical half of the
antenne and the apex of the abdomen more or less blackish ; vertex,
front, and occiput opaque, closely punctured; mesonotum more shining,
especially in the middle, more or less punctured in front; the meso-
pleure richly pilose, shagreened, propleurz, closely punctured ; scu-
tellum flat, finely punctured, a deep and wide furrow at its base; par-
apsidal furrows generally complete and distinct.

Length 3°5 to 75 mm.

The species varies greatly in length, and the
smaller specimens have the sculpture much less clearly
indicated than in the larger examples, while further
the parapsidal furrows and the furrow at the base
of the scutellum become more or less obsolete.

Gall.—Found on the roots of oaks. Form and size
irregular, the latter ranging from 5 to 20mm. At first
soft, white, marked with reddish, it becomes with age
very hard and woody, and in colour brownish. They
occur gregariously or solitarily, and the number of
larval chambers varies.

The fly issues in December and January; climbs
up the trunk of a tree, chooses a suitable bud, places its
head downwards, tunnels the bud from right to left
with the ovipositor, and then inserts the eggs, which
are found almost in a mass at the bottom of the bud.

No inquiline is known from this gall. The parasite
is Torymus nobilis.

BIORHIZA TERMINALIS. 119

Sexual Form.—Yellow to yellowish-red; the apical half or so of the
antenne and the dorsum of abdomen more or less blackish; wings
hyaline, the nervures pale fuscous. Head aciculate, somewhat opaque,
the mesothorax more shining, slightly and very finely punctured, the
pleure shining, impunctate; parapsidal furrows distinct; scutellum
ny and finely rugosely punctured, and with two fovee at its
; ae 3mm.

The ¢ is always winged, but the ? not infrequently
has the wings rudimentary or entirely obsolete, in
which case there is a slight change in the convexity of
the scutellum. |

Gall_—The well-known Oak or King Charles’ apple,
and worn by country boys in England on the 29th May.
Found on the terminal buds, very rarely in the lateral.
In size very variable, the average having a diameter of
about 20 mm.; soft, spongy, white with rosy cheeks
when young, older greyish or pale brownish-yellow.
In the interior are found a large number of larval
chambers of a yellowish-white colour; these cells
being united by a spongy substance, soft and solid
when young, becoming dry and friable when old.
They occur in May and June, the flies coming out at
the end of May or early in June.

I have never had any Synergus other than facialis
from these galls, nor has any one else, so far as I am
aware, except Walker, who records S. socialis as an
inquiline. Socialis is a synonym of melanopus. He
bred it in June of the same year, and alsoin March and
April of the following year. The latter observation 1s,
however, not consistent with what we know of the
history of 8. facialis, which always appears in June to
July of the same year, so that it is quite possible that
Walker may have really bred melanopus. On the
other hand it may be that facialis, sometimes like so
many of the true gall-makers, may take some months
longer than usual to reach maturity.

Walker, it may be added, states that ‘‘ a few speci-
mens of other species of Cynipites appeared in the
summer,” but no further indication is given as to what
these were.

120 BIORHIZA TERMINALIS.

The parasites are rather numerous, but it does not
follow that all those bred from the galls prey on ter-
minalis, some of them feeding possibly on the inqul-
lines. Torymus abdominalis, Boh., = cingulatus, Nees,
= cyniphidum, Ratz.; T. regius, Nees, = inconstans,
Walk. ; longicaudis, Ratz., = leucopterus, Walk.; T..
auratus, Fons., = viridissimus, Boh., = autumnalis,
Walk., = confinis, Walk., = mutabilis, Walk., = lep-
tocerus, Walk., = minutus, Walk., = muscarwm, Nees,
= propinquus, Foer. = nanus, Foer., = appropin-
quans, Ratz., = gallarum, Ratz. Syntomaspis caudata,
Nees, = crinicaudis, Ratz.; Megastigmus dorsalis, F.,
— Bohemanni, Rtz , = xanthopygus, Foer.; Hurytoma
rosx, Decatoma biguttata, by Brischke, D. immaculata,
by Walker, and D. signata, by Ratzeburg; Hupelmus
urozonus, Olinw scianewrus, Rtz., sec. Mayr, = Hue-
doreschus, Walk. ; Hulophus gallarwm, Li. (probably the
specimens recorded under this name from these galls
are only O. scianeurus) ; H. agathyllus, Walk. ; #. rami-
cornis (Brischke); Tetrastichus Diaphantes, Walk.
Walker records the following species of Pteromalus :
naubolus, ovatus, domesticus, delectus, fuscipennis, fus-
civentris, hilaris, platynotus, planus, decidens, semifas-
ciatus, dubius, all described by himself. Ratzeburg gives
as parasites, or at least as frequenters of the galls:
Pteromalus Oordari, Ratz.; meconotus, Ratz.; steno-
notus, Ratz. ; leucopezus, Ratz. (?) ; gallicus, Ratz. ; and
Dufowrii, Ratz.; Platymesopus Westwoodi, Ratz.; P.
Erichsoni, Ratz. Walker bred a Cerraphon and Inos-
tenna Boscit, and Ratzeburg Dendrocerus Lichtenstein,
Walk., all three pertaining to the Ozxyura. Various
species of _Ichneumonide and Braconide have been
reared, but the majority preyed without doubt on
casual dwellers in the galls, namely Pimpla calobata,
Gr., P. caudata, Ratz., and P. alternans, Gr.; Hemi-
teles areator, Pz., H. coactus, Ratz., and H. puncta-
tus, Ratz. (Ratzeburg); Lampronota segmentata, F. ;
Cryptus hortulanus, Gr. The Braconide recorded
are: Bracon caudatus, Apanteles breviventris, Ratz. ;

GENUS DRYOPHANTA, ~ 121

Microtypus Wesmaelia, Ratz.; and Microdus rufipes,
~ Wesm.
Commonly distributed i in Europe.

Genus DRYOPHANTA, ~~”

Dryophanta, Foerster, Verh. z. fi, Ges. Wien, 1869, 335 ; Mayr.
Genera, 35.
Liodora, Foerster, |. c.

Cheeks without furrow, half as long as the eyes. Antenne 14 9°,
longish, the third joint not much longer than the fourth. Parapsidal
furrows entire; in some species there is a transverse furrow at the
base of the scutellum ; keels on the median segment recurvate. Abdo-
men longer than the head and thorax; the second segment sometimes
at the apex above produced. Claws bifid. Wings elongate; the radial
cellule open, long, and narrow, the areolet present. Head, thorax, and
legs thickly haired; the antenne and tibiw with long, stiff, erect hair.
Ventral spine pilose. Thorax more or less punctured or aciculate.

The sexual forms have the body only very sparsely
haired, the mesonotum without sculpture, and the
antenne and legs without stiff hairs. The head is
not dilated behind the eyes; the ventral spine not
thickly haired.

The ¢ has the antenne 15-jointed, the third joint
emarginate, the abdomen petiolate.

The species are blackish, variegated with brownish,
the legs reddish-brown, more or less black. The
agamic females are mostly easily separated, but the
sexual forms are so much alike that it is impossible to
distinguish them.

Besides our species there are three other Pale-
arctic species known, namely D. pubesescentis, Mayr
(= foli, Schenck, perhaps only a race of foliv), D
cornifex, Htg., and D. flosculi, Gir.

122 SYNOPSIS OF THE SPECIES.

153 On BO bdo -

Table of the Species.

Agamic form. | Time of appearing. Sexual form. /Time of appearing.
TDF OUGO. sooendosnnee January and | D. Taschenbergi | May and June.
February
D. longiventris...; | November DRStMltS saacen eee 60
D. divisa wi... | October and | D. verrucosa...... 66
November
D. agama... a Unknown .........
D. disticha ...... 2 Unknown .........

Synopsis of the Species.

(8) Antennz and legs thickly covered with long, stiff, erect hairs;
neal and thorax for the greater part brownish-red. Agamic ~
orms.

(7) Abdomen elongate; the second segment tongue-shaped, produced
at the apex ; projecting acutely above.

(6) The entire mesonotum thickly and uniformly haired.

(5) The twelfth antennal joint as broad as long; the femora reddish-

yellow, sometimes lined with black. Folit.
(4) The twelfth antennal joint broader than long, the femora
brownish. Longiventris.
(3) The mesonotum not pilose all over. Agama.

(2) The second abdominal segment not produced greatly, and ending
before the extreme apex; not.acute or elongate.
Divisa and disticha.
(1) Head and legs not thickly covered with long stiff hairs; the head
and thorax black; shining. Sexual forms.

A. Abdomen elongate ; the second segment produced to the

apex; tongue-shaped; projecting acutely above
(Species 1 to 3).

1. DRYOPHANTA FOLII.

Pi 1, fig: OB (fol); Pi Wl, fie. a (aschenberguy,

Pl. XVI, fig. 2 (folii).

Cynips quercus folii, Linn., 8. N., i, p. 918.
Diplolepis scutellaris, Oliv., Ene. Méth., v. 282.

DRYOPHANTA FOLII. 123

Cynips folii, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 187; Thoms., Opusc., 790.
— scutellaris, Schenck, Nass. Cyn., 56.
Dryophanta scutellaris, Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool.,. xxxv, 186,
pl. xi, fig. 14; Licht., Cyn., 48, pl. ii,
fig. 14.
folii, Mayr, Baro Cyn., 36.
Shamhennatens Taschenbergi, Schlecht., S. H..Z., 1870, p. 391;
Adler, Zeits. WISS. Zool., XXX,
188, pl. xi, fig. l4a; Licht., Cyn.,
50, pl. i, fig. 14a.
Dryophanta Taschenbergi, Mayr, Hurop. Cyn., 35.

— Agamic form. —Black ; the orbits, sometimes the pleura, more or less
of the mesonotum and of the scutellum, reddish-brown ; the legs black,
with the femora reddish-yellow, and tibice more or less brownish ; wings
elongate, hyaline, the nervures pitchy, the base of the radial cellule and
the cubitus blackish, the nervures there thickened; the twelfth an-
tennal joint as long as broad; antennz brownish-black, the first and
second joints sometimes reddish.

Length 3 to 3:5 mm.

The femora are often lined with black. The hairis
long and thick, and is equally distributed over the
mesonotum, in which respect it differs from agama.

Gall.—The largest of the pea-shaped galls found on
the underside of the leaf, but as regards its size it is
well to note that in this respect it varies from 3 to 12
mm. in diameter. It is found on the mid rib on the
underside of the leaf, to which it is attached by a
very small part only. It is spherical, smooth, some-
times with minute warts, yellowish- white, with
usually the cheeks broadly bright red; soft and
spongy, drying up when old, the surface then becom-
ing irregular and gibbous.

It is found in July, falls to the earth when ripe, and
delivers the fly in October.

The only inquilines mentioned by Mayr are Syn-
ergus pallicorms, S. Tscheki, Sapholytus connatus, but
Hartig gives S. vulgaris and Newroterus parasiticus as
tenants.

The parasites are Syntomaspis lazulina, Torymus
abdominalis, T. regius, Decatoma biguttata, ’ Burytoma
setigera, Mayr ; H. rose. Kirchner mentions also
Torymus incertus, Foer.; Pteromalus jucundus, Foer. ;
and P. fasciculatus. Ratzeburg records Porizon clavi-

124 DRYOPHANTA LONGIVENTRIS.

ventris, Gir. ; Bracon aterrimus, Ratz. ; and Orthostigma
gallarum, Ratz. Fitch (Hnt., ix, 123) states Mr.
Rothera bred (as named by Mr. Walker) Hurytoma
nodularis, Megastigmus dorsalis, Callimome elegans, and
C. antennatus.

Sexual Form.—Black, very shining, impunctate; scutellum opaque,
finely rugose; very shortly and sparsely pilose; pleure shining,
impunctate; legs yellowish or reddish-yellow, black at the base, the
femora infuscated; wings hyaline, with a yellowish smoky tinge at the
base. 2 and ¢.

Gall.—F ound in the adventitious buds at the foot
of old oaks early in May. It is oval, rounded at the
apex, about 3 mm. in length, violaceous and velvety
when young, the latter quality being caused by the
surface being covered with microscopic whitish pile.
The shell is thin, the larva occupying the entire inte-
rior of the gall. When old, the violet tinge and the
velvety aspect disappear. Length 3 mm.

Sometimes three or more galls are found touching
each other; but they are also found singly.

This gall has a considerable resemblance to that of
similis; but it may be known from the latter by
being, as a rule, 1 mm. longer, by the apex being
broadly rounded, by the deeper violaceous tinge and
more distinct velvety texture, and by the surface not
bearing long white hairs.

A gall apparently that of Taschenbergi was found
on Quercus cerris at Kew by Miss Ormerod, and is
fioured, Ent., x, 43.

Common.

2, DRYOPHANTA LONGIVENTRIS.

Pl. II, figs. 1 (longiventris) and 1 a (swmilis).

Cynips longiventris, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 188.
Dryophanta longiventris, Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxi, 189,
pl. ii, fig. 15; Licht. Cyn., 51,

DRYOPHANTA LONGIVENTRIS. 125

pl. ii, fig. 15; Mayr, Europ. Cyn.,
36.

Spathegaster shinies Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxv, 190, pl. xi,
fig. 15 a; Licht., Se 52, plu. fig. 15a;
Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 35 :

The only tangible points in which this species
differs from folw are that the twelfth antennal joint is
perceptibly longer than broad and that the femora are
brownish.

The sexual form cannot be separated.

Gall (agamic).—Found in August, becoming ripe in
October, when the flies leave them. They are situated
on the nervures (the central or lateral) somewhat irre-
gular in shape, hard and woody, about 7 to 8 mm. long,
and about 4 to 5 mm. in height; the surface rough,
gibbous, the gibbosities and the general surface whitish-
yellow, marked frequently with reddish bands; the red
forming continuous bands or irregular spots. The
central cavity small, the walls being thick. The apex
is not depressed.

The inquiline is 8. pallicornis, and, according to
Brischke, S. apicalis. Parasites: Syntomaspis cyanea,
S. lazulina, Torymus abdominalis, T. regius, Hurytoma
rose. Brischke gives Callumome longiventris, Kalten-
bach Hntedon cyniphidium, and Ratzeburg Hlachestus
cyniphidium as parasites.

Gall (sexual).—Found on the adventitious buds on
old oaks, sometimes also from those issuing from the
bark, and also from the small twigs. Length about
2mm.; ovoid, pointed at the apex, green, velvety,
covered with long whitish hairs, which are sometimes
so numerous as to give the gall a whitish appearance.

It is found in May or at the end of April, the flies
coming out early in May as a rule.

Distribution : common.

Germany, Austria, Switzerland.

126 DRYOPHANTA AGAMA.

38. DRYOPHANTA AGAMA.

Pl. I, fig. 2.

Cynips agama, Htg., Germs. Zeits., 11,188.
Dryophanta agama, Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 36; Hichengallen, 37.

The abdomen is formed as in foli and longiventris, with which it
agrees closely in coloration of the body; but the legs are yellowish-
red with only the coxe at base blackish; the antenne are brownish-
black, sometimes yellowish-red at the base, and the mesonotum has
the hinder part in the centre very smooth and shining and almost
glabrous; the fore part of the mesonotum too not being so thickly
haired as in folti. It is also asmaller species. The twelfth antennal
joint is distinctly longer than broad, as in longiventris.

Length 3 mm.

The sexual form is unknown, but we have no
definite evidence that it may not have a spring form.

Gall.—Length averaging 4 mm., oval or ovoid ; the
colour pale yellowish, seldom or never with red or
pink on the sides; the surface marked with asperities ;
the central hollow large, the shell being thin; found
on the underside of the leaves, on the veins, in July
and August.

Easily known from the galls of divisa by being
smaller, more globular, and by the large central
cavity. | |

The inquilines are Synergus pallicorms and S. albipes,
and, according to Brischke, S. apicalis. Parasites :
Syntomaspis cyanea; S. eurynotus, Foer. (Giraud) ;
Torymus pubescens, Foer.; T. regius, Hurytoma signata
(Kaltenbach) ; Hupelmus wrozonus, Pteromalus fascicu-
latus, Foer.; P. fuscipalpis, Foer. Brischke records
Torymus cultriventus, Ratz. (Mayr gives as the host
of this species Harmomyia Fag), T. abdominalis, Deca-
toma biguttata, and Hurytoma rose.

Not common, and local.

Germany, Austria.

_DRYOPHANTA DIVISA. 127

B. Second abdominal segment not produced greatly to
the apex above, and ending before the extreme apex,
not produced above, nor acute, nor elongate.

4 DRYOPHANTA DIVISA.

Pl. Il, figs. 4 (divisa) and 4 a (verrucosa) ; Pl. XVI,
figs. 1 (divisa) and 1 a (verrucosa).

Cynips divisa, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 188.
Dryophanta divisa, Adler, Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxi, 190, pl. xi,
fig. 16; Licht., Cyn., 53, pl. ii, fig. 16.
Spathegaster verrucosus, Schlecht., S. EH. Z., 1870, 389; Adler,
Zeits. wiss. Zool., xxxi, 191, pl. xi,
fig. 16a; Licht., Cyn., 54, pl. ii,
fig. 16a; Mayr, Europ. Cyn., 35.

Brownish-red ; the antenne, three large marks on the mesonotum ;
the scutellar fovea, the middle of the mesopleurz, and the abdomen,
black; the legs reddish-brown, the tint being redder than on the body ;
the base of coxe and sometimes the tibie infuscated; the mesonotum
and mesopleure thickly haired; the mesonotum punctured in front.

Length 3 to 43 mm.

The gall is smaller than that of longiventris, but is
similar in shape, and, like it, is found on the veins
on the underside of the leaf. The surface is smooth,
glabrous, hard and woody, whitish-yellow, with cheeks
usually bright red; the top as a rule is depressed in
the centre. The larval cavity small, the walls being
thick.

Frequently the surface bears a few minute warts;
also the red colour may be entirely absent ; and with
age the colour becomes brownish. Over a dozen may
be found on a single leaf.

Found from July onwards; the flies emerge in
October. :

Inquilines, Synergus pallicornis, S. Tscheki, and S.
albipes.

Parasites, Syntomaspis cyanea, T. abdominalis, T.
regis, Hurytoma setigera, Mayr; H. rose, Pteromalus
merassatus (Brischke); Syntomaspis lazulina is re-

128 DRYOPHANTA DISTICHA.

corded by Giraud; Pteromalus Sawesenii, Ratz., by
Ratzeburg ; Torymus pubescens, Foer.; Hurytoma sig-
nata, Nees; Hupelmus wrozonus, Dlm.; Pteromalus
fasciculatus, Foer., by Kaltenbach; Hurytoma squama,
Wilk. ?; Decatoma biguttata, Swed. ? oe Fitch (Hnt., 1x,
150).

The galls frequently occur in enormous quantities,
covering and bending down the leaves. The speci-
mens frequented by Synergi are often very minute.

Gall (sexual).—Found early in May when the leaves
are beginning to expand, and generally on the ter-
minal buds. They are usually on the young leaves,
issuing from the mid-rib, or from the edge, the leaf
being considerably distorted thereby ; they may be also
found in the buds. They are about 4 mm. in length,
rounded at base and apex, the apex, if anything, being
slightly narrower than the base. The shell is very
thin, the colour greenish or greenish-yellow, when
young sometimes marked with red; the texture granu-
lar, without any pubescence, but covered with minute
liquid- -bearing vesicles.

Common. |

Germany, Austria, Seer)

5. DRYOPHANTA DISTICHA.

Pl. I, fig. 3.

Cynips disticha, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 188; Schenck, Nass.
Cyn., 58.

Aphilothriz disticha, Mayr, Hichengallen, 38, pl. v, fig. 53.

Andricus disticha, Mayr, Eur. Cyn., 37.

A species not easily separated from divisa, but normally sized
examples may usually be known by the mesonotum in front being less
strongly pilose and smoother; the mesopleure bear punctures and with
a large, smooth, and bare spot in the middle.

Gall.—Semicircular at the top, a little longer than
wide, and nearly as high as it is long; pale yellow,
smooth; at bottom narrowed towards the centre

GENUS NEUROTHRUS. 129

which is depressed, the depression having a raised
point by means of which it is attached to the leaf;
above there is a semicircular depression, with an
elongated elevation in its middle. Length 5—6 mm. ;
width 3—4 mm.; height 4 mm.

Inquilines.—Synergus pallicornis, S. albipes, and, if
Brischke be correct, S. thawmacera.

Parasites.—Syntomaspis cyaneus, S. regius, Hurytoma
setigera, Mayr; H. rose. Kirchner records Siphonura
Schmidti, Rtz., and S. brevicaudis, Rtz.; Brischke,
Syntomaspis caudatus, Torymus abdominalis, T. awratus,
Decatoma biguttata, Hurytoma signata, Pteromalus Saxe-
sentt, Mesopolobus fasciwentris, Torymus variolosus,
Olina gallarum, and Torymus abbreviatus, Boh. (=
chloromerus, W1k.).

Rare.

Germany, Austria, Switzerland.

Genus NEUROTERUS.
Neuroterus, Htg., Germ. Zeits., ii, p. 185; Mayr, Eur. Cyn.,
37

p. 37.
Spathegaster, Htg., 1. c., 186.
Ameristus, Foerster, Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1869, 333.
Manderstjernia, Radoszkowsky, Bull. Mosc., 1866, xxxix, 304,
tab. ix, fig. 4,

Scutellum not separated from mesonotum bya suture. Antenne,
9 138—15-jointed, ¢ 15-jointed, in 2 thickened towards the apex.
Parapsidal furrows present, or more often incomplete. Cheeks short,
furrowed or not furrowed. Scutellar depression complete, angled,
without a keel at its fore border, except indistinctly in aprilinus.
Abdomen lenticular, compressed, in ¢ petiolate. Wings with an elon-
gated radial cellule, open at fore margin, but may be closed in aprilinus ;
hyaline or spotted with smoky patches, or entirely smoky. Claws
simple or bifid. Antenne and legs without depressed, longish, stiff
hairs. Maxillary palpi 4-, labial 2-jointed.

In the agamic form the abdomen is longer, larger,
and more compressed than in the sexual, the ovipositor
being also longer (occupying the entire abdominal
cavity) and more or less spiral (in Jeviwsculis com-
pletely spiral), instead of bemg short and straight as
in the summer brood. In colour the species are black,
with lighter-coloured legs ; red is never seen in Newro-

VOL. IY. )

130 NEUROTERUS LENTICULARIS.

terus, but through immaturity some of the specimens
are brownish.

The galls of the agamic broods are flat, lenticular
or button-shaped, and generally covered with hairs,
and always found on the leaves, frequently in large
numbers; the galls of the sexual summer brood are
pea-shaped, soft, and succulent, as in baccarum and
tricolor, sunk in the leaf, as in vesicatrixv, or small and
hard, as in albipes.

The genus is well marked by the absence of a suture
between the scutellum and mesonotum. It contains
eleven European species, and various species are known
from North America.

A. Parapsidal furrows distinct.

1. N&UROTERUS LENTICULARIS.

Pl. III, figs. 1 (lenticularis) and 1 a (baccarum) ; Pl.
XVI, figs. 4 (lenticularis) and 4 a (baccarwm).

Cynips lenticularis, Olivier, Ent. Méth., vi, 281.
Neuroterus Malpighii, Hte. .. Germs. Zeits, . i, 192; Tasch.,
Hym. Deut., 137; Thoms. .. Opusc.,
788, 21.
Neuroterus lenticularis, Adler, B. H. Z., xxi, 231; Zeits. wiss.
Zool., 1880, 156, pl. x, tig. 1; Licht.
Cyn., 7, pl. i, fis. ibe Mayr, Hurop.
Cyn., 39; Eichengallen, 45, pl. vi,
fig. 63; Schenck, “Beitrage, 67 and
106.
Cynips quercus-baccarum, Linn., 8. N., ii, 917.
Spathegaster interruptor, Htg., 1. ¢., ui, 341.
—_— baccarum, Htg.,1.c.; Tasch., Hym. Deut., 135;
Marsh, HE. M. M., iv, 125 and 225;
Thoms., Opuse., 789; Zeits. wiss.
Zool., 1880, 160, pl. x, fig. 1 a; Licht.,
Cyn., 13, pl. i, fig. 1a; Mayr, Europ.
Cyn., 38 ; Hichengallen, 49, pl. vi, fig.
70; Schenck, Beitrage, 84 and 107.
For galls, see also Malpighi, Opera Omnia, pl. vii, fig. 15;
Réaumur, Ins., ii, pl. xl, figs. 8—10; Smith, Trans. Ent.
Soc,, 1839; Proc., p. 43.
Agamic Form.—Black, shining ; the antenne brownish, the basal two

or three joints of the flagellum yellowish; legs yellowish, more or less
of the coxe and base of femora blackish; wings hyaline, the first

NEUROTERUS LENTICULARIS. 131

cubital cellule with a small fuscous cloud. Mesonotum shagreened,
finely striated along the furrows. Ovipositor longer than the abdomen.
Length 2—5 mm.

Hasily known from the sexual form by the long
curved ovipositor.

Gall—More or less circular, usually pale yellow,
sometimes brownish-red in colour; average diameter
43 mm.; flat beneath, with a minute knob by which
it is attached to the leaf; above with the edges
slightly curled up, and with a large conical elevation
in the centre; the surface covered densely with
radiating stellate hairs.

It is worthy of remark that the galls of this species
found on the Turkey oak at Kew Gardens are always
of a deep purple colour.

Inquilines.—Synergus Tscheki, Mayr, in April.

Parasites.—Torymus auratus, T. hibernans, Mayr ;
T. sodalis, Mayr; T’. fuscicruw, Giraud; Syntomaspis cau-
data, Pteromalus dissectus, W\k. (Giraud) ; and P. tibialis,
West. (Giraud). Also Decatoma biguttata according
to Brischke, Pezomachus gallarwm, Giraud; Plewro-
tropis sosarmus (Fitch). Walker (Ent., vi, 504)
records Hurytoma signata; and Ratzeburg, on the
authority of Tischbein’s rearings, Hntedon flavomacu-
lata and Megastigmus dorsalis.

As has been just stated, the sexual females lay
their eggs in young oak leaves about the middle of
June; the galls make their appearance in July, and
fall to the earth in September or October. In the
winter the galls swell up, becoming strongly convex ;
the larva grows, and in the natural state becomes a
pupa and imago in March or April. The eggs are
laid in the leaf-buds, the ovipositor being introduced
at the top and inserted between the scales.

The number of galls found on a leaf is sometimes
very great, exceeding 150, and occasionally they occur
im enormous numbers. When they do so the leaves
become very distorted ; and, owing to the galls being so
closely packed together, they are very irregular in shape.

132 NEUROTBRUS LENTICULARIS.

The parasitic Torymus I have found as an external
feeding larva on the Newroterus in April; it lays its
egos in the galls in September.

Sexual Form.—Black; antenne brownish, the basal 2—5 joints
brownish or clear yellow; legs yellow, the coxe at the base only or
entirely black. Thorax and vertex opaque or semi-opaque, aciculated,
especially on the lateral lobes of the mesonotum close to the furrows of
the parapsides, where the aciculation becomes striated or wrinkled ;
the middle lobe more shining, but very slightly aciculated. Scutellum
strongly wrinkled. Wings longish, broad at the apex, hyaline or sub-
hyaline, a brown splash in first cubital cellule. Ovipositor short.

The ¢ has the third joint a little curved.

Length 2—235 mm.

The furrows of the mesonotum tend to become
obsolete; the brown spot in the cubital cellule is not
always present or clearly defined; the base of abdo-
men may be brownish, and the femora in the ¢ are
occasionally suffused with fuscous.

Gall.—Berry-shaped or pea-shaped, spherical,
smooth, soft, succulent, green with reddish cheeks, or
entirely ereen; found on the under side of the leaf, in
which case the attached base appears through the
upper surface, or on the male catkins. The larval
chamber surrounded by a whitish layer. The catkin
galls generally smaller than the leaf ones. When
the flies leave, the galls shrivel up, except those
inhabited by inquilines. Diameter from 3 to 6 mm.
Found in May and early in June, the insects escaping
at the middle of June. }

Inquilines.—Synergus facials, Htg., S. radiatus,
Mayr, and S. albipes, all in the same year; likewise
S. apicalis and S. ruficornis, according to Brischke.

Parasites.—Torymus abdominals, T. incertus, T. re-
gius, T. auratus, Hurytoma rose, Hupelmus annulatus,
Nees (Giraud); Pteromalus ummaculatus, West. (Gi-
raud); Tetrastichus atroceruleus, Nees (Giraud).

According to Mr. C. G. Barrett, the Tortrix Scia-
phila communana lives in the galls.

The galls being so soft and succulent, the develop-
ment of the flies of necessity must proceed rapidly,
or otherwise they would perish through the galls

NEUROTERUS FUMIPENNIS. 133

drying up or becoming rotten. By the middle of

June most of the females have laid their eggs on the

under side of tender and youngish leaves of the oak.
Widely distributed.

2. NEUROTERUS PUNCTATUS.

Spathegaster punctatus, Bignell, H. M. M., iii (2), 176.

“Black; legs flavous, upper side of hind coxe, antenne except the
first two or three joints, which are lighter fuscous. Hyes not so large
nor so prominent as those of baccarum. Thorax: the mesonotum
trilobate, with deep furrows continued to the scutellum, where the
punctures are very shallow, the sides closely punctured. Wings
hyaline.

“ Length 2°5 mm.

“ At first sight it has all the appearance of Spathe-
gaster baccarwm, but when closely examined the sculp-
ture of the thorax separates it from that species, and
the wings are free from fuscous clouds.

“Tn baccarum the mesosternum is separated from
the mesonotum by a raised rounded ridge, much more
prominent than that of the species now described, and
the furrows on the mesonotum are much shallower
and shorter (Bignell, 1. c.).”’

Bred by Mr. Bignell from oak buds which appa-
rently were not expanded or distorted.

The inquiline is Saphylotus connatus.

Plymouth.

3. NEUROTERUS FUMIPENNIS.

Pl. I, figs. 1 (tricolor) and 1 a (fumipennis) ; Pl. XVI,
7 Bo fh

Neuroterus fumipennis, Htg., Germs. Zeits., ii, 339; Tasch.,
Hym. Deut., 137; Mayr, Hichen-
gallen, 45, pl. 11, fig. 64; Hurop. Cyn.,
38; Thoms., Opusc., 789; Adler,
B. E. Z., xxi, 232 ; Zeits. wiss. Zool.,
1880, 164, pl. x, fig. 4; Licht., Cyn.,
18, pl. i, fig. 4.

1384 NEUROTERUS FUMIPENNIS.

Spathegaster tricolor, Htg., 1. c., 341; Schenck, Beitrage, 107
and 135; Mayr, Eichengallen, 49,
pl. vi, fig. 71; Europ. Cyn., 38; Adler,
Zeits. wiss. Zool., 1880, 165, pl. x,
fig. 4a; Licht., Cyn.,19, pl. i, fig. 4 a.

— varius, Schenck, Beitrage, 87.

Agamic Form.—Black; antennz brownish, the basal three joints and
legs yellow; cox generally brownish; wings hyaline, a brownish
splash i in first cubital cellule. Mesonotum: finely and distinctly acicu-
lated, striated or wrinkled at the sides, the centre less strongly
shagreened and more shining; scutellum shagreened strongly and

str iated.
Length 2—2°8 mm.

It is difficult to distinguish this species from
numismatis; the mesonotum is, however, generally
more strongly aciculated, the basal two joints of the
antennze are yellow, and the legs are usually of a
much clearer yellow than in the other species.

Gall.—This gall resembles very closely that of
lenticularis, from which it is not always easily
recognised. It is smaller, never exceeding 3 mm., is
much redder in tint; the border is more distinctly
curled up, the centre being thus more depressed, and
instead of being gradually raised there, there is only
a small knob-like elevation; the under side bears
stellate hairs, but not so thiekly as the upper side;
and it is also darker on the lower side, being never
whitish or yellowish as in lenticularis ; and, lastly, it
is much less gregarious.

The larva does not develop till April, pene later in
its period of development than lenticularis and numis-
matis, the imago not appearing till May.

Inquiline.—Synergus Tscheke.

Parasite.—Torymus sodalis.

Sexual Form.—Black; the two basal joints of the antennz clear
brown, tegule light testaceous, legs yellowish-red, abdomen broadly
yellowish at the base. Head and mesonotum aciculated, the middle
lobe of mesonotum more shining, but slightly aciculated in some speci-
mens. Scutellum rugose. Wings subhyaline at the base, the apex
smoky ; a large smoky cloud at the end of the first cubital, and a smaller
one at the end of radial cellules. 2°.

Length 2 mm,

NEUROTERUS LAVIUSCULTIS. 1385

The antenne are often brownish towards the apex ;
the amount of yellow at the base of abdomen varies;
the apex, too, may be yellowish, and the ovipositor is
testaceous.

Gall.—Found in June and July on the under side of
the leaves or on the leaf peduncle; small, roundish,
whitish or pale yellow, covered with long, glistening,
white hairs, which fall off at maturity ; generally many
occur on one leaf. Diameter 3 mm.

It is a later species than baccarum, the flies not
making their appearance before the middle of July.
The gall, as well as that of fuwmipennis, is found on
young shrubs or on the twigs growing at the foot of
old oaks. With age the galls become bare, in which
state they can hardly be known from those of bac-
carum. ‘lhe central cavity is, however, longer in t-
color.

Inquilines.—Synerqus albipes, Hte., 8. facialis, Htg.,
and S. thawmacera, Dalm., all in June and July of the
same year.

Parasites.— Hurytoma rose ; and Mr. Rothera (Ent.,
x, 235) bred a Torymus and a Pteromalus from them.

Widely distributed in Hurope.

4, NEUROTERUS LEVIUSCULIS.
Pl. I, figs. 2 (albipes) and 2 a (leviusculis).

Neuroterus leviusculis, Schenck, Beitrage, 70; Mayr, Hichen-
gallen, 46, pl. vi, fig. 65 ; Europ. Cyn.,
38 ; Adler, B. E. Z., xxi, 232; Z. wiss.
Zool., 1880, 161, pl. x, fig. 2; Licht.,
Cyn., 14, pl. 15 fig. 2.
— pexiaxformis, seuleonte 8 E. Z., 1870, 384.
Spathegaster albipes, Schenck, Beitri age, 85 ; Mayr, Eicnen-
gallen, 50, pl. vi, fig. 72 ; Europ. Cyn.,
39; Adler, B. H. Z., xxi, 232; Z. wiss.
Zool., 1880, 162, pl. x. fig. 2a; Licht.,
Cyn., 15, pl. ii, fig. 2 a.

Agamiec Form.—Black ; legs brownish or brownish-black, the apices
of all the joints yellow, and sometimes more or less of the anterior
tibiz. Antenne brownish-black, sometimes with the basal two joints
yellowish beneath, the last two joints indistinctly separated. Head

136 NEUROTERUS LEVIUSCULIS.

and thorax shining, vertex distinctly aciculated, mesonotum finely
aciculated at the sides and indistinctly in the centre, which is strongly
shining. Abdomen compressed laterally, subovate, elongated. Wings
hyaline, immaculate.

Length 2—3 mm.

The coloration of the legs is variable, some speci-
mens having a greater amount of yellow on the tibie
and femora than others. The subovate abdomen,
which is longer than the head and thorax together,
shining thorax, brownish legs, and immaculate wings
serve to distinguish it from lenticularis and numismatis.

Gall.—In shape irregularly circular, often more or
less incised, flat, bare, without stellate hairs; the colour
green, greenish-yellow, or reddish; the sides some-
times raised or curled, the centre with a distinct small
knob, this being sometimes surrounded by hairs. It
is found on the under side of the leaf, and never occurs
in great numbers on one leaf. Length 4 mm.

From both lenticularis and fumipennis this gall is to
be usually recognised by the surface being bare or but

very sparsely haired. On the average it is smaller
than lenticularis, from which it differs in the very
distinct, clearly defined central knob, that of lenticu-
laris not being anything so distinct. Itis larger than
fumipennis, and it is seldom that its border is so
clearly curled up as in that form.

Inquiline.—Synergus Tscheki in April.

Parasites.—Torymus sodalis, T. hibernans.

Sexual Form.—Black, smooth, shining; the basal four or five joints
of antenne yellow, the rest often brownish or brownish- yellow, espe-
cially at the apex and on the under side; legs whitish-yellow, the cox,
the greater part of femora, and sometimes the tibiz brownish, seldom
entirely whitish-yellow ; ovipositor testaceous; wings hyaline, imma-
culate ; nervures fuscous or pallid.

The ¢ has atrace of aciculation on the mesonotum; the third joint
of the antennez but slightly curved, the petiole generally short, other-
wise asin 9.

Length 1—1:‘7 mm.

The smallest species, and easily known by the hya-
line wings and white legs, more or less darkened on
the coxee and femora.

Gall.—Found on the edges of the leaves, the part

NEUROTERUS NUMISMATIS. 137

where the gall is being contracted orincised. Length
1—2 mm., more or less oval, usually with a point at
the apex; yellowish-white, smooth, sometimes slightly
pilose.

The imago escapes in June, and, like the other
Neuroteri, oviposits in the tender leaves.

Apart from its position on the leaf, I am unable to
find any definite characters whereby the gall can be
known from those of Andricus nudus and A. gemmatus.

Inquiline.—Synergus apicalis, Htg.

Common and of wide distribution, but not nearly
so abundant as the common spanegle gall (lenticularis).

5. NEUROTERUS NUMISMATIS.

Pl. III, figs. 2 (nwmismatis) and 2a (vesicatria) ;
Pl. XVI, figs. 3 (nwmismatis) and 3 a (vesicatriz).

Cynips numismatis, Oliv., Enc. Meth., v, 787.

Neuroterus Reaumuri, Htg., Germs. Zeit., 11, 192; Schenck,
Beitrage, 67.
— numismatis, Mayr, Hichengallen, 44, pl. vi, fig. 62;
Europ. Cyn., 39; Adler, D. E. Z.,
xxi, 232; Z. wiss. Zool., 1880, 163,
pl. x, fig. 3; Licht., Cyn., 16, pl. 1,
fig. 3.

Spathegaster vesicatriz, Sigtibveltes. Y B. Ver. Zwickau, 1871, 33 ;
S. E. Z., 1870, 387; Mayr, Hichen-
gallen, 51, pl. vi, fig. 74; Europ.
Cyn., 39; Adler, l. c., 163, pl. x,
fig. 3a; Licht., Cyn., pl. u, fig. 3 a.

Agamic Form.—Black ; antenne brownish-black, somewhat lighter
at the base; legs brownish, brownish-yellow, or fuscous. Wings hyaline,
a brownish spot at the base of the first cubital cellule. Mesonotum
shining, especially in the centre; very finely aciculated; scutellum
shagreened.

Length 2—23 mm.

Gall.—Round, averaging 2 mm. in diameter, a large
circular depression in the centre, the depression being
wider than the sides; bare and reddish, the sides
closely covered with golden, depressed, silky hairs.
Found on the under side of the leaf, generally in
numbers.

1388 NEUROTERUS APRILINUS.

This is commonly known as the “ button gall.”

These galls are found from July onwards. The
imagos escape in April, and lay their eggs in the leaf-
buds.

Inquilines.—Synergus Tscheki, Mayr, in April.

Parasites. — Torymus fuscicrue, Giraud. Walker
(Zool., iv, 145) records Callumome mutabilis, Platyme-
sopus tibialis, Hurytoma curta, H. xthiops, Boh., Hu-
pelmus urozonus; and Fitch (Ent., x, 69) Plewrotropis
sosarmus.

Sexual Form.—Black ; antenne brownish, the second and the greater
part of the third yellow ; legs yellow; the coxe, except at apex, and
femora more or less black ; the trochanters and hind tibize sometimes
brownish. Wings hyaline, a very faint smoky cloud at end of first
cubital cellule. Vertex aciculated; mesonotum smooth, shining, the
parapsidal furrows generally obsolete ; scutellum smooth, shining,
scarcely aciculated.

Length 1°5—2 mm.

Gall.—tIrregularly semicircular or oval, 2—3 mm.,
pale green; a swelling in the leaf, projecting from
both sides; on the top in the centre is a small raised
point, from which radiate to the circumference minute
keels. The under surface bears no knob, nor has it
distinct keels. It is raised on both sides hardly § mm.
from the surface of the leaf. There is no inner gall,
and the larva escapes by the upper side.

The gall is found at the end of May and in diene:
and the female oviposits in the tender leaves.

Common and of wide distribution.

6. NEUROTERUS APRILINUS.
PL. V, fig. 2.

Spathegaster aprilinus, Gir., Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1859, 363;
Mayr, Hichengallen, 32, pl. iv, fig. 42;
Europ. Cyn., 37; Adler, Z. wiss.
Zool., 201, pl. x, he. I9@5) iichtes
Cyn., 65, pl. xi, fig. 19a; Beyerinck,
Beob. u. d. ersten Entwickel. einiger
Cynipiden Gallen, p. 138.

NEUROTERUS APRILINUS. 139

_ Neuroterus Schlechtendali, Mayr, Hichengallen, 62; Schlech-
tendal, W. EH. Z., 99—106; F. Loew,
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1884, 323.

Black ; the base of the legs brownish; the apex of femora broadly,
the tibiz and tarsi lemon-yellow; wings hyaline. Antenne 14-jointed,
thickish ; the second joint thicker than long. The furrows on the
cheeks distinct. Mesonotum shagreened; parapsidal furrows shallow,
indistinct. Median segment with basal area bounded by circular keels,
Claws simple. Radial cellule often closed.

Length 23 mm.

M

The 14-jointed, stout antennz, the second joint
being thicker than long, and the simple claws, suffi-
ciently distinguish this species.

The gall is found at the end of April or beginning
of May in the terminal or axillary leaf-buds; on
those buds, namely, whereof the leaves have not begun
to grow. In form they are very variable, being
conical, oval, or ovoid, and may at the apex terminate
in a point. The colour when young is green or
yellowish-green, and they may also be tinged with red;
with age they become brownish. They are smooth
and glabrous, thin-walled; internally contain one to
five cells separated by thin walls, these cells being
larger than common, so that the larva is not closely
surrounded by the wall as is usual, but is able to
move freely. Hxternally the cells are indicated by
bulgings or by keels. The size is variable. The
larger specimens project one-half or three-fourths out
of the buds, but the smaller not if at all, the buds in
this case being enlarged or distorted. With age they
shrivel up.

They are found from the 15th April to the beginning
of May, and grow to maturity very quickly, yielding
up the insects within three days from the appearance
of the galls.

I have unfortunately not had at hand a fresh
specimen for ‘figuring, and the dried galls are hardly
characteristic of the fresh.

Mayr records Ceroptres arator as its inquiline, but
suggests that it may really have issued from the twig

140 NEUROTERUS APRILINUS.

gall of Andricus noduli. Mayr bred Platymesopus
tibialis, Westw., from the galls.

There seems to be some doubt as to the agamic
form of this species. Adler (Zeits. f. wissen. Zoologie,
xxxv, 200) suggested, from a certain resemblance and
from the form of the ovipositor, that it was Newroterus
ostreus. Beyerinck, on the other hand (Beob. u. d.
ersten Entwick. einiger Cynipiden Gallen, p. 138), re-
lates that he has bred Newroterus aprilinus from the galls
of Andricus solitaria. Von Schlechtendal (1. c¢.), how-
ever, concludes from his observations that Newroterus
Schlechtendali, Mayr, is the agamic form, and this
view is further confirmed by the observations of Dr.
F. Loew. Again, there can be little doubt, as Mayr
has shown, that ostreus, being an Andricus, can hardly
be the agamic form of a Newroterus.

Sexual Form.—Black, shining ; mandibles, basal half of the antennz
and legs rufo-testaceous; the apical half of the antenne, the femora
and tibie infuscated ; the coxe fuscous; the antenne 13-jointed; the
second antennal joint ovate and equal in length to the first; the third
a little longer than the fourth; the front, vertex, mesonotum, and
abdomen polished and very shining; parapsidal furrows abbreviated or
obsolete; scutellum punctate, rugulose, in front in the middle some-
what smooth (Mayr). 2.

Length 0:9—1:1 mm.

Mayr says that the thirteenth joint in some specimens
appears to be composed of two amalgamated.

The gall is very small, and is found on the oak
catkins in May. It is 1 mm. in length, contracted at
the base, dilated from a little below the middle
through a stout keel, which proceeds from there to the
top of the gall, where the keels become contracted.
The part surrounded by the two keels is somewhat
triangular. They are flattened laterally ; when fresh,
green and bare, becoming brownish with age. The
part of the catkin from which they spring is dilated.

Not very common in England and Scotland, Ger-
many, Austria.

NEUROTERUS POLITUS. 141

B. Parapsidal furrows obsolete.

7. NEUROTERUS POLITUS.

Neuroterus politus, Htg., Germs. Zeit., ii, 193; 11,339 ; Marshall,
E. M. M., iv, 125

“Minute, black ; mouth, base of the antenne, and the legs dull testa-
ceous, coxe black at the base. Mesonotum smooth, shining, without
sutural lines or punctures. Scutellum shining in the middle, opaque
and punctured at the sides. Wings hyaline; the basal transverse vein,
the subcostal, and the base of the radial cell brown, distinct, but not
suffused ; the areolet and other veins decolorous, obsolete. @.

“ Var.—The femora and tibize more or less fuscous.

* Length $, alar exp. 2 lines.

“* Several times taken on oak trees in Leicestershire ”’
(Marshall, 1. c.).

The history of this species is unknown, and except
by Marshall (1. c.) it has not been described or recorded
by anyone since described by Hartig. I have never
seen it myself. Newroterus (Ameristus) parasiticus is
said by Hartig to come out of the galls of Andricus
globult.

APPENDIX.

I Have unfortunately very little to add of new infor-
mation from Britain about the saw-flies ; but since the
publication of Volumes I and II great attention has
been paid to them by several diligent students on the
Continent. Brischke has added greatly to our knowlege
of the life-histories of the Tenthredinides ; to von Stein
we owe many excellent papers; while Pastor Konow
has revolutionised the classification by creating a large
number of new genera, besides limiting the older ones
in conformity with these new ideas, after the analytical
method now so prevalent.

TENTHREDINIDES.

So far as regards our species the only new genus
erected by Konow is Ithogogastera, but he also has
formed a genus Hnearsioneura for Macrophya Sturm,
Klug. Ihave given Konow’s definitions for our genera.

Tenturepo (B. HE. Z., xxvii, 236).

Hyes strongly converging beneath, reaching to the
base of the clypeus; frontal area distinct, furrowed
down the centre. Antennal joints becoming attenuate
towards the apex.

Our species belonging to Zenthredo as thus limited
a

TENTHREDO FLAVA. 143

Tenthredo flava.
— lwida.
— coryli.
===) Fcolon:
— solitaria.
— velox.
— rufiwentris.
— balteata.
— Lachlanana.
— monihata.
— dispar.
== -Sscoweca.
— atra.
— mandibularis.
— mesomela.
— obsoleta.
— olivacea.
— macula and bicincta are placed by Konow
in Allantus.

Tentorepo FLava (Vol. I, p. 74).

The larva of this species is described and figured
by Brischke, p. 3, Taf. vii, fig. 9. It feeds on Aigopo-
diwm podagr aria. It is 22 mm. long, of a beautiful
bright reddish-brown colour, and has the dorsal vessel
bordered on either side by a brown longitudinal line.
At the base of each segment on either side of the
dorsal vessel is a brown line proceeding backwards
obliquely towards the feet. At the beginning of each
segment are two darker lines which form a pointed
angle, the apex of which is directed towards the legs,
the lines to it from the back being darker than those
from the feet to the back. The head is small, shortly
pilose ; the claws are brown. On each segment are two
_ transverse rows of white tubercles. When young the
ground colour is darker and greener. At the last
moult it becomes smooth and brighter in tint.

144 '\BNTHREDO SOLITARIA.

enrtHREDO Livipa (Vol. I, p. 75).

Brischke (1. c., 115) gives as the food plants of this
species Viburnum opulus, Rosa, Salix caprea, Corylus
avellana, Sorbus aucuparia, and Pteris aquilina ; Lon-
cera, the food plant given by Kaltenbach, not being
mentioned.

Brischke describes the larva as being light grey, the
back hght brown running into green or even olive-
ereen through being mottled by darker streaks and
Spots; it is transversely wrinkled, the dorsal vessel
darker. Oneach segment are oblique stripes pointing
posteriorly, jomed by another stripe from the opposite
direction; each segment has two transverse rows of
warts, there being also warts in the lateral folds over
the legs. These folds bear upon each segment two
brown spots placed obliquely, and under these is another
single spot. Head shining, shortly haired, and orange-
yellow, the eye spots black.

At the last moult the larva becomes shining yellow,
with black dorsal streak, from which runs obliquely a
similarly coloured stripe. As usual it is quite smooth.

Tenthredo punctula, K\., 1s not the g of livida, but
is a distinct species (cf. Stein, W. H. Z., 1884, 309).

TENTHREDO coryLI (Vol. I, p. 77).

T. biguttata is not the g of this species, but 7.
mtermedia, Klug.

TeNTHREDO soLirARtA (Vol. I, p. 79).

Brischke describes the larva (1. c., 116, pl. vii, fig. 4)
as feeding on Sorbus aucuparia. It is 25 mm. long,
greyish-brown ; the back is broadly dark brown, with
a still darker dorsal vessel, from which runs backward
obliquely a stripe on each segment. Hach segment

TENTHREDO RUFIVENTRIS. 145

has further 2—8 transverse rows of brown warts,
ending in a short brown hair. Hach segment (except
the first three) has over the legs a brownish splash.
The head is shining, with black eye spots; the claws
are brown. At the last moult the larva is shining;
the markings remain, but are brighter.

TeNTHREDO VELOX (Vol. I, p. 80).
The ¢ of this species is 7’. biguttata, Klug.

THNTHREDO RUFivENTRIS (Vol. I, p. 81).

_ A specimen of this species from Pitlochry in
Perthshire has the pleurz quite black; one from
Plymouth has the pleure and sternum white, splashed
with red, and the head white except above.

The larva is described by Brischke (1. c., 118, pl. vin,
fig. 6). It feeds on Salia caprea, XS. awrita, S. heliw,
Alnus glutinosa and A. incana, Spirea ulmaria, and
Pieris aqulina. It is 22 mm. long, transversely
wrinkled, light brown, the back of a darker brown
with still darker reticulated markings. On each seg-
ment before the middle of the fore margin are stripes
which proceed obliquely backwards, bordered by a
hghter colour. Over the legs are scattered spots and
points, and each segment has two rows of distinct
white warts. Head reddish-brown, shining, shortly
pilose, the top of a darker brown.

At the last moult it becomes shining, redial. brown
or brick-red, with two dark brown oblique stripes on
each segment.

The eggs (in one case ten on a leaf) are placed in
openings in the leaf. The young larve are like the
old, but brighter coloured, and have a bright brown
head.

VOL. IY. 10

146 TENTHREDO ATRA.

TreNnTHREDO BALTEATA (Vol. I, p. 83).

The larva I have figured on Pl. XIII, fig. 3 a—d,
Vol. I, and it feeds on Pleris aqulina. It is 20 mm.
long, transversely wrinkled, the back and upper half of
the sides dark green, the lower half of the sides of a
lighter green; the head pale orange, with dark eye-
spots and antenne. On each segment are two trans-
verse rows of small warts. At the last moult it be-
comes entirely orange-red, smooth, and shining.

Found commonly in August and September.

TENTHREDO LacHLANIANA (Vol. I, p. 84).

Konow (D. HE. Z., 1890, 254) quotes doubtfully 7.
pecilopus, Mose., and P. pwcila, Hvers., asthe ¢. The
species has been taken at York (Wilson) and Headley
Lane (Billups).

TENTHREDO DISPAR (Vol. I, p. 86).

This is regarded by Konow (D. EH. Z., 1890, p. 254)
as a variety of atra.

TrnTHREDO ATRA (Vol. I, p. 88).

The references to the larva given by Rudow,
Dours, and André are no doubt wrong; for its food-
plants are given by Brischke (1. ¢., 114, pl. vu, fig. 2) as
Lamium album and Mentha aquatica. He describes
it as 20 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, bright green,
above with a clearer tint, through which the dorsal
vessel shows as a dark stripe. Hach segment except
the last has two transverse rows of white spiny warts,
the first row on each side of the dorsal vessel is com-

TENTHREDO MESOMELA. 14:7

posed of three, the second of four warts; the lateral
folds over the legs bear also warts. The stigmas are
light brown. Head shortly haired, the front and
vertex opaque, marked with blackish points extending
from the eyes to the base of the antenne. Between
the eyes is a brownish splash. The anal fold is vel-
vety pilose; the claws are light brown. It feeds in
July.

TENTHREDO MANDIBULARIS (Vol. I, p. 89).

Brischke. describes the larva (l.c., p. 113, Taf. vu,
fig. 11). It is 22 mm. long, transversely wrinkled,
and shortly pilose. The ground colour is a bright
erey, the back to the orange-coloured stigmas deep
black. Hach segment bears laterally a longish orange-
yellow spot, the second and third segments having in
addition in front an orange splash; the first segment
has none. On the ground colour are small black spots,
mostly three on each segment. The head is shining
black, the lower half reddish-brown.

At the last moult the larva seems shorter, more
cylindrical, shining blackish-brown ; the ventral surface
and legs grey ; the orange-coloured spots are darker.

The food-plants are Petasites officinalhs and Tussi-
lago farfara, on which it is found from August to
October.

TENTHREDO MESOMELA (Vol. I, p. 98).

Konow (D. EH. Z., 1890, 254) sinks obsoleta, Klug,
and arctica, Thoms., as varieties of this species.
Brischke (1. c., 112, pl. vu, fig. 10) describes the larva,
and his description differs from mine. The food-plants
he gives as Polygonum persicaria and Arctium lappa.
The colour of the larva is given as bright ash-green,
and it is shortly and finely pilose. The back is dark
brownish-grey, with some darker markings. On each

148 TENTHREDO PUNCTULATA.

seoment is a bright grey bordered triangle, close to
which is a darker spot. The back is mottled with
many dark spots and streaks; on the end of these
there is on each segment a darker shade, and there are
likewise two transverse rows of white warts. In the
clear colour on the sides of each segment is found a
brownish stripe, besides many dots. Head shining
black, shortly pilose ; the face dark brown.
He says it is found in September and October.

TeNTHREDO OLIVACEA (Vol. I, p. 95).

This species has been found at York by Mr. Wilson.

Ruococastera (D. H. Z., xxvii, 338).

Hyes parallel or almost parallel with one another,
uot reaching to the base of the mandibles; vertex
thick, much broader than long, the sutures distinct.
Antenne short, the third joint longer than the fourth.
Humeral cellule in hind vice appendiculate. Blotch
distinct.

TENTHREDO PUNCTULATA (Vol. I, p. 96).

For the larva of this species I am indebted to Mr.
J. H. Fletcher, who found it on Corylus avellana,
and I have had them figured on Pl. XIII, fig. 4,
Vol. Il. Brischke’s figure and description do not agree
with mine. He describes it (1. c., ii, pl. vii, fig. 8)
as 20 mm. long, cylindrical, transversely wrinkled,
and bright grey, often varying into reddish; the back
dirty dark green, and clearly separated by the white
stigmal line ; the stigmas themselves are black. On
each segment are two transverse rows of white warts
and many spots and dots; the dorsal vessel, frequently

TENTHREDO VIRIDIS. 149

brighter margined, appears darker. At the base of
the ventral legs is a brownish longitudinal streak, and
over the thoracic legs is a broader stripe; the claws
of the latter are ines FL. Head reddish-brown, shortly
haired, shiny ; eye-spots black ; mandibles blackish.

At the last moult the larva becomes smooth, shining,
yellowish-brown, the dorsal vessel bordered on each
side by a brownish line. On the sides are on each
segment many brown transverse streaks and points,
which often form oblique lines, running from the back
to the sides.

He says it is found from August to October on
Salia caprea, Sorbus aucuparia, and Alnus incana.

TENTHREDO ViRIDIS (Vol. I, p. 97).

The larve are described by Brischke (I. c., 110,
pl. vu, fig. 7). He found them on Circexa lutetiana,
Stellaria holostea, Ranunculus repens, Salix helix, 8.
aurita, and Alnus incana. He says that the eggs are
placed in a sheath 10 mm. long, 13 mm. broad, divided
into ten divisions, like the segments of a larva, in
each of which is an egg. The full-grown larva is
15 mm. in length, bright greenish-grey; the back to
the black stigmas somewhat darker, mottled with
brownish-black spots and points. The sides have
some dark spots, usually a larger spot under the
stigmas, and some small streaks and points upon the
side pads at the base of the feet. On each segment
are two transverse rows of white warts, between which
stand minute white points. Head covered with short
white hairs; at the eye-spots is a black mark, and
there is a broader frontal spot between them. The
orbital sutures suffused with reddish-brown. Antenne
moderately long. At the last moult the larva is
smooth, without warts, transversely wrinkled and
brick-red, and having on the back some transverse
streaks, On the head only the eye-spots are black.

150 GENUS TENTHREDOPSIS.

'eNTHREDO GiBBosa (Vol. I, p. 101).

This should be called aucupariz, Klug.

Genus TENTHREDOPSIS.

This difficult and most variable genus has been re-
vised by Pastor Konow (D. H. Z., xxvii, p. 306, e¢
seq., and Revue d’Hntomologie, 1x). In the former
'work he renames the genus Thomsonia, but reverts to
the original in his later papers.

He lays particular stress on the aid to be derived
from the study of the g genital organs :—“‘ Organs
extremely important to know the characters which
constitute a species; but as it is very difficult for the
author to describe these hidden organs of very small
size, or for the reader to recognise the differences
indicated, I have preferred, in constructing the ana-
lytical tables, to choose the characters visible exte-
riorly; but these characters, sometimes so variable,
require a most careful attention to avoid being
mistaken in using these tables’? (Konow, Revue
d’ Ent. ix). .

It is to be regretted that beyond the observations
of Brischke recorded below nothing is known about
the early stages of these variable insects. ‘There can
be no doubt that extensive rearings from the larve
would throw great light on the specific distinctions of
the insects.

Of T. brevispina, Thoms., he says that he found the
larva on various species of grasses, on Juncus, Pim-
pinella sawifraga, Artemisia campestris, and Sarotham=
nus scoparius. They are 15—20 mm. long, transversely
wrinkled, bare, bright green, with two transverse
rows of fine white warts oneach segment. The bluish-
green back is bordered on each side with a fine white
line, and over the stigmas and under the white dorsal

GENUS TENTHREDOPSIS. io

line is a smaller darker stripe. Head shining, shortly
haired; eye-spots black; antenne and mandibles
brown. At the last moult it becomes shining, grass-
ereen.

It is not very clear what this (brevispina, Brischke)
species may be. Brischke says that not only did he
breed T’. brevispina from these larvee, but also P. tilix,
Pz., anda & of P. nassata; the latter being the
nassata of Thoms. = cordata.

He further describes (I. c., 107, pl. vu, fig. 6) the
larva of 7. scutellaris, Pz., as a feeder on Anthriscus
sylvestris, Artemisia campestris, and on grasses in
September and October. Itis 15 mm. long, becoming
attenuate posteriorly, transversely wrinkled, with a
comparatively large head. The ground colour is
greyish-white. On the back is a brown central line ;
on each side of this is a line of light brown spots,
then a line of smaller brown spots, followed by a clearly
separated, broader, deep brown lateral stripe; on which,
on segments 3—4, are white warts arranged obliquely.
Over the feet is a brown mark. Stigmas brown.
The anal segment bears about five hairs, and has only
the middle and the broad lateral stripe. Head shining,
shortly haired, light brown, and bears the dorsal,
the narrow, and the broad lateral body stripes. In
front there are five lines converging to the centre,
the oral region having a triangular line. Mandibles
and claws brown. At the last moult it is shining
without warts, with the dorsal stripe lighter and
narrower, and the head without the dark markings.

Brischke says that sometimes the Le have green
instead of brown markings.

Our species, on Konow’s views, aa now stand
thus:

1. (2) Antennz longer than the abdomen; spurs reaching to the
middle of the abdomen ; hypopygium very long.
T. cordata, Foure.
2. (1) Antenne not longer than the abdomen; spurs not reaching to
the sued of the metatarsus ; hypopygium moderate or

sma,

152 TENTHREDOPSIS GYNANDROMORPHA.

3. (4) Pleurz rugose, opaque; transverse radial nervure interstitial ;
antenne ringed with white. T. gynandromorpha, Rudow.
4, (3) Pleurz not rugose, shining, smooth; radial nervure not inter-
stitial ; antennze not ringed with white. Rin.
5. (6) Clypeus sharply incised. T’. excisa, Th., and semirufa, Kriech.
6. (5) Clypeus truncated or only waved at the apex. ;
7. (11) Tegule white or pale.
8. (9) Body for the greater part yellowish. °
T. Raddatz, Knw., and dorsalis, Lep.
9. (10) Body black, with the abdomen laterally fulvous.
T. lividiventris, Cam.
10. (9) Body black, with the abdomen broadly red in the middle. ©
T. picticeps, Cam., flavomaculata, Cam. (? var. Raddatz7).
11. (7) Tegule black.
12. (13) Body black; abdomen bounded with red.
T. scutellaris, T. Coqueberti, F., T. nigronotata, Cam.
13. (14) Body black; abdomen entirely black, or with the sides
laterally fulvous. T. tristis, T. fulviceps.

14, (13) Body rufous; head for the greater part black.
1’, nigriceps, Cam,

TENTHREDOPSIS GYNANDROMORPHA.

Tenthredo gynandromorpha, Rudow, 8. E. Z., 1871, 390.
Perineura gynandromorpha, André, Species, 416, 422 ; Cat., 53*.
Thomsonia gynandromorpha, Konow, D. H. Z., xxviii, 328.
Tenthredopsis gynandromorpha, Konow, Rev. d’Ent., ix, p. 68.

Black, shining; the 6—8 joints of the antenne and scutellum
white; the apex of the anterior femora and the anterior tibize and
tarsi reddish-brown; the 3—7 abdominal segments red; wings hyaline ;
the base of the stigma white. Antenne shorter than the abdomen ;
the apex of the clypeus with a shallow emargination, almost truncate ;
the head punctured, slightly dilated behind the eyes; the sutures on
vertex shallow. Mesonotum with a distinct punctation; pleure
coarsely rugosely punctured. Transverse radial nervure interstitial or
nearly so; the second recurrent nervure at a distance from the trans-
verse cubital. Spurs short. 9.

Length 10 mm.

The head in my specimen is entirely black; but,
according to Konow, it may bear two small white
spots.

a well-marked species from the coarsely punctured
pleuree and white ring on the antenne.

One example from Clydesdale.

Continental distribution: Germany, Croatia, Spain

(J. J. Walker).

TENTHREDOPSIS NIGRONOTATA. ae

TENTHREDOPSTS coRDATA (Vol. I, p. 104).

Konow unites this species (= nassata, Thoms.),
microcephala, femoralis, and caliginosa into one species,
which he names Thomson. If he is correct in this
view it seems to me that no new name is required, but
that the oldest name, namely, cordata, Foure, should
be used. He refers my 3 to Coqueberti (agnobilis), and
in this he is correct.

The real & of cordata (Thomsom, Knw.) I have
never seen. Itis described by Konow as “ rufescens,
capite et mesonoto magis minusve albo et fusco-macu-
latis ; segmento ventrali late et semi-circulariter emar-
ginato,” the latter being a characteristic in which it
differs from the other species, the males of which have
the apex of the last ventral segment “ rotundatum vel
leniter emarginatum.”’

TENTHREDOPSIS NIGRONOTATA (Vol. I, p. 106).

Konow doubtfully refers this species to his 7. elegans
(described in full, D. EH. Z., xxx, 335), and I think the
two are identical. He describes elegans, “‘ minor gra-
cilis, nigra; albo picta; pedibus et femine segmentis
intermediis abdominis rufis; tarsis posticis nigrican-
tibus ; capitis clypeo albido sulphureo ; antennis tenu-
ibus, abdomen longitudine equantibus. Mas: abdo-
mine fere toto nigro, segmento secundo dense punctato,
seomento ultimo ventrali apice rotundoto. Femina
capite, pronoto, pectore, coxis uberius albomaculatis
vel maxima parte nigris, cingulo rufo abdominis
interdum linea dorsali nigra interrupto. - Long. 11—
12 mm.”

There is no trace of white on the breast or pronotum
on mgronotata, and only a small white spot on the hinder
pronotum. The tarsi in elegans are described as dark,
not distinctly hghter before the apex. The antennz

154 TENTHREDOPSIS PICTICEPS.

in nigronotata are of the length of the abdomen; the
second recurrent nervure is interstitial.

Elegans is recorded from France, Germany, Swit-
zerland, and Austria.

TENTHREDOPSIS IGNOBILIS (Vol. I, p. 107).

This is the @ of 7. Coqueberti (which name it will
bear), 7. nigricollis, ¢ and 3, being the same species.
The form ignobilis has the hinder femora only black
at the base and at the extreme apex. The ? was
described by Konow as 7. Braunsw (D. H. Z., xxviii,
335). T. conjungens, Kriechbaumer, and 1’. limbilabris,
Kriech, are also synonyms (cf. Regens. b. Corresp.-
Blatt., 1884, p. 17).

The ¢ of this species was, as has just been men-
tioned, referred by me to cordata. It is to be readily
known from the other males by the posterior wings
not having a bordering nervure round the apex.
There are two well-marked forms: one, the typical,
with the legs (especially the hinder) for the greater
part blackish, the other with them entirely reddish,
except the 2—5 hinder tarsal joints ; the other form
having these joints white also. I have also seen speci-
mens with the apex of the abdomen blackish, and
another with a row of black dots down the side.

The T. ignobilis, Klug, is a true Tenthredo.

TENTHREDOPSIS PrcTicEePs (Vol. I, p. 110).

This species is probably, as Herr Konow himself
suggests, TJ. dubia, Knw. The second transverse
cubital nervure is interstitial ; the antenne are nearly
as long as the abdomen.

TENTHREDOPSIS ORNATA, 155

TENTHREDOPSIS TRISTIS (Vol. I, p. 111.)

I cannot find that this species is described by
Konow in his Revision. It appears to be related to
his T. arrogans. ‘The head is dilated behind the eyes,
the tegulz are black, the antennz about as long as
the abdomen, the apex of clypeus not quite transverse.

TENTHREDOPSIS ORNATA (Vol. I, p. 111).

According to Konow there are two species of Ten-
thredopsis with incised clypeus allied to this, namely,
stigma, F. = dorsalis, Spin., = Mistrio, Klug, and
semirufa, Kriechbaumer (Regens. Corresp.-Blatt.,
1884, 15. We have, I believe, the latter species.

T. senurufa is smaller than ornata (8 mm. as against
10—14 mm. for the latter); the antenne are more
slender, and as long as the abdomen; the second abdo-
‘minal segment is only black in the middle, in ornata
entirely black ; the hind femora are broadly black at
the apex, in ornata only very slightly, if at all; the
tibiz are black at the apex, in ornata entirely red, and
the coxe are broadly lined with white. The arrange-
ment of the white markings is the same in both species ;
the stigmas are white at the base; in semirufa the
second recurrent nervure is received near the second
transverse cubital; in both species there are two
black lines on the ventral surface; ornata has the wings
of a clearer hyaline colour.

According to Konow, YT. dorsalis, Spin. (see vol. i,
p. 111), is a synonym of 7. stigma, Fab., = histrio,
Klug, and ornata, André, non Lep. In my opinion
ornata, Lep., = excisa, Thoms.

The examples I have seen of ornata, Lep., have no
black on the femora or tibize; but von Stein states
that they are often entirely or partly black (cf. W. E.
Z., 1884, 357).

156 TENTHREDOPSIS INORNATA.

TaNTHREDOPSIS FULVICEPS (Vol. I, p. 112).

Konow (Revue d@’ Ent.,ix, 1890, p. 74) says, ** Vraisem-
blablement la 7. fulviceps, Cam., appartiendra a cette
espéce ’—that is to T. pavida, Lep., = FMriesei, Knw.
(D. EH. Z., xxvii, 335), but he describes the antenneg as
“longioribus ”’ and “‘ eracilibus ’’—terms which cannot
well apply tothe short (not longer than the abdomen),
thick antenne of fulviceps ; pavida, again, having the
three middle segments of abdomen entirely ferrugi-
nous. No mention, either, is made of the broad fulvous
band round the eyes found in fulviceps. In the latter
the middle furrow on the vertex is deep and distinct.

TENTHREDOPSIS LIVIDIVENTRIS (Vol. I, p. 118).

This species is not T’. tessellata, Klug, as suggested
by Konow, that species having the clypeus incised,
while in lividiventris it is completely transverse.

TENTHREDOPSIS NIGRICEPS (Vol. I, p. 114).

This differs from all the reddish species in having
the tegule black, the thorax densely pubescent, and
the mesopleure are finely but distinctly punctured.

TENTHREDOPSIS SAuNDERSI (Vol. I, p. 114).

This may be an extreme variety of T. Raddatz.

TENTHREDOPSIS INORNATA (Vol. I, p. 116).

This species is distinct from T. Raddatz, particu-
larly from the head being less developed behind the

'BNTHREDOPSIS NASSATA. 157

eyes. It is not Z. nassata, L. see. Konow, which
has the spurs reaching to the middle of the meta-
tarsus, this being not the case with inornata. In that
species there is no furrow on the vertex in the middle,
and the antenne are thicker towards the middle; they
are a little shorter than the abdomen. From dorsalis
it may be known by the darker colour, wanting the
whitish-yellow and shorter antenne.

TENTHREDOPSIS NAssata (Vol. I, p. 117).

This is an exceedingly puzzling form. Thomson,
as will have been seen, refers nassata, L., to cordata
(described from the 3), while Konow refers it to the
yellowish species, but not that which I have described.
That he treats as a new species, which he names 1’.
Raddata (D. H. Z., xxvii, p. 334). Neither among
my Continental nor British species can I find a speci-
men which I can identify as nassata, Knw. As regards
Raddatz, there can, I think, be no doubt at all that
the ? is exceedingly variable, and I should be inclined
to place T. albomaculata, Sauwndersi, dorsivittata as
forms of it. Furthermore, Konow (I. c., p. 81) de-
scribes a var. indocilis, ‘“‘ nigra, abdominis medio rufo,
9 et 3S, pectus et mesonoti lobus medius nigris;
lobis lateralibus interdum fusco-plagiatis,”’ of which
he says that it may belong to a distinct species ;
but imasmuch as he could not find any distinctive
characters taken from the structure, he places them
as varieties of addatzi. The same remark applies to 7’.
flavomaculata, and T’. picticeps may also be-an extreme
form of Raddatz. These two forms certainly agree
with Raddatzt im having the tegule pale, a point in
which they differ from our other black and red species.

The g I have described is the right male of Rad-
datz, but I may point out that in most examples there
is a V-shaped yellow mark onthe mesonotum. Thisis
probably the ¢ Thomson has described under sordida,

158 PACHYPROTASIS SIMULANS.

TTENTHREDOPSIS SoRDIDA (Vol. I, p. 118).

This is 7’. dorsalis, Lep. (Mon., 87, No. 252), accord-
ing to Konow, and is not the sordida, Kl. The ? is
tolerably constant, except in the amount of black on
the abdomen. The ¢ is very variable; the legs may
bear no black ; the mesopleure are usually black, but
may have white markings; the mesonotum is, in most
specimens, black, but may have a triangular white
mark on the middle lobe, as in the ¢ of 7’. Raddatz.
The third abdominal segment is punctured, and the
quantity of black on the abdomen varies.

It is not easy to distinguish the ¢ from that of
Raddatz ; but that usually may be separated by the
larger size, reddish-yellow abdomen, by the greater
expansion of white on the breast and pleure ; by the
sharp keel on the base of the abdomen, and by the
interstitial second recurrent nervure.

T’. sordida, K1., nec Thoms., Cam., has the body of
a lighter, whitish-yellow colour, and may be otherwise
known by the ventral surface of the abdomen having
on each side a black longitudinal line. I have never
seen a British example of it.

Genus PACHYPROTASIS.
P. simunans (Vol. I, p. 128).

Brischke (1. c., 97, pl. vi, fig. 12) describes and figures
the larva, and, as his description differs from that
given by Kaltenbach, I reproduce it. He found it on
Solidago virgaurea. In length 16—17 mm.; cylin-
drical, transversely wrinkled, except on the last seg-
ment. Body a bright bluish-green or bright green,
the wrinkles with a bluish-white powder, and the sides
have a stripe of a bluish-green colour. Head bright
brownish, somewhat shining, but mostly whitish

ALLANTUS CINGULUM. 159

pruinose. There is a brownish dash over the black
eye-spots, and there isa darker vertical spot. Stigmas
small, black, the stigmal line white. Legs somewhat
brownish. At the last moult the larva is shining,
uniformly yellowish-green.

Brischke, it may be added, quotes simulans, K1.,
as a synonym of levicollis, Thoms.

Genus Autantus (Vol. I, p. 139).

Konow’s definition of Allantus is, inter alia “ an-
tennze before the apex more or less distinctly thickened.
Vertex on each side over the antenne truncated or
slightly emarginate, and between the antennz not or
very little furrowed.”

ALLANTUS SCROPHULARIA (Vol. I, p. 141).

Konow (D. EH. Z., 1890, 253) regards A. propinqua,
K]., as a good species, and not a variety of the above.

ALLANTUS TRICINOTUS (Vol. I, p. 143).

This should be called A. vespa, Rtz. (Degeer, 72),
this being the earliest name.

ALLANTUS quapRicINoTUS (Vol. I, p. 144).

This is the true zona, Klug (Berl. Mag., 1818, 186)
_ (nec Thoms.), which name it will have to bear, as it
is very doubtful if it is the same as Uddman’s species.

ALLANtTUS cIncuLUM (Vol. I, p. 152).

All the examples I have seen are, in my opinion,
referable to cingulum, K1., the ¢ of which is the Ten-

160 ALLANTUS TENULUS.

thredo bicincta, Fab. (Syst. Piez., 29, 3), and hence
our species must be called Allantus bicinctus, Fab.

Kirby (List of Hymen., 1, p. 238) adopts the name
of virgata, Foure. (Ent. Par. i, p. 367, 12), for bicincta,
Fab., az an earlier name, quoting cingulum, Kl., as a
synonym, as also 4-cinctus, Thoms. ; and states that
the species appears in Stephens’ Collection as A. zonula.
The reference to 4-cinctus, Thoms., is an error. Ac-
cording to Kirby (1. c., p. 241), Stephens’ type of A.
fasciatus, Scop., = zonula, K1., is A. cingulum.

According, then, to Kirby, A. fasciatus, Scop. (Ent.
Carn., 278), is British, and not having a specimen for
description, I reproduce Klug’s. The base of the an-
tenne, clypeus, labrum, mandibles, palpi, the edge of
the pronotum and tegule, the basal segment of abdo-
men above, the fifth segment entirely, and the eighth
and ninth above, yellow. Legs yellow; the coxe, the
outer side of middle and the hinder femora, the apices
of the tarsal joints, especially on the hinder, blackish.
Spurs black. Wings hyaline; the nervures brown, the
apical nervures paler. Stigma yellow, brownish at the
apex.

Length 8—9 mm.

It has the head and mesonotum smooth, shining.

Attantus TenuLuUS (Vol. I, p. 153).

For “ tenulus” read ‘* temulus.” It has been pointed
out by Rogenhofer and von Dalia Torre* that the
Tenthredo temula, Scop., 1s identical, not with Allantus
Rossii, Pz., but with Tenthredo bicincta, Linné, nec
Fab. ; and, as temulus has priority by three years over —
bicincta, the former name must be adopted.

For the Allantus temulus of this work the name of
Rossi, Pz., must be used.

* Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1881, p. 595.

DOLERUS TRIGEMINUS. 161

ALLANTUS MARGINELLUS (Vol. I, p. 145).

Von Stein has poimted out (Ent. Nacht., 1885,
p- 115) that under the name of marginellus, Fab., two
good species have been confounded, namely, margi-
nellus, Fab., and omissus, Foerster (S. E. Z., 1844,
p. 289) = viennensis, Pz. (he described it as the Ten-
thredo viennensis, Schrank, which is probably an Hm-
phytus), marginellus, Thoms. = viennensis, André. All
the examples I have in my collection are referable to
omissus, which is to be known from marginellus =
succinctus, Lep., by having the head and thorax
opaque and strongly punctured.

Genus DotERvs (Vol. I, p. 157).

The species with oblong eyes, almost emarginate
in the inner side, namely, palmatus, vestigialis, and
pratorum, have been formed by Konow (D. E. Z.,
1890, 240) into a distinct genus, namely, Loderus,
Konow.

Doxerus patmatus (Vol. I, p. 161).

Konow has separated the palmatus, Thoms., from
the palmatus, K1., as a new species, under the name of—

DOoOLERUS TRIGEMINUS.
D. EH. Z., xxviii, 346.

Our form belongs to it, and not to palmatus, K1.,
which differs from it in having the head contracted
behind the eyes, the sheath of the saw before the apex
not emarginate, and having a small tooth there; while
the ¢ has only white on the first, fifth, and sixth abdo-
minal segments ; trigeminus having the head dilated

VOL. IV.

162 - DOLERUS LATERITIUS.

behind the eyes, the sheath before the apex emarginate
slightly and without a tooth, and the ¢ has white on
the fourth to the sixth abdominal segments. Von Stein,
however (Ent. Nacht., 1887, p. 170), sinks trigeminus
as a variety of palmatus, KI., and in this view Konow
himself (D. E. Z., 1890, p. 251) agrees.

Doterus tripticatus (Vol. I, p. 162).

The & of this species is D. tremulus, KI. (Berl.
Mag., vii, 228), and Konow and von Stein propose to
use this as the specific name; but inasmuch as 3-pli-
catus was printed before tremulus I prefer to retain
this designation.

The g I have described differs from tremulus in
having the thorax coloured like the ¢, 1. e. yellow
with three black marks, and the base of the abdomen
is not black.

Whether the 3g I have described is a variety of the
& of triplicatus, or if 1t belongs to a new species, is a
point which I cannot make out from the material at —
my command, but I can find nothing like it described.

Dotervs LatTeRitivs (Vol. I, p. 163).

Konow adopts the name of madidus for this species
(D. H. Z., 1890, p. 251, and 1886, p. 79); lateritius,
Kl., ¢, being a composite form according to him,
having madidus as 3 for one part, and uliginosus, K1.,
for the other. In the ¢ the polished space on the
eighth abdominal segment occupies at least one half the —
length of the segment, while in wliginosus it is short
and broadly triangular, and does not occupy more
than one-third of it. D. Lamprechti, Kuw. (D.H. Z.,
1879, p. 341), is a synonym.

The larva as described by Brischke (l.c., 45, Taf. ii,
fig. 7) feeds on Juncus glomeratus. It is 25 mm. long,
bright greenish-yellow on the ground colour, the back

DOLERUS PALUSTRIS. 163

is broadly darker grey, on the sides with a darker
border, the dorsal vessel being also darker. Stigmas
brown, and over them is a black roundish spot, which
is small on the first and last segments. Head bright
reddish-brown, with an oblique black streak on each
side on the vertex, there being another short one
between the eye-spots. Antennz conical, smooth,
brown. It appears in August.

DotEerus FuLViventRIs (Vol. I, p. 164).

Brischke (1. c., 44, Taf. 11, fig. 5) bred this species
from a larva of which he did not know the food-plant.
It was 20 mm. long, grass-green in colour, transversely
wrinkled, and finely shagreened. On the lateral pads
are short needle-like hairs, these being also sparsely
spread over the body. The dorsal vessel is darker,
the stigmas small, brown, and placed on bright-coloured
pads ; the last two segments have a brown lateral line.
Head broader than long, and appears triangular when
viewed laterally. It is shining but alutaceous, and
in colour “‘ bone-yellow ;” the vertex and a short streak
on each side are light brown. Across the black eye-
spots is a blackish-brown oblique streak, and under
is a lighter one contracted in the middle. The an-
tenn conical, bone-yellow; mouth brown. It was
found at the end of August.

Von Stein (Ent. Nacht., 1884, p. 102) refers D. ger-
manicus, Fab., to lateritius ; but if Konow be correct in
making out lateritius, KL., to be a compere species, I
prefer to follow his nomenclature.

Donerus PaLustRis (Vol. I, p. 166).

D. savatilis, Htg. (Blattw., 233), is no doubt a
variety ; and, as stated above, uliginosus, which I
quoted doubtfully as the g, is referred by Konow to
lateritius, ex pt.

164 DOLERUS CORACINUS.

The larva is figured, vol. ii, Pl. XIII, figs. 5 and 5a,
on Juncus.

Dotrrvs antious (Vol. I, p. 165).

Our species appears to me to be the true anticus,
Klug, and not brevicornis, Thoms., non Zad. = Thom-
som, Knw. (Hym. Sc., i, p. 288), as stated by Konow
(D. HE. Z., 1890, p. 251).

Doterus pusius (Vol. I, p. 167).

D. timidus, K1., is regarded by Konow (D. E. Z.,
1890, p. 251) as a variety of this species.

Do.eRus TiInotIPENNIs (Vol. I, p. 169).

This is not D. fumosus, Zad. (Besch. neuer oder
wenig bekan., Blattw., p. 22; Konow, D. H. Z., 1879,
p. 352), which is easily known from it by the vertex
not being limited by furrows laterally.

Dotervus coracinus (Vol. I, p. 174).

Konow (D. H. Z., 1879, p. 346) tabulates three
species with oval apex of the middle lobe of the meso-
notum, namely, coracinus, Kl. = mtens, Zad. ; anthra-
cinus, Hte. = cewrulescens, Hte., 3; and atricapillus,
Htg., known to him only at that time from the ¢ sex.
In his catalogue of the European saw-flies (D. E. Z.,
1890, p. 251) he gives also these three, but with dif.
foeont names, to wit nitens, Zad. = coracinus, Hte.,
Cam., non Klug; coracinus, Kl. = caerulescens, Htese
$; and anthracinus, Kl. = atricapillus, Htg., ¢ =
brachygaster, Htg., ?.

DOLERUS ANTHRAOCINUS. 165

Our coracinus is certainly the coracinus of the earlier
paper of Konow; whether the coracimus of Klug and
Hartig are different is not very clear to me, but very
possibly the two are distinct ; e. g. Klug’s species has
the wings hyaline, Hartig’s and mine hyaline suffused
with brownish; the cenchri in Klug’s are white, mine
has them fuscous. Neither Klug nor Hartig de-
scribes the position of the transverse radial nervure.
There can be no doubt about our species being nitens,
Zad.

DotErus anTHRAcINUS (Vol. I, p. 175).

This is probably the anthracinus of Konow’s first
paper, now apparently referred by him to coracinus,
Klug. It can hardly be anthracinus, Htg., for that
author states that it has the head almost bare, while
our species has the head covered with white hair, and
the tibial spurs pale brownish. _ It does not agree very
well with the description of brachygaster, for the abdo-
men is longer than the head and thorax united, the
colour is not bluish-black, the fore calcaria are not
brownish-red, and the wings are not ‘‘dunkel.” It is
not coracinus, K1., for that is distinctly bluish. I am
inclined to regard our form as a new species.

Under the name of Dolerus anthracinus, K1., Brischke
describes a larva which fed on Carex and grass. What
the species may be seems doubtful ; the g he describes
is the $ of jfissus, which he quotes as a synonym, as
also leucobasis, Htg. He quotes Thomson’s anthra-
cimus as being the same, so it is very likely possilensis.
The larva is 17 to 18 mm. long, shining, transversely
wrinkled, greenish-yellow, a green dorsal and lateral
stripe. Head reddish-yellow, eye-spots black, mouth
brown ; stigmas black, and over the base of the legs
and the lateral pads is a blackish splash. The anal
segment is bordered with black, and on each side is a
black spot.

166 DOLERUS POSSILENSIS.

Dotzrvs Fissus (Vol. I, p. 176).

The ¢ of this species is described by Thomson
under anthracinus. Konow refers planatus, Htg., to
hematodes, and he gives varispinus, Htg., non Thoms.,
as a synonym (D. H. Z., 1890, 251).

Doterus conacRa (Vol. I, p. 170).

Brischke has described the larva of this species
(1. c., 45, T. u, fig. 6). It is 20 mm. long, yellowish-
green ; down the back is a darker dirty green line,
and there is a broader similarly coloured line along the
sides, the upper border of which is sharply defined.
Legs with brown claws. Head shining; eye-spots
black; the antennz conical, brown. The younger
larvee have on the stripes and over the legs black
streaks.

Brischke fed them on “ grass ”’ in June.

Douervs ostoneus (Vol. I, p. 177).

This is not, it appears to me, as quoted by Konow
(D. H. Z., 1890, 251), brevicorns, Zad., as that has
the thorax entirely punctured, while in oblongus the
sides close to the wings and base of scutellum are
very little punctured, and the abdomen is shining, in-
stead of being, as in brevicornis, without lustre; nor
are the calcaria ‘‘ very stout, needle-like,” of “ unusual
length,’ and “‘ conical.” |

Do.erus PossinEnsis (Vol. I, p. 178)

= anthracinus, Thoms., non Kl. = varispinus, Knw.,
non Htg. = coruscans, Kuw. (D. H. Z., 1890, p. 251),
which name it will bear.

STRONGYLOGASTER. 167

Dotervs varisrinus (Vol. I, p. 179).

According to Konow, varispinus, Htg., non Thoms.,
is a variety of fissus. Our species, it appears to me,
is D. leucopterus, Zad. (Beschr., 26), said by Konow
to be = picipes, Kl. (Berl. Mag., viii, 303). D. leu-
copterus, however, is said to have the cenchri white.

Doterus anevs (Vol. I, p. 182).

D. elongatus may be a large form of this.

Genus STRONGYLOGASTER (Vol. I, p. 185).

Konow (D. E. Z., iv, p. 19) has split up Strongylo-
gaster, Dbm., into three genera, as follows :

1. (4) Third antennal joint longer than the fourth.

2. (3) Antenne slender, in the middle more or less thickened, the first
joint often thicker than the second; the other joints short,
conical, longer than broad. Stromboceras, g. nov.

a (2) Antenne stout, short, of equal thickness, the first joint scarcely
thicker than the second, that very short, transverse.

Strongylogaster.

4. (1) The third antennal joint as long or shorter than the fourth; the

antenne filiform ; the sheath of the saw at the apex trifid.
Trinax.

STROMBOCERAS.

To this is referred delicatulus.

Srroneytocaster (Vol. I, p. 185).

Our species are filicis, cingulatus,

168 SELANDRIA SERVA.

TRINAX.

The species are continua, Knw. = meta, Thoms.,
Cam., non Klug; mixta, Kl., non Cam. = femoralis,
Cam.; macula, Kl. ; Sharpr.

SELANDRIA APHRTA (Vol. I, p. 199).

The Selandria aperta, Htg., is identical with Selan-
dria cinereipes, K1., non Blennocampa cinereipes, Htg.

(cf. Konow, D. E. Z., 1886, p. 81).

Sexanpria suRva (Vol. I, p. 194).

The larva is described by Brischke (1. c., 90, pl. vi,
fig. 5), and by von Stein (Ent. Nacht., 1880, p. 251),
but their descriptions do not quite agree. Brischke
describes it as 18 mm. in length, cylindrical, the
thoracic segments somewhat thickened, transversely
wrinkled, and bearing short conical white warts and
short hairs. The ground colour is greenish-yellow,
darker or lighter if the larve eat the leaves or the
flowers. Head shiny, bright yellowish-brown. On
the body are five longitudinal rows of black points,
each segment, except the first and last two having
five of these points. The points on the middle row
are small, the two lateral rows have them larger, while
the two rows over the legs have them still larger.
Over the thoracic legs is a black spot. Between and
behind the black eye-spots is a small black point ; the
antenne and mouth are dark. Atthe last moult they
become stouter, bright grass-green, paler at the sides,
without the black points and warts, the skin regularly
transversely wrinkled, the dorsal vessel appears as a
fine yellow stripe; the head brownish-yellow, with

TAXONUS AGRORUM. 169

black eye-spots. The food-plant is Hanunculus acris,
on which the larve feed in June.

SELANDRIA STRAMINETPES (Vol. I, p. 197).

The larva is described by Brischke (1. c., 91, pl. vi,
fig. 6). In length 15 mm., cylindrical, somewhat
thickened in front, finely transversely wrinkled, beauti-
ful grass-green in colour, with the stigmas small and
black. Head bright ochre-yellow with black eye-
spots, the legs with brownish claws. The young
larvee are similar, but more yellowish in tint. They feed
on Pteris aquilina in July.

It will be seen that this larva resembles that of
S. analis very closely, the chief distinction apparently
being in the colour of the head.

Taxonus acrorum (Vol. I, p. 201). .

The larva, according to Brischke (1. ¢., 93, pl. vi,
fig. 7), is found on the raspberry (Rubus ideus). It
is 18—19 mm. long, cylindrical, narrowed towards the
apex, and has many transverse wrinkles. The head
is higher than broad; the front and vertex have short,
the face longer hairs. Front and vertex bright
brownish-yellow, dull, the face shinmg and more
greenish in tint, eye-spots black, the antennz short.
Over the eyes 1s a dark brown spot, which is frosted
like the entire upper part of the head with white, the
mouth brown. The body is bright bluish-green,
frosted with white transverse wrinkles, except that
the last seement wants the latter. ‘he dorsal vessel
appears as a greenish stripe ; the stigmas are elliptical
and brownish-red. At the last moult the larva
becomes entirely bright green and shining. It appears
in July.

170 PHIOILOSOMA FLETCHERI.

Taxonus EquisuTr (Vol. I, 202).

Brischke (1. c., 93, pl. vi, fig. 8) gives Polygonum
persicaria as the food-plant. According to Konow
(D. H. Z., 1890, p. 250), 7. sticticus, . K1., is distinet
from equisett. .

TAXONUS GLABRALIS (Vol. I, p. 204).

As food-plants Brischke gives (I. c., 94, pl. vi,
fig. 9) Polygonum persicaria and Lythrum salicaria.

Taxonus FietcHeri (Vol. I, p. 205).

Konow, in his Catalogue of Huropean Tenthredinidee
(D. H. Z., 1890, p. 250), smks this as a synonym of
T. albipes, Thoms. I have not sufficient material at
hand to offer a definite opinion on the matter.

Taxonus GLoTTiaNus (Vol. I, p. 206).

This was described from a ¢?.

Pa@omosoma PuLvERATUM (Vol. I, p. 211).

Von Stein (D. H. Z., 1889, p. 137) describes the
& of this species. It only differs from the ¢ in the
colour being darker and its eye smaller.

Pacitosoma Frercueri (Vol. I, p. 213).

This is T. (Hmphytus) immersa, Kl. (Berl. Mag.,
viii, 284) ; Hmphytus immersus, Htg. (Blattw., 250).
Mr. Champion has taken it at Southampton. A

ERIOOAMPA OVATA. 171

specimen from Chertsey (Billups) has the femora of a
much clearer reddish tint and without black, the white
at the base of the tibie not so great, and the three
apical segments have no white or luteous marks. The
antennee are shorter a little than the abdomen, thickish,
the third and fourth joints subequal; abdomen with
the segments largely marked with white on either
side, the last segment with a. triangular (A-shaped)
depression ; the femora and tibiz reddish-yellow; the
tibize fuscous, the joints white at the base.

Paciiosoma Gurratum (Vol. I, p. 215).

Konow (D. H. Z., xxviii, p. 32) describes this species
under the name of carbonaria, Kuw., and 1. ¢., 1890,
he gives guttatum, Thoms., as a Synonym.

Guttatum, Fall., non Thoms., he refers to impressum,
Kl., and submuticum, Thoms. ‘here can be no doubt
that the latter two are identical, but it also appears
to me that impressum (as Klug himself suggests,
Berl. Mag., vii, 113) is identical in all probability with
~ carbonaria, Scop., Ent. Carn., 279, 733. -This is also
the opinion of Rogenhofer and von Dalla Torre (Vehr.
z.-b. ges. Wien, 1881, 596), who say that the descrip-
_ tion and the fairly good figure agree with impressum.

As Fallin had mixed up two species under the name
of guttatum, Thomson had the choice of applying the
name to either of them, and I propose to retain his
name, and for submuticwm that of carbonarium, Scop.

Hrrocampa ovata (Vol. I, p. 221).

Konow (D. H. Z., 1890, 250) reserves the name of .
Hriocampa for ovata, L., umbratica, K1., and dorpatica,
Knw.

For the other species he creates the genus—

172 ERIOCAMPA LIMAOCINA.

Eriocamporpes (D. H. Z., 1890, 239),

which he defines thus :

Body short, ovate ; head semispherical, not margined
behind ; eyes reaching to the base of the mandibles ;
antennes attenuate at the apex, thickened at the
middle ; wings with two radial and four cubital cel-
lules; transverse basal nervure inserted before the
base of the cubital cellules ; first recurrent nerves not
parallel ; lanceolate cellule with an oblique nervure;
claws with a tooth at the base.

‘The chief point of distinction between them and
Eriocampa is that in the latter the transverse basal
nervure is received at the base of the cubital cellules,
and is parallel with the transverse cubital nervures ;
while with Hriocampoides it is curved and received at
a distance from the cubital cellules, as in Hoplo-
campa, &e.

HriocamMpa ANNuLIPES (Vol. I, p. 222).
The larvee of this species I have found to be destruc-

tive to beech hedges, and Brischke (1. c., 84) found
them feeding on Vaccinium myrtillus and V. uliginoswm.

Hriocampa vaRipxs (Vol. I, p. 228).

Brischke (1. c., 85) gives as the food-plants of the
larvee Populus tremula and Salia aurita.

HriocaMpa Limactna (Vol. I, 224).

An additional food-plant is Cydonia vulgaris
(Brischke, 1. c.).

GENUS BLENNOCAMPA. 173

Hriocampa o1nxia (Vol. I, p. 226).

The shiny larva of this species lives on oaks.

Hriocampa ros# (Vol. I, p. 227).

Konow (D. E. Z., 1886, p. 109) states that in Klug’s
collection in Berlin exthiops, Kl. (= rose), is repre-
sented by two g of Blennocampa cimereipes, Htg. (con-
fusa), one & B. altermpes, one & B.confusa, three ¢
Hrioc. rosx, a ¢ Monophadnus, and a § Monophadnus,
and proposes that rose should be called xthiops. In
my opinion less confusion will be caused by using the
name rose. Moreover Fabricius is the original de-
scriber, not Klug.

Genus Buennocampa (Vol. I, 229).

Konow (D. E. Z., 1886, 183 et seg.) groups Blenno-
campa, sensu lat., with Fenusa, Fenella, and Mesoneura,
into a tribe, and has further created several new
“ venera.”’

His classification is as follows :

1. The second recurrent nervure joined to the second transverse

cubital or received in the second cubital cellule. 2.
1’. The second recurrent nervure received in the third cubital cel-
lule. 3.

2. Transverse median nervure of the posterior wings at thesmost
interrupted at the apex of the first discoidal cellule, preessternum
of the mesosternum, or only indistinctly indicated.

: Mesoneura, Htg.

2’, Transverse median nervure of the posterior wing absent or only
indicated at the base; preesternum of the mesosternum separated
by a distinct furrow. 13

3. yes from the base.of the mandibles more or less distant. A.

3’. Cheek appendage linear or not present. 8.

4, Posterior wings of the @ surrounded by a bordering nervure;
sheath of the ? (seen from the side) equally narrowed or more
or less sharply pointed. Periclista, g. n.

174

Oe

Il’.
12!

13’.

14’.

PERICLISTA.

Posterior wings of the ¢ not bordered; sheath of the ? at the
apex needle-like or rounded. 5.
Claws simple; cheek appendages approximately of the length of
the second antennal joint. Pareophora, g. n.
Claws at the base with a (often very small) tooth; cheek appen-
dage either only half the length of the second antennal joint,
or even shorter. 6.
Posterior wings with closed discoidal cellule. - if

. Posterior wings without closed discoidal cellule. 12.

Third antennal joint at least one-third longer than the fourth;
antenne short and rather thick; sheath at the apex thorn-like,
produced. Ardis, g.n.

. Third antennal joint only as long as the fourth; antenne slender

and thin, almost filiform; sheath at the apex "rounded.
Rhadinocerzea, g. n.
Third antennal joint shorter than the fourth. Phymatocera, Dbm.
Third antennal joint longer than the fourth. 9.
Cubitus in the anterior wings not or very slightly angled, usually
with four cubital cellules. 10.

. Cubitus at the commencement very strongly angled, and almost a

right, at the apex a rounded angle forming; the first two cubital

cellules united. 14.
The presternum of the mesosternum separated by a distinct
suture. Tomostethus, g.n.
Mesosternum without presternum. 11.

Posterior wings without closed discoidal cellule, the third cubital
nervure in a similar direction with the transverse radial, and is

usually continuous with it. 12.
Posterior wings with closed discoidal cellule. 13.
The front ocellus lies on the under half of a line which touches

the upper border of both eyes. Blennocampa, Htg.
The front ocellus lies over this line. Eintodecta, g. n.
Posterior wings with a closed discoidal cellule, and with transverse

median nervure. Monophadnus, Htg.
Posterior wings with two closed discoidal cellules and without
transverse median nervure. Pseudodineura, Knw.

Anal cellule in the hind wings absent; the humeral nervure in
the fore-wings distinct, and bends against the brachial nervure,
so that the lanceolate cellule appears widely contracted.

Kaliosysphinga, Tischb.

Aspe cellule in the hind wings closed ; the humeral nervure in the

fore-wings absent or is straight. 15.

Antenne 9- or rarely 10-jointed. Fenusa, Leach.

. Antenne 11—14-jointed. Fenella, West.
PERICLISTA.

Konow, D. E. Z., 1886, i, 86.

Body ovate ; eyes oblong, remote from the base of

the

mandibles ; antenne moderate, filiform, the third

joint longer than the fourth, presternum of meso-

BLENNOCAMPA NIGRIPES. 175

sternum not distinct, transverse basal nervure inter-
stitial, claws bifid. Posterior wings with one dis-
coidal cellule ; the apical margin in the g with a sur-
rounding nervure. Sheath acuminate at apex.

To this section belong lineolata (i, p. 241) and
melanocephala (p. 245).

Biennocampa Lingouata (Vol. I, p. 241).

Our species is the true lineolata, Klug; B. pubes-
cens, Zad., and B. albipennis, Zad. (which both belong
to Periclista), being distinct from this and from one
another.

PAREOPHORA.
Konow, D. E. Z., 1886, 187.

Body short, ovate; eyes oblong, situated at a dis-
tance from the base of the mandibles ; antenne mode-
rate, filiform, the third joint distinctly longer than the
fourth ; transverse basal nervure joined to cubital ;
posterior wings with one discoidal cellule; claws
simple ; sheath blunt at the apex.

BLENNOCAMPA NiGRIPES (Vol. I, p. 246).

The ¢$ of this species is B. luridiventris, Klug
(Berl. Mag., vii, 104), and this name is adopted by
Konow; but inasmuch as nigripes is placed before
luridiventris in Klug’s paper, and, further, as it is the
best known name, I prefer to adopt it.

_ The larva of B. nigripes is described and figured by
Brischke (1. c., 73, pl. vii, fig. 14). It feeds in July

on Prunus spinosa, and is 10 mm. in length, cin
at the thoracic region, and is rather darkish grey in
colour and dull im tint; the eye-spots black. Hach

176 BLENNOOAMPA BIPUNOTATA.

segment bears two rows of white cleft spines, there
being eight longitudinal rows of these, while the first
and last segments have longer simple spines, these
spines being sharply differentiated from the darker
ground colour. The small shining head is shortly
pilose, the mouth brown. :

ARDIS.
Konow, D. E. Z., 1886, 188.

Body elongate-ovate; eyes oblong, situated at a
slight distance from the base of the mandibles. An-
tenn short, thickish, slightly attenuate at the apex,
the third joint not twice the length of the fourth ; the
transverse basal nervure interstitial ; hind wings with
one discoidal cellule, the sheath at the apex ending in
a sharp point.

Our species are—

Blennocampa suleata (Vol. I, p. 286).
— bipunctata (Vol. I, p. 242).

Brennocampa Breunctata (Vol. I, p. 242).

Brischke (1. c., 74, Taf. iv, fig. 10) describes and
figures the larva of what he calls B. bipunctata, KI). It
agrees exactly in description of the larva and its
habits with the larva of Pecilosoma candidatum (vol. 1,
p. 210); and as Brischke quotes Selandria candidata,
Voll., as a synonym, although a reference to Vollen-
livoen’s plate would have shown that his candidata was
not a Blennocampa but a Paocilosoma, it looks as if
some mistake had been made in the identification of
the species.

BLENNOGAMPA. 177

T'OMOSTETHUS.
Konow, D. EH. Z., 188, 214.

Body short, ovate, thickish ; head wide, hardly nar-
rower than the thorax; antennez short, thick, pilose,
the third joint almost double the length of the fourth ;
eyes reaching near to the basé of the mandibles ;
transverse basal nervure received shortly before the
base of the cubital; claws simple. Posterior wings
with or without a discoidal cellule.

The species of this section are—

(a) With one discoidal cellule in hind wings:
Panne migrita (Vol. I, p. 235).
— micans (Vol. I, p. 287).
— Juscipennis (Vol. I, 247).

(6) With no discoidal cellule:
Blennocampa fuliginosa (Vol. I, p. 249).
—- ephippium (Vol. L, p. 248).
Ny B. micans not being Klug’s (which is a Khad-
mocera), I propose to call it brachycera.

BLENNOCAMPA.

Body ovate; head small, eyes reaching to the base
of the mandibles or at a slight distance from them;
antennze moderate, thin, pilose, the third joint longer
than the fourth, the third transverse cubital nervure
interstitial, often parallel with the transverse radial ;
the third cubital cellule acutely angled on lower side;
transverse median nervure received always long before
the middle of first discoidal cellule ; hind wings without
a discoidal cellule ; claws bifid.

Our species are—

Blennocampa assimilis (Vol. I, p. 256).
— pusilla (Vol. I, p. 258).
VOL. IV. 12

178 BLENNOCAMPA ALCHEMILLA,

Blennocampa cinereipes (Vol. I, p. 249).
— alternipes (Vol. II, p. 220).
— subcana (Vol. I, p. 252).
— subserrata (Vol. I, p. 250).
— alchemille (Vol. I, p. 251).
— betuleti (Vol. I, p. 255).
— nana (Vol. I, p. 254).

BLENNOCAMPA PUSILDA.

The third joint of the antennz in this species is

nearly twice the length of the fourth, and not as
stated.

BLENNOCAMPA ALTERNIPES.

This species agrees with pusilla in having the third
antennal joint about twice the length of the fourth,
while in confusa it is only half. It is Thomson’s
cinereipes.

BLENNOOAMPA . CINEREIPES.

Our species is the cineretpes, Htg., Konow, but not
of Thomson, which = alternipes. As has been already
pointed out, the cinereipes, Kl., is a Selandria = S.
aperta, Htg. B. cinereipes, Htg., has been renamed
confusa by Konow (D. H. Z., xxx, 82).

BLENNOCAMPA ALCHEMILLA.

This is wncta, Kl]. and Thomson, and B. tenwicorns,
Kl. (Berl. Mag., viii, 113), non Htg. It is described
by Brischke as B. spiree (1. c., 282). He found the
larvee on Spirea ulmaria,

BLENNOCAMPA GENICULATA. 179

BLENNOCAMPA ASSIMILIS.

The larva feeds on Galiwm aparine in June. It is
13—14 mm. long, rather rounded and cylindrical.
The ground colour is bright greyish-green ; the back
bluish, always blending into the ground colour; and
at the sides the ground colour is often of a yellow
tint ; before the last segments the blue is broken off
by a clear space. The segments are covered with
many small warts, each ending in a black microscopic
hair. On the lateral folds over the legs are whitish
bristles. The fore-legs are short and thick; the first
joint is shining black, and the basal joint has a black
plate. Head brown, shortly haired; on the vertex
are two large black spots, and on the sides over the
black eye-spots is a larger dark brown spot, there
being also one on the face; the mouth dark brown.
The young larvee brighter ; the dorsal stripe is smaller,
and the head almost without the dark spots.

MoNnoPHADNUS.

Body ovate; cheek appendages linear; antennz
moderate, the third joint longer than the fourth ; pro-
sternum not distinct; the transverse radial nervure
rarely interstitial; posterior wings with one closed
discoidal cellule ; claws bifid or simple.

BuEennocampa GENrouLatTa (Vol. I, p. 238).

My description of the ¢ of this species was taken
from bred specimens, which had the abdomen con-
tracted, thus showing the antennz to be longer in
proportion to the body than they really are, they
being, as I find from caught specimens, somewhat

180 BLENNOCAMPA ALBIPES.

longer than the abdomen only. The anterior knees
also are broadly white.

B. longicornis is a different species, it differing from
B. geniculata, iter alia, in having the transverse
radial nervure not interstitial.

BLENNOCAMPA SERICANS (Vol. I, p. 238).

According to Konow, B. sericans, Htg., is an Ardis,
having B. plana, Kl., for its g. Our species is a
Monophadnus, Knw., and is Blennocampa elongata,
Kl. (Berl. Mag., vii, 214). Hartig (Blattw., 269) made
elongatus a Blennocampa, 1. e. without a closed discoidal
cellule in the hind wing, and in this he is followed by
André, but Konow (D. EH. Z., 1886, 245) makes it a
Monophadnus, Knw. Konow (1. c., 188) states that in
Klug’s collection elongata is represented by two ¢ B.
alternipes, one 3 B. subcana, one ? to an unknown
Monophadnus, one ¢ B. sericans, Htg., and one B.
elongata, KI.

M. elongatus is one of the largest species, and not
difficult to recognise by the long abdomen, thickly
covered towards the apex with long silky hair, by the
bifid claws, by the short antenne, and by the large
antennal fovea with another round fovea on either side
of it. |

It has been taken by Mr. Wilson at York.

BLENNOCAMPA ALBIPES (Vol. I, p. 240).

Konow separates from albipes, Gml. rosarum,
Brischke (l.c., 81, pl. v, fig. 5). Our species is not
albipes, Gml., sec. Konow; but rosarwm, Br. = albipes,
Thoms. (non Knw.). B. emarginata, Thoms., is albipes,
Gml., sec. Konow. See D. H. Z., 1886, p. 245.

The larva of rosarwm is described by Brischke
(l.c., 81, pl. v, fig. 6). It is 12—13 mm. long, of a

- SCOLIONEURA. 181

beautiful green colour ; the head shortly pilose, shin-
ing, often with a brown stripe from the vertex to the
mouth. Claws brown; eyes black; antenne conical,
brown ; mandibles brownish-red. Hach segment has
fine white transverse folds and two transverse rows of
raised warts bearing reddish-brown spines. On the
first and last segments stand somewhat brighter warts
with two points, while the warts on the other seg-
ments have three. In every transverse row are six
warts; then follow still smaller spined warts, and the
oblique skin folds over the legs have also spines.
Usually the lateral folds bear 3—4 spines. The last
segment bears two transverse rows of single thorns,
and the border of the anal fold is likewise thorned.
When young the larve are pale yellow, with white
spines and bright brown head. Before the last moult
the spines, &c., are cast off.

It feeds on the young branches and young buds of
the rose. .

The description of the larva given on p. 240, Vol. I,
refers of course to B. albipes, Gml., sec. Knw., of which
I have not seen a British specimen.

BLENNOCAMPA NANA and B. setuuert (Vol. I, pp. 204,
| 255).

In his revision (D. HE. Z., 1886, p. 215) Konow
places the above in Blennocampa, Kuw.; but in D. H.
Z., 1890, p. 239, he creates a new genus—

SCOLIONEURA.

Head small, ovate, eyes reaching to the base of the
mandibles; antennz slender, filiform; metasternal
prosterna not often semi-distinct; the transverse basal
nervure in front wings curved; the first recurrent not
parallel; the transverse radial interstitial or not; the

182 HOPLOCAMPA ORATAGI.
s

third cubital cellule with its posterior lower angle less
acute; the hind wings without a closed cellule; the
claws with a wide tooth close to the base.

He remarks that these two species cannot remain in
Blennocampa owing to the striking length of the
transverse basal nervure, and to the claws having a
broad basal tooth, the true Blennocampe having the
claws cleft equally in two, the inner being more slender
than the outer.

HopLocaMpa FERRUGINEA (Vol. I, p. 259).

According to Kirby (List of Hymen., i, 165) this is
a synonym of Tenthredo apicaris, Foure. (Ent. Par., 1,
376). If this be so apicaris is the earlier name, and
should be adopted; but I am not at all satisfied as
to this.

Brischke (l.c., 68) suspects that the larvee live in
unripe cherries.

Hoprtocampa cRATHGI (Vol. I, p. 261).

The larva, according to Brischke, lives in the unripe
fruit of Cratzgus. The young larva is shining, trans-
versely wrinkled, with a large head; whitish-yellow,
in the back reddish-brown. ‘The thoracic legs above,
the anal legs, the base of the claspers, the penultimate
segment above, greyish. The very shining head is
greyish-black; the face and mouth bright reddish-
yellow, the former with greyish shades; the apex of
the sharp-toothed mandibles brownish-red; the eyes
black; the antennze conical. ‘The full-fed larva is
5 mm. long, brighter, the thoracic legs being also
brighter ; the back reddish ; the head brownish-yellow ;
the front, vertex and the hinder part of the head black ;
a brown spot on the face; the apex of the mandibles
reddish-brown. Brischke says they have only twenty
legs.

EMPHYTUS TENER. 183

Hoptocampa ruvILIcoRNIS (Vol. I, p. 263).

According to Kirby (List of Hym., i, 167) this is

fulvicornis, Panz., non Fab.

Emueuytus tocatus (Vol. I, p. 268).

Kirby (List of Hym., i, 196) refers this to Ten-
thredo ferruginosa, Gmel., Syst. Nat., i, pt. 5, p. 2667,
n. 123; but this seems to me doubtful.

Hmpuytvs FiLicornis (Vol. I, p. 276).

The larva feeds on oaks, as related by Brischke
(l.c., 51, pl. xi, fig. 12). It is 16—17 mm. long,
transversely wrinkled, cylindrical, clear bluish-green,
dusted with white. The round head is shining and
bright bluish ; behind the black eye-spots is a darker
shade. Mouth reddish-brown. After the last moult
the larva is a beautiful bright green, somewhat shin-
ing and with orange-coloured head. It is found in
June; the flies appearing in September and October,
like those of serotinus. Stephens must have been in
error when he says he found them in June.

EMPHYTUS GROSSULARIZ (Vol. I, p. 279).
This is pallipes, Spinola (Ins. Lig., ii, p- 19), which
is the earliest name.

Epnytus TENER (Vol. I, p. 280).

Von Stein (Ent. Nacht., 1887, 210) has pointed out
that T. tenera, Fall.,is not the same as patellatus, K1.,

“184 PHYLLOTOMA FUMIPENNIS.

for tenera is stated to have all the tibiz) white and the
wings ‘‘ subnigricantes.”

Empuytus pert (Vol. I, p. 281).

Brischke describes the larva (1.c., 53, pl. 1, fig. 14).
It is found in September on Salix triandra. It is
11—12 mm. long, transversely wrinkled, the thoracic
part thickened ; the ground colour of the almost trans-
parent body is bright greenish-grey; the back is
broad darker grey, generally running into the ground
colour. The skin bears microscopic warts, giving it a
rough appearance. The head is brownish-red, shining,
shortly haired, the upper part to behind the black eye-
spots dark brownish-black.

This does not agree with Bouché’s description.

Genus Puytiotoma (Vol. I, p. 282).

Konow (D. E. Z., 1890, p. 283) forms Phyllotoma,
Heptamelus, Hriocampoides, and Hoplocampa into a
sub-tribe, Hoplocampides, distinguished by the trans-
verse basal nervure being received before the origin
of the cubital and not parallel with the recurrent, and
the lanceolate cellule not being appendiculate.

2a. PHYLLOTOMA FUMIPENNIS.

Cameron, E. M. M., 1888, p. 218.

Black, the abdomen above with various tints; the palpi, the labrum,
the inner orbits of the eyes broadly, the tegule, a thin line on the base.
of the pronotum, the trochanters, the knees broadly, and the tibize
beneath, white; the tibie above fuscous black; wings dark fuscous
throughout, the tarsi blackish, paler at the junction of the joints;
spurs pale; antenne as long as the abdomen, densely covered with
pale pubescence, the apical joints brownish beneath; 12-jointed ; the
third joint one-half longer than the fourth. Head densely pilose; the
pleure sparsely covered with longish whitish hair. Wings large, .
broad; the third cubital cellule dilated at the apex, as long as the first ;
the recurrent nervures received before the middle of the cellules.

Length 4°5 mm.

FENUSA QUERCUS. 185

In the table given in Vol. I, p. 284, this species
will come in as follows :

5 (2) Antenne 12—13-jointed; wings for the greater part smoky.
5a (5b) Wings uniformly fuscous; tegule and a narrow line on the
pronotum white ; legs black, the trochanters, knees, and tibiee
beneath, white; abdomen ochreous above. Fumipennis.
5b (5a) Wings smoky, hyaline at the apex; tegule black; legs pale
yellow, black at the base; abdomen not ochreous above.
Ochropoda.

P. fumipennis is a smaller and broader species than
ochropoda, the abdomen especially being broader and
~ not much longer than the head and thorax united; the
head between the antennze is broader, flatter, and does
not project so much, the antennz also being more
widely separated. |

Taken at Norwich on alder by Mr. J. B. Bridgman.

Genus Frnusa (Vol. I, p. 290).

As already (p. 173) indicated, Konow places Fenusa
and Henella among the Blennocampides, and separates
Ulm, Pumila, and Melanopoda from them into Kalio-
syphinga, Tisch., the latter being distinguished from
Fenusa and Fenella by “ there being no anal cellule in
the hind wings, and by the humeral nervure distinctly
bending towards the brachial nervure, so that the lan-
ceolate cellule appears widely contracted, Fenella and
Fenusa having a closed anal cellule in the hinder wings,
while the humeral nervure in the fore-wings is absent
or straight. In Fenella (at least in migrita and West-
woodi, the only species known to me from autopsy)
there is no closed anal cellule in the hind wings.

Fenusa quercts (Vol. II, p. 222).

Mr. Fletcher is now of opinion that he was in error
in supposing that this insect mined the leaves of the

186 ATHALIA ANOILLA.

oak, and that it was really an external feeding larva.
It may be a Scolionewra.

Fenosa pumitio (Vol. I, p. 298).

This is referable to Konow’s genus Hntodecta, and is
= to Blennocampa lanceolata, Thoms. (Hym. Scand.,
i, p. 211). Characteristic is the bend at the base of
the transverse basal nervure, which joins the costa
before reaching the cubital nervure.

The pumilio of Thomson is no doubt a different
species, and has been named Fenusa Thomson by
Konow (D. EH. Z., 1886, p. 276).

Fenusa BeTULe (Vol. I, p. 300).

This is nigricans, Klug, no doubt.

Fenusa HortuLana (Vol. I, p. 296).

A specimen from Hayling Island (Billups) has the
middle lobe of the mesonotum testaceous.

Fenusa hortulana has been taken at Chobham by
Mr. Champion.

ATHALIA ANCILLA (Vol. I, p. 306).

It is doubtful if this is identical with A. SLIGO Ns.
Thoms., which name it had better retain.

Brischke (l. c., p. 67, pl. iv, fig. 2) describes the
larvee of A. Mitelaviv Tenglete ‘ne name of rose.

CLADIUS VIMINALIS. 187

Dineura verna (Vol. II, p. 16).

As already (p. 173) indicated, this species is trans-
ferred by Konow from the Nematina to the Blenno-
campides, owing to the transverse basal nervure being
received considerably in front, close to or interstitial
with the transverse costal = Mesoneura.

Konow has also formed for fuscula, parvula, and
mentiens, Thoms., a new genus, Pseudodinewra, distin-
guished from Mesonewra inter alia by the second cubital
cellule receiving only one recurrent nervure, while in
Mesonewra it receives both.

It is difficult to say in which cellule the recurrent
nervures in despecta, Cam., are received, owing to the
absence of the second transverse cubital nervure: in
sumulans from the position of the third transverse
cubital and the second recurrent in the third cubital
cellule, it very likely may be a Pseudodineura, and
selandrwformis may be one also.

Konow places fuscula, K1., in Pseudodineura, but if
so, no great reliance can be placed on the position of
the recurrent nervures, for Klug expressly states
(Berl. Mag., vi, 71) that fuscula belongs to the few
species which have two recurrent nervures in the second
cubital cellule.

D. despecta, Htg.,is placed by Konow in Mesoneura,
and he further states that parvula, Thoms. = fuscula,
Ki. Our species does not appear to be despecta, Htg.,
sec. Knw.; it agrees best with the description of par-
vula, Thoms. Parvula, Klug, has hyaline wings.

Cuiapius viminauis (Vol. II, p. 29).

This species occurs in the United States of America,
where it was discovered by Mr. Lintner, and named
by him Auwlacomerus lutescens (Fourth Report on the

188 CLADIUS BRULLAT.

Injurious and other Insects of the State of New
York, 1888, p. 45, figs. 20—22.
Aulacomerus has no relationship with Cladius.

Crapius Bruuiai (Vol. II, p. 35).

I have treated tristis, Zad., as a synonym of this
Species; and this is also the opinion of von Stein
(Ent. Nacht., 1886, p. 27), who says that the typical
examples he possesses differ in no ways from the
specimens of Bruller he has bred from the raspberry
and bramble feeding larvee.

But Konow (D. H. Z., 1886, p. 75) states that the
fiubus feeding larve are those of C. tener, Lad. I
have re-examined my bred examples, as also those
reared from the raspberry larve by Mr. Fletcher ;
and they do not agree with the description of tener ;
particularly in the latter having the wings “albis
pellucidis,” the tibiz and tarsi “‘lutiscentibus,”’ not
** pallidis,” while in tristis the wings are broadly fus-
cous or smoky in the middle. Konow himself states
(l.c.) that tener easily distinguishes itself from tristis
through its uncoloured wings, and also that it differs
from it in the apex of the sheath being strongly trian-
gularly widened at the apex, which is certainly not
the case with our species.

The amount of fuscous or smoky tint in the wings
varies, aS it does also in intensity. Mr. Fletcher has
bred a g which has them uniformly subhyaline. The
coxe, too, may be white wholly or in part, and the apex
of the coxe may be white; the tegule may be for the
greater part testaceous. The frontal area is not
indicated.

It is possible that Brullz may be distinct from
tristis, but I do not place much confidence in the
white trochanters of Brullzi. Zaddach (Beob., 1883,
p. 22) separates Brullexi from tristis by the wings and
trochanters being white; trisiis having the wings

NEMATUS. 189

brownish coloured, and the trochanters black. Thom-
son, however, distinctly says of Brullxi, ‘“alis basin
versus pleurumque subfumate.”

Brischke describes neither the larvee of tener, Brullzxi,
nor éristis. For our species I propose to retain the name
of tristis, because (Supposing the two are identical) the
imago of Brullzi was not described by Dahlbom; and
Zaddach’s description and name have priority over
Thomson’s.

Nemartus (Vol. II, p. 44).

Konow has split up the old genus Nematus into ten.
He includes in the tribe Nematina, besides these,
Cladius and its sub-genera, Trichocampus and Prio-
phorus, Huura, Dineura, Hemichroa, and Camponiscus.
His arrangement is as follows: .

1. Lanceolate cellule in the middle widely constricted. 2.
Lanceolate cellule petiolate. 6.

2. The second and third cubital cellules each receiving a recurrent
nervure. 3.

The second cubital cellule receiving both recurrent nervures. }.

3. The third to fifth, sometimes also the sixth and seventh in the 4,
having a longer or shorter process; in the ¢ compressed, and
terminating at the apex in a short process. Cladius, Tl.

Antennal joints without process at the apex. 4,

4, The third antennal joint at the base constricted underneath in the

d, with a short, stumpy fork ; in the ? with a sharp edge.
Trichocampus, Htg.

Antenne without any peculiarity. Priophorus, Latr.

5. With one radial cellule. Camponiscus Newm.
With two radial cellules. Hemichroa, Steph.

6. With two radial cellules, the intercostal transverse nervure anas-
tomosing behind the transverse discoidal. Dineura, Dbm.

With one radial cellule; the intercostal transverse nervure received
before the transverse discoidal. Z

7. The apex of the clypeus more or less deeply emarginate or
8.

incised.
Clypeus transverse. 17.
8. The second transverse cubital nervure absent. Euura, Newm.
The fore-wings with four cubital cellules. -
9. The claws at the apex bifid. 10

The claws before the apex with a small tooth, not parallel with
it. 15.

190 NEMATUS FULVIPES.

10.

ales

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.
17.

18.

The 4, before the apex of the eighth dorsal segment, with a small,
blunt, more or less awl-shaped process; the 9 with the an-
tennz towards the apex scarcely attenuated, almost filiform.
Small flies of 3 to 5 mm. in length; the stigma often pale at
the base; the sheath of the saw often pointed posteriorly ; gall-
makers. Pontania, Costa.

The eighth dorsal segment with the ¢ broad, bluntly triangular
or hardly elongate before the apex ; the antenne towards the apex
distinctly attenuated ; the stigma never pale at the base; sheath
never acuminate ; the body larger. 11.

The last ventral segment at the apex bluntly triangularly elon-
gated; sheath normal; the posterior legs simple. 12.

The last ventral segment of the ¢ at the apex emarginate, not
incised; the sheath very broad, or the hinder tibiz and tarsi
thickened. ;

Mesonotum and pleure shining; antennz long and slender, usually
paler beneath the head, seen from the front almost round; the
labrum not longly projecting; the sheath usually very small and
weak. Pteronus, Jur.

Mesonotum and pleure opaque througha very fine and close punctur-
ing; antenne short, stout, sharply attenuated towards the apex ;
head more or less triangular, with a long projecting labrum ;
stigma posteriorly longly pointed ; sheath thick and strong.

Amauronematus, Knw.

Hinder tibie at the apex and hinder tibiz broadly widened.

Oresus, Leach.

Hinder tibie and tarsi weakly thickened or simple.

Hinder tibiew and tarsi thickened, the former longitudinally fur-
rowed. Holcocneme, Knw.

Hinder tibiz and tarsi simple ; the sheath very thick.

Nematus, Jur.

Hinder tibie and tarsi thickened. 14,

Hinder legs simple. 16.

Front with distinct pentagonal area. Pachynematus, Kuw.

Front convex without a pentagonal area.

Pentagonal area more or less distinct; the last dorsal abdominal
segment in the ¢ with a keel reaching to the apex; the sheath
simple. Lygzeonematus, Knw.

Front concave, or with an indistinct pentagonal area; the keel
on the last dorsal segment not reaching to theapex; the sheath

broad, with distinct brush-plates. 18.
Clypeus transverse; the first transverse cubital nervure absent or
indistinct. Pristiphora, Latr.

Clypeus emarginate; the first transverse cubital nervure distinct.
Micronematus, Knw.

Nematus Futvipes (Vol. II, p. 56).

N. brevis, Htg., is treated by Konow as a distinct

species from fulvipes.

NEMATUS LARICIVORUS. 191

NEMATUS ABBREVIATUS (Vol. IT, p. 60).

Nematus abbreviatus is, according to Konow, a
Micronematus ; if so ours is a different species, differ-
ing from Micronematus in having the clypeus trun-
eated and the first transverse cubital nervure obsolete.
Our species is a Pristiphora. The pentagonal area
is subdistinct; the claws have a subapical tooth.
The length should be 5 mm.

Nematus HIBERNICUS (Vol. II, p. 58).

Konow refers N. hibernicus to Micronematus ; but it
does not agree with the description of that section,
inasmuch as my species has the first transverse cubital
nervure very indistinct. .

lla. NEMATUS LARICIVORUS.

Nematus lariciworus, Zaddach, Schr. Ges. Kénig, xxiv, p. 147,
Taf. i, fig. le.

Black ; the labrum, palpi, tegule, the pronotum at the tegule, and
the legs white; the coxe broadly at the base, the four anterior femora
at the base, the hinder almost wholly, the apex of the hind tibix, and
the hind tarsi entirely, black; the orbits in front narrowly brownish ;
the antennz fulvous, blackish on the upper side. Wings hyaline; the
costa and stigma yellowish testaceous; the costa palest at the base;
the stigma inclining to fuscous at the base. Antenne as long as the
thorax and abdomen united, densely pilose, slightly compressed; the
3—5 joints subequal. Head covered with short greyish pile, distinctly
punctured ; frontal area obsolete; clypeus transverse. Thorax shortly
pilose, opaque, and punctured above; a fine keel down the middle lobe
of the mesonotum; cenchri large, pallid. Abdomen shining, finely
shagreened, the last segment above with an A-shaped impression in
the centre, enclosing a raised, somewhat pear-shaped part; cerci
longish. Legs covered with white pile; claws apparently simple. The
first transverse cubital nervure is faint; the third cubital cellule a

192 NEMATUS OBLONGUS.

little wider than long; the second transverse cubital nervure received
about its own length in front of, the transverse basal nervure received
a little in front of the middle of the cellule; the second cubital cellule

has a horny point. ,
The 9, according to Zaddach, has the antenne black, the coxe only

black at the base, and the femora are less strongly marked with black.
Length 7 mm.

The femora want the reddish tinge so conspicuous
in the femora of appendiculatus ; the vertex and front
are much more strongly punctured, as is also the
mesonotum; the hind tarsi are entirely black, and
the apex of the hind tibiz is more distinctly and uni-
formly so; the third cubital cellule is shorter, and
is not dilated at the apex, and the pubescence is
darker.

The larva feeds on Larix in August. It is 10 mm.
long, green, the dorsal vessel darker and bordered
with white; over the legs is a white longitudinal line ;
the head shining, the eye-spots black.

Brischke says there-are two generations in the year.

Plymouth (C. G. Bignell).

Prussia.

Nematvus osioneus (Vol. II, p. 69).

In E. M. M., xxi, 193, I have suggested that this
may be identical with N. laricis, Htg. On re-exami-
nation I am inclined to doubt this; in fact, from the
obsolete pentagonal area, and from the shorter body
form, I should be inclined to refer oblongus to Pristi-
phora rather than to Lygenematus, to which group
Konow refers laricis. The first transverse cubital
nervure is quite distinct.

NEMATUS CRASSICORNIS. 193

Nematus mous (Vol. II, p. 74).

Brischke (1. c., new series, vi, p. 2) bred this species
from a smooth, bluish-green larva, transversely wrin-
kled, with a darker dorsal vessel bordered on either
side with white, which fed at the end of June on
Vaccinium myrtillus. I have noticed this larva at
Rannoch, but failed to rear the imago.

8a. NEMATUS CRASSICORNIS.
Nematus crassicornis, Htg., Blattw., 204.

Black; the apex of the coxe, the trochanters, the base and apical
three-fourths of the four anterior femora, the posterior femora at base
and apex, the four anterior tarsi, the basal three-fourths of the hind
tibize and the tegule white; the labrum brownish towards the apex.
Wings hyaiine, somewhat suffused in the middle; the costa white; the
stigma dark fuscous; the nervures fuscous. Head sbining, shortly
pilose, the front and vertex punctured, but not strongly; pentagonal
area obsolete; the antennal fovea small; clypeus distinctly roundly
but not deeply incised; the apex of labrum transverse. Palpi white
towards the apex; thorax shortly but rather densely pilose; the
mesonotum obsoletely punctured ; cenchri clear white. Abdomen longer
than the head and thorax united; the anal segment and cerci reddish;
the latter short, thick, about three times longer than broad. Antenne
as long as the thorax and abdomen united, moderately stout, distinctly
tapering towards the apex; the third joint slightly curved beneath and
a little longer than the fourth; the flagellum black above, reddish-
brown beneath. First transverse cubital nervure almost obsolete; the
second cubital with a horny point; the third cubital cellule about one-
fourth longer than broad, dilated towards the apex. Claws with a
subapical tooth.

The ¢ has the antenne thicker, the third joint distinctly curved,
the flagellum entirely red. The last segment of the abdomen above
projects in the middle, this middle part being raised and separated
from the sides by furrows. :

Length 7mm. ?,6mm. ¢.

I have seen several English examples of this species.
Characteristic (for the group) is the incised clypeus.
Germany.

VOL. IV. ey

194 NEMATUS HM@MORRHOIDALIS.

20a. NEMATUS PALLIPES.

Tenthredo pallipes, Fallén, Acta Holm., 1808, 110, 48.
Nematus pallipes, Thomson, Hym. Sc., i, 97, 20.
Nematus carinatus, Htg., Blattw., 199, 28.

This species has been taken by Mr. C.G. Champion
at Aviemore in Inverness-shire. It comes nearest to N.
astutus and N. lativentris, but differs from both in the
legs and stigma being yellowish-testaceous; the hind
femora are only slightly lined with black; and in par-
ticular the apex of the middle lobe of the mesonotum
is U-shaped, not v-shaped as in the other species.
N. breadalbanensis 1s a narrower species than it; has
the antennz longer and thinner; the abdomen is
longer; the femora and coxee are broadly black; the
rest of the legs whitish, not reddish-testaceous; the
spurs are shorter, and the transverse basal nervure is
received nearer the middle of the cellule. The keel
on the mesonotum is indistinct, and there is also an
indistinct keel on the scutelluam in my example of
pallipes. The third cubital cellule is longer and more
dilated at the apex than it is in astutus, and the wings
are of a much more decided fulvous tint.

Nematus c@ruLEocareus (Vol. IT, p. 82).

Konow refers vicinus, Lep., to crassus.

Nematus H@Morruorpais (Vol. II, p. 96).

Konow gives pallicerus, Htg., as a synonym; while,
as will be seen (p. 99), I have treated it as identical
with capree.

Nematus circumscriptus, Foer., is no doubt distinct
from capreex.

NEMATUS PALLIATUS. 195

Nematus turaipus (Vol. IT, p. 103).

Konow reduces this as a synonym of N. brachy-
notus, Foer. (Vehr. ver. Rhein., 1x, 295, pl. v, fig. 138).

NEMATUS CANALICULATUS (Vol. JO je. MOG).

N. stenogaster, Foer. = fullax, teste Konow.

Nematus STRONGYLOGASTER, Wolle We joe 1s)

Konow quotes doubtfully N. fuscomaculatus, Foer.,
and N. incompletus, Foer., as synonyms; but both
differ in having the light colour whitish-yellow, espe-
cially on the head, whilst here it is brownish or tes-
taceous.

Nematus tactsrus (Vol. IT, p. 116).

Kriechbaumer (C. B. Ver. Regenst., xxxiv, p. 110)
has shown that this species is melanaspis, Htg.
(S. EH. Z., i, p. 27); and the species has also been
described by Brischke and Zaddach under the name
of N. sulphureus, Schr. Ges. Konig, xvi, pl. u, fig.
14; l. ¢., xxiv, p. 337). Zaddach did not place it
among the green Nematu.

Nemarus patzratus (Vol. II, p. 120).

A synonym of this species is perhaps N. hypo-
wanthus (ef. von Stein, Hnt. Nacht., 1884, p. 352).

196 NEMATUS V-FLAVUM.

Nematus mruraris (Vol. IT, p. 125).

I have already (1. c., p. 116) indicated some doubt
as to this being the true miliaris, Pz. The first copy
of Panzer’s work I examined had the figure coloured
more like our species than any other; but another
copy had it coloured more like croceus, and a re-exa-
mination has convinced me that the name miliaris
should be applied to croceus. Our miliaris is to be
called microcercus, Thoms.

Nematvs trpiatis (Vol. II, p. 180).

Continental authors adopt the name of hortensis for
this species ; but inasmuch as Newman’s description
was published in January, and presumably before the
appearance of Hartig’s book, I consider that the name
tibialis should apply.

Nematvus consosrinus (Vol. II, p. 131.)
Konow (D. HE. Z., 1890, p. 245) refers wmbrinus,
Zad., to leucotrochus, Htg. ; but this is not the opinion
of Zaddach himself, who referred it to consobrinus.
Nematus consucatus (Vol. II, p. 140).

A synonym of this: species is awrantiacus, Voll.,
non Hteg. bons

Nematus V-ruavom (Vol. II, p. 142).

This is a Nematus as limited by Konow, 7. e. it
belongs to the luteus group. The clypeus is not quite
so sharply incised as in luteus.

NEMATUS FLAVESCENS. 197

Nematus croceus (Vol. II, p. 144).
As already indicated, this should be called N.

miliaris, Pz.

NEMATUS CADDERENSIS (Vol. II, p. 147).

Konow in his catalogue sinks this as a synonym of
N. miliaris (croceus); but the larve are so different,
as will be seen by comparing my figure with the
figures of miliaris, as given by Vollenhoven and
Brischke, that I cannot accept this view.

98a. NEMATUS FAGI.
Nematus fagi, Zaddach, Schr. Ges. Konig, xvi, Taf. v, fig. 1.

The imago of this species is not to be distinguished
from miliaris (croceus) by any appreciable characters.

The larva is, however, so very different, that we
may conclude that the two are quite distinct. It
feeds on the beech, eating the leaves along the edges.
It is green, shining, rather cylindrical, the dorsal
vessel darker, the skin rough, and along the sides are
irregularly arranged black points. Head shining, the
vertex fuscous ; eye-spots black. Found in July.

Sale, Cheshire.

Nematous FLAvescens (Vol. II, p. 149).

Our species is a Pteronus, while pallescens, Htg., 18
given by Konow as a Pachynematus with olivaceus,
Thoms., and ruficeps, Zadd., as synonyms. Our
species is certainly identical with varius, Brischke and
Zaddach, and agrees perfectly, with a type I had

198 NEMATUS ALBIPENNIS.

from Zaddach under the name of dilutus. As Ste-
phens’ name is in any case the earliest, no change is
required in the nomenclature beyond the excision of
the name pallescens as synonym.

Nemarus Guorrianus (Vol. II, p. 148).

Konow accepts my suggestion (I. c., p. 149) that this
is identical with N. ferrugineus, Foer.

Nematus antennatus (Vol. II, p. 155).

Konow is no doubt correct in sinking this as a
synonym of aurantiacus, Htg., non Cam., Thoms.,
Vollenhoven.

Nematus avrantiacus (Vol. II, p. 173).

This is not, as stated, aurantiacus, Htg. What
it may be I am unable to say.

Nematus Aupreennis (Vol. II, p. 175).

Konow treats N. confusus as a distinct species from
albipenms.

If Konow’s views of the limits of the genera are to
be accepted, our species will be arranged as follows:

PRISTIPHORA.

Conjugata (Vol. IT, p. 140).
Betule (Vol. II, p. 188).
Quercis (Vol. II, p. 52).
Pallidiventris (Vol. II, p. 108).
Oblonga (Vol. II, p. 69).
Abbreviata (Vol. II, p. 60).

‘PACHYNEMATUS. 199

Appendiculata (Vol. II, p. 66).
Fulvipes (Vol. II, p. 56).
Puncticeps (Vol. II, p. 59).
Crassicornis (Vol. IV, p. 198).
Ruficornis (Vol. II, p. 62).
Fletcheri (Vol. IT, p. 65).
Laricivora (Vol. IV, p. 191).
Nigricollis (Vol. IT, p. 66).
Funerula (Vol. I, p. 69).

LYG#ONEMATUS.

Body elongated, ovate; clypeus truncated at the
apex; pentagonal area more or less distinct; claws
with a subapical tooth. ‘The eighth abdominal seg-
ment in the ¢ keeled, the keel shghtly produced at the
apex. The saw-sheath simple.

Hrichsoni (Vol. II, p. 50).
Ambiguus (Vol. II, p. 70).
Compressicornis (Vol. II, p. 55).
Lativentris (Vol. II, p. 78).
Leucopodius (Vol. II, p. 79).
Mollis (Vol. I, p. 74).
Breadalbanensis (Vol. II, p. 76).
Pallipes, Fall. (Vol. IV, p. 194).
Whitei (Vol. IT, p. 75).
Fraternus (Vol. II, p. 73).
Scoticus (Vol. II, p. 72).
Astutus (Vol. II, p. 77).
Parvicornis (Vol. IT, p. 80).

PACHYNEMATUS.

' Body short, thickish; clypeus emarginate at the
apex ; the claw stout, armed with a subapical tooth ;
the antenne in the g¢ compressed, in ? shortish,

200 HOLCOONEME.

subsetaceous, usually blackish. The eighth abdo-
minal segment in the g at the apex largely and
widely, and the hypopygium subtriangularly pro-
duced. The sheath short, thickish.

Turgidus (Vol. II, p. 103).
Caprez (Vol. IT, p. 99).
Rumicis (Vol. II, p. 179).
Imperfectus (Vol. II, p. 105).
Canaliculatus (Vol. II, p. 106).
Thomsgoni (Vol. II, p. 87).
Clibrichensis (Vol. IT, p. 88).
Apicalis (Vol. II, p. 89).
Leucogaster (Vol. II, p. 112).
Conductus (Vol. II, p. 111).
Obductus (Vol. II, p. 110).
Subbifidus (Vol. II, p. 139).
Albipennis (Vol. II, p. 175).

NEMATUS.

This includes only the ruficapillus group, namely :

Abdominalis (Vol. II, p. 158).
Ruficapillus (Vol. II, p. 158).
Aurantiacus (antennatus) (Vol. II, p. 155).
Bilineatus (Vol. Il, p. 156).

Caledonicus (Vol. II, p. 159).

V-flavum (Vol. II, p. 14:2).

-Acuminatus (Vol. II, p. 160).

HoLcOcNEME.

Body large; apex of clypeus emarginate ; claws at
apex bifid or with a subapical tooth; head and thorax
strongly punctured and but little shining; stigma
ovate at base, acuminate towards the apex, black;
hinder tibiz and tarsi thickened, the former grooved ;

PTERONUS. 201

the ¢ hypopygium at apex emarginate. Sheath
small, thickish. i rhea
Crassa (Vol. II, p. 81). ;
Coeruleocarpa (Vol. II, p. 82).
Lucida (Vol. ITI, p. 84).

AMAURONEMATUS, Knw.

Body large ; the apex of the clypeus incised ; claws
bifid at the apex; antennz: short, substaceous, usu-
ally black; the stigma elongate, at the base ovate,
the apex acuminate; head, mesonotum, and meso-
pleure finely and closely punctured, opaque; head
subtriangular, the labium longly produced. Sheath
thick, usually large.

Histrio (Vol. IT, p. 91).
Glenelgensis (Vol. II, p. 93).
Heemorrhoidalis (Vol. II, p. 96).
Humeralis (Vol. II, p. 96).
Arcticus (Vol. II, p. 181).
Longiserra (Vol. II, p. 94).
Placidus (Vol. II, p. 90).

Preronus, Jur.

Body large, hard; clypeus incised at the apex;
claws bifid ; antennz long, almost always pale beneath ;
stigma of one colour; mesonotum and mesopleura
shining, not sometimes sparsely punctured ; head sub-
rotund; labium not sometimes slightly prominent.
The eighth dorsal abdominal segment at the apex sub-
triangularly produced; the apex of the hypopygium
narrow and subtruncately rounded. Sheath small,
slim, the apex never acuminate.

Bipartitus (Vol. II, p. 176).
Togatus (Vol. IT, p. 184).
Pavidus (Vol. II, p. 171).

202

PONTANIA.

Flavescens (Vol. II, p. 149).

Ferrugineus (glottianus) (Vol. II, p. 148).
Dorsatus (Vol. II, p. 151)

Fagi (Vol. IV, p. 197).

Miliaris (croceus) (Vol. IT, p. 144).
Cadderensis (Vol. II, p. 147).

Bergmanni (Vol. II, p. 123).

Microcercus (miliar is) ( (Vol. II, p. 125).
Sylvestris (Vol. I, p. 124).

Glutinose (Vol. II, p. 126).

Salicivorus (Vol. Il, p- 128).

Curtispina (Vol. Ti p. 121).

Viridescens (Vol. IT, p. 122).

Palliatus (Vol. I, p. ‘120.

Melanaspis, Htg. (lactens) (Viol Ip: 116).
Maculiger (Vol. II, p. 118).

Orbitalis (Vol. I, p. 119).

Zetterstedti (Vol. IL p. 135).

Pulchellus (Vol. II, p. 114).

Tibialis (Vol. II, p. 130).
Myosotidis (Vol. Eps 33):
Monticola (Vol. II, p. 133).
Strongylogaster (Vol. II, p. 113).
Consobrinus (Vol. II, p. 131).
Ribesii (Vol. IT, p. 168).

Collinus (Vol. II, p. 167).
Melanocephalus (Vol. II, p. 165).
Salicis (Vol. II, p. 163).

PoNTANIA.

Body small, soft; clypeus incised at the apex;
claws bifid at the apex; stigma usually of two colours.
The eighth dorsal segment produced in the middle,
narrow, obtuse, black. The ¢? antenne subfiliform ;
the sheath usually acuminate at the apex.

Leucosticta (Vol. II, ples):
Leucostigma (Vol. II, p. 190).

PHCILOSOMA GUTTATUM. 203

Vacciniella (Vol. II, p. 191).
Albicarpus (Vol. IT, p. 192).
Purpureze (Vol? Il; p: 193):
Nigrolineata (Vol. II, p. 194).
Ischnocerus (Vol. II, p. 195).
Baccarum (Vol. II, p. 197).
Salicis-cinerez (Vol. II, p. 198).
Bella (Vol. II, p. 200).
Curticornis (Vol. II, p. 202).
Gallicola (Vol. II, p. 202).
Herbacez (Vol. II, p. 205).
Bridgmani (Vol. IT, p. 208).
Alienata (Vol. II, p. 207).
Crassispina (Vol. II, p. 207).
Vesicator (Vol. II, p. 183).
Xanthogaster (Vol. II, -p. 177).
Scotaspis (Vol. II, p. 182).

SELANDRIA CINEREIPES (APERTA).

Brischke (Schr. Natur. Ges. z. Danzig, vi, p. 5)
found the larva of this species on Myosotis. It
is 14 mm. in length, dull, transversely wrinkled,
with many raised warts on the sides, and raised pro-
tuberances on the somewhat thickened thoracic seg-
ments. The ground colour is bright grey, the back
to the stigmal line blackish-grey merging into blue;
the head and claws are black.

Brischke found the larve in October, apparently
about to spin up.

P@cILOSOMA GUTTATUM.
A larva found by Brischke on Viola tricolor and

Polygonum yielded an imago which that entomologist
doubtfully refers to P. guttatum.

204 AULAX SOABIOSA.

Emeuytus TENER (Vol. I, p. 280).

H. Olivier (Bull. Ent. Soc. Fr., 1890, Ixxvii) de-
scribes the larva of this species as being very injurious
to vines, through the ¢ laying its eggs in the
pruned twigs of the vines, the larve boring their way
down the twigs, devouring as they do so the medul-
lary canal, thus causing the branches to wither. The
larva, according to Olivier, is of a beautiful delicate
green colour.

It is obvious that in this country the larva apne
have some other food-plant than the vine. See Vol. I,
p- 281, for Stein’s observations on its habits.

SELANDRIA SERVA (ante, p. 168).

From a note by von Stein the larva described by
Brischke under the name of Selandria serva is really
that of Sciopteryx costatus (cf. Hnt. Nacht., ix, p. 24:7).

AULAX SOABIOSE (ante, p. 51).

As indicated, Aulax scabiose ig recorded on the
authority of Mr. H. A. Fitch. I had, however, over-
looked a subsequent note of that gentleman (Hnt.,
xii, 131) to the effect that, having sent the bred imago
to Prof. Mayr, that authority reported that the species
was not Aulax scabiosxe, but a new species between
A. scabiose and A. areolatus. The gall of A. scabiose
is as figured (after Mayr), while the gall formed by the
new species is monothalmous, and ‘“ consists of .an
irregular oviform swelling on the midrib, situate at
the base of the leaf, where it shoots forth from the
petiole ; it is but slightly lighter in colour than the leaf

.PARTHENOGENESIS. 205

itself, which it resembles in structure and in the amount
of the pubescence ”’ (Fitch, Ent., x, 125).
The fly has a well-defined areolet.

BIoRHIZA TERMINALIS.

Besides some of the above-mentioned parasites
Reinhard records Hupelmus Geert, Dal., Syphonura
variolosa, Ns., Pteromalus fascicularis, Foerst., P.
naucus, Foerst., P. cynipis, L., Bracon tmmutator
(SH. Z., 18707p. 386).

Common all over this country and on the Continent.

PARTHENOGENESIS.

The only new case I have to record is that of Hrio-
campa annulipes. I induced virgin females to lay
egos, which produced males.

In Cheshire I have found this species to be injurious
to beech hedges.

LIST OF FOOD-PLANTS.
(See also Vol. I, pp. 32—41.)

Ranunculus acris.—Selandria serva, F.

— sceleratus.—Blennocampa ephippium.
— repens.—Tenthredo scalaris.

Hepatica triloba.—Dineura hepatice, Br.

Stellaria holostea.—Tenthredo scalaris.

Tilia europsea.—Blennocampa tenuicornis, K].; Nematus ruficornis.

Acer campestre.—Fenusa hortulana; Creesus septentrionalis.

Lycopus ewropeus.—Athalia scutellarie.

Prunus.—Hoplocampa ferruginea, Pz.; H. brevis, K.; H. fulvicornis,
Kl.; Blennocampa nigripes, Kl.; Nematus pruni, Zad.; N.
cheilon, Zad.

Viola tricolor.—Selandria cinereipes.

Cratzgus oxyacantha.—Hoplocampa crategi; Nematus crategi, Zad.;
N. Fletcheri, Cam.

Pyrus.—Cladius padi, Tenthredo punctulata, T. livida, T. fagi.

Rubus.—Blennocampa alternipes, Taxonus agrorum, Nematus flavi-
comus, Tischb.

Rosa.—Blennocampa rosarum, Br.; EHriocampa livonensis, Gim. ;
Tenthredo livida ; Cyphona gemmata.

Geum urbanum.—Fenusa Gei, Br.

Pimpinella saxifraga.—Tenthredopsis brevispina, Brischke; T. scu-
tellaris.

Symphytum oficinale—Tenthredo procera, K].

Spirea ulmaria.—Tenthredo rufiventris.

Mentha aquatica.—Pachyprotasis viridis ; Tenthredo atra.

Petasites.—Tenthredo mandibularis. T. procera.

Arctium lappa.—Tenthredo mesomela.

Artemisia campestris.—Tenthredopsis scutellaris ; T. brevispina.

Solidago virgaurea.—Pachyprotasis rape; P. levicollis.

Vaccinium myrtillus.—EHriocampa annulipes.

Lythrum salicaria.—Taxonus glabratus.

Lamium album.—Tenthredo atra.

Galium aparine.—Blennocampa assimilis.

Cydonia vulgaris.—Hriocampa limacina.

Polygonum.—Tenthredo mesomela, Taxonus equiseti, Pecilosoma gut-
tatum ? (cf. Brischke, antea, p. 203).

Plantago.—Pachyprotasis viridis, Br.

Populus tremula.—Kriocampa varipes, K1].; Nematus canaliculatus.

Saliz.—Tenthredo rufiventris ; Hmphytus perla, K1].; Pcecilosoma im-
pressum; Harpiphorus lepidus; Camponiscus aurita, Zad.; Ne-
matus varius, Lep., Zad.; N. levis, Zad.; N. vagus, Zad.; N.
lucolenus, Zad.

Betula alba.—Pecilosoma candidatum, Fall. sec. Br.; Fenusa minima,
Br.; N. puncticeps; N. dispar, Zad.; N. pecilonotus, Zad.

LIST OF FOOD-PLANTS. 207

Carpinus betule.—Creesus Brischkei, Zad.

Alnus.—Tenthredo punctulata; T. rufiventris.

Fagus sylvatica.—Eriocampa annulipes.

Quercus robur.—Emphytus apicalis, K1.; E. tibialis, Pz.

Pinus, Lariz, Abies, &e—Camponiscus ovatus, Zad.; Nematus larici-
soe Zad.; N. bufo, Br.; N. lariciphagus, Br.; N. Wesmaeli,

isch.

Festuca.— Dolerus hematodus, D. cenchris.

Juncus.—Dolerus gonagra; D. lateritius; Tenthredopsis brevispina,
Brischke.

Carex.— Dolerus anthracinus.

Pteris aquilina.—Tenthredo livida; T. rufiventris.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Inst of the Principal Papers published in Journals and Transactions
of Scientific Societies. For Titles of Complete Works see Vol. I,
pp. 321—325.

Adler, H. Beitrage zur Naturgeschichte der Cynipiden. D. E. Z.,
1877, 209—248.

— Lege-Apparat. und Hierlegen der Gallwespen. L. c., 305—332.

— Ueber den Generationswechsel der Hichengallen. Zeitschr. f.
Wissen. Zool., xxxv, 1881, 151—246.

André, Edm. Notes Hymenopterologiques. Catalogue raisonné des
Tenthredines recueilles en Syrie et en Palestine en 1880 par Elzéar
Abeille de Perrin, Ann. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1881, 383—362.

— Description de quelques Tenthrédines orientales inédites. L. c.,
437 —443.

— Blennocampa melanopygia, Costa. LL. c., 444—448.

Ascherson, P. Die springenden Tamarisken Fruchte und LEichen-
gallen. Abh. Ver. Bremen, xii, 53—58.

Ashmead, W. H. On the Cynipidous Galls of Florida, and Descrip-
tions of New Species. Proc. Ent. Soc. A. N.S., ix—xx, xxiv—xxvill,
1881 ; and 1885, x—xix.

—A Bibliographical and Synonymical Catalogue of the North
American Cynipide, with Descriptions of New Species. Trans.
Am. Ent. Soc., xii, 291—304.

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1i, 16

BIBLIOGRAPHY. Pe 1a

Cameron, Peter (continued)—
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—296.
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(ie

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212 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Cameron, Peter (continued)—

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Cameron, Peter (continued)—

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~

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— Aphilothria globuli, Hart., a Gall-maker New to Britain. Ent.,

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BIBLIOGRAPHY. DAWA

Fletcher, J. EH. (continued)—

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\

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* The whole of Klug’s papers on Saw-flies have been republished in
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BIBLIOGRAPHY. We

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Mayr’s work on the Central European Oak-galls has been translated,
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cerricola, 73; Dryocosmus cerriphilus, 75; Dryophanta macroptera,
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C. conifica, 170; Aphilothria serotina, 170; Trigonaspis meguptera,
193; Cynips argentea, 194; C. hungarica, 217; C. tinctoria, 218;
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nosa, Gir., vill, 73; C. coriaria, 75 ; C. polycera, 97 ; C. caliciformis,
99; C. amblycera, 121; C. galeata, 121; Aphilothrix lucida, 145.
A. gemme, 146; A. solitaria, 169; A. globuli, 254; A, autumnalis
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294 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Mayr (continued)—

mentinse, 2; Synophus politus, 26; Andricus terminalis, 28; A. in-
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Spathegaster Giraudi, 75; 8. aprilinus, ix, 76; ? Cynips aries, 77;
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Ei

VOL. IV. 15

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diverses. L’Ent. Gen., i, 11, 12 (Avge caucasica et A. Beckeri).
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Verh. z.-b. Ges, Wien, 1869, 559.

— Zwei neue Osterreich Cynipiden und deren Gallen. L.c., 1871, 37.

Trail, J. W. H. Oak-galls at Ballater in June, including Andricus
amenti, Giraud, New to Britain. EK. M. M., x, 85.

— Occurrence of Galls of Spathegaster vesicatriz, Schlechtendal, at
Banchory. KE. M. M., x, 85.

— Occurrence of Galls of Andricus quadrilineatus, Htg., near Aberdeen.
E. M. M., x, 39.

— Galls and their Gall-makers in Dee. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of
Aberdeen, 1878, 65.

— Dimorphism in Oak-gall Makers and in their Galls. Proc. Perth
Soc. Nat. Science, 1884, 120—132.

— The Gall-making Hymenoptera of Scotland (exclusive of those that
live on Oak). L. ¢., 1888, 1—19.

— Scottish Oak-galls. Scot. Nat., 302—307.

Uhlmann, J. Kleiner Beitrag ueber Hichengallen aus der Nahe Berns.
Mittheil. Schweiz Ent. Gesel., 1880, 25—32.

Vallot, J. H. Mémoire pour servir des insectes ennemis de la vigne
(Hylotoma vitis). Ann. Soc. Royale d’Agric. d. Lyon, iv, 257,
1841.

— Observations sur une espéce de Tenthrédes qui attaque les branches
de chévrefeuille. Compt rendu d’Acad. d. Sc., Paris, ii, 512, 513.

Vollenhoven, Snellen van. Over de Larve van Cimbex lucorwm (betuleti).
Tid. voor Nat. Geschiedenen in Physiol., v, 97—102, 1843.

— Beschrijvingen eeniger Larven van Tenthredinete. L. c., 1844, ii,
157—163.

— Drie niewe soorten van inlandsche Hymenoptera. Tijds. voor Ent.,
1867, 222 (Nematus pectoralis, Hucoela inflata).

— Nieuwe Naamlyst van Nederlandsche vliesvlengelige Insekten. L.c.,
xii, 89—118 (Nematus immaculatus, N. catachloris, Dolerus Buszzt,
Emphytus majalis, Phyllotoma pinguis, Selandria humeralis, S.
soror, S. phtisica, Macrophya Klugti, sp. nov.). _

— Beschrijving van eenige nieuwe soorten van Bladwespen. Tijd. v.
Ent., iv, 1860.

— Naamliesst van Nederlandsche vliesvlengelige Insekten (Hymen-
opie. Herklot’s Prowstoffen voor eene Fauna van Nederland, ii,
221—283.

— De Inlandsche Bladwespen in hare gedaantewisselingen levenswegge
beschreven. Tijds. voor. Int. :—Cimbex femorata, L., 1. c. (2), v,
64—69, pl. ni; Ent., 1876, 3—8; C. sylvarum, F., xviii, 33—38,
pl. ui; Ent., 1879, 171—175; C. awillaris, Pz., v, 49—54; Zool.,
9263—9265; C. detuleti, K1., ii, 63, pl. 111; Zool., 8012; C. lucorum,

932 BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Vollenhoven, Snellen van (continued) —

L., iii (2), 197, pl. viii; v, 70, pl. iv; Ent., 1875, 5—8; C. lateralis,
Leach, vi, 65—71, pl. iv; C. amerine, L., iii, 104—108, pl. viii;
Zool., 8789; Abia xnea, Kl., i, 144, pl. v; Hylotoma pullata,
Zadd., 1. c., xxii, pl. ii; H. vulgaris, K1., l. c., xxii, pl. ii; H. ustu-
lata, L., 1. c., xxii, pl. iv; H. rosex, F., iv, 70—78, pl. ii; Zool.,
1865, 9749—9754; Lophyrus pini, L., iv, 70—78, pl. ii, var. v (2),
71, pl. iv; Zool., 7887; L. similis, Htg., ii,-134, pl. viii; Zool.,
8302; L. rufus, K1., iv, 65—69, pl.i; Zool., 1865, 9635—9638; L.
virens, K1., viii (2), 1—5, pl.i; Ent., 18, 1879, 4—8; Cladius dif-
formis, Pz., iii (2), 202—205, pl. ix; Hnt., 1875, 26—29; C.uncinnatus,
Kl., iv, 84—87, pl. iv; Zool., 1865, 9833—9835 ; C. albipes, K1., vi,
72—75, pl. v; C. viminalis, Fall.,i, 176, pl. x; Zool., 7721; Crypto-
campus angustus, H.; C. mucronatus, Htg., v, 112, 237—254,
pl. xii; Ent., xi, 243—247; Nematus septentrionalis, L., ii, 74—
78, 1862, pl.v; v (2), 75; Zool., 8175; N. varus, Voll., vi, 76—80,
pl. vi; NV. latipes, Voll., ii (2), 174—177, pl. viii; Ent., 1874, 252—
255; N. ceruleocarpus, Htg., i, 148, pl. vi; Zool., 7526; N. salicis,
L., v, 60—64, pl. 11; Zool., 1865, 9474-7; N. ventricosus, K1., ii,
69—73, pl. iv; v (2), 72, pl. iv; Zool., 81, 83; N. consobrinus, Voll.,
vi (2), 237, pl.x; Ent., 1876, 247—251; N. perspicillaris (melano-
cephalus), xxiii, 12; N. Wttewaalli, Voll., v, 65, pl. iv; Zool., 1865,
9549-51; N. trimaculatus, Voll., v, 69—71, pl. iv; Zool., 1865,
9551— 9553 ; N. aurantiacus, K1., vi, 184—187, pl. xii; N. betulz,
Htg., vu, 70—74, pl. in; N. betularius, Htg., 11 (2), 165—167, pl. vi;
Ent., 1872, 132—134; WN. hortensis, K1., i, 151, pl. vii; Zool., 7571;
N. aquilgeiz, Voll.,i (2), 202—205, pl.ix; Ent., 1872, 9; N. vallator,
Voll., i, 191, pl. xii; Zool., 7855; N. pallicercus, Htg., vi, 179—183,
pl. xu; N. appendiculatus, Htg., v (2); 55—58, pl. 1; Ent., 1875,
76—78; NN. solea, Voll., v (2), 59, 60, pl. i; Emnt., 1875, 79, 80;
N. abbreviatus, Htg., iii (2), 206, pl. x; Ent., 1875, 49—52; N.
virescens, Htg., 11 (2), 168, pl. vii; N. crassulus, xiv, 261, pl. xi;
N. viminalis, L., i, 147, pl. x; Zool., 8473; N. lugdunensis, Voll.,
vi (2), 243, pl. xi; Hnt., 1877, 275—279; N. luridiventris, xiv, 274
—277; Dineura alni, L., vii, 84—88, pl. v; Zool., 55, 2478—
2574; D. rufa, Pz., vii, 89—93, pl. vi; Zool., 1872, 19; Emphytus
cinctus, L., viii, 73—77, pl. 111; Zool., 55, 1993; LH. tibialis, Pz., ii,
143—146, pl. ix; Zool., 8409; H. serotinus, K1., v (2), 61—63, pl. 11;
Ent., 1875, 123—125; Phyllotoma melanopyga, K1., i (2), 196—201,
pl. viii; Ent., 1872, 70; P. tenella, Zad., xviii, 89—42, pl. iv; Ent.,
1879, 264—267; Selandria pusilla, K1., iv, 79—83, pl. iii; Zool.,
1865, 9830—9833; S. albipes, xiv, 270; S. annulipes, KL, ii (2), 178
—182, pl. ix; Ent., 1874, 267—271; S. cereipes, Voll., viii (2), 13—
15, pl. ni; Ent., 1879, 149—151; S. melanocephala, F., viii, 79—83,
pl. iv; Zool., 55, 1871, 2478; S. fulvicornis, 4—6, pl. i, figs. 1—5;
S. adumbrata, 1. c., xxii, pl.i; S. candidata, xiv, 258, pl. x; Ent.,
xiv, 105; S. ovata, L., vi, 81—86; Pecilosoma pulveratum, xxiii, 7,
pl. 1; Phymatocera aterrima, Kl. v, 55—59, pl. 11; Zool., 1865,
9471—9474; Athalia spinarum, F., iii, 109, pl. ix; Zool., 9067-72 ;
Allantus scrophularia, L., 111, 99—103, pl. vii; Zool., 83653; A. tr-
cinctus, F., i (2), 189—195; Zool.,7718; Tenthredo colon, K1., xviii,
43—49, pl.v; Ent., xiv, 30; Macrophya albicincta, Schr., 1. ec. (2),
i, 189—195, pl. vii; Ent., 1872, 43; Dolerus hematodis, xxiii, 14—
16, pl. iii; Lyda clypeata, K1., viii (2), 6—12, pls. ii and iii; Ent.
1879, 101—106,

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 933

Wachitl, F. Mittheilungen ueber neue und wenig bekannten Cynipiden.
Verh. z.-b. Ges. Wien, 1880, 539.

— Hinige Berichtigungen zuder Abtheilung “ Hymenoptera ” des von
der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel herausgegebenen Jahres-
berichtes fir 1882. W. E. Z., 1882, 85—87.

— Hine neue Gallwespe (Aulax Kerneri).. W. H. Z., 1891, 277—280.

Walker, F. Description of some British Species of Anacharis. Ent.
Mag., 11, 518—552.

— Observations on the British Cynipides. L. ¢., 111, 159—170.

— Notes on some Chalcidides and Cynipides in the Collection of the
Rev. F. W. Hope. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., xix, 227.

— Strex varipes, sp. nov.,in Lord’s The Naturalist in Vancouver Island
and British Columbia, 1866.

— Note on Oak-apples. Ent., v, 431.

— The Devonshire Gall Cynips Kollari. Ent., ix, 52—54.

— Rose Galls. Ent., 1874, 113.

— Cynips lignicola (= Kollarz) on Quercus phellos. Ent., 1875, 4.

— List of Insects inhabiting Oak-apples. Zool., iv, 1454—1457.

— Abstract of Dr. Mayr’s Monograph of the Synergi of the Oak-galls.

- Cistula Entomologica, x, 271.

Walsh, B.D. On Dimorphism in the Hymenopterous Genus Cynips,
with an Appendix containing Hints for a New Classification of
Cynipide, and a List of Cynipide, including Descriptions of
several New Species inhabiting the Oak-galls of Illinois. Proc.
Ent. Soc. Phil., 1, 443—500.

— On Hymenopterous Insects (Tenthredinide) inhabiting the Galls of
certain Species of Willow. L. c., vi, 229—264, 1866.

Webster, F. M. Adults of the American Cimbex injuring the Willow
and Cotton Wood in Nebraska. Ins. Life, i, 228—230.

Westwood, J. O. Insectorum Arachnoidumque novorum decades duo
(Oryssus Sayvi). Zool. Journ., v, 440, 1830.

— Characters of New Genera and Species of Hymenopterous Insects.
Proce. Zool. Soe., ii, 51—54,, 68—72.

— Notice of the Habits of a Cynipideous Insect Parasite upon the
Aphis rosz, with Descriptions of several other Parasitic Hymenoptera.
Mag. Nat. Hist., 1833, 491.

— Insectorum nonnullorum exoticorum e familia Cynipidarum descrip-
tiones. Mag. Zool., 1837 (Letopteron, Peras, Ibalia).

— Memoirs on Various Species of Hymenopterous Insects: i, On the
Economy and Relations of the Genus Xiphydria. Trans. Ent.
Soc., iv, 123—136.

— On Hermaphrodite Hymenoptera (Tenthredo cingulata and Cimbex
Grifinii). Mag. Nat. Hist., 1838, 393.

— Arcana Entomologica, 1841, 23.

— Capture of Lyda inanita. Proc. Ent. Soc., 1842, 2.

— Note on: the Larva of Tenthredo testudinea. lL. c., 1848, 9.

— Note on the Larva of Selandria atra, St., and S. ethiops. Gar-
dener’s Chronicle, 1848, 524.

— On Fenusa pumila. LL. c., 1849, 597; 1851.

— Note on Lyda fasciata. Proc. Ent. Soc., 1851, 15.

— The British Oak-gall. Gardener’s Chronicle, 1855, 189.

— Note on Oak-galls. Proc. Ent. Soc., 1855, 119.

934: BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Westwood (continued)—

— On the Caterpillars of the Saw-flies. Ent. Annual, 1858, 122.

— A Monograph of the Saw-flies composing the Australian genus
Perga, Leach. Proc. Zool. Soc., 1880, 359.

— Thesaurus Entomologicus Oxoniensis, or Illustrations of new,
rare, and interesting Insects for the most part contained in the
Collection presented to the University of Oxford by the Rev. F. W.
Hope, 1873 (New Cynipide, Tenthredinide, Cephide, and Sinicide).

Wilson, T. Tenthredinidae near York. Ent., xiv, 88.

— Cladius viminalis Larve Destructive to Nut Bushes. L. c., 188, 216.

Wood, J. H. Notes on the Larve of some Tortrices, commonly bred
from the Galls of Cynips Kollari, &e. Ent. M. M., xxv, 217—220..

Woodward, S. On Trichiosoma lucorum, its Pupa, Imago, Habitation.
Lond. Mag. Nat. Hist., v, 85, 86, 1832.

Wustneit, W. Die bisher in Schleswig-Holstein aufgefundenen Blatt-
wespen. Sehr. Ver. Schlesw., vi, 19—52.

Yarrell, W. Notes onthe Economy of an Insect that destroys Turnips
(Athalia centifoliz). Proc. Zool. Soc., ii, 183, 184, 1835.

— Some Observations on Athalia centifolize. Gina) Zool. Soe., ii,
67—70, 1836.

Zetterstedt, J. W. Nagra nya Svenske Insectarter fundne och beskrifne.
K. Vetenskaps Acad. Handlingar Stockholm, 77 (Tenthredo
tarsata), 1819.

Buysson, R. de. Voyage de ME. Simon au Venezuela. Hyménoptéres
(Synzrema Simoni, sp. nov.). Am. Soc. Ent. Fr., 1892, 59.

Cameron, P. The Galls of Mid-Cheshire. Report Man. Micro. Soce.,
1891, 65—72.

Hiendlmayr, A. Tarpa spissicornis. Mit. de Miinchener Ent. Vereins,
ui, 163.

Schaposchnikow, N. Strongylogaster cancasicus, sp. nov. Ent. Nach.,
1885, 181, 182. :

Schlechtendal, D. H. R. von. Ist Phylleus Giraudi, Perris = Macro-
cephus ulmariz ? Ent. Nach., 1880, 189, 190.

Stein, J. H. P. T. Hinige neue dalmatinische griechische und Klein
asiatische Tenthredinide. §. E. Z., 1876, 53.

Vollenhoven. Espéces nouvelles ou peu connues d’Hyménoptéres tere-
brants. Tijd. voor Ent., xxi, 153 (Amasis sanguinea, Macrophya
histronica, TS):

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

VOL. I.
Page 4, sixteenth line from foot, for carnivorous read insectivorous.
11, fourth “3 2 » 14 read 10.
15, eighth ie * » 0, 138, read 5 a, 3.

26, bottom line, for Tr. read Fr,
65, second line from bottom, after third add joint.
67, sixteenth line from top, for 52 read 80.

» eighteenth ,, Pe Fi OM eh 18
,, twenty-ninth,, GAY, 66.
68, sixth op AD os aE

73, twenty-first line from bottom, for 15 read 25.
78, seventh line from top, for Tidj. read Tijd.
92, first ie os » second and third read third and
fourth.
135, ninth line from top, for 3, 43 read 343.
160, twenty-second line from top, for base read apex.

» thirty-third Fe “ » 19 read 26.

165, nineteenth as o » 292 ,, 294.

166, thirty-third a . » base and apex read apex
and base.

167, », base and apex read apex
and base.

204, eighteenth line from top, after Cam. add E.M.M.
224, twenty-second line from top, for xxi read xxii.

231, nineteenth a ee Bi lS) = as CLO):

», twenty-second ,, Poel shyt Utell),
233, seventeenth line from bottom, after than add head and.
246, fourth 7 a for saw read sheath.
253, eighteenth », nearly read twice.

267, fourth and thirty- sixth lines from top, for median read dis-
coidal cellule.

969, sixth line from bottom, for apex read base.

275, seventh line from top, for pl. 3 read pl. 9.

» tenth i i after i add 2405.

281, In the figure of Emphytus perla the transverse median nervure
is shown too far from the middle of the discoidal cellule.

284, twentieth line from top for black read white.

304, twenty-second line from top, for spines read spurs,

N

236

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS.

VOL. II.

Page 11, fifth line from bottom, for 8 read 10.

22, fifteenth line from top, for XIV read XIX.

26, sixth 9 ” ” (5) ” 3.
48, twentieth _,, AS He: Avian sss Alia
50, third - Pere ic) Weigle hot
» fifth 25 pgp SE gy
53, eighth Ms bottom, for spurs read claws.
54, thirteenth _,, Fe 4 AO:
134, tenth a top, for pappilosus read papillosus.
142, ninth i » 3 truncated ,, incised.
168, tenth K » after l.c. add 215.
183, sixteenth ,, bottom, for lugunensis read lugdunensis.

185, thirteenth ,, top, for stigmata vead stigmas.
187, second - », for 19 read 7.
, fourteenth ,, bottom, for 20 read 22.

210, twentieth ,, top, for medullaris read medullarius.
», twenty-fifth ,, » after pl. xii add 252.
218, eighteenth ,, bottom, after 222 add, .
», fifteenth ,, % 5, pl. xi add 249.
VOL, III.

Page 11, twentieth line from bottom, for 50 read 59.

30, fourteenth A » fourth read third.

71, fourth - bottom, del. Perreyia.
103, sixteenth 2 es for in read on.
106, fourth ie . del. comma after obscure.

136, top line, for gigas read melanoceras.

142, thirteenth line from top, for apterous read apodous.

200, third 3 bottom, add Sweden.
, 206, tenth a3 top, for distinguishes read distinguish.
» tenth -s bottom, for anetnne ,, antenne.
242, tenth mA ee » areolet read radial cellule.

VOL. IV.

Page . 4, twelfth line from top, for Biorhiza read Trigonaspis.

33

26, seventeenth line from top, for Quercus cerris read
robur, var. Granbyana.
39, sixth line from bottom, for T. read P.
108, ninth . top, for 8 read 6 and 6a.
» eighth Bs bottom, for 9 read 7.

Quercus

131, fourteenth line from top, for Turkey oak read Quercus robur,

var. Granbyana.

CORRECTIONS AND ADDITIONS. NBS 7)

4a, ANDRICUS LUCIDUS.

Cynips lucida, Htg. Germs. Zeits., iv, 405.
Amphilothriz lucida, Mayr. Hichengallen, 23, pl. iii, fig. 27.
Andricus lucidus, Mayr. Eur. Cyn., 23.

Mosley (‘The Naturalist,’ Nov., 1892, p. 338) records this species
from Whitley Woods, Yorkshire. He describes the galls as of the size
of a large pea, in axils of the leaves, covered with bristly projections,
each with a red papilla at the end. Mayr describes it as being usually
of the size of a cherry, but may reach the size of a walnut. In size it
is spherical, in colour pale yellow; the bristles are stiff, fibrous, or
stalky, standing out radially. It is polythalamous, hard, the cells
without an inner gall.

Hartig describes the insects as fuscous-black; the tegule, venter,
and feet fuscous-red ; the femora on the outer side, the posterior tibiz
and tarsi black.

Mayr says the third abdominal segment is very distinctly finely
punctured, the abdomen castaneous-brown, black above.

Length 2°8—3:8 mm.

The flies appear from March to May. There is only one brood
known.

Synergus melanopus and Ceroptres arator are inquilines.

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

Synonyms are printed in italics. Generic names in large type.

A.

ALLANTUS es 161
omissus, 1
succinctus, 161
wiennensiz, 161
Alternation of Generation, 5
AMATUEONEMATUS, 190, 201
AMEBRISTEIS, 32, 129

|

ANDBICUS, 33, 36, 74

estivalis, 106, pl. iv, fig. 5
albopunctata, 100, pl. vi, fig. 4
ambiguus, 95

amenti, 10, 94, pL. vii, fig. 7
antumnalis, 91

callidoma, 97

cirratus, 97, pl. vi, fig. 1;

pl xv.
circulans, 105, pl. v, fig. 1
Clementinz, 104, pl. vi, fig 3 |
collaris, 68, 89, pL v, figs. 5
and 50; pl xiv, figs. 4 and
4a; pl. xix, fig. 2
corticis, 65, 83; pl. iv, figs. 4
and 4a; pl. xvii, fig. 3
curvator, 67, 70, 89
cydoniz, 71
fecundatrix, 78; pl. iii, figs. 3 |
ae 3a; pl. xiv, figs. 1 and
a
wicornis, 95
gemme, 62, 63, 64, 69, 78
gemmatus,
glabrusculuz, 95
ae 37, 69, 76; pl. viii,

fig
glandulx, 101, pl. vii, fig. 5

j

| ANDBICUS

globuli, 62, 80; pl. iv, figs. 1
and 1a ; 141

Hartigi, 72, 77

inflator, 30

lucidus, 237

Malpighii, 99, pl. vii, fig. 2

9 vot 96, pl. viii, figs. 5
an

ostrens, 77; pl. vii, fig. 3; pl.
xiii, fig. 9

pilosus, 13

q ineatus, 95; pl. viii,
fig. 3; pl. xv, fig. 4

radicis, 2, 65, 83; pl. iv, figs. 3
and 3a ; pl xiv, figs, 2 and 2a

ramuli, 70, 91; pl. vi, figs. 2
and 2a; ‘pL xv, fig. 1

rufescens, 76

seminationis, 101, pl. v, fig. 3

Sieboldi, 16, 65, 36; pl. v, figs.
ling gd pl. xiv, figs. 3 and

a

singularis, 71

solitarius, 102, pl. vii, fig. 4

testaceipes, 86

terminalis, commensals in
gall of, 11

trilineatus, 83

urnzformis, 69

verrucoszus, 95

Aphilothriz, 33, 74

autumnalia, 92
collaris, 89
globuli, 80
marginalis, 96
quadrilineatus, 95

240

Aphilothria
radicis, 83
Sieboldi, 86
Apophyllus, 32
Arpis, 174, 176
ATHALIA
ancilla, 186
glabricollis, 186
scutellariz, 186
AvLAX, 32, 34, 45
abbreviatus, 52
areolatus, 204
artemisiz, 25
Brandti, 55
brevitarsis, 54:
centauree, 51
foveifrons, 53
glechomay, 5, 25, 46 ; pl. x,
fig. 1, gall; pl. xiii, fig. 1, ?
graminis, 50
hieracii, 25, 50; pl. ix, fig. 1;
pl. xi, fig. 1; pl. xui, fi. 11
hypocheridis, 25, 47, pl. ix,
fig. 5, gall
jacez, 25
Kerneri, 25
Lichtensteini, 25
minor, 25, 48
papaveris, 25, 48; pl. viii, fig.
1, gall
potentille, 52
rheadis, 48
Rogenhoferi, 25
salvize, 25
scabiosee, 25, 51, 204; pl. x1,
fig. 2, gall
scorzonere, 25
serratulee, 25
splendens, 52
tragopoginis, 29
valerianelle, 25
Aulacomerus
lutescens, 187
Ayla, 45
canine, 55
saubaudi, 50

B.

BATHYASPIS, 32
BIoRHIZA, 32, 36, 37, 117
aptera, 2, 25
— On firs, beech and vine,
13
megaptera, 4

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

BIORHIZA
renum, 115
synaspis, 67
terminalis, 118, pl. i, fig. 5;

pl. xv, fig. 9a

BLENNOCAMPA, 173, 177
albipennis, 175
albipes, 180
alchemille, 178
alternipes, 178
assimilis, 179
betuleti, 181
bipunctata, 176
cinereipes, 173, 178
confusa, 173, 178
elongatus, 180
emarginata, 180
geniculata, 179
lanceolata, 186
lineolata, 175
luridiventris, 175
nana, 181
nigripes, 175
pubescens, 175
pusilla, 178
rosarum, 180
sericans, 180
spire, 178
suleata, 176

Breeding gall-flies, 30

C.

CALLIRHYTIS, 33
CEROPTRES, 35, 57
arator, 58, 85, 87, 93, 139
eerri, 58
clavicornis, 58
melanoneurus, 58
socialis, 58
Classification, 32
Captus, 189
Brullei, 188
tener, 188
tristis, 188
viminalis, 187
Collecting gall-flies, 30
OCynipPina, l
Cynips, 33, 35, 111
aciculata, 6
amblycera, 63, 64
argentea, 67
autumnalis, 92
Brandti, 55
brevicornis, 53

INDEX TO VOL. IV. 94d

CYNIPS Diplolepis bedeguaris, 40
caliciformis, 63 papaveris, 48
calicis, 63, 67, 69 Dryocosmus, 33
caput-medusz, 63, 67, 69 DRYOPHANTA, 33, 36, 121
cerricola, 56 agama, 126, pl. ii, fig. 2
conglomerata, 63, 64, 67 cornifex, 67
conifica, 62 disticha, 128, pl. ii, fig. 3
coriaria, 62, 63, 67 divisa, 127, pl. ii, fig. 4
corticalis, 86 folii, 122, pl. i, fig. 6
corticis, 88 _longiventris, 124, pl. ii, fig. ]
curvator, 89 scutellaris, 123
fecundatrix, 78 Dryoteras, 33
gemme, 78 DoLERvs, 161
glechome, 47 zeneus, 167
globuli, 80 anthracinus, 164, 165
glutinosa, 16, 63, 67, 70 anticus, 164
Hartigi, 67 atricapillus, 164
hieracti, 50 brachygaster, 164
hungarica, 14, 63, 67 brevicornis, 164, 166
inflator, 80 ceerulescens, 164
insana, 14 coracinus, 164
Kollari, 112, pl. xi, fig. 6 coruscans, 166
lenticularis, 130 dubius, 164
lignicola, 62, 63, 64, 67, 112 elongatus, 167
lucida, 63, 237 fissus, 165, 166, 167
marginalis, 96 fulviventris, 163
operator, 6 fumosus, 164 i
polycera, 63, 67 germanicus, 163
potentillee, 52 gonagra, 166
lineatus, 95 hzematodes, 166
quercus-baccarum, 130 Lamprechti, 162
— ramuli, 91 lateritius, 162, 163
radicis, 83 leucobasis, 165
rose, 40 leucopterus, 167
— spinosissime, 43 madidus, 162
Sieboldi, 86 nitens, 164, 165
spongifex, 6 oblongus, 166
tinctoria, 62, 63, 67, 69 palmatus, 161

palustris, 163
Picipes, 167

D. planatus, 166
possilensis, 165
DIASTROPHUS, 33, 35, 71 saxatilis, 163
aphidivorus, 74, pl. xiii, fig. 7 timidus, 164
glechome, 46 tinctipennis, 164
Mayri, 25, 53, 73 tremulus, 162
rubi, 24, 25, 72; pl. ix, fig, 2; triplicatus, 162
pl. xiii, fig. 6. uliginosus, 162
— on Pteris aquilina, 13 varispinus, 166, 167
scabiose, 51
DINEURA E
despecta, 187 ;
fuscula, 187 EMPuHytus ferruginosus, 183
mentiens, 187 filicornis, 183
verna, 187 gressularize, 183

EVOlaive 16

242 INDEX TO VOL. IV.

Empuytus
immersgus, 170
pallipes, 183
patellatus, 183
perla, 184
tener, 183, 204
togatus, 183
ENEARSIONEURA, 142
Entoprcta, 174
ENTROPHA, 33

ERIOCAMPA annulipes, 172, 205

eethiops, 173
cinxia, 173
dorpatica, 171
limacina, 172
ovata, 171
rose, 173
umbratica, 171
varipes, 172
ERIOCAMPOIDES, 172
HKUBOTHRUS, 33, 45

F.

FENELLA, 174

Frnusa, 185
hortulana, 186
pumulio, 186
querctis, 185

Food-plants, 206

G.
Galls, forms and origin of, 12
jumping, 16
H,

HotcocnemeE, 190, 200
Hololexis, 32, 37

eglanterie, 38
HoMoPTERES monoiques, 8
HopLocamPa ferruginea, 182

apicaris, 182

rutilicornis, 183

ir

Isocolus, 33, 45
scabiose, 51

J.
Jumping galls, 16

K.
KALIOSYSPHINGA, 174

L.

Limaspis lapsane, 25
pheenixopodus, 25
Liopora, 33
LIPOsTHENUS, 34, 45
glechome, 46
Lopervs, 161
palmatus, 161
pratorum, 161
trigeminus, 161
vestigialis, 161
Ly¢onEMATus, 199

M.

MacropuHya Sturmi, 142
Manderstjernia, 129
Mersonevura, 173
MIcRoNEMATUS, 190
MonorpHapnvs, 174, 179

N.

NeEmatus, 189, 200
abbreviatus, 191
albipennis, 198
antennatus, 198
aurantiacus, 196, 198
brachynotus, 195
brevis, 190
cadderensis, 197
canaliculatus, 195
caprex, 194
carinatus, 194.
circumscriptus, 194.
ceruleocarpus, 194.
conjugatus, 196
consobrinus, 196
crassicornis, 193
croceus, 197
dilutus, 198
fagi, 197
fallax, 195
ferrugineus, 198
flavescens, 197
fulvipes, 190°
fuscomaculatus, 195
hemorrhoidalis, 194
hibernicus, 191
hortensis, 196
hypoxanthus, 195

INDEX TO VOL. Iv. 243

NeEmatvus PHYLLOXERA, 8
incompletus, 195 PHYLLOTOMA fumipennis, 185
lacteus, 195 PHYMATOCERA, 174
laricivorus, 191 Pe&cILosoma, 203
melanaspis, 195 candidatum, 176
microcercus, 196 carbonarium, 171
miliaris, 196 Fletcheri, 170
mollis, 193 guttatum, 171, 203
oblongus, 192 immersum, 170
olivaceus, 197 impressum, 170
pallescens, 194, 197 pulveratum, 170
pallicerus, 194 submuticum, 171
palliatus, 195 Preserving gall-flies, 30
pallipes, 194 PRISTIPHORA, 198
ruficeps, 197 PSEUDODINEURA, 174, 187
stenogaster, 195 Pteronus, 190, 201
strongylogaster, 195 Pontanta, 190, 202
tibialis, 196
turgidus, 195 R.

V-flavum, 196
varius, 197 RHADINOCER®A, 174
vicinus, 194 RHopDITES bicolor, 16

NEUROTERUS, 35, 129 centifoliz, 39
albipes, 64 dichloceros, 37
aprilinus, 138, pl. y, fig. 2 eglanteriz, 12, 24, 38 ; pl. xi,
fumipennis, 66, 133 fig. 3, gall; pl. xii, fig. 8,9.
leviusculis, 135, pl. i, fig. 2 nervosus, 43; pl. xi, fig. 4, gall;
lenticularis, 130, pl. iii, fig. 1 pl. xii, fig. 9,9.

Malpighii, 130 rose, 5, 7, 23, 40; pl. x, fig. 2,
numismatis, 137, pl. ili, fig. 2 galls ; pl. xii, fig. 10, 3; 10a,
pezizeeformis, 135 head
ostreus, 66, 69, 77, 140 rosarum, 43
parasiticus, 81, 14] rufipes, 39
politus, 141 spinosissime, 42 ; pl. xi, fig. 5,
punctatus, 133 gall; pl. xii, fig. 7, 2
Reaumuri, 137 RHOGOGASTERA, 148
Schlechtendali, 139
8.
Pp

SAPHOLYTUS, 33, 56

PACHYNEMATUS, 190, 199 connatus, 56, pl. xiii, fig. 5, 2;

PACHYPROTASIS simulans, 158 85, 133

PAREOPHORA, 174, 175 Haimi, 56

Parthenogenesis, 5, 205 undulatus, 5, 6

PEDIASPIS, 32 ScIAPHILA communana, 132
acerina, 25 ScIOPTERYX costatus, 204
sorbi, 25 SCOLIONEURA, 18]

PERICLISTUS, 33, 36, 54 SELANDRIA analis, 169
Brandti, 55; pl. xiii, fig. 2 aperta, 168, 178, 203
canine, 43, 56 candidata, 176

Periclista, 173, 174 cinereipes, 168, 203

Perineura gynandromorpha, 152 serva, 168, 204

Phanacis centaures, 25 stramineipes, 169

PHODOPHILUS, 5 Smell of galls, 15

PHENIXOPUS vimineus, 25 Spatheguster, 33, 129

Q4,4, INDEX TO VOL. IV.

SPATHEGASTER
albipes, 135
baccarum, 2, 67, 70, 71, 180
glandiformis, 71
interruptor, 130
nervosus, 71
punctatus, 133
tricolor, 67, 70, 71
vesicatrix, 137
STROMBOCERUS delicatulus, 167
STRONGYLOGASTER filicis, 167
cingulatus, 167
SYNERGUS, 34, 59
albipes, 67, 91, 129, 182, 135
apicalis, 64, pl]. xii, fig. 2; 79,
85, 87, 92, 132, 187
australis, 66
bispinus, 69
carinatus, 71
connatus, 56
erythroneurus, 56, 64, 67
evanescens, 62
facialis, 69, pl. xii, fig. 1; 91,
93, 96, 132, 135
flavicornis, 66
flavipes, 62
Hayneanus, 62
immarginatus, 64:
incrassatus, 64, 87, 88
Klugiti, 71
luteus, 71
melanopus, 62, pl. xii, fig.5; 79
nervosus, 68, pl. xu, fig. 4; 90,
92

nigricornis, 68
nigripes, 66
orientalis, 62
pallicornis, 66, 129
pallidipennis, 62
pallipes, 90
radiatus, 70, 91, 93, 132
Reinhardi, 63
ruficornis, 41, 62, 81, 92, 132
socialis, 62
thaumacera, 71, 91, 129, 135
tibialis, 68
tricolor, 134
tristis, 68, 78
Tscheki, 65, 78, 131, 134, 136,
138, pl. xu, fig. 6
variolosus, 92
varius, 134.
vulgaris, 69, 76, 81, 85
SYNOPHRUS, 33
Synopsis of British galls, 26

as

TAXONUS

agrorum, 169
albipes, 170
equiseti, 170
Fletcheri, 170
glabralus, 170
glottianus, 170
sticticus, 170

TENTHREDO, 142

arctica, 147

atra, 146
aucuparie, 150
balteata, 146
biguttata, 144, 145
coryli, 144
dispar, 146

flava, 143

gibbosa, 150
gynandromorpha, 152
ignobilis, 154
intermedia, 14.4:
Lachlaniana, 146
livida, 144.
mandibularis, 147
mesomela, 147
obsoleta, 147
olivacea, 148
pecila, 146
punctula, 144
punctulata, 148
rufiventris, 145
solitaria, 144
velox, 145

viridis, 149

TENTHREDOPSIS, 150

albomaculata, 157
arrogans, 155
Braunsu, 154
brevispina, 150, 151
caliginosa, 153
conjungens, 154
Coqueberti, 152, 154
cordata, 151, 153
dorsalis, 152, 155
—, Lep., 158
dorsivittata, 157
dubia, 154

elegans, 153
excisa, 152
femoralis, 153
flavomaculata, 152
Friesei, 156
fulviceps, 152, 156

INDEX TO

TENTHREDOPSIS
gynandromorpha, 152
histrio, 155
ignobilis, 154
inornata, 156
indocilis, 157
limbilabris, 154
lividiventris, 152, 156
microcephala, 153
nassata, 153, 157
nigriceps, 152, 156
nigronotata, 152, 153
ornata, 155
pavida, 156
picticeps, 152, 154
Raddatzi, 152, 157
Saundersi, 157
scutellaris, 151, 152
semirufa, 152, 155
sordida, 157, 158
stigma, 155

— tile, 151
tristis, 152, 155
Teras, 33

VOL. IV. QA5

Teras
amentorum, 91
Thomsonia, 150, 152
gynandromorpha, 152
TRIGONASPIS, 33, 34, 114
megaptera, 115; pl. i, fig. 4;
pl. xv, fig. 7
TomMostEtHus, 174, 177
TRINAX continua, 168
femoralis, 168
macula, 168
mixta, 168
Sharpi, 168

Xx.

XENOPHANES, 34, 36, 52
XENOPHANES brevitarsus, 25, 54;
pl. ix, fig. 3, gall; pl. xu,
figs. 12, 124
foveicollis, 25, 52
potentille, 25, 52, pl. xu, fig.
3, 2,00, 30; pl. xvi, fig. I
gall

INDEX TO NAMHS OF PARASITES AND HOSTS.

BRACONID2, 12
BRAcon immutator, 205
CALLIMOME mutabilis, 138
Chalcid in imago of Biorhiza ap-
tera, 11
Chaleididz, works on, 11
CIRROSPILUS arcuatus, 49
Decatoma biguttata, 91, 129, 131
hieraci, 51
Neesi, 82, 91, 93
quercicola, 73
Diplolepis galle-pomiformis, 70
ELACHESTUS petrolatus, 91
ENcyYRTUS ruborum, 73
zephyrinus, 53
ENTEDON cecidomycaruus, 91
flavomaculata, 131
leptoneurus, 79
scianurus, 91
ESCHATOCERUS, 5

EULOPHUS inunctus, 39
levissimus, 91
metallicus, 91
nitidulus, 53

HuPetuves, 10
annulatus, 91, 182
annulicornis, 73
bedeguaris, 41
bracbypterus, 47
Degeeri, 10, 41, 47
Geeri, 205

Hourytoma, 10, 12
abrotani, 41, 53, 73
zthiops, 41, 138
curta, 1388
cynipsea, 48
diastrophi, 73
flavoscapularis, 51
nodularis, 41
quercicola, 73

24.6

EURYTOMA

rose, 39, 41, 78, 79, 81, 84, 87,

129, 182

rufipes, 47, 53

semirufa, 93

signata, 51, 79, 129, 131

vagabunda, 10

verticillata, 90
HEMITELES, 16

imbecillus, 39

luteolator, 41
HOLASPIS militaris, 49
IcHNEUMONIDA, 12
LOcHITES papaveris, 49
Mecastiemus, 10

dorsalis, 79, 81, 82, 85, 87, 92,

131

transversus, 43
MESOPOLOBUS fasciiventris, 79,

91, 129

Oxtnx, 10, 12

debilis, 93, 94

gallarum, 93, 129

trilineata, 79, 87, 96
OLIGOSTENUS stigma, 39, 41
OLIGOSTHENUS tibialis, 53
ORTHOPELMA luteolator, 39
Oryrmus, 10

papaveris, 49
PEZOMACHUS gallarum, 131

diastrophi, 47

papaveris, 49

potentille, 53
PLATYMESOPUS Erichsoni, 91

tibialis, 138
PLEUROTROPIS sosarmus, 131, 138
PoRizon harpurus, 41
PrEROMALUDS, 12

Andrewii, 51

aurantiacus, 51

bisignatus, 78

cordairii, 91

cynipis, 205

sp., 185

dissectus, 82, 91, 94, 131

eminens, 44,

Hrichsoni, 82, 91

fascicularis, 205

festivus, 41

fuscipalpis, 41

glechome, 47

immaculatus, 132

incrassatus, 39, 43, 73

inflexus, 39, 41, 43, 44

jucundus, 91

INDEX TO VOL. IV.

PTEROMALUS

meconotus, 91

naucus, 205

quercinus, 84

neostatensis, 39

pilosus (pilosellus P), 39, 41

Ratzeburgi, 93, 94

planiusculus, 51

Saxesenii, 91, 129

tibialis, 131
RAPTROCNEMIS papaveris, 49
SIPHONURA brevicauda, 53, 129

chalybea, 81

Schmidti, 129

variolosa, 205

viridizenea, 91
SYNTOMASPIS caudatus, 79, 90,

129, 131

cyaneus, 129

dubius, 91

incrassatus, 84

regius, 129

vulgaris, 79
SYSTOLE castaniventris, 51
TELENOMUS phalenarum, 91
TETRASTICHUS, 12

atroceruleus, 132

aurantiacus, 43

leptoneurus, 39

longicaudatus, 39

obtustatus, 39, 44

quercts, 51, 84

rosarum, 39, 43
ToRYMINA, 12
ToRyMUS abbreviatus, 129

abdominalis, 91, 129, 132

amcenus, 84

ater, 53

eee 39, 82, 91, 93, 96, 129,

13

chlorinus, 51
chloromerus, 129
cingulatus, 47
congener, 39
corticis, 88
cynipoides, 73, 84
difficilis, 39, 43
eglanteriz, 39
erucarum, 84
euchloris, 51
fuscicrux, 131, 138
glechome, 47
globiceps, 53
hibernans, 131, 136
hieracii, 51

INDEX TO VOL. Iv. 247

ToRYMUS
incertus, 132
inconstans, 79
longicaudis, 41
macropterus, 41, 43, 44, 73
nobilis, 84, 87
purpurascens, 41
radicis, 84
regius, 79, 81, 132
rosarum, 41, 47

TORYMUS
rubi, 51, 73
sodalis, 131, 134, 136
splendens, 47
sp., 135 :
tipularum, 39
variolosus, 129
viridis, 39
TRYPHON, 1

INDEX TO PLANT NAMES.

ACER pseudo-platanus, 25
ALGOPODIUM podagraria, 143
ALNus glutinosa, 145
incana, 145, 149
ANTHRIscUs sylvestris, 151
Arctium lappa, 147
ARTEMISIA, 25
campestris, 150, 151
Beech, 13
CAREX, 165
CENTAUREA jacea, 25
paniculata, 25
salamatina, 25
scabiosa, 25, 51
Circa lutetiana, 149
Cistus, 13
CoRYLUS avellana, 144, 148
CRAT&GuSsS, 182
Cyponia vulgaris, 172
CyTISUS capitatus, 25, 50
Fagus, 25
Firs, 13
GALIUM aparine, 179
GLECHOMA hederacea, 25
Grass, 165, 166
HiERaAcivum, 13 /
boreale, 25, 50
sylvaticum, 50
HyYPocH@RIS radicata, 25, 48
Juncus, 150
glomeratus, 162
LAmMivm album, 146
LAPSANA communis, 25
LINARIA vulgaris, 25, 50
LONICERA, 144
LyYTHRUM salicaria, 170
MENTHA aquatica, 146

Myosorts, 203
NeEPETA glechoma, 46
pannonice, 25
PAPAVER dubius, 49
rheeas, 25, 49
PETASITES officinalis, 14:7
PIMPINELLA saxifraga, 150
Pinus, 25
PoLyeonum, 203
persicaria, 147, 170
Popu.wus tremula, 172
POTENTILLA argentina, 25, 53, 73
reptans, 25, 53
tormentilla, 25, 54
PRUNUS spinosa, 175
PTERIS aquilina, 13, 25, 144, 145,
146, 169
QuERCUS Farnetto, 26
glandulifera, 26
lusitanica, 26
— var. infectoria, 26
— var. Turneri, 26
tinctoria, 6
toga, 26
RANUNCULUS acris, 169
repens, 149 -
Ruuvs lucidum, 5
Rosa, 144, 180
arvensis, 44:
canina, 24, 39, 44,
caucasica, 44.
centifolia, 39
eglanteria, 24, 39, 44
rubiginosa, 24, 39, 44.
spinosissima, 24, 39
RUBUS casius, 73
fruticosus, 73

948 INDEX TO VOL. IV.

Rusvus
ideus, 73, 169, 188
SALIX aurita, 145, 172
caprea, 144, 145, 149
helix, 145, 149
triandra, 184.
SALVIA officinalis, 25
SAROTHAMNUS scoparius, 150
ScoRZONERA humilis, 25
SERRATULA heterophylla, 25
SORBUS aucuparia, 25, 144, 149
SPIR#A ulmaria, 145, 178
STELLARIA holostea, 149

TRAGOPOGON major, 25
orientalis, 25
Triticum, 13
repens, 25, 51
TussILAGo farfara, 147
VACCINIUM myrtillus, 172, 193
uliginosum, 172
VALERIANELLA olitoria, 25
VIBURNUM opulus, 144
Vine, 13, 204
VIOLA tricolor, 203
Vitis, 25

; PRINTED BY ADLARD AND SON,
BARTHOLOMEW CLOSE, E.C., AND 20, HANOVER SQUARE, W.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

PLATE I.

1.—Galls of Newroterus tricolor.

la.—
2.—
2a.—
4.,—
5.—
6.—
i.

39

bP)

Neuroterus fumipenms.
Neuroterus albipes.
Neuroterus leviusculrs.
Trigonaspis megaptera.
Biorhiza terminalis.
Dryophanta fol.
Trigonaspis megaptera.

Phyto. Hymen. iv: Plate I.

Gonstamce Hoskyns-Abrahall lith.admat, J. Galloway & Zon, Man? Imp.

Mey
Vannes
ye ih spedol

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Lyk l
ray
auAY
i

ming

Phyto, Hymen. iv. Plate 2

Constance Hoskyns~-Abrahall, ith.ad nat.

le Galloway & Son, Man? Imp.

PLATE IT.

Fig. 1.—Galls of Dryophanta longiventris.
Fig. la— ,, Dryophanta similis.

Fig. 2.— ,, Dryophanta agama.
Fig.3.— ,, Dryophanta disticha.
Fig.4— ,, Dryophanta divisa.

Fig. 4a— ,, Dryophanta verrucosa.
Fig.5.— ,, Dryophanta Taschenbergi.

Figs. 6, 6a.—Galls of Cynips Kollart.

3 =
. 4.—

PLATE III.

. 1.—Galls of Neuroterus lenticularis.

.la—
, =
.20.—

Neuroterus baccarum.
Newroterus numismatis.
Neuroterus vesicatrix.
Andricus fecundatria.
Andricus pilosus.
Biorhiza terminalis.

nv Plates.

Se
G alloway- & Son, Mant Imp.

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J.

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Phyto.

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i

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Phyto. liahyasal ene, Lv. Plate: A.

Constance Hoskyns-Abrahall, ith .ad.nat J, Galloway & Son, Man’ Imp.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

PEATE, IV:

1.—Galls of Andricus globult.

la.—
—

3.—
3 4.—
—_—
A a.—
5.—

39

Andricus inflator.

Andricus gemme, Gir. ? (after
Ormerod).

Andricus radicts.

Andricus trilineatus.

Andricus corticis.

Andricus gemmatus.

Andricus exstivalis.

eS

Linn
=

os

as

PLATE V.

Fig. 1.—Galls of Andricus circulans.
Fig. 2.— ,, Neuroterus aprilinus.
Fig.3.— ,, Andricus seminationis.
Fig.4.— ,, Andricus Sieboldii.
Fig. 4a.— ,, Andricus testaceipes.
Fig.5.— ,, Andricus curvator.
Fig.5a.— ,, Andricus collaris.

Playto, Hymen. iv Plate 5.

Constance Hoskyns-Abrahall lithad.nat. J. Gall oway & Son, Mant Imp.

Mis

aT

Phyto. Hymen. iv. Platé 6

Constance Hoskyns-Abrahall, lith.ad nat. J.Galloway & Son Mant imp
!

PAR VL.

Fig. 1.—Galls of Andricus cirratus.

Fig. la— ,,
Fig. 2.— ,,
Fig. 2a.— ,,
Fig. 3.— ,,

Fig. 4.— 4,

Andricus callidoma.
Andricus ramuli.
Andricus autumnalis.
Andricus Clementine.
Andricus albopunctata.

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PLATE VII.

Fig. 1.—Galls of Andricus nudus.
Fig.2.— ,, Andricus Malpighir.

Fig.3.— ,, Andricus ostreus.
Fig.4.— ,, Andricus solitarws.
Fig.5.— ,, Andricus glandule.
Fig.6.— ,, Neuwroterus Schlechtendal.

Fig. 7— ,, <Andricus amenti.

Constance Hoskyns-Abrahall, lith adnat

Phyto. Hymen. iv Plate 7

J. Galloway & Son, Man® Imp.

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Constance Hoskyms -Abrahall. libhad

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PLATE VIII.

Fig. 1.—Galls of Aulax papaveris.
Fig.2.— ,, Andricus glandium.
Fig.3.— ,, Andricus quadrilineatus.
Fig.4.— ,, Neuroterus lenticularis (on
Turkish oak).
Figs.5,6.— ,, Andricus marginalis.

drove

ae y y
ee ee ee eo!

Fig. 2.— 39
Fig. 3.— 3,
ie A

Fig. 5.— ,,

PEATE VX.

Wig. 1.--Galls of Aulawx hieracw.

Diastrophus rub.

Xestophanes brevitarsis.

Aulax, sp.? on Lathyrus macror-
rhaigus.

Aulax hypocheridis.

ymen.ay, Plate sg

Y

Phyto. H

J. Galloway & Son, Man? Imp.

Constance Hoskyns -Abrahall, lith.ad Nat.

PEAT Xx

Fig. 1.—Galls of Aula glechome.
Fige.2.— ,, Rhodites rose.

Constance Hoskyns-Abrahall, lith ad.Nat

Phy wo. Elvmiemn ‘ty, plete 0)

J.Galloway & Son Mant Imp.

Phyto. Hymen. iv. Platell

Constance Hoskyus-Abrahall ithadnat.

PLATE XI.

Fig. 1.—Galls of Aulax graminis.

Fig.2.— ,, Aulaw scabiose (after Mayr).
Fig.3.— ,, ILthodites eglanteriez.
Wig. 4.— ,, Ehodites nervosus.

Fig.5.— ,, Lhodites spinosissime.

s
\

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
tarsus.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

Fig.

PLATE XII.

1.—Synergus facialis. 1a, abdomen.
2.—Synergus apicalis. 2a, antenne.
3.—Xenophanes potentille. 3a, antenne; 3b,

4.— Synergus nervosus.

5.—Synergus melanopus.

6.—Synergus Tscheki.

7.—Lhodites spinosissime.

8.—Lthodites eglanteriz.

9.—ILthodites nervosus.

10.—Rhodites rosex.

11 —Aulazx hieracu (graminis).
12.—Xestophanes brevitarsis, antenna; 12a,

tarsus. |

West, Newman imp,

D>)

Phyto Hymen. tv. Platie 13,

ce

Constance Hoskyns-Abrahall ith ad nat West Newman imp

PLATE XIII.

. 1.—Aulax glechome.

. 2.—Periclistus Brandtiv.

. 3.—Perielistus canine.

. 4.—Ceroptres arator. 4a, antenna.

. 9.—Saphylotus connatus.

. 6.—Diastrophus rubt. 6a, antenna.

. (.—Diastrophus aphidivorus. 7 a, antenna.
. 8.—Andricus amenti.

. 9.—Andricus ostreus.

Faas!

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
hie:
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.

PLATE XIV.

1.—Andricus fecundatria.
1 a.—Andricus pilosus.
9.—Andricus radicis.

9 a.—Andricus trilineatus.
3.—Andricus Sieboldiu.

3 a.—Andricus testaceipes.
4.—Andricus curvator.
4.a.—Andricus collaris.
4b.—Andricus collaris.

Phyto Hymen, ww Plate 14

West, Newman im p

i -
Rae
etre

|

Phyto. Hymen iv. PlatelS.

eS, ee ee

Constance HoskynsAb rahallbthad nat. West Newman imp

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Vie.
Fig.

PEATE. XV.

1.—Andricus ramuli.
2.—Andricus Clementine.
3.—Andricus solitartus.

4,—Andricus quadrilineatus.

5.—Andricus glandule.
6.—Andricus curculans.
7.—Trigonaspis megaptera.
8.—Andricus cirratus.
9.—Bvorhiza aptera.

9 a.—Brorhiza terminalis.

Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Fig.
Vig.
Fig.
Vig.

PLATE XVI.

1.—Dryophanta divisa.

1 a.—Dryophanta verrucosa.
2.—Dryophanta folw.
3.—Newroterus numismatis.
3 a.—Neuroterus vesicatria.
4,.—Neuroterus lenticularis.
4 a.—Neuroterus baccarum.
5.—Neuroterus fumipennis.
6.—Cynips Kollar.
7.—Newroterus punctatus.

Phyto. Hymen. iv. Platel@

yon,

=

Constance Hoskyns-Abrahall lithad nat,

sh Newman tmp.

Phyto Hymen. iv. Plate XVII.

Constance HoskynsAbrahall lhthad nat West, Newman inp

PUATE XWil,

Fig. 1—Xestophanes potentille, gall.

Fig. 2.—Andricus albopunctata, ovipositor.

Fig. 3.—Andricus corticis, gall.

Fig. 4.—Cynips Kollari, larva, 3 figures; 4a, pupa,
3 figures.

Fig. 5.—Cynips gemme, gall.

Figs. 6, 6a.—Gall of Andricus sp. (after Ormerod),
see p. 108, where fig. 8 is printed in error for fig. 6.

Fig. 7.—Gall of Andricus sp. (after Ormerod), see
p- 108, where fig. 9 is printed in error for fig. 7.

Fig. 8.—Biorhiza aptera, gall.

Cr.
eee

3 irae wa
in

PLATE XVIII.

Fig. 1.—Transverse section of gall of Rhodites
spinosissime.

Fig, 2.—Longitudinal section of gall of Aulax hie-
racw. 2a, transverse section.

Fig. 3.—Transverse section of gall of Andricus
albopunctata. 3a, longitudinal section.

Phyto Hymen. iv Plate XVIII

Constanee Hoskyns-Abrahall sc adnat.

West,Newmamn imp.

Phyto Hymen. w Plate XIX.

6) !
pacer aeceny

A
SA SS.

DPD PESTA = Z

de ae Arr Ca ai
ENF a aS

Pep Ul we weva .

Constance Hoskyns-Abrahall scadmnat. WestNewman imp. — "

PLATE XIX.

Fig. 1.—Transverse section of gall of COynps
Kollari.

Fig. 2.—Transverse section of gall of Andricus
curvator.

Fig. 3.—Transverse section of gall of Trigonaspis
megapterda.

Fig. 4.—Longitudinal section of gall of Neuroterus
lenticularis ; 4a. transverse section of gall of Newroterus
lenticularis.

Fig. 5.—Transverse section of gall of Newroterus
baccarum.

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